i8>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) €^0 A tarmlnant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha shall contain tha symbol — ^- (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol y (moaning "END"), whichavar appllas. Un das symbolas suh/ants apparattra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la cas: la symbola — »• signifia "A 8UIVRE", la symboia ▼ signifia "FIN". lira IMaps, platas, charts, ate, may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too iarga to ba antiraly Included In ona axposura ara filmad baglnning in tha uppar laft hand cornar. laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raqulrad. Tha following diagrams lllustrata tha mathod: Las cartaa, planchaa, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra filmte A daa taux da rAduction diff Arants. Lorsqua la document ast trap grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul clichA. II ast f llmA A partir da I'angia aupAriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita, at da haut an bas, an pranant la nombra d'imagas nAcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthoda. by errata led to int me pelure, a^on A 1 2 3 H!^ 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 f ' V,; VOYAGES AND TRAVELS OF AN INDIAN INTERPRETER AND TRADER, OUCmBINO ITf^ Manners and Customs or THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS; WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE POSTS tITUATID ON THE RIVER SAINT LAURENCE. LAKE ONTARIO, &c. TO WMICK It AOBtD, A VOCABULARY OP The Chippeway Language. Names of Furs and Skins, in English and French. A LIST OF WORDS IN THB IROOyOIS. MOIiEGAN. SHAWANEE, AND ESQpiMEAUX TONGUES. AND A TABLB, IHBWINO The Analogy between the Algonkin and Chippeway Languages. n> r- ■ I) BY J. LONG. M LONDON: PRIMTID POR THB AOTHOK; AND SOLD BY R0B80N, BOND-STRBBT; DEB1BTT, piccadilly; t.and ). bcbrton, ch arino-crost; white and son. plbbt- strbbt; sbwell, cornhill; bdwards, pall-mall; and mbssrs. tat* LORS, HOLBORN. LONDON; PLBTCHBR. OXFORD ; AND BULL* BATH. M.DCCtXCI. I ^1 / '•*,f ■ ■ ; ■ M '. ■. . ■» 'I rii I r- "'t 1 1 E-T7 US i;}5658 51 t;£M - W*--* ■■• Wh ■ Hpif.vr*t*.', ■ » *■ ' ^^fc* •' .•li ■•i TO SIR JOSEPH BANKS, BAR^. PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, &c. &c. &c. ) ■ ..• M Sir, 1 FEEL the highest satisfaction in being permitted to dedicate this work to one whose pursuits have ever been more pecu- liarly directed to objects of originality, and whose scientific researches have contributed so largely to the information and benefit of society. The public are too well acquainted with your general knowledge in every branch of literature, to suspect that I hold the language of adulation. Should I attempt to do justice to a character so eminently distinguished, my feeble efforts could only be regarded as the grateful effusions of a 1 ' . » ' ' i.' I,--)]' ^ !•- lifi 0£OICATION. mind proud of a patronage that can ensure an especial share of public notice and protection. I have the honour to be, very respectfully. Sir, Your most obedient servant. London, Ftbruary, 1791 J. LONG. ! I u •'f \i e LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. it • Addis, Mr. George. Annereau, Mr. Banks, Sir Joseph, Bart. fieaufoy, Henry, Esq. M. P. Berens, Hermanns, £sq. Berens, Joseph, Esq. Boddam, Thomas, Esq. Bettesworth, Thomas, Esq. Baker, John, Esq. Baker, William, Esq. Baker, Miss. Batson, Robert, Esq. Baynes, Burdon, Esq. Blache, J. F. Esq. Belfour, John, Esq. Bcirour, Mr. Okey^ ^ c<^P»e8. Belfour, Mr. J. D. Bird, William, Esq. Bird, Thomas, Esq. Bird, Michael, Esq. Barbe, St. Samuel, Esq. Barbe, St. John, Esq. Bingley, — — , jun. Esq. Bates, Mr. John. Rirklcy, Mr. John. BoWden, John, Esq. Brandon, Mr. Bull, Mr. J. Bath. Beilby, Mr. 6 copies. Croft, the Rev. Herbert. Comthwaite, the Rev. Mr. Chalmers, George, Esq. Culverden, William, Esq. Corscllis, Nicholas Caesar, Esq. Coussmaker, John, Esq. Croix, N. D. St. Esq. Cleaver, Miss. Gotten, Thomas, Esq. Cotton, Bayes, Esq. Chandler, George, Esq. Coningham, William, Esq. Cope, Thomas, Esq. Cleugh, Jonn, Esq. Clay, Felix, Esq. Clay, James, Esq. Clay, William, Esq. I;:: * r». • H^ ;■! , I , I I" t iv LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Clay, George, Esq. Cooper, Mr. Cooper, Mr. James. Corbet, , Esq. 2 copies. Dawson, William, Esq. Dalrymple, Alexander, Esq. Dicken, John, Esq. Earle, James, Esq. Emes, William, Esq. Edwards, Charles, Esq. Etches, R. C. Esq. Eldridge, Thomas, Esq. Fraser, Major. Finch, Thomas, Esq. Forbes, Thomas, Esq. Fayle, Benjamin, Esq. Faden, Mr. William. 6 copies. Fawler, Mrs. Forsteen, — — , Esq. Finch, Mr. John. Fletcher, Mr. James, Oxford. Grote, George, Esq. Gould, Thomas, Esq. George, C. G. Esq. Goldthwaite, Thomas, Esq. George, Mr. Edward. Graft, Mr. James. HoUingsworth, John, Esq. Hulse, Richard, Esq. Hulsc, Edward, Esq. Howison, John, Esq. Lisbon. Hayward, Francis, Esq. 2 copies. Holden, Joseph, Esq. HafTey, John, Esq. Hill, Edward, Esq. Hussey, William Wheatley, Esq. Harper, Mrs. , Hillier, Mr. Hale, Mr. Harry, a copies. Hill, Mr. John. Jones, Edward, Esq. Jeudwine, Thomas, Esq. ' Justice, Mr. Richard. Jacks, Mr. Knill, John, Esq. Kensington, Charles, Esq. , Long, Sir James Tylney, Bart. M. P. 7 copies. I' I LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Lake, Sir J. Winter, Bart. 4 cop. Langmore, William, Esq. Lcgg, Leaver, Esq. Long, Mrs. Locke, Miss. Locke, John, Esq. Lion, Thomas, Esq. Lane, Benjamin, Esq. Lang, Charles, Esq. Lightfoot, John, Esq. Lonsdale, Mr. Mulgrave, the Right Hon. Lord. Monsel, Lieutenant Colonel. Marsden, William, Esq. Morris, John, Esq. Martin, Captain. Man, Henry, Esq. 6 copies. Mukins, Francis, Esq. Malleson, John, Esq. Murray, Mr. J. 2 copies. Nesbitt, Lieutenant Colonel. Nesbitt, Arnold, Esq. Nasmyth, Maxwell, Esq. Neave, Richard, Esq. Pott, Rev. J. H. Archdeacon of St. Albans. Pott, Percival, Esq. Pott, E. H. Esq. Pott, Mrs. Powell, Baden, Esq. Powell, James, Esq. Powell, Thomas, Esq. Peck, Jasper, Esq. Pooley, John, Esq. Perry, John, Esq. Palmer, Peregrine, Esq. Pickwoad, Robert, Esq, Pickering, Thomas, Esq. Popplewell, Mr. Roberts, John Esq. Rennell, Major. Robertson, Captain. Ruspini, J. B. Esq. Rouse, Benjamin, Esq. Ross, G. W. Esq. 2 copies. Rutter, Miss. Row, William, Esq. Regail, Alexander, Esq. Reading Society, Hackney. ;■ .,• i Prescott, George William, Esq. Scott, Thomas, Esq. M. P. A vt LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Sneyd, Samuel, Esq. Symons, the Rev. Mr. Sheldon, John, Esq. Piorcssor of Anatomy in the Royal Academy of Arts, London, and F. R. S. Shamier, , Esq. Stoe, Harry, Esq. Sedgwick, Harry, Esq. Stone, John Hurford, Esq. Surman, William, Esq. Smith, Ilaskett, Esq. Scafe, Mr. Richard. Scargill, Mr. James. Stable, Mr. William. Smith, Mr. Thomas. Smith, Mr. J. Thomas. Turner, Miss. Turner, Miss Jane. Tanner, N. Esq. Toulmin, William, Esq. Taylors, Messrs. 6 copies. Vaston, Mrs. VandricI, Mr. J. C. ^Vegg, Samuel, Esq. Winter, John, Esq. Walker, John, Esq. Wilson, Stephen, Esq, Wilson, William, Esq. Wilcox, William, Esq. Wilcox, Edward, Esq. Wilcox, Mrs. Anne. Wickham, Lieut. Woolhead, Major, Esq. Wright, Mr. Thomas. Watson, Mr. William. White, Messrs. and Son. 6 co- pies. Young, Mrs. V •■ i \ \ i I,, PREFACE. The reader will naturally expect some account of this work. With regard to the historical part, I have endeavoured to explain the situation of the Posts, which, by Mr. Oswald's Treaty, were stipulated to be surrendered to the Americans ; and pointed out their convenience to Great Britain in a poli- tical and commercial point of view : I have also given a de- scription of the Five and Six Nation Indians; and endeavoured to shew the usefulness, as well as necessity, of a strict alliance with them as long as we retain any possessions in Canada. With respect to the descriptions of lakes, rivers, &c. which lie btyond Lake Superior, from Lake Nipegon to Lake Arbitibis, I have given them as accurately as possible, either from my own knowledge, or the most authentic Indian ac- counts; and when it is considered that interpreters in the commercial line seldom liave occasion for any geographical knowledge, the want of better information will be excused. Tiic Vocabulary which is subjoined, and on which I have bestowed sonic pains, it is hoped will not only atford informa- tion to such as niiay be desirous of attaining a knowledge of the Cliippevvay language, but prove useful to those who are alreai i>g Vlll PREFACE. ■4 '' I As the mode of spelling a language which has never been reduced to a grammatical system, nwst be arbitrary, and principally depend on the ear, I have endeavoured to use such letters as best agree with the English pronunciation ; avoid- ing a multiplicity of consonants, which only perplex ; and to enable the reader to speak so as to be understood by the natives, it is necessary to observe that a is generally sound- ed broad ; and e final never pronounced but in monosyl- lables. The foi owing are the motives which induced me to make the Vocabulary in the Chippeway language so copious. In the first place it is, strictly speaking, one of the mo- ther tongues of North America, and universally spoken in council by the chiefs who reside about the great lakes, to the westward of the banks of the Mississip *i, as far south as the Ohio, and as far north as Hudson's Say; notwith- standing many of the tribes, within the space of territory I have described, speak in common a different la juage. — This observation is confirmed by authors of establis) d repute, and further proved by the concurrent testimony ol the Indian in- terpreters. Baron de Lahontan asserts that the Algonkin is a mother tongue, and that it is in as much estimation in North Ame- rica, as Greek and Latin in Europe : this being admitted, I am persuaded the Chippeway language possesses as much, if not greater merit, as it is in every respect better undei'stood by the north-west Indians. But as the knowledge of both •' PREFACE. i.\ may not only be useful, but necessary, I have given a compa- rative table of about two hundred and sixty words in both tongues, that the reader may use either as he shall find it best understood by the tribes with whom he may have occasion to trade ; though lie will find, in a variety of instances, a perfect accordance. The table of words in the Muhhekaneew, or Mohegan, and Shawanee tongues, are extracted from the Rev. Mr. Ed- wards's publication, and are inserted to shew their analogy with the Chippeway language ; and, as he observes that the lan- guage of the Delawares in Pennsylvania, of the Penobscots on the borders of Nova Scotia, of the Indians of St. Francis, in Canada, of the Shawanees on tlie Ohio, and many other tribes of Savages radically agree, I judged the tables of analogy would not be unacceptable. In the course of the historical part, several speeches in the Chippeway language are introduced : and at the end of the Vocabulary, a number of familiar phrases, which not only serve to shew the mode of speech, but give a better idea of the language than single words. The numeral paysbik, or one, is frequently used to express the articles a and the ; and woke is the general word for the plural number, though not always used. Mr. Carver's Vocabulary will, in many instances, be found to differ from the Chippeway ; but when it is considered that though he calls it the Chippeway Vocabulary, in p. 414 of his work, he says " The Chippeway, or Algonkin," which •w I'- '' if'--- *' if.. . . ■! ):' ■ I i I 1 X PREFACE. evidently proves that he believes them the same language : — but *vith regard to the usefulness of the tongue, there is a perfect corroboration of sentiment ; for he remarks that the Chippevvay tongue appears to be the most prevailing of all the Indian languages. It may not be amiss to observe, that the Chippeway tongue, as spoken by the servants of the Hudson's Bay Company, is somewhat different, though not essentially so, and is called by them the Hom^-Gt/^r^ Language. With regard to the Iroquois, or Mohawk tongue, which is peculiar to the Five and Six Nation Indians, it is not necessary in the fur trade beyond Michillimakinac ; and if it were, there arc not wanting printed authorities sufficient to instruct :— this consideration has induced me to give only the numerals, and a few words in the language. I have not any thing further to add, but a sincere wish that my labours may prove useful to the world ; and that whatever defects may be found in the following work, the Public will look on them with candour ; and will recollect that they are perusing, not the pages of a professed Touristy but such obser- vations as a commercial man flatters himself may be found ac- ceptable to the merchant and the philosopher. •' !..; i\ ERRA Page Line 29 21 for which __ .48 19 Pink- wood 50 3 at the entrance -* 57 10 1800 weight — 7^ 14 Transaction — 87 18 Nind __ 92 27 have not robbed me 106 10 at the entrance 108 10 Shunk _ 114 9 at Shunk's Lake — 121 12 hedesL-ed .. 131 12 and entrusted 149 25 Always 179 « Familj «. TA. read > . .■ H And for which. Punk-wood. near the entrance. 18,000 weight. Transactions. Nin have robbed me. near the entrance. Skunk. at the Skunk's Lake. desired. and to whom they entrusted. Also Families. ■■ I it J «:■•, if)' 4 R ;^-M a:»- p. I: II Is I 4' ■ I* r-'i. i 'If m. • ■ ' •. fc ^l! ^QMbccA^ iTtaUBivkw^ ■3^-^" fio Of a fH If ^ tmm VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. fxAVING engaged myself, at an early period of life, to go to North America, in the quality of an articled clerk, I left Gravesend on the loth of April, 1768, on board the Canada, captain Smith, bound to Quebec and Montreal. We had a pleasant voyage, till we reached the coast of America, when the weather proving unfavourable, we were obliged to put into Newfoundland, where we stayed fourteen days. Nothing remarkable occurred here, except that a party went on shore to hunt, and one of them, Mr. Jordan, who was a passenger, bound to Montreal, finding himself much fatigued, remained in the woods ; the rest returned on board in the evening, anxiously ex> pecting their companion ; but after four days painful solicitude, not being able to obtain any intelligence of him, we gave up all hopes of seeing him again ; and as the snow was deep on the ground, and the' wild animals numerous, we supposed him to be either frozen to death, or devoured by the beasts. Just as the captain proposed setting sail, an Indian came on board, to whom we endeavoured to communicate cur distress. On this occasion, he seemed to understand us, and made signs of his intention to go in search of him ; and being furnished with some rum by way of encouragement, he got into his canoe and paddled B \;,\\ J* . ri. ':■: i tns u I ~ ■ ■ i I -I- ill. • VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. ashore. The captain, vrith great humanity, deferred prosecuting the voyage for some time : but the Indian not returning, we left New- foundland, and after a tedious passage of near eleven weeks, arrived at Quebec, the capital of Canada. When the Spaniards (who first discovered this northern clime) sailed past Cape Rosicrs at the entrance of the River St. Laurence, the moun- tains, now called the Mountains of Ndtre Dame, were covered with snow. Such a prospect, in the summer season, gave them a very un- iavourable opinion of the country, and they were deterred from going vp the river, supposing the land to be too barren to recompence their labours at present, or afford any future advantages ] and the same impressions induced them to call it Capo di Nada, or Cape Nothing, by which name it is described in their charts, and from whence, by corruption of language, it has derived its present name of Canada. The River St. Laurence takes it rise from Lake Nipissin, north-east of Lake Superior, about the distance of 2000 miles from Quebec. The breadth of it is 90 miles at the entrance, and it is navigable near 50Q miles from the sea. The Isle of Orleans, which is but a small distance from the city, is a beautiful spot of ground, about ao miles in length, and six in breadth. The fertility of the soil makes it a useful and valuable garden, insomuch that it supplies the capital with vegetables and grain in great abundance. The opposite village of Beauport also charms the eye, and very much heightens the scene, which is rich, romantic, and magnificent. 'i3-''*i^'tfi'- II VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. | The Fall of Montmorenci particularly attracted my notice, u it is perhaps the most pleasing natural cascade in the world i and though its height and width are not to be compared in point of awful grandeur with the stupendous cataract of Niagara, it is sufficiently wonderful to shew the power of the great Architect of the Universe t and its effects are more pleasing than the latter ; for while it produce! wonder and pleasure in the highest degree, it does not strike the be- holder with such tremendous ideas. As our ship was bound to Montreal, as well as Quebec, and I was under the captain's care and direction, he did not allow me to go on shore at the latter place { but in a few days, to my great joy, we arriv- ed safe at Montreal, the place of our last destination. L*- 1 t * Montreal, formerly called Ville Marie, has nothing remarkable in it at present ; it was formerly famous for a great fair, which lasted near three months, and was resorted to by the Indians, who came from the distance of many hundreds of miles, to barter their peltry for English goods. It will give pleasure to the reader to be informed, that we re- ceived here the agreeable intelligence that Mr. Jordan was found in the woods, two days after our departure from Newfoundland, though with the loss of his feet, occasioned by the severity of the weather: he went afterwards in a vessel to Trois Rivieres, where he settled in an iron foundry. Trois Riviires, is so called from the junction of three currents which empty themselves into the River St. Laurence. About a league from the town there is an iron foundry, which was erected by private B 2 i •. ' -1*1 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. i'iiil persons in the year 1737, and afterwards ceded to the King. At fint cannon and mortars were cast there, but it is now principally used in the manufacture of stoves and kettles. The ore is taken at a small dis- tance from the works. A river runs down from the foundry into the River St. Laurence, which enables the proprietors to send their ma- nufactures round the country in boats upon very moderate terms. .J .1 if IS I This town, which is half way between Quebec and Montreal, had formerly a very considerable trade in peltry, and was the second mart in Canada { but in process of time the inhabitants of Montreal con- trived to draw almost all the fur trade to themselves { and though the residents in Trois Rivieres live by their commerce with the savages, and the manufacturing of birch canoes, yet the town has lost that rank and consequence which it formerly maintained ; nevertheless, the advan- tage of the iron foundry makes them some amends, and they live, upon the whole, as happy as any people in Canada. The inhabitants of Trois Rivieres were formerly very much incommoded with fleas, which swarmed in great quantities, and which, Baron de Lahontan humorously observes, occasioned an inconvenient quickness in conversation. On my arrival at Montreal, I was placed under the care of a very respectable merchant to learn the Indian trade, which is the chief sup- port of the town. I soon acquired the names of every article of com- merce in the Iroquois and French languages, and being at once prepossessed in favour of the savages, improved daily in their tongue, to the satisfaction of my employer, who approving my assiduity, and wish- ing me to be completely qualified in the Mohawk language to enable me to traffic with the Indians in his absence, sent me to a village called VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. § Ciknuaga, ' Cocknawaga, aituated about nine milea from Montreal, on th« ioi«th side of the River St. Laurence, where I lived with a chief #hose name wai /tssttugetbttr^ until I was sufficiently instructed in the la/(guage, and then returned to my master's store, to improve my- self in French, which is not only universally spoken in Canada, but is absolutely necessary in ihe commercial intercourse with the natives and without which it would be impossible to enjoy the society of the most respectable families, who are in general ignorant of the English language. iU' < '■-''■■ ■ il' :.. , ' '....'I'- I L 1 • ■,.•»! • f, .!■_•; • ( ■T. ;!"'. .'. (i; I ■■^ Jif 1^ J.l! •* .; > *• .'..l '( i ■ \ ■ Ml .-; > i^j HI,, ;/! i'.'/i'i .*> '.'I - . , ib ■j'?r«- a '^Zh' >• li'JV.'i'.' r I 1 .,;, •(... J,. 'i l,nj .7 .■•.Mill ■ 1 : '".; -NT . ■ 1 '■ ' '|5 'i r • i| ••■^ir >i ■•:': 1 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. J, ■<) Jrr:;. :!»!»' uro."' f.'iut jn'ui jihx'r, h:: A Description of the Village and Inhabitant s of Ckhuvaga^ or CocKNAWACA, wbo soMC yeavs since separated from the Mo- hawks. ,\JH''. T„ £ Savages of this nation, who are called the praying Indians, from the circumstance of their chiefs wearing crucifixes, and going through the streets of Montreal with their beads, begging alms, separated long since from the Mohawk and River Indians, and for a considerable time after their separation, carried on an illicit trade between Albany and Montreal. The village contains about two hundred houses, which, though they are chiefly built of stone, have a mean and dirty appearance. The inhabitants amount to about eight hundred, and (what is contrary to the general observation on the population of the Indians) are continually increasing. It is considered as the most respectable of all the Indian villages, and the people are in a great degree civilized and industrious. They sow com, and do not depend like other nations solely upon hunt- ing for support; but at the same time, they are not fond of laborious work, conceiving it only suited to those who are less free, and retaining so much of their primeval valour and independence as to annex the idea of slavery to every domestic employment. Their hunting grounds are within the United States, at a considerable distance from the vil- lage, round Fort George, Ticonderago, and Crown Point, where they kill beaver and deer, but not in such great abundance at present as they did formerly, the country being better inhabited, and the wild animals, from the present state of population, being obliged to seek a more dis- VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 7 tant and secure retreat. The skins they obtain are generally brought down to Montreal, and either sold for money, or bartered for goods. It is not improbable, that in a few years there will not be many good hunters among them, as they are extravagantly fond of dress, and that too of the most expensive kind. Their fondness for this luxury, which the profits arising from the lands they let out to the Canadians enables them to indulge, contributes to make them more idle ; and in propor- tion as their vanity increases, ease and indolence are the more eagerly courted and gratified, insomuch that hunting is in danger of being totally abandoned. Their religion is Catholic, and they have a French priest, or, as the Chippeway Indians term it, ** The Master of Life's Man" who instructs them, and performs divine service in the Iroquois tongue. Their devotion impressed my mind too powerfully to suffer it to pass unnoticed, and induces me to observe that great praise is due to their pastors, who by unwearied assiduity, and their own exemplary lives 9ind conversation, have converted a savage race of beings from Hea- thenism to Christianity, and by uniformity of conduct, continue to pre- serve both their religion and themselves in the esteem of their converts : An example worthy of imitation, and amounting to an incontrovertible proof that nature, in her most degenerate state, may be reclaimed by those who are sincere in their endeavours, gentle in their manners, and consistent in the general tenor of their behaviour. And it is to be expected, and certainly most ardently to be wished, that the savage temper among them may in time be more effectually subdued, their na- tural impetuosity softened and restrained, and their minds weaned from their unhappy attachment to the use of strong liquors ; their indulgence in which is frequently attended with the most melancholy and fatal con- sequences. . , » . . - - t t •V f": " » . * 1 .'* ( J \. u *;• I »"■ i 8 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. Of the Indians of the Fh'e and Six Nations. 1 sliall now give a particular account of the Indians of the Five and Six Nations^ and the reasons why they are so called, in order to enable the reader to form an idea of their consequence in a political point of view, as well as their importance on account of the fur trade ; because the vicinity of the American territories from Georgia to New England, gives the United States a great command and influence from their situation, and renders them more to be dreaded than even the French were in the zenith of their American power, when it .was uni- versally known they had such an interest among the savages, as induced them to call the French their fathers, and of which so much yet re- mains, as to prompt them to retain a predilection in favour of the traders of the Gallic race who are settled among them. " '< In 1603, when the French settled in Canada, part of the Five Na- tions resided on the island of Montreal, and were at war with the Adi- rondacks (who lived on the Uttawa, or grand river leading to Michilli- makinac) ; these, considered the Five Nations as very insignificant opponents, and incapable of serious revenge, and they were held in as much derision as the Delawares, who were usually called old women, or the Shawanees (who lived on the Wabach River), who were obliged to wear petticoats for a considerable time, in contempt of their want of courage, and as a badge of their pusillanimity and degradation. But as no people can bear the imputation of cowardice or effeminacy as a This shews that the Savages of the Five Nations are not easily to be conquered, and proves the necessity of preserving them in our in- C I* '., ■••1 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 9 national character, the chiefs determined to rouse their young men, and stimulate them to retrieve, or establish, a reputation ; and inspiring them with heroic notions, led them to war against the Satanas, or Shaounons, whom they subdued with great ease. This success revived their drooping spirits, and forgetting how often they had been defeated by the Adiron- dacks, commenced hostilities against them ; and availing themselves of the mean opinion their enemies entertained of their valour, gained the victory in several actions : and at last carried on a successful war against them even in their own country, obliging their former conque« rors to abandon their native land, and seek refuge on the spot where Quebec is now situated. Soon after the French arrived and had settled at Quebec, they formed an alliance with the Adirondacks against the Five Nations. The first engagement proved decisive in favour of the Adirondacks, owing entirely to the use of fire arms having been introduced among them by their new allies, which the Indians of the Five Nations had never before seen. This alliance, and the consequent defeat was far from subduing or disheartening the Five Nations, but rather seem- ed to inspire them with additional ardour, and what they were defi- cient in military skill and suitable weapons, they supplied by strata- gem and courage. Although the French gained several advantages over them in the course of more than fifteen years, they at length were glad to bring the contest to a conclusion, by making a peace with them. ■-; , . i ■-■r-': ' v 'I • f 6 . t \ ..■ ,1 ■^t J %'t 1^ • 1 ■«, .. ill ■'I ! m 1 1 10 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. terest, as long as v/t shall deem it expedient, from policy, to keep possession of Canada. This being admitted, it is certain that no me- thod will more effectually conduce to that end, than retaining such barriers in our hands as will enable us to affoid them protection, and supply them with arms and ammunition, and other necessaries, in time of dagger. ... The Indians who lie to the north of Philadelphia, between the provinces of Pennsylvania and the Lakes, consist of three distinct leagues, of which the Senekas, Mohawks, and Onondagoes, who arc called the fathers, compose the first ; the Oneidoes, Cayugas, Tusco- roras, Conoys and Nanticokes, which are one tribe, compose the se- cond, and these two leagues constitute what is called the Six Nations. The third league is formed of the Wanamis, Chihokockis, or Dela- wares, the Mawhiccons, Munseys, and Wapingers, to which may be added the Mingoes. The Cowetas, or Creek Indians, are also united in friendship with them. Mr. Colden says, the nations who are joined together by a league or confederacy, like the United Provinces of Holland, are known by the names of Mohawks, Oneydoes, Onondagoes, Cayugas, and Sene- kas ; that each of these nations is again divided into three tribes or families, who are distinguished by the names of the Tortoise, Bear, and Wolf; and that the Tuscororas, after the war they had with the people of Carolina, fled to the Five Nations, and incorporated with them, so that in fact they now consist of six, although they still retain the name of the Five Nations. This union is of such long duration as to leave little or no traces of its origin. ■Mi ( ' VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 11 Baron Lahontan observes, that the Iroquois are in reality but one nation, divided into five districts ; and which he distinguishes in the following manner: — The Tsonontouans, the Goyogans, the Onon> tagues, the Oneyouts, and the Agnies, who were all settled about thirty leagues from each other, near the great Lake Frontenac, now called Ontario. The Mohawks, or Maquas, are the most warlike among the Five Nations, and consist of near seven hundred warriors. They are called by the French, Agnies, or Annies, and were originally settled on the French or grand River, leading to Michillimakinac, from whence they afterwards removed to the Moha',«rk River, near Schenectady, about sixteen miles from Albany, in the state of New York. Since the war in 1757 they have separated, and part of the nation is settled on the grand river, near Niagara, and the rest at the back of the bay of Quenty, or Kenty, about forty-eight miles above Cataraqui, the capital of the Loyalist settlements on the River St. Laurence. I" ri: 3 1 • 51 Cataraqui, or Fort Frontenac, is built near to the place where Lake Ontario discharges itself into the River St. Laurence. It was erected by Le Comte de Frontenac, governor general of Canada, to stop the incursions of the Iroquois, and divert he channel of the commerce in peltry, which that people carried < with the inhabitants of New York, and which they bartered for with the Savages by merchandize, at a cheaper rate than the French could supply them. This fort was at first built of wood and turf, and surrounded with high pickets, but during the mission of Father Hennepin, it was faced C 2 h-'- •' : I t ^ ■'<•■ m ! ' V.' J I :|; 12 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. with stone, by the direction of the Sieur Cavelier de la Salle, and en- larged to a circuit of more than seven hundred yards. The bason in which it stands is capable of holding a number of vessels of consider- able burthen. There is a small garrison at present, and a commanding officer, to examine all boats which pass either to the new settlements or the upper posts. The Oneidoes, or Oneyouts, the Onondagoes, Cayugas, Senekas, or Tsonontouans, and the Tuscororas, who live with the Oneidoes and Onondagoes, are settled about thirty leagues distant from each other, and none of them exceeding two hundred and fifty miles from the Mo- hawk River. All these nations express peace by the metaphor of a tree, whose top they say will reach the sun, and whose branches ex- tend far abroad, not only that they may be seen at a great distance, but to afford them shelter and repose. The Five Nations claim all the country south of the River St. Lau- rence to the Ohio, and down the Ohio to the Wabache, which lies to the westward of the state of Pennsylvania, near to the borders of Virginia; westerly, to the Lakes Ontario and Erie, and the River Miamis, and the eastern boundaries of Lake Champlain, and the United States. \^ The firmness of this league, tlie great extent of land it claims, the mimber of great warriors it produces, and the undaunted courage and skill which distinguish the members of it in their contests both with the Savages and European nations, all conspire to prove the good policy of an alliance with them ; as it is an undoubted fact, that in case of a dispute with the Americans, the posts would make but a feeble resist- I . • •i VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 13 ance without their exertions 5 and deprived of the forts, the fur trade would soon be lost to this country. I shall next consider the situation and utility of these barriers, in a commercial point of view, and endeavour to shew the propriety of keep* ing possession of the posts, notwithstanding by the treaty of peace with the United States, they were expressly stipulated to be given up ; al- though it is not probable indeed that the Americans will be able to fulfil the treaty on their part, so as to entitle them to make a reason- able demand — I mean such a claim as government must absolutely admit. The first post I shall notice is Oswegatche, on the River St. Lau- rence, about one hundred and fifty miles above Montreal, at the mouth of the Black River, where there are about an hundred Savages, who occasionally frequent it, and are called Oswegatche Indians, al- though they belong to the tribes of the Five Nations. To this fort the inhabitants of New England may with ease transport goods, to supply the Mohawks, Cahnuagas, Connecedagas, St. Regis, and some strag- gling Messesawger Indians, who live near the Detroit, at a smaller expence than they can possibly be obtained from the merchants at Quebec or Montreal, but particularly Rum, which is now become an essential requisite in every transaction with the Savages ; for though they used formerly often to complain of the introduction of strong water by the traders (as appears by the language of their chiefs in council) to the prejudice of their young men, yet they have not now the resolution to refrain from the use of it j — on the contrary, it is be- come so familiar, and even necessary to them, that a drunken frolic \s S . 1 " 1 • ■ h •r*» \. in . -t.. ■ • ■'. . [ : !i i''\^d It . U '141 14 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. looked upon as an indispensible requisite in a barter, and anticipated with extreme delight. Carlton Island is higher up the river, and has greater conveniences annexed to it than Oswegatche, having an excellent harbour, with a strong fortification well garrisoned. It affords excellent accommoda- tion for shipping, and may be considered as the naval storehouse for supplying Niagara and the other posts. There are vessels of consider- able bulk continually sailing from thence to Niagara, Oswego, &c. — There is also a commodore of the Lakes, whose residence is on the island. fi 11' Iff Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario, formerly called Lake Frontenac, is a good fortification, and capable of containing six hundred men. This post is particularly important, as it is the key to the United States, and commands the opening to the North, or Hudson's River, protecting the trade with the Indians who live on the banks of the River St. Laurence, and the whole extent of the great sheet of water near which it stands, reckoned about eighty leagues in length, and in some places from twenty-five to thirty broad. ■ f.; : .:;5! : v* ■ When the English were in possession of the Colonies, Albany commanded the trade with the Indians ; and it is well known that no place in America furnished such a quantity of furs and skins, not even the Hudson's Bay settlements, whose utmost extent of trade is far in- ferior to the produce collected here. These furs and skins were pro- cured from Canada, and brought to Fort Oswego by the Indians, who disposed of them to the agents sent there by the merchants of Albany. lii % '* VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. »5 Besides, Indian goods may be conveyed from Albany to Fort Os> wego at a cheaper rate than from Montreal to the new settlements at Cataraqui and the head of the Bay of Kcnty, and at less risk, be- cause the stream of the Mohawk River is not so strong as that of the Cataraqui River, between the Lake and Montreal, and there arc not so many falls of water. • Fort Niagara is on the same lake, where there is also a good garri- son. This lake takes its rise from Lake Erie, and after a course of fifteen leagues, empties itself into Lake Ontario. About four leagues before it enters the lake, it is intercepted by the great fall which is mentioned by various authors, who do not agree in opinion respecting its height ; but from the most authentic accounts, joined to my own observations, I am inclined to coincide with the judgment of captain Pierie, who made an actual survey, and describes the height to be one hundred and forty-six feet, and the width one thousand and forty, which proves that the accounts of Father Hennepin and La Salle were erroneous, who both agree in calling the perpendicular height six hun- dred feet. The distance from Fort Niagara to Fort Stanwix is about two hundred and eighty miles, through the Jenesee country, wh\ph I tra- velled with great ease in about eight days. This post therefore is of the most essential importance to protect the Indians who are in alliance with Great Britain, and to secure the valuable and undivided advantage of their trade. . • ' . .AX-:- The Detroit is so called from being a strait between Lake Erie, and Lake Huron, and commands the trade from the Ohio, Illinois, Missis- sippi, and the Upper Lakes, which post is resorted to by the Uttawas, • • ) « * .« ■ •' t . , ' .1 ■ 1 • i ■■: i\ t . I". I {■ I- - ■m .-'n ^■■■:l l'\ '■.•:.) •' 1 ii !^p; i| 16 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. Hurons, Miamis, Ohio, Mississippi, Delaware, and Tuscorora Indians, besides the Messesawgas. These five posts are situated at the back of the three states of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, and at a very smuij distance from the Loyalist settlements. The last post is Michillimakinac, which is situated between Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, upon an isthmus, about one hundred and thirty leagues long, and twenty-two wide, and is the last fortress to- wards the north-west. This point of land is on the not *'\ of the straits through which the Lake of the Hinois, or Michigan, Miree hundred leagues in circumference, empties itself into Lake Hukon, which is of equal extent. The strait is about three leagues long, and one broad, and half a league distant from the mouth of the Hinois. This is perhaps the most material of ill the barriers, and of the greatest importance to the commercial int^^rest of this country, as it intercepts all the trade of the Indians of the upper country from Hud- son's Bay to Lake Superior, and affords protection to various tribes of Savages, who constantly resort to it to receive presents from the commanding officer, and from whence the traders, who go to the north- west, take their departure for the grand portage, or grand carrying place, which is nine miles in length, before they enter on the waters communicating with the nonh-west. Were the English to remain in possession of every part of Canada, except the posts, numberless doors would be left open for the Ameri- ■ i 1 I 1 :• i^ i 1 1:: . \l VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. *l cans to smuggle in their goods, and in process of time the iHicit trade would supersede the necessity of the exportation of British goods from England to Canada, and the commercial benefits arising from the con- sumption of our manufactures would be entirely lost.— In that case, Ca- nada would be of little service to England in a commercial point of view: How far it is worth the expence of retaining, politically consi- dered, is not for me to discuss. :..<, t> i « >- /. ..•^ i . . > I'tatl'. ! , -u .•ii ft.' ■ u'y. /!"<■. . I- ■ .,,'/,;.., i; 1 ■ ' ' ■> i- j' ■■ 1 ,'■'■;.; . "i ■ li -M" . ■. a »; ■ ■'. ,„•,, V .-.( I. nUr. :i .iii.ji;. i r. ,. :-., :^-.,i I'. .- A. I ■f -f !•■ • \< . }■• • ' • il '■t l^.'Yii:: /J .• ■ .': ■<■'■■ ', t, ■;;•. li -Jj!.' •: .v5s. ;.;■■' ,' ■ v; . f:..,- :>,'■ ,. ■'*'■• t ':■■'!■ ^■.^'■''- >,, t ,-ff :.J ;, I .*..;•.;!■>, • .-:'■■ t.,.r. .'.■".«l:-.'.T ■: D 'I I ;■'. i-f "11: ■■■:.i l j \ %^ 1, .m H !| :il If VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. »?-'!' ' j' .'^;:,iii >.( ri-'»u"rt,..j, , r'/i *M '!?..".!• .:,«-*n;." (''ii. '••' „ I i .. I , /ni^Mn Scouts t and Manner cf Scalping. J'':rr. (..-> .. riAviNG endeavoured to explain the nature and importance of the Five and Six Nation Indians, and described the situation of the posts and the probable consequences of complying with the treaty, I shall return to my situation at Montreal. Having stayed with my employer seven years, and not being willing to enter into a new agreement, I determined to pursue the bent of my inclinations; and being naturally of a roving disposition, which was in- creased by my frequent associations with the Savages, I entered a vo- lunteer at the head of a party of Indians, thinking that my country might at some future period derive advantage from my more intimate know- ledge of the country and its language. My enirde was in 1775, when a party of about thirty of the Ameri- cans, commanded by the famous Ethan Allen, appeared at Long Point, about two miles from Montreal, intending to plunder the town; they were however disappointed in their expectations by the good conduct of captain Crawford of the twenty-sixth regiment, who with about forty regulars and some volunteers sallied out and made the enemy retreat to a barn, where an engagement took place, in which major Garden, Mr. Paterson, a volunteer, and three privates were killed, and I was wounded in the foot ; but on the arrival of a field piece, the enemy sur- rendered. 