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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 I hod to i ,, of ' ,' to I V lizai f;t)V( liav( up 1 - <'i()\ into a bli l)oa disji , to ll (luiil pcis tion. 4 Lift; and Servicon nfCdptuJii Benvni: 417 alTonled a refuge from pecuniary distress ; and procured her an uiiox- pec'ted source of consolation, in the etipfer desire witli which the veteran f ilors crowded her door, intreatiii;^- to see the cliildren, those interesting portraits of their late revered commander," — p. .'iOS. Captain Smyth lias rendered a service to his profession and his country by pul)lishin}^ these Memoirs of his friend. Vet we wish tliat he may be in(Uiced U) perform a finther service to both, and a further justice to the (hnid, by giving us more of lieavcr's papiirs, of liis journals and his letters ; for, if ever there was a man whose secret thoughts would bear exposure to the world, it was this. >Vere these remains collecteil and published, with his Africrni. Mcmonimla, in such a form as would put tiiem witiiin reach of that wider public, to whom such a work would be e([ually ac- ceptable and useful, they ought to be put into the hands of every midshi|>maii, and of every young soldier as well ; and they would form for their auUior a more durable monument than could have been erected to him in Westminster- Abbey or St. Paul's. I AliT. \'I. — lli'inp Sr. riolinit iiblic in I'liiiope would attach as much impor- tance as themselves to acciiriile sket( hes of dockyards, ftirts, and the like, i'iiially, the projectors of colonization, on lands in which they had speculated in the back woods, wanted the skill to con- ceal their artifices ; and die hu iibrations of the Hirkbecks, the J'lowers, and others of Uiat class, iiad no more effective operation on the general mind of England, than the wild fanaticism of Mr. Owen of Lanark. Neither of the travellers, whose works we have; placed at the head of this article, were induced to visit America by any low, sinister, or fanatical motives. Their chief inducement seems to liave been to gratify the curiosity created by die representations, frequently niaile, of the necissaiy effect of the establishment of the so-called principles of freedom ; and to make their own obser- vations on the experiment whose process has commenced in the western hemisphere. It is obvious that a predilection, at least, in favour of the success of this experiment existed in Uic minds of bodi ; that a disposition prevailed to iliscover a better order of things in the new state of society Uiaii existed under the more anciently formed governments of die European world. 'Iliese notions seem to have been most ardently cherished by the duke, who, on his landing in IJoston, says — ' It is impossible to dcsci .he the feeling witli which I was impressed at this moment. Two former instants of my life had left most delight- ful recollections : the first, when, after the hattle of Wanram, at seventeen years of age, I received (from the hand of Najioleon) the cross of the Legion of Honour; and the second, on the hirth of my eon William. My first landing in America— in the country which it hud • oiiipe and ill t •as tlieni- tliiM- boi!ii to of tiino 1 accounts ics, lilltti itulious — c ineii arc n'li<;io»is ) discover ilic, iiioii' ibout llic il rxcrcisc Mice often aspiiaiits and niili- ivini^ seen taken for ch im|>or- foiLs, and s in which ill to con- becks, the ! operation sm of Mr, ced at the y any low, it seems to sentations, islnnent of own obsei- eed in the at least, in [• minds of r oilier ol the more . 'liiese the duke, IS impressed lost (leliglit- rVanraiii, at ijioleon) tlic liirtli of my try wliieli it ^ liail 4 Trairls in North Amortvn. 419 liad lieen my wnvmcst wisli, from my earliest youth, to visit — will 1)0 a thin! ileli^rjitfiil recollection, which will remain witii me through tlie whole of my life.' Captain Hall thus expresses himself; — ' I'rohaltly, theri' sclduiii was a traveller avIio visited a fureijrn land in a more kindly sjiirit. 1 was really desirous of seeing every tiling, relating to tlie peojile, rountry, and institutions, in tlie most tavouralile light ; and was resolved to use my hest endeavours to represent to my countrymen what was good by the snbsetjuent tenour of his habitual pursuits, and the society in which it has been his fortune to move as a man. \)\\\iv IJeinaril, a catlet of the house tif Saxe-Weimar, bears a nanii' ami title vcneratetl by every Prt)testant who is acipiaintetl with the instt)ry t)'" that tremendous contest for religit)ns freetloin width, tluring thirty years, wasteil almost every part t)f (jermany, and was at length terminatetl by the treaty t)f \\ eslphalia. At an tally peiitjtl t)f life lie t;nteretl into the army- -we believe, of the king of Saxony. In those tlays, the princes t)f the IJhiiie were cninpelletl to place all their forces iintler the banner of JJuonaparte; and in the battle of \\ agram, Duke 15ernard was noticeil by the contpieror. When the turbulent ambition of that chief disturbetl l.urope for a sectuid time, the troops of Saxe-\\ eiinar, joined l)y stune other Ciermans, were led on tt) lake part in common cause by this tlnke — who so tlistinguislietl himself at W aterlt)o as to gain the ai)piobatiun anti applause of our tonunander in 'i i; 'Z chief. ■\<10 Dulcp Bcnmrd of Sd.ro-ff'riinnr nud Cnplahi I full. vWu'(. Ill' lias \isilc(l most i)!iit.s of (urmaiiv, J'lanro, tlic Nithi'ilaiitls, and (licat I'mtaiii; aiul is now in the niililary st-r- \\vc of tin; king oi" tlic Nii<;Ii klKjiliaiiy \v York, liavtlliiij: auu' coii- tliouiili, lost oviy iiioiulalilc' iVoin tlie vo •f!;ivi'i), tVoiu tin; e ;;riiCMal lave hcLii itrtl. In si Inigtii, to trace )iis tiavels ut, wlu'ie stauip ol 1, or any I interest, c of Anie- )e St en in ng lu'vond The ra- lliat region a traveller iciuia, Co- lliaii to a with Man- 1, Derby, iilry, wliic li have I Trnvfis in North America. 421 have risen from small to large towns qnite as rapitlly as New York, ant! more so than I'hihulelphia, Boston, Hallimore, IS'difoik, C hailestown. New Orleans, or any other place in Amo riea. \N e may make the same remarks on the other objects in wliidi the I nited States have been pnrsning, thongh at a vast tlis- lance, onr steps. Of < aiials, rail roads, highways, bridges, steam- engines, and other improvements, ntterly nnknown in some, and very imperfectly known in many, parts of the continent, we may alhrm that tin; extension has been more than ten times as great, within one-litth of the space, in Great Britain as in America. If we atltnd to the description of objects more minnte, bnt roiiiposiiig mii( h of the cond'oit of domestic and social life, great allowance nuist be matie for the dillerent views taken of them by a (icrman and an ICnglishniaii. On the continent, the honses air scantily fmnished, the fnrnitnre is old, both in substance and in fashion, and the shifts made to repair and preserve it are some- times evtn Indicrons. Here, on the other hand, foreigners are surprised with the number of domestic utensils (of which they, pt'ihaps. know neither the name iior the use), the condition in which they are mainUiined, the frequency with which they are re- newed, and the ciiaracter of indispensableness which we attach to tin ni. In .\jnerica, the inhabitants of British origin have followed Xhv ciiMonis of the country from which they have ennmated ; and tile people transplanted fron> other kingdoms have speedily im- bibed the sanw habits. Thus over the L nited Stites, and British America, in the larger towns, and in the dwelliiigs of the more pnisj)eroiis inhabitants, the ccnidition of the houses, and the accom- niodations they contain, if somewhat inferior to those of a similar cla.)S in England, are advanteil a much greater step beyond what is connnoidy to be seen in I'rar.ce, Oermany, Spain, or Italy, to say nothing of llnssiaand the eastern territories of Austria. \\ e have found, in the description of the sam.; kind of things, some dirterences between cnr two authors, bnt ce tainly not greater tiian may be easily accounted for by the diflereut tenours of their ()r( vious experiences and habits. An intelligent naval otHcer, who.'