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The ing diagrams illustrate the method: Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la der- nidre image de cheque microfiche, selon la cas: le symbole — •► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN", L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grfice d la g6n6rosit6 de I'dtablissement prdteur suivant : Bibliothdque nationale du Canada Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour Stre reproduites en un seul clich6 sont film6es d partir de Tangle iup6rieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenr.nt le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la m6thode : 1 2 3 4 5 6 r C A N A D A I AND HKR RESOURCES. BV CHARLES N. ARMSTRONG. LONDON: Mktchim ^: S.)N, 32, C.'-kmknt's Lank, and 24, Whitk Sikkkt, E.C, AND 20, Pari.iamknt Strkki", S.W. /^ J CANADA AND HER RESOURCES. B\ CHARLES N. ARMSTRONG, M.n: LONDON: Mktciiim .V Son, 32, Ci.kmknt's Lane, and 24, Whuk Sirkft E C AM) 20, rARI.IAMENT STRKKT, S. VV. ' ' CANADA AND HER RESOURCES, Within a year or two an increasing interest has been taken by the British public generally in the affairs and prospects of Canada. Notwithstanding its comparative proximity to England, and the extent of its comn.erce with the ^rother Country, very little is really known nbout Canada by English jjcople. Even those who, from (heir conneclions with Canada, might be supposetl to know something al)f)ut the c-ountry, have very vague ideas on the sul)ject. To many, one of its jjiincipal advantages is the flict that you can have skating for four or five months of the year. Others think it a good country for sport : while others, more lately, have heard of its advantages as an agricultural country. U'hile great ignorance as to the social life and habits of the Canadians jirevails, the ignorance of the commercial standing of Canada is still greater. Many who would be ashamed to confess a lack of knowl-'dge concerning some petty Asiatic or European principality are not quite sure whether Ontario is one of the ITnited States or a province of the Dominion of Canada. Canada has been dwarfed by its larger neighbour, and the word *' American "' has been made to cover Canadian matters as well as those of tlie Cnited States. Many i)ublications have pointed out the advantages of Canada as a field for emigrants, and no other country can hold out greater advantages, but investors have never had anv idea of the advantages Canada presents for the investment of capital. It is not a poor, overtaxed, and retrograding country, but a most pros- perous one, making more rapid strides than any other country in everything that goes to make a country great. In no (-ountry is the wealth so evenly (Uvided, and the mass of tk.e people so happy and conrented. We ha\-e no |)rinces and no paupers, no palaces and no workhouses, few millioi^aires, and few beggars. There is no idle class, everyone works, and there is plenty for all to do. We have d no poor ratc^ ; but those who from sickness or other unavoidable causes are in need of help receive it from different charitable associations. When we consider that in Great liritain last year a million and a half of paupers cost the country over fifteen millions sterling, we have no need of making any further comparison. In a short pamphlet, prepared somewhat hurriedly, I cannot do justice to the imi)ortance of the subject, but if it serves to call the attention of Jkitish investors to the