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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols —^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". ire Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmic A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul ciich6, il est film6 A partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la methods. >y errata ed to >nt ne pelure, a^on d 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 Geographical History OF NOVA S con I A. Containing an Account of the - Situation, Extent and Limits thereof As alfo Of the various Struggles between the Two Crowns of England and France for the PofTeflion of that Province. Wherein i« fliewn. The Importance of it, ^ well with Regard to our Trade, as to the fecuring of our other Settlements in 'North America* To which is added. An Accurate £>efcription of the Bays, • Harbours, Lakes, and Rivers, the Nature of the Soil, and the Pioduce of the Coun- try. Together with the Manners and Cuftoms of the Indian Inhabitants. 1 I 1 1 ■ii J •■. •■■ '1 '**■ 1 *f: LONDON: Printed fprPAVLVAiLLAKT, facing Soutbamp* tM'ftreety in the 5/rW, 1749. [Price Ons Shili. xng and Six Penci ] •1 / * .* f ■-%■ Hi- 4 •i: v.* V iii'i p. *t .^- r* p^ 4--(, •» v-*^*^. a •r ■ . % r \ X * .i^■. ,rs *J- -.<• , . «> ■■ i.^ ■: / -v ^' ..' ^ . 5 V *- ......... J'. ' "^ n< -r* '.I ,^ ... - 1 • "41 . -■*i !■; 'f-**- ;*ai.- i „ V • * I ,.,j'..vi .\- ' At^* S^' -. w.7l P • 4 ' rf * \i: iffr-ay^f- y ;S:rv.v .^..•\- -r • ^ 'h^vU'l-- : 'blei z^:;. ir^'-i PR E FA C E. ;o r^^>. \f t' "T TH E foUowiiig AipcQiiat pf iViw^ &^//^ aW€$ it$ Birth c^etly to lii& Majefly'$^ajpions lu': tention to people and fettle that (jipuntry, a Refoliition truly worthy ojf a Prince who make^ the Welfare ^d Profperity qf his Subjqds th^ tpnftant Rule of his Cpnduft* ^ ' ^ I Had aUb this farther Induce- iip^ent to the Undertaking, as T don't tnow that any Tiling of the lik^ tind has hitherto appeared in pubt lick; and I flatter qiyfelf feveral Paflfages will be found in it which |nay ferve to throw fome Light into is Branch of the Englip Hiflory. In executing the Plan> hefides ly own Obfervations, I have made ufe l^he Preface. ufc of all fuch Hdps as could be procured, but am particularly^ indebted to the Hiftory of Nens) France^ lately publifh'd by Father Charki '^^^ My firft Defign was to accom- pany the Defcriptions with a gene- ral Map of the Country, and parti- cular Draughts of the moft remark- able Bays and Harbours in it. But as the intended Settlers are now on their Departure, I chofe to publifh it without the Charts ; this Ac- count being drawn up in fuch a Manner as to be ufeful to thofe Peo- ple in furnifhing them with fome neceflary Knowledge of the Coun- try to which they are going ; and they will, at the fame Time, fee what Succefs they may juftly pro- mife themfelves in their Settlements and Trade, if their Induftry be an- fwerable to the Advantages which are laid before them, ' ' ^ - THE \ ?-j\ Y JV could cularly^ Father .3 "^^^ accom- a gene- i parti- remark- Lt. But now on 1 publifti :his Ac- fuch a ofe Peo- th fome le Coun- g; and ime, fee ftly pro- ttlements •y be an- es which > Y.l THE I THE HISTORY i • ;.. > "' ' -:' '-AND • :; '■ ',. 1 GEO G RAP H Y ; ■ ..■,. . . . lil ,■ ■ • ■' N O F A S C O T: I A. ■M ) V'i CO M M E R C E is defervedly fo n^uch the darling Objcd of the Na- non, that any Propoial to improve it, never tails immediately to draw the Attention of the Publick ; and the Au* thor, whoever he be, if his Plan be duly confidered, and v^^ell digeded, docs not only merit, but is fure to receive the Thanks and Applaufg of all his Fellow Ciiizens. Amon2 o ( 10) ,li Among the various Methods that have been at any time thought of, for enlarging this great Source of Power and Opulence, the fettling of new Colonies has in the general always been marked out as one of the prin- cipal and mod defirable. But then it mufl likcwife be acknowledged, that fuch an Un- dertaking is no trifling matter. On the con- trary, no fooner do we turn our Thoughts upon this Subjed, but fcveral Articles of prime Moment prefent tuemfelves in View. ' Fir ft of all, it is apparent, that any Enter- prize of this Nature will ncceflarily be at- tended with great Expence j large Sums muft be advanced before it can even be entered upon, much more before the Defign be in any tolerable Degree compleated. Here the Queftion will occur. What Returns may be expelled ? What Advantages are there in Pro- ipedt to balance the Rifque. In the next Place, the new Settlers cannot be infenfible, that they will have many Diffi- culties to ftruggle with, a great deal of La- bour and Pains to be undergone, for fome Years after their firft Entrance upon unculti- vated Lands. Thefe, therefore, will natu- rally want to be fatisfied what hopes there are of being compenfated for all their Toil and Trouble, -t - ' , But 1 But Sort it Mannc in the Confur home, tries ab muft 1 eftablif ought 1 terfere their \ Goverr cuoufly thefe ik Proporl Share c reft J ai may ci Power gave L whom tedtion % Laft Power ,^ cipal T ^ fary R( cefsful count, hours ' have ig this e con- Dughts les of iew. Entcr- be at- smuft ;ntcred be in Ire the lay be nPro- cannot Diffi- )f Lu- ■ fome nculti- natu- there I- Toil But I ( II ) But this is not all : In any Propofal of this Sort it is highly requifite to confidcr, in what Manner, and how far, the projeded Trade in the new Settlement, may affedl either the Confumption of our own Manufactures at home, or our Commerce with other Coun- tries abroad ; and efpecially, a regardful Eye mufl be had to our own Colonies already eftabli(hed in any Part of the World. We ought to be well apprized how far it may in- terfere with their Intcreft, or help to advance their Welfare , fince the true Policy of any Government is feen in nothing more confpi- cuoufly, than in diftributing its Influence to thefe feveral Branches under its Care, in fuch Proportion that each may receive its due Share of Nourifhment without prejudicing the reft J and that the Returns upon the Whole may center in advancing the Strength and Power of the Mother- Kingdom, who firft gave Life and Being to them all, and from whom they continually derive their Pro- tcdtion and Support, Laftly, as increafing the Strength and Power of this Kingdom ought to be the prin- cipal Thing in View, and will be the necef- fary Refult of every well- projected and luc- cefsful Scheme of this Kind. Upon this Ac- count, it muft be expeded that our Neigh- bours will continually look with a jealous B z Eye I 'il Eye upon its growing i^tatc, and not be want- in'j; to let all [heir Engines to work, in order todillrcfs, and, ifpofTjblc, to cruin it before it arrives at Maturity. Upon the Whole, nothing can be more obvious, than that no jufl DiHmation can be had, nor any clear Rcfolution be given to all, or any of thefe Points, without a fufHcient Knowledge of the Country in qiicftion ; whofe Situation, Clitnatc, Soil and Produce mull be fairly fet forth, as well as the Com- modioufnefs of its Ports, Harbours and Rivers jiiflly and impartially reprefented, together with an Account of fuch of its Commodi- ties, as are of its own Growth proper for Exportation, as alfo what foreign Commodi- ties the Soil and Climate may be kindly for producing. .^ With this View is drawn up the following Account of Ncyva Scotia : A Part of the World as yet but little known to the Gene- rality of People here. For this Reafon I prcfume a Defcription of it will not be un- acceptable, efpecially at this Jundure, while we fee a Scheme on foot for the better peopling and fetding that Country ; fmce every Reader will hereby be qualified to judge for himfelf of the Policy " this Step, as well as of the Prudence of the Mea . . fures tion. N( com pi nada N.W and fr from t St. Ct 43^2 betwec Long. It i foundk each, a the far as a mi rable I Provifi viding Strefs Sea, J it may two IK will be in ^{i.[K my. Breto?: more :an be to all, Ficicnt (lion 5 roduce Com- Rivers )gether imodi- )er for pmodi- Idly for llowing of the Gene- ;afon I be un- while better J fince ficd to is Step, Mea fures ( 13 ) _ fures taken in order to carry it into Execu- tion. • NOVA SCOTIA in its full Extent comprehends All the Land between the Ca- nada River and the Ocean, ftretching from N. W. to S. E. a little above 100 Leagues; and from N. E. to S. W. about 80 Leagues, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence^ to the River St. Croix, The Whole extending from 43^ 20'. to 49°. 30'. Lat. Nor. and lying between the Meridians of 63^ and 74^ Long. Wefl: from London, It is (ituated between Bcjlon and New- foundland^ nearly at an equal Diftance from each, and not more than 100 Leagues from the fartheft. By this Situation it may ferve as a middle Port to both, and be of confide- rable Ufe, as well in fupplying them with Provilions and other Necefl'aries, as in pro- viding a fafe Retreat to Ships in cafe of Strefs of Weather, or other Accidents at Sea, at all Times j and in cafe of a War, it may be look'd on as bringing the other two nearer together, by which means they will be better able to aflifl each other, either ' in defending themfelves or attacking the Ene- my. Add to this, that the Kland of Cape Breton is hemmed in betv^een Nova Scotia and 1 1 ! I ^ ( 14 ) and Newfoundland^ and lies, as it were, in the Mouthy which is formed by them. In order to make a particular Defer ip« tion of the Country as clear as pofTible, it will not be amifs to confider it under three Divifions, into which it feems naturally to caflitfeif. The First of thcfe contains all that Part which lies between the Bay of Fiindy and the River of St, Laivrence, The Next includes the whole Peninfula by the French called Acadie Proper, From the lilhmus of which, the Third Part extends itfelf Northward as far as the aforementioned River, being bounded on the Eaft by the Gulf of that Name. >i I As in defcribing this Country there will be frequent Occafion to mention the Bay of Fiindy^ it will be proper to begin fir ft of all with that ^his Bay forms its Entrance at the Illand Manane^ near the Mouth of the River St. CroiXy from whence it extends its Channel N. E. 60 Leagues into the Land, feparating the Weftern from the Southern Divifion, or the Peninfula, the Ifthmus of which is formed by the Bottom of it, where it nearly meets the Bay of Ferte from the Gulf of St, Lawrence on the oppofite Side. The Bay of Fimdy is i ^ Leagues wide at its Entrance, with which Width it ftretches 30 Leagues, where it fends off a Branch to the ere, la Defcrip- fible, it er three irally to tains all Bay of :e. The I by the om the : extends lentioned ; by the •e will be Bay of rft of all :rance at |h of the tends its je Land, ISouthern [hmus of It, where irom the >rite Side, [ide at its Itches 30 ich to the St *^» (15) S. E. which forms the Bay of Minas, after which the main Branch is clofed into half the Width at Cape Cognitou^ from whence this Pa , takes its Name. The Tide is ex- treamly rapid, rifing from 24 Feet at the Entrance of the Bay, to upwards of 60 at the Head of this Branch. The River *S'/. CrolXy the Weflern Boun- dary of Nova Scotia^ where it borders upon Sagadehoc^ or Kings County^ in the Province of the MaJJhchufetSy is not confiderable enough to deferve a particular Notice on any other Account ; except that it difcharges itfelf into the Bottom of a curious Harbour called /' Etang, or the Po?7dy from the Still- nefs of the Water, whofe Surface is always fmooth and unruffled as a Pond, owing to the Highlands, by which it is fccured all round from the Wind, the Entrance into it being deep and narrow, but not at all dan- gerous. Near this to the S. E. lies the fmall Ifland Manane. which ferves Ships failin?^ from the Weft on this Coaft for a Laud-Mark to the Mouth of the Bay of Fimdy, About three Quarters of a League's diilance from this Ifland to Seaward, there is a Rock which is rarely feen out of the Water : Upon this Rock there was once difcovered a Stone of the Lapis Lazuli^ which being broke ofFand brought I'l li l« .a' ( 16 ) brought to Europe, was valued by the Con- noifleurs at 50 s. per Ounce. There are three inconfidcrable Rivers, and a fmall Harbour or two, betwixt this and St, Johns River, which lies about 18 Leagues down the Bjv, on the North Side. This is by far the fincit River in the whole Province. Its Channel ilretching near 40 Leagues into the Heart of the Country, there fpreads itfelf into three Brunches, which range up into fo many Places near the Borders of the Canada River, into which the Indians^ by Means of fome Car- riage-Places *, make a Sliift to pafs this Way in their Canoes. Each of thefe Branches is navigable by fmall Craft for 20 or 30 Leagues from the main Channel, which (at 40 Leagues Diftance from the Mouth) oper.s to the Width of half a Mile, with Water enough to carry large Ships all tlie Way, and run- ning with a gentle Current through a pleafant Country, affords an eafy and lafe Naviga- tion dovv'o, very near to its Entrance j but there • This is the Name which the Indians give them. They %tt^ faces of Lznd lying between the ^iprlng-Hcadsc' two Rivers, over lu-fc/fi they convey their Canoes not without a good deal of Trouble, thefe Placa being ofren >', 'o, and fometimes 12 Miles acrofs. However, by this Mc:^ns. they traverl'c the Country frun rho Bay o{ Fur/dy up this River, toi!luei'u-, the capital City ot'Cawi/*, thei ver) over Tid( whi( mor( vou Righ the ^ Rocl^ by ai two comn as noi their ] called by th« about up, w called to rcfi b;it n Port them at a Count the Rj Banks Abe Shot t R IVCT, IC Con- fers, and this and )out 1 8 rth Side. ,e whole near 40 Country, Brunches, ices near /er, into jme Car- pais this igable by les from Leagues is to the ;r enough and ruM- 1 pleafant Naviga- nce J but there them. They [cadsc' two not wichout |en !