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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la darniAre image da cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A Si/IVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre filmAs A des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichA. il est film* A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, da gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, an prenant la nombre d'images nAcessaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1871.] "T mm THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 183 " Cowitch sayg he is a good Indian. The Mojaves are bad Indi- ans ; they He and steal, take white man's presents and grub, and then ki|l him. He has never killed any white man. It was Uutterfleld, the guide, who killed three white men in the mountains. Cowitch likes the white men, and wants to be friends with them. The white man came to his country, and Ccwituh was glnd ; but the white man would not give him pay. No pay, no clothes, no grub. Cowitch good In- dian, friend to white man ; but the country waa bis, and the white man took it away." Without explaining to Cowitch that a tribe of six hundred Indians, who draw nothing from the land except " the grasshoppers that ."port on the hillside," could hardly be allowed to monopolize over eighty thousand acres of our richest mineral land, we' proceeded to state that we wished information about the camping facilities of the Puhranagat Valley. To this Cowitch replied, through Frank : " Cowitch good Indian ; but the Mojavc Indians are bad Indians, who lie and steal, and take the white man's presents and grub, and then killed them. It was Buttcrfield, the guide, who killed the white men up in the mountains. Cowitch has never killed any white men. The white man come to Cowitch and take his country, but don't pay him. He wants money or muck-a-muck for his braves ; huvc nothing to eat, as there arc no grasshoppers. — Mother-in-law, get me a drink of water." Upon this we informed Cowitch that we were prepared to give him tobacco, and muck-a-muck, and clothes, and jewelry, in abundance, if he would only give us a guide from his tribe. Then the big chief laid down his pipe, and said : " Cowitch will give a guide to the white man. Cowitch a good In- dian, but the Mojave no good to white man. It was liutterlield, the guide, who killed three white men in the mountains. The white man come tc Cowitch and take his country; but, when he ask them for pay, they say ' git ! ' " This unexpected variation upon the original theme struck us so ileasan tly, that wo proceeded to distribute Indian goods in great towing upon the leading squaw of Cowitch a string of ttons, which her husband afterward took away from priated to his own use. Then the council broke up. hiefs rode away, some lingered around the cooks, and others peered into the tents in the hope of stealing something. I interviewed Cowitch, in the hope of obtaining some ethnological in- formation. The only fact of any importance which I discovered will prove interesting to those Eastern gentlemen who have been recently asserting that the Indian cannot lie. There is one exception, at least, to this rule, in the case of the Shoshone tribe, and I think it likely that I sholl discover others in my progress southward. Cowitch in private was as alTable as he wos dignified in public. We sat down and smoked cigaritas. I endeavored to obtain from him the Shoshone equivalent of certain English words. These he declined to give, for the following logical reasons : " White man know heap — not know Shoshone — Indian know Sho- shone — white man know Shoshone, then white man all the same as Indian." Having Frank to fall back upon, I was not bitterly disappointed. The wily Cowitch had hoped to extort a quarter from me, but I foiled him, The consciousness of this fact rendered me unusually amiable, and I beamcil bcnignantly on the vermilion-tinged being before nie. I did so wish that tlioso of my friends who know and admire my sci- entiflo attaininpnis could have scon me exhibiting them for the benefit of Cowitch. The compass and the deflection of the needle, tlic bar- ometer, the anemometer, and the photographic camera, were all ox- plained in detail by me to the noble aborigine, and the climax was reached when our pioneer passcil by and remarked to Cowitch that I was the