great possibilities of Canada, and leads them to look into the matter more closely, this pamphlet will have answered its purpose. In the various statements I have used round amounts and have not carried the calculations into fractions, so that the facts would be more easily grasped. There may be a few trifling errors but the statements are substantially correct, and all the figures have been obtained from the best authorities. To enable the reader to more readily a])preciate the resources of Canada, I have compared them with those of the principal countries in Europe and the United States. Canada need not be ashamed of the comparison. It is greatly to her credit that she has already assumed the position she now occupies, and she is not content to remain in that position. Another decade will mark another rapid step forward. The information regarding Canada is almost exclusively taken from official returns. Other figures have been taken from The Statesman'' s Year Book^ WJiittakers Almanac, Financial Reform Almanac, The Economist, :i\iivj; shares in Anierican Railways, in some ofwhic h large transactions are continually taking j)lace. It is ([uite likely that some Canadian railway schemes of douhtfid merit may he ottered on this market, hut in these days of rapid communication there is no dihicuUy in hnding out whether a scheme is an honest one or not. As there will always be good and safe Canadian investments to be had, there is all the less reason for money to be invested in unsafe ones. All investments should not be condemned because one has been disappointing. According to tlie Government returns on June 30lh, 1881, the following capital was invested in Canadian Railways : — /: Ordinary Share Capital I'rcfcrcncc no. Bonded iJubl CiOvcrnmcnt and Municipal Sul>>cii|Uion.-.. 25.012,304 14,293,292 io,97S,2()3 20,973,281 /:7 7, 85 7, 140 At that time there were 7,595 miles of Railway completed, of which 7,260 were in operation, and 2,910 miles were under coristruclion. About one-half of this latter amount has since been completed and several new lines have been undertaken. Some of the new lines are intended to afford facilities for old settled districts, which are without necessarv ral^^-ay advantages, but many of them are intendeil to promote the ra[)id settlement of the large extent (.>f valuable lauds to which emigrants are now Hocking. These lines liave, as a rule, land grants, the jn'oceeds oi' which will go far towards providing for the cost uf the line, and if in goud hands the}' will become valuable propertie.s. Great Britain ... France Germany Russia... Austria Italy S[)ain ... vSweden and Xurway United States CANADA Niimljer of Miles (if Inhabitants to Railway. each mile of Railway. 18,175 ' 1,986 14.735 2,488 21,679 2,084 15.778 6,340 12,325 3,062 5.275 5.392 4,067 6,136 4. 87 5 1,310 93.67' 555 7,260 1 595 t The following table shows the avernge tost and earnings jjcr mile of the Railways of Great Hritain. the Inited States, Australia and Canada : — ' C-o.t per ^•'■-' ' PfcemaRe ' P^^^s^^^^ ! Percentage I mile. exuc-nscs. „, /: i to cost. I I I ' cost. I (Ileal Miit.ain ... 40,(100 3,660 52 ().oi 4.38 L'niif(l St.itL-s ... 15,000 1,440 62 <).3S 3.5 AiiMr.ilia 10,840 895 64 1 8.25 2.9'/ C.\NAli.