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Frtiin till 'rrinisdcHnn.-: i>l iln .Xmii Scu/ion lnslHiilr 'J Si-iiiir(. !'(arately, but it originally formed pj). 7!)o-"J17 of the swiiikI \oluine of Osborne's (nihdioii of I'oj/aiicN anil Tfovcl.s, vomtnhd from the Vurioitu and Valuable Librar// ofthr F,arl of Oxford, London, 174.')-}", •! vols., folio, generally called the Harleiun Collection of Voyages. \ I'lEHS. [>leinents, it lis (loscribed will hoi)) us I. The Hrst far the most New France ■Itot, wlu) in At for st)nie h had been t, Conite (le ire l)0()k, in ' transcripts iinr of the to any who carhot wrote )oginning over thcii- shoulders, neither bound nor tied, except that the men do tru.ss them up;jn the ci'own of the head, some four fiiigei's length, with a leather lace, which they let hang down behind." [Book II, chaj). i.x.] Describing the complexion of the savages, Lescarbot says: " T'.iey are all of an olive colour, or rather tawny colour, like to the Spaniards, not that i\\^iy be so born, but being the most part of the time naked, they grease their bodies, and <1() anoint them sometimes with oil, for to defend them from the tiies, which are very troublesome All they which I have seen have black hairs, s(jme excepted which have Abraham colour hairs ; but of Haxen colour I have seen none, and less of red." [Book II, cliap. x.] The Indiiins "have matacliin.s, hanging at their ears, and about their necks, bodies, arms, and legs. The Brasilians, Floi'idians, and Arinouchi(|uois, do make carkenets and bracelets (called boii-re in Brasil, and by ours matachias) of the shells of those great sea cockles, which be calleil vignols, like unto snails, which they break and gather up in a thousand pieces, then do smooth them upon a hot stone, until they do make them very small, and having pierced them, they make them beads with them, like unto that which we call porcelain. Among those 29 HKLICS OF THE STONE AfJE IN NOVA SCOTIA — PIERS. liends tlioy iiitcnnin^k' between spaco.s other bonds, hh black as. those which I have spoken oi to be white, luado with jet, or cer- tain ha)(l and bhick wood which is like unto it, which they smooth and make small as they list, and this hath a very good grace. . . . They esteem them more than pearls, gold or silver .... But in Port Royal, and in the confines thereof, and towai'ds New- foundland, and at Tadoussac, where they have neither pearls nor vignols, the maids and women do iiiake iiHthwliuis, with the quills or bristles of the porcupine, which they dye with black, white, and red colours, as lively as possibly may be, for our scarlets have no better lustre than their red dye ; liut they more esteem the matacliias which come, unto them fi'om the Armcnichi- (|Uois country, and they buy them \c^vy deai' ; and that because they can get no gi'eat ([Uanity of them, by reason of the wars that those nations have continually one against another. There are brought unto them from France i>j(<^/r'A./«<.w made with small (piills of glass mingled with tin or lead, which are trucked with them, and itieasured by the fathom, for want of an ell." [Book II, chap, xii.] "Our savages have no base exercise, all their sport being^ either the wars or hunting ... or in my the wii}'," the worthy iin. Some of 10 exception, 'iios, mostly of the pro- All are the ssni-e. The iinens vary -r^'ci" imple- The dis- the handle. i no means knowledge, sly whether iiife. It is ads, as well II ployed aa cutting,' tools. Owin^'to this uncertainty as to the method of uso, Dr. Wilson of the U. H. National Museum, in his Study of Pro- historic Arclueoloi^y (l(S!M)), treats of all these implements uiuler th(( <,'oneral heal' s[)ear-heads, or knives." Two specimens (Figs. I — 2) aro hsaf-shaped with roimded (convex) liases. Tlu! pj-oportions and finish of one of theso (Fig. 2) makes it possihlc that it may have boon a leaf-shapeil im|)lement cither intend<;d IoIhj hafti'(| as a knife, or else insfsrted in tht^ head of a cluh. In aj)pearance it resembles some of tho pala'olithic implements of Kuidpc, and it jii-o'iably belongs to that hitherto much negh'cted clas.s of aboriginal reinains which ])r. Wilson considers to bo indicative of a pala'olithic period in American archaM/loi'v. Professor Wilson's i-e.searches in thi.s direction are most intcu'esting and important, and op(Mi a new and wide held for investigation.* Another specimen (length IS in.) is straight-sided with a slightly concave base (Fig. 'i). I"'ive well-formed specimens ( Figs. 4-(S)are notched at the sides near the base. This class includes both th(! laigest and tin? smallest example (2'7r) — 1'2 ins.). 1'hefoi'iner (Fig. 4) would have been grouped with the spear-heads but for its slight proportions. A sixth specimen (Fig. U) is brt)ken, biit po.ssilily belongs to this class. Only one (Fig. 10) is stemnu'd and has a, slightly concave base. The stem, like tho notched sides before mentioned, was to facilitate the attachment of the head to a shaft. The last specimen to be considered, is barlu'd and stenmied (Fig. 11). It is loO inch in length, and is neatly chi[)ped fi'om an olive-green or slightly smoky-coloured mate- rial, which from the smooth, curved surface of one side, and other appearances, seems to bt; nothing but bottle-glass. An interesting account of the bows and arrows of our Indiana is found in tho (piaint accoinit of the old French advocate before cpioted. The l)ows, saith Lescarbot, " be strong and without finenes.s." " As for arrows," continueth he, " it is an adnnrable * Vide "■'"■ -^inas Wilson's " Itesiilts of nn Inquiry as to the existence of Man in North America \iy . . tlie Paleolithic I'eriotl of ti>o Stone Age." I Report of U. S. ^>'at. Museum, 18i5"-88>. 