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Tous las autras sxampiairas originaux sont filmte an commanpant par la pramlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'Impraasion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darni^ra paga qui comporta una taila amprainta. Un daa symbolaa suivants apparaitra sur la darniAra imaga da chaqua microficha. salon la cas: la syn.bola -h». signifia "A SUIVRE ". la symbolo V signifia "FIN". Laa cartas, planchas. tableaux, etc.. pauvant itrm filmte A daa taux da reduction diffirents. Lorsqua la document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichA. il est filmA A partir da I'angia sup«riaur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en baa. en prenant la nombra d'images n^cessaira. Las diagrammas suivants iilustrent la m^thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO THE J. D. BARNETT TEXT-BOOK COLLECTION e University of Western Ontario LIBRARY LONDON . CANADA Class LTV0Q\ ^%^ •M'b'b "«b%- ievKix't sf flies or sdimoL BooiciL^ I , liii B PiU i . i iHH i n^ i I " i % fgmmiimm»mll'itmimt ElfXiLISH s'"y:i. mmMU MADE EASY, ^i: AND ADAPTED TO THE CAPACITY OF CHILDRllN; IN WHICH i' SNQLISR ACCIDIWC* AND aTYMOLOSIO AI. FABai^d AQB BBXDIIBIUI aDifri. V ,. , »-.:%- ■ . ' ,, ^^ -, ■- ' "- . , •• ■ - *'.'^^.j'-;-"vtv, .> . ■■ •» ' . ■ ■' .* 1 lEotttteal: PRINTED Aim PUBLISHED BY jbHt LOVBLL|i ANfi SOLD BYjE. & A.^iCtliBB» , .r "*<.-^ • ••^^- Sutdred, e«cord!ng to the |tot jotf tiie >iwrtftcial Parliament, in the year one thousaincK eight Hundred and iixty, by John Loyell, in the 0|[ice W J^e Registrar of the Province of Canada. | Vr Ghildrc univen^J »ble,-.thj feel and a At the these obs Grammar treated. «tt finglii capacity their very use of Chi children o youths of 1 It is vei Igrammatic I of speech, i I when once tiioroughly It is, thei EngUshGn in the hand desideratun be adequate The simp constructed summary. Two exec I Mrs. Marcel I Mary' 8 Gra j Grammar • [schools 01 ^ iwipipfMpipmppnqqiii PBEFACE. I Parliament, id sixty, by the Province i % \ ■ ^ ""\. I feel .«d «k,.„»,ledge the j.«4„ „, tho,e comp WnL ^^ youths of twelve or fouSen .f ^ "^"^ ^'^'^'^"^ »V It is very important that cuildrfiti «hn.,M ^ »mmatical8fcudi«««o,w J?^" «»hoald commence their f grammatical studies earlv ViiiWi^««.„ ^ ^^ . """* When once acauired. Rm ir^^J *» • ""o"*P"y an? The work is divided into Tliree Furts. PART FIRST Commences with familiar explanations of the few grammatical terms which are absolutely necessary to be known in describing tun Farts of Speech. It then gives ample descriptions of the Parts of Speech in their timp'^.t forms. Thus, the Noun is described as the name of every kind of visible object, with many illustration* : but no mention is made of abstract, or verbal, or collective Noims ; nor is any refo<%nce made to Gender, Number, or Case, nor even to the dbtinction of Froper and Common. All these modifloations are reserved for the Second Fart. An exercise is then added, which can be perijormed easily by any child of seven years, after two readings of the description? and illustrations, without any committing to memory. ^ The Adjective is described, with numerous illustrations ; but no reference is made to Degrees of Comparison. The Fronoun is described and illustrated ; but no reference is made to Gender, Number, Ferson, or Case. The Verb is explained In the simplest manner ; but no refer- ence is made to Number, Ferson, Moods, or Tenses. The Adverbs are copiously illustrated ; but no mention is made of Degrees of Comparison, or of Classification into Quality, Hanner, Time, or Place. And so on of the others ; each Fart of Speech being followed \fy appropriate Exercises. PART SECOND Describes and illustrates those Inflections and Modifications which are omitted in Part First. Part Second constitutes aoom- l^te "Accidence" of the English language. Each Model-Conjugation of the Verbs is so arranged, that all its Moods and Tenses can be seen at one view, in a distinct and orderly manner. PART THIRD Contains f-1. Several familiar illustrations of the Parts of Speech. 2. Copious illustrations of Etymological Parsing, by which that operation is rendered simple and easy ; with ntt« «w>A«niia avavnigfua^ 3. AnATytic-ftl illiistratjona and observations ior the special use of Teachers. GE. /^ Whe tongue Words called 1 Whei useofla When or marks When 1( form Wo letter, an ther in i "man." N^ow I anguage ooks; 8( sing Ian Tsf ^mim \ gratnmatioal In describing «eoli in their the name of on«: but no Nouns; nor nor even to Qodiflcations then added, 1 years, after without any rations; bat > reference is but no refers • » mention is intoQoalityt Bing followed Sfodifioations iitutes aoom- igedfthat all distinct and the Ftfts of Parsing, by jy; with nu- obaervations GEAMAE MADE EASY PAET PIRST. Lesson I. Speaking, Talking, or Language. te.. "ate sounds ti.ese sounds are called Letters and Words. When we read in a book, we make use of siinit or marks These signs or marks are called z/«f ' Whenletters are properly placed together, they W In fK •" " " '"***"■= *''«» ^« P"' them tog^ « ™L » * manner-mare, they form the word Now you see and understand that siVns of &^l"?r^ "^r^"^ "^ P""^^^' ^°^ ^^^ into ^ooks 80 that we have two methods or ways of ismg language : ^ • Mrst^ — Spoken language. iSfeconc/,— Printed language. , . ; . I^amnqmn "«w»pi ^ GRAMMAR MADE EAST. When we speak language, we make use of sounds only ; but when we print language, we make use of various marks or signs, which we Qall Letters, When two or more of these letters are placed together properly, they form or represent a word ; for instance, if we place these three letters b o y together, they form the word hoy. .1 ■p What is a Sentence ? When two or more words are placed together properly, so as to mean something, they form a phrase, or a sentence, or a speech ; for example, if we take the following words — you, well, have, book, this, new, learn, lesson, your, will, and, we may place them properly together so as to form a short speech, which we call a sentence, thus — "Learn your lesson well, and you will have this new book." There — that is a Sentence. What is Grammar ? When we are learning to put letters together to make words, or to put words together to make sentences, in a proper manner, we are learning Grammar. And when we are learning how to speak, and to read, and to write, in a proper manner, we an learning Grammar. Gra Orthc The metJiOi TJiis p Orti For gether dog I a Ian This correct graj^hi The Etymo] teaches The Classifii mrts oj Som Som( Spmi The. <:lassi fy words. ■M I ' Willi . 1 ! » m mmmmmmmm ^ e of sounds I make use 1 Letters. are placed nt a word ; 8 letters b d together ley form a example, if )ok, sson, )r so as to % sentence, will have rs together er to make re learning >eak, and t er, we ar 4 PART FiRST, Lesson II. Grammar is divided into four parts; namely Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody, ORTHOGRAPHY, ^" -■.% The First Part of Grammar teaches thepropb' method of putting letters together to form vords. This part of Grammar is called Orthography, or the Art of Spelling Words, For example, if we put the letters man to- gether, they spell man ; if we put th« letters dog together, they spell dog. In the same way, i a d spells lad, and w a c? spells mad ; i a n d spells land, 2in^ s a n d spells sand. This is ORTHOGRAPHY. Orthography is correct spelling, and correct spelling is Ortho- gvaphy. ETYMOLOGY. The Second Part of Grammar (which is called 3iTYM0LOGr) is divided into three branches, and teaches three things. m^^-^n ^^^^^ branch ; Etymology teaches the Uassifacation of Words, or the different kinds or €ort8 of words : for example, Some words mean thinc/s ; as book, tree, water. Some words mean qualities ; as good, bad, idle. Some words mean actions; as run, walk, jump. ^ The First Branch of Etymology teaches us to classify and arrange all these different sorta of words. V GRAMMAR MAKIB SA8Y. ' Parts of Breech. When we speak, or make a speech, we use words, and each word we speak is a part of the speech; and all the different kinds of words are called Parts or Speech. The First Branch of Etymology teaches u. to name and understand the different Parts of Speech. The Second Branch of Etymology teach -s t?te changes which take place in words : for instance, we use the word run, and we say, I run ; but when we use the word he, we say, he runs ; we say of a Doy who often runs, that he is a mmier ; and when we see him run, we say he is runwm^. ^ Thusy you see that the word run is changed into runs, rxxnner, running. So also read is changed to read*, reader, readiw^. The Third Branch of Etymology explains how one word comes from or grows out of another ; for example. From strong, comes strength; From young, , comes youth ; From high, comes height; From frost, comes freeze. Lesson III. The Second Part of Grammar teaches three thmgs; namely, a ^ Afferent kinds of words, or Parts of Speech, o 4?* changes which are made in words, 3. How one wo»d grows out of anoth«)r. iiiese are the three hraiickes of the second part of Grammar, which is called ETYMOLOGY. Th< prope speak thus J thing phras< Thii The to spej them t] This The 1. 2. [Ast: |Introdu< [use, it M [mology pamely, rords, a 01 Ortho^ Importan separa ** Classic* >repared f Gramm cA, we use part of tho f words are iches iko to t8 of Speech, teach 's the or iribtance, • ; but when we say of a nner ; and ming, is changed is changed plains how rf another ; th; ches three peecb. jcona part 3GY. PART FIRST. SfNTAX. The Third Part of Grammar explains to u« th^ Cr/"^ ^/ P,-"^-'^.^ words to,VtZ;C we speak to each other, or write. When M 7Z tjns properly put together, so as o mlan tC thing which can bo well understood, they mak^t pJ'rase, or a speech, or a sentence. ^ ^ "" This part of Grammar is called SYNTAX. PROSODY. ^1 to'^steak^'T'' ^^""^ oJGrammav teaches ns how tLTfhl' """' ""^'^^ ^"^ sentences, and give them their^roper sounds or promnciation. ^ ihis part of Grammar is called PROSODY. The Four Parts of Grammar are called 1. Orthography. I 3. Syntax. remarks to the teacher. [As this little book is intended only as an Fa«v Introduction to any of the Grammal n ^ene^^^ ColoJl^l ^^''^^' ^^^^^*^^ '^ ^^«t part of Ety mology which treats of the Classification of WorX loZhSi'Irt ^''^'^f ^' - differenfsons tf words, and the changes they undergo. ORTHOGRAPHY AND DERIVATION Sm?^^T^P^^ ^^'^^^^^ ^^ essential and venr fmportan part of grammar) is usually tauthlll WiiiWIIIB 10 GRAMMAR MADE EASY, :l The " Classical English Spelling-Book *' contains a list of all the English monosylla- bles, arranged in classes, from the shortest to the longest monosyllables in the language ; thus, b.3ginning with words of two letters, and. increas- ing gradually, according to the following order : First step — Me, be, he — so, no, go, &c. Second step, — Man, pan— men, pen, ^' the use of Teachers and Parents. I Lion 1 ^ It likewise comprises Latin Mottoes and Quotal*^®^ ^^® tions, English Proverbs and Maxims, Lists of Abl Shark, breviations, and all the concomitants of a first-ratlare Nou Etymological Speiling-Book.] |reptiles. Wasps, ire the m h The- and arr the Nil: 1. N 2. A. 3. A] 1 A No thing. Man, Nouns : Montr Chair, Nouns ; ANoi ing-Book " monosylla- rtest to the lage ; thus, iiid.increas- ng Older : c. , (fee. iiid, &c. Irencb, &c. hty (fee. igths. nd difficult 'achm, nor to the PART FIRST. IJ Lesson IV. CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. PARTS OP SPiflECH. The words of the English language are divided ine JN ne I arts of Speech ; namely, 2'A2".;i. t-?/T"°- '?• Preposition. a idtT f • Jr^- «• Conjunction. 8. Article, 6. Adverb, 9. Interjection. 1.— NOUNS OR NAMES, thitg!^""" '' "'^ "^"^ "^ ''"y P«^«°n' place, or oil owed by )cal Words 5ook " also Roots and reek), wit Man, woman, child, John, Mary, Fred are Nouns : they are the names of persons. ' Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, are Nouns: thev are the names of places. ^ Chair, hat, house, stone, hammer, nail are Nouns : they are the names of things. ' ^reeK^ mi/| ^ ^<>"n is the name of any beast, bird, fisb models foA ^®P"'^» ^"sect, or other animal. lthe^J?;/ir^ ''^^^' '^^^'' P^^^^"' owl, are Nouns : and Quotar^®^ ^^^ *^® °^^^s of beasts and birds. :.ists of Abl Shark, salmon, herring cropodila rafn i rafirQt-rfltJare iVniina . 