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The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grfice A la gtnArositA de r^tabiissement prAteur suivant : La bibliothique des Archives publiques du Canada Les cartes ou les pisnches trop grandes pour Atre reproduites en un seul clichA sont flimdes d partir de Tangle supArieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mAthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ) r;)^^^ rf'' k'> w / t<<^ ^ti(r ^ / ''^// s , ;.-) AN ADDRESS UPON THE USE AND ABUSE OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS. BY WILLIAM BAYARD, M. D, Etc., Edin President of (he New Brunswick Medical Society. St. ./ohn. N. n.. Jufy 7tfi, I88I. Dear Dr. Bayard.- — I have to inform yoii thai the inembeis of the Medical Society in this City, believing that a correct knowledge of the suhject "Use and Abuse of Alcoholic Drinks," upon which yon addressed the .Society last month, is of vital importance to the comnninity, passed on the (>th instant a nnaninuHis resolution to secure the publication of it in two or more newspapeiv in this City. T. \V. MUSCiROVE, M. D., Sec. Medical Socidy. Dr. W. Bayard, St. John, N. B. .J AN ADDRESS Upon the Use and Abuse of Alcoholic Drinks. By WILLIAM liAYAHD, M. D. Presklenl qf the A'eic Brutuiwick Medical Society, Gextt.emkn : — I know of no sul)jcot in tlu' present day of such paramount iniportancc to tl»e well-heing of mankind as an accurato know- lc'(l<;o of the " Uae and Abimc of Alcoholic Drinks,'^ embracing as it does, its medical, its moral, its political, and its social aspects. Our professional euld be abstained from, and when they can •be taken with advantage; and our professional experience too often teaches us the banei'ul effects, morally and j)hysically, upon tiie individual who indulircs in the use of them to excess. While the Justice is daily and hourly brought face to face with the *' moral evil," the Physician is as often called upon to combat the iiu'oads upon the constitution produced by the abuse of them. That the evil is the greatest one of the age, and that it call? loudly Air a remedy, cannot for a moment be denied. Laudable efforts have been made, and are being daily re- newed, by philanthropists, to stay the progress of intemperance, with its attendant conscipjences — disease, insanity, crime, and poverty. Societies have been formed, laws enacted, and persua- sive and coercive measures adopted. Yet, reliable statistics prove that the evil continues to increase with the increase of population. The Statesman recpiires the aid of all enlightened minds to assist him in framing such laws as will meet the diffi- culty. And the people at large require to be taught that the abuse, and often-times the continued use of alcoholic liquors, leads to results dreadful tcj contemplate. They must be made to A(hh'C88 upon the Uac and Abuse of Alcoholic Drinks. heliovo that they are s\vall()\viiit»; a poison, whieh, if taken at in)])roj)er times and in im])roj)cr quantities, will sooner or later inevitably ereate disease of hody and mind. And who ean edu- cate them so well upon these j)oints as the Physieian ? and, gen- tlemen, let me add, I think it is our duty, as custodians of the pul)li(; health, and as well-wishers of our race, by preee])t and example, to exercise that influence which each and every one of us can command towards this end. With the confinued inebriate we can do little; argument is useless wjicre the entreaties and tears of fond wife, parents, brothers '\nd sisters, are of no avail ; the finer qualities of his nature are destroyed, the terrible craving for stimulants has taken the place of his will, and he pursues his course to degradation and death, regardless of consequences. Restraint is the only remedy for him, and when that restraint is enforced for a suit' able i)eriod, it is often surprising to witness the recovery of body and mind under it. The diflficulties surrounding the general application of it are such as have puzzled the minds of the most astute statesmen and ])hilanthroj)ists; yet it is to be hoped that some means may be devised for carrying it out. But 2ce can and should exercise an influence over tlie minds of the "masses" who believe that alcoholic stimulus, in some of its forms, is gen- erally beneficial to the human system, and a necessary aid in pro- moting health and vigor of body and mind, and in resisting the extremes of cold and heat, and other depressing agencies. They should be taught that these ideas are fallacious, — that the human system can alone be