^, 'O, and Mc^ns. they jpthis River, ( 17 ) there the Banks ahnoft clofing, leave only a very narrow Gut, not above a Piflol-Shot over, which there is no pafling except at full Tide; at all other Times there is a great Fall, which at Low Water makes a Defcent of more than 20 Feet. In failing up this Streight, you muft take great Care to keep to the Right, without coming however too near the Shore, which is lined on each Side with Rocks. The Mouth of the River is formed by an Ifland, near which ftands a Fort with two or three Habitations about it, which commands the Harbour; but this is fo fmall as not to afford Room for three Ships to lie at their Ea; into a Creek near 400 C Fjccji 4 ii rr ( 18 ) Paces in Circuit, in the Middle of which there was fometimes feen a large Tree float- ing, which maugre all the Force of the Tides and Floods Readily kept its Poft, and landing upright, fecmcd to turn upon its Root as upon a Pivot. However this was, fo far is certain, that a kind of fuperftitious Worfliip was paid to it by the Indians^ who hung it round with the Skins of Beavers, and other Animals 3 it was alfo deemed an ill Omen when it chanced to be under Water, and could not be feen by them as they palled in their Canoes along the River, Upon thefe Reports of the hidians^ Mr. La *Tour (whofe Character we fhall fee in the enfuing Hiftory) went in his Longboat with fix Pair of Oars to the Place, and coming up where it flood, fadened his Cable round it, and fet all his Hands to work in order to force it away ; but all in vain, the miraculous Stump mock'd their utmoft Efforts, and could not be difpofTeffed of its Station, notwith- {landing the Sloop had the Advantage of the Current. '4 ^ame the the Hun I hoi my I allow this in itfelf is a very idle Story, and be fides the Phenomenon, if true, when flripped of fome Circumflances which Super- ilition has hung upon it, might eafily be ac- counted for in a natural Way ; but at the fame !-■ . t which e float- of the l, and poll its lis was, "ftitious i, who rs, and an ill Water, IS they Mr. L^ in the )at with ling up )und it, to force aculous d could otwith- :e of the 5 Story, when Super- ' be ac- at the fame .^S^B ':m { 19 ) fame Time it lets us into the Dlfpofition of the Savages, and is a remarkable In fiance of the artful Compliance of the French to the Humour of thefe People ; and in that Light I hope the Reader will not think it foreign to my Purpofe. From St. John's River, for 40 Leagues down the Bay, the North Shore is rocky, mountainous, and full of Precipices, and the Tide which was rapid before, being now confined within a narrower Channel, in the Branch Chignifou, pours along with great Noi^, and an impetuous Torrent, rendering the Navigation both difagreeable and dan- gerous. On this Account, tho* there are two navigable Rivers, befides feveral fmall ones on this Coafl, yet the Inhabitants arc very few, and the inland Part very little known by us. The Bottom of the Bay opening itfelf a little wider than the refl, is called the Bafon of Chignitou^ or Bcau-bajjln^ from fome fmall Refemblance that it bears to the Bafon or Vafe of a Fountain. Upon the Verge of this Bafon, on the North Side, flands Chi- dapouchty upon the Bank of a navigable Ri- ver of the fame Name. Th Place is rea- fonably large, confifling of about 60 or 'jo Families, who fubfift themfelves chiefly by C 2 FiHiin T o I:" ( 20 ) Filliing and Hunting. This is the lall Town in the Wefiern Dr^ifion of the Pro- vince. From Chidapotichi the Coafl: of the Ifth- mus is full of Inhabitants, who arc fettled in a String of Villages, that extends to the River of Chignitoii^ which has a very nar- row but deep Channel. Upon the North Side of which, and about two Leagues from its Mouth, flands the Town of that Name, and forms the Frontier of the Southern Di- vifion^ or the Peninfula, the Iflhmos of which is no more than two Leagues acrofs at this Place. Chignitcu is a largcTown,containing about two hundred Families, and is fituated on a healthy Spot, having an extenfive Open- ing to the Wejfl: of beautiful large Meadows, which being interfperfcd with fmall Vil- lages on the Banks of feveral navigable Ri- vers, the whole makes a very agreeable Land- fcape. All round the Bottom of the Bay, and on its Southern Shore, are large Trad:s of Marfh Lands, v^^hich is the Reafon why this Side is better peopled than the other. About 50 Miles S. W. from hence fland the Town and Parifh of Cobegnuit^ at the Entrance of the Settlements of the French y who have fpread all over this Part of the Tminjuhy for feveral Leagues, round the Bay lages % be hi\ ic Pro- le Ifth- ; fettled to the :ry nar- North es from Name, *rn Di- miis of icrofs at ntaining fituated B Open- !eadows, all Vil- ible RU 5 Land- le Bay, Tracts on why ler. ; ftand at the "^renchy of the nd the Ba ( 21 ) Bay 0? Minas to die Town of that Name Thefe People, who have always efteemcd thcmfelvcs independent on the Crown of Great Britain^ and ilill live in Hopes of fee- ing France once more rcltored to the PoiTef- fion of the Country, have continually, as Oc- cafion fcrv'd, made ufc of this Place as a Poftern Door to carry on a fecict Correfpon- dence with their Countrymen at Canada^ and the Ifland of Cape Breton^ and in order to facilitate a Communication, v/hich is fo ne- cefTary and ufeful to them, a Road is opened from hence fifty Miles crofs the Country to Telamagouche^ on the Eajiern Coaft. Miuas lies about 50 Miles S. W. of Cc- hegnuit ; and with regard to the Number of Inhabitants, is by far the principal Phice in the whole Province. Ti':c Town itlcif is not fo confiderable, but if we take in the Vil- lages and Farm-Houfes thu lie eight or ten Miles about it, and are all within its Di- flrict, the Number of the whole does not fill much {liort of four Hundred Houfes \ and as all of the fame Genenitions always live together, it is common to find three or foar Families under the fame Roof, if we take them on an Average at three Families in a Houfc, and live Perfons in each Family, the whole Number will amount t^ fa Jhoufand, Th€ ( 22) r^ m i f^ (The French cliofe this Part to fettle In for the Conveniency of the Marfhes, of which there are Millions of Acres hereabouts. In thefe Lands there was no Timber to be clear'd off, no MoralTes to be drained, upon a little Trial they found the Soil rich, knew it would want but little manure, and was eafy of Til- lage. It was obferved, that they were only flooded at Spring Tides, and therefore it would be no very difficult Matter to fence out the Sea, by making it a Joint-work to raife Dykes for that Purpofe. Thefe Dykes being made with dry Sods, intermixed with Mar{h, grow very compadt in a little Time, the Marfii fcrving the ufe of Mortar to the Sods ; they are foon covered with Grafs, and furniHi the Farmer with Footways to his Lands. Thefe Marfhes join clofe up to the Verge of the Uplands, by which Means they re- ceive all the Wafhings from them which are brought down the Rivers every Flood. Thefe Wafliings are very good Manure, and help greatly to enrich the Soil, infomuch, that the Land, with a little Labour, yields iine Crops of Corn the fecond Year after it is drain'd, and, in a few Years more, will produce both Scotch, and feveral other kinds of Seed Grafs. Thus the Farmer is furnifhcd furnifh in the land fi great this ki I mear having extraor feveiul pens tl fides a] on the i Ho\ one ver the Dr brough not th( Awe tc Neai built w and is upon i Town, 'The the Ba) it fends which, is there inhabit( I ( 23 ) furnlfhcd with both Corn and grazing Land in the Marfhes, and a fmalJ Part of Up- land fupplies him with Garden-StufF. The great Difadvantage that attends Eftates of this kind is very obvious and wel' known, I mean the Danger they are expofed to, of having their Dykes broke down as well by extraordinary and unexpeded Floods, as by feveial other Accidents 5 whenever this hap- pens the Damage is feverely felt, fincc be- fides all other LofTes, nothing will grow up- on the Land for two or three Years after. '; i However, with regard to thefe People, one very good Purpofe is ferv'd by it, fincc the Dread of the Ruin that may this Way be brought upon them is, perhaps, the chief, if not the only Thing that has kept them in Awe to the EngUfi, \ . Near the Town is a Fortrefs, which, being built with Stone, is called the Stojie-lloujey and is Proof again ft fmall Arms. It ftands upon an Eminence which commands the Town, but is not of any confidcrable Force. ' The Town is fituate on the South '' ' of the Bay of its own Name, near that Pan where it fends a narrow Branch or Creek to the South, which, (hooting about 1 5 Miles into the Land, is there flcirted by a Village call'd Pigignuit^ inhabited by Indians^ who, by Means of a Car- t I "i ( 24 ) Carriage-Plicc, pafs from thence to Piofptd ll.ubour near lu Hrjc, on the South Coall: hy the fiunc Conveyance they have alfo a Pallage from anothc- Branch of this Bay to Cape St. Marie, on the i'aine CoaH:, not far from Canfo : I have before taken Notice of the Road from Cokgnuit^ at the Bottom of the Bay, to %'tamagoiiche^ on the Eall: Coafl : And there is a ready Way by Water crofs the Bay of Fundi to St. Johns Rive?', and to the Coall of the Wedern Divifion. Thus a Communication is opened from this Place to all the three Coafts of the Province. But after all, thtfc Settlements among the Marflies arc very much fubjtdt to Fogs, and not io healthy as other Parts of the Country. The Bay of Minas is about 1 6 Leagues long, and in the Middle, near which the 'lov^n (lands, it is four Leagues in Width j but being in the Form of a narrow Oval, its Entrance, at Cape Minas, is not above a League a-crofs. Some Mines are laid for- merly to have been dillover'd hereabouts, which gave Occafion to the Name. About 70 Miles S. W. from Minas (lands Anapolis Royal, the Metropolis of the Pro- vince. It confiiis only of a Fortre/s^ de- fended by three Companies of Engltjh^ and fome Auxiliaries from ISciv England, It is fituated about hve Miles from the Mouth of the i i ( 25 ) the River which hears its Name, where the Bank is elevated above 60 F''cet above the Water s Level. The Fort is Stone-work, l.iiJ out in the Form of a Square with four Ha- flions, and mounted with 40 Cannon. The Ramparts are of Earth, defended with large Stocks of Timber towards the FofTc. There is a Battery that a^mmands the River, and no Danger is apprehended on this Side from any Attack by Ship Gars, fincc the Tide is fo flrong as to hinder ilieni from mooring at a proper Diflance from the Bank to do [exe- cution. But towards the Land it flands on a Level withtheChampaigneCountry, and there- fore is more expos'd on that Side, and might cafily fir'd by Bombs from any Part, as all the Barracks and MagaziDts are of Wood, except that for Powder, which likewife, tho* built with Stone, is fcarcely Bomb Proof. The River extends itfclf in a very flrcight Courfe Eaft, almoft as tar as to Mi'ias^ and is navigable by large Ships 30 Miles into the Country, which is inhabited on each Side by the French, whoarelettled in feveral plea- fant Villages among the Meadows that lie on its Banks. There are reckoned to be about 300 Families of them, who are all awM^'by the Neighbourhood of the Garrilbn into good Manners, and a peacefid Behaviour, not daring to fhew that ungovernable and refrac- tory Spirit which polTciTes tiie refl of their Countrymen in thefe Parts. D The { * ^Hli f ii' ( 26) The Harbour lies Wcfl of the Town at five Miles (IKt.uice. I'lic IkMUty, Safely, and gradual Declivity of its Banks have got it the Name of the Balon oi Anmipolisy by which Appellation it is ufually diftinguifhcd. This Bdfon is about a League and a half in Length, and near a League in Width, is well flicltei 'd from the Weather, and has Anchorage in good Ground for the mod Part from twenty to five Fathom, and not Icfs up the River as far as the Fort. The Road to which for Ships is on the North Side of the Bajhiy for a Imall IQand called Goati IJlandy lies at the Month of the River fo near the oppo- llte Shore, that the Pajlige on the South Side is almoft impradicable, and on that Account is called J'loi's Faffage. Near tl.\is, to the South, lies a Sand Bank, or Shoal, two Miles in length, and half a Mile broad. Two fmall Rivers run into the Bafon on this Side, which is rocky and mountainous. On the S. W. lies a moderately large Creek, from whence, by Means of a Carriage -Place about three Miles acrofs, the Indiam have a Way into the bottom of the Bay of iS"/. Marie ^ which opens on the Weft Coaft of the Fe^ 7ihifula, The PafTage into this fine Balbii, which lies on the North Weft Point, is fometimes called St. Georges Channel^ but is -cally a very dan* geroub Qua about a Mile long, with half that ( 47 ) that Width, in which the Tide rufliing with boidcrous Rapidity along a r(x:ky Shoar on each Side, fornctimes baffles the Skill and Care of the able ft: Pilot, elpecially if he be catcli'd in the Eddy or Counter -Tide, in Foggy Weather, which is very frequent hereabouts. From the Gutt of yinnapolii the Son ill Side of the Bay of Fundi extends fifteen Leagues to the N. W. Pc^int ot the Pinin- Jiila at Cape St. Marie, This Cape torms the Entrance into the Bay of that Name on the Wcftern Coaft;, already mentioned, which has two fmall Rivers, and fcveral Harbours of little Confequence before you reach PoboucoUy whidi is a navigable River, and has an In- dian Village on the North Side near its Moutli. Three Degrees South from Poboiicou, and twenty from Cape St. Mar'w, lies Cape Sable^ the S. W. Point of the Peninfula. This Place is well known to the Ne%o Enghuid Men, who are here two or three Times a Year on Account of the Fifliery, for which it is very comaiodious, havii-^; a Sand Bunk near it for curing the Fidi, and feveral fm.ill Iflands about it, veiy convcnieiu- for the Bankers to refide on during the Seafon ; but the Harbour is not well defended, lies open to the Weather, and has a rocky and dangc- jous Entrance. Facing the Back of the Ifland that forms the Cape, and upon the main Land ftands the Ruin-) of a Fort, furtnerly D 2 called i f * (28 ) called by the French Fort la Tour, which was once a Place of fome Strength, and ca- pable of making a good Defence. The Land near the Coail is rocky, and has no inviting AfpeA for new Settlers. Thirty Leagues S. E. from Cape Sable lies Port la He've, on the South Coaft. The Er.tiance into it is formed bv the Point of an J Hand called Round JJland, on the Weft, and a narrow Peninfular Promontory on the Eaft, and is about a Quarter of a League acrofs. From the Entrance the Harbour immediately bends to the Weft, fpreadiiig about half a