4i. """'"'"Si crocodile, rattlesnake, tatirstratjare^Nouns. they are the names of fishes and ireTh™""™."-'' musquitoes, are Nouns: thev »re cue name of insects. ^ 12 GRAMMAR MADE EASY. ^' ] All names of persons are Nouns. All names of places are Nouns. All names of things are Nouns. All names of beasts, birds, fishes, reptiles, and in- sects, are Nouns. All the names of all other animals are Nouns. A Noun's the name of any thing, As school or garden, hoop or swing. Exercises on the Nouns. The pupils must point-out the Nouns in the following sentences : John saw a fish and a crab in the water. Give me the pen and ink, and a sheet of paper. The roof of that house has two chimnies on it. There is a man carrying a ladder up the street, iry^ mois Lock the door of that room, and give me the *^f^ ^J' ^ key. The ship is on the sea, and the boat is on the river. An Ad Noun tel tells us tl Thew( sorts of s Tl Tl T T] Ti All Ih. f — — ill called Every < ort, or ki mS either / The dog has caught a rat, and the cat has i^g^j.^^^ caught a mouse. ,r i^^ ^j.' My father has gone to town to-day, to buy a coat ^^ round i and hat. The wo Lions and elephants are found in Africa and ^/^^ ^^n ^ in Asia. ar^e, sma lOuse; th [Note. — Many other words are Nouns, such as the names of employments, actions, states, feelings, &c. ; but it would be premature to introduce such at this early stage ; neither would it be judicious, at present, to trouble the child with the accidents of gender and case, or the formation of plurals.] ell us the All thej ailed Ad. All the r quality, DJECTIVI ns. 3. s. les, and ia- e Nouns. inff, e following ter. b of paper, lies on it. the street, ive me the is on the le cat has buy a coat A-frica and such as the elings, &c. ; luch at this , at present, gender and PART FIRST. 18 Les a V. 2. — ADJECTIVES. An Adjective is very difForent from a Noun. A Noun tells us the name of any thing : an Adjective tells us the kind, sort, or quality of any thing. The word sugar is a Noun. There are sevejal sorts of sugar. There is white sugar and hrown sugar. There is hard sugar and soft sugar. There is dry sugar and moist sugar. There is fine sugar and coarse sugar. There is good sugar and bad sugar. All these little words, white, hrown^ hard, soft, Iry, moist, fine, coarse, good, had, tell us about the ;ort, or kind, or quality, of the sugar, and they are .11 called Adjectives. Every object or thing in the world is of some ;ort, or kind, or quality : for example, every boy s either tall, or short, or clever, or stupid, or in- iustrious, or idle ; a house is either large or small, low or high ; a table is either wide or narrow, )r round or square. The words tall, shirt, clever, stupid, industrious, die, tell us the kind or sort of boy ; the words arge, small, low, high, tell us the kind or sort of ouse; the words wide, narrow, round, square, b11 us the kind or sort of table. All these words telling us the kind or sort, are ailed Adjectives. All the woms which tell us of the kind, or sort, quality, of anything in the world, are called iDJECTIVES. u GRAMMAR MADE EASY. The words which tell us of the number of any- thing are likewise allied Adjectives; as one apple, two oranges, three books. The words which tell us of the order in which I An J. things are placed are also called Adjectives ; as,f ^fore j Jirst, secondy third, fourthj and 80 on, ' | Ther< Adjectives are words which tell us of the kind, or sort, or quality of any person, or animal, or thing; or the number and the order of persons, animals, or things. Adjectives tell the kind of Noun ; As p-eat^ smally pretty ^ white^ or brown. EXERCISES ON THE ADJECTIVES. The pupil must point-out the Adjectives in the fol- lowing sentences : Little John saw a red rose in my good uncle's large garden. Thei icause An is Article, Bular N Wher )ome pa )efore ; nean an When word Your round inkstand is standing on my squarer®*^® ^*^' table. L rxT I [Note. 1 saw a pretty bird sitting on a high tree in theit was aft green lane. Ihe same My kind father bought me this beautiful book, because I am a diligent boy. A hot day, — the bright sun, — a white cloud. The day is hot, the sun is bright, and the clouds are white. I have two brothers and three sisters. James is the first, I am the second, Mary is the third, and Eliza is the fourth. rith the ] Point-o wing se] Give n esterday pie. 1 walk or An ape An hon T FIRST. 1ft mber of any- ^Es : as one Lesson VI. 3.~AIITICLES. ler in which I A" Article is a kind of Adjective which is placed scTivBS ; asjfefore a Noun to show its particular meaning. ■ There are only two Articles in English,— THE and AN. (AN is frequently changed to A.) The is called the Definite (or particular) Article icause it points-out some particular Noun. ' An is called the Indefinite (or nU particular) Article, because it does not point-out any parti- •".ular Nouu. When we say, Give me the apple, we mean fome particular apple that we have mentioned )efore ; but when we say, Give me an apple, we nean any apple, and not a particular one. When we use the Indefinite Article (an) before word begmning with a consonant, or full A, we eave out the n ; thus we say, a man, a house. of the kind, r animal, or r of persons, hrown, IVES. 3S in the fol- ;ood uncle's my square . . XI. ft. [Note —^71 is the original Article from the Saxon. L tree m theftt was afterwards shortened or contracted into a It is ■he same as the Adjective one, and corresponds exactly ■vith the French Article un.] ^ itiful book,! EXERCISES ON THE ARTICLE. ite cloud. I T,^. . X XI- ^.«. fl.n .l^„.l-l. . *"°"* *^® different kinds of Articles in the fol- ine ClOUUajQwmg sentences, and say why a or an is used : Give me a sheet of paper, and the pencil I had I* . , -f^^®^^^.^- I ^lave an orange, and John has an Mary is the»>ple. Let us cross the rivor in a i^^af onri ♦«!,« walk on the island. An An honest man ; an honorable ape, an eagle, an ice-berg, an otter. man ; an hospital. 16 GRAMMAR MADB EAST. ig sente Will] rere the rive EEi iudding [ave jQ lor your Inst Job] Lesson VIL 4. — PRONOUNS. Pronouns are words which are used instead of Nouns to prevent us from saying the some words over again. For example, 7%e man is clever, the man is use- ful ; the man is good, the man is happy Here the same words are repeated several times : but we may say. The man is clever, he is useful ; he is good, he is happy. , Here the word he is used instead of the N'oun man ; and therefore the word he is a Pronoun. The word pro-noun means /or a Noun, Let us take another example : " A woman went to a many and the woman told the man that the man was in danger of being murdered by robbers^ as the robbers were getting ready to attack the man. The man thanked the woman for the wo- man^s kindness ; and as the man was not able to de- '"^j "© 6( When Won aom Themg The ma im;.Jaa Here yc fend the man^s self, the man left the man^s house and went to a neighbour's." This would be a very tiresome way of talking ; ^^^h ^<^ but by using Pronouns we can do it much better. We can say, " A woman went to a man, and she told him that he was in danger of being murderecC ^. by robbers, as they were getting ready to attacm'*^ '^^ him. He thanked her for her kindness; and as 7i« When a was not able to defend himself ^ he left his hommed upon and went to a neighbour's " Jrds tau^ TViA wnrrls sh.p. htm- hp.. th.fi7/. h.f.r. hia. himsel ' 7 7 7 J7 7 7 *_ are all Pronouns, because they stand for Nouns, ^mj^i^Qj^ ^ instead of Nouns, They stand instead of thA-^^^ . ^ Nouns man^ woman, and robbers. PART FIRST, 17 EXflRCiSES o::^ the pbonouns. T^e pupil must point-out the Pronouns in the follow- ig sentences : Will you give me some apples ? I do not know ^eretheyare. Here tW are. Take them away. nve them tu the cookTand tell hpr to make a mddmg with them/ and serve h up for dinner. lave you my pens or his ? I have neither his lor yours; but you have mine. Instead of Nouns the Pronouns stand, John's head, his face, my arm, your hand. 1 instead of some words man is use- T Here the but we may ^ e is good, ^6 f the UTounl Pronoun. un, woman went an that the i by robbers^ attack the for the wo- \ . >table to de- '"3, he beats him, man's house When a word means to do something^ and toad 7on something, it is called a Verb ; the words of talking; «c^^ teaches, beat, beats, are Verbs. John is taught; he is beaten, ig muiu«i«iM^^® y?^ «®f Jo^n is «c/efl? t//?on; something t> dy to attacW'*^ ^ ^^"^ ^* "® «w^^r* something, ss ; and as /JWhen a word means to suffer something, or to be ft At* hou8«frf tt;?on, or u see one Adverb explains another Adverb. Adverbs explain or qualify Terbs Adverbs explain or qualify Acliective» Adverbs explai n or q^ali fj olh^r Adverbs. : lEXEROISES ON THE ADVERB. Intl'"'^"*'""" point-out the Adverbs in the lowing sentences : "" iu cne low fiercely the lion roars I ^ ltZZt%'^'^^' n^y ^'^**^^^ i« rather r-well le studies diligently. I can draw tolcra. well ?l 20 GRAMMAR MADE EAST. Lesson X. 1 — PREPOSITIONS. A Preposition is a kind of word which we m to connect words with one another, and to sho) the relation between them. If we say, John's hat is on his head, the wor on points out to us, or shows us, the place or situa Hon of the hat, in connection with the head; 8ho\V8 us the relation of the hat to the head; shows us how the hat and the head arc placej together or joined. In like manner, if we say, John's head is undi his hat, the word under points out to us, or sho us, the situation of the head in connection with i hat ; it shows us the relation of the head to the ha it shows us how the head and hat are placed tog| ther or joined. When we say, his hat is on his head, we und stand that his hat is over or upon or above his he Whe^ we say, his head is under his hat, understand that his head is below his hat. Th( words show the relation between the hat and t| head ; they show how the hat and the head related to each other. John's hat is on his head. John's head is under his hat. Words which show the relation or situation persons or things (either Nouns or Pronouns) called Pkepositions. Agai EX The pu] wing stt My fat You m My uui I went This is Hepas! He was I ani li^ The do Ick befo] PART FIRST. tl ► NS. 1 which we Ui \ and to sho) lead, the wor< J place or situ ihe head; ) the head ; sad are place] ; head is undi to us, or sho' ection with tl lead tothehal re placed tog| ead, we und( above his he£ I. If wo say, John holds his* hat tn his hand, the TOTd iw shows the relation between the hat and he hand. ^ Again :— Ho took his hat up stairs. He put it under the bed. He placed it behind the table. He threw it over the wall. He let it drop into the river. He took it out of the water. He huDg it be/ore the fire. These words up, under, behind, over, into, he^ \\\\T f ^i'^T" ^^' '''"^^^^'^ ^^tbe hat; hey ^konto. They are all Prepositions. EXERCISES ON THE PREPOSITIONS. ^ni::L^::^r''''^''' *^« Prepositions in the fol- My father and sister are within the house. You may go with me, but I can go without you. My uncle has gone into the country. I went from Montreal to Quebec by water, inis IS the house of my friend. He passed through the avenue between the trees. He was standing beneath the tree near the gat«. I am living at Ottawa, down near the river. 4 be?o?e S '"'^ ''''' ^' ^^'^'^ ^«t ^^-^^ f qRAMMAR MADE EAST. I Lesson XL I Twr and three are five I John is healthy because ho « temperate I and se„tenceVaXrorjrcr''^' ^4 f The word C^Junctionrnea,^ a Joining togeiherl Ora 8. — INTERJECTIONS. Examination on the Pnrf^ nf ^^ r -r^ 1 John is to school; bravo! , , * 8 e 8 I y< OU DOV r iiA loQi'nc «t^ii -._ i I ^ — *%,tBiUo TTCii, iiiici rOQS "i( Reeay Thieh I |imilar i A lai |he riv< That phe edg NOTE.- •art agaii Jturepr< taEi'-i WitHWW*»«!r5^ Y. PART FIRST. u 3NS. TO THK TEACHER. JoNciGE Illustration of the PAEfy of Sfej^oe. tencestogefcherl ., m - i ly W A beautiful girl walks gmccfuUy and, modestly I in the valhij below J* iperate. | • In this sentence, wu'ch ia a partial degcription of a ingle object Lnd Us pheaomeBa, »ywiihoutrae.I .1 is v!>e non-particularizing indicator rindefi- auHe, if thanW^^ Article]. *• 3gether wordsl Girl is the object [Noun]. L, ^,, areiAfiSf " '" '' '" ^^^"'^*""'- ^"^^^^^^ ■ Walks is her motion [Verb]. '■^^ngtogetherM Gracefully, r»odestl,j, are modification, of her ■lotion [AdveirbsJ. ^®' B/.^'^f ^.^ a connective, and joins the 'Adverbs i often makej^''^"'^^'^® Conjunction]. ain, or greatB ^» ?^ ^«^% ^t?^o?