supported in health by food, — that alcohol is not a food, in the ordinary acceptation of the term, — that no tissue of the body can be built up by it, — that, unlike other articles of diet, a dangerous craving is created by the continued and unseasonable use of it, — that while, in moderate quantities, it produces an exhilarating eiFect upon the mind, this exhilara- tion is certainly followed by a corresponding depression, — that while it imparts a temporary strength to the muscular power, that power cannot be sustained under its continued use, — that the primary effect of it upon the circulation is to produce a glow of Address upon the Use and Abuse of Alcoholic Ih'inks. 5 >> warmtli uiuni tlic skin, wliicli is of short duration, and leaves the l)ody colder, — that it docs not snpport the system nnder the enervatinij^ influence of'extninie heat, — that he who will in(lult:;e in the use of it, should never do so in health upon an empty stomach, and that every orj^an of the body sutfers more or less from the excessive use of it. It may he asked. What is the effect of alcohol, the base of all intoxicatin<^ liquors, upon the tissues of the stomach ? We may answer. That in a concentrated form, a chemical action takes place. That, in consecpjcnce of its strong allinity for water, it seizes that fluid contained in the tissue, j)roducinj^ a coagulation, and renderinii; it hard and dense, and destrovinn' for a time the absorbing power of that organ, which will only be renewed when the alcohol becomes sufficiently diluted with the water in the tissue. It may be observed that })ure brandy, which usually contains equal i)arts of alcohol and water, is sufficiently strong to produce this coagulation, therefore it must combine with some of the water of the tissue before it can be carried into the circu- lation. That when diluted, it is absorbed into the circulation with marvelous rapidity, as proved by the exj)eriments of Dr. Percy, who found that when death took place in two minutes after it was injected into the stomach of the animal, that organ was found almost void of it, while it was found in the blood, and in considerable quantity in the substance of the brain. It appears to seek out and fasten itself upon the nervous matter, affecting in the first stage of intoxication the intellectual faculties through the cerebrum. In the second stage, a disturbed function of the sensory ganglia, as indicated by a want of that control over the muscular movements which are guided by sensation. And in the third stage, wher +he fun«^tions of the cerebrum and sensory ganglia are suspended, those of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord now begin to be affected, as shown by the difficulty of res- piration, strabismus, dilated pupils, and tetanic spasms. Richard- son tells us that the action of alcohol upon the red globules of the blood is to extract the water from them, thereby reducing their size, and altering their shape. He further says, " I found 6 AihlrvHH mion (lie fW mid Ahusr of A/co/io/ir J)ri)ihf<. " l>y cxjuTimciit, tliat in pivsoiico of nlcoliol in tiic l)l()o(l, the " process r»r al)S()r|>ti(Hi of oxyj^cn was directly (rhtH^kod, and that *' even so minute a <|uantity as one ])art of alcohol in five hnn- ' «lrcd of Mood provcil an ol>sta<'le to the j)erfect reception of 'S)xy«;en in the i)loo«i." Hence we may expect tin; hlood to assnme a venons character midcr its inHnence. The poisonons ('fleet of alcohol upon the hlood and nervous matter is antagon- ized hy the elVorts made by the system to ^et rid of it. Recent observations t^o lo show that it is partly eliminated l>y the lunji^s, skin, howels and kidneys. Hut th(> amoimt thus eliminated is so small that it does not account for all that (lisa|>pcars. Carpenter thinks that a eomhustive process takes place in the l)lood, at the expense of the oxyo\vor, wliicli may be fbrct'd lor a time lu'vond its natural limit, l)Ut <'ami(>t 1)0 sustained without rest and a renonewod supply of Mood, wliicli, as already stated, eaunot l)e produced by ak'(.!iol. Its action u|)on tlic muscular power ly proved by experiment and by the observation of Arctic travellers. The first effects of alcohol being to increase the force H Aihh'csH upon the Uhc (ind AhtMe of Alcohol ic Drinh. iiiul rapidity of the circulation to tlic extent named, wo may naturally conclude that the capillary vessels become ^or«;ed, and the Mood thus driven to the surface is cooled more rapidlv bv the outer air, so its sccoiuhiry elVect takes place, and the tempera- ture is lowered. It is