33 RELICS OF THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA — PIERS. tiling how they can make them so long and so strait [sic] with a knife, yea with a stone only, where they liave no knives. They feather them with the feathers of an eagle's tail, ln'cause they are firm and carry themselves well in the air : and when they want them they will give a beaver's skin, yea, twain for one of tiiose tails. For the hoa' beautiful and delicate weaj)on, may also be placed in the present class. A fifth specimen (Fig. IG), 3;iO inches long and somewhat thick, foruuMl f)f an argillaceous stone, rougldy fiaked, may be a spear-heail or else a leaf-shaped implement for use as a cutting tool ;>!" for insertion in the head of a club. The McCulloch collection, Dalhousie College, Halifax, contains a fsw stone implements, among which is a stemmed and slightly barbed spear -head (Fis:. 82), 4 inches in length and k ^5 inches in greatest breadth. The same collection also contains a leaf- shaped implenipment (Fig. 81) of white quartz, 47;) inches long and 2 inches in (greatest breadth. There remain to be described a couple of implements which may best l)e considered here, although, strictly speaking, they are of polished stone. The inconsistency of placing tiiem under the general head of flaked implements, is immaterial and may be pardoned. Ml drawl whiclj mad el ment| been regul *Thc IiulianH who lived in what is now New Hampshire and Massachusetts. — PIERS. lit [fiic] with ' no knives, tail, liccause • : and when I, twain fo»" have traffic are brought •emote, have ith [sic] the uivers, that ) tlie same or rackets > stemmed It the point, ^ne is three ime lenrrth. had been a iced in the !S lono- and :bly flaked, for use us a X, contains ^d slinrjitly ' ^0 inches ns a leaf- iches long nts which :ing, they em under and may setts. RELICS OF THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA — PIERS. 34 Mr Henry Sorette, of Bridgewater, N. S., has sent me a drawing of a very remarkable implement of unusual length which was found with other relics while e^-^avations were beincif made for a canal at Milton, Queen's Couinv, N. S. The imple- ment may be likened to a poniard blade. Apparently it had been ground into shape. It is 18 inches long and tapers regularly from 175 inch in width at the base, to about -75 of an inch (according to the drawing) in width at a distance of about three-quarters of an inch from the end, where it suddenly diminishes to a point. Mr. Sorette's drawing seems to indicate a central line of elevation from base to point. My informer thinks it is made of hard slute. While being taken from the ground, it was broken into four pieces. Doubtless this relic was a ceremonial implement, such as some of the exquisitely flaked blades, long and delicate, which have been found in California.* Its fragile character would forbid an}' rou<^h usage such as that of war or sport. Stranf^e to say, one or more other implements of this type were discovered with it at Milton. Mr. John S. Hughes of the Milton Pidp Company, in a letter to me relative to tliis discovery, says, ' quite a number of lelics were found when we were excavating for the canal ; they consisted of stone chisels, gouges, and ' swords or fisli-spcars ' about 20 to 24 inches long [i. e., poniard-shaj^ed stone blades, one of which has just been descril)ed]. The aiticles were generally kept by the tinders. Out of the lot I got one iroun of which fova Scotia, rare in the one a^'e of lentions an of hatfiened ishionerl, is tins in the ime to my '• I coji.sifler Jrier notice mplernents snoininated custom of makes no lie macs or I good deal .n(i arrows, lufficiently . ' so-called va Scotia, linjT bows they are he Indian t which it '■ to class ?hout the een much onts mu'-t li-Utesof 2s, blades B< Mogapol- ttcii in 1044, tiat locality. RELICS OF THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA — PIERS. 36 made of chipped stone and identical in form with what are too frequently termed spear or arrow-heads. These are inserted into short wooden handles. According to Major J. W. Powell, these knives are very eftective, especially in cutting leather. The natives of Alaska still occasionally use knives formed in a siinilar manner, which they carry in a rough wooden scabbard. A most signifi- cant fact is mentioned by the late Dr. Gilpin*. An admirable Indian hunter named Joe Glode, once shot a moose in Annapolis Count}'. Not having a knife, he immediately took the flint from his gun, and without more ado, bled and dressed the carcass therewith. Lescarbot. in a sentence before quoted, mentions the occasional use of a stone in fashioning arrow-shafts. B. — PECKED, GROUND, AND POLISHED STONE. Polished Stove Hatcheis or Celts, and Adzes. — These two groups I have classed together, for although the tools I shall here describe are usually termed celts or, more correctlj^ stone hatchets, in most arcin\3ological books, yet after a careful exami- nation of a gieat many specimens found in this province, 1 have come to the conclusion that nearly all of those specimens, in form or otherwise, bear evidence of having been used as adzes, mostly hafted ti- wooden handles in the manner still or until recently exemplitied in the stone implements of the South Sea Islands and elsewhere. This was accomplished in the following manner. A branch of sufKcient stoutiiess was obtained, together with part of the stem from which it sprang. The stem portion was thqn split, forming a flat surface, and the superfluous wood having been trimujed therefrom, the flat poition was applied to the face of the stone tool which was then lashed to it r)y means of rawdiide thongs or possibly withes. Owing to the tapering form of the stone head, every blow would tend to tighten the hold of the binding. A piece of skin was perhaps interposed between the handle and the stone, as the Indians of Dakota have been known to do in fashioning their bone hoes or adzes.