man who made newspapers. I could see that Cowitcli was impressed, and I mentally apos- trophized the glorious power of the press which — but I will save that sentiment for llie next press-dinner which I attend. Then Cowitch with proper deference, asked nie if I was a big chief. I looked moilestly conscious, and tlien answered boldly in the affirmative ; fur it was a matter of doubt, and I had a right to take any possible advantage. Then Cowitch asked roe if I hud a s(|uaw. I told him not at present, but there was no saying what might happen, to which he assented, with the luminous observation, " Yos . heap happen," whicli was certainly truthful, if not profound. Then, as a return question, I asked him if those were his squaws, and he acknowledged them. I asked him still further if he could «ai(! Mormon. He could not, and I explained as follows: " Mormon — tribe — over there — Salt Lake — big chief heap squaws — ten — twenty — sixty — heap squaws.'' What do you suppose was this sagacious chieftain's response ? I glow with delight as I write it. " No fun — heap squaws — no fun," from which I infer that, in spite of the success of his domestic discipline, Cowitch found one moiher- in-law quite sulficient. On the whole, we parted on the best of terms. I presented him with two old kid gloves, one brown and one lavender, which he drew on with groat delight, and then remarked : "Cowitch is good Indian, but the Mojaves no good. Cowitch is a friend of the white man, and never hurt him. It was Butterfield the guide who — " Hastily interrupting him at this point, I bade him good-by and rushed into my tent. Cowitch himself made a grand tour of the camp, saving good-by, and shaking hands with every ofiicer, soldier, and jps^tjc in the party. ^ The last words I heard were, " It was Butterfield, the uir has seemed to reecho them faintly through tl It seems to me that I ought to draw some eonclus scenes of this day, and yet I dislike exceedingly to generalize, Indian is a human being, and therefore capable of education and civilization. It is his right, even if he does not claim it, and it is the duty of the (iovernment und the people to give it to him. But the development of the country is also a duty, and that philanthropy which denounces our settlers, who are hastening this work, as perse- cutors of the Indian, is as idiotic as it is ignorant. " There needs no (jhost come from the grave, my lord, To tell us that;" and yet there are those who, through a sickly sentimentality or a love of notoriety, prate about the wrongs of the noble savage, wiio is, gen- erally speaking, o filthy and degraded brute. This country is too val- uable to humanity to 'oe given up to gras-shopper-hunting. The con- duct of our settlers is not perfect, but it does not deserve opprobrious reproach. There are Indians who are harmless, and who are unmo- lested, to be sure, but also neglected, which is wrong. There ore others who are blood-thirsty, untamed, and pitiless, and these are ob- jects of attack, which is right. And certain would-be orators, who utter much meanlngloss stutf about the condition of the Indian in the East, which few people there attend to or care about, are rai.sing a bitter feeling in the extreme West, and may produce disastrous re- sults in the future. Latkb. — Since Cowitch's departure, two dippers and a tin pail have been missed, together with a Roman scarf, one end of which was incautiously left hanging out of a valise. We do not complain — we arc simply thankful thot his eye for color prevented him from ab- stracting more valuable objects. And we have every confidence in the integrity and amiability of Buttcrfield the guide, although we have never seen him. FrKI>. W. 1,(1111 Mi. THE COLUMBIA RIVER. . '■ WITH IIMSTKATIONS DY R. 8WAI.V OIKKORD. THE continuous range of mountains known as the Sierra Nevada in California bears the name ol Cascade liango through Oregon, Washington Territory, ami It-'itlah Columbia. The name originated from the numerous bcautil'ul cas'-:„"us which pour from every orcvlce, at every height, and sometimes even from the top of the stoop blufl'- sides of . gorge in those mountains, through which the miglily Co- lumbia '■'H'cos its way to pour its volume of water into tlio I'acific Ocean. The Coluniblii, which forms so large a portion of tlic south boundary of Washington Territory, and then traverses its whole br^l^Mi'rom