Lepgue in Breadth to twice that Length. This Bend fecures it againft Wind and Weather, and there is good Anchorage every where from twenty Fathom to four. On the North Side hes the River La HdvCj which extending its Channel Noith Weft with a Quarter of a Mile in Width, is navigable by large Ships twelve Miles into the Country. Upon a Point of Land forni'd by the Bend of the River, near its Mouth, ftands the Block-houfc^ with fome Indian Habitations not far fron^i ii, and a fine Pond of freiJi Water clofe to it. Oppofite to this, on the other Side of tlie River, is a curious Bed of fine Oyfters, which are of an excel - ent Flavour, and the beft in this Country. Not far from this, to the Northward, lies another anothi have HarH from generj vince.l fendec Entral is eft< ( 29 ) another fmall River, upon which the hidiam have a Paflage to a fmall, but commodious Harbour, called Mirligueche, a few Leagues from La Heve. This Harbour of La Hevc is generally cfteemed the beft in the whole Pro- vince. It is very capable of being cafily de- fended, as appears from the Defcription of its- Entrance, and the Soil of the Land about it is efleemed the richeft in all thefe Parts. The Harbour or Bay o^ ChibouSlou lies a- bout fcventeen Leagues pLaft from La Heve^ and juflly claims to be its Rival : In Point of Situation it has the Preference, for lying nearer the Heart of the Country, the Com- munication with the other Parts of it is, upon the whole, eafier from this; nor does it feem inferiour to La Heve in any other RefpccS", only that its Harbour lies more open and ex- pofed to the Weather, and the Entrance is not fo eafy to defend ; but the Soil is very rich here, and the Country about is both aptly difpofed into high and low Lands eafy to be laid out into convenient Farms. A fmall Ifland lying on the Southern Point of the Peninfula forms Cape Canfo. The Port confifls of a Bay, wiri\ two Creeks. The whole Harbour is about three Leagues in Length : The Bay has a rocky Entrance and lies open to the Weather, but 'tis fafe anchoring in the Creeks, which are form'd by Ill .ja*r?' ( 3° ) by four Illands ; the longell; of thefe lies in the Middle of the refi, and is four Leagues in Circuit. This Harbour is much inferior to the two laft mentioned, but the Place is more commodious for the Fiiliery than any on the Coaft, efpecially fnice the Improvements that have been made there. ilere are a few Inhabitants who are wholly employ 'd in the FiQiery, and on that Account negledt to cultivate the Land, infomuch, that tho* they have been fettled here upwards of thirty Years, yet they have little more Improve- ments to (hew than a few Patches to fupply them with Kitchen Ware. Next to AnnU" polls this has always been dcem'd by the Englijh a Port of the grcaieft Confequence,. on Account of its Vicinity to the Ifle of Cape Breton. It is about nir>e Leagues from hence to Port Ihouhufe, and not above twenty to Louisbourg^ on that Ifiand, and once there was a Detachment of Troops placed here, and a Blockhoufe raifed for its Protedion. About eight Leagues N. from the Cape lies ChedaboiiBou, or Milford Haven, as it is fometimes called. This is a larger Port than any of the above-mentioned, being three Leagues Eaft and Weft arrofs at the En- trance, from whence it ftretches very ftreight fix Leagues to the Bottom of the Bay. On the Centre of which ftands the Fortrefs, for- merly a Place of fome Strength, being fitu- ated on a Peninfula, formed by a River on each Side ( 31 ) Side of it, in both which there is fafe Anchor- ing, efpecially in that which extends to the North, where Ships may he for a League up the Channel, from twelve to fix Fathom Water, much fafer than in the main Bay, which is very open and expofed. The Town, which confiils of a good Number of Inhabitants, ftands upon the weft Bank of the laft mentioned River, and near enough to the Fort, to be commanded by it. Not far from the Bottom of the Bay, on the fouth Side, there runs into it a River, called the Salmon River, from the great Plenty of that kind of Firti, with which it abounds. The Channel of this River ranges within a few Leagues of Cape Canjo, from whence the Coafl is mountainous, rocky, and unfit for Tillage, and fo continues down the fouth Side of the Bay, near as far as to the Salmon River, but from thence all round the Bottom it is low L. ]d, and a good Soil ; in which refpedt, it has greatly the Preference to the Cape for fettling. The North Point of the Entrance into Chedabouchu, forms tlie Weil Point of the Streight of Canfo^ being ro more than a narrow Gutt, about a League wide an-- four Leagues in length, which is the whole Dif- tance of this Part of Neva Scctia^ from the Illand ^\^ m n '1 [i)) ( 32 ) Ifland of Cape Breton. This narrow PafTagc leads into the Gulf oi St, Laurence^ which waflies the Eafi: Part of the Province. Upon this Coad, about four Leagues dif- tance from the Gutt, lies a fmall Harbour, called Antigomiche^ which being fufficient to afford fafe Moorage for a Canoe» the Indians have raifed fevcral Habitations near it on the North Side not far from Cape Louis, from whence the Land ftretches N. W. about eleven Leagues to the Ifland of PorC'Cpic, which lies before the Mouth of the Bay of that Name. This is a large commo- dious Harbour, and little, if at all inferior to Tetamagoiicbe ; tho' this lafl: is better known on Account of the Correfpondence carried on this Way, by the French Setders on the Pe- ninfula with Louisbcurgy and the Colonics at the Mouth of the Canada River, as is above related. N. W. from Tetamagouchc, at the Dif- tance of eight Leagues, lies the Bay oiFerte^ abovemcntioned, which pointing to a Creek that flioots from the Fottom of the Bay of Fundi, between them is formed the Ifthmns of tlie Feninjula^ or Southern Divifion oiNova Scotia, There are feveral fine Harbours and Rivers npon the Coafl of the Ea/iern Divifion of tiie Province, amongft which, the River called called R It fprej great Pa as to St. fion, an ten Lcaj Abou gotiche, is about and has fkirted c with a every Ye Hut, an< themfelv returning ter. Ar the Offin Water, y Height. The . tempts ir £0 little S after he 1 greateft his Mini he had t The] into the ( 33 ) called Rifligouchey defcrves particular Notice. It fpreads itfcif in fcveral Branches, over a great Part of this Divifion, very near as far as to St. John^ ^ ivcr, on the wcftern Divi- fion, and is very little inferior to it, about ten Leagues from the Bay of Ferte, About ten Leagues North from Rifti- gouche, lies the Illand of Mifcou, which is about eight Leagues in Circumference, and has a very good Harbour, and being fkirted on that Side which lies to the Gulf with a fine fand Bank, is frequented every Year by the French^ who raife a fmall Hut, and clear Ground enough to furnifli themfelves with kitchen Ware for the Scafon, returning to France at the Approach of Win- ter. At a little Diftancc from this Ifland in the Offing, there bubbles out a Spring of frefli Water, which fpouts up to a confiderable Height. The MiJJionarm have made fome At- tempts in their Way on this Ifland, but with fo little Succefs, that one of them dying here after he had laboured twenty Years with the greateft Diligence, left no other Fruit of his Miniftry, except one Indian Child which he had baptized. The Ifle of Mifcou lies near the Entrance into the Baye des EJpagnols, fo called from E Ibmc m i led ( 34) fomc of that Country, who came thither in Search of Gold and Silver Mines j but being diCippointed, went away, crying ylca nada^ i. e. Nothing here, which gave Rife, as fome Hiy, to the Name of Canada, From tlie Spaniards Bay it is feven Leagues to Cape Gafpi, or Gapecbe, which is at the Mouth of the River of St. Laurence, and forms the bounding Point oiKova Scotia on this Side. It mud be confefTed that the Englijh have given little Attention to this Part of the Coaft-, tho' it is equal to any Quarter of the Province, for Plenty of Filh of all Kinds, Yet without all doubt, the South Coaft between the two Capes, Sable and Canfo, is preferable on many Accounts, and is much rearer its mother Kingdom than any of the Reft. It borders nearly upon the eaftern Pro- vince of New England 5 and there are feveral iine Rivers, and commodious Harbours upon ir, be fides thofe I have obfcrved, fuch as Fort "Razoir, Rq/Jignol^ ProJpeB Harbour, St. Mary^ &a of all which to enter into a particular Account, would be tedious. It is more to our Purpofe, to obfcrve tliat four or five fand Banks lie at a convenient Diftance off this Coaft, extending in a String from one end of it to the other ; the Jflc of Sable like- wife oppoiiLe to Cape Canfo^ lies very little out of of the fo mu( the p crowd as if World But reaped alone b Pcoplir are oihi folutel3 For, tl Great 1 taking i to the ] In or it will of the Difcovc ihall fi to their in the near a makin Artific. Hands fion of The World, c i bcr in : being s fome -eagues at the ^, and otia on (h have of the of the nds. Coaft 2nfo^ is much of the rn Pro- feveral rs upon 'ach as arbour, • into a us. It at four )iftance omonc k like- ttle out of (35) of the Row, and has its peculiar fand Bank ; in lo much, that when we reflcdt likewife upon the prodigious Shoals of Cod Fiih, that crowd the Ocean in thcfe Q.nartcrs, it feems as if Nature had prepared this Part of the World, purpofcly for that Fifhery. But tho* the Advantages that might be reaped from a fettled Filhery here, may alone be efteemed a fu Ticicnt Inducement for Peopling this Country, yet bcfides this, there are other Views, in which it will be found ab- folutely necefTary, not to neglcdt it any longer. For, the true Importance of Nova Scotia to Great Britain, can't be fairly flated, without taking into the Account the relation it bears to the Intereft and Views of France, In ORDER to fet this Matter in a clear Light, it will be necefTary to give a (hort Narrative of the Affairs of this Province^ from the fir ft Difcovery to the prefent Time ; wherein we fhall find that Nation whkh fets no Bounds to their Ambition, but fuch as they have it not in their Power to pafs, during a Coiirfe of near a hundred and fifty Years, continually making ufe of both the Methods o^ Arms and Artifice^ to wrefl this Country out of the Hands of the Englijh, and fecure the PofT^i- fion of it to themielves. The firfl Difcovery of this Part cf the World, was made by Jean Gabato, a Vcnc- E 2 tian^ li' ^1 ! ' f4\ II I (36) tian, who had a Ship fitted out for him, and was I'entfor this Purpofc by Henry VII. jinno, H97' Not many Years after this, the French taking the Advantage of G^^o/'s Difcovery, be- gan to fifh u^^onthegrand Bank of Newfound- land, and in the Year 1534, ont James Cartter, of 6*/. Makes, was ordered by the Admiral of France into thefe Parts; ac- cordingly the Captain with all the Ship's Company, having firfl received the Pope's Benedidtion from the Hands of his Legate, fet Sail J and arriving at Cape Bonavlji on 'Newfoundland^ from thence traverfed the Gulf of St. Laurence, and entering the Mouth of the great Canada River, the Captain their landed his Men, on the north Side, and built a Fort*. This done, he direded his Courfe up the River, and penetrated into the Country as far as Mountreal, where meeting with a large Indian Town, in which the Inhabi- tants were covered with Caflor, and other rich Furrs ; thefe fixed his Attention. And obferving likewife at the fame Time, that the People were extreamly addidted to Super- ftition and Sorcery, being himfelf a very religious Catholic, this fell in exadtly with his own Humour, and he prefendy infinuated himfelf * It is an arch Remark of Dean Swift'?, that in fettling of Colonies, the Fntuch firll: build a Fort, the Spaniards a Church, and the Etiglij/i an Ak'hoale. h upcr- very with uated mfelf ling of iards a • (37) himfelf entirely into their Eftccm and Con- fidence, by prefenting them with a great Number of Rofariesy and Agnus Dei's j all which, he afTured them upon the Faith of a Chriftian, were fo many confecrated Charms, that would infallibly cure all their Maladies. Having thus got Admittance freely to them, he entered upon the main Bufinefs, and be- gan to traffic with them for their Furrs ; with which he quickly loaded his Ships, and re- turned to France, Upon Sight of the Cargo, the Advantage of the Furr Trade, was eafily comprehend- ed by his Countrymen at St. Mahs, who did not negledl their Intereft, in cultivating it with their utmoft Diligence, and as the Road to the River of St, Laurence lies near Aca- die^ or Nova Scotia, it happened that Ships in this Paflage were lometimes blown upon that Coaft. In this Manner, xhtFrench came by Degrees, in a Courfe of near thirty Years, at fome Knowledge of itj and in the Year one thou- fand fix hundred and four, Peter Gueji Sieur de Montz of St, Maloes, Gentleman of the Bed-Chamber to Henry IV. having projedled the Defign, and procured feveral Merchants of St. Maloes^ Rocbel/e, Havre de Grace, and other Ports, to form themfelves into a Company, for carrying it into Execution, the Plan was laid before his Majefly, and beiitg approved .a 7- I (33) ipproved of by him, a very cxtcnfivc Depu- tation, appointing him Admiral and Lieutc- nunt-Gcncial of all this Part of North Ame-^ rica, was granted to the Projcdtor, together with an cxclufive Patent for the Filh and purr Trade. Thus armed with all the Power and Au- thority that his Maftcr could give him in thcfe Parts, he fet fail, with four Ships in Compa- ny, for Acadie, where being arrived, he wan- dered about the Coaft a conliderable time, not meeting with a Place to his Mind. The firft Place he put into was Port Roffignol^ which was the Naine of a Mafter of a Veflcl whom ht found trading there, and conlifcated both Ship and Cargo by Virtue of his Patent, ma- king the Captain the poor Satisfadion of calling the Harbour by his Name. He went next into Port Mouton^ a Name which he gave it from a Sheep that lay drowned in that Harbour. Pie made no Stay in either of thefe Places, and went afterwards to the Ifland of 5/. Croixy where he landed his Men with an Intention to fettle, but he foon found the Place too fmall to furnifli his Com- pany with NecefTarics, and embarking once more. Chance at lad threw him into Port- Royal \ where being ^/leafed with the Beauty and Commodioufncls of the Bafon, and ob- lerving likewile the Face oi tlic Country to be level fetil the Coa „ i y ( 39 ) level npon the Banks of the River, an i the Soil fcralc, he determined to fix in this ilacc, and accordingly fnting up the French Stan- dard, he took Poffcfiion of the Country in the Name of the King his Mafter, in Ho- nour of whom he called this l^hcePort-RoyaL After this he raifed a Fort, and fomc other Ncctirarics, and immediately opened a Trade for Furrs with the Natives, which fucceedcd very well. In this whole Proceeding it is to he ob- fcrved, that the French (hewed no Regard to the Right claimed by the Englifi to thiii Country} a Right originally conllituted by Virtue of the firji Dtjcovcry of Norths Amc^ rica in Henry VII. Reign, and afiervvaids confirmed and cftablifhed by frior Occu- pancy Anno 1583 of this Part in particular. For Sir Gilbert Humphry^ inpuriuance of a Grant of Newfoundland which he liad ob- tained of Queen Elizabdh at the Suit of JVaJJmgbam, having firft taken Poileirion of that llland, and fettled the Cod-Fifliery there, came upon the Coaft now called Nova Scotia^ where he lived a Year, and died in the Country. After this the Englijh being employed in fetding Virginia^ contented themfelves with the Pofieffioii of the Fifliery upon the South Coaft, giving little Atuntion to what palled %]\ 'rk !