*f There cannot be a doubt that most of the * '• stone Age of Nova Scotia." TrnnH. X. S. Inst. Xat. Sc, vol. iii. t See Ran, Archteoloyical Collection of U, S. National Museum, p. 95, flg. 334. etc. in 37 RELICS OF THE STONE AOE IN NOVA SCOTIA — PIERS. specimens, hereafter to he deserihed, were so hafted and used as adzes, their form making it very manifest. Some may have been encircled a couple of times with the central portion of a withe, the ends of which when bound tojiether would form an adze- handle, but one not so convenient as that just described. Occa- sionally they may have been held directly in the hand, and used as an adze, but I do not think it is at all probable. The evident adze-like form of so-called celts or polished stone hatchets found in Nova Scotia, has been larfjely or entirely overlooked by writers upon the subject; neither Dr. Gilpin nor Dr. Patterson having paid sufficient attention to this most interesting fact. To me it seems of much importance. Scarcely a " celt " can be found which does not give rise to a suspicion that it had been used as an adze. Further attention will be drawn to this in the pages which follow. Our Indians, like some oriental peoples, seem to have preferred a drawing cut or one made toward the body. This is very evident and remaikable in the present drawing-method in which the Micmacs use their home-made steel knives, a method whicl; is entirely at variance with the practice of those about them.* This of course is the survival of a very ancient habit, and must not be lost sight of by investigators. In answer to an inquiry upon the subject. Dr. Bailey tells me that in all New Brunswick celts there is a difference of curva- ture on the two sides — one being tlatt.. • than the other ; but the amount of difference varies a good deal, and in some cases is hardly perceptible. Mr. David Boyle, wiiose name is prominent in Canadian archaeology, also writes me that about nine-tenths of the " celts " found in Ontario are flat, or comparatively flat, on one side, which is more or less indicative of their having been adzes. One thou- sand stone axes or adzes, at least, are in the museum of the Canadian Institute, of which Mr. Boyle is curator. He furthermore mentions a significant fact which shows how prevalent among the Eskimo is the adze method of hafting. " It * It resembles a good deal the manner in which a blacksmith uses hie knife for paring hoofs. has hatcl out thoni of theyl trou betti -PIERS. RELICS OF THE STOXE AGG IJ^ NOVA SCOTIA — PIERS. 38 nd used as liave been af a withe, 1 an a(]ze- ed. Occa- I, and used r polished or entirely Oilpin nor this most Scarcely suspicion n will be ike some lit or one niaikable use their ' variance 'se is the Lrht of by 7 tells me jf curva- ; but the f cases is .^anarlian '■ " celts " fi, which rie thon- \ of the has been recently observed," he writes, " that when European hatchets have been given to these people, they invariably take out the handle and attach another sidewise, by binding it with thongs or sinews through and around the eye." Murdoch also says that the Indians of the north-west coast of America always re-haft as adzes any steel hatchets which they obtain by trade. In some cases they even go to the great trouble of cutting away parts of the implement in order to better adapt it to the new method of use.* Lieut. T. Dix Bolles itj his catalogue of Eskimo articles collected along the north and north-west const of America, men- tions no axes among the many thousands of objects noted. There were, however, twenty adzes, eighty -seven ailze-blades, and eleven adze-heads. Dr. Wilson, of the U. 8. National Museum, says that tiie same coridition exists all down tlie coast to Lower California, no stone tools — save in one instance — having been found which undoubtedly lunl been used axe-vvise.-f* Among certain tribes, I understand a grooved implement is found which is used as an axe, but among the Eskimo it is replaced by the grooved adze. The line between these two implements is now being investigated, Doe>i the pvevalence of the adze-for7)i in Nova Scotid hidicate in any way the injtiience or' presence of the more northern race ?l There is evidence to show that the latter people once inhabited the countr}' much to the south of the region in which they now dwell, and the Micmacs at one time waged war upon them, as described by Charlevoix. To return once more to the form and use of the so-called celts found in Nova Scotia, it may be said that the few speci- * See .)ohn Murdoch ill A7;i'/i Jiinital livport U. H. liiircdii of Kthnology, \)\). 