4 ■I I f •' VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. •9 Being beloved by the Indians, and preferring active service with them to any other mode of life, I accompanied lieutenant Peter Johnson and lieutenant Walter Butler, with a few Mohawks, to atuck the Ameri. cans at Isle au Noix, whom we defeated, taking a great many prison, ers. During the engagement we lost two volunteers and three private;;. In this action I received a wound in the head from the butt-end of a musket. I ,t» I then joined the eighth regiment of foot, commanded by captain Foster, to attack the Americans at the Cedars, whom we also defeated. The prisoners were left at Fort St. Vielle, or Prison Island, at the foot of the Falls, under a proper guard; and the remains of our small army, consisting of about one hundred and fifty men, went down to La Chine to engage another body of Americans; but finding them too strongly entrenched, we retreated to Point Clair, where we stayed till we received intelligence that general Arnold, with four thousand men were at Isle au Noix, and that major Gordon was killed in his way to St. John's, about two miles from the fort. On this occasion it may. not be amiss to observe, that the custom adopted by the Americans, and with so much success, of levelling their pieces at the officers, origi- nated with the Indians, who are possessed with an idea that the men will naturally be thrown into confusion when their leaders are dead. This however is not without exceptions: the Mattaugwessawacks, whose country lies westward of Lake Superior, hold the persons of officers sacred; and Josepsis, one of their tribe, who was taken prisoner, and sold to the Penobscot Indians, says that the Savages they were at war with have adopted the same method. •k, . D2 B in BO VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. :i -* I was immediately ordered on a scout, at the head of ten Connece- daga or Rondaxe Indians, with captain La Motte, a Canadian gentle- man, in search of the person who had killed major Gordon, and to re- connoitre the woods, in hopes of gaining information of the real force of the Americans at Isle au Noix. To avoid suspicion, we were all dressed like Savages ; and as captain La Motte and myself were well acquainted with the Iroquois language, it was impossible to distinguish us from the natives. We were out six days and nights, with very little provision, living chiefly on the scrapings of the inner bark of trees and wild roots, particularly onions, which grow in gr at abundance, and are not disagreeable to the palate. Hunger reconciles us to every thing that will support nature, and makes the most indifferent food accept- able. From my own woful experience I can assert, that what at any other time would have been unpleasant and even nauseous, under the pressure of hunger is not only greedily eaten, but relished as a luxury. Those who are acquainted with the nature of roving in the woods in time of war, know the necessity of travelling light, and particularly on an Indian scout, as the Savages seldom take any thing but a small quan- tity of Indian corn and Maple sugar, which, after beating the corn be- tween two stones, they mix with water, and on this they subsist. Dur- ing this expedition, as the business was urgent, and the enemy near at hand, we depended on adventitious food. >^- ''>' r ..f On the last day's march, returning without being able to obtain any intelligence, one of the Indians heard a noise resembling the breaking of a stick ; the chief of the band sent out a scout, who soon returned with a prisoner. The man appeared much frightened, imagining him- self in the hands of Savages only. Having bound him tu a tree, I it'. I' .1 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. •t being the only one of the party who understood English, questioned him very closely respecting the situation and force pf the enemy, and interpreted the conversation. When he heard me talk his own language he was agreeably surprised, and his fears in some degree giving way to hope, he begged me to save him from the fury of the Indians, whose general conduct in war had filled his mind with the most dreadful ap- prehensions. I assured him, that if he would faithfully satisfy all my inquiries, his life should be spared. He cheerfully complied with the requisition, and directed me to a place from whence we might have a dear view of the Americans, who were encamped on the opposite shore. ' Having left him bound, we proceeded about two miles through swamps, till we came in sight of the enemy. The Indians immediately panted for action, but captain La Motte thought it prudent to restrain their ardour, and ordered them to retreat into the woods, still keeping our object in view. Soon after, a boat full of men crossed the river, and landed without perceiving us. The Indians instantly kindled a fire, and each man filled his blanket with rotten wood and leaves, till it was extended to the size of a man; then placing them near the fire, to appear like Indians asleep, they retired to a small distance, to give the Americans an opportunity of coming up unmolested, not doubting but they would immediately fire at the blankets. The manoeuvre succeeded to our expectation; for the Americans discovering the smoke ad- vanced towards the fire, and perceiving the blankets, discharged their muskets. The Savages immediately rushed from their ambush, and setting up the war-hoop, fell upon the enemy, scalped seven of them, and took five prisoners, whom we painted like ourselves. We then returned, re- leased the prisoner from the tree, and conducted them all to St. John's, '•4 . ' ■ 'H> ••• , f v 1 ' i' • ■'" , . s i.f ( . ■ if.. •I- I i \f : ^^^K^tv^M r'^i,im:i k.- Having executed this commission to the satis&ction of the com- mander in Qhief, I remained some time with my old friends, till I recei- v|?d a message from Sir Guy Carleton to attend him ; when he ordered me to join brigadier general Nesbit, with the twenty-ninth and forty- seventh regiments ; in the latter of which I served as a volunteer a considerable time ; but finding no vacancy, and having no allowance for my services, to enable me to live and appear as I wished, I quitted the regiment to enjoy my favourite Indian life ; and as I knew their manner of living, and could accommodate myself to their diet, I thought I might probably continue serviceable to my country in scouting parties, and accordingly accompanied a party of Savages to the Lake of the two Mountains, fifteen leagues above Montreal, a village belonging to the Connecedagas, carrying a scalp as a trophy of my services. ^.vo' Scalping is a mode of torture peculiar to the Indians. If a blow is given with the tomahawk previous to the scalp being taken off, it is followed by instant death ; but where scalping only is inflicted, it puts the person to excruciating pain, though death does not always ensue. There are instances of persons of both sexes, now living in America, and no doubt in other countries, who, after having been scalped, by wearing a plate of silver or tin on the crown of the head, to keep it from cold, enjoy a good state of health, and are seldom afflicted with pains. When an Indian strikes a person on the temple with a tomahawk, the victim instantly drops; he then seizes his hair with one hand. "i i.l; I" •■•*, ^^OYAGES AND TRAVELS. 23 twisting it very tight together^ to separate the skin from the head, and placing his knee on the breast, with the other he draws the scalping knife from the sheath, and cuts the skin round the forehead, pulling it off with his teeth. As he is very dexterous, the operation is generally performed in two minutes. The scalp is then extended on three hoops, dried in the sun, and rubbed over with vermilion. Some of the Indians in time of war, when scalps are well paid for, divide one, into five or six parts, and carry them to the nearest post, in hopes of re-> ceiving a reward proportionate to the number. When the scalp is taken from the head of one of their own people, they frequently make the dead body of advantage to them, by dressing it up and painting it with vermilion ; they then place it against a tree, with weapons in its hand, to induce the Indians to suppose it an enemy on the watch ; and round the body they set spears in the ground, so as scarcely to be discernible. The Indians, on seeing the person against the tree, and anxious to make him a prisoner, in the eagerness of running fall on the points of the spears, and being disabled from proceeding, are easily made prisoners. % ' V. »t i •' \l it' H \': ' Before I close this subject I shall relate an anecdote of two Savages of different nations, in the time of Sir William Johnson. rv' A Mohawk, of the name of Scunnionsa, or the elk, and a Chippeway Indian of the name of Cark Cark, or the crow, having met at a cquncil of war near Crown Point, in the year 1757, were extolling their own merits, and boasting of their superiority in taking scalps. The Mohawk contended that he could take a larger scalp than the Chippeway war- in feKll ."■■•' t " ■ ' : ' * ^ • >•' . ■ i\- . it - i*f\ J:4: >'•;■ r 1' t. * >" "':h^' T ■ii^tN ■i '11 '^^V. ii^k ■I'v ' it-i ■ fM'; it Uii!;:.: 'i'Ty 11 i; fU i' ;|-, 8 ; If! j ti.:^ >4 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. rior; who was very highly offended, and desired that the experiment might be made. They parted, each pursuing a different route, after having first agreed to meet at a certain place, on a particular day, when a council was to be held. At the time appointed they returned, and appeared at the council. The Mohawk laid down his scalp, which was the skin of the head and neck of a man stuffed with fine moss, and sewed up with deers' sinews, and the eyes fastened in. The chiefs expressed their approbation, and pronounced him to be a great and brave war- rior. The Chippeway then rose, and looking earnestly at the Mohawk, desired the interpreter to tell him that it was an old woman's scalp, which is considered as a term of great reproach, and called to one of his sons to bring forward his scalp ; when instantly he exhibited to their view the complete skin of a man, stuffed with down feathers, and sewed very close with deers' sinews. The chiefs loaded him with praise, and unanimously acknowledged his superiority. Tlie Mohawk warrior, fired with resentment, withdrew from the council meditating revenge ; and as soon as he saw the Chippeway come forth, he fol- lowed him, and watching a convenient opportunity, dispatched him with his tomahawk, rejoicing that he had, even in this dastardly manner, got rid of a victorious rival. ■ . •■• ^ ' ) :, h.i'. . ;'. .' ' "« t- :<<.' ■ - ' -. ■ 'jat'i!! '-y', V- ^.\■:ii■r''.•'i* > * ■ » _: ■'.\'-\/^ rii'l .-; :>jv i;)' ;i> -■ ■ .'(oi"' j.ji.^ "ft-)r.j io ;;-)i --^i li "ji^u ,,_.•,■?:• •vj:- . ^ '!, .-^•. J. !.:;jib! ;• 'j.-.i yj yi if^s i- -Ij r ' > > »• 1^ VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. H )»<rA;; vfir fir ' 'nio' -il? i''r/ ■?•*•? iKiNi •: ■ i''.': /f--i'; •i. < t- :•!•(! i H E Savages of this nation are of the Chippcway tribe, and speak a mixture of the Iroquois and Chippeway tongues : they were driven from the upper country at the time of the great Indian war, about the year 1720, and settled on the Lake of the two Mountains. There are about two hundred inhabitants, who are very industrious, and cukivate the land in the manner of the Cahnuagas ; they also breed catde, and live in a degree of civilization unknown to mosc of the Chippcway tribes. There is also a town near Lake Erie, in the limits of the United States, which is .inhabited by about fifteen hundred of this na- tion, of whom the Reverend Mr. Charles Seattle gives a very fa> vourable account. v- • .. • v ;-. w,,,'! . .* . n r : ; . ? ;j ; . *^j» \f^' i, I r •. -^-i.-' Since the settlement of the Connecedagas they have intermarried with the Cahnuaga, St. Regis, and Mohawk Indians, which is the rea- son why their language is less pure, though some of them speak the original tongue, which in my frequent communications with the Chip- peways beyond Michillimakinac, I found in every respect perfectly understood. It was among these Indians that I first acquired the rudiments of a language which, from long habit, is become more fami- liar to me than my own ; and I hope I shall not be accused of vanity, in asserting that die vocabulary and familiar phrases, subjoined to this £ < •. ■ '*■■'. ■ \ f ^v 1 • . P^'i ■ '' ;t' I**.'- ■^''.' ■' m m «1 J: I'jjrH m aS VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. fill; ■A * work, are more copious than will be found in any former publication. In spelling them I have been particularly careful in using such letters and accents as best express the Indian words, according to our pro- nunciation. To lay down general rules for the orthography of a lan- guage which has never been reduced to a system, I do not pretend : my endeavours may perhaps assist those who are better informed in the principles of universal grammar. The Connecedagas are esteemed brave warriors ; and my opinion, founr'ed on long Experience of their conduct and bravery, coincides with that which the English, from report only, entertain of them. No nation of Savages were ever more true to the British interest, not even the Mohawks, whose fidelity is become almost proverbial. Dur- ing, the continuance of the American war, they neglected their families and domestic concerns to fight for the Engli^, which the Cahnuagas (though descendants of the Mohawks and Munseys, or Mawhiccon Indians, commonly called River Indians) did not with so much cheer> fulness ; perhaps the relationship of the latter to the Delawares before their defection, whom the Indians by way of derision used to call old women, might occasion this temporary reluctance ; but if that was the cause, it was but of very short duration ; for to do them justice, when they took up the tomahawk they behaved with great intrepidity, and proved that the blood of the ancient Mohawks still ran in their veins. Some have, though I think without much candour, imputed their ser- vices to the fear of our government, and the resentment of the Sa-. vages in our interest on the one hand, and the hopes of considerable rewards on the other; but as such reflections may be far from the truth, it cannot answer any purpose to comment severely on their con- ■• I ^f! • \ VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. i»7 duct : it is sufficient to know they were our allies, and in all probabi- lity will continue friendly to the British nation. Great praise is due on this account to major CarUon, a brave and experienced officer, whom they loved with a Roman friendship ; they flew to his standard with alacrity, obeyed him with cheerfulness, and never deserted him : no instance of friendship or attachment, either ancient or n^odern, could surpass it. "- '^ -^ • •; 'i' ^ .1. 'i It requires good natural sense, and a thorough knowledge of the dis- positions of the Indians, to persuade them to place unlimited confi- dence in their European or American leaders; to which must always be added, a seeming approbation of their advice, and an endeavour to conform to their wishes, never obstinately pursuing a design either offensive or defensive, contrary to their opinion. How fatal a different line of conduct may prove, the destruction of general Braddock is a melancholy instance : by his haughty demeanour, and strict adherence to his own plan, in direct opposition to the counsel of experienced chiefs, he lost their friendship, and died unlamented, confirming them in an opinion they had before often hinted, ** that he wanted both skill *• and prudence in war." Even the great Washington incurred their censure by his conduct, and gave occasion to an Indian chief, of the name of Thanachrishon, of the Seneka tribes, judging him by their own rules, to say, ** that he was a good natured man, but had no ex- **perience.**>i<'-*'-^" >«Jfi;i- ,,rnt{<|:;'; 'bi^i'J^.nFr.:: rj^Uxi lun- An impartial mind will require but little to be persuaded that the In- dians are superior to us in the woods : it is their natural element (if I may be allowed the expression), and a tree or river, of which their E2 I' ■ >': M' ■*■■ .1- .'•■ ■;>»i,«K '*.'- t ■[fi li: it ''■■'■" ' Ml I'l'i.'i' 't^tj. ni ;i ' :l lii!'?' mm i' ■; ti '^ 3 as VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. recollection never fails, guide them to the secret recesses of a deep wood, either for safety, or the purpose of ambush. As they pay little attention to the rising or setting sun, it at first surprised me, by what method they travel from place to place, without any material aberration ; but this they soon explained, by assuring me, that they had not the least diffi- culty in going from one spot to another, being governed by the moss on the trees, which always remains on the north side, but on the south it wastes and decays : they remark also, that the branches are larger, and the leaves more luxuriant on the south than on the north side of the tree. The most enlightened part of mankind, I am persuaded, cannot be more exact in their mode of judging, nor more attentive to the works of nature. v^.i ■^•:('- ii;, t?J- nvT !?<.?. J I.I To prove further, if there are any who doubt it, that the Indians possess strong natural abilities, and are even capable of receiving im- provement from the pursuits of learning, I shall relate a story from Kalm's Travels, \'-^yf..yu 'kjY ^y;. .(5 ;>!■.!/' ■.^•■^1 otn^-: ':> .uiJ-]-a ^fi^ -".li <'.i ** An old American Savage being at an inn at New York, met with a gentleman who gave him some liquor, and being rather lively, boasted he could read and write English. The gentleman, willing to indulge . him in displaying his knowledge, begged leave to propose a question, to which the old man consented. He was then asked, who was the first circumcised ? the Indian immediately replied, father Abraham : — and directly asked the gentleman, who was the first quaker ? He said it was very uncertain, that people differed in their sentiments exceedingly. The Indian perceiving the gentleman unable to resolve the question, put his fingers into his mouth, to express his surprize, and looking > M. • 1» VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. »9 ttedfastly, told him, that Mordecai was the first quakcr, for he wouhl not pull off his hat to Hainan." Mr. Adair says, the Chcrokecs are very apt at giving people nick- names. A dull stalking fellow, they call a turkey buzzard ; an ill tem- pered man, a wasp ; a talkative person, a grasshopper ; a hoarse voice, they say resembles a bull ; and an interpreter whose manners and con- versation are obscene, they call a smock interpreter. The disposition of the Indians is naturally proud and self-suffi- cient: they think themselves the wisest of the sons of men, and are extremely offended when their advice is rejected. The feats of valour of their ancestors, continually repeated and impressed upon their minds, inspire them with the most exalted notions of their own prowess and bravery ; hence arises the firmest reliance on their own courage and power : and though but a handful of men, comparatively speaking, they are vain enough to think they can overthrow both French and Eng- lish whenever they please. They say, the latter are fools, for they hold their guns half man high, and let them snap ; but that they themselves take sight, and seldom fail of doing execution, which, they add, is the true intention of going to war. ! . . *r't -#f*-j -i^/fiK'ir*^ These exalted notions of self-consequence are more peculiar to the Five Nations, for which they are more eminendy distinguished than other tribes of Savages, although none of them are deficient in this re- spect. Such sentiments as these have made the Iroquois dreaded and revered by others, for their superior understanding and valour, and likewise has a tendency to increase their fame. Although they <' u. ■»•: '. '■'" * '• • i./' m-: '':::M i^i. ,ifV:t., it ■ f ■.i, i-\ r!-l • " ■,' • '■ ■Jf in w '-.H''.*'*' i • tiri i lift/!*'; 80 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. decrease in numbers daily, the thirst of glory will never be extinguished among them, whilst there is a breast to nourish it: they will never shrink from danger when honour is at stake. ■.'r"' -/■ ' •">•<' >IV: I ( t >tf. The Iroquois laugh when you talk to them of obedience to kings; for they cannot reconcile the idea of submission with the dignity of man. Each individual is a sovereign in his own mind ; and as he conceives he derives his freedom from the great Spirit alone, he cannot be induced to acknowledge any other power. They are extremely jealous, and easily offended, and when they have been once induced to suspect, it is very difficult to remove the impres> sion. They carry their resentments with them to the grave, and hc- queath them to the rising generation. ..x-i vi^ri.t ijut ^5--> */, x.'i i if 4 n; }"■ '>.'► I o 'V':;:--^!-;-!?. i;-jj::i'.' Those who have associated with them, though they may admire their heroism in war, their resolution in supporting the most excruciating tortures, and the stability of their friendships, cannot but lament the dreadful effects of their displeasure, which has no bounds. It is this violence of temper, which is generally in the extreme, that makes them so difficult to subdue, and so dangerous to encourage ; too much in- dulgence they attribute to fear, and too much severity brings on re- sentment. 5^;v; ■.•);f^ •( :«r; To remove these strong prejudices (which, however prone hunuin nature may be to encourage them, would never prove so prejudicial to society, unless continually promoted by the advice and example of the aged), has been the constant endeavour of those nations who have been I* VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 3» in alliance with thenit and some attempts have been made to soften their manners by the introduction of the Christian religion, whose precepts are so wonderfully calculated to destroy every blood-thirsty sentiment, and make mankind happier in themselves, and better members of the community. In this laudable pursuit our neighbours the French have been most successful, at least so far as an alteration in external beha- viour may be considered as an indication of the amendment of the heart. The good conduct of the inhabitants of several Indian villages in Canada bears testimony to this observation. Nevertheless, in contradiction to this remark, Mr. Jamas Adair observes, that the French Canadians are highly censurable for debauching our peace- ble Northern Indians with their " infernal catechism." Though I am not an advocate for creeds inimical to the peace of society, I believe the censure is too severe, for however formerly they might have been influenced by bigotted priests instilling into their minds sentiments unfavourable to the subjects of Great Britain, I am clearly of opinion, that they have for many years used their best endea- vours to inculcate the principles of the Gospel : indeed, it is always to be lamented when either politics or religion are made subservient to each other: this being properly considered, perhaps the French are not more blameable than other nations. We are too apt to involve others in our disputes, and religion is too frequently introduced by bi- gots to assist the cause they wish to support. '-^ ■*•' '•1 -"y !.'!! I'/.' 'I » itf . ' » r/ ^ . With regard to those Indians who have been accustomed to the so- ciety of English traders, and even preachers (sorry am I to observe it), their sentiments, manners, and practices are very different. The v-v, . ik Mi 7.'.? . ij: ".li ^■ ■'■■■'I'-' I at VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. i 1 alteration is manifestly for the worse; they have become more degene- rate, and added to the turbulence of passions unsubdued by reason the vices of lying and swearing, which unfortunately they have learned from us. ^ * The testimony of Mr. Sargeant, a gentleman of New England, sup- ports this assertion ; who relates, that in a journey to the Shawanese In- dians (the allies and dependants of the Six Nations), and some other tribes, when he offered to instruct them in the Christian religion, they rejected it with disdain; they even reproached Christianity, told him the traders would lie, cheat, and debauch their young women, and even their wives, when the husbands were from home. They further added, that the Senekas had given them their country, but charged them ne- ver to receive Christianity from the English. :\' ' I shall subjoin one more proof to this. Governor Hunter, by order of Queen Anne, presented the Indians with cloaths, and other tilings of which they were extremely fond; and addressing them at a council, which was held at Albany, told them that their good mother the Queen had not only generously provided them with fine cloaths for their bo- dies, but likewise intended to adorn their souls by the preaching of the Gospel, nnd that some ministers should be sent to instruct them. When the governor had finished his speech, the oldest chief rose up and said, that, in the name of all the Indians, he thanked their good mother the Queen for the fine cloaths she had sent them; but that in regard to the ministers, they had already some of them, who, instead of preaching the Gospel to them, taught them to drink to ex- cess, to cheat and quarrel among themselves, and entreated the go- i ■ \ f I* ■V VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 33 vernor to take from them the preachers, and a number of Europeans who came among them ; for before their arrival, the Indians were ho- nest, sober and innocent people ; but now most of them were rogues ; that they former'y had the fear of God : but that now they hardly be- lieved his existence. To extenuate as much as possible this charge against the English, let it be observed, that the vice and immorality complained of, is to be attributed in a great measure to the traders, who used to purchase convicts, and hire men of infamous character to carry up their goods among the Indians, many of whom ran away from their masters to join the Savages : the iniquitous conduct of those people essentially injured the English in the opinion of the Indians, and fixed an odium which will not be soon or easily removed. '' •' ' " •; ' ' .' <■ ■' *' "hi (.••',.: . ' ■ • .-■. .; > W (••..' (, i.,. ,1'. '.i; i' .■.i •.<■' !.,. ! ; ' i hi t. ■ :'<■■•■. .^ f , ■,. .• ,- •V •■' ■ • ■ ;, f ■■ '■ !• '.K . • 11 I •«■./■■ ' ' I !i',t^d: Description of the Indian Dances ^ (ic. tj-.f ■'•'■■f nm riAViNO finished this long digression, I shall continue my history firom the time of going to the village of Uie Ccmnecedagas, where I stayed some months, making several excursions in scouting parties, and frequently bringing in prisoners, wluch did not escape the notice of JSir Guy Catikton, who at the next interview approved my conduct, ind wished me to serve again in his regiment. I told him I was ex- tremely happy 1 had rendered myself useful to my country, and consi- dered myself highly honoured by so flattering a mark of his approba- tion; but that the life of a volunteer, though very honourable, would not entitle me to pay, and there was not a vacancy in any of the British regiments : he then appointed me a midshipman on board the ship Fell, commanded by captain Barnsfer, lying in the river St. Laurence, in which service I continued till she was ordered for England. ■'i: ) ' As soon as I quitted the navy, I returned to the Lake of the Two Mountains, and continued doing my utmost, in the line of an inter- preter, and at intervals perfecting myself in the Indian languages, par- ticularly in the Chippeway tongue, as I purposed engaging in the ser- vice of a merchant, to go to the north west the first convenient oppor- tunity. I also applied myself sedulously to obtain a complete know- ledge of their manners and customs, and with that view partook of their amusements, and was soon noticed as a good dancer. To this \ h- ^^•^ t / VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 35 qualification I also added the perfect notes of the different war hoops, as naturally as a Savage ; and by conforming *o theii ways, and taking pleasure in their diversions^ I was soon endeared to them, and left them with regret. , • :-}' : .J The dances among the Indians are many and various, and to each of them there is a particular hoop. 1. The calumet dance, a. The war dance. 3. The chiefs' dance. 4. The set out dance. 5. The scalp dance. 6. The dead dance. 7. The prisoner's dance. 8> The return dance. 9. The spear dance. 10. The marriage dance. 11. The aacrifice dante. All these I was perfect master of, frequently leading the sett. If accU dentally a stranger came among us, (unless I chose to be noticed) no one could distinguish me from the Indians. Presuming on my appearing exactly like a Savage, I occasionally went down in a canoe to Montreal, and frequently passed the posts as an Indian. Sometimes I would distinguish myself at a charivari, which is a custom that prevails in different parts of Canada, of assemUing with old pot^ ketdes. Sec. and beating diem at the doors of new mar<* ried people; but generally, either when the man is older than the wo. man, or the parties have been twice married: in those cases they beat a charivari, hallooing out very vociferously, until the man is obliged to obtain their silence by pecuniary contribution, or submit to be Fa 'i-.' t*tt • I :v1r A i T n ' 111 J '4 I m 36 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. abused with the vilest language. Charivari,, in French, means a paltry kind of music, which I suppose is the origin of the custom. -^. U ' It Not content with being a proficient in their sports, I learnt to make a canoe, bark a tree for the purpose, and perform the whole busi- ness as regular as the natives. I also made makissins, or Indian shoes, of dear skins, drest and smoked to make the leather soft and pli- able, and worked with porcupine quills and small beads, to which are sometimes suspended hawk bells. Those made &y the Mohawks, at the Grand River near Niagara, are preferred for their superior work- manship and taste, and are sometimes sold so high as four dollars a pair, but in general they may be purchased, without ornaments, for one dollar : they are more pleasant to wear than English shoes : in summer they are cooler to the feet, and in winter, from being made roomy, they will admit a thick sock, to prevent the excessive cold from pene- trating. The Indians, in their war dances, sew hawk bells and small pieces of tin on them to make a jingling noise, and at a dance where 1 was present, these, with the addition of a large horse bell, which I gave the chief who led the dance, made a noise not much unlike a Dutch concert. ., ^.. . , . ... . . ^. ^ , The Savages are esteemed very active and nimble footed, but ad- mitting this general opinion to prevail, it is well known the Europeans are more swift in running a small distance : their chief merit, I am of opinion, consists in their being able to continue a long time in one steady pace, which makes them useful in going express through the woods ; arid as they require little sleep, and can subsist on roots and> water, which they take en volant^ they do not waste.much time in re- i" i- ■'t : i VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 37 freshment. They are also admirable swimmers, and are not afraid of the strongest current. With these qualifications they are certainly a very useful race of men ; and as long as the English retain any posses- sions in Canada, should be considered as the most valuable acquisition i indeed, as indispensibly necessary; and every endeavour should be exerted to retain them in our interest. With regard to bodily strength, they are excelled by many ; and even in hunting, the Virginians equal them in every part of the chace, though all the world allow them the merit of being good marksmen. I remember seeing some Americans shooting at a loon, a bird nearly the size of an English goose. This bird is remarkable for diving, and ge- nerally rises some yards from the place where it dips. They fired at the distance of one hundred and fifty yards with a rifle, several times without success : an Indian standing by, laughed at them, and told them they were old women : they desired him to try his skill, which he in- stantly did: taking his gun, and resting it against a tree, he fired, and shot the loon through the necH. I confess I never saw a better sliot in my life, and was highly pleased, as it gratified my pride, in giving the Americans a favourable opinion of the Savages, for whom I always entertained a predilection. , ■)■■ fi kt>- .-.»•' ■ ■ » » i' ' * 'ii^-.' it K ■ ' The loon is a very remarkable bird, from the formation of its feet: but having no anatomical knowledge, I cannot describe it technically. They are so made, that it can scarcely walk j it is therefore seldom seen on land. In calm weather it rises from the water with great difficulty, and flies as impelled by the v/ind, on which it seems to depend. The method usually adopted by the Indians to kill these birds, is by fixing ^ '. ■ .ill m^ t ■'.*■■ li'-S !■ • • W4 as. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. a large bough at the head of the canoe, to conceal themselves till they paddle near the place where they are ; when at a convenient distance* they fire* though not always with success. In the Chippeway lan- guage it is called a maunk* which agrees with the French word man- quer* to fail ; it being, from its shyness, very difficult to kill. The skin* which is very tough and thick, is dried and made use of as cases to cover their guns, to prevent the wet from spoiling them. Mki Having grown tired of living entirely with the Savages, I made an ex- cursion to Montreal, where I met with an offer to go as interpreter to the north* which* at first* I did not care to accept; but as the salary pro- posed was handsome* upon mature deliberation* I embraced the op- portunity of entering into that way of life* from which I fully expected profit at least* if not pleasure; but alasf I had often abundant reason to repent the pursuing the bent of my inclinations. f ;g vM }fl ■ "I On the fourth of May* 1777* I left Montreal* with two large birch canoes* called by the French, maAtte canots* having ten Canadians in each* as the number of portages require many hands to transport the goods across the landings* which can only be done on men's shoulders. As their voyage is so essentially different from the English manner of travelling, I shall relate it particularly. The canoes are made at Trois Rivieres ; they are* in general, eight fa- thoms long, and one and a half wide, covered with the bark of the birch tree* and sewed very close with fibrous roots; and of this size they will carry four tons weight each. As early in the spring as the ice will permit* they are brought up to La Chine, a village nine miles above Montreal. i. i-t VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 89 La Chine takes its name from the following story. Le Sieur La Salle, who was afterwards murdered by two of his own party, in Canada, in the year 1686, was very intent on discovering a shorter road to China than was then known, but his project failing by an accident which hap- pened to him at this place, he was obliged to postpone his journey to the east, which induced the Canadians, by way of derision, to call it La Chine, or China j and by that name it has ever since been known. At this place the Indian ^X)ds are put on board very carefully; the dry merchandise in bales about eighty pounds weight, the rum, powder, and ^ot, in small kegs. The voyage from Trois Rivieres to La Chine is tedious and troublesome, as there is a strong current to combat ; and without a fair wind, and occasionally a brisk gale to assist or relieve the constant use of the paddles, it would be impossible to make any way. Where the water is shallow, the canoes must be forced forward with long setting poles, while the men wade knee deep, and pull against the current with ropes ; this is a labour and fatigue beyond what will be easily imagined. Custom has however made the Canadians very expert, and I musl do them the justice to say they encounter these difficulties with uncommon chearfulness, though they sometimes exclaim, *' C'est lamisere, mon bourgeois." From La Chine to Michilliihakinac, there are thirty six portages ; the distance by land and water is about nine hundred miles : in favourable weather the journey is frequently performed in about a month. Great care is necessary to steer the canoes up the strong rapids ; to labour and care must also be added experience to keep them upright, and prevent their striking or rubbing against the stones, as they are very slight, and •V • V • « •■•1 ■* , « •A m: : 4 •■■ 1,1,. • > • '7 . If- .'.I r':\ i^c*-V . k., ^ ,1,1 im i 4 :f->f 40 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. ■4f I #1 U easily damaged. Whenever by accident they receive an injury, as they frequently do, the hole is stopped with gum, melted with a piece of charcoal ; the gum by wetting immediately becomes hard, and is ca- pable of resisting the impression of the water. When the hole is too large to be stopped by gum only, the inner bark of the birch tree, pounded and tempered like mortar, is put on the aperture, this is covered by a linen rag, and the edges firmly cemented with gum. We continued our voyage to La Barriere, at the head of the Long Saut, or long water fall, a very dangerous current from the extreme rapidity of the fall. At the top of this fall there are some traders settled, but they are not of any consequence either for the extent of their com- merce, or the profits arising from the peltry they collect, the Savages in those parts being too well acquainted with the value of fiirs and skins to be imposed upon, unless when they are intoxicated, an advantage I must confess too frequently taken. . . f;, i' ,?,' ,•<{,. ?| j}.; a;? «(»«:*' From this fall we proceeded to the Lake of the two Mountains, where there is a village belonging to the Connecedaga Indians, already described. At this place I stayed a day among my old friends, which was all the time my engagements would allow, as it is of the most material conse- quence in this branch of trade to be early at the wintering ground. We proceeded to the Uttawa, or Grand River, coasting all the way till we came to Lake Nipissin, from whence the River St. Laurence takes its rise. We then entered the French River, leading to Lake Huron, and proceeded with very favourable weather to M.ichiUimaku nac, where we arrived on the 17th of June*gi;^fjKJ-fin to ^(^iMm'm^i' } » VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 4» -. The country every where abounds with wild animals, particularly bears, moose and other deer, beavers, beaver eaters, lynx, foxes, squir- rels, fishers, otters, martins, minx, wood cats, racoons, wolves, mus- quashes. Sec. There are scarce any but savage inhabitants to be found, who rove from place to place for subsistance, feeding on the animals they kill, except the skunk, or pole cat, which they never eat, unless pressed by the most extreme hunger. Monsieur La Salle relates, that in his voyage on the banks of the Mississippi, among the nation of the Oumas, who live on a river of the same name, he saw a most extraordinary animal between the wolf and the lion ; the head and shape resembling the former, and the tail and claws like those of the latter: he asserts it would attack all other animals, but was never known to hurt a man ; that sometimes it would carry its prey on its back, and when it had eaten till satisfied, it con- cealed the rest under the leaves, or other cover ; that every animal dreaded it to such a degree, that they would not touch any part of the prey it had left ; and that the Indians called it Michibichi, which is an animal of the species of the tiger, but smaller and less speckled, and is now known to be the panther. .. The beaver is a curious animal, but it has been described by so many authors, that I shall only observe what I believe they have not yet mentioned. — It is seldom seen in the day time : After sun set it leaves its habitation, and ventures abroad either to work, or procure food. It also takes this opportunity to wash itself. But the most remarkable singularity of this animal, is, that it lies with its tail constantly in the water, to prevent its getting stiff. The flesh of it is very good, either ■!• ■:nf \sV -■!'.'' i :m'- ):,'-' . 'I ( *.: ^>,i \ ' 'I '1 ■ s h.i::\V v: ; J .1 Ii«' ,:■ J ! 1i, 4i VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. boiled or roasted, but the tail is the best part. While I am upon the subject of dainties, I may add, that the snout of the moose is also highly esteemed. Not any of the animals in North America are to be dreaded, except the grizzled bear, which generally keeps in as warm a climate as possible : wherever it comes it makes dreadful havock, de- stroying men, and even frequently whole families. '^' -^♦^i^." ^ During the time I stayed at Michillimakinac, a remarkable circum- stance of bravery and generosity was communicated to me, which may not be unentertaining to the reader. : •> *- ' «":^ '"'t'-' ' ^' ' An Indian boy, about fifteen years of age, was standing at some dis- tance from the fort, when a Savage fired his gun, and accidentally killed an Englishman. As he was advancing, he discovered the boy leaning against a tree, and not being of the same nation, he formed the resolution of taking him prisoner : having no suspicion of the bcy't intention, he went up to him, and took him by the arm ; the boy very artfuly drew back, and shot the Indian through the chin : this so in. censed him, that he was raising his hand to tomahawk him, when ano- ther Indian instantly coming up, asked his companion who had wound- ed him? he replied, the boy, adding, that he would immediate! v take his scalp : the other prevented his bloody purpose, and to'id him he would protect the lad, for he was too brave to die. He carried him to the fort, where he was purchased by the commanding officer, to prevent the Indian whom he had wounded from killing him. '^< #:U •t-f.-^T', r;;f ■ .J ^ /«:?ij. ■i' II r* VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 43 Description of Lake Superior, witb the Ceremony of Indian •''■''' '^^ Adoption. ' . riAviNG taken in Indian corn, and hard grease, (the food all traders carry to the upper country) and exchanged my large canoes, or maitre canots, for smaller ones, the latter being more convenient to transport acioss the carrying places, and better calculated to run into small creeks, we proceeded to the Falls of Sl Mary, (a strait so called) which is formed by two branches that separate from each other at the furthest point of the lake. Here is a small picketted fort built by the Indians, and about ten log houses for the residence of English and French tra> ders. The nation of the Sauteurs formerly were settled at the foot of the Falls, and the Jesuits had a house near them. At this place there is abundance of fine fish, particularly pickerill, trout, and white fish of an uncommon size. From this place we continued our voyage to Lake Superior, formerly called Lake Tracy, in honour of Mens, de Tracy, who was appointed viceroy of America by the French king in June, 1665. It is reckoned six hundred leagues in circum- ference, and on it are a great number of large and small islands. At the entrance of this lake is a high rock, somewhat in the shape of a man, which the Chippeway Indians call " Kitchee Manitoo," or the Master of Life. Here they all stop to make their offerings, which they do by throwing tobacco, and other things, into the water : by this they intend to make an acknowledgment to the rock, as the representative of the Supreme Being, for the blessings they enjoy, cheerfully sacrificing to G2 I' 1 ••', 1. ' m ■ i^.' •i: il' : ■ If: tP i i r..ii t'- fv;t.: IK ' > I 5 -^ J 1 li I ■j, •! Hi •y ■i\ ; '' ' . ; X' t -ft. . 1 i i " i' 44 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. him their ornaments, and those things which they hold most dear. An example worthy of imitation, so far as respects the good intention of the creature to the Creator, exhibiting an evident proof that man in his na- tural state, without any of the refinements of civilization, is sensible of his dependance on an invisible power, however ignorantly, or unwor- thily, he may express his belief. God alone knoweth the heart, and will judge every man by the knowledge he hath. -f4>\ jwffcal' n.i i « « » <»«. < Superstition is a noxious plant, but it hath flourished in every cli- mate from the torrid to the frigid zone. If its effects have proved so pernicious among civilized nations, as we know they have, is it to be wondered that barbarians have suffered by it? The poor untutored Indian will not incur a great degree of censure for obeying the dictates of his uninformed nature, and following implicitly the custom of his ancestors. Revealed religion has not been given to all, and it is a melancholy reflection that those who have been enlightened by it, are not so superior to the Savages as one should naturally expect to find them. " '.■.'.-■ru-A .'■sys wffmi :*.■: !/•; /r .fh'i'.