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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul ciichA. 11 est filmA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'imeges nAcessaire. Les diegremmes suivents illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 out: ON . ADAPTED THE NATURAL OP TI sc INTRODU WITH THE U FORMERLY BB AUTI PRINTED i SYSTEM t?z or GENERAL GEOGMPHY; INCLUDINa OUTLINES, OR A FIRST COURSE FOR BEGINNERS, ON AN IMPROVED AND EASY PLAN, ADAPTED TO THE INTERROGATIVE OR INTELLECTUAL MODE OF TUITION. THE NATURAL PECULIARITIES, PRODUCTIONS, MANUFACTURES, COMMERCE, A:C. OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES ARE POINTED OUT ; AND A • CONCISE DESCRIPTION GIVEN, OF EVERY TOWN < ( . J- OF IMPORTANCE IN THE WORLD. SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY AND PROBLEMS ON ._ , ,f MAPS AND THE GLOBES. WITH VERY COPIOUS EXERCISES THROUGHOUT. COMPILED AND ARRANGED FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS IN BRITISH AMERICA; BY G. & J. GOUINLOCK, rORMBRLY BRITISH TBACHBRS OF LOIfO BXPERIKNCB AND KXTBNSIVK PKACTICB. AUTHORS OF A BY8TBM OF AEITUMBTIC, KKY TO DITTO, KTC. TORONTO: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY HUGH 8C0BIE, ADELAIDE BUILDINGS, KINO STREET. 1845. PBIOEv-THBES BHXLLINaS. I 'iiiiii (I ' f i i \r \ \^ A { ■-. J r-' I \ k i * ;ii,'- ' ■•, Entered aoeording to Act of the Provincial Legislature, in the Year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty-five, by G. & J. GouiNLocK, in the Office of the Registrar of the Province of Canada. I A A i I '^'nty>') concise gaz f '■*-.l'in.f. h'^Viifii: '•M J^: ; (ihl 71 ; I I r ■• -1 I iJ ^ J \i -, -.ir,i -iff 1 ->:J ov 4-. ^Hm.uX'it -'-i'3-i ;a Jt0U„i;d^'^ 5S >s'>s-j fji. ! = > lift •.T.-T'ii« •'ill n'iT.('"i »»;■■'!'■'' (»;k;. r ♦.. ;fi•■ ^ ..; , •' 'f. II M 1< rir (."•li 't-it ,; ,>r '/• It .. .. PREFACE. r. « :^. : II. i , , tlU' :-,'M' ''■ V . .,\ • « ■ . ' . t ■<■' ti' • ', ■< In tho compilation of this wurk we have carefully consulted every accessib If. source, to obtain the most accurate and recent information. Among the numerous volumes from which we col- lected materiajj, we were particularly indebted to Stewart's Com- pendium of Modern Geography; and, after being satisfied of their accuracy, we largely availed ourselves of the useful remarks and concise gazetteer descriptions contained in that excellent work. It may be thought by some that we have occupied too much space with exercisee ; this, however, was done designedly for two reasons; first, our being of opinion that this is the best way of teaching the science; ond second, to give a good specimen of the interrogative or intellectual mode of tuition. This improved method of teaching, as now adopted by all intelligent and successful teachers, is admitted to be far superior to any other for the pupils' rapid pro- gress in knowledge. It calls forth the intellectual faculties more promptly, and imparts more instruction in less time than any other mode, and with greater ease to both teacher and pupil ; it induces confirmed habits of attention, application, and accuracy; and excites in young people a love of learning, and a thirst for knowledge. In teaching from this book, we would suggest that beginners should commit to memory all that is printed in the largest type in the outlines or first course, every lesson prescribed being previously explained by the teacher, and the places pointed out on a map. If possible, the pupils should prepare every lesson in geography with the proper map before them, and in the first place get familiarly acquainted with the position and relative situation of every country, town, river, Uc, mentioned in their lesson. In this way they can prepare a lesson with ease and pleasure, and in a much shorter time than they could without a map; together with the all impor- tant advantage of having the localities of places indelibly fixed in their minds. The teacher should also, from the very beginning, occasionally explain the terrestrial globe (if he have one), and allow the pupils to examine it, that they may get a comprehensive view of the rela- tive situation and proportion of all the prominent parts of the world. And as geography has now become a branch of education of such general attention, we would earnestly urge on school commisaionera fmpf V IV PREFACE. and superintendents the necessity of providing^ common schools with a few maps on a large scale, a good atlas, and a pair of 12 inch S lobes. They cannot bestow a part of the money placed at their isposal in a better manner. Small uncolored maps, bound up with a geography, seldom answer the purpose intended ; they are unsuit- able for teaching, unsatisfactory to the pupils, and so liable to be abused and torn out of the book. m > ^ i After pupils are familiarly acquainted with the outlines, and can readily point out the places, and answer all the questions in the exercises, they may then go on with part second in the order of the book, or in any other order approved of by the teacher, without committing any thing to memory but the answers to the exercises; the teacher always requiring the places mentioned in the lesson to be pointed out on a map by the pupils when he hears their lesson. They may now begin part fourth, and, for variety, be exercised occasionally in the problems on maps ond the globes. Wo are of opinion that it would be of great advantage to the pupils to make this geography, to a considerable extent, a reading class-book; for example, let the pupils in a class read the remarks upon a country, and then answer the questions connected with the portion read ; let them read the description of towns in any country, and give answers to the exercises on these towns. Other parts of the book may be used in the same manner. These would form a pleasing and useful variety of reading lessons. Tiie book has been extended to a greater length than wc at first intended, in expecta- tion of its being used in accordnnce with the iiint now suggested. By adopting this plan the pupils could not fail to acquire a large amount of useful information and general knowledge. The population of the towns in the United States is for 1840, for Great Britain and Ireland for 1841, and for the towns in all other countries the most recent we could procure. Considei able assist- ance is given towards the attainment of a correct pronunciation. Silent letters in proper names are printed in italics. This little volume, we trust, will be found to contain a greater quantity of useful geographical, topographical, and statistical information than any book of the size extant. ToroniOf September, 1045. ^'' '^ "' -' ■ • « t. . .^, , < ...^ <> .' yd :' \-','.J. 1 'V\ ■". ''»*;T- I "'.,11^ l)<'l Vi.l. ir-r !l.--.' 7iSJJX .ibitDw Oil i to t.i\hi{ ia^\\iu\&\<\ uAi ins *],> n- ■^>r.:(iv:^j: >*.' t f t. T.. . -'I ' ' ••■|«'.'3 ■"'.•.•111.'..) V 1 ■< - M.,') i\. • • • • > • • ..•♦.. J (f: ; '(.* 1 CONTENTS. ■' ' I PART I. OUTLINES, OR A FIRST COURSE FOR BEGINNERS. 1 . . . I . Pnge, Geographical Definitions 9 The World 11 America 12 Outlines of North America 13 Outlines of Europe 15 Outlines of Asia 18 Outlines of Africa 21 Outlines of South America • ^SL '■\] PART II. A SECOND OR GENERAL COURSE. NORTH AMERICA. British America •• 26 United States S.") h' 43 47 48 Mexico and Gualimala • • • Texas, — and the Russian Territory • ' • • - • » • • • « Greenland, — and the West Indies ..... South America •••• BRITISH EMPIRE. England • Scotland G7 Ireland 72 50 r>5 Holland Belgium •• France ••«».. Spain Portugal • • Switzerland* •»»•.. 102 Italy 104 wPoec^** *»*'••••#■••••• • 111 EUROPE. Page. 77 81 84 94 99 I i- 1 •'. J •^ ■ ZUi> ■ \\ I Page. Turkey 113 Austria* 117 Prussia • 122 Germany 126 Denmark 132 Sweden 135 Russia ••• 139 i VI CONTENTS. ASIA. Turkey in Asia • • Arabia Per'jio Aifghanistan, &.c. Hindoston Eastern Peninsula China Japanese Islands* • East India Islands Page. 146 147 149 150 151 154 155 161 162 Tibet 157 Eastern or Chinese Tar- tary 158 Western or Independent Tartury 159 Siberia or Russian Tartary 160 Australia « South Sea Islands 163 104 AFRICA. Barbarv, or N. Africa* W. Africa g. Africa 131 182 188 S. E. Africa 184 N. E. Africa 185 Central Africa 1 87 PART III. •» I A stfttistical view of Asia and America A statistical view of Europe HeijEfht of the principal Mountains in the world - Length of the principiil Rivers in the world* ••< Size of ti»e principal Lakes in the world - List of the principal Canals in the world < Pago. 196 197 198 201 205 206 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. Palestine, or the Holy Land 208 Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Assyria, Persia, Mediu, Asia Minor, 6cc 212 ^:: /*':;:;:\: -part iv. . ..^^::::r::':'-'\ Introduction to Astronomy and the use of the Globes 217 Table of Geographical and English miles in a degree of longitude 220 A tabular view of the Solar System 221 SECTION 1. — PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE, AND BY MAPS. Problem 1. To find the latitude and longitude of any place 225 2. Having the latitude and longitude given to find the place • • 226 3. To find the difference of latitude between two places * 226 ^* 4. To find the difference of longitude between two ^•^t •••• places •• ••«• ••••••..«• 226 '* 5. To find all those places that have the same latitude with a given place •* ••••t 227 (( vn (( Problem 11 « 1! u 1( u Vi CI U If V If 2( ft 21 it 2S u 2i ;,; . .. . , . - »% For some notices of G, 4* /. GouinlocKs Arithmetic, see the fend (^f this work, , •■ ,moA-j J ''-■'■'■■'"■; :im.'/,ii^.. '--"ft^^ , - ^m ■ ■ ■ ^ •- ■ ,■^^^.. :^4*S • - a^4i ' - » ' v» ^ PART I. OUTLINES OF GENERAL GEOGRAPHY; OR, A FIRST COURSE FOR BEGINNERS, GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. Geography is a description of the earth. A Map is a drawing or picture of the surface of the earth, or of a part of it. The top of a map is north ; the bottom south ; the right-hand aide, east; the left-hand aide, west. The surface of the eirth consists of land and water. The land consists of continents and islands; the water, of oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers. A Continent is the greatest portion of land, no where entirely separated by water. A Country is a large tract of land known by a particular name. An Island is much fimaller than a continent, and wholly surrounded by water. A Peninaula is a portion of land almost surrounded by water. An Jathmua is a narrow neck of land, joining two larger portions together. A Promontory is a portion of land stretching into the sea, the extreme point of which is called a Cape, A Coaat or Shore is that part of the land which borders on the sea. An Ocean is the largest division of salt water. A Sea is a smaller division than an ocean. A Gulf or Bay is a part of the sea running into the land. A Strait is a narrow passage of water joining two seas. A Lake is a collection of water surrounded by land. A Frith or Eatuary is the widening of a river into an arm of the sea. A River is a considerable stream of fresh water, running into the sea, or into a larger river. The Equator is the line that divides a map of the world into wrihem and aouthem hemiapherea or hahea. The Polaa are ijinety V i^ 10 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 11 degrees from the equator on each side. Parcdlela of Latitude are the lines drawn from side to side of a map. The Tropic of Cancer is about twenty-three degrees and a half north from the Equator ; and the Tropic of Capricortii the same distance south from it. The Arctic Circle is about twenty-three degrees and a half from the north pole ; and the Antarcticy the same distance from the south pole. These circles divide the globe into five portions or beltS) called zones, ^viz. the torrid zone, the north and south temperate, and the north and south frigid zones. The Torrid Zone is between the tropics ; the JVorth Temperate, between the tropic of Cancer and the arctic circle ; the 8outh Temperatey between the tropic of Capricorn and the antarctic circle; the JVorth Frigid, between the arctic circle and the north pole ; and the South Frigid, between the antartic circle and the south pole. Meridians are the lines that pass from pole to pole through the equator. The meridian that passes through London is called the First Meridian, . Longitude is the distance of a place east or west from the first meridian; the greatest longitude id one hundred and eighty degrees. Latitude ia the distance of a place north or souf from the equator: the greatest latitude is ninety degrees. On t map of the world, the degrees of latitude are marked on the ci des that surround each hemisphere, and those of longitude on tb equator. On the map of a particular country, the degrees of Ir tude are marked on the sides, and those of longitude at the top b .1 bottom. ExEncisEs. — What is Geography ? What) a map? Of what does the surface of the earth consist? What is continent? What is a country? What is an island, a peninsula, an istnmus, a cape, a coast? What is an ocean, a sea, a gulf ur bay, a strait, a lake, a frith or estuary, a river ? What is the equator ? How far is each pole from the equator? What arc lines drawn from one side of a map to the other called? What are those called that are drawn from top to bottom ? How far are the tropics from the equator? How far is the arctic circle from the north pole, — the antarctic from the south pole ? What are the buunda* ries of the torrid zone, the north temperate, the south temperate ? How are the frigid zones situated ? What is longitude ? Which is the first meridian? What is the greatest longitude that anyplace can have? What is latitude? What is the greatest latitude any place can have?! On a map of the world, how are the degrees of latitude and longitud« j marked ? How arc they marked on a map of a particular country ? THE WORLD. 11 THE WORLD. Continents. — ^Eu'rope, A'sia, Africa, Amer'ica. Oceans. — ^Tbe Atlan'tic Ocean separates Europe and Africa from America; the Pacific Ocean separates Asia and New Holland from America ; the In'dian Ocean lies south of Asia, and extends from Africa to New Holland ; the Northern Ocean extends from the north of Europe, Asia, and America, to the north pole ; the Southern Ocean extends from the south of America, Africa, and New Holland, to the south pole. The surface of the globe contains about 19G millions of squure miles, and nearly three-fourths of it are occupied with water. The habitable parts of the earth are calculated at 50 millions of square miles ; and its population at 815 millions. Thus— Square Miles. lohabitanU. Europe, about 4,000,000 • • • • £40,000,000 Asia 20,000,000 «... 460,000,000 Africa 11,000,000 •••• 70,000,000 America 1 5,000,000 • t . . 45,000,000 50,000,000 » 15,000,000 Europe is the smallest division, but noted for its learning, civi- lization, government, and laws ; for the fertility of its soil, and the temperature of its climate. In Asia the human race was first planted ; and it was here the most remarkable transactions occurred that are recorded in the Scripture History. Africa has been always in a state of barbarism, if we except the Egyptians, those ancient fathers of learning ; and Carthage, once the rival of the Roman Empire. Ahbrica, except what the Europeans possess, is mostly unpo- lished and savage, and many parts of it are yet unknown. New Holland is the largest Island in the World. Lake Superior, in North America, is the largest Lake. The Amazons, in South America, is the largest River. The Him'malehs are the highest Mountains in the world. Rus'sia is the most extensive^ and Ch^ina the most populoua Empire in the world. ExBRCiBBB. — ^Which are the four continents? What continents ar« lejtarated hj the Atlantic Ocean? Which by the Pacific? W1mi» '^1 !i i i' ! 5 i 12 AMERICA. do«8 the Indian Ocean lie? The Northern Ocean extends from what continents to the north pole? The Southern Ocean from which to the south pole? How many millions of square miles does the surface of the globe contain? How many do the habitable parts contain ? What is the estimated population of the world ? What is the number of habitable square miles in Europe,— in Asia,— in Africa,— in America? What is the population of Europe,— of Asia,— of Africa,— of America? For what is Europe noted? What is remarkable about Asia? What can be said of Africa? What of America? Which is the largest island in the world ? Which is the largest lake? Which is the largest river? Which are the highest mountains in the world? Which is the most extensive empire in the world ? Which is the most populous ? AMERICA. America, commonly called the western hemisphere; or, from its comparatively recent discovery, the New World ; is bounded on the N. by the Northern Ocean ; E. by the Atlantic Ocean ; S. by the Southern Ocean ; and W. by the Pacific Ocean. It extends from about 74° N. to 56° S. lat.; and from 35° to 168° W. long. Its length from N. to S. is nearly 9,000 miles, and its average breadth about 2,000 miles. Its superficial area has been estimated at 15,000,000 square miles, and its population at 45 millions. The discovery of America forms one of the most remarkable eras in the history of the world. Till the close of the fifteenth century, this vast continent was unknown to Europe'ans. It was discovered by the celebrated Chris^topher Colum''bus, a native of Gen'oa, in the year 1492. The discovery of this immense region excited, in a very high degree, the curiosity of Europe, and it became the grand object of commercial adventure and scientific research, in magnitude it seemed far to exceed any of the great continents hitherto known ; vrhile the unusual aspert which nature here assumed, led the beholders to regard it as a new world, which had risen but recently under the Creator's hand. Forests of new species of trees, sur- passing in extent and magnificence all that they bnd ever seeu, vast mountain -ranges, with a single exception, the lofiiest on the globe, and rivers which rolled to the ocean with the majesty of seas,— were the sublime features of this western world. Its animals differed no less from those with which Europeans were familiar, and it appeared inhabited by a peculiar race of liuman beings. Its soil abounded with the richest productions; and mines ol the precious metals offered the tempting prospect of immediate and incalculable wealth. This continent is divided into N. and S. America by the isthmus of Darien. Exercises. — What hemisphere is America commonly called? By what other name is it known ? How is this great continent bounded? What is the length of this new world ? What is its average breadth? At what is its area estimated ? Its population ? By whom was Anie- rica discovered ? In what year? What effect did the discovery of this country produce in Europe ? In what light were the new yisitanta ol i' OUTLINES OP NORTH AMERICA. 13 this continent led to regard it ? What were the sublime features of the new world 7 Did its animals and natives differ from those of other continents? How is America divided ? I ! I OUTLINES OF NORTH AMERICA. North America is bounded on the N. by the Northern Ocean ; W, by the Pacific Ocean ; S. by the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico; and E. by the Atlantic Ocean. It extends from 7° 30^ to 74° N. lat., and from 55° 30' to 168° W. long. Length from N. to S. 4,500 miles, — breadth nearly 3,000 miles. Its area has been estimated at 8,000,000 of square miles, and its population at 30,000,000. Countries. Chief Cities. British Possessions* •• •Montreal'', Quebec', Toronto. United States Wash'inoton, New York', Bos'ton. Mex'ico Mexico, Ve'ra Cruz. Guatima'la Guatimala, St. Sal'vador. West Indian Islands ••Kings'ton in Jamai'ca, &z,c. The Russian Territory on the extreme north-west, and Green- land, off the north-east, have no towns ; and Tex'as, formerly a province of Mexico, is now erected into an independent republic. Islands. — (Besides the West Indies) are Ncwfound'land, Cape Bre'ton, Prince Edward, and Bermu'das, in the Atlantic; and King George^s, Queen Charlotte's, and Vancou''ver Island, &&C., in the N. Pacific. Capes. — Cape St, Lu'cas, S. of Califor'nia; Cape Flor'iday S. of Florida ; Cape Sa'ble, south-east of Nova Scotia ; Cape Race, on the south-east of Newfoundland ; and Cape Farewell, in Greenland. Mountains.— The Stony or Rocky Mountains extend almost the length of North America, nearly parallel to the western coast; and the Al'legany Mountains in the United States. Gulfs and Bays. — ^The Gulf of Calif arniat between California and Mexico; the Bay ofHondu'ras, on the east coast of Guatimala; the Gulf of Mex'icoj east of Mexico, and S. of the United States ; the Ches'apeak and Delaware Bays in the cast of the United States ; Fun'dy Bayj between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ; tiie Gulf of St, Lato'rencey Budton^s Bayy and Baffin^ s Bay, STRAiTs.~The Straits ofBellisle'j between Newfoundland and Labrador'; Da^vii StraitSy between the British Possessions and Greenland; and Beh*ring^s Straits, between America and Asia.. N 'i«; I! II :i M 14 OUTLINES OP NORTH AMERICA. Lakes. — £aX:e JVlcarag'uOf in Guatimala ; Lakes fifiipe'nor, Hu'rotit E'ricf and Onta'riof between the Uniied States and the British Possessions ; Lake Mi'chigan (me'shegfan), in the north of the United States; Lakes Win'nipeg, Athahas'ca, Slave Lake^ and Great Bear Lake, in the W. and N. of the British Possessions. Rivers. — ^The Mississip'pif flows S. through the United States, and after receiving the Missou'ri, the Ohi'o, and Arkan'sas, fails into the Gulf of Mexico ; the St. Law'rence, from Laice Ontario, flows north-east into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Bra'vo runs south-east through Mexico into the Gulf of Moxico ; and the Mackenzie River runs N. from Slave Luke into the Northern Ocean. Remarks. — North America has almost every variety of climate. The part north of 50° is a barren and frozen region, and is covered with snow and ice a great part of the year. Between 50° and 35° the country is t^ubject to great extremes of heat and cold, and pro- duces in most parts, grass, grain, and various l{inds of fruit. South of 35° the climate is warm, and produces rice, cotton, tobacco, indigo, sugar, cane, and tropical fruits, as oranges, lemons, pine apples and figs. The vegetable kingdom embraces a great variety of productions, some of which are peculiar to N. America ; as the magnolia, the tulip tree, the acacio, and some others. In the forests of the warmer regions are the palms, mahogany, cocoa and cotton trees, and the coffee shrub. The animal kingdom embraces a great variety of species. In the most northern regions are found the musk ox, the rein deer, and white bear. The vast prairios are peopled with immense herds of bisons, elks, moose deer, antelopes, &ic. Among the birds, the wild turkey is peculiar to this country. The mocking bird of the southrrn states is celebrated for its wonderful power of song. The humming bird is distinguished for its beauty und diminutive size. Alligators are found in the southern rivers, and the waters are filled with sturgeons, pikes, trout, eels, and salmoi). The banks of Newfoundland and the neighboring coast abound in cod. Three thousand vessels, and one hundred thousand men from Great Britain, France, the United States, kc, are annually engaged in the cod fisheries. The mineral treasures of North America, so far as discovered, consist of gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, coul, &lc. The gold and silver mines of Mexico are supposed to be the richest in the world. Coalis abundant. Salt is plentiful in all parts: the most noted springs are found in the State of New York. Sulphur and all sorts | of marble are found in different places. Exercises. — What are the boundaries of North America? What are its length and breadth ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the estimated amount of its populatiori ? What are the chief cities o(| the British Possessions? Of the United States, of Mexico, of Guati- mala? In what part of America is the Russian territory? Is Greenland! H^ OUTLINES OF EUROPE. 15 united to America by land ? No. What province of Mexico is now erected into an independent republic ? What isthmus unites North and South America? What lukes are between the United States and the British Possessions? Where is Baffin's Bay? Name the gulf on the W. of Mexico^ What is the most southern division of N.America? Which is the largest river in the United States? Name the principal rivers which it receives. Which is the most northern of the great lakes? What strait lies between Greenland and America ? Where is the Gulf of Mexico? Where arc the Bermudas ? Out ol what lake does the St. Lawrence flow ? In what direction does it run ? Where is Hudson's Bay ? What is the capital of the United Slates ? What bounds North America on the west? Name the cape on tlic south of California? What strait separates America from Asia? Where is Newfoundland? Where is lake Winnipeg? What is the capital of Jamaica? On what river is Quebec situated? What ocean lies between N. America and Europe? Where are the Rocky Mountains? Docs N. America con- tain dilTcrent climates? What is the character of the country to the north of the 50° of N. lat. ? What is the country between the 50° and 35° subject to ? What does it produce ? What sort of climate is south of the 35° ? What does it produce? Mention some productions in the vegetable kingdom that are peculiar to N. America ? What trees are met with in the warm regions? Name some animals that are found in the northern regions ? Where are immense herds of bisons, elks, moose deer, and antelopes found ? What large bird is peculiar to N. America? What bird is remarkable for its wonderful powers of song ? What bird is distinguished for its beauty and diminutive size'' Where are alliga- tors found ? What kinds of fish are very plentiful in the American rivers ? Where is the great cod fishery ? How many vessels and fish- ermen are annually employed in it? From what countries do they come? Which are supposed to be the richest gold and silver mines in the world ? Is there any coal found in N. America, — any salt springs, —any sulphur, — any marble ? OUTLINES OF EUROPE. Europe is bounded on the N, by the Northern Ocean; W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; S. by the Mediterra'nean ; E. by Asia, the Black Sea, the Sea of Mar'mora, and the Archipel'ago. Europe extends from 36° 20' to 71° 10' N. lat.; and from 9° 30' W. to 04° 20' E. long. Its length from N. to S. is 2,400 miles, — breadth from E. to VV. 2.200. Its superficial area hns been esti- mated at nearly 4,000,000 square miles; and its population at 240 millions. Countries. Chief Cities. G. Britain and Ireland ••Lon'don, Edinburgh, Dub'lin. Por'tugal Lis'bon, Opor'to, Bra'ga. Spain M ADRTi/, Barcelo'na, Sev'ille. Prance Par'is, Ly 'ons, Marseilles'. Switzerland Bernr, Geue' va, Basle. Ii'aly Rome, Na'ples, Paler 'mo. ill » i fc %$ OUTLINES OF EUROPE, Countriei. Chief Citiai. Tur'key • • • • • • • Const antino'ple, Adriano'ple. Greece Ath'ens, Liva'dia, Missolon'ghi. Aus'tria Vibn'na, Prague, Pres'burg. Ger'many Ham'burg, Mu'nicfc, Dres'den. Bel'gium Brus'srls, G/ient, Ant'werp. Hol'land Am'sterdam, Rotterdam, Hague. Den'inark Copenha'okn, Al'tona, Elsinore'. Prus'sia Berlin', Kon'igsberg, Dant'zic. JRns^sia Pb'tersburo, Moscow, Odes'sa, Swe'den, fee. Stock'holm, Got'teiiburg, Christia'iiia. Islands. — Great Britain and Ireland between the German Ocean and the Atlantic; Ice/land, south-east of Greenland; JVo'va Zem'bla, in the Northern Ocean ; Zea'land^ Fu'ticn^ O'land, and Gothland^ in the Baltic. In the Mediterranean, — Can'diay S. of the Archipelago j Si'cihj, S. of Italy ; Malta, S. of Sicily ; Sar- rftVta and Cor'aica^ W. of Italy; Major' ca. Minor' ca^ and Iviza'^ E. of Spain. Peninsulas. — SpainanH Portugal, in the south-west of Europe; the More'aj in the S. of Greece; the Crime' a^ in the S. of Russia; and Jui'land, in Denmark. Capes. — ^The JVorth Cape, in Lapland; the JVaze, S. of Norway; the Land^s End, south-west of England; Cape Clear, S. of Ireland; Cape la Hague, in France ; Cape Or'tegal and Cape Finisterre'f in Spain ; Cape St. Vin'cent, in Portugal ; Cape Spartiven'to, S. of Italy; and Cape Matapan', S. of Greece. Mountains. — The Pyrenees', between France and Spain; the Alps, N. and W. of Italy; the Ap'ennines, in Italy; the Bal'kan, in Turkey; the Carpa'thian mountains, in the N. and E. of Austria; the Do'vrefeld mountains, between Norway and Sweden: and the Ura'lian mountains, between Europe and Asia. Volcanoes.— Brna in Sicily, Vesu'vim in Italy, and Hec'la in Iceland. Seas and Gulfs.— The Mediterra'nean Seay between Europe and Africa; the Gulf of Ly'ons, S. of France; the Gulf of Gen'oa, north-west of Italy : the Gulf of Ven'ice, between Italy and Turkey; the ArchipeV ago, Sea of Mar'tnora, Black Sea, and Sea of Az'jph, between Europe and Asia; the Bay of Bis' cay W. of Prance; the English Channel, between England and France; the Irish Sea, the S. part of which !• called St, George $ Channel, i; I OUTLINES OP EUROPE. 17 between England and Ireland ; the 3>torth Sea, between Britain and the Continent ; the Ska'ger Rack, between Denmark and Norway; the Catte'gat, between Denmark and Sweden; the Baltic Sea, and Chilfa of RVga, Fin'land, and Both'nia, between Sweden and Russia; and the White Sea, in the north of Russia. Straits.— 'The entrance into the Baltic is called the Sound ; the Strait8 of Do'ver, between England and France ; the Straits of GihraVter, between Spain and Africa ; the Straits of Boni- fa'cio, between Corsica and Sardinia ; the Straits of MeaaVna, between Italy and Sicily; the Straits of the Dardanelles', between the Archipelago and the Sea of Marmora; the Straits of Constan- tino' pie, between the Sea of Marmora and the Black Sea ; and the Straits of Caf'fa, between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azoph. Lakes. — Lakes Lado'ga and One'ga, in the W. of Russia : Lakes Wen'er and Welter, in the S. of Sweden; and the Lakes of Con'stance and Gene'va in Switzerland. Rivers. — For a long distance, the Volga forma the boundary between Europe and Asia, it then flows east and falls into the Gas'pian Sea ; the Don falls into the Sea of Azoph ; the Dnieper (nee^per), the Dniester (nees^'ter), and the Dan'uhe, fall into thd Black Sea; the Vis'tula and O'der run N. and fall into the Baltic; the Elbe and the Rhine fall into the German Ocean ; the Seine falls into the English Channel; the Loire, into the Bay of Biscay; the Rhone, into the Gulf of Lyons; the Po, into the Gulf of Venice; the E'bro, into the Mediterranean ; and the Dou'ro and Ta'giis, into the Atlantic. ItsaiARKS.'-— Europe, although the smallest of the grand divisions of the globe, is the second in populuion, and by far the most important, from the ingenuity, industry, and intelligence of its inhabitants, and their progress in learning, science, and arts. Situated in the north temperate zone, and finely interspersed with inland seas, its climate is more agreeable, and better adapted to the health and vigor of the human frame, than that of any other portion of the globe of e(][ual extent. The Christian religion, comprehended under the three divisions of the Protestant, the Roman Catholic, and the Greek Churches, prevails in every part of Europe, except Turkey; and even there, a considerable number of the inhabitants are Christians. Exercises. — How is Europe bounded? What are its length and breadth? How many square miles does it contain? What is its population? Which are the chief cities in Great Britain and Ireland, in Portugal, in Spain, in France, Switzerland, Italy, Turkey, Greece, Austria, Germany, Belgium, ItoUand, Denmark, Prussia, I^ussiai I ! iH ! ! \ lU I 1 18 OUTLINES OP ASIA. Sweden 7 Point them all out on the map. Of what country is Paria the capital? Of what is Stockholm the capital? Of what country is London the capital ? Athens, Rome, Amsterdam, Lisbon, Constanti- nople, Petersburg, Berlin, Madrid, Hamburg, Berne, Copenhagen, Vienna, Brussels? Which is the largest country in Europe? Where is France? What island is to the west of Great Britain? Where is the Black Sea situated, the White Sea, the Baltic Sea ? Where is Sicily? Where is the Strait of Gibralter? Where are the Apennines? What are the two largest lakes in the west of Russia ? Where is the volcano of Vesuvius ? What mountains separate France from Spain ? Where are the Straits of Constantinople ? What two rivers run west through Spain and Portugal to the Atlantic Ocean? What strait is between England and France? Where is Mount Ilecla? Where is the Gulf of Venice? Name the sea between Great Britain and the continent. On what river is Paris situated ? Where is the island of Sardinia? Where are the Carpathian mountains? Where is the North Cape? What river falls into the Gulf of Lyons? Where are the lakes of Constance and Geneva? Name the three islands on the east of Spain. Where is Mount Etna ? What three rivers fall into the Black Sea? What mountains are between Russia and Asia? Where is Cape Matapan? Where is the small island of Malta? What proportion does Europe bear, in extent and population, to the other grand divisions of the globe ? In what respects is it the most impor- tant? What advantage does it possess in point of climate? What are the three leading divisions of the Christian religion in Europe? What is the only country of Europe where the Christian religion is not established? OUTLINES OF ASIA. Asia is bounded on the N. by the Northern Ocean, E. by the Pacific Ocean, S. by the Indian Ocean, and W. by Europe, the Black Sea, Archipelago, Mediterranean, and Red Sea. Asia extends from 1° £0' to 76° N. I at., and from 26° to 190^ E. long. Its length, from the Archipelngo to the Islands of Japan, is 6,000 miles ; and its breadth, from Cape Severe, in Siber- 1, to the S. of Malacca, is 5,200 miles. It is the largest of the great divisions of the globe. Its superficial area, including the islands, has been estimated at £0 millions of square miles; and its popula- tion at 460 millions. Asia contains the following countries. Countries. Chief Cities. Tur'key in Asia Alkp'po, Smyr na, Damas'cua. Ara'bia Mec'ca, Medi'na, Mo'cha (ka). Per'sia Teheran', Ispahan', Shiraz'. Aflg^anis'tan Cabul', Candahar', Herat'. Hindostan' .Calcut'ta, Madras', Bombay . Eastern Peninsula A'va, Ban'kok, Aracan'. ^^i'na ••.PKKiN'jNankiu', Canton'^ Tibet' , ...m.....La#'8a, OUTLINES OP ASIA. 19 CounUiM. ' Chief Citiei. Eastern or Chinese Tar'tary Cash'oar, Yar'kand. Western or Independent Tartary* its length and breadth ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the estimated amount of its population ? What are the chief towns of Colombia ? Point them out on the map. Wha : are the chief towns of Guiana? Of Brazil, of Lower Peru, of Boliva or Upper Peru, of Para- guay, of La Plata, of Chili ? Which is the largest division of South America ? What isthmus unites S. to N. America ? What island lies to the S. of Patagonia? What separates this island from the continent? Between what oceans dot'3 S. America lie? What country lies farthest north? What one is farthest to the south ? On what river is Buenos Ayres ? Where is the island of Chilo6 ? Name the two principal rivers in Colombia. What country lies to the west of La Plata ? What noted island is opposite to its coast ? Of what country is Lima the capital ? Whether is Upper Peru or Lower Peru farther north? Where is the Bay of Panama '? What is the chief town in Colombia ? In what country is lake Titicaca ? What islands lie to the south-east of Pata- gonia ? Where is Cape Horn ? Of what character are the features of South America? Describe the Andes. What is their extent ? What is the height of the table-lands ? Diescribe Cotopaxi. Whether is Chimborazo or Sorata the higher? Which is the highest mountain peak in the New World ? How many feet higher is the highest mountain in the Old World ? (2,800.) In what circumstance is South America unrivalled ? Which is the greatest of its rivers rnd the largest in the world ? How far is it navigable ? What is its breadth on entering the ocean ? How far does it penetrate pure and unmixed into the ocean ? Which is the second largest river in the world ? What is its width at Buenos Ayres, 200 miles from its mouth, and at its mouth ? Of the rivers in S. America, which is the third in magnitude ? How far is it navigable ? By bow many mouths does it enter the ocean ? With what circumstances does the climate of South Ameriea vary ? What is the general chavaoter of its soil? With what do its river* i If! It ■I ( 1 > I M- ! I :tn «i It! I I* 26 ^ >ti BRITISH AMERICA. ^" ' awarm? What remarkable tree is in S. America, of which there are above 80 different kinds? For what are these palms distinguished? What do they produce ? Mention some other trees that are very abun- dant. Name some plants that are natives in S. America. What do the plantations of Guiana yield? What does Cayenne produce? Name some delicious fruits that grow almost spontaneously and in the greatest plenty in S, America. What beasts of prey are in S.America? Of what kind of animals are the lama, guanaco, and vicuna? Of what kind are the tapir and peccary? To what parts are these animals pecu- liar? Are the alligators and serpents of S. America large or small? For what are the birds noted ? What bird in S. America is the largest bird of flight known in the world? Of what quality are the mines of Brazil? Of what other metals arc there extensive mines? What is remarkable about the mountains and rivers of Chili ? What other metals are found in that country ? To what European power did a j^reat part of S. America formerly belong ? Does Spain own any part of S. Ame- rica now? To whom does Guiana belong? By whom is Patagonia occupied? In what condition is learning in S. America? W|iat religion is generally professed? i! ^ ,!'" .-'/Mv ivJ^j -.' fil'ii.;,,. ; Oil! • . -•.? .'i^!'^"!'" "'•! ' ) l-'' " ■ I ' t - f'f ' .' < , ■ ■ ' . r kf " '-■•-i--P--PART II.'"-' -■■'"::..■ ■; A SECOND, OR GENERAL COURSE, ti^T-US BRITISH AMERICA. ' :,:;.■•'' ';S Is bounded on the N. by Baffin's Bay and the Arctic Ocean; W. by the Russian Territory and the Pacific Ocean ; S. by the United States; and E. by the Atlantic Oee .n. It extends from 42° to 74*^ N. lat., and from f,fP 30^ to 141° W. long. Length from E. to W. 3,500 miles; breadth from N. to S. 2,000 miles. It is estimated to contain 2,360,000 square miles. The white population amounts to 1,500,000. Divisions. •''-«- -^? - '— Chief Towns. "■*' f.H'v .,;,^ Hudson's Bay Territories, includinrr > „ , __ ^ ^ '}"'' *^'''' ^' :.. Labradci .1 ^ork Fort, Nam. ^^m - Can'adaWest Toronto, Kingston. Canada East Montreal, Quebec. . New Bruns'wick Fred'ericton, St. John. No'vaSco'tia Hal'ifax, Annap'olis.sdW BRITISH AMERICA. 27 lalandB. Chief Town*. .' -,., ( Newfound'land St. John. ■ Cape Bre'ton ••Syd'uey. > - '■'■■• ' Prince Edward • • • • . Char'lotte Town. Bermu'das St. George. Anticos''ti, Southamp^ton, North Geor^gian Islands. Capes. — Ros'ier, Sa1}le, Can' so, Breton, Ray, Race, Charles, Chid'Iey. Gulfs, Bays, and Straits. — Baffin's Bay, Davis' Straits, Hud- son's Straits, Hudson's Bay, James' Bay, Straits of Belleisle'', Gulf of St. Law'rence, Bay of Fun'dy, Corona'tion Gulf, Bar'row's Strait, Prince Regent's Inlet. Lakes. — Supe'rior, Hu'ron, E'rie, Onta'rio, Win'nipeg, Atha- bas^ca, Great Slave J^ake, Great Bear Lake, Mistas'sin, Simcoe. Rivers. — St. Lawrence, Oftawa, St. John, Niag'ara, Cop^per- mine, Macken'zie, Nel'son, Grand River, T/tames. Remarks. — The great river St. Lawrence, with the chain of immense fresh-water lakes, unequalled by any in the world, forms one of the most striking features of British America. The St. Lawrence issues from Lake Superior, and, passing successively through Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, falls into the Atlantic, after a course of nearly ^000 miles. This majestic stream is 90 miles wide at its mouth, and is navigable by ships of the line for 400 miles from the ocean. Canada was colonized by the French in 1608; and conquered by the British in 1759; since that period it has formed a part of the British dominions. In 17U1, Canada was divided into two provinces, called Upper and Lower Canada. These continued separate and distinct until February, 1841 ; when, under Governor Lord Syden- ham, they were re-united under one government; assimulated, in all respects, so far as a colony can be, to the British constitution. Montreal is the capital and seat of government. Cold and heat are here felt in their extremes, and the transition from winter to summer is very sudden. The year is divided between these seasons, — spring and autumn being almost unknown. The climate, however, is very congenial to health. The soil of the eastern part of the province is fertile, and produces good crops of grain. The western part has beautiful plains and verdant meadovvs, scarcely excelled by any portion of JNorth America, and tliere are large tracts of rich land, stretching far to the north, covered with extensive forests. The most populous and improved districts are along the banks of the St. Lawrence, and the shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie. Apples and pears arrive at great perfection in the neighbourhood of Montreal ; fruits of various kinds, particularly the melon, appear indigenous to the country. Oak, maple^ pinei ■■\ : ' lil ' -t. M f , ■ 1 u W^ 28 BRITISH AMERICA. I . ,?: i • ! • 'r^i'.i if u I jr birch, elm, and limes, are the most common trees in the forests. The lakes and rivers abound with excellent fish. Wild animals, as bears, deer, beaver, wolves, foxes, abound ; and water-fowl are found in immense numbers and variety. The exports are chiefly furs, timber, potash, fish, wheat, and flour. In 1839, the total imports were £12,806,933; exports, £7,844,411. The mineral treasures of Canada are only partially known ; but as a geological survey is now going on under the direction of government, satisfactory information on this subject may be shortly expected. Cornelians, agates, opals, and jaspers, have been found in great variety in the neighbourhood of Gaspe; and beautiful spars of brilliant colours on the coasts of Labrador. A ridge of rocky country in the Newcastle and Midland Districts is said to be rich in silver, lead, copper, and iron. White marble abounds near Lake Marmora, variegated marble of green and yellow in the neighbour- hood of Gananoque, and immense beds of black and grey in the vicinity of Kingston. Coal, freestone, lime, gypsum, marie, and salt, are found in many parts of the country in great abundance. In the districts west of Lake Ontario, the climate becomes more genial. Here the various species of Mulberry, necessary for the growth of silk, flourish under the care of those who have made the experiment ; vineyards may be cultivated to advantage ; and the hop is found in perfection almost every where. A large majority of the population of Canada East are of | French descent, and the French language and manners are gene- rally retained. Canada West has been principally colonized from England, Scotland, and Ireland; and partly from the United iStates. Canada East lies on both sides of the St« Lawrence, and is favour- ably situated for commerce. It is divided into three principal and two inferior districts, viz. Population in 183U. Population in 1841. District of Montreal 287,119 284,650 « Quebec 151,167 ...... 