105- ICt), and Hks. V'S-l'Zf). t Seo Lieut. T. Dix Holies, " I'reliiiiiiiiiry fatiiloKUo of Kskiino Collci'tioii in U. S. Nat. Miisctini,' in I{c))ort of Sat. Mii.t. for 18.S" ; also Dr. Thomas Wilson, ".Stotie (.'utting Iniplcnicnts,"4th paper, in The ArchieoUHiint for .lune, IS'.lo. (vol. iii. p. 179.) { I would like to draw particular attention to the jiossihility of many of our pre- historic remains being relics of tlu! occupation of tiie country l)y Kskimo, previous to their having been driven northward by the Micmacs. 'riie latter belong to the Algon- (piin family, and doubtless pressed to the north in accordance with the general direc- tion of migration in the east. The signillcance ,>( the form of Nova Scotian stone implements as bearing upon the (juest ion of the occupation of the land by a northern race, has not, I think, before been noted by writers. 39 REMCS OF THE STONE AGK IN NOVA SCOTIA — PIERS. =1 mens which are not distinctly more convex on one side than on the other, possibly were inserted in chibs or used as hatchets. With a wooden mallet they could be used without a haft as wedi^es to split wood, wliich mijj;ht sometimes be neces^sary ; but they could never be struck with a stone hammer ns some sug- gest. The more common ndze-like form, liowever, was well adapted for very many uses to which it mi^ht Ite put by savage man, such, for instance, as clearing away the charred wood in the process of forming various hollow vessels by the action of fire, cleaning fresh skins of adlu'ring particles of Hesh, and numerous otlier operations. Lescarbot mentions that the Armouchiciuois (Indians inhabiting what is now called New Hampshire and Massachusetts), Virginians, and other tribes to the south, made wooden canoes by tin. aid of fire, the b-rnt part being scraped away " with stones." Thirty-eight of these so-called celts or adzes, ciiher complete or fragmentary, are in the Faiibanks collection (Figs. 17-54), and nearly all show some indications of the adze-form to whicli I have drawn attention. This will be seen by reference to the side views of the implements shown in the accompanying plates. In size they varj' from 4o0 to about ll'T^ inche.s in length. All taper more or less toward the butt or end farthest from the edge. Tlie latter isneaily always much rounded, producing a gouge-like cut, well suited to such uses as forming hollows in wood, dressing skins, etc. Two typical specimens may be selected in order to exemplify differences in form. The first (B'ig. 17) which illustrates the bronder form, measures nearly 7o() inches in length and o 25 in widtii near the cutting edge, thence tapeiing to 210 in width close to the butt, where it rounds off. The greatest thickness is 1"60 inch. The implement has been intentionally formed some- what flatter on one side than on the other. This is quite notice- able. The flattened side is more polished tlian the other, probably from the friction of i haft. About eight or nine .-^tcimens resemble tliis form pretty closely, a few others less so (Figs. 17 to 130). One (Fig. 25) is neail ounj greek V — PIERS. side than on I as liatchets. it a liaft as !ces.sai-y ; but ns some suo. r, was well ut l)y savafre red wood in xction of Hie id numerous nioiic-lii(|uois iipshire and south, made dnij;- scraped er con)plete • 7-54), and to wliich I Mice to the yini,^ plates. ^ns midway in the lon<,'th (Fi;n". !'2). This was for t\',^1 purpose of hoMin^r the hishiiig which hound the haftadzewi,'- 't a^jree.s in s'v/.n niui shape with a syenite' implement i»i the I'k ,oial Miiseum, a description of which will l)e found in a previcus paper.* The adze-like form is more or less noticealde in tlie specimens in the McCulloch collection. It is ditlicult to decide t(^ wiiich type the two frnj;- nients ludotif,'. The collection also contains an extremely small and frail " celt" (Fig. !)1) — the most slijfjitly pi-oportioned one which I have seen. It is n t quite 4 2') inches lonj,', an inch in fjreatest hreadth, and ■;")() of an inch in "greatest tluckness.-f Its form is very symmetrical. I'ossildy it was intended for the use of a child, or else for some liner work than that for wddch the lar;,'er tools were adapted. In the Faiiiianks collection, the shortest complete specimen, wdiich is distinctly of the second type, measures a little more than 5"2.') inches in length (Fig. 85). An implement (Fig. r. Putfcrson'n , series I, vol. vii. HEI.ICS OF THE STONE AOK IV NOVA SroTlA — I'lEllS. 414 chi t'l," is nearly tiat on one side, while arouml the other side is a depression or sliallow jjfroove wherein where Iodised the thon<,'s which hound it to an adze-haft. In nearly every case the cnttin<; ed;fe is more or less rounded ; veiy rarely is it nearly strai^dit. Indications of the prevalence of the adze-foi'tn of tool, are veiy fieipient, and in many cases they leave not a doiiht as to liow the implement was used. In an a.\e or hatchet the flat side would have little or no ad vantune, e.xcept that it would allow the tool to lie closer to the wood in making; cuts in one direction. CliineU. — There is no implement hefore me which I care so to desii^Miate, althouj^'h one thin celt, before mentioned, might ho so considered by some (Fii(. ') I ). It seems doubtful whether our Indians ever used an implement in the mannei- in which we handle a chisel. A hafted iin|tleinent for strikinif lilows would ho far more useful to a savaj^o people. (foufjan. — ])r. Ran, in his description of the archio )lo,ijical collection of the V. S. National Museum, says that these imple- ments occur in the United States far less fre(|uentl3' than the cells, and that they ap|)ear to be chieHy confined to the Atlantic States. The latter circumstance sug which had been altered into an ad/,e ; the fjfoufje jjroove, having' buen utilized as a convenient restini,' place for the T-shaped portion of a ha7iille, which was then whi[)ped round with thon^js. Or possibly the -edL'^e is less blinit. r>oth may have been hafted in the ujiddle like a modern piek-axe, and so used both as a iJfou<,'e and and as an ad/e ; but this is not probalde. As a sliek-stont! for dressinjij skins, the combination of two foinis would not be with- out advantage. The frayuKUit of an ad/.edike implement (Firj. 40) which has been refeired to in my descri[)tion of polished stone hatchets and adzes, resembles the two tools I have just noticed, inasmuch as although the edtje is undoubtedly adze-like in shape, yet tiie upper portion of the frat,nnent bears a shallow but (listinct groove. Among the specimens in the cabinet of the Canadian Institute, Toronto, is an implement having a gouge at one extremity and a chisel at the other. It was found in Simcoe County, Ontario, and will be found figured in the report of the Institute for 1891, page 38. • ■ An examination of at least three gouges (Figs. 01, 03, 94,) of the second or half-grooved form , puts it beyond doubt that the.se three were hafted like adzes, with the concavity facing the user. My own specimen (Fig. 94) from Waverley shows plainly on the convex side two ridges for retaining the lashing, and another (Fig. 03), well proportioned, exhibits two prominent nodules for the same purpose. One or two adze-like " celts " bear similar :i^i' 47 RELICS OF THE STONE AOE IN NOVA SCOTIA — PIERS. nodules (Figs. 47 and 22). Probably many other rjouges were thus hafted. Without doubt it was the most reasonable method of handling these tools when deliverino; excavating blows. We shall now pass to tliose gouges in which the groove extends fhroughoiU the entire length. Five well-defined examples (Figs. 06-70) are in the Fairbanks collection, together with two (Figs. 71, 72) which aio rough and very poorly formed. The groove varies in depth from about OH of an inch (Fig. 72) to more than •50 of an inch (Fig. OG), and in width from a little over '7o to nearly 1"50, Three of the five well-formed examples are frag- mentary, having been transversely broken near the middle. The adze-like manner of hatting would not be quite so well adapted to this particu lar form. Grooved Axes. — These implements are rarelj' found in Nova Scotia. Dr. Patterson has succeeded in obtaining but one speci- men (7'25 inches long by 325 wide) which was discovered at St. Mary's, Guysborough County. Two examples are in the Provincial Museum, Halifax, and have been previously described.* One of them is double grooved. In this respect it is probably unique in Nova Scotia. The second groove was very likely formed in order to shift the haft and so improve the balance of a faulty implement. These, together with the examples which I am about to describe, are all which have come to m\' notice in Nova Scotia. It is quite possil)le that they were only introduced through trade with other tribes or as trophies of war. They are also rare in Ontarjo as compared with Ohio, Kentucky, and some neighbouring states. Dr. Bailey informs me that of six axes in the museum of the University' of New Brunswick, Frederioton, four are grooved, and he has seen others of the same kind in the St. Joiin collection and elsewhere in that province. Two well-tormed, perfect specimens (Figs. 73-74') each with a single groove, are in the Fairbanks collection. They agree in outline and general proportions, and their form may be consider- ed typical. The larger one (Fig. 73) is 7"50 inches long and 4 inches in greatest width, and weighs 49.V ounces. The smaller one IS Trnns. X. S. liint. Xat. .S'c, vol. vii.. p. 282. )TIA— PIERS. RELICS OF THE STOXE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA — PIERS, 48 her frouges were asonable method ng bJows. e groove extends examples (Firrs. with two (Figs. The groove 2) to more than ittle over To to mples are f rag- em- the middle. e quite so well found in Nova g but one speci- liscovered at St. n the Provincial ribed.* One of >bably unique in kely formed in nee of a faulty 's which I am notice in Nova nly introduced wai'. They are Licky, and some ' of six axes in ^, Fredericton, me kind in the •74) eacli with They agi-ee in ly be consider- es long and 4 The smaller one is G'75 inches in length and 37o in greatest breadth, and weighs 40 ounces. Both appear to liave been formed from oval quartzite boulders such as are found on beaches. From near the groove, to the edge, they are neatly " pecked " into shape, while the whole of the butt, above the groove, is smooth, being evidently the original sui-face of the boulder. The aboriginal worker in stone, was doubtless always ready to take advantage of such material as natuie had already partially shaped, thus lessening bis labour. The odjrt's do not show signs of rough usage. The butt of the smaller one is intact, but that of the larger bears the marks of many light blows which piobably were the result of its use in cracking bones in order to extract the marrow. These axes could have been employed in detaching birch bark and in girdling trees and so killing them pieparatory to felling them bv the aid of fire, the axe being again used in order to remove the charcoal as it formed. The tool would also constitute a formidable weapon. Prehistoric man made his few implements answer as many purposes as possible. An axe very similar to those I have described, is figured by Dr. Rau {Arclu ('logical (■ollev.tion of If. S. National Museum, figure 72). It was found in Massachusetts. I have never seen a Nova Scotian ixe with the groove only on three sides, as shown bv that writer in figure 73 of his work. Hamriiers, — A beautiful ha>nmer-head (Fig. Uo) is in my own collection. It is formed from an egg-shaped boulder, very slightly compressed on opposite sides. Its length is 3'.)0 inches, greatest breadth 2,50 inches, and its weight a little more than 19 ounces. Midway from either end, it is entirely encircleti by a " pecked " groove, which has not been smoothed by friction. This gi-oove was formed in order to attach a handle. Its roughened surface would tend to increase the hold of the haft and its lashings, and the intei-position of a piece of hide, which was quite f)rol)al)le, nught accoinit for the absence of any smooth Nuifaces in the grooi^e. Each ^md shows distinctly the denting marks of numerous blows, but there are no large fractures. This 49 UELTOS OF THE STONE AOE INT NOVA SCOTIA — PIERS. condition of the ends and tlie formation of the groove, are evidences of the hand of man, but tlie oval shape of the stone is the work of natural agencies, perhaps slightly improved by the skill of the aboriginal craftsman. The implement was pro- bably used as a weapon in time of war, while in the peaceful occupations of savage life, it was put to any uses to which it was adapted. Grooved stone hammers are very rare in Nova Scotia, in truth I do not remember to have met with another. They are also, I believe, rare in the neighbouring province of New Brunswick. My specimen was found in July, 1894, while the foundation was being dug for a manse, two or three rods to the northward of St. James's Presbyterian Church at Dartmouth. A great number of human skeletons have been unearthed at that spot, but after careful incjuiry and personal search for anything which might serve to identify those who are there buried, I have only succeeded in obtaining this hammer and a linear-shaped piece of iron, 9o() inches long, which 1 think must have been a dagger-shaped implement, or possibly a spear-point. A second iron relic of the same kind was discovered, but I did not see it. The bones were from one foot to two and a half or three feet below the surface of the ground. In one instance I succeeded in finding the remains of a nailed wooden box or rouirh coffin. It was almost entirely disintegrated and chiefly appeared as a dark-coloured line in the soil. The grooved-hammer was found close to one of the skulls. After a good deal of investigation, I have come to the opinion that there is no evidence whatever to to .show that this was an Indian cemetery, except the presence of the above-mentioned relics. Those v/ho are buried there, are doubtless white men. Tlie theoiy that they were the victims of the massacre at Dartmouth in 17ol, cannot be maintained. Various reasons make me strongly of the belief that this spot bears the bones of many of tlie Due d'Anville's plague-stricken followers, others of wliotn were interred near the shores of Bedfoid Basin. For further information on this point, the reader may refer to a footnote on page of Mrs. Lawson's History of Darti Fren( buria weap savai .1 -i-^ DTI A — PIERS. the groove, are >R of the stone is improved by the >inent was pro- in the peaceful to which it was ^ova Scotia, in )ther. Ti)ev are 'ovince of New 1894, while the hree rods to the at Dartmouth, nearthed at that cli for anythinrr •e buried, I have a linear-shaped 1st have been a j"t. A second did not sec i(. If or three feet ce I succeeded or rough coffin, appeared as a nier was found investigation, I e whatever to the presence of ■ied there, are the victims of »e maintained, 'liat this spot iague-stricken res of Bedford e reader may 's History of RELICS OF THE STONE AOE IN NOVA SCOTIA — PIERS. 50 Dartmouth. It is known that the Micmacs assembled about the French camp, and the presence of an Indian implement in the burial-ground of their allies is not to be wondered at. The weapon u)ay even have been placed in one of the coffins as a savage mark of respect for the alien dead. Pendants and Sinkers. — Two well-formed specimens of this class — one perfect, the other nearly so — are in the Fairbanks collection (Figs. 75-70). They are both somewhat pear-shaped and much resemble plummets. The lower extremity is pointed, and the upper end expands into a knob to facilitate suspen- sion. They tlius resemble figure 106 in Dr. Rau's tlescription of the archreological collection of the U. S. National Museum The larger one (Fig. 70) is formed of daik led sandstone, and measures four inches in length. Thegreatest diameter is toward the lower end. 'J'he other is made of a dark hard stone. Its length is three inches, and the largest part is situated about midway between the ends. It is not so elongated as the other example. The two sides, including the knob, are somewhat com- pressed, thus making the diameter 140 inr' in one direction and 1'70 in the other. A third " sinker " (Fig. 80) has been kindly lent me by W. C. Silver, Est]., of Halifax. It was found in the bed of the Salmon Rivei', adjoining that gentleman's property at Preston, about seven miles to the east of Halifax. He informs me that the place where it was discovered was an old spawning ground. The specimen is a very beautiful and peifect one, fashioned with great pains from a i-eddi.sh stone, like sandstone, containing small particles of mica. Its length is .325 inches, and its greatest iliameter (I'^O inch) is near the upper end or point of suspension. The groove just below the knob at the ti)p, is distinctly smoothened by a thony bv means of which it must have once been suspended. The discovery of the stone in a river, tends to strengthen the view tliat it had in some way been employed in connection with fishing. Whatever may have been its use, it shows what skilful work our Indians bestowed upon the manu- facture of some of their implements. 