- juAfi.ti :::/■'. fiAii:i i\i. •inii--'y/ ' In this rock there are several cavities near a mile in length, and about twenty feet in width, arched at the top. The lake freezes only close to the shore, the water being constandy in a swell, and the waves frequently mountains high, which is easily accounted for, when we consider its immense extent. On a calm day, a little distance from shore, sturgeon may be seen in very deep water. The surrounding land is high and rocky, and the woods extremely thick. The palm, birch, ash, spruce, and cedar, grow large, and in great abundance. The North-west Company, established at Montreal, keep a vessel on ., i •' ) ^ VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 48 the lake to transport their goods from MichilUmakinac to the grand portage on the north-west side, and return with the peltry collected in the inlands. ■ ■. ■ •yM On the 4th of July we arrived at Pays Plat, on the north east side of the Lake, where we unpacked our goods, and made the bales smaller, having, by the Indian accounts, one hundred and eighty carrying places to the part where I intended to winter. On our landing we disco- vered at some distance a number of Indians, which induced us to ac- celerate the arrangement of the cargo, in case of barter, and be pre- pared to embark when the business was finished. Every thing being properly secured, I made up to the Savages, and calculated their num- ber at one hundred and Bfty : most of them were of the Chippeway tribes ; the rest were of the nation of the Wasses. They gave me fish, dried meat, and skins, which I returned with trifling presents. The chief, whose name was Matchee Quewish, held a council, and finding I understood their language, proposed to adopt me as a brother war- rior. Though I had not undergone this ceremony, I was not entirely ignorant of the nature of it, having been informed by other traders of the pain they endured in their adoption, though they declared they were favoured exceedingly ; I determined however to submit to it, lest my refusal of the honour intended me should be attributed to fear, and so render me unworthy of the esteem of those from whom I expected to derive great advantages, and with whom I had engaged to continue for a considerable time. 1 • . CI' i ." . ? I The ceremony of adoption is as follows. A feast is prepared of dog's flesh boiled in bear's grease, with buckle berries, of which it is ■ >.';.■ 1. -ii'M- 1 ■■ it' ■i. •fii I.'- ■ r.'f-. I '!• 46 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. -'i ^i expected every one should heartily partake. When the repait i> over, the war song is sung in the following words. •* Master of Life, view us well ; we receive a brother warrior who " appears to have sense, shews strength in his arm, and does not refuse *' his body to the enemy." Afler the war song, if the person does not discover any signs of fear, he is regarded with reverence and esteem ; courage, in the opinion of the Savages, being considered not only as indispensible, but as the greatest recommendation. He is then seated on a beaver robe, and pre- sented with a pipe of war to smoke, which is put round to every war- rior, and a wampum belt is thrown over his neck. The calumet, or Indian pipe, which is much larger than that the In- dians usually smoke, is made of marble, stone, or clay, either red, white, or black, according to the custom of the nation, but the red is mostly esteemed ; the length of the handle is about four feet and a half, and made of strong cane, or wood, decorated with feathers of va- rious colours, with a number of twists of female hair interwoven in dif- ferent forms : the head is finely polished ; two wings arc fixed to it, which make it in appearance not unlike to Mercury's wand. This ca- lumet is the symbol of peace, and the Savages hold it in such estimation, that a violation of any treaty where it has been introduced, would in their opinion be attended with the greatest misfortunes. Wampum is of several colours, but the white and black are chiefly used i the former is made of the inside of the conque, or clam shell ; 1« I • VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 47 the Utter of the muscle : both are vorked in the form ofa long bead, and perforated in order to their being strung on leather, and made up in belts. These belts are for various purposes : When a council is held, they are given out with the speeches, and always proportioned in their size, and the number of the rows of wampum which they contain, to the idea the Indians entertain of the importance of the meeting ; they frequently consist of both colours. Those given to Sir William Johnson, of im. mortal Indian memory, were in several rows, black on each side, and white in the middle : the white being placed in the centre, was to ex- press peace, and thai the path between them was fair and open. In the centre of the bell was the figure ofa diamond, made of white wam> pum, which the Indians call the council fire. ■ ■■} I ■ « .. •t When Sir William Johnson held a treaty with the Savages, he took the belt by one end, while the Indian chief held the other: if the chief had any thing to say, he moved his finger along the white streak ; if Sir William had any thing to communicate, he touched the diamond in the middle.- - , These belts are also the records of former transactions, and being worked in particular forms, are easily deciphered by the Indians, and referred to in every treaty with the white people. When a string or belt of wampum is returned, it is a proof that the proposed treaty is not accepted, and the negotiation is at an end. But to return from this digression. When the pipe has gone round, a sweating-house is prepared with six long poles fixed in the ground. I. I . • .•■.(■ fa m ^'f .1(1 \r. 4« VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. and pointed at the top ; it is then covered with skins and blankets to ex- clude the air, and the area of the house will contain only three persons; The person to be adopted is then stripped naked, and enters the hut with two chiefs ; two large stones made red hot are brought in, and thrown on the ground; water is then brought in a bark dish, and sprinkled on the stones with cedar branches, the steam arising from which puts the person into a most profuse perspiration, and opens the pores to receive the other part of the ceremony. :«! When the perspiration is at the height, he quits the house, and jumps into the water ; immediately on coming out a blanket is thrown over him, and he is led to the chief's hut, where he undergoes the following operation. Being extended on his back, the chief draws the fi^^ure he intends to make with a pointed stick, dipped in water in which gun-> powder has been dissolved ; after which, with ten needles dipped in ver- milion, and fixed in a small wooden frame, he pricks the delineated parts, and where the bolder outlines occur, he incises the flesh with a gun flint : the vacant spaces, or those not marked with vermilion, are rubbed in with gunpowder, which produces the variety of red and blue; the wounds are then seared with pink wood, to prevent them from festering. ;. .r •;.■■*,';.,'- ,'f-- :: .■>-, l This operation, which is performed at intervals, lasts two or three days. Every morning the parts are washed with cold water, in which is infused an herb called Pockqueesegan, which resembles English box, and is mixed by the Indians with the tobacco they smoke, to take oflF the strength. During the process, the war songs are sung, accom- panied by a rattle hung round with hawk bells, called chessaquoy. f. ,: V VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 49 which is kept iliaking, to stifle the groans such pains must naturally occasion. Upon the ceremony being completed, they give the party a name ; that which they allotted to me, was Amikt or Beaver. ■••• '■' .■'-■"' ■^"-•' '''Vr ■"■" "; In return for the presents given me by Matchee Qufwish, which I had only acknowledged by some trinkets, and to shew how much I was pleased with the honour they had conferred on me, I resolved to add to my former gifts ; I accordingly took the chiefs to a spot where I had di- rected my men to place the goods intended for them, and gave them scalping knives, tomahawks, vermilion, tobacco, beads, &c. and lastly rum, the unum necessariumt without which (whatever else had been bestowed on them) I should have incurred their serious displeasure. Our canoes being turned up, and the goods properly secured, I told the Canadians to keep a constant watch, night and day, while we were encamped. This precaution is absolutely necessary, as the Indians generally do mischief when they are intoxicated. On this occasion our care was of infinite service, for with the rum we gave them, they con. tinued in a state of inebriety three days and nights, during which frolic they killed four of their own party; one of whom was a great chief, and was burnt by his son : having been a famous warrior, he was buried with the usual hone irs peculiar to the Savages, viz. a scalping knife, tomahawk, beads, paint, &c. some pieces of wood to make afire, and a baiit cup to drink out of in his journey to the other country. . ,, On the 2ist we embarked, leaving the band extremely well satisfied with our conduct, which they acknowledged in the most expressive language ; but as it was customary to take conductors from one Lake to anodier, I engaged twenty of the Chippeways to acconnpany me in pass.. H I 1 • ,1 *v1! 1 •" , i : 1, • ■ 1 - ■i: .1 . rl J ■ i> ■: M ■3 • 50 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. ing by land the Grande Cote de la Roche, which is the rout that all the traders are obliged to take, on account of the great cataract, which is reckoned six hundred feet in height at the entrance of the Nipegon Ri- ver. This journey is extremely fatiguing to the men, who are obliged to ascend a steep hill with considerable burdens, and for this reason it is customary to rest' two or three days to recruit their strength. nil- We left ta Grande C6te de la Roche in good spirits, and continued our voyage to Lake Alemipigon, where we met another band of Savages of the same nation. A council was held, and mutual presents exchanged. We stayed here ten days, encamped by the side of the Lake; during which time a skirmish happened among the Indians, in which three men were killed, and two wounded, after a dreadful scene of riot and con~ fusion, occasioned by the baneful effects of rum.. i^^ii)? ■^iiUv/iv't •^1 j ' 1 i i 1 f- \ 'r i' • i .■ 'i Lake Alemipigon, or Nipegon, is about one hundred miles in lengthy and supplies the Savages with great quantities of fish. The land af- fords abundance of wiW roots, and the animals are very numerous; The Indians who hunt here are in number about three hundred, and are remarkably wild and superstitious. :r>ii: pih^ l:y:^..ri;-m yr jnisyd • On the first of August we departed with fifteen Indians, not only to serve as guides, but to assist us across the portages^ We lived on ani- mal food and roots, reserving our corn and hard grease for the winter. Every evening at sun set we encamped, and got into our canoes at break of day. We continued our march to Lac Eturgeon, or Stur- geon Lake, but did not stay there a sufficient time to enable me to givQ a particular account of it ; I have, however, described it in the narrative ■11 • , ij /••I VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 5» of my journey to Lake Manontoye, where I encamped for three days on account of tlie badness of the weather. \ On the twenty fifth of September we arrived at Lac la Mort, or Dead Lake, 'situate to the north-east of Lake Alemipigon. This Lake is about sixty miles in circumference, the land low and swampy, and the water very unpleasant to the palate : it has been much frequented by the Indians, for, during the time I wintered there, I discovered no less than thirty-five different roads, about three feet wide, leading from the woods to the Lake side : it abou is with fish, and is frozen over in the winter, the ice not breaking a\/ay till April. The Indians who resort to it are good hunters, but very wild. The Chippeways are not so fond of dress as the other Savages, particularly those tribes who live tery remote from Michillimakinac ; this is easily accounted for ; as the ice remains almost to the last spring month in England, and the winter season begins early in the month of October, the intermediate time is employed in making and repairing canoes', taking short excursions for food, amusing themselves in swimming, and other pastimes peculiar to the Savages. The luxury of dress can be little regarded by those whose constant necessities require the utmost exertions for their daily supply, and who are not provident enough to lay up a store of provisions for winter. Indians in general are extremely indolent, from the wildest to the most civilized, and value themselves upon being so; conceiving it beneath the dignity of a warrior to labour, and that all domestic cares and concerns are the province of women alone. This aversion for la- bour does not arise from dread, or dislike of fatigue ; on the contrary, no people encounter or endure it with more chearfulness, particularly in their amusements, which are of various kinds, and many of them H 2 i .7, * I . *••„■•• •J : . , l' » ■ . ,li'* m • ! .1 i - i ...•■;'■■ '-^fa fl 5« VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. i violent and laborious. They are calculated to make them athletic, and at the same time by the profuse perspiration with they occasion, they render the joints supple, and enable them to hunt with more facility. PlaytHg at ballf which is a favourite game, is very fatiguing. The ball is about the size of a cricket ball, made of deer skin, and stuffed with hair; this is driven forwards and backwards with short sticks, about two feet long, and broad at the end like a bat, worked like ^ racket, but with larger interstices : by this the ball is impelled, and from the elasticity of the racket, which is composed of deers' sinews, is thrown to a great distance : the game is played by two parties^ and the contest lies in intercepting each other, and striking the ball into a goal, at the distance of about four hundred yards, at the extremity of which are placed two high poles, about the width of a wicket from each other : the victory consists in driving the ball between the poles. The Indians pky with great good humour, and even when one of them happens, in the heat of the game, to strike another with his stick, it is not resented. But these accidents are cautiously avoided, as the violence with which they strike has been known to break an arm or a leg. H;.. .': f i", ',. - H Atbtergain^ or miss none but catch all, is also a fiivourite amuse- ment with them, in which the women frequently take a part. It is played with a number of hard beans, black and white, one of which has small spots, and is called the king: they are put into a shal- low wooden bowl, and shaken alternately by each party, who sit on the ground opposite to one another ; whoever is dexterous enough to make the spotted bean jump out of the bowl, receives of the adverse party ■:U>- .' ■ y*.' ;r VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. ^ as many beans as there are spots : the rest of the beans do not count for any thing. / The hoys are very expert at trundling a boop, particularly the Cah- nuaga Indians, whom I have frequently seen excel at this amusement. The game is played by any number of boys who may accidentally as> semble together, some driving the hoop, while others with bows and arrows shoot at it. At this exercise they are surprisingly expert, and will stop the progress of the hoop when going with great velocity, by driving the pointed arrow into its edge ; this they will do at a consi- derable distance, and on horseback as well as on foot. They will also kill small birds at fifty yards distance, and strike ahalfjpenny off a stick at fifteen yards. Spears and tomahawks they manage with equal dex- -' .;•• ■ • . •« — ■: ■ ■ ■■- it, lenty. r^-.::. l_-%_': .■»^>.i ";.ji. .v;-'i^' I'^i. •", ? ■ • ' . . * - \-^ii'i'-^rs-i!Ji'ry JAr^.; :■;■!■ ■• .;fV v/-,!-mVo ^if.'.- -i- ;'!Uk'i,i,V:->*i.'.:. V£,« ^^'i'li-?.:. .■i:v k ■ ■'t il SI »' ' ifJ-r-,'.'. V i^-'iA' i. -:^:t • I •■■•if- : •if* tl ^A /■■•:. ?- • 'I 1 *■ I > :)? (1 1 ■ ■ ^1 1 ■\ - 5i l.vi.t ;•) .a ^r;.'^. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. . Settlement at Lac la Mort^ with the Proceedings of a Trading .Uy:>n;iK'>T:n :.'-]r r;;' ^-.-fv^i ? ■: ■^; Party.. 1 HE fatigue my Canadians had undergone rendered it necessary to prepare for wintering, and induced me to settle at Lac la Mort. The weather was also setting in cold, and threatened to be very severe, which was an additional motive. Having refreshed ourselves, and se- cured the canoes, I took two Indians to shew me a spot proper for building upon. We fixed close to the lake side, where we erected a. loghouse, thirty feet long, and twenty feet wide, divided into two apartments, into which we deposited our gopds. The next, concern was to conceal our canoes in the woods, and to hide the rum under ground, except a small quantity for immediate use, knowing by experi. ence the necessity of keeping it from the Indians, as our safety so es** sentially depended on it. Having arranged every domestic concern, and spread our table in the wilderness, we prepared our winter firing, as wood is very difficult to bring home in severe weather. At leisure times we hunted, to increase our stock of provisions, which would not have been sufficient to sup- port our household, and not choosing to risk the uncertainty of the arri- val of Savages, who sometimes bring animal food to the traders. As the snow began to fall very heavy, we were prevented from making 1^ VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 55 long excursions, without using snow shoes. For the space of a fort- night we hunted with great success, and caught a number of small ani- mals, on which we feasted daily ; these proved a seasonable relief, and saved the corn and grease. We had been settled about three weeks, when a large band of Savages arrived ; having only eight Canadians with me, I desired them to act with the utmost precaution, as our number was comparatively small, and in case of a drunken frolic, the property might be pillaged, and our lives sacrificed : fortunately for*me .1 had very steady men, who were well accustomed to the Northwest Indians. We were mutually pleased with each other, as no trader had wintered there before. The great chief, whose name was Kesconeek^ made me a present of skins, dried meat, fi^, and wild oats ; a civility which I returned without delay, and in a manner with which he seemed highly gratified. The rest of the Savages then came into my house, one by one, which is called Indian file, singing war songs, and dancing. All of them, except the chief, placed themselves on the ground ; he, standing upright with great dignity in the centre of the tribe, delivered the following speech. . . . .., • , " Angaymer Nocey^ wa bagitamissey haygo arwayyor kee zargetoone « oway bartbtyage Nisbinnorbay nogome cawxvickca kitcbee Artawway " winnin, kitcbee morgussey cargoneek neenner-wind zargetoone artaw- " vay neennerwind debwoye Nocey bartbtyage meekintargan omar ap- ** peemeetiequy, mackquab^ amik^ warbesbance menoacb kegonce." " It is true. Father, I and my young men are happy to see you : — as " the great Master of Life has sent a trader to take pity on us Savages, " we shall use our best endeavours to hunt and bring you wherewithal 1' to satisfy you in furs, skins, and animal food." 'A V- :\\ ik" ■vht ■l-i, t. 1 '! • - 1 i'^M n \\ ■••flvt If' ' ' 1 56 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. ij This speech was in fact intended to induce me to make them further presents ; I indulged them in their expectations^ by giving them two kegs of rum of eight gallons each, lowered with a small proportion of water, according to the usual custom adopted by all traders, five carrots of tobacco, fifty scalping knives, gun-flints, powder, shot, ball, &c. To the women I gave beads, trinkets. Sec. and to eight chiefs who were in the band, each a North-west gun, a callico shirt, a scalping knife of the best sort, and an additional quantity of ammu- nition. These were received with a full yo>hah, or demonstration of joy. '• . jiiii Vl-^: The women, who are on all occasions slaves to their husbands, were ordered to make up bark huts, which they completed in about an hour, and every thing was got in order for merriment. The rum being taken from my bouse, was carried to their wigwaum, and they began to drink. The frolic lasted four days and nights ; and notwithstanding all our precaution (securing their guns, knives, and tomahawks) two boys were killed, and six men wounded by three Indian women ; one of the chiefs was also murdered, which reduced me to the necessity of giving several articles to bury with him, to complete the usual ceremony of their interment. These frolics are very prejudicial to all parties, and put the trader to a considerable expence, which nevertheless he xamnot with safety refuse. On the fifth day they were all sober, and expressed great sorrow ior their conduct, lamenting bitterly the loss t>f their friends. On die 86th of October they departed for the hunt, which gave us {reat satbfaction, as ve had scarcely rested during their abode with VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 57 us. When they got into their canoes, they sung the dead war song.—- ** Wabindamt Kitcbee Mannitoo^ baguarmissey bapitcb neatissum ;"— or," Master of Life, view me well, you have given me courage to open " my veins." > , - ,. - . . •^ Having piled the winter's firing at a convenient distance from the house to prevent accidents, we prepared the nets for fishing. The ice was three feet thick, and the snow very deep ; this we were obliged to clear away, before we could cut holes in which to put our nets. For the space of two months we had upcommon success, having caught about eighteen hundred weight of fish, which we hung up by the tails across sticks to freeze, and then laid them up for store. This was to us an important acquisition, as fishing in the middle of winter is preca- rious, and the return of the Indians to supply the wants of the traders very uncertain. .. ., . . . . ^i, • ■. »J In summer the fishers go up the lakes, as well as rivers, and are ge- nerally most successful at the foot of a deep stream, or the mouth of a creek. In the beginning of winter they cut a large opening, and set nets. In the depth of winter they make a small hole, in which they angle ; and sometimes they cut two holes in a right line through the ice, and pass a line at the end of a stick from hole to hole, by which they haul the net under the ice, frequently with good success. In winter, fishing is the daily employ of half the men, though in very severe wea- ther it is a fatiguing service. ^ ,. , In the beginning of J.anujtry, 1778, our provisions run short, having nothing left but some spawn of fish, which we beat up with I (, ' ■ „-.v' ' ; '..■.' ...! I. ■■V ,'• - '.■,'. * 1; . «' /'v L-'"- v' . ih- ^. > 58 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. •*; warm Watet and lived upon. The intense severity of the weather would not allow us to look afler the netsj and although thus disti^ssed for want of better food, we were obliged tor stay at home, keeping a large fire, and lying almost continually on our blankets, which weaken* ed us exceedingly. Having remained in this inactive state for some time, and huh^r pressing hard, I roused myself, and proposed to my men to make marten traps, which they went about with the utmost cheer« fulness. When they had finished a sufficient number, they set them in the woods, at the distance of about two miles from the house. While they were employed in this service, I was left alone, it being necessary for some one to reMain, in case of the arrival of Savages. The first day my men were successful, and returned with two racoons, three* hares, and four musquashes ; on these we feasted the next day ] and though we were not satisfied, they proved a seasonable relief, and en- abled us to pursue the business we were engaged in with greater spirits, fondly expecting more prosperous days. In a little time we were again destitute, and the men became dis- heartened ; this induced me to propose a journey to Lake Manontoye, wheit we knew Mr. Shaw, a brother trader, had wintered^ to endea- vour to pirocure some wild rice, which the Indians told me grew in the isWamps at that place. The Canadians approved of tl plan, and said they hoped they should be aUe to provide for their subsistence till my return. Previous to my departure, we were compelled to kill a favourite dog, belonging to Joseph Boneau, one of my people, which most sen- sibly affected us, because, independent of the attachment we had to- wards him, he was a very useful animal. The next morning I put on irhy snow shoes, and fiersuaded tti Indian and his wife, who were with \^ k h VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 59 mc occasionally, and had accidentally come in from the hunt with six hares, to accompany mc, promising them payment in rum at my return : they agreed to go, and it was very fortunate they did, as I could not have found the way withouv a guide. i : We set off with the six hares, and travelled four days without killing any thing ; this was a disappointment, but with the little stock we car- ried with us, we subsisted tolerably well. About an hour before sun- set on the fourth day, we stopped at a small creek, which was too deep to be forded, and whilst the Indian was assisting roe in making a raft to cross over, rather than swim through in such cold weather, agaunst a strong current, I looked round, and missed his wife : I was rather displeased, as the sun was near setting, and I was anxious to gain the opposite shore, to encamp before dark. I asked the Indian where she was gone ; he smiled, and told me, he supposed into the woods to set a collar for a partridge. In about an hour she returned with a new-born infant in her arms, and coming up to me, said in Cbippeway, *' Oxvay *' Saggonasb Paysbik Sbomagonisb" or, " Here, Englishman, is a young '* warrior." It is said that the Indian women bring forth children with very little pain, but I believe it is merely an opinion. It is true they are strong and hardy, and will support fatigue to the moment of their delivery ; but this does not prove they are exempt from the common feelings of the sex on such trying occasions. A young woman of the Rat Nation has been known to be in labour a day and a night, without a groan. The force of example acting upon their pride, will not allow these poor creatures to betray a weakness, or express the pain they feel, probably lest the husband should think her unworthy of his future attention, and despise both mother and child : at any rate, he would tell her the in- I 2 •I- ■'!» •i'' Am ,»4.' ^ 'f- .fl '^l ,, i ■.■' \Ar ■ I 'I 1.*, i I '!> 6o VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. •if fant, if a boy, would never be a warrior i and if a girl, would have a dastardly spirit, and of course neither of them be fit for a Savage life. I believe it will not be disput<;4 that the Indian women love their children with as much affection as parents in the most civilized states can boast ; many proofs might be adduced to support this assertion. A mother suckles her child till it attains the age of four or five years» and sometimes till it is six or seven. From their infant state they en. deavour to promote an independent spirit ; they are never known either to beat or scold them, lest the martial disposition which is to adorn thei*" future life and character, should be weakened : on all occasions they avoid every thing compulsive, that the freedom with which they wish them to think and act may not be controuled. If they die, they lament their death with unfeigned tears, and even for months after their decease will weep at the graves of their departed children. The nation of Savages called Biscatonges, or by the French, Pleurcurs, are said to weep more bitterly at the birth of a child, than at its decease ; because they look upon death only as ajourney from whence he will return, but with regard to his birth, they consider it as an entrance into a life of pe- rils and misfortunes. , ,,,;,. As soon as a child is born, if in summer, the mother goes into the wa- ter, and immerses the infant ; as soon as this is done, it is wrapped up in a small blanket, and tied to a flat board, covered with dry moss, in the form of the bottom of a coffin, with a hoop over the top, where the head lies, to preserve it from injury. In winter it is clad in skins as well as blankets. In the heat of summer gauze is thrown over the young Savage, to keep off the musquitoes, which are very trouble- I! H ■ « • if iil, r •* VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 61 aome in the woods. The board, on which the child is placed, is slung to the mother's forehead with a broad worsted belt, and rests against her back. t When the French took possession of Canada, the women had neither linen, nor swaddling cloaths ; all their child-bed furniture consisted of a kind of trough, filled with dry rotten wood dust, which is as soft as the Bnest down, and well calculated to imbibe the moisture of the infant ; on this the child was placed, covered with rich furs, and tied down with strong leather strings. The dust was changed as often as nc> cessary, till the child was weaned. ^» ':''»• Among the Indians ho arc in any degree civilized, the women feed their children with pap made of Indian corn and milk, if it can be ob- tained : but in the parts more northern, and remote from Europeans, wild rice and oats are substituted, which being cleansed from the husk, and pounded between two stones, are boiled in water with maple sugar : this food is reckoned very nourishing, and with broth made from the flesh of animals and fish, which they are frequently able to procure, cannot fail of supporting and strengthening the infant. Among several of the tribes of Indians, pap is made of sagavite, from a root they call toquo, of the bramble kind; this is washed and dried, afterwards ground, or pounded, and made into a paste, which being baked is plea- sant to the taste, but of a very astringent quality. It is their common bread. On our arrival at Lac Eturgeon, as the weather was bad, we encamp- ed three days, which gave me an opportunity of making some observa- . v. it ». v^ fr.:- i' ■. -it; ;■!■■ m 'm 6a VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. u ■».■ tions on this Lake, which I could not do when I passed it in my way to LaclaMort, ,■• ■ ..-■.,., .. , . .,,„. .,:..•..,.,,..,•,..,■■. „ , .. This Lake, by the Indian accounts, is about five days journey by water : the width in some parts is about thirty miles. There are a num> her of small islands on it which abound with hares, partridgCM, and wild fowl. The Indians who frequent it are the Hawoyzask or Mus- quash, who speak the Chippeway language. They are usually more stationary riian the generality of the Chippeway s ; they seldom leave the inlands, and are excellent hunters. Mr. Carver, in his chart, points out a village leading to Riviere St. Croix, which he says belongs to the rov- ing Chippeways ; but I believe all the nation, with very few exceptions, may be called rovers in the strictest sense of the word. The first day of our encampment we killed a hare, made fish-hooks of the thigh bones, and baited them with the flesh. The lines were made of the bark of the willow tree cut into slips, and twisted hard together. Success crowned our endeavours, for we not only caught sufficient for present use, but enough for the remainder of the journey to Lake Manontoye. M 1 '■ ;^^^^- ,( .. - The day before our arrival we killed two otters, which I intended as a present to Mr. Shaw, not doubting but any animal food would be acceptable from the severity of the season, concluding that his situation was as bad as our own, except in the article of wild oats. When arrived within about six miles of the lake, we met a small party of Indians, who alarmed us by an account of a dreadful confusion among their tribe, oc- casioned by the Hudson's Bay Savages having killed three of their •^ VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 63 band ; and they said they believed Mr. Shaw had fallen a sacrifice to their fury, as they had heard them consult together to plunder the trader. They lamented exceedingly their inability to assist him, not being even strong enough to resent their own personal injury ; however, they promised to accompany me on the way, as near to Mr. Shaw's house as their safety would admit. ;'•••. ■:..., r;.,;; ;:■■„;.:;;.■! -■.,■,;', ?' ■ = >:■'•■.■'■ ■' .■•',' f Having taken refreshment, we pursued our journey till within two miles of the house, when they thought it prudent to leave me, and wish- ing me success, retired into the woods, out of the track, to avoid being seen, where they promised to stay till my return. My Indian and his wife did not choose to proceed any farther, being also afraid of the Hudson's Bay Savages. I confess my situation was very unplea- sant, and I debated in my mind what steps to take to attempt the relief of a brother trader, and at the same time avoid injury myself. Rely- ing on my usual success in suppressing these kind of tumults occa- sioned by intoxication, and conscious that I knew as well as any man the nature of the Indians when under its pernicious influence, I did not doubt, however unsuccessful my endeavours might prove as to res- cuing Mr. Shaw from his perilous situation, but that I should certainly be able to effect an escape myself in case of an attack ; and as one fa- vourable suggestion frequently gives birth to another, and establishes by degrees a confidence in the mind, I anticipated Mr. Shaw's deli- very to my entire satisfaction. Fortified by these flattering hopes, I determined to exert my best and speediest endeavours in his behalf, and pursued my journey without delay. When I arrived within a quarter of a mile of the scene of discord, I heard the war-hoop in a manner very loud and clamorous ; and though I had oeen accustomed J ;tl ■ ' • ■ HI 1.1 J ■ ,■* ■•■■'! •i "' ..■■>* •:;•[ • 'I • •■ At.' 64 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. to such sounds, I was very much alarmed, and felt my resolution ra- ther staggered ; sensible that the rage of drunken Indians, when it has risen to a certain pitch, knows no bounds, and of the extreme difficulty of reconciling them to any person to whom they had unfortunately taken a dislike. Animated, however, with the idea of behaving like a war- rior, and recurring to the time when I was adopted at Pays Plat, I conceived it unmanly to shrink from danger, and pushing through the woods, had soon a full view of the infernal spirits, for I could give them no better name. 4 • I lay some minutes in ambush, listening with great attention, till I heard one of them cry out in the Chippeway language, " Haguarmis- " sey mornoocb giinnisar Cusbecance -,*' or, *• I do not mean to kill *• the Cat i" which was a name given to Mr. Shaw by the Indians, from his speaking in a feeble voice. This convinced me he was alive, though in imminent danger. I made all possible haste up to the house, and found the Savages, both men and women, completely drunk. The huts had been knocked down, the canoes adrift, and the whole formed the most dreadful scene of confusion I had ever beheld. There were also an old Indian and a woman, who I afterwards * earned was his mother, lying dead upon the snow by the lake side. I made several eiforts to get into thf house, but was prevented by the Savages, who kept me back, kissing me, and telling me they loved me, but that I must not attempt to relieve the Cat. At last, with inconceivable difficulty, I persuaded them to attcrd to mc, and fell the most ex- treme satisfaction in having succeeded, at least so far, in an attempt which would have been dangerous o any one to have undertaken who was not fully master of the language aud character of the Savages, and VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. ^5 at the same time cool and dispassionate enough to hear their nonsense with patience and temper. •■■1 I • I then addressed myself to the most sober of the chiefs, and inquired of him the cause of the dispute ; he told me Mr. Shaw was a dog in- stead of a catf for that he had refused them rum ; and that though he and the rest of the tribe were happy to see me, because they had heard I always had a good heart towards the Savages, I should not go in to assist the trader, for they were the masters of the wigwaum, and not he, and that they were resolved to have all the rum in his possession be- fore break of day. i '.r Mr. Shaw's house might very properly be styled a fort, being secured by high pickets, which made it difficult for the Indians to approach it, and he had taken the precaution to fasten the outer gate as well as the door I told the, chief it was not my intention to interfere, that I pass- ed accidentally in my way to Lac le Rouge, and should only stay to refresh myself. This information pleased him exceedingly, as he knew Mr. Shaw had only one man in the house, the rest, with the interpreter, being out in search of provisions, so that at my departure there would not remain force sufficient to obstruct their proceedings. I perceived them so fully bent on accomplishing their purpose, that had I betrayed the least intention or inclination to relieve the unhappy man, I should most probably have been dispatched without much ceremony. The effects of the rum they had already drank, had so elevated their spirits, that no- thing less than the full possession of the whole stock would satisfy them ; and I am persuaded that if half of them had perished, the rest would without hesitation have risked their lives in the attempt. To avoid all suspicion, • • K ,M ■J . ^'\-\ . ■ ■ I • ; ■ I '^:! ..'*! €6 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. which would probably have been fatal both to Mr. Shaw and myself, I left the chiefj and watched an opportunity of returning undiscovered. Fortunately the Indians had not drank all the rum Mr. Shaw had given them, and the chief as soon as I had left him went back to his hut to in- crease his intoxication, and communicate the conversation which pass- ' ed between us, the rest of the band having retired soon after the con- ference began. Observing the coast clear, I walked unobserved to the fort, and spoke loud both in French and English : Mr. Shaw and his man heard me, and recollecting my ^'oice, were transported beyond measure. The man, who was a Canadian, was most delighted, as his fears were very strong, it be- ing the first year he had wintered among the Savages. On my approach, I heard him cry out with the greatest vehemence, " Mon Dieu ! que *'je suis content! Notre ami est arrive, autrement nous serions fou- *' tu. Je conte assurementy que nous serous bientot libre, mon cber ** bourgeois." He instantly opened the gate ; I entered precipitately, and congratulated him on the prospect of counteracting the desigps of the Indians, being resolved to exert my best endeavours, and to live or die with them. Mr. Shaw thanked me for my professions of friend- ship, and immediately gave me a concise account of the disturbance. He said the Hudson's Bay Indians had come to him with very little peltry, and after trading for it, he had given them more rum than they had any right to expect; that instead of being content with this, they insisted on more; that in a fit of intoxication they had killed an Indian and his mother ; and had attempted to set fire to his house with punk Wood, which they shot at it lighted, fixed to the points of arrows. Hav- ing heard his story, I encouraged him to keep up his spirits, and advised VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 67 him, when the Indians returned to execute their purpose, to' appear in- different to their menaces. ..; ...';, ... Whilst we were in deep discourse, I discovered three chiefs at a smah distance from the house, »n very earnest conversation, and was convinced they were devising some scheme to effect their design. As they approached, I called to them, and desired them to come into the house : they immediately advanced, and walked in one by one, with looks of treachery, which the earnestness of the business to be executed would not allow them to conceal. I talked to them without the least reserve, and in apparent good temper : I asked them if they were so- ber ; but before they could give me an answer, the rest of the band came to the door, but did not enter ; the head chief then told me they were very sober, and expressed great concern for their conduct, but that now the strong water had lost its influence, they saw their folly, and were sure the bad spirit had left their hearts. I told them the Master of Life was angry with them, and that they did not deserve success in hunting, for their bad behaviour to the tra- der, who I'ad been a kind father to them, and supplied all their wants. I then presented them with some tobacco to smoke in council, which was well received, and looking earnestly at the chief, addressed the band to the following effect. •* Keennerwind Ojemar woke, hee wabindan indenendum kee kee '• noneydone Kitcbee Mannitoo, ojey candan opin weene aigbter ojcy ** petoone nowwetting guyack debarchemon kaygait nin oatbty bapadgey " nee woke keennerwind equoy kee janis gayer metacb nogome gudder^ K 2 •• t ■^-:- r ,11 ■ ..v'ilvi' ... ; I*. '.A ,'i'^r ■Jill mi •i. ^ rl t«n, ' ■■ ■•*; '.'•.'.♦ V '■•{'■ > ■] i , ' r 1- 'II '.:':f 68 VOYAGES AND TRAVELSw il^i! i':-.v..:;; ''i . M ! '- •» barcbemon bunjyta O, nisbsbisbsbin arfawway winnin kaygait nee " xargetoone artawway winnin metacb kakaygo arwayyor Matcbee Man- ** nitoo, guyyack neennerwind oatbty mornoocb kee appay omarneegee." ** You chiefs, and others of the tribe whose eyes are open, I hope you will give ear to the words of my mouth. The Master of Life has opened my brain, and made my breath blow good words. My heart feels for you, your wives, and children ; and what I now speak pro- ceeds from the root of my friend's sentiments, who owns this house, and who has told me that his heart was opened to you on your arrival; but notwithstanding his kindness, the bad spirit got possession of you, which made him very unhappy, though he hoped the Master of Life would change your dispositions, and make you good Indians, as you used to be." To this speech one of the chiefs made answer : *'.Kaygait Amiky kee aigbter annaboycassey omar bapadgey; O, nisb- " sbisbsbin kee debarcbemon nogome neennerwind ojey stootewar cockin- " nor nee doskeennerwaymug kee debwoye neecarnis bapadgey sannegat " neennerwind ba nisbinnorbay kaygwotcb annaboycassey oxome Scuttay~ " wabo ojey minniquy neennerwind angaymer Amik^ sbasbyyea sugger- *' marsb cockinnor nogome mornoocb toworcb paysbik muccuk Scuttay- ** wabo ojey bockettynan Cusbsbecance warbunk keejayp neennerwind ojey " boossin j — baw^ haw, baw." *' It is true, Beaver, you have strong sense, it sweetens your words ** to us, and we all understand you. We know, friend, your lips open ** with truth. It is very hard for us Indians, who have not the seqse " of the white people to know when we have had enough of the strong ^.....y 1 .. k' VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 69 ** fiery water; but we hope the Cat will throw off the film from his heart, ** as ours are clear : we also hope he will open his heart once more, and *• give us a small keg of the strong water, to drink to the health of our " brother and sister, whom we have sent to the far country, and to- -morrow at break of day we will depart." Mr. Shaw, by my advice, promised to comply with their request, on condition of their being true to their engagements, and that they should forbear even tasting the rum while they remained on the ground. This determination I acquainted them with, and they retired to their huts, leaving us in quiet possession of the fort. The Indians remained quiet z\\ night, wii'ch induced me to hope that my promise of vum to them, on their departure, had accomplished the desired efF?cr . but I flattered myself too much, as the storm was noi j'et even at the height. At break of day they assembled, and asked for the rum, which was immediately given them ; and they got into their canoes, and went off without burying their dead. This being very uncustomary, alarmed me, as no people are more particular in paying the greatest respect to the remains of the deceased. Sui>pecting the bad spirit was still in them, and that they were only gone a short distance to drink the rum, we prepared for an attack, loading twenty eight north-west guns, and a brace of pistols, and sat down by the fire cxpc •tiriiT their return to compleat the design my fortunate arrival had hither . prevented. In about an hour they returned very much intoxi- cated, singing their dead war songs, and every v>arrior naked, painted black from head to foot: as they approached the house in Indian file, each one repeated the fallowing wortls ; " Mornoocb toworcb gunnesar ■.;.1;. • ■>[' ^& I .