^ is her accident of place, t surprised, orBl'®P?«^^jp»'*l P^i rase, containing e^i and &c/ow ftwo ■imple Prepositions]. ^ ivo! hurra ll^^^j^J^ *^® particularizing indicator [Definite \h^i!rF.''^"^f *°? Exercises ou the Parts of Speech, t* ■-HoTV mai.ji|4^^n„ !''^''^.'' ""^^ *^^ "^^^7 others (orally) of eir names.iB'"''^^'^ eonstructioa : '^ ^'^^ "*' ■ A large stone rolls heavily and slowly towards 8 ^ue eage ot the precipice, i, cind ransBB "^ ^ -— ——-__..--..______ toS'ii'^befo^r«S!i ?"?* so through the whole of the First r- ')| PAET SECOND. [In which the Parts of Speech are more fully explained.; Lesson I. ORTHOGRAPHY.— Ze«m and Syllables. There are ttoenty six letters used in the Englisli language, and they are called the Engli&h AlI PHABET. Spoken words are sounds which we make an( utter with our throat, tongue, and mouthy b] means of our breath ; and we use letters to stand fori or represent, those sounds. The twenty-six letter/ oi the alphabet are of two kinds,. — Vowels and Consonants, A Vowel is a sound which can be perfectly uttered by itself ; as, a, e, *, o, u» A Consonant is a sound which cannot be perl feotly uttered without the help of a vowel \ b, d, /, I, m, p, g. The are seven Vowels, namely : a. e, e, o, «, Wf y. W Is pronounced like oo ; Y pronauneed like ^ There are nineteen Consonants, namely : h, c, d,f, g, h,j, k, Z, m,n,p,qy r, «, t, v, x, zj. Note.— IT and Fare said to be consonants when they heg vords or syllables, but vowels in every other situation. Upoj a careful analysis of their powers and functions, wo have iil hesitation in declaritig, that W and Y are invaeiablt voiveU in BVSBT »itiMti(m.—Pt)r proote and illustrations, see p. »6. J PABT SECOND. 25 mk The English Alphabet. ^M The following is a list of the Roman and the Italic H • Characters. ^^^^H ROMAN. ITALIC. NAME. H lly explained! Cap. Small. Cap. Small. ■ A a A a 1 B b B h hee ^1 SvUaUes^ 1 C c C c see ^1 «7 wM D d D d dee ^^1 1 the Englisll English AlI E e E e ^1 F f F f ¥ ^^1 re make ana a g 9 ^1 d mouth, bw ii h H h aitch ^^1 rs to stand fori I • 1 I • i or eye ^^ Qty-six letterl J • J • K k K k Icay ^U ^B L 1 L I ^H be perfectly M m M m em ^H N n N n ^B innot be perl ^H a Yowel ; afl P P P P pee ^^H Q q Q 2 cue -^^ R r R T ^^H S s S S ^H iced like «i I T t T t ■^^^ imely : I U u U U u or you ^H , «, ty V, X, ZM V V V Ttr V vee ^H V ■■ ^^^^^^H when they begifl| T¥ w YY 10 double tt HHI situation. UpoH ons, we have iiB X X X X eks ^^1 ^AEIABLY VOWei^ )«8»8e&p. 96. ■ Y y Y y wy ^H z z Z zecZ m ""^''MAH M^B„ ,^^^ Consonants am ^- •! , I vowei. *« -« v,ded into Mute, and SemJ ^o« ^ . Mutes i cannot be sjm.r,^ ^ Tie Mutes are i, „ , ^ . , ' ^ soft. ^^^/> h ^^hn,r V 9 r. ' ''^^% *, z, X, and e\ Pour of the c?. • ^'''''''''' »^ ^'^^ their e.^£T'l^'^« '-^^e also caJfed Z/ •. » aad Qow'mc/ I ""itm^ with nflin -^^^utds, ■ , — > ^"'ub are /, m w «. » „/ Diphthong. i« ,. ^ ^''^'^^«- -"-^b,asj;.;et:r?ro;f,^ ««iabeaf „ ■ '^"''oice; as, ^^^^ m beau, ,V» in , ''*"•"' ; a?, An/»^ CD'T:'"'■''•'''''<=^• _ • ea III ""g'e, oa in boat. PART SECOND. 3^^ ^"t«« and SemiJ . Syllablks. A Syllable is a vsound either simple or com- >ut the aid of 1°."^^®^' pronounced by a single impulse of the *loice, and forming a word, or part of a word ; as I e and ^ ^^^.^^ g a, an^ ant^ voice. A word of one syllable is called a Monosylla- \le ; as, man, great, strive. elves. ««'Ied liquids, 'er consonants, ►unds. ' >NG8. » .vowels pro- ^^ce; as, A word of two syllables is called a Dissyllable ; man-kind, gar-den, beau-ty, A word of three syllables is called a Trisyllable; beaU'ti-ful, in-dus-try, A word of four or more syllables is called a \Polysyllable ; as, pre-ser-va-tion, in-di-vi-si-bi-li-ty. pro- Lesson III. lE,TYhlOLOGY.^Parts of Speech. What is Speech? — Speech is talkini^; and talking is saying words that have some nieaning. Every Speech is made up of words, and every word is a Fart of Speech. The English Language consists of about fifty wm *^°^s^od words, which are divided into nine differ- *^6 of the M ent sorts or kinds. yowels, *Jce; as, h'eu. '^ both the 28 ««AMMAR M^B, „^^^ * ""'" «""»"-7 and o-flo^ '{r'/^*. "ocordl 5 TK r"''^/ Of the rwA. ^American ^ *• ^^« f"""/ of the ^'^'fafongoli"^. In'hesam«^ ' (European). , ^JlEnglishZS^r^^^'housand Word«- liferent famii;^.^ ^^^^ t>een divM^j .^^'^^sm » "'^^iwcJ; nameJjr; ^ ^^ ^^eif quality, or 4 Th! n ^''^^ family "^ °- The Ferb family ^' '^'Conjunction f^J^y- ''^^'^nterj'ection family. Lesson IV I- Pkoper Kows. '^ords which las are T in t Moi tre€ natj lab Frai dog moi Tha sold vall< EASr. ^^'"^"nt to about ^W been divided ■tfamxhes, accord- tamely ; ~* (Ethiopian) — CAfaIa;^an). (American.) --(Mongolian), -(iiuropean). f'^'<^ediuto;^^;^' ^^e^^ quality, orj PART SECOND. 29 ^»e^& family. ^position family p^mfamilj; 2. Common Nouns. Words which are used for every person, or Ivery place, or every thing of the same kind, are Vommon Mum; such as man, town, city, village orse, river, house, hammer, shoe, * Words which mean a nuraher of persons, or , number of animals, or a number of things, taken )r seen together, are Common Nouns ; such as irmy, crowd people, herd, flock, congregation, ludience library, museum. Tliese are * called Nouns of Multitude, or Collective Nouns. The names of qualities, or states, or feelings, ire Common Nouns ; such as vice, gratitude, kind, ness, health, love hatred, strength, light, darkness. |lhcs6 are called Abstract Nouns. Names of actions are Common Nouns ; such as reading, writing, sleeping, walking. These [are called Fer6a7 Nouns. S8. I^^stantive) is '^^ ; such as EXERCISES ON NOUNS. particular Montreal, tree, nation, lake, France, dog, mountain, Thames, soldier, valley, horse, England, stream, house, Dublin, garden, America, Spain, woman, John, moon, star, Jupiter, Mars, Saturn, planets, girl, road, goodness, wickedness, sea. regiment, library, store, forest, prairie, patience, industry, Eliza, dictionary, 80 ««AAfiUH MADE EAST. Lesson V. Tf.... .._ "• "'« sa,cl to b, Thus ' ' a 'in 5 to the sin- ' '^ook, books • ,.^ ^0% cows-' '"'^^^ rooms; co.^ H W^ «!"P^S ships;' bov^^^^««; ^^^^2.^But when the "^"'^ ^'^- f«y are changed int. f ' "'' "' m„?^^' "''"f^faes- ^^' boxes'. ^^'^ iashes; ' ^«^^o, camoe;. 6>*^; negroes. ^ S lthe3) I ber ; Sc [such frich( So Buch mm^^ E BAST. V. «^^ Plural •«^^ or object; or ii PART SECOND, 31 ^«/e 3.--Maiiy Nonns which end mforfe 'are lade plural hy changing the/or/e into m ; as "' " '8 said to ' /''at JVouns iav, "I "'e PiuraJ. ' ^. a chair, « tabJei loaf, leaf, loaves; leaves knife, knives ; y^.k , , - -I calf, calves; Mf, halves; shelf, shelves; wife, wives; wolf, wolves; ^'^^^ Jj^es; I staff, staves. Rule 4.— Nouns which end in y in the similar 1th no other vowel in the same syllable c We le y into les m the plural : as ^ beauty, beaute>*; f\y^ ^es ; diit^, duties. ^-«, tables, welowenn'th^ S^bletaT' "'^^ ^'^^'^ ^'^ '-^"^^^^ key, keys ; delay, delays. PI^ITKAL. ^«ng-ed from the ^« * to the sin- ^^^at, coats ! f faoe, shoes ; .^^' boys; ?''h giris. ^uns end in o, adding ^,^. 'oxes ; »oxes ; eroes ; *rgoes; 'groes. nian, men ; woman, women ; child, children ; i'oot, feet; ox. oxen tooth, goose, mouse, louse, penny, teeth ; geese ; mice ; lice ; pence. Some Nouns, from the nature of the things which they express, are used only in the singullr num- |ber; such as wheat, pitch, gold, sloth, wisdom! I snclT l''7' ^'k ^r'^ "'"'' '" '^'« P'^al number i 'riches ' '"°"'' '""'^''■'' ''''=^'«' ^i^^> .„fif "'^^°""t ^"■•^ ** ''•»« '■" bo* numbers ; such as deer, sheen swir- • ■ ' -i'; Churches, sceneg, ■ BXEfiCISES ON NtJMBEH. I. Of what number is book, toys, f sfawb, mosses, spoon » obes, glasses b^^ ' Planete, state, Jiijes/ „„^ . , , «'- 'Kfe^o^rttrnV?; '""'^'■"^ ^--. -J into m/' '""^ P^»^al by changing /or /J 'ox, Joaf. « t . "*^> ' inch, sex, R]f^^ ^''^» bounty, coach, army, branch, rock, street, stonJ, potato, house, booby, wolf. loaf, boot, wish, 'e^ duty, ^'andle, cai^; ^ife, story church, glass, table, study, peach, sheaf. knife, echo, loss, cargo, hope,. flower, city, distress. Lesson VI. _ GENDER OP NOPNS ^All nouns which meanohW...... . -»«« nor temales, are ca~£r ""i"'"* ^""^ "-'-'A^r - -oae. '""^e called neuter; as, house. tree ^ggggg^gj^^ sr. MR. PART BIOONO. ^ '"«s, scenes, > stars, ^ l>6rrie8, peacii ? "g Nouns, and! B— I parent, child, cousin, friend, neighbour, |d the like, are said to be of the common gen- ir, that is, either masculine or feminine. There are three ways of pointing-out the gender sex: 1. By different words ; as, ■oy Girl King Queen Bridegroom Bride Lord Lady Brother Sister Husband Wife Bock Hen Ram Ewe Bolt Filly Sir Madam Barl Countess Son Daughter ■ather Mother Uncle Aunt Bander Goose Widower Widow Bentlemar i Lady Wizard Witch 1 ^' By a different termination ; as, Lbbot Abbess Conductor Conductress Kctor Actress Count Countess ■Author Authoress Peer Peeress 3aron Baroness Poet Poetess )uke Duchess Priest Priestess Cmperor .Empress Prince Princess Sxecutor Executrix Prior Prioress riant Giantess Prophet Prophetess xovernor Governess Protector Protectress leir lero Heiress Heroine Shepherd Songster Shepherdess Songstress Host Hostess Sultan Sultana Jew T * Jewess liger Tigress Lion Lioness Traitor Traitress Marquis Marchioness Tutor Tutoress ** , OBAMMAB MADE BAST. Proi ri"""« » No-' - Adjective, or Man-servant ... \r .. Cock-sparrow . f;^"^-servant. MaJe-chiM |f en-sparrow. He-goat. ^;f^nale-cbi]d. ^«e-goat. Lesson Vll. The Cases of JNTouns. ' When we use the worfl Poc. • i -ans state or sftuationXSL'XS ^ -gard to other ^nasTn'^^ZZ ZSZ' -«, of a man who Aa.a ho:4 orl '""^ ''* ">« »«"« « Noun may be the name'o? aC^ " ^""'T^ 4 to,. Here, you see, are three ells'" ' '"^'^^ In the fi,.t Case-Jo™ strikes the horse. I^ the second Case- 1 '^t^Z^^T' ( It IS John', horse. * In the third Case-The ho«e kicks Jokn thaS^oSS^^^^^^^^^^^ A8V. Adjective, or ,PABT SECOND. ;iid-servant. 3n-sparrow. male-child, e-goat. ^8. in grammar, ji fi or relation. »es, in differen relations^ wit sentence. name of a man 7 be the name! f^* a horse; or whom a horse es. 3 horse. \ses a horse. is John**, horse. ^ John, rson or thing » that Koun » the Latin the first case, where John striJees the horse, word John is in the Nominative Case, because the name of ^ person who does something. I the second case, where the horse is John's, or 8 John's horse, the word John^s is in the PoS' ive Case, because John possesses the horse, n the third case, where the horse kicks John, n is neither the person who does anything, r the person who possesses anything, but the 'ect the horse kicks, — he is the object of the ion of the horse : there the word John is in \ Objective Case, In English, Nouns have three Cases,— the jminative, the Possessive, and the Objective. The Nominative Case simply expresses the .me of a thing, or the subject of the verb ; as. The boy plays," " The girls learn." The Possessive Case expresses the relation of operty or possession, and has an apostrophe ith the letter s coming after it; as, **The scho- t's duty," " My father's house." When the plural ends in s, the other * is omit- \ but the apostrophe is retained; as, "On gles' wings," " The drapers' company." Sometimes also, when the singular terminates ss, the apostrophic s is not added; as, "For •oodness' sake," "For righteousness' sake." I When a Noun in the possessive case ends in fice, the s is omitted, but the apostrophe is retain- *d ; as, "For conscience' sake," « For convenience' ""ke." The Objective Case expresses the obiect cf ,n action or of a relation;" and generally "follows . verb actiy^ or a preposition; as, "John assist^ harles," « They liye in London," ** OHAMlfAE MAM ,^8^. ^flfeh Nouns aro ^n.]- J . Manner: •'^ "^^^^^^od in the foJlowin ■Nominative Case, ■Possessive Case, ' Objective Case, -^ominaiive Case, -Possessive Case, Objective Case, lingular, A mother, A mother's, A mother, The man, The man's, The man. ^otheis. Mothers'. Mothers. The men. The men»8.| The men. Lesson VIII. ADJECTIVES. M mountain, aia^/t'eVt!" * ''"^ ^''■■'•«. «| ,^« fi»d tC orrau b^It/\r '^''-- together «»^; attheone.4tt^r„tXotK .» «ndth:torerCtai: '■^^^y -•gb^ and we than it does to ^^^,1? ''^ P'"'"* ^'i-ength to [ifuf '--^^r than the othen ' °**'"' ^^ ^Tth^£lt we thfirAfrk*^ .