now universallv acknowledijed hv those wiio arc called upon to sustain contiimed bodily exertion under a high tempera- ture, that the work can be better accomplished without alcoholic stimulants thiMi wi them, and our physiolo«5lcal knowledge corroborates this exj)erience. The remark is often made that the world would be better without alcoholic drinks than with them ; that the evil counter- balances anv tiood that mav be derived from them. The answer to this is, that every nation has its stimulant of some kind ; that kind Providence has permitted the use of them, and if they are abused, evil consequences follow. It is quite true that a fascina- tion surrounds the use of them that does not follow the use of other substances equally dangerous. A certain amount of self-control is implanted in the mind of every individual ; he knows that danger attends many of his daily acts ; he commits the act, and avoids the danger. So with the use of alcoholic drinks, — the danger lies not in ike use of them, but in the improper use of them. His daily exj)erieuee teaches him that many, very many, become victims to the abuse. He thinks he possesses sufficient self-control to avoid the danger, and so he does, up to a certain j)eriod ; but let iiim continue to indulge at improper times and in improper quantities, that self- control is lost, and cannot be regained but by continued total abstinence. He cannot say that he will reduce his allowance ; one glass will rekindle the appetite, when the fire will continue to burn until disease and death follow. If an individual is so weak-minded, and so much the creature of impulse and selfish desire, that — having experienced the pleasurable effects of intoxi- cating drinks — he will voluntarily surrender that power of will given to him by Providence for his safety, and throw aside the reins of self-government, and let passion run away with him, he .9. .h/ cv( r on his guard. The exhilaratinuted to the raj)id rise in wages, and to the in- creased amount of leisure enjoyed hy the manufacturing and mining classes. That the cost of the consumption of alcoholic beverages has increased from £2 18 6| |ier head of po|)ulation in 1860, to £4 9 0| in 1876 ; though this increase of expendi- ture cannot be taken as a j)ositive proof that drunkenness has increased in the same ratio, for statistics show that the use of tea, sugar, tobacco, and wine has increased more rapidly than the use of spirits and beer. " This may be partly accounted "for by the abolition and reduction of the duties on sugar and " on tea and on light wines." The next question for consideration is. What has legislation done to abate intemperance? and what can it accom|)Iish? Laws upon the Statute Book are useless unless carried out ; and to accomplish this object, the laws recpiire to have the approval of a large majority of the community, who must feel that he who evades them degrades himself. Now, it is idle to expect that laws prohibiting the use of alcoholic beverages will be carried out, while the importation, mnnufactwe, and possession of them is allowed, unless the "masses" are brought to the belief that the social use of them is degrading and injurious to health. This belief does not exist, owing to the fact that a very large majority of those who purchase and consume liquor, use it in moderation, are never intoxicated, and do not feel that they are injured by it. Legislators, knowing this belief, have directed their minds to the abuse, leaving the use to be controlled by the proper education and judgment of mankind upon the risks of over-indulgence. The select committee of the House of Lords, before referred to, having considered various schemes for the alteration of the licen- cing laws, recommended before all others, the Gothenburgh sys- tem, or a modification of it by Mr. Chamberlain. 1 ho liijrlior les of the in n threat to the in- rin|)iilation oxjH'ndi- iiiess has e) use of rlly than noon n ted igar and ^islation ? Laws ; and to roval of ho who ect that carriecJ them is hat the Tills lajority 'ration, 1 by it. to the 1 eat ion gonce. red to, licen- h sys- Addirss upon the Use and Abuse of Alcoholic Drinks, 13 The Gotlienhnrgli system directs that no individual, eitlier as proprietor or manager, shall derive any private gain by the sale of spirits. Tliat the whole public-house traffic be transferred to a limited liability (•omj)any, consisting of the niost respectable members of the community, who shall undertake by their charter to conduct the business solelv in the interests of temperance and