137,126 " Three Rivers . . 56,279 70,157 .; " Gaspe 1,003 9,550 '^ St. Francis. ••• ...... 495,568 501,483 Principal Torrns.— Montreal, Quebec, Three Rivers, Berthier, I Sorel, Sherbrooke, New Carlisle, Douglastown, Dorchester, St.| Hyacinthe, St. Andrew's, L'Assomption, Canada East is divided into 36 counties, viz., Vaudreuil, Ottawa, I Lake of Two Mountains, Montreal, Terrebonne, Leinster, Berthier, St. Maurice, Champlain, PortNeuf, Quebec, Montmorency, Sag- uenay, Gaspe, Bonaventure, Rimouski, Kamouraska, L'Islet, Belle- chaase, Dorchester, Megantic, Lotbiniere, Nicolet, Yamaska, Drummond, Sherbrooke, Stanstead, Missiskoui, Shefford, St. Hya- cinthe, Rouville, Richelieu, Vercheres, Chambly, Huntingdon, Betuharnois. BRITISH AMERICA. 29 Districts and population of Canada West. Districts. Uiatriet Towni. 1830. 1843. Eastern Cornwall 11,168 •• £7,618 Ottawa L'Orignal 4,456 • • 7,St5« Johnstown Brockville £1,961 •• 31,839 Bathurst Perth 20,113 •• £1,086 Midland ........ Kingston 36,32£ • . 34,438 Newcastle Amherst 16,498 •• 30,4£5 Home Toronto ••.. ? «.> o.r< «o^«^ Simroe Barrie ^^,871 .. 83,294 Niagara Niagara 21,974 • • 34,348 Gore... Hamilton 23,552 •• 44,232 London***' London 26,180 •• 29,657 Western Sandwich 9,970 •* 21,498 Dalhousie Bytown • 15,681 Prince Eward • • *Picton 14,369 Victoria Belleville 5,214 1. £. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Colborne Peterboro' Wellington . * * * *Guelph • • * Brock * * . . . Woodstock Talbot • • * • Simcoe • * * Huron Goderich • * 13,265 11,418 17,315 10,193 . 6,515 225,065 Deficfency as in return, according to age Supposed immigration in 1842 • • • • • • 459,773 • 26,282 . 20,000 506,055 Additional Towns. — Prescott, Cobourg, Port Hope, Queenston, Dundas, Ancaster, Maldon, Amherstburgi Chatham, St. Catherines, Brantford, Gait. ii ^ r ' Canada West is divided into 27 counties, viz., Glengary, Prescott, Stormont, Dundas, Russell, Carlton, Lanark, Grenville, Leeds, Frontenac, Lenox and Addington, Hastings, Prince Edward, North- umberland (North and South Ridings), Durham, Simcoe, York (four Ridings), Halton (East a.d West Ridings), Wentworth, Lincoln (North and South Ridings), Haldimand, Oxford, Norfolk, Middlesex, Kent, Essex, Huron. The government of the Province of United Canada is entrusted to a Governor, and a Legislative and Executive Council appointed by him ; and a House of Assembly, chosen by the people, one half of" its members for Canada East, the other half for Canada West. House of Assembly, in the first united parliament, 1842. Canada East, — 36 counties, sent 36 members ; towns, — Quebec 2, Montreal 2, Sherbrooke 1, Three Rivers 1, — Total 42. Canada West, — 27 counties, sent 33 members; towns, — Toronto 2, Kingston 1, Hamilton 1, Cornv/all 1, Brockville 1, Bytown 1, Niagara 1, London 1, — Total 42. All the regions north of Canada are claimed by Britain, and admitted by the other powers to belong to her. They contain i t r : t-i i I • II J-1 % I iNi^ w 30 BRITISH AMERICA. only a few trading forts or factories at different points. The coun< tries around Hudson's Bay, comprehending Labrador, East Main, New North and Sonth Wales, present on aspect dreary in the extreme, being buried under snow for half the year. The chief native tribes are the Esquimaux, the Chippeway and Cree Indians ; and to the norih of these the Doff-ribbed, Copper-coloured, and Hare-foot Indians, who are described as a hospitable and harmless race. ' The enterprise of British navigators has added lately to our knowledge some large tracts and i&lands, within the Arctic Zone,— Melville Peninsula, the North Georgian I^ilands, kc. Nearly the whole northern coast of America has also been lately explored by Captain Ros^ and the Hudson's Bay Company ; these barren and dreary regions are interesting only to science and curiosity. New Brunswick is bounded on the N. by Canada, E. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, S. by the Bay of Fundy and Nova Scotia, and W. by the United Stales. The principal rivers are the St. John's, Mir&michi, and llistigouche. The principal settlements are on the fertile banks nf these rivers. The tract of country so pro- lific in gypsum, commences in this province, and extends into Nova Scotia. Coal of a superior quality is found in both provinces ; in most particulars they are very similar, being neither mountainous, nor quite level. The soil and climate of both are unfavourable to the cultivation of grain, but their coasts abound with cod, salmon, mackerel, haddocks, and herrings ; and their chief exports are fish, lumber, and Plaster of Paris. The extent of New Brunswick is about 27,000 square miles, and its population 260,000. It is divided into 10 counties, viz., St. John's, Westmoreland, King's, Queen's, Charlotte, Yoik, Sunbury, Northumberland, Kent, Gloucester. Nova Scotia is connected with New Brunswick by a narrow isthmus, 8 miles broad. It has a cold, damp climate, and in most parts a thin and unproductive soil. The Bay of Fundy is remark- able for its tides, which rise to the height of 30, and sometimes, in the narrowest part, even to 60 feet. The rise is so rapid that cattle feeding on the shore are ofter* overtaken and drowned. The peninsula of Nova Scotia is about 300 miles in length. Extent 15,617 square miles. Population 230,000. It is divided into 10 counties, viz., Halifax, Sydney, Cumberland, Hants, King's, Queen's, Lunt.-nburg, Annapolis, Shelburne, Cape Breton. Total amount of the population of all the British Provinces of North America, in 1839, as given in the Toronto "Royal Calendar." Lower Canada 750,000 Upper Canada * r,j.a,'i37 New Brunswick 260,000 Nova Scotia 230,000 Cape Breton 78,000 Prince Edward's Island ^ 80,000 Newfoundland ...^ 95,000 BRITISH AMERICA k 31 !li rhe coun- Sast Main, iry in the The chief I 3 Indians ; lured, and harmless ly to our c Zone,— •Nearly the iplored by )arren and ly. E. by the va Scotia, e the St. »tnents are ,ry so pro- into Nova winces ; in untainous, ourable to d, salmon, ta are fish, nswick is is divided Queen's, ester. a narrow in most remark- etimes, in apid that ed. The Extent into 10 King's, Bvinces of alendar." 00 37 00 00 00 00 00 Exercises. — How is British America bounded ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount |of its white population ? Name the divisions and point out the chief ;owns. What are its principal capes? Name and point out its chief Igulfs, bays, and straits ; its principal lakes, — and rivers. What does he Ottawa river separate ? Where is Lake St. Ciuir? Where is Cape ISable? What constitutes one of the most striking features of British lAraerica? What lake is the source of the St. Lawrence? Through hat other lakes does it successively pass 7 Into what ocean doos this [majestic river fall ? What is the whole length of its course ? What ia ts breadth on entering the ocean ? How far is it navigable for ships of he line? When and by whom was Canada first colonized? When was t conquered by the British ? In what year was Canada divided into wo provinces? When were they re-united? What is the form of overnment? What is remarkable in the climate ? Into what seasons 8 the year divided ? Is its climate congenial to health ? Of what uality is the soil of Canada East? What are the principal features of anada West? Which are the most populous and improved districts? ame some of the fruits. What are the most common forest trees 7 ith what do the lakes and rivers abound ? Mention some of tha nimals worthy of notice. What are the chief exports? Are the minerals of Canada well known ? What survey is now going n ? What gems are found in the neighbourhood of Gaspd ? Where are pars of brilliant colours found ? In what metals are the Newcastle nd Midland Districts said to be rich ? Where does white marble bound, — variegated marble of green and yellow, — black and grey? hat other useful minerals are found in great abundance in Canada? oes the climate improve to the west of Lake Ontario ? What valuable ees or shrubs are found to flourish in these western districts ? Of what descent is the greater part of the population of Canada East? ^■What language and manners are generally retained? From what ountries has Canada West been colonized ? How is Canada East itaated with respect to the St. Lawrence ? Into how many districts ie t divided? Namo them. What was the population in 1841? How any districts are in Canada West? What was its population in 18437 low are these districts subdivided ? To whom is the government of he province entrusted ? How many counties and what towns send embers to parliament in Canada East ? Name those for Canada West. y whom arc the regions north of Canada claimed ? What aspect do hese countries present ? By what native tribes are they inhabited ? hat has the enterprise of British navigators lately added to our know- edge? What coast has lately been explored by Captain Ross and the Hudson's Bay Company? What are its peculiar features? How IS New Brunswick bounded ? What are its principal rivers ? In what parts of it are the principal settlements ? What noted tract of I country commences in this province? Whence does it extend? Where is coal of a superior quality found ? What is the general aspect of both these provinces ? Of what quality are their soil and climate? With y hat do their coasts abound ? What are their chief exports ? Of what ixtent is New Brunswick ? What is its population ? How is Nova Bcotia connected with New Brunswick ? What is the nature of ite jclimate and soil ? For what is the Bay of Fundy remarkable ? To what jheight do its tides sometimes rise ? What is sometimes the consequence i this high and rapid rise ? What is the length of Nova Scotia? How Imftny square milei does it contain 1 What is its population 7 I h 'sey< i^ DNITED STATES. 36 THE UNITED STATES, Are bounded on the N. by British America; W. by the Pacific Ocean ond Mexico ; S. by the Gulf of Mexico ; and E. by the Atlantic Ocean. They contain 2,250,000 square miles. Population in 1840, 17,100,572; of whom 2,500,000 are slaves. They extend from 250 to 59^ N. lat., and from 07^ to 124° W. long. Length from the Bay of Fundy to the Pacific Ocean, 2,750 miles ; breadth from the Lake of the Woods to the south of Louisiana, 1,300 miles. JVorthertif or New England States, Divisions. Chief Towns. Maine Augus'ta, Portland, Bath, Belfast'. New Hamp'shire • ••Con'cord, Ports'mouth, Do'ver. Ver'mont MontpePier, Bur'lington, Mid'dlebury. Massachu'setts • • • • •Bos'ton, Sa'^lem, Cam'bridge, Low''eU. Rhode Island Prov'idence, New'port. Connec'ticut Hart'ford, New Ha'ven, New Lon'don. Middle States, New York Al'bany, New York, Buffalo. Pennsylva'nia Har'risburg, Philndel'phia, Pitts'burg. New Jersey Tren'ton, New'ark, Pat'terson. Del'a ware Do'ver, Wil'mington. Maryland Annap'olis, Baltimore'. DiBtrictofColum'bia*WASH'uroTON,Alexan'dria,George'town. Southern States, Virgin'ia Rich'mond, Nor'foZk, Pe'teraburg. North Caroli'na • • . •Ra'leigh, Newbern'. South Carolina Columbia, Charles'ton. Georgia Mil'ledgeville, Savan'nah, Augus'ta. Alaba'ma Tuscaloo'sa, Mobile', Cahaw'ba. Western States, Ohi'o Columbus, Cincinna'ti, India'na Indianap'olis, Vincenncs'. Il'iinois Vanda'lia, Easkas'kia. Missou'ri Jefferson, St. Lou'is, Frank'lin. Kentuck'y Frank'fort, Lou'isville, Lex'ington. Ten'nessee Nash'ville, Knox'ville. Mississippi Jack'son, Natch 'ez. Louisia'na New Or'leans. Arkan'sas .••••••.. Little Rock. Mi'chigan Detroit'. Besides seTeral Territoriesi not yet erected into States. I 36 UNITED states; I r %■ n ■] :• .:. Ohio, IsLAifDS.— Long and Sta'ton Islands, Nantuck'et and Martha's Vineyard. Cafes.— Cod, May, Charles, Ilonry, Lookout, Fear, Sable. Mountains. — Al'leghany Mountains, Rocky Mountains, Ozark' Mountains, Cats'kill Mountains. Bays. — Mobile', Ches'apcake, Dclnwaro, Long Island Sound, Massachusetts. Lakes. — Michigan, Cham'plain, and many small ones. Rivers. — Mississippi, Missouri, Arkansas, Rod River, Wabash', Tennessee, Hudson, Pot'omac, &c. Remarks.— This vast region is traversed by two great chains of mountains, in a direction nearly N. and S. into three great natural divisions, viz.: — The Atlantic Slope, extending from the Alleghany Mountains to the Atlantic ; the Mississippi Valley, between the Alleghany and Rocky Mountains, watered by tho Mississippi and its numerous branches ; the Pacific Slope, comprising tho region between the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Ocean. There is no country of equal extent so well watered as the United States by magnificent rivers, or so highly favoured by nature with cliannels for internal commerce or mutual intercourse. With the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Pacific on the west, the Gulf of Mexico tho south, and the preat lakes on the north, the United States con- tain some of the finest harbours in the world, and possess every advantage for commercial pursuits. In a country so extensive, and having so many varieties exposure as the United States, the climate must of course be various : — ^it is remarkable for its inconstancy ; passing suddenly from extreme cold to scorching heat, and from drenching rains to withering droughts. To the west of the Alleghany Mountains ths weather is more equable and temperate, and the country expands into immense level meadows or prairies. The soil in general \i\ fertile. Among the trees which it produces are the larch and pin^ several species of oak, walnut, poplar, maple, the white cedar, the occidental plane, the tulip tree, and the magnolia; the last of thesd for its gigantic size, its splendid flowers and fruit, stands unrivalleii| even amidst the wonders of these magnificent forests. In the Northern and Middle States the common species of grai are raised. Maize and wheat are cultivated with success. Tin potato is here in its native soil. Rice, cotton, indigo and tobacccj are the chief productions in the Southern States. Apples m pears, of the finest flavour, abound in the northern and midd regions; and there are large orchards of peaches, from which brand] is distilled. The vine has been successfully cultivated in vario parts of the Union ; and the mulberry tree grows spontaneousljl and has been extensively planted of late years. The bison or baflTalo, the moose deer, the elk and rein deer, found in the plains and forests; the more ferocious animals are til h'. ' i ;i UNITED STATES. 37 bear, wolf) tiffer and panther. The feathered tribes are more noted for the splendour of their plumage than for the melody or variety of their notes. The power of imitation in the mocking bird is very surprising. The humming bird is the most beautifulof all birds. The serpent brood is numerous and formidable. The rattlesnake, armed with a deadly poison, is peculiarly terrible, and various other species are met with in the forests. The coasts abound with fishes, generally of the same species as in Europe. Minerals abound in the United States in great variety. Iron, coal and lime, exist in great abundance. Lead is found in inex- haustible quantities in Missouri. Salt springs abound in many parts of the Union, and large quantities of salt are manufactured in the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, and Illinois. Gold has recently been found in considerable quantities in Virginia, N. and S. Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. The commerce of the United States ranks next to that of Great Britain. It extends to all nations and to every clime. The chief articles of export are cotton, tobacco, wheat, flour, rice, fish, ashes, lumber, and naval stores. The chief articles of import are woollens, cottons, silks, teas, cofiee, sugar, spirits, spices and wines. The government of the United States is republican. The admi- nistration of af&irs is confided to a Congress, consisting of a Presi- dent, Senate, and House of Representatives. There is no religious establishment supported by the State ; but Christianity, in some form, is generally professed. The most numerous sects are the Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Methodist, Baptist, and Independent. Much attention is paid to education, particularly in the northern and middle states. They have many literary institutions, and can boast of some very distinguished names in science and letters. They are active, enterprising, acute, frank, high spirited and brave; but there is a coarse bluntness in their manners, with a prying inquisitiveness into the business of others, that is generally offen- sive to strangers. Their independence, from being a colony of Great Britain, was acknowledged in 1783. Exercises. — How arc the United States bounded ? What ere their length and breadth ? What is their extent in square miles ? What is the population ? Name and point out on a map the Northern States and their principal towns, — the Middle States and their chief towns, — the Southern States and their towns, — the Western States and their towns. Mention and point out the principal islands, capes, mountains, bays, lakes, and rivers. By what chains of mountains, and in what directions, is this vast region traversed? Into what natural divisions do these mountains divide the country ? What advantages for internal commerce does this country possess? Has it many good harbours? For what is the climate of the United States remarkable ? In what part is the weather most equable and temperate ? What is the general aspect of this part of the countiy? What is the general quality of the soil? Mention some of the forest trees. Which of these is the most remarkable? What are the chief agricultural products ? Mention some of the fruits of this country. Is it found suitable for rearing the vine t What other 38 UNITED STATES. I tree hai been extensively planted of late years? What wild animals are to be found ? By what quality are the feathered tribes distinguished ? What bird is remarkable for its power of imitation? Which is the most beautiful? What dangerous reptiles swarm in the fwests? With what kinds of fishes do the coasts abound ? Does this country possess much mineral wealth ? In what State are there inexhaustible lead mines? Are there many salt springs? In what States have gold mines been found ? How does the commerce of the United States rank? What are their principal exports and imports? What is the form of government ? To whom is the administration of affairs confided? Is there any established religion? What religion is generally professed ? What are the most numerous sects ? Is much attention paid to education and literature ? What is the national cha- racter of the inhabitants ? When was their independence acknowledged? *^' DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, &C. ;., Al'bany, the capital of the State of New York, and the second town in population, wealth, and commerce, in the state. It is situated on the Hudson, at its junction with the Erie canal, and a better illustra- tion of the advantages of the canal system could not be given. It is neatly built, has some handsome public buildings, some of them of white marble, and a flourishing trade. Population 33,721. 42° 39' N. 73° 44' W. Alexan'dria, a city in the District of Columbia, six miles from Wash> ington, on the W. bank of the Potomac. Its harbour is sufficiently deep for the largest ships. Population 8,459. An'dover, a manufacturing town of Massachusetts ; it has a floU' rishing academy and a richly endowed theological seminary. Popula- tion 5,210. ' . Bal'timore, an important city and seaport of Maryland, situated near the head of Chesapeak Bay. It has one of the finest harbors in America, and carries on a very extensive trade. Population 102,313. 39°17'N. 760 38' W. Bos'ton, the principal city and seaport of Massachusetts, beautifully situated on a peninsula of Massachusetts Bay. It possesses a secure harbor, with a very extensive trade. Boston is celebrated as the biith place of Franklin, and the cradle of American independence, and may be considered the literary capital of the Union. Population 93,383* 42° 21' N. 71° 4' W. . Buffalo, a flourishing commercial town of New York, situated at the junction of the Erie canal with the lake, 18 miles from Niagara, and 291 W. from Albany. Population 18,213. Cam'bridge, a town of Massachusetts, three miles from Boston, and the s'-^t of a University. Popuiatlon 8,409. Charles'ton, the principal city and seaport of S. Carolina, situated at the head of a bay on a peninsula formed by the Ashley and Cooper. It carries on a considerable trade. Population 29,261. Charles'ton, a town of Massachusetts, near the celebrated Bunker's Hill, and connected with Boston by a bridge. Population 11,484. Cincinna'tl, the chief town of Ohio, finely situated on the Ohio. It lias a college, flourishing manufactures, and is a great emporium of trade. Population 46,338, 39° 6' N. 84° 27' W. . r« UNITED STATES. 39 Colum'bia, a district of the United States, sitaated on both sides of the Potomac, and surrounded by Virginia and Maryland. It is under the immediate jurisdiction of Congress, and contains Washington, the seat of government, and capital of the Union. Extent 100 square miles. Do'ver, a town of New Hampshire, about 46 miles S. of Newcastle. It is neatly built, and in the centre is a handsome square on which the state house and public offices are erected. Population 6,458. George'town, a flourishing town in the District of Columbia, on tho Potomac, near the city of Washington. A canal from the Potomac to the Ohio, begins at this place. Population 7,313. Hart'ford, a manufacturing town of Connecticut, on the river Con- necticut, 50 miles from its mouth. Here is an asylum for the deaf and dumb. Population 9,468. Lan'caster, a town of Pennsylvania, 63 miles W. from Philadelphia. It is pleasantly situated on the side of a hill, and contains numerous manufactures, and carries on considerable trade. Population 8,417. Lez'ington, a town of Kentucky, with a college, and several woollen and cotton manufactures. Population 7,000. Lock'port, a town of New York, on the Erie canal, 920 miles W. from Utica, and 31 miles from Buffalo. It is situated on the high ground where the first series of locks, frora Lake Erie, occur in the canal, and brings the water from the Erie level to that of Kochester, by five double locks of 12 feet each. Population 9,125. Long I'sland, an island of New York, separated from Connecticut by Long Island Sound. It extends about 120 miles, by 10 of medium breadth. Population 110,406. Lou'isville, the principal commercial town of Kentucky, situated on the Ohio, just above the rapids. Population 21,210. Low'ell, a flourishing town of Massachusetts, at the junction of the Merrimack and the Concord, 25 miles from Boston. It is the chief seat of the cotton and woollen manufactures. Population 20,796. Lynn, a town of Massachusetts, famous for the manufacture of women's shoes ; 1,675,781 pairs, valued at 942,191 dollars, were manu- factured in thifl town in 1831. Population 9,369. Mar'blehead, a seaport of Massachusetts, 19 miles from Boston. The inhabitants of this town are more extensively engaged in the bank fisheries than any other in the Union. Population 5,575. Mid'dletown, a town of Connecticut, on the Connecticut. It has considerable trade and extensive manufactures of broadcloth, cotton, combs, Gunter's scales, paper, powder, axes, and tin ware. Population 7,210. Mobile (mo-beel'), the principal seaport of Alabama, situated at the head of a bay on the Gulf of Mexico, with a flourishing trade in exporting cotton, &c. Population 10,000. Nantuck'et, a town of Massachusetts, on an island of the same name, 15 miles long and 11 broad. It is a great seat of the whalo fishery. Population 9,012. 41° 17' N. 70° G' W. New'ark, the principal town of New Jersey, beautifully situated at the head of a bay, nine miles W. of New York. It has extensive manufactures of leather, saddlery, shoes, &c. Population 17,290. ■ i' !l} 1 i I I » ■IS ih '\ ' 40 UNITED STATES. i 1 li New Bed'ford, a seaport of Massachusetts, on a small ami of Buzzard Bay, 53 miles S. of Boston. The principal occupation of the inhabi- tants is fishing, preparing whale oil, spermaceti, and candles, which they export in large quantities. 50,000 tons of shipping are employed in the whale fishery, and 1,200 tons in the cod and mackerel fishery. Population 12,087. New Bruns'wick, a town of New Jers.'?/, with considerable trade. Population 8,693. New'buryport, a flourishing seaport of Massachusetts, near the mouth of the Merrimack, over which is an iron suspension bridge 244' feet long. Population 7,161. Newha'ven, the principal town and seaport of Connecticut, situated at the head of a bay. It contains Yale College, a flourishing seminary, founded in 1,700, and ranks as the second literary institution in the Union. The faculty consists of a president, 14 professors, and 7 tutors. The public buildings are very elegant, and the city enjoys a flourishing trade. Population 14,390. 41° 18' N. 72° 57' W. New Or'leans, the capital of Louisiana, situated on the Mississippi, about 105 miles from its mouth, and 1,000 miles below the mouth oi the Ohio. It has an extensive foreign trade, with a great command of internal navigation. It is built on low marshy ground, and is very unhealthy. Population 102,193. 29° 57' N. 90° 6' W. New'port, a seaport in Rhode Island. It has a spacious and safe harbor, where a large fleet may ride at anchor, defended by three forts, and has considerable trade. Population 8,333. New York, the commercial capital of the United States, is situated on the S. extremity of Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson. Many of its public buildings are elegant, and it is distingmshed by numerous benevolent and literary institutions. Its admirable situation and excellent harbor have rendered New York the greatest emporium of the New World. Population, including Brooklyn, 312,710. 40° 42' N. 74° 1' W. Nor'folk, a seaport of Virginia, near the mouth of James River. Its trade is considerable. Population 10,920. Pat'terson, a town of New Jersey, 14 miles from New York. It has extensive manufactures of cotton, iron, nails, and flax. Population 7,596. Pe'tersburg, one of the handsomest and most flourishing towns of I Virginia, on the Appomatox. Population 11,136. Philadelphia, the principal city of Pennsylvania, is situated on the Delaware, near its junction with the Schuylkill, 120 miles from the | Atlantic. Besides a flourishing university, it contains various literary and scientific establishments. In extent of shipping, Philadelphia ranks next to New York and Boston. Population 228,691. 39° 57' N.| 75° 10' W. Pitts'burg, a flourishing town of Pennsvlyania, situated at the point where the Alleghany and Monongahela unite in forming the Ohio. Its numerous manufacture^, particularly its iron works, are very exteniive. Population 21,115. 40° 32' N. 80° 2' W. ' Port'land, the princi|)al city and seaport of Maine, on CMeo BftJ' Its foreign trade ia considerebfe. Population 15,218. Read'ing derable tra< Rich'mei its mouth, opposite M flourishing lation 20,li Ro'chesti the great i from Alban St. Au'gi the harboui stone, and 81° 35' W. St. Lou'i of the Miss end 1,200 number of i Population Sa'lem, c of land forr over the o Beverly. iifNITED STATES. ii ■' Ports'mouth, the principal city and seaport of New Hampshire, Btrongly fortified, with an excellent harbor. Population 8,082. Poughkeepsie (po-kep'se), a town of New York, on the E. bank ojf the Hudson, 75 miles N. from New York, and 85 , . from Albany. It is situated on a plain, about a mile E. of the Hudson, and has consi- dcrablc trade. Population 10,006. Pro'vidence, a flourishing seaport, the capital of Rhode Island. It is situated on both sides of the river of the same name, and 35 miles from the ocean. It has extensive manufactures, a fine harbour for ships of almost any burden, and its commerce is rapidly increasing. It is the seat of a university. Population 23,171. 41° 49' N. 71° 24' W. Readying, a town of Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill. It has consi- derable trade, and is noted for the manufacture of hats. Population 8,410. Rich'mend, the capital of Virginia, on James river, 150 miles fron; its mouth, immediately below the Falls, at the head of tide water, and opposite Manchester, with which it is connected by two bridges. It is flourishing and opulent, and its situation is highly picturesque. Popu- lation 20,153. Ro'chester, a flourishing town of New York, on the Erie canal, at the great falls of the Genesee, 63 miles E. of Lockport, and 236 W. from Albany. It is noted for its flour mills. Population 20,191. St. Au'gustine, a seaport of Florida, the town and the entrance to the harbour are well defended by a strong fort, built entirely of hewn etone, and mounting 60 cannons. Population about 6,000. 29° 48' N. 81° 35' W. St. Lou'is, the principal town of Missouri, situated on the W. bank of the Mississippi, 18 miles by water below the influx of the Missouri, and 1,200 miles from New Orleans. Between these two places a number of steamers are constantly plying, and a great trade carried on. Population 16,469. Sa'lem, a flourishing seaport of Massachusetts. It is built on a neck of land formed by two inlets of the sea ; one of these forms the harbour, over the other is a bridge 1,500 feet long, connecting Salem with Beverly. Population 15,082. 42° 31' N. 70° 54' W. Savan'nah, the principal seaport of Georgia; on the Savannah, 17 miles from its mouth. It is situated in a low sandy plain, but the rice swamps in its vicinity are no longer inundated, and the health of the city is since much improved. Population 7,303. 43° 4' N. 81° 7' W. Schenec'tady, a city of New York, on the Mohawk, over which is a bridge 997 feet in length. It is the seat of a college, and a railroad connects it with Albany. Population 6,784. Spring'field, a thriving town of Massachusetts, on the Connecticut It has extensive manufactures of cotton goods, paper, and muskets Population 10,985. Taun'ton, a town of Massachusetts, on the Taunton. It has manu- factures of cotton, iron, copper, lead, &c. 7,500,000 yards of calico are made hero annually. Population 7,645. Troy, a finely situated, well built, and flourishing town of New York, on the Hudson, six miles above Albany. For wealth and trade it ranks high, and is favourably situated for a great manufacturing tows. Population 19,334. ■ ili I'- ,f I" ;J f > 1 1 I I . J 1 41 1 I 42 UNITED STATES. U'tiea, a flourishing and pleasantly situated town of New York, on the Mohawk, where the Erie canal joins that river. Population 12,782. Waeh'ington, the capital of the United States, is finely situated on the Potomac, in the District of Columbia, about 120 miles from its junction with Chesapeak Bay. It has many fine buildings ; the capitol cost 2,596,500 dollars. Populatiou 23,3G4. 38° 52' N. 77° 1' W. Whcel'ing, a town of Virginia, on the Ohio. Population 7,883. Wil'mington, the principal town of Delaware, with flourishing trade, and manufactures of cotton, wool, paper, iron, gunpowder, &,c. Popu. lation 8,367. Exercises. — What is the .capital of the State of New York? Where is it situated ? Of what description are its public buildings ? Has it much commerce ? Where is the city of Alexandria? In what State ia the manufacturing town of AnJover ? Where is the city of Baltimore? Has it a good harbor, and much trade? Where is the city of Boston situated? Has it much trade? Is it a large city? (93) What grea* man was born at Boston? Is it a seat of literature ? Is Buffalo a plaeo of commerce ? Where is it situated ? Of what is Cambridge the eeatl What is the principal seaport of S. Carolina? Of what State is Cin- cinnati the chief town? Is any commerce carried on at this inland town? Of what size is the District of Columbia? What city stands in this small district? Where is Dover? What canal commences at Georgetown, on the Potomac? Where is the manufacturing town of Hartford? In what State is Lancaster? In what Stafe is Lexington? What do you find there ? Where is Lockport situated? How many canal locks are near it ? What separates Long Island from Connec- ticut? What is the extent of Long Island? What is its population? (110.) What is the principal commercial town of Kentucky ? Where is it situated? Of what is Lowell, in Massachusetts, the chief seat? For what is Lynn, in the same state, famous? In what are the inhabitants of Marblehcad extensively engaged ? Where is Middletown? What manufactures are carried on there? What is the principal seaport of the State of Alabama ? How is it situated ? In what does its flourish- ing trade principally consist ? In what island is the town of Nantucket? Of what is it a great seat? What is the principal town of New Jersey? Of what does its manufactures consist ? Where is the seaport of New Bedford ? What is the principal occupation of its inhabitants? What sort of town is Newburyport? Of what description is the bridge ovei the j\Ierrimack? What is the principal seaport in the State of Con- necticut? AVhat celebrated college does it contain? Of what deserip- tion arc its public buildings and trade? What is the capital of Louisiana? How far is New Orleans from the sea? How far below the mouth of the Ohio? Has New Orleans much trade? On what Eoundisitbuilt? What is its population? (102.) Where is Newport? escribe its harbour. Which is the greatest commercial city in the United States ? How is It situated ? Of what description are its public buildings ? By what IB It distinguished ? What is its population ? (312.) In what State \» the seaport of Norfolk? What extensive manufactures arc carried on at Patterson, in New Jersey? Describe Petersburg. What is the principal city of Pennsylvania ? On what river is it situated ? How lar from the Atlantic ? (120 miles.) What does it contain? How does U rank m extent of shipping? What is its population ? (328.) Onwh»t MEXICO AND GUATIMALA. 43 York, oft n 12,782. uated on from its be capitol N. 883. Lng trade, B. Popu* ? Where ? Has it it State i3 Baltimore] of Boston ^hat greai ilo a place I the eeatl ite is Cin- his inland ;ity standi mences at ig town of icxington 1 Jew many 1 Connec- ion? (110.) here is it leat? For ihabitantsi ? AVhat seaport of is flourish- antucket? w Jersey? rt of New ;s? What |ridge over ,e of Con* t dcscrip- jcapital of far below On what |Newport1 ts? How By what ^t State is ;arried on ■at is the Id? How [ow does On what river is Pittsburgh situated ? For what is it noted ? What is the prin- cipal seaport in the State of Maine ? Of what trade has it a consider- able share? Of what State is Portsmouth the principal seaport? What is particular about this city? Where is the town of Poughkeepsie ? Describe its situation. Where is the flouri«Iiin<^ seaport of Proridence? Has it any manufactures, or much commerce ? Has it a good harbour? Of what is it the seat ? Where is the town of Reading? For what is it noted ? What is the capital of Virginia ? ilow is it connected with Manchester 1 Of what description is this town ? Where is the flou- rishing town of Rochester situated ? For what is it noted ? Where is St. Augustine ? How arc the town and entrance to th« harbour defended ? What is the principal town of Missouri ? Wher» is it situated ? By what means is its trade carried on? In what Stat« is the llouritjiiing seaport of Salem ? How is it connected with Beverly t Of what S;atft ii Savannah the principal seaport? How is it situated? Where is Schenectady? What connects it with Albany? Where is Springfield? Of whnt has it extensive manufactures? Where is Taunton ? For what manufactures is it noted ? Where is Troy situated? For what doee it rank high ? Where is Ut'ca situated ? What is th« capital of llio United States? Where ia it situated? Is it a fine city? What is the principal town of Delaware ? What manufactures ar« carried on there ? MEXICO AND GUATIMALA, Are bounded on the N. and E. by the United States, Texas, Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea ; W. and S. by the Pacific Ocean. They extend from 0° to 42P N. lat., and from G3° to 124P W. long. Length from N. to S. about 1,500 miles : breadth from 120 to 1,000 miles. Mexico contains 1,290,000 square miles, and Guatimala 196,000. Population of Mexico, 7,800,000 ; of Guati- mola, 2,000,000. MEXICO. DivisionB. ChiefTowns. New Mex'ico San'ta F^, Taos. New Califor'nia • • ♦ Mon'terey, San Francis'co. Old Calilbrnia Loret'to. Sonora Cinalo'a, Culia'can. Dnran'go, or New Biscay • ♦ Durango, Chihua'hua. San Lu'is, Poto'si San Luis Potosi, Zacate'cae. Guadalaxa'ra Guadalaxara. Guanaxua'to .Guanaxuato. Val'ladolid' Valladolid. Mexico Mexico, Querela* ro. Pueb'la « Puebla, Cholu'la. Oax'aca .....Qaxaca. Ve'ra Cruz Vera Cruz, Xa'lapa. Yu'tacau Mer'ida. I I : •! 'ii i;. H, I t * I i:|! ; hi' 1 .t^ \\' I i Uh 'i 1 1 44 MEXICO AND G^ATIMAI^A. Guatima'la Guatimala. ; • St. Sal'vador St. Salvador. Hondu'ras Comayag'ua, Truxil'Io. Nicarag'ua Le'bn, Nicaragua. Cos'ta Ri'ca Costa Rica, Carta'go. Capes.— Mendoci'no, St. Lucas, Gra'cias a Di'ofl, Catoche'. Mountains.— Popocatepetl, Oriza'ba, Jorul'Io. (All vole.) Gulfs and Bats.— Gulfs of Mexico, California ; Bays of Cam- peachy, Honduras. LAKEs.^Nicaragua, Chapa'la, Putcua'ro. Rivers.— Ri'o Bravo or del Nort^, Rio Colora'do. Remarks.— The most remarkable feature in the aspect of these countries is the extensive plateau or table land, of which they chiefly consist, varying in elevation from 6,000 to 8,000 feet above the level of the sea. A necessary effect of this great elevation is, that the climate of this country, though groat part of it is situated within the torrid zone, is more generally cold and temperate than excessively hot. Indeed, the temperature of the torrid, temperate, and frigid zones, is here experienced according to the varying elevation ; and the trav-^Uer, in ascending from the burning coasts of Vera Cruz to Mexico, the capital, situated 7,000 feet above the ocean, passes through several distinct climates and zones of vegeta- tion. Another consequence of this striking inequality of tempera- ture is, the great variety of trees and other vegetable productions, from those of the frigid zone, to the richest tropical vegetation. The common articles of cultivation are cotton, indigo, sUgar, tobacco, pimento, the vine, and cochineal. Among the alimentary plants, the banana holds the first rank. Maize, wheat, barley, o. species of Indian cress, potatoes, and yams, are the other articles of food. Fruits of the finest kinds, and varying according to the altitude, abound in this country. Mexico is very deficient in navi- gable rivers; and its lakes, though numerous, are small. The lake of Nicaragua, in Guatimala, 150 miles in length by 50 in breadth, and navigable for the largest vessels, communicates with the Atlantic by the river San Juan. The animals peculiar to these regions are, a species of porcupine, the apaxa or Mexican stag, the Mexican squirrel, some breeds of | dogs, and the wild sheep of California, Of the other animals, the most remarkable are the juguar and conguar, resembling the tiger and lion, and the tapir, whose bite is said to cut through the hardest wood. No region in the world is richer in minerals than this portion of the New World. Previous to the revolution, its mines produced gold and silver to the amount of £4,500,000 annually. There are also mines of copper, iron, Ipad, aiid tin, . ^ ^ ^ TEXAS. ■('.'/" 47 ExKRCi8E8.---Where is the seaport of Acapuica? What is worth notice at the city of Cholula ? On what river is Guadalazara situated? What are in the vicinity of Guanaxuato ? How is the capital of Gua- timala situated? By what was the old city destroyed? Where is the province of Honduras ? With what valuable trees do its forests abound? Of what country is it a settlement ? What is the chief town ? How is the capital of Mexico situated ? Is it an elegant city? What superb edifice does it contain ? What else has it worthy of notice ? What is its population ? What buildings in Puebla are very splendid ? For what else is it noted ? What is its population ? What manufactures has Queretaro? In what 'aas St. Salvador a great trade? By what is Vera Cruz defended ? What are in the vicinity of Zacatecas 1 TEXAS Is bounded on the W. by Mexico ; N. and E. by the United States; and S. by the Gulf of Mexico. It is a new, interesting, and important State: and is one of the finest countries in the world. Its soil is of uncommon fertility — its climate, one of alternate spring and summer; and its productions comprise most of those of the temperate and torrid zones. The face of the country is level on the coast, uneven in the interior, and hilly and mountainous in the north-west. Near the rivers and streams, which are numerous, and some of them largei the land is well wooded, but farther back it spreads out into vast prarics. Texas is favourably situated for commerce, both internal and foreign. It was formerly a province of Mexico ; but in 1836, the people declared themselves independent, and adopted a republican ibrm of government. Population about 300,000. Austin, the present capital, has been recently laid out, is plea- santly situated, and rapidly increasing in population. Houston, the former capital, is the largest town in Texas: population 7,000. Galveston is the principal Beaport^ and promises to become an important place for commerce. Exercises, — How is Texas bounded ? Is it a fine country ? Of what quality is its soil, its climate, its productions ? What is the general aspect of this country? Is it favourably situated for commerce? To what country did it formerly belong ? When did the inhabitants declare their independence? What form of government did they adopt? What is the population of Texas? How is Austin, their new capital, situated? What is the population of Houston, the former capital, and largest town in Texas ? What is the principal seaport? Is it in a promising eituatiou? n M ^ . I, its mines THE RUSSIAN TERRITORY Consists of the extreme north-western region of America, and a narrow tract of coast extending to 55° N. lat. It is bounded on the N. by the Northern Ocean; W. and iS. by the Pacific; and J^ I til 48 WEST INDIA ISLANDS. \ . \i b|' by British America. It is inhabited by about 1,000 whites, and 50,000 Indians, some of the tribes are very ferocious. This region, though dreary and unproductive, yields valuable furs; and the fisheries of the whale, sea otter, and other animals are important, The long chain of the Aleutian Islands here extends between Asia and America. Exercises. — Where is the Russian Territory in America situated? How is it bounded ? By whom is it inhabited 7 Of what character are some of the native tribes ? What does this dreary region produce? What chain of rocky islands, like stepping stones, extend here from Asia to America ? GREENLAND Is now ascertained to be a large island, etretehing northward from Cape Farewell, in lat. 60°, towards the Pole. It is subject to Denmark, and has a population of about 20,000. It is principally valuable for the whale fishery on its coast. The short summer is very warm, but foggy; and the northern lights diversify the gloom of the long and severe winter. The natives are short, with long black hair, small eyes, and flat faces ; and subsist chiefly on seals. Exercises. — Is Greenland, as formerly supposed, a part of America? What cape in Greenland has 60° of N. lat. ? To what country does Greenland belong ? What is supposed to be its population t For what is it principally valuable 7 What are the qualities of its summer? What diversifies its long, severe, gloomy winter 7 Describe the natives. On what do they chiefly subsist? ,. : , . THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS Are situated at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, from the S. point of Florida to the coast of South America. They contain about 95,500 square miles, and a popula- tion of 3,000,000, of whom only 600,000 are whites. Thus,— The first 3 are called the Bahamas,— the next 4 the Great Antilles. Belonging to. Sq. 09. Pop. Chief Towns. Pop. Baha'ma ^ Providence ... ( Britain 5,500... 