\ 7.400 S87 68 12.00 3.83 In tie rase of the United States and Canada, the cost shown is exeessiv'.', and is much more than the actual cash cost, as the various shares and securities constituting the capital have, as a rule, been issued considerabl) below their par value. The Canadian (lovern- ment returns for 1882 are not yet published, so that the earnings given above are nurle up from reports ..Je by the Companies. The ("lovf mient report is likely to fully confirm the above estimates, it will be seen that the gross earnings of the Canadian Railways show a larger ])ercentage on their cost than do those of other countries. The percentage of working expenses is being rapidly reduced, and in a year or two the Railways of Canada will show the largest percentage of net earnings on cost of any of the countries named above. It is very clear that in a Canadian Railway you get more for your money than in a Railway anywhere else. When the net earnings more than double in three years, with a prospect of the increase continuing, the ]jroperty should increase very much in value. And Canadian Railway property will increase more than that of any other country. The gross earnings pt'f mile of all the lines in Canada In 1879 were .^1^6 15 per mile. In 1880 they were 681 .. .nn increase of 1 1 % over 1879, In 188 1 they were 772 ., .. 13 % over 1880, In 1882 they were estimated 8S7 ,, ,, 15 % over i88i, the increase of 1882 over 1879 being no less than 42 percent. Between 1879 and 188 1 the working expenses were reduced from 81 per cent, to 71 per cent., and in 1882 it is expected that the average expenses will not be over 68 per cent. This would make an increase in net earnings of over 140 per cent, in four years. s CANADIAN SHIPPING COMPARED WITH THAT OF OTHER COUNTRIES. Niiinbei of tons 1 to each I oniiage. ' 1 0,00a inhabi. ants. Siiling Steamers. Total. Sailing ;; Ves>els. ■' t earners Total. Vessels. (.ji-t-at IJiitain 3.569,16s 2,921,845 6,491,013 999 811 1,810 France 602,594 311,779 914,373 166 S5 251 (ieiniany ... 967,67s 215,75s 1,183,430 215 47 202 ]\u>sia 39I-4S7 : 130,01 5 522.102 39 13 52 Austria 259.970 06,859 326,829 70 18 88 Italy S94,359 93,69s 988.057 3K-> ' 33 346 Spain 3^f',439 233,686 560, 125 130 93 223 Swe.lcnand Xorw av 1,740,773 329,57s 2,079,351 2,73s 515 3,253 railed Stales 2,850.476 1,211.559 4,008,0^5 549 233 782 CANADA 1,118,006 192,890 1,310,896 2,586 449 3,032 Few of the readers of thi.s pamphlet Avill txpect to sec Canada occupying such an important position as a ship-owning coimtry. xVpart from tlie Canadian Shipping registered in Canathi a large amotmt is reiistered in (ireat Britain, and were this (as it should be) added to the above figures Canada would stand first in the amount of its tonnage conipared to its poj ulation. The shijjping of Canada is owned by a very large number of per- sons, there being comparatively few large owners, and a great portiOn of the savings of the peojjle is invested in shipping. Live Stock owned in Great Britain, United States and Canada. C;rk.'\t Br da in, 1S81. Total Number. Hor.ses 2,902,549 Cattle 9,905,018 Sheep 27,896,273 Swine 1 3,i49,i73 Number to each 1,000 inhabitants. 80 274 772 87 UnITKI) S'lATES, 18S0. Total Numlier I Numbi.-r to I each r.ooo i inhabitants. ; 11,429.600 33'3''6,366 ' 45,576,900 i 36,247,600 228 666 911 724 Canada, 1871. Total Nuniber. S36, 743 2,624,290 ! 3.155,509 ^ 1.366 083 Number to each i.coo inhabitants. 240 752 907 392 ,«* Canada is at a great disadvantage in the above comparison owing to the latest available returns being those of 1871. 