morality, and to pay to the town treasury the whole profit be- yond the ordinary rate of interest on the paid up capital. The capital required for this ])urpose was £10,000, of which however only £7,500 have been paid up, and the annual ])rofits amount to £40,000. The poi)idation of Gothenbnrgh in 187G was esti- mated at about 05,000. The number of licences issued by the new (!ompany was reduced from 1 19 to 56. Of these, 13 were transferred to wine merchants, for sale off the premises, of wines and spirits of the higher class, — not " Brruivin," whi(^h is the ordinarv drink of the workinti; classes ; 10 were transferred to hotels, clubs, restaurants and cafes ; 26 to public houses, and 7 to shops for sale off the premises. The local authorities having the j)ower to fix the hours of closing, have prohibited all " Bar" l)usiness from 6 P. M. on Saturdav to 8 A. M. on Monday. This experiment appears to have worked well, from the fact that every town but one in Sweden having a population of 5,000 adopted it. It is in force in 27 towns having 5,000 inhabitants and upwards, and in 19 towns of smaller population. Founded upon the Gothenbnrgh system, a scheme was brought before Parliament in 1877 by Mr. Chamberlain, under which he proposes to work by municipalities, not by the " Bolag," or com- pany. This scheme would empower Town Councils to acquire, by agreement, or failing agreement, by compulsion, the freehold of licenced premises within their respective districts, and on pur- chase by agreement the existing interest of present licence holders in leases, good-will and fixtures. It enables them, if they see fit, to carry on the trade for the convenieiu^e and on behalf of the inhabitants, but so that no individual shall have any pecu- niary interest in, or derive any profit from the sale of intoxicat- ing liquors. It gives power to Town Councils to borrow for !f 1 iii I 14 Address upon the Use and Abuse of AlcoholiG Drinks. this purpose, on the security of the rates, and to carry all profit, after providin*^ for interest and sinking fund, to tiie credit of tiie e(hication rate and tlie poor rate in equal proportions. In the words of the committee : — "Tlie advantages expected from the two foregoing schemes are nearly identical. "The control of the local aiithoiity over the issue of licences. " A great diminution in the number of public houses, and an improvement in their convenience, healthiness, and management, " By the provisions that no individual shall derive any profit from tlie sale of intoxiea;.ing drinks, and that the managers should keep a supply of tea, coflee, and other refreshments, it is hoped that the present drink ing-houses might gradually assume the character of eating-houses, and workmen's club- places of harmless resort. "That sound seasoned s{)irits and light wholesome beer would be substi- tuted for the deleterious and heavy unwholesome beer, strongly charged with alcohol, such as are now often supplied." As the net results of the change, a diminution in intemper- ance, a reduction in crime and disorder, and a consideral)le bal- ance to be devoted to the relief of local rates. Objections urged against both schemes by extreme advocates of temperance are : — "That Town Councils should not conduct a traffic demoralizing and wrong in itself." "That the temptation of profit might induce the Town Council to multiply the number of attractions of the drinking places." "That the preliminary expense attendant upon the acquisition of such a property would be enormous." "And that Town Councils are unfit to conduct so vast a business with economy and care." I cannot do better than give you the words of the committee upon these points : — "We do not wish to undervalue the force of these objections; but if the risks are considerable, so are the expected advantages. And when great com- munities, deeply sensible of the miseries caused by intemperance, witnesses of the crime and pauperism which directly spring from it, conscious of the contamination to which their younger citizens are exposed, watching with grave anxiety the growth of female intemperance on a scale so vast, and at a rate of progression so rapid as to constitute a new reproach and danger ; believing that not only the morality of their citizens, but their commercial prosperity I n/:s. Address upon the Use and. Abufie of Alcoholic Dr'nihfi. 