20,000 Nassau' ...,.,, 6,000 St. Salvador . ) Cu'ba Spain 54,000... 704,000 Havan'a 130,000 St. Domin'go.... Independent .28,000. ..935,000 Port-au-Prince 20,000 Jamai'ca Britain 6,400... 486,000 Kingston 33,000 Por'to Ri'co Spain 4,000... 375,000 St. Juan 30,000 Caribbee hlandsf — Leeward. s.-, Guadaloupe' ....France 675... 127,668 Basseterre .... 9,000 -^nt'g'ua Britain ,. 93... 35,000 St. John 5,000 MEXICO AND GUATIMALA. 45 This fine country was wrested from the natives by the Spaniards under Cortez, in 1521. From that time it continued in the posses- sion of Spain till her oppressions roused the people to rebellion, and in 1821 Mexico became an independent federal republic. Its constitution is modelled after that of the United States ; the government being vested in a congress, consisting of two houses and a president. The Roman Catholic religion is established by the new constitution, the public exercise of every other being pro- hibited. The native Indians, who amount to about 3,000,000, still retain many of their Pagan superstitions. Exercises. — How are Mexico and Guatimala bounded ? What are their lenjorth and breadth ? What is the extent of Mexico in square miles ? Of Guatimala. What is the population of Mexico ? Of Guati- mala. Name and point out the principal capes, mountains, gulfs and bays, lakes, and rivlrs. What is the most remarkable feature in their aspect ? What is the height of the table land ? What effect has this elevation upon the climate f To what changes of temperature is the traveller sometimes exposed? What other consequence arises from this variety of climate? What are the common articles of cultivation? What holds the first rank among the alimentary plants ? What are the other articles of food ? Does the country produce fine fruits ? In what is Mexico very deficient ? Describe the principal lake in Guatimala. Mention some of the animals of Mexico. What is the annual produce of its gold and silver mines? What other metals does it possess ? By whom and at what time was this country wrested from the natives ? When did it become an independent republic 7 On what model is its constitution formed ? What is the established religion ? What is the number of the native Indians ? ■ DESCRIPTION OF TO WNS, &C. AcapuVco, a seaport of Mexico on the Pacific, with an excellent harbor. Population 4,000. Carta'go, a town of Guatimala, province of Costa Rica. Population 8,000. Chihua'hua, a city of Mexico, province of Durango, in the vicinity of rich silver mines. Population 20,000. Cholu^la, a city of Mexico, province of Puebla. Here is a great pyramid, 177 feet high. Population 16,000. 19° N. 98° 15' W. Cinalo'a, a town of Mexico, province of Sonora. Population 9, .500. Comaya'gua, a city of Guatimala, capital of the province of Honduras. Population 18,000. 14° 10' N. 88° 15' W. Cos'ta Ri'ca, a town of Guatimala, capital of p ^rovince of the same name. Population 20,000. Culia'can, a town of Mexico, province of Sonora. Population 10,800. Duran'go, a city of Mexico, province of Durango. Population 20,370. Guadalaxa'ra, a city of Mexico, capital of a province of the same name, situated on the Rio Grande. Popu ation 60,000. Guanaxua'to, a city of Mexico, the capital of a province of the same name. In its vicinity are numerous silver mines, some of which are deemed the richest in the world. Population 35,000. 91° N. 100° 54' W\ B :li? u-i. ■1 i'i ill hi 46 MEXICO AND GUATIMALA. I: ' Guatima'la, the capital of the republic of Guatimala, is situated in a large plain surrounded by hills. Population 50,000. 14° 15' N. 91° W. Old Guatimula, 25 miles S. of the capital, was totally destroyed by an earthquake in 1774, and most of its inhabitants perished; it now contains a population of 18,000. > . ,:.( >ui Hondu'ras, a province of Guatimala, lying along the Bay ot Honduras, between the peninsula of Yucatan and the Mosquito shore. It consists of mountains and fertile plains, covered with largo forests of mahogany and logwood trees. It is a British settlement. Balize (balecz'), the chief town, is situate ri at the mouth of the river of the same name. Population 4,794. Le'on, a city of Guatimala, capital of the province of Nicaragua. | Population 30,000. Mer'ida, a city of Mexico, capital of the province of Yucatan, situated on an and plain. Population 28,000. Mex'ico, the capital of the republic of Mexico, is situated in the centre of an elevated plain, surrounded by lofty mountains, with the beautiful lake of Tezcuco in its vicinity. Its streets and squares are very spacious, and many of its public buildings arc of great extent and magnificence. The cathedral is perhaps the richest in the world ; and this city is the centre of more scientific establishments than any other Spanish town in America. Population 140,000. 19° 25' N. 99° 5' W. Mon'terey, a city of Mexico, province of San Luis Potosi, on the Fernando. Population 15,000. Oax'aca, a city of Mexico, capital of a province of the same name, on the Rio Verde. It is a place of considerable trade. Population 40,000. 16° 45' N. 97° 20' W. ' Oriza'bn, a town of Mexico, province of Vera Cruz, near which is the Peak of Orizaba, a volcanic mountain. Population 8,000. Pueb'la, a city ol Mexico, the capital of a province of the same name. Its churches arc uncommonly splendid, and it has flourishing jnanu* factures. Population 70,000. 19° N. 98° W. Quereta'ro, a city of Mexico, noted for the beauty of its edifices, and its woollen manufactures. Population 40,000. St. Salvador, a city of Guatimala, capital of the province of the same name ; it has a great trade in indigo. Population 16,000. 13° 40' N. 89° W. & i' San-Luis Poto'si, a city of Mexico, capital of a province of the same name. Population 20,000. Valladolid', a city of Mexico, capital of the province of Valladolid. Population 25,000. Ve'ra Cruz, the principal seaport of Mexico, and capital of the province of the same name. It is situated on the Gulf of Mexico, and is defended by the strong castle of San Juan de Ulloa. Population 15,000. 19° 11' N. 96° 8' W. Xa'lapa, a handsome city of Mexico, province of Vera Cruz, situated 4,000 feet above the sea. Population 13,000. Zacate'cas, a city of Mexico, capital of a province of the same name, surrounded by rich silver mines. Population 30,000. .i, : WEST INDIA ISLANDS. 49 Carihhee Islands,— Leeward— (continued). JJcIonging to. san'ta Cruz Denmark.. Sq, f>t. Kitts Britain )omin'ica Britain.... Ht.Eusta'tius ...Holland . tarigalente' ....France.... lontserrat' Britain . . . . Torto'Ia, &c Britain.... h'v'iB Britain.... |St.Bartholoniew Sweden . . Ivir'gin Gor'da... Britain.... 1st. Mar'tin' Holland . 1st. TAom'ai Denmark. ma. 100... 70... 22... 90... 78... 90... 20... 60... 80... 90... 40... Pop. C'liicf Towns. Pop. 31,387 Santa Cruz ... 5,000 23,290 Bassctcrro .... 8,000 18,600 Roseau 2,250 20,000 St. Eustatius . 6,000 12,000 Basseterre .... 8,000 Plymouth 600 7,731 Tortola . • fn 10,000 Charlestown . 8,000 Gufltavia ,. , 8,000 7,400 • 8,000 St. Thomas ... 4,000 •Windward, 117,500 Fort Royal.... 10,000 104,000 Bridgetown ... 90,000 23,600 St. George.... 4,000 45,045 Spanish Town 12,800 26,300 Kingstown.... 8,000 16,116 Castries 3,300 13,200 Scarborough . 3,000 15,000 Ascension .... 13,000 Williamstadt . 8,000 Carihbee IslandSi— [Martiniq'tio France 370.. Barba'does Britain 166... Grena'da Britain 110... Trinidad' Britain 1,700.. St. Vin'cent Britain 130.., St. Lu'cia Britain 225.., Toba'go Britain 140.. Margarit'a Colombia 350 .. . ICurazo'a Holland 300... Mountains. — Blue Mountains, Jamaica; Copper Mountains^ I Cuba ; Volcano of Morne Garou, St. Vincent. Remarks. — ^In the West India Islands, as in all tropical coun- tries, the year is divided between the wet and the dry seasons. The first pfcriodical rains set in about the middle of May, and continue i every day at noon for about a fortnight. The weather then be- comes dry, clear, and settled, till the end of August, when the second rainy season commences. In September and October, these islands are occasionally visited by dreadful hurricanes, which spread ruin and devastation far and wide. These islands arc distinguished for the fertility of their soil, and the value of their productions. They produce sugar, cotton, coffee, indigo, allspice, ginger, cocoa, tobacco ; also tropical fruits, as oranges, lemons, limes, pomegran^ates, citrons, pine apples, melons, kc. Maize, yams,, and sweet potatoes are extensively raised for food. The mountains abound in valuable trees, as cedar, mahogany, lignumvitae, &&c« ^^ The wild animals indigenous in these islands are generally small, as the opossum,, racoon, musk rat, monkey, &.c. The land crab is peculiar to these islands, and is esteemed excellent food. Ttu9 l!f , .■,« ^ . .:!: t'i It; til Ml 50 . SOUTH AMERICA. parrot in all its varieties, the flaminjjrOy humming bird, &iCm aro distinguished by brilliancy of plumage and elegance of form. Wild | fowl abound in the greatest variety, and of exquisite flavour. Noxious animals are rare. Exercises.— Where aro tho West India Islands situated? Howl many square miles are they computed to contain? What is their estimated population? How many of these are white people? Name the principal of the Bahama Islands. Wliat islands are styled the Great Antilles ? Into what two classes arc the Caribbee Islands divided] To what country do the greatest number of them belong? Name the principal mountains in these islands. How are the seasons divided ? When docs the first periodical rain 1 begin ? What state of weather succeeds ? At what time of the year is the second rainy season ? In what months are these islands ocoa< sionally visited by hurricanes? Are they very destructive? For what are the West India Islands distinguished? Mention some of their] productions. Name some of their fruits. What articles are extensively raised for food ? Name some of the valuable mountain trees. Of what size are the wild animals? By what are the feathered tribes distin. guishcd ? Are there many wild fowls ? Many noxious animals 7 SOUTH AMERICA. ■.)! M. Remarks on its different countries^ proceeding from JV, to S, 1. Colom'bia, — formerly the Spanish vice-royalty of New Granada and the Caraccas, is bounded N. by the Caribbean Sea; W. by Guatimala and the Pacific Ocean ; S. by Peru and Brazil; 1 and E. by Brazil and British Guiana. It established its independence in 1820, after a struggle of 10 years, but has been more recently divided into the three republics of New Gran'ada, Venezue'ia, and 1 Ecuador'; united, however, by a federal compact, — a form of government framed upon that of the United States. Extent 1,155,000 square miles. Population 3,200,000. ., 2. GuiA'NA, — a country on the N. E. coast, between the Orinoco and the Amazon ; bounded W. by Venezuela, S. by Brazil. It | comprehends the possessions of Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice, ceded, 1814, to the British, in whose hands they have becotnel flourishing colonies; the Dutch colony of Surinam, and the French possession of Cayenne. Extent 130,000 square miles. Population 185,000. 3. Brazil'', — ^an extensive empire, extending from N. to S. about 2,500 miles ; bounded on the N. by Guiana and the Atlantic ; W. by Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, and La Plata ; S. by Banda Oriental; and E. by the Atlantic. This country belonged to Portugal till 1821, when it asserted its independence, and, having obtained a free constitution, is now governed by a Prince of the house of Braganza, with the title of Emperor. EKtont S,7OO,O00 eqoare miles. Population 6,000,000. ^ ,Ki>nal*.i saoill «.J mauy »i ■ ;i SOUTH AMERICA. n %H iJlKtU'J' 4. Peru',— « country extending along the western coasts is bounded on the N. by Brazil and Ecuador ; W. by the Pacific Ocean ; S. by Chili and La Plata ; and £. by Brazil. Having estabiifihod its independence in 1825, it was divided into the two republics of Upper and Lower Peru. The former has lately re- ceived the name of Bolivia, from Bolivar, who effected its liberation. Extent of Peru, 500,000 square miles ; of Bolivia, 400,000 square miles. Population of Peru, 1,700,000; of Bolivia, 1,300,000. 5. Par'aouat,— a country or province to the S. W. of Brazil, between the rivers Parana and Paraguay, is despotically ruled by a person named Dr. Francia, who has prohibited all intercourse with the neighbouring states. It abounds in the valuable herb called mattct or Paraguay tea. Extent 80,000 square miles. Population 250,000. 6. La Pla'ta,— a largo territory extending nearly across the continent from the Atlantic to the Andes, bounded on the N. by Bolivia ; W. by Chili ; S. by Patagonia ; ond E. by Paraguay, Banda Oriental, and the Atlantic. Having thrown off the Spanish yoke in 1810, it has since assumed the name of the United Provinces of La Plata. Extent 7£6,000 square miles. Population 1,000,000. 7. Ban'da Oriental, — or Ur'uguay, is bounded on the N. by Bmail and Paraguay ; W. by La Plata. It was erected into an independent state in 1829. Extent 80,000 square miles. Popula- tion 170,000. 8. Chi'li, — a long and narrow territory between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes, which separate it from La Plata. In 1818, it was proclaimed an independent State. Extent 130,000 square miles. Population 1,400,000. 9. Patago'nia, — a country in the southern part of the continent, bounded on the N. by La Plata and Chili, and extending to the Straits of Magellan. The natives of this mountainous and barren country are tall, stout, and well made, many of them between six and seven feet in height. Extent 400,000 square miles. Popula- tion 500,000. Exercises. — What was Colombia formerly ? How is it bounded ? When was its independence established? After how many years struggle? Into how many republics is it now divided ? What is its extent ? Its population ? Among how many countries is Guiana divided ? To what country were Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice, ceded in 1814 ? Have these colonies improved since that period ? Name the Dutch colony in Guiana. The French part of it. Is Brazil a large country ? To what nation did it formerly belong ? In what year did it assert its independence ? How is Brazil now governed ? What is its extent ? Its population ? On what coast is Peru situated ? After having gained its independence in 1825, how was it divided? What is Upper Peru now called, and why ? Who has now the rule of Paraguay? With what valuable herb does it abound ? Is La Plata a large country ? In what year did it throw off the Spanish yoke ? What is it styled ? Where is Banda Oriental situated ? Describe ChilL Where is Patagonia ? Of what description are the natives? Are these three countries also independent? , ( ■ !( 52 SOtJTH AMERICA. it, '.ti 11 ^;ll , i J, 1 1: I i. 1 i; ' !■ •il ttfi^'i't '^■'"^DESCRIPTION or TOWNS, 4, C. ^ ' Alago'as, a town in Brazil, the capital of a province. Population 14,000. Arequi'pa, a city of Peru, on the Chile, in a fine valley. Near it is a great volcano. Population 35,000. 16° 24' S. lat., 71° 54' W. long. Assump'tion, the capital of Paraguay, on the river of that name. Population 12,000. Bahi'a, or St. Salvador, a large commercial city and seaport of Brazil, situated at the entrance of the noble Bay of All Saints. The public buildings are numerous. Population 150,000. 1.3° S. 38° 28' W. Bogo'ta, or San'ta Ffe de Bogota', the capital of New Granada, situ- ated in a fertile plain, elevated 8,720 feet above the sea, and surrounded by grand mountain scenery. Population 40,000. Bue'nos Ay'res, a city of La Plata, capital of the province of Buenos Ajnres, situated on the S. shore of the Rio de la Plata, about 200 miles from the ocean. It is well fortified, and is a great emporium of trade Though the river is here 30 miles broad, owing to its shallowness, large vessels cannot approach nearer than five or six miles from the city. Population 100,000. 34° 35' S. 58° 23' W. Carac'cas, capital of Venezuela, in a fertile valley, surrounded by lofty mountains, it carries on considerable trade. Population 30,000. Carthage'na, a seaport of New Granada. It has a fine harbor, with a naval arsenal, and is strongly fortified. Population 18,000. 10- 25' N. 75° 34' W. Caxoce'ra, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, the mart for the produce of the gold mines. Population 16,000. Chuquisa'ca, formerly La Pla'ta, the capital of Bolivia, on tbo Cachimayo. Population 14,000. 19° 3' S. 64° 26' W. Concep'tion, a seaport of Chili, on a fine bay. Population 8,000. Coquim'bo, a seaport of Chili, capital of a province abounding in gold, silver, and copper. Population 10,000. Cordo'va, a city of La Plata, with considerable manufactures. Popu- lation 15,000. Cuen'ca, a city of Ecuador, capital of a province of the same name. Population 20,000. Cuma'na, a seaport of Venezuela, on a gulf of the Caribbean Sea, noted for ils commercial activity and enterprise. Population 12,000. 10° 27' N. 64° 11' W. Cuz'co, a city of Peru, formerly the capital of the Incas, and held sacred by the Peruvians. It retains traces of its ancient splendor. Population 40,000. FaZk'land Islands, a group in tlie Atlantic, to the E. of the Straits of Magellan, consisting of two large and a number of small islands. They are rocky, but abound with seals, and contain large and safe harbors. Guaman'go, a handsome city of Peru ; near it are mines of gold, silver, and mercury. Population 25,000. Gaay'aquil, a flourishing commercial city and seaport of Eeuador> capital of a prorinee of the same name, aituateiJ at the head of a gulf. Population 22,000. BRITISH EMPIRE. 55 What celebrated mountains are near the city of La Paz? Who [founded the city of Lima? Of what is it the seat? Is it a commercial city ? For what trade is Maranham noted ? What breadth is the nar- rowest part of the isthmus of Darien ? What are the chief articles of (commerce at Pernambuco ? Which is considered the most elevated ity in the world ? How many feet is it above the sea? (13,350.) To |what is Quito much exposed ? How does Rio Janeiro, the capital of Brazil, rank as a city ? How is it situated ? Of what description are lits harbor, and public buildings? What are its exports? What country jhas most of its trade? What is its population? Has Valparaiso much (trade ? What mines are near the flourishing town of Villa Rica 1 ENGLAND AND WALES. Boundaries. — N. by Scotland; E. by the German Ocean; S. by [the English Channel : W. by the Atlantic, St. George's Channel, and the Irish Sea. Extent from 49° 58' to 55° 46' N. iat., and from 5° 40' W. to 1° 45' E. long. Greatest length 360 miles, extreme breadth 300. Containing 58,144 square miles, and in 1841 [its population was 16,035,804. England is divided into 40 Counties. Counties. Cliief Towns. iNorthum'berland • ••Newcas'fle, AZn'toick, Mor'peth, N. Shields. Cum'berland Car'lisle, White'haven, Pen'rith,Work'ington. Dur'^m Durham, Sun^derland, Stockton, S. Shields. Westmoreland • •• .Ap'pleby, Ken'dal. Lan'cashire Lan'caster, Liv'erpool, Man'chester, Preston. I York York, Leeds, Sheffield, Hull, Hud'dersfield. I Linco/n Lincoln, Boston, Stamford, Gains'borough. Not'tingham Nottingham, Newark, Mansfield, Derby Derby, Matlock, Buxton, Ches'terfield. Chesh'ire* Chester, Mac'clesfield, Stockport, Con'gleton. Shrop'shire Shrews'bury, Ludlow, Wellington. Stafford Stafford, Litchfield, Wolverhamjj'ton. Leices'ter Leicester, Lough'borough. Rut'land Oak'Aam, Up'pingham. Northamp'ton Northampton, Pe'terborough. Bedford Bedford, Dunstable, Wo'burn. Huntingdon Huntingdon, St. Neots, St. Ives. Cambridge Cambridge, Ely, Newmarket, Wisbeach. Norfo/k Nor'tuich, Yar'mouth, Lynn Regis. ' Suffb/k Ips'wich, Bury St. Edmunds, Sudbury. ■ Essex Chelmsford, Col'chester, Har'adch. > ' ■ •• ' Hertford Hertford, St. Albans, Ware. ^; v*^ ■•" '■11 iii { t .' ■i KS 1 I-. ' i i! J!, 56 ENGLAND AND WALES. Counties. Chief Towns. ,,. Mid'dlesex •London, West'minster, Brentford. Buck'ingham Buckingham, Ayles'bury. Oxford Oxford, Banbury, Whitney. War'wjick Warwick, Bir'niinghamj Cov'entry. Worccs'ter Worcester, Kid'derminster, Dudley. Her'cford Hereford, Leom'mster, Ledbury. Mon'mouth Monmouth, Newport, Pon'typooU • Glouccs'ter Gloucester, Bristol, Cheltenham. Wilts Salis'bury, Bradford, Chip'penham. Berks Reading, Windsor, Ab'ingdon. Surrey Guildford, Croydon, South wark, Lambeth. Kent Can'terbury, Green'ioich, Wool'ioich. Sussex • • » Chi'chester, Lewes, Brighton, Hastings. Hamp'shire Win'chester, Southamp'ton, Ports'mouth. Dorset Dor Chester, Wey 'mouth, Poole. Som'erset Bath, Wells, Taunton, Frome. Dev'on Ex'eter, Plym'outh, Tiv'erton. Corn' wall Launces'ton, Tru'ro, Fal'mouth. Walbs contains 1£ Counties. Flint Flint, Mold, Holywell, St. Asaph. , , Den'big'fe. . • . • Denbigh, Wrex'/tam, Llangol'len. Carnarvon Carnarvon, Bangor, Conway, An'glesea Beauma'ris, Holyhead, Am'lwch. Mer'ioneth Dolgelly, Bala. Montgom'ery Montgomery, Welchpool, Newtown , Radnor New Radnor, Prcs'tei^n, KnighVon, Breck'nock Brecknock, Hay. Car'digan Cardigan, Aberyst'with. Pembroke Pembroke, Milford, Hat'er^fordwest. Carmar'then Carmarthen, Llaneriy, Kidwel'y. Glamor'gpn Car'diff, Mer'thyr Tyd'vil, Swan'sea. Islands. — Isle of Man, in which are Douglas, Ramsay, Peel, and Castletown; Anglesea; Scilly Isles, off the Land's End; Isle of Wight, in which are Newport and Cowes; Jersey, Guern sey, Sark and Al'derney, near the coast of France. Capes. — Flamborough Head, and Spurn Head, in Yorkshire; N. and S. Foreland, in Kent; the Needles, in the Isle of Wight; Port- land Point, in Dorset; Start Point, in Devonshire; the Lizard Point, and Land's End, in Cornwall | and St. David's Head, in Pembroke. SOUTH AMERICA. 53 Ju'an Fernan'dez, an island in the Pacific Ocean, 400 miles from the coast of Chili. It is about twelve miles long, by five broad, and is )ioted as the solitary residence of Alexander Selkirk upwards of four years, — an event upon which Defoe founded his celebrated adventures I of Robinson Crusoe. La Paz, a city of Bolivia, capital of the province of the same name ; I near it are the riiountains lillimani and Sorata, the loftiest of the Andes. Population 20,000. Latacun'ga, a town of Ecuador, near the lofty volcanic mountain of I Cotopazi. It was almost destroyed by an earthquake in 1,698. Fopa- I lation 17,000. ■ .^^ Li'ma, the capital of Peru, situated on the Rimac, was founded by I Pizarro in 1535. Its numerous churches and convents, before the late I revolution, were extremely rich. Linia is the seat of a university, and has very considerable commerce. Population 60,000. 12° 2' S. 77*^ 7' W. Maracai'bo, a fortified city of Venezuela, is situated at the outlet of the lake of the same name, and has considerable trade. Population 20,000. Mar'anham, or San Lu'is, a city and seaport of Brazil, and capital of a province, is situated on an island of the same name. It carries on a great trade in cotton and rice. Population 30,000. 2° 31' S. 44° 19' W Mendo'za, a city of La Plata, capital of a province, situated in a plain at the foot of the Andes. Population 12,000. Mon't^ Vid'eo, the capital of Banda Oriental, on the La Plata, is fortified and surrounded by a strong wall. It exports large quantities of hides. Population 12,000. Otav'alo, a town of Ecuador, 30 miles N. of Quito, with several manufactures. Population 20,000. Panam'a, a city and seaport of New Granada, on the bay of the same name. The isthmus of Darien, near this city, is nut more thait 30 miles broad. Population 11,000. Fa'ra, a city and seaport of Brazil, situated on the estuary of the Para. The chief exports arc cotton, cocoa, rice, and drugs. Populatioiji 26,000. 1° 28' S. 48° 30' W. Parahy'ba, a seaport of Brazil, near the moi^th of the Parahyba. Population 12,000, 7° 6' S. 34° 53' W. Pas'co, a city of Peru, on a high table land, yrhere the chief silver mines are situated. Population 12,000. Pernambu'co, a seaport of Brazil, and capital of a province of the same name, ranks as the third city in the empire. It carries on an extensive commerce in cotton, hides, and sugar. Population 68,00^ 8° 3' S. 34° 52' W. Ponay'an, a handsome city of New Granada, beautifully situated near the river Cauca, in the vicmity. of gold mines. Population 25,000. Portale'gre, a town of Brazil, capital of the southern province of Rio Grande. It is situated at the head of Lake Patos. Population 10,000 Poto'si, a city of Bolivia, or Upper Peru ; it is probably the most elevated city in the world, being situated 13,350 feet above the sea, on the side of a celebrated conical mountain, famed for its silver mines. Population 9,000. i9° 35' S. 65° 25' W, I'll i!;; !■, 1 1 j;l ^ I ' , e ;ii i "I 'l\ 54 SOUTH AMERICA. I < i4 A \n Pu'no, a town of Peru, capital of a district rich in silver mines, oil the western side of Lake Titicaca. Population 15,000. Quito (kee'to), the capital of Ecuador, situated at the base of tliJ volcanic mountain Pichincha, 9,542 feet above the sea. The climattl is that of perpetual spring, but its situation renders it particularly! exposed to tremendous earthquakes. Population 50,000. 0° 14'S.| 78° 45' W. Rioham'ba, a town of Ecuador, province of Quito ; near it are minesj of gold and silver. Population 20,000. Ri'o Janei'ro, or St. Sebas'tian, the capital of Brazil, ranks as thel largest and most flourishing city of South America. It is beautifulljl situated on a noble bay studded with upwards of 100 islands, and hasl one of the finest harbors in the world, defended by a citadel and severall forts. Of its public buildings, the churches are very splendid. The| principal exports are sugar, cofTce, cotton, hides, drugs, cabinet a dye-woods, gold, diamonds, and precious stones. Its trade is chiefijl in the hands of the British. Population 200,000. 22° 54' S. 43° 9' \V,I San Pau'lo, a city of Brazil, capital of a province of the same namel Population 13,000. Santia'go, the capital of Chili, situated on the Mapocha, in a richl wooded (ralley, 55 miles S. E. of Valparaiso, its port. PopulatioQl 55,000. 33° 26' S. 70° 44' W. Socor'ra, a town of New Granada, capital of a province, on a tributary| of the Magdalena. Population 12,000. Truxil'lo, a seaport of Peru, on the Pacific, founded by Pizarro inl 1533. Population 12,000. 8° 6' S. 79° 3' W. Tu'cuman, a city of La Plata, capital of the province of the samel name, situated on the Dulce, in a fruitful valley. Population 10,0001 Valen'cia, a city of Venezuela, in a fertile plain, near the beautiful| Lake Tacarigua. Population 15,000. Valparai'so, the principal seaport of Chili, situated on a bay of tJiel Pacific. It carries on a very extensive foreign trade ; that with BritainI alone amounts to about X1,000,000 a year. Population 15,000. 33° 2T S. 71° 40' W. Victo'ria, a seaport of Brazil, on an island in the fine bay of Espirilol Santo. Population 12,000. ViHa Ri'ca, a flourishing town of Brazil, capital of Minas GeracsJ the richest province of the empire in mines of gold and diamonds,! Population 9,000. Vil'la Vico'za, a town of Brazil, on the Tocantin or Para, which isj here 10 miles broad, and has many islands. Population 12,000. 2° 20' S. 49° 15' W. Exercises. — Is Bahia a large city ? On what noble bay is it situated?! Has it many public buildings? What is its population? By what is Bogota surrounded ? On what river is Buenos Ayres situated ? How far from the ocean? What breadth is the river at this city? Has it much trade ? Describe Carthagena. For what is Caxocira a great mart? What mines are near Coquimbo? Was Cuzco once a splendid city? What mines are near the city of Guamanga, in Peru? Is Guayaquil an inland or seaport town 1 Mention some particulars about tho island of Juan Fernandez. rer mines, ogl e same name. ENGLAND AND WALES. 67 Mountains.— Cheviot Hills, between England and Scotland ; Skiddaw and Helvel'lyn, in Cumberland ; Whernside and In'glebo- rough, in Yorkshire ; the Peak, in Derbyshire ; the Wrekin, in Shropshire ; Snowdon, in Carnarvonshire ; and Plinlim^'mon, in Montgomery. BArs.-<-Humber Mouth, the Wash, and Mouth of the Thames, on the east coast ; Spithead and Torbay, in the English Channel ; Bristol Channel, Carmarthen Bay, Milford Haven, Cardigan Bay, and Solway Frith, on the vreai coast. Rivers. — ^The Tyne, Hun»ber, Trent, Great Ouse, and Thames, on the east ; the Eden, Mersey, and Severn, on the west. Foreign Possessions.—- In the North Sea, Heligoland ; in the Mediterranean, GibraPtar, Malta, and Gozo ; in North America, Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, Honduras ; in the West Indies, Jamaica, Barba'does, Trinidad, he, ; in South America, Guia'na, comprehending Demera'ra, Esscqui'bo, and Berbice; in the Atlantic, St. Helena; in Africa, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Cape of Good Hope ; in the Indian Seas and Asia, Mauritius, Ceylon', Aracan', Malac''ca, Penang', Singapore', the greater part of Hindostan'; in the Pacific, Van Die'man^s Land, Austra'lia, New Zealand, he. The United States of the lo'nian Islands are under the protection of Great Britain. Remarks.— -Although England cannot be considered a moun- tainous country, its aspect is sufficiently varied to exhibit every feature requisite to beauty in landscape. The tendency to moisture in the climate clothes the plains in almost perpetual verdure; luxu- riant plantations and rich corn fields give to the cultivated districts an air of comfort and opulence; while mountains and rugged rocks, narrow dells and roaring torrents, exhibit in other districts a resemblance to the rude grandeur of the scenery of the Scottish Highlands. In Wales, indeed, which may be regarded as the Highlands of South Britain, mountain scenery of the most pictu resque description every where occurs; while the lakes of Cumber- land and Westmoreland vie in beauty, if not in magnificence, with the enchanting lakes which give so romantic a character to some districts in Scotland. The climate of England is extremely'variable. The western counties are exposed to heavy and frequent rains from the Atlantic; the eastern enjoy a drier atmosphere, but suffer, on the other hand, from cold and ungenial east winds. Hence pasturage is more attended to in the west, and tillage in the east. In every part of England the effect of industrious and skilful cultur^^ U apparent ; and there are few countries where so small a portion of the soil is 1 ■ [ i Pi t*l 1 u l{ ' If I I I p ' % h m n. I-' fM:; ■iir 58 ENGLAND AND WALES. allowed to lie waste and unproductive. In general) the soil is either naturally good, or has been rendered highly fertile by culture; although there are some extensive moors, particularly in the northern counties, which stom to bid defiance to the power of cultivation. The industry, which has thus enriched and adorned the country, has produced still more astonishing effects in manufactures and commerce. By the invention of maciiinery, every species of manu- facture has been increased to an extent whicii enables England to supply every quarter of the globe with articles of commerce and luxury ; while the produce of every foreign clime is wafted to her ports in return. In consequence of this extended commerce, England has attained such a degree of maritime greatness, that her navy rides triumphant in every sea, and constitutes the great bulwark of the nation. This maritime greatness has enabled her to establish colonies, and acquire large possessions in the remotest regions of the earth ; and although, in the extent of her home territory, and the amount of her population, England ranks but as a small European state, her foreign dominions, and the population over which her power extends, estimated at 150 mllions, place her high in the scale of nations ; while, in the magnitude of her i'esources, the intelligence, activity, and valor of her inhabitants, she holds almost the first place. To a great commercial country, such as England, improved faci- lities by internal communication are of the first importance ; and, perhaps, nothing has tended more to her prosperity than the canals and railroads which have been constructed, most of them within little more than half a century. The Duke of Bridgewater's canal, executed in 1766, was highly successful, and first roused the nation fully to appreciate the advantages of canal navigation. It was followed, in 1777, by the Grand Trunk Canal, which, by uniting the Trent and the Mwrsey, connected Liverpool with Hull, and the Eastern with the Western Seas. By means of this canal, and its numerous branches and railways, a ready communication was formed with the great mineral and manufacturing districts. The Grand Junction Canal, at an expense of £2,000,000, completed the inland navigation by the Thames, the Severn, the Trent, and the Mersey, thereby facilitating the commercial intercourse of the capital, not only with the principal seaports, but also with all the great cities and manufacturing towns in the west and north. Bat, beneficial as canals and drag-boats have been for travelling and the transport of commodities, they seem now to be superseded by railroads, along which, steam ponies drag trains of vehicles at a velocity of 30 or 40 miles per hour. The railroad between Liverpool and JVIanchester, completed in 1830, having proved successful, other lines followed in rapid succession. One of these splendid works extends from London to Bristol, another connects London with Liverpool and Manchester ; one crosses the island from Newcastle to Carlisle, another from Edinburgh to Glasgow ; and the most magnificent of all will soon be finished, viz., from London to Edinburgh, by York, ENGLAND AND WALES. 5*9 Newcastle, kc. Besides these, there are many shorter ones finished or in progress. The factories of Great Britain, in 1838, were— Cotton factories, 1,315 mills, employing £59,301 persons. Woollen do. 1,738 do 86,446 do. Flax do. 392 do. 43,487 do. Silk do. 268 do 34,318 do. In 1841, Great Britain had 180 canals, extending 2,682 miles, which vc; > constructed at a cost of £30,000,000 sterling; and above 2,470 nii.wsJ of railway. The government of England is a mixed or limited monarchy,— combining all the advantages of the regal, aristocratical,and repub- lican forms of government, without any of their defects. The Queen is the head of the state, the fountain of dignity and power. All laws and deeds are published in her name ; but her authority is restrained by Parliament, consisting of the House of Lords, which represents the nobility or aristocracy, and the House of Commons, which represents tiie people. The established religion of England is the Lutheran, or Protestant Episcopacy, — but the greatest free- dom is allowed to all other forms of religious worship. In their manners, the English are frank and sincere, more disposed to gravity than gaiety. Their favourite amusements are horse racing, the chase, and the theatre. In their dealings they are fair and honourable, and the character of an English merchant is held in universal respect for integrity, liberality, and intelligence. All the arts that are conducive to the comfort and elegance of life are cultivated with the greatest success. In every department of science and literature, England can boast of the most illustrious names. To her Newton, Bacon, Milton, Shakspeare, few equals and no superiors can be found in ancient or in modern times. Exercises. — What are the boundaries of England and Wales ? What are the length and breadth ? How many square miles do they contain ? How many inhabitants ? Into how many counties is England divided ? How many are there in Wales ? What two counties lie farthest to the north ? What two lie farthest to the south-west ? Which is the largest county in England ? Which the smallest ? What county is nearest to France ? What two counties lie farthest east ? In what county is London ? In what county arc Manchester and Liverpool ? In what county are Leeds and ShetBeld ? Where is Bristol ? Where are Ports- mouth and Plymouth? Where is the Isle of Man ? What is its principal town? Where is the Isle of Wight? What towns are in it? What island forms one of the counties of Wales ? Name the islands near the coast of France ? On what river does Newcastle stand ? On what river is Hull situated ? On what river is Nottingham ? What largo river falls into the Bristol Channel ? On what river is the great metropolis situated ? Where is Flamborough Head ? Where is the North Foreland? Where is the Land's End ? Where are the Cheviot Hills ? What moun- tains are in Cumberland? In what county is the Peak? Where are the 'mountains of Snowdon and Plinlimmon? Where is the Bristol Channel? Where is Cardigan Bay? Where is the Irish Sea? What is the south part of it called? Where is the English Channel? What a •1 ',- i! ■i I ,51 < u J ! ( i si ' . i: 5 it 1 h: ■* I i I il 1 1, p 60 ENGLAND AND WALES. ! ' t I ) I, I I "i I .1 * : !'i| H ii: place in the North Sea belongs to Great Britain 7 Name the possessions of Great Britain in the Mediterranean. Name her possessions in North America ; in the West Indies ; in South America ; in the Atlantic ; in Africa ; in the Indian Seas and Asia ; in the Pacific Ocean. What other islands are under her protection? What is the general aspect of England ? What appearance does tho tendency to moisture in the climate give to the plains? What appear* ance have the cultivated districts? What gives to other parts a resem* blance to the Highland scenery of Scotland ? Wtiat » remarkable in the scenery of Wales ? What is the principal feature in the scenery of Cumberland and Westmoreland ? What difierence of climate is there between the western and eastern counties ? What is the consequence of this difference of climate? In what state is agriculture in England? | What is the general quality of the soil ? In what part of the cowitry do extensive moors occur ? In what state are the manufactures and commerce of England? What is the consequence of her extensive I commerce? What has her maritime greatness enabled her to do? Would England be considered a great European state from the extent { of her home-territory and the amount of her population ? By what cir. curastances is she raised to almost the first place in the scale of nations? I What has materially tended to the prosperity of England ? What I great canals have been constructed since the middle of last century? At what expense was the Grand Junction Canal completed? What intercourse did it facilitate? What railroad was completed in 1830? In consequence of its success, what others rapidly followed ? What is the form of government in Great Britain ? How is the authority of the Queen restrained? What is the established religion of England? What is peculiar in the manners of the English? What are their favourite amusements? By what qualities are they characterized in I their mercantile dealings ? Is much attention paid to the arts in Eng. land? Can this country boast of many illustrious names in science] and literature? DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, &C. Alnwick (an'nik), a town of Northumberland, near which is Alnwickl Castle, the magnificent seat of the Duke of Northumberland. Popu-' lation 5,443. Amlwch (ara'luck), a seaport in Anglesea, with a harbor excavated I from the solid rock, capable of containing 30 vessels of 200 tons.! Population 6,217. An'glesea, an island and county of Wales, joined to the main land bjl the Menai susj)ension bridge, span 560 feet. It has rich mines of coppet| and lead, and is noted as an ancient seat of the Druids. POpulatio' 50,890. Ash'ton-under-Line, a manufacturing town in Lancashire. Popula- tion 22,678. Barns'ley, a manufacturing town in the W. R, of Yorkshire, witlj extensive iron foundries. Population 12,310. Bath, a large and beautiful city in Somersetshire, celebrated for ibl medicinal waters. Population 38»304. Bil'Hton, a town in StafTordshire, in the vicinity of great coal anil iron mines. Population 20,161. ENGLAND AND WALES. •1 Blr'mingham, a large and flourishing town in Warwickshire, so celebrated for its various and immense hardware manufactures, that it has been styled the *' toy shop of Europe." Population 190,493. 52° 28' N. 1° 53' W. Black'burn, a town in Lancashire, with extensive manufactures of cotton, calicoes, and muslin. Population 36,629. Bol'ton, a town in Lancashire, with very extensive mar.ufactures of calicoes, muslins, dimities, &c. Population 49,763. Bos'ton, a seaport in Lincolnshire, on the Withani, is a place of con> biderable trade. Its Gothic church is one of the finest in the kingdom. Population 12,942. Brad'ford, a manufacturing town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, on the Aire. Population 34,560. A town in Wilts, on the Avon, noted for its manufactures of fine cloths. Population 10,558. .; , f / Bri^A'ton, a seaport in Sussex, — a favourite residence of the Boyal Family, and a place of fashionable resort for sea bathing. Population 46,661. 