•X':- l\ ■ • « » • i ,1. •'J-**'.' *( v!' 70 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. t .. "'■ - ** cusbsbecance neennerwind ojey dependan O wakaygan :" or, •• Never- ** theless we do not mean to kill the Cat, we only own this fort« and "all thatisinit. ■ . ' f. , • ..•>• ^^ .•> •: '• -^a >r • - »» ;- ' .'1 .■ Whilst they were singing, we were preparing our guns, and placing them so as to be ready for immediate use, if necessary ; being deter- mined to make a vigorous resistance, although there remained only Mr. Shaw and myself, the Canadian having fled to the woods. •i:f:v; I assumed the character of commander in chief, and desired Mr. Shaw to obey my orders implicitly, and by no means to fire till I gave the signal j well knowing that the death of one of the Savages, even in our own defence, would so exasperate the rest that there would not be a possibility of escaping their fury. As our situation was truly critical, we acted with as much coolness as men devoted to destruction could. A fortunate thought came into my head, which I instantly put in prac- tice : I went into the store, and rolling a barrel of gunpowder into the outer room, knocked out the head. I had scarcely finished it, before the Savages arrived, and advancing to the door, armed with spears and tomahawks, said to each other, " keen etam" or, " you go first." We stood ready to receive them, and gave them to understand we were not afraid of them. One of the band entered the house, and I said to him iXtxrAy," Ha wa neyoe sbemagonisb equoy kee tertennin tnarmof" or, •♦ Who now among you old women is a brave soldier?" and immediate- ly pointing my pistol cocked to the barrel of gunpowder, cried out with great emphasis, " Cockinmr marmo neepoo nogome ;" or, " We will all " die this day." On hearing these words they ran from the door, crying, •' Kitcbee Mannitoo ojey petoone AmikO musbkowar baguarmissey yang ;' ' VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 71 or," The Master of Life has given the Beaver great strength and courage.' * The women fled with the utmost precipitation, pushed their canoes into the water, and got off as fast as they could : the men, who before were intoxicated, became sober, and making as much haste as possible, pad- dled to an island opposite the house. Soon after a canoe came on shore with six women, to endeavour to make up the breach ; but I refused all reconciliation, telling them that they might have known me before; that my name was Beaver; that all the Indians knew me to be a warrior; and that my heart was not easily melted. The women immediately re- turned, carrying with them the dead, which satisfied me they did not intend to troubfe us again. r ' ; i- ■ ■. Thus, by an happy presence of mind, we were saved from almost inevitable destruction, and probably from ending our lives under the most excruciating torture^ '{'V: t ■ t ■ 4 ■■. ■ i':. !' ■ • . It may not be improper to observe the necessity there is for a trader to be cool, firm, and, in case of emergency, brave, but not rash or hasty. The Indians are just observers of the human mind, and easily discover true from affected courage, by that apparent tranquillity which clearly distinguishes the former from the latter. It is well known that no people in the world put courage to so severe a trial, and watch at the executions of their enemies with such savage curiosity, the effects of the tortures they inflict ; even the women exult in proportion to the agony betrayed by the unhappy sufferer ; though it frequently happens thro' the same spirit operating on both parties, that the most excruciating torments cannot extort a sigh. An example or two from Mr. Adair's History of the American Indians, will shew the firmness of an Indian ,., ■ ..I ^m , ♦•1 ■*11 4 in •i.^ '••'rt 1... •*. ?• VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. J! ' \l , it 'J ! ^ --^ ' ''.Ml mind, and prove beyond a doubt that such anecdotes are not exagge-> rated. Truth should be the standard of history, and guide the pen of every author who values his reputation. Some years ago the Shawano Indians being obliged to remove from their habitations, in their way took a Muskohge warrior, known by the name of old Scrany, prisoner ; they bastinadoed him severely, and con- demned him to the fiery torture. He underwent a great deal without shewing any concern; his Countenance and behaviour were as if he suf- fered not the least pain. He told his persecutors with a bold voice, that he was a warrior; that he had gained most of his martial reputation at the expence of their nation^ and was desirous of shewing them, in the act of dying, that he was still as much their superior, as when he headed his gallant countrymen against them : that although he had fallen into their hands, and forfeited the protection of the divine power by some impurity or other, when carrying the holy ark of war against his devoted enemies, yet he had so much remaining virtue as would enable him to punish himself more exquisitely than 'all their despicable ignorant crowd possibly could ; and that he would do so, if they gave him liberty by untying him, and handing him one of the red hot gun-barrels out of the fire. The proposal, and his method of address, appeared so ex- ceedingly bold and uncommon, that his request was granted. Then suddenly seizing one end of the red hot barrel, and brandishing it from side to side, he forced his way through the armed and surprised multi- tude, leaped down a prodigious steep and high bank into a branch of the river, dived through it, ran over a small island, and passed the other branch, amidst a shower of bullets; and though numbers of his enemies were in close pursuit of him, he got into a bramble swamp^ i r. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 78 through which, though naked and in a mangled condition, he reached his own country. The Shawano Indians also captured a warrior of the Anantoocah nation, and put him to the stake, according to their usual cruel solem- nities: having unconcernedly suffered much torture, he told them, with scorn, they did not know how to punish a noted enemy; there- fore he was willing to teach them, and would confirm the truth of his assertion if they allowed him the opportunity. Accordingly he re- quested of them a pipe and some tobacco, which was given him ; as soon as he had lighted it, he sat down, naked as he was, on the wo- men's burning torches, that were within his circle, and continued smoking his pipe without the least discomposure : on this a head war- rior leaped up, and said, they saw plain enough that he was a warrior, and not afraid of dying, nor should he have died, only that he was both spoiled by the fire, and devoted to it by their laws j however, though he was a very dangerous enemy, and his nation a treacherous people, it should be seen that they paid a regard to bravery, even in one who was marked with war streaks at the cost of many of the lives of their beloved kindred; and then, by way of favour, he with his friendly tomahawk instantly put an end to all his pains. Though the merciful but bloody instrument was ready some minutes before it gave the blow, yet I was assured, the spectators could not perceive the sufferer to change either his posture or his steadiness of countenance in the least. Death, among the Indians, in many situations is rather courted than dreaded, and particularly at an advanced period of life, when they • -J •r: '^■'■ ■?'■ I < J iV ■ } •! . J '■';.■ ' .'!■ t ¥ ■- ' * •' 4 ■I . ■■■nj: . ,:i ifl • :'• •'.*. I » •i ■ ^ .^ "^^ o , ** ^^^^< IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 £Ui U£ "Bi 122 £ la 120 1.1 "^ us; 1 ^ ^ FhotogFaphic _Scie[ices Carporation 23 WIST MAIN STVSIT WnSTIII,N.Y. I4SM (7I«)«73-4S03 '.#^ .« 74 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. .t ^ ^ have not strength or activity to hunt : the father then solicits to change his climate, and the son cheerfully acts the part of an executioner, put- ting a period to his parent's existence. . ' ■ i . Among the northern Chippeways, when the father of a family seems reluctant to comply with the usual custom, and his life becomes bur- densome to himself and friends, and his children arc obliged to main- tain him with the labour of their hands, they propose to him the alter- native, either to be put on shore on some island, with a small canoe and paddles, bows and arrows, and a bowl to drink out of, and there run the risk of starving ; or to suffer death according to the laws of the nation, manfully. As there are few instances where the latter is not preferred, I shall relate the ceremony practised on such an oc- casion. ■ ■'/ A sweating house is prepared in the same form as at the ceremony of adoption, and whilst the person is under this preparatory trial, the family are rejoicing that the Master of Life has communicated to them the knowledge of disposing of the aged and infirm, and sending them to a better country, where they will be renovated, and hunt again with all the vigour of youth. They then smoke the pipe of peace, and have their dog feast: they also sing the grand medicine song, as follows. •' Jf^a haguannisscy Kitcbee Mannitoo kaygait cockinnor nisbinnorbay " ojcy hee candan bapadgcy kec zargetoone nisbinnorbay mornoocb kee " tarpenan noccy keen aigbter, O, dependan nisbinnorbay, mornoocb tow- " warcb xvcene ojey misbcoot pockcan tunnockay. The Master of Life " gives courage. It is true, all Indians know that he loves us, and »' VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 75 « we now give our father to him, that he may find himself young in another country, and be able to hunt." The songs and dances are renewed, and the eldest son gives his fa- ther the death-stroke with a tomahawk : they then take the body, which they paint in the best manner, and bury it with the war weapons, making a bark hut to cover the grave, to prevent the wild animals from disturbing it. V})i Thus do the unenlightened part of mankind assume a privilege of de- priving each other of life, when it can no longer be supported by the labour of their own hands, and think it a duty to put a period to the existesice of those to whom they are indebted for their own, and em- ploy those arms to give the fatal stroke, which, in more civilized coun- tries, would have been exerted for their support. I remained with Mr. Shaw until the return of his men, and took an Indian slay, loaded with wild rice and dried meat, and two of his Ca- nadians to assist me. In my way I called at the place where I left the Indians who communicated to me the first account of the tumult at Mr. Shaw's, but they were gone. My Indian and his wife waited for me, and were rejoiced to see me again. On my return to Lac la Mort, I found all my men in good health and spirits, having been well supplied with provisions by the Savages, during my absence, and had increased my stock of peltry by barter. Mr. Shaw's men rested at my house one night, and the next morning set off for Manontoye. i- -I ■ 1. .:'•. • ^ '}': Li i 'i ■ : (■ '^.r 76 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. Indian Manner of going to War^ iic. Lake Manontoye, where Mr. Shaw wintered, is not so large as Lac Eturgeon: it abounds with excellent fish and wild fowl; and oats, rice, and cranberries, grow spontaneously in the swamps. There are very few islands on it. There are about three hundred of the Chippc- way nation who resort to it: they arc very wild, and delight in war, which they sometimes wage against the Sioux, on the Mississippi ; and they are frequently absent from their families fifteen months, scarce ever returning without a prisoner or a scalp. It is very strange that the thirst of blood should stimulate the human mind to traverse such an amazing extent of country, suffering inexpres- sible hardships, and uncertain of success, to gratify a passion, which none but an infernal spirit could suggest; and when success has crowned his labours, that he should return with inconceivable satisfaction, and relate the transaction of his journey, with the greatest exultation, smiling at the relation of agonies which he alone occasioned. The most dreadful acts of a maniac cannot exceed such cruelty : happy those, who enjoy the benefits of society, whose civilization, and whose laws protect them from such detestable outrages. Previous to their going to war, the head chief calls a council, and each chief has a belt of wampum, and a war pipe : the belt to remind VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 77 them of former transactions relative to the nation they intend to com- mence hostilities against, and the pipe to smoke at the council (ire. When they have determined to make war, they send the belts and pipes to their enemies; and if a similar compliment is returned, they in- stantly prepare for blood, with the most steady and determined reso- lution. u The novel of Emily Montague affords a striking example of this strong propensity for blood, which 1 shall relate in the author's own words. " A Jesuit missionary told me a story on this subject, which one ** cannot hear without horror. An Indian woman with whom he lived *' on his mission, was feeding her children, when her husband brought ** in an English prisoner ; she immediately cut off his arm, and gave ** her children the streaming blood to drink. The Jesuit remonstrated ** on the cruelty of the action ; on which, looking sternly at him — ^^I *' would have them warriors, said she, and therefore feed them with the " food of men." When I was at Cataraqui, the capital of the Loyalist settlements in Canada, a party of Mohawks and Mcsscsawgcrs accidentally met, and having bartered their skins and peltry with the traders, sat themselves down to drink the rum their merchandize had produced. As the li- quor began to operate, their imaginations suggested to them that they were of different nations, and as the Mohawks always claimed a supe- riority, intoxication made them proud : at last a dispute arose, and a Messesawger Indian was killed, and his heart taken out, which the ■ I ■ i I ■»w,: s !>i -J..' 78 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. Mohawks intended to have broiled, but they were prevented by a gentleman who accidentally passed by their hut, and prevailed upon them to give it up. It seems to be the constant attention both of the male and female part of the Indians to instil ideas of heroism into the minds of the rising generation, and these impressions they carry far beyond the line of reason or of justice. Is it then surprising that every action of their lives should tend to satisfy their thirst for revenging offences com- mitted against them, and that these sentiments should operate so power- fully in directing their future conduct? There is, nevertheless, one exception to these observations — their conduct to traders, who are obliged on some occasions, when intoxication runs high, to beat them very soundly ; — to their credit, in these instances, I must confess I never knew them to resent this severity when sober. The only remark they have made has been — " Friend, you beat me very severely last night — " but I do not mind, I suppose I deserved it — it was the liquor made " me offend." Or if they betray any dissatisfaction, one glass of rum will reconcile all differences. With regard to severity when they are perfectly sober, I am convinced it would be highly dangerous, and should be cautiously avoided. But although they often express these blood-thirsty sentiments, and too frequently put them in execution, yet there are occasions when they exercise both temper and reason. , , When I was at Pimistiscotyan Landing, on Lake Ontario, I had a large dog, to protect myself and property ; an Indian came in rather .• • •' VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 79 in liquor to ask for rum, and probably might strike the animal ; the dog instantly seized him by the calf of the leg, and wounded him dread> fully. He returned to his hut, and made no complaint till the next morning, when he desired to speak with me : I went to him, and he told me how the dog had used him, saying, he hoped I would give him ft pair of leggons, to supply those which the dog had torn ; but that with regard to his leg, he did not trouble himself much about that, as he knew it would soon be well. I immediately granted his request, and added a bottle of rum, with which he seemed well pleased, and I heard no more of it. \i But to return to the subject of going to war. The women and chil- dren sometimes go forward in their canoes singing the war songs, and encamp every evening at sun>set, having a great dislike to travelling in the dark. Forty-eight young warriors arc placed, in four divisions, to keep guard at night, armed with guns, bows and arrows, and some scotte wigwas, or fire bark, to light in case of sudden surprise. This bark is taken from the birch tree, and being properly dried, is used by the Indians to light them to spear fish : it is fixed on a stick about seven feet long, and either put at the head of the canoe, or car- ried by the "person who attends upon the man that spears, and whose business it is also to steer the canoe. At day break the Indians depart, and pursue their journey regard- less of the weather, till they arrive in the enemy's country, when the utmost precaution is adopted that it is possible for human invention to suggest. • r-n- ■ V. . ;•'■'•. -I *>■ . • *•••!*« ti. 1 1 '•■■if -■•■Hi • ■ -1 80 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. . '-■■ :i( \^ When war is made against the Mississippi Indians, they endeavour to kill the men and women, and bring away the children to dispose of to the traders, who send them down to Montreal for servants. The boys are not so much to be depended upon as the girls, being more stubborn, and naturally disdaining the idea of slavery ; they arc also full of pride and resentment, and will not hesiiaic to kill their masters in order to gratify their revenge for a supposed injury. The girls arc more docile, and assimilate much sooner with the manners of civiliza- tion. Being unaccustomed to domestic life, they are at first sick and unhealthy ; but the change soon becomes familiar to them, and they then prefer it to the uncultivated manner of living in which they were brought up. A few days after my return to Lac la Mort, a band of Savages ar- rived from the Red Lake, called by the Indians, Misqui Sakiegan, and some from Lake Shabeechevan, or the Weed Lake, about five days march beyond Lake Manontoye. Red Lake is so called on account of a remarkable circumstance which happened to two famous warriors of the Chippeway nation, who were hunting by the lake side, and as they were looking out for game, perceived at some distance an enor- mous beast, that appeared much larger than any animal they had ever seen ; his pace was slow and heavy, and he kept constantly by the water side. They followed him as close as they thought prudent, determined at all hazards to use their best endeavours to kill him. As they ap- proached, they had a clearer view, and discovered that his body was co- vered with something like moss ; this increased their surprise, and after consulting together, they continued advancing towards the beast, and fired large shot, without appearing to make any impression. They r ■ #■ VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 8i fired again with as little effect as berorc ; then retreated some disunce, sat down and sung their war songs, addressing themselves to the Mas- ter of Life, and desiring his assisunce to enable them to conquer it, as they believed it to be the Matcbee Mannitoo^ or bad spirit, in the shape of this monster. They then got up and pursued him, both fir- ing at the same time: the shot proved successful, and caused the animal to turn round, which induced them to keep up their fire till the beast jumped into the water, and they lost sight of him. From the circumstance of his blood dying the water red, this lake has ever since been called the Red Lake. •• f 1 Fish is caught here in great abundance, and wild rice grows in very great plenty in the swamps. The country likewise abounds with all sorts of animals for hunting. There are several rivers and falls of water on the north-west part. The Indians are very fond of fishing and hunting here during the winter season, as they are gene- rally very successful even in the most severe weather. From Red Lake to Lake le Sel, or Salt Lake, by the Indian accounts, there are fourteen short portages, and twenty-two creeks. Lake le Sel is very small, and the watrr shallow and muddy. It does not exceed three *niles in length. There are few fish except eels, cat fish, and pike- 1 at it abounds with musquashes and wild fowl. From this lake tc Lake Caribou, or Rein-deer Lake, is eight days march across five creeks and three portages. . ■■■» ;' 1 ii Lake Caribou, or, in the Indian language, Ateeque, is about diirty miles long, with several small islands, resembling the MiUe Isles, in the River St. Laurence, above Montreal. The water is deep and clear, M -k. ■ I % II- VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. ■ it and the bnttom hard. It abounds with large trout, white fish, picke. rill, pike, and sturgeon. It is surrounded by a chain of high nKMin- tains. Some years ago a French trader settled here, but of late it has been deserted. The Indians reckon it ten days march to Lake Scha^ bcechevan, across thirteen portages, and as many creeks ; but as I win- tered here the following year, though I went to it by a dificrent track, I shall not describe it till I give an account of the occurrences of that time. From Lake Schabcechcvan to Lake Arbittbis arc three small lakes, eight creeks, and five portages. Lake Arbitibis is very large, and the surrounding land rocky and mountainous. This Lake furnishes the Indians with fish and wild fowl. The aquatic race abound in this part of the world, doubdess so appointed for the support of the nume- rous tribes of Savages, who are obliged to resort to the lakes for food. At the northern extremity of this Lake is a large fall of water, which flows from a river whose current is rapid for about twenty miles. On this river there are also dangerous rapids; the land upon its banks is low, and the beach sandy. From Lake Arbitibis to Crow's-nest Lake, called by the Indians, Cork Cark Sakiegan, is a short distance. The utmost circumference of Crow's-nest Lake scarcely exceeds two leagues, and is only remarkable for a small island in the middle, with about forty high palm trees, where the crows build their nests, which is called Cark Cark Minnesey. The fish in this Lake arc very indifferent, being mostly of the sword-fish kind, which the Indians seldom eal. From this Lake is a long portage, and about half way a high mountain. At the end of the carrying place is a river called Cark Cark Seepi, or Crows' River, which runs with a strong current for about thirty miles, from NeesbsbemainceSakiegantOr the Lake of the Two Sisters ; so called £rom the meeting of two currents, which form one: grand discharge inta •f •• VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. «a the lake. The Hudson's Bay Indians hunt here with great success. At the end is a carrying place about a quarter of a mile long, that leads to a remarkably narrow river, which runs with a strong current for about fifty leagues : the land on each side being very high, makes the navigation dark. The Indians in going up this river travel as light as possible, to enable them to combat the strong current. The Hudson's Bay Company are supplied with a considerable quantity of peltry from this river. As the description of this country, hitherto so little explored, is a principal part of what I intended in this publication, I have described it either from my own knowledge, or the most authentic information I was able to procure from the Savages. In this respect I have followed Carver, who on his arrival at the grand portage, met a large party of Killistinoe and Assinipoil Indians, from whom he received accounts of several lakes and rivers, which he describes agreeable to the informa- tion he obtained. ; It is necessary to observe, that though the Indians arc very expert in delineating countries upon bark, with wood coal mixed with bears* grease, and which even the women do with great precision, the length of a day's march is very uncertain, and consequently cannot afford any geographical information. This remark, I trust, will be found to want no farther proof than the consideration that their drafts consist princi- pally of lakes and rivers, as they seldom travel much by land ; and when their track over land is described, it is perhaps only a short portage which they cross, in order again to pursue their journey on their fa- vourite element. But as few persons will probably read this account M 2 I *. I.' 'viIh 'u. I. ;| 84 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. with a view of going into this country, the dcicription I have been able to give will be sufficient for the generality of my readers. I lament exceedingly my inability to make this work more perfect, but trust that it will be found highly useful to those whose avocations may induce them to have recourse to it for information and guidance in commercial pursuits. If an Indian goes with the stream, or against it, from sun-rise to sun-set, it is called a day's march. This uncertainty makes it very difficult for any one who travels as a trader to ascertain any thing more than the Indian distance from one lake to another. As Mr. Carver, in his map, says that the branches which run from Riviere St. Louis, at the end of West Bay, in Lake Superior, are but little known, I can with equal propriety observe that those from Lake Alemipigon, or Nipegon, both east and west, are very difficult to describe geographically. The known candour of my countrymen, will, I am persuaded, pardon any errors of this sort, as I can assure them I have exerted my best en- deavours to render the description of places, with respect to distances and situation, as clear as possible, which the chan I hope will more fully explain. V, ..■•-. U..i VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 85 The seventy of the season was sensibly felt by Mr. James Clark, be- longing to the same company, who had five men starved at Lake Savan„ '* • Further Tramactions with tbt Indians j their Superstition^ Jealousy, (ic. riAviNG given an account of the different lakes, rivers, 8cc. from Lac la Mort, I shall continue the narrative from my return from Lake Manontoye, where I relieved Mr. Shaw. A few days after, another band of Savages arrived with skins, furs, and some provisions; they stayed with me two days, making merry with what rum I could spare them, without doing any mischief, and depart- ed at last very peaceably. On the twenty-third of February another band came in, consisting of about eighty, men, women, and children, who brought dried meats, oats, bears' grease, and eight packs of bea- ver, which I purchased, giving them rum, as usual, with which they got intoxicated. In this frolic one woman was killed, and a boy terribly burnt. On the third day they departed, well pleased with their recep- tion, leaving us plenty of provisions. The weather being more mode- rate, I sent my men to the lake to look after the nets, which had been under the ice a considerable time, the severity of the season not having allowed us to examine them for near a month, when, to our great mor- tification they were found almost rotten, and not a single fish ; but as one of the Canadians could make nets as well as myself, we repaired the damage, and caught plenty of fish to support us till April. I-' . .1 ^ I: :i i , f 66 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. a bad lake for fish,, about three hundred and fifty miles from my win- tering ground ; the Indians bv°ing obliged to hunt so far back in the woods that they could not give him any assistance ; and from the con. current accounts of the trader 'n the north-west, as well as from the Savages who resorted to my house, it was the hardest winter they ever remembered. • ;, , : t ■ ■ii About this time a large band of Chippeways arrived, traded with me for their hunt, and finished their frolic in a peaceable manner. While this band was with me, a curious circumstance occurred, which I shall relate. . . . , One part of the religious superstition of the Savages, consists in each of them having hi totam, or iV'ourite spirit, which he believes watches over him. Th s totam they conceive assumes the shape of some beast or other, ar therefore they never kill, hunt, or sat the animal whose form they th k this totam bears. The evening previous t the departure of the band, one of them, whose totam was a bear, dream' that if he would go to a piece of swampy ground, at the foot of a 1 'h mountain, about five days march from my wigwaum, he would see a large herd of elks, moose, and other ani- mals ; but that he must be accompanied by at least ten good hunters. When he awoke he acquainted the band with his dream, and desired them to go with him : they all refused, saying it was out of their way, and that their hunting grounds were nearer. The Indian having a su- perstitious reverence for his dream (which ignorance, and the prevalence of example among the Savages, carries to a great height), thinking him. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 87 0'. self obliged to do so, as his companions had refused to go with him, went alone, and coming near the spot, saw the animals he dreamed of; he instantly fired, and killed a bear. Shocked at tiie transaction, and dreading the displeasure of the Master of Life, whom he conceived he had highly offended, he fell down, and lay senseless for some time : recovering from his state of insensibility, he got up, and was making the best of his way to my house, when he was met in the road by ano- ther large bear, who pulled him down, and scratched his face. The Indian relating this event at his return, added, in the simplicity of his nature, that the bear asked him what could induce him to kill his to- tam ', to which he replied, that he did not know he was among the ani- mals when he fired at the herd ; that he was very sorry for the mis- fortune, and hoped he would have pity on him : that the bear suffered him to depart, told him to be more cautious in future, and acquaint all the Indians with the circumstance, that their totams might be safe, and the Master of Life not angry with them. As he entered my house, he looked at me very earnestly, and pronounced these words; *' Amik, " bunjey ta Kitcbee Annascartissey nind, O Totam, cawwicka nee wee *' geossay sannegat debwoye :" — or, *• Beaver, my faith is lost, my ** totam is angry, I shall never be able to hunt any more." .H-;, This idea of destiny, or, if I may be allowed the phrase, " totamism" however strange, is not confined to the Savages ; many instances might be adduced from history, to prove how strong these impressions have been on minds above the vulgar and unlearned. To instance one, in the history of the private life of Louis the XV. translated by Justamond, among some particulars of the life of the famous Samuel Bernard, the Jew banker, of the court of France, he says, that he was superstitious '^' ' i .J ■■>:■ T.V '■■*. J. '* . I.' « I, i ;• 1 i- 1-. 1- • Si -. i !^ .Ik 'it 88 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. as the people of his nation are, and had a black hen, to which he thought his destiny was attached ; he had the greatest care taken of her, and the loss of this fowl was, in fact, the period of his own existence, in January, 1739. ^ • ' ' ' •; "^ ^ • . ^ v^.- • Djeams are particularly attended to by the Indians, and sometimes they make an artful use of the veneration that is paid to them, by which they carry a point they have in view : I shall relate an instance for the satisfaction of the reader. ./ -r '♦.]'•: ir Sir William Johnson, sitting in council with a party of Mohawks, the head chief told him, he had dreamed last night, that he had given him a fine laced coat, and he believed it was the same he then wore; Sir Wil- liam smiled, and asked the chief if he really dreamed it ; the Indian im- mediately answered in the affirmative : Well then, says Sir William, you must have it ; and instantly pulled it off, and desiring the chief to strip himself, put on him the fine coat. The Indian was highly de- lighted, and when the council broke up, departed in great good hu- mour, crying out, wbo~ab! which is an expression of great satisfaction among them, t.vti ytHi.rj.'f '"'i In about an hour the Nipegon huts were in order to receive their intended guests, who were encamped in a hollow, surrounded with ce- dar trees and bushes, close to the lake side. The Nipegons being determined to counteract the designs of their deceitful visitors, and pu- nish their intended perfidy, made holes in the bark of their huts, in which they placed their guns, loaded with swan shot. Each man taking his station ; the Wasses, to the number of eighteen, ascended the hill, and were coming prepared to partake of the feast, with knives and wooden bowls, intending to overpower the Nipegons on a given signal ; but they were fatally disappointed, for when they got within thirty yards of the Nipegon huts, they were fired at, and all the band, except a girl about fourteen years of age, killed on the spot ; she was dange- rously wounded, but advanced with a gun, which she snatched from an Indian who was preparing to dispatch her, and shot Ayarbee through the head, and was herself soon after tomahawked and scalped by a Nipe- gon boy about the same age, who at such an early period of life dis- played all that ferocity which marks the most determined chief. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 99 Thus waa treachery rewarded : and though in my heart I could not but approve of the conduct of the Nipegon Indians, I was afraid of trusting to them, and had resolved on taking my leave of them, when the chie^f came up and informed me, he was very sorry that his band could not accompany me any farther, fr)r being afraid of the resent- ment of the nation of the Wasses, when thry (amc to hear of the trans- action, notwithstanding they had done it in their (rAii defence, they had determined to depart; and soon after pushed ofFthcu '^noes, and left me, a circumstance which pleased me exceedingly. The ut/.* day a party of Indians met us, to whom I related the disaster. They wt t<^ very much shocked, and said the Nipegon Savages might repent their rash conduct, though at the same time they acknowledged them right in guarding against the designs of the W asses. They asked me if I had got their packs, as they assured me they had matli I ^ood hunt, and had rich peltry. This information vexed me exceedingly, as I should cer- tainly have increased my cargo had not the affair happened, and likewise have given more satisfaction to my employes, though I had already a large quantity of goods, and had every reason to be pleased with my success. The Nipegons made up fourteen bales of dried meat, which they took with them ; but the furs and skins were hidden in the woods, and never afterwards found that I heard of. We continued our journey to Lac Eturgeon, where soon after our landing, we killed a great many wild fowl, and caught plenty of fish. Here we met about fifty of the Hawoyzask or Rat Nation Indians, with whom I made a small barter, chiefly with rum, having disposed of all my Indian goods. O 2 •/'. .I'- 1 lOO VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. I; » 'r : I- v. • •!( ii:^*^ -f Our journey was retarded for some time in order to gratify my cu- riosity. A young Indian girl fell sick, and the chief desired me to stay to see the wonderful effects of their medicines, as she was very bad, and without immediate assistance, he said, must soon change her climate. The physician who attended her said, that the Matcbee Mannitoo, or bad spirit, had put the bear's claws into her, and his medicines would remove them. A hut was prepared, and the girl stripped to her matcbeecoaty or under petticoat ; she was then painted with vermilion, and daubed over with soot and bears' grease, and profusely sweated, which soon relieved her pain. During the operation, the physician addressed himself to the Master of Life, begging his assistance, and thanking him for giving knowledge to restore health : then giving her a decoction of roots, he made a perfect cure. I could not help admiring his skill and manner of proceeding, though I attributed her recovery solely to the plentiful perspiration she underwent. .^ Previous to our departure, one of their women was delivered of a fine boy, and I was highly delighted with the mother's tenderness, as the infant sucked the milk, which in their language is called tootoosbonarbo, or the sap of the human breast, an expression which struck me forcibly. The hus- band was also very attentive, and performed the part of an affectionate parent, which induced me to give him some rum to cheer his heart, and drink my health. He seemed pleased with the present, and addressing himself to the Great Spirit, thanked him. for the safe delivery of his nuntimoye : — then looking very earnestly at me, told me how much he was indebted to me for the comfort that I had afforded him, and that he was sure that I was a brave warrior, for my generosity to him and his wife, when they so much wanted assistance. When the young <•• . VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 101 warrior cried, he observed, that he wished to be grateful to me for my attention to his parents, and that it was only the echo of his breath, (mean- ing his voice) to praise the goodness of the Saggonasb, or Englishman, As I got into my canoe, he said, " Beaver, be strong, you will always " have a public road among the Nipegon Indians, therefore return as " soon as you can ; in the mean time, I shall take care to acquaint all *' the Indians with your goodness, and I hope when we see you again, ** we shall have had a good hunt, and be able to give you furs and skins *' to repay your kindness.'^ I told him I always loved the Indians, that I was adopted by the Chippeways, and considered myself as one of their tribe ; that I would return as soon as possible with plenty of goods for their families ; that my heart was melted by his regard for me, and giving him and his wife each a parting glass of the strong water, took my leave, and pursued my journey. • f We arrived at Pays Plat on the loth of August, where I met some brother traders, who had been in different parts of the inlands, particu- larly the North-west. Here we waited for fresh goods from our employ- ers, and enjoyed ourselves with the remains of our different provisions, which we threw into a common stock, and made ourselves merry with the scanty pittance, recounting our several adventures : but none of them had suffered the difficulties I had experienced, except Mr. Shaw, whom I happily relieved at Lake Manontoye ; the rest of the traders having wintered very remote from me, by the way of the Grand Portage. Soon after our arrival, our employers sent their agents with a fresh assortment of merchandize and provisions, which rejoiced us excced- :^l ■r. % ' -s '\ ■it i. ff ■ i 1 • •; -■'! , ■ \-\ " 1 % ' 1 ■ • 109 VOYAGES AND TRAVEL '•1 I'll' • ■I ingly, having been a considerable time without corn or grease, artd absent from Michillimakinac about fourteen months. I delivered my cargo of furs, consisting of about one hundred and forty packs, in good condition, and loaded the canoes with the fresh goods; then taking leave of my companions, prepared for my departure for the Inlands, to winter another year among the Nipegon Savages. But before I begin to relate my second adventure, I cannot forbear making some observa- tions on the hardships attending an Indian life, particularly as an inter- preter and trader. . • • \i ' t ■ k My salary was about one hundred and fifty pounds per annum, which I certainly deserved, considering the knowledge I had of the Chippeway language. ' i ; < ■ I ■• ' I' ' *'' I was sent into the Inlands with only corn and hard grease, without any other provisions I could rely on ; for as to fish and other animal food, the former in a great measure depends on the season, the latter on the arrival of Savages ; and though in general I was successful in aquatic pursuits, and received frequent supplies from the Indians, it was a precarious mode of subsistence, and at Lac la Mort I suffered great hardships. I had sixteen men, and an Indian and his wife occasionally with me, to feed and govern, and on the continuance of their health my existence in a great measure depended. As it was my constant duty to be in the way, in case of the arrival of Savages, being the only one who could talk their language, I had few opportunities of hunting, neither could I go far abroad to examine whether the Canadians did their duty or not : I . ^^ VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 103 was therefore always full of anxiety, and rejoiced when the spring re« turned to set me free. The constant attention necessary in taking care of the goods to pre> vent depredations, the continual fears and apprehensions of being plundered by a set of intoxicated beings ; always liable to insults, with- out daring to resent them ; and when I had bartered all my merchandize, and made a successful trip — feeling a painful solicitude till the fruit's of my labours were safely delivered to my employers. Upon the whole, perhaps no situation can be more distressing, and it has often filled my mind with surprise when I reflected on the engagement I en- tered into, which consumed the prime of my days in a traffic, the dangers and fatigues of which scarce any salary could compensate. I believe nothing but the flattering idea of thinking myself superior to others as an interpreter, prompted me to continue in a station so fa- tiguing to support, and so difiicult to execute ; and I cannot but con- clude with this observation : — That however censurable a man may be for indulging even this degree of pride, the liberal mind will easily pardon the presumption, as they know he alone is the sufferer ; and as self-opinion governs the pursuits of mankind, the individual who is most influenced by it, must stand or fall by the consequences. ■.* •' >: '•■"•.j'r;^ ••..;:; I 5V- « : . M m- I n': ■-'I i .1 ■ .' ',i.f. 104 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. ' , v^* SECOND EXPEDITION. Proceed to winter again among the Nipegon Indians ; — Design of an Indian to plunder us ; — unfortunate Accident happens to an Indian Chief I — narrowly escape being assassinated by an Indian Straggler ; Murder of Joseph la Forme, a Trader. • On the 15th of August I left Pays Plat, with four birch canoes, and the same men who wintered with me at Lac la Mort, and arrived at Ri- ■ viere la Pique, which runs into Lake Superior : this river is very crooked for about seven miles, and extremely deep ; it abounds with fish, particularly pike, from which it takes its name. On our landing, we found a large band of Chippeways, and some of the Rat nation, who immediately prepared a feast for us of dried meat, fish, 8cc. Among them was an Indian named Ogashy, or the horse ; he was reckoned, even by his own tribe, a bad Indian, which put me on my guard during my encampment there. I traded for their skins and furs, and gave them some rum, with which they had a frolic, which lasted for three days and nights ; on this occasion five men were killed, and one woman dreadfully burnt. When the fumes of the liquor had evaporated, they began, as usual, to reflect on the folly of their conduct, and all except Ogashy expressed great concern ; he seemed rather to be pleased at the mischief which had happened, and before my departure, I was in- formed that he intended to destroy me, and plunder the property. To frustrate his villainous intention, I kept him in good humour, and made .r '* ' ?'