-e life .is been spent in visiting countries far removed from eacii other, varying in climate, in wealth, in forms of government, :ni(l at various stages in the progress of civilization, will comn)only look rather at objects in masses, and upon a large scale, than. ex- amine minutely tho.se of a less important nature. Bestowing caielid attention on whatever more immediately relates to his own profession, he is likely, in the maturity of his life, to take a larger view than almost any other traveller of the institutions tending to accelerate or to check improvement, in any country he traverses ; of 4'i2 Ditki' livrnard itf Saxc-lf\'iinaiHn(l diphun //nil. «»r the iiilliieiHTH of lliu Hf\i;rul cliis'ics of Horii-ly upon t-at li olIuT, and ii|i(>ii tlir Nvliolt- coiniiuinity; and of tlu; actual t'lVcct ol (lir guucial system ol° iiolicy that is adoptt'd. Captain Hall lia.s nouiu t'Skcllcnt remarks ou tin; cxlri'iut- i^no- lanu! uliicli prevuils in Aniciica ic^pccling iMi^land, and cicu versa, • We tiifd to kofp tlieni, and we could not ; or, ut ull events, wo did not. {'onsuciueiitly, as far as the mere stnijr^lu j^ous, its di'taiis cannot l)i; considered mmv invitiii^ as historical imidcnls for Eniflishincn to dwell 111)1)0. In Anu-rica the orifiinal aitors in tiie s(ene, tliiir children, and the race that has since grown uj;, havi' heen slinni- lated by a thousand inspiring motives to dwell constantly, and with dcligiited inti'nst, n])()n the minutest details of that period — to speak and to listen to all that could he said — to li;;hl all the hattles, and slay all the slain, over and over again — in order, as they allege, to draw practical infeience.^ from the events of thosi' days applicahhi to the present Htate of affairs ; while we, in the old Mother Country, who have hecn rohhed of our young, are not only left without any luicouragement to sjjcak or think of .such things wiih pleasure at this hour of the day, hut, in tinu's ])ast, liavi' heen deterred hy evi'ry motive of national and of per.iomil i)ride acting in conciTt, from making such in(pMrics.' ■*' * * ' Tin; French Revolution, within a few years afti'r the American war, hurst out like a volcano at oiu' very doors, and, as ,i matter of necessity, from which there was a!i,, 10. Again — ' The Americans took no jiaiiis, or, if they did, they failed in making us ac(piainted, in a i)opidar way, with what they were ac- tually doing. They eontril-uted no great share to the general stock of letters, little to our stock of sidence, and scarcely any thing of im- |:ortance to that of the tine arts ; while, according to all our views of the matter, they had actually made a retrograde movement in the prin- cii)les and practice of government. Neither do I think it will he contended, even hy themselves, that tl ey added much to what was already known in Eiu'ope, as to the philosophy of manners, of morals, or of any other hraiich of intellectual retinem'ent. 'J'hiis, they cannot, «)r, when brought to close (piarters, they sdilom deny, that they ha\e done scarcely any thing as yet to attach iv\ to them", by the ordinary means through whicJi other nations have heen cemented together iii cordial alliance of kindred sentiment, h()\ve\er torn apart, occasion- ally, by political contots. In the case of France, for example, though jt has long been the popular fashion to call Ui natural enemies, there exists I Travels in North Amerka, 483 exists ]icrnmncntly, tluoiij^li tlie liottcst wurs, a «j)irit of pciifroiis rivaliy aiifl nl cordial iiitcriiiitioiial rt'Hiii;L't, wliicli liotli imriii's di'lj^lit to cliciisli — l)iit ot" wliiili, iiias ! tlii'ii' ail' l)ut fci'lili' trarcN in our ru- latiiMis witli Aincfica — mid not tlio sliglitt'st sjiark, I gruiitly four, in tlii'ir.s witli 'IS.' Tlio puiiis taken to iioiirisli hatred towards ICn^laiid is to l)t; .si".:ii ill all the deilainatioiiH at piiblie nieetiiig.s within the I iiitiid States, whether ot a |)oliti('al or asocial character; but \\v coidd not hav(! conceived this childish s|)iiit could have been introduced even into tiiu recitations of their inllatcd eonipositions in their seminaries lor education. At Uostoii, Captain I lull visited some (d the schools, which are laudably numerous. ' At the hii?h-sehool for hoys, two youths were called out iu suc- cession to s|)oiit in our pPitsmce. I'oor little feliou's! they took iis for their own country iieo|ile, and as the most i^ratcfid theme they eonld choose, indulged us witii a eouide of 'furious ])iiiii|)i)ics a^fainst Knj^'land. We were amused to the top of oar bent, and the youiij^ orators, seein)>; us tak(! niore than lumunon interest in their declaniii- tions, elevated tliuir inci|)ient Ic^fislative vtjiees, and I'ose into hij
  • |iuri:ili there. Xo I we owe her nothing ! lAjr eighteen liundred years the worhl had sbnuliered in ignorance of liberty, and of the true rights of freemen. At length America arose in all her gh)ry, to give the world the long-desired lesson !"' &c. &c. &e. ' iiotli our com|)anions were sonuiwhat disconcerted by tins contre- temps of the lads ; but I could not bring myself t(J jiity them much. What business, I may ask, have persons wiio attect to wish that the two countries should be on good terms, to adopt in their seminaries such models ujion which the taste of the rising generation is to be foruicd, win all the world of letters is before them / Or wiiat title ha\'c these most tliin-skiuiU'd of all people to abuse the Kiiglish, witii- oul intei-niission, measure, or meri'y, tor an occasional s(|uib against; them, when they tiiemselves systematically teach their own younj^- ideas to shoot at this rate V — vol. ii., pi>. 107, Uib. Hoth our travellers .speak in the course of their journies of the colleges and universities in the towns they |>ass tl. rough, but as ihr meaning of words in America is fretpiently veiv difleient from that ill l"nr()i)e, our readers may be led to think of Oxford, Caiii- bridue, Dublin, or I'^dinburgh, when such words occur. W ith the exception of ^ ale and llavard, where, from the thrifty habits ol the New l^ughmders, the students are more diligent in their application to study than in the southern states little beyond the snnplcsl cleineiilaiy know ledge is comnuinicai. i. in such iiistiln- tions. 4'2 1 DiiLv licrnanl of Fime-lVv'mar and diiiUiUi Iltill. tioii.M. We Iinvf l)( fii iiHsurcd by a «(>m|M'(fiit jii, 175. I'loiii tlie very tliiii |>optihitioii in the I'nileil States, and tho conse(pient (iislance of (uir house and setlleitiriit from another, there innst be a diMiciiity in f<)nnin<:; schools for die rnial inliahi- taiits. In th(> towns tliere seciiis to bu adei] itv provision for tla; eh nicntaiy tuition of »'ven the poorest c lasses. 