-__.. /F\^«ss m the ffrflafi^of j... — ^^.av .UY II is tie sharpest: "'''"^'' ''''^'"^' B18T. Jn the /bllowinn Plural. Mothers'. Mothers. ^e men. The men'aj The men. ^ a Noun to i^es together, le other; we 'he other. untains with >f the one is > other, we ler. ^^ and we rtii to Jiftit ' the one is 'S, we find of ^ ^M ^- uu^-ree ; =i PAR* nOOMD. So, when we compare throe motinteins, we iay the one whose top reaches farthest up, that it U le highest. So also, when we compare three heavy weights, e say of the one whicli is most difficult to be ted, that it is the heaviest. So you see that Adjectives have THREE db- Irkes of comparison : these degrees are called \\iQPositive,i\iQ Comparative, &nd the Superlative, The Positive state simply expresses or tells thu juahty of an object, without any increase or limmution ; as, ffood — wise — great. • The Comparative increases or lessens the Posi- tive m Its degree ; as wise — wisjr — less wise. The Superlative increases or lessens the Positive to the highest or to the lowest degree ; as, wisest — greatest ~ least wise, InoJ*-^ "'u P'^ 7,''''^' ^' Positive, becomes the Com- [Superlative by adding st or est, to the end of it ; as, wise — wiser — wisest, great — greater — greatest. And the Adverbs more and most, have the same effect the Adject! placed before as. wise — more wise — most wise. ;fe «WMMAB MADE B^ST. f^*"' £tv fj^es^, P , *"''' fine?, '' Y'Shtest, -out words of ^ur^ « ""^*^' i ^y^ placing the AXeT^""'''^'*' ^'"^ compared them ; as, ^"''«'t'« '^o'-* and most befon better, bad, .} eviJ, t ilJ,' j little, much or many, Worse, less, more, best. Worst. least. most. Lesson IX. PROKoujvs Personal T>„__ UU&,-— . Relative Pponouns. ^ Adjective Pronouns. Nu ian< ^^a^ all compare(y nnest, ^es are compared ^^d most before '^st carefuJ. '«^ beautiful. J?«ch used, have "ve and the Su- best. Worst, least, most. ofaj^oun, to e same word ; ' ^e is usefuj! part second. 1. Personal Pronouns. The Personal PpDnoims are used instead of lentioniDg the iiaiuos of the persons. When we speak of ourselves or of others, we very leldom mention our names ; but we say, /shall go, lAott wilt return, he is here, s/ie was diligent; ^d if the object be an animal, or a tree, we say, it runs, or it gi'ows. Thus, we have five Personal Pronouns ; namely, thou, Iie^ shCy it ; with their Plurals, we^ ve or fou, they. Personal Pronouns are either Singular or Plura!, / is the first person Thou is the second person He, the, or it is the third person We is the first person } Ye or you is the second person [ Plural They is ike tliird person J The Three Persons, The person speaking is the First Person, Tiie person spoken to is the second. The person or thing spoken op is the third. For instance, — / can assure you that he is coming, lis the first person, feeing the speaker; FoM is the second person, being spoken ta; He is the third person, being spoken of. To Personal Pronouns belong Person, Gendei^ Number, and Case, all of which you will easily andemtand by learning the following table : I Singulat. OHAMMAB MAM BASr. , c,.«e^.r*, Numh,TB, arid Cb,J ^at"^* Singular. pi^^., i^mow l^oss \ii(- ^^^J ..Me,. f^condr f^om .Thou,. VAn ^^^^^^ r^. S-,.:: ::?:-/-• We. • Ours. Us. Person Jposs.. iJ?' They. Masculine I Obj. n !^» Theirs. HiiD Perse Hers. Her. They, leirsw •...They. • . . . Theirs. •• ..Them. ■person J Pos? ?' Th Neuter \ (^^^ \\\\\[\f^ Th tosho.antI.i.Per?;;^^^^^^ order, so as *he plan or table is calleVL n!^' ^«"^herg, and Cases P«PiI repeats ft in Zlt it L""'^'- ^^^ ^^en h^' tf«t./m.. it. ^'^^^' f«>«> beginning to end, he J^essoii X. Mynilj^lHIHHIiiiiri-i part second. 41 2. Relatite Pronouns. Relative PronouTis are such as relate to some ('ord or phrase going before, which is therefore illed the antecedent The relative Pronouns are who, which, and that; ^, the man is happy who lives virtuously. What is a kind of compound relative, including )th the antecedent and the relative, and mostly leans that which ; as, This is wliat I wanted, — lat is to say, the thing which I wanted. Who is used chiefly of persons ; Which is used of animals and other things : as, He is a friend who is faithful in adversity ; The bird which sung so sweetly is flown ; This is the tree which produces no fruit. That is often used to prevent the too-frequent repetition of who and which. It is applied to both :)ersons and things : as. He that acts wisely deserves praise ; Modeisty is a quality that adorns a woman. Who is both Singular and Plural, and is thus [declined : Nominative Who, Possessive Whose. Objective Whom. Who, which, what, when used to ask questions, [are called Interrogative Pronouns ; as, Who is he ? Which is the book ? What are you doing I '^sm/fasfi^ it GRAMMAR MADB EABY. Wesson XI. Adjective p'^''''''''^"^^^^^^- I ^-e CZuZT: ^" ^^^ --ed nature • th Adjective Pronouns ar«nrf 1 I' Possessive. ' 5^"^ «^^^« J «amel J *• indefinite. Are fh. \^^''^^^^« I^^o^ot;.8 I Are those wli ch relaf^ f^ I ^iere are nine of them ? " ^""'"'''^^^ or property. 1. My. 2. Thy. 3. His. 4. Her. 5. Its. 6. Our. ^. Your. 6' Their. 9. Own. XT I EXAMPLES ^y Wesson is finished. w, ! * ^% book is torn. ^^ own o«;. faults. He Joves his studies. 1.?'*.''^"^ o" is good. She performs ker duty Th^T^ ^^''^ ^i^dom; • i^is IS our own farm. Arnf^ ^- ^''"^^^^^^^^ PkoNOUNS ««^/^, e..ry, <.«;^,^, ^;,^^^_ EXAMPLES. I have not seen XTkt!"™^^'^- iteH CAsr. IPART SECOND. u 0VN8. > jed nature ; the, >f both Pronoun] ^ «o^ts ; namel J nonstrative. ^finite. una "onorpropertjj Either relates to two persons or things taken jparately, and means the one or the other. To xy " either of the three " is therefore improper. Neither means not either / that is, not one nor le other : for example, Neither of ray friends was there. To say " neither of the tb'ee" is therefore im- proper. 3, Demonstrative Pronouns Are those which point-out exactly the persona ►r things to which they relate ; they are, Singular, Plural, This, These. That, Those. Hiis means the nearest person or thing, and \that means the most distant ; as, This man is [more intelligent than that. This means the latter or last mentioned ; That means the former or first mentioned : as. Both wealth and poverty are temptations ; that is likely to make us proud, this is likely to make us dis- contented. Lesson XII. 4. Indefinite Pronouns Are those which express their meaning in a very general manner. The principal are, one, none, all, whole, some, any, both, such, other, another, whoever, whatever. 44 *'"^"«^« MJa>^ ,,,^_ One ^^' A nave onNr ^ ,' *^» 0;a/' mo • ^ "^it), Jg Onemar^'o • x "Pronoun; "^« birc?, and left tu.. Kir -"«"^S£:; »ac t- j ^ 'S not «;2y ij. . . •-« -tte boots „.;-■;- -w ; 48 tei PABT SBCOND, VERBS. [Read Lesson Vin., Part I., page 11.] A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, to suffer (or be done to). ' !Fo£e, I To 1)0, I To Be done to, lam. I I rule. | I am ruled. Thus you see Verbs are of three kinds,— Active, Passive, Neuter. When a Verb means TO DO somethina, or to t upon, It IS called an Active Verb. When a Verb means TO SUFFER somethino.ov be acted upon, it is cplled a Passive Verb When a Verb means an action which does not .ss f om the person who performs the action to ny o her object, it is also called a NECTERF^fi Is I nde, I walk, I swim. ' larlSif ''*'" ^^P™''**' '"' «<="<>"' «n^ "eces- CiiSTar '""' " "'"'' ^"' ^° •'^j-' To love ; I love PeneIop6. .AZ"'^ ^■''■'''" f ^'•esses a passion, a sufenna .r the «ca.«»<, <,/„„ „e'-be«.tLeS,V„ra„,J ■f^rst Person ~Tlov7' ^''"'"'• Second Persm-lhoyx Jovest ^* '.°''«- ^%«rrf P.r.o» _He j^^ °^«s«- You Jove. To Verbs belong ^<,<^,,„,^^^^^^^^^ ^-.. or the i?.,, W:'i::lXrt:td" "^ ^There are five Moods of Verbs, I 1- Indicative. 2. Imperative. 3. Potential. 4. Subjunctive. 6. Infinitive. decVarS: £j;tr '''^ ^^P'^ -clicates orj He loves; he is loved. w It asks a question : as, Does be Jove?' Is he loved? . ^' The Imperative Mnnl ;= j . «^. exhorting, entreatSror^StSngrr'" DfPartthou (co^;„„„<^^, ' -«^«ssta7 («« peace {permittinff). PART SECOND. 47 I. The Potential Mood expresses possibility, jrty, powe.i will, or obligation, as, It may rain (possibility). He raay go or stay (liberty), I can ride (power). He would walk (will). They should learn (obligation). The Subjunctive Mood represents a thing ler a condition, motive, wish, supposition, &c., is preceded by a Conjunction, expressed or ^erstood, and attended by another Verb : as, I will respect him, though he chide me; Were he good, he would be happy, — iat is, e/he were good. 6. The Infinitive Mood expresses an act or ^te in a general and unlimited manner, without ly distinction of number or person : as, To act ; to speak ; to be feared. Participles, The Participle is a certain form of the Verb, ind derives its name from its possessing, not only (he properties of a Verb, but also those of an idjective: as, I am desirous of knowing him ; Admired and applauded^ he became vain ; Having finished his work, he submitted it There are three Participles, — the Present or ictive, the Perfect or Passive, and the Compound *erfect; as. Present, Perfect, Compound Perfect, Loving, Walking, Loved, Walked, Having loved. Having walked. «s I I ^^ ^on^e,, or Ti^ The nl • '"»«* on'y three •" ^'"' "'"''"us dktinM- i V'^e; ^ am ruled. IfM , ■ ttoe: a, ""^-^ «o«vey. «, a^"„tf-« Jo .h«, • ■ ^gfim. ?ABT SECOND. 40 m W.I1 be fully accomplished at or before the of another futnre actioa or event: as, Uhall have dined at one o'clock • le'r rome*r' ^""''^^ ^'' ^''^'^'^^^ ''«'"<"-« ", [here are fire classes of Verbs, namelv • rregulM Verbs. *• ^■»P"^<"'»1 Verb. ^to ?« a Conjugation f Phe Conjugation of a Verb is the rc^ruJar and •w Moods, Tenses, Persons, and Numbers. AUXILIARY VERBS. llt?f'it^,?';K^tP'"Sf ^«*« «••« those by the Ip of which the English Verbs are conjugated. re always Auxiliaries. ' I Bo, Be, Have, and Will jte sometimes Auxiliaries, and sometimes princi- "'e Auxiliary and Active Verb To m„,. ;. gated m the following manner: " A ^*%l. io ««A MAR MAD« J^SY. Indicative Mood. Sin ^^"^«NT Tense. 1.1 had. '^*'«^«^«''. 2. Thou hadst. a. Jle, &o. had. Imperpbot Tense. 3Tl!e7hr.''^^- 2. Thou Shalt or wilf i,- 8.He3halI.;.;^JiJ*,»;jve. . - *«uj, USA i^iBST Future Tense. l.,^havehf?^"^'*- I: Her ^l^^.-^^ Pbbpbct Tense. i.W;eshali.^'rv^r/i,,,^ I I' S*°i?^a<^sthad. «. Ho had had. 3 ?h4''Ce!lS'"^- 5'1,*J»" have had. 2. Thou wilt have had 8. He Will have had. • J.^J^ohadhf^^^- Sboond Future Tense. 1'^ 13. 1 or Ho sh( 1 If I Tfth Imperative Mood. fctnwimtii ^ PART SSCOND, 61 Potential Mood. PllESENT TenSB. Sinffular. .may or can have, mou mayst or can havo. lo may or can havo^ Mural. 1. wo mayor can have. 2. Yo or you may or can have. 3. They may or can have. Impkrpeot Tense. Sinffular. might, could, would, or [should havo. nourn iKhtst,coaldst,wouldst or shouldst havo. He niiKht, could, would, or should havo. Plural. 1. Wo miijht, could, would, or should have. 2. Ye or you might, could. would, or should liavo. 3. They might, could, would. oj» should have. Perpeot Tense. Sinffular. [ may or can have had. rhou mayst or canst havo had. le may or can have had. Singular. II might, could, would, or should have had. Thoumightst.couldst.wouldst or shouldst have had. Ho might, could, would, or should have had. Pluperfect Tense. 1 w I*lwral. 1. We may or can havo had. JO or you may or can have had. 3. Tliey may c>r can have had. Plural. 1. Wo might, could, would, or should have had. 2. Yo or you might, could, would, or should havo had. 3. Theymiglit, could, would. or should have had. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Singular, If I havo. If thou have. If he havo. I Note.— The remain Imilar to the con uspon Plural, 1. If we have. 2. If ye or you have. 3. If they havo. in^ Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood are judent Touses in the Indicative Mood. Infinitive Mood. lESENT-To have. Pehfect-To have had. Participles. SSBKT Ofi ACTIVE-Having. PERPECT-Had. CoMPOl\^fD Eebpbci— Having had. 1 To«> ^^^ffular. JLt I am. J. Thou art. 8. He, she, or it, is. 1.1 was. ^'»^^'-. 2. Thou wast. o. He was., GRAMMAR MADE EAST. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. J. We are. ^'''''^^' i-SeyTe:^-- Imperfect Tense. 1. We were. ^. re or you were. 3. rney were. 2. Thou Shalt or wilt be 8. He shall or will be. First Future Tense. 1. I have been. 2. Thou hr^st been. 3. He has or hath been. I.WeshaIlo^rt^X\,. ^ .i"&raVo'rtiW"^e. Pekpect Tense. 13. Pluperect Tense. •w« r. Plural. ^e have been. ■Ihey have been. 1 Ttr^ I, J , Plural. J- We had been. t 'Phi' V°i* ^ad been. 8. They had been. fi T^h!! " .