• • • •• VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. »05 him sleep in my hut, a compliment he seemed highly pleased with, and which I believe for the time diverted him from his purpose ; and though by no means fond of his company, I judged it most prudent to have my enemy in sight. In the morning I gave him a glass of rum, and pro- mised him a two-gallon keg to carry off the ground, which, as the In- dians express themselves, drove the bad spirit from his heart. When my men had prepared every thing for embarkation, I gave the chief of the band the liquor, and a single bottle of rum more than I promised to Ogasby, unknown to the rest, in which I had infused a considerable quantity of laudanum. Unsuspicious of what I had done, he put the bottle to his mouth, and shaking me by the hand, said to me, " Kee ta- " linimanco negee" or, '• your health, friend," and immediately took a hearty draught which soon stupified and luUed^'him into a profound sleep, in which, I was afterwards informed, he remained twelve hours, depriving him of the power of doing harm, and that soon after, an Indian who had an antipathy against him, and only sought an op- portunity of gratifying his resentment, tomahawked him. His eldest son burnt him, and fixed his bones on a high pole, as he was the head chief of the tribe. , 4 •- / »."■ -t-V. >', < ;■ We proceeded ( 1 our voyage, and arrived at a short carrying place, called Portage la .west guns, I was obliged to open a case for their inspection ; this I did unwill- ingly, as the weather was fine, and I was extremely anxious to get to the wintering ground before a heavy fall of snow : having shewn them the guns, they loaded four, and laid them down by the cases, intending to try them ; during the time they were thus employed I was busy in ar- ranging the goods that had been displaced in getting at them ; but as soon as I was at leisure, I took up one of the guns in a careless manner, not knowing it was charged, and snapped the lock, which most unfor- tunately shot off the ear of one of the chiefs, and I also received some injury by the powder flying in my face, and almost depriving me of sight. The discharge was so instantaneous, and appeared so premeditated that the chief reproached me in very severe terms for the injury I had done him, and threatened revenge ; however, I soon convinced him it was an accident, and giving him some presents, he consoled himself for the loss of his ear, which was very large and handsome, and without a single break, which made it very valuable in his estimation. It was for- P 2 .iJ I'.fVi',- ¥■, 'T* fe;/ -&. ■»,■ i--i >i . r .■■■> ' ': * - ('■i*' ' ' * ', '•' t ■ ii : 108 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. tunate I did nbt kill him, as in all probability we should have beeiv sacrificed to the resentment of the band. The Indians pride themselves in having large ears, and extended as wide as possible, which renders them liable to be pulled off. It is very common in drunken frolics to lose them ; but when they are only torn, they cut them smooth with a knife, and sew the parts together with a needle and dccrs' sinews, and after sweating in a stove, resume their usual cheerfulness. The next day we took our leave, and pursued our journey to Sbe- carke Sakiegan, or the Shunk's Lake, which runs with a strong current. In the fall it abounds with geese and ducks : here we hunted one day, and with good success. The next morning at break of day we em- barked, and had favourable weather till we arrived at Lake Schabee- chevan, or the Weed Lake. This lake is about one hundred and eighty miles in circumference, and full of small islands ; it abounds with fish, and the swamps are full of wild rice and cranberries; it.is- about six days march from Lac la Mort. ^ ^^.. This lake was an unfortunate situation to my employers last year, when one of their servants, Jaques Santeron, went off with a valuable cargo. On my arrival, I looked out for the house he had erected, but could not discern the least trace of it j probably he was so elated that he made a/ dered to make up huts, and p.t pare a feast ; whilst this was doing the Indians came into my house, on«> by one, and seating themselves on the floor, began to smoke, and looked very cheerful. When I had given them tobacco and other Indian goods, the old chief, whose name was Mattoyasbf or the Earth, took me round the neck, and kissed my cheek, then addressed me in the following words. ii tf: ' " Meegv/oiicb hitcbee mannitoOt haygait kee zargetoone an Nisbin~ norbay nogome^ sbasbyyar paysbik artawway winnin tercusbenan^ caw~ ween hitcbee morgussey^ an Nisbinnorbay nogome cawwickar inde- nendum. Kaygait hitcbee mushhowway geosay bagitarmissey way- benan matcbee oatbty nee zargetoone Saggonasb artawway i winnin haygait bapadgey hitcbee morgussey an Nisbinnorbay; haygwotcb annaboycassey neennerwind mornoocb towwarch nee zargey deb- woye hee appay omar^ cuppar bebone nepewar appiminiqui omar." — I thank the Master of Life for loving us Indians, and sending us this day an English trader, who will open his heart to me and my young men. Take courage, young men, suffer not your hearts to be bound IV 5 . #• n VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. tti *' up, and throw away the bad spirit from you : wc all love the English " traders, for wc have heard of their pity to Savages ; wc believe that *' they have an open heart, that their veins run clear like the sun. It " is true we Indians have but little sense when drunk, but we hope '* you will not think of this, and if you will stay with us, we will hunt *• with spirit for you." r When he had finished his speech they all got up, and taking mc by the right hand, conducted me to their hut ; immediately on entering, one of the warriors placed me on a large beaver robe which was prepared for me, and put a wampum belt round my neck, singing all the time to the Master of Life, while myself and the chief were eating. When the feast was over, I took two of the Indians to my house, and gave them two kegs of rum, and ten carrots of tobacco, with other articles, for which they gave me all their peltry. They then began to frolic, which continued three days and nights : the only accident which happened was to a little child, whose back was broke by the mother. When they had rested a day after intoxication, I supplied them with plenty of ammuni- tion for their winter's hunt, and they departed perfectly satisfied with their reception. I cannot help relating the method I was obliged to adopt to quiet an old Indian woman, who was more troublesome than the rest, and continually importuned me for liquor. I infused forty drops of the tincture of cantharides, and the same quantity of laudanum, into a glass of rum, and when she came to me soliciting very earnestly for the strong water, I gave her the dose which was prepared for her : she drank it without hesitation, and being already much intoxicated, it made her stagger. But this did not satisfy her, and i ■vit ■.I t "•. J- I *■ iia VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. she still asked for more j I then repeated the dose, which she also drank, and then fell on the floor. I ordered my Canadian to carry her out of the house, and lay her carefully near her own wigwaum, ,wherc she re- mained twelve hours in a deep sleep, to my entire sati»faciion. I have always found laudanum extremely useful ; in general it may be consi- dered an essential article in the commerce with the Indians, as it proves the only method of overcoming their intoxicated senses, and making the life of a trader more tolerable, by putting a stop to their impertinence. On the 19th of November a band of about forty Indians came in with a few skins and a great quantity of dried meat, with some bears' grease, which I purchased for a little rum, and advised them to carry it along with them off the ground ; they complied with my wishes, and em- barked perfectly sober, v I'M It was always my custom to endeavour to persuade them to take away the rum, though I seldom succeeded. The fatigue of watching them when the liquor begins to operate is inconceivable, besides the risk of our lives and property. iM lU?. After their departure I was left for near a month with only one man, the rest being employed in fishing and watching the marten traps : in both pursuits they were successful, but particularly in the fonner, having brought home near eight thousand, trout, pike, pickcrill, and white fish, which we hung up as usual to freeze. When the severe weather sets in every man has his allowance served out twice a day, and this rule is constantly adhered to even though the stock be very considerable. i'i- r •• VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. >»3 In the beginning of December a new married couple arrived, and having given them a little rum, they got very merry ; and perceiving the woman was in great good humour, I desired her to sing a love- song, which she consented to with cheerfulness. THE SONG. " Debwoye, nee xargay ween aigbter, paysbik oatbly, seixeebockquoit ** sbenargussey me tarhiscoacb nepeecb cassawicka nepoo^ moszack pe- •* mart us , seixeebockquoit meteek." *' It is true I love him only whose heart is like the sweet sap that ** runs from the sugar-tree, and is brother to the aspin leaf, that aU " ways lives and shivers." I thanked her for her song, and giving the husband a bottle of scuttaywabo, left them together to enjoy their hearts' delight; and as there was not sufficiem to intoxicate them, I was not afraid of a jealous (it. I always bore in mind ^ circumstance at Lac la Mort, and my fortunate escape. In the morning they departed, paying me well for my presents with come beaver, bear, and otter skins. A few days after an Indian arrived, with his two wives and three children; they innmediately -came into my house, and sat down by the fire. I thought I discovered deceit in his countenance, and watched him very narrowly. I asked him what success he had met with in his hunt ? He told me he believed the Master of Life was angry with him, for he had fired at several animals, and expended all his ammunition, without doing execution. This was a figurative mode of expression. * . % •;/i MiiiJ; ., ' / . ."* i i: , a ■ • r: • « i- ;'■■ ■ * I ' ' > 1 ' M- .: 'v 1^' r ■ U: "... . i 1" '-:• 1 ■ * -\ « . • 1. *•• ^'-^■ 114 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. and convinced me that he was lazy, and could not get credit for what he wanted : he added/ that his family had been without provisions some days, and hoped I would cheer their hearts, and be a friend to them. I then ordered a large kettle to be put on the fire, and boiled some fish, which they ate of very heartily, particularly the women and children. Hi I questioned him concerning his hunting grounds : he told me he was from Hudson's Bay, and had come so far, hearing some traders were settled at Shunk's Lake, and as he knew there were plenty of ani-^ inals,be expected to get a great many skins. This I was convinced was false, and I immediately considered him as a straggler, or he certainly would not have travelled so far, unless he had done something to dis- please the servants at the Company's forts, and could not obtain credit. Looking at me very earnestly, he asked me to trust him a gun, blan- ket, and ammunition; but I refused him: this displeased him; and go- ing out of the house, one of them called him, the other followed him out, and said something to him in a low tone of voice : this appeared to me like a confederacy, and put me on my guard. In a few mi- nutes he returned, and renewed his solicitations ; saying, ** Are you ** afraid to trust me forty skins? I will pay you in the spring." — I told him I never gave credit to any but good hunters^ and I was sure he was an idle straggler, who lived without industry, and advised him to return to his own tribe, and solicit their assistance who knew him better than I did. So severe a check to his application (and which I was afterwards sorry for) seemed to rouze the bad spirit in his heart, and he left me under the influence of the Matcbee Mannitoo^ and went down to his canoe, seeming to be in deep discourse with his wives. ,f ' VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. *i5 My man observing them, watched them very narrowly, and saw the Indian endeavouring to file off the end of his gun, to make it conve- nient to conceal under his blanket ; having shortened and loaded it, he returned with it hid under his dress. This transaction being a convincing proof of his diabolical intention, I directed my man to stand on one side of the door, and I took my post on the other, wait- ing his entrance into the house. Just as he passed the threshold, 1 knocked him down with a billet of wood, and taking his short gun from him, beat him so much that we were obliged to carry him down to his canoe, where his family were waiting for him, and ordered them ill off the ground, threatening that in case of refufal his canoe should be instantly broken to pieces, and his family turned adrift. The squaws and children appeared very much distressed, and with great reluctance c^yed my orders. Thus I got rid of an unprincipled set ; and, as will soon appear, escaped a danger which was certainly intended to in- volve me and my men in utter ruin. ' -By . /"^«i -I ^ii A few days after their departure, an Indian arrived and informed me that Mr. Joseph la Forme, a brother trader who was settled at Lac le Sel, was killed by a Savage, and described his person. I had no doubt but he was the same man who attempted to destroy me. I commu- nicated every circumstance of his conduct, and the revenge I took on the occasion. The Indian congratulated me on my happy escape, as he was known to be a bad man by all the tribe, having killed his bro- ther and one of his wives last fall, which was the reason that the band he belonged to would not suffer him to stay among them. As I was anxious to know the particulars, I desired him to relate them. He told me that he was informed by a Savage whom he accidentally met, and V" , ♦•■! ■ ,J^'' %- » ti \ * '■*■. \.' -«»!. ' 1 . ,f'Sl' .1* >" V .!;>' -ii^ ■^^ v.; -!<.. v-- ■ :«^, 1].: -i|2- • , "?!• '' i! ■' •! .t '■»■ ■,^y.; 116 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. to whom the murderer had revealed the particulars, that the Indian be- ing disappointed in his design against me, pursued his journey with the bad spirit in his heart, and arrived at Joseph La Forme's house, which he entered, and asked for rum and tobacco, which was given him ; but observing he had not any thing to trade with. La Forme was suspicious of him : whilst he was smoking he asked for credit, but was refused^ and told that he was not only a bad hunter, but that he had a heart of lead. This imprudent reproach incensed him, and observing no one in the house but the trader, (the men being fishing) he watched a con- venient opportunity, and when La Forme stooped to light his pipe, shot him through the head, plundered the house of a few things, and went off. '•i On this information I dispatched six Indians, with a trusty Canadian, to endeavour to secure the property, in which they fortunately suc- ceeded, and brought away all the peltry, merchandise, &c. and the de- ceased trader's men, whom I engaged in my service. About six weeks after, one of the tribe whom he had formerly offended, and who had heard of this recent act of villainy, after repeated reproaches for his baseness, tomahawked him, cut off his head, and brought it to my house to shew my Indians. The unhappy fate of Joseph La Forme affords a melancholy ex- ample of the precarious situation of all Indian traders'; and furnishes a useful lesson of instruction to those who may in future be engaged in commerce with the Savages — that it is frequently more prudent to conceal resentment than to gratify it. .;?.' -i: 'j^.::r > ■ VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. n; ih »r r We are reduced to great Hardships for want of Provisions i—~relieved by the fortunate Arrival of some Indians. — Narrative of a most shocking Transaction perpetrated by one Janvier^ belonging to a Mr. Fulton^ a Trader — Mr. Fulton takes Means to induce a Con- fession^ and punishes him accordingly. — Visit from a Trader belong- ing to the Hudson's Hay Company — some Observations concerning that Trade^ and the Conduct of the Company towards their Servants. 1 HE latter end of January, ^779> ^ ^^"^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ Nation arrived, belonging to Shekarkistergoan, or the Skunk's-head Lake, which is between Lake Nipegon and Lake Manontoye. They brought me pro- visions and furs, which I bartered for ; giving them rum, as usual, of which they drank freely without doing any mischief. After their de- parture we were short of provisions, having a larger household to pro- vide for, by taking La Forme's men into my service. We were reduced to a few fish and some wild rice, or menomon (which are kept in muccucks^ or bark boxes), to support myself and seventeen men ; the allowance to each being only a handful of rice and a small fish, about 2lb. weight, which is boiled together and makes pleasant soup. I have often been surprised that fish-broth is not more generally used, as it is certainly very palatable ; but I am not sufficiently inform- ed in medical knowledge to speak either of its wholesomeness or nutritive qualities. Sturgeon broth is delicious, and leaves a. pleasing taste on the tongue ; but as it rather increases the appetite for food. ■Mi ^ ^'\ **'■ %: ■ r V ' ^ ■* 1^.^ «t \''. \-j ■ * ■ wt '■ ',:'' 'i' '■i* ».';» It « 1 j' hi,. A , m •f I ■ ":..'■ '*',' 1, '■''. ■■'•! ■[ ^ 1', •{ ' * - -.it. n \'i. • * ■ ,'^.:> iJr h %'■, ■;i; . > ^^1, V' f' i.^ 118 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. as I have experienced, it should not be taken but when there is plenty of meat to be got. This fish is very common in Albany, and is sold at id. per lb. York currency. The flesh is called Albany beef. "■■■■' ■ . ■''. -'a- \\ ^\:y\)./'^ \.W:Ay . ■■'. • " The frost continuing very severe, and nd appearance of Indians to supply our wants, we were obliged to take off the hair from the bear skins, and roast the hide, which tastes like pork. This, with some tripe de rocbe boiled, was all our nourishment. v ^ .\ a,. .. '■''• ■•'•i ;.■'' I \ ' Tripe de rocbe^ or bawercoon^ is a weed that grows to the rocks, of a spongy nature, and very unwholesome, causing violent pains in the bowels, and frequently occasions a flux. I am informed the traders in the North- west, have often experienced this disorder ; and some of them, in very severe weather, have been compelled to eat it for fourteen days suc- cessively, which weakened them exceedingly. When the disorder does not terminate in a flux, it occasions a violent vomiting, and some- times spitting of blood, with acute spasms in the bowels. ./ < .^ >: After suffering great hardships, I advised my men to make marten traps, and set them in the woods as they did last winter at Lac la Mort, which supplied us occasionally, but very short of our real wants. At last a band of Indians arrived with ten slay load of meat and furs, which relieved us, and gave us fresh spirits. My men discovered them at a distance, and, though much enfeebled by severe hunger, put on their snow-shoes to meet them. .:o > ii^a n-? yr ; -n • - " It is surprising what efforts nature makes to suj^rt distress, and how cheerfiilly ^e struggles when the prospect of relief is near at #• ■ ». 4 • VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 119 hand ; every painful recollection of past sufferings quickly vanishes, and new life seems to breathe through every vein. Those who live in constant luxury, and are ignorant of the meaning of the bread of carefulness, are strangers to the joy arising from an unexpected supply, and sitting down to a table in the wilderness. Hunger needs not the borrowed aid of sauce ; and, in the language of Pope, " To enjoy, is to obey." — How delightful is such obedience ! The Indians seeing our distress by our looks, which were very meagre, gave us all their provisions, consisting of bear, racoon, and ■ moose. The kettle was soon put on the fire, and we made a comfort- able repast, with cheerful hearts; the Indians during the time enjoy- ing the happiness of relieving our wants. ■'.I' '.' ^'. -. : . 1; J Notwithstanding the cruelty of Savages, they possess virtues which do honour to human nature, and exhibit instances of generosity and kindness which the most philanthropic soul cannot exceed. They are ignorant of those mean sordid sentiments which disgrace many more enlightened, and more wealthy ; and from the knowledge I have of their disposition, I am sure they would blush at. the parsimonious conduct of those whom Providence hath blessed with affluence. t; I ,• .KUAf ; After the repast, the chief (not willing to disturb us before) asked for some tobacco, and having smoked some time, said he had bad news to tell me, which some Indians had informed him of, concerning Mr. Fulton, then at Sbekarkistergoan^ and which he was sorry to re- late, as it affected him exceedingly. I desired him to finish his pipe, and drink a glass of rum before he began the story ; and at the same "M .•'r I- m ;<(! 4 ■i '. if ' ■•i 120 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. tkne mentioned my surprise at not hearing of any remarkable circum- stance, having traded with a band of the Rat nation within a few days, who came from that Lake. He told me he had met the band, and related the affair to them, who were much astonished ; but as Mr. Fulton's men were not returned from fishing when they left the place, the transaction was not known till after their departure. ■1 I: .1'" "»» 1 4. 1 •• ^ 1 1 ' Mr. Fulton being obliged to divide his men into two parties, which i« called the cawway, or casting lots, which party shall hunt and fish, and which shall stay with the master, did so accordingly. The fishing party consisted of Charles Janvier, Fran9'■'.' />■■•■■ . , *•« i> A'' '*,■■ V:'' 'ti' .,v; ' *" fc,' >""it i ■ *■ '■ 1 • •1^ S i ' . u .'/ T, • I 2 . ■••' .' *.'t " ■ .• Wf 'i • ■■',% ^ Lil ■ ' • 'i 'T , '•L»^ i: '. % •j"f ■ 4 ' M 1'\ I ■j^i .'■' 5 ■=■:■"-'■. ' r ■ • '"^ i '" '.iAi^ ' I' ''M : 1, i -1 ■• ■ 1 .i._ ;,ii] tl. ci*. > 122 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. :'. '^-'i s 1 1 1 , .■ : i if "v • ■ 1 . - ^i if - ' 1 ;■ ■:.^i ■ 'i ^' ,. ,?: i : ' 1 , ' which had occasioned their sickness: Janvier overhearing them, called them fools and rascals, and asked them if they were afraid the Savage would come to life again; and with an insolent sneer de- sired them to tell him which they thought the best part of a man ? The poor fellows only replied they were very sick and could not tell the cause. In a few days (having no other provision) the Indian was eaten up, and Janvier determined to have human flesh if no other could be obtained. To this end he sought an opportunity to quarrel with St. Ange — Dufresne not daring to interfere in the dispute. Jan- vier willing, however, to appear as plausible in the eyes of Dufresne as possible, widened the breach very artfully, till pretending he was no longer able to contain his anger, asked Dufresne if he did not think St. Ange deserved the Indian's fate, for daring to say he would reveal the circumstance he had so solemnly sworn to conceal. Dufresne dread- ing the consequences of differing with him in sentiment, said he thought St. Ange was to blame ; upon which reply, Janvier immedi- ately struck him with an axe, and killed him : he then cut him up, and boiled a part, of which he obliged Dufresne to partake, he not daring to shew any reluctance. Fortunately for Dufresne the weather became more moderate, and having caught plenty of fish, they proposed to re- turn to their master. Janvier, intoxicated with ideas of his supe- riority, obliged Dufresne to drag him in an Indian slay to Mr. Fulton's house — a cruel imposition upon him, and a dreadful service to a weak emaciated man ! but knowing he was unable to resist, he made a virtue of necessity, and obeyed the tyrant with seeming cheerfulness. On the journey he was frequenriy reminded of his oath, and the fatal conse- quences that would attend him if he should ever divulge the secret,, which Janvier assured him would produce instant death. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. i t«3 Mr. Fulton was much rejoiced at their return, being in want of liis men, as the Indians were daily coming in with their winter hunt. Soon after their arrival he made enquiry after St. Ange — but no an- swer was given. He then addressed Janvier directly upon the sub- ject, who said he was gone on the hunt with a chief of the name of Onnemay, or the Sturgeon, whom Mr. Fulton knew, and that he would soon return. One of the Canadians contradicted him by saying that could not be true, as Onnemay left Mr. Fulton's house the day before their return. Janvier then said he might be mistaken in the chief's name, as he was not well acquainted with the Indian l&nguage, and Dufresne, for fear of a discovery at that time, changed the conversa- tion in hopes of pleasing Janvier. "I" .' \ Several days elapsed, and St. Ange not returning, Janvier was again questioned, who told them as before, and appealed to Dufresne for the truth of his assertions, which he was obliged to confirm. Mr. Fulton not being perfecdy satisfied, examined them apart ; from Janvier he could not get any information, but Dufresne hesitated, and at last said he had sworn not to reveal — but that St. Ange would never return." — Mr. Fulton endeavoured to convince him that the breach of an oath, so imposed, yf^s no crime ; and in the end he convinced the Ca- nadian that it was so far from being obligatory in the sight of God, that it would be a sin of the most heinous nature in him to conceal the truth ; artfully adding, as an additional argument to induce him to reveal the transaction, that if he had no doubt he was himself perfecdy innocent, he could not have any honest motive for secrecy, and that he had no occasion to dread the resentment of Janvier, as he would engage to R2 >'•■ -*. r : „ , ■?:-•.• • 1' 1^ K ■ 1, '. 4' JBa t f n«. .'•I n '!^ &;:• i 4^- '1^: ■ -1 ';> 4 4' ; ?■■ ,, ■ ♦ ' V -".' o^ f ■ •y. 124 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. I • % protect him from all hazard by the discovery. Thus persuaded and encouraged, Dufresne disclosed the whole affair, but requested Mr. Fulton's secrecy, which he promised until the conversation should be renewed, when it was agreed that he should relate every particular in Janvier's presence. Janvier was repeatedly urged by the rest of the men to give them some information respecting.the absence of St. Ange, but he remained obstinately silent : some of them went so far as to ac« cuse him in pretty plain terms of knowing too much about him, but he treated their insinuations with indifference. . . Mr. Fulton having disposeJ of all his goods, prepared to leave his wintering ground, and every thing being properly arranged they de- parted. The first night after their departure Mr. Fulton loaded a brace of pistols, and having previously acquainted his men with the discovery Dufresne had made, and the punishment he intended for the villain, came out of his tent and stood by the fire round which the Canadians were seated. The conversation about St. Ange being purposely re- newed, Mr. Fulton remarked it was cruel to leave him in the woods with the Indians, and blamed Janvier particularly, as he was the fore- man of the party, and therefore the more responsible. Janvier nettled at the repetition of the subject, (for guilt is soon angry) replied that St. Ange was able to take care of himself, and that he had not any controul over him. Dufresne was then censured; upon which, agree- ably to the plan settled with Mr. Fulton, he divulged the whole trans- action, and gave a full account of every particular of Janvier's con- duct. Janvier attempted to take instant revenge for the aspersion, as he called it, and denied the charge with the most hardened effrontery and solemn asseverations. Mr. Fulton then thought It a proper time I, ■ VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. ^^5 to interfere ; and to cover him if possible vrith confusion, asked him " which was the best part of a man ?" Janvier replied, with ready in- solence, that those who had eaten human flesh could easily tell : but be- ing repeatedly urged, and at length thrown off his guard, he replied in great wrath, the feet. The party encouraged by this confession, pressed the charge, till at last he confessed the facts he was accused of» and declared that in a similar situation he would kill his brother. v; Mr. Fulton could no longer suppress his resentment, and going up to Janvier, told him he was an abandoned villain, first for killing a harmless Indian who had generously relieved his wants, and afterwards eating him like a cannibal ; that not content with these atrocious acts, he had encreased his guilt by another deliberate murder on a defenceless man, his companion, his fellow-labourer, and friend ; that he was a d's- grace to human nature, and ought not to be suffered to live a moment longer ; and without allowing him time to reply, shot him through the head. The men were ordered to bury him, and in the morning Mr. Fulton continued his journey to Micbilliniakinac, where on his arrival he surrendered himself to the commanding officer, who on a close ex- amination of the men, honourably acquitted him ; but recommended him not to venture again into those parts, where the Indian was killed, lest the Savages should hear of the transaction, and resent the death of one of their tribe, whereby the innocent might suffer for the acts of the guilty. In the month of February I had a visit from a trader, dressed in a smoked leather shirt; who was accompanied by three Indians, and had been absent five days fr? . • 1 • '*■ *' • i ' ■'ii' '1 h 'i A • * ■ ■ " ' in'"' 1-HrJ • 1 '■!- 1 k.l i 1 .•! '1 ii- » t it, • ■ ♦ i^6 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 1 ' ; . "♦ • .■ . ■ !' ■■ ' * . |=:-;-.' «* • 1 '• ■ -■ . * * ' 1' ■-:■ ^\. • 'i • i n'tyr ' li » ' . . -,*'' ■ ' ' I f i 1 i- 1 '•■ .■■••• ', from a motive of curiosity to sec mc, not having heard of any pcr^ son wintering so far inland before^ except the servants belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company. At that time I had very little provisions, and eight men to maintain, besides Mr. Joseph La Forme's Canadians; our chief food was tripe de rocbe ; on his arrival the kettle was on the fire with the leaves : he asked what food I had ; I ordered some to be taken out of the pot, and put into a bark dish, which he tasted, but could not swallow. I informed him that it had been a principal part of our diet for many days, and in the best of times we had nothing but wild animal food, and seldom any flour, as the quantity of Indian com we were able to bring along with us from Pays Plat was not sufficient to last the winter. When I had given him a description of my mode of living, which he confessed was very different from the comforts he enjoyed, I took him into my store, and shewed him the packs of beaver I had coU lected : this increased his surprise, as he could not conceive how it was possible to transport a sufficient quantity of goods to barter for the value I seemed to be in possession of. He asked me to return with him, and promised to supply me with provisions ; but I told him I was engaged in an employ, and had supported the same disagreeable situa. tion the preceding winter at Lac la Mort ; and as I could not expect to pass my life among the Indians with so much ease as in England, my duty obliged me to remain till the season was over, when I should re- turn and endeavour to make myself some amends for the hardships I had endured, by giving a good account of the merchandise intrusted to my care, and receiving a reward for my labours. In the morning he took his leave, wishing me the speedy arrival of some Indians who might be able to relieve me from such pressing necessity by supplying Bte with plenty of more nourishing and palatable food. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. *«7 This civility from one of the Hudson's Bay Company's servants leads mu to make some few observations in vindication of that respectable body, whose character has been so severely, and I think so unjustly, censured, Mr. Joseph Robson, one of the company's servants, who resided in their factory six years as surveyor and supervisor of the buildini"* in a work published by him some years since, animadverts in very strong terms on the mode in which the governors of forts exert what he calls their uncontroulablc authority, and asserts that their extreme tyranny is a perpetual source of personal disgust. He also says, that " the over- " plus trade is big with iniquity, and no less inconsistent with the com- ** pany's true interest, than it is injurious to the natives, who by means " of it are become more and more alienated, and arc cither discouraged ** from hunting at all, or induced to carry all their furs to the French." It may be necessary here to observe, that the overplus trade arises from the peltry which the company's servants obtain in barter with the natives beyond the ratio stipulated by the company, and which be- longs to themselves. . < ^ This is a heavy charge, and, if true, a very proper cause of complaint j but it should seem there is not sufficient ground for the accusation, for Mr. Robson afterwards says that this overplus trade is of little advan- tage to them, for " that part of it, they always add to the company's " stock, for the sake of enhancing the merit of their services, and apply " the remainder to their own use, which is often expended in bribes to ** skreen their faults, and continue them in their command." What a strange degree of folly, as well as of guilt ! that the governors are so tif :;• •ii-1 . • ' i - . 1 128 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. weak and so wicked as to commit enormities only to make a temporary advantage, and are obliged 'to distribute the wages of iniquity in order to skreen themselves from its consequences among the company, and their confederates in vice ; whereas by a contrary conduct they would be equally rich, more respected, and also feel an inward satisfaction of mind from the consciousness of having discharged their trust with inte- grity ; ideas too absurd to be admitted. With regard to the company, it cannot be supposed they are ignorant of this *' overplus trade," or the means by which their servants obtain the advantages arising from it ; if they are not, and no impartial person will suppose they are, they not only allow but approve of the conduct of their gover- nors, from a conviction of its being beneficial to the interests of the company; a proper reward for the labours of their servants, or from some other motive, which because it is adopted by men so re- [ spectable, and so much above reproach, must be allowed to be wise and prudent. . „ In the next place, I believe it will be very difiRcult to prove that the conduct of the governors has *' alienated the natives from the company's ''interest, and discouraged them from hunting." The former is at present by no means clear, as I am credibly informed the New North- west Company, whose trade extends to the boundaries of the settlements of the Hudson's Bay Company, find very little encouragement from the Indians ; if therefore the natives were disgusted, they would embrace the first opportunity of shewing their dislike, by carrying their peltry to the new traders ; nothing can be more natural than to expect that this would be the consequence ; but as they have not done so, the in- ference is fair that they are not disgusted. > ri . li-' .*■ II'. ■,. ■ r- ' » "'¥ VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 129 Another observation is, « that the cruel and oppressive behaviour of *' the governors and csiptains; towards the inferior servants, not only de- " ters useful people from engaging in the company's service (a circum- *' stance they should attend to for their own interest), but furnishes one " pretext for the bad character that is given of the company." Though in the particular department in which I have been many years engaged as an Indian interpreter and trader, I have had few opportu- nities of a personal and intimate acquaintance with many of the compa- ny's servants (having been in a commerce in direct opposition to their interest), yet I can speak with confidence in regard to some of them whom I have conversed with ; that in every point of view I believe them to be useful servants, and well skilled in the language of the na- tives. — So far in answer to the assertion " that useful people are deter- *' red from entering into the service." And by way of refuting the charge of " cruelty and oppression," I need only add, what none I think will deny, that they have been so well satisfied with the conduct of their superiors, that many of them have continued in the service more than twenty years. I believe, upon the whole, it will appear that the conduct of the go- vernors at home and abroad, is perfectly consistent with the true inte- rests of the company, and that any other mode of behaviour would tend to anarchy and confusion ; and I must declare for my own part that I never heard of that personal disgust which Mr. Robson so much complains of, but have rather found an anxious solicitude to be em- ployed in their service. * 1 Hi'--'.- ml '4-. ] IS* ■ : f. ■•", ,1 ir'^ ■:'N •■:■ ■.', .ml.' ^' •1. • l:r % fl! Ilifr: 130 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. Mr. Carver, in his history of North America, observes, " that on ** the waters which fall into Lake Winnepeek, the neighbouring nations *• take a great many furs, some of them they carry to the Hudson's " Bay Company's factories, situated at the entrance of the Bourbon ** River, but this they do with reluctance on several accounts ; for *• some of the A&sinipoils and Killistinoe Indians, who usually traded " with the company's servants, told him that if they could be sure of a •' constant supply of goods from Micbillimakinac, they would not •* trade any where else ; that they shewed him some cloth, and other " articles purchased at Hudson's Bay, with which they were much *' dissatisfied, thinking they had been greatly imposed on in the "barter.'* To this Mr. Carver adds, " that allowing their accounts true, he *' could not help joining in their opinion;" but afterwards he admits *' that this dissatisfaction might probably proceed, in a great measure, ** from the intrigues of the Canadian traders ; and that the method they '* took to withdraw the Indians from their attachment to the Hudson's " Bay Company, and to engage their good opinion in beh^f of their new " employers, was by depreciating, on all occasions, the company's goods, " and magnifying the advantages that would arise to them from traffick- " ing entirely with the Canadian traders: in this they too well succeed- '* ed : and from this, doubdess, did the dissatisfaction which the Assini- " polls and Killistinoes proceed." But, says he, further, " another •* reason augmented it, the length of the journey to the Hudson's Bay " Factories, which they informed him took up three months during the " summer heats to go and return, and from the smallness of their ca- ** noes they could not carry more than one-third of the beaver they >>• VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. *3i ^* killed, so that it is not to be wondered at that the Indians should « wish to have traders come to reside among them." As Mr. Carver did net travel in the interior parts as a trader, he could not have any interested commercial motives ; on that account he is certainly en- titled to credit as an impartial observer : the public will judge of his re- marks, and how far they tend to censure, or approve, the conduct of the Hudson's Bay Company. jr; I am induced to indulge this digression in consequence of a new publication on the present state of Hudson's Bay by Mr. Urafreville. ■|.' It has unfortunately happened that the company's enemies have been frequently of their own household, persons in whom they placed confidence and entrusted the mysteries of their commerce. Differences will na- turally arise, and doubtless have arisen between the governors and their servants, in which case no man is, or ought to be, obliged to stay in a service that is disagreeable to him; but then it is certainly sufficient to leave the employ, and highly improper to endeavour to prejudice the interest he once thought and felt it is duty to promote ; and I am of opinion that not a single transaction, or circumstance, should be re- vealed that has not an immediate reference to the cause of the disagree-, ment, or is necessary to support or vindicate a reputation. The pre-" sent governors are men of great probity, and probably may not conde- scend to take notice of these heavy charges against them ; but as the most exalted virtue may be injured by groundless assertions, I trust the public will not be displeased with any endeavours, however feeble, to vindicate the character of so respectable a body. As I do not intend to enter on the subject more fully, I shall only entreat the reader, if S2 ••■' k: » 1^, i!<;, ■'t •■I t K if ! ' V I • • ■'\*HI •■ -11: J3« VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. he wishes further satisfaction on this head, to peruse the publication of Mr. Robson, who was one of the company's servants, and who, Mr. Umfreville acknowledges to be a true and impartial writer. From his account the reader will judge of the propriety of Mr Umfreville's censures on the conduct of the governors of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany. A more copious examination of Mr. Umfreville's publication would exceed the limits I have prescribed to myself; and I cannot but think that those who peruse it will readily perceive how much injus- tice he has done to the governors and the company. '^* ifAff * I ' :.^i >'•!:. . I W*' ■ ' ' ^t !'i' ill,! , -I -■,:■- ■' t VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 133 Arrival of more Indians. — Rum gets short-, adopt the usual Mode to encrease the Stock, which enables us to conclude our Traffic for the Season. — Take leave of the Indians, and proceed on our Journey homewards. — Account of an Indian Courtship. — Servile State of the Women after Marriage. — Observations on the Confidence xvhicb the Indians put in the Master of Life, — &c. — Arrive safe at Pays Plat. !,-»■■;■ OooN after the departure of the trader, a large band, consisting of about lOO, came in ; my stock of rum was very small, which was a mis- fortune, as rum is too important in treaties with the Indians to be easily dispensed with. On their arrival they wished to drink, but I continued to barter for all their furs before I gave them any rum : having finished the business, they grew clamorous, when I gave them as much rum as I could spare, upon receipt of which they embarked in tolerable good humour. In the month of April the last band came in, and I was extremely perplexed how to act, having a very small portion of rum, and no prospect of encreasing my stock ■ I was therefore obliged to dilute it so as to make it about one-fifth part weaker than usual, which made twenty gallons of very passable Indian rum. Having supplied them . t ,.• ' I 1 6./ ;•! , J t; . 1 ■.' '■ r ■ I., .?! !)■.. >34 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. with wearing apparel, &c. and received their peltry, I gave them a taste of the scuttaywabo, and just before my embarkation made the follow- ing speech : " Haguarmissey cockinnor an Nisbiunorbay kee wabindan cawwick- car nin serpargussey nee zargetoone^ keennerwind kaygo kee cusbken- dum webatcb neennerwind tercusbenan nepeivar annacotcbigon nin ojey petoone. Wa baguarmissey cockinnor meenwendesay baxam Ebeck- cbeck megoyyack debwoye neegee kaygo arwayyor matcbee oatbty, kee cannawendan cockinnor^ mokoman^ basheyzegan goyer becka, kee min- niquy kaygo arwayyor annascartissey -woke, mornoocb kee permartis~ syan cockinnor an Nisbinnorbay nogome debwoye negee nepewar ar- tawway winnin ojey zargetoone an Nisbinnorbay, kesbpin suggermarcb wennewar metacb nin ojey debarcbemon kitcbee ojemaw awassa woity kitcbee wakaygan Micbillimakinac metacb kaygosbisb ween ojey bockeU tywaun keennerwind. « «< a « (C cc • 'm ik" '111' •t ft l-.l '4 ■ t' ' ' '.H . 