50° 49' N. 0° 9' W. Bris'tol, a seaport in Gloucestershire, third seaport in the kingdom, is situated on the Lower Avon, near the head of the channel which bears its name. Its mineral waters are much esteemed. Population 122,296. 51° 27' N. 2° 36' W. Burn'ley, a town in Lancashire, with manufactures of woollen and cotton. Population 10,699. Burs'Iem, a town in Staffordshire, a principal seat of the potteries. Population 16,091. Biir'ton, an ancient town in Staffordshire, on the Trent, over which is a bridge of 37 arches ; — it is famous for ale. Population 8,136. Bury (ber'ry), a manufacturing town in Lancashire, on tlie Irwcll. Population 20,710. Bury St. Ed'munds, a town in Suffolk, with a great corn and cattle market. Population 12,533. Cam'bridge (cairn), a city of Cambridjrcshirr, on the Cam. It is the seat of a celebrated university. Population 24,458. Can'terbury, a city in Kent, oi. the Stour, — it has a magnificent cathedral, in which Thomas a Becket was murdered before the altar in il70. Population 15,435. Car'lisle, a city of Cumberland, on the Eden, with an ancient castle and cathedral, and formerly surrounded by walls. Population 23,012. 54° 53' N. 2° 56' W. Carmar'then, a flourishing seaport of Carmarthenshire. Population 9,526. Chat'/tam, a town in Kent, on the Medway, one of the principal naval stations in England. Population 21,431. 51" 23' N. 0° 35' E. Chel'sea, a town on the Thames, near London, where is a grand national asylum, called Cliel^ca Kospital, for decayed and wounded soldiers. Population 40,179. Cheltenham (chelt'nam), a town in Gloucestershire, much frequented for its mineral springs. Population 31,411. Ches'ter, the Deva of the Romans, a fine ancient city of Cheshire, on the Dee. Population 23,115. . V 2 I III 62 ENGLAND AND WALES. ■ li Col'chester, a town in Essex, on the Colne. Population 17,790. Cov'cntry, an ancient city in Warwick, celebrated for its raanuiaC' tures of watches and ribbons. Population 30,743. Croy'don, a town in Surrey, on a canal which joins the Grand Surrey Canul. Population 16,712. Dar'lington, a town in Durham, carries on considerable trade and manufactures. Population 11,033. Der'by, the county town of Derbyshire, on the Derwent. Here the first English silk mill was erected in 1718, and the silk manufacture is still considerable. Population 32,741. Dept'ford, a town in Kent, on the Thames, has a royal dock yard, with fine wet docks. Population 23,165. Dews'bury, a manufacturing town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, on tb« Calder. Population 10,600. Don'castcr, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, celebrated for its horse races. Population 10,455. Do'ver, a seaport in Kent, about S3 miles from Calais in France, between which packets and steam vessels regularly sail. Popalatibn 13,872. 51° 7' N. 1° 19' E. Dud'ley, a town of Worcestershire, surrounded by StafTordshire. Its ▼icinity abounds in minerals, and the iron trade is carried on to a great extent. Population 31,232. Dur'Aam, a city with a university and an ancient cathedral, beauti* fully situated on the Wear. Population 14,151. Ex'eter, the county town of Devonshire, on the Exe, an elegant city. Its woollen market is next to Leeds. Population 31,312. Gloucester (glos'ter), an ancient city, situated un the Severn. It has extensive manufactures of pins, ropes, woollens, &c. Population 14,152. Green'uich, a town in Kent, on the Thames, about five miles below London, — famous for its Royal Observatory, and noble hospital for superannuated seamen. Population 29,755. 51° 28' N. Hal'ifax, a thriving town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, noted for its woollen manufactures. Population 19,881. Ha'stings, an ancient town in Sussex, where Harold was defeated by William the Conqueror in 1,066. Population 11,617. Her'cford, the county town on the bank of the Wye. Population 10,921. Hud'dcrsfield, a town in the W. R of Yorkshire, where the woollen manufacture is carried on to a great extent. Population 25,068. Hull, a seaport in the E. R. of Yorkshire, on the Humbcr. It carries on a very extensive trade. Population 41,629. 53° 48' N. 0° 18' W. Ips'wich, the county town of Suffolk, on the Orwell, the birth place of CarJiiifl Wolsey. Population 25,384. Kcig;'/;loy, a tlirivinjr manufacturing town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, on the Aire. Population 13,413. Ken'dal, a flourishing town in Westmoreland, long celebrated for its ■woollen manufactures. Population 10,225. Kid'dermin.ster, a town in Worcester, on the Stour, noted for its manufacture of carpets. Population 14,399. „ ., , , , ENGLAND AND WALES. 63 i I Lan'castcr, the county town of Lancashire, on the Lune, famous for its noblo castle. Population 13,531. Leeds, a town in the W. R. of York, the preatcst seat of the woollen manufacture in the kingdom. Population 125,054. Leicester (Ics'tcr), the county town of Leicestershire, noted for its manufactures of worsted stockings. Population 48,167. Lincoln (lin'cun), the Lindum of the Romans, and county town, on the Witham. It has a fine Gothic cathedral, in which is a very large bell, requiring 15 men to ring it, called Tom of Lincoln. Population 16,172. Litch'field, an ancient and elegant city in Staffordshire, the birth place of Dr. Johnson and of GarricK. Population 6,761. Liv'erpool, a seaport in Lancashire, situated at the month of the Mersey ; it has made a most rapid progress in commercial prosperity, and carries on a great trade with Ireland, America, and the West Indies. It is the second shipping port in the kingdom. It has some fine public buildings, and wet docks of surprising magnitude, eovering 110 acres. Population 286,487. 53° 24' N. 2° 59' W. Lon'don, the metropolis of the British empire, situated on the Thames, the largest, the wealthiest, and perhaps the most populous city in the world. It occupies a surface of 32 square miles, and consists of London city, Westminster city, Finsbury, Mary-le-bone, and Tower Hamlets, on the N., and Southwark and Lambeth, on the S. side of the river, over which are six magnificent bridges, and a tunnel below the bed of the river 1,200 feet in length, which cost nearly jC500,000. It was commenced in 1826, and finished in 1842, by Sir J. M. Brunei. The British Museum contains 260,000 volumes of books, — the length of the shelves upon which they stand being eight miles. Westminster, the seat of the Court and Parliament, has a fine old cathedral, where all the English kings receive their crowns, and most of them deposit their ashes. Population 1,873,676. 51° 30' N. 0° 5' W. Lough'borough, a town in Leicestershire, has an extensive hosiery [and lace trade. Population 10,025. Lynn Re'gis, a flourishing seaport in Norfolk, at the mouth of tho iOuse, with a great trade in corn. Population 16,039. Mac'clesfield, a manufacturing town in Cheshire. Population 24,137. Maid'stone, the county town of Kent, situated on the Medway. It jis the great emporium of the hop trade. Population 18,086. Man, anciently Mona, an island in the Irish Sea, 30 miles in length [by 12 in breadth ; 20 miles from the coast of Scotland, and nearly [equidistant from England and Ireland. Population 47,985. Man'cliester, a town in Lancashire, tho seat of llic greatest manu- Ifactures in the world. Its stnple consists in the different branches of llie cotton maiinfacturc, which are carried on to u v.sst extent. A jmagnificent railw.iy now connects it with Liverpool, including tialford. jroijulation 29G,183. Mur'jiatc, a seaport of Kent, much frequented for sea-bathing. jPcpulation 11/50. Mcr'tlivr Tvd'vil, a town in Glamorgan, situated in the valley of the jlaafe. From an obscure villacre, it has been raised by its extensive jiron works to be the largest town in Wales. Population 34,977. ,1 ^:. \ : ' 1 1 ■ \\ y _J iJi..-' 64 ENGLAND AND WALES. New'eaitle, the principal (own of NorthumborUnd, about 10 mila from the mouth of ihc Tync. The public buildings and parts of tin town recently erected, arc very splendid. It is a place of great trade, particularly in cosils and the tnunufucturo of glass ; and it is now con- nected with the western coast, by a railway to Carlisle. Population, including Gulcshcud, 6D,3C5. 54° 59' N. 1° 37' W. Northamp'lon, the county town of Northamptonshire, on the Neo,| with a large trade in bouts and shoes. Population 31,242. Nor'ioicli, (lie capital of Norfolk, with a very fine cathedral, lonjl noted for its trade, and its inanufucturcs of woollen stufTs, camletij and crape. Populution G2,344. Not'tingliam, the county town, on the Trent; it is the chief Beato(| (ho slocking and lace inanufucturcs. Population 53,091. OldVium, a manufacturing town in Lancashire, on tho MedlocLJ Population 42,595. Ox'ford, the county town, and the scat of a very celebrated university,! containing 20 colh'trcs and 5 lialls. This city is perhaps unequailedl for magnificent buildintrs, and for its extensive library (probably thel largest in the world), containing above 600,000 volumes. Populatioi)| 23,834. Plym'outh, a seaport of Devonsliire, the second naval station in tli«| kingdom, is situated at the head of Plymouth Sound, a capacious havcn,[ capable of holding l.COO sail of ships. Population :0,159. 50° 22' N.| 4° 10' W. Ports'mouth, a seaport in Hants, the most important naval station itl tlic kingdom, for the British navy. Population 53,033. 50° 48 M 1° 6' W. Pres'ton, a handsome manufacturing town in Lancasbire) on tiu| Kibble. Population 50,131. ,. i • » ;,:.;.«.' - Read'ing, the county town of Berkshire, on ihe Thames. Populatioj 18,937. Roch'dalc, a town in Lancashire, noted for its woollen, cotton, aDil| hat manufactures. Population 67,889. Ro'ehestcr, a very ancient city nnd seaport of Kent, on the Medwajl Population 11,743. 51° 23' N. 0° 30' E. Sahs'bury, an ancient city, the county town of Wilts ; the spire cl the cathedral is the most lofty in the kingdom, being 410 feet high! there are 88 bells in its tower, which is one of the finest in Europtj Population 10,086. Sheffield, a town in the W. R. of Yorkshire, famous for its maDii| factures of cutlery and plated goods. Population 68,186. Sliields, — N. Shields in Northumberland and S. Shields in Durhaml two towns on the opposite banks of the Tyne, near its junction withi eea. This is the port of Newcastle, and fourth in the kingdom foi shipping. Here the life-boat was invented. Population of both, incluil ing suburbs, 50,430. 55° N. 1° 26' W. ^ Shrews'bury, the county town of Salop, beautifully situated on tin Severn, with a considerable trade. Population 18,285. Southamjs'ton, a considerable seaport in Hants. Population 27,74 50° 54' N. 1° 24' W. ^ ENGLAND AND WALES. 65 ho Medlod for its mana- Stock'portf a manufacturing town in Cheshire* on the Meriey I Population 28,431. Stokc-upon-Trcnt, a town in Staffordshire. Population 46,343. Sun'derland, a seaport in Durham, on the Wear, over which is an I iron bridge of 337 feet span, and 100 feet above the river. It partakes with Newcastle in the coal trade. Population, including suburbs, 51,1S5. Swan'sea, a seaport in Glamorgan, situated on a fno bay of the Bristol Channel. It is a great resort for sea bathing, ana possesses an I extensive trade in copper, iron, and eoals. Population 17,470. 51° 37' N. 3=' 55' W. Taun'ton, a town in Somersetshire, on the Tone. Pbpulation 12,066. Trow'bridge, a town in Wilts, on the Were, with manufactures of broad cloth and kerseymere. Population 11,050. Tun'bridge, a town in Kent, near which are Tunhridge Wells, a leries of villages, so called from their celebrated medicinal springs Population 12,530. Wake'lield, a flourishing manufacturing town in the W. R. of York- shire. Population 14,794. Wal'sall, a thriving town in Staffordshire. Population 13,457. War'jflick, the county town of Warwickshire, on the Avon. Its castle is one of the noblest in the kingdom. Population 9,775. War'rington, a thriving manufacturing town in Lancashire, on the Mersey. Population 18,981. 53° 23' N. 2° 35' W. Whiteha'ven, a thriving seaport in Cumberland, with extensive coal mines. Population 11,854. 54° 33' N. 3° 35' W. Wig'an, a manufacturing town in Lancashire. Population 25,517. Wight, Isle of, a beautiful island off the S. coast of England, between which and Portsmouth is the great naval road of Spithead. In the centre of the island is Carisbrooke Castle, where Charles I. was con- fined. Population 42,570. Win'chester, the county town of Plants. Population 10,732. Wind'sor, a town in Berkshire, on the Thames, 22 miles from London, celebrated for its castle, a favourite residerc . of the British Sovereigns. Population 9,386. Wolverhamp'ton, a town in Staffordshire, noted for its manufactures of locks and keys. Population 36,382. Wool'ujich, a town in Kent, on the Thames, eight miles below London. It is famous for its arsenal, dock yard, and military academy. Population 25,785. Worcester (woos'ter), the county town of Worcestershire, near the centre of the kingdom, noted for its porcelain manufacture. Population 25,401. Yar'mouth, a seaport of Norfolk, at the mouth of the Yare, with a considerable trade. Population 24,086. 52° 36' N. 1° 43' E. York, the county town of Yorkshire. Its celebrated cathedral or minstrel is the most magnificent specimen of Gothic architecture in Europe. Population 28,842. 53° 57' N. 1° 4' W, = - miki M I i (: . ■ >■ \ - i H ■ (.1 1:' ENGLAND AND WALES, '\^ n 9i t'i!" 1 1- 1 -1 Exercises.— Where is the magnificent seat of the Percys, Dukes oil Northumberland ? Of what description is Amlwch harbor 7 By whal is the island of Anglesea, in Wales, connected with the main landll What rich mines are in Anglesea ? For what is the city of Bath celeJ brated ? What mines are in the vicinity of Bilston ? For what iil Birmingham celebrated? What is it styled? What extensive manuf factures are in Blackburn and Bolton? In what county 's the seaport! of Boston? For what is Brighton noted? How does Bristol rank assl seaport? For what is Burton famous? How many arches are in it!| bridge over the Trent ? Of what is the city of Cambridge the seatll In what county is Carlisle ? For what is Chatham remarkable ? Foil what is Chelsea noted ? For what manufactures in Coventry celebrated!^ What mill was erected in Derby in 1718, being the first of the kinil in England ? For what is Doncaster celebrated ? What is the distance! between Dover and Calais ? With what docs the vicinity of Dudlejl abound? In what has it an extensive trade? What does the city of! Durham contain ? Of what articles are there extensive manufactureil in Gloucester? Where is Greenwicli situated ? What renders it famous!! What is the staple manufacture in Halifax and Huddcisfield? Foil what manufacture is Kidderminster noted ? Wliat is the greatest seat! of the woollen manufacture in England? What noted edifice doeil Lincoln contain? What two remarkable men were born in Litchfield! I What rank does Liverpool hold as a commercial seaport ? With what! countries does it carry on a great trade? Of what magnitude areitsl wet docks? What is its population? What is the metropolis of thj I British empire ? How is it situated? What are its characteristics!! How many square miles does it occupy? What are the names of its different parts? How many bridges are over the Thames in London'! Describe the Tunnel below the river. Where is the seat of the court I and parliament? What is the population of London? Of what in Maidstone the great emporium ? How is the Isle of Man situated '| Of what is Manchester the seat? What are the staple branches? what is Manchester connected with Liverpool? What is the population I of Manchester ? By what means has the obscure village of Mertbji Tydvil become the largest town of Wales ? Where is the commercial town of Newcastle situated? Ofwh^itj description are the public buildings and parts of the town recently I erected ? What are its staple articles ? By what is it connected with the western coast? What are the principal articles of manufacture in Norwich, — in Nottingham? For what is Oxford celebrated? How does Plymouth rank as a naval station? How many ships could its capacious haven hold? Which is the most important naval station in the kingdom? For what is the ancient city of Salisbury distinguished! For what is ShefTield famous ? How are N. and S. Shields situated? What rank for shipping does this port hold in England? Where was the life-boat invented? Where is the seaport of Sunderland ? Of what trade does it partake ? Describe its bridge? In what does Swansea possess an extensive trade? For what are Tunbridge Wells celebrated? What are in the vicinity of Whitehaven? In what island is Carisbrook Castle? For what manu- facture is Wolverhampton noted? For what is Woolwich famous! What is the principal manufacture carried on at Worcester? WhaJ celebrated edifice does York contain ? fr'' > -vr.^ SCOTLAND. 67 ' SCOTLAND |s bounded on the N. by the North Sea; E. by the German Ocean; ). by England and the Irish Sea ; W. by the Atlantic Ocean. It (xtends from 54° 40 to 58° 40' N. lat., and from 1° 48' to 5° 52' '. long. Its extreme length is about 280 miles, and its greatest [readth 150 miles. It contains 32,167 square miles. The popula* Ion, in 1841, amounted to 2,620,610. Scotland is divided into 33 Counties. ;: .;. : ,'' Counties. Chief Towns. Ork'ney &. Shetland 'Kirk' wall, Stromness', Ler'wick. Caith'ness ••• Wick, Thur'so. . '"' ^ Suth'erland Dor'noch. Ross Tain, Ding'wall, Fortrose'. Crom'arty Cromarty. ] Inverness' Inverness, Fort George. Nairn ••••Nairn. Elgin or Moray ••• 'Elgin, Forres. BamfF Bamff, Cullen, Keith. ' Aberdeen' • • • • Aberdeen, Peterhead, Huntly. Kinkar'dine Stonehaven, Laurencekirk. For'far • • • 'Forfar, Dundee', Montrose', Arbroath'. Fife • • Cupar, St. Andrews, Dunferm'line. Kinross' •••• Kinross. Clackman'nan Clackmannan, Al'loa. Perth Perth, Kincar'dine, Crieff. ' Argyll' Invera'ry, Camj)'belton, Oban. Bute Rothe'say, Brod'ick (in Arran). Dunbar'ton Dunbarton, He'lensburgh. Stirling Stirling, Fal'kirk. • - Linlith'goiW' • Linlithgow, Bathgate. I Ed'inburgh Edinburgh, Leith, Mus'selburgh, Dalkeith'. Had'dington Haddington, Dunbar'. I Ber'MJick Berwick, Dunse, Cold'stream. ! Rox'burgh Jed'burgh, Kel'so, Hauj'ick, Mel'rose. :SeI'kirk Selkirk, Galashiels'. iPee'bles Peebles. Lan'ark Lanark, Glas'gou?, Hamilton, Air'drie. I Ren'frew Renfrew, Pais'ley, Green'ock. ! Ayr Ayr, Ir'vine, Kilmar'nock, Gir'van. Dumfries' Dumfries, An'nan, Mof'fa , Lang'ho^m. • i Kirkcudbright Kirkcudbright. ' ' I Wig'town Wigtown, Stranraer', Whithorn. , ^ i{ ■t 1 I ' ,,) ill TiV. ■! 1 ^^,1 '^1 ,\ Hi 'li 1 ^f^ 68 SCOTLAND. Islands.— Shetland Isles, the principal of which are Mainlandl country hag and Yell; Orkney Isles, the largest are Mainland and Hoy; thelintrodnciior Hebrides, or Western Isles, the principal of which are Lewis, SkyeJ Mull, Jura, and Isla ; Bute and Arran are in the Frith of Clyde. Capes. — St. Abb's Head, Fifeness, Kinnaird's Head, Tarbetness,, Dun'cansbay Head, Dunnet Head, Cape Wrath, Butt of LewisJ Mull of Cantyre, Mull of Galloway, Burrow Head. Mountains. — ^Ben Ne'vis, the loftiest mountain in Great Britain; Cairngorm; the Gram 'plans; Ben lio'mond; the Ochils; Pentland Hills; Lam'mermoor Hills; Moifat Hills, &c. Fkiths and Bays. — Pentland, Dornoch, and Moray Friths; Friths of Tay and Forth, Solway Frith, Frith of Clyde ; Wigtown Glenluce Bays ; Sounds of Isla, Jura, and Mull : and many otheij inlets on the west. Lakes. — Loch Lomond; Awe; Tay, Rannoch, Er'icht, Ketterii Erne, Shin, Laggan; Ness, Lochy; Marce; Leven. RivERS.—Spey, Don, Dee, Tay, Forth, Clyde, Tweed, TevioB^yJ^J^ j^'^J'^ Annan. Remarks. — Scotland is in general a mountainous country] although it has some extensive level districts of great fertility. It is divided into the Highlands and the Lowlands; the former chieflj occupied with lofty and rugged mountains, and inhabited by a rai of Celts, who, in many parts, still speak the Celtic or Gaelic lai guage: the latter more diversified with hilly and level districts, ai inhabited by people of Saxon origin like the English, and who speai dialects of the same language. Scotland abounds in minerals, t most valuable of which are lead, iron, and coal. Its fisheries fori an important branch of industry, and are prosecuted to a consider- able extent, particularly along its northern shores. The climate of Scotland, though variable, is, on the whole, mil and salubrious. The western counties are exposed to frequent a heavy rains from the Atlantic Ocean ; the eastern, though iei frequently deluged with rain, suffer more from piercing east windi] accompanied with chilling fogs from the German Ocean. There no country in the world where agriculture is better understood th in Scotland ; and the consequent improvement in its soil and pro-j ductions, which have taken place within the last fifty years, a: astonishing. Many of its districts are best adapted for the reariiij| of cattle, which are exported in large numbers to England. Manufactures of various kinds are likewise carried on to a grei extent. Glasgow and Paisley are the principal seats of the cottoi manufactures ; Dundee, and the other towns in Forfarshire, noted for the manufacture of coarse linens ; and Dunfermline damasks and fine linens. At Carron, near Falkirk, are the largi iron works in the kingdom. Of the commercial prosperity of Brita; facilities of more increa Since th( ment of the bytrrian for in bcotland frugal, prud^ tion of paris by the lovves can boast of Exercises length and bi population ? ties border or Stirling, Wig Dumbarton, J what countiei Annan, Aber Where way, Kinnair iDuncansbay j [Point out the ( >Vhere is So! [Moray, and ] 'ess, &c. P lyde, Tweed What is tl] 'Vhat is the nhabited? \V re its inhabit Vhat is the n n the western n Scotland ? ts nianufactui olton inanufa re the chief n rated? Is Sc n commercial -'ere Scolland s established? incc the Rcv( ,'ie general d itcrature and ! Aberdeen' [ists of Old . kh of thcui I'^e'w. > a SCOTLAND. 69 Scotland enjoys her due share. The rapid progress which the I country has made of late years has been ffreatly accelerated by the introduction of steam-navigation on its coasts and friths, while the facilities of internal communication are, and shortly will be much 1 more increased by railways. Since the union of England and Scotland in 1707, the govern- ment of the two kingdoms has been nearly the same. The Pres- bytprian form of church government is coeval with the Reformation in bcotland. The Scots may be characterised as industrious, frugal, prudent, hardy, and brave. Owing to the excellent institu- Ition of parish schools, the advantages of education are enjoyed even [by the lowest classes of the people. They are fond of learning; and [can boast of some of the brightest names in literature and science. Exercises. — What arc the boundaries of Scotland ? What are its llcngth and breadth ? What is its extent in square miles? What is its Ipopulation? Into how many counties is it divided? What three coun- [ties border on England ? Point out on a map the counties of Aberdeen, IStirUng, Wigton, Caithness, Perth, Sutherland, Forfar, Peebles, Ayr, Irunibarton, Nairn, &c. How arc Fife and Haddington situated? In [what counties are Glasgow, Edinburgh, Paisley, Dundee, Perth, Kelso, lAnnan, Aberdeen, Greenock, &c.? Where are the Orkney Isles? IWhere are the isles of Bute and Arran ? Where are the Hebrides? IWhere is Cape Wrath ? Where are St. Abb's Head, the Mull of Gallo- Iway, Kinnaird's Head, the Mull of Cantyre, Fifeness, Tarbetness, IDuncansbay Head? Which is the highest mountain in Great Britain? [Point out the Grampians Lammermoor Hills, Moifat Hills, Ben Lomond. Where is Solway Frith? Where are the Friths of Forth, Clyde, Tay, [Moray, and Pcntland? Point out Loch Lomond, Lochs Awe, Tay, fess, &.C. Point out the principal rivers in Scotland — the Tay, Forth, yjyde, Tweed, Dee, Don, and Spcy. What is the general appearance of Scotland? How is it divided ? "What is the aspect of the Highlands ? By what race of people is it inhabited? What is the appearance of the Lowlands ? Of what origin are its inhabitants? What arc the most valuable minerals of Scotland? [What is the nature of its climate ? What varieties of weather prevail in the western and eastern counties? What is the state of agricultur?> In Scotland ? For what are many of its districts best adapted ? Are |ts manufactures extensive ? What towns are the principal seats of the polton manufactures? For what manufacture is Dundee noted? What are the chief manufactures of Dunfermline? For what is Carron cele- brated? Is Scotland a commercial country? By what has its progress |n commercial prosperity been of late years greatly facilitated? When Ivere Scotland and England united? What form of church government |3 established? How long has this been the national religion ? (A t." Since the Revolution of 1688.) To what institution do the Scots owe jlic general diffusion of education? Have they made a figure in literature and science ? DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, &,C. Aberdeen', a large seaport and county town. This elegant city con- fcists of Old Aberdeen on the Don, and New Aberdeen on the Dee. In [ach of them there is a university. Population 63,288. S?'^ 9' N. if^e'W. '.'ii H i; 70 SCOTLAND. 11 .;i:.i. Ij .)• Air'drid, a thriving town in Lanarkt^hire. Population 12,418. An'drew's, St, an ancient city on the E. coast of Fife, once the ecclesiastical capital of the kingdom, and famous in Scottish history. Its university still remains ; but its castle and noble cathedral are in ruins. Population 4,449. Arbroath', a considerable seaport in Forfarshire, with the ruins of an ancient abbey. Population 7,218. Ayr, the county town of Ayrshire, situated at the mouth of the Ayr. Population 8,264. 55^ 27' N. 4° 36' W. Ber'wjick, a fortified town near the mouth of the Tweed. In the wars between England and Scotland, its importance as a key to both king- doms, rendered this town and its vicinity the scene of perpetual contest and bloodshed. It enioys the privileges of a county by itself. Popula- tion 8,484. 55° 46' N. 2° W. Dal'kcith, a considerable town in the county ot Edinburgh, between the N. and S. Esk. Population 4,831. Dumfries', a handsome county town, situated on the Nith, seven miles from the Solway Frith. Population 10,069. Dundee', a large seaport in Forfarshire, on the Frith oi Tay. It carries on a great trade, chiefly with the Baltic, and has extensive manufactures of Osnaburgs and other coarse linens. The town, and particularly the harbor, have of late been much extended and improved Population 60,553. 56° 28' N. 2° 58' W. Dunferm'linc, a flourisliing town in the W. of Fife. Table linen is manufactured hc;e in greater extent and perfection than in any other — part of the kingdom. Population 7,865. | separated fro ^ " . ■ place of haza Ed'inburgh, the metropolis of Scotland, the seat of the law courts ■ whirlpools, and of a celebrated university, is situated near the Frith of Forth, about ■ Pajs'iey a a mile and a half from Lcith its seaport. The new town is considered ■ gf ^jjg cotton the most elegant and re^jularly built of any city in Britain. Population, ■ PonnUfion rr includinsx Leith, 166,450. 55° 56' N. 3° 11' W. I p^^^^ ^^^ ^ Falkirk, a town in Stirlingshire, noted for its large cattle markets, ■ Tay, and sun called Trysts. Near it are the famous Carron iron works, the largest ■ Port-Glas'g in the kingdom. Population 8,209. ■ miles above Glas'goic, the principal manufacturing and commercial city in Scot land, is situated on the Clyde, in Lanarkshire. All the branches of the cotton manufacture arc carried on upon the most extensive scale, has also a great trade with America and the West Indies, a flourishing university, and is adorned with many handsome edifices. It is 44 miles W. from Edinburgh, and is connected with that city by a canal and railway. Population 274,324. Grcon'ock, a seaport in Renfrewshire, at the mouth of the Clyde,- the emporium of the American and West Indian trade, and the birtli place of James Watt. Population 36,745. 55° 57' N. 4° 44' W. Hcb'rides which abou Scotland. Inverness Highlands, the Moray 1 Kel'so, a the north b Population ^ Kilmar'no I of the Irvine KirkcaZ'dj 14,100. Kirkintul'l banks of the Lan'ark, tl falls of the C ilation 4,831. Montrose', j S. Esk, over 13,402. 50° Mus'selbur IS. E. of the [Population G, Ork'nevs, t Ilad'dington, the county town. Its weekly market for grain is the largest in Scotland. Population 5,452. TT /•! • T , .H .'Oway, Ham ilton, a town m Lanarkshire, 10 miles S. E. from Glasgow, neai eastern coast the confluence of the Avon and Clyde. Population 8,876. herring fisheri Harr'ick, a thriving manufacturing town in Roxburghshire, on thi Tiree', a sm Teviot Population 5,770. O&rble. Popu siderable trad Shet'Iand N. E. of the seat of an ext Staffa, a st its caverns s 42 wide, and beauty and m Slir'ling, th castle, comma residence of tl Stron'( SCOTLAND. 71 ledral are in e ruins of an Hcb'rides, or Western Isles, a range of islands, 200 in number, of which about 80 are inhabited, scattered along the western coast of Scotland. Population 108,320. Inverness', the county town of Inverness-shire, and the capital of the Highlands, is delightfully situated near the confluence of the Ness with the Moray Frith. Population 9,100. 57° 29' N. 4° 11' W, Kel'so, a handsome town in Roxburghshire, beautifully situated on the north bank of the Tweed, opposite its junction with the Tcviot. Population 4,594. Kilmar'nock, a large manufacturing town in Ayrshire, on a tributary of the Irvine. Population 17,846. KirkcaZ'dy, a seaport in Fife, with considerable trade. Population 4,100. Kirkintul'loch, a town in Dumbartonshire, pleasantly situated on the banks of the Kelvin. Population 8,880. Lan'ark, the county town of Lanarkshire, near which arc the romantic falls of the Clyde. At New Lanark are extensive Cotton mills. Popu- lation 4,831. Montrose', a considerable seaport in Forfarshire, at the mouth of the S. Esk, over which there is a beautiful suspension bridge. Population 13,402. 5G° 43' N. 2° 27' W. Mus'selburgh, a town in the county of Edinburgh, about six miles S. E. ot the capital, united to Fisherrow by bridges over the Esk. Population G,331. Ork'neys, a group of islands, 67 in number, of which 29 are inhabited, separated" from the main land by the Pentland Frith. This frith is a place of hazardous navigation, from its rapid currents and dangerous whirlpools. Population 30,441. Pais'Iey, a town in Renfrewshire, next to Glasgow the greatest seat of the cotton manufacture. Its muslins are the iinest made in Europe. Population 60,127. Perth, the county town of Perthshire, is delightfully situated on the Tay, and surrounded by the most beautiful scenery. Population 19,293. Port-Glas'gou>, a seaport in Renfrewshire, on the Clyde, about three miles above Greenock. It has an excellent harbor, and enjoys a con- siderable trade. Population 6,973. Shet'land Isles, a group of islands, about 100 in number, 48 miles N. E. of the Orkneys. Only 32 of them are inhabited. They are the Beat of an extensive fishery. Population 30,450. Staf fa, a small island of the Hebrides, W. from Mull, celebrated for its caverns and basaltic pillars. The cave of Fingal is 66 feet high, 42 wide, and 227 feet long, presenting a scene of almost unrivalled beauty and magnificence. Slir'ling, the county town of Stirlingshire, with a celebrated ancient castle, commanding a noble prospect of the Forth. It was a favourite residence of the Scottish kings. Population 8,307. Stron'oway, the chief town of the island of Lewis, is situated on its eastern coast, and carries on a considerable trade in the white and herring fisheries. Population 6,218. 5b 11' N. 6° 17' W. Tu^e', a small island, one of the Ilebrldeo, noted for its beautiful marble. Population 4,465. . s : ^ , u - . . ^ ,i , ; / <. 1 i^i^'i jj: I.' I'. 1 i ■\i\ ,(• IRELAND. Wick, a seaport, and the county town of Caithndss. It ia the seat of a most extensive herring fishery. Population 5,533. 58° 27' N. 3° 6' W. Exercises. — What sort of city is Aberdeen ? Of what is it the seat? Where is the ancient city of St. Andrews? What does it contain? Where is the town of Berwick situated ? For what was it formerly of jSCreat importance? What does it enjoy? Where is the seaport of Dundee? Has it much commerce, any manufactures? What is the staple manufacture in Dunfermline? What is the metropolis of Scot- land? Where is it situated? What is its port? Of what is Edinburgh the seat? Is it a fine city? What is its population? For what is Falkirk noted? What famous works are in its vicinity? Which is the greatest manufacturing and commercial city in Scotland ? Where is Glasgow situated ? For what manufacture is it most celebrated ? What literary institution has it? How is it connected with Edinburgh? What is its population ? Of what trade is Greenock the emporium? For what is Haddington noted? Where are the Hebrides or Western Isles ? What town is the capital of the Highlands? Where is it situated? What is there worthy of notice in the vicinity of Lanark ? What extensive mills are at New Lanark? What is worthy of notice at Montrose? What frith lies between the main land and the Orkney Islands? What renders the navigation of this frith hazardous? What is the staple manu- facture of Paisley? Of what quality are its muslins? How is the city of Perth situated ? What sort of seaport is Port-Glasgow? What is carried on at the Shetland Islands ? Describe Fingal's Cave, in the island of Staffa. For what is Stirling noted ? For what is the small island of Tiree celebrated ? What extensive fishery is carried on at Wick? IRELAND Is bounded on the N., W., and S., by the Atlantic Ocean ; E. by the Irish Sea and St. George's Channel. It extends from 51° 25' to 55° 23' N. lat., and from 5° 28' to 10° .30' W. long. Its extreme leng-th is 280 miles, and its greatest breadth 180 miles. It contains 31,874 square miles ; and, in 1841, its population was 8,179,359. Ireland is divided into four provinces, — Uls'ter, Lein'ster, Con'naught, Mun'ster : — which are subdivided into 32 counres, | viz., ■ l^'V<\ 'i-yiA b,^ ; :-^^n< ' IN ULSTER. ; ,/ . ;-. . ; Counties. '■ Chief Towns. .,,,.. ,^ Donegal Lifford, Ballyslian'non, Donegal. K ' ■ :, Londonderry ••• .Londonderry, Coleraine'. , ,. ,.,; Antrim Carrickfer'gus, Belfast, Lisburn. • '-i*;^ • Tyrone' Omag-Zt', Dungan'non, Strabane'. '>'■'• Down Downpat'rick, Ncwry. . . ■''^'** iUi Arma^/t' Armagh, Lurgan. Mon'ag-Aan 'Monaghan, Clones, CarrickmacrosB'. ... - ,1; . :,. ki * • '!)'> ? -^ifi.- u >•,»*''' r06B^ ^(TU'^ IRELAND. 73 Countiei. ChiefTowDB. ,,.. .. ,;, . Perman'ag-A Enniskil'len. \/ / ,.. . , . Cavan Cavan, Cootehill, Beltur^bet. . . m LEINSTER. Longford •Longford, Edge'worthstown, Granard. West Muath Mullingar, Athlone, Kilbeg'gan. , , . . East Meath Trim, Navan, Kells. Louth •..Dro'g'heda, Dundalk, Ardee. Dublin • • .Dublin, Balbrig'gon, Kingstown. ' ' ' Wick'low Wicklow, Arklow, Bray. Kildare' Athy, Naae, Kildare, Maynooth. King's County • • • Phil'ipstown, Birr, Tullamore'. Queen's County ••Maryborough, Mountmeliick. Car'low Carlow, Tullow. i.; KJlken'ny Kilkenny, Calian, Thomastown. Wex'ford Wexford, New Ross, EnniscorHhy. ■'^" •■■'■"•" • IN CONNAUGHT. '■",'. Lei'trim Carrick-on-Shannon, Sli'go Sligo. " •' ' • , ' May'o Castlebar, Balli'na, Westport. Roscom'raon Roscommon, Athlone', Boyle. Gal'way Galway, Loughrea', Tuam, Ballinasloe'. ' ''^' '•■ " ' '""" "■ ■■ IN MUNSTEB. •' ■' ' -^ ■ - ■ ■ '^ Tippera'ry Clonmel, Carrick-on-Suir, Ne'n&gh, Clare ♦ • • .Ennis, Clare, Kilrush, Killaloe'. Lim'erick Limerick, Rathkealc', Newcastle. Kerry Tralee, Dingle, Killar'ney. Cork Cork, Bandon, Kinsale, You'gfhal, Cove. Wa'terford • Waterford, Dungar'van, Lismore'. Islands. — Rath'lin Isle, Ach'il, S. Isles of Arran, Valen'tia. Capes. — Walin Head, Fair Head, Carnsore Point, Cape Clear, Loop Head, Slyne' Head. ' ' Mountains. — Mourne, Sliebh Bloom, vv'^icklow Mountains, Man'gerton, Magil'Jicuddy's Reeks, Mount Neph'in. Bats, &cc. — Carrickferg-us Bay, Strangford Bay, Carlingford, Dundalk, Dublin; Wexford, Waterford, and Cork Harbors; Bantry, Shannon, and Galway Bays ; Sligo, Donegal, Swilly, Foyle. Lakes. — Ne'agh, Erne, Conn, Mask, Gorrib, Ree, Derjf, Killarney. 1 I )', '^ ■ Ij !^ I I ■I I . I. I, it ■'I ¥ 74 IRELAND* Rivers. ^ Boyne, Liffey, Sla'oey, Barrow, Blackwater, Lett Shannon, Mourne, Bann. Remarks. — Situated between Britain and the Atlantic Ocean, Ireland has a still more humid atmosphere, but at the same tiroo | enjoys a milder temperature, than the sister island. Its verdure, accordingly, is fresher and deeper; and entitles it to the distinction I of the Green or Emerald Isle. It has comparatively few mountains; though several of them vie in height with the loftiest in England. In general the soil of Ireland is amazingly fertile, but the mode of I farming is bad. The land is, in the first instance, rented from the | proprietors by persons called middle men, who let it to farmers, and these again parcel it out in small portions to an inferior set of { tenants. Each of the higher classes oppresses and grinds its inf> rior; and the ground is occupied by men without capital to improvi} it, whose necessities compel them to force from it whatever it will yield for a miserable subsistence and the payment of their rack- rents; yet it yields a large surplus for exportation, both in grain and cattle. The annual value of agricultural products imported into Liverpool from Ireland is computed at £4,000,000 sterling. Since the year 1800, Ireland has been united with Great Britain, and made subject to the same taws. But the people, long oppressed, and restricted in their commerce and manufactures by severe and injudicious enactments, are still inclined to turbulence and discon- tent. Religious distinctions form another principal cause of this unquiet disposition. Thd established form of religion is that of the Church of England; but the great majority of the people are Roman Catholics ; and although thoy enjoy complete toleration in the exercise of their own religion, and are now admissible to all offices, they contribute with extreme reluctance to the support of a church to which they are hostile. Linen is the staple manufacture of Ireland, and is carried on to a considerable extent, particularly in the province of Ulster. Of late years, the manufacture of cotton has been introduced and is flou- rishing. The Irish are a sprightly, warm-hearted, and ingenuous people. In the vivacity of their disposition, and the gaiety of their manner, Ihey resemble the French nation more than the English or Scotch. Hardy, daring, and heedless of danger, they may be ranked among tho finest soldiers in the world. In science and literature many of them have attained great eminence. They excel particularly in eloquent declamation. Exercises.— How is Ireland bounded ? What is its greatest length and breadth ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is its popu- lation ? Into how many provinces is it divided ? How many counties do tiiey contain ? Name the provinces and how they are situated, 111 what province is Dublin, Cork, Londonderry, Galway, Belfast? Where are the two fine seaports of Wexford and Waterford ? Where is the island of Achil ? Where is the cape of Malin Head ? Where is Cape Clear? Where is Mangerton Mountain ? Where are the moun- tains of Mourne, Sliebh Bloom, and Nephin ? Where are the bays of Carrickfergus and Strangford, of Galway and Donegal? Where ii IIl£LA17D. 76 Lake Neagh 1 Where are the lakes of Erne, Corrib, Derg, and KiHar- ney ? In what part of Ireland is the river Shannon? What river fallei into the sea at Dublin? On what river is Drogheda? What rivers fall into tlio ocean at Waterford and Youghal ? On what river is Coleraino situated ? What is the nature of the climate of Ireland ? What effect has this on its appearance? Is Ireland a mountainous country? Of what description is the soil of Ireland ? What is faulty in the mode of farm- ing ? To what amount are its agricultural products annually imported into Liverpool 1 When was Ireland united in government with Great Britain? Why are the people in general discontented? What is another cause of their unquiet disposition ? What is the established religion ? Of what religious persuasion are the majority of the people 7 What is the staple manufacture ? What other manufacture has been lately introduced ? What is the national character of the Irish ? What nation do they resemble in disposition and manners ? Are they good soldiers ? Have they made any figure in science and literature ? In what do they particularly excel? DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, &C. Armagh', the county town and seat of the Archbishop. Populatioa 10,245. Athlone', a town on the Shannon. Population 6,393. Ban'don, a town in the county of Cork, situated on the beautiful rirer of Bandon, which falls into the sea at Kinsale. Population 8,275. Belfast', a flourishing seaport in Antrim, on Carrickfergus Buy, with extensive manufactures of linen and cotton, and a great export trade. Population 63,626. 54° 35' N. 5° 55' W. Car'low, the county town of Carlow, beautifully situated on the Barrow. Population 10,409. Carrickfer'gus, a seaport, and the county town of Antrim, on Car- rickfergus Bay. It is a place of great antiquity, and has a strong castle, situated on a rock projecting into the sea. Population 3,885. 54° 42' N. 5° 45' W. Cav'rick-on-Suir, a town in Tipperary, which carries on extensivo woollen manufactures. Population 8,369. Castlebar', the county town of Mayo, with considerable trade, parti- cularly in linens. Population 5,137. Clonmol', the county town of Tipperary, pleasantly situated on the Suir. Population 13,505. Coleraine', a town in Londonderry, on the Bann, noted for the manufacture of linen. Population 6,255. Cork, the second city in the island, situated at the mouth of the Lee« on one of the safest and finest harbors in Europe. It possesses great trade, particularly in the export of grain and all kinds of provisions. Population 80,720. 51° 55' N. 8° 32' W. Cove, a town in Great Island, in Cork Harbour, with magnificent quays and other conveniences for shipping. Population 5,494r Dro'^heda, a seaport on the Boyne< Population 17,300< 53^ 54' N. if .;4 ! \ii 1 r i f': I il u f '<: ft J li f m u I : !