^^^ been. SeOOHO FtTTDBE TemSJ.. , '-Wo shall S'Sen. Imperative Mood. ■«e,of be thou, or dofliAM u. I , lingular or P7«^., •D -f-Vwra/. -— "':^.| lieimebe. ■-'""*'* Be or be you, or do ye be. J^et him be. fmple; they are chX JT^ *°'''. and yerr 4le Sr"^ ^" ''^^ ^-"-7 Verbs, in thei, 1. 1 have. '^*'^^«^^. 2. Thou hast. «• -He has or hath. !• To Have. Phesjsnt Tense. l.Ihad. ^'*^«^'-. 2. Thou hadst. o, JHe had. J- 1 have hS"^"'""-- I- £^o« Ijadst had. 8. He had had. i»me»^Having. «. Thou art. 8. He is. J.Wehave.^'^'*^^- 2. You have. 3. They have. Imperfect Tense. I' We had. 2. You had. 3. They had. Perfect Tense. I' ye have hadT* ' q r^u^ V^® had. - 3- They have had. Pluperfect Tense. l-TehadhSr^^^- ?• m^" ¥*^^ had. 3. They had liad. Participles. S. To Be. Present T^wom 1 xxr^ Plural, I' We are. I 2. You are. 13. They are. rt In 2- TPh N3u He EAsr, uxiliary Verbs n ^njugated throuai flout tho help % 'i ^ay, can, wili^ y short, and verj ^ in helping us tc i 7 Verbs, in theii Plural, e. ve. Plural, I. Plural, had. had. 3 had. PART 8KC0ND. Imperfect Tbnse. 55 Singular, was. rhou wast, [e was. ^resent— Baing. eiri Singular, II fihftll. i^hou shalii. (He«halL Singular* 1 1 should. Thou shoul ' ri, He should Singular, I will Thou wilt. He will. Singular, I would. Thou wouldst. He would. Singular, I may. Thou mayst. }. He may. , ^ , , Singular, [L I might. (2. Thou mightest, [Si. He might. Plural 1. We were. 2. You were, 3. They were. Participles. I Per/eat—Beeru 3. Shall. Present Tense. , ™. , „ PluraL 1. Wo shalL 2. You shall. 3. Theyahall. Imperfect Tense. Plural. 1. We should. ■2. You should. 3. They should. 4. Will. Present Tense. PluraK 1. We wilL 2. You wiil. 3. TheywUL RPECT Tense. „, Phnral, 1. We would. 2. You would. 3. They would, 6. May. Present Tense. PluraL 1. We may. 2. You may. 3. They may. Imperfect Tensb. Plural, L We might. 2. You might. a. Thoy might. B§F 1.1 can. *'^^^«*. 2. Thou canst. o. He can. ^« Can. J. We can. ^. loucaov 3. They can. ^luraK 3. 1 could '^'^^'**^' f-Sfucottldst. I' 13. you could. Aiieyeoul(t J. I do. ^"^^^^ J- Thou dost. *► He does. 1.1 did ^'*^^<*r. 7. To Do. ^2. You do. ^ ■ a. They do, IMPIRPECT TlifSB. ^lura^^ 1^- [3. We did. Yottdid. Tlieydid. Plurals "•■I^ET, has n«. change. 9 MIIST ,. i «iey are „"t „S"'ith :' '^^'^ '"^^ ^''^ when; Auxiliaries, b« pl-ill^J.^ CbTlJ^^'*^ ^'^ "" i«w grateful •* ' fHet^7/.Htobesa,. ^I''theseeaseMhe,a,.oha.eth.VAu.,ia„-es: . The peculiar ibrp^ o.^ „. . ^^lllljgj^ BAST. PART SECOND. 51 can. caov B.. ould. 30Uld. eoui(i ^lurof^ ^luraL >^erb, are noi to be SQ, . ^^y pleases P Auxiliaries: gratefiiL I>o and Did. IDo and />t(? give greater strenofth and posi- tene33 to the action, or the term of it : as, I do speak truth ; I did respect him. Here am I, for thou didst call me. jThejr are of great use in negative sentences : as^ I Do not fear ; I did not write. [They sometimes also supply the place of ano- ler verb, and make the repetition of it, in tho Ime, or a subsequent sentence, unnecessary ; as, [You attend-not to your duties as he does (that is, as t attends, &c.). [I shall come if I can ; but if I do not, please to ex- ise me (that is, if I come not). * •* Shall and WilL Willy in the first person, singular and plural, (presses resolution and promising ; as, I will reward the good, and will punish the wicked fe will remember benefits, and be grateful. In the second and third Persons, it onlv fore- lels; as, -^ j Thou w7^ or he will, repent of that folly. You, or Ihey, will have a pleasant walk. I ^hall, on the contrary, in the first person sim- ply foretels ; in the second and third persona, it promises, or commands, or threatens ; as, 1 shall go xboad. We shall dine at home. Ihou Shalt, or you shall, inherit the land. Ihey shall account for their misconduct. p« '[^®5^.?,^servations upon the meaning of the rverus rriu and Shall, must be understood of as- rsertions, or explicative sentences; for when the sentence is interrogative, just the reverse, for the most part, takes place. Thus— 59 GRAMMAR MADB EASV. ^^l *A«« go, you mil go, express event onlj into2n.^°" ^'- "'■" «-y do that? expre. K-.«g or referring to a^coir^'^ "'" *^1 «.e mead j!rth:srl'"l*'"-"!^""'=«- -oo^' goes some flteratior t tl' ^1"' ^'^''''"' •"•J*" Porcei.e by a fe,v exam^Ls : '"""'' ''"' ^^^^il; IfhfsAteocetd L^'^'^f .consent. Th« A .;.•''• I Ifyou Mai/ consent. the same ..ea„r/o?6TSia'f/?t *° *=°"^^^i sriirn^rSrn 1 it, ^'"^ v' -*'-• "'™- I " ^» will not return. ^J^otdd mi Should. I anSKSsXLiTt"- ''^ ^'"J I «.o«W like to live in France But I ,Aot./<^ live in Canada! ' . Sfto':S JS^'ttr^^^'- -^ - often! Mmj and AT/^/^^. of &/atS'r^-- '^«ro-bi%or,iberty It Wa?/ rflin T -"^rsiMffrtr * »i«>A/ PART SECOND, 59 Can and Could. Ian and Could express the power of doing a [ng; as, [e can write much better than he could last ir. [Let not only expresses permission, but entreat - r, exhorting, commanding ; as, iLet us know the truth. I Let me die the death of the righteous. Let not thy heart be too much elated. Let thy inclinations submit to thy duty. Must. Must is sometimes called-in for a helper, and [xpresses necessity : as, We must speak the truth, whenever we do [peak ; and we must not prevaricate. The Conjugation of Regular Verbs, Active. Verbs Active are called Regular when they form [the Imperfect Tense of the Indicative Mood, and [the Perfect Participle, by adding to the Verb ED; lor D onlv- when tho Verb ends inE : as. Present. Imperfect. Perfect Participle. I favour, I favored, Favored. I love, I loved. Loved. 66 <"«A«MAB M^„„ ,,^3^ Indicative Jlood. S te' ^^-^e^t. h- y« love. ■^'"'•«'- 1. 1 loved ^*'*^«^«^. W.CT P,3T T.^3,. |- You loved. •*• -^liey loved. • ". -^ueyiove( J"^^T F„„^ j,^^^ 1 I qh 11 ^^'*^Q'Ulav i Thou slSri!.' iT,„ / 1. We rt.,, ■P'»«'. ,. Pmfjsot P^s, :^ "'"'"'«• "ill iovi. 1- 1 We &'■»•• ;^=^Tmsb. a. Thou hast loVed 1 1. We !.»„ ,-'''''«»«. «. HehasloveSje^ 1|. f «& ^d 3.TheyhavelovSi, Prrr^ '"• -i^eyhavelo ^LUPERpBCT Past T« far. ^^ Tbnse. '^- They had Joved. — — — _!_!t|^:f;~o'-4t;?et^i ' Imperative Mood. We. '7 '"ou. or do thou | let ^fZf-r or Plural. liove n^ 1 '^^«^^. / i^*** him Jove PART SSOOND. n m Potential Mood, Present Tense. Singular. . may or can love. Dhou mayst or canst love, le may or can love. Plural, 1. "We may or can love. 2. You may or can love. 3. They may or can love. Imperfect Past Tense. Singular. might, could, would, or should love. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst love. |He might, could, would, or should love. Plural. 1. "We might, could, would, or should love. 2. You might, could, would, or should love. 8. They might, could, would, or should love. Perfect Past Tense. Singular. I may or can have loved. Thou mayst or canst have loved. He may or can have loved. Plural, 1. We may or can have loved. 2. You may or can have loved. 3. They may or can have loved. Pluperfect Past Tense. Singular. T might, could, would, or should nave loved. Thou mightst. couldst, wouldst, or shouldst have loved. He might, could, would, or should have loved. Plural. 1. We might, could, would, or should have loved. 2. You might, could, would, or should have loved. 3. They might, could, would, or should nave loved. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Singular. If I love. If thou love. If he love. Plural, 1. If we love. 2. If you love. 3. If they love. NoTE.—The remaining Tenses of this Mood are similar to the Icorrespondeut Tenses of the Indicative Mood. Infinitive Mood. Present— -To love. i pRPT?unT_Tft ti««« i««« j Participles. PBB8BNX--Loving. I PEHl?BCT-L0Ved. Compound Peefbct— Having loved. H OBiiiitAU MADE BASr. 1 T ~„„ I Singular. 1.. I was loved. |. Thou wa^t Joved. 3* Ho was loved A Passive yr^r^^^'^^^^S. I feet Participle to tl c'a^m-^T^'^ ^^ «^^'ng the Po f« changes V nu Xf n^^'^ ^' ^^' t^^roS^^^ ^'^ the foJJowing manner^ '''"' "^^^^^ ««d ten:| TO BE LOVED. indicative Mood. Pbbsent Tense. I, , Plural, I. ^3 are loved. /qriV^-^'^" are loved T«« ' • ^ ^*^'^ are loved /i xir,. Plural. 1. We were Joved. Is m,?"^^'o« were loved- 8. Ho .W, <^ ^„ ^ ,_^^^^ '^^ ^^° - ^ou Shall JZt' ^.j 3- He will have been loved. L S-S.^^" ^^^ ^al^^^n Imperative Mood ^SED IN THE SErnvT. r, Bo lovP f ^''^^u-^^-- r ^^'°^ ^^^^. VS7^9> ^^ bo thou Invo^ .„ I . Sinnula^ .« D7-. ""VHuuoeioved. •-""'•^i i^efc mebe Iovp^ " "* ^ Plural. Jie loved, o>« be voulovnrf / -^-ec do you be loved ®^' *'** / I-ct T of r^*^ ^9 ^oved. Let him be loved Let us be loved them bo loved. mm^ !A8r. 3S. ;y adding the Pcj ^ ^^, through aj "ood, and tense f. ovecJ. u are loved. I loved. hiral. ioved. ^ were loved. B loved. icral. snail or will boj ^'^ will be loved. en loved. ;ave been loved. •eeii loved. al. 1 loved, ^d been loved. JU loved. 3 been loved. ''"I have been e been loved. FART SBOOND. 6$ Y. d. ed. Potential Mood. Present Tense. Singular. I may or can be loved. Thou inayst or canst bo loved. Ho may or can bo loved. Plural. 1. We may or can be loved. 2. Ye or you may or can bo loved. 3. They may or can be loved. Imperfect Tense. Singular. I might, could, would, or should be loved. |. Thou mightst, conldst, wouldst, or shouldst be loved. \. He might, could, would, or should be loved. Perfect Tense. Singular. I. I may or can have been loved. \. Thou mayst or camt have been loved. 5. Ho may or can have been loved. Plural. 1. "We might, could, would, or should be loved. 2. Yo or you might, could, would, or should be loved. 3. They might, could, would, or should be loved. Plural. 1. "Wo may or can have been loved. 2. Yo or you may or can have been loved. 3. They may or can have been loved. Singular, 1. I might, could, would, or should nave been loved. i. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst have been loved. }. He might, could, would, or should have been loved. Pluperfect Tense. Plural. 1. Wo might, could, would, or should have been loved. 2. Ye or you might, could, would, or should have been loved. 3. They might, could, would, or sliould have been loved. Sineular. 1 1. If I be loved. j 2. If thou be loved. f 3. If he be loved. Singular. 1, If I were loved. 2. If thou wore Icved. 8. If he were loved. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Plural, 1. If we be loved. 2. If ye or you bo loved. 3. If they be loved. Imperfect Tense. Plural. 1. If we were loved. 2. If ye or you were loved, 3. If they were loved. Note.- Tlie remaining Tenses of this Mood are all similar to the correspondent Tenses of the Indicative Mood. Infinitive Mood. Present Tense— To be loved. | Perfect—To have been loved. Participles. Pkesent— Being loved. | Peepect or PASSTVE—Lcved.^ CoiiPouND PEfirECi—Havins been loved. «4 ORAMMAB MADE ,A8r. ^tir^^ttJI^a*' -f^'- -'- for ?r «rf to the verb ; alZm X^ v " .'"'^•■'■■«'' <>f d >s formtd the r>a«,Vfl « t '^^ ^^'''' " To lovo » ^ia" be lo.ed,"Tc ' ""^ ^°^*^' ^ *«» lov^I Observations. «" the variation, of peVson ' .""'^ ^''''^ ""o^h I'art.cipJe itself continues?! "'^w "'"''«'•• ood tho Wien there aretl? ""variably the same to the Parti";,e7't^:V; "?7, A"--iiaries7oined ""Til '^P' -» -d nui ^'» -'^ '« varied ^^""'^'•^•"-'^'^-t-f no variation,. NEUTER VERBS. . The Neuter VprV> Sc „„ • ^.'t«, m many instance? of 15' ^^'^O' i* retaining still the nenUr^'fJ^J ^"^'"^ form, r'!f.d. " " I was gone '. ^"t^:"*"'" ' »^> " I am Auxiliary Verb ^«f r^;, I am grown." The defines the time of the tl'tinn '"^^' PJ-ecisely not change the nature oft ^sf '^'•"'' *»" ^oes expressing, uot properly 1 i'i ^^'^^ ^orm still or condition of being ^'^■°°' '"" on'y « state PART SECOND, (J5 IRREGULAR VERBS. Regular Vwbs form their Past Tense and their Past 1 articiple, by adding d or ed to the Present • as, • I love, I loved, I have loved. Irregular Verbs are those which do not form the Past Tense and the Past Participle by adding d or ed to the Present ; as, ^ J B Present. Past. Past Part. I begin, I know, I began, I knew, Irregular Verbs are of variou: b"qrun. 1, Sach as have the piesent and past tenses, and the past participle, the s^ime ; as. Present, Past. Past Part, S°^^ cost, cost ^^^ put, pu4. 2 Such as have the past tense and the past par- ticiple the same ; as, ^ i Present. Pa,t. Past Part. Abide, abode, abode. Sell, sold, sold, 3, Such as have the past tense and the paat participle difterent ; as, Present, Past. Pest Part. Arise, Blow, arose, blew, arisen, blown. «c^TV^/^^' ^'^''"'? irregular by contraction; as, feed, fed : leave. Iftft," • ofhAr« i^fv.