'I ''e inhabitants of all the tow lis form, however, but a siiiull ininorit' (d° the whole ( niiiinnnity ; and, taking into account alxnit two millions of iicj^ides, who are wholly widiout instruction, we should probably liiid a much lari^er pioportiini of persons in .Xmerica destitute of even the kuowled<;<' of readiui; and wiitinj;, than in any part of lunojie, except Uussia and 'I'urkey : (.crtainly a much lar;;er pro- portiini than in a conntiy which of late years it has been the lasliion, with persrks. Duke IJeriiaiil seems carefully to avoid all (lisciiaslDii connected with politics. This may arise, in part, from his beiiii; but imperfectly acquainted with the I'Jifi'.ish language ; It Is, however, p'obabic, that hi' has been in some degree re- strained by considerations of a prudential nature. Engaged in the service of the N( iherlands, a goveriiineiit where whatever can con- tribute to the prosperity of the people is protected and stimulated by the paternal spirit and enlightened councils of the monarch, he , ther^ must Fill-ir' formed lancd to be. ealously kept ;ems altogc- iiig from the i-ation, liabits liatever sort, hile, by tlie iiul tlie most ice ; and the es of delibe- ead of being ce, with the of the two )Ie counter- ,'. He thus forward l)y a of the usual le object was hieh, to take ;, in tlie ro- of New ()r- The motion ?rsary of that d might have IJut this was ly fortune to i thought of lothing more ; there could lile," said he, hole depends (1 not know. Jackson is a •eds, it will be nion of Con- en's thoughts ims party will, nt its getting but yon arc aware aware how much torment the weaker party can always give the stronger, if they set abotit it systematically. Indeed,'' lie observed, " 1 should not be surprised if this little matter, which tlie good sensj of the house, if it were fairly taken, would discuss and settle in ten minutes, should, under the fiery influence of party spirit, last us many davs; for there is no knowing beforehand whether a debate with us is to last a day, or a week, or even a month. So I beg you to watch the progress of this one." ' The proposer of the measure concluded his speecli by saying, that as there could be no doubt of its adoption, he begged to propose Mr. XVashington Alston, of Boston, as the artist who ought to execute tli.; work, not only from his I)eing the most skilful painter in the country, but from his being a native of the same state with General Jackson, namely, Tennessee. I had no notion that the deliate would run oli upon this point, because the gentleman named was, beyond all question, the best artist in America. Besides which, there was some address, I was told, in having jiointed out an artist residing in the north, to perforin the service ; a degree of consideration which it was thoiiglit would conciliate the members from that (jiiarter, who were mostly in favour of Mr. Adams. These small shot, liowever, failed to hit tiieir mark, as will be seen by the following ol)servatiuns of a gentleman from one of the eastern states, which 1 extract from the debate, as gi\-cn in " the " National Intelligencer," chiefly to show their rambling style of discussion. ' " He said he should not have risen, had not the resolution moved by the honourable gentleman from South Carolina designated the name of the artist to be employed. ^Vhen it was recollected that Mr. Trumbull, the gentleman who had executed the paintings now in the rotunda, was a native of the state which he rej)reseiited on that floor, he trusted his honourable friend would excuse him if he ventured t(j suggest, that no course ought to be pursued, in this stage of the busi- ness, which went to exclude the employment of that venerable and patriotic individual in executing any paintings that might be ordered. Jf the artist to whom the gentleman hud alluded was a native of the same state with the hero oi our second war, the artist he himself had named had been an actor in his own person in the war ut' the revolu- tion. He had been a prisoner, and had suffered severely in that con- test ; and he must be permitted to say, that great injustice had been ; done him, from the manner in which his paintings had at lirst been displayed. They were j)laced in a small and oliscure room, beneath our feet, and the artist had the mortification to know, that the most unkind and most unfeeling strictures had there been passed upon them, in conse(pience of this their disadvantageous location. His fame had suflered, his feelings had sutfered, and all his friends who knew the circumstances, had sutfered with him. It was with pride and pleasure, he said, that he had witnessed tiieir removal to a situation more worthy of their excellence, and he had witnessed the tears of joy f^lislening in his venerable eyes, under the consciousness that, at last, justice had been I 4.10 ])ul:i' Bcrnmd of Suxe-fVrtmar and Captain Hall. Iireii (lone him. lie adiriitted, very williiip;ly, t!ie liii>-Ii merit of Mr. Al.stoii ; liut, if I'oiigri'ss sliould coiicltult-, in thi.'s matter, to dejmrt from the chiss of our revolutionary worthies, there were other native artists, hesidcs i\fr. Alston, who would desire not to he precluded from ii chance of cmiiloyment. lie tlierefore moved the f(jllowinpf amend- ment, — to strike out the name of " ^\''asllinu;ton Alston," and to insert the words, " sunie suitahle artist.'' ' ' The dehate for some time turned on tlic merits of this fimendmcnt, tliouL'h it wandered every now and then into the iiresidential question, and it^ inmimerahle ramifirations, many of which were nearly tmiii- tcllij^-ihle to a stranger. At lenffth another eastern state memher rose, and cast amont>st the disputants a new apple of discord, or rather a new sort of mystification ant! discursive elo([nen( e. He said, " tliat while he did not refuse to dn homage to the great and acknow- ledged merit of Mr. Alston, he wislied to suggest a further amend- ment of the resolution, \vhich was, — tlnit it might he made to em- hrace the hattles of Bunker's Hill, Monmouth, Prince Town, and the attack on Queliec." ' This ])n)po'*ai, whether it were seriously intended for the con- sideration of the liouse or not, was followed hy one obvicuisly meant as a hitter jest against one of the parties in the house. In the state for which the memher who sj)oke last was the representative, ii aj)pears there had been, during the late war with England, a disposition ex- pressed hy some persons for opining pacific negotiations Avitli tlie enemy, or in some way thwarting the measures of government. A meeting, known hy the name of the Hartford Convention, was accord- ingly assemhled, at the very moment of tile hattle of New Orleans. 'J'lie gentleman who now rose, therefore, proposed to amend the amended amendment, hy moving, that " another jiainting he placed alongside th.it of the victory of New Orleans, rej)resenting this meet- ing, which was in full session at the same time." Several meml)er3 now made sijceches, and most of them so entirely wide of tlie mark, that, I venture to say, any one coming into the house, ;ind listening for half an hour, would not have been able to form a proh.'ible conjectin'e as to the real nature of the topic under discussion. Tilings were at last getting very heavy, when a little more spirit \\as thrown into the deliate, by some oi'e making a proposal for - further extension of the honours jjrojioscd. " 1 have often thought, ' Faid one of the gentlemen who addressed the house, " tliat our naval iciories were entitled to some notice, as well as the military exploits ()f the army, ai.d tluit congress could not better occupy several of the vacant i)ancls in tlie rotunda, than l>y filling tluin with some of the chivalrous triumijhs of the navy, that had conferred so nnudi iionour and glory on tlie country. I hope, therefore, tlie navy will !iot be allogclher forgotten on this occasion, and that tlie house will agree to adopt an amendment I shall ofl'er, in the following words : That the resolution embrace sue!) (jf the victories achieved hy the navy of the United States, as in the opinion of congress should be selected for nutiunul riaiL uorit of Mr. jr, to (lei)ai't utlu'V native ft'liKlcdfroni ■iiipf iUTiend- iiiid to insert ameudincnt, tial question, nearly iniiii- itc nienilier discord, or e. He said, md atkiiow- lier anieiid- inade to cm- ;\vn, and the for tlie con- iousiy meant In tlie state .•e, ii ajjjiears '^jiosition ex- ns with the »rnnu'nt. A was accord- ed Orleans, amend the T be jilaced ijr this meet- ral members )f the mark, md listening a iiroli"hli> dif-CHssion. ' more spirit rojiosal for - en thont^lit, ' at our luival tary exploits everul of the some of the much honour r will not be will agree to Is; That tiie : navy of the ; selected for iiutionul Travels in North America. 