( ;'f9 ! : t'l: I ^' .ill 76 IRELAND. I i I »tr Dub'lin, the capital of Ireland, is beautifully situated on the LifTcy, and is, in its general elegance and the magnificence of its public build. ings, among the finest cities of Europe. Population 282,726. 53° 23' N. 6° 20' W. Dunda/k', a seaport in Louth, on Dundalk Bay. Here is a consider- able manufacture of cambric. Population 10,782. En'nis, the county town of Clare, on the Fergus, which here becoraei navigable for large boats. Its goth'c abbey is the finest in the island Population 9,318. Cal'vvay is situated on the broad stream by which the waters of Lough Corrib arc discharged into Gal way Bay. Population 17,275, 53^ 16' N. 9° W. Giant's Causeway, a celebrated promontory and natural curiosity, on the N. coast of Antrim, composed of lofty and regular basaltic columns, at least 30,000 in number, which run out a great way into the sea. Kilken'ny is a city of considerable importance, beautifully situated on the Nore. In its vicinity arc fine marble quarries. Population 19,071, Killar'ney, a thriving town in Kerry, much frequented on account of its lakes, which exhibit the most beautiful and picturesque scenery in Ireland. Population 7,127. Kings'town, a town in the county of Dublin, with a fine harbor, and a railway to Dublin. Steam packets sail daily to and from Liverpool, and to and from Holyhead, with the mails. Population 7,229. 53*^ 18' N. G° 9' W. Lim'erlck, on the Shannon, is a flourishing city, enjoying an exten- sive trade, and having considerable manufactures of linen, woollen, and paper. Population 48,391. 52° 42' N. 8° 32' W. Lon'donderry, or Derry, is a city of great antiquity, pleasantly situated on the Foyle. Population 15,150. New'ry, a flourishing seaport and manufacturing town in Down, on the Newry. Population 11,972. SJl'go, a flourishing seaport on Sligo Bay. Population 12,272. 54° 17' N. 8° 22' W. Tralce', the county town of Kerry, near the head of Tralee Bay. Population 11,363. Tu'am, a town in Galway, carrying on considerable trade and manu- factures. Population 6,034. Wa'lerford, a county town, and a flourishing seaport. Its trade is considerable, the public buildings elegant, and its quay one of the most beautiful in Europe. Population 23,216. 52° 14' N. 7° 7' W. Wex'ford, the county town, at the mouth of the Slancy, with a spacious harbor. Population 11,252. 52° 21' N. 6° 27' W. Youghal (you'hal), a seaport in Cork, at the mouth of the Blackwater. Population 9,939. 51° 57' N. 7° 51' W. Exercises. — Where is the flourishing seaport of Belfast? What manufactures and trade has it? Where is Carrickfergus ? For what | is it noted ? What extensive manufacture is carried on at Carrick-on- Suir ? In what has Castlebar and Coleraine considerable trade ? How does the city of Cork rank in Ireland ? Describe its harbor and trade. What ia its population ? What is the metropoUa of Ireland ? What is its popu and the carr'cd ries are To whn manufuc Derry a what is Is boui Belgium 160 mil Populati HOLLAND. 77 its population? How does it rank in respect of its general elegance and the magnificence of its public buildings 7 What manufacture is carped on in Dundalk? Describe the Giant's Causeway. What quar- ries are in the vicinity of Kilkenny? For what is Killarncy celebrated? To what places do steam packets sail daily from Kingstown? What manufactures are carried on at Limerick ? Has it much trade ? Is Derry a city of any note ? Is Newry a town of any consequence ? For what is Waterford famous ? What is worthy of notice at Wexford 7 HOLLAND Is bounded on the N. and W. by the German Ocean ; S. by Belgium ; E. hy Germany. It is situated between 01° 12' and 53° 30' N. iat., and between 3° £0' and 7° !£' E. long. Length 160 miles, breadth 116 miles. It contains 13,176 square miles. Population 2,960,020. Provinces. ' Chief Towna, Gro'ningen Groningen. Fries'land • • Leu war'den. Overys'sel Zwoll, Deven'ter. Guel'derland ArnAeim', Nime'guen. U'trec/tt Utrecht, A'mersfort. Holland Proper \ Amsterdam', Hague, Ley'den, c Rotterdam, Haar'lem. Zea'land • • - Mid'dleburg, Flush'ing. North Brabant Bois-le-Duc, Bre'da. Part of \ ^'"^''^"'■ff Mae'stric/it. (Lux'emburg •••Luxemburg. Islands.— Wal'cheren, N. and S. Beve'land, Tho'len, Tex'et, Schel'ling, Am'eland. Seas and Bays.— Zuy'der Zee, Haarlem Meer, Doriart Bay. Rivers. — The Rhine, the Meuse. Foreign Possessions. — In the East Indies, Java, and tlio Moluc'cas or Spice Islands ; in the West Indies, Curaco'a, Buen Ayre, St. Eusta'tius, and part of St. Martin ; in South America^ Surinam': in Africa, El Mina, and several forts on the coast of Guinea. Remarks. — To the lover of the picturesque, the aspect of Holland is tame and uninteresting. The country is one vast plain, diversified neither by mountain nor hill. Viewed from the top of a tower or spire, it appears like an extensive marsh, intersected by numberless ditches and canals. Yet even the dull monotony of this prospect is relieved by some features of great interest ;— meadows of wide extent and of the most beautiful verdure, covered 'I I'l ! ••! '< Ai :m 'I Jl 78 HOLLAND* with largo herds of woll fed cattle; sheets of water, clusters of trees, and, in tho vicinity of large towns, elegant villas surrounded with gardens and parks, decorated with statues and busts. No country can display more striking proofs than IloUond of the energies which man can exert in overcoming tho phy-icol evils or dilficulties of his situation. Placed below the level < f the sea at high water, many parts of this country have been oxp^sod to the moat dreadful inundations. One of these took place in It-ii*, which destroyed Tii villages, and about 100,000 of tho inhabitants. To protect themselves from tho recurrence of such calamities, tho Dutch constructed, along their coasts, stupendous dikes, or mounds of earth, which have effectually repelled tho crjcroachments of the sea. But to keep these immense dikes in repair, more men are employed annually than all the corn of the province of Holland can maintain. The soil, near the coast, is chiefly sand, mixed with turf; but it is cultivated with tho utmost care. In other parts of the country it is a deep loam. Owing to the humidity of tho climote, a great part of the country is retained in jrass ; and tho pastures are of unrivalled luxuriance. The principal crops cultivated are wheat, madder, tobacco, llax, and hemp. But the rural wealth of Holland consists chiefly in its cattle, and the produce of the dairy. Horti- culture, especially the raising of flowers, has been brought to great perfection. In manufactures, the same spirit of industry is displayed as in husbandry. These are various and extensive; but linens, leather, the distillation of gin, and that species of pottery called Delft ware, may be particularly mentioned. But it is cliiefly to commerce that Holland has been indebted for the remarkable prosperity which she has long enjoyed. After her emancipation from Spanish rule, she became dirtinguished by the superior efforts and success in trade which are tho natural fruits of independence. For centuries almost tho whole carrying trade of Europe was in her hands; her fisheries, particularly of herrings, were most extensive and valuable; and her colonies in the East Inoies were the sources of a very active and lucrative traffic. Throughout the kingdom, the advantages of education are en- joyed in an eminent degree. Schools are established in every parish. The universities of Leyden, Utrecht, and Groningen, have long been celebrated. The Dutch may boast of attainments in letters and science, and even in the fine arts. In the former, they possess the names of Erasmus, Grotius, Boerhaave, and Leeuwenhoeck; in the latter, those of Rembrandt and a number of distinguished land- scape and marine painters. The Dutch are a laborious, ploddinff, selfish, but upright people. In religion they are Protestant Cal- vinists; but they have long set the example of the most complete toleration. Exercises.— How is Holland bounded ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its extent in square miles? What is its population 1 Wliat is the eapitol of HolUnd? Where is it litaated? Which are tb9 prineipi Utrocht rivers ii and bay in SoutF Holland J'fom w dreadful dation o from tile ofHollai what doc manufac guished branches Are Kchoi Of wliat brated ur Dutch ? Alkmas which uni butter am A'meraf (Jerable mt Am'stcr situated al Zuyder Ze of contain: and the cit bridges, an N. 4^ 53' : Arnheim Population Bois-lc-1 bant', at th 51° 41' N. Bre'da, a placca in H Delft, a formerly no brated as tl Dev'cntci Yssel. Po] Dort, a t( Counts of P and here W£ the tenets o N. 4° 40' E Flush'ing Scheldt (she HOLLAND. 79 raoftreof, inded with land of the col evils or the sea at Bod to the '±'i'}, which tants. To nnitieS) tho or mounda Dnts of the '6 men are [oUand can I turf; but he country ite, a great tures are of are wheat, of Holland y. Horti- ;ht to great |layed as in s, leather, Delft ware, merce that which she }h rule, she iss in trade ries almost r fisheries, e; and her active and ion are en- ery parish. have long in letters ey possess hoeck; in shed land- plodding, Btant Cal- complete llength and bopulationl [ich are tb9 prinoipal towns in the provineo of Zealand 7 Where ii Oroningen, Utrecht, tho Hague, Rotterdam, &,c.? Which are tho two principal rivers in Holland? Name and point out its principal islands, its seas and bays. What aro its colonies in the East Indies, tho West Indies, in South America, and in Africo 7 What is tho general appearance of Holland ? By what is tho dull unirormit^ of tho prospect rolioved ? From what cause have many parts of this country been exposed to dreadful inundations? What devastation was committed by tho inun* dation of 144G ? By what moans did tho Dutch protect theinsclvos from the recurrence of such droadful calamities? Why is a great part of Holland kept in grass ? What are tho crops chiefly cultivated? In what does tho principal rural wealth of Holland consist ? For what manufactures is Holland famous ? When did Holland become distin- guished by its eftbrts and success in trade ? What were tho chief branches of its commerce? In what state is education in thi3 country? Are schools common? What universities have long been celebrated? Of what literary and scientific names can Holland boast? What cele- brated artist has it produced ? What is tho national character of the Dutch ? What is their religion? DESCniPTION OP TOWNS, &,C. Alkmaar', a fortified town in Holland Proper, situated on the canal which unites Amsterdam with the North Sea. It hos a great trade in butter and cheese. Population 9,500. 52^^ 34' N. 4° 45' E. A'mersfort, a pleasant town in tho province of UtrecAt, with consi- derable manufactures. Population 9,000. 52° 9' N. 5° 252' E. Am'stcrdam, the capital of the kingdom, a great commercial city, situated at the confluence of the Amstcl with the Y, an arm of the Zuyder Zee. It is built in a marsh, upon piles, and has a harbor capable of containing 1,000 vessels. Tho principal streets are magnificent, and the city is intersected by numerous canals, communicating by 280 bridges, and ornamented with fine trees. Population 220,000. 52^ 22' N. 4^ 53' E. Arnheim (ar-neem'), the chief town of Gueldcrland, on the Rhine. Population 14,000. Bois-le-Duc (bo'-aw-lc-deuk'), a strongly fortified town in N. Bra- bant', at the confluence of the Dom'mel and the Aa. Population 13,500. 51° 41' N. 5° 18' E. Bre'da, a largo town in N. Brabant, considered one of the strongest places in Holland. Population 13,000. Delft, a town in Holland Proper, between Rotterdam and Loyden, formerly noted for its manufacture of earthenware ; and still more cele- brated as the birth place of Grotius. Population 1G,000. Dev'cnter, a town in Overys'sel, situated on the right bank of the Yssel. Population 13,000. 52° 15' N. 6° 9' E. Dort, a town in Holland Proper It was the residence of the ancient Counts of Holland, — the birth place of the famous brothers De' Witt, — and here was held, in 1GI8-19, the celebrated synod of Dort, by which the tenets of Arminius were condemned. Population 19,600. 51° 49' N. 4° 40' E. Flush 'ing, a seaport in the island of Walcheren, at the mouth of the Scheldt (skeld). Within the town are two basins, one of which is large 1 1| *■?< i.i» ] (I I ' ^i ■f- ■ I . \'\ 80 HOLLAND* m ii • i');"' I " 1 , ' ■•T-ir^'; enough to contain 80 line-of-battle shijiS. Population 6,000. 51° Q& N. 3° 35' E. Gou'da, a town of Holland Proper, noted for its cheese and manu- facture of tobacco pipes. Population 13,000. Gron'ingeri, capital of the province of the same name, is a handsome city, situated at the junction of three groat canals. The church of St. Martin is a noble gothic edifice, its tower is 330 feet high. It possesses considerable trade, and is the seat of an ancient university. Population 30,000. 53° 13' N. G° 34' E. Haar'Iem, a flourisliing town in Holland Proper, communicating by a canal with Lcydcn and Amsterdam. In its principal church is an organ, supposed to be the fvnest in the world, consisting of 8,000 pipes, the largest 33 feet long and 15 inches in diameter, and combining tho sound of many instruments. Population 22,000. Hague {haig), an elegant city in Holland Proper, and the seat of the court, 30 miles S. W. from Amsterdam. About a miie to the N. is the rural palace of the royal family, embosomed amidst an extensive and noble wood. There arc, besides, the old and new pahices. Fine villas and beautiful promenades adorn the vicinity. Population 58,000. 5Q0 4/ N, 40 ig/ E. Hoorn, a considerable seaport on the Zuydcr Zee, having the best harbor on the coast of that sea. Population 10,000. Leu'warden, the chief town of Fries'land, on the river Ee. It 13 intersected with canals, whose banks arc shaded witli trees, so as to form delightful promenades. Population 17,000. 53° 12' N. 5° 47' E. Ley'den, one of the principal cities of the kingdom, on a branch 0* the Rhine, in Holland Proper. It is intersected by a number of canals, forming upwards of 50 small islands, which are connected by more than 100 bridges. The principal street, in which is situated the Starfthouse, is one of the finest in Europe. Lcyden is the seat of a celebrated university; and has produced many eminent men : the library contains a rich collection of oriental manuscripts. Population 30,000. 52° 9' N. 4° 29' E. Lux'emburg, capital of the province of the same name, is, both by nature and art, now one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. Hera are many interesting remains of Roman antiquity. Population 11,000. Macstricht (maiz'-trikt), a flourishing town in the province of Lim- burg. It is strongly fortified, and by the lute treaty remained with tho King of Holland. Its ramparts form agreeable promenades. Population 22,00c. 50° 51' N. 5° 41' E. Mid'dleburg, the principal town of the province of Zealand, situated near the centre of tlie island of Walclieren. It is a place of great anti- quity, and of considerable trade. Population l.'f200. Nime'guen, a strong town in Guclderland, on tho left bank of tho Waal. Population 10,000. Rot'terdam, the second city of Holland in commercial importance, situated on the Meuse. Although 20 miles from the German Ocean, it possesses great facilities for trade, the streets being intersected by canals dcro enough to receive the largest vessels. Tliis was the birth place of Lrasmus, to whose memory his fellow citizens' have erected a bronze statue. Population 78,000. I BELGIUM, 81 510 2^ nd manu- handsome Tch of St possesses Population ating by & irch is an ,000 pipes, bining tlio seat of the ic N. is the .ensivc and Fine villas on 58,000. ng the best r Ee. It is ;es, so as to ^. 5° 47' E. a branch o* r of canals, more than itadthousc, celebrated ry contains 00. 52° 9' is, both by lope. Hera Jion 11,000. Ice of Lim- ed with the [Population Id, situated great anti- lank of tho Inportancc, I Ocean, it irsectcd by Is the birth erected a Schiedam (she' dam), a towh of Holland Proper, famous for the 'excellence of its gin. Population 11,800. Utrecht {u'trek), the capital of the province of the same name, and scat of a celebrated university. Population 34,000. Walchercn (wal'sheren), the most populous and best cultivated of the islands that compose the province of Zealand. It is 12 miles in length, and 8 in breadth. Besides the towns of Middleburg, Flushing, and Veere, it contains a number of villages. Zaar'dam, a town on an arm of the Zuyder Zee, has an extengive trade in timber. Here Peter the Great of Russia worked as a common shipwright. Population 10,000. Zwoll, the chief town of Overyssel, situated between the Yessel and the VecAt. It is a place of considerable commerce. Population 15,600. Exercises. — Where is Alkmaar situated T In what article does its trade chiefly consist ? Is Amersfort a manufacturing town ? What is the capital of Holland ? Has it much commerce ? Where is it situated ? On what is it built ? What sort of harbor has Amsterdam ? Of what description are the principal streets ? By what is the city intersected 1 How many bridges are connected with these canals? (280.) What is the population of Amsterdam ? (220,000.) For what manufacture was Delft formerly noted? What celebrated character was born there? Where is the seaport of Flushing? What harbor has it? What is Gouda noted for? How is Groningen situated? What is remarkable about St. Martin's church? Has it any literary institutions? What is there remaj-kable in the town of Haarlem? What kind of tiity is the Hague ? How far is it from Amsterdam ? (30 m.) How is the royal palace situated ? What are in its vicinity ? Is Leyden a large or fine city? Into how many spaces or islands is it divided by canals? (above 50.) By how many bridges are these 'Connected ? (100.) Of what description is its principal street ? What is remarkable in its university library ? For what is Luxemburg noted ? Which is the Second city of Holland in commercial importance? How far is Rotterdam from the German Ocean ? (20 m.) On what river is it situated ? What sort of canals intersect its streets ? What great man was born in Rotterdam ? What have the citizens erected to his memory ? Is there any literary institution in Utrecht? Is Walcheren an island of any importance ? la what has the town of Zaardam an extensive trade ? What great man wrought here as a common ship carpenter? BELGIUM I Isboanded on the N. by Holland; E. by Germany: S. by France: and W. by the German Ocean. It lies between 49° 50' and &P 30' N. lat., and between £° 40' and G° 15' E. long* Length from E. to W. 150 miles, breadth 110 miles. It contains 11,353 square miles. Population 3,972,943. Provinces. Chief Uitie«. Limburg Ton'gres, St. Tron. Ant'werp Antwerp, Mec/i'iin. East Flander GAent, St. Nic/i'olaa. H S lik i\: <;■' i» m H i '■■: ; ,1 I it; s.'h ■ i , \ Id BELGIUM, I ' m !'!- i If ■■■! ' 111 i , ProTincei. Chief Cities. West Flanders Bru'ges, Ostend'. Hainault' • • • Mons, Tour'nay. . South Brabant Brus'sels, Louvain'. Namur' >Namur. Liege Liege, Ver'viers. Rivers. — The Scheldt and Meuse, with their tributaries. Remarks. — Belgium presents a pleasing variety of gentle emi- nences, undulating plains, meadows, and rich corn fields. The districts along the Meuse are hilly and highly picturesque. The soil is either naturally fertile, or has been rendered so by cultivation, and yields the most luxuriant crops. All kinds of grain and fruits are raised; flax and hops are among the most noted productions. The climate resembles that of the southern counties of England. The Belgians are distinguished for fine manufactures, particu- larly of lace, lawns, and cambrics, and for good broadcloth. Their trade is rapidly improving; new roads are formed, and canals or railroads connect all the great towns of the kingdom. The Flem- ings to the north resemble in character their Dutch neighbours, but towards the south have adopted the dress and manners of the French. They are zealous Roman Catholics, though salaries are now granted from the public funds to the Protestant clergy, Three considerable universities have been established at Ghent, Liege, and Louvain. Belgium produced at one period a number of very eminent artists, Rubens, Vandyke, Teniers, &cc., who formed what is called the Flemish school of painting. Their architects were also very distinguished, and several of tho cathedrals, parti- cularly that of Antwerp, rank among the finest edifices in Europe. The government is a limited monarchy, founded on the model of Great Britain. Exercises. —How is Belgium bounded? What are its length end breadth ? How many square miles does it contain ? What is its popu- lation? What is the Belgian capital? What are the principal towns in the province of Antwerp, in West Flanders, in Liege, in Hainault, &c.? Where is Ghent, Ostend, Brussels, Namur, Tongres, Louvain, &c.? Name the principal rivers in Belgium. What is the general appearance of Belgium ? What is the nature of its soil ? In what state of cultivation is it? What are its productions ? What country does it resemble in climate? For what manufactures is it famous? What is the character of the Flemings ? What religion do they profess! What universities have been established ? What is the nature of their government? What celebrated artists has Belgium produced? To what school of painting did they give rise? Has architecture been carried to any perfection by the Flemings? Where is their cathedral, which is considered to be one of the finest in Europe? • DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, &0. A'lost, a town in E. Flanders, on the Dender, with a trade in com. Population 15,000. Bru'ges carries on of which Brus'se is sitnate( of which f walks, par in Europe Courtra; factures of Ghent Q beautifully these river 26 islands, miles in cii and fields. 51° 3' N. J Buy, a t iron works Liege, th strongly lor particularly Population ( Lier, a t Population ] Lok'eren, Antwerp, ca lation 16,001 Louvain ( Its walls an enclose is cl once celebra Mechlin (i ;, with a beaut I lace and line Mons, the j: fieighbourhoc is one of the 50° 26' N. 3 Namur (m the confluem between high ; of the inhabii NicA'oiaa, manufactures BELGIUM. 83 :ies. gentle emi- ields. The isqne. The cultivation, in and fruits productions. England. •es, particu- oth. Their nd canals or The Flem- ghbours; but iners of the salaries are tant clergy, d at Ghent, a number of who formed >ir architects jdrals, parti- 3 in Europe. le model of ts length end It is its popu- incipal towns in Hainault, pes, Louvain, the general tl ? In what 'hat country it famous? Lhey profess! iture of their fduced? To ftectuve been jir cathedral, Irade in com' Ant'werp, the capital of the province of Antwerp, and the chief mari- time and commercial chy of Belgium, is situated on the Scheldt} and has noble docks and an arsenal with a citadel of great strength. The paintings of Rubens adorn the cathedral, one of the finest gothic edifices in Europe, being 500 feet in length by 350 in breadth ; its beautiful spire is 360 feet high. Population 73,233. 51° 13' N. 4° 24' E. Bru'ges, the capital of W. Flanders, 12 miles E. from Ostend ; it carries on considerable trade, and is intersected by a number of canals, of which it is the central point. Population 44,000. Brus'sels, the metropolis of Belgium and the capital of S. Brabant} is situated partly in a plain and partly on the slope of a hill, at the foot of which flows the river Senne. It is a very elegant city ; its public walks, particularly the Green Alley and the Park, are among the finest in Europe. Population 106,000. 50° 51' N. 4° 22' E. Courtray {koor'iray), a town inW. Flanders, celebrated for its manu- factures of lace and fine cloths. Population 19,000. Ghent (gent), a large manufacturing city, the capital of E. Flanders, beautifully situated on the Scheldt, at its junction with the Lys. By these rivers and a number of navigable canals, the town is divided into 26 islands, which communicate by numerous bridges. It is about 10 I miles in circuit, great part of it being occupied with gardens, orchards, % and fields. Ghent is the seat of a university. Population 93,426. " 51° 3' N. 3° 43' E. Huy, a town in the province of Liege, on the Meuse, with extensive iron works and paper mills. Population 7,000. Liege, the capital of the province of Liege. It is a flourishing town, strongly fortified. It has a iinlvp.rsity, and fivtpnsjve manufactures, particularly in the different branches of iron work and clock work. Population 64,084. 50° 40' N. 5° 31' E. Lier, a town in the province of Antwerp, of considerable trade. Population 13,000. Lok'eren, a flourishing town in E. Flanders, between Ghent and Antwerp, carries on a good corn trade and large manufactures. Popu- lation 16,000. Louvain (loo-vain'), a large town hi S. Brabant, on the Dyle (deel)- Its walls are nearly seven miles in circuit ; but the space which they I enclose is chiefly occupied by gardens and vineyards. Its university, I once celebrated, has been lately revived. Population 96,000. , Mechlin (mek'lin), a city in the province of Antwerp, on the Dyle, I with a beautiful ancient cathedral ; it is noted for manufactures of fine I lace and linens. Population 124,000. Mons, the capital of the province of Hainault (hay-no') ; in its v; fteighbourhood arc extensive coal mines. It is strongly fortified, and is one of the principal barrier towns against France. Population 23,000. 4 50° 26' N. 3° 58' E. ^ Namur (na-moor'), the capital of the province of Namur, situated at - the confluence of the Meuse and the Sambre, in a beautiful valley between high hills. The mines and iron works employ a great number of the inhabitants. Population 20,608. NicA'oias, St., a handsome town in E. Flanders, with considerable manufactures. Population 16,400. W.\i I ) 1'i M .! ! '; I V 'J! yd 84 FRANCE. t:i \\f Oitend', a seaport in W. Flanders, from which packets regular!? sail to Dover and London. Population 12,000. Pop'eringAe, a manufacturing town in W. Flanders. Population 10,000. TAielt, a town in W. Flanders, with extensive manufactures. Popu- lation 10,500. Tournay (toor'nay), a town in the province of Hainault, on the Scheldt, with considerable manufactures of carpets and cloths. Popu- lation 29,000. Turn'hout, a manufacturing town in the province of Antwerp. Population 13,000. Ver'viers, a thriving town in the province of Liege, with considerable manufactL'-es, particularly of woollen cloths. Population 19,000. Waterloo', a village nine miles S. of Brussels, where the most cele- brated battle in modern times was gained by the Duke of Wellington over Napoleon Bonaparte, 18th June, 1815. Population 1,900. Yprei (ee'pray), a fortified town in W. Flanders, situated on a small river. Population 15,000. 50° 51' N. 2° 53' E. Exercises. — Which is the chief maritime and commercial city in Belgium? Where is it situated ? Of what description are its docks and citadel? Has it a cathedral? Of what dimensions? (500 by 250 ft.) What is the height of its spire? (360 ft.) With the paintings of what great artist is it adorned ? What is the metropolis of Belgium ? How is it situated ? What sort of city is Brussels? What is its population? (106,000.) For what manufactures is Courtray celebrated ? Where is the large manufacturing city of Ghent situated? What divides it into 26 parts or islands ? What literary institution has it ? What great works are carried on at Huy ? Is Liege a fortified town ? What are the principal branches of its extensive manufactures ? For what is the flourishing town of Lokeren noted ? What manufactures are in Mechlin! In what province are there extensive coal mines? How are a great number of the inhabitants of Namur employed ? From what seaport in Belgium do packets regularly sail to London? What are the staple manufactures in Tournay ? ;>'. ■" ■■> - ■/ ■ •• FRANCE Is bounded on the N. by Belgium and the English Channel; W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; S. by the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean; E. by Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. It is situated between 42° 20' and 51° 5' N. lat., and between 4° 49^ W. and 8° 16' E. long. Length from N. to S. GOO miles ; breadih fi jm E. to W. 580 miles. It ai .a ia 204,000 square miles. Population 34,140,90(1 Divisions. — France was formerly divided into 35 provinces. At the Revolution of 1789, these were sub-divided into departments) the nun.ber of which, counting Corsica' one, amounts to 86. Provinces. * ' DepnrtmentB. Cliiof Towns. French Flanders., ♦North -t » .Lille, Dunkirk. Artois pQs-de-Calais Arras, Calais. ' Provinces. Picardy •••• FRANCE, Departments. S4 Chief Towns. ' Somme Amiens, Abbeville. Normandy- of Antwerp. ■ jgie of France ' Lower Seine Rouen, Havre-de-Gracc. Eure Evreux. < Calvados Caen. Manche St. L6, Cherbourg. ^ Orne Alencon. TAisnc Laon, Soissons. . .•.;." Oise Beauvais. • \ Seine and Oise Versailles, St. Germain. Seine • Paris, St. Denis, Seine and Marno • •• .Melun, Fontainebleau. Champagne < ■ Mezieres, Sedan. • Chalons, Rheims. 'Troyes. .Chaumont. Lorraine Alsace • Franche-Comte Burgundy Orleanais Maine ••■ Brittany, or Bre^ tagne. Anjou. .. Touraine Berri Nivernais Bourbonnais •• I^yonnais< {Ardennes Maine Aube Upper Marnc • • • • {Mouse • • Ear-le-Duc Verdun. Moselle Metz, Thionyille. Meurthe Nancy, Luneville. Vosges Epinal. ^ Lower Rhine Strasburg. ( Upper Rhine Colmar. C Upper Sa6ne Vesoul. < Doubs Besoncon. ( Jura • Lons-Ie-Saulnier, ( Yonne Auxerre, Sens. ] Ctited'Or ...Dijon. \ Sa6ne and Loire Macon, Autun., l^ Ain ••»• Bourg. Eure and Loir Charlres. Loirct Orleans* Loir and Cher Blois. J Mayonne • » Laval, Mayenne. I Sarthe Le Mans. fllleand Vilaine Rcnncs, St. Malo. I Cotes du Nord St. Briouc. <{ Finislero Quimper, Brest. I Muibihan Vanres, L'Oiient. [ Lower Loire Nantes. . . . Maine and Loire Angers, Saumur. . . .Indrc and Loiic Tours. ^ Cher Boiirgcs. ^ Indro • ' Chatcauroux, . . -Nievro •• 'Novers ...Allier Moulins. J Rhone Lyons. I Loire • Monlbrison. H a I (f 1 I if U]l MM I '' '. I ■ i \ I I 86 FRANCE. 'I % ! ■fti Guienne* Gaaconjr It; ProrincM. Departments. Chief TowiUb A ..„<..»..« S Puy h*- r ■,!• Beauvais {bo-my'), a thrivin;; town, capital of the department of Oiie ; it is noted for its beautiful tapestry. Population 12,870. Bcsan'con, a handsome and strong city, capital of the department of Doubs, with several remains of antiquity. Population 24,9G3. 47° 14' N. 6° 2' E. Beziers', an ancient city of Lower Languedoc, near the Royal Canal. Population 16,769. Blois (hhca), an ancient city of Orleanais, capital of the department of Loire and Cher, situated on the Loire, overhanging which is ita celebrated castle on a rock. Population 14,573. Bordeaux (hor-do'), one of the most opulent and elegant cities in France, and the capital of the department of Gironde, sitUL.ed on the Garonne. The commerce of Bordeaux is very extensive, its great articles of export being wines, brandies, and fruits. Population 99,467. 44° 50' N. 34' W. Boulogne (hoo-loin'), a strong seaport in the department of Pas-de« Calais. Population 27,402. Brest, a strongly fortified seaport in Bretagne, and the chief naval station of France on the Atlantic, with an excellent harbor, arsenal and docks. Population 32,682. 48° 23' N. 4° 35' W. Caen (hang), an ancient city of Normandy, capital of the department of Calvados, situated on the Orne, which is navigable for large vessels. It is the seat of a celebrated university, and here William the Con^ queror was interred. Population 37,840. Cal'ais, a aport nearly opposite to Dover in England, between which packets sail regularly. Population 12,437. Cam'bray, an ancient city of French Flanders, with a strong citadel. It was the archiepiscopal see of Fenelon, and has been long famous for the manufacture of cambric, a name derived from this city. Population 17,646- 50° 10' N. 3° 13' E. Carcas'sonne, a handsome town in Languedoc, capital of the depart- ment of Aude, with manufactures of cloth. Population 17,794. Cas'tres, a town in Languedoc, on the Agont, the seat of considerable manufactures. Population 17,372. Char'trcs, a city of Orleanais, capital of the department of Eure and Loir, with a splendid cathedral. Population 14,439. Chateauroux (sha'to-roo), a town in Berri, capital of the department of Indre, with large woollen manufactures. Population 13,019. Cherbourg (share'boor), an important seaport on the coast of Nor- mandy, between capes La Hogue and Burfleur. Population 20,443. 49° 38' N. 1° 37' W. Clermont {clair'mong), capital of the department of Puy de D6nie. It is the birth place of Pascal, the seat of a college, and possesses considerable trade. Population 28,257. Cor'sica, a large island in the Mediterranean, to the N. of Sardinia, from which it is separated by the straits of Bonifacio. It abounds in mountains and forests, diversified with fertile plains. Population 221,463. Dieppe (dee-ep), a seaport of Normandy, with a good harbor. Population 16,016. 49° 55' N. 1° 5' E. ,. Dijon {d Cote d'Or, It has man Jlossuet an Douay (i wilii a larg education c Du..'kirk roadstead. Eticnne', very extens tion 46,025 Fontainel a forest of dence of Ni Germain Paris, in th< cent terraci view. Popi Greno'ble J Is6re, whose is noted for I N. 5° 44' E I Havre de ' I at the mouti Languedc i where it ei I sea to sea. I i;i,300,000 Lav'al, ca tures. Popi Lille or L department ( It has exten N. 3° 4' E. Limoges with considi 26,526. L'Orient ( department < 47° 44' N. 3 Lyons, ca the confluen( tion, the sec extensive mt several rema Marseilles on the Med I Rhone, and t ; 147,115. 43 FRANCE. 91 partmeDt of B70. ;partnient of 63. 47° U' Royal Canal. I department which is its mt cities in UL.cd on the 'c, its great ition 99,467, t of Pas-dc- chief naval rbor, arsenal 3 department arge vessels. am the Con- nd, between rong citadel, g famous for Population f the depart. ^794. considerable of Eure and i department ,019. )ast of Nor. ation 20,443. uy de D6me. ,nd possesses of Sardinia, It abounds Population eood harbor. Dijon {dee-xhong'), a city in Burgundy, capital of the department of Cote d'Or, plcasuntly situated between two rivers in a fertile plain. It has many fine buildings, and is the seat of a distinguished university. Bossuet and Crcbillon were natives of Dijon. Population 2G,200. Douay (doo'ay), a fortified town of French Flanders, on the Scarpe, with a larjje arsenal and foundry for cannon. It has a college for the education of English Culliulics. Population 17,501. Du..'kirk, a strong seaport of French Flanders, with an excellent roadstead. Population 24,537. 51° 2' N. 2° 23' E. Eticnne', St., a flourishing town in the department of Loire, with very extensive manufactures of arms, hardware, and ribbons. Popula- tion 46,025. Fontaincbleau (bio'), a town 35 miles S. E. of Paris, surrounded by a forest of nearly 35,000 acres ; its royal palace was a favourite resi- dence of Napoleon. Population 8,122. Germain, St., a town situated on the Seine, nine miles N. W. of Paris, in the vicinity of a fine forest. Its ancient castle and magnifi- cent terrace, one and a half mile in length, command a delightful view. Population 10,671. Greno'ble, a strong town in Dauphiny, capital of the department of Is6re, whose plains are covered with vineyards and mulberry trees. It is noted for its manufacture of gloves. Population 25,526. 45° 12' N. 5° 44' E. Havre de Grace (ha-ver-de-gras), a flourishing seaport in Normandy, at the mouth of the Seine. Population 26,516. Languedoc', canal of, extends from the Mediterranean to Toulouse, where it enters the Garonne, forming an inland navigation from sea to sea. This grand canal is 150 miles long, and cost upwards of £1,300,000 sterling. Lav'al, capital of the department of Mayenne, with linen manufac- tures. Population 16,401. Lille or Lisle, a flourishing city in French Flanders, capital of the department of the North, and one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. It has extensive trade and manufactures. Population 63,073. 50° 38' N. 3° 4' E. Limoges (lee-mozh'), capital of the department of Upper Vienne, with considerable woollen and porcelain manufactures. Population 26,526. L'Orient (lo'ri-ang), a strong and handsome seaport in Bretagne, department of Mobihan ; a dep6t for naval stores. Population 18,322. 47° 44' N. 3° 21' W. Lyons, capital of the department of Rhone, beautifully situated nt the confluence of the Rhone and the Saone, is, in wealth and popula> tion, the second city in France, and particularly distinguished for it» extensive manufactures of silks and other rich fabrics ; and contains several remains of Roman magnificence. Population 143,959. Marseilles (mar-sailz'), a flourishing commercial city and seaport on the Mediterranean, capital of the department of Mouthfl of the Rhone, and the great emporium of the trade to the Levant, f opulatioB 147,115. 43° 17' N. 5° 22' E. ! ! '. \ . I ) . ,. t^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) % ^'%t<. 1.0 1.1 1 alii iM 5-^ m 1= liiiUi^ FhotogFaphic Sciences Corporation r<\^ \ V <^ ^. 23 WIST MAIN STMET WEBSTU.N.Y. UStO (716)S72-4S03 4^ ^ 92 FRANCE. !• » Metz, a strongly fortified town in Lorraine, capital of the departro«nt off Muzelle ; it has considerable trade and manufactures. Populatioa 39,767. Montauban (mong-to'bang), a handsome manufacturing town, capital of the department of Tarn and Garonne, beautifully situated on the Tarn, and distinguished for its Protestant university. Population 21,752. Montpcl'lier, capital of the department of Herault, famed for its pure air and mild climate. It is the seat of a celebrated medical school, and has considerable trade and manufactures. Population 35,825. 43° 36' N. 3<=» 52' E. Nan'cy, an elegant city, and capital of the department of Meurthe. The gates appear like triumphal arches, and the royal square, built by Stanislaus, king of Poland, is adorned with beautiful fountains. Popu. lation 35,918. Nantes, a large commercial city and seaport in Brittany, capital of the department of Lower Loire, about 34 miles from the mouth of the Loire. It has an extensive foreign trade, particularly with the West Indies. Population 67,870. 47° 13' N. 1° 33' W. Nevers {nu'vair'), capital of the department of Nidvre, celebrated ibrits enamel and porcelain works. Population 13,995. '' ! * Nimcs or Xismes (neem), an ancient city in Languedoc, capital of the department of Gard, in a fertile vale encompassed by hills. It contains several interesting monuments of Roman antiquity. The silk manufactures flourish to a great extent. Population 41,266. 43° SO* N. 4° 21' E. O'mer, St., a strongly fortified town of Artois, on the Aar, the seat of a college, and a semmary for English Catholics. Population 18,341 Orleans {or-leena')^ capital of the department of Loiret, beautifully situated on the Loire, over which is a noble bridge. Its cathedral is a fine gothic edifice ; and it is the seat of a university. Population 39,023. 47° 54' N. 1° 54' E. Par'is, the capital of the kingdom, is divided by the Seine (sane), and connected by 24 elegant bridges. It is distinguished for its superb fublic edifices and palaees, fine gardens, promenades, and fountains, ts celebrated galleries and museums, scientific institutions, and public schools, with its noble libraries, excite universal admiration. Paris is about 210 miles distant from London. Population 1,035,000. 48° 5Qf N. 2° 20' E. Poi'tiers, an ancient city, capital of the department of Vienne, situ* ated on the Clain. Population 22,028. Quen'tin, St., a flourishing town in Picardy, on the Somme. Its manufactures, consisting of lawns, cambrics, and cottons, are greatly beni^fited by the canal of St. Quentin, uniting the Scheldt at Cambray witii the Oise, in which is a remarkable tunnel, three miles in length, cat through solid rocks. Population 20,570. Ren'nes, capital of the department of lUe and Vilaine. Its publis library contains several rare books and M.S.S. Population 35,552. RAeims, an ancient city of Champagne, on the Vesle, the ecclesias- tical capital of France. The cathedral is one of the most splendid ■pecimens of gothia architecture existing. Population 38,359. 49° IS* fit A i rj» ■!.ii FRANCE. 93 Te. celebrated Rochefort (roah'/ort), a strong seaport and a principal naval station, with extensive arsenal and dockyards. Population 15,441. 45° 56' N. 57' W. Rochelle, La (ro-aheV), a strong seaport in Aunis, capital of the departmtjit of Lower Charcnte, on a small gulf ; its trade is consider- able. Population 14,832. 46"=> 9' N. 1° 9' W. Rouen', a commercial and manufacturing city in Normandy, capital I of the department of Lower Seine ; its fine cathedral was built by William the Conqueror. Population 92,083. 49° 26' N. 1° 6' E. Sedan', a strong frontier town in Champagne, on the Meuse, the [birth place of Marshal Turcnne. It is celebrated for its manufactures of fine woollen cloth and of fire arms. Population 13,661. 49° 42' N. U^ST'E. Stras'burg, a strongly fortified city of Alsace, capital of the dcpart- Imcntof Lower Rhine, situated on the III, near its junction with the Rhine. The cathedral is a most splendid gothic edifice, its tower [ rising to the stupendous height of 474 feet. It is a flourishing com- mercial city, contains several valuable institutions, and also a Pro- I tcstant university. Population 57,885. 48° 35' N. T° 45' E. Toulon', a strong seaport in Provence, the chief naval station on the i Mediterranean, with extensive docks and arsenal ; its harbor is one of j the best in Europe. Population 35,322. 43° 7' N. 5° 55' E. Toulouse (too-looz'), a city in Languedoc, capital of the department I of Upper Garonne, situated on the Garonne, at the junction of the I canal of Languedoc. It has considerable trade, and is the seat of a university. Population 77,372. m Tourcoiiig, a flourishing manufacturing town in French Flanders. I Population 18,000. Tours (toor), a city in Touraine, capital of the department of Tndro land Loire, delightfully situated on the Loire, over which is an elegant bridge of 14 arches. It has considerable manufactures. Population l26,6H9. 47° 23' N. 42' E. ^ Troyes {iro'aio), capital oif the department of Aube, situated on the [Seine, in a fruitful plain. Population 2o,5C3. Valenciennes', a very strong town in French Flanders, with fine j manufactures of lace, gauze, and canibric. Population 19,499. Versailles (rer-sailz'), a town 12 miles S. W. of Paris, capital of the Jdeparlment of Seine and Oisc, with a magnificent royal palace, beau- [tiful gardens and fountains. Population 29,209. Vienne', an ancient city of Dauphlny, on the Rhone, containing [several interesting remains of Roman antiquity. Population 16,484. ExERcisrs. — For what is Aix, in France, celebrated ? Is it a trading Itown? Where was the birth place of Napoleon Bonaparte? Is there ■any thing remarkable in Amiens, in France? What is the staple lanufacture in Angoulcme? For what arc Arr,as and Beauvais famous? |For what is the vicinity of Bar-le-Duc celebrated? What rank does rordcaux hold among the cities of France? On what river does it Btand? Is its commerce extensive ? What are its exports? For what fs Brest remarkable? What is worthy of notice in Caen ? From what seaport in France do packets regularly sail to Dover, in England 1 i^hat city in France was the sec of Archbishop Fenelon T What fine i; " 1: I' ■h 94 SPAIN, •> .1 .'