■ 1 (40) paflcd upon the Continent at Port-Royal: where De Monti made his Markets very well during the Summer Scafon, and in the Au- tumn returned, with his Ships richly laden, to France, But upon his Arrival there, he found the State of his Affairs very much altered at Court, for the private Traders had already made, and ftill continued to make, fuch heavy Complaints of the Detriment of his exclufive Patent to them, that they prevailed at laft to have it revoked. Upon this, he fold his Right in Port-Royal to one of his Voluntiers in the Expedition, whofe Name was Poiitrincourt, which Title being con- firmed by a frelh Patent from the King, he went over and took PoifefTion of his new Demejhe, This Gentleman being intent upon ma- king his Fortune, applied himfelf rather to pu{h on the Trade with Vigour, than to cftablifli a firm and lafting Settlement in the Country. It was neceiTary to till and fow fo much Land, as might furnifli the Colony with Provifions, which he took Care of, but entirely negledted to provide for its Secu- rity and Defence by a proper Fortification. It is true, there was little Danger to be ap- prehended from the Savages who, on the contrary, finding themfelves fupplied by the (40 the Traffic with necclTary Furniture for the Mouth, which ivas all they wanted^ foon grew tradable, and fond of the Trade, 'which was all he wanted. But in the mean time, the great Work of God, as the Jefuits call it, viz. The Convc. * ^1 ( 43 ) With regard to Marriage, they tolerate Po- lygamy univerfally j but this Liberty, howe- ver, is rarely made ufe of by any *, except the Sagamo ; that is the Title given to their Chieftains. This Dignity is, ftridtly fpeak- ing, eledive, but the Choice generally falls upon him who is at the Head of the moil numerous Family. Every Town has its proper Sagamo Inde- |)cndent of the red, who is Giiardirn of all the Youth in the Town under his Jurifdidtion. Thefe he keeps ftridlly under his Authority and Command till they are married. All the Fruits of their Labour belong to him ; and even after they are married, and have fe- veral Children, they pay him a Kind of 7r/- biite, which is exacted with the utmoil: Rigour, Every Sagamo decides all the Differences and Difputes that at any time arife either be- tween Families or fingle Perfons, within his Towniliip ; and if the Parties cannot other- wife be brought to an Accommodation, Juftice is immediately executed by him, according to the Lex ^alionis^ which is obferved in the flridefl Senfe of the Letter. This is one In- flanci of the Authority of the Sagamo confider- ed leparately. Bm in all Matters wherein the whole Tribe io concrjrncd, nothing is deter- F 2 mined • This Referve is nci lu in»ich owing to tlieir Chiiility en is drawn from thence. This Condud:, I own, feems a little flrangc and abfurd at firft hearing ; yet, upon a nearer View, it will appear to be founded in very good Senfe and Reafon In the iirfl Cafe, the Hufband is made defpcrate, not daring to return home without the L^rel, for Fear of a fecond Drubbing frorwliis Wife. On the contrary, he that is Mrler at home, knows how to make himfelf well received there, whatever Difgrace he may have fuffered in the Field. Their Manner of declnring War has a na- tural Simplicity, which is very expreiTive. This * Thefe are the Indians that inhabit the Country lying •n the Back of ht^w-England. m If 'Ul Lf IS. * Jl ( 46 ) Irhls being an Affair of a public Concern, Is tranfiidted, as has been already obferved, in a general Aflembly of the Chiefs ; who being convened, one of them declares the Occafion of their Meeting, and makes loud Com- plaints of the Injuries and Inlults put upon him by the Enemy, then raifing his Hands, in which he holds a Hatchet, above his Head, vows to revenge the Wrong ; the refl:, who never refufe to back the Quarrel, fol- lowing his Example, each lifts up the Hatchet. In this Pofture they all join in a Chorus, linging to Arms^ in a gloomy growling Mur- mur, which is accompanied with a Spirit- ilirring rattling Din, made by the fhaking of ibme Pebbles in a Callibafh. When the Father of a Family happens to die, the Corps is immediately carried out of the Hut 5 to which they fet fire, and entirely confume the Edifice, with all that is in it. Aftcj this the Body is cut and gafhed in fc- vera|Placcs, and the Vifcera being taken out, is fet to dry. As foon as it is found to be fufficiently, as they think, prepared in this Manner to refifh Corruption, they inter it, adorning the Grave, both within and with* out, with the befl of what they have. Their Skill in Phyfic is very fmall, and extends only to the Knovv^ledge of two or three VJ for i to ^ I * (47) three Simples; and when any Diftcn^pcr feizes them, little Afliftance is either offered or expeded from Medicine : Therefore *hey apply thcmfelves chiefly to the preventive Part, and endeavour to preferve Health, by ufing a great deal of Exercife, with frequent Bathing and Sweating. When any one !ias narrowly efcaped Drowning, and fwallowed a great Quantity of Water, they prefently give him a Glifter of the Smoak of Tobacco, and then hang hiixi to a Tree by the Heels. In which Condition the Stomach quickly difcharges it- felf of that Load of Watei with which it was opprcHed. Upon the whole, they are a lazy Set of People without any Forecaft, and won't be at the Pains of providing any Store againft a bad Seafon, or other Accidents. They think it abundantly fufficient to fow as much Land as will ordinarily produce Corn enough to ferve them till the next Seafon, fo that in cafe the Crop comes to any Mifchance, they live mifcrably, and fuffer great Want, even in the Midfl of Plenty, rather than be at the Pains of hunting and killing fo much Game asi would be a comfortable Support, To eiFed this requires but little Fatigue, for the Cpuntry abounds wiih the Neceffaries i n H K.lil m ^ p. .1 . t ' ii ( 48 ) of Life, and every Scafon is capable of fur- niftiing a fufficient Subfiflcnce to the Inhabi- tants, were they as numerous as in any Part of Europe j and nothing is more eafy than to lay up Store enough to laft from one Seafon to another, and be provided againft Sicknefs, or other Accidents that may fupervene. In OMer and November begins the Chace for the Cajior and the Elky which holds a good Part of the Winter. In December y or rather in the two laft Moons of the Year, a Fifh called Ponamo^ comes to fpawn upon the Ice, and you may catch as many, as you pleafe. I take this to be a Species of the Dog- Fijh. . , This is the Time alfo which the I'ortoifes lay their Eggs. Bears, Otters, and Hares make alfo a Part of the Riches of this Scafon, which is farther improved by feveral Sort of Wild Fowl, ^s Partridge, Ducky Teal^ Buf" tard, and others j and the Rivers and Lakes are covered with Coots, Widgeons^ and other River Fowl in all Parts. In January the Sea Wolf comes up the River. The Flefh of this Creature is good eating, neither ill-tafled nor unwholefome. From the btgianing of February to the Mid- dle of March is the Height of the Seafon for hunting the Caritou, as a-fo the Red and Fallow Deer, Towards 1 4 *i ^ (49) Tov/ards the End of March, the Fifli be- gin to fpawn, and crowd into the Rivers in fuch Shoals, as is incredible to any one that has not feen it. The firfl that conies in ij the Smelt, which is three times as big hers as in Europe. The Banks of the Pvivers are like wife covered with Buftards, who conie there to build their Ncfts ; the Eggs alone of thefe Birds are almofl fuiiicient to fubfiil the Inhabitants during the Scafon, and that without hurting the Increafe of the Species. After thefe, the Sturgeon and the SiiJmon bring in warm Weather ; and now all the Hollows of the Rocks, and other Rcccf!>:s, are fluffed with Birds Nefts of every Kind. Beiides this Plenty of Eatables, which fuc- ceeding each other, make all togetl er an agree- able Variety, the Cod-Filh may be loo' cd on as the conftant (landing Dilli of the Country ; and if thefe People would till and fow their Land, ittd. their Cattle, and raife Poultry; Fiiliing, Fowling and Hunting might be uled only for Exercife and Diverfion. The Inhabitants in general live to a great Age, and it is particukirly remarked of one of the S^igamo's, whofe Nanie was Marnhcrtou, that he was above i oo Years old when he died. I confefs there is nothing fo extraordinary in this as to defcrve a particular Remark. G But I I; •fl Ix. « f 111 m M i '^ ■!■ %:-\: liak ( SO ) But In the laft Stage of this Man's Life there pafled a IVanfaaion more worthy of Notice, in which the Temper and Spirit of our two Jcfuits already mentioned, fhincs forth in its full Lullre. One of them relates the Affair himfelf. This Chief being newly profclyted to the Chriflian Faith, was careffed by the Miffio* naries in a very extraordinary Manner, on Account of the particuLu* Service, that the Example of a Pcrfon in fo much Efteem and Credit among the Savages, might be to them in the great Work of their Miniftry. But not long after his Converfion, he had the Misfortune to be feized, at his own home, with a very dangerous Bloody Flux, in which Condition our Fathers manifcfted their pious Care and Tendernefs towards him, by getting him removed to Port Royal, where there was an Apothecary, and proper Medicines for his Cafe j notwithftanding this, the Diftem- per baffled all their Efforts, and the Indian finding himfelf near his End, expreffed a great Defire to have his Body carried, after his Death, to his own Town, there to be laid among his Anceftors, The Governor made no Scruple of granting the Requeft of a dying Man, in itfelf fo reafonable and fo natural : But this Condud of the Governor's no fooner reached the Ears of our Zealots, than they immediately repaired to the Place where aganil fiting heath( forth woulc 1 » where he was, and loudly remonftrating againfl the Impiety and Profanation of depo- fiting the facred Corps of a Chriftian in hcatheiiifli and unhallowed Ground ; fct forth the great Scandal fuch a Proceeding would bring upon Religion in general, and particularly declared, that they were forbid- den, by the Rules of their holy Mother the Church, to perform the Obfequies in fuch a Place. The Governor obfcrved to them that this Objedlion might be prefcntly removed, and the Matter made eafy, fince all they had to do, was to prepare the Place befoic- hand, by a due Confecration ; a Power with which he knew they were inverted. To this they inftantly replied, that the Thing was not fo eafy as he imagined j fince the Land could not be confecrated, till it was fitted to receive that Benedidion, by fir ft having all the Bodies of the Heathens that lay there dug up, and carried oft* the Spot ; a Proceeding, to which it was certain, they faid, Mambertou himfelf would never con- fcnt. m I'? Having thus filenced the Commandant^ they went to vifit the dying Perfon, the un- fortunate Author of all this Mifchief and Di- fturbance. Him they found upon liis Death-Bed in a very weak and languifl^ing Condition, a proper State this they well knew for receiving all fuitable Imprefiion?. G 2 Accordingly ( 50 Accordingly they rung a Peal of Terrors in his Ears upon the dangerous Situation in which his Soul miin: needs be, which could give Way to fuch an nnchriftian Thought, as that of being buried in the Place of his Nativity; allured him, that unlefs he morii- f el this unaccountable Humour, and fub- mit.ed to have his Cor{\^ laid in the Church- yard, ihcy mud be obliged to look upon him as dying out of tlic Pale of the Church, and CO ifequently muft confign him over to eternal Damnation ! concluding withal, that they were willing to impute it to the Dilbrder of his Brain, which was didurbed by a Deli- rium, and did believe it to be the pure Effect of his DiHemper. The poor SagawOy quite confounded with their Violence and Impetu- ofiiy, found himfcif in no wife inclined to enter into Diiputcs in his laft Momenf?, and defuing now nothing ib much as to be left alone to pafs quietly and unmolefled into the ntxt World, told them with his lad Breath, tlxit Tn E Y kneiij hc/f^ and that after he was dead they 7night do idhat they pleajed with bis Bodv. Thus died Manbertou the Sa^ra- no, wlio probably had raifcd himlllf to that Digr.ity, by taking upon him the Charader of an Autvioin^ that is, by pra(5nfnig the greateft Part of his Life all the diabolical Arts of Sorcery and Witchcraft. Pat notwi.hfland- iiig this, he was brought, by the indefi-tiga- ble Zeal and boundiefs Charity of thefe ipiri- tual ('. i \ ' (S3 ) tual Pcj/IorSy to make his Dcpniturc at lifl in tlie Odour of Sandity, ami his funeral Oblc- quics were foleniiiizcd witli a Pomp and So- lemnity befitting tlic Governor himfclf. While thefe Things were trvinfiding at Port- Roy (ily a new Projecll was forpiied in France to get Poffcflion of Pcntiigoct^ a River which lies 30 Leagues S. VV. from that oi St. Crcix : Widuhis View a Colony, duly furnilhcd with Mif/ionarieSj was tran- fporicd thither in the Year 16135 where finding no Body to oppofe them, the Mt'ii landed, and p.efendy raifed a Fort. Tl is Attempt, however, proved abortive, and the Colony was totally deltroyed before the Peo- ple had Time to form themfelvcs into a regu- lar Settlement. For the Governor of Virgi- nia, who feveral Years before had obtained a Grant of this Coatl as far as to the Latitude of 45 Degrees North, being informed by fjme of his People (who ufed the Filheiy at a little llland called Mount Deftri, near the Mouth of that River) of ti:iis Livalion of hi-.