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1871.] 
 
 
 "T 
 
 mm 
 
 THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 
 
 183 
 
 " Cowitch sayg he is a good Indian. The Mojaves are bad Indi- 
 ans ; they He and steal, take white man's presents and grub, and then 
 ki|l him. He has never killed any white man. It was Uutterfleld, 
 the guide, who killed three white men in the mountains. Cowitch 
 likes the white men, and wants to be friends with them. The white man 
 came to his country, and Ccwituh was glnd ; but the white man would 
 not give him pay. No pay, no clothes, no grub. Cowitch good In- 
 dian, friend to white man ; but the country waa bis, and the white 
 man took it away." 
 
 Without explaining to Cowitch that a tribe of six hundred Indians, 
 who draw nothing from the land except " the grasshoppers that ."port 
 on the hillside," could hardly be allowed to monopolize over eighty 
 thousand acres of our richest mineral land, we' proceeded to state that 
 we wished information about the camping facilities of the Puhranagat 
 Valley. To this Cowitch replied, through Frank : 
 
 " Cowitch good Indian ; but the Mojavc Indians are bad Indians, 
 who lie and steal, and take the white man's presents and grub, and 
 then killed them. It was Buttcrfield, the guide, who killed the white 
 men up in the mountains. Cowitch has never killed any white men. 
 The white man come to Cowitch and take his country, but don't pay 
 him. He wants money or muck-a-muck for his braves ; huvc nothing 
 to eat, as there arc no grasshoppers. — Mother-in-law, get me a drink 
 of water." 
 
 Upon this we informed Cowitch that we were prepared to give him 
 tobacco, and muck-a-muck, and clothes, and jewelry, in abundance, if 
 he would only give us a guide from his tribe. Then the big chief laid 
 down his pipe, and said : 
 
 " Cowitch will give a guide to the white man. Cowitch a good In- 
 dian, but the Mojave no good to white man. It was liutterlield, the 
 guide, who killed three white men in the mountains. The white man 
 come tc Cowitch and take his country; but, when he ask them for 
 pay, they say ' git ! ' " 
 
 This unexpected variation upon the original theme struck us so 
 ileasan tly, that wo proceeded to distribute Indian goods in great 
 towing upon the leading squaw of Cowitch a string of 
 ttons, which her husband afterward took away from 
 priated to his own use. Then the council broke up. 
 hiefs rode away, some lingered around the cooks, and 
 others peered into the tents in the hope of stealing something. I 
 interviewed Cowitch, in the hope of obtaining some ethnological in- 
 formation. The only fact of any importance which I discovered will 
 prove interesting to those Eastern gentlemen who have been recently 
 asserting that the Indian cannot lie. There is one exception, at least, 
 to this rule, in the case of the Shoshone tribe, and I think it likely 
 that I sholl discover others in my progress southward. 
 
 Cowitch in private was as alTable as he wos dignified in public. 
 We sat down and smoked cigaritas. I endeavored to obtain from him 
 the Shoshone equivalent of certain English words. These he declined 
 to give, for the following logical reasons : 
 
 " White man know heap — not know Shoshone — Indian know Sho- 
 shone — white man know Shoshone, then white man all the same as 
 Indian." 
 
 Having Frank to fall back upon, I was not bitterly disappointed. 
 The wily Cowitch had hoped to extort a quarter from me, but I foiled 
 him, The consciousness of this fact rendered me unusually amiable, 
 and I beamcil bcnignantly on the vermilion-tinged being before nie. 
 I did so wish that tlioso of my friends who know and admire my sci- 
 entiflo attaininpnis could have scon me exhibiting them for the benefit 
 of Cowitch. The compass and the deflection of the needle, tlic bar- 
 ometer, the anemometer, and the photographic camera, were all ox- 
 plained in detail by me to the noble aborigine, and the climax was 
 reached when our pioneer passcil by and remarked to Cowitch that I 
 was the man who made newspapers. 
 
 I could see that Cowitcli was impressed, and I mentally apos- 
 trophized the glorious power of the press which — but I will save that 
 sentiment for llie next press-dinner which I attend. Then Cowitch 
 with proper deference, asked nie if I was a big chief. 
 
 I looked moilestly conscious, and tlien answered boldly in the 
 affirmative ; fur it was a matter of doubt, and I had a right to take 
 any possible advantage. 
 
 Then Cowitch asked roe if I hud a s(|uaw. 
 
 I told him not at present, but there was no saying what might 
 happen, to which he assented, with the luminous observation, " Yos . 
 heap happen," whicli was certainly truthful, if not profound. 
 