. •;• ;,|^^ [;■ m ^m linen is manufactured in and derives its name from this city? What is the principal manufacture in Carcassonne and Chateauroux 7 Where is the important seaport of Cherbourg ? What is there deserving of notice in Clermont ? Besides being the seat of a distinguished univer> sity, what three celebrated men were natives of Dijon ? What town in French Flanders has a large foundry for cannon and a college for the education of English Catholics ? Of what articles are very extensive manufactures carried on at St. Etienne ? What town, surrounded by a forest of 34,000 acres, was a favorite residence of Napoleon 1 From what part of St. Germain is there a delightful view ? For what manu* facture is Grenoble noted? With what are its surrounding plains covered ? What flourishing seaport stands at the mouth of the Seine? What is the length of the Languedoc canal? (150 miles.) What does it connect ? What was its cost ? Describe the city of Lisle. What manufactures has Limoges? For what is L'Orient a dep6t ? In what respects is Lyons the second city in France ? For what is it partica- larly distinguished? What ancient remains does it contain? What is its population? (144,000.) Is Marseilles a seaport or inland city ? Of what trade is it the great emporiuna ? For what is Montauban distin- guished ? For what is Montpellier famed ? Of what is it the seat? What appearance have the gates of elegant Nancy ? By whom was the royal square built ? With what did he adorn it ? Where is the large commercial city of Nantes situated? Has it extensive foreign trade? What extensive manufactures are carried on at Nimes? What interesting buildings are at Orleans? How is Paris, the metropolis of France, situated ? How are the parts of the city on the opposite sides of the river connected ? Mention some things in Paris that excite universal admiration. What is its population? (1,035,000.) What is worth notice in St. Quentin canal ? What is the chief object of atten* tion in Rheims ? For what is Rochefort noted ? What kind of a city is Strasburg? What is the stupendous height of the tower of its cathe- dral? (474 feet.) What university is here ? What is remarkable abont Toulon? Has Toulouse any literary institutions? What manufac- tures are carried on in Valenciennes ? What is there remarkable at Versailles ? SPAIN Is bounded on the N. by the Pyrenees and Bay of Biscay ; W. by the Atlantic and Portugal ; S. and E. by the Mediterranean. It extends from 36° 3' to 43° 46' N. lat., and from 9° 14' W. to 3^ 24' E. long. Length from E. to W. 600 miles, breadth 580 miles. It contains 179,480 square miles. Population 12,286,941. Provinces. Chief Towns. Gali'cia Santia'go, Corun'na, FerroU ', Astu'rias Ovie'do, Gij'on. Leon Le'on, 'Salaman'ca, Valladolid*. Old Castile Bur'gos, Santan'der, Sego'via. Bis'cay Bil'boa, St. Sebas'tian, Vitto'ria. Navarre' Pampelu'na, Tu'dela. , Aragon • Saragos'sa, Ter'uel. ,-:\ i^ ; > ; SPAIN. d5 ProviocM. Chief TOWDi. Catalo'nia Barcelo'na, Tarrago'na, Torto'M. > - Valen'cia Valencia, Al'icant. New Castile Madrid', Tole'do, Talave'ra. " ' Eetremadu'ra Bad'ajoz, Mor'ida. Andalu'sia Sev'ille, Cad'iz, Cordo'yai Xe'rei* Gran'ada Granada, Malaga. Mur'cia Murcia, Carthage'na. ' ' Islands.— Major'ca, Minor'ca, Ivica. Capbs.— Or 'tegal, Finisterre', St. Martin. Mountains — Pyrenees', Asturia, Castile, Toledo, Monfserrat. RivBRS.*— Min'ho, Du'ro,Ta'gus, Guadia'na,Guadalquiv'er,E'bro. FoREioN Possessions. — Cuba and Porto Rico, in the West Indies ; the Canary Isles, off the coast of Africa ; the Philip'pine and Ladrone' Isles, in the Indian Archipelago. Remarks.— With the exception of Switzerland, Spain is the most mountainous country in Europe; and it abounds in those wild, magnificent and beautiful scenes, which might be expected under 80 fine a climate. The central part of Spain is an elevated table land, containing several towns at a great height above the level of the sea. Madrid is £,200 feet, and St. Ildefon'so 9^800 feet above that level; being the most elevated royal residence in Europe. In the valleys and low grounds, the heat, during the summer months, is excessive ; and the low districts of Andalusia, Murcia, and part of Valencia, are visited by a scorching wind from Africa, called the Solano, similar in its efiects to the Sirocco of Italy and Greece. In general, the soil is fertile ; especially where irrigation can be employed. Besides wheat, maize, rice, hemp and fiax of the finest quality, oats and barley, — the usual products of southern latitudes, viz., olives, figs, vines, oranges and lemons, are found in great abundance. For its wines, particularly those of Xeres, called Sherry, there is an extensive demand abroad. Agriculture is in a great measure neglected in many parts of Spain, for the rearing of vast flocks of Merino sheep, the wool being so valuable. The horses, especially of Andalusia, have long been famous ; and the mules are likewise superior to those of other countries. Wolves are the principal beasts of prey. The minerals of Spain are of great value ; the iron works of Aragon, Asturias and Biscay, have long been famous; but the mines of silver, copper, tin, lead, and quicksilver, are greatly neglected. The manufactures and commerce of Spain are in a very low state. Although it abounds with the finest wool, and its mines of iron are as inexhaustible as the quality is superior, part of its broadcloth and other woollen stuffs, and most of its hardware, are imported from Britain. The silks and cottons of Catalonia, leather and mats, baskets and shoes, are its principal maaufactures. The con»neica I , \ \ 1 ' *• i 1 s " -J i-f ■• i ; 1 1 ■ ■ i li ti •f ;i j I ,06 SPAIN. \* m Hi of Spain is now nearly annihilated by the loss of her AmerlcaD dominions. The government ia monarchical; the established religion is the Roman Catholic; and the people ^roan aliko under civil and eccle' siastical despotism. The Spaniards are grave, stately, and formal in their manners ; indolence may bo considered as their national vice; but it is happily unaccompanied by intemperance. Some respectable names adorn its literary annals. That of Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote, stands pre-eminent. Exercises. — How is Spain bounded? What are its length and breadth? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount o{ its population ? What is the capital of Spain ? What is f-emarkable about its situation? What separates Spain from Fri;nce? What country lies to the west of Spain ? Where is Gibraltar ? What is the farthest west point of Spain? On what river is Saragossa situated! What two large rivers run west tlirough Portugal into the Atlantic Ocean? What islands in the Mediterranean belong to Spain? Name the Spanish colonies in the West Indies, — off the coast of Africa, — in the Eastern Archipelago. What is the general aspect of Spain ? In what parts is the heat excessive in the summer months? Of what nature is its soil ? What are its productions ? From what cause is agriculture much neglected in many parts of Spain? For what other domestic animals is Spain famous ? What beasts of prey are in it? Where are its most famous iron works? What arc the other products of its mines? In what state are its commerce and manufactures! Does Spain reap the full advantage of its abundance in wool and iron! What are its principal manufactures? By what circumstance hasita commerce been nearly anniliilatcd ? What is the form of government in Spain ? What is the established religion ? Under what kinds of despotism do the Spaniards groan ? What qualities characterize the national manners ? What is the national vice of the Spaniards ? Can Spain boast of any eminent literary characters? DESCRIFTION OF TOWNS, tiC. Al'icant, a seaport in Valencia, with a great export trade in barilla, wine, fruits, and wool. Population 14,000. 38° 21' N. 26' W. Alma'den, a town in New Castile, famed for its rich mines of mer- cury. Population 10^000. Alme'ria, a flourishing town and seaport in Granada, at the mouth of the Almeria. Population 19,000. i >;! Anteque'ra, a town in Granada containing several ancient remains. Population 20,000. Bada'joz, a strong town, the capital of Estremadura, beautifully situ- ated on the Guadiana. Population 13,000. Barcelo'na, a strong seaport, the capital of Catalonia, and the first commercial city of Spain, on the Mediterranean. Population 120,000. 41° 22' N. 2° 10' E. ftf. Bilbo'a, the capital of Biscay, on a navigable river, 10 miles from the sea ; its commerce is extensive, particularly in wool. Population 15,000. Bur'gos, the capital of Old Castile, formerly the residence of the kings of Castile ; its cathedral is qne of the finest gothic structures in Europe. Population 12,000. SPAIN. 97 Ca'diz, a principal seaport and commercial city, sitaated on the isle of Leon, in Andalusia ; it is strongly fortified, and its harbor is one of the finest in Europe. Population 58,500. 36° 32' N. 6° 17' W. Carthage'na, the Nova Cartha'go of the Romans, a strong seaport in Murcia, with a noble harbor. Population 30,000. 37° 36' N. 1° 2' W. Castel'lon de la Pla'na, a flourishing town in Valencia. Population 15,000. Chinchil'Ia, a considerable town in Murcia. Population 11,000. Cordo'va, a city in Andalusia, formerly the capital of a Moorish kingdom ; it contains a mosque of extraordinary splendour. Popula- tion 47,000. Corun'na, a seaport in Galicia, with considerable trade. Here Sir John Moore fell, after repulsing the French under Marshal Soult, 16th January, 1809. Population 23,000. 43° 22' N. 8° 22' \V. Eci'ja, an ancient town in Andalusia, on tho Genii. Population 35.000. Elche, a thriving town in Valencia, near Alicant. Population 22,000. Felipe', St., a town in Valencia, with silk and cotton manufactures. Population 15,000. Fer'rol, a seaport in Galicia, a great naval station, with an excellent harbor, strongly fortified. Population 13,000. Gibral'tar, a famous fortress, deemed impregnable, in the S. of Anda- lusia, seated on a rock, the Mons Calpe of the ancients, on the E. side of a spacious bay. Since 1704, it has remained in possession of the British. Population 15,008. 36° 6' N. 5° 21' W. Gran'ada, the capital of the province of Granada, and the residence of the ancient Moorish kings, whose palace, called the Alhambra, is the most splendid monument of Arabic architecture existing. Popula- tion 60,000. Iv'ica, an island in the Mediterranean, about 60 miles from the coast of Valencia; its chief tmdo is in salt, which is produced by evaporation. Population 15,200. 39° N. 1° 30' E. , Ja-en', a considerable town, capital of a district in Andalusia, situ- ated in a fertile valley. Population 19,000. Ler'ida, the ancient Ilerda, a fortified town in Catalonia, beautifully situated on the Scgrc. Population 13,000. , ,. , ,,,, Lor'ka, a handsome town in Murcia, with flourishing manufactures. Population 40,300. Lu'car, St., a seaport in Andalusia, at the mouth of the Guadalquiver, with a good trade and flourishing manufactures. Population 17,000. Madrid', the capital of Spain, in New Castile, and nearly in the centre of the kingdom, stands? on an elevated plain, 2,200 feet above the level of the sea. The Manzanarcs, a small stream, flows past it and falls into the Tagus. It is a handsome city ; the royal palaces and some of the public buildings are superb. Population 210,000. 40° 25' N. 3° 42' W. Mahon', Port, a strong seaport in the island of Minorca, with a fine harbor. Population 20,000 Major'ca, the largest of the Balearic islands in the Mediterranean. Its valleys are very fertile, producing corn, grapes, oranges and citrons I S i i !•■ I! 1 ' il' .1 it iJi •■ ' i i '4)1 ill (ir W 98 SPAIN. 1 If \\r The bigheit mountain is 5,114 feet abore the lea. Population 136,000' 30° 35' N. 3° 5' E. Mal'asa, a eommercial city and seaport in Granada, with an ezeel* lent harbor ; noted for its Iruits and sweet wines. Population 53,000. 36° 43' N. 4° 25' W. Mata'ra, a seaport of Catalonia, with thriring manufactures. Pcpa- lation 13,000. Minor'ca, the second of the Balearic islands in the Meditemmetn, 34 miles E. of Majorca. Population 44,000. Mur'cia, capital of the province of the same name, is beautifully site ated on the Segura. Population 36,000. Orihne'la, a flourishing town in Valencia, on the Segura. Popula* tion 26,000. Ossu'na, a manufacturing town in Andalusia. Population 15,000. Ovie'do, the capital of Asturias, and seat of a university. Population 10.000. Pal'ma, a seaport, the capital of Majorca, situated on a large bay. Population 34,000. Paropelu'na, a strong fortress, the capital of Navarre, on the Arga. Population 15,000. 42^ 49' N. 1° 41' W. Re'us, a flourishing manufacturing town in Catalonia. Population 35,000. Ron'da, a town in Granada, situated on the summit of a'precipitons rock, near the Guadlaro, which is crossed by a stupendous bridge 280 feet high. Population 18,000. Salaman'ca, a city in licon, on the Tormes, the seat of a celebrated university. Population 14,000. Santia'go, or St. Ja'go de Compostcl'la, the capital of Galicia, with a celebrated ancient cathedral. It is the seat of a university, and also of the Knights of St. James. Population 28,000. Saragos'sa, the capital of Aragon, on the Ebro, remarkable for its heroic resistance against the French in 1808-9, when Palafox, its gal- lant defender, gained an immortal name. Population 43,000. 41° 47' N. 49' W. Sego'via, a city in Old Castile ; it contains a magniflcent Roman aqueduct, and other noble monuments of antiquity. Population 13,000. Sev'ille, the ancient Hiapalis, an important commercial city, the capital of Andalusia, situated on the Guadalquivcr, in a delightful and fertile district. Its cathedral is a magnificent gothic pile, the tower of which is 350 feet high. Population 91,000. 37° 25' N. 5° 48' W. Tar'ifa, a seaport in Andalusia, on the Straits of Gibraltar, the most southern point of Spain, and also ol the continent of Europe. Popula- tion 13,000. 36° N. 5" 38' W. Tarrago'na, the Tarra'co of the Romans, a maritime city of Catalonia, containing many vestiges of its ancient greatness. Population 11,000. Tolo'do, a celebrated ancient city in New Castile, situated on a lofty rock near tlie Tagus. Its Alcazar or palace and its cathedral, once a mosque, are splendid structures. Toledo was long famous or the manufacture of sword blades. Its archbishop is primate of Spain. Population 15,000. .... .. ^ ._„.,... , . , .. ^ . . ... , a celebrated PORTUGAL. 99 Torto'Mi a itrong town in Catalonia, near the mouth of the Ebn^ iPopulation 16,000. 40<> 48' N. 33' B. Trafal'grar, Cape, on the coast of Andalusia, between Cadiz and Gibraltar, memorable fur the victory obtained by the British fleet under Drd Nelson over the combined fleets of IVance and Spain, Slst )etober, 1805. Lord Nelson fell in this battle, which exceeded all tha naval victories of the British. 36° 9' N. 0<^ 1' W. Valen'cia, a maritime cit^, the capital of the province of Valencia, at be mouth of the Guadalaviar, and the seat of a university , its cathe- dral is adorned with fine paintings. Population 66,000. 39° 28' N. W. Valladolid', a city in Lcon^ and seat of a university. Population !!1,000. Vich, a town in Catalonia, with considerable manufactures, in the icinity of copper and coal mines. Population 13,000. Vitto'ria, a town in Biscay, the scene of the victory obtained by /ellington over the French army, 2l8t June, 1813. Population 12,009< 2« 51' N. 2° 43' W. Xe'res, a flourishing town in Andalusia, on the Gnadalctte, N. E. of !^adiz; its vineyards produce the wine called Sherry. Population 1,000. ExKRcisES. — Of what articles has Alicant, in Spain, a large export Itrade 7 For what is Almaden famous ? Where is the flourishing sea- ort of Almcria situated ? Which is the first commercial city of Spain ? /here is it situated? What is its population ? (120,000.) In what has Silboa an extensive commerce? What is worthy of remark about Surges? Where is the large commercial seaport of Cadiz situated ? |Is it a strong town? Has it a good harbor? For what is Carthagena noted ? What remarkable ediflce is at Cordova ? Where was Sir John foore killed? What manufactures are at St. Felipe? For what is Perrol noted ? Is Gibraltar >- :,trong fortress ? To whom does it belong 7 For what is Granada cer. itcd? Is St. Lucar a thriving seaport? Inhere is Madrid, the capiwul of Spain, situated? Has it any fine buildings ? What is its population ? (201,000.) What does the fertile Island of Majorca produce ? How is Pal Aia, its seaport, situated 7 For rhat is Malaga celebrated? What literary institution has Oviedo? That is the height of that stupendous bridge at Rom'a? (280 feet.) |For what is Salamanca famed ? What public buildings are at St. Jago? There is the commercial city of Seville situated ? What has rendered !/ape Trafalgar famous ? Where is the maritime city of Valencia 7 las it any literary institutions? What mines arc in the vicinity of i^ich? Where are the vineyards that produce the wine called Sherry ? I I i \; \ { PORTUGAL [s bounded on the N. and E. by Spain; S. and W. by the Atlantic It lies between 36° 58' and 42^' 10^ N. lat., and between 6° 20 and B° 30' W. lonpr. Length 350 miles, breadth 150 miles. It contains ^6,570 square miles. Population 3,549,420. 'I 100 PORTUGAL. jf^'>{ ,j, Provinoet. Chief Towm. Entre Dou'roe Min'ho Opor'to, Bro'ga. Tras-os«Mon'tcs Bragan^za, Miran'da. Bei'ra Coim'bru. Estrei 'adu'ra Lis'bon, Setubal\ ' " ' . Alente'jo Ev'ora, Ervas. , ,, , Algor'vo Fa'ro, Tavi'ra. <:... Capes. — Roca, or Rock of Lisbon, St. Vincent. "" ' Rivers. — Minho, Douro, Mondo'go, Ta'gus, Gimdia'na. Foreign Possessions. — In Africa, the Azores, Cape Verd Islands,! Madei'ra, Ango'Ia, Bongue'Ia, and Mozambique'; in Asia, Go'aiD| the East Indies, and Macaco near Canton. Resiarks. — In general appearance, Portugal bears a considerabl(| resemblance to Spain. Its soil is in general light and ill adap for tillage ; but it is peculiarly favourable to the growth of thel grape and other fine fruits. In tho high grounds are raised thel usual corn crops of more northern latitudes; vines and maize inl those of warmer temperature; and rice in the low grounds. Thel cork tree, the orange, lemon, and olive trees, are frequent in thul country, as well as the fin» fruits of the south of Europe. Itil climate is delightful, especially on the coast and in the high grouD(l3.| In the valleys, the heat during summer is excessive. The mines, manufactures, and agriculture of Portugal are greatljl neglected. Wine is the staple manufacture of the country, and ill exported in great quantities, chiefly to Britain. Its other exportjl are fruits, uil, salt, and cork. In return for these, Great BritainJ to which the commerce of Portugal is almost wholly confind,! sends woollens, linen, cotton, hardware, and various other articles.! A constitutional form of government is now established. Thel religion is the Roman Catholic ; and education is much neglected.! In the north, the people are industrious and blunt ; in the south,! polite, but indolent. A want of regard to cleanliness is general.| Tho ladies still ply the distaff in spinning, and in many pli retain the oriental fashion of sitting upon cushions on the tloor.l Camoens, author of a celebrated epic poem called the Lusiad, is the| brightest star of Portuguese literature. Exercises. — What are the boundaries of Portugal ? What arc itil length and breadth ? How many square miles does it contain ? Whatl is its population? What is the capital of Portugal ? Where is it situ-l ated? Where is Oporto J Which arc the princinal rivers in Portugal!! Which are its capes ? What colonies has Porfugal in Africa, — in Asia!! What country does Portusral resemble in its general aspect? Whatiaj the nature of its soil ? What crops are raised in its different regions!! What fruit trees are common in this country ? What kind of climalel does it enjoy ? In what state are its mines, manufactures, and agri-l culture? What is the staple manufacture of this country? Whataiel its other exports ? What articles does Great Britain send in retam1| PORTUGAL. 101 What ii the eBtablished religion of the Portugacse 7 What is the form of government 7 What are the manneri of the people in the north of Portugal, — in the south 7 What defect is general among them ? What is the occupation of the ladies 7 What fashion is still retained in many places 7 In what state is education in Portugal 7 What author is the brightest ornament uf Portuguese literature 7 ...,.-« I ,. . DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, tC . ..i BraVa, an ancient city and (ho see of an archbishop, who is primate of the kingdom. Population 14,500 , ,„^,^^ / , . . ^ . , ,,^,, ;■„ j Coim'bra, the capital of Deira, finely situated on the Mondcgo, and the seat of the chief university in Portugal. Population 18,000. El'vas, a frontier town in Alentejo, one of the most important strong holds in the kingdom. Population 16,000. 38° 52' N. G° 57' W. Evo'ra, the capital of Alentejo, with several ancient remains. It is the see of an archbishop and the scat of a university. Population 9,000. Fa'ro, a seaport, the capital of Algarve. Population 8,400. 36° 59' N. 7°51'W. La'gos, a seaport in Algarve, with an excellent harbor. Population 6,800. Lis'bon, the capital of the kingdom, in Estrrmadura, beautifully situated on the mouth of the Tagus, on several hills, presenting from the bay a noble appearance. A great part of it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1755. Population 260,000. 38° 42' N. 9° 8' W. Opor'to, a seaport, the second city in the kingdom, finely situated on the Douro, about two miles from its mouth. It is noted for its wine, which has received from it the name of Port. Pupulatioa 70,000. 41° 9' N. 8°37' W. Ov'ar, a thriving town in Bcira. Population 10,400. San'tarem, on ancient town in Estremadura, on the Tagus. Popu- lation 8,000. Setubal', or St. Ubes, a seaport in Estremadura, at the mouth of the Sado, has a great trade in salt. Population 15,000. 38° 29' N. 8° 53' W. Tavi'ra, a fortified seaport in Algarve. Population 9,000. Vise'u, a town in Beira ; it has a great annual fair. Population 6,500. Exercises. — What town in Portugal is the seat of its chief univer- sity 7 Of what importance is the frontier town of Elvas ? What lite- rary institution is there in Evora? What is the capital of Portugal? At the mouth of what river is it situated ? What appearance does it present from the bay 7 By what was a great part of this city destroyed in 1755 7 What is its population ? (260,000.) What seaport is the second city in the kingdom 7 How is Oporto situated 7 For what is it noted 7 In what has Setubal a great trade? For what is Viseu noted? SlfWUfOO ii.'l ^'t -kUi? , ^ii lu .r1 l.i i J \i 1 ! i. ,( i 3 . i j ' ILL. fl '' \ I I 102 SWITZERLAND. SWITZERLAND i..^ !■ bounded on the N. by Germany ; W. by France ; S. by Italy; E. by Austria. It is situated between 45^ 50' and 47^ 50' N. lat., and between 6^ 5' and 10° 30' E. Ion?.; greatest length 200 mileB, breadth 130. Area 15,257 square miles. Population 2,188,009. Cantonii Chirr Towni. Berne* • * • Brrnb. Fri'burg Friburg. Neufchatel' • • • Neufchatei. Vaud LQUsanne\ Valais' Sion. Basle •Basle. Soleure^ Soleure. Lucerne' Lucerne. UnterwaPden oStantz. Schaff hau'scn • • SchafThausen. Zu'ric/t Zurich. Cantoni. Chief TowDfc Zug Zug. Sc^weitz Schweitz. Gla'rus Glarus. Uri Al'torf. Tes'iiin Bellinzo'no. Grisons' Coire, or Cbur. St. Gall St. Gall. Appen'zel Appenzel. T^iirgau' Frau'enfeld. Aargau' Aarau'. Gene'va Geneva. Lj^kes. — Con'stance, Genevo, Neufchatei", Lucerne, Zurich, ice. Rivers. — ^Rhine, Rhone, Arr, Reus, Inn. Mountains. — Rhaetian Alps, Helvetian Alps, St. Gothard, Mount Blanc, and Great St. Bernard. Remarks. — Switzerland, the ancient Helvetioj is the most moon- tainons country in Europe. These mountains present innumerable scenes of unrivalled sublimity, as well as of the greotest beauty. In many respects Switzerland is one of the most interesting coun* tries which the traveller can visit, or the philosopher contemplate. Here nature wears every variety of aspect, from the most awful grandeur to the most enchanting sweetness. The perpetual snow, tlie glaciers or icc-ficlds of the higher Alps, the avalanches, or masses of snow, fulling like mountains loosened from their founda- tions, the bold craggy precipices, the dashing cataract, and the roaring torrent, form a rude, but striking contrast to the more peaceful scones below — the varied woodland, the vineyard and the corn field, the verdant plain, with its smiling cottages and crystal streams. The lakes of Switzerland form a grand and interesting feature in the landscape; and some of the noblest rivers in Europe issue from its mountains, and wind along its vales. The soil is as various as the surface is diversified. But industry triumphs over every difficulty; and the traveller sees, with wonder, rocks clothed with vineyards, where the slightest herbage could not be expected to grow, and grounds, which appear inaccessible except to the ibex or goat, subdued by the plough. Besides the common kinds of grain, Switzerland produces abundance of fine fruits. Bat it is on their cattle that the Swiss chiefly depend. SWITZERLAND. 103 e most moun' Almost every voriety of temperature is known in Switzerland, from the cold of Lupland to the excessive heat of Italy or Spain. Among the animals that frequent the Alps may bo mentioned the ibex, or rock goat; the chainoifl, a species of antelope; and the marmot. Motuld uro less abundant than might be expected in so mountainous a cjuntry. Tho chief mines arc of iron ; but silver, copper, and load, arc also to be found. The principal manufacture is linen; that of cotton has been lately introduced to a great extent in the northern cantons; and woollens and silks arc likewise fabri- cated. Watchmaking is carried on extensively in ihe districts of Neufchatel and Geneva. The Swiss government is a federal republic ; each canton is regulated by its own laws and magistrates, but all are mutually bound to assist and protect each other in case of need. In case of foreign aggression, each canton is bound to send a certain number of men to the field. An army of 34,000 men can thus be raised almost instantaneously; although the whole revenue of the republic hardly exceeds £400,000 sterlmg. In eight of the cantons, the Roman Catholic religion is established ; in seven, the Protestant. In the remaining seven, both these forms of religion exist together; but at least three-fifths of the population are Protestants. Simplicity, frugality, honesty, bravery, and a strong attachment to home, are the characteristic qualities of this interesting people. Id tho Protestant cantons, the advantoges of education are aa generally diffused as in Scotland. Switzerland has produced many characters of distinguished eminence in literature and science, as Zuinglius the reformer, Gessner, Haller, Rousseau, Necker, Lavater, kc. Exercises. — What are the boundaries of Switzerland ? What arc its length and breadth? How many square miles does it contain 7 What is its population f Into how many cantons is it divided ? What is its capital ? Has Switzerland any sea coast ? Name some of its beautiful lakes, its majestic mountains, its rivers. What is its general appear- ance? What character do its numerous mountains give to the land- scape? Mention some of the most interesting features in the scenery of Switzerland. What is the nature of the soil ? With what effects of cultivation is the traveller astonished? What are the products of Switzerland ? On what part of their rural wealth do the Swiss chiefly depend ? What varieties of climate are experienced in Switzerland ? Name some of the remarkable animals that frequent the Alps. Does Switzerland abound in metals ? What are its principal manufactures? What is its form of government ? How is an army raised in case of foreign aggression ? What force can thus be brought almost instanta- neously into the field 7 What is the religion of the Swiss ? What are the characteristic qualities of the Swiss ? In what state is education among them ? Mention some of the scientific and literary characters which Switzerland has produced. DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, ^C. Basle (ba'seT), the capital of the canton, on the Rhine ; it is a place of great trade, the seat of a university, and the birth place of several eminent men. Population 20,500. 47<> 33' N. 7® 36' E< ^ 1 '1 ( ji M h I'l 104 ITALY. V/r Berno, the capital of the canton of Berne, and the chief town of Switzerland, on the Aar, the seat of a college, and the birth place of Haller. Population 21,000. 46° 57' N. 7° 26' E. Fri'burjr, the capital of the canton, most romantically situated on the Saane. Hero is the longest suspension bridge on the continent, being 905 feet in length. Population 8,000. .c , . Gall, St., the capital of the canton, a place of considerable trade. Population 10,500. Gene'va, the capital of the canton, surrounded with beautiful scenery, at the outlet of the Rhone fro'n the lake. In its moral character it is one of the most important cities in Europe. It was here that Calvin resided while he laboured in establishing the Reformation. It is the birth place of many eminent literary characters, and the seat of a Protestant university. Population 28,000. 46'' 12' N. 6° 9' E. Lausanne', the capital of the canton oi Vaud, about a mile N. from the lake of Geneva. The peculiar beauty of its situation has made it the resort of numerous strangers. Population 14,000. Neufchatel (noo'-shat-teV), the capital of the canton, beautifully situated on the hike, and commanding grand and extensive views. Population 5,000. Schaffhau'sen, the capital of the canton, a place of considerable trade. The fall of the Rhine here is the greatest cataract in Europe. Popula- tion 5,000. ?r;Aweitz, the capital of the canton, is situated amidst the finest scenery. Populati i 5,000. , Zurich (zu'-rik' capital of the canton, on the Limmat, where it issues from the lai ; the seat of a college. Population 11,000. 47° 23' N. 8° 32' E. Exercises. — F^ what is Basle in Switzerland celebrated ? What is the capital of Sv .zerland? For what is it famed? At what town in Switzerland is t' longest suspension bridge on the continent? What is its length? ([ 5 feet.) Where was the residence of Calvin the great refoi'mer? Is ' ore a Protestant university in Geneva? For what else is Geneva reno\. . d? Of what description is the situation ol Laus- anne? Near what town is the fall of the Rhine, the greciesi cataract in Europe ? What literary institution is there at Zurich ? >\i ITALY n ■^.■. »»i. Is bounded on the N. by Switzerland and Austria ; E. by the Gulf of Venice; S. by the Meiliterranean ; W. by the Mediterranean and France. It lies between 37° 55' and 46° 40' N. lat., and between 5° 40' and 18° 30' E. long. Its greatest length ia 700 miles, and greatest breadth 380. Its general breadth is little more than 100 miles. It contains 101,105 square miles. Population 17,986,400. Italy contains various States, viz. : ffOfi;* '•'1 ./I 'rn iii'Vtvi' crable trade. ITALY. 106 KIirGDCM OF SARDimA. State*. Chief Towu. Sav'oy Cham'bery. Pied'mont Turin', Alessan'dria, Nice. . Gen'oa •...• Genoa, Savo'na. Sardin'ia, Isle of, Caglia'ri, Sassa'ri. AUSTRIAN ITALY. Mil'an • Milan, Man'tua, Cremo'na. Ven'ice Venice, Pad'ua, Vero'na, Par'ma ^ • •Parma, Piacen'za, Mod'ena Modena, Mas^'sa. Luc'ca Lucca. Tus cany Flo'rbnce, Pisa, Leg'hom. States of the Church • Rome, Anco'na, Bolo'g'na. kingdom of the two SICILIES. Na'ples Naples, Reggie, Tar'anio. Si'cily Paler'mo, Messi'na, Cata'oia. Islands. — Cor'sica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Elba. '^ Gapes. — Spartiven^'to, Colonne, Leuca. Mountains. — Part of the Alps, Ap'ennines, Vesu'vius, Etna. Lakes. — Maggiore, Como, Garda, Perugia. Stra»ts. — Bonifa'cio, Messina, Otran'to. Gulfs. — Genoa, Naples, Taranto, Venice. , . Rivers. — Po, Adige, Arno, Tiber, Voltur'no. Remarks. — Italy, as a mountainous country, presents every variety of beauty of v/hich landscape is susceptible. Its valleys are delightful, and even its plains are enlivened with gentle undulations, rivers, and woods. Its winding coast is indented by a number of fine bays; and its clear unclouded sky exhibits every object in a charm of colouring and distinctness of outline unknown in countries where the atmosphere is more obscured by fogs and clouds. Its climate, in general, is mild and (j^enial. In the Neapolitan territory, the heat during summer is excessive ; and occasionally oppressive by a sultry wind, called the sirocco, which blows from the hot and arid regions of Africa. From the confines of France to Calabria, the soil is a deep allu- vial mould ; farther south, it becomes light and sandy. Corn, pulse, maize, rye, cotton, silk, vines, olives, and delicious fruits, are among the productions of this fertile country. Among the domestic animals of Italy, the horses and sheep of Naples &re famous. The finest cheese, perhaps, in the world is made from the milk of the cows of Lombardy and Parma. The mines of Italy are entirely t ' i ' H i if * I ■ M:| ii , J. 106 ITALY. 1^ neglected. Beautiful marble is found in various parts. Alabaster, jasper, agate, rock-crystal, chalcedony, Inpis lazuli, chrysolite, with other precious stones, are found in the Apennines. In proportion to its extent and resources, Italy has few manufac- tures. Silk is the staple article. Velvet is manufactured to a considerable extent in Genoa, and grlass in Venice. There are also some ninnulactures of linen and woollen. Venice ond Genoa once held the first rank among the commercial cities of Europe; but they have been far outstript by England and Holland: and even in Italy, Leghorn is now more flourishmg than ci;her. Their trade with the Levant, however, is still considerable. The chief exports are wine, oil, fruits, and silk. Italy has long been distingui!^hed as the chief seat of the fine arts. Painting, music, and sculpture, have here been carried to great perfection. ArchitiCture has been most sue- cessfuly culiivated at Rome, Venice, and Florence. The remains of antiquity still aflfurd ihe most exquisite models to the student of the fine arts, and the most interesting objects to the research of the traveller and the scholar. In all the states the Roman Catholic religion is established. Rome, indeed, is the seat of the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic church. But all other religions are tolerated, provided the national worship is (July respected. Among the lower orders, education is almost neglected, — and learning generally is far behind most other countries. Yet few nations h'lve produced so great a number of men distinguislied in literature and science. The govern- ment of the Sti-.tes of Italy is generally absolute, though some un- successful attempts have been made to obtain freedom. Naples and Sardinia arc governed by their kings; the States of the Church by the Pope ; Tuscany by its Grand Duke ; Parma by the ex- Empress of France, Maria Louisa; Modena and Lucca by their Dukes. Imagination, taste, and enthusiasm in the fine arts, vivacity, sobriety, and courtesy to sirangers, ere the agreeable qualities by which the Italians are in general characterized. Indolence is their prevailing vice : robbery and assassination are crimes by which they are too generally disgraced. Exercises. — How is Ilaly bounded? What is its greatest length? What is its average breadth? What is its extent in square miles? What is its population ? Into how many states is Italy divided ? What part of Italy now belongs to Austria? Which are its chief towns? What is the capital of the kingdom of Sardinia? Of what state is Florence the capital? What is the chief city of Italy? On what river is it situated ? Where is Naples ? Where is Palermo ? Which is the largest river in Italy? Where is the large island of Sardinia, — of Sicily? Where is Mount Etna? Name and point out the principal capes of Italy,— it8 straits, its gulfs. Where is Mount Vesuvius? Where is the small island of Elba, — of Malta ? Where is Mount Blanc, the highest mountain in Europe? What range of mountains extend along the centre of Italy ? What is the general appearance of Italy ? What is the character o' its valleys and plains ? What is the appearance of its coast ? Wbat is ITALY. 107 the effect of its fine sky upon the landscape ? What is the nature of its climate? By what circumstance is the heat sometimes oppressive in the Neapolitan territory? What diversities of soil prevail in Italy? Name some of its productions. Which of the domestic animals are worthy of notice? Does Italy produce any marble? What precious minerals are found in the Apennines ? Does Italy flourish in manu- factures? What arc its principal articles of manufHCture? What Italian cities once possessed great commercial importance? By what countries have they been long outslript? What town in Italy now excels them ? What branch of their trade is still considerable? What are the chief exports from Italy? For what has Italy long been distin- guished ? Where has architecture been cultivated with particular success ? What do the student of the fine arts, and the learned traveller, find particularly interesting in Italy ? What religion prevails through- lout this country? Are other religions tolerated? In what state is education? Has Italy produced many learned men? What are the governments of Italy'' What are the agreeable qualities by which the Italians are characterized ? What is their prevailing vice ? By what I crimes are they too generally disgraced ? DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, &C. Alessan'dria, a strong city of Piedmont, on the Tanam ; near it lis the celebrated field of Marengo. Population 38,000. 44^ 56' N. |8°3:'E. Anco'na, a seaport on the Adriatic, in the States of the Church, with I a good harbor. Population 24,000. As'ti, a city of Piedmont, on the Tanaro. Population 33,000. Bar'i, a city of Naples, on the Adriatic, capital of a province of the isame name. Population 19,000. Beneven'to, a city in Naples, but belonging to the States of the I Church. Population 16,000. Ber'gamo, a commercial city, the capital of a province of the same I name in Austrian Italy. Population 30,500. Bologna (bo-lo'-na), the ancient Bononia, situated in a fertile plain lat the base of the Apennines, is the second city in the States of the Church, and the seat of a famous university. Population 69,000. 144° 30' N. 11°21'E. Bres'cia, a city in Austrian Italy, with flourishing manufactures. It leontains many remains of ancient grandeur. Population 35,000. |45» 39' N. 10° 13' E. Ca^lia'ri, the capital of the island of Sardinia, on the S. coast [Population 27,000. 39° 13' N. 9<' 7' E. Casa'le, a town in Piedmont, on the Po. Population 16,000. Castelama're, a maritime city of Naples. Population 15,000. 40'^ 41' |N. 14° 29' E. C&ta'nia, an elegant city in Sicily, at the foot of Mount Etna, by jthe lava of which it has been three times destroyed. PopulUioo 152,400. 37° 28' N. 15° 5' E. Chiog'gia, a strong town of Austrian Italy, on an island in the Gulf |of Venice. It is built on piles. Population 21,000. i < :. ' j,'l ■ ,1 I I I 11. i 1 1 ■'/ )i 1 108 ITALY. ,S!i Go'mo, a city in Austrian Italy, at the S.W. extremitjr of the lake of | that name, surrounded by enchanting scenery. Population 15,600. Co'ni, a strong city in Piedmont, on the Stura. Population 18,000. Cremo'na, a city in Austrian Italy, on the Po, famous for its manu- facture of violins. Population 28,500. El'ba, an island near the coast of Tuscany, the residence of Bona. I parte on his abdication in 1814, noted for its mines of iron. Population 16,800. Et'na, a mountain in Sicily, one of the most celebrated volcanoes ia I the world. Its height is 10,870 feet above the sea, and its circuit at | the base exceeds 80 miles. Ferra'ra, a city in the States of the Church, on a branch of the Pa | Population 25,000. Flo'rence, the capital of Tuscany, one of the finest cities in Europe, beautifully situated on the Arno. The collection of paintings and I statues in the Florentine Gallery is one of the noblest in existence. Florence is the native city of Dante, Galileo, Michael Angelo, and of | many other eminent men. Population 97,500. Gen'oa, a strong city and seaport, capital of the province of Genoa, is beautifully situated on the Bay of Genoa. In commercial greatness, I Genoa was long the rival of Venice. It was the native city of Chris- topher Columbus. Population 115,000. 44° 25' N. 8° 54' E. Girgen'ti, the ancient Agrigentum, a city on the S.W. coast of Sicily. Population 18,000. Leg'horn, a flourishing seaport in Tuscany, and the greatest com- mercial city of Italy. Population 76,400. 43° 32' N. 10° 17' E. ' Lip'ari Islands, a volcanic group on the N. of Sicily, the most re- markable of which are Lipari and Stromboli ; the latter volcano is in a | state of perpetual activity. Population 22,000. Lo'di, a town in Milan, on the Adda, where Napoleon gained one of| his most splendid victories. Population 16,000. Luc'ca, the capital of the Duchy of Lucca. Population 24,000. Mal'ta, the ancient Mel'ita, an island in the Mediterranean, 54 miles I S. from Sicily. It belongs to Great Britain. Population 106,578 35° 53' N. 14° 31' E. Man'tua, the capital of the province of the same name, situated on I the Mincio, is one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. It is celebrated | as the birth place of Virgil. Population 28,000. Marsa'la, a seaport of Sicily, noted for its wines. Population! 23,400. Messi'na, a strong and flourishing seaport in the N. E. of Sicilj,] with a fine harbor. Population 85,000. 38° 11' N. 15° 34' E. Mil'an, a noble city, the capital of Austrian Italy, situated in >| beautiful plain between the Adda and Ticino. Its cathedral of white marble is the most splendid specimen of gothic architecture in the world. Population 185,000. 45° 28' N. 9° 11' E. Mod'ena, a handsome city, capital of the Duchy of Modena. Popu- lation 27,000. Y Na'ples, the capital of the kingdom of Naples, and the largest eitjl in Italy. Its situation is deUghtful: rising like an amphitheatre, ill branch of the Fa ITALt. 