^ 4. :_' ation en; as, « fall, fell, fallen ":' ^the;! by "the termination ght ; as « buy, bought ; teach, taught." 5 96 ORAMMAR IfAim EAST. LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. Tlio««r Verbs which are coniugated rqgularly, as well as irre"* fularly , are marked with an B, Present, Past. Abide abode Am was Arise arose Awake awoke r Bear, to bring forth bore, bare Bear, to carr]^ Beat Begin Bend Bereave Beseech Biv^, for- Bind, wTi' Bite Bleed Blow Break Breed Bring Build, re- Burst Buy Cast Catch Chide Choose Cleave, to adhere Cleave, to split Cling Clothe Come, he- Cost Crow Creep Cut bore, bare beat begaa bent R bereft r besought bud, bade bound bit bled blew broke bred brought built * burst bought cast caught B ehid chose clave R clove, or cj^ft clung clothed came cost crew B crept cut '1 n rst Dare, to challenge is r dared Past Participle, abode been; arisen awaked bora borne beaten, or beai begun bent bereft r besought bidden bound bitten, bit bled blown broken bred brought built burst bought cast caught R chidden, or chid chosen cleaved eleven, or cleft clung clad R come cost crowed crept cut dared dared • Build, dwell, and several other verbs, have the regular form, "ihuUded, dwelled, etc. U as irm* rtkiple. )r beat (> ►it , or chid or cleft Present. Deal Dig Do, mis- un- * Draw, loith- Drink Drive Dwell Eat Fall, be- Feed yeel Fight Find Flee Fling Fly Forbear Forget Forsake Freeze Get, be- for- Gild Gird, be- en- Give, for- mis- Go Grave, en- Grind Grow Hang Have Hear Hew, rough- Hide Hit Hold, be- with- Hurt Keep Knit Know PART SECOND. Past dealt B dug, or digged did drew drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbore forgot forsook froze got giltR girt R gave went graved ground grew hung had heard hewed hid hit held hurt kept knit R knew Past Participle, dealt R dug, or digged done drawn drunk driven dwelt £ eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forborne forgotten, forgot forsaken frozen got, gotten gilt R girt R given gone graven ground grown hung f had heard hewn R hidden, or hid hit held hurt kept knit, or knitted known pilar form. 68 GRAMMAR MADE BASY. ■ H Present, B Lade Past. laded Past Participle, laden ^^1 H Lay, m> laid laid ^^H H Lead, mi«- led led ^^M H Leave left left ^^1 ■ Lend lent lent ^^1 B Let let let ^^M H Lie, ^0 /te down lay lain ^^M B Load loaded laden a ^^1 ^L Lose lost lost ^^1 ^m Make made made ^^1 ^r Mean meant meant ^^H B Meet met met ^^M B Mow mowed mown H ■ Pay, re- paid put paid put ^^1 H Quit quit, or quitted quit R ^^H B Bead read read ^^M H Rend rent rent ^^H H ^^^ rid rid ^tt H Bide rode ridden, or todo H m Rise, a* rang, or rung rose rung risen ^^H 1 Rive rived riven ^^H '^ Run ran run ^H Saw sawed sawn R ^H| Say said said ^^H See ^ Seek 1 Seethe saw seen ^^M sought sought ^^1 seethed, or sod sodden ^^H 1 Sell sold sold ^^H 1 Send sent sent 1^1 Set, be' set # set B^H I Shake shook shaken MwM Shape, mis- shaped shapen r K^H Shave shaved shaven R ^■1^ f Shear shore R shorn ^^H 1 Shed ^led shed bH ! Shirie shone r shone a HB ! Shoe shod shod ^H Shoot Show Shrink shot shot ^■H showed shraak,or shrunk shown ■■■ shrunk 1 Shred shred shred Swing Tear, un- Tell Think, he. Thrive Present, Shut Sing Sink Sit Slay Sleep Slide Sling" Slink . Slit Snaite Sow Speak, be- Speed Spend, mis- Spill Spin Spit, be- Split Spread, be^ Spring Stand, with. &c. Steal Stick Sting Stink Stride, be- Strike String Striye Strew, be- Strow Swear Sweat Sweep Swell Swim Swing Take, be- &c. Teach. Tear, un- Tell Think, be. Thriire I'ART SECOND, 69 Past. shut sang, or sung sank, or sunk sat slew slept slid slang, or slung Blung sank, or slunk slunk flit, or slitted slit, or slitted Past Participle, shut sung sunk sat, or sitten slain slept slidden smitten sown R spoken sped spent spilt R spun spitten, or spit split spread smote sowed spoke, spake sped spent spilt R span, or spun spat, or spit split spread Bpranaorsprungsprung stole T^^ stuck '""7 etung ^^j'««fe |tro e, „, ,,,i, :a S? re. ^-ore.orswaresloTn"''""''™- s^eat r«I ? swelled 11%^ ll^-,ors.nm:ZT'' swang, or swung swung taught .ff"?, tore ^"S^^* *oid *^r? thriven 70 GRAMMAR MADE EASY. Past. Past Participle. threw thrown thrust thrust trod trodden waxed waxen B wore worn wove woven wept wept won won wound wound wrought R wrought, worked wrung wrung wrote written Present, Throw Thrust Tread Wax Wear Weave Weep Win Wind Work Wring Write DEFECTIVE VERBS Are those which want some of their moods and tenses. Present. Can May Must Ought Past. Pnit Participle. could might must ■ = ought quoth — — — Present. Past Past Participle. Shall Will Wis Wit 01* Wot should would wist jwot — I PRETERITES AND PARTICIPLES. In the preceding lists of Irregular Verbs, it will be observed that those Preterites and Participles which end in t are so formed in consequence of the ed being neces- sarily pronounced as a f, after certain letters, when it does not make a separate syllable. Thus keeped has been changed into kept, sleeped into slept, creeped into crept, kneeled into knelt. The ed, when the e is silent, has necessarily the sound of < after ch, k, p, sh, ss, or x; and hence stretched, decked, lopped, hushed, tossed and vexed, are o<^casion. ally written with a terminal t, instead of the unpro- nounced e and the unpronounceable d. The steps by wliicli suen cunug-os aic ^^^-.- -- easy and natural. The e was first left out by the poets lest the word should be mistaken for a dissyllable ; and the substitution of t for d became afterwards a matter of course. PART SE<30ND. tl ciple. worked L tenses. it will be vhich end ng neces- 1, when it Beped into the sound stretched^ occasion- he unpro- fPan±aA arn the poets iable; and ) a matter The words mentioned above, as well as others of the ■Bame class, appear in all the three modes of spelling, according to the pleasure of the author or printer- stretched stretch'd etreeht decked -deck'd deckt lopped lopp'd lopt bushed hush'd fausht tossed toss'd tost vexed vex'd yeit 6ome grammarians introduce the terminations of /, ?w n, as well as those already mentioned (cA, /c, p, &e.), aN though the pronunciation »f these terminal letters does fiot necessarily change the d into t. deal — dealt ■dream — dreamt lean — leant learn mean born learnt meant burnt ADVERBS. An Adrerb is a part of Speech joined to ft Verb, an Adjective, or another Adverb, to express some quality or circumstance of time^ place^ or manner; as, He reads well ; He is a truly ^ood man ; He writes very correctly. Some Adverbs are compared like Adjectives ; thus : soon, eooner, soonest often, oftener, oftenest. Those ending in ly are compared by more and mosty and less and least ; as, wisely, justly, justly, more wisely, more justlj^, less justly, most wisely, most justly, least justly. 12 GRAMMAR MADK EASY. ^ Adverbs, thouarh ver^; mimeroiis, are arranged in a lew classes, the chi.>f of which are these : 1. Nariiber, 2. Order. 3. Place. 4. Direction. . 5. Time. 8. Comparison. v. Quantity. 9. Affirmation. . 10. Negation. I 11. Interrooffstioo. 6. Quality or manner, j 12! Doobt. 1. Of Number, One** I Twf(]«y I Thrice^ 2. Of Ordei?. Firstly, Fifthly, Secondly, Lastly, TliiHly: Finally, tounhly, Ultimately; Here^ There^ Wh ere. Elsewhere,. Amwhere,. ^. Of Place, Somewhere,. lere. Now}; Herein^ Whither, Hither, Thither, Whence, Hence, Thence, Whithersoever. 4. Op Direction-. Upward, Downward, Backward, Forward. Time PreseiiL Now, To-day, Immediately. 6. Of Time. Tiim Piist Aheady, Heretofore, Before, Hitherto, Lately, Long bio--^^ Yesterday, Long aj;: .x Time to come. To-morrow, ^ot jet, Henceforth, Henceforward, % and by, Shortly, Straitways, Hereafter. PART SECOND. Time Indefinite. ^ften,^ Monthly, Oftentimes, Yearly, Oft-times, Always, Sometimes, Ever Soon, Never, Selcom, VVlien, ^«''.y. Then, ^iy. Again, &0. 6. Or Quantity. Much, „ LittJe, ■V'^"' iSrreat, SHfflcieDtly Abundantly, How muci,; ^°?°«''. ' &o. *• ^^ QPANTiir OB Manner. Wisely, -^ . Foolishly, JJnjustly, ousltShe^^tVni-; *^^-' -«e. -nWeo:sx^r4l-^j. --. sa,,. iis.h. la.,^ More, Most, Better, Best, 8. Of Comparison. Worse, I Worst, j Less, j Least, j ^7- — Almost, Little, Alike. u GRAMMAR MADS KAST. 9. Of Affirmation-. Verilv, Trul/, Undoubtedly, Doubtless, Certainly, Yea, Yes, Surely, Indeed, Keally, (fee. 10. Of Negation-. Nay, No, Not, By no means, Not at all, In no wise, tfec How, Why, 11. Of Interrogation. Wherefore, Whither, &c. 12. Of Doubt. Perhaps, Peradventure, Possibly, Perchance, Note.— For further Illustrations, and an Improved Deftnifciott of the Adverb, see p. 94. PREPOSITIONS. Prepositions are used to connect words with one another, and to show the relation between them. They are mostly put before Nouns and Pronouns. For example : He went from London to York ; She is above disguise ; They are supported by industry. PART SECOND. t5 c 3fiaitioii thone them. nouns. ^ The following is a list of the principal Preposi- tion. — Commit them to memory, and you will soon be able to distinguish them from the other Parts of Speech : of to for by with in into within without over under through above below between beneath from beyond at near up down before behind oflf unto across around amidst throufifhout among on or upon underneath betwixt beside towards notwithstanding after about against Prepositions, in their original and literal accep- tation, seem to have denoted relations of place; I but they are now used Jigurativelg to express other relations. For example, as persons who are above have in several respects the advantage of such as are below, so Prepositions expressing high and low places are used for superiority and inferiority in general : as, "He is above disguise" ; '* We serve under a good master "; " He rules over a willing people " ; " We should do nothing beneath our character." Some of the Prepositions have the appearance and effect of Conjunctions: as, *'4A^^ ^^^^ir pri- sons were thrown open," &c. ; '^Before I die"; " They made haste to be prepared against their friends arrived" : but if the noun time, which is understood, be added, they will lose their conjunc- tive form ; as, " After [the time when] their pri- sons," &c. The Prepositions after, before, above, beneath, and several others, sometimes appear to be Adverbs 16 GRAMMAR MADE EASY. and may be so considered : ag, "They had their reward soon after " ; " He died not long before " • " He dwells above'' : but if the Nouns time and place be added, they v^'^i lose their adverbial form ; as, " He died not long I fore that time, &c. CONJUNCTIONS. A Conjunction is a part of speech iLn; Isohiefly used to connect sentences ; so as, out of two or more sentences, to make but one. It sometimes connects only 'vords. Conjunctions are principally divided into two 8orts,--the Ojpulative and the Disjunctive. The Conjunction Copulative serves to connect or to continue a sentence, by expressing? an addi- tion a supposition, .. cause, &c. : as, *' He and his brother reside in London " ; "I wiil go if he will accompany me " ; « You are happy, because you are good." , The Conjunction Disjunctive serves, not o^ V to connect and continue the senteiije, but also to express opposition of meaning in diftcr nt degrees: as, « Though he was frerjaentlY repr ed.ye^ he did not reform " ; " They came with her, but they went away without her." The following are the pilncipal Conjunctions, which may easily be committed to mem( urr Copulative Conjuncti and, IT, that, both. them, since, for, because. therefore, wherefore, provided, besides. but, or. part second. ^^ Disjunctive Conjunctionb however, notwithstanding, - otherwise, nevertheless, "<^r, unless, excGDt *han, either v J? ' IpQf eitner, whether, est neither, whereas, thou^a, yet, as well k rn^"'\-^''"j"''^^'*''"' «r« fo^^owcd by similar ^Aow^A is followed by yet : Though ho was not strong, yet he was industrious. Either is followed by or : I will ^Mer s nd it, or bring it myself. J^either is followed by nor: ^ Neither John nor James can speak French. -4« is followed by as ; She is- t* ligent as her sister. ^5 is foil* 1 bv so ; ^« the sap^ is, su will be the oak. IN^iTRJECTIONS. I partf ori'T T ^""'^^ '^^"^' '^ ^^tween the parts of a sentence to express t passions or e^iiotiODS of the speaker; as, ^ ^ """^ Oh! I have alienated my friend. Alas ! I feir he is lost. O Virtue, Jiow rniable tliou art ! The follow !noc oT£. ffj^ .._:__• 1 T^ . . , & ^-•- '■^^ Fi'"'^»pai 'iteriectio! ^ Ah! Ahmel Aha I Alas ! Ala A K^^ y' Beg. e ' Bravo ! Dear me ! Eh ^ielHal* Hallo,. Hurra! Hush! Lo! 0! Oh Oh dear! Pooh! Pshaw! Tu h ' PAET THIRD. Section L ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PAjlfS SPEECH. A General Vi..w of the Parts op Spbboh.