} Ridit, in a Place of 'ircat Ii n por tance, on Account of tliat Trade. lie dii'p.uclied Com mode X uirgol^ with three Ships of Force, this fame Year, into thcie Pariji-, v.ho, on his Arrival lierc, let hre to the i\):t, ar^d d earned away the wnoic th( Col o "7: with their MijjbnGrics, Priioncrs of War. From hence lie proceeded to Port Rrjd >V iiCI c, tindin^^ the .f T' ■i 1 ,; li lit'- i (Si) the Place abandoncii by tlic Vrcnch, who, on his Approach, liad lied into the Woods, he fet fire to that Fort likcwife, with all the Houfcs, and Works thereof every kind. Thus was confurned, in the Space of two Hours, what had colt the French^ in the Compafs of a few Years, above 100,000 Crowns to eftablifln ylrgol, having executed his Com- inililon, returned to Virgiuia j and, upon his Departure, the Inhabitants came back to Port Royal, where Mr. Poutrincourt afore- mentioned, who Aill carried on the Trade, found them the Year after. The Country remained in this State, with little Alteration, till the Year 1621, when King James the Firft conferred it upon the Earl of Stirling, by a Patent, wherein it was firft called Nova Scotia, which Name it has retained ever lince. This Lord, not long after, appointed a Deputy, whom he fent to reconnoitre the Country, and mark out a proper Place to build a Hoii(e upon, for the Governor's Refidencc. But this Gentleman, arriving on the South Coaft, entered two fmall Ports, not far from Ca[>e Sable, but made no Stay in either of them, and in a fliort Time returned by the Way of New^ foutidland to England. From this Time his Lordfhip dropped the Dcfign, and never after- wards made any Uie of his Grant. The h TliJ lea, t hemic Count bance Under ing int Kirk, tiate quaintc Condit Returr mand given out of tia be he tool French CapeS man a Fort V Th( his ow at the at Lof he foL Aifcd theQ riage '. had w I ( JS) The French taking Advantage nf this Neg- lect, continued to trade as before, and fprcad thcnilelvcs by degrees into fevcral Parts ' Country, where they met with no ) i- bance till the Year 1727. But the jood Undcrftanding between the two Crowns be- ing interrupted by the Siege of RocheUc^ one Ktrk^ a French Refugee, in order to ingra- tiate himfelf with the Court of England ^ ac- quainted the then Miniflry with the weak Condition of his Countrymen at ^lebcc. In Return for this Information, he had the Com- mand of a Squadron of five Men of War given him, and was fent to drive the French out of every Part of Canad^y and Nova Sco- tia being comprehended in this Commillion, he took this in his Way, and deflroyed all the French Settlements there, except only one at Cape Sabky where was eftablifhcd a Gentle- man called La Tour^ who had built a good Fort which he commanded himfelf. The Father of this Gentleman having left his own Country under Pretence of Religion at the Time of the Siege of Rochelle, refided at Lojidun, and being a Man of good Addrcfs, he found Means to infiiuiatc himfelf into the Aifcdlion of one of the Maids of Honour to the Qr.een, and married her. After the Mar- riage his Lady made ufe of ihe Intcrell fhc had wiih the Queen her Miilrcib to obtain the Honour W' (56) Honour of Knighthood for her Hufband, unJ in return for this Favour he engaged to put the Englifl:) in PoiTcffion of the Fort above-men- tioned. The Thing feenied feafible, and upon his Aifurance of SiiCccfs, tv^o Men of War were prefently fitted out for the Expe- dition, and being provided with a fuitable Number of Land i'orcc?, Mr. La Tour went on board, together with his new married Spoufe, whom he had prev^iiled on to ac- company him in the Voyage. On their Arrival before Caps Sahk^ La ^our the Father went firft on Shore, ?.i:id being condiidted into the Fort to his Son, he opened the Conference with an ample Rela- tion of his own extraordinary Credit with the Court of I ondon, and exnatiateJ on the erc^t Advantages whicii he had jull Grouiids to hope for fiom it. He then added, that it was entirely in his Son's Power to make equal Advances for liimfelf at that Court ; and to convince him of the Truth of what lie ai- led ged, he produced the Infigina of ihe Order of Knighthood, which he faid were intended for him ; informing his Son likewife, tirat \\^ had full Power to confirm him in the Govern- ment of his Fort, in cafe he would pleafc to declare for ImBi itawiick Majelly, The young Commandant liftened to this Difcourfe of his Fatlier's with no kTs Indig- nation i-f li^ai to ( S7) nation than Adonlfliment i bat did not hefi- tate a Moment in oc'terminir.g what Courfc to take upon this Emergency, and inftantly aflured his Father, that he had greatly de- ceived himfelf, in believing his Son capable of fo much Bafenefs, as to deliver the Fore into the Hands of the Enen^iies of his Coun- try ; letting him know, on the contrary, that he was determined to prefer ve it for the King his Mafter, as lonoj as he had anv Breath in his Body. He faid he was very fcnfibie of the high Worth of that Dignity which the King of England had coiidefcended to lay be- fore him J but at the fame Time propelled, he never could yield to purcliafe it at die Price of his Allegiance to his own Sovereign j con- cluding, that he was fully fuisfied the King, whom he had the Honour to fcrve, was very well able to reward him, in fuch a Manner as would leave him no Room to regret the Lofs he fliould incur by the Refuial ; and that, however, in all Events^ the Confciouf- nefs of having done his Dnty, and maintain- ed his Fidelity to his natural Prince, ihould be always efltcmed by him to be its ovjii Re- ward. l<:4 «1 f! life. * I r i 111 fatisfied with this Anfwcr, which he little expcdcd, the Father returned on board ; from whence be wrote to his Son upon the fame Subjed in the moft tender and prciling Terms. Bat the Letter had no ElTcd. At H lait \,i ^.f! ,{•?■ *; i ( 58 ) ' litl he gave the Commandant to underftand, that it was in his Power to efFedl tbat by Force which he had not been able to obtain by his Intreaty, and begged him to conlider, that after the Troops fhould be landed, it would be too late for him to repent his ha- ving rejedtcd fuch advantageous Offers as had been made him. In conclufion, exhorting him by all the Authority of a Father, not to put him under a NecelTity of treating his own Son as an Enemy. Thefe Menaces were treated with as little Regard, as the Promifes and SoUicitations had been before j and in the End the Father was obliged to come to Extremities. Accor- dingly the Forces were landed, and be- ing drawn up before the Fort begun the At- tack. But to their great Surprize the Com- mandant defended the Place with fo much Obilinacy and Refolution, that the General, who had propofed nothing more than making a Parade with his Men upon the Shore, and never thought of meeting with any Refiftance, feeing feveral of his Men killed, and little or no Advances made, grew fick of the Enter- prize in two Days, and propofed to raife the Siege, which being agreed to in a Council of War, he communicated what had palled therein to La Tour the Father, Never (59) Never did Man appear more thunder- flruck, than he did at the Sight of this De- termination of the Council of War. It threw him into all the Perplexity and Confufion imaginable. He durft not fliew his Face again at the Court of England, where he had fo confidently engaged for his Son's Compli- ance J and on the other Hand, to return to France was quite out of the Quellion. In fhort, the only way he had left, and which he refolved upon, was to throw himfelf upon his Son's Clemency, and rely entirely upon fjis native Goodnefs, I.' ;., There was flill another Difficulty behind, which was, how^ to open the Matter to his Wife ; but Shame foon giving way to Ne- cefTily, he took his Opportunity, when they were alone, and acquainting her with the melancholy State of his Affairs, as above re- lated, told her, that the greateil Inducement he firfl had to undertake this Voyage, was the AlTurancc with which he had flattered him- felf, that he (hould thereby have an Opportu- nity of fettling her happily in America j but fince his III Fortune had blafted all thefe ple^fing Views, he could not propofe her flay- ing in the Country, as it was not in his Power to put her into fuch a Situation there, as would be agreeable to her j and therefore: li 2 fr-t;ly niit I'.. * 1^1 •I ^ ¥ ( 60) freely \cS' her at Liberty 10 return home to her Friends and Relations. To tl^.is the Lady replied with nn nncom- mon Magnanimity of Spirit, Thav the flxcred Vow vvliich fl>e made beiore tlie Altar at her Marria', was ir.ade witnout any Re- ferve on ber Part, and ihould always be the iinaUcrable Rule of her Conduct : That into whatibever Part of the World it {liould pleafe 1 to her. !t be the Si- ■ wnatcver m tuation of his Afrairs there, fine fliould think it hcT Dijty to (hare in eve.y Turn of Fortune that befel him ; and (l^.ould place her greateft Felicity in foftening tlie Rigour of his Fate, aiid al!eviatin<2; his Sorrows. La Tour at once both charmed and melted by this noble Generofity of his Wife, immediately procured an Application to be made to his Son, wlicrejn, lirH: fetting forth the diRrefsful Circumrtances into which he was unex- pectedly plunged, he made it his humble Requeit, that the Commandant would be plealed to permit him to pafb the Remainder of his Days in Acadie, Ycano; La Tour received the Petition with his uiiial Humanity, and returned for Anfwer, tiiar. aUho' his Father's Condudt, with regard to him, would admit ot no manner of Exte- nuation or Extufe, yet the Thought of expo- fmg liim to return to England, where mod probably I*. (6i) probably he would foon make his F:xil at the Gallows, was intirely mfupportablc to him, for which Reafon, he very willingly confented to grant him an afylian near himfelf, but rieverthelefs under this Reftridion, which he infilled to be inviolably obferved, that neither he nor his Lady fhould enter within the Walls of his Fort, upon any Occafion whatfoever. For thereif, he faid he would accommodate them in the beft Manner he was able, and engng;ed his Word they (hould not want for any thing. The Son*s Referve fcemed a little feverc, but this was not a time for the Father to difpute, and he gladly accepted the Offer upon the Condition propofed. The married Couple with their Attendants, tVv'o of each Sex, and all their Efiedts, were put on Siiore, and in a few Days the two Ships fet Siil for England. Young La Tour took Care to have a fuitable Houfe built for the Family as loon as poifible, but at fome Oiftance from l^is Fort ; however the Situation was pleafant, with p^ood Lands about it^ and there they lived many Years. ^ Not long after this, In the Year 1632, after the War of Rochelle^ King Cbarhs \, was prevailed upon to fign a Treaty, whereby all OuK^dd WcS liurendered to the French , and tl'icy took Care to comprehend No^:a Scotia under the Name of Acadie^ within that Treaty, ft ' f r f (ill J ) I I,' ■ i ii r Ill 1 if: ]1(.7 •;* 1 I ( 62 ) Treaty. This is faid to be done by the Ad- vice of my Lord Moinitcigue* The French were fo much furprifed at the extraordinary Complaifance of tic EngUjh Court, at this Jundure, that they arc at aLofs how to ac- count for it, 'Tis True, the Colony of New England^ was then in its Infancy, and required a parti- cular Regard to eflablirti and improve it, which might draw the Attention of the £«- glijh, in fome Degree, off the Affairs of Nova Scotia^ about that time ; but this can never be a fufficient Reafon, (as the French ^o^k it,) for giving up our Right to it by a formal Treaty. I won't take upon me to fifh out the Secrets of the Court, in this or any other Reign, but if I ma; be allowed for once, to hazard a Surmize, why might not the Ceflion of Nova Scotia^ be a Compliment paid to the Queen ; j(he was Sifter to Lewis XIII. then King of France^ and King Charles the Firfl's well-known Uxorioufnefs helps to countenance the Conjedure. However that be, it is certain the French hav- ing thus got Pofleffion of this Country affured to them, loil no time in taking proper Meafu res, for reaping the whole Advantage of their new Acquifition; with this View, the Province was given to one RaziUi^ who afterwards, admitted two Colleagues, asSharers with himinit, and the whole was divided into three Parts, each Part 11 : ( «3 ) Part having its proper Governor, who was alfo Proprietor of his own Divilion. The firfl: of thefe Difliidls comprehended all the Land oa the South Side of the River of St, Lawrence^ from New England to Fori Royal. That Part of the Peninfula which hes be- tween Port Royal and Cape CanfOy was con- tained in the fecond, the Governor of which redded at La Heve ; and the third extended from Canfo to Cape Gafpc, at the Mouth of the above-mentioned River. Thefe Governors likewifc provided each for fecuring his own Dcmefne, by building Forts in proper Places. In the firft Divifioa one was built at Pentagoety another at Sf, Johris River, and a third at Port Royal: The fecond had Fort La ^our, already buiir, to which was added another at La Heve : The third fatisfied himfelf with a good En- trenchment at ChedabouBoUy thinking it un- necelTary to be at any Expence on the reft of the Eaftern Coaft, which bounding to the Gulf of St. Lawrence^ he judg'd was fufti- ciently fecured by the I He of Cape Breton ^ and the French Settlements at the Mouth of the Canada River, cfpecially as it was nat likely the EngUJh would make any Attempts on that Side, In adjufting thefe Boundaries of the whole province, it is very obfervablc, that as this cfr» was "\m Si' W \ '!' '■ 1 IVi 'i i13 i\-: (64^ was the fiift Time the French had