431 national commemoration." I naturally felt some professional interest in this jiart of the debate, and was therefore p^reatly disappointed ^^llen a member '^f)'i up and proposed an adjournment, although it was only two o'clock. 'Die motion was lost — Ayes 91; Noes 03. Diit tlie hour allotted for the consideration of resolutions haviiifjf cxjiircd, it was necessary, before resnmint^ tlie debate, to move that the rule restrictinsf this time he for this day suspended. The question licinf^ taken, the .\yes Avere 132, the Noes 70 ; and as the majority dill not amount to two-thirds, the motion was lost, and the house adjoiu'iied. ' 'J'he same subject was taken np next day at noon, and discussed for four hours ; durinjr which time several new amendments were pro- lioscd, including all tlie important battles that had l.-een foiitiht in that country, ami many of which I had never heard the names before. Tlic object of the members on bcjth sides seemed to be merely to thwart, by every means, ttie wishes of their jiolitical antai^onists, and lo wear one another out by persevering opposition. Tiiis tenacity of ]iui])ose on tiillcs, is a game which can he played by any one, and at all times, as there is never a want of opportunity for provocation. Indeed, every man who has had to transact real business, must have found that, even when both partic? really wish to have a matter settled, thiM'e must ufonerally be some compromise, — some mutual concession, — something of Mliat is familiarly calKd " giving and taking," in order to smooth away the dilliculties incident to the very nature of our being, and the boundless complication in our interests. But when a delibera- tive' body come to discuss a question in a spirit of avowed misnnder- staiuliiig, without the smallest wish +o agree, the result, as far as ac- tual work is concerned, may easily lie conceived. Yet I defy any imagination, however active, to form a just conception of the ranibling and irritating nature of a debate in congress, without actually attend- ing the House of Representatives.' So nuicli for annual parliauicnts — now for universal suflVagc. Tlic spirit of parly — or ratlior of electioneering — socnis to be constantly in at^lion in all classo of tlic conmuinity — all of wlioni have votes, except inticed the slaves, wIkj compose about ouc- lil'lh of the whole population. ' The most striking peculiarity of this spirit, (says Captain Hall,) ill cDiitradistinction to what we sec in England, is, that its ert'orts arc directed more exclusively to the means, than to any useful end. The Americans, as it appears to me, are infinitely more occupied .about bringing in a given candidate, than they are about the advancement of those measures of which he is conceived to be the supporter. They do occasionally advert to these prospective measures, in their canvassing arguments in defence of their own trit nds, w in attacks uiion the other jiarty ; but always, as far as I could see, more as rhetorical flourishes, or as motives to excite the furious acrimony of party-spirit, than as distitict or sound an- ticipations of the line of policy which their candidate, or liis anta- gonist Duke Bernard of Snxc-JVeimnr rnnd Captnin Halt. 4 gonist, \va8 likely to follow, Tlie intrigues, tlie canvassings for votes, all the macliiiiery of newppapor abuse and praise, the speeches niul manoeuvres in the legislature, at the l>ar, by the fire-side, and in every hole and corner of the country from end to end, without intermission, form integral parts of the business — apparently far more imjiortatit tiian the candidate's wishes — his promises — or even than his character and fitness for the ofHce. All these things, generally speaking, it would seem, are subordinate considerations ; so completely an- men's minds swallowed up in the technical details of the election. Tlicy discuss the chances of this or that state, town, or parish, or district, going with or against their friend. They overwhelm one another with that mcst disagreeable of all forms of argument — authorities. They analyze every sentence uttered by any man, dead or alive, who possesses, or ever did jmssess, influence ; not, it must be ol)serve(i, to come at any better knowledge of the candidate's pretensions as a public man, but merely to discover how far the weigiit of such testimony is likely to be thrown into their own scale, or that of the opposite party. ' The election of the president, being one affecting the whole coun- try, tlie respective candidates for that otttce were made the butts at wluch all political shafts were aimed, and towliicli every other election was rendered suljservicnt, not indirectly, but by striiight and ()l)\-ious means. It was of no importance, apparently, whether the choice to be made, at any given election, were that of a governor, a member to congress, or to the legislature of the state — or wlietherit were that of a constable of tlie obscure ward of an obscure town — it was all the same. The candidates seldom, if ever, that I could see, even pro- fessed to take their chief ground as the fittest men for the vacant office — this was often hardly thought of — .as they stood forward simj)ly as Adams men or Jackson men. Tlie candidates for office, instead of being the principals, were generally mere puppets — men of straw — aij- stract beings, serving the purpose of rallying points to the voters from whence they might carry on their main attack in the jiursuit of an ul- terior object, which, after all, was equally immaterial in itself, but which served, for the time being, to engross the attention of the people as completely as if it were of real coiisecpience to them. In tlu-se respects, therefore, the presidential contests in America resemble those field-sports in which the capture of the game is entirely subordinate to the pleasures of its pursuit. ' I do not deny that there is more or less of this spirit in the jiopu- lar elections of England. 1 once assisted at a contest of this sort in Westminster, and well remember how com})letely the ultimate purpose Avas lost sight of by myself, and / many friends of the parties respec- tively, in our ardent desire to succeed, merely for the sake of succeed- ing. Such, I fully believe, is the necessary consequence of any tho- roughly popular election ; and, accordingly, while it lasts, it is some- times not a bit less violent in Covent Garden tlian it is in America, iiut the essential difference between the cases lies in the frequency mm ill the duration of these vehement excitements. ' Now, I htll. ^s for votes, )ee('hos niid iijd in every iitcrmission, imiwrtiint lis c'liHrcictcr speaking, it pletely are he election. parisli, or •whelm one argunient — ' any man, uence ; not, (Ifre of the to (lisc(jvcr n into tlieir whole conn- tlie hntts at ther election and ol)vious he ehoit-e tt) a memhcr to were tliat of was all tlie e, even jjro- r the vacant irward simply ee, instead of if straw — uh- ,' voters from nit of an ul- n itself, hnt of the people 11. In these ■senihle those iibordinate to in the i)Opu- if this sort in mate purpose arties respec- B of succeed- of any tho- , it is some- in America, le frequency ' Now, 4 Travels in North America. 