south to north, is nuvigaule from the \ louth of the fl^HpFkhe lot .'r cascades — a distance of one hundr.d and sixty 3(Blk 8.V a portage at the cascades, where there is a railroad, six length, navigation is open to the Dalles, two luindrod and y^^ wH^ / 184 THE COLUMBIA RIVER. [August 12, 1871.] ■». MULTAN-OMAH ^TAtLS, COLXJMDIA KIVKR. «,!! [August 12, 1871.] THE COLUMBIA RIVER. \ 186 ALLITERATION. [August 13, fire miles I'rom the ocean. At this point several miles of porlagc are required, when good lUiTigation is secured to Priest's Rapids, tlirce hundred and eighty miles. Another short portage is followed by a stretch of water for nearly a hundred miles ; here another portage is succeeded by open water to a poir:t seven hundred and twenty miles. The Columbia has been compared to the Hudson, and, according to Mr. Kitz Hugh Ludlow, there are some grounds for the compari- son. " Each of these rivers," says Mr. Ludlow, in his entertaining vol- ume,* " breaks through a noble mountain-system in its passage to the sea, and the walls of its avenue are correspondingly grand. In point of variety, the banks of the Hudson far surpass those of the Colum- -trap, sandstone, granite, limestone, and slate, succeeding each [with a rapidity which presents ever new outlines to the eye of jrist. The scenery of the Columbia, between Fort Vancouver affiT*l4^e Dalles, is a sublime monotone. Its banks are basaltic crags or mist-wrapped domes, averaging below the cataract from twelve to fifteen hundred feet in height, and thence decreasing to the Dalles, where the escarpments, washed by the river, ore low trap bluffs on a levttl with the steamer's walking-beam, and the mountains have re- tind, hvt Mid brown, like those of the great continental basin farther M|A, towftrd Mount Ilood in that direction, and Mount Adams on ti^MC<lk If the Palisades were quintupled in height, domed instead of lerel on tlicir upper surfaces, extended up the whole navigable course of the Hudson, and were thickly clad with evergreens wherever they were not absolutely precipitous, the Hudson would much more closely resemble the Columbia. . . . We boarded the Hunt in a dense fog, and went immediately to breakfast. With our last cup of coffee the fog cleared away, and showed us a sunny vista up the river, bor- dered by the columnar and mural trap formations above mentioned, with an occasional bold promontory jutting out beyond the general face of the precipice, its shaggy fell of pines and flrs all aflood with sunshine to the very crown. The finest of these promontories was called Cape Horn, the river bending aroiinu it to the northeast. The channel kept mid-stream with considerable uniformity, but, now and then, as in the highland region of the Hudson, made a lUtoiir to avoid some bare, rocky island. Several of these islands were quite columnar, being evidently the emerged capitals of basaltic prisms, like the other uplifts on the banks. X fine instance of this formation was the stately and perpendicular ' Rooster Rock,' on the Oregon side, but not for from Cape Horn. Ptill another was called ' Lone Rock,' and rose from the middle of the river. These came upon our view within the first hour after breakfast, in company with a slender but graceful stream, which fell into the river over a sheer wall of basalt, seven hundred ftet in height. This little cascade reminded us of Po-ho-no, or The Bridal Veil, near the lower entrance of the Great Yosemife." ALLITERATION. ITERATION" is a figure or ornament of language, chiefly lused in poetry, consisting of the repetition of the same Utter in intervals. " ^pt iinUcraUoQ'a artlhl aid." , Cbvrcbili.. "Behemoth, ftlffsust ftom of earth." MiLTOW. " /7ad my sweet //arry Aad bnt Aalf their nnmbers. To-day ml;;ht I. Aan^j^liig on //otspur's nock, /?;»ve talked of Monmouth'i> grave." SHAKESrEABB. t Jt , '^ ' The repeated letter is generally found at the beginning of words, though it may occur in the second and final syllables, in which case the repeated letter should fall on the accented part of the word, as in this example : " That hflfhed In prim repose expects hU evening prey." Dr. Thomas Brown remarks that, thougli alliteration itself con- sists in similarity of sounds, it is not ind-tlerent on what words of the sentence the alliteration falls ; and he cites the following line as an example, in which he finds resemblance and contrast, two qualities