51 RELICS OF THK STONE AOE IN NOVA SCOTIA — PIERS, These so-called " plummets " or " sinkers " are very rare in Nova Scotia, Dr. Gilpin Hgures one in his paper on the stone age. There are but two in the Patterson collection : one, 3"7o inches long, well-shaped, with a pointed lower end, being from Annapolis County ; ths other, two inches long, quite light in weight, with a rounded end, from Lunenburg County. There are none in the collection in the Provincial Museum. Dr. Bailey in his " Relics of the Stone Age in New Brunswick," figures four or five which had been found in that province. It is worthy of remark that the sides of such specimens as I have examined, exhibit more or less a tendency toward com- pression, as has been already noted of one example. This slightly flattened form was probably intentional. ]^r. Patterson's Annapolis " sinker " has been ground down in one or two places on the side, but I have not found any others in this condition. I may say that although all specimens are carefully fashioned, and of the same general appearance, yet they differ much among themselves in detail of form. In no case have I noted any with a hole for suspension, although such would have been a more secure method of hanging tliem had they been used as weights for fishinjj-lines. These pear-shaped objects have long perplexed archaeologists who have attempted to define their use. We find them variously denominated sling-shots, sinkers for fishing-tackle, stones used in playing some game, personal ornaments, sacred implements for performing some religious ceremonies, plummets, spinning- weights, etc. In a paper entitled " Charm Stones; Notes on the so-called 'Plummets' or 'Sinkers,'" Dr. Lorenzo C. Vates has presented the very interesting results of his investigation into tiie uses of such implements. For reasons given in the paper, he discards all the stated theories (,n the subject, except that relating o their employment in sorcery. A Santa Barbara Indian, Califotnia, when asked by Mr. H. W. Henshaw why one of these stones could not have been used as a line sinker, replied with Jiiuch common sense, " Why TIA — PIERS. are very rare s paper on the collection : one, •vver end, being on«r, quite light County. There I'll. Dr. Bailey iswick," figures ce. I specimens as I y toward com- ■ This slightly J)i'. Patterson's le or two places I this condition, fully fashioned, iv much amonl (hes the deco * Now of South Uiiiacke Mines, Hants County, N. S. \lx^ I COTIA— PIERS. RELICS OF THE STONE AGE IN NOVA SCOTIA — IMERS. 54 Provinces. The ^■f. In 1870, an ■ohn J. Withrow* per Rawrlon and rail or road from ' kettle was al)oufc Beneath it, when tioned, two iron It ei<,dit or nine ifj^ht prominence 1 dozen oval blue iarly the size of IS to have been human bones or ron implements e so corroded as le. The kettle nine inches in )se to where the liameter. With i throw retained, J, Esq., barrister lis gentleman to 1 his possession. 3 of aboriofinal t resembling a irtion forms a is a bold i-epre- aced with its < farthest from owl, while the n. The broad Two dots at represent the nostrils of the ajiimal. The mouth is closed, and readies around to the side of the head, beneath the eyes. The latter are repre- sentotl by large, well-(letined, circular cavities. Across the back of the neck appear a row of nve elliptical cavities, their greatest length being in the direction of the length of the body. The l(tng fore-legs are bent upwards at right angles, and the toes rest on the sides of the bowl's rim. Incised lines divide the fore- feet into rather long toes, seven of which are on the right foot. The hind legs are shorter, slightly broader, and are graduall}' lost in tlie contour of the bov\l, without any indication of toes. A longitudinal line e.xtends from the thigh to the vicinity of tlie hind foot. A round hole, about "Bo of an inch in diameter, is drilled from side to side of the bowl, at the ventral surface of the lizard and just anteiior to the hind-legs. This hole was doubtless for fastening the pipe, by a thong, to the sii iker's dress, in order to prevent its being lost or broken ; or else for the attachment of an ornament. The rim of the bowl is decorated on top by groups of from four to seven incised radiat- ing lines. The cavity for the leception of the narcotic is nearly circular, and is an inch in diameter. It gradually tapers down- ward for about an inch and a half, where it is somewhat suddenly constricted to nea-ly tlie size of a lead pencil, after which it extends nearly an inch further downward until it meets the perforation of the stem at a little more than a riirht antrle. The total depth of the cavity, therefore, would be'nearly two and a half inches. One side of the cavity is continuous with the throat of the lizard. The length of the stem from the extremity to the edge of the bowl nearest the smoker, is about five inches. Its diameter at the moutii piece is --iO of an inch ; and at the further portion, near the bowl, a trifle more than an inch. The diameter of tlie per- foration at the mouth-end is 28 of an inch. The bowl rises ISO inch above the stem. The thickness of the bowl at the thinnest pait, is about "17 of an inch. Taken generally, the whole pipe may be said to be about seven inches long, but from the mouth- piece to the tips of the figure's snout, it measures 7"G0 inches. 