1D9 forms, with its terdant shores and magnificent bay, a scene of almost unriTalled beauty. Population 350,000. Nice (nees), a city and seaport in Piedmont, on the Mediterranean, finely situated at the mouth of the Paglion, celebrated for its salubrity. Population 35,000. 43° 42' N. 7° 17' E. Pad'ua, a city in Austrian Italy, the seat of an ancient uniyersityj and the birth place of Livy. Population 45,000. Paler'mo, the capital of Siciljr, on the N. coast. It is a beautiful city, and its situation is enchanting. Population 140,000. 38° 8' K. 13^ 22' E. Par'ma, the capital of the Duchy of Parma, delightfully situated on a small river of the same name, and the seat of a university. Popula- tion 36,000. Fa'via, a city of Austrian Italy, on the Ticino, the ancient capital of Lombardy, and the seat of a university. Population 24,000. Feru'gia, a city in the States of the Church, situated on the Tiber. Population 30,000. , ., , ^ Flaceu'za, a town in Parma. Population 30,000. Pi'sa, a city in Tuscany, on the Arno, the seat of a celebrated university; it is noted for its salubrity. Population 21,000. Raven'na, a city in the States of the Church, on the Adriatic. Popu- lation 16,000. Reggio (red'jio), a city in Modena,the birthplace of the poet Ariosto. Population 18,000. Reg'gio, a seaport of Naples, on the Straits of Messina. Population 17,000. Rim'ini, a seaport on the Adriatic. Population 12,500. ,^, Rome, the capital of the States of the Church, and once the mistress of the world, situated on the Tiber. It abounds in noble monuments of antiquity; among its modern structures may be mentioned St. Peter's, the most magnificent church in the world, the palace of the Vatican, and the castle of St. Angelo. Population 154,000. 41° 54' N. 12° 29' E. Sardin'ia, a large island in the Mediterranean, S. of Corsica. Its soil is in general fertile, and its climate salubrious. Population 524,600. Sassa'ri, a town in the island of Sardinia. Population 19,000. 40O 43' N. 8° 34' E. Si'cily, the largest island in the Mrditerranean, separated from Italy by the Straits of Messina. Its extreme length is 180 miles, and its greatest breadth 115. The soil is rich, and the climate delightful. Population 1,957,000. Sien'na, a city in Tuscany, the seat of a university. Population 119,000. S^acuse, a city of Sicily, with extensive remains of the celebrated I ancient capital of that name. Population 16,800. Tar'anto, the ancient Tarentum, a seaport on a small island in the |gulf of the same name. Population 18,000. Trapa'ni, the ancient Drepanum, a seaport on the W. coast of Sicily. I Population 24,000. 38° 3' N. 12° 33' E. ' *i#7 ' k2 I *, fii.li it li ,1 ( , i. I V ' ' p , 1 110 ITALY. Turii ', a noble city in Piedmont, the capital of the Sardinian iqo< narchy, delightfully situated on the Po. Population 114,000. 45<^4' N. ?o 42' E. U'dine, a city of Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice. Population 20,000. Valet'la, the capital of Malta, with a very fine harbor, and fortifica- tions of great strength. Population 30,000. Ven'ice, the eastern capital of Austrian Italy, situated on the gulf which bears its name, is built on a large number of isles, separated by canals. This magnificent city presents at a distance the singular appearance of domes and spires, churches and palaces, floating on the waves. Population 103,000. 45° 25' N. 12° 20' E. Vero'na, a city in Austrian Italy, beautifully situated on the Adige. Here is a fine amphitheatre, the most perfect remain of Roman archi* lecture that now exists. Population 47,000. Vesu'vius, a volcanic mountain, about eight miles S. E. from the city of Naples. In the first great eruption on record (A. D. 79), which was accompanied by an earthquake, the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii were buried beneath lava and ashes. Excavations during the last century, by displaying these ancient cities, have furnished the world with many curious and interesting relics of former times. The last great eruption was in August, 1834, when a new crater burst open, and inundated the plain with torrents of lava, spreading destruction for many miles around, and destroying 1,500 houses. Vicen'za, a city in Austrian Italy, N.VV. of Padua. It exhibits many fine specimens of the architectural skill of Palladio, who was a native of the place. Population 31,000. 45° 32' N. 11° 33' E. Exercises. — Near what Italian city is the celebrated field of Marengo! Where is the commercial city of Bergamo ? Which is the second city in the States of the Church 1 Of what is it the seat ? What does the commercial city of Brescia contain ? Where is the elegant city of Catania? How often has it been destroyed by the lava of Mount Etna? For what is Cremona famous? Describe Mount Etna. Where is the city of Florence situated ? What does the Florentine Gallery contain ? Mention some of the most eminent natives of this city. How is the seaport of Genoa situated? Of what commercial city was it long the rival? What remarkable man was a native of Genoa? Which is now the greatest commercial city in Italy? What kind of fortress is Mantua? Of what celebrated poet is Mantua the birthplace? Is Messina a flourishing seaport? Is Milan a fine city? What is its population? (185,000.) Of what description is its cathedral ? Which is the lar;;est city in Italy ? Describe its situation. What is its popu- lation ? (350,000.) Describe the city of Palermo. What is its popula- tion? (140,000.) What literary institutions are at Padua, Farina, Pavia, and Pisa ? What was ancient Rome called? Does it retain many marks of its former greatness ? Mention three of its celebrated modern structures. What is its population? (154,000.) What are the qualities of the soil and climate of the island of Sardinia? Which is the largest island in the Mediterranean ? Where is the noble city of | Turin situated ? Where is the town of Valetta ? How is the magnifi- cent city of Venice situated ? What singular appearance does it pre- seut at a distance ? What fine specimen of Roman architecture does I Verona contain ? Where is the volcanic Vesuvius ? What two ancient nent of Venice. tor, and fortifica< GREECE. Ill >M3ri oities were buried beneath its lava in the year 79 ? When did the last great eruption of Vesuvius happen ? How many houses were destroved by it? (1,500.) / V GREECE Is bounded on the N. by Turkey; E. by the Archipelago; S. and W. by the Mediterranean. It lies between 36^ 23' and 39<^ N. lat., and between 21^ 10' and £4° E. long. Length from N. to S. 170 miles, breadth 150. Area 15,000 square miles. Population 810,000. Division!. Cliief Towns. Liva^ia, or cent. Greece Ath'ums, liivadia, Salo^na. The More'a Cor'inlh, Ar'gos, Pa'tras. The Islands Each island has a town of its own name. Islands. — Ne'gropont, Sky'ro, Ipsa'fa, Egi'na, Sal'amis, Po'ros, Hy'dra, Spez'zia; the Cy'dades^ the principal of which are Andro> Tino, Myconi, Zeo, JSyra, Naxia, Pares, Milo, Santori'ni, Nio. Capes. — Gallo, Matapan', St. Angelo, Skylo, Colon'na. Mountains. — Parnas'sus, Helicon, Tay'getus. GuLFs.^Lepan'to, Egi'na, Nap'oli, Coron. Remarks. — The territory of Greece, though of comparatively small extent, is replete with interest and capable of high improve- ment. It chiefly consists of valleys, and mountains of moderate elevation, presenting the most picturesque aspects, and generally well adapted either for agriculture or pasturage. The traveller is particularly struck with the magnificent monuments, in the purest style of architecture, which adorn the principal cities, erected, in ancient times, when Greece was in her greatest glory. An exten- sive range of coast, indented by numerous bays, and the variety of islands eminently fit this country for commerce. The Greeks, professing a form of Christianity, had, for centuries, been held under the most grievous oppression by the tyrannical Mohammedan Turks, at length caught a portion of that intelligence and spirit of liberty which had been spreading through Western Europe, took up arms to rescue themselves from Turkish domina- lioD. The contest was arduous and doubtful, until the armed inter- position of Russia, Britain, and France, secured their independence. It having been stipulated that the country should be governed by a constitutional monarchy, the crown was offered to Prince Leopold, now King of Belgium. He refused to accept of it, and it is now settled on Prince Otho, of Bavaria. ExBRCiBEB. — What are the boundaries of Greece? What are its length and breadth ? How many square miles does it contain ? What is its population ? What are the chief towns in Livadia or Continental Greece ? Name those in the Morea. What is the capital of Greece? w u I 'i \> H li:' I I . \ i ;r :\ i-. iif ■ ''I 112 GREECE. Do not a great number of islands belong to Greece T Name some of them and point them out. What are its capes, its mountains, its gulfi? Of what docs the territory of Greece consist ? For what is it adapted! What in Greece strikes the traveller with admiration 7 What peculiarly fits Greece for commerce V Under what yoke were the Greeks op> pressed? What led them to shake it off? By whose interposition wai their independence secured ? What form of government was to be established among them 7 To whom did they first offer the crown? On whom is it now settled 7 DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, ttO. Arca'dia, a flourishing seaport on the W. coast of the Morea. Popu* lation 4,000. Ath'ens, anciently the capital of Atticu, and now of the modern kingdom of Greece, distinguished by the interesting remains of iti ancient grandeur. It was the most renowned city in antiquity, for the genius of its inhabitants, and their eminence in literature, philosophy, oratory, poetry, and the fine arts. Population 17,000. 37° 58' N. 23° 44' E. Cor'inth, once one of the most distinguished cities of ancient Greece, now little more than a village, situated near the isthmus of Corinth. Population 2,000. Cy'clades, a circular group of celebrated islands in the Archipelago, about 53 in number, presenting rich and varied scenery. Hy'dra, a small rocky island off the eastern coast of the Morea, which has become the centre of the marine and commerce of modern Greece. Population 20,000. i Liva'dia, or Continental Greece, an extensive province, containing the most interesting districts of ancient Greece ; it comprehends the ancient Acarnanio, Etolia, Doris, Locris, Phocis, Beotia, Megarii, and Attica. It extends about 150 miles in length and 40 in breadth, and abounds in interesting remains of antiquity. Population 206,000. Liva'dia, the ancient Lebadea, a city of continental Greece, which carries on a considerable trade. Population 10,000. Missolon'ghi, a fortified town in Livadia, on the W. cf Lepanto. Here Lord Byron died, 19th April, 1824, while promoting, with gene* rous enthusiusm, the cause of Grecian liberty. More'a, the ancient Peloponnesus, a peninsula connected with con- tinental Greece by the isthmus of Corinth. In ancient times it wu divided into six districts, Achaia, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, Argolit, and Arcadia. Its length is about 140 miles, and its breadth 120; its area 8,500 square miles. It is not surpassed in beauty of scenery and in classical interest ; nor does it yield in climate and fertility to the most favoured regions of Europe. Population 429,000. Nap'oli, a fortified seaport near the head of the Gulf of Nauplia. j Population 12,000. 37° 35' N. 22° 47' E. Navari'no, a seaport in the S. W. ol the Morea, with a fine harbor. I Here, in October, .827, the Turkish and Egyptian fleets were destroyed by the united squadrons of Great Britain, France, and Russia. 36° 54' N. 21° 41' E. Nax'ia, an island in tihe Archipelago. £. of Parog, the ltig«st and I most fertile of the Cyclades. Population 18,000. » - - - TURKEY IN EUROPE. 113 Ncgr'ropont, the ancient Euhea, an island stretching alongr the E. coast of Livadia, from which it is separated by the narrow channel called Euri'pus, remarkable for the irregularity of its tides. It is about 100 miles long and 10 broad, and is connected with Livadia by a bridge across the channel. Population 60,000. Its capital, of the same name» is a fortified seaport. Population 16,000. Parnas'sus, a celebrated mountain of Livadia, and the highest in Greece, being 8,068 feet. According to the ancients, it was the seat of Apollo and the Muses. Near Castri, on its S. acclivity, still flows the Castalian spring. Pa'ros, an island in the Archipelago, nearly in the centre of the Cy- clades, famed for its quarries of beautiful while marble. Population 8,000. Pa'tras, a seaport in the N. W. of the Morea, beautifully situated on an eminence near the entrance to the Gulf of Lepanto. Population 5,000. 33° 14' N. 21° 47' E. Salo'na, the ancient Amphissn, a town in Livadia, near Mount I'ar- nassus. It is a place of considerable trade. Population 5,000. Sy'ra, an island in the Archipelago, one of the Cyclades, is now a place of commercial importance. Population 30,000. Exercises. — What is the capital of the modern kingdom of Greece 1 For what was Athens the most renowned city of antiquity ? Was not Corinth one of the most distinguished cities of ancient Greece? What is it now? What name is given to a circular group of islands ii the Archipelago ? For what are they noted ? Is Livadia a commercial town? What English nobleman and nnct died ut Mis.soionghi in 1824? What part of Gmecc Vveis called, by the ancients, Peloponnesus? Is it a fine country? What sort of town is Napoli? What fleets were destroyed near Navarino, in 1827? By the united squadrons of what countries were they destroyed ? Where is the celebrated mountain of Parnassus? And from its side does the Castalian spring still flow? Is Salona a town of any consequence? What has Syra, one of the Cyclades, now become ? i u\ I I ( ' 1 • I ; 1 111 I , 1 l: ulf of Naupla TURKEY IN EUROPE Is bounded on the N. by Austria and Russia; E. by the Black Sea; S. by the Sea of Marmora, the Archipelago, and Greece ; W. by the Adriatic and Dalmatia. It extends from 39° to 48" N. lat., and from 16° to 29° 36' E. long. Length from W. to E. 450 miles; breadth 420. It contains 183,000 square miles. Populatiou 10,000,000. Provinces. Chief Towns. Part of Molda'via Jassy, Gal'atz. Walia'chia • Bu'cAarest, Ter'govist. Bulga'ria • . Sophi'a, Shum'Ia. .* Ser'via • Belgrade', Semen'dria. \, Bos'nia, fee Bosna-Seraio, Mostar. Alba'nia ».... Jani'na, Scu'tari. Roume'lia, &c. • • Constamtino'ple, Adriano'ple. i] i J 114 TURKET IN EUROPE. I ii !i! ii (.:i Islands. — Lem'nofl, Mytilene, Scio, Samus, Stnnco, Rhodes, Candio, Starpan'lo ; the seven lu'nian Ittlands, off the coast of Greeco, furming a Republic under the piotectioii of Drittiin (popu* lation 208,100), viz., Corfu, Paxo, Santa-Maura, Ith'uca, Cephi- lo'iija, Zunte, and Ccri'go. Mountains. — Bal'kan, Oiym'pus, Ossa, Pe'h'on, Pin'dus. Cafes. — Cussan'dra, Dropano, Monte Santo. Gulfs. — Aria, Volo, Sulon'ica, Cassandra, Monte Sanlo, Con- tesiia, Sarus. Straits. — Tiie Dardanelles', Slraits of Constantinople. RivKRS.— Uan'iibr, Save, Pruth, Murit'za, Var'dar. Remarks. — Turkey may be considered a mountainous country, althuuirti iiij liilh cunnoi vie ivith the stupendous Alps or Carpa- thians. Scenery of imrivaJed beauty occur in these classic moun- tainous regions, which the lively imaginations of the ancient Greekij fancied to be the favourite haunts of the gods. Turkey is pecu- liarly favoured in soil and climate. The former is generally a ricli| mould. The latter is alike delightful in temperature and genial to vegelaiioi). The wunt of industry, wjiicjj is the usuni ett«?ct of a stem despotii^m, prevents the inhabitt nts from availing themselves, { to any ctiuaiderable extent, of thnse advantages. Accordingly, agriculture, miinufactureii, and commerce, are in a very neglected | state. In the northern provinces, wheat, barley, chestnu's, apple pears, and other fruits, are produced. Maize, rice, toDacco, and I even the sugar cane, urunges, olives, almonds, and figs, are amoog the productions of the southern parts. The hors(;s of Turkey, particularly those of Thessaly, have long I been cekbrated; and the sheep of Wallachia are remarkable fur | their elegunt spiral horoi;. The government is a despotic monarchy of the worst kind. The! sovereign, called the Sultan or Grand Seignior, has an unlimited power over the lives and property of his subjects; which is too often exercised in the most tyrannical inannei. His authority is dele- gated to the Grand Vizier or Prime Minister, and to the Pashas or| Governors of Provinces, who employ it for the purposes of extor- tion, thut ihey may be able to gratify the Sultan's cupidity. The I power of the Grand St;ignior is now much declined, and has beeoj brought repeatedly to the brink of destruction. Many fine pro- vinces have been wrested from him by the Czar of Russia, on whom I he is now in some measure dependent; and the new kingdom of I Xrreecc has also been separated from his dominions. The esta- blished worship is the Mohammedan; and bigoted superstilionl characteiizes their religions feelings. A large proportion of the population belong to ihe Greek church, and there are besides maDyj Armenians and Jews. The personal appearanco of the Turks is prepossessing; and their I drcss; forming a mtdium between the flowing drapery of Asia and I! I. TURKEY IN EUROPE. 115 the tight clothing of Enropet is peculiarly bccominfr. They are hospitable nnd brnve. The lower ranks are almu.st wholly unedu- cated ; law and theology constitute the leurning of the higher ciofscs. ExEiiciMBs. — What are the boundaries of Turkey in Europe? What arc its length and breadth ? What is its extent in square miles 7 What is its population? Into how many provinces is Turkey divided? Name the chief towns in Moldavia, and point them out nn the map. What are the chief towns in Wallachia, in Bul(;aria, in Servia, in Bosnia, in Albania, in Ur>umelia? What is the capital of Turkey? Where is it situated? Which is the lar^jrcst river in Turkey? Name and point out the islands belonging to Turkey. Under whose protection is the republic of the seven Ionian islands ? Where are they situated 7 Where are the Dardanelles? Where is the Gulf of Salonica? Where is Mount Olympus? What is the (general appearance of Turkey? What kind of scenery occurs amonsr its classic mountains? What is the nature of the soil in Turkey? What kind of climate does it enjoy? By what cause are the inhabitants prevented from reaping the full benefit of tho.se advan- tages? In what state are aj^riculture, manufactures, and commerce? What are the productions of the northern provinces'' Of the southern? What domestic animals of Turkey are famous? What is the nature of the Turkish government ? What power does the Sultan possess ? To whom does he delegate this dansferous power ? For what purposes do they employ it? Has the Turkish power lately declined ? On what power is Turkey now in some measure dependent ? What parts of her dominions have been separated ? What is the religion of the Turks 7 By what religious spirit are they characterized? Is any other religion professed in Turkey I What is remarkable about the personal appear- ance and dress of the Turks? What is their national character? Are they in general well educated? DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, &C. Adriano'ple, a city in Roumelia, situated on the Maritza, in a beau- tiful plain. It was the principal residence of the Sultans, previous to the taking of Constantinople by Mohammed II., in 1453, and it still ranks next to the capital in importance. Population 90,000. 41° 42' N. 26° 35' E. Belgrade', a strongly fortified citv, the capital of Servia, at the con- fluence of the Danube and the Save. Population 20,000. 44° 48' N, 2° 25' E. Bos'na-Serai', the capital of Bosnia, on a small stream. Manufac- tures of lances, dagrgers, and other arxs, are here carried on to a con- siderable extent. Population 60,000. 43° 53' N. 18° 25' E. Bu'cAarist, the capital of Wallachia, on the Dumbovitza, a tributary of the Danube. Population 80,000. Can'dia, a l.irgc island in the S. of the Archipelago, 160 miles long and from 15 to 30 broad. To the classical scholar, Crete, its ancient name, is familiar; also its Mount Ida, and its celebrated labyrinth. Its soil is fertile, and produces oil, wine, saffron, and a variety of fine fruits. Population, about 160,000. Candia, its capital, contains 12,000. Ca'nea, a strong seaport in the same island. Population 8,000. . ^:i I /! ■\ ! «' 1. ! ',!ll I 1 116 TURKEY IN EUROPE. f ' ''i 1 ■■! ;j ; ij 1! ■j !'• ' Cefalo'nia, iht largest of the Ionian Iilanda. It Is rcmarkablj fertile; and the climate is so fine, that the fruit trees produce two crops in the year. Population 60,000. Constantino'ple, the capital of the Ottoman empire, finely situated at the junction of the Bospliorus with the Sea of Marmora. Its ancient name was Byzantium. Population 500,000. 41° N. 28° 59^ E. Cor'fu, one of the Ionian Islands, off the coast of Albania. It is of considerable political importance, as the key of the Adriatic ; and is the first in rank, though only the second in size, of the Ionian Islands. Population 65,550. Corfu, its capital, has 17,000 inhabitants. Gallip'oli, a commercial city and seaport in Thrace, on the Darda* nelles. Population 17,000. 40° 25' N. 26° 39' E. Ith'aca, one of the seven Ionian Islands, to the N. E. of Cefalonia. Homer has given it celebrity as the kingdom of Ulysses. Population 10,150. Jani'na, the capital of Albania, beautifully situated on the side of a lake, in a plain covered with groves and gardens. Population 10,000. Jas^sy, the capital of Moldavia, and the see of the Greek archbishop of the province. It was almost completely destroyed by fire in 1827. Population 20,000. 47° 10' N. 27° 34' E. Laris'sa, the capital of Thessaly, pleasantly situated on the Salam* bria. Population 20,000. Les'bos, or Mytile'nd, a large island near the eastern shore of the Archipelago, celebrated in antiquity as the birth place of Sappho, Alceus, and Theophrastus ; and in modern times, of Barbarossa, so distinguished in the early maritime history of Europe. Population 40,000. 39° 15' N. 26° 20' E. Nicop'olis, a city of Bulgaria, on the Danube. It is a place of con* siderabic trade. Population 10,000. Philippop'olis, a large town in Thrace, founded by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. Population 30,000. Rhodes, a large island near the Asiatic coast, at the entrance of the Archipelago. Population 20,000. Rodos'to, a flourishing commercial town, on the Sea of Marmora. Population 40,000. Rust'chuk, a flourishing town in Bulgaria, on the Danube. It is a place of considerable trade and commerce. Population 30,000. Salon'ica, the ancient Thesaaloni'ca, an important commercial citj of Macedonia, on the Gulf of Salonica. It is strongly fortified, and beautifully situated on the acclivity of a hill. Population 70,000. 40° 38' N. 22° 57' E. Sa'mos, an island in the Archipelago, separated from the coast of Asia by a narrow strait. It still retains its ancient celebrity for beauty, fertility, and the excellence of its fruits. Population 50,000. 37° 44' N. 26° 39' E. Shum'la, a very strong town in Bulgaria, on the great road leading from Constantinople to Wallachia. The Russians have repeatedly besieged it without success. It carries on a considerable trade in silk and hardware. Population 20,000. 43° 12' N. 26° 58' E. AUSTRIA. 117 on the Darda- 1 on the Salam- [a of Marmorai Ssttta'ri, a fortified town, the oapital of Upper Alb«nia. Population ),000. Be'reit a large town in Macedonia. It has eztenuTO manufactufet 'coarae linens and cottons. Population 30,000. Silis'tria, a fortified town in Bulgaria) on the Danube. After an itinato siege, this citv fell into the hands of the Russians in 1829. Population 20,000. 44^ 8' N. 27'' 13' E. Sophi'a, the capital of Bulgaria, on the river Isker. Though an in- land town, its trade is considerable. Population 40,000. 42° 36' N. p 28' F4. Var'na, the ancient Odesaut, a strong seaport of Bulgaria, on a bay * the Black Sea, with considerable trade. Population 16,000. Wid'din, a fortified city in Bulgaria, on the Danube, the residence of t Turkish pasha and of a Greek archbishop. Population 20,000. Zan'te, one of the Ionian Islands, famed for its beauty and fertility. Its currants have long been well known in the markets of England and lolland. Population 39,909. Zante, the capital of this island, is beau- tifully situated on its eastern shore. Population 18,000. Zwor'nik, a town in Bosnia, on the Drino. Population 14,000. E.TERCISEB. — At what city did the Sultaneof Turkey formerly reside? /hat rank does Adrianople now hold ? What is its population? (90,000.) )n what river does the fortified city of Belgrade stand ? What articles Bre manufactured at Bosna-Seraio ? In what large island is Mount Ida ? t^hat was the ancient name of Candia ? Which is the largest of the Ionian Islands 7 What about it is worthy of notice ? What is the ictropolis of the Ottoman empire ? What is its population 7 (500,000.) 7hy is the island of Corfu a place of great political importance? Where is the commercial town of Rodosto situated 7 What is worthy of remark about the city of Salonica? For what is the island of Samoa Icelebratcd? Is Schumla a strong town? Where is it situated? In Iwhat articles has it considerable trade ? Of what articles has Seres lextensive manufactures 7 Is Varna a place of any trade 7 AUSTRIA lis ^bounded on the N. by Saxony, Prussia, and Poland ; E. by ilusBia and Turkey ; S. by Turkey, the Adriatic, and the Italian States; W, by Switzerland and Bavaria. It extends (exclusive of Dahnatia) from 44° to 51° N. lat., and from 8^ 30^ to 26° 30' K "oDg. Length from W. to E. 850 miles ; breadth 450 miles. It ontains 258,175 square miles. Population 35,344,862. This ex- tensive empire coDtains the following states ; some of them are kingdoms. States. Chief Towns Archduchy of Austria Vien'na, Linz. Sty'ria Gratz. Tyrol' • Inns'bruck, Trent. Illyr'ia Lay'bach, Trieste. Bohe'mia •••••• Prague; Reicb'enburg. ; L i' I .! !|i m! I ; H < in I < I H n I, :..' il ! I I ! i fl ; •1)1 118 AUSTRIA. Statet. Chief Townff< Mora'via and Silesia • •Brunn, Ol'mutz. Gali'cia ••• Lem^erg, Brody. Hun'gary Proper Buda, Pert, Presburg; Sclavo'nia Ess'ek, Sem'lin. Croa'tia •• A'gram, Carl'stadt. Transylva'nia • • • • • Clau'senburg, Cron'stadt, Dalma'tia • Zara, Spala'tro. Austrian Italy MiPan, Ven'ice. Mountains. — Carpathian, Sudetic, Tyrolese. Lakes.— Platten-see, Neu'sidler-see. Rivers. — ^Danube, Drave, Save, Theis, Elbe. Remarks.— The Austrian dominions, enlarged by the successive acquisitions of centuries, embrace countries as various in their natural properties as their inhabitants are different in language, manners, and national character. The German portion of these dominions is mountainous ; the Hungarian portion is level, except towards the Carpathian Mountains; and the Galioian part, with the same exception, is a great plain covered with wood, ill. cultivated, and thinly peopled. In Hungary, the climate resembles that of the southern countries of Europe ; but the summer is hotter, and the winter more severe. In the south, the soil is remarkable for its fertility ; and that part of it which is sheltered by the Carpathians is peculiarly favourable to the growth of the vine ; and produces the celebrated wine called Tokay. Few countries can vie with Austria in mineral wealth. At Kremnitz and Schemnitz, in Hungary, are valuable mines of gold and silver ; the surrounding district abounds in copper, antimony, coal, salt, and alum; and Hungary is the only territory in which the true opal has been found. The iron of Carinthia and Styria is of | very excellent quality; and the quicksilver mines of Idria, in Car- niola, are more productive than any other ici Europe. The tract of | Galicia which borders upon the Carpathian range, yields copper, iron, and lead : and near Cracow are the most extensive and cele- brated mines of rock salt. In agriculture and commerce, Austria has not kept pace with other European states. The land, except near Prague and in other parts of Bohemia, is negligently and unskilfully cultivated ; and manufacturers are neither numerous nor extensive, considering the resources of the country. Trade is necessarily limited, owing to the small extent of its line of sea coast. In Vienna there are manufactures of silk, gold and silver lace, silver plate, cloths, stuffs, linens, mirrors, and porcelain ; Bohemia is noted for beautiful glass, linen, and paper. The exports of Austria amount to about £6,000,000 sterling annually. The government is an hereditary monarchy; but almost everj country, forming a component part of the empire, enjoys its own AUSTRIA. 119 code of laws. In Hungary, the power of the Emperor is limited by that of the aristocracy, who have a diet or parliament con^posed of two chambers, which regulates all matters relating to taxes and the internal government of the country. The military force of Austria during peace is computed at £71,400 men; its maritime force is insignificant. The revenue is estimated at £15,000,000, and the public debt at £76,000,000 sterling. The prevailing religion is the Roman Catholic ; but all other sects of Christians are tolerated. The manners of the Austrian s differ little from those of their German neighbours; but in general information they are inferior to the inhabitants of Saxony. Till lately their nobles were ignorant, proud and haughty. A cold civility characterizes their deportment to strangers. The Hungarians are an indolent and prejudiced but high spirited people, and affect to despise their Austrian masters. Education is still in a very neglected state in the empire, and few names of celebrity adorn its literary annals. E^ERCi8E6. — How is the Austrian empire bounded ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is its population ? What are the towns in the aiuhduchy of Austria ? Name and point out the chief towns in Bohemia, in Moravia, in Galicia, in Hungary, in Austrian Italy, in Dalmatia. &c. Name and point out the mountains, the lakes, the rivers. What is the capital of the Aus- trian empire? Where is it situated ? Where is Prague, Buda, Trieste, Prcsburg, Cracow, &.C.? What is the general aspect of its German portion ? What is the general aspect oi Hungary and Galicia ? What is remarkable in the climate of Hungary ? What is the nature of the soil ? What part of Hungary is favourable to the growth of the vine ? What celebrated wine does it produce ? Is Austria rich in mineral wealth ? Where are valuable mines of gold and silver found? What other metals and minerals does the circumjacent country afford? What precious mineral is found in Hungary alone ? For what metal are Carinthia and Styria particularly noted ? What is remarkable about the quicksilver mines of Idria? What metals are found in Galicia? What remarkable mines are wrought near Cracow? What is the state of agriculture, manufac- tares, and commerce in Austria? What are the principal manufactures of Vienna ? For what manufacture is Bohemia noted ? To what value do the exports oi Austria amount annually? What is remarkable about the government of Austria ? How is the power of the Emperor limited in Hungary ? At what number is the military force of Austria computed ? To what sum does its revenue amount? What is the prevailing religion in Austria? By what pecu- liarities are the manners of the Austrians characterized ? What is peculiar in the character of the Hungarians ? In what state are educa- tion and literature in the Austrian empire ? DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, &C. A'gram, a strong town, the capital of Croatia, near the Save. Popu- lation 17,000. Bro'dy, a town in Galicia, with considerable commerce. Population^ 25,000. •'i i.; i ii A r If: \k '.I,, rn i f! 120 .USTRIA. "• . 1 11 i -.1 ')' I Brunn, the capital of Moravia, on the Schwartz Its manafactuK$ | and trade are extensive. Population 40,000. Bu'da, the capital of Hungary, on the Danube. It is famous for its | baths, and the environs produce excellent wines. Population 40,000. Clau'senburg, the capital of Transylvania, beautifully situated on the | little Szamos. Population 21,000. Cra'cow, the capital of the little republic of the same name, which I contains 490 square miles, and is under the protection of Austria. It | is situated on the Vistula, and is the seat of an ancient university, Here the kings of Poland were crowned ; in the cathedral are the tombs o€ many of the monarchs. Population 37,000. 50° 4' N. 19° 57' EL Cron'sta(2t, a trading town in Transylvania, on the S. E. frontier Population 25,000. 45° 42' N. 25° 34' E. Debret'zin, a town in Hungary, on the E. of the Theiss ; has various manufactures and considerable trade. It is the seat of a celebrated academy. Population 45,000. Erlau', a town of Hungary, on the W of the Theiss, with considei' able trade. Population 18,000. Es'sekj a fortified town, the capital of Sclavonia, situated oQ the Brave. Population 11,000. Gratz, a handsome town, the capital of Styria, on the Muhr. Popn- lation 40,000. 47° 4' N. 15° 27' E. Her'mansta(2t, the capital of a district in Transylvania, situated on the Szeben. Population 18,000. Ig'lau, a town of Moravia, on a river of the same name ; with con* stderable manufactures of woollens. Population 14,000. Inns'bruk, the capital of the Tyrol, situated on the Inn, on the direct route from Germany into Italy. It stands in one of the most beautiful \ulleys formed by the Alps. Population 11,000. Kets'kemet, a town in the interior of Hungaiy, between the Danube and the Theiss. Population 34,000. 46° 55' N- 19° 44' E. Komorn', a town in Hungary, with a very strong fortress, at (k junction of the Danube and the Waag. Population 18,000 Krem'nitz, a town in the N. W. of Hungary, celebrated for its min^ of gold and silver. Population 10,000. Lay'bach, the capital of Illyria, on a river of the same name, a plaoe of great trade. Population 13,009. Lem'berg, the capital of Galicia, on the Peltew, the seat of a uni- ver-ity, and a place of great trade. Population 60,000. 49° 50' N. 24^ 5' E. Linz, the capital of Upper Austria, on the Danube. It has a large woollen manufactory, established by government. Population 24,0(K). Miskolz', a town of Hungary, on the W. of the Theiss, in a rich wipe tcai corn country. Population 28,000. Neu'satz, a free city of Hungary, on the Danube, opposite Peterwar* diouK it has a considerable trade with Turkey. Population 20,000. Ol'mutz, a town of Moravia, on the river March* It is strongly fortified^ and ia the seat of a university. Population 19,000. 4'' Its mannfaotiu«8 lly situated on the he S. E. frontier. ted for its min^ e name, a plm AUSTRIA. 121 Pest, a handsome city of Hungary, on the Danube, opposite Buda, I with which it is connected by a bridge of boats. It has a university richly endowed, and commands a great inland trade. Population 1 75,000. 47» 30' N. 190 4' E. Prague, a handsome and strongly fortified city, the capital of Bohe- imia, on the Moldau, over which it thrown a beautiful bridge. It is the seat of the oldest university in Germany, and is famous as tne residence of the great reformers, John Huss and Jerome of Prague. Population 1 120,000. 50° 5' N. 140 25'E. Fres'burg, once the capital of Hungary, and still the place where the I kings are crowned. It is finely situated on an eminence overlooking a vast plain, watered by the Danube. Population 41,000. 48*^ 8' N. [17° 6' E. Raab, a town in Hungary, near the junction of the Raab with the I Danube. Population 14,000. ReicA'enberg, a town in the N. of Bohemia, on the Neisse , famona I for its cloth and other manufactures. Population 11,500. Salz'burg, capital of a district united to Upper Austria. It is finely I situated on the Salza, amidst the most romantic scenery. In its viei- I nity are the famous salt works of Hallein. Population 14,000. Schem'nits, a town in the N.W. of Hungary, famous for its mines of I gold, silver, and lead. Here is a celebrated mining schooL Population 1 17,000. 480 27'N. 18° 52' E. Stey'er, a town in Upper Austria, on the Ens ; with large iron works I and manufactures. Population 10,000. Szege'din, a town in Hungary, at the confluence of the Theiss and Maios. It is a place of considerable manufacturing and commercial I importance. Population 32,000. 46° 17' N. 20° 10' E. Tem'eswar, a handsome town, the capital of the Bannat, a military frontier province of Hungary. It is situated on the Bega canali and ia strongly fortified. Population 14,000. T^re'sienstadt, a town in the S. of Hungary, extending over a wide plain. Population 40,000. Trieste, a maritime city, the capital of a district of Illyria, situated on a gulf of the same name, at the N. E. extremity of the Adriatic. It is a free port, and possesses an extensive commerce. Population 51,000. 45° 38' N. 13° 46' E. Troppau', the capital of Austrian Silesia, on the Oppa. Population 12,000. Vcrsetz', a town in the S. of Hungary, with a good trade. Popula- tion 16,000. Vien'na, the capital of the empire, one of the most ancient cities of Germany, situated in a rich and picturesque country, on the right bank of the Danube, and intersected by two small but rapid streams, the Wien and the Alster. Population 330,000. 48° 12' N. 16° 22' E. Wieliezka, a town of Galicia, near which are the most extensive salt mines in the world, extending more than a mile under ground, with vaulted passages, and even chapels and altars cut out of the rock salt Population 6,000. Zom'bor, a town in the S. of Hungary, on the Frans canal; with a I luge trade in com and cattle. Population 18,000. l2 ,« 'J4 ^i; ti i ;^ii I ! \k 1 q 1 l|:! i ,', 1 m , 1 J i '.! i 1' 1 i;i I MA 122 PRUSSIA. I <: ExBROiBEa — For what are Buda and its environs famous 7 On what river is Cracow situaif^d 7 Of what is it the seat 7 What kings were formerly crowned here? What is worthy of notice in Denbretzin? Describe the situation of Innsbruk. What celebrated mines are at Kremnitz 7 For what is Lemberg a city of importance 7 What is established by government at Linz? What large town in Hungary ia surrounded by a rich wine and com country 7 With what country has the free city of Neusatz, on the Danube, a considerable trade ? On what river is the handsome city of Pest situated 7 How is it connected with Buda? Has it any literary institutions 7 Has it much trade I For what is the handsome and strongly fortified city nf Prague famous! What is its population? (120,000.) Is Presburg a large town and finely situated? What famous mines are at Schemnitz? And what cele* brated school? What is worthy of notice in the maritime citv of Trieste? What is the capital of the Austrian empire? What is its population? (330,000.) How is it situated? Where are the most extensive salt mines in the world ? In what has Zombor a large trade! ■ • PRUSSIA Is bounded on the N. by Germany and the Baltic ; E. by Russii I and Poland; S. by Austria and Saxony; W. by Germany, Holland, and Belgium. It extends from 49^ 8^ to 55^ 50^ N. lat., and from 6^ to 22^ 50^ E. long. Its greatest length is about 750 milos; its breadth varies from 80 to 340 miles. It contains 106,500 squaie miles. Population 14,907,091. ' Provinces. Chief Towns. East Prussia Kon'igsberg, Mem'el. ■ ' ' West Prussia • Dant'zic, Elb'ing. , , . Pomera'nia • Stet'tin, Stral'sund. Po'sen Posen. !5 Sile'sia Bres'lau, Glogau. Bran'denburg Berlin', Prank'fort. Prussian Saxony Mag'deburg, Harie. V , Westphft'lia • Mun'ster, Min'den. Rhenish Prussia Cologne', Dus'seldorf. Rivers.— Rhine, Ems, Elbe, Vis'tula, Oder, Wartha, Nie'men. Gulfs, Sec— Grass-half, Frische-haff, Cu'rische-haff, Spir'ding- see. Remarks. — Prussia occupies the north of Poland and agrentl part of the north of Germany; Westphalia and Rhenish Prussia are separated from the rest of the kingdom, by Hanover and Hesse Gassel. To its widely scattered provinces no general description | will apply; but the greater part of the country presents a level sui- face* In general, the soil is poor, being sandy and covered vitbl heath. Silesia and Rhenish Prussia are the most fertile and popu- PRUSSIA. 123 tic ; E. by Russu ious districts. In the western provinces, the climate is warmer than that of England in similar latitudes, — in the eastern it is cold. The agricultural products are nearly the same as in Britain ; but cultivation is in a much more backward state. Silesia and West- phalia have long been noted for their linens. Woollen stuffs are also manufactured in every town and village; but cotton cloths and hardware are the only manufactures carri^ on in establishments,— the woollens and linens being wrought by individuals in their cottages. Prussia is not rich in minerals; but in the mountainous district of Saxony are found iron, copper, lead, vitriol, alum, saltpetre, and small quantities of silver. Salt springs abound in Prussian Saxony ; and amber is found in considerable quantities in several parts of Prussia Proper. In its rivers and canals Prussia enjoys great advantages for internal trade, and in its seaports on the Baltic foreign commerce is carried on with considerable activity. The chief exports are com, wool, timber, pitch, potash, linseed, flax, and linen. The principal imports are the colonial produce and manufactures of Great Britain. Although injurious restrictions have hitherto fettered its commerce, it may be regarded as a flourishing and improving country. The form of government is that of an hereditary monarchy, and nearly absolute. Provincial states have recently been erected; but their power is limited. The established religion is Calvinistic Protestantism; but the professors of other creeds not only enjoy free toleration, but are admissible to all offices in the state. In military tactics and discipline, the Prussian troops rank among the bravest and most efficient in Europe. The manners of the Prussians are essentially Grerman; but several marked shades distinguish them from their Saxon neighbours. In no coui ';ry of Europe is education more attended to than in Prussia. Besides the universities of Berlin, Halle, Breslau, Bonn, and Konigsberg, there are in most of the large towns academies of sciences and respectable seminaries. The literary annals of this country are adorned with the names Leibnitz, Cluverius, CopernicuS; Frederick the Great, Ramler, r.'icolai, Busching, Spalding, he, ExBR0i8EB.