'Ihcrt has been an enormous increase since that time, and if this increase could be given Canada would make an even better showing than this. The importance of the question of the meat sup])ly of Great Britain is so well api)re(:iated that I need hardly refer to it. Canadian farmers are now devoting a great deal of attention to the raising of beef for the British markets, and the exports of beef from Canada must increase largely in the future. While almost all the grazing lands of the United Slates are now occupied, Canada has a vast extent of fine pasture lands still unoccupied upon which immense numbers of cattle can be fed. 'J he Ranches started two years ago in the district nearly a thousand miles west of Winnepeg have been so successful that many others are being organised, and Canada's great North-West will, in a lew years, be shipping cattle direct to Great Britain. Ownership of Land. According to the Census returns of 187 r (those of 1881 are not yet published) there were in Canada in that year— i 3^7)862 occupiers of land. I Of this number 326,160 owned the land they occupied, 39^583 ^vere tenants, and 2,119 ^^'ere employees of the owners; showing that 90 per cent, of the land is owned by its occui)ants. 40,281 lived on farms of 10 acres or less. 7^5^77 ,, „ 10 to 50 acres. MI, 300 „ ,, 50 to lOO 82,176 ,, ., too to 200 25,288 ,, „ over 200 The average number of acres to each farm was 98 acres. 1) TO Banks. The paid-up capital of the Chartered Banks of Canada on December 31st, 1882, was - - - ^12,207,931 Equal to £2 \-js. ad. j^cr Iiead of llic population. A return jusl made to Parliament stales that the total paid up capital of the Bank of Kngland, and of all the Chartered IJanks and Banking Companies of Great Britain and the registered Foreign and Colonial Banks is ;^79, 194,830, equal tO;^2 4.C. or/, per head of the population of Great Britain. The amount of deposits at same time was - - 21718171: The amount at credit of depositors in the Post Office Savings Banks was - - . . . 4,353,7^2 The amount at credit of depositors in the two prin- cipal Chartered Savings Banks was - - - - 1,866,011 Making a total amount deposited of - - ;^27,937,9i6 This iN exclusive of the de])osit.s in the different private Banks throughout the Dominion. This amount is eciual to ^6 ics. od, for each inhabitant of the Dominion. As an evidence of the rapid increase in the savings of the people a comparison can be made with the amounts deposited in the Post Office Savings B^nnks in different years : — In 1869 the total amount deposited was - - ^171.36" In 1878 „ „ - . 550,897 In 1882 „ „ . . 1,186,398 The average amount to credit of each depositor in the Post Office Savings Banks in 1878 was - - ^^21 10 o Ditto ditto in 1882 was - - 37 15 o This is a showing that any country might be proud of. No truer sign of the general prosperity of a country can be found than a steady increase in the deposits in its Savings Banks. It O •iH m •iH 4J C55 m A 1—1 03 Eh OS o O o > = •^ ^ f*-J r^ rf^ _ .'— i; '^ C "-.CO - -1- I--QO o ri LT, ■^ "^1 "^ O co M "•o ^ o -t ir- f r^^ J^ t^ c> L,"> U d — '■'". o ;o — -1- ri T C-N i(^ A I r 'fl M TtO rOX M *^* ~- C3 u Cm /. V t'* ^ U U It 'J '*^, — " v:, zc -y. 'o C" ■>: o '•''- r^ T) ■O 't ^'-.X IOC •■ * *^ •> » ». 'O - o X r 1> ^ ■• rt ■- - J ■■ A a - ■ ^ rt /■ — I- *> ;:; :i, " •^ U "^ •■ .-! - — .= S.^ k~z Z ""'H^'At- c Tri 1^ ri ir, M >-, C^ — CO 1^ "-. -r (N ir, '^, Tti-H - r^. - X - - -tx o "^l I ^ "-, ir, ir, - O C O ^r -f '^1 'rx' C"' ri — ' -^ X X -rx ("I "-< P) iH "- X I/-) "-, ri c^. 1^ ~ t>. 