 Then, as a return question, I asked him if those were his squaws, 
 and he acknowledged them. I asked him still further if he could 
 «ai(! Mormon. 
 
 He could not, and I explained as follows: 
 
 " Mormon — tribe — over there — Salt Lake — big chief heap squaws 
 — ten — twenty — sixty — heap squaws.'' 
 
 What do you suppose was this sagacious chieftain's response ? I 
 glow with delight as I write it. 
 
 " No fun — heap squaws — no fun," from which I infer that, in spite 
 of the success of his domestic discipline, Cowitch found one moiher- 
 in-law quite sulficient. 
 
 On the whole, we parted on the best of terms. I presented him 
 with two old kid gloves, one brown and one lavender, which he drew 
 on with groat delight, and then remarked : 
 
 "Cowitch is good Indian, but the Mojaves no good. Cowitch is a 
 friend of the white man, and never hurt him. It was Butterfield the 
 guide who — " 
 
 Hastily interrupting him at this point, I bade him good-by and 
 rushed into my tent. 
 
 Cowitch himself made a grand tour of the camp, saving good-by, 
 and shaking hands with every ofiicer, soldier, and jps^tjc in the 
 party. ^ 
 
 The last words I heard were, " It was Butterfield, 
 the uir has seemed to reecho them faintly through tl 
 
 It seems to me that I ought to draw some eonclus 
 scenes of this day, and yet I dislike exceedingly to generalize, 
 Indian is a human being, and therefore capable of education and 
 civilization. It is his right, even if he does not claim it, and it is the 
 duty of the (iovernment und the people to give it to him. But the 
 development of the country is also a duty, and that philanthropy 
 which denounces our settlers, who are hastening this work, as perse- 
 cutors of the Indian, is as idiotic as it is ignorant. 
 
 " There needs no (jhost come from the grave, my lord, 
 To tell us that;" 
 
 and yet there are those who, through a sickly sentimentality or a love 
 of notoriety, prate about the wrongs of the noble savage, wiio is, gen- 
 erally speaking, o filthy and degraded brute. This country is too val- 
 uable to humanity to 'oe given up to gras-shopper-hunting. The con- 
 duct of our settlers is not perfect, but it does not deserve opprobrious 
 reproach. There are Indians who are harmless, and who are unmo- 
 lested, to be sure, but also neglected, which is wrong. There ore 
 others who are blood-thirsty, untamed, and pitiless, and these are ob- 
 jects of attack, which is right. And certain would-be orators, who 
 utter much meanlngloss stutf about the condition of the Indian in the 
 East, which few people there attend to or care about, are rai.sing a 
 bitter feeling in the extreme West, and may produce disastrous re- 
 sults in the future. 
 
 Latkb. — Since Cowitch's departure, two dippers and a tin pail 
 have been missed, together with a Roman scarf, one end of which was 
 incautiously left hanging out of a valise. We do not complain — we 
 arc simply thankful thot his eye for color prevented him from ab- 
 stracting more valuable objects. And we have every confidence in 
 the integrity and amiability of Buttcrfield the guide, although we 
 have never seen him. 
 
 FrKI>. W. 1,(1111 Mi. 
 
 THE COLUMBIA RIVER. . 
 
 '■ WITH IIMSTKATIONS DY R. 8WAI.V OIKKORD. 
 
 THE continuous range of mountains known as the Sierra Nevada 
 in California bears the name ol Cascade liango through Oregon, 
 Washington Territory, ami It-'itlah Columbia. The name originated 
 from the numerous bcautil'ul cas'-:„"us which pour from every orcvlce, 
 at every height, and sometimes even from the top of the stoop blufl'- 
 sides of . gorge in those mountains, through which the miglily Co- 
 lumbia '■'H'cos its way to pour its volume of water into tlio I'acific 
 Ocean. The Coluniblii, which forms so large a portion of tlic south 
 boundary of Washington Territory, and then traverses its whole 
 br^l^Mi'rom south to north, is nuvigaule from the \ louth of the 
 fl^HpFkhe lot .'r cascades — a distance of one hundr.d and sixty 
 3(Blk 8.V a portage at the cascades, where there is a railroad, six 
 length, navigation is open to the Dalles, two luindrod and 
 
 
 y^^ 
 wH^ 
 
/ 
 
 184 
 
 THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 
 
 [August 12, 
 
 1871.] 
 
 ■». 
 
 MULTAN-OMAH ^TAtLS, COLXJMDIA KIVKR. 
 
 «,!! 
 