4S3 ' Now, with the knowledu;e we have of the commotion which even tliesc coin])aratively rare, and always transient ehnllitions jirodiice, let us, if we can, imagine what would lie the state of things in England, were the Westminster form of election to become general over tlie Island, and, instead of lasting a fortniglit, were it made perpetual ! >/'(' should then have some idea of what is ty of long y can pio- kiiowlodgc, s. It is a creating or .ilizalion of niinistialiun Aliat little is really bene- V jiui.'i's of I nt) popular ipcaclinKMit. ten hitherto et' justice, a under that Even this oiiipelled to nut be long , (especially u the course nents before i of mischief. i\s instances, between in- is. courts of the als, the well- man's door, ; had a fidl says Captain niple, because xcelleru'e, the )iie away witli nips — no spe- cannot go tu II inoniiiig to tiuninjf al'ove • more. No mavi i^* ^^'^'^ )oiirers, every iieighbouriiig Iso coiiipro- )t (Ic'ciJe every tlius rendered )f gain — by an infectious infertions spirit of Htif^ation — or liy reven;,'*', is jjrevcnted from em- tjloyinir lii?* time usefully to liimself and to the lommnnity, and gene- raliv ends by lieing a losur. 'I'lie lawyer's fues are fixed at a low rate, i)iit the passion for litiirating a point increases with indulgence to such .« (Iej rarel Hall lli(> county ill iriiUy faniR'is suili cliiirac- nited Statt-s— am intornu'd, II adojitcd, \w. 1 111- two per- sideiit or law w.i iHTaniuini, (liable credit, the courts, 1)1 and most in- taiii llnll lia^ nts we are sa- iblc far below egal men can- mohmunts ol wliilsl as bar- as mucli : and I iscommonlv nlcniperate ol , for tluir con- and tlicir sub- ample, to till of Cohimbi:i mail, who lell , was received lul appointed are assurehiiien of the second chop-stick ;* but unless Duke J5ernard of Saxe Weimar and Captain Mall have treated us to ^lothing but cunningly devised fables, there is a considerable in- terval between the general tone of moral feeling in that country, end whiit has long been established in this. Tlie eager, the iiiii- jcisal desire of gain is unchecked by any classes of persons, i.. 'liy any considerable number of individuals who are so easy in Tlieir circumstances as not to dwell constantly on subjects con- nected with profit or loss. This seems to produce an unhappy VlVect ; it leails, with a great portion of the people, to a species .of trickery and deceit, similar to what is found among the traffick- ers of tiie Hebrew nation scattered through Poland, (iermany, '1 lollaiid, and Knglaiid. The s|)eculations of land-jobbers, bankers, riamifactnrers, merchants, and dealers in funds, condiut operations to an extent, and iiiMnence a great part of the people in a degree 'lar beyond any thing that can be conceived by those acquainted even with the most u;ainbliii!' marts of commerce in Europe. The ws Javour this spirit by their leniency to insolvent debtors, and ||t is scarcely deemed any disgrace to undergo repeated bank- fiiptcy. The possession or tlie appearance of wealth alone can '|ji\e consequence to individuals who do not aim at public offices; find the only means of obtaining such offices are virulent abuse, iillatcd ileclaination, loud pretensions, and a spirit of eager, bus- gtliiig, intriguing impudence. Steady principles of action can be jvaieiy imbibed, beyond that prevalent selfishness, where the young ^people are accustomed to cast oil' so early the restraint of parental ^authority, and leave their homes to provide for themselves in other I towns, or in the depths of their forests. It was remarked botii by l)nke nernard and Captain IJall how little of what is the charm ^ot Muro])eaii society (tlu; cheerful and delicate intercourse between ;,tlu sexes) is known in America. In their meetings at private houses, ■at balls, at races, and with those of lower stations at fairs and |in;ukets, the men and the women form distinct parties ; and iCaplain Hall, after a variety of judicious observations on the fact, ill which he is corroborated by the Duke, says, ' I lost no fair opportunity, therefore, of conversing with intelli- gent persons on tlie subject, being naturally anxious to reach some explanation of so remarkable a distinction between America and any other Cliristiaii country I was acquainted with. The result of all my observations and enquiries is, that the women do not enjoy that sta- ^ tion in society whicli luis been allotted to tlieni elsewhere ; and con- sequently 4.'JH ])idr liiTiKird nf Sa.vr~n''>'iiiHir (ind Cuplnln Hull. ReqiiPiitly mncli of that important iuid liiiliitual iiifliicncc wliidi, from tlie jxTuliarity of tlicir nature, tlioy alom.' can i-xcicise over society in more fortiniately arruiiffed eonuniinities, seems to be hjst. * In toiicliinu^ njion so delicate a snlijcct, it is ri;lit to state at once, and in the most exiiiicit terms, tliat 1 lU'ver had, foi' one instant, the least reason to siipjiose that there was any wisli on the ]iart of the men to dejiress the other si'X, or indeed any distinct ie attriliuted appear to be tlic constant attention cscrv man dciiiis it ri;;lit to pay to political or rather clcclionceriinj; aHairs — the ('iidless litiga- tions ill which their cheap jiistii-r (so calleih invohes iheiii — the coinplicateii intr!;j;nes in all their local politics, and the cai;er- ne.ssfor harfiaiiiin (oinpcis !<• i'stablisli- luhjci'l arc of lie dim rcncc [ that notliJM^ tinn, for tlic pagi' \5\ to ; saiiic causes (I : we iiican lal nature of * aiul vaiiisli lliat (Irinkini; iliicli, wiiliin lin^, tliaii is tioii of tlial With us oni\ ;ar. Drani- 111(1 the boon >s hurtful to pears to \>v [railing hahil vast increase )spitals, uiiii them, 'iln; lings of the now before us, 1 I Trnvcfs ill Nnrlli Ainnricri. 4.')9 !is, it 1% artiiined, ' that half as nianv tons of domestic spirits are Hinniallv puidiiced as of wheal and lloiu'; that in the slat(; of ^■(■w S (nk, in llie vear IS'J.;, ihi re were 'J'JIi I grist-mills, and I \'2U distillerii's for whisky.' in a eomminiieation to tiiis society from i'liiladelphia, it is caliiilaled, ' that ont of 41 )1 deaths in thai cit\ in the \ear 18'2.>, .'!J.> may be referable solely to tiie abnse ot' ardent spirits.' We an' not so ridiculous as to (loid)t that theif aif to be foumi in America many iiidisiduals of escellent moral principles and habits, as well as many of respectable intellcctnal attaimm nts ; but such characters appear to exist in spite of the prevailing system, and to exert \i'ry litllt 'iitlneiicc on the general tone cither of opinion or feeling. I )tinoci. icy administers no stimulus to pio- i\\Hv siuh characters ; and though the republican govt;rnnient mav need, it will never use tliein, whiKt all power shall depeiui on the tluctuating will, and coarse passions ol an illiteiate, con- ceiled, encroa<:hing, and sottish popidace. 'I'he poet, C'owper, writing in IT'S.'!, sa\s ' tin; great men of America are \el mdjorn.' '1 he only American names that ha\i; as vet obtained j'-inopeaii «(lei)rity, were nevertheless in full vogue long before I'H.']; and this fact is one which \\v see no other method of accounting for Jnit the adoption of Captain Hall's opinion : viz., that the whole of their revolutionary system has been and is hostile to the develope- niciil, or public employment, of eminent (pialities for anything but intrigue and bliisti r. \\ (• |)nrp<)sely forbear any observations on the views our two authors have taken of Canada. 'J'he state of that interesting country ought not to beglanctnl at slightly ; and though we highly appro\iM)f most of the opinions given by Caj)tain Mall, we must defer to some future period u full examination of those two pro- vinces, of their progress, their present state, and future prospc-cts. \\ e cannot, however, but rejoice at the favourable report, made In so a( cmate an observer, as to the condition of the settlers re- cently conveyed to that country under the auspices of government, and the careful arrangements made by Mr. \N ilmot llorton. We are gialilied at the opinion which Captain Hall, as a professional niaii, has gi\en respecting the capability of defending itself against the I nit( (I States which Canada possesses. We ourselves liave never had a doubt on the subject, but we think the opinion of such an oHlct r, su|)ported by such reasons, may tend to check that eager (ksire for territorial conquest which led the I nitcd States mto tiu ir la.