\ To be committed to Memory. 1. A Substantive or Noun is the nameof any- tliing that exists, or of which we have any notion; as London, man, virtue. A Substantive may, in general, be known by its taking an Article before it, or by its making sense of nsclf : as, a book, the sun, an apples temperance, indus- try, honesty. The Abstract Nouns (which are the most difficult) may easily be known by placing them either before cr after another Noun in the Possessive Case For example : The^an's strength, or the strength of the man. The Roman's industry, or the industry of the woman The child's health, or the health of the child. The f (^cunning, or the cunning of the fox. The el^ant's sagacity, or the sagacity of the elephant. The tiger's /eroc%, or the ferocity of the tiger. 2. An Adjective is a word added to a Sub- stantive to express its quality; as, an industrious man, a virtuous woman. An Adjective may be known by its making sense with the addition of the word thing; as, a good thing a^bad thing. Or it may be known by its making sense niin any particular Substantive as, a sweet apple, a pleasant prospect, a lively boy. PART THIRD, 19 a. of any- notion > by Ha sense of I, indus- lifficult) before e. For ,7oman. sphant. r. I Sub- strious 1 sense thing, r sense )ple, a J^he Article, (being aniy tkree) can never be for- be«?n;iJ"/;ira tit j, t''''- -^ '-^o™ word, fl book; a raap, a tree : «» acorn, on hour. When the h is sounded, the a only ig used ; as « hand, a heart, a highway. (whrchXifira!?t?rr,^fn,^^^^^^^^^ ^^J^-^-m^^m U long ynion, a useful ho6k -axTanonffhS''^^ ' ^' « university. | in^heFoKKL^lJ^r^t-"^^ Of the articles wiU be seen 1. The son of the king. 2. A son of the king. 3. The son of a king. fl ^- -A. son of a king. ing^rn^S^^reSceTtllTdiff ^"f ^'^ "'ff"™"* ">«""- Articlea a and Z '^'^^'■"" application of tlie same Urd as the *r^'T"* ^?P«*''' "» "f the /«e is useful. ' "" '' ^''PP^' '^^ « benevolent, ~trer"i:;;-,'s-~. and --' "-" 80 GRAMMAR MADE EASY. 5. A Verb is a word which signifies to Be to Bo, or to Suffer ; as, I am, I rule, I am ruled. A Verb may generally be distinguished bv its making sense with any of the Personal Pronouns, or the word to before it : as, I walk, he plays, they write; or to walk, to play, to write. > v* vw 6. An Adverb is a part of speech joined to a Verb, an Adjective, and sometimes to another Adverb, to express some quality or circumstance respecting it : as, He reads well; a truli/ good man • he writes veri/ correctly. ' _ An Adverb may be generally known by its answer- ing to the questions. How ? How much ? When ? or Where ?— as in the phrase, He reads correctly, the an- swer to the question, How does he read ? is correctly. 7. Prepositions serve to connect words with one another, and to show the relation between them: as. He went from London to York; She is above disguise ; They are supported hi/ industry. ^ A Preposition may be known by its admitting after It a Personal Pronoun in the objective case Thus with, for, to, &c. will allow |the objective case after them; as with him, for her, to them, &c. The whole of the Prepositions must be committed to memory. (See page 15.) 8. A Conjunction is a part of Speech that is chiefly used to connect sentences ; so as, out of two or more sentences, to make but one : it some- times connects only words ; as, Thou and he are happy, because you are good; Two and throe aro The principal Conjunctions must be committed to memory. (See pages 76 and 11.) 5. Fe PART THIRD. 81 9. An Interjection is a word n^A^ *^ some passion or emotion of the mind Jl° oiff ? have ahenated my friend ; alas - TPea^ f^; m ^ Jexhrbitt'°° f "^^"^' ^^ *''<= P"*- of Speech r r "r '^^ v ?- "^ "^^ •>-«-' o.ito, to. often do we perveK^L w„%t oVpu.,'o3es . A BBIEP SUM.AIAEY OF TUB PAUTS OF SPEEClr „ „. f S'^!"'''^^ the q'lality of Verbs 1 ^Te'rbf "™''''' "l"^"^^- ^'•'•«" Ad. -• ^"«/»c™«,,.. Connect semcn"ce;; pSe., and o r,/ ... words. ' ""^ 9./«<.0«rt,on,,.. Sudden Expression, of Surprise I'loasure, I'nin, or Oisgns,'^ "" u i^ GRAMMAR MADE EAST. ' Section II. ILLUSTRATIONS OF ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. [With numerous Exercises.] The following illustrations of the First Rule of Syntax are here introduced, because it is impos- sible to parse a Verb without referring to the agreement which must be maintained between the V crb and its Nominative. The pupil must therefore learn, and thoroughly understand, that A Verb must agree with its Nominative in Number and Person, There are three persons singular, and three per- sons plural. First Person Singular, I learn. Second Person Singular, Thou learnest. Third Person Singular, He learns. First Person Plural, We learn. Second Person Plural, You learn. Third Person Plural, They learn. In the first person singular, / is the Nominative to the Verb learn. In the second person singular, Thou is the No- minative to the Verb learnest. In the third person singular, He is the Nomina- tive to the Verb learns, A ..J r,n. f\.r\ f\f i\\ek t\v\r\aYA £i^il\i, Ovf vfiX Vi vu.'u v-vtt--i u. A Verb must agree with its Nominative in ifwmber and Person, I son. JAL liule of impos- to the jen the oiighly live in ee per- 23t. • 1 • nnative ihe No- • omina- tive in PART THIRD. 83 Singular Number, plural Number. The girl walks. The girls walk. l£!ber}^ ^"'^ ''°'''' ""'^^ '^' Nominative in When the Noun or Pronoun which is the No- minative is in the sin.^ular number, the Verb which agrees with it is also said to be in the singular When the Noun or Pronoun which is the No- Zr^^r^-lV^^ P "'^^ """^^^^' '^^ ^^^-^ which nfmber!" '' ' '" "^'^ '" ^' ^" *^^ P^^^^l First Person, j read Third Person, flg roads. i^mo!r ^^'^ ^""'^ ^°'^^' ""'^^ '^' Nominative in When the Noun or Pronoun which is the No- minative is in the first person, the Verb which agrees with is also said to be in the fii^t person When the Noun or Pronoun which is the No- mmative is in the second person, the Verb which agrees with it is also raid to be i^ the secondper. When the Noun or Pronoun which is the No- minative, is m the third person, the Verb which agrees with it is also said to be in the third person. u GRAMMAR MADE EASY, QUESTIONS FOR ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. What part of speech. 1. A Noun. 2. An Adjective. 3. An Article. 4. A Pronoun. 5. A Verb. 6. An Adverb. 7. A Preposition. 8. A Conjunction. 9. An Interjection. Common or proper? Wliat Gender? Number? Case? Why? { Why an Adjective ? To what < does it belong ? What de- ( gree of comparison ? What kind ? Why ? r What kind ? Person ? Gen- < der ? Number ? Case ? ,.m^ ( Why ? What kind? Mood? Tense? Number? Person? Why? If a Participle ? Why ? Active or Passive ? Why ? ' Why is it an Adverb ? Does it qualify a Verb? or an • Adjective ? or another Ad- verb? Why? What kind ? Why ? Why? SPECIMENS OF ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. John's hand tremhles, Johnh — is a Noun, because it is the name of a person. It is a Proper ^-Toun, because it is the name of an individual. It is masculine, because it denotes a male. It is in the third person, because it is spoken of. It is of the singular number, because it means only one. It is in the possessive case, because it signi- fies possession. RSING. ? What ? Case? I'ART THIRD. 85 I? Gen- Case? Tense ? ? Why? Wh}'? ' Why? ? Does ? or an :her Ad- :ng. person, e name nale. spoken .use it signi- It is of ih ' ^P^°'^3 of thing. " oV "'^ ''"'^ P--". because it is spoken " ™ana I'u't o„"o^'"" """"b"' because it ^' ti'eacto'/alirsirh"? J'''^. "ecause it is bles." "'''J«'=' o*^ tie Verb " Trem- ""'^^"^'-^-^-..^-^e it i3a.„r, .,,,,,„, " a':tir„. ^"'^« ^"^ b«»a«3e it expresses . gular number. ' '"^ '^ "> the sin- method: ■"«"( bo done a.a,r''>i:c< tense, ami Iheperfeft Act — is a Regular Verb k cowpartscn.) "'(''aiitj'. (iJc^^^i the degree) of Nobly. m GRAMMAR HADB SAST. B^ Uvvng ttmperately, our health is promoted. By — ?s a Preposition. Living — is the present participle of the Regular Neuter Verb " To Live." {Conjugate the Verb.) Temperately — is aa Adverb of Quality. OMr— is aa Adjective Pronoun of the possessive kind. Health — is a Common Substantive, of the third person, the singular number, and in the nominative case.— (Decline it.) h promoted — is a RegularVerb Passive, indicative mood, present tense, and the third person singular. {Repeat the potential mood and the participles.) We should he Jcind to them who are unkind to us. We— 'is a Personal Pronoun, of the first pe.son, the plural number, and in the nominative case.— (Decline it.) i Should be — is an Irregular Verb Neuter, in the potential mood,the imperfect tense, and the first person plural. {Repeat the indicative mood and the participles.) Kind — is an Adjective in the positive state. {Repeat the degrees of comparison.) To — is a Preposition. Them — is a Personal Pronoun, of the third person, the X>lural number, and in the objective case.— {Decline it.) IVho — is a Relative Pronoun, in the nominative case.— {Decline it.) ^?e— is an Irregular Verb Neuter, indicative mood, present tense, and the third person plural. {Repeat the potential mood and the participles.) Unkind — is an Adjective in the positive state. {Repeat the degrees of comparison.) To—is a Preposition. ■» Us — is a Personal Pronoun of the first person, the f plural number, and in the objective case.— {Decline it.) "^^^W^H^'W I >■ PART THIRD. a? ( Parsing Exercises on Nouns, Adjectives, and JlrttcUt, A winding canal. An affectionate parent. A nielancholy fact. An interesting history. A happy life. The woodbine's fragrance. A cheering prospect. An harmonious sound. Delicious fruit. The sweetest incense. An odorous garden. The sensitive plant. A convenient mansioa. Warm clothing. A temperate climate. Wholesome aliment. A garden enclosed. The ivy-mantled tower. Virtue's fair form. A mahogany table. Sweet-scentod myrtle. A resolution wise, noble, disinterested. ^Consolation's lenient hand- A better world. A cheerful, good old maiu A silver tea-um. Tender-looking charity. My brother's wife's mothCiC. A book of my friends. An animating', well-found- ed hope. Parsing Exercises on I am sincere. Thou art industrious. He is disinterested. We honour them. You encourage us. They command her. Thou dost improve. He assisted me. We completed our jouraey. Our hopes did flatter us. They have deceived me. Pronouns, Verbs, ^c. Let us improve ourseivei- .Know yourselves. Let them advance. They may offend. I can forgive. He might surpass thew. We could ovprtake him. I wov Id be iiappv Ye shoi id rtpent He may i/i> .n deceived me. They may t-.ve forgottea. Parsing Exercises on Adverbs, Prepositions, and Con- junctions. I have seen him once, per- We could not serve him haps twice then, but we will here- Thirdly, and lastly, I shall after. conclude. We often resolve, but sel- X his plant is foufid here, dom perform and elsewhere. He is much more pro- Unly to-day is properly misin©- nrvw ih^^r. f^,.^ The task is already per- We are wisely and liaPDilr formed. 4ixected. 88 GRAMMAR MADE EAST. Mentally and bodily, we are curiously and won- derfully formed. By diligence and frugality, we arrive at competency. We are often below our . wishes, and above our deserts. From virtue to vice, the progress ib gradual. We in vain look for a path between virtue and vice. Some things make for him, others against him. By this imprudence, he was plunged into new diffi- culties. Without the aid of charity, he supported himself with credit. Parsing Exercises on the same word -med as different Parts of Speech. Some words, from the different ways irr which thov ar« nsn/t belong sometimes to one Part of Speech, soiSi tTanothen' EXAMPLES. Ad^/e-'b' a?1l'?mo'r£f ^ r^'''^^^^ Prpnmm, sometimes as a« mnSn -T vITh" ""'f ^^? Prer>osition, sometimes as a Con- i^SSS-^s^fSf-i^s Ad^ISJ' ■?^?^' """"l ?^'^*'^ »^® ^sed both as Adjectives and a» expect it. ^ ^^^ got,-the more so as I did not «v?i?