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O 'v.'rooooooooo v88f 8 J^^P^S^^. cr> o^ -t o o o c>y: o i- m" o' d 6 -f 'o q" x' «' o' o -to -re/:- 1^ o -< — 'o ~^" O O O O O O C O C t^ •-; if.vi C\~z o c/v n c^ >o 'f >c' pr d d ■-^7 O >r; r<-)JO C>, O C O O -< ^ ~. ~ ~ "■- -1- "■- 1/-, -1- I ^ ri cr\ -f "-•' 'O — '\C "^ >r, X -f C~' f^l ^C 'r, r/-, 1/-, ~^OOOOOOOCOO i^" X X »+ >'"- O X in - — ,-( 2 5 o o o o c o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o "^ O •r^ "-. C> Pt 1^ C^ ro d~0 o I-, '"--y: - o - c o 00 f 1^ Tt- ctn cn o - '■'-.o o S t^ rT C\ -f lA »+ >-' v£)' d^ CD e<3 -f c^ ri r^ LT) '■'■, vj O O O o o o o o o o o o O Q O o o o o o o o o o o o -tvD — d^ -t o o^ -t in — O O lO o" rCvD^ -f '^ rn '■'^, ■5 ;:;> X - 2 - ". "3 J r ■J V r± :=' x u- > /— J^ ■ w c -— ^ r-« ^ p 77 rt <-C OJ 73 «* tp 4«> t/D ;= ■4— > 4— i O ^ r-" '^ d N-- '-' rt o u X r-^ .-*» :j r r- ■ " ■ P O — •4— « 1) !3 " T 1^ r- 'TJ tc r- C ^ '-^ 4--» 'J ■r. '■J r-- 2 u iZ ^ u ir ^^ — ■'" f-' — G r- 1; • \ X 7. C rt ii •— r^ /*^ "^ (—• ;- • ™ o c P ^ cr j: \n ri .. O o u- ^ t-' r^ ..« X cy • ^" 11^ r. C i-* r" X 1J _o '_) JJ r— ' -1— « tp r — ^^ ^ ^ ;J u o 'x -5 rt OJ > rt ■^ <—• 5 x> 4»t 3 rt rt ^ •^ -J ■^ t^ K :y; O r- C * t , ■4-^ •"^ 'S rt O o 71 y: 4-1 rt 4-* 'U* -i— > "rt O 4-1 r; ■1— * ^^3 p r- A o ^ r^ "o^ C ;— i 0-1 c U r- r- nJ r^ •^ 'J r-> 73 ■LI !•* ■4-1 ■«-> 4_) v*_ rt in OJ c O e '-% O > ^ rt rt XI ■J c o ^ IJ c X) r- O 4~« o r/; o 'L» n ■4— • o ■*— * 00 'D rv fO ■ J ^3 s^ rt aj C ^ t^ ^ u •^ ,^ XI O X. x» ^H IJ r^ r- u. •!--• tD f— • XJ r" "J C ^•J O XI n 4— > o ' o <^ o r^ m ^ 14 Foreign Trade. 1 Kxports and Imp'>rt-.. K.\li(irts. ;\>i'l Imports. Imporis per licail of 1K,| i.laiion. £ £ £ £ .r 10 Austria.. 50,033,000 <)2.()58,o<;o I i8,6()r,ooo 2 () Italv 52,2X0.000 .:) 7,048,000 ()9,9^8,coo 1 ,1 10 Spam ... 19.856,000 23.652,000 43,508,000 1 1=; Swi'cU-n and N'orwa y ... 24, ()();„ f)('o 18. 1 84.0c 43.147,000 6 IS I'liilcd Staler ... ... 150. 5()8.(X)u i53.53.ooo 5 >7 I) CWADA 23,<)00.000 20, 450. coo .|4,35o.cxio 10 5 _. Foreign Trade of the United States. 1879. i88i. 188... I't;icfnta;;e of increase. I''.\])(irt-, Imports Total /: £ £ £ 142,087,800 i77,()3().()Oo i6().7oa.8oo ■ i53.5'»5.3co 89.155.500 139,361.400 134.041,900 i 150. 5 ().S, 200 ro 231.343,300 317,298,000 300,751,700 ' 304, 163,500 31/ Foreign Trade of Canada. 1879. £ 14.298,200 I J, 392, 800 30,691,000 18S0. 1881. 1S82. IVrcentaye of increase. Ivxpoits linpi)rts .. Total ... 1 £ 17,382,300 17,297,900 34,680,200 £ 19,658.100 21,006. 100 40,724,200 1 £ 20,450,000 23,()oo,90o 44,350,900 43 % 46 % 44% Should the same rate of increase in the exports of the United States and Canada continue, the exports of Canada would in 1914 equal those of the United States. ] 1 Tlie Exports of Canada and the United States can be classified as unc'er. I .Mil;;i) SlAlLS. Canada. ut 'I'otal Expurls. Percentage 1 'ruuil Exports. ISrcadstulTs, ^Vc. 28 > Iht'.ulstiiffs, (.\:c. - - 35 Cotton 27 : ' I'roilucts ■ f llic l'"oi-cst - 24 Animals uiid tlieif luoi'i.'f Oils - - - - iS 10 Animals ;ind their prudiicts 21 I' i>li - - - . . ^ .Miinuractures 10 Ahmufacturcs - . . 