-)t childish and injuiious contest with this country. I I the Captain's i)ages infus(! moderate and pacilic views among the Americans, h<- will jiave rendered them the most valuable of services j for it is only b\ maintaining peace that they have any chance 440 Duke Bernard of Saxc-JVeiinar and Captain Hall. clmnce of piovcntiiig their countrv iVoni cxliibitiii'; the f iiine sctMics ofmiscry as are now disphi' iii'j; thciiiselves in the sister dcniocracies of JMexico, Pern, Cohnnbia, and l-a Phita* It will no donbt strike some jicisons who have visited Anieiira, or read nuicli coneerning the Anierieans in their own daily or weekly papers, tJiat Captain Hall ninst have collected many cnrioiis instances of vidgarity, knavery, sottishness, and hy;iocrisy, which wonid iiavcbcen both amnsing and characteristic ; and diat, having omitted them, he has scarcely dealt fairly with his readers. Col- lections of anecdotes of even a scandalons nature are certainly attractive to some classes of rerulers, and are easily ftnnished by some classes of writers; but Captain Hall has, we venture to say, done himself honour with all whose good opinion Ik; could value, by the course which he has adopted, li \\c m;iy pene- trate the motives of an author fiom his work, we shoull judge his design has been to render sundry topics intelligible and j)opular, which are not generally understood or relished b\ the bulk of the people, but to whom right views on those subjects are likely to be practically beneficial, lie evidently wishes to show the a('vi!ntages which How from the distinctions of rank, and the folly of bringing people out of the lowest station to till high ofiices. He tries to show that real freedom, in its valuable practical sense, includes a vast deal of restraint, some external and some internal — much self-denial from prudential motives — much heart-felt sacrifice of seltishness — much obedience to the laws and customs, not only of society in general, but of that particular class m which we are placed : in other words that mutual dependence is the soul of good order and of social happiness, as well as of national honour — and that the independence, of which the Americans, if they go on as at present, seem likely to obtain perfect fruition, is another term for downright selHshness. His book may very pro- bably do good in America; we hope it will — but we arc quite • Wliilst speokincT of Britisli America, we arc led to remark one oversiglit into wlilcli Captain Hall has fallen. In the small map prefixed to liis work, evidently taken fnmi an American one, he has copied, without correction, liieir houndary line ; and thns thrown into the States a district which we claim as bclon^'iiig to (Ireal Britain. \Vc do not think the nioJesty of any AmericaH negotiator would inilnce him to fortify the claims of his (government to the dispntcd territory, by an appeal to sncli an anlhorily as that of Mes«rs. I,ea and Carev of I'hiladeli>,iia. Hut the eye of an h'-ivjli-h nllucr should not have been so careless on such an occasion. Having made a remark on the ne'^digencc -especling the map, we oMglit, in justice to Ca|itaiii Hall's industry, to notic e a companion to his work, in a collection of elehings he has [lublishcd from views taken with the camera Incid.i, AVc hope this moile of cheaply depicting idijccls in I'oieiLMi countiics will be adopted by other travclleis, as it will accommodate the public at a cheap rate with views, which, when taken and engraved in the usual manner, raise the espense of publiraticuis to a rate Levond tlie means of most readers. We are sati-lied, from our own eNperienie, that a short pi-actico with the valnablu instrument we have lurnied is sullicient to enable any one to take accurate outlines of the most interesting objects with great expedition. sure Hull. Travels in Nnrlh America. 441 f-iiino scnics (It n'.ofr.'K'ics 0(1 Aiiicr icn, )\\ii daily or Twiiiy cinidiis )frisy, wliicli tlijit, liaviiii;- ulers. Col- no corlaiiiiy riiiiii,slio(l by vontme to on iio could 3 ii);iy poiic- lioid I judat! Iliiiibic and isliod In the lose subjects ly wislios to )n,s of iai\k, tation to fill its valuable external and tives — nuK'Ii the laws and iticular class opondonco is IS of national nieiiciins, if t fruition, is ay very pro- ve a 10 quite ■>ight into \\liicli oiitly trilicn fidrn line ; and lliiis liritiiiii. We lid iMtil'y llif Llairns liiirily as lliat of should not li:uu ;cnr(! 'P';[)cflin^' Olll|;:Mlioil to his ociiuii'iMliiiid:!. II III' adnpli'd hy ivs, w liich, wIkmi ■atiiiiis to !i rate ;|)i'rieii(P, that a iciiahic any one ditioii. sure sure it must do so hero. It may furnish many well-disposed per- sons with arguments by which to defend the blessings they enjoy ; it niav dcoidi' the wavorin<:;, and confuse, if not silence, the tnr- biiloiit, and the revolutionary — of whom we suppose no free coimtry will ever be entirely devoid, though we certainly do not rcineiiilje. Uie period at whicii one heard loss of them in England than at pieunt. Captain Hall spent but a few days at New Orleans, and pjissed villi too inuehexpedilion through the New \Vostt;rn States to make maiiv observations on the slate of society there ; whereas Duke ]!er!iard remained nearly two months in Louisiana, and made seve- ral resting-places in some of the other States. He represents the city of NowOrleaiis as a place necessarily of great connnercial i^npor- tanee, on account of its being the only outlet to a vast extent of countrv. The situation, naturally unhealthy, is rendered miserably 6o bv ihe lilthiuoss and dissolute morals of a population in great part composed of slaves. In the winter months, which he passed tlitro, it seemed to be the seat of every kind of dissipation and de- bauchery, tiiough commercial distress was extensively expt rienced at the time, by the failure of cotton speculations in Europe. As it was the Carnival, ;i season of greater or less dissipation in ail Catiiolic cotuitries, there were !)alls and masquerades every night. These the Duke visited, and has described. He says — ' Tin! aihnissioii to tlie masquerade was a dollar; but as many free tickets adiiiittfd guests, the asj^eiiibly was of a very mixed description. Tlie unmasked ladies of the better sort sat by themselves, in a bow window inclosed by a railing, on seats somewhat elevated. A few iiitisks were iu eharact'.r, but none reniarkalde. Twice there were sciiiHe;;, wliieli began by a blow on the tace, aiul end;'d by a regidar boxing'ni'iteh on the floor, without any interf,.'rence from the i)oliee. On tlie same evening there was a Qiiaderoi) ball. A Quaderoii is the ortVpriiig of a white father and a midatto mother. Tiiey are generally free ; and a:> many of them have whiter et)inji!exions than UKJst of the white (Creoles, they ttre difficult to be distinguished. Though the females at tuis b.dl were all free, yet there prevails the greatest ]ireju- (li^e against them on the part of the white Creoles, on account of tiieir black origin. Marriages between the white and coloured races are forbidden by the laws of the State. As the Quaderons look with di (lain on the black and nndatto men, and will not mix with them, no ot!uM' clKjice is left to them but to become mistresses to whites. Such eiig.