an uncon- tefted Right to Nova Scotia, fo this was the Time when the jufl: Limits were fir/l autho- ritatively fettled by themfelves. Thefe then muft be efleemed by them to be the ancient Limits, and thcfeare the ancientLimits afcribed it at prelent by the EngUJh. The State of Nova Scotia , or Acadic^ be- ing brought into fo good a Regulation, every Thing remained quiet for a confiderable Time, each of the Proprietors being induftrious to make the beft of his own Peculiar, and all growing rich upon the Profits of the Fifli and Furr Trades. But in the Year 1 6^y the Governors be- gan to quarrel with each other, and fell into civil Broils and Dilfentions among themfelves, which paved the Way not only for their own Ruin, but alfo brought on the Lofs of the whole Province to their Mother Kingdom. One of thefe Governors called Charni/e, who fucceedcd Razilliy growing richer and more powerful than the reft, and having by the original Conftitution fomc Superintend- ancy likewifc over the whole, formed a De- fign of driving the other two out of their Demefnes, and of monopolizing the whole Trade to himfelf. I I'll it !' :li fi ( 65 ) • In order to cnrry this into Execution, he be- gan with tranlpliinting his C>;lony at La IJeva to Port Royal, thcCipital of the Weftcrn Di- vifion which hud been given to young La Tour in Reward for his Si:rviccs above related ; there having gain'd this Point, tlie next Step he took was to fcize the Fort and Settle- ments upon St. yolms Rivcr^ where Let 'Tour refided, and having got Intelligence that the Commandant was fallen into the Indian Manners of ncglcdling to cultivate their Land, had taken out the greateft Part of his Garrifon to fora hut llic Aniwcr was, that a particular Re- il of the N. )f Ph tital 01 tne J\ames or I'Jacts in the 1 reaty was both tcdioLis and unncctHary, fince it w.is well known the I.iuiits ot that IVovincc txicnded fiom Kinihcqui to the l^ivcr of .S/. hinvrence \ and in Puifuance of this Inter- pretation a Cj'overnor bcin^ appointed this Year by \\\zVrcncb King over this Part ofNeiv I'rcwcCy \m CJovcrnment is ordained to ex- tend from Kinihcqui to the faid River, over all the Country between thofe Limits, conform- able (thefe are the Words of the Patent,) to the Pofleffion taken of this Country in the Name of Lcu'is XIII. ^i'uio 16:^0. So care- ful have the French always ihewn themfelvca as often as it fcrvcd tlieir Purpofes, in pre- ferving the anticnt Limits of No'-ca Scotia ! Thus the French having ncn;ociatcd them- felves once more into the J-'olfcdion of yl- cadie, at lad pitcli'd upon an eafy and furc Method of fecuring it from another Revolu- tion. The Scheme v/as laid by tliC great Colbcrty tlicn Intcndant of the Murine in France^ vvlio Iiad projcdcd a Delign to open ( 69) Open a Road to Pentagoet and Sf. yohns River from ^lelhx^ io tliat a comimial lu- tercourfe might he carried on this Way be- tween the two Provinces, by which Means in cal'c of any Difturbance or Invalion from the EngUJ}\ Afliftance might arrive from Canada Time enough to prevent a!iy irre- trievable Mifchicf. f \ Mr. Colbert had this Affair much at Heart, and to carry it into Execution fent one of the Commiflarics of the Marine to make an exad Survey of every Part of the Country, wliich was accordin^^ly executed with all poii?j!c Diligence: BiJt the People of Cj;W^ beiu:; at that Time forced into a War with the Irc^ quoh Indians^ this, together with a pcfli- Icntial Diltcmper, which fwept off vaft Num- bers of the Inhabitants, prevented, happilv for England, any further Progrefs tow.irds compieating this Project. As we are much indebted to this War oF the Iroquois y which made a Diver fion lb fa- vourable for us, it will not be amifs to givi an Account of the Rife and Occafion of it. One DiipuySy- a French OFlicer, liavlno; tranfplanted a Colony of Fre?ic/j into a Village of the(e bidians^ there happened fome Time after a Liay to aiife bet\vcc;i ,ibmc Indians and the Frcncb, \\'hcixiii tliivf^ oi f'i ^- i i .1 I (70) of the litter were kill'd. In order to pro- cure Satisfaction for this Outrage, Dupuys caufcd all the Iroquois in the Village to be put under an Arrell, of which their Country- men getting Advice, alTcmbled together and furrounded the Village in fuch Numbers, that the French were in no Condition to hazard a Battle, and, in fhort, had no Way left to fave their Lives but by Flight, and here too eve.y Avenue for efcaping ieem'd to be block'd up. But, however, it was at lafl: effedlcd by the following very fingular Stra- tagem. . One of the Methods the French had, on their firfl fettling in thefe Parts, made ufe of to wriggle themfelves into the Confidence of the Indians^ was to give their Children in Adoption to lome of the moil confiderable Chiefs among them. Thefe Adoptions were very frequent, and, among other Benefits common to them with thole amongil: the Romans^ had this particular Adv;mtage, that the Privilcdges of the adopted Son were never attainted by Means of any War wherein the Father;; might take different Sides. Upon which Occafion thefe Children were often- times of great Service to their natural Fa- thers among the French^ and perhaps never more fhan in the Cafe bslbre us. % One pro- puys 3 be itry- and {70 One of thefe adopted Babes of Grace fee- ing his Countrymen brought to the Brink of Deftrudion, went to his adopted Father, and told him, he was very much troubled with a great longing to have one of thofe kinds of Feafts where it was ordained that all the Vidluals prepared fiiould be entirely confu- med. He therefore made it his fond Re- queft, that his Father would make fuch a Fead for the whole Village 5 declaring withal, that if any the lead Morfel fliould be left unde- voured, he verily believed he fhould not be able to furvive it. The tender-he.\rted hurm- Icfs Savage replied, that he was extremely fbrry for his Child's Diforder, and corJii not endure the Thoughts of feeing him die upon any Account as long as it was in his Power to favc his Life : At the fame Time allur- ing him, that he would give Orders for fuc h an Entertainment to be prepared whenever his Son pleafed, that he would alfo cliarge himfclf with the Care of making die neccl- fary Invitations to the Gueils, and engaged his Word that the Company IhoulJ not leave the lead Scrap of any Thing unUvallowed, Upon this Promife the Younker fixt the lotli ot March for the Feafl-day, that beiiig tlie Day agreed on by the French to make thcir Efcape. $ in ,■*. ;f.'J t 72 ) In the clofe of the Evening the Feaft be- gan, and in order to give the French an Op- portunity of getting Boats, which they had built privately for that Purpofe, near the Wa- ter, and putting their EfFeds into them, the Drums and Trumpets never ceafed playing in the loudcfl Strains round the Hall where the Feaft was held. As foon as the French had got every Thing in rcadinefs to go off, the young Man, on receiving the Signal Agreed on, went to his Father, and told him, lie could not help taking Compaffion of the Guefts, the grcatcft Part of whom had already bcgg'd for Quarter, and dc- fired to he excufed any further fluthng ; fay- ing he was willing they (hould leave the Vic- tuals, and go to repofc themfelves, and cn- G;;igcd to throw them all into an agreeable ^^lcep. The Guefls readily accepting this Kindncfs ; he took up his Guitarre and play'd io fine aLuIh-by, that there was prefcntly not •A Soul of the Indians but what was faft and ihund afleep. As foon as the Sharper had, wkh his Mufick, chai n'd them all into the CcMidition he defircd, while they all lay / i.. ll. ( V ) obvious, was the true Realbn why they begun about this Time to talk of Acadte and Nova IScotia in a more reftrained Senle than hitlierto they had done ; Want of Power to prefervc the Coafl from Pentngoet to Kinioeqiii to themielves, obliged them to call it tlie Coun- try of the Abenaqttois Indiam, Thus by a necelHiry Politiqiie tliey facrificed tliat Part for a Peace- Oifering to the Indians^ in order to make a Barrier of it to fiivc the reft. This perfidious Condudt of the French id much inrag'd the Colony at Bcjhn, that King PVilUam's War breaking out at that Time, Governor Pbipps refolved to make an abfolute Conqueft of the v/hole Province, and put it out cf their Power to give him any Difturbance for the future. To compleat this Defigin, three frriall Ships of Force, two Bomb Veflcls, and Trnn (ports, with eight Hundred Land Forces on board, were got ready with ail poflible Di (batch. With this Fleet the Governor c?<\nz before Pori-Rcyal, v;hich furrendcrcd without any Oppofition upon the following Terms: F/>;/?, That the Governor and Garrifon fiioukl be allow'd to march out with their Arms and B,;p^p- and that, in executing this^ they fliould have a fufficient Guard to fccure them againfl the Fury at the 'hiefs pre- thc flain itions (87) Fury of the Savages. This done, the French entered the Fort, difmantled it, and laid it in Ruins. Thcfe two Fr^/7<:/6McnofWar, who had in their Pafliigc taken the Ncivporty an Englifi Sloop of 24 Guns, were in their Return from Pemkuit chafed by an Engl/JJj Fleet of feven Sail, which theycfcaped by keeping clofe to the Shore. The Englip continued their Courfe towards Nova Scotia^ and coming to an An- chor before Beaiibajjin or Cognitou^ they burnt the Town to Afhes, and forced the Inhabi- tants to acknowledge upon Oath King WiU liam and Queen Mary to be lawful Sove- reigns of Great Britain, The Fleet pro- ceeded afterwards to St, Johni River^ but meeting with a Rebuke before Fort Nexoat, they return'd to Bojlon, The Peace of E,yfwir being concluded next Year, Anno i6()j^ Comniiflaries were appointed, in Purfuance to that Treaty, for fettling the Limits between Nova Scotia and New Engla7id, which were then fix'd by them at St, George s River, lying between Pemkuit and Pentagoet, this was executed by proper Deputies in North America in the Year 1700. The French having a third Time fliuitlcd themfelvcs into Pofieilion of Nova Scotia^ a proper Perfon was fent to review and fettle the State of the Country, and Fort Nexoat at St, John's Rivtr being found fo far from being ? 1 ( 9,9 ' being fufficient for tiie Secnvjty of the whole Provinc-, tliat it wa? r.ot a'j'e to defend the few French Habitations along its BLinks, it was thouf^ht proper to remove the Garrifou to Port Royal. In 1701, it was fo confidently talk'd at the Court oiVer failles^ that His Majefty had come to a Refolution to make a folid and iirm Eil:a- blilhnient at Acadie^ by peopling and forti- fying the Country, that the Bifhop of ^ichec^ who was at that time in France^ cnter'd into an Aa:reement with fome of the Seminaries there for fnrnifliing the Province, on tliat Oc- cafion, with a proper Corps of Ecclcfiaflicks. But Queen Amies War breaking out while this Affair was negcciating, it put an End to that Scheme. In the Year 1704 the Bofloners came again before Port Royaly hnt being rcpulfcd there, went up the Bxyoi Minns to Pig?gmat, and af- terwards proceeded to BcaubdJJin-y from which Places they carried off about nfry Pri Toners of both Sexes, and (bme Booty, but hardly fufHci- cut to balance the Expcncc of the Expedition. The ill Sacccfs of this Enterprize put the French again into high Spirits, who immedi- ately fet on their never-failing Tools the Abe^ naqiiojs Indians^ to make frefh hTuptions in- to New England, where thefe People com- mitted fo many brutiih and intolerable Cru- elties, that Mr. Dudley^ who was then Go- vernor of Bolknj rcfolved, if poffible, to ex- terminate [lie it loij the ne ■les I ( 89 ) tcrmin?.te the French^ the trut Authors of all this Mifchief out of .ZVb':'^ .S^rc//^. With this Defign he prepared a very flronj^ Armament, confifling in tlie whole of 21 Sail of Ships, with a fufficient Number of Forces on board, which were got ready with fb much Diligence and Secrecy, that the lirft Notice which the Garrifon at Fort Royalh2i^ of it was the Sight of the Fleet at the En- trance of the Bafon, Nothing cQuld have defeated an Enterprize fo well concerted j but fome Jealoufies that arofe between the Sea and Land Forces, who being carried to the Attack in this ill Humour, were eafily put into Diforder, and oblig'd to retire. The Fleet in its Return 11 opt at Fafcadoue^ upoa the Borders of AVw Evgla?idy whence the Ge- neral difpatch'd a Meffenger to acquaint Mr, Dudley wiih this Misfortune, and rhc true Caufe of it. The Governor, inflam'd with thi$ Difgrace, prepared an Armament i'irongerthan the firft, who made a fecond Atte^'ot that fune Year on the fame Place, but ;vith no better Succefs than the firll, chiefly ucc:>fi- oned by the Mifundcrftanding which liiU continued between the Fleet and the Army. After this Mr. Dudley repaired to England^ where he rcprefcnted ihe ill State of Affairs ill rhefe Parts, etpccially fmce thefe two iaft Milcirriagcs, and the Miniftry being con- vinc'd of ihe Nece^Titv of doin^ fbmething that ihould b;- deciiive in Nov:.: Scotia^ M determined Ll \ If. [<^v Oi ( '•} ) (90) detcrmiti'd, at any Expcnce, to fend thither a Force that fliould be fatficient to cffedtuate the ablolute Conquell of the whole Province. In confequence of this Relolution a Fleet was equipp'd, confuling of four Ships of fixty Guns, two of forty, and one of thirty-dx accompaoitd with three Thoufand Land Forces, under the Command of General N/- coljop.j who came before Port Royal in 1710. Notwithflanding this ftrong Armament, the Fort being greatly alTiilcd by the Savages, held out for twelve Days, and at lafl: fur- rendered upon the fame Terms that had been granted by Phipps m 1690. The Indiana now began to grow cool to- wards their old Friends and Allies. The taking of Port Royal^ in the Defence of which all their Strength had been exerted, had at lafl opened their Eyes, and they found, that the Notion which had been always carefully in» fl:illed into them of the Superiority of the French^ proved only an empty Amufement. The French feeing them in this dangerous Po- lition, difpatch'd a Courier to ^ebec to in- form the Governor- General of it, aiid fct before him the Neceffity of fending a proper Force for the recovering of Acadte^ the Lofs of which, they faid, would foon be followed by that of Canada^ and all 'Ntw France^ af- furing him withal, thac they had only fub* mitted to the EngUpj for Fear of being di- fturbed '"•,.