1' i 'i 13^ VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. •• Nvcey, cunncr lice datmissey kce ilarniss me zargayyar hahaygo O *' walerwarwaidoossin cawwacn peccan weeiley gammat uttertassey *' numarjis nice mflr." I * * ■ 1» •* Father, I love your daughter, will you give her to me, that the " small roots of her heart may entangle with mine, so that the strongest *' wind that blows shall never separate them. If the father approves, an interview is appointed, for which the lover prepares by a perspiration ; he then comes into her presence, sits down on the ground, and smokes his pipe : during the time of smoking, he keeps throwing small pieces of wood, of about an inch in length at her one by one to the number of one hundred. As many as she can catch in a bark bowl, so many presents her lover must make to her father, which he considers as payment for his daughter. The young warrior then gives a feast, to wbich he invites all the family — when the feast is done, they d^nce and sing their war songs. — The merrinQcnt being over, and mutual presents exchanged between the leer and her re- lations, the father covers them with a beaver robe, and gives them likewise a new gun and a birch canoe, with which the ceremony ends. When the French became masters of Canada, the ceremony of mar- riage between the Savages was very fantastical. When a lover wished his mistress to be informed of his affection, he procured an interview with her, which was always at night, and in I! 1- ) I VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. ^87 tlic presence of some of her friends j ihis was conducted in the follow- ing manner: He entered the wigwam, the door of which was commonly a skin, and went up to the hearth on which some hot coals were burning ; he then lighted a stick of wood, and approaching his mistress, pulled her three times by the nose, to awaken her ; this was done with decency, and being the custom, the squaw did not feci alarmed at the liberty. This ceremony, ridiculous as it may appear, was continued occasionally for two months, both parties behaving during the time in all other re- spects, with the greatest circumspection. The moment she becomes a wife, she loses her liberty, and is an obsequious slave to her husband, who never loses sight of his preroga- tive. Wherever he goes she must follow, and durst not venture to in- cense him by a refusal, knowing that if she neglects him, extreme pu- nishment, if not death, ensues. The chief liberty he allows her is to dance and sing in his company, and is seldom know;i to take any more no- tice of her than of the most indifferent person : while she is obliged to perform the drudgery of life, which custom or insensibility enables her to do with the utmost cheerfulness. A circumstance of this kind I recollect reading which happened at Beaver Creek, about twenty-five miles from Fort Pitt. An Indian woman observing some white men to carry fire-wood on their shoulders, took up her hatchet, and brought them in a short time a great burden on her back ; and throwing it down by the fire, said, she not only pitied T 4 I. II J' 'i: 1 « ' iH ■I \: * * 1, * . ;|H ' I • hi. % 138 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. them, but thouglu it was a great scandal to sec men doing that which was properly the work of women. . t The men consider women as of no other use but to produce them children, and to perform the drudgeries of life ; as to the offspring, he prefers the sons to the daughter, because he expects they will all prove warriors. The daughters they do not value for the same reason that they subjugate their wives, deeming them worthy only to wait on war- riors and do those things which would disgrace the male sex. , • ■■ -,■ ;.^ ■'■'■■ We pursued our journey to Lac Ic Nid au Corbeau, where we killed some wild geese and ducks, which at this season of the year have a fishy taste. Here we rested two days to enable us to pursue the re- mainder of our voyage with greater vigour. The third morning, at day-break, we embarked, and arrived at La grande Cote de la Roche, where we were fortunate enough to kill two bears, which eat remark- ably fine, and having some leisure time to spare in the cookery, we enjoyed them with as high a relish as in better situations we had done more luxuriant meals. ; . , .>. 1 u , ,. ., We proceeded to Cranberry Lake, where we caught some fish, and picked as many cranberries as we could conveniently carry; from thence we continued our route to Portage la Rame, where we were again wind-bound for some days j but during our stay we had not a single visitor to disturb us. At length the wind proving favourable, we proceeded to Riviere la Pique; on my arrival I was immediately struck with the remembrance of the escape I had from Payshik Ogashey :!i ■ 'If VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. »39 last year; but my mind was almost as instantly relieved by the rccoU lection of his being killed^ and no longer a terror to traders. i^ This was one among many instances in which I found that when the heart is oppressed with unpleasant recollections, or forebodings, the Author of our Being conveys relief to the miiul very unexpectedly. This sudden transition we are too apt to impute to our own wisdom, and to attribute the escape from dangers wc have experienced, or the hopes of deliverance which we form, entirely to our own sagacity and foresight. The Indians, on the contrary, think more properly ; they say it is the Master of Life from whom we derive that presence of mind which has extricated or procured us relief. To the Master of Life the Indian addresses himself even for his daily support. — To him he imputes his victories and his success; and when subdued, and fastened to the stake, he thanks him for giving him courage to open his veins.— It is this confidence which enables him to bear the severest tortures with composure, and in the height of anguish, to defy the ut- most malice of his enemies. ( Notwithstanding the Chippeways, as well as the greater part of the Indian nations, of North America, think so justly, it is to be lamented that it is not universally so. The Mattaugxvessawaiihs, it is said, do not worship a Supreme Being, and that when success attends them in war, they attribute .the merit of the victory to their own valour and skill. But notwithstanding their disbelief of a Master of Life, in some re- spects, they are not less superstitious than other Savages, for they think that certain places are haunted by evil spirits, whose power they dread, and impressed with these ideas cautiously avoid them. Another proof T2 'ir" ■^ !fr ■ 1 ■-i/ r: .^-i ; I ■ 1 f . !• r 1*' N .til ■ ^., y: -P| ' .: ■ 1 !. •). I ■*- ,1 •'I . - I, ■ •\y^ I ' - *:t- 1 >>' '■ .. '.'' - ! . \ m JL .■>■■'• ■ -■■ It is said that tlie nation of the Followens^ or Wild Oats, kill their wives and children before they go to batde, that in case of a defeat the enemy shall not have any prisoners of their nation. ( ■ ■ . _•• . 1 'w- f " . |: ■ " • );: ; ■ I ,: I The Poes, beginning to feel the effects of the rum, examined the cords, which were made of the bark of the willow-tree, and ordered some wood to be put round the stump, to be ready when they should find themselves disposed to burn him. Soon after they Untied him, and brought him to the war-kettle to make his death-feast ; which consisted of dog, tyger-cat, and bear's grease, mixed with wild oats, of which he was compelled to eat. Mr. Ramsay, knowing the nature of Indians, complied with seeming cheerfulness, and said he was satisfied. He was taken back to the intended place of execution, and tied again to the stump, from which, with great composure, he desire' permission to make his speech before he changed his climate, which being granted, he immediately ,';poke to them to the following effect : *' It is true the Master of Life has sent me here to those Indians whose " hearts are full of poisoned blood, and as they mean me to change ** my climate, I shall go with courage to a better trading ground, where ** I shall find good Indians. They have always known me to have had " pity on them, their wives, and children, since I have been a trader, ** and to have opened my heart to them on all occasions ; but now the ^1 .'■> VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. H7 " bad spirit has joined his heart with theirs, to make me change my cli- " mate, which I am glad of, for I am better known in the country I " am going to, and by greater warriors than ever these were. I now " look o»i all the chiefs as old women ; and as I am the Pesbsbekey (or *' buffalo), I shall drink my last with them, and carry the news to the " warriors in the other climate." 1 . • i. >' Having attentively heard his speech, they prepared for his death ; which he perceiving, immediately told his brother not to be disheartened, as he had hopes of overcoming their fury, and desired him to ply them with rum, and keep their kettles constantly filled. His brother followed the instructions he gave him, and distributed the rum among them very plentifully. When Mr. Ramsay discovered that they were sufficiently intoxicated to be incapable of doing mischief, he desired his brother to cut his cords ; and being released, assisted in pouring rum down their throats till they were quite insensible. Fired with resentment at their intended barbarity, he and his brother cut all their throats, loaded his canoe with the articles they had taken out, and paddled from shore as fast as they could. The men hailed him at some distance, and were re-, joiced to see him safe ; and after arranging their cargo, pursued their journey into the Indian country, by a different course. I was informed Mr. Ramsay returned afterwards to Micbilliinakinac\ where he was congratulated by the commanding officer on his fortunate escape ; but he never thought it prudent to go that route again. About this time the Indian traders formed a company of militia, which I joined with the rank of adjutant amd lieutenant, under Captain U 2 ■I,... '■'U' '■• h^-\m ". •■, it- ■ • .?. « -ft L "■ Ill ' .i 148 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. John Macnamara. In the month of June 1780, news was brought^ from the Mississippi, that the Indian traders had deposited their furs at La Praire des Cbiens, or Dogs' Field, (where there is a town of consi- derable note, built after the Indian manner) under the care of Mons. Longlad, the king's interpreter; and that the Americans were in great force at the Illitwis, a town inhabited by different nations, at the back of the Kentuckey State, under the Spanish government, who have a fort on the opposite shore, commanded by an officer and about twelve men, to prevent illicit trade. ■> ■ ■ ' - , >,i.:ir ; ■ n- "■ ' ..'.Ji: i.r- <■; * f» J ) u ijiu* ^ri: ;{;l'UO,'.' ;:;■.'£) '(': I'KTnr t , >»i .... ' The commanding officer at Micbillimakinac asked me to accompany a party of Indians and Canadians to the Mississippi, which I consented to with the utmost cheerfulness. W^e left the post with thirty-six Southern Indians, of the Ottigaumies and Sioux nations, and twenty Canadians, in nine large birch canoes, laden with Indian presents. After a march of three days I was taken ill, which I attributed to hard living in the Nipegon Country ; considering, however, the urgency of the business, and that there was not anyone of the party capable of act- ing as interpreter, I struggled with my indisposition; apprehending, also, that if I could not pursue the journey, I should be exposed to great inconveniences; and therefore I encreased my endeavours, deter* mined to risk my life at all hazards. "**!)iV. 1' r . iio;.', /i.'iilt..': '■' The fourth day we encamped at Lac les Puaris, so called, I apprehend, from the Indians who reside on the banks being naturally filthy — ^here we got plenty of deer and bears, Indian corn, melons and other fruit. The Southern Indians have more villages, and are better civilized than the Northern, the climate being warm, and nature more prolific, which ffi- t • j ■ * J 1 V'''" ■■■ * * " ..* ■ '■• ::| r 1 .1 1 1 '{■,'■ > >! VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. H9 enables them to raise the fruits of the earth without much labour. Their houses are covered with birch bark, and decorated with bows and arrows, and weapons of war. Their beds are bark and niatts made of rushes, j -rr. We pursued our vopge to Oniscoiisin, a fine River, with a strong current for about sixty leagues, which our canoes ran down in a day and a half; and upon which we saw an immense quantity of ducks, geese, and other fowl. On this river we were obliged to unload our canoes, in order to transport our goods across the portage, about two miles in length. Wc encamped on the banks, and intended setting oft' at break of day, but one of the Indians was bitten by a rattlesnake, which Mr. Adair calls the bright inhabitant of the woods, and which had fourteen ratdes. n) , I ;i.' . Mr. Bcatty relates that as he was preaching to the Indians and others, at a small house near Juniata River, a rattle-snake crept into the rooiii, but was happily discovered and killed ; and before the people could well recover themselves, a snake of another kind was discovered among the assembly, which was also killed without any other detriment than disturbing tlie congregation, which surprised him very much, as it was a matter of astonishment how these reptiles could crawl into th6 house without being offended by some one, and which always excites them to bite. • . . ^ .... .... .•:tf The Indians say that when a woman is in labour, holding the tail of a rattle-snake in her hand, and shaking the rattles, assists her delivery. It is always observable that the Indians take out the bag which contains '■"I'll . W n hi I f.- " ■ U'f. :;li If I -) j 1 i * ■ ;i .•• .1 r i; 150 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. :r h the poison of this venomous reptile, and carry it alive in their medi- cine box when they go to war. This unfortunate accident retarded our journey till the unhappy suf- ferer relieved himself by cutting out the wounded part from the calf of his leg, and applying salt and gunpowder, and binding it up with the Jeuvcs of the red willow tree ; he was soon able to proceed, bear- ing the pain with that fortitude for which the Savages are so eminently distinguished. At the close of the next day we encamped near the river, and it rained very hard : the Indians made some bark huts. One of them walking some distance in the woods, discovered a small loghouse, in which he found a vhite man, with his arms cut off, lying on his back. We conjectured he had been settled at the spot, and killed by a bad In- dian, which must have happened very recendy, as he was not putrid. Before oiir departure we buried him. The next day we arrived at the Forks of the Mississippi, where were two hundred Indians of the nation of the Renards, or Foxes, on horse- back, armed with spears, bows and arrows. They did not seem pleased with our appearance, which Warbisbar^ the chief of our band, told me. Just before we landed they dismounted, and surveyed us. The Sioux asked me if I was afraid ; I told them I had seen a greater number of Savages before, and more wild (han any of the Southern Indians. IFarbishar gave orders to strike ashore. As soon as we landed, the Re- nards took our Indians by the hand, and invited them into their camp, in the space of an hour they prepared a feast, which consisted of five ■ A y*^r\- ■' VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. *5* Jndian dogs, bear, beaver, deer, mountain cat, and racoon, boiled in bear's grease, and mixed with huckleberries. After the repast, the In- (iians danced and sung. A council was then held, when the chief of the Renards addressed Warbisbar to this effect. " Brothers, we are happy to see you ; we have no bad heart against ^ you; although we are not the same nation by language, our hearts ** are the same : we are all Indians, and are happy to hear our great ** Father has pity on us, and sends us wherewithal to cover us, and ca- * able us to hunt." To which Warbisbar made answer. — ** It is true, my children, our ** great Father has sent me this way to take the skins and furs that ** are in the Dog's Field, under captain Longlad's charge, least the ** Great Knives (meaning the Americans) should plunder them. I am " come with the white man (meaning me) to give you wherewithal to A covor you, and ammunition to hunt." • When the speech was finished, we immediately distributed the pre- sents, got our canoes into the water, and left the Renards in the most friendly manner. i. IS ». i-t After seven dfeiys journey we arrived at La Prairie des Cbicns, vhere we found the merchants' peltry, in packs, in a loghousc guarded by captain Longlad and some Indians, who were rejoiced to see us. After resting some time, we took out about three hundred packs of the best skins, and filled the canoes. Sixty more which remained, wc burnt, to prevent the enemy from taking them, having ourselves no ,.' • if '.''■ I57 prised, told me his name was Allcrow, and that he commanded the Mer. cury Packet of Quebec. This infomjiation gave me occasion to re- joice we did not take rough means ; and when I communicated the intelligence to the Indians they were highly pleased, and shook hands with the captain. The captain then accompanied us to shore in our canoes, and we landed at our encampment. We afterwards went to the priest's house, where we dined. Mr. Martin, the priest, and myself were invited on board the next day, when we had an excellent repast, with plenty of wine and other liquors. Unfortunately we drank too freely, and returning in the evening, the priest began to be very angry with me for encouraging the Savages ; this reprehension, with his former conduct, incensed me ex- ceedingly, and in the heat of passion I threw him overboard, but by the assistance of the sailors he was saved. On our landing, our contest led us to blows, but we were soon parted. When we were recovered from intoxication, we shook hands, and afterwards remained good friends. r , ft A ■■' The next day the Indians were seized with an epidemic fever, which deprived them of the use of their limbs, and occasioned a delirium. The disorder attacked me very severely, but by the friendly assistance of Mr. Martin, who had a medicine chest, in about three weeks I re- covered. The winter now advancing very rapidly, and the unavoidable delay at this post, obliged me to proceed on my journey on snow shoes, car- rying all my goods on Indian slays, through the woods, and over ML' ¥:■■] ■ .. ■i ■" ' i »5« VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. high mountains. We travelled twenty-one days, on a deep snow, about one hundred leagues through the Saguenay country, which was very fatiguing, till we arrived at a place called Checootinoy ; about half way up the river on which it stands the salt water ebbs and flows. Only a few Indians reside here, and one Indian trader, with whom I wintered, and hunted, killing a great many animals. Early in the spring I took my leave of him,^ and being furnished with canoes, pursued my journey to St. John's Lake ; from thence to Panebacash River, to Lake Sha- boomoochoine, which lies north-east of Lake Arbitibis about the dis- tance of seven days Indian march. Near the Falls of Panebacash River I landed, and ascended a high mountain, to survey a large cave, about two hundred yards deep, and three yards wide at the mouth. Here I picked up a piece of ore, about three inches square ; the exterior crust was black and very thin, and when broke, appeared yellow. I brought it to Quebec, but by some ac- cident lost it, which I lamented exceedingly, as some of my friends to whom I shewed it were of opinion that it was very valuable. This journey was farther inland, by near eigbcy leagues, than zuy trader had ever been, the only settlement iii that part of Canada being at St. Peter's Lake, where a French house was formerly established, and where an English trader, who was employed by the merchants in whose service I was engaged, resided. I arrived at Lake Shaboomoochbine on the 26th of May, 1781, where I intended only to stay a few days ; but some Indians arrived who assured vat that it wovld answer my purpose to winter, and pro- I-., VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. »59 fflised to supply me with fish, furs, and skins. This induced me to re- main here; and I built a house suitable for my business, and kept two Indians with their wives to hunt for me. :4'V V tli {»•': On the 99th we set our nets, and in about four hours caught abun- dance of large trout, pike, maskenonjey, pickerill, and white fish, and as the country abounded with wild fowl, we were never without two courses at table, with roots for garden stuff. 'U « On the 17th of June a band of Indians arrived, who were agreeably surprised to see a trader at a place where no one had settled before, and they were particularly delighted when they heard me speak their own language. During my residence here I saw a great many snakes ; and one day in particular as I was walking in the woods, I discovered one of those reptiles in the grass; the instant I perceived it, I cut a long stick and dropt it gently on the snake's head ; it immediately moved, and I could hear the rattles very distinctly. Whilst I was surveying the brightness of its colours, which were inexpressibly beautiful, it was coiling itself round like a rope to dart at me ; this warned me of my danger, and I took the taper end of the stick, and let the heavy end fall on its head ; the weiglit of the blow stunned it, and seizing this opportunity, I struck it again, which killed it. I measured it, and judged the length to be at lea«t five feet and an half, and the thickest part about four inches in cir- cumference, with nine ratdes on the tail, which agreeable to the general observation, made his age nine years ; but I believe this is not an esta- blished fact, as it is uncertain at what time the rattle begins to appear. l:.""- i4 ■ . ! '■' - TJ 1. /P-" : : ■' 160 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. The flesh of ihis reptile is delicious, and I have frequently eaten of it with great godt. I have seen the Indians poison it with the juice of tobacco. '' . I -• Whilst I am on the subject, though not quite connected with it, I shall make some observations on the turkey and black water snake. The turkey snake is longer than the rattle snake, with stripes on the back, and a spear at the end of its tail like an anchor, and a double row of teeth in each jaw. It takes its name from its voice, which re- sembles the note of a wild turkey. In the Mississippi it feeds on wild rice, which grows among long grass, bearing its head frequently erect, and makes a noise like a turkey to decoy it j as the bird approaches, the snake darts its tail into it, and makes it an easy prey. The black water snake is used by the Indians when they go to war ; they pull out the teeth, tie the head and tail together, and fasten it round their bodies, which soon kills it. They take it off every night, and put it on every morning. In travelling from Toniata Creek, on the River St. Laurence to Pi- metiscotyan Landing, on Lake Ontario, I saw one of these snakes swimming with a flat fish In its mouth, which I had the good fortune to shoot, and released the prisoner from the jaws of death. I kept a flag constantly flying at my litde fort, which the Indians paid respect to by a salute from their guns. The band who were at this time with me held a council, and made me a present of two very large VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 161 beaver rob?s, and several valuable skins, with plenty of provisions, for -which I supplied them with tobacco, ruinj trinkets, and ammuni- tion. Two days after they left me, and desired me to wait their return, which I promised, provided they would bring me furs and skins to load the canoes, and they should be repaid with Indian goods. As I depended on their punctuality, I remained perfectly satisfied. I was then left with two white men, and two Indians and their wives. We passed our time in hunting and fishing ; and as there were a great many small islands near us, we made frequent trips to shoot wild fowl, which enabled us to keep a good table. On one of the islands we dis- covered two Indian huts, but from their appearance no person had visited them for a length of time. About half a mile from the place we saw a high pole, daubed over with vermilion paint; on the top were placed three human skulls, and the bones hung round : the Indians sup- posed it had been erected many years. About an hour before sun set we returned to our wigwam. The next morning, in the absence of the Indians, the Canadians assisted me in mixing the rum, and assorting the goods, to be prepared against the arrival of the Savages, and to fill up the time, which hung heavy. on our hands. On the 24th of June, a band of Indians arrived from Lake Arbiti- bis, who brought a considerable quantity of excellent furs and skins, with dried meat, which I bartered for. When the bargain was made, I gave them some rum, as usual upon such occasions, which, after their long march, highly delighted them. They drank very plentifully, as I had exceeded the common donation, but their cargo deserved it; and I always found it my interest to be generous to them upon a barter. Y r^rv (•■;.:^ V fi ■*\ .-' t. k \\:ld • r - ,• : 162 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. ^ ■ 'Ji. - • • ii [, ■ On their departure, taking an Indian for my guide, I marie a visit to a brother trader, one hundred and fifty miles from my settlement. I stayed with him about a fortnight, and was on the point of returning, when two Indians came to inform me, by the desire of my -Canadians, that a band of Savages waited for me. In about five days we returned, and I bartered for all their furs. On the 16th of July, about fifty Savages came with their spring hunt, which I also bartered for, though the peltry was very inferior to what is collected in winter ; but as I was determined to make as good a season as possible, I was eager to avail myself of every opportunity to increase my stock. $ If ^i ::: ' \ ■ !;/•* The latter end of the month, the band who had promised to return came in, and fulfilled their promise, bringing a large quantity of furs, which, with the stock I had collected during their absence, was as much as my canoes would hold. They also brought intelligence that the Hudson's Bay Company had been pillaged of their furs by the French. Early in the month of August I made up my packs, and embarked for Quebec, where I arrived in about six weeks, to the great joy of my employers, who, from my long absence, were very uneasy ; however, the cargo fully satisfied them, and convinced them of my industry and integrity in their service. Being persuaded I had undergone great fa- tigue, they made me a handsome present above my salary, and I quitted their service, and the Indian life, with a resolution to en- deavour to procure an employ less hazardous, and where I could par- f! . VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. ,63 |.I« of *e pleasures of socie.y whh less fa.igue bo* of body and t- i :t ; f ' i.* €;■ f ■'--'.■ 'Vj] '^. <■:: iSo!' r.^? ■> ' kV i ir i' ^r •■"t ¥ r I remained some time at Quebec, and intended to pass my winter there, bu.my money being nearly exhausted, and my mind no' re "7 cued to another Indian voyage, I returned to Montreal. vherZ; fnends to supply my wants till the spring following it ■,-, '■ t-..i ' ■■■'■> "■!••■« ,■ V2 ••■^1 164 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. Visit Fort George. — Remarkable Instance of Courage in a Mohazvli Indian. — Return to England. — Enter into a new Engagement^ and return to Canada, with Merchandise for the Indian Commerce. ;. I In May I took a trip to Fort George, situated on a lake of the same name, called by the French, Saint Sacrement, where I stayed with some of the Mohawks, who were encamped there. In the beginning of the French and Indian war in 1757, there was a remarkable instance of re- solution and cool deliberate courage in one of these Savages, occa- sioned by a sentence being passed upon a soldier to receive five hun- dred lashes for intoxication. f'i; I •• An Indian known by the name of Silver Heels, from his superior agility, as well as his admirable finesse in the art of war, and who had killed more of the enemy than any one of the tribes in alliance with Great Britain, accidentally came into the fort just before the soldier was to receive his punishment, and expressed his displeasure that a man should be so shamefully disgraced. He went up to the commanding of- ficer, and asked him what crime the soldier had committed : the officer not chusing to be questioned, ordered one of his men to send Silver Heels away, and to inform him that the company of Indians was not agreeable on such occasions; IValwa! or. Oh! oh! replied the Sa- vage, but what is the warrior tied up for ? For getting drunk, answered VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. t65 the soldier: — Is that all? said Silver Heels, then provide another set of halbcrts, and tie up your chief, for he gets drunk twice a day. Having said so, he instantly left the fort, telling the soldier he should quickly return, to endeavour to prevent the punishment being inflicted. Soon after the delinquent was tied up, and the drummers in waiting to obey orders. Silver Heels returned; and going up to the officer, with a tomahawk and scalping knife, said to him. Father, are you a warrior, or do you only think yourself so? If you are brave, you will not suffer your men to strike this soldier whilst I am in this fort. Let me advise you not to spill the good English blood which to-morrow may be want- ed to oppose an enemy. — The officer, turning upon his heel, answered with an indignant look, that the soldier had transgressed, and must be flogged. — Well ! replied Silver Heels, then flog him, and we shall soon see whether you are as brave a warrior as an Indian. About two days after the officer was riding some distance from the fort, and Silver Heels was lying flat on his stomach, according to his usual custom when he watched to surprize an enemy. The officer passed without perceiving him, when he instantly sprung up, and laying hold of the horse's bridle, told the officer to dismount and fight him. The officer judging it improper to risk his life against a Savage, refused to dismount, and endeavoured to spur his horse. Silver Heels per- ceiving his intention, tomahawked the horse, who fell down suddenly, and the officer rolled on the ground without being hurt. Now, says Silver Heels, we are on equal terms, and, as you have a brace of pis- tols and a sword, you cannot have any objection to fight me. The officer still refusing. Silver Heels told him, that he thought himself a warrior when he ordered one of his white slaves to be flogged for a r .; > I i V 1 - M '1 : ■.."?• • ' . ■• ; . ■ ■NuiJ: ' •[*•« '■ 1 ij ■■ ■ •.V . \ \ ^■: ■ ^^i. .■i ■■■ .: T ,JI.>'. !■ f ' ^ * i ; •• ■*■' I- 1 ': J, i 1, I:* . s ^U '** \ ; ['*'-' i ] ■ **.. Having fixed the time of his departure, I took the post, and went to Montreal to settle my affairs : I then returned to Quebec, from whence we sailed the 11th day of October, 1783, and put into Newfoundland. When we came in sight of harbour, several of us requested permission to take the long boat, and row on shore, which was granted; but it be- ing a dead calm, we made very little way. We had not left the ship more than a league, when a south-west wind sprang up, and retarded us considerably. In the evening the wind abated, and with hard rowing *^' l«4l ;(• '■'y^ m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 ■50 ^'^ itt m M 12.0 25 2.2 V V •*^> I^iotogFaphic Sdences Corporatioii '^^t^"^ ^ ^.V^ 23 WiST MAIN STMIT WMSTN,N.Y. MSM (716)t73-4S03 . -9 • • • « • . 1 • •<(, 1^8 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. we reached the shore about midnight, both fatigued and hungry. Early in the morning the ship came into harbour, and had suffered some da- mage by beating about in the night, which induced the captain to dispose of the cargo. On the gth of November we left Newfoundland, on board another vessel: our passage was favourable, without any re- markable occurrence, and we arrived in London the 30th of the same month. (■■ •f r:.;.-^ My native city, upon my arrival, appeared like a new world to me, having been absent from England fifteen years ; and it was with diffi- culty I found any of my old friends, the greatest part of them in such a length of time being dead. In February, 1784, I entered into an engagement with a relation to return to Canada; and being furnished with a cargo, left London on the 15th of April following. On the 20th we got under weigh, and put into Portsmouth, to take in wines. After a bad and tedious passage of eleven weeks, we arrived safe at Quebec, from whence my goods were sent to Montreal in small craft. Unfortunately the season was too far advanced to suffer me to attempt going to Michillimakinac, and win- tering in the inlands, as I had no prospect of providing suitable canoes ; nor were my goods properly assorted, and there was not time sufficient to arrange them, so as to make the intended voyage. This induced me to consult a friend upon the occasion, who advised me to dispose of my goods at public vendue, which I did, at very great loss, so that I could only remit my friend in London a very small sum in part of payment. In this adventure nothing succeeded to my wishes, for by my credulity, and being willing to retrieve, if possible, the loss I had sustained, I soon VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 169 increased my difficulties, so that in a few months after my arrival, aM my schemes failing, I was left totally destitute. In February, 1785, I quitted Montreal, and walked from La Prairie to St. John's, where I accidentally found a friend who supplied me with money to go to New York. I proceeded to Stony Point, where I stayed two days with some loyalist officers, some of whom accompanied me to Crown Point, where we also stayed three days. Wc then parted com- ''any, and I hired a slay, which carried me safely to New York, where 00k a lodging, and lived as moderately as Icould. During my residence there, I met a Lorctto Savage, called Indian John, who had been in the American service all the war, and who waited to receiv* a reward for his fidelity, as the Congress were then sitting. He told me he had been at war for them nine years, had killed a great many of their enemies, and had only received a gun, two blankets, three pieces of Jndian gartering, and one hundred dollars in paper mo- ney, which he could not make use of; and as I understood his language, he desired me to render him service by interpreting for him to the go- vernor. I desired him to call at my lodgings, and in the mean time I wrote down the circumstances he had related to me, that I might be prepared, in case I was sent for at a short notice. ■' I* A few days after he explained to me more fully the nature of his claim, and how he had been trifled with by Congress. I asked him his reasons for engaging in the American service; he told me that at the commence- ment of the war, the Big Knives (meaning the Americans), had advised him to turn his heart from the English, and promised to supply all his Z : • ■ -' J I 170 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. )■ '4 ■ \ • fr wants ; and, as an additional inducement, that they would pay a better price for a scalp than had been usually given, and at the close of the war he should have land and stock sufficient to maintain himself and family: but he was now convinced they only meant to serve themselves, as he had frequently applied for a performance of their promises without suc- cess; and that he was determined to get satisfaction some way or other. I told him I was not not sorry for his disappointments ; that he was a bad Indian for deserting his good father, who lived on the other side the great water, and who was universally beloved by all who knew him, particularly by the Loretto nation ; and as the subjects of this great and good father lived near his village, and gave every proof of their love and friendship to his nation, which he could not be ignoiant of, I was sur- prized that he should suffer his heart to be moved by the changeable winds, and was sorry to add, that I believed he was the only Loretto Indian with two minds, and therefore J was unwilling to say any thing in his behalf before Congress. . » These remarks on his conduct seemed to affect him, and he replied, that he hoped, notwithstanding he had deserted the cause of his great father, he should find me his friend to attend him when his affair should be taken under consideration by Congress, as he had not any one in New York who could serve him so essentially. I told him, that in spite of my just displeasure, his situation had melted my heart, and I would not refuse his request. 1 ;'■ ■ In about four days he came to acquaint me that Congress were then sitting, and he believed they would pay his demand if I would go H :' VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 171 with him, and interpret to the governor ; but having taken an active part against the Americans during the war, I would willingly have been excused. On his urging my promise to him, I could not resist, and immediately accompanied him to the council, where Governor Frank- lin was president, who asked me if I knew Indian John ; I told him, on- ly by seeing him at New York, and that I came at his particular request to speak in his behalf. He desired me to assure the Indian that he might depend on having his demand satisfied in a few days, and to make his mind easy : this I communicated to him, with which he seemed perfectly satisfied. !• • Soon after he was sent for, and he received an order on a merchant for one hundred dollars, which being presented for payment, was not honoured: this incensed John, and he desired me to tell the merchant, that the Congress and their agents were all thieves. The merchant ex- cused himself by saying that the treasury was very poor, and could not immediately satisfy every demand. The next day John went again to the governor, and having acquainted him with the refusal of the draft, received an order on another merchant, which was duly honoured. John's heart was quite elated, and in less riian ten days he had disposed of all the money, like a true Indian, prin- cipally in drink. -1 My interference in favour of the Indian made me well known, and procured me an introduction to a respectable mercantile house, from which I got credit for the Indian trade. Having arranged my cargo, I proceeded in a vessel to Albany, where I arrived on the 18th of June. Z 2 til. !! ■ ' 1 ■•■ - , • I m. ■U I7t VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. At this place I unloaded my goods, and got them conveyed in a wag- gon to Sclienectady, where I purchased two boats. On the 6th of July I proceeded up the Mohawk River, to the German Flats, where I • stayed three days ; during which time a band of Oneida Indians came and solicited mc to winter at their village, which was about ten days march from Fort Stanwix. I complied with their request, and set off with twenty-eight horses to carry my baggage, being obliged to travel through the woods, and sold my boats to satisfy those from whom I hired the horses. I arrived safe at the village with all my goods, but finding the plan was not likely to turn out advantageous, after a resi- dence with them three weeks, I bartered for the few skins they had, and having re-purchased my boats, I left my Indian friends, proceeding immediately to the Jenesee Lake, where I arrived on the 14th of Sep- tember, * Having landed and secured my goods, I ordered my men to prepare a house. The chiefs, on hearing of my arrival, assembled, and came up tome, accompanied by their young men, expecting presents, which 1 was obliged to make; and I asked permission to stay on their ground. Some consented, and others disapproved ; at the last, after consulting each other, they told me I might go on with the building. The men immediately proceeded with cheerfulness and dispatch, in hopes of finish- ing the business before their return ; but how transitory are all human events! whilst the men were at work, some Indians came in great haste to desire my attendance at the council fire, which was at a small distance from my intended place of residence. I obeyed the summons, and sat down by the chiefs, when one of them rose up, and addressed me to the following effect. « •■ '■:>.:•' • 1 . jr -■'.*. * ' i liLi VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 178 it f< <( (C •c « «< (C .• In this distressed situation, and very ill in health, I went down in a king's boat to Cataraqui, where I arrived on the 8th of November, and took up my abode at Mr. Howell's tavern. My indisposition increas- ing, I was obliged to keep to my blankets, and had only one faithful squaw to attend me. In this miserable state i lay some time, expecting every hour to change my climate, though determined to use every en- deavour to effect a recovery. At this interesting period my correspon- dent arrived from England, and notwithstanding the losses he had sus- tained by my imprudence, performed the part of a good Samaritan, pouring oil and wine into my wounds ; and finding my disorder required medical assistance, desired a surgeon to attend me, and I was soon suf- ficiently recovered to pursue my journey to La Chine, where I remain- ed some months in preparing the goods which he brought from England ri ,. f i' VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. »75 fbr a North-west journey among the Indians, intending to go next spring to Michillimakinac 5 mais la mauvahe fortune qui turns poursuivit toii- jours, frustrated all our schemes, and obliged us to leave La Chine on the 26th of May, 1786, from whence we proceeded in a large Schenec- tady boat to Oswegatchc, where wc stopped a few hours, and landed at a place called Toniata Creek, where I determined to apply for five hun- dred acres of land as a loyalist settler ; which being granted nie by go- vernment, I immediately felled timber to build a house for the accom- modation of Indians, in hopes of deriving considerable advantages by barter. , . In a few days the Indians came to trade with us, which gave us en- couragement, and at the same time flattered us with the pleasing ideas of succeeding in commerce : but some affairs requiring my friend's at- tendance at Montreal, trade suffered a temporary suspense, and at his return he told me that wc must leave our quarters, for he was appre- hensive of a seizure for an English debt. In this cruel dilemma, flight was our only security, and we embarked all our goods on board a large batteau, and proceeded to Piniitiscotyan, landing upon Lake Ontario, where we entered a creek, and found ac- commodation at a trader's house. The next morning we prepared a < : •;; e for trade, and for some days went on successfully ; but our hap- pi'.css was of short dunui(m, for an officer pursued us, and took posses- sion of all the effects he could find, even to the tent which sheltered us from the weather, and carried them down to Montreal, where they were sold for less than one fourth part of their original cost and charges. — Thus circumstanced, without any property to trade with, we came down i h^f * : :••^ /. • \' 176 vovac;es and travels. lu iIk' Hay of Kcnty, and resided there ten months among the loyalist ficttUrs, wiiosc hospitality tended to soften the rigour of distress, and alkviaic my sorrows. J'^irly in spring, 1786, we crossed over to Carl- ton Island, and from thence to Fort Oswego, intending to go into the I'nitcd States by that post; but not having any pass, we were not allow, cd to purs«c our journey. In this mortifying situation I advised my friend to adopt another plan, and procured a conveyance to Salmon Creek, about twenty miles from the Fort. Here we rested one day, and with five pounds of pork, and two loaves of bread, we set off on foot, escorted by a squaw, expecting to reach Fort Stanwix in about four days; but the old path was entirely obliterated, and we were obliged to return in the evening to the creek, disappointed in the at- tempt. Unwilling to make another effort, we agreed to return to Fort Oswego, and though the distance was not more than twenty miles, we were six days before we reached the garrison. In this expedition my friend suffered great hardships, not being ac- customed to sleep in the woods; and having also a knapsack with about 'thirty pounds weight to carry, grieved him exceedingly : the short- ness of provisions increased the distress, for it cannot be supposed that five pounds of pork, and two loaves of bread, would last three persons any length of time. 1 11 ■ ."jl M.I Previous to our journey's end, we were twelve hours without any sustenance, except wild onions ; but fortunately we found on the sand about one hundred and forty birds eggs, which we boiled, and eagerly devoured, notwithstanding the greatest part had young birds in them, with small down on their bodies. ill:- 5 •V-.: • ♦ i. •'.9^ % VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 177 On our arrival at the fort, the commanding officer rallied us on our attempt ; and taking my friend aside, advised him cither to n iiirn to Montreal, or go up to Niagara, as he was sure he was not equal to the fatigue of an Indian life. He followed the officer's advice, and left me at the fort, which I soon afterwards quitted, and went down to Mon- treal ; from thence I got a conveyance to Quebec ; and being greatly distressed, applied to Lord Dorchester for relief, who generously di- rectcd his aid de camp to accompany me to Lieut. General Hope, and strongly recommended me to his notice, to be employed in an Indian capacity. Being in some measure relieved, and supplied with a few dollars and other necessaries, I was sent up to Cataraqui. I left Quebec, and arrived at Montreal on the 14th of July : the next day I pursued my journey on foot, but seeing two Indians of my ac- quaintance in a canoe, and having some money in my pocket to buy rum, I hired them to convey me to Cataraqui, and in our way we killed plenty of game. On the 19th of August I delivered my credentials to the proper offi. cer, but he could not render me any service; however, he recommended me, by letter, to his friend at Carlton Island, where Sir John Johnson was waiting for a vessel to convey him to Niagara, to hold a council with the Indians: fortunately I procured an interview with him, and communicating to him my situation, he ordered me to be in readiness to assist as interpreter at his return. On the 18th of September, Sir John Johnson met us at the head of the bay of Kenty ; the instant the Indians heard of his arrival, they saluted him with a discharge of small arms, and having received some rum, they danced and sung all night. Aa t^ \'. II \:.