[August 12, 
 
 1871.] 
 
 THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 
 
 \ 
 
186 
 
 ALLITERATION. 
 
 [August 13, 
 
 fire miles I'rom the ocean. At this point several miles of porlagc are 
 required, when good lUiTigation is secured to Priest's Rapids, tlirce 
 hundred and eighty miles. Another short portage is followed by a 
 stretch of water for nearly a hundred miles ; here another portage is 
 succeeded by open water to a poir:t seven hundred and twenty miles. 
 
 The Columbia has been compared to the Hudson, and, according 
 to Mr. Kitz Hugh Ludlow, there are some grounds for the compari- 
 son. 
 
 " Each of these rivers," says Mr. Ludlow, in his entertaining vol- 
 ume,* " breaks through a noble mountain-system in its passage to the 
 sea, and the walls of its avenue are correspondingly grand. In point 
 of variety, the banks of the Hudson far surpass those of the Colum- 
 -trap, sandstone, granite, limestone, and slate, succeeding each 
 [with a rapidity which presents ever new outlines to the eye of 
 jrist. The scenery of the Columbia, between Fort Vancouver 
 affiT*l4^e Dalles, is a sublime monotone. Its banks are basaltic crags 
 or mist-wrapped domes, averaging below the cataract from twelve to 
 fifteen hundred feet in height, and thence decreasing to the Dalles, 
 where the escarpments, washed by the river, ore low trap bluffs on a 
 levttl with the steamer's walking-beam, and the mountains have re- 
 tind, hvt Mid brown, like those of the great continental basin farther 
 M|A, towftrd Mount Ilood in that direction, and Mount Adams on 
 ti^MC<lk If the Palisades were quintupled in height, domed instead 
 of lerel on tlicir upper surfaces, extended up the whole navigable 
 course of the Hudson, and were thickly clad with evergreens wherever 
 they were not absolutely precipitous, the Hudson would much more 
 closely resemble the Columbia. . . . We boarded the Hunt in a dense 
 fog, and went immediately to breakfast. With our last cup of coffee 
 the fog cleared away, and showed us a sunny vista up the river, bor- 
 dered by the columnar and mural trap formations above mentioned, 
 with an occasional bold promontory jutting out beyond the general 
 face of the precipice, its shaggy fell of pines and flrs all aflood with 
 sunshine to the very crown. The finest of these promontories was 
 called Cape Horn, the river bending aroiinu it to the northeast. The 
 channel kept mid-stream with considerable uniformity, but, now and 
 then, as in the highland region of the Hudson, made a lUtoiir to avoid 
 some bare, rocky island. Several of these islands were quite columnar, 
 being evidently the emerged capitals of basaltic prisms, like the other 
 uplifts on the banks. X fine instance of this formation was the stately 
 and perpendicular ' Rooster Rock,' on the Oregon side, but not for 
 from Cape Horn. Ptill another was called ' Lone Rock,' and rose 
 from the middle of the river. These came upon our view within the 
 first hour after breakfast, in company with a slender but graceful 
 stream, which fell into the river over a sheer wall of basalt, seven 
 hundred ftet in height. This little cascade reminded us of Po-ho-no, 
 or The Bridal Veil, near the lower entrance of the Great Yosemife." 
 
 ALLITERATION. 
 
 ITERATION" is a figure or ornament of language, chiefly 
 lused in poetry, consisting of the repetition of the same Utter 
 in intervals. 
 
 " ^pt iinUcraUoQ'a artlhl aid." , 
 
 Cbvrcbili.. 
 
 "Behemoth, ftlffsust ftom of earth." 
 
 MiLTOW. 
 
 " /7ad my sweet //arry Aad bnt Aalf their nnmbers. 
 To-day ml;;ht I. Aan^j^liig on //otspur's nock, 
 /?;»ve talked of Monmouth'i> grave." 
 
 SHAKESrEABB. t Jt , '^ ' 
 
 The repeated letter is generally found at the beginning of words, 
 though it may occur in the second and final syllables, in which case 
 the repeated letter should fall on the accented part of the word, as in 
 this example : 
 
 " That hflfhed In prim repose expects hU evening prey." 
 Dr. Thomas Brown remarks that, thougli alliteration itself con- 
 sists in similarity of sounds, it is not ind-tlerent on what words of 
 the sentence the alliteration falls ; and he cites the following line as 
 an example, in which he finds resemblance and contrast, two qualities 
 which give it peculiar point : 
 
 " Paffs, powders, patches, hiblu, blUett-iimix." 
 