^^ and That are not always Pronouns Whpn T sav «t ^aenfi/^; n n"^ performs precisely tlie same dutyfimd conso^ SrAdjeclivf '"'^ "^^^'^ '^ "^"'^^ ^ '^Sarded as^^n^ticiro; Calm was the da^-, and the scene delightful. We may expect a calm after a storm. f prevent passion, is easi- er than to calm it The gay and the dissolute- thinklittleof the miseries which are stealing softly A little atteation will rec« tify some errors-. PART THIRD. ook for a path rtueand vice, nake for him, nst him. dence, he was to new diffi- id of charity, :ted himself as different thny sBre used, 3s to another. netimes as an rve ; Give him nos as a Con- rve health ; I iral Adjectives ; either spaak ectives and a» Pollectedi but nly ; but I am y as I did not hen T say, " I that the word! oes not stand od; therefore Article or aik '; and conse- an Article or Pronoun, and I will thank ou will hand le dissolute- the miseries aling softljr >n will rec- )rs'. 89 Better is a little with con- tent, than a great deal with anxiety. Though he is out of danger ho is still afraid. ' He laboured to still the tumult. Still waters are commonly the deepest. I^amp air is unwholsome. Uuilt often casts a damp over our sprightliest hours. Soft bodies damp the sound much more than hard ones. Though she is rich and fair, yet she is not aimable. They are yet young, and must suspend their judg- ment yet awhile. Many persons are better than we suppose them to be. The few and the many have their preposses- sions. Few days pass without some clouds. The desire of getting more is rarely satisfied, ' He has equal knowledge, ^ but inferior judgment. . c^ is his inferior in sense, but his equal in pru- dence. Every being loves its like Behave yourselves likemeii We are too apt to like per- nicious company. He may go or stay, as he likes. They strive to learn. He goes to and fro. To his wisdom we owe our privilege. The proportion is ten to one. He has served them with his utmost ability. When we do our utmost, no more is required. I will submit, for I know it brings peace. It is for our health to be temperate. ! for better times; 1 have a regard for him. Promiscuous Exercises in Etymological Parsing, Engrave on your minds this sacred rule • "Dn nn*^ others, as you wish thot fh«.r au ij V ^^ "°*0 sJl^TS. 7^,^^^ ^- strengthening in o„- .ame time to tbfn\"";?t?aTcXanrordr "« "' *^ *■! do GRAMMAR MADB' »A8Y. Section III. ANALYTICAL ILLUSTRATIONS. ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES, Nouns are changeable into Verbs, and Verbs into ivoiina. Things may become active, and the names of actions may be considered abstractedly so as to lose the Idea of activity. The lufinit've is purely a Noun : a VerV^ ^l^at the Noun designates, is as certainly Adjectives and Participles stand in a similar rela- tionship They are both qualities: but when the quality IS quiescent, it is termed an Adjective; and wnenit relates to action, or to a state of existence whicu may be conceived as variable, it id a Participle. Participles are compound words, expressing the qua- Itty of being the agru tr the object of an action : and tney must also be .- .i nlered as Adjectives which owe tlieir verbal signjfic^tioa to their affixes : as loving and fr"" **''^ ^''''' '^ ^^ *^® ^''^'''^ addition of in} Participles are like Verbs when they express action and being, and refer to time present and to time past ; and they are like Adjectives when they refer to Nouns and explain their action and being. When either the present or the perfect Participle is placed before a Noun, it becomes a describing or ex- plaining Adjective ; as A loving companion. The Jlowing stream. The roaring winds. An accomplished scholar. ... J» Jlowin^j roaring, accomplished. describe or explain the quality of the Nouns with which they are placed. i. I a as. Kl# ▼ i. ( Tf.e following examplog will fullv explain the dd nature of this class of rds : Hiswritiaprsar* m uchtobt !mired. He is an ad i aired riter. They vere admiring her singing. He sang to an admiring audience. Ho is amusing lus fri is ^ith an amusing stoiy. See the sun setting ! See the setting suiil See the moo ri.nng ! g^e t}io rising mo( i The wind is, o ag. Hear the roaring wind! Thetwi.- jn, Tlie iroArew twig fell. When Participles are used as Adjectives, called Participial Adjectives. 91 r« CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS. iMoTB.— Besides divisions of Verbs which have a eadj been expla (see page 40), there is another ir portant division of Verbs to which the pupil's at- tention may now be directed ; and that is into Transi- tive and Intransitive. Verbs — Transitive and Intransitive. The word Transitive meems passing over y and the word Intransitive means not passing over. A Transitive Verb expresses an act done by one person or thing to another person or thing ; as, John strikes the horse, the horse kicks John. The Verb active is called Transitive because the action passes over to the object, or ha m eflfect upon some other thing ; as, the tutor instrvcts his pupils, I esteem the man. An Intransitive Verb expresses the being or state of its subject (or nominative). An Intransitive Verb ex- presses an act 7iot done to another person or thing ; as, I am^ they sleep, he runs. Verbs Neuter may properly be denominated Intransi- tive, because the effect is confined within the subject : as, I sit, he lives, they walk. n IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ^^ I.I 2.5 •^ 1^ Hi tiS, 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — > V] /a O^A /A Photograpnic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ ,\ iV \\ 9) ^. -u c^ O" ..v^ C^ '^\> ^v- m l/.x ^2 GRAMMAR MADE EASY. These two classes of Yerbs may be thus designated : AJ:7r^''"'fu'''' 7^^^' ^° *^^ ^*^*^^« ^oice require an thitoM "" complete the sense; as, John strikes Intransitive Verbs do not require an object after them. lL\^t '^'^'!, V^i ««™Pl«te without it; as, he sits, yoa rirfe, the wind blows, the wheel ^Mms. ' 4l,^•T^^^^® ^^^^^* °^ ^ Transitive Active Verb is in the objective case, any Verb which makes sense with ^eyhtm, her, it, then, after it, is Transitive. A Verb tiiat does not make sense with one of these words after It, IS Intransitive : thus, strikes is Transitive, because we can say John strikes me ; sleeps is Intransitive. be< cause we cannot say John sleeps me. When a Verb in the active voice has an object, it is Transittve ; when it has not an object, it is Intransitive. 3.—In the use of Transitive Verbs, three things are always understood,-the actor, the act, and the object nn t /^?^- ^" *^' "'" of Intransitive Verbs, there are only two things understood,—the subject, and the beins: 01 state, or act, of the suhiect. ^^ lae oemg, THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. The Imperative Mood is used for commanding, exhort- tng, entreating, or permitting i as. Let me study. Let us study. ^*8?ifd^^°'' ^^ ^^ ^^'^^ ^^""^'^ ^""^ °^ ^° 2/ow study. Let him study. Let ^Acm study. In these six sentences we appear to have the three persons singular and the three persons plural of Mie Pronouns and Verbs ; but on a careful examination it Will eaSllV hft r\e>.ff^a.\xra.A 4l,«<. 1- i fl« «A^Z^Z 7" ' ^^ -^^j '^^'"-~ ^ii^" jiciiicnce is, ui fact, an address to one or more persons,— that they all imply a person or persons spoken fo,-and that therefore they are all m the Second Person Singular or Plurabf* 1 PART THIRD. 9$ i. . > Whenever we command, exhort, entreat, orpermit, we speak TO one or more persons ; and as the person or persons spoken to are always in the second person, the Imperative Mood can only be used in the Second Person. " Let me study," means " Do thou (or you) allow me to study." " Let him, study," means « Do thou (or you) allow Am to study." «'Let us study," means "Do thou (or you) allow us to study." " Let them study," means " Do thou (or you) allow them to study." And so on, of all other phrases which can be used in the Imperative Mood,— merely modified to suit the va- riations of command, exhortation, entreaty, or permis- sion, but always in the second person. PROGRESSIVE AND EMPHATIC FORM OP VERBS. An Active or a Neuter Verb may be conjugated through all its moods and tenses, by adding thepresent participle to the Verb To Be. This is called the Progressive Form, because it ex- presses the continuation of action or state ; as, Present. I am loving. Thou art loving. He is loving, &c. Past. I was loving. Thou wast loving. He was loving, &c. The present and the past Indicative are also conju- gated by the Auxiliaries Do and Did, which is called the Emphatic Form ; as, ^ Present. Past. I do love. I did love. Thou dost love. Thou didst love. He does love, &c. He did love, Ac. \ \ ^4 ORAMICAR MADE EAST. ADVSnBS MODIFF PREPOSITIONS. ^ It has been already repeated, that An Adrerb la a word joined to a Verb, an Adjective, and sometimes to another Adverb, to express some ^uay/ or circumstance respecting it. But be- sidj^these relations which the Adverb has respec- tivjry with the Fer6, ^c^yec^tVe, or with another \ Acffuerb, it has also a relation with the Preposition as may be seen in the following 'examples : ' \ I have had too much of that. I must have more o,^this. I only wish to have enough of every thing. He lives considerably above his means. |He has enough/ot his present wants. John is NEARLY up to James in his Latin. His head was quite under Ijife water. The water is scaroely below its usual level. He went almost to Quebec. Improved Definition of the Adverb, ^ An Adverb is a word joined to a Verb, an Ad- jfecttvey a Preposition, or another Adverb, to modify It, or to denote some circumstance respecllng it • as, "Fred ?earwswELL; he is remarkably dili. ffent; he has advanced considerably beyond his class-mates ; and he draws very beautifully »' Phrases which do the duty of Adverbs termed Adverbial Phrases: as, "in the best Lmii- ner possible ; in fine ; in general ; in vain ; at most; at least; so on ; such like," &c. are man- PART TBIKD. ORIGIN OP ADVERBS. .Ww The quality of a Noun is expressed by an Adjectlye and the state of a Noun is expressed by a Verb: but the former admits of degrees, and the latter of modifica- tions : a substance may be more or less white, and an action may be more or less violent. ^Jt^ t^^^'^'frf^'V^A^/. ^^.'^' ^'' however, much more varied than that of Adjectives : it is dependent on diffe- rent circumstances, such as time, place, manner, &c : which circumstances may be expressed, in everv inl stance, by means of a Subtantive and a Preposition. " He struck the ball," records a simple act ; but « He struck the ball with force," gives a qualification to thi JJJ^^lX^'i^^ ^'^ '"^^^ A^mrfnm " (or in a kind man- * 7a^imKnr ''" " " *'"' ''"^'" ""'^ ^^^^^^^ The modifications produced by the relations of time place manner, &c., are so frequent, that the short clauses of adverbial phrases are constantly recurring. Repeti- tion naturally induces hasty pronunciation and conse- quent contraction. The phrase is gradually curtailed by leaving something to be understood : and its remain! !^?- l^F\^^^' at last» compressed into a sixigle word, which is then termed an Adverb. ' i< Hi!'^^' ^^^"^l examples, the clauses " with force * with kindness," and " in a short time," may be equallv well expressed by the Ad verbs /omd/y, kimUy, and soon. The fw greater part of Adverbs, in all languages, an- swer to the question-How, or in what manner, a state exists, or an action is performed ? These modes of existence, or of actions, being quali- ties, must have a similitude to Adjectives : and accord- JS! ^Ai^l-^ ^^Jf '1 ^.^^"'^' ^^ «^°«* ^ases, merely by the addition of /y, signifying like ..-thus a prudent man acts prudently, and a vrise man acts wisely. There are nearly three thousand words which are marked as Adverbs in the latest editions of English Dictionaries, of which about three fourths terminate ' ■.>'■ ORAMUAR MADB BASr. Wand Tare always Vowels. •£|tte"J„? in the word ,ooa, JJ^lar dGiht W with the vowe'l "^hf ASeS^J JXi,» WAIT. tirl>t/.t. :- j-^ went, " « $^»-«f'- win, «' .< J^f"'- •••••* t*:^nV, '"■'^■"^ ^T"'^ ««in. to.T*»!"™' *" *° '"■'^^ Mphthong, «w and <,«,, ^ ta <«w^ r hM the power of «, M l„ beautj,, or of i, „ to bi,. co-esoe. «8hS'Src'o^,Cv°*k"t f^ra'^dip'fl'jrS'S yesterday, which , wnnded .... ees-ter-day. yoke, « << •••• '.'^■ bowyer, « .< •••• "t*'- •^ ' • • • • Dow-eer. tromity of atwd or sylSble £^^^ '' " .** ".«^ther ex- vowel, or has the P»idseTu?^^ctL wffih w^^^^^^ preceding the sftme case by the vowel? ^ ^ possessed in ^ ^— ... THE END. !i.- urord good I iya forma a eJj folio W8; «r, t. or syllable. Byllable, it ud forms a r,^ -ty BainttoCf / Cnttered n variably 3g; as in >day. er. able. At ther ex- forms a receding aaaed in