^v."« \ ■ 'l\ ^"^ "a. iithcr Idluatc tvincc. Fleet If fixty |rty-fix Land alM- 1710. t, the avages, ft fur. d been 00] to- Thc which i at lad hat the illy in- of the fement, DUS Po- to in- od fct proper le Lofs >llowed ly fub-* ing di« [Imbed » f 91 ) fturbed in getting in their Harveft ; but that they ftill retained an inviolable Attachment for their natural Prince, who had not bet- ter Subjeds than they were in any Part of his Dominions. The Governor-General not having it in his Power to do better, fent them a Couple of Miillonaries, provided with fuitable Cordials to revive the drooping Spirits of the Savages ; and thcfe two Gentlemen laboured the Point with fo much Diligence and Succefs, that they prefently brought them into a proper Temper for revolting. Animated with this Succefs in recovering the Indians^ the French refuled to comply with the Terms which had been made at the furrendering of the Fort and the Garrifon feeing them perfiffc in their Obftinacy, fent a Detachment of fixty Men, with an Engineer, and fix other Officers under the Command of the Major of the Place, in order to force them to a Compliance ; but forty Indians getting No- tice of the Defign, march'd thro' the Woods, and falling upon them at a narrow Pafs in the River, kill'd every Man of them, not leaving fo much as a Man to carry the News to Port Royal The French being encouraged by their Succefs, affembled together to the Number of five Hundred, and being joined by a great many Savages, inverted the Fort ; at the fame Time they difpatch'd a MeiTenger to Mr. M 2 Cojh^ 14 m tf ' 1 .5 t'i ( 92 ) Cojfobelle, the Governor oi Tlacentia^ in Newfoundland, requeuing only an Officer to be at the Head o^ them, and they engaged to reduce the Fort, and all Acadie, without any farther Affiilance. But Mr. Cojtobelk havinc: Work cnouah for his Otijceis where he was, could not anfwer thtii Demand, and for Want of a proper Commander to lea(J them on, they were foic'd to retire. Soon after this, in the Year 1712, was figned the Per.ce ot Utrecht, by which a per- petual CefTion is made to England of Acadie^ or Nova Scoiia, in its full Extent, accord- ing to its ancient Limits, together with Port Royal, now called Annapolis Royal, and all its Dependancies ; what thofe Dependati* cieSy and what thofe ancient Limits are, I prcfume fufficiently appears fiom the Courfe of this Hiflory. AIJ this Part of the Continent upon New England to St. Lawrence River being bow conlirm'd to the Englijh by Treaty, there was no Room to apprehend any further Di- flurbaiice from the French, and the New Lngland People began to iettle about the Ri- ver Kinibcqui, aiiaong the Indians, by whom they were not only freely admitted at fjril, but gladly received, on Account of the Bene- fit they received from the Intermixture, as well in the Article of Trade, as in the Improvement of their Minds and Manners; for the Engllp built Schools in the Country for on an:. I ";i !■•! (93) for the Education of their Touth, and em- ploy'd proper Pallors to inflrud^ the elder Sort in the Principles of Morality and Reli- gion. Thus Things went on very fmoothly for A while, but after feme Years received a Check which was litde (lifpcded. There happened to be among thcle Indians one Cajtiriy a Mujhe from a French Father upon an Indian Woman. This Man had taken upon him* felf to be iheir Governor, and had great In- fluence and Authority with them on Account of the Proximity of his Blood on one Side^ and the Superiority of his Extradtion on the other. This Governor (for fo he was in Ef- fedt) had always look'd with a malevolent Eye upon the growing State of the Englijh on this Side, and refolved, if poffible, to nip it in the Bud : For this Purpofe he in- fufed into the Indians a Jealoufy of their new Hofls, from the Numbers which, he faid^ they might obferve were continually creeping in amongft them, afTuring them, they only waited for an Opportunity of picking a Quar- jel in order to dcdroy them all. The Indi- ans^ naturally jealous of all the Europeans in this Particular, needed no other Incentive, and prefently began to parly with the Englifo for fettling and building Forts upon their Lands. l"o this it was anfwered, that the King of France liad given up that Country for ever to tlic down cf England, I .;.! \ I Startled 'I II (94) Startled and piqued with this News, they immediately betook thcmfelves to the Gover- nor-General of Canada, being determined to cxpoftulate the Matter with him, but he well underftanding their Foible, eafiiy pacified them, and fent them away well contented with this Anfwer, That the Treaty of Utrecht made no mention of their Country ; an Evafion which 'tis no wonder tliey had not Eyes enough to fee into ; on the contrary, they took the Words in their plain and un- difguifed Senfe. After this, the Indiam grew very troublefome, and began to pilfer the Cattle that belonged to the EnglijL\ who knowing the fhortefl Way of putting an End to this Proceeding, would be to fecure fome of them, and keep them as Hoftagcs tor the good Behaviour of the refl, took that Method with them. Nettled with this Piece of Jufllce, ths above-mentioned Ca/Un fpirited them up to a Revolt, and ading in a double Capacity, both as Governor of the Country for the King of France, and Chief Sagamo among the /«- dians, he appeared at the Head of a nume- rous Body of them, and demanded their Hoftages to be relcafed. The EngliJJ:) fixing their Eyes upon the Leader, in the firft Place fecured him, and after keeping him fe- veral Months Prifoner, obliged him for liis own Safety to go (happily for himfclf) and take pofTeflion of a good paternal Eflatc at Beam in Fra?ice. The I ¥: i! they rover- licd to lut he icified Itcntcd Hrecht fy; an id not ntrary, id un- grew fcr the who m End e feme for the ilethod ce, ths up to a S both Cing of the In- nume- i their ? fixing le firft lim fe- for liis )d take Beam The I (95) The only Incendiary that was left -iftcr Cajiirit was a Milfionary named Rajlc, who had been let alone hitherto, on account, of the Sacred nefs of his Characfler and Ofiice, but finding him, at this Jundure, very bufy in fowing in fecret the Seeds of Sedition, and oppofing their Clergy, who made it their Bu- linefs chiefly to inftill into the Indtans the firft Principles of Virtue and Common Ho- nefty, and had treated with Indignation the Dodtrine of Sacraments, Purgatory, Invocation of Saints, and all thofe Pradices that are to fupply the Place of true Piety and Rtligi^ -i \\\ the Romifli Church, this apoftolical Preacher of Sedition, and Seducer of the People, was taken and hang'd up, as being Fejjimm Hojlis bumani GeneriSy a Violator of the Lav/ of Nations, and a Pervertcr of \.\\^ Goipel of Chrift. While thefe Things were tranfiffling in "North America, the Kino; o( France^ to make a Shew of doing fomething for thefe Indians^ pretended to find a Flaw in the Words of the Treaty of Utrecht^ with regard to the Limits of Nova Scotia, and CoimiujTuies were named by both Crowns, in the Year 17 19, to adjuft that Difference j but the French hav- ing m:de ufe of thefe Tools of their Poli- ticks while they could be of any Service to them, now plainly fliewed they had never been the real Objed of their Care, for ihdh Com- midurics i [ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^\^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■50 ■^" JMH ■^ I2ii |2.2 ^ 1^ 12.0 1.8 1.4 Photographic Sdences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 145S0 (716) 872-4503 r^^ Mr ^ C/. %" z ^ v> ;\ i m l\ 9 I (96) miffaries never met, and the Affair died away> without any farther Notice. - • ■'' • • In the Year 1720, Col. Rickards was ap- pointed Governor of Newfoundland^ and Nova Scotia^ where, being j a flly offended with the pert and fancy Behaviour of the French In- habitants, he had a mind to bring them intp better Manners, and began by forbidding them all Commerce with thel fland of Cape Breton. After which, he ordered that they fliguld all within a limited Time acknowledge them- felves Freeholders under the Crown of Great Britain, But they immediately affembled to- gether, and let the Governor know, that they look*d upon themfelves to be indepen- dent on the Crown of England, and held the Title to their Lands by a Grant from the King of France^ their lawful Sovereign j and that if he proceeded to pufli them to Ex- tremities, he fhould find them Savages in R«l- ality. Before this, and foon after the Pence of D'?r^fi&/, they had furnifhed the Colony ofCap^ Breton with Wives for the better peopling of that Ifland : And lately, in the Year 1746, being affifted by Monfieur Junquiere^ who fuccceded to the Command of the French Fleet, after UAnville's Death, they made a a dangerous Attack upon the New England Auxiliaries, at Minas ; fo that upon allOc- cafions they have made good their Words given in 17 11, to the Governor of ^ebec^ that ii 3 away> V9S ap- d Nova nth the nch In- :m intp ig them Breton, fliQuld them- ' Great >led to- r, that depen- i held t from toEx- in Re* nee of o; ear mtere^ 'rencb lade a tgland lOc;- Vords uebec^ that (97) //&^/ notivithjlandlng they had been obliged to fubmit^ out of Neceffity, to the Englifli, Jor their prejent Sajety^ yet His Majefty 0/ "France, had not better Subje6fs than they were in any Part ofhii Dominions, However, at prefent, they profefs ihem» felves to be in a State of Neutrality between the Two Crowns ; but the eftablifhing of a civil Government there, conformable to His Majefty's gracious Intention, is the only Me- thod of bringing them under a proper Re- gulation, and convincing them of the Diffe- rence between a legal Toleration and an ejla-' blijhed Independency, The Importance of the Country being fuf- ficiently demon ftrated in the foregoing Nar- rative, let us turn our Eyes towards the new Settlers, and examine what Encouragement there is for them to leave their native Coun- try, and tranfplant themfelves thither. This Point turns upon two Articles, fir ft, what Products are to be met with there ; asalfo what others the Soil is kindly for pro- ducing towards their Support on their Arrival ; and in the next Place, what are the Commo- dities there by which they may expedt to im- prove, and advance their Fortunes hereafte:; With Regard to the firft. It is a great En- couragement to them that the Produce in clearing the Land will eafily be converted into Ship Timber, Planks, Mafts, Deal- Boards^ N Shingles '.-' 11 11 f I i( ■ I Ivj hi ( 98 ) Shingles, Staves and Hoops, befides Pot-a(hes ; which beingcarried to Market will ftirnifhthcm, in return, with Horfcs, Cattle, Hogs and other Neccflaries, to flock the Land when (ubducd. After which, all they have to do, is to raifc Corn and Grafs to feed the Stock 5 in which Cuhure they will find the Soil generally fo ler^ilc as abundantly to anfwer the Pains '• ^- ftowed upon it. In the mean- time the %" Mans, for a few Beads, and other fiich Tri- fles, will fupply them with every thing^ that the Woods and Waters afford What thefeare, I have already mentioned', and rtiall only add fome few Fifh which are peculiar to tlie Country, as firft a Flettaii, a flat Fill"*, like aPA7/V^,bat five Feet long; the Head n a Dainty. Another, called Lencornety be- ing a Species of the Cuttle- Fijh-, it is good Eating dreflcd any way but makes all the Sauce as black as Ink ; there is alfo the Goberge, the Sea-Flake^ the Requian^ the Dog-Ftjh, Add to this, that the Lakes abound with brge Salmon-Trout^ and Tor- toifcs. There are feveral Lakes, the chief of which is that of Rojfignol, being irregularly round 'tis three Leagues acrois ; it lies at the Head of that River, ^nd near to a fmall Lake, from which runs a fmall Pviver down to Fort- Royal. There are three other Lakes in the Mardies, near the French Settlements about the Bottom of the Bay of Minas, and a fixth licr ^1 *»• t99) lies at the Head of the River Antlgomtche^ about thirty Miles from Chedaboudiou, There are alfo feveral on »S/. Johns Rrjcr^ and that of Rijiigoucbe. The Fvrejis arc not fo well peopled with Fowls as the Lakes and Rivers are with Fi(h, yet neither do thefc want their Merit. P<7r- tridge and Crows, both the Red and Black Game, arc found here , as alfo S?ji/)cs and fome Woodcocks ; but thefe laft are very rare.