- * ... t • " . -i iW iJ ■f ,. f li 1 ft . • . , ' ■ • ! , F ' '.f ■. * ,t i^ L. 178 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. their war «ongsi one of them I particularly noticed, which was to the following effect •.'— ** At last our good father is arrived, he has broken the small branches, ^' and cleared his way to meet us. He has given us presents in abun- *' dance, and only demands this large bed (meaning a considerable tract ** of land which was described on a map)." At twelve o'clock the next day a council was held, and Sir John laid his map before them, desiring a tract of land from Toronto to Lake Hu- ron. This the Indians agreed to grant him, and the deed of gift being shewn them, it was signed by the chiefs' affixing the emblem, or figure of their respective totams, as their signatures. Sir John Johnson then left them, and embarked for Cataraqui, the capital of the loyalist settlements. Previous to his departure, I made him more fully acquainted with my distressed situation, and procured from him a temporary supply, which enabled me to go down to the third Township in the Bay of Kenty, where I stayed with my loyalist friends till the spring of 1787 : during which time I had frequent opportunities of making observations on the flourishing state of the new settlements. The settlements of loyalists in Canada, bid fair to be a valuable ac- quisition to Great Britain ; and in case of a war with the United States, will be able to furnish not only some thousands of veteran troops, but a rising generation of a hardy race of men, whose principles during VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 179 the la.n war stimulated them to every exertion, even at the expcnce of their property, family, and frienda, in support of the cause they so warmly espoused. There was, however, when I resided in the coun- try, one cause of complaint, which, though it may not immediately affect the welfare and prosperity of the present inhabitants, or prevent an en- crease of population, in proportion to the unlocatcd lands, is big with impending danger, and which, for the satisfaction of the public, I shall endeavour to explain. • i All the land from Point au Baudet (the beginning of the loyalist set- tlements on the River St. Laurence), to the head of the bay of Kenty, which at this period I am informed, contains at least ten thousand souls, is said to be liable to the old feudal system of the French seigncu- rtes ; the lords of which claim title to receive some rent, or exercise some paramount right, which, though it may be at present very insigni- ficant, and which perhaps may never be insisted on, renders every man dependent on the lord of the manor, and, in process of time, as land becomes more valuable, the raising these rents, or the exercise of these rights, may occasion frequent disputes : I think therefore, with submis- sion to our government, that as many hundreds of Americans are now settled there, and doubtless many more may occasionally migrate from the United States, either from being disgusted with the polity of the country, or from an idea of reaping greater benefits as subjects of Great Britain, it behoves us to remove every obstacle of subserviency, and either by purchase, or any other mode Administration shall think fit to adopt, render all the lands in Canada, granted to loyalist subjects, or others who have, or may voluntarily take the oaths of allegiance,, as free as those in Nova Scotia. ^ A a 2 •1- t '.',1c ' h'i^' K, . 1 i,^.*- i'^ .-: : 'i '\ ■! y-. .i i.i" -^-^ I- (, -■ :i ii -;■ ^' ■'■ , . h S ^ '•< -' !' ! -;.« • i * >• *■■• I •■y . '■ ■-' ,^' « 'Kr * J* > . ' > % 9 •i V ' ' r * ".*. . 1i 180 VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. • Men wlio have been engaged in their country's cause from the best of principles, should have every possible indulgence ; and in proportion as they have been deprived of comforts by the desolation of war, they should be recompensed without any partial i^trictions^ and the remain- der of their days rendered as happy as the government they live under can make them. *< ' a< .. ■•< ^ f •• m ! )!l». The population of these new settlements, and their parallel situation with Fort Oswegatche, Carleton Island, Oswego, and Niagra, evince, perhaps, more forcibly than ever, the propriety of retaining these bar- "fiers in our possession, which, in the former part of this work, I have fully explained ; and as the third Township alone (which is nine miles square) contained, in the year 1787, about seventeen hundred inhabi- tants, it is difficult to say what number of valuable subjects that country may hereafter produce ; certain it is, that it is capable of supporting multitudes, as the land is in general fertile, and on an average produces about thirty bushels of wheat ^er acre, even in the imperfect manner in which it is cleared, leaving ; '^ the stumps about three feet high, and from five to ten trees on an acre This mode of clearing is in fact ab- solutely necessary, because new < Itivated lands in hot climates require sheUer, to prevent the scorching eat of the sun, -which, in its full power, would bum up the seed. It as also been found expedient in stony ground to let the stones remaii as they retain a moisture favorable to vegetation. ■■'■'-'■■ - «; .>-r r..; ii! i^'r^'^'M'i li'.. ! ..1." ! Ifo- 't ,. r , » \ 'il; ;'..f 4 1 . <• lir ■' 'I' '"■.- ' *■.'•»„ ■ : s86 VOCABULARY. EttgUsb. Twenty six Twenty seven Twenty eight Twenty nine Thirty Thirty one Thirty two Thirty three Thirty four Thirty five Thirty six Thirty seven j.-: f; i^, :'■ ■ Thirty eight yi Thirty nine ■ ' <; / ? • . ., ,>i.j' I't i.i>i''.''i ■/'..,•'.' .),'*: J ^■^ir.' ■;:'(.■':-', , i^ ,■ Forty ,. *Uri, •.■yy-'f Forty one Forty two •. . u;' /'. Forty three : '^oi'-a^rryv^f^' J- Forty four rji,-. i.^Ac.a v' i.u ['■-. Forty five •jj.-.-c :\--'Z •:»!-i: : Forty six - i f. • • ;*-: .• rh Iroquois. Towwaghsey ykyak yawarey Towwaghsey tsyidak yawarey Towwaghsey sadego yawkrey Towwaghsey tyoughtow yawirey Aghsey Aghsey Aghsey Aghsey Aghsey Aghsey Aghsey newaghsey newaghsey newaghsey newaghsey newaghsey newaghsey newaghsey uskat yawkrey tekkeny yawilrey aghsey yawkrey kayeery yawirey wisk yawkrey ykyak yaw^y Aghsey newaghsey tsykdak yawjUrey Aghsey newaghsey sadego yawirey Aghsey newaghsey tyoughtow ya- warey ' ........ S. . f. , . . ,t/ Kayeery newaghsey , ?- Kayeery newaghsey uskat yawarey Kayeery newaghsey tekkeny yawarey Kayeery newaghsey aghsey yawarey Kayeery newaghsey kayeery yawitrey Kayeery newaghsey wisk yawkrey Kayeery newaghsey ykyak yawirey VOCABULARY. 187 Algonkin. Nindhtkni ashy ningootwassoo Ninchtani ashy ninchowassoo Ninchtini ashy nissowassoo NinchtinSl ashy shongassoo Nisso metina Nissoo metan^ ashy payjik Nissoo metan^ ashy ninch Nissoo metknSL ashy nissoo Nissoo metikn^ ashy neoo Nissoo metcln^ ashy naran Nissoo metan^ ashy ningootwassoo Nissoo metana ashy ninchowassoo Nissoo metanil ashy nissowassoo Nissoo meULnk ashy shongassoo Cbippeway. Neesh tanner asshea negutwosswoy Neesh tanner asshea neeshswosswoy Neesh tanner asshea swosswoy Neesh tanner asshea shangosswoy Neess scmmettenncr Neess semmcttenner asshea payshik Neess semmcttenner asshea neesh Neess semmcttenner asshea neesswoy Neess semmcttenner asshea neon Neess semmettenncr asshea narnan Neess semmcttenner asshea negst- wosswoy Neess semmettenncr asshea neesh- swosswoy Neess semmcttenner asshea swosswoy Neess semmcttenner asshea shan- gosswoy ) I I i Neoo metkni Neoo metani ashy payjik Neoo metank ashy ninch Neoo metkni ashy nissoo Neoo mctslnk ashy neoo Neoo metsLnik ashy naran Neoo metansi ashy ningootwassoo Neon mettenner Neon mettenner asshea payshik Neon mettenner asshea neesh Neon mettenner asshea neesswoy Neon mettenner asshea neon Neon mettenner asshea narnan Neon mettenner asshea negutwos* swoy Bba n It- H ''4 . 'I; I f\ i,MA I/' 1 . {f V '■■ • \% ■ ' ( » •.' . • f ' l i. ; Q\ ... ..5 1 ■■■ • .»! 5 i. *. ft ■■*-; 1' ' i88 Forty seven Forty eight Forty nine Fifty Fifty one Fifty two Fifty three Fifty four Fifty five Fifty six Fifty seven Fifty eight Fifty nine Sixty Sixty one Sixty two Sixty three Sixty four Sixty five VOCABULARY. Englisb. Iroquois. Kayeery newaghsey tsyidak yaWirey , . * ,. '■','. Kayeery newaghsey sadego yawirey Kayeery newaghsey tyoughtow ya- wkrey Wisk newaghsey Wisk newaghsey uskat yaw^rey Wisk newaghsey tekkeny yawkrey Wisk newaghsey aghsey yawlirey Wisk newaghsey kayeery yawkrey Wisk newaghsey wisk yawirey Wisk newaghsey ykyak yawirey Wisk newaghsey tsyadak yaw^rey Wisk newaghsey sadego yawkrey Wisk newaghsey tyoughtow yawkrey Yuyak newaghsey Ykyak newaghsey uskat yawkrey Y^yak newaghsey tekkeny yawkrey Y^yak newaghsey aghsey yawitrey rA': t Yayak newaghsey kayeery yawSirey Y^yak newaghsey wisk yawarey VOCABULARY. 189 Algonkin. Cbippeway. Neoo metilni ashy ninchowassoo Neon rnettenner asshea necshswos. 8woy Neoo meting ashy nissowassoo Neon rnettenner asshea swosswoy Neoo met^ni ashy shongassoo Neon rnettenner asshea shangosswoy .i| Naran metknk Naran mctknk Naran met^nk Naran metan^ Naran metun^ Naran mctkna Naran met^nk Naran metknii Naran metkna Naran metink ashy payjik ashy ninch ashy nissoo ashy neoo ashy naran ashy ningootwassoo ashy ninchowassoo ashy nissowassoo ashy shongassoo Ningootwassoo metkn^ Ningootwassoo metkn^ ashy payjik Ningootwassoo metknk ashy ninch Ningootwassoo metink ashy nissoo Ningootwassoo met^nk ashy neoo Ningootwassoo metiln^ ashy naran Nar rnettenner Nar rnettenner asshea payshik Nar rnettenner asshea neesh Nar rnettenner asshea neesswoy Nar rnettenner asshea neon Nar rnettenner asshea narnan Nar rnettenner asshea negutwosswoy Nar rnettenner asshea neeshswosswoy Nar rnettenner asshea swosswoy Nar rnettenner asshea shangosswoy Negutwoss semmettenner Negutwoss semmettenner asshea payshik Negutwoss semmettenner asshea neesh Negutwoss semmettenner asshea neesswoy Negutwoss semmettenner asshea neon Negutwoss semmettenner asshea narnan :,-:^r ;? • '^ • . • .# • ■ ■ 1 * t ... f', • m ^ ^ 1 • ' • '' \ ,, i % . ♦ f ^ . ^ 5 ■ !;. ''-^ii • .* " 3 . .• •••*^' '. 190 Sixty six Sixty seven Sixty eight Sixty nine Seventy . Seventy one Seventy two Seventy three Seventy four Seventy five Seventy six Seventy seven Seventy eight Seventy nine VOCABULARY. English. Iroquois. Y^yak newaghscy yjlyak yawirey Ylkyak newaghsey tsykdak yawllrey Ykyak newaghsey sadigo yawirey Yiyak newaghsey tyoughtow yaw^> rey Tsy^dak newaghsey Tsyidak newaghsey uskat yawirey Tsykdak newaghsey tekkenyyawirey Tsykdak newaghsey aghsey yawkrey Tsykdak newaghsey kay eery yawarey Tsykdak newagsey wisk yawkrey Tsy^dak newaghsey y^yak yawarey Tsy ^dak newaghsey tsy^dak yawarey Tsyiidak newaghsey sadego yawarey T^kdak newaghsey tyoughtow ya- , wirey VOCABULARY. 191 jilgonkiH. Cbipptway. Ningootwassoo meUnik aihy nin- Negutwoss semmettcnner asshca ne- gootwassoo gutwosswoy Ningootwassoo roetiUii ashy nin- Negutwoss scmmettenner asshca chowassoo v neeshswosswoy Ningootwassoo metikn^ ashy nisso- Negutwoss scmmettenner asshcft wassoo swosswoy Ningootwassoo metinl ashy shon- Negutwoss semmettcnner asshca gassoo shangosswoy Ninchowassoo metknk Nceshswoss semmettcnner Nimihowassoo met^n^ ashy payjik Nceshswoss scmmettenner asshca payshik Ninchowassoo mct^nk ashy ninch Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshca neesh Ninchowassoo metkna ashy nissoo Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshca neesswoy Ninchowassoo met^ni ashy nedo Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshca neon Ninchowassoo metknk ashy naran Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshca narnan Ninchowassoo metknk ashy nin- Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshca gootwassoo negutwossw oy Ninchowassoo meting ashy nincho- Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshca wassoo neeshswosswoy Ninchowassoo metink ashy xAito^ Nceshswoss scmmettenner asshea wassoo swosswoy Ninchowassoo mctSlnl ashy shon- Nceshswoss semmettcnner asshea gassoo shangosswoy . ).» *-; "• i. .•\ 4. ■| u I i .11 V * f •I I ». I ir- ■ „ •: •t • ■ f . .' . * ■ 1 «9« Eighty Eighty one Eighty two Eighty three Eighty four Eighty five Eighty six Eighty seven Eighty eight Eighty nine Ninety Ninety one Ninety two Ninety three Ninety four Ninety five Ninety six VOCABULARY. English, r. Iroquois, Sadego newaghsey Sadego newaghsey uskat yawllrey Sadego newaghsey tekkeny yawirey Sadego newaghsey aghsey yawikrey Sadego newaghsey kayeery yawirey Sadego newaghsey wisk yawirey Sadego newaghsey yiyak yawirey Sadego newaghsey tsykdak yawJLre/ Sadego newaghsey sadego yaw&rey Sadego newaghsey tyoughtow yawi- rey Tyoughtow newaghsey Tyoughtow newaghsey uskat yawkrey Tyoughtow newaghsey tekkeny ya^ warey Tyoughtow newaghsey aghsey yawk- Tyoughtow newaghsey kayeery ya- w^rey „,,, ^ Tyoughtow newaghsey wisk yawirey Tyoughtow newaghsey yiyak yaw4- ik'^;^" -'w VOCABULARY. tM Niisowasioo Nissowassoo NUsowauoo Nissowassoo Niwowwioo Nissowassoo Nissowassoo wassoo Nissowassoo wassoo Nissowassoo soo Nissowassoo soo jilgonhin. mctink ashy payjilc metinjl ashy ninch meUni ashy ni^soo met^n^ ashy neoo metini ashy naran metJlni ashy ningoot- metjinil ashy nincho- mctknk ashy nisiowas- Cbippixvay. Swoss semmcttcnner " •• »^ •.'■' Swoss semmettenner asshea payshik Swoss semmcttcnner asshca ncesh Swoss semmettenner asshca neesswoy Swoss semmcttcnner ashea neon ' Swoss M'iMincttenncr asshca narnan Swoss scmmciicnn' r asshca negat- wosswoy Swoss semmcttcnner asshca neesh* swosswoy Sw<;ss semmettenner asshca swos> swoy mct^ni ashy shongas- Swoss semmettenner asshca shangos« swoy Shongassoo met^nji Shongassoo metini ashy payjik Shongassoo meting ashy ninch Shangoss semmettenner Shangoss semmcttcnner asshca pay- shik Shangoss semmcttcnner asshca ncesh Shongassoo metHLnk ashy nissoo Shangoss semmettenner asshea nees- swoy Shongassoo met^nk ashy neoo Shangoss semmettenner asshea neon Shongassoo metkn^ ashy naran Shangoss semmcttcnner asshea nar- nan Shongassoo metkna ashy ningoot- Shangoss semmcttcnner asshea ne- wassoo gutwosswoy Co ^■r- f'\ 11 1 ■*■ ■* -.1 ..■■[. " \ •■n I mt ■4 J! r ■■'••■•'.■ • II- T .' ♦ * !' AM,-' •■ 194 Ninety seven Ninety eight Ninety nine One hundred Two hundred Three hundred Four hundred f^ive hundred Six hundred Seven hundred £ight hundred Nine hundred One thousand VOCABULARY. English. Iroquois, Tyoughtow newaghsey tsy^dak ya- wJlrey --■ Tyoughtow newaghsey sadego ya- wkrey Tyoughtow newaghsey tyoughtow yawkrey Uskat towaneyow Tekkeny towaneyow Aghsey towaneyow Kayeery towaneyow Wisk towaneyow Ykyak towaneyow Tsyadak towaneyow Sadego towaneyow Tyoughtow towaneyow Oyery towaneyow VOCABULARY. ^9$ Algonhin. Cbippeway. Shongassoo medni ashy nincho- Shangosssemmettennerassheaneesh- wassoo swosswoy Shongassoo metini ashy nissowas- Shangosssemmettennerasshea swos- soo swoy Shongassoo metini ashy shongas- Shangoss semmettenner asshea shan- soo 'i.. 'A • • •.\'- Metassoo metan^ Metassoo ninchtsknsL metana Metassoo nissoo metknsi Metassoo neoo metansk Metassoo naran metslnjL Metassoo ningootwassoo met^lnk Metassoo ninchowasso met^nk Metassoo nissowassoo metanii Metassoo shongassoo metjln^ Metassoo metassoo metan^ gosswoy , ,. Negut wauk Neesh wauk Neesswoy wauk Neon wauk o Narwauk , ,*:•;, Negutwoss wauk f Neeshswoss wauk Swoss wauk ,- ..n; Shangoss wauk '^ : . Metosswoy kitchee wauk .' -il.i'i'- I .»■. f. :.-'• <-> u «; ,j ' ■■;■ ¥\ '#',■:): .!*■ -.1 .1 '',i-* ri!.M«/i: '' iM ; !i V .) : t< >•< CC2 \*^ ^ I-' h- i3* - 1^ i-'J 1 •, |. V- f U ' :. k::iJ;l:..-'l U "ii j.|!--T* h'^ Hi. . .; i!:-:v4- ii'r ^'i-' !'•*■■- liv ■ l'^ ) 'IP'; 196 VOCABULARY. , ,_vs::'>.Nvu'>: • fjr.«'.'fl ajii...'.'. '! Jt;rttiJj*K;irrT' cr-ojcu.)!/: .Ul'.,h -.Vl - *f ;•;:«:■;.<•.; c cf -jjijiiorfc; , :>,; '•>•%'. .:■■ t^'jfitf.;.- nr •' . u.. ,. :v^' f A TABLE OF WORDS t i.syi rv..- .•>,> ■., . . . I ,- ^- , .. ■ ,. .-rt/^l 'f "••.•;■ V- t\.' English. Algonhin, To abandoDjOr forsake Packiton To arrive at a place Takouchin To assist Mawinewah To alter, or change Miscoush To amuse, or play Packeguay >' Chippeway. '^i' Packitan >'^-^- '■' Takooshin • ' - >-' ' Mawinewah >< - - ' i-r;i. Mishcoot ''.•'• '\!- Athtergain jo ;.; '^ To beat, or bruise Packite Packettywaun To believe Tilerimah, or tikerimah Indenendum gwoyack To be willing Wisch Cannar, or cunner -jiii . i.-.ii- To call Tychintkaw Nandootum To carry Petou, or peta Keemaijemet To dance Nemeh Nemeh To do, or make Toshiton Ojeytoon, or Tojcy- toon • ■■: ■ft ' '* VOCABULARY. 197 English, To dwell, or suy To drink AlgonkiH, Tapia MinikwaJi Cbipptway, Appay Minniquab To eat Wissin Wissinnin To freeze ,.. , To fall To find : Kissim Ponkisin Nantounewaw Mushcowwartii> Ponkissin Warbermeco To go by water To go by land To give To govern f-: Pimmiscaw Teja Millaw ■ Tibarimaw nr Pamiskian, or pemiskac Papamdtay Darmissey Tibarimaw To have ,,, . , To hunt To hate Tindala > r. Keoussey Shinguerimaw , i- ^, Arwayyor Geosay Nesharquisk ; ,. To keep To kill .,^„,,; To know • 1'.!. . , Ganawerimaw ■ Nesa Kekerindan Gannewainnemac Gunnesar Keecannawendaa To love, or Jpvc To lose jj., To laugh . ,,j To lie down To meet ..,,,,! ( U : Sakiar ,., _ j,,, ,. Packilague ', Kapy Weepemaw . Nantoonewar Zargay, or zargeytoon^ Winnetoon Pawpy ,, , Neparhan .,! . oj Neewatch ,;;.!,, i i . ■ i ^ -h;- r r,;. .(. • 1^8 VOCABULARY. Ettglitb. Algmkin. Cbippeway, To marry '(' Weewin Tuckunnumkewisb To make water Minsy = '^ ' Meesesay -'•>-) -1" To make fire, & cook Pootawec Pooterway chebockwoy To pay Tipaham Guddyparhan To please Mirowerrindan Mirrowerrindan ' " * To perspire Matootoo ' '' v Matootoo To run Pitcheba Squamich To row Pimisca ' •' " Pemishkar ' -' v •' To sit down Mantippy ' '' Mantetappy ^ - ' To seek Nantawerima ^'' f- Warcharch ^^ < c ' To sing Sheshin Najemoon To steal . ' Kemootin - '^ Keemdtyan To sleep Nepa Nepan To smoke a pipe Saggasoy - ''■ Suggersoy ' '^ To speak Galoola Debarchim, or debar- • . . - •,; •' .;h \[ ' ; -<-.. :t.\- .;: chemon To see Wabemo Wabemat, or wabemoir To take Takoonan Tarpenan To think 'rUelindan ' '^ Indenendum, or inde- ■ ' ! .•• ." nind To tell 1 Teta Gudjey '- ' To throw away, or k .^ " ■■ : i •■ i: . ''.. il n': pudiate Webenan Waybcnan • '= ' f H: ! .■. mm l:^*, m VOCABULARY. 199 .^- Englisb. Algonkin. Cbippeway, To understand Nistotawa Neesstootewar To vex Iskatissey Annascartissey, or nishcartissey To walk, or go Pemousse Pamdsay To win Packitan Warmatt * • " ■ * Axe Ajackwet Ajackquoit Above, or high Spimink Ishpemeg After, or afterwards Mipidach Ningoot And Gaye, or mipigaye Ashea Another Coutak Ningootch Again, or yet Menawatch ^ Meenewatch All Kakina Cockinnor Always, wherever Kakeli Cargoneek, or me marmo Breech clout Kepokitty kousah Oncean Beard Mischiton Opeewyesky Barrel Ayoentagun Owentagun Ball, or large shot Alwin Kitchee anwin Bottle Sheshegouay M6tay Beaver Amik Amik Beaver skin Appiminiquy Appiminiquy Body Yao Yoe ., -^ •1^^: •■ I fd i- -H I* !■ '>V'' ' -'.v. ■ 1 * : •■.i ••■V ..)5J.- •■ •00 VOCABITLARY. English. Algonhin, Cbippeway. Blankets Wabiwyan '. Waperwoyan '^« ■ Breech Miskousah Peckqueen dorsow Bear Mackquah Mackquah Bear cub Makons Mackconce, or Mack- V quaconce Bread, or flour Paboushikan Pockquoisigan Broth, or .soup Wabou Shoanarboop Bag Maskimout Muchcomat Blood Miskoo Misquy Bark bowl, or cup Oulagan Onagun Belly Mishemout - Ishquamach , Brother Necanish Shemayn Bowels Olakick Onuggesh i Birds, or fowl Pile Pinneyshis Because Mewinch Mewinch Black Negao Mackcutty Big Mentitoo Menditoo Coats Capotewian Piskawagan Canoe Cheeman Cheeman , ,..■., Companion, or friend Neechee [.■ Neejee, or Neecamis Captain, or chief Okemaw Okemaw, or Ojemaw Captain, or head war- ■ Kitchee okemaw semao- : ., .r rior ganish , Kitchee Okemaw ;.,; Child, or children Bobeloshin Queebesince ,i, Courage Taquamissi ,, Taguamissy, or Ha- guamissy .:\,.,^i (if-. 5. •f ■Iti. l' J I' v'7 . \ VOCABULARY. iox English. Algonkin. Cbippeway, Covetous Sasakissy Sazargesay Cold Kekatch Geessennar Duck, wild < l.i Sheeship Sheeshib Dust ' Pingway Pingo Deer Awaskesh Awaskesh Dog Alim Anim Dog, puppy ' Alimons Animonce Day, or days Okonogat Ogunnegat Dart Sheshikwee Aysquish Dish Mackoan Mackoan Dead Neepoo Neepoo Devil, or Bad Spirit Matchee Mahnitoo Matchee Mannitoo Dance of Savages Sheshequoy Shessaquoy Drunk Ousqibby Squibby, or Osquibbv Done, it is done, or Sheyar * • Shyyar past - Elk Mons Moouse Eye Ouskinshik Wiskinky English ' ' Outsakamink dachereni Saggonash Equal ' f Tabiscooch ■ - Tabiscoach Each Paypayjik Papayjit Enough Mimilic Mee, or mimilic Fire steel Scoutykan Squittycan, or Scotayca» Fire Scoute Dd Scotay or squitty *- '? k I l,l> M •'■' 4' • '1 . ' w H • I V. •a-' ' '•! 202 VOCABULARY. i'-t t...f' r k I' •■■■| English. AlgonUn, Cbippcmay. Fort Wackaygan ,-:a> Wakaygan fK..<» > French ». Mittigoush ;■. Waymistergoash Fish Kickons Kegonce Fish, white Attikamek ; .i Artikkameg i.' ,ijv; ^i Fox Outagamy , • Assinbo •? .\i Flesh of animals Weass Weass ■ -itj Fork or prong stick Nassawokwot ,« Cawmeek meteek Father Nooskay Nocey ■'•;•;';-: .. '•;■ Fat, or he is fat Pimete Pimmethy ' ..0 Female, or woman Ickwer Equoy ; i ; Full Mooshquenay Mooshquenay '■ ' ■ Free, generous Walatissy > Ajackquoy • < Formerly ; Peraweego * ,i ^J;i Maywisher j.n '• ; i. Far off WatSO ■:.MM,' ' Awassa» or Awaoa.a. ' ' ' ''':-■. . ; woyta w'unC. •■ -n 'noil ;; {, ^-JlUjQ Girl Ickwessens Equoy since i;^ Gun Paskeysegan Baskeyzegan Grass * My ask i. Nepish, or mejask ,.^ Grapes .r,\ \,. Shoamin .;,.; Minneshish •,,] God, or Great Spirit Kitchee Mannitoa Kitchee Manmiioo> f Gunpowder > PingoMackate .. Mackcutty, or Piogp • j -. ;■ : ' j'-r-^'vyr Mackcutty (• , Good V . - Quelatch Nishshishshin . ,, : House, or hut Wikiwam Wigwaum j . ,,; i Hair, human Lissy Lissy /if i ?.'i 1::.:;^', W:^"^- VOCABULARY. fl03 English. Algonkin. Cbippeway. Hair, of beasts Pewall Opeeway Heaven, or the other Spiminkaquin Pockcan worrockey, or world pockan tunnockey Hare Wapoos Wapoos Husband, or master Napema Nabaim of weakness Head Ousteooan Eshtergoan Heart Mishewah Oathty Half Nabal Arbittar Handsome Sasayga Sasayga Home, or dwelling Entayank Ashemich Hot Akeeshattay Geeshartay Hungry Packatay Bocketty Here Akonia, or akomanda Ashemich How '^ Tany •. i Tawny How much, or how Tantasou, or tarnimilik ? Tawnymilik? many? 1 '•'"'.'' Indian corn '■''■' Metamin Medarmin Iron • •'?■ V, ; ./^ '^'r : Pewaby Pewabick Island t . i Minis '• ■ Minnesey Indians Ishinawbah Nishinnorbay Immediately •' Webatch Webatch Idle, or lazy Kittimy Kittim Knife ' • ^ " Mockoman Mokoman Knife, crooked Coutagan " ' Wakeckuman ^y ■ji I" Dd2 ♦!■., 41 H: ! ■: ' h'P i f .til . 1": '" ■'■■ . , ' ■ iu » - .. A c I r t , ■ • ■ ■ *i f =i-^^!- ao4 VOCABULARY. English. Algonkin, Cbippeway. Kettle, or pot Akikkons Akeek Land Oustikan Onjee Looking glasses Wabemo Warbemoon Lake Kitchee Gammink Sakiegan Letter Marseynaygan Marseynaygan Leggons, or stocking. i Metass Mittasse Light (clear) Vendao Meesharquoit Long since Shashayay Sharshyyar Little, small, few Wabcloosheins Pongay, or hagiishe- * ■ 1 ^ nonce Man Alisinapc Ninnee Moon, or night light Debikat Ikisy Geezus Mistress, or wife Neremoossin ' Mentimoye Merchandise Alokatchigan Huncushigon, or An. nacotchigon Medicine Maskikik Maskikkee Male Nape Ayarbey Male deer, or stag Mecheway . • Ayarbey awaskesh Much NebeU Nepewar, or gwotch Needle to sew with ' 1 - ' - Shabounekan . , ■ Shaboonegun f ^ \] Nose Yatch Yotch News Taypatchimoo, kan Mergummegat Night Debbikat Debbikat N€ar, or nigh Pechoowetch . Payshew . ,, VOCABULARY. English. Now Never No Nothing Not yet Otter Old, he was old Pdrtage, or carrying place People, or nation Paddle, or small oar Pike, (a fish) Peninsula Peace Partridge P4pe Algonkin. Nongom Kawicka Ka Kakaygoo Kamasshy Nekeek Kewesheins Quick Cappatagan Irenee Apway Kenonjay Minnissin Pekah Pilesiwee Poygan Welibik Ring, for the finger Debelincheebeson Rice, wild Malomin Road Meekan Rum, or brandy Scoutiwaboy Cbippeway. Nogome Cawwickca, or casia- wickca Cawween, or ka Kakaygo Kamarchy Nekeek Keewaency Onuggemeg Nondajewot Abboy Kenonjay Minnissin Meecho Peenay Opoygan Annacook Zenzeebisson ■ Menomon Meekan Squittywabo, or sco, taywabo ' in ir • f ... . r, ■ » ' 4 ■ fr •>,f •06 VOCABULARY. Englitb. Algonhin. Cbippivtay. Rain ," • Kemewan Kimmcevan River. • •■ .ni.. Sepim Seepee Roots of trees Oustikwees Watappy Robe of peltry Ockola " Woygan, or oakonus Red i Misquy Misquoy, or misquitty Shirt Papakewean Parbockerwoyan Spoon , Mickwan Tamickquoin Sword, or great knife Semagan Kitchee mokoman Sense, to have sense Nebwacka Annaboycassey Star Alan Annunk • Sturgeon Lamek Onnemay Sea, or unbounded • lake Agankitchee gammink Kitchee gammink Stone Assin > f< Assin , , . . Spirit Mannitoo Mannitoo Sun, or great light Keesis Geesessey Shoes (Indian) Mackisin Maukissin Ship, or great canoe Kitchee cheeman Kitchee Naberquoin Soldier, or warrior Semaganis Shemagonish Smoke, or fire fog Pentakoe Keenarbittay Summer, or spring Merockamink , _ • ;' ' Menokemeg ;-,;.■. ' Wabank Agackweions OotOn .';'• ( '. Sayma Kaspctagun • Mctcck • i' . Mandadiby ' . i Ozam ■ u Ozame mangis Meegwatch v- Keket .•" ■'-' !''. ••. Manda Mamawee J.. Oulamar Oudenank Nepee Nippee Pepoon Bebone Mahingan Mahingan Shoemin aboo Loutin Nopemenk Nontobaiy Takoosy to; Cbippiway. Wccbit .''./ Warbunk Warcockquoit« '/ Ooton /••/' • I Ml!.' Assaymer ' ; : -^ / Kispctawgun Metcck iii ; * Woity, or awohy Ozomc Ozome pangay Meegwotch / '( , Kaygah ;, Maunder Marmo '?r/. ' OzonnemoN Narpoon Mishquoy shoanarboop Noetting Menopemeg Mecartay Nowwendayshon '-! 1 1. ''■"•' : ■ : I ■ H ■ j *» "^ ; ■'• -t ; ti- ' iJ^"' \ 4 ' i .-: "■■■ 1 ,...-, el I » ■ I' :'(' ' ' W'' ' i, ^. 208 VOCABULARY. £»^/f5/&. Algonltm. Cbippeway. Why Tanientien Cannatoo Where Ta Aunday . i Where is he? orwhcre ■ • does he dwell ? Tanepy appy Tannepy Appay ,, What is that? what? or what now ? Waneweenay? Wkygonin? , , , Who is that ? Waneweenay mabo? Hawaneeyau? Whence Tannepy Tannepy ,; : White • Waby Warbishcar Yellow Wazzo J6nia Yes Mi, or Minkooty Angaymer, or Nangay- mer Yesterday Pitchylago Pitcbynargo . r „, ' l-.i-: ■A'ti: ( ■ ^ i >. A .(- f... - ■/,■ ■ ■•'."«■ VOCABULAR > r. English, ^ J Mohegan. Sbawante. A bear Mquoh Mauquah A beaver Amisque Amaquah Eye Hkeesque Skesacoo Ear Towohque Towacah Fetch Pautoh- Peatoloo My grandfather Nemoghhome Nemasompethau My grandmother Nohhum Nocumthau My grandchild Naughees Noosthethau He goes Pumissoo Pomthalo A girl Peesquausoo Sqauthauthau House Weekumuhm Weecuah He (that man) Uwoh Welah His head Weensis Weenseh His heart Utoh Otahch Hair Weghaukun Welathoh Her husband Waughecheh Wasecheh His teeth Wepeeton Wepeetalee I thank you Wneeweh Neauweh My uncle Nsees Neeseethau I Neah Nelah Thou Keah Kelah We Neaunuh Nelauweh Ye Keauwuh Kelauweh Water Nbey Nippee Elder sister Nmees Nemeethau River Sepoo Ee Thepee «09 m '■■M^ril « Sil -.• ■•■•:r 210 VOCABULARY. lit- 111 '' m .^ English. • Mobegan. Bear Mquoh >">" '' Beaver Amisque ../x-,. Dead, he is dead Nboo, or Neepoo . • ' Devil, or Bad Spirit Mtandou ' '' ' Dress the kettle, (make a fire) Pootouwah ' ''"' Eyes • . Ukeesquan •• :«^ .imi.. ^ Fire • Stauw • "• ■■ • ., ti/f'ivf^oa/n-; vl •'■ Give it him Meenuh ' : ' ^' s: ; .; ' How Tuneh . i ' House ' = Weekumuhm '•'; Go, or walk ' Pumisseh ' > ' ' - Marry -% Weeween ' '■ River Sepoo J ' : Shoes Mkissin ' \ ■ ' The sun Keesogh - ' Sit down - Mattipeh » * • = • Water Nbey •,' ..-i . • • . Where Tehah ^^^^^" '^v-s ' Winter *'■'' Hpoon ■'^'' '-'''' Wood Metooque ' , ^ N, B. The e final is not sounded except in monosyllables. H'" .■4U. •J ^ .J- ' J. • VOCABULARY. • a Algonhin>, Cbippeway. Mackquab Mackquah Amik Amik Nepoo Neepoo Matchee Mannitoo Matchee Mannitoo Poutwah Pooterway Chebockwoy Ouskinshik .; . Wiskinky Scoute :, Scotay or Squitty Millaw Darmissey Tany Tawny Wikiwam . Wigwaum Pemoussc . . Pamosjly Wewin Tuckunnumkcwish Sepim Seepee Mackisin Maukissin Keesis Geessessey Mantippy Mantetappy Nepee Nippee Ta Aunday Pepoon Bebone Metcek ,..,■, Meteck ;' 11 irt ",: n>. UUU^U.^*'* '.v: ■V • ■* f . \'r\ ■■'. ■ . ■ i 1 «' ■ \( 'i ■4' ; y ■ ■'■'■'. i' w 1 i 4 'H- '«' kh: . 'y-k'. m.- ;,^K ■■'v M:S?- ai2 VOCABULARY. English. Iroquoif, Above Aynegun Absent Yickta oh&rlogh Abuse, to Henryotaxa Accept, to layner Account, to Sastiyricey Accuse, to Cdttergun Add to Cayentuck Admire, to Sannagatc&cktone Advice Sattayentack Adultery S&chequar Afraid S^uoy Afternoon Noww&tone Again S€go Agree, to Curywyyarley Alike Sadayyouth All Aguigo Ally Lanoha Alone ^ Yacktaoya Always Chetko Amuse, to Susqueeselon Another Oya Answer, to Sattroly And Noke A, an, or the Ne, ne Bread Kanidaru Black Agohoonsay ^ ' > // English. Dear English Father Gunpowder Give me How much, or how many Jacob King, or great chief Money Montreal Or Partridge: Peter Plenty , Perhaps Rose (a flower) Rum VOCABULARY. Carnolelow 2J3 Iroquois. Cherrihuns^gat Luggoney Oganra Cassar ^ Toneego Yarwek Sachenf Wisstar Chocktyhargo Neteas Oquesses Gwider Cushcowait Togatt Easel Skarac a ■■*■■■ ■ If ,t? ^ H' - ! *i •-.•! ■< 'V ' ? f * 1 ! ■ i 1 *i 1 ■ n> ^ > ' '4 .''"■• ** , y>) , ' -* ■* ■* i I f \'r]\ :=tO:./,' ^'l 'J !• I ,■( ^rv?';' 1. k t ' -t 'J* ,1 f i[, i*\ Jl .'• IS ■* ■ •■ "* .ii '■•] ( )r "* it Si >y I- »U VOCABULARY. English. Iroquois, Shot On&ya Sugar Chekayter Silver works Wisstar noolone Thank you Yaown" There is Honerer Understand, to • Cockharonckar Wise Satoikha * Wind Yowwctty Win, to Rowwcnnehoo Willing Senooncy Wild Yickta satoikha Wife Sannatella ^ ' White Cararger War Satterleyhone Who Unghka Was Ne Water Oghnega Wine, or blood red soup Oneahh&rad&schhouhtser£keri Who was Ungka ne What was Oghnihayadotea / Where Caha . Virgin Hanaghgwayenden ly l II English, Young You Yesterday Yes Yellow Year Your health VOCABULARY. ti5 , Iroquois, Aguntelo Ecee Tyo6cktirlow £tho Ajeenegwar Atoori Honoroquennyee Hi.:- J o /•",■.• •fv/i. .,;r ■ * f v' '";, ,' , v ■' .■ •^■■:f.: ';^ ■ ■ .,' '". . ,. ', " 1, cr ■; \' li i u V "■ Iff ' ii k .: • < ,,«• J" ll I. ; i f - '^- li 5« < hi ' lilif 216 VOCABULARY. .'iv-.i-^V.-V ui:.''i; If't Names of Furs and Skins in English and French. >•; ;* ' j English. ., , French. „.,.su Fat winter beaver .,, Castor gras d'hiver . . . Fat summer beaver , •, ,,,, _ Castor gras d'ete J">J i >. Dry winter beaver Castor sees d'hiver Dry summer beaver Castor sees d'ete Old winter beaver Castor vieux d'hiver Old summer beaver Castor vieux d'ete Raw stage skins Cerfs verts Prepared stage skins Cerfs passes Rein deer skiqs Caribous Raw hind skins Biches vertes Prepared hind skins Biches passees , Mush rats Rats musques Prepared roebuck skins ■Chevreuils passes Unprepared roebuck skins Chevreuils verts • Tanned roebuck skins Chevreuils tanes Southern, or Virginia foxes Renards du sud ou Virginie White, from Tadousac, foxes Renards blancs de Tadousac Wolves ^ Loups de bois Beaver eaters Carcajous Martens Martres ^. Squirrels, black Ecureuils, noirs ' ' . Squirrels, grey Ecureuils, argentes VOCABULARY. English. Fishers fiears Bears, Cub Otters Cats Lynx Foxes, red Foxes, cross Foxes, black Foxes, grey Minks North Case Cat South Case Cat French, Peccans Ours Oursons Loutres Chats Loups ccrviers Renards rouges Renards croises Renards noirs Renards argentes Visons, ou P^ourtreaux Pichoux du nord Pichoux du sud 91/ Ff :.4 '•is-. ■i; 'h ■ ill 4« ii' 11 . 1 . ' "Br 1 ^»■•i■''- ■• L •■ii- ' ■ V teir IJl''-' 11. t ., i A V' I •J *- 1 »- Iff-:; |.:,-»:.-.ti; *I, .--1- .•' 1 t ai8 VOCABULARY. "Parts of the Human Body, English. Ankle Arm Amij broken Back ' Beard Belly Blood Body Bones Bowels Brain Breath Breech Breast Cheeks Chin Eye Eye that squints Ear Cbippeway. Warwich Anik Kesconeek Onlckquick Opeewyesky Is'quamach Misquy Yoe Oakcan Onuggesh Opin Nowwetting, or nowwettywich Peckqueen dorsow Wheyoe Warbim Utchwar Wiskinky , Annooch Nondawar Eyelid Eyebrow English. Face Fundament Fingers Foot, or feet Gall Hand Heart Hair Head Hips Head, bald Knee Lips , Luiigs Leg Liver Mouth Nails of fingers and toes Neck VOCABULARY. Pewvar GwAtso «»9 Chippeway. Meechaw Meedseywort Argatso Ozett Marchew Armoche Oathty LX&sy Eshtergoan Tarbatch Wematishtergoan Puttwar Meemoache Seegwa Ocart Quinch Meessey Narb Shemmor Ff 2 (•'J .■-, 'I- 1 1 H- ^''kvl- .■\':^-[l M ■ -; - 1 - ^i^f «. ■ ""'^ ■!• t..- .■I:' ■C^' ■ i -1 .;. ..| 1 1 1 ^ , 1- ' ^ ' : ■- : 1 1 _ 7 1 < :^y .4\ # ■li ■■'{.., . 'M - If ■ f • '» ■> S.V %• 120 Nostrils Nose Navel Ribs Skull Sinews Skin Teeth Thighs Thumbs Throat Toes Tongue Veins Wrist Etiglisb. VOCABULARY. • Pccktope Yotch Pinneck Cbippcway, Ashingo £shtero4thcan Attcese Pokkikkin « V/eebitt Oquarme Mitchea Squissow Tarw^rchewort Ooton Weeborso, or neatissum Ann&nk •I'l." , ■■y >: VOCABULARY. 221 Names of Animals, &c. English. Animal between a dog and a wolf Cbippexvay. W'abatch Ants, and all small insects Mannetoncc Buck, or male deer Beaver robe Ayarbcy awaslikcsh Amik woygan, or amik oakonus Bear, Bear, cub Beaver Mackqu4h Mackquaconce Amik or mackoncc Beaver skin Beaver eater Birds, all small Buffalo Cat, wild .0 Appiminiquy Quickwaliay Pcnnyshancc Peshshckcy Peshshew ,v Cat, tame Cushecance Crow , 1 Cark cark Carp Crane ; 1 (■ '■' Narm^ybin Kitchce cdrbo ■' Duck, wild _• Shcshib Dog iji. I >'i i ' . / Anim i-ij -k: H ^' ;:■!, \M '\ * h ii V; 11 •• r,T ?v f|: *'• -.^i %■■■■':•■. >, «j'*": 4 fcf > ;'v il^ i ,.*(*(■ ; # 3^^I flat VOCABULARY. English. Cbippeway. Dog, puppy Animonce Deer Awashkesh Elk Moouse £ggs Wark Eagle Meegeezes ' ^ Flesh of animals Weass ''''■;• ■ ''• '•■■ :''^ ^rt/; .^- -^ Fur of animals Oyan Feathers of birds Pequim "■'"■ ^' '• ^- y" * ^ Fox Assinbo •• Frog Muckkikkec Fish Kegonce * / >■ Fisher Ochick v,,v. Fowl, or birds * Pennyshis ■ ^ ' Fish, white Artikkameg - 1* ? ; Goose, wild Neecark - »ii^H:'^ Hog Coocooche ,, i Hair of animals Opeeway Hide of animals . ^ Weeyan n:;' Hare ■ Wapoos tji ' Horse Ogashy ,u>> Loon Maunk Marten ■ ' Warbeshance - r^'''^ f '■ II '■ EnglisL\ Mink Musquash, or mush rat Otter VOCABULARY. Shdngwoitch ^ Hawoyzask Nekeek 223 Cbippeway. .:«::*• Partridge Pickeril ^ " ^ - Peltry, or robe made of fur Pike Plover Peenay Ogance Woygan Keenonjey Gueveshew Racoon Asseeban Skunk, or pole cat Sheecark Sturgeon Snakes . Skin of animals Onnemay Keenaypickneeshey Nink Squirrel Swan * -, Opickquoy Kitchee meework Tongue of animals Tail of animals Turkey * , Trout Sawwetch Warmeech Weenecobbo Narm&yguiss Wing of birds Wolf : i Gwimbitch Mawhingon i t! J . 'j. ?•' '-■ I* <• i ■■-y ■i:A 224 VOCABULARY. Merchandise. English Arm bands Axe Ball, or large shot Brass wire Beads Broaches Breech clout Blanket Comb Coat Canoe awl Fire steel ringer ring Gun flint Gum Gun . }\i. \^i Cbippeway. ,,.> f.,j-^ Kitchee waybesun : • ; . . : . [ Ajackquoit , ' ^ Kitchee anwin Pewarbickconce ; '. ^ . :j[ Mannetoo menance Paunea r^j vi'-^f^; •.;> , i'M-,i.;; Oncean ?;>;;.;-!- Waperwoyan ' '<;j<. Penarquan' Piskawagan Meecoose Squittycan Zenzeebisson Powwabickcoon Pickkew Baskeyzegan a ■•►).■ t .i'i!':p- ■r VOCABULARY. English. Gartering Gunpowder, or black dust Gun worms •«5 Hair plates Hawk bells Horn Hats Kettle, or pot Knife, or knives Knife, crooked Lines for a net Leggons, or stockings Looking glasses Needles Net for fishing Ribbons, or silk Rum, or brandy Spear Shot Stroud blue Cbippeway. Arcoquoshergan Mackcutty, ormackcutty pingo Teakiagun Gg Saggobanwan Pewarbeneech Pendycutty Oweoathcoan Akeek Mokoman Wakeckuman Shenowantagan Mittasse , Warbermoone Shaboonegun Assubbub Sennebar Sc6taywabo,or Squittayw^bo Eshcan Sheesheebanwin Mannetoo woygan m. ■Ui '■:,t ,1 J I ( 1 t i m r rii * ss6 VOCABULARY. H'' Ettglisb, Stroud, red Shirt 'A- . Tomahawk Tobacco Thread Cbippeway, Mishwoyg&n i .)...' Parbockerwoy in :. , i i . "i • > Warcockquoite, or Warcockquoite Opoygan ;.,;'( ij Assiymer . , ' Assub Vermilion Wristbands Ozonnemon Ann&n ;<.c' •; ■•(M'.-i v., •" , .:;!'/ ■ '^■•'. 'I- J: ...n 11 i. ■■■■■ ,Ki ■■'■:nii / ' VOCABULARY. 227 Table of fFords, English. Army, or number of people assembled together Adultery Air Ashes Arch (part of a circle) Aunt Absent All Abuse, to abuse All together Alive Ashamed, to be ashamed Any Alike, or equal Again, or yet Alone, at, or only Always, or wherever . After, or afterwards And Cbippeway. fiarthtilirje Keemotegun Shaquoit Pamotay waybegun Nondargay Ergushemin Cawween appay Cockinnor Mecartay Cockinnor marmo Pemartus Newemo Apackcan, or han Tabiscoach Meenewatch Aighter or unter Cargoneek, or memarmo Ningoot Ashea Gga s ■ I r ; W':- ..t, A- aa8 English. A and The Another Alone, or I myself Above, or high Also, too VOCABULARY. Piyshik Ningootch v. ^ Nin aighter Tshpemeg Guyyea Book, letter, paper Bread, or flour Broth, or soup Branches of a tree ■ • ■ t» Brother Bark of a tree Bark, fire bark Boy Battle Bag Barrel Bridge . Basket, or hand bowl Bed Bottle Bay, or road for vessels Box of wood, or bark, or rum keg Blue Bald Bad, or wicked Cbippeway. Marseyn&ygan Pockquoisigan Shoanarboop Meeteconce Shemayn Wigwass Scotay wigwass Oskeniygay , Shamishcart Mushcomat Owent4gun Warmeek Wapatch Peshshemo M6tay Assenjey Meteek mushcomat, or muccuck. Talonjay Parmin Matchee -Ti3f' VOCABULARY. <■ English. Bitter Bright, or light Barren, not bearing fhiit Big, or great Black Blind Broad Bottom Busy Because But By and by Below Beyond, or far off Before Behind Between Besides Canoe Country Chief, or captain Cup, or bark bowl Cloud, or grand cover ' Cable> or big rope : . Copper, iron, or brass . = Croud Cbippeway. Matooch Meesh4rquoit Matchee wdybegun Menditoo Mackcutty Warbermeneech Hamatchey Haundwatchey U'ngwoitch Mewinch Moszack Panimdr Oparmey Awassa, or awassa wo/ta Awashshemon Ning6ochum Icktum guichum Metdch, or menoche Cheeman Tunnockfiy Ojemaw, or O'kemaw OnSgun Ken^rbo Kitchee assubbub Pewdrbick Nepewarnoondajewort 8 89 i i-l 1' li i 1 ' /. 1. 1 k ■ 1 ■ V ' '*'":. i iiii !' J, t t' ( i'. i, 1 i '; j. 1; I i H ' i:' i--i l'' i ^ 1^*: w ■ : 5 r IN 'ill la J li'^l i !-vj-il'iti;'.. mm ..> 4,-' . 11^ r, <>/ English. Cabin, hut, or house Current of water Companion, or friend ;. Courage Child, or children ■. t : Corn, Indian Covetous, or greedy ' , Calm Cunning , . Coarse (not fine) Cold Come here Can it, is it, was it Carrying place, or portage VOCABULARY. Cbippewdy. Wigwaum y':' , Sedgwin '■' -ir Neejee, or Neecarnis Haguimissey or Tagu&missey ^r^il f .:;'.■: ■ i }i- Queebesince Med&rmin Sazirgesay Annywattin f Matchee weebezesay ? '; Matchee arpeech i -'. Gcessennar .«. A Ondass , •. ) Nar •'•He- ' ■(: Onuggemeg Devil, or Bad Spirit Daughter Dust, or powder Day, fine Day, bad Day, or days Day, dawn of : ; Dart Dew Debt, or trust Door, shut the door Dish ■■-.i''-- V li. '•;^ ;i; i/i fi, .!,■ ' f. Matchee Mannitoo Indongway, or Darniss Pingo Meeno geesshegat Matchee geesshegat Ogunnegat '' • ; ! Thurensera ifji^qr;^ v » ;) :>>?>> Aysquish ' l.i<.MJ''-- 'l v) ..ji > Misquoitch '" " ' * Marsennahatch, or Marsenn&ygan Squendum Mackcoan ^ »ry y / • ! ; / .' VOCABULARY. • ' English. Down (on the ground) . i Dear, or too much ^ o • . • Done, gone, or past v^ ; Dark .. . i:- Drunk Dressed, or ripe ,1 ,! Drowsy, (I am drowsy) , . Dry, or thirsty , Deaf Dead Oeep Edge Enemy, or bad heart English Earth Easy Enough . Empty Equal, or alike ; , :' Each Flour, or bread . r t Fat, oil, or grease " id' Food , -_.--».;.,;;; ■■_.'.; Fever ' " -. ,J •-'■'.,: Fear, to fear, he is afraid ^ ^ l^i' ', ; 231 Cbippeway. Doutch Ozome Shyy^r, or shSrshyyar On^rgushey Squibby, or Osquibby Keejetty NepArhar Sparchtay Chartch Nepoo Anneycheewoatch Catsotes Matchee Oathty Saggonash Mattoyash Meenwendesay Mee Cawween mooshkenay Tabiscoach Papay'jit Pockquoisigan Pimmethy Mejimmim Mishquoish^rtay Keezaycus -:':''• T-'i .t'l 1 -1 ''»,* 'I. ii hi* • -. fr ti '■* I'' ■' * f ■■< .,1' ' i V ¥ V. 1,..* ■ ■ " >' . I ■ * ; ./ \ it; ' ■•'■ ... --'^ • " ■)■ lit Fruit Feast Friend, or companion Fool, he is a fool , Flood of water . Family Father French, or builders of vessels Fathom (a measure) Female, or woman Fork, or prong :stick Fire Flint stone Fort, or tower Fond, I am fond Free, or generous Fine (not coarse) Few Fresh (not stale) Full Formerly, long time ago Grease, fat, or oil Grapes Girl God, or Great Spirit Gold, or fine yellow metal . VOCABULARY. Cbippeway. Pinneesh Wisseneet Neejee, or Necimis Keep&rtesee Chingwim Nepewoaj&nis Nocey Waymistergoash Eunick E'quoy Cawmeek meeteek Scotay, or squitty Pewarmickcoon Wak^ygon Nezirgea Aj&ckquoy Arpeech Mem&rjis Meecheeweass Mooshquenay May wisher Pimmethy Minnishish E'quoysince Kitchee Mannitoo Kitcheejonia VOCABULARY. < English. Great, good Green Great, or big Globe, the earth Gone, past, or done Harbour Heahh Herb, or grass Hell, or place of bad spirits Half, or part Home, or dwelling Hill Husband, or master of weakness Hole Huckleberries Hard, cruel j it is hard or cruel Handsome Heavy Hot, or warm Hungry, thin, lean He, him, she, or her Here How, or how do you do? How many, or how much Here and there 333 Hh Cbippexvay. Kitchce, or nishshishshin Achib Menditoo Warbeg(im Shyyar, or sharshyyar PejSrcan Pemdrtus Nepish, or mej&sk Ki tehee squittyung Arbittdr A'shemich Anneech Nabaim March Shoamin S^nnegat Sasa/ga Pesterquan Geeshartay Bocketty Ween Omdr, or oway Waygush, or way way Tawnimilik Pay payshik :f:n. 5i 7 i li" \k ; ■ ■ I m i-^t n .'1:1 i /M r? I'f ■• .1 ir III'' m . ■ :"1 1^ I'L* i^» ;4' '■ '■.. ■ "v> p.^v- ^r:.*i- '! fell';. 