65 RELICS OF THE STONE AfJE IN NOVA SCOTIA — PIERS. ft The entire .specimen is in a very excellent state of preserva- tion, anil witliout a Haw. It is fortnetl of a fine gray stone, di^erent from any found in the province, and closely resemhling tiie material of the remarkable stone tubes in the Provincial Museum {Vide " Ahorii, or stiings of shell beads, which came unto them frojn the Armouchi(|Ui)is country, or the land of the New England Indians, and they bought tliem " ver}' dear." Tobacco itself must have been obtained by trading with nations by whom it was cultivated. Strange to sa}', in Dr. Rau's account of the collection of the U. S. National Museum (cut 11)2) is figured a pipe about four and a half inches long, which liears an e.xtremeh' close resem- blance to the Nova Scotian specimen, both in the attitude of the animal upon it and in general shape. Apparently, however, it is much less boldly carved. It was found in Pennsylvania, and is described by Dv. Ran as a very beautiful, highly polished steatite pipe, carved in imitation of a lizard, the straight neck or stem forming the anitnal's tail, and its toes being indicated by incised lines. The siuiilaiity between the two specimens is therefore remarkably pronounced. Mr. David Boyle, in the report of the Canadian Institute (session 1891, page 29), figures a similar pipe found in a grave in the I of it The half- rei)ri M Ivsh s))t'cii on A — PIERS. RELICS OF THE STONE AOK IS NOVA SCOTI.V— IMERS. 5G state of preserva^ fine (rniy stone, 'sely resoiublinrr n the Provincial I Scotia ;" Tfav8. 'i^''- i f the figure and the absence of a distinct l)ovv] and stem, is not nearly so great as in tlu; two instances wo. have iust ^iven. It was (liscovcrtMl at Milton, Halton ('oiuity, Ontario. The material of which it is formed is a li ght-gray stone, very soft and porous, containing miiiu'e specks, probalily micaceous, and (|uite unlike anything in tin; geological formation of that pro- vince. The cavities on the liody and long tail, resemble those on the neck of the Nova Scotian specimen ; they are probabl}!- intended to represent spots of colour such as the aboriginal artist had .-,een on the animal he imitated. Several lizaids bear clearly- defined sj>ots of bright coloui' ujion their bodies. Notwithstaiid- inuf the length of the snout, Mr. Bovie thought that the resemblance of the head to that of a njonkey was vei-y striking. I am rather of the opinion that, like the figuies on otlier pipes mentioned, the carving was intended to represent a lizanl. Dr. Almon po.ssesses another stone pipe (Fig. fl8), which, although most beautifully ornamented'and very symmetrical in outline, is nevertheless of secondary interest, for the reason that it is doubtless of comparatively niodern manufacture. It was purchased from a Micniac on the Dartmouth ferry-steamer. In general appearance it closely resembles one found at Dartmouth in Jamiary, 1870, de.scribed by me in a paper on the aluirigitial remains in the Provincial Museum (page 287), or another from River Dennis, Cape Breton, which is figured in the plate appended thereto. This form is considered by Dr. Patterson to be the tj'pical one adopted by our Indians. The bowl, somewhat barrel-shaped, rises from a base, laterally flattened. In the 57 UKLICS OF TIIK SIONF, A(iK IX NOVA SCOTIA- I'IKKS. present .speciiiw.'n, tliis tlatteiieil Im.so or keel, when viowi'd »iitis which entitle tlu; carver to much credit for hi>- excellent work. I have never seen a more comely Micmac pipe. Thi; style of ornamentation much resembles that of a very li'ttMl(U"< not show with stitlicicnr (listiiictiicss tlio dcsi^fiis on tiio liilius rc'presLMitt'd in P'iys. !'" and !)S. il. Lcscarhot says thai " ouivSotiriiinois (.Micniaisl and Arinoii<'hi<|Uois siivagc's liavc the industry both of paintinK and carving, and do make iiicturesof beasts, Itirds. and men. as well in stone as in wood, as prettily as p)od workmen in tlie-.e iiarts; and not withstanding? they ser\e not theinsehes with iliem in adoration, hut only to please the sight, and the use of some pri\ale tools. a« in lohaeeo- pi))es." (MooK II. cha]). v.] I^-^ i OTIA — PFKns. KEMCS (•!• TIIK STONE A(1E IN NOVA HCOTIA I'IKUS. oH sinj,Milar, rollcr-sliapiMl ohjcct, prcssuiiialily of ji'ioii^irml woik- tiifui>4liip, wliicli I tiiiil ill tiie Mc(/iill()oh collection, is shovvri in Fi<;. 70. The ends liave evidently been cut ott' wliih; tlu; stone WHS rotatini,'. Another curious object (¥\i£. 7>i) is in the Fair- banks coliectif^n. One face thereof is slightly h allowed, while the other is coirespondin<,'ly convex. The widei- end has been partially cnt away .'^o as to leave a short neck. I shall not venture an opinion as to the use of these two relics. An oval boulder ( i*'!^. 77), very rc^'ular in shape, is in the same collection. Not the s!i},dite,st importance, however, can be attached to it, for it is merely a natural forn» bearinu' '»o marks of man's work- manship. KXPLANATION OF PLATKS f. TO III. Svnir: Fi/ AWus of the Sto)u ./,;r /'/ Ninw Scotia. Tkans. N. S. Inst, Si i., \(il. l.\. I'lAlK III. / lllii^tijiin;^ Mr. I'iiT^' I'apcr: "('// A',I/,s of tlu- Sloiu- .It;; in Kova S,i>//\i. ^^Hz.