1 5 all profit, xlit of the >. In the are nearlv nproveinent roin the sale pply of tea, kini;;-h()nses men's chib- \i\ be substi- larged with intern per- srable bal- advocates and wrong to multiply in of such a jsiness with committee but if the great eom- e, witnesses :?ious of the with grave at a rate of ; believing prosperity is dependent upon the diminution of these evils; seeing, also, tliiit all that general legislation has been hitherto able to eflect, has been some improve- ment in pul)li(! order, while it has been powerless to produee any perceptible decrease of intemperance, — it would seem somewhat hard, when sudi commu- nities are willing, at their own cost and hazard, to grapple with the difliculty and undertake their own purification, that the Legislature shoidd refuse to creaie for them the necessary machinery, or to intrust them with the recpiisite powers. '"The Committee, therefore, are of opinion that legislativ ..icilities should be ailbrded for the adoption of these schemes, or some modification (»f them." In support of this recommendation, it may be urged that the present lieeneino; system is defective in every particuhir, inas- much as the number of driidving-places far exceed the demand, creating such competition that the " publican" cannot afford to refuse credit, and must please his customer by giving him liquor at all hours. That the hours of opening and closing public houses appear to have been adoj)tcd to supply the cravings of the " inebriate," rather than the wants of the temjierate consumer. For I ludd, that under no possible circumstance is it necessary or benejici(d for a hcalthij person to drink before his dinner hour ; on the contrary, when the appetite craves the stinmlus in the morninf/, the subject is on the road to ruin. Should he be ill, let him ob- tain it, like other medicine, from an apothecary. If restrictive laws are necessary to abate the evil — and who can or will deny it ? — the laws should be framed so as to meet the object aimed at, instead, as at present, of holding out an inducement and a temp- tation to the unfortunate victim to indulge his appetite. At the risk of being considered " Utopian," I do not hesitate to urge that no Vupior should be sold for consumption on the premises at an earlier hour than two o^clock in the day, and then preferably with food. And, indeed, I might go further, and urge that it be not sold for consumption on the premises at any time without food. It may be urged that the purchaser would pay for the food, but not eat it. True; but the expense of the performance would have its influence upon the amount of liquor consumed by him. Stand-up drinking-bars are the curses of the community ; and intoxicating drinks should not be sold at grocers' shops. 1 1 G Address upon the Use and Abuse of Almliol'ic Drinks. Medical treatment lias little effect Uj)oii the dniiikanl while he has the ahility to in(liil*rc his appetite, liiil iiow the law should deal with him, is ii (piestioii i)f «;reat dilliculty. The liherty of the siibjec^t must he <»;i3ardee treated ry I'runk- t(»o often n-isotiiueiit his hoard, , it' I may sa(fickntbf \ ist depend | he mav be ane. The ^ ted. The \ eontinued ;r of self- \ restraint. | in<^ power :| lid have a | 1 a chanee I ■■.1 is easily ? lity to de- ; are many | destroyed 1 le history \ d that no | iniination id Jurors, | )roper re- Pt, I must eal to all who hear me, and may I say to my professional brethren who do not hear me, in favor of temperance in the use of alcoholic drinks. And if anvtluii},' I have said has the elfeet of enlistinu: your in- terest in the cause, I shall feel that I have done some good. And now, gentlemen, the time has arrived when I should surrender this seat into your hands, in order that you may bestow it upon another. The seat is one that every member should aspire to hold, for it is a guarantee that the occupant possesses the confidence and good will of his confreres, without which, suc- cess in our noble calling cannot be obtained. And when vacat- ing this chair, let me, in all sincerity, thank you for the kindness and urbanity that hj\s been universally extended towards me; and what is more pleasing to observe, may I say, towards each other, for I cannot call to mind that upon any one occasion has an unkind or offensive expression fallen from the lips of any one member towards another, proving, as it clearly does, that associa- tions of this kind, educate not only the mind, but the heart, and produce a brotherly love among its members. St. John, July, 1881. i I !