4i- 1^' 834 VOCABULARY. English. Cbippeway. Have, had Arthty High, or above Tshpcmeg Island Min'ncsey Ice % Mequ&rme Indians Nishinnorbay Journey, to go a journey Marchi&n Justice, or truth Gwoyack Idle, or lazy Kittim Jealous Pej^rmoach I, mc, or my • Nin, nee, or nee, nee I, myself, or alone Nin aightcr I^ Keshpin Indeed Hapadgey Immediately, or very soon Weebatch In Pendeek It is true, or right, or very well Kaygait, kay, or meegwoyack I have Kaygo I have not Ka, kaygo Is it, was it, can it Nar Knot of wood Mushqueewormeteek King, or great chief Gosenan Lake Sakiegan Lightning, or quick fire Squitty annacook VOCABULARY. English. Loss, to lose Leaves Life Love, to love Land Lean, hungry, or thin Little, small Light (not heavy) Light, or bright Lazy, or idle Last Long Lame Low Long since Lately, or now Lewd, or unwise Male Middle Music Merchandize Milk, or the sap of the Medicine Mistress, or wife My wife, or mistress Mouth "35 breast Cbippeway. Winnctoon Ncpccch Noocliimmoin Zfirgay,or zargeytoon Onjee Bocketty Pongay Cawwecn pcsterquan Mccsharqiioit Kitiim Ingwitch, or awass Kccnotjje Armooch Appywick Sharshyyar Nogome Cawwecn annoboycassey Ayarbey Amang Agummeweech Huncushigon, or annacotchigon Tootooshonarbo Maskikkce Mentimoyey Mentimoyamish Warbun Hh2 >«i ll . I " ' n . ; ,:iT [■. ■ ■ ■. '• 'I If ,1 . . 15. > ■ , ■""i'JfJi.r'-' i ■■ ■ ' • ■ »• I i-\t E.rr-'.- 1 k 436 English, Moon Mat made of rushes Mother Man Montreal (a town in Canada) Morning Mountain Mud Many Much, or a great deal Mine, belonging to me Make haste Me, my, or I News, or intelHgence Name Night Nest, bird's nest Noise Nothing, no, or not New, or strange Narrow Near, or nigh Not yet Now, or lately ' Never •'''- VOCABULARY. Cbippeway. Geezus Woyziskquish Ningay Ninnee t Monyn/yank Keeja/p Espeo'ckay Onjeech Marnay Nepewar, or gwotch Weechope Weebitt&n, or ha weebitt&n Nin, nee, or nee, nee. Mergummegat Shenecazeau Debbikat Wesshepdtchta Tonbingesay Cawween, or Ka Nobeetch, or pockcan Agussin Payshcw ', " h Kimarchey Nogome Cawwickci, or cassawickcd t- '■■ ■ h Im s ,, VOCABULARY. English. Oil, fat, or grease; or to be fat Old, he is old Out, or without Of Oh! oh! Only, at, or alone Our, us, or we One, the, a, or an Pity, or sorrow « Part, or half Pain Plenty Paint Peace Pipe Portage, or carrying place Peninsula Poison, or the taste of the bad swelling Paddle, or small oar . Priest, or Master of Life's man Pack, or bundle of skins Present, or gift Pledge Price, what price, how many, or how much 237 Cbippeway. Pimmethy Keewdency Accochink An Taw ! waw ! Aighter, or unter Neennerwind Payshik Cushkendum Arbittar Daggow'wemeech Cushcowait Zawn6m Meecho Opoygan Onuggemeg Minnesin Matchee pattso A'bboy Kitchee Mannitoo Ninnee Meekintdrgan Achimmey Assinjego Andersoy ■)? fm i»* )■' ki I k '■^ : l;fl 1^ 1 mw^ n •::■ iir ir 1 ■;i X ^ I i?:.1*». N 238 VOCABI JLARY. English^ Chippewa) Pleasure Armeetso People, or nation Nonddjewot . ;* Permission Gar Patient Ardatch Proof Charno Poor Kitchee Morgussey Proud Ish'pemeech Pregnant * Mooshkey Past, gone, done Shyyar, or shishyy&r Perliaps C^nnebatch Plural Woke Quiet, all is quiet ' Suggermarsh Quick Annacook Rock weed, or tripe de r6che Haw'wercoon Rice, Indian Menomon River Seepee Robe made of peltry Woygin, or oakonus Road Meekan Raft of wood Nepewameteek - Rain . Kimmeewan Rocks ' Essingo Rushes Woyzask Roots of trees Wat4ppy Roots, a figurative expression for '■': the affections of the heart which . entwine about each other Waterwawadoossin H ' .r ,y H^\ /> ■•J VOCABULARY. English. Rapid, or strong current of water Ready Rotten Round Red Rough Raw, or unripe Ripe, or dre id Stone Soup, or broth Sense, or understanding Sap of the breast, or milk Star Shame Stranger Shade Shell Sky Sleep ^ Sugar, or sweet Salt Soldier, warrior, or brave man Sister Strong, or strength Summer, or spring Stumps of trees 239 Cbippeway. Powwetink Guy'oxim Dadge Omich Misquitty,ormisquy Guachootch Kakeejetty Keejetty Assin Shoanarboop Annaboycassey Tootooshomarbo - Annunk Acheek Pewithay Angwoitch Atch Esh'pea Nepan Seezeebockquoit, or seezequar Sheotagan Shemagonish Shemay'nce Mushkowar Menokemeg Matwort rij H if H a'c !-w- f . fit i 1' -'f ! I'*' li'^ 1 >>4'f all ^i^iVA ■■I ■ii: •At |i ■{• •■■■if! ,-r.V ^^''•^■^ P-Ji? it. 240 English. Storm Slay, an Indian carriage Spoon Son Sand Ship, or great canoe Shoes (Indian) Sword, or great knife Sea, or great unbounded lake Smoke, or fire fog Sail of a ship Snow Sun, or great light Soft Sad Sorrow, or pity Savage, or wild Small, or little Sharp Smooth « Sour Sudden Slow Surprising i^^_ Short Strange, or new VOCABULARY. Cbippeway. Matchee geeshegar Tarbinn^ck T4mmickquoin Janis Dirjey Kitchee naberquoin Maukissin Kitchee mokoman Kitchee gammink Keendrbittay Kitchee ndberquoin parbocker* woyan Going Geessessey Charbeech Cushkendummerman Cushkendum Matcheewa Hagushenoncc, or pongay *Wcem4tch Narnii^ , Nebitch I'shmick Kittermish Towwdcktowar ^ D&ckquoy Nobeetch, or pockan V ■' m English. Such Sick She, her, he, or him Tower or fort Truth, or justice Trade Trader Thunder Tobacco pouch Thief; he is a thief Trees, or wood Thoughts Thing, or things To-morrow Tame Thin, hungry, or lean True,- to be true This, or that They, them, or ye There, at that place The, a, an, or one To Thou, or you Too little Too, or also Too much VOCABULARY. 2it Cbippeway. Shenargussey Aquoisee Ween Wakaygon Gwoyac Artawway Artawway winnin TarbishSr Kispetawgan Keemotay Meteek Waybissay, or waybcezezay Kaygoshish Warbunk Jimmenin Bocketty Deb'woy • / Mor, or morndar Weenewar Woity, or awoity Piyshik Keen,kee,orkeekee Ozome pongay Guyyea Ozome li m ! if 'A '-'ii r-' I ... :i :l^ ;'! • 'm ■I ! ■ f vi i ■ ' "' : t i' '¥^""- M-\]\ i ■pit ,:•" 3 h4' r hi •4 :i f. V 4 r i ► ■ ^ ,1 !■■ ,i"' ■ l!:.:: ,^, 1 1 y.i 242 Together Thank you VOCABULARY. English. -"c-l'j.Uf:.;"-' Urine Valley - < ' . - Virgin Voice, or the echo of the breath Village Unripe, or raw Unwise, or lewd Unlucky, or unfortunate Unjust, or wrong Under , y ; - .i • Unto '-A I . , '•■! . Upon Very well, or it is true, or right Very soon, or immediately Us, we, our, all of uy Wife, or mistress . r /7:>;i: -> -^ Ua Cbippeway. Marmo Meegwoitch n'>u'\ Meessay Amarcheep i . ^. . Quewesccnce . .•;: "^ Tarpoach i :r.'\ Narpoon ' Kakeejetty ; if' Cawween annaboycassey ' ', fiasqueenewar Cawween gwoyack ' ^ > ■ ' Otarpeet Un'towarch :. -i ■•-;;'- Ish'carmooch ' ' Meegwoyyack, kay, or kaygait i Weebatch ? Neennerwind V . . .r .•f, i< -.'U /iW^'/rU '!'/ ,'i ?v-\i'« v" ,:\,'ir,^l \n Mentimoy'ey Nippee Noetting Aquish Water Wind Wound War, to go to war, to fight, or quarrel • Z') Mecartay Woods < i ■',) Menopemeg Wine, or blood red broth ; . , ) Misquoyshoanarboop ?I^i ^V^ a ;J>-. VOCABULARY. English. Whore, or bad woman Winter, or year Well of water > Word Wing Witness, you are a witness World, the other world Wide Weary, or tired Wild, or savage Warm, or hot Wet Willing, to be willing White Weak Wild We, us, or our Who, or who is that ? What, or what now ? Where When, or whence Why Wherever, or always Was it, is it, can it 243 Cbippeway. Matchee moyamee * Bebone ' Sagoyb Caza Gwimbitch Ken'dersay Pockcan worroc'kay, orpockcan tunnoc'kay Packquoim Nowwenday'shoR Matcheewa Gceshar'tay Neepeeweenoon Can'nar, or cun'ncr Warbishcar CSwween mush'kowar Carnaboycus Neennerwind . . Way'nin Hawwaneeyaw, tar'nin, tar'neyau, or way'gonin ;, .. Aunday Tan'nepy r i _\[.,- , Cannatoo • . Cargoneek, or memai'mo Nar . ■ ,:n?v '■]■: < li « '1 i ' . * a ^■■■-4 fr;| : .. -I,, I'j.: 844 English, Young (oflFspring) Yesterday Young man, or men Ye, they, or them Ye, your Yes Yellow Yet, or again VOCABULARY. :i I.J Cbippeway. Wiskonliissey Pitchy nai'go ' , , Doskeennerwa/mug Weennewar Keennerwind Angay'mer, or Nan'gaymer Jonia Meenewatch •J -v.::-'\^^ To amuse, or play To account To approve; I approve To assist To alter, or change To affront To answer, or attend to To ask, I ask To ascend To abandon, or forsake To arrive at a place To arrive by land To arrive by water To avoid To attack To be vexed; I am vexed Athtergain' Metashwdrbermy Mornooch nezar'gay * Mawwinnewah Mishcoot Nishcai^teyan Noneydone ' Nindooton, or nindootimond Negadeja Pack'itan > Takooshin Keekeepejai'can Sharshyyai' new'ebens Yaquoy ■ Jiramim :; : . NischcSrteseyyan ^■' ( - English. To believe To bawl To be told To begin To bend To be willing To betray all VOCABULARY. Cbippeway. Indcnendum gwoyack Tonbingus £c&fto Ethetum wai'march Marchim Can'nar, or cun'ner , Matchee arpeech chickwar'woke 845 To beat, or bruise To bring, or fetch To bind, or tie To break, or tear To bite To build To barter To boil , To borrow To burn To beg (you beg) To bathe To be unconcerned, or indifferent about a thing To cut ;, To call To choose . , • . To cure Packettywaun Nartin, or Petoon Tackan'nin Bowwiskar Quoyjim Gowwe^jetoon Gudgymardat Zepeeooch Carmatch'ey Squitty Urbach Keenandoton Nepewoy'awat Mornooch towwarch Kiskejune Nandootum Tucku'nnin Zarsquoy * h... t;. ' >N ' •I J )'<.v; To hide To hold To hate To hear To hurt Cbippeway. Mushcow'wartin Warbcrmeco Bockettynccch Bockcttywaun Tarpin, or peach Ponkissin Arnooch Wccgewach'in i Newinnemeecoossay NewSrbemoach Nartin, or petoon Zeewitch Ameechet Ojft DSrmissey Es'zar, or Cuddeszar Pamiskian, or pemiskar Papamfitay Gonishcar Tibarimaw 247 (• ; •1 V .{ ^ ■i-^n') Cannawendan » Jingwim Nesharquish Stootewar, or nondagaitch Naw'wameetch .•■' '> '. h. ■" : .'1-. - "<:- •(', -^f, m :-% ^ r, ■•«• '...■■■ ' I 148 English. To hang To hunt To hit To have To interpret To jump To join, I join To keep To kill To know, you know To kick To lend To love ; love To long to see, or wish To losej loss To lift To learn To lead To lie down To lie, a falsity To laugh To meet ■ To make fire and cook VOCABULARY. Cbippeway. PeechQganub G£osay M&twoit Arwayyor ! Kitchec ungwoitch und4rjewort i^booch Neewo ^ Gannewainnemar G{innesar Keecannawendan Achip Mishcow'womeech Z4rgay, or zdrgeytoon fiadish Winnetoon . ;; Es'termeech ■ ., E'shpermeech , > Acheech Neparhan C&wween deb'woy Pawpy' Neewatch Pooterway chebockwoy M rv ■)•' <.- ' / M 1 1 ■ I 1 t , •■ Pi- ■; Ml: ?.■-;?;!■ ■ '■ ' 'i .' I. ■ VOCABULARY. English, To make, or do To measure To melt To mciid To mix ,. To marry To make water To neglect To own To open To place, or put To pull To pay To please To push To pass To pierce To pinch To promise To perspire To return To raise To receive 249 ' ■'(, , 'i' Cbif^pcxvay. Ojcytoon, or tojcytoon Apin Acliccmccch Packquoy mowachin Packquoitso Tuckunnu'mkewish Mecscsay Winnema watch Guddypen'dan, or dependan Pameech, or hapitch Acktone, or neech Ajdrme Guddypa'rhan Mirrowerrindan Meetso Pisquitch Chagworm Chimmeney Nebebeewoy Matootoo Tercus'henan, or guabeecheway Ishpin Aj/mmoach . •f rrl I ' 'm 11 Kk : ^ ' I - 1 i ! •r ,' * i 1 .'*' . 1 1 ; ,« Mi , ., -Ill r. V'- * '■ -''I Til- .■ '■ -I '! ■ •■ .' I ■' , ' 1!,:; ^ •• hi- '...I V (.'■"Ill . .'•« i, ,'• i5'-.r ^*-, S50 VOCABULARY. English. To row To rejoice To run To read ; To revolt ' ' ' To ride To release To rise or get up To repudiate, to throw away To shake To stand up To sail To spit To seek To stand To seize To stab . To split To shew To shut To sing To sink To satisfy To sit down, or sit you down To send To smoke a pipe ' Cbippeway. Pemishkar Papyan .> Squainich Daguoitso Etummecartey Annyscoop Pejarkemct ' ^ • : Gonishcar Waybenan Pisquemeetch PSsserquoin *^ Pemishcarmooch Warmar'ch Warchai'ch Andatch Ajimmenin Batcheypehone Chippauk Serpargussey Cupperharne Najemoon Nondagat Neminwaindesee Mantet^ppy Marchetoon Suggersoy •1.' i -.5:. . i If ^y El J, .3* VOCABULARY. English. To swim To see To 'peak To smell To say; what did you say? when spoke angrily To stink ; you stink, or your sen- timents .re offensive 25 » Cbippeway. Squabcech Wabemat, or wabcmor Debarchim, or debarchemon laquitch Ickeetoyan To strike To steal To sleep To tie, or bind To touch To tell To think To throw away ; to repudiate To take To understand To view, or examine well my mind To vex To win To watch To wash Keemechawich KeebSrcham Keemotyan Nepan Tackannin Chewwar Gudjey In'denind, or indenendum Waybenan Tarpenan Necsstootcwar Wabindan Annasca/tissey, or nishcar'tissey Warmatt Warbcnnis, or warbennet Zaquebenan >;w •:i'^' i 'ii Kk 2 !l'' t .» Iff *M| ,L •11 • '! i ■i"-': m liji ' r^ ■ I' ,1 -S «52 English. To work To want To weep To walk, or go To weigh To wish, or long to see VOCABULARY. Chippeway. Tojeytoon, or gusketoon Guy'yossey Marmy' Pamosay Quois'ciquen > Badash mU 1', ■'.,*!. ■ ■ V ,1 J ■ !i ■ i ■1 ■1 '■1 ■ ^tf.:.^-- ■-.i^,.>-S^.L< VOCABULARY. 253 Table of Words. Cbippeway. Abboy Ajack'quoit Annaboy'cassey Anik Appiminiquy Ayarbey awashkesh Amik Assenjey Anim Animonce Aysquish Aw?.shkesh Annooch Argatso Assinbo , Artik'kameg Arcoquosh'ergan Armoche Arbittar Anneech A'shemich Akeek 3:* > English. Paddle, or small oar Axe Sense, or understanding Arm Beaver skin Buck, or male deer Beaver Bay, (harbour for canoes) Dog Dog, puppy Dart Deer £yc that squints Fingers Fox White fish Gartering Hand Half, or part Hill Home, or dwelling Kettle, or pot 'f i'^ ■'"\n "f4' ! i-. ,• •! ' . VI h'k I ■. j(: ■I. i i-r ' '^ 254 VOCABULARY. Chippeway. Ayarbey Annacotchigon, or huncusliigon Amang Agummcweech Assubub Assub Achimmey Assinjego An'dersoy, or tawnymilik Aftneetso Ashin'go Asseeban Amik woygan, or amik oakonus Aquish Attees Annunk Assin Acheek Angwoitch Atch Artawway Artawway winnin Assay'mer Amarcheep Annank Annan English, Male Merchandise Middle Music Net for fishing Thread Present, or gift Pledge Price; what price? how many? how much Pleasure Ribs Racoon Beaver robe Wound Sinews Star Stone Shame Shade Shell Trade Trader Tobacco Valley Wrist Wristbands l;> h . •£• •.' i.A... ■ !•' VOCABULARY. Cbippeway. Annywattin Anneycheewoatch Achib Armooch Ajack'quoy Appywick Agussin Ardatch Arpeech Annacook Ac'quoisee Apackhan, or han Awoity, or woity Aighter, or unter Aunday Angaymer, or nangaymer Awashemon An Awa'ss, or ingwitch Awa'ssa, or awa'ssa woy'ta Accochink Arthty Ashea Athtergain Arbitorch Arwayyor Achim An'yscoop ^55 English. Calm Deep Green Lame Free, or generous Low Narrow Patient Fine, not coarse Quick Sick Any There ; at a place Only, at, alone Where Yes Before Of Last Beyond, or far off Out, or without Have, had And To amuse, or play To divide To have To dig To ride In < I'-'l:': i1 If i, \ I i i) i ,i ' I . /il .( i I 1i ' r A.ji it \l.i !i^^ ». b ?l: S P ::vs. ■■ ■ •. I. r..' f ■ •i r,:. 256 Cbippeway. Appay Amooch Acheech . . Ameechet Achip Abooch Apin Ajarme Ajimmoach Ajimmenin Andatch Ac'ktone, or neech Annascar'tissey, or nishcartissey Acheemeech Baskey'zegan Bebo'ne Barthtiar'jc Bocketty Basqueenewar Bowwis'kar Bockettyneech Batcheypehone Badash Bockettywaun Boossin VOCABULARY. English. , . > To dwell, or stay , ,. Tofloajt . v.; . . To lead To grow To kick Tojuirp ,'- : To measure To pull To receive To seize To stand .:*, To place, or put To vex . , To melt V Gun Winter, or year Army, or number of people as- sembled together Hungry, thin, lean Unlucky, or unfortunate To break, or tear To fast To stab To long to see, or wish To fish To embark \\ VOCABULARY. *57 Cbippeway. Cushkendum ■< . ■•■•,. Cheeman Cushecance Cark cark Chingwim C&wmeek meteek Coocooshe Cushcowait C&wween, or ka C4za Cdwween appay Cockinnor Cockinnor marmu Chartch Cdwween mooshkenay C&wween pesterquan Cawween annaboy'cassey Charbeech Cushkendummerman Cdwween gwoyack Cawween mush'kowar Carnayboy'cus Cargoneek, or memarmo Cawwick4, or cassawickca Cannatoo Can'nebatch Charno n:- J English. Sorrow, or pity Canoe Tame cat Crow Flood of water Fork, or prong stick Hog Plenty Nothing, no, not Word Absent All All together Deaf Empty Light (not heavy) Lewd, or unwise Soft Sad Unjust, or wrong Weak Wild Always, wherever Never Why Perhaps Proof m I 11 4- ■■■. ; I Ll r, ■i ■ ■: ' ■ I >»■.• ■1% t , ; . ;.-il. il :ii': ^^' .*/ ■■ •"■il 358 VOCABULARY. ;/•, 1 :.■ I .■ '■. ■-1 ' ,ji . Cbippeway. Can'ner, or cun'ner - i.) /;-»:.' * Candan Charmecch Chai'quoy Cannawendan , Cdwween deb'woy Chagworm Chimmeney Chippauk Cupperharne Chewwar Carmatchey Deb'bikat Doskeennerway'mug Daggow'wemeech Dai^jey Dar'niss, or indong'way Dadge Dackquoy Doutch Deb'woy Dus'quin Debai'chim, or debar'chemon Daguoit'so Depen'dan, or guddypendan Dar'missey Etiglitb. Willing, to be willing To experience To dream To drop To hide To lie (a falsity) - To pierce To pinch To split ; To shut To touch To borrow Night Young man, or men Pain ,,., . Sand Daughter Rotten Short Down, on the ground True, to be true To close ; .,;., To converse To read To own To give r. •< • • a .•fe ■.«: w If Cbippeway, Eunick . . £rgush'shemin E'quoy E'quoysince Eshtergoan Espeoc'kay Essingo Eshteroath'can E'shcan Esh'pea Es'zar, or guddeszar Ethetum war'marcrh ■ Es'termeech Esh'permeeclf Etummecar'tey Ecar'to Gosenan Gwat'so Gatsoates Gwoyack . :. Geezus Gueveshew Going Geessessey • - - s Gwimbitch Geessennar VOCABULARY. English. Fathom (a measure) ••■''" Aunt Woman, or female '' " Girl Head Mountain ' ' Rocks Skul! Spears Sky To go ; I will go To begin To lift To learn To revolt To be told King, or great chief Eyebrow Edge > ' -^ Justice, or truth Moon Plover Snow V I .; . Sun, or great light Wing, of birds ' Cold LI2 «59 , ■"• 3 * t >i4': 'i ^ ',1 ■ 1'. ' >\ I I I * ' ' i J" •' jr. v . ■.« i- a6o Cbippexvay. Gccsliar'iay Guy'oxim Guachootch Gar Guyyca Gwotch, or nepcwar Gudggymirdat Guabccchcway, or tcrcushcnan GowwcSjctoon Gamar'char Guy'yoswsey Geosay Gannewain'nemar Gun'nesar Guddypar'han Guddypcn'dan, or dcpcndan Grdjey Gonish'kar Gusketoon, or tojeytoon Guddeszar^or Es'zar Huncush'igon, or annacotch'igon Hagua'missey, or dguamissey Hawoyzask Haw'wercoon ' : : Hamatchey VOCABULARY. Englisb. Hot, or warm; to make hot or warm Ready Rough Permission Also, too ' Much, or a great deal To barter To return To build To depart To want To hunt To keep * To kill To pay To own To tell To rise, or get up To work To go, I will go ' Merchandise ' Courage Musquash, or musk rat ' Tripe de r6che, or rock weed Broad .» . ; I-: • -■ **♦* 'if.'.' VOCABULARY. j*5i Cbippeway. EnglisL Haundwitchey Bottom Hagushenoncc Small Hawwanccyaw, tarnin, tarncyaii, or way'goniii What, or what now ? Han, or apackcan Any Hapadjey Indeed Hapitch, or pamccch To open Ha wecbittan, or wcebittan Make haste Indong'way, or dar'niss Daughter Jinis Son Jonia Yellow Ish'pemeg High, or above Ingwitch, or awass Last Ish'pemeech ■ Proud I'shmick Sudden Jimmenin Tame Is'quamach Belly Icktum guichum Between I'shcarmooch Upon In'denind, or indcnen'dum To think Indenen'dumsee To expect Jimmim To attack Jingwim To hold Ishpin To raise Jaquitch To smell Indenen'dum gwoyack To believe a thing true t'M ? I m •II <>)!■ :N1 . I I'u ^ >'^^. s' Vv >.V^, ii9> ^. O. ^» .V' ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^/ ^.i.^ ^ % .*t* %^ %^ I 1.0 SfKl lii ■tt tti 122 £ |££ |20 I.I 1I& L25 1 1.4 11.6 Sciences Carporation •s? ^\ V ;\ as WBT MAM STRHT winrm.N.Y. msm (71*)t7a^S03 ^s^^^ ^ t J^q- .< Mi • ■) Is- /. 5 :■».: /. ■■•11 liiMP' H iiu"; • if ■ ' . ft > •I: f-.i . '.» ».■ ■ ■** .. f C62 Cbippeway. Ickkeetoyan Kcs'coneck Kccmotcgun Kitchee anwin Kitchee carbo Keenar'bo Kitchee assubbub Keegonce KeepartQsee Kitchee mannitoo Kitchee jonia Kitchee squittyung Keejayp Keenonjcy Kitchee mannitoo ninnee Kimmcewan Keenaypick'neeshey Kitchee mcework Kitchee mokoman Kitchee gaminink Keenaibittay Kitchee naberquoin parbock'cr- woyan Kitchee naberquoin Kccmotay VOCABULARY. English^ To say ; what did you say ? when spoken angrily - -k •( ■. , Broken arm Adultery Ball, or large shot Crane (a bird) Cloud, or grand cover Cable, or big rope Fish Fool ; he is a fool God, or Great Spirit Gold, or fine yellow metal Hell, or place of bad spirits Morning ... Pike, a fish Priest, or Master of Life's man Rain Snakes Swan Sword, or great knife Sea, or great unbounded lake Smoke, or fire fog Sail of a ship Ship, or great canoe Thief; he is a thief VOCABULARY. Cbippeway. Kispetaw'gan Keezay'cus Ken'dersay Kitchee, or nishshishshin Kitchee way'besun Kittim Keenonge Keewaency Kitchee mor'gussey Kakeejetty Keejetty Kittermish Keen, kec, or kee kee Ka, or ca'wwecn Keshpin Kaygoshish Kaygait, kay, or meegwoyack Kamar'chey Keennerwind Kaygo Kakaygo Keenandoton Keeas'quin Keekeepejar'can Kiskejune Keemarjemet Keetar'peech 263 English. Tobacco pouch Fear J to fear; he is afraid Witness ; you are a witness Great, or good Armbands Idle, or lazy Long Old, he is old Poor Raw, or unripe Ripe, or dressed Slow Thou, or you No, not; nothing If Thing, or things It is true, or truly Not yet Ye, your I have I have not To beg; you beg To catch To arrive by land To cut To carry To elect ;Jr" .*! i ; t64 Cbippeway. Kiichcc ungwoitch, undar'jcwort Kccmoiyan Kccmeechawich Kccbar'cham Kcccannawen'dan Lissy VOCABULARY. English. To interpret To steal To stink ; you stink, or your sen- timents arc offensive To strike To know ; you know Human hair P' 4 • I' •,t .t. k Mej&sk, or nepish Marchiin Mushquccwor'mcteek Mannetonce Misquy' Mannetoo menan'ce Mackquah Mackquacon'cc, or mackon'cc Meeteconse Marseynay'igan Meteek mushcomat, or muccuck M6tay Mushcomat Mcccoose Medar^min Menomon Matchce Mannitoo Misquoitch Herb, or grass Journey ; to go a journey Knot of wood Ants, and all small insects Blood Beads Bear Cub bear Branches of a tree Book, letter, or paper Box of wood, or bark, or rum keg Bottle Bag Canoe awls Indian corn Indian rice Devil, or bad spirit Dew VOCABULARY. 265 Cbippeway, Mackcoan Meekintar'gan Marsennahatch or, marsenna/gan Meeno geesshegat Matchee geeshegat Moouse Meegeezes Matchee oathty Mattoyash Meechaw Meedseywort Muckkikee Mejimmitn Mishquoish4rtay MarcheV Min'nishish March Min'nesey Min'nesin Meequorm Mokoman Meemoche Mittasse Maunk Maskikkee Mcntimo/ey Mentimo/amisb M Englisb. Dhh Pack, or bundle of skins Debt, or trust Fine day Bad day Elk Eagle Enemy, or bad heart ' Earth Face Fundament Frog Food Fever Gall Grapes Hole Island Peninsula Ice Knife, or knires Lips Leggons, or stockings Loon, (a bird) Medicine Wife, or mistress My wife, or mistress m ^■: iljl '^■r .*\i ■.it. .1 tr - i *■ • t66 VOCABULARY. St., I. !•• Cbippewny. Mccsey Mcrgummegat Mackcutty, or mackcutty pingo Mcecho Matchce pattso Meekan Mannetoo woygan' Mishwoygan' Menokcmeg Mat'wort Mushkowar Matchee geesshegar Monyny'yank Maukissin Meteek Mitchea Meessay . Mawhin'gon Mecar'tay Menopemeg Misquoyshoanarl)oop Matchee moyamee Matchee Matooch Matchee wayl)egun English. Mouth News Gunpowder, or black dust Peace Poison, or the taste of the bad swelling Road Blue Stroud Red Stroud Summer, or spring Stumps of trees Strength, or strong Storm Montreal, a town in Canada Indian shoes Trees, or wood Thumbs Urine Wolf War; to go to war; to fight, or quarrel Woods Wine, or blood red broth Whore, or bad woman Bad, or wicked Bitter Barren, or not bearing fruit > I ► VOCABULARY. Chifipnvay. Mcnditoo Maichec arjieech Matchec wecbcezesay Mccnwcn'desay Mee Mccrmarjis Mecchewcass Mooshquenay Mackcutty Mecshar'quoit Marnay Moosbkcy Misquy, or misquitly Matcheewa Marmo Maunder, or mor Met6cli, or mcnoch Mcwinch Mcencwatch Memar'mo, or cargoneek Maywjshcr Moszack Meegwoyack, kay, or kaygait Meewgotch Mishcoot Marchetoon iOj English. ^% "«* great Coarse, not fine Cunning Easy Enough Few Fresh, not stale Full Black Light, or bright Many Pregnant Red Savage, or wild Together This, or that Besides Because Again, or yet Always, wherever Long time ago, formerly, or is it long since ? But It is true, or right, or very well Thank you To alter, or change To send M m a li '■'l 1 1. 'I ft' III, "'-^ • I t "'I- IT f-.t' ■68 VOCABU Cbippeway. Mantetappy Mcetso Mirrowcrrindan Metashwar'bermy Mornooch nczat'gay Mawwinnewah Marchim Matchcc arpeech chickwar Matchec arpeech chickwar^woke Marmy' Mornooch toww&rch Mushk&wesay Mat'woit Min'niquah M ishcow'womeech Marchtooch Mushcow'wartin Matootoo Nondar'gay Nowettywich, or nowwetting Narmay'bin Nepewarnoond&jewort Non'dawar Neejee, or neecarnis Nepewoaj4nis Nocey LARY. English. To sit down, or sit you down To push To please To account To approve ; I approve 1 o assist To bend To betray To betray a number of people To weep To be unconcerned, or indiffe- rent about a thing To defend To hit To drink To lend To dip To freeze To perspire Arch, part of a circle fireath Carp, a fish Crowd Ear Friend, or companion Family ' . Father H\- » • Cbippeway. Nepish, or mejask Nabaini' Nishinnorbay Noochimtnoin Nin'gay Ninnce Narb Necc&rk Nepecch Nckcek Ncatissuni, orweebor'so Nond^jewot Nepew&meteek Nink Nepan' Narmay'guiss Narpoon Nippee Noetting Newemo Ningootch Nezar^gea Nepcwdr, or gwotch Nishshishshin', or kitchee Nobeetch, or pockcan Narnin Nebitch VOCABULARY. ag^ English, Herb, or grass Husband, or master of weakness Indians Life Mother Man Nails of fingers and toes Wild goose Leaves Otter Veins of the body People, or nation Raft of wood Skin of animals Sleep Trout Village Water Wind Ashamed ; to be ashamed Another Fond, I am fond Much, or a great deal Good, or great New, or strange Smooth Sour I m r ■^ 't ■ ^ M ♦ < i •. i ilv 1 ■f ) ■i i .1 •?■ * .1 '4 If ^ "' s/o VOCABULARY. Cbippeuay. Engliib. Ncpccwccnooii Wet Xowwcnday'shon Weary, or tired Nccpoo Dead Xopirhar Drowsy ; I am drowsy Nin, ncf, or ncc ncc I, mc, my Nil! aighlcr I myself, or alone Nccnnerwind « We, us, or our ; all of us Nangay'mcr, or angay' mcr Yes Nogom Now, or lately Ningoot Afterwards, or after Ningoochum Behind Ningootch Another Nar Is it, was it, can it Nishcar'teyan To affront Necshar'quish To hate Nishcartcseyan To be vexed ; I am vexed Nishcartissay, or annascartisscy To vex Noncydonc To answer, or attend to Nindooton, or Jiiiidootimond To ask : I ask Ncgadcja To ascend Ncpcwoy'awat To bathe ]''- Nccsstootewar To understand Ninnowatchim To conquer Nemeh . To dance Ncpewooch To drown Nartin, or peloon To fetch, or bring Naw'waraeetch ' 't ' To hurt .fii'V Isrffvl VOCABULARY. Cbippevuay. Nccwo Neparlian New i nnomccoossay New&rbcmoach Nond4gaitch, or stootcwar Nccwatch Neech, or acktone Ncbcbecwoy Nijemoon Nondigat Ncminwain'dcsee Ncpa'n Nandootum On^gun Oakonus, or amik woygan' Opecwyesky Onick'quick Oakcan Opin Onccan Oskcnay'gay Owcntfigun Ojcmaw,or O'kcmaw Ogunncgat Ozctt Oyan 27i English. To join To lie down To forget ; I forget To foretell ; I foretell To hear To meet To put, or place To promise To sing To sink To satisfy To sleep TocaJl Bark bowl, or cup Beaver robe Beard Back Bones Brain Breech clout Boy Barrel Chief Day, or days Foot, or feet Fur of animals ■ill! •I? i J' :»i i' If t • ;•■ .1 M J r.5. .■f. .i.'.i 4 ijt VOCABULARY. Cbippeway. Englisb» Ochick' Fisher, an animal Onuggcsh Bowels Oathty Heart Opecway Hair of animals Oweoathcoan Hati Onuggcraeg Portage, or carrying place Ogashy Horse Oc&rt Leg Onjec Land Onjeech Mud Opo/gan Pipe Og&ncc Pickerill, afish ' Onnemay Sturgeon, a fish Opickquoy Squirrel Oquarme Thighs Outon Tongue Ozonnemon Vermillion Ozome Too much, or deal* Ozome pongay Too little Onai'gushey Dark Omich Round Opai'mey Below Omar, or owiy Here Ot4rpeet Under Ojey To Ondass Come here Osquibby, or squibby Drunk VOCABULARY. •7$ Cbippeway, Ojit Ojcytoon, or ogubbctoon Ondashin' English. To grind To make, or do To come on Pennyshancc Pam6iay way'bcgun Pcckquccn dorsow Pcwarbickcoiicc Paunca Peshshckcy Pcsh'shcmo Pcnai^quan Piskaw^gan Pcshshcw Pewar'bick Pingo Pewyar Pennyshis Pockquoisigan Pinnccsh Pcquim Pewarmickcoon Powwabickcoon Pickkew Powwetink Pcwithay Pewarbcneech All small birds Arhcs Br!oc!i Jirass wire Broaches Buffalo Bed Combs Coats Wood cat Copper, iron, or brass Dust, or powder Eyelid Fowl, or birds Flour, or bread Fruit Feathers of birds Flint stone Gun flints Gum Rapid or strong current of water Stranger Hawk bells Nn ll . •■ J «.. ' . A c. ■(• l( « (r ■>i :f L|,. }..'* ■ ^1 -nf' . * r is- ■* .■^■l. 274 Cbippeway, Peja'rcan Pemartus Pendycutty Puttwar Pccktopc Pinneck Pimmcthy Peenay Pockkikkin ParbocVerwoyan' Pockcan worrockay, tunnockay Pitchynar'go Pester'quan Parmin Pejar'moach Pongay, or hagush'en Piyshik Pockcan, or nobeetc' Packquoim Payshew Papay'jit Panimir Pendeek Pay, piyshik Pack'itan Peach, or tarpin VOCABULARY or pockcan ICC English. Harbour Health Horn Knee Nostrills Navel Oil, fat, or grease ; or to be fat Partridge Skin (human) Shirts The other world, or country Yesterday Heavy Bald Jealous Little, small One, the, a, or an Strange, or new Wide Near, or nigh Each By and by In Here, and there To abandon, or forsake To feel kit 5. VOCABULARY. Cbippeway. Pon'kissin Pamiskian, or pemiskar Papam6tay Pecchuganub Packettywaun Pawpy' Packquoy mowachin Packquoitso Petoon, or nartiii Pameech, or hapitch Pisquitch Pemishkar Papyan Pejar'ketnet Pas'serquoin Pemishcartnooch Pisquemeetch Pamosay Pooterway chebock'woy Quickwahay Queebesince Quinch . Quewescence Quoyjim , Quois'ciquen 75 English. To fall To go by water To go by land To hang To beat To laugh To mend To mix To fetch, or bring To open To pass To row To rejoice To release To stand up To sail To shake To walk To make a fire and cook Beaver eater Child, or children Liver Virgin To bite To weigh Itf ! f Nn2 1.1-' '1; ! 1 '\ t *. -.Vk f.i '■ K ,i' u. • • * •;*" •■: H ,.:,.i if' w" ■ V S76 Cbippeway. Shaquoit Shemayn Shoanar'boop Shcmay'nce Shamishcart Sedgwin Squendum Sheshib Saggonash Squittycan Squitty, or scotay Scotay wigwass Saggoban'wan Shoamin Seegwa Squitty annacook Sakiegan Shenowant4gan Shan'gwoitch Shem'mor Shaboonegun Shenecazeau Sen'nebar Scotaywaljo, or squittywa'bo Seepee Sheesheebanwin Sheecark VOCABULARY. Ettglhb. Air Brother Broth, or soup Sister Battle Current of water Door ; shut the door Wild duck English Fire steels Fire Fire bark Hair plates Huckleberries Lungs Lightning, or quick fire Lake Lines for a net Mink Neck Needles Name Ribbands, or silk Rum, or brandy River Shot Skunk, or pole cat m " VOCABULARY. 2 Cbippeway. English. Scczecbockquoit, or scezequar Sugar, or swtet Sagoyb Well of water Sheotagan Salt Shcmagonish Soldier, warrior, or brave man Squissow Throat Sawwetch Tongue of animals Sazargesay Greedy, or covetous Sannegat Hard, cruel ; it is hard, or crue Sasay'ga Handsome Shenargussey Such Sug'germarsh Quiet; all is quiet Shyyir, or shar'shyyar Past, or gone, or done Squibby, or Osquibby Drunk , Sparchtay ^Thirsty, or dry Sharshyar' newebens To arrive by water Squittyar'bach To burn Sug'gersoy To smoke a pipe Squabeech To swim Serpar'gussey To shew Stootewar, or nondagaitch To hear Squamich To run Sharshyyar Long since Taguamissey, or hag 'amissey Courage Tonbin'gesay Noise Tunnoc'kay Country Teakiagun Gun worms ^•: I 1.1 I}* "v. „ ■„.-.f wi «. iiU'^ i: II*; * ' ; *i 1 i Brvp^'iT Bf, '. •< |\>.'. ■•ill y Hi ;,',■■; ■ ■•■] ■•I' •78 VOCABU Cbippeway. Tarbatch Tootooshonarbo Tam'mikquoin Tarbinn&ck Tarbish4r Talon jay Tarwai'chewort Thurensera Tarpoach Tabiscoach Towwacktowar Tannepy Tar'nin, tai^neyau, way'gonin, or hawwaneeyaw Tawnimilik, orandersoy Taw ! waw ! Tarpen&n Takooshin Tackannin Tuckunnin Tib&rimaw Tuckunnum'kewish Tonbin'gus Tercush'enan, or guabeecheway Tarpin, or peach Tojeytoon, or gusketoon Utchwar LARY. English. Hips Milk, or sap of the breast Spoon Indian slay Thunder Blue Toes Dawn of day Voice, or the echo of the breath Equal, or alike Surprising When, or whence What, or what now? How many, what price, how much P Oh! oh! To take To arrive at a place To bind, or tic To choose To govern To marry To bawl To return To feel To work Chin L_**> ■ . Cbippeijuay. Un'gwoitch ^nter, or aightcr Untowarch Wa/bissay, or waybeezcsay Warbunk Warwich Warcockquoi,, or warcockquoi, opoygan Wabatch VOCABULARY. ^figlisb. Busy Only, at, or alone Unto 279 Thoughts . To-morrow Ankle* Wheeyoe '^aperwoyan' Wapiitch Warmeek Wigwass Warbim' Wiskin'ky Wark Warbegum' Weass Wisseneet Wayniistergoash Wakaygon Wematishtergoan Woyg^n,oroak6nus Wapoos Tomahawk An animal between a dog and a wolf ^ Breast Blankets Basket, or hand bowl Bridge Bark of a tree Cheeks Eyes ^ggs Globe, the earth Flesh of animals Feast i-ort, or tower Bald head Robe made of peltry Hare I -^i .(!' -;i, \\ «. |: fl::-:;-'! ." ' l/.'t 1 I'i-:: : V > . ■ ■ n .-■•■« 280 voc Cbippeway. Wecyan Wigwaum Wakcck'uman Warbcnuooii Winnctoon Warbun' Wo) zaskquish Warbeshan'ce Wcsshepatchta WoyzSsk Watappy ' Warmcech Weenecobbo Wccbitt Weebor'so, or neatissum Wiscon'kissey Warbermeneech Weematch Warbishcar Watcrwawadoossin Ween Weennewar Way'nin Way'gonin, hawwaneeyaw ta/nin Tar'neyau ABULARY. English. Hide of animals House, cabin, or hut Crooked knife Looking glasses Loss Month Rush mat Marten, an animal ' Bird's nest Rushes Roots of trees Tail of animals Turkey Teeth Veins Young, offspring Blind Sharp White Roots ; a figurative expression for the affections of the heart, which entwine about each other He, him, she or her Ye, they, or them Who, or who is that ? } What, or what now? .\ VOCABULARY. Cbippeway. Waygush, or way way Woity, or awoity Weebitch Weech6pe Woke Weebittan; or ha, weebitton' Warbenneech Wissemeg Wissinnin Weegewachln Warbermeco Winnemawatch Warmarch WabindSn Wabemfit, or wabetnor Warcharch Warmatt Warbennis, or warbennet Waybenin Yoe Yotch Yaquoy Zenzeebisson ZSrgay, or zargeytoon 181 or' ( •' I I English. r How, or how do you do ? There, at that place Immediately, or very soon Mine, belonging to me Plural number Make haste To clean To chew To eat To follow To find . To neglect To spit To view, orexamine well my mind To see To seek To win To watch To throw away, to repudiate Body Nose To avoid Finger rings Love J to love Co .1 !i.<' ' ^. •. • W'l » J. 'I '• < i ■ i, ^t,.V >1-' -if m' .. .1; :> ^ 6* ■>"•■■ 5 iS a8t VOCABULARY. Cbipptway, Zawnum' u) .'oH Zeepeeooch •>;; . i, !j u. .w.^tiT Zai^squoy ^v •' > ,i'-}istii^nv>,i English, Paint; to paint ;^ii'.Wh ." To boil I -yw ; V ,v ' .'' To cure iltuV! •»/^ Zeewitc'h^ ri.ii:^ ;:.;-,-.;ifrr')r!is7/ ^ ;'/*>f;i>' " j' "lijlKWt'r- ;f'< '■' ji^K oT n'jiSiin;, V-/ J.';;(T' ym Ibw AuwnA'-.ia .try / /i" nfiLdid;; AT .'.a?, ol' iOfn'j.i^w lo .tfcnnJf; /? ;l))^ (.'i" ff^iPffij-f.Vr itt V oT !}>i.ft1hV/ /bi«w oT a-ifm'icfr.'.v/ '10 .."r.sdtKliiiV/ o'niljuqo-' '>» ,.vr m; vfinilj oV i\ha^d/v.'!f vf^oH OO 7' 03O-/I . ri'/io r liiovs oT •-prirf •! '.-J^iti'l iioE^loo^xnoX O/o! ol ;yVO.[ jroojvfj!^"*!;^ li) jvu^'it..^^ () o r4, ivSr • -' V. ) .;♦ / jfr/ . ••■I. •i" • •v) •. ' .'AV; / /■■ -'VHViM /U.. Ml/\ r ,i •< FAMILIAR PHRASES XK TH£ f'.. ENGLISH AND CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGES. .lU \tnu.:- t ■fc." .. f,; ^ .a ;'.;rf .;*;:' h.Ii ' ^ t i*S : f ■'I Ooa t . T I ■I; ■«« VOCABULARY. FAMILIAR PHRASES IN THE ENGLISH I-:: 1 m 111;: «. •. I, ; r li hi i'*', .'], Bi'.'; ; w ' [-'■* f.'- ^1; !(. i m hh ii'iii f English. How do you do, friend ? In good health, I thank you. What news? I have none. Have you had a good hunt this winter? Yes, a very good hunt. What lake did you hunt at last winter ? At the Skunk Lake. What is there at that lake ? Beaver, but not much. How long were you there? ' ' - • . Only one month. They say there are no fish in that lake ; That is hard. There has been a great deal of snow lately ; We have all found it hard this winter. Did you see any strange Indians on the way P Yes, I met five going to Lake Sturgeon. Had they any thing with them ? No, I did not see any thing but slays. I long to see spring, that we may go a fishing. What lake will you fish at ? The Red Lake. •:r^ Ij VOCABULARY. •»5 AND CHlPPElVAr LANGUAGES, ,,, Cbippeway, Way, way, ncenecjcc? Meegwotch nobum pcmirtus. 1 a mm mergummegat ? ' Caw'wcen a'rwayyor. Nishshishshrn g^osay nogome bcb6nc ? * Anga'ymer, O, n.shshlshshin. Hawwaneeyaw sakiegan keegeosay awa'« beb6nc? Shcecark Sakiegan. Way'gonin woiiy ha sakiegan ? Amik. cawween gwotch. Maywisherkeeappay? Pfiyshik geczus aighter. « Nepewar going nogome ; Cockinnor marmo ojey candan sannegat nogome bcbone 1 ockcan mshmnorbay kee warbema't nar? Anga'ymer na'rnan nee warbemor onnemay sakiegan ojey Kaygoshish arthty w^enewar nar ? "^ ' B^IT"' t °^'' ""''""^' '^'^"^yy- ^-t,inna'ck. Badash menokemcg bockettywaun neennerwind. Tarneyau sakiegan keen bockettywaun ? Misquittyyang sakiegan. eszar. ■A' >■ \i: m ■I'll r. • > W :l . 8** -•'.. ■>V ttS VOCABULARY. English, '11 •> • < 11 « t ♦ »> r»ff \: Our canoes are broken ; We must make new in the spring. There is great quantity of birch bark at the Red Lake i Yes, but the trees are small. .,,,., ^. x.\ How many fathom long will you make your canoe ? Perhaps three fathom. There are many rapids at the Red Lake i ,. . . , Are they hard rapids ? Here and there. • .,':,„, How long are you going up them? „ ,.' . Fifteen days. \.^:.i.- That is long. firing me some tobacco ; Here is some for you. This is English j Yes, it is. Sit down. I want to smoke a pipe. I am tired. I will lie down. . .| I will get up. I want to eat. I want to drink. We will make fire and cook our kettle i It is ready; Let us eat ; It is very good. .1. . ') r.-f I ... t/ ■■..■} i ■ /'-I, ^ i.'X. • ' ••• .> /.;.' •ii-' 1. . ■ . ' :.i ■ '■■> :f 1 •>■• •87 VOCABULARY. Cbipptway. C6ckinnor ncenncrwind, O, chema'nojcy bowwiskar» Pockcan in gar ojcytoon iTien6kemcg. .„. Ncpcwir wigwass woity Misquittyyang Sakiegan i r : Anga'ynur, hagushenoncc mcieek. TaVnimilikcunuk koc ojeyt6on chcma'n? Ca'nncbatch iieesswoy 1 1. . - 1 k . . i • • NcpcwSr powwciink Misquiuyyan^/ Sakiegan , Sannegat nar powwctink ? . Pay, pa'yshik. •<, Maywishcrnar shy'yar cockinn6r Mctosswoy ogiinncgat asshca na'rnan. . Debwoy maywi>her. Assa'ymer pctoon i . Oway. Maunder Sa'ggonash j Anga'ymer debwoy. Mantcta'ppy. ; /J .'. Nee, wee, s6ggcrsoy. Nowwenda'yshon nin. Nepa'rhan, nin. Coyey nin gonishcar. < ^ j,|^ Nee. nee. wissinnin. , ,j,j ;.^,,^^ ,,{, ,^ ^..,,^.^^ ,^^, ^,,.., ^^ ^ Nee. nee. minniquabM.-f, ^fiv -jri ii^fv^ naibnl mi v* '.v,f!i b^iiiJ rr.v >^ ' Pooterway chebpcKWOy :ii«tnnen«ibd,:. v .0 U,^ ;„dhal h..f ^ «,.,, ^ ShashyVar keejetcy, . .t,ni;| ,1 .« .„ i,i,, ^,, ,,^^ ^,,.^,„j ,^, Haw wisMnnin; Hunjeyta O. nishshishshin. . > (I ■■■> ■ ... ■ y 1 ', ■-; ■- . ' . .."''■. I I ■•/ u.,' 1U«' rf ..jl' I'l I' I l-vtl. !! if* ■,-=■' !!t,- r ■ ;■ i'l. ' -■ ■1 ' I it i; * 1 p. ' ^r:-. _.],. r«*.'»-. V • L^'r^:: '•"v |4*^.- ,' ii 1 • ■■ s88 I will go. VOCABULARY. English. : ji< J i: ii: I J. Hi Are you going, ii i;% vf M- :;ii s:.! , friend ? Yes, but I shall return soon. ' Have you any good guns ? Yes. Let us see them? This is broke. ■ - :, Here is another ; This, I think, is a good one. I want a paddle ; Here is one for you. Thank you, friend. Where is your wife ? She is dead. Is it long since ? Last winter. Have you any children alive ? Only one boy. Can he hunt ? Not yet. Where is your brother ? I saw him last winter at the Skunk's Lake ; He was killed there by an Indian when he was drunk; He was a bad Indian, and they shoidd have killed him too; An Indian just now told me he is killed. That's right - 4 • -,. ■< ••" ;i' ■'/••■ • ('. P ir. »;■ .• < ;■'..>.( 'J J,,'. - t . 1 ,li ^i" ■.•/<■- ■Ti yc.w.'V f : !■ (^o. 'tj 'I .111 / j>.' .■■. .■v.'/O ih'.li' ■>;v3\'' -ijor;;^) L'! i/d')!: i-jn-./y-^rK .■,; ;Cj"/aoiC!;M .nil' fii rl. /'• iy'.v.if f/^>'/i mjl: luO^ U'.it ,;.-:VO ^ ii*.',' .''-L.' ' ''A irrr ,::■:■:• ^^.a'/T «89 VOCABULARY. Cbippetvay. Nin gamdrcha. Shash/yar kee boossin nar negee ? Angiymer, pdnimar tercushin nin. O, nishshishshin baskeyzegan inhiy nar ? AngSymer. Gar warbemor? Maunder bowwiskar. Oway pockcan payshik ; Maunder pfiyshik O, nishshishshin indenendum. Ab'boy nee guyyossay ; Oway payshik. ^ Meegwotch, neecSrnis. Aunday keen O, mentimoyey ? Sharshy'yar nepoo. Maywisher nar ? Pa'yshik bebone shy'yar. Ar'thty O, janis nogome pemdrtus ? Payshik oskeniiygay aighter: Geosay ween nar ? Kamarchy. Aunday chemayn ? Nee warbeni6r awass beb6ne woity Sheecark SaWegan • P^shik nishinnorbay ojey gfinnissar ween osquibby WeenO,m4tchee „ishinn6rbay,n,eegwoyackO. g6nniesarween gfiyyea; Shashyyar ojey gumiesar, ween nogome me ecarto nishinnorbay; Meegwoyack. ' Pp If «.. .1' « r- I . «, lit ■ ! . i'l I ■-■■•'fl i •90 VOCABULARY. English, Was he old? No. ' ■ ■ ■,.;■■.:• '.' He had three packs of beaver skins, and ten bags of dried meat, besides fish, when he was killed : ii (.i. Oh ! that was hard. Who is that coming ? A strange Indian : . I will go and see him. Are you come from far, friend ? No, a little way from hence. What have you brought ? A small pack of beaver. '. - What will you want ? . .» , Blankets. I have none but small for your children. What is your trader's name at the Red Lake ? The Good Heart. Has he many goods there ? Five large canoes full. • Have you any bears' grease ? One box only. I will trade with you for it i Very well, friend. ' How many beaver skins did you give for that blanket? Eleven. I want to buy such ; VOCABULARY. 291 Cbippeway. Keewdency nar ? C4wween. . ' Ween arthty ne^sswoy meekintSrgan appiminiquy metosswoy mushco- mat weass sparchtay mctach keegonce guyyea: Taw!waw! sannegat. Hawwanceyaw tercushin ? > . ^• Pockan Nishinno'rbay : Nil! eszar gar warbem'or. Awassa nar kee tercushin, neegee ? Cawween, payshew omar. Wa'ygonin kee ogubbetoon ? Hagushenonce meekinta'rgan appiminiquy. Wa'ygonin kee guyyossay ? Wa'perwoyan. Ca'wween kaygo wa'rpewoyan hagushenonce keejanis shena'rgussey. Ta'rnin sheneca'zeau keennenwind arta'wwaywinnin Misquittyyang Sa- kicgna ? • ;f ■ , Nishshishshin oa'thty. , Nepewar huncushigon a'rthty nar ? . , Na'rnan kitchee cheeman mo'oshquenay. Mackqua'h pimmethy a'rthty nar ? Pa'yshik muccuck a'ighter. . Nee wee arta'wway; . : ■ •; : Mecgwoyack, negee. "f >^ .';>••' f' J.-, An'dersoy appiminiquy kee, kee, arta'wway, wa'perwoyan? Meto'sswoy asshea pa'yshik. ' . Nee wee arta'wway shenargussey ; - .' . '■ Ppa ilx L'l Pi n ^" ■ '■i I'-' t< , 1 ■■ I'l 1 '^ r I fc! • ' '4 L' i'^ r '^' " i y 1 . «t ■■.''.'!•' ' 1 i , ' ' "'^ \. i I , "W K » W il': If ', i» ■r " 4 w - J 292 VOCABULARY. English. Vouwill get such at the English trader's. How many beaver skins will you take for this? Twenty : Take them, friend. Will you trade for those otter skins ? No, not now ; I must pay my credit to the Good Heart. What did you take from him ? Some small things. Fetch me some water. Make haste. Do you hear me ? I hear you. Come here; * I am coming. What kind of a hunt had the Fox last winter? The winter was bad indeed. What did he hunt for ? Bear. I wish this was spring, and all the Indians would come and trade their winter's hunt ; j, They will come soon : •.-:'' I think they will have a great many packs. What will you ask to take me by water from Montreal to Michilli- makinac ? One large keg of rum, one gun, one blanket, one kettle, and one knife ; that is all I want : '.« V 5. ■1-X' \ VOCABULARY. <93 Cbippe-way. Sa'ggonash a'rthty shenaVgussey. An'dersoy appiminiqny kee tarpcna'n mor ? Neesh tanner: Tarpena'n neeca'rnis. Cunner kee wee arta'wway maunder nekeek woygan ? C4wween, nogome, nee wee gudderpa'rhan nee marseyna'ygan nish- shishshin o'athty. Wa'ygonin kee tarpena'n? Pongay ka'ygoshish. Nippee nartin. Ha, webitta'n. Cunner kee sto'otewar ? Kee, kee, no'neydone. Onda'ss ; Nin tercushin. Ta'min shena'rgussey geosay Assinbo awa'ss bebo'ne ? Hapadgey ma'tchee bebo'ne. Wa'ygonin ween geosay ? Mackqua'h. Ba'dash menoTcemeg ha cockinno'r marmo nishinnorbay tercushin ojey arta'wway awass bebo'ne O, wo'ygan j Weeba'tch tercushin weennewar : Nepewar meekinta'rgan indenendum weennewar. Wa'ygonin kee nindootymond monyny'yank woity Michillima'kinac pamis'kian? Pa'yshik kitchee muckcuck scotaywa'bo, pa'yshik baskeyzegan, payshik wa'perwoyan, pa'yshik akeek, pa'yshik mo'koman ; me cockinno'r: Wi u -i •''. '■.t^' UJ tl ^yl^ ■^K-ii hi. )■ . «94 VOCABULARY. English. That is too much, as you will eat and drink the same as us, and will not work, but only shew the way. Will you go directly ? • . . ' No, I shall stay till to-morrow, and then embark. I left my wife and children at a place four days march from hence» I want to see them. ' To-morrow, at the dawn of day, we will embark. i ; Take courage; farewell, friend. i ' Very well, I will be true to my word. All is quiet. I will go to bed* » Get up, friend. I am lazy. ^ I am sick. I am vexed. I am cold. >' - . . I am hot. I am hungry. ' ; ' I am dry. v' ■ ; , , , I am well. I love you. ' ' ' Your health, friend. i. i, .;, [ I do noi understand you. •«.•. >. ' ■ !,••■■ ■' .1. ■•• r ■ •> ■ .■■'l ^-.v it * iA-i-:. ;.,?:.■■ J- : tr-' :'' ■ ' i-'i ' 1 1 fe:-.A 1 ■ ■ Wi ■'^'- ^r ^;- iili-1:^ * ^^HH^Ivj «95 VOCABULARY. Cbippeway. Ozo'me kee tabisco'ach wissinnin neennerwind minniquy caVween a'r- wayyor kee gusketoon meekan mee dighter unter wabindan'. Weebatch guddeszar keen ? Ca'wween, omar ojey appay ; warbunk boossin. Mee woity ojey appay. mentimoyamish, ja'nis woke, guyyea neonogun- negat. Nee, nee, warbema't weennewar. Warbunk thurensera boossin. Hagua'rmissey, way, way, negee. Meegwoyack, nee gar debwoy. Suggermarch. Peshshemo nin gama'rchar. Gonishcar, neegee. Kittim nin. Acquoisee nin. Nishcar'teseyan. Geessennar nin, . Geesha'rtay nin. Bocketty nin. Spa'rchtay nin. Pema'rtissey nin. Neeza'rgay keen. Kee talleneman'co, or, kee tan'nemeco neejee. Cawween nee stoticee. THE END.