- And befides what have been taken notice of above, here are Cygnet s^ Turkeys^ Moor hen Sy Geefe and Cranes both the White and the Grey Sort ; thefe are indeed finewy, and coarfe eating from the Spit, but make excel- lent Bouiiii. Pidgcons, SparrowSy Larks % about in Plenty : But what excells all, is the Ortolan, ju^^ly f^ called from its delicate Flavour. This Bird is the lirfl Harbinger of the Sprinjy, for as foon as the Snow be- gins to relclve, and leave the Ground here and there open in feme few Patches, they crowd in large Flocks upon it, and you may kill as many as you pleafe. The Cock Bird, tho' Afli-coloiired on his Back, yet, becaufe he has a White Belly, go:s by the Name of The IV hit e Bird j he is the bell Singer, and has the fwceteft Note of any of the ieaiher'd Family that gladden thefe Woods ; for the Nightingale here has but half his own Note, the other half is fliared by the little Wren. N 2 Bat I-? ( 100 ) But of this Species, the greatefl: Curiofity here ]s the Humming- B i rd ; of this there are two Sorts, one of which is Littknefs itfelf, be- ing, with all its Feathers, no big9;er than a Lady-Bird, The other makes a (Irong Ting- ling in your Ears, like the Buz ot a Blue Botdt Fly, which he docs not much exceed in Size, his Claws, being about an Inch long, look like {o many fine Needles j his Beak is the fame, which however is but a Cafe to another much finer, which he unQieaths and darts into the Bottom of Flowers, to fuck their Honey, which is his Food. In (hort, this Creaturfc defervcs to be called, Dame Nature's Trin- ket ; he carries a moft beautiful Black Tuft upon his Crown, his Breaft glows with a rofe- coloured Red, under which appears a Belly white as Milk ; his Back, Wings and Tail are of a Rofe Bufh Green, enriched with a refulgent Shade of Gold, and an imper- ceptible Down throws over the whole Plu- mage, an undulating Softnefs and Bloom, which is inexprefTibly delicate. I am not writing the Natural Hi/lory of this Country ; and therefore, with regard to Reptiles, I (hall jufl mention only the Rattle Snake, which is feen here as in other Parts of ^orth America, and too well known to need any Defcription. I (hall only take No- tice, that he is naturally fliy, and never at- tacks a Paflenger unlefs he be irritated. His Bite is very venomous, and was cfleem'd in- curable ( lOI ) curable till, not many Years ago, in thcfe Parts was luckily difcovcred a Plant, from its Ufe called the Rattle- Snake Plants which bruifed, and bid upon the Wound in the Form of a Poultice, proves an Antidote to the Poifon. This Plant is cafily diftinguiihed, and I (hall not think much to give a De- fcription of it : The Stalk is round, and rifes with a Bulk a little bigger than that of Goofc Quill to the Height of three or four Foot, where it is culminated by a yellow Flower of a fwcet Smell, and in Shape and Size like a common (ingle Daify» The Leaves, which are* a very narrow Oval, are fupported by a Pedicle about an Inch long growing out of the Joints of the Stalk over-againft each o- ther by Five and Five, in the Form of a Turkey-foot, In an uninhabited Country there is little Danger of Want of Wood and Timber enough for Building. This is the Ufe of Trees after they are felled ; but they likewife ferve another very good Purpofe while (land- ing, as they indicate the Nature and Quality of the Soil which they grow upon. On approaching this Coafl, the fir ft Objeds that ftrike your Eye are the Pines ^ the Firrs^ and the Cedars, The Pine makes one Branch of the foreign Traffic of this Coun- try, and is not much ufed otherwife. In this Place it falls under our Conlidcration only as an Indicator of the Soil where it grows, i I 'I; % ! i ( m2 ) grows, wBlch h mdecd very poor and unapt for producing^ any kind of Grain, being a Mixture of Gravel and Sand with Potters Clay. ' " ■ • ^ The Firr here is of four Sorts. The firfl refembles dufs j the three others are diftin- guiflied into the IVbife, Redy and PeruJJe^ The PFhite ^v\^Teruf}.e are fit for Ship-Mails, efpccially the White^ which alfo makes very good Carpenters Ware when broke up. It grows commonly in unmixt Land, where the Soil is black, and when drained yields good Corn. The Wood of the Red is quite different from that of the White ^ i3eing clofer and maflive, and makes good Beams in Buildings. This is found upon a Gravel mixed with Tobacco-pipe Clay. The Fe- ruffe bears the Weather beft: of any, and for that Reafon is ufed in Paling and Enclofures, It loves a white Clay. From this is made the Feruffe^ or Spruce -Beer ^ fo well known for its excellent Quality in healing Bruifes both external and internal. > • Here are two kinds of Cedars^ White and Red, The firft has the lar^eft Body j it makes good Paling, but is moftly ufed for Shingles to cover Houfes, on Account of its Lighmefs. The Red is neither fo tall nor fo large bodied as the White ; but the mod fenfible Difference between them lies in the Smell. The laft being in the Wood 5 w^hercas ( 103 ) whereas the firfl is only in the Leaves, which give a difagrccable Scent of ftrong Perfume* The Cedar y efpecially the JVhite, indicates \ very rich Loam. The Oak is like wife claffed intq two Sorts, White and Red, The firft is often nund ia low, nnoift Land, which is fertile, and kind- ly to produce all Sorts of Corn and Pulfe. The Redy whofe Wood is lefs valued, grows m a • dry, gravelly, hungry SoiL Both beac Acorns alike. The Maple is exceeding common in thii Country, and furnifhes the beft Wood for Houfhold Furniture, as Chairs, Tables, &c. T he Sap oi this Tree is ufed here as a Re- gale in their Entertainments. It is of a whitifli Colour, but very clear, and is e^c- fremely refrefhing and pleafant, leaving ia the Mouth a fweetifli agreeable Reli(h. It i% iilfo very falutary and pectoral. The Indians '^\\x it two Or three Boilings, which bring it iiTto a Syrop, and with a little more boiling; aiul Icuxnming it will go into the Conlillcncc oF Sugar, and ferve very well ior Kitchea t Jle. Perhaps it might be worth while to try jf a good fort of Rum might no* be Jrawn from it by the Still. There mulk r^eds be great Plenty of thefe Trees, for th'.y fupply the ufual Firs Wood. The Sap runs from it by making a Hole near the Bottom of the Trunk, and the Tree yields bcft when the Ground I it * t u ■f , r.i \ I'W' I Mi, J ( J<54 ) Ground Is covered with Snow, and there has been a Frofl over Night. Thf* Seafon for Tapping is in February and March, It grows upon high Land, and fuch as is proper for Fruit Trees. The female Maple has ail the Qaalities of the male, but is of a paler Colour, and requires a moift rich Soil. The Wild Cherry^ by fomc called the MeryTree, is found every where with the Maple, and other white Woods, and is alfo fit for Houfe Uteniils. It likewifc yields a Sap fweetifli like that of the Maple, but goes off the Tongue with a difagreeable Bitter- nefs. The AJh is met with among the Maples, and is particularly proper for dry Cafk, There is alfo a mungrel Afh of the fame Qua- lity with the true, and grows only in low Land and rich Soil ; as does likewife the third Sort called the Bajiard AJh^ which is no- thing near fo good Timber as the other two. Here are reckoned three Sorts of Nut- Trees. The hard^ tender^ and a third with a very delicate Bark. The hard Sort produces a very fmall Nut good to eat, but hard of Digeft ion . The Wood of this is good for nothing elfe but the Fire. The Nut of the fecond fort is of an oval Form, larger than the firfl, which is difficult to crack ; but the Kernel is excellent. The Wood of this of • i .-■ f ere !ias foil for :h. It ; proper has all a paler • ed the ith the is alfb ields a •utgoes Bitter- Naples, Cafk. * Qua- in low e third is no* other Nut- third Sort t, but sgood Jut of larger but )i this is ( i^i ) is not indeed fo fine as our Walnut, but it is almoft incorruptible either upon Land pr in ;hc Water, and it (lands the Fire too a great while before it is corrupted. The Fruit of the third Sort is no bigger than that of the firft, but the Tree is a better Bearer. The Nut is of a bitter Tafte, but has a tender Shell, and yields abundance of excellent Oil, which is very fweet for burning in Lamps, and for a thoufand othep Occafions. To extradt the Oil you only bruife the Nuts, and boil them in Water, when the Oil rifing to the Top is readily fcummed off. This Tree alfo yields a Sap of a more fugary Tafte than the Maple, but it runs in fmall Quantities. This and the fecond Sort are never found but upon the beft Soil. The Country abounds with Beech in all Parts : You meet with them as well upon fandy Hills, as in low Land, and the richefl: Soil. They bear Maft: abundantly, the Oil of which is well known in England, Here is a Tree called the White Wood Tree^ which is feen among the Maples and wild Cherry Trees in great Abundance, It often grows to a large Size, and very ftreight, Planks and Boards are made of it, and fome- time- it is ufed for dry Cafk. It is a free eafy Wood to work. The Indians cover their Huts with the Bark of it. The Elm is like wife very common hcrcj both the White and Red Sort, of which the O Red Iji 'm ¥)i 1 M-« ( io6 ) Red is harder to work but more duratlc. Tho Banks of sJl the Rivers are ufually fkirted with Among the Fruit Trees may be reckoned the EUer and the Service^ and there are among the Bufhes and thitkcft Woods a great Number of Plumb Trees, but the Fruit is Vv-ry four. The Vinegar Shrub is a foft pithy BuHi, and bcart> a four Fruit of the Colour of Bull's Blood j thcfe infufed in Wa- ter make a kind of Vinegar. The Pemine is another Shrub growing on the Side of fmall Streams, which run dimpling among the Meadows. It bears Bunches of red berries, ^hich are very aAringent like pur Slough. The Blacky or Vine of Mount of Ida, la found here. The Berries are round like a Navel, have fmall Grains like a Grape, and the Juice is black, fweet and very wcU-rc- Jifhed. The Indians dry them as we do Cherries. They are of Ufe in the Bloody-> Flux. The Atoca is another Fruit, with Seeds like an Apple or an Orange, but no bigger than a Cherry. The Plant creeps along the wet Marfhes, and produces its Fruit in the Water. This is alfo a hard rough Fruit, but makes good Marmalade. Currants and Goofeberries, Strawberries and Rafberries, are all Natives of this Coun- try J as are alfo Hops and Capillaire, with a great many Pbyfical Plants, as Origanum, Valerian, Aconitum, Thalietrum, Agrimo- aMe. Tho kirted with e reckoned there are ods a great ic Fruit is is a foft uit of the fed in Wa- ! Pemine 19 le of finaU nong the ?d berries^ Slough. of Ida, 18 nd Jike a yrape, and y wcU-rc- as we do e Bloody* uit, with , but no mt creeps oduces its fo a hard nalade. rawbcrriei bis Coun-' e, with A ^riganumt Agrimo- ( 107 ) ny, Bcllis, Sanguis- Draconis, Hcdifaron, An- gelica, Confolidunriy Fumitory^ and fome others, whofe Virtues may be found in the Difpenfatories. Here is liicewife a kind of Lychnis, or Afaron, which befides itsi medi* cinal Qualities, h2*s this Ufe, you put a moderate Nodule of the fibrous Parts of the Root well peeled into a Pipe of Wine, and in three Months it gives the Liquor an eac- Calient Flavour. The Cyprefs likewife is found here, and a kind of myrtle, called from its Ufe the Can* die-Myrtle. The Oil is extraded from the Berries of this Shrub, by the fame Procefs as is related in the Oil Nut. this Oil, after a fecond Boiling, becomes of a bright, clegr green, and hardens in cooling. It is rathef too brittle by itielf, but mixed with a little Tallow makes a beautiful Bougie, that burns exceeding fine. Water - Crefles are indigenous ; beiides ^hich the Indiam generally raife Maize and Ittdian Corn, Kidney Beans, Pompions, with Water and Mufk Melons. And I have al* ready taken Notice, that nothing is eafier than to raife all manner of Garden Stuff. The Winters here are longer and more fc- vere than in England i but nne Scone Quar* ries and Lime Stones are very frequent, with whitf Materials, and Timber, they may ^uUd Houfes which (hall be Proof againO; O9 the ' 1 L-. 5' l\ ^t ( io8 ), the .Weather without ; and here arc Coals ctrough to make them as warm as they plcafc within. With Regard to Trade ; befides all thofe Branches which the Country has in common with New- England, and which are toq well '*4cnown to require a particular Recital, 'there are three Kinds of Fi(h which are chiefly to be met with in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and efpecially in that Part of it which borders ^ on the Coaft of Nova Scotia, I mean the Porpoi/e, the Sea- Wolf and the Sea-CoWi - The two firfl yields great Quantities of a very fine Oil, fit both for Lamps and the Leather-Drefler : While frelh, it may be . ijfed in the Kitchen ; it will keep long clean, has no bad Smell, and leaves no Filth at the Bottom of the Barrel. The Skin of the White Forpoife, dreflcd and fhaved thin enough to be tranfparent, makes very good Coats and Breeches, which are faid to be Mulket-proof. Some of thefe Skins ^re . eighteen Foot long, to nine in Breadth, which nothing exceeds for covering the 7w- pmale of a Coach. The Skin of the Sea^ Wolf has a Foil upon it, and is very proper . for covering Trunks, Gfr. and as a Cover for Benches it will often out-lall the Wood,. When tanned it is like Morocco Leather, but has a ftronger Grain, keeps longer frefli, and is. ^ oo£ fo apt to peei Shoes ini Boots maybe • - ■ made oiye ill arc Goals ty plcafc all thofe common toq well I, there :hiefly to awrence, \ I borders lean the ' 'ea-C(yWi ■ if a very nd the ' may be . ig clean, hat the of the d thin y good I to be' ins are readth, he 7w- ' ic ISea^ proper . >ver for Wood, er, but , and is nay be nude C 109 ) tnadc of it, which will not eafily ?dmlt; Water. The Sea-Cow IS particularly remarkable, for her Teeth, two of which rifingoneoa. each Side from the Under- Jaw to the Length and Thicknefs of a Man's Arin, arc very fine, Ivoryr, The Pines and Firrs, and in general all the Timber in this Country, cxcells that of New England. The Cod is alfo much better in the Winter Seafon, when he may be taken in the Harbours, which are rarely froze. The Country affords in many Places good Brine for Saltj efpecially in the Marflies between ChedabouBou and Tetamagouche^ by] which Means the Fifh will be cured at an eafier Charge, and this Colony will be able, with proper Induflry, to underir.U the French^ and make themfelves Mailers of the whole Trade of the Streights. Let me add to this, that as the Profits of this Trade will finally center in Great Bri- taiHj by increafing the Confumption of the Woollen Manufadory, they may be afiiired of receiving all fuitable Encouragement froiu their Mother-Kingdcmu To conclude, if, befides all that has been faid, we confider his Majefty's Goodnefs in granting the Settlers PofTcffions by Land fuf- ficient for their Welfare, and his Reiblution so fccurc to them the quiet Enjoyment of thcfe = ■• j 'fir ' %i.- diefe Pofleffibns, bjr cfbUHhing t Gvfl Ccn veromenty and railing Forts anoGarrifons in proper Parts of the Country, as alio to pro* tfiA diem in the Pk-o(ecution of their Trade t^ Sea, there is all the Reafon in the WorU CO expof^ that in a few Years\MnMr Scotia will become a flouriihing aod opulent C6- Ibny, . ^ f t N t Si %. ERRATA. p. 32. 1. 12, inftcad of Ptfrf-f//V, &c. read PoiSioti^ which lies before the Mouth of the Bay of Port-epis, p. 33. K ult. after EJpagmls add fince called / Baye des Cbaieurs. p. 39. 1. 25.inftcad of a Year read two Years.' p. 43. I. 25. inftead of this is one Inflance^ read thefe are fome Indances. p. 48. I. 16. indead of which, read when. ibid. 1. 25. inftead of River read Rivers. p. 53. 1. 3. inftead of Solemnity read Mag- nificence. p. §$, 1. 5. inftead of 1727 read 1627. p. 56. 1. I. inftead of Knighthood read a Baronet of Nova Scotia, ibid. 1. 8. inftead of Mr. La tour read the new created Baronet. ibid. 1. 24. inftead of Knighthood read the new Order of Baronets. p. 61. 1. 26. inftead of 1632, after the War of Rocbelle read 1629, upon the ta- king of Rocbelle by the French, p. 64. 1. 6. after the Word aferibed add to» p. 65. 1. 6. dele there. ibid. I. 10. after Commandant read who. p. j^. 1. 2. for ruJe read ru/e^