4 Smithies - 7 .Suudrif:^ - - - - 12 lOO 100 _ M I'hc value per capita of tlic Ivvpoils of lUcadstulis and Animal Products from ihe United Slates is ... ^,'1 y 6 While from Canada it is 2 13 I'hese figures are of great imjnjriance when considering the source of Great Britain's future food supplies. ■I The FoRKicx Tradi: of a country is not an infalllhle index of its prosperity, but it does enable u^ to judge of ils growUi and material advancement. Canada has e\cr) reason to l/e proud of her jjosition as a couunercial ceinurv. W ilh a foreign trade nearly double (per capita) that of die L nited Slates, and which is increasing at a nnich greater rate than that of the latter country, Canadians can look at the luture without any misgivings. Tlie development of the resources of Canada's \ast \orih-West will lead to such an increase in this trade that it seem.s jjrobable that the exports of Canada will Ik' doubled before 1890. The im[)orts seem to have reached the maximum, and the total for the present year will probably l)e a little smaller in amount than those of the past yviw. On the other hand there is likely to be a marked increase in the exports this year. 'I'he re-organisati(jn of the Canadian tariff" which came into effect in 1879 has had a very n)arked effect on the trade of Canada. It heralded a steady and substantial improvement in the general business of the countrv. It did not create an immediate revolu- 4 1 6 tion in trade, In.l old in,lustne.s have hccv. revived and strc.imhened, neu- .ndustnes have been created, and day by day Canada is be- romuv^ more independent of other countries. Instead of sending money out of tl^. comUry to enrich forei.^n ipanuficturers the money i-s kept m Canada to pay Canadian worl t/3^'^ <^^. O /, < >^.< 0(0 V3 OS :.' ' rt :/3 rt — ^ Jl >, ?! S^ 3 U PI O -" M- O "" "^ >-< M o o — — o 0\vO >C O 00 O ir, 1/-1 r\ ,r, "-, f i »t i — OOOOOO------- - 'o^' ■ 2 o 0.880 ^o sis 8 8 8 ^ 88888 8 a 8 8 8 -i;; 8 8 8 Po ?.. 8 8 8 .^'.A- 1 88°I^.°^.888 88 8 888 8888''8 88 8P.§ 1/1 M >. -»,.._., PI fv I/-, U-, 10 ir, — LO 1/-, 1/-, ir, ly-i 1/-, m 'I i ', "^ — _; 6) — i/-, lO 888 rO CO . >> »j" *j "^ "* '•J '"^^ ^ "H •" ■c ■' ' ^y. -AZZ >^.^.^ - O « O O ^C ^ 1/-, ir, ■•+ -t^O lOO vO >-0 in i/TO vC vC O 'C O O O ^ ^ in \r, in -t-^C vC O '■n OOQQgQOOQOQOQQOOQOCOOQQOOO QOOOOOOOOOO'NOOQOOi-riinOOgOOOO O O OX — DC c) — Cs O r^ i^ 't O G O i^ i^ '+ O O — Cn ^n ir. 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" rt O s- S C " i" rt rt •c ^ :5 '-^ 7^ r* *^ ''^ r. 5 -J- r. c 5 - rt r. r. ^ i~ rt c o iS No candid reader can study this pamphlet carefully without coming to the conclusion that few countries can ofter as good a field for legitimate investments as Canada. Were their country of limited size, the Canadians would need no exlmncous aid, for they are well to do ; but thuy have an enoruKtus Dominiiin to people, and want assistance to do it well and quickly. Nature has given to the Cana- dians the task of feeding millions of luiropeans whose native countries cannot raise sufficient food for the purpose. Canada does not shrink from it. Canadians are not timid people. They, how- ever, look to the Motlier Country to assist them in their great work by lending them some of her immense accumulations of compara- tively idle capital, and by sending to Canada her surplus population. They will return them both with interest— the former in kind, the latter by making them happy and <()nteiited Dritish subjects in Canada, instead of unhai)py. disloyal paujiers at home. No country offers better security to investors than Canada. With such resources at her command as the foregoing statements show, .she can ])ay her way without dilticnlty, and in tlie future, as in the past, ])e in a position to i)ay e\erv debt when it becomes due, and lastly, Canada never repudiates.