■ I THE USE AND ABUSE OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS. To the Editor of the Canada Medical and Surgical lowmal: 8iR, — In the Canada Medical Record for December, I find a paper on the " Use of Alcohol in Healthy" by Professor Casey A. Wood, of Bishop^s College, Montreal, in which he criticises at length an address given by me to the Medical Society in this city, on the Use and Abuse of Alcoholic Drinks, and subsequently published in the Canada Medical and Surgical Journal, All must acknowledge the ability and ingenuity exhibited in Dr. Wood's paper; from his "standpoint" lie has left little to be added. While I feel flattered and ])leased at the notice taken of my address, for discussion often exposes the weak points on both sides of the question, Dr. Wood must pardon me if I feel that he has been hypercritical. I will not say that his argu- ments are " absurd," the word so often used by him, — not being an elegant one, — should be expunged from discussions of this kind, though I fail to see the application of it. And making due allowance for the exuberant zeal so often displayed by speakers and writers upon this subject, I fear Dr. VV^ood perused my paper with a prejudiced eye when he classed me as an advocate of the use of alcoholic drinks. Every well-wisher of his race should hold up both hands in favour of any means that would lessen the shocking evil of in- temperance, and T have no doubt Dr. Wood is one of them, consequently we are in accord upon that point, both wishing to arrive at the same goal. The issue between us lies in the fact that he takes one road, I another, — mine, I freely grant, possess- ing many obstructions, his — as acknowledged by himself — being impassable. Knowing that restrictive and prohibitory laws have effected little or nothing towards lessening the gigantic evil of interaper- (19) T 20 lliv Vhc aiul Abu,sp of Ak'oliolic Drinks. I ancc, 1 was induced to write an address ur}:;iiij/.sr" preponderate over the benefits derived from them. I also cautioned my professional brethren, when prescribing them medicinally, to be particularly careful and avoid bringing the system into u habit of dependence upon the stimulus. I further stated that " the exhilarating effect of alcoholic beverages is so universallv felt that the %ise of them has become a * social habit,' and one so engrafted upon the human mind that no amount of persuasion or coercion can eradicate it." As well might we attempt to prevent the tide from rising as to prevent th< production and consum]>tion of them ; therefore the efforts of the philanthro|)ist should be directed towards the "possible" not the imjio.ssiblc. I also stated that the "social use" often leads to abuse. " But if we are unable to combat the use, let us attack the abuse ; let us teach those who use them how to do so with com])arative safety, and how to avoid the danger." This, in the eye of Dr. Wood, is the language of an advocate of moderate drinking. As well might I be accused of wishing a ])atient to die because I said that his symptoms were such as to make his ease hopeless. The mind must be weak indeed that believes the word "abstain" possesses such magic power as to induce the millions of human beings who till the thousands of acres in the cultiva- tion of the grape in various parts of the world to abandon their occupation — or could this be accomplished, that alcoholic stimu- lants would not be produced from other substances in the vege- table kingdom — so long as the appetite for the stimulus exists. Dr. lil! The Use and Abuse of Alcoholic Drinks. 21 I Wood docs not possess tliis l>eliof', for he disttiietly tells us (I quote iiis words) tluit " no {iniount of prohibition will prevent in toto the side of licpior — tluit we are certain to have drunkariis in spite of all eoereive measures." Again he says, *' 1 have no 1 ill see (innuing iiaoits done hal)its d( lope that our einhlren s eliiklren wil away with, though all moderate drinkers were to join the ranks of teetotalism, nor even if the education and general amelioration of the condition of the masses (the real effective combatants of vice) were to be brought about; but drunkenness will always reign while the way is paved to it by the * good intentions' of the so called use of alcohol as a (h'ink." A grave responsibility placed upon the shoulders of the men with "good intentions" bv Dr. Wood : but he forirets that should all moderate drinkers join the ranks of teetotalism there would be little need for his prohibitory laws. He also says, "Yet a (jitati on for prohibitory laws is the necessary outcome of the truth that alcoholic drink- ing is an injurious nuisance." It may be the necessary outcome, l>ut Dr. Wood has rightly told us that " we will have druid