which give it peculiar point : " Paffs, powders, patches, hiblu, blUett-iimix." Pon * The Heart of the Continent: a Record of Travel acrnss flkoTlliM knd in Oregon. By Fitz Hush Ladlow. New York : Ilurd & UougMsM. The French — for this art is by no means confined to our language — somenhut extend these definitions, a frequent recurrence of the same syllables also being counted alliterative — " Qui refuM, mvie." " Qui tern a, gverre a." In German, alliteration is called BuchttabenMm, a roost expressive name, which is but poorly translated by the literal rendering " letter- rhyme." Gcraldus Cambrensis called alliteration agnominatio, whence the English word "annomination," sometimes applied to it. Hcr- mogenes, who quotes Homer, culls it ■nofiixriait. Aristotle calls it Ttapotioioxm. It is evident, however, from the derivation of these Greek names, that they refer rather to what is known as ovoiutroiroAa (onomatopoeia), or assimilation of sound to sense, a figure in which the Greek and German languages are beautifully rich. Alliteration is, in fact, naturally connected with imitative harmony, familiar ex- ainples of which exist in many languages : From Homer : * ■'• ** B^ 8 aKimv irapa Oitfa iroAv<^Aot(r^oio 9aKaatni^. From Virgil, the well-known lines : " Quadrnpedante putrcm sonltn qnatit nngnla campnm "— the peculiarity of wh oh is only tolerably preserved in the transla- tion : "Shaking the monlderins; plain with the tramp of tho galloping horgo-hoof"— and which Red Cloud probably renders : " Oivc me a good trotting horse, and I'll mn and get yoa some wampnm t " Another line from Virgil, which follows more closely the original definition : "Tityro tn patals recubans sub tegmine fagi." From Racine : " Pour qui sent ces serpents qui slfflent snr nos tStes f " And, not to neglect our own forcible tongue, thi s beautiful and striking example from Pope's Homer : " Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone. Although, as we have seen, this figure has been used celebrated poets, both ancient and modern, there is con ference of opinion as to its beauty and propriety. One critic, writing on this subject, says : " Alliterations contribute more to the beauties of poetry than is generally supposed, and cannot, therefore, be deemed unworthy of a poet's regard in composition. If two words offer of e(iual propriety — the one alliterative, and the other not — the first ought to be chosen, if it suit tho purpose in every other respect ; but the beauty of alliteration, when happy, is not greater than its defor- mity, when affected or forced." Again : " Alliteration contributes both to sweetness and energy of versification." On the other hand, " it relates more to the technicality than to the spirit of poetry," and the effect is described as a " mechanical one, rendering the verse more easy for the organ of speech," while but little pleasure is attributed to the effect on the ear. Among French writers, alliteration meets with but little favor ; some ridicule it under the name of eacophonu, though Michelot says alliteration and rhyme are precepts of versifica- tion more important than the number. In short, this repetition, within proper bounds, is an ornament, but, like many things, becomes a de- fect when excessively and injudiciously employed. It seems to be generally admitted that it greatly embellishes when it contributes to imitativii harmony, as in the numerous examples already given. That this is not its only beauty, however, is evident in the following couplet from Pope, in which the two lines are singularly contrasted : ' ■ " Etcrrai beaiitlcB grace the shining scene— .f'lolda cvor/resh, and proves forever j^eon." Sacrificing sense for the sake of alliteration is, of course, to bo avoided. Thus Gray, in his exceeding love for this figure, writes : "Eyes that jlow and limgs that grin:' Descending from the poetical world to cvery-day language, we fini alliteration playing a more important part than is generally acknowl- edged. So well odaptcd is it to catch the popular car that proverbs and saws are rich in this figure: "IFhero there's a icill, there's a iray;" " J/any men of many minds," etc. There seems to be an alliterative tendency in the formation of many of our compotrad words ; surely, there is no adequate ground for invariably saying " niilk-muid," " Autcher-6oy," " washer-women," and utterly ignoring tho otherwise I i