\^,a'in('Hts are considered as marriages by the eoloin-od females, and are eoinmonly subjects of formal contract with their families. Many of .thesi- females have inherited property from their fathers and enjoy good fortunes. Their situation is however most depressed. They nnist not ride in a ctirriag" through the streets ; and it is only at night that their protectors can take them in hia carriage to a ball. They 44'2 Diihc Bernard of ^axe-lVeimar and Captain Hall. Tlic)' are not allowed to sit in tlie presence of a wliite female, nor enter their apartments without Ri)ecial permission. The whites Iiave tho jtower, for any eriitie i)roveil by two witnesses, to inflict on these pooi' creatures tlie same punislunent of flogging as is applied to the slaves. Many of them have a 1)etter education, and conduct themselves with more decency and morality, than most of the white Creoles, andmaki' their ])rotectors more hapjjy than the others do their hushauds ; and yet the white females speak always of these nnfovtunate creatures Avith the utmost contempt and greatest hitternc ss. The coarsest lan- guage of the iiigh nol)ility of the Old \V''orld is never so haughty, arrogant, or contemptuous towaids the inferior classes as that which is heard in this hoasted freest State of this Liberal I'uion, from the Creoles to the Quaderons. The comparison is, indeed, wonderfully striking to every observing and reflecting man. Many fathers, on account of tliese relations of classes, send their coloured daughters to France, where, with a correct education and a decent fortune, their black blood is no impediment to respectable matrimonial connexions. I found the ball much more decent than tlie mastpierade. The co- lourefl girls were under the eyes of their mothers, were elegantly dressed, and conducted themselves with decency and modesty. ] did not remain long, but returned to the other assembly, and took care not to inform the white females where 1 had been.' We have no doubt l)ut tlie proHigate coiitempl for morals, anti the neglect of education, as well as of religion, wliicii ciuuaeterise the motley iiojndatioi of Louisiana will be gradually changed, and somewhat improved, when they shall have become more amalgamated with their fellow-citizens of the Ai\glo-Anierican races. Jhe I'reucli language is still predominant ; manners are formed on die lowest standard of that nation ; and the iiiiNlure of Spanish Creoles gives to the whole a stamp of greater ferocity, and a character of more revengeful feeling, than the I'lench, %\heii not excited by re\olntionary passions, have conmionly exhibited. The Duke visited the courts of law and attended to tlieir pro- ceetlings. In ')ne instance, Counsellor Lloyd hatl grossly insulted Judge Turner in the street, and was tried for the oflence by the Judge, lie was half drunk, but defended himself by tise vilest abuse of the judge, who could not silence him. Nr) jury was appealed to; but (we suppose for contempt of court) he was ordered to give security for one year's good behaviour^ and, not procuring suHicient bail, was conmiitted to prison. Leaving New Orleans, our trav«'ller ascended the magnificent river Mississippi by a steam-boat as far as St. Louis ; and thence proceeded up the Ohio to a town recently established, and called (in compliment to the memory of (jtuiral Washington) Moimt \'eriion. The Duke then \isited the township of New lla'inony, brought by Mr. Rapp into a flourishing condition betwteu the yeais HnU. Travels in North America, 443 ik', nor enter es liavt' the 1 tliese poor (> tlic slaves. iiselves with L's, and mak'' sliaiuls ; and tc orcatiirt's oarsest laii- so liaii<_;lity, s tliat which n, from tlit' wonderfully y fathers, on dauj4'liters t(j fortune, their d eonuexioiis. de. The co- I've elep:antly )d('sty. I did ml t(jok care morals, and cliaract* rise illy I'hangcd, ccomo more ;I()-American manners are tlic mixliue ater ferocity, loncli, when dy exiubited. <• their pro- •ssly insnlted fence by the by tite vilest Sio jury uas lurt) lie was ur, and, not maunidccnt ; and tlience i, and called iiton) Moinit w I la'iiiony, between tli( years years 1>^14 and 18'2.5, and in the hitter year pnrchascd by Mr. Owen, as a tiieati«> for his philanthropic speculations. The estate consisted of about twenty-live thousand acres, for which, with the buildings, the ai^ricultural iinplemer.ts, aii'l the stock of cattle, Mr. Owen contracted to pay one hundred and twenty thousand dollais. lie had been in possession of his purchase eleven months when the Duke arrived. His chimerical views, respecting the eipialitv of man, the injurious clfect of all reli;:ioiis belief, the pro- inietv of (livorcesat will, the separation of cildren from their parents at two vears of age, the eating at a couiUKni tal)le, with many similar nostrums, had been begun to be reduced to practice ; but in the opinion of Duke Bernard, with no prospect of anything but con- fusion, regret, and, finally, dispersion. A few faniitics like himsidf, of botli sexes, and of ilifii rent countries, have joined him, — one, an clderlv man, a native of Philadelphia, learned, and, according to report, rich, had become a partner with Mr. Osven,andwas coin- nioiilv expected to leave his property to tli(> institution. 'I"hc others seem to have been b.onght to the establishment by neces- sity, or by views as whimsical as those of the founders. i'he fine ladies of the party complained of tlii' cookery at thi; common table, the voniiii and accomplished siirls were annoved bv beiii"; calhd from theirhar})s and theirpianosto milktliecows. Theyoung men of education had their soft hands iilled with blisters from the hard handles of the axes and spailes. The uniform suited the taste of neither the belles nor the beaux. The children seemed in till- happiest state, as they worked but little, and learned but litth, and were spectators of almost nightly balls and concerts. The Duke says, ' After t!ie inilkiug of tlie cows, during whicli operation some of the young ladies were trodden upon, and others fouled by tlie beasts, I made a watt-r party with the young ladies and some of the young jjIuIoso- j)liers. The evening was fine and moonlight ; the air mild. The beautiful Miss Virginia forgot the griefs of tlie row-house, and cheered us with a eliarniing song Afterwards, we assenihli-d in the m-w scliool-rooin, where all the young gentlemen and ladies {roiiime i/. ftiul) met together. In spite of the ajijilauded e(piality, these would not mix witli the eonnnon jjcojile ; and 1 believe almost all those mendiers who have been well brought up are disgusted, and \v\\\ soon quit the •"Dciety. The amusements of the evening were cotillions, reelp, and walt/es. Several of the ladies were disposed to niak(> ohjertions to dancing, it being Sunday. It was maintained, however, tiiat in this sanctuary of ])hilosophy such prejudices must be aholished ; and tlie argumcuts used, combined witii tiie inclination of the fair, gained t!ie victory.' We are not disposed to join in the opinion gi\en to the Duke by Olio of the leading members of the executive government of the state, 414 Dvhe Bernard nf Saxe-lVcimar and Cciptaia IIuU. slate, tliat Mr. ()\v(Mi is iiisaiic ; Out tlie iiitoiisc iiitorost ho sol-ius to take ill his projects, the ease with wliitli lit; overlooks eveiy obslaele opposed to them, and the eoidideiiee which he places in the extensive and sjieedy eflects of his proceedings, certainly warrant the siisj)icion oi" some most extraordinary abenation of mind. ' I liiul,' : 'lys Duke Ecrnartl, ' a discussion with Mr. Owoii on liis system and l.'s exjicctiitions. He looks to notliiiip less than coni- jik'tely to renovate tlie world, to extirpate all evil, to banish all jjunisli.ncnts, to create like views and like wants, and to guard atjainst all conflicsand hostilities. '\\'lien his system of education is comliinc'd with tlu jrieat imi)rovcnients made, and to he made, in the mcclianic arts, each man \\ill provide for liis own wants, and all trade will totally cease. I tried to show him the inapplicability of his svster' to the state of Europe, and even of the United States ; hut lie ^^■as too positively certain to admit of the hast doiibt of the results of it. It pained me to see a man so humiiiie as he is, sulfer himself to be led away by his passion of cosmopolitism, as to think and say he can renovate the world, especially as at this very moment almost c\ery inemlier of his soci' ty v\ith whom I conversed alone, assured me, that he had been deceived in his expectations, that Mr. Owen liad begun every thing on too extensive a scale, and had admitted too many members without ju'oper care in tlie selection.' The Unke visited, also, a settlement of the Shakers, a descrip- tion of religionists, to wiioni sonic allusion has been made in our article on the Co-opciatives. lie describes the supper of this coininnnity, ainonnting to about six hundred individuals of both sexes, at wliicli he was present : — ' There were,' he says, ' two long tables spread, each the whole length of both sides the hall, with benches, and in the middle of the room a table as a sideboard. At the sound of an horn, the males by the right-haiid door, and the females by the left-hand door, marched into the room in double files, halted, and then fronted to the table. Those who were to v\ait upon them then drew up in a line in front. At a signal, each dropped on their knees, olfered up a silent act of devotion, rose and took a seat at the table, and ate their meal in ])erfect silence. 