 Pon 
 
 * The Heart of the Continent: a Record of Travel acrnss flkoTlliM knd 
 in Oregon. By Fitz Hush Ladlow. New York : Ilurd & UougMsM. 
 
 The French — for this art is by no means confined to our language 
 — somenhut extend these definitions, a frequent recurrence of the 
 same syllables also being counted alliterative — 
 
 " Qui refuM, mvie." 
 " Qui tern a, gverre a." 
 
 In German, alliteration is called BuchttabenMm, a roost expressive 
 name, which is but poorly translated by the literal rendering " letter- 
 rhyme." Gcraldus Cambrensis called alliteration agnominatio, whence 
 the English word "annomination," sometimes applied to it. Hcr- 
 mogenes, who quotes Homer, culls it ■nofiixriait. Aristotle calls it 
 Ttapotioioxm. It is evident, however, from the derivation of these 
 Greek names, that they refer rather to what is known as ovoiutroiroAa 
 (onomatopoeia), or assimilation of sound to sense, a figure in which 
 the Greek and German languages are beautifully rich. Alliteration 
 is, in fact, naturally connected with imitative harmony, familiar ex- 
 ainples of which exist in many languages : 
 
 From Homer : 
 
 * ■'• 
 ** B^ 8 aKimv irapa Oitfa iroAv<^Aot(r^oio 9aKaatni^. 
 
 From Virgil, the well-known lines : 
 
 " Quadrnpedante putrcm sonltn qnatit nngnla campnm "— 
 the peculiarity of wh oh is only tolerably preserved in the transla- 
 tion : 
 
 "Shaking the monlderins; plain with the tramp of tho galloping horgo-hoof"— 
 and which Red Cloud probably renders : 
 
 " Oivc me a good trotting horse, and I'll mn and get yoa some wampnm t " 
 Another line from Virgil, which follows more closely the original 
 
 definition : 
 
 "Tityro tn patals recubans sub tegmine fagi." 
 
 From Racine : 
 
 " Pour qui sent ces serpents qui slfflent snr nos tStes f " 
 
 And, not to neglect our own forcible tongue, thi s beautiful and 
 striking example from Pope's Homer : 
 
 " Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone. 
 
 Although, as we have seen, this figure has been used 
 celebrated poets, both ancient and modern, there is con 
 ference of opinion as to its beauty and propriety. One critic, writing 
 on this subject, says : " Alliterations contribute more to the beauties 
 of poetry than is generally supposed, and cannot, therefore, be deemed 
 unworthy of a poet's regard in composition. If two words offer of 
 e(iual propriety — the one alliterative, and the other not — the first 
 ought to be chosen, if it suit tho purpose in every other respect ; but 
 the beauty of alliteration, when happy, is not greater than its defor- 
 mity, when affected or forced." Again : " Alliteration contributes 
 both to sweetness and energy of versification." On the other hand, 
 " it relates more to the technicality than to the spirit of poetry," and 
 the effect is described as a " mechanical one, rendering the verse more 
 easy for the organ of speech," while but little pleasure is attributed 
 to the effect on the ear. Among French writers, alliteration meets 
 with but little favor ; some ridicule it under the name of eacophonu, 
 though Michelot says alliteration and rhyme are precepts of versifica- 
 tion more important than the number. In short, this repetition, within 
 proper bounds, is an ornament, but, like many things, becomes a de- 
 fect when excessively and injudiciously employed. It seems to be 
 generally admitted that it greatly embellishes when it contributes to 
 imitativii harmony, as in the numerous examples already given. That 
 this is not its only beauty, however, is evident in the following couplet 
 from Pope, in which the two lines are singularly contrasted : 
 
 ' ■ " Etcrrai beaiitlcB grace the shining scene— 
 
 .f'lolda cvor/resh, and proves forever j^eon." 
 
 Sacrificing sense for the sake of alliteration is, of course, to bo 
 avoided. Thus Gray, in his exceeding love for this figure, writes : 
 "Eyes that jlow and limgs that grin:' 
 
 Descending from the poetical world to cvery-day language, we fini 
 alliteration playing a more important part than is generally acknowl- 
 edged. So well odaptcd is it to catch the popular car that proverbs 
 and saws are rich in this figure: "IFhero there's a icill, there's a 
 iray;" " J/any men of many minds," etc. There seems to be an 
 alliterative tendency in the formation of many of our compotrad words ; 
 surely, there is no adequate ground for invariably saying " niilk-muid," 
 " Autcher-6oy," " washer-women," and utterly ignoring tho otherwise 
 
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