'J'hcn, after tlu; very hasty meal was ended, in the same mili- tary kind of order, at quick time, the company retreated from the hall.' This society is founded ui»oii tin; principle of a coinnuinity of property and an evpitdity of rights, 'llie j)eculiar dogma of the foundress, Ann l.cc, that because (loil was to be praised by King David as well with the iiierry dance as with the voice and iiislru- nicnts of music, the same practice is indispensable for ever ; whilst it serves to keep them sc|)arate from other coiniiiunities, does not remove or weaken any of those social or moral ties, upoiuhe sta- bility of which all such institutions must be founded. The firm- ness //«//. Travels in Norlli ylmericn. 445 vst lie sofius looks cvt'i'v ic places 111 ;s, certainly ilKMialioii of OwcMi on liis tlian com- ) banish all 1(1 to friiai'd education is made, in tho lilts, and all aliility of liis tatts ; liiit iu' tlie results of .'1' liiniself to k and say lie iiiient almost lone, assured It Ml'. Owen admitted too Is, a clescrij)- iiiaiie in our ppcr of this uals of both ell the whole uiddle of the the males by oor, marched to the table, line ill front. silent act of ical ill perfect le same mili- rom the hall.' mumir.ity of igiiia of the sed bv KiiH' > and inslrii- evor ; whilst es, does not pou llio sta- Thc lirui- ues.s I 110S9 of their faith is secured as well by the military and monastic Tey this time, in the liands of every man, woman, and child in tlie country. Their political cast is the cause that an impartial judgment can hardly he formed upon tliem, as jiarty spirit has seized upon the hook, and marked it for her own. That spirit must he allowed time to suhsrde, before a cool judgment can be obtained. For my part, my mind is taken up with other sul)jects than polities, and I have long since adopted the opinion of the poet: — " Aime I'Etat, tel ijue tu le vols ctre : S'il est Royal, aime la Royaute ; S'il est de peu,ou bien Communaute, Aime le aussi, car Dieu I'y a fait naitre." There is much seii'^e in these lines, and I find tliat Captain Hall aime III. Royaute siillieiently ; for my part it is natural I should be attached to la Communaute ; l)ut, after all, these things are relative, and 1 do not see why they should interrupt good Inmiour between men. You recollect, no doubt, the answer of the great Frederick of Prussia to certain ministers of Neufchatel, who wanted some of their l)rethren to be punished because tliey preached against tlie doctrine of eternal punishments — " Mes sujets de Neufchiitei ont le droit d'etre damues au.-^si long temps fpi'il leur plait." And so we have a right to be mol.-rulcd, or priest-ruled, or king-ruled, as wc tliink it most agree- able. You also know the answer which a wife gives, in one of Molitue's plays, to one who wanted to jirevent her husband from beating her — " Je veux etre battue, moi !" But wliat is the licst — to be beaten or not to be beattu ? I say, ask the back. To be serious — the pcrnuin cue 1/ of states, like the life of individuals, is, in my opinion, the first tiling to be considered. The constitution of a state, like that of a man, after it is once formed, cannot, without danger — or, rather, cannot materially be changed — but by death. It must, therefore, after it has taken a certain root, at all events be allowed to remain. Some constitutions are more liable to disease than others ; that is a great misfortune ; Hall. Note. 447 duties — and sliment, both aptaiii Mall's a, provided It contains in so rocoivt'd lorives stjong high staiul- :nids as this course, been >f every man, is the cause :liem, as party r own. That gmeiit can be ■ subjects than le poet: — tain Hall aimu Id be attached itive, and J do n men. You of Prussia to ir bretlu-en to ne of eternal d'etre damnes a right to be it most agree- .'s, in oiic' of inisband from is the best — To l)e serious in my o]iinion, c, like that of r — or, rather, lerefore, after main. Some lat is a great misfortune ; isfortune; but all that is to be done is to cure the disease, or prevent liv an liysienic course. But tlie constitution is not to be tampered itii. Nature will sometinics etVect changes, but art cannot. The oMstitntion of England is an example of this. Great changes liave iaken jilace in it ; but al\\ays liy the course of things — never by pre- leditated design. Tiiere are, no douiit, peccant immours in our cou- titutiun, as there are in others ; nature will throw them olV — (for the icdv is strong) — but in wliat manner it is imjiossible to foretell. JjJisturbances and revolutions are tlie diseases of states ; we liave no ^Sfiglit to expect to be free from them, more than others — I hope they |lvill not produce deatli. ,; ' J3nt, lie that as it may, opinion is a great and most powerful agent Jn political events, and it should have the greatest possible freedom. fJlierefore, far from putting to deatli, as the Athenians did, a foreigner Iwlio freely expresses his sentiments respecting our afl'airs, we ought fto thank him, if it were only for making us lliink on these imjiortant !);Lil)jects. That he should jirefer his own form of government to ours is to be ixjiected. lie has a strong interest in the permanency of his wown state, and, unless lie be a disappointed or a discontented man, he I'Joves what ejisures safety to his ])erson and property. The strength ,pf this feeling is astonishing ; 1 have kncjwn a Turkish sui)ject, a Ipalive of .lerusalem, but a Christian, and, of course, a rayah or slave, ll'lio thought tlu' Turkish foi'm of goveriauent the best in the world. i ' " But," said I to him, " a Turk may strike you and you cannot *esent it." " Oh,'' answered he, " there's our glorious privilege. If Turk insults me, I complain io the judge ; he sends for the Turk, Imd says to him — What ! you rascal, do you dare to insult a woman ? !(for you must know, sir, that we have the prerogatives of women, as thejjriests liave in Christian countries;) and the Turk is reprimanded ior punished as the case maybe." I told him that I thought it was 'Shocking they should cut off tlieir sultans' heads without ceremony. ?' Oh," said he, " that's beautiful ! LcM)k at France, how much blood |t has cost them to get rid of one sultan! We, on the contrary, cut off tlie liead of our own at once, and no more is said about it ; the trancpiillity of the slate is not disturbed." ' 'J'o every objection I made to him, he answered in the same manner; J and at last concluded by saying — " I would rather live in Jerusalem luiiou bread and water, than in your country upon the best that the s'kiiul iitfords! ' . . Thus, also, the Spaniard boasts that the Inqui- |silioii lias saved his country from the miseries of religious wars. For '|ny part, I love tlie government under which 1 live, and I honour those Vvlio love tlieir own — ] don't except my poor Turk.' Art.