--What are the boundaries of Prussia? What are ita length and breadth ? How many square miles does it contain ? What is the amount of its population ? Into how many provinces is it divided ? What is the capital of Prussia? In what part of the kingdom is it situated ? Name and point out on the map the chief towns in East Prussia, in West Prussia, in Pomerania, in Posen, in Silesia, in Bran- denburg, in Prussian Saxony, in Westphalia, in Rhenish Prussia, Where is Memel, Dantzic, Glogau, Munster, Frankfort, &c. ? Name and point out the rivers of Prussia, its gulfs, &c. What divisions of Prussia are separated from the rest by Hanover and Hesse Cassel? What appearance does the greater part of Prussia present ? What is the general quality of the soil? What are the most fertile districts in Prussia? What kind of climate does Prussia enjoy? In what state is agriculture there ? For what manufactures have Silesia and Westphalia long been famous ? What are the only manufactures carried on in establishments ? ■•M. .n ': I I" r J • ^ ^^lij 124 PRUSSIA. I I What metals are found among the Saxony mountains? What kind of springs abound in Prussian Saxony? In what part does amber abound? What advantages does Prussia enjoy for internal trade? Has it much foreign commerce ? What are its principal exports, — ^its im> ports? What is the form of government in Prussia? Whatistiie established religion? What indulgence is extended to the professors of other religions ? What is the character of the Prussian soldiery? What people do the Prussians resemble in manners ? Is education much attended to in Prussia? What literary institutions does it po8> fless? Mention some of the distinguished names that adorn Its literary annals. DSSOKIFTION OF T0WNB» tbO. Aix-la-Chapelle {a%x-la-8hapel% an ancient city in Rhenish Prussia, odebrated for its baths, and lor the treaties of peace which have been signed there. It was the favourite residence of Charlemagne and of his successors, as well as the place of their coronation. Population 38,000. 50° 46' N. 6° 4' E. Bar'men, a thriving manufacturing town in Rhenish Prussia, N. E of Dusseldorf. Population 28,000. Berlin', the capital of the Prussian dominions, situated on the Spree, and nearly in the centre of the kingdom, is one of the most beautiful oities in Europe. Population 272,000. 52° 31' N. 13° 23' E. Bonn, a town in Rhenish Prussia, pleasantly situated on the left bonk of ^e Rhine, the seat of a university. Population 13,000. Bran'denburg, a town formerly the capital of the province. Popnla- tSon 13,000. Bres'lau, the capital of Silesia, situated on the Oder. It carries on an extensive trade, and is the seat of a flourishing university. Popola* tion 90,000. Burg, a tiuiving manufacturing town in Prussian Saxony. Popula* tion 13,500. Coblentz', a town in Rhenish Prussia, deli^htfuUv situated at the confluence of the Rhine and the MoseUe. It is the chief dep6t for the Rhenish and Moselle wines. Population 13,700. Cologne (co-ZoneO, the capital of Rhenish Prussia, on the left bank of the Rhine. From its favourable situation it commands a great trade, and forms the chief medium of intercourse between Holland and Germany. Population 66,000. 50° 56' N. 6° 57' E. Cre'velt, a town in Rhenish Prussia, with considerable trade end manufactures. Population 20,000. Dant'zic, an important commercial city, the capital of West Prussia, ;?£«^'^^istula, about 14 miles from its mouth. Its annual exports, ol which com is the principal article, amounts to £830,000 sterling. Population 56,000. 54° .90' N. 18° 38' E. Dus'seldorf, a town in Fr enish Prussia, situated on the Rhine, at its jimction with the Dussel. It is a well bmlt fown, and has a considei* able traffic. Population 33,000. El'berfeld, a flourishing manufacturing town in Rhenish Prussia, on llie Wipper. Population 27,500. El'bing, a trading town in West Prussia, on a river of the same name. Population 18|700. M \ PRUSSIA. 125 b Prussia, N. E It carries oq ble trade and Er'furt, a fortified town in Prussian Saxony, on the Gera ; once the entrepbt of the internal commerce of Germany. Population 25,000. Frank'fort, on the Oder, a town in Brandenburg. Its trade is con> giderable, and is greatly benefited by the canals which connect the Oder with the Elbe and Vistula. Population 23,300. 52° 22' N. 14°33'E. Glo'gau, a strongly fortified town in Silesia, on the Oder. Popula- tion 11,600. Gor'litz, a town in Silesia, on the Neisse, noted for its woollen and linen manufactures. Population 13,600. Hal'berstat^t, a town of Prussian Saxony. It is very ancient, and built chiefly hi ihs Gothic style. Population 17,000. Hal'lfe, a town in Prussian Saxony, on the Saale. Here is a cele- brated university, with a number of scientific institutions. Population 24,800. Kon'igsberg, the capital of East Prussia, on the Pregel ; it is the seat of a university, and carries on an extensive trade. Population 68,000. 54° 42' N. 20° 30' E. Mag'deburg, the capital of Prussian Saxony, situated on both sidgs of the Elbe, by which it carries on an active trade. It is one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. Population 51,000. 52° 8' N. 11° 38 B. Mem'el, a seaport in East Prussia. It is a place of great trade, par^ ticularly in timber, which is floated down the Niemen. Populatipn 10,000. 55° 42' N. 21° 8' E. Mun'ster, the capital of Westphalia, on a tributary of the Em^ Population 21,000. Naum'burg, a town in Prussian Saxony, on the Saale, with a con- dderable trade. Population 11,000. Neisse, a fortified town in Silesia, on a river of the same name. Population 10,000. Fo'sen, the capital of the grand duchy, situated on the Wartha ; it is of great antiquity. Population 32,000. Pots'dam, an elegant town in Brandenburg, on the Havel, about 16 miles from Berlin. It is an occasional residence of the Prussian court. Population 26,000. Ru'gen, an island in the Baltic, separated from Pomerania by a channel one mile broad. Population 30,150. 54° 24' N. 13° 30' E. Stet'tin, the capital of Pomerania, on the Oder. It is a flourishing commercial city, and strongly fortified. Population 32,000. 53° 24 N. 14° 33' E. Stral'sund, a seaport in Pomerania, with a capacious and safe harbor. Its trade is considerable, chiefly in com. Population 14,700. Thorn, a strong town in West Prussia, on the Vistula ; it is the birth glace of Copernicus, the famous astronomer. Population 11,000. Til'sit, a town in East Prussia, on the Niemen. Population 12,000 Treves, a very ancient city in Rhenish Prussia, beautifully situiUed QQ the Moselle, and is rich in antiquities. Population 16,000. We'sel, a strongly fortified town in Rhenish Prussia, at the confluence QfibeLippe and the Rhine. Population 10,000. 51° 39' N. 6° 37' E &; II ? 1 ! M'H i t , ! I' :■ i i' hi ' 126 GERMANY. Wit'tenberg, a strongly fortified town of Prussian Saxony, on the Elbe. It is interesting us the cradle of the Reformation, two great champions of which, Luther and Mclancthon, are buried in the univer< .sity church here. Population 8,000. Exercises. — ^What ancient city in Rhenish Prussia was a favourite residence of Ciiarlemagne and his successors ? Of what else was it the place 7 What is the capital of the Prussian dominions ? Where is it situated ? Is it a fine city ? What is its population ? (272,000.) Has the large city of Breslau much trade ? Of what is it the seatl For what is Coblentz a great dep6t? Is Cologne a commercial city? Between what countries is it the chief medium of intercourse ? I3 Crefeld a town of any consequence ? Of what has Dantzic a large export trade ? For what is Elberfeld noted ? Is Frankfort, on the Oder, a commercial city ? For what manufactures is Gorlitz famous ? For what institution is Hall^ celebrated? For what is Konigsberg a town of importance ? What is remarkable about Magdeburg ? In what has JVfemel a great trade ? Of what is the elegant city of Potsdam occa* sionally the residence ? What is worthy of remark in Stettin ? For what IS Stralsund noted 7 Of what celebrated man was Thorn the birth place 7 What is interesting about Whittenberg 7 GERMANY Is bounded on the N. by the German Ocean, Denmark, and the Baltic ; E. by Prussia and Austria ; S. by Italy and Switzerland? W, by France, Belgium, and Holland. It extends from 45° to 55° N. lat., and from 6° to 19° E. long. It is about 700 miles in length from N. to S., and 550 miles in breadth. It contains 91,451 square miles. Population 15,311,537. States. Chief Towns. Meck'lenburg Sch we'rin, Ros'tock. Kingdom of Han'over Hanover, Got'tingen. 01 denburg •••• Oldenburg. Bruns' wick Brunswick, Wol'fenbuttel. Kingdom of Sax'ony Dres''den, Leip'sic. Saxe-Wei'mar Weimar, Je'na. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Gotbo, Coburg. Saxe-Mei'ningen Meiningen, Hild^burghausen. Hesse-Cassel Cassel Hanau. Hesse-Darm'stadt Darmstadt, Mentz. Nassau' Wisba'den. Kingdom of Bava'ria Mu'nich, Augsburg. Kingdom of Wir'temberg • . Stutt'gard, Ulm. Grand Duchy of Baden • • • . Carlsru'he, Man'Aeim. The Free Cities Ham'burg, Lu'beck, Franr'fort, Bre'men. Mountains.— The Hartz Mountains, Erz'gebirge. OERMANT. RivBRS.— Danube, Rhine^ Elbe, Oder, Weser, Ems. 127 Remarks.— A chain of mountains, commencing in Weetphaliai traversing Hesse-Cassel, the south of Saxony, and terminating in the Carpathians, divides Germany into two ereat portions,— the northern and the southern. The former is almost quite level,— the latter is more diversified, presenting great ranges of hills, and in some districts extensive plains. In the northern division, except in Saxony, the soil is in general poor, but not unsusceptible of improvement; in the southern, the land is superior, and in many places extremely fertile. In agricultural productions, although not in cultivation. Northern Germany bears no small resemblance to Britain. The wine country commences about the junction of the Neckar with the Rhine, and stretches southwards. The Rhenish wines have long been celebrated, and next to them in quality are those from the banks of the Moselle, and some of the Austrian provinces. , Germany is rich in minerals. In the Hartz Mountains and Erzgebirge are lead, iron, copper, tin, silver, cobalt, and bismuth ; and Bavaria is noted for its extensive and curious mines of rock salt. The domestic animals do not differ materially from those of the neighbouring countries. Hanover has long been famous for a breed of strong horses for cavalry or the draught. The Merino breed of sheep has been introduced into Saxony, where the wool is not inferior to that of Spain. The wild animals are the wolf, the lynx, the glutton, and the wild boar, which is here of a superior size. The Germans have made considerable progress in manufactures. For linen, Silesia, Saxony, and Westphalia, have long been cele- brated : and manufactures of cotton were established during the war, in emulation of those in Britain. But their inferior machinery, and the scarcity of fuel, have rendered it impossible for them to maintain this competition. The broadcloth of Saxony, however, and its thread, lace, linen, paper, and porcelain, are of a superior quality. Commerce is comparatively limited, owing partly to the feudal pride of the aristocracy, who consider the occupation of a merchant degrading to a person of rank ; but chiefly to the small extent of sea coast. Several towns, however, on the shores and the principal rivers, enjoy a very flourishing trade. While all the statos are united under the nanie of the Germanic Empire, each is governed by its own Prince, who has absolute power to impose taxes, levy troops, and even form alliances, pro- dded he do not interfere with the general welfare. From the time of Charlemagne, in whose extensive conquests this federative con- stitution originated, A. D. 800, the oflSce of Emperor, or head of the confederation, was elective, and was possessed at different periods by distinct lines of princes. But since the year 1438, the predominant power of Austria has secured the imperial dignity in hereditary succession to its sovereign. In 1806, the Emperor renouncvjd the title and authority of Emperor of Germany, and assumed rH^t of Emperor of Austria. The convocation of Princes, and of the deputies or the four free cities, assembled to deliberate l,i;' U M ii i' w m ^ 1 ii 128 GERMANY. '/ ],) ; t !i it-8 I ii*!i |- on the afTairs of the eropirei is called the Diet Iti place of meetlw is Frankfort, where the later emperors of Germany were crowne£ The states have one or more votes according to their importancer— and the total number of suffrages is 70. The military force main- tained by the confederate states is 120,000 ; in war it is increased to 302,288, supplied by the several states in proportion to their population. The fortresses of Mentz, Luxemburg, Landau, Ger- raersheim, Hamburg, and Ulm, are declared to belong to the confederation; and are to be kept, repaired, or fortified, at the general expense. The established forms of religion are the Roman Catholic, the Lutheran, and the Calvinistic. Toleration, and a praiseworthy liberality of sentiment towards each other, characterize the profes- sors of these various creeds. The Germans are generally tall and well formed ; and many of the women are extremely beautiful. Industry and perseverance, fidelity and sincerity, frank and disin- terested hospitality, are the valuable traits in their national character. But they are apt to be misled, both in religion and letters, by a tendency to enthusiasm. Formality, and aristocratical pride of family, may be reckoned zvn.ong their failings. In literature and science they display equal higenuity and patience of investigation. Their favourite study is that of metaphysics; but ihey have attained celebrity in almost every department of philosophy and polite learnin£f. Of the fine arts, music is the department in which they particularly excel. Exercises. — How is Germany bounded ? What are its length and breadth? How many square miles does it ccr^tain? What is its popu- lation ? Name and point out the chief towns in the kingdom of Hanover, in the kingdon. <.>f Saxony, in the kingdom of Bavaria, in the kingdom oi Wirtemberg, in the grand duchy of Baden. What are the chief towns in the state of Mecklenburg, Oldenburg, Brunswick, Hesse- Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau ? What are the chief towns in the principality of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Coburg-Grotha, Saxe-Meiningen ? Which are the four free cities ? At which of them are the German diets held ? Name and point out the principal rivers in Germany. Its principal mountains. By what is Germany divided into two great portions ? What is the aspect of the northern portion ? Of the southern? What kind of soil prevails in the northern ? What in the southern 1 What country does northern Germany resemble in agricultural produc- tions? Where does the wine country commence ? What are the most noted wines of Germany ? What metals are found in the Hartz moun- tains and Erzgebirge ? For what mines is Bavaria noted ? For what domestic animals has Hanover long been famous ? Into what part of Germany has the Merino breed of sheep been successfully introduced? Mention some of the wild animals of Germany. For what manufac- tures have Silesia, Saxony, and Westphalia, long been famous ? What manufactures were established during the war, in rivalry of those of Britain? What circumstances impeded them in this competition? What articles are manufactured in Saxony of superior quality ? From what causes is commerce comparatively limited in Germany ? Under what name are all the German states united 7 What power .does each Prince possess in his own state ? How long did ti^e office of Emperor GERMANY. 129 continue to be poBaessed clectively by difTerent lines of Princes? In what family has it since been hereditary ? When did the Emperor renounce the title and authoritjr of Emperor of Germany ? What title did he then assume 7 What is denominated the Diet ? What is the number of votes ? What is the military force of the confederated states on the peace and war establishments ? What fortresses belong to the confederation ? What are the established forms of religion in Germany? What sentiment towards each other characterizes the professors of those creeds 7 What is the personal appearance of the Germans? What are the valuable traits of their national character ? By what are they apt to be misled 7 By what are they distinguished in literature and science ? What is their favourite study 7 In which of the fine arts do they particularly excel 7 DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, &C. Al'tenburg, the capital of the duchy of Saze-Altcnburg, near the Pleissc. Population 12,600. An'spacA, a town in Bavaria, capital of a principality of the same I name, on the Lower Rezat. Population 17,000. Augs'burg, an ancient city in Bavaria, near the confluenee of the I Lech and the Wertach, with considerable manufactures and commerce. I It was here that the Protestants, in 1530, presented to the Emperor Charles V. their celebrated Confession, drawn up by Luther and IMelancthon. Population 35,000. 48<» 22' N. 10° 54' E. Bam'ber^, a handsome town in Bavaria, on the Rednitz, near its [junction with the Maine. In the library of the Carmelite monastery I here, are many curious manuscripts. Population 21,000. Baut'zen, a town in the kingdom of Saxony, on the Spree, with I considerable manufactures. Population 12,000. Bava'ria, kingdom of, next to Austria and Prussia is the most Ipowerful of all the German States. It lies to the W. of Bohemia and lAustria, and the Danube intersects the kingdom from W. to E. Extent |31,373 square miles. Population 4,375,000. Bayreuth', a town in Bavaria, and capital of a principality of the jiame name, beautifully situated on the Red Maine. Population 14,000. Bre'men, one of the free cities or hanse towns, situated on the Weser, l^bout 4U miles from its mouth. Its trade is considerable. Population 42,000. 53° 4' N. 8° 48' E. Bnins'wick, Duchy of, bordering on Hanover and Prussia, is com- osed of several scattered territories. It contains 1,505 square miles tind 251,000 inhabitants. The royal family of Great Britain is a branch pf the illustrious house of Brunswick. Its capital, of the same name, Is a fortified city on the Ocker, with considerable trade ; and its fairs [ank next to those of Leipsic and Frankfort. Population 36,000. Carlsru'he, the capital of the grand duchy of Baden. Population Cas'sel, the capital of Hesse-Cassel, on the Fulda. Population fl,00O. Chemnitz (kem'nitz), a flourishing manufacturing town in Saxony. p a small river of the same name. Population 23,000. ft HI 130 GERMANY. Ai ''fv '1 ll' Darm'atadt, tlio capital of Hcssc-Darmstadt, on the sir 1 river Daroi. Population 23,000. Drcs'dcn, tlio capital of thu kingdom of Saxony and one of the finest cities in Europe, is situated on both sides of tlio Elbe. Its magnificent bridge, spacious streets, superb pulacc, and otbcr public buildingn. cxcito the admiration of every traveller. It is also distinguished for itj royal library, rich museum of curiosities, and splendid gallery of pic- lures. Among its numerous manufactures, the beautiful porcelain oi Meissen, an ancient sent of tho Electors, deserves particular notice Population 70,000. 51° 3' N 13° 44' E. Em'den, a strong seaport in Hanover, at the mouth of tho Ems,will) a good harbor and considerable trade. Population 13,000. Erlan'gen, a town in Bavaria, on tho Rcdnitz, containing a Protcs- 1 tant university. Population 9,000. Frank'fort on tho Maine, one of the free towns, and tho seat of the I Germanic Diet. It is the great emporium of the inland trade of Ger- many. Population 54,800. 50° 6' N. 8° 41' E. Freiberg, a celebrated mining town of Saxony, situated on the I Erzgebirge {erz'berg), or Ore Mountains, at tho height of 1,179 feel above the sea. Population 11,250. Freiburg, a town in tho grand duchy of Baden, situated in the Black] Forest; tho seat of a university. Population 15,000. Furth (foorth), a trading town in Bavaria, on the Rednitz, with a | Jewish university. Population 15,000. GothvL {go' ta), capital of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, on the I Leine, In the castle are a valuable library and museum. Population 14,000. 50° 56' N. 10° 44' E. Got'tingen, a city of Hanover, on the Leine, the scat of a celcbrateii| university, founded by George II. in 1734. The library is among thel most valuable collection of modern books in Europe. Population 11,OODT 51° 32' N 9° 56' E. Ham'burg, one of the free towns, and the most important commerciill city of Germany, and perhaps of the continent, is situated on the Elbe,! about 70 miles from its mouth. The annual value of its import ui\ export trade is estimated at X14,380,000 sterling. On May 5th, 1S4^| a fire broke out, which in four days consumed 60 streets, courts alleys, and 15 public buildings; in all, about 1,700 houses, or one fourtli| of the city ; leaving without shelter about 30,000 human beings: and til add to the calamity, some hundreds of lives were lost. Populatioij 128,000. 53° 32' N. 9° 58' E. Han'over, Kingdom of, a country in the N. W. of Germany, between! Holland and the Elbe. It consists of an immense plain, traversed bTi the Eras, the Weser, and their tributaries. The Hartz Mountains, oii| its S. border, arc rich in mines and covered with extensive woods, contains 14,730 square miles. Population 1,722,300. Its capital, of tliej same name, is situated on the Leine. Population 28,000. 52° 22' >! 9^ 44' E. Hei'delberg, an ancient city in the grand duchy of Baden, on Neckar, the seat of a flourishing university. The ruins of its casli are magnificent. Population 13,500. Hil'desheim, a town in the S. of Hanover. Population 13,000- GERMANY. 131 or 1 river Oarai. Laining a Protcs- ated in the Black Rednitz, with a Ldp'flic, a flourishing commercial town in Saxony, on the PIcisae, and tlio scat of a celebrated university ; ut its fairs, which are tho most important in Germany, the sale of bookH is very extensive. It has obtained great historical notoriety from the decisive defeat which Bonaparte sustained in its neighbourhood, on tho 18th October, ltil3. Population 47,500. 51° 20' N. 12° 22' 10. Lu'beck, one of tho free cities. It stands on tho Trave, about 12 miles from the Baltic. Its trade, thout;!! very inferior to that of Ham- burg, is considerable. Population 26,000. 53° 51' N. 10° 40' E. Lu'ncburg, a town in tho kingdom of Ilunovcr, on tho navigable river Ilmcnau, with coriHidcrablc trade. Population 12,000. Mnnhcim (mau'ecm), a fine city in the grand duchy of Hadcn, at the confluence of the Ncckur and the Rhine, surrounded with rnmpurts. Population 22,000. Mcntz, a city in Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Rhine, It is the strongest fortress in (icrmany, but requires a garrison of 30,000 men. Its I museum of Roman monuments is said to bo the most complete out of Italy. Population 34,000. Mu'nic//, the capital oi IJavuria, on tho Iscr, containing many splendid edifices, among which ar ; striking examples of ihc mutiificenoe [of its kings. Hero u;c a university and several important literary cstab- jlishmcnts. Its gallery of paintings is one of the finest in the world. [Population 106,000. 48° 8' N. 11° 34' E. Nu'remberg, an ancient town in Bavaria, situated on the Pegnitz. Its imblic library is rich in manuscripts and early editions of printed books. Nuremberg is fanied for its inventions, particularly of tho watch, and its churches arc rcmarkablo for fine specimens of painted [^lass. It is the birth place of Albert Durcr. Population 40,000. Os'naburg, a town in Hanover, on the Hasc, a branch of the Ems. [Here are manufactured the coarse linens known by tho name of Osna- I burgs. Population 11,500. Rat'ipbon, an ancient city in Bavaria, on the Danube, long noted as [the seat of the Imperial Diet. It is a place of considerable trade. [Population 26,000. Stutt'gard, the capital of Wirlonibcrg, finely situated on the Nesen- Ibach, near its junction with the Neckar. In the royal library, consist- ing of 200,000 volumes, is a unique collection of 12,000 bibles, com- jprisinfr editions ot almost every age and country. Population 38,000. 118= W N. 9° 11' E. Dim, a strongly fortified town of Wirtcmbcrg, on the Danube. Its jcatliedral is a magnificent structure, 416 feet long, and the tower 337 [feet high. Population 14,000. Wei'mar, the capital of the grand duchy, finely situated on the Ilm. lit has long held a high rank as a scat of literature, in consequence of Ithc liberal patronage of the ducal family, whose library is peculiarly Ivaluable, and whose court is frequented by the most literary characters linGmmany. Population 10,000. 50° 59' N. 11° 20' E. Wurtz'burg, a strong town in Bavaria, delightfully situated on the iMaine. It is the seat of a university. Population 23,099. Exercises. — Has the ancient city of Augsburg any commerce or |nianufactures ? For what is it particularly celebrated ? What are in !■/ ' I . ., ■f .1; i li i ■ i 1 ft : li'i 132 DENMARK. the library of the Carmelite monastery of Bambe^ ? Next to Austria and Prussia which is the most powerful of all the German States ? Has Bremen much trade? Is Brunswick a fortified city 7 For what else is it noted ? What is worthy of notice in Chemnitz 7 Is Dresden a fine city 7 How is it situated? What in it excites admiration ? For what is it also distinguished ? Has it any manufactures ? What is worthy of notice at Emden ? What city is the great emporium of the inland trade of Germany? What meeting of royalty is holden here? For what is Freyberg of Saxony celebrated 7 Of what is Freyburg, in the grand duchy of Baden, the seat ? What university is at Furth 7 What is worthy of remark at Gottingen ? Which is the greatest commercial city in Germany 7 Describe the ravages of the great fire in 1842. What is its population ? (138,000.) What is worthy of notice in the ancient city of Heidelberg ? For what is Leipsic celebrated 7 Where is the strongest fortress in Germariy ? How many men does the garri- son require? (30,000.) What does the museum of Mentz contain? Is Munich a large and splendid city? (106,000.) Has it anyliterarj establishments 7 Of what class is its gallery of paintings 7 For what invention is Nurenioerg famed? What is manufactured at Osnaburg? What is the extent of the royal library at Stuttgard? (200,000 rols.) To what amount are copies of the bible, of every edition, age, and country, in this library? (12,000.) Is Uim a fortified town 7 What very magnificent building has it? For what has Weimar long held a high rank 7 Has Wurtzburg any literary institutions 7 ¥ DENMARK is bounded on the N. by the Skager Rack; S. by Germany; W. by the North Sea, or German Ocean ; and E. by the Cattegat, the Sound, and the Baltic. It is situated between 53° £6' and 57° 44' N. lat., and between 8° 10' and 12° 40' E. long. Its length from | the Elbe to the Skaw, is 300 miles, and its breadth from Copen- hagen to the German Ocean, is 175 miles. It contains square miles. Its population is 2,095,237. Divisions. Chief Towns. Jut'iand Proper, or N. J. • • >. • • Aal'berg, Aar'huus. SiesVick, or S. Jutland •• • ^Sleswick, Flens'borg. Holstein • Kiel, Al'tona. Lau'enburg Lauenburg, Ratzeburg. Zea'land, Fu'neo, &tc. Copunha gen, Elsinore'. Straits. — ^The Sound, the Great and Little Belt. RivBR. — The Eyder. Cape.— The Skaw. Islands (subject to Denmark), — ^Ice'land, the Far'oe Isles. Foreign Possessions. — In the West Indies, St. Thomas, St. | Croix, and St. John ; in the East Indies, Tranquebar'' and Seram- pore' ; in the Northern Ocean, Greenland ; in Africa, several forf | and factories on the coast of Guin'ea. DENMARK. 133 Reuarks.— Denmark consists of a large peninsula (the Cimbrica Chersonesus of tiie ancients), and a number of islands to the east of the main land. It is a vast plain, presenting little variety, even by gentle swells. It has no river of magnitude ; though watered by many rivulets or brooks. Its lakes are small, but exceedingly numerous ; and several of them are admired for their beautiful scenery. The coast, which extends about 4,000 miles, is indented by innumerable creeks and bays. Of the islands, Zealand, Funen, Laaland, and Falster, aro fertile and pleasant. The climate of Denmark is humid, but temperate; its winters are rarely so severe that the seas are covered with ice. . The soil is fertile and better cultivated in the south of Denmark than in the north. The eastern coast is varied by a number of fertile elevations; and on the west are rich pastures of the most beautiful verdure. The crops are chiefly oats, barley, beans, pease, and potatoes — wheat is but partially cultivated — madder, and even tobacco, are raised in considerable quantity, and of good quality. The horses are remarkable for their strength and agility ; and the horned cattle are of a superior description. Gardens arc very rare, except in the island of Annak, from which Copenhagen is almost entu'ely supplied with vegetables. The fisheries in the bays and creeks furnish the chief occupation of the Danes. Their manufactures are neither numerous nor important, but their commerce is rather considerable. The present king has lately granted a representative constitution. The esta- blished religion is Lutheran, but all others are freely tolerated. In their manners and customs, the higher order of Danes differ little from persons of the same rank in other European countries. In general they are fond of show, pomp, and convivial entertainments. They are courteous and humane, yet possessed of great courage,— their seamen, in particular, being distinguished for bravery. In literature, Denmark boasts of several individuals of great celebrity, —amongst others, Saxo Grammaticus, Tycho Brah^, &^c. Exercises. — Howls Denmark bounded? What are its length and breadth ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is its population? Name and point out the principal towns of Jutland Proper. Of Sles- wick. Of Holstein. Of Lauenburgf. Of Zealand. Where is the Sound, the Great Belt, the Little Belt? What is the only stream in Denmark that may bo called a river? What is its principal cape? What islands in the N. Atlantic are subject to Denmark ? What are its colonies in the West Indies, — in the East Indies,— in the Northern Ocean,— in Africa? What is the capital of Denmark? Of what does Denmark consist ? What is its general appearance ? What is remarkable about I its coast ? What kind of islands are Zealand and Frnen ? Describe I the climate of Denmark. What is the state of its soil? Of what do its j crops consist ? For what are the horses and horned cattle of Denni.;'-k remarkable ? From what island is Copenhagen supplied with vegeta- bles? What constitutes the principal occupation of the Danes? Are their manufactures numerous or important ? Is their commerce con- siderable? What is the nature of the Danish government? What is I the established religion? Are other religions tolerated? Js there any M 2 n \ (. f 134 DENMARK. in lit W lill thing peculiar in the manners and customs of the Danes 7 What is their national character ? Mention some of their distinguished names in literature and science. DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, &C. Aal'borg, the capital of Jutland, on the S. shore of the Lymfiord, with a good harbor. Population 7,000. Al'tona, 1 flourishing seaport in Holstein, on the Elbe, two miles W, of Hamburg. It is a place of considerable commerce. Population 27,000. 53° 33' N. 9° 56' E. Born'holm, an island in the Baltic, about 30 miles in length and li in breadth, containing about 100 villages. It is rich in corn and cattle, and has a valuable salmon fishery. Population 24,600. Copenha'gen, the capital of the kingdom, and one of the most elegant cities in the N. of Europe, stands on the E. coast of the island of Zealand. It possesses an excellent harbor and docks, and is surrounded by a chain of bastions and a broad ditch, — the walls enclosing a circuit of five miles. The royal library and museum are particularly richia northern literature and antiquities. Population 120,000. 55° 41' N. 12°35'E. Elsinore', a seaport in Zealand, 22 miles N. of Copenhagen. Here all vessels passing through the sound pay a toll to the King of Den- mark. The castle of Cronberg commands the passage of the sound, j which is about three miles broad. Population 7,000. 56° 2' N. 12° 36' E. Eyder (i'der), the only river of importance in Denmark, separates Holland from Sleswick, and falls into the German Ocean. By means of the canal of Kiel, the Eyder forms a navigable communication j between the German Ocean and the Baltic. Fal'ster, a fertile and pleasant island in the Baltic, so productive, | especially in fruit, as to be styled the orchard of Denmark. Popula- tion 19,500. Flens'borg, a flourishing seaport in Sleswick, with an excellent I harbor. Population 14,000. 54° 47' N. 9° 26' E. Fu'nen, a large and fertile island, separated from the peninsula by I the Little Belt, and from Zealand by the Great Belt. It is 49 miles j long and 33 broad. Population 167,800. Ice'land, a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, between 63° and 6? ' N. lat., and between L^° and 25° W. long. Its length is 300 miles, and its breadth 200. lis surface is rugged and mountainous, its soil I barren, and its climate severe. Volcanic eruptions are frequent in many parts of the island. Hecla is the principal. Springs of hot water are numerous in Iceland, of all degrees of temperature, up to a state of violent ebullition. The most remarkable of these springs, called the Great Geser, throws up into the air columns of boiling water, to the height of 90, 100, and sometimes to above 150 feet, accompanied vitii| a noise like the explosion of cannon. Population 56,000. Kiel (keel), a seaport in Holstein, and the seat of a university, with an excellent harbor. It is situated at the E. extremity of the canal which connects the Baltic with the German Ocean, and ia the great point of communication with Copenhagen and Hamburg. Fopulationl 11,000. 54°19'N. 10° 8' E. r the Lymfiord, NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 135 Laa'land, an island at the entrance of the Baltic, 40 miles long and 14 broad. It is the most fertile tract in the Danish dominions. Popu- lation 47,500. Odensee', the cap.al of Funen, situated on a river, ahout a mile from the sea. It carries on considerable manufactures of woollen cloths, leather, and soap. It is the residence of a bishop, and of the chief magistrate of Funen. Population 9,000. Rends'burgf, a strong town in Holland, on the Eyder, with a good trade. Population 8,000. 54° 18' N. 9° 40' E. Zealand, an island between the Cattegat and the Baltic. It is about 170 miles in circumference, with 440,000 inhabitants. Its soil is fer- tile, and its numerous bays and creeks abound with fish. Here are concentrated most of the manufactures and trade of Denmark? Exercises. — Is Altona a commercial town ? Describe the island of Bornholm. What is the capital of Denmark? Is Copenhagen an elegant city? Where is it situated? Of what description are its harbor and docks? In what are the royal library and museum particularly rich? What is its population? (120,000.) What have all vessels pass- ing through the sound to do at Elsinore ? What is the fertile island of Falster styled? What sort of town is Flensborg? What large island far to the N. W. belongs to Denmark ? Mention some particulars about Iceland? Has Kiel a good harbor? Of what is it the seat? Where is it situated ? Between what cities is it the point of commu- nication? What manufactures are at Odensee? Where are concen- trated most of the manufactures and trade of Denmark ? 5 - 1 .1] / ( j1 • Christiansand. Islands. — Hit'teren, Vig'ten Isles, Lafib'den Isles. Capes. — North Cape, the Naze. Mountains. — Lan'g^field, Dov'r^field, Ko'len. Bays. — Christia'nia, Drontheim, West Fiord. Lakes. — Mios''en, Rands, Tyri, Foe'mund. Rivers. — Glomme, Dramme, Lau'ven, Tana. Swe'dbn is bounded on the N. and W. by Norway; S. by the Cat'tegat and the Baltic; E. by the Baltic, the Gulf of Both'nia, and Russia. It contains 170,000 square miles. Population 9>0S5,00O. i:J t I l :\f'\ >iH 'I 1^. I ' I y n i 136 NORWAY AND SWEDEN. Ui visions. Chief Towns. Swedish Lapland Tor'nea, U'mea. Sweden Proper Stock 'holm, Up'sal, Ge'fle. Gothland Got'tenburg, Carlscro'na, Cal'mar. Islands. — Gothland, Oland. Lakes. — Wen'ner, Wet'ter, Mac'Iar, Hiel'mar, &tc. Rivers. — Gotha, Mota'la, Da/tl, Tornea, Lu'Iea. Foreign Possession. — Island of Bartholomew, W. I. Remarks. — Norway and Sweden, comprising the whole peninsula of ancient Scandinavia^ extend from 55° 20^ to 71° 10^ N. lat., and from 5° 20^ to 31° E. long., being about 1,150 miles in length; the breadth varying from 200 to 500 miles. Norway. — The aspect of Norway is wild but picturesque, and in many places sublime. Mountains separated by deep valleys or extensive lakes, immense pine forests, rocks, and cataracts, are the striking features in the landscape. The principal mountains consist of one long range, extending from one extremity of the country to the other. The rivers are numerous, rocky and impetuous. The coast is deeply penetrated by gulfs and friths, and covered with islands. Among the Loffoden Isles is the dangerous vortex or whirlpool, called the Malstrom; if a boat or ship comes near it, it is drawn in and dashed to pieces. So barren is the soil of Norway in general, and agriculture so ill understood, that only about a hundredth part of the country is said to be under tillage. There are some tracts, however, of consider- able fertility. The crops are barley and oats, flax and hemp. The horses and horned cattle are small ; but the former are hardy, and the latter easily fattened. Goats are more numerous than sheep. The rein deer forms the chief wealth of the Laplander, and its care is almost his sole occupation; the milk and flesh serve him for food, and the skins for clothing. Among the wild animals are the bear, the lynx, and the wolf. The rich and productive mines of silver, copper, and iron, with the pine forests and fisheries, supply the principal articles of the export trade. The Norwegians are simple, hospitable, frank, and brave. They are not deficient in ingenuity; but education is in a low state:— a university has lately been founded at Christiania. Norway is governed by a viceroy of the Swedish monarch. It enjoys, how- ever, a free constitution, of which it had been deprived under the Danish rule. Sweden. — Much of the description that has been given of the aspect of Norway is equally applicable to Sweden. The forests of Sweden occupy more than a half of its surface, and its lakes form the most striking feature in its landscape. The latter are, in general, vast sheets of pure transparent water, and cover about 9,000 square miles. red under the NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 137 The climate, in Norway and Sweden, though very cold in winter, is less severe than might be expected in so high a latitude ; for the steady weather and pure air, without violent winds or frequent thaws, renders even winter a pleasant season. In summer the heat is great and vegetation rapid. The general crops are oats, rye, and barley. Wheat can be raised in the southern provinces only ; where common fruit trees and berries of different kinds grow luxu- riantly. Sweden has long been noted for its mineral treasures, — at present not fewer than 35,000 persons are employed in the mines. The copper mines of Dalecar'lia, and the iron of Dannemo'ra, can- not be surpassed. The chief exports of Sweden are timber, iron, stenl, copper, pitch and tar, alum, potash, and dried fish. The government of Sweden is a limited monarchy, the power of the king being considerably circumscribed by the privileges of the nobility and the people. The religion, in Sweden and Norway, is the Lutheran, but all others are tolerated. In manners the Swedes bear a very striking resemblance to the Norwegians. Although they cannot boast of many great names in literature, in botanical science that of liinneeus is yet without a rival. Exercises. — How is Norway bounded ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is its population ? What is the chief town in Lapland ? Which are the principal towns in Drontheim ? In Bergen ? What is the capital of Norway ? Which is the chief town in Christiansand ? What are the principal islands of Norway ? Name its principal capes. Which are its principal mountains, — bays, — lakes, — rivers? How is Sweden bounded ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is the amount of its population ? What is the capital of Sweden ? Which are the principal towns in Swedish Lapland? Name the chief towns in Gothland ? Which are the principal islands of Sweden ? Name some of its principal lakes. Name some of its rivers. Has Sweden any foreign colonies ? What was the ancient name of the large peninsula of Norway and Sweden ? What are its length and breadth ? Describe the general aspect of Norway. Which are its loftiest mountains? {Dovrefield.) What is the character of the Norwegian rivers? What is the appearance of the coast ? Where is the dangerous whirlpool of Malstrom ? In what state are the soil and agriculture of Norway ? Are there any fertile tracts in it ? What are the principal crops ? What are the qualities of the horses and horned cattle ? Are goats numerous in Norway ? What animal forms the chief wealth of the Laplander ? What wild animals are found in Norway? What is the iiational character of the Norwegians ? What mines in Norway are particularly productive ? What are its principal exports ? In what state is educa- tion in Norway ? By whom is Norway governed ? What advantage do the people now enjoy which they were deprived of under the Danish rule? How much of Sweden is said to be occupied by forests ? How many square miles are covered by lakes ? In Norway and Sweden, is tho cold very severe in winter ? What renders even the winters pleasant there ? Describe the summer. What are the general crops in Sweden ? In what parts can wheat be raised ? What fruits grow luxuriantly ? For what has Sweden long been noted ? Which of its mines are parti- cularly famous ? What are its chief exports ? What is the nature of ! ', : \ I \ I li yf ■,i , •If 138 NORWAY AND SWEDEN. V .: Ill !;l ■*. i' ' H I il': PI ^ its government? What is the established religion both in Sweden and Norway? What people do the Swedes resemble in manners? Of what great name in botanical science can Sweden boast ? '"^' •'-*•' ' DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, &C. ' Ber'gcn, the capital of the province in Norway of the same name, one of the most flourishing commercial towns in the kingdom. Popu- lation 22,800. 60° 24' N. 5° 18' E. Carlscro'na, a strong seaport in Gothland, the principal station of the Swedish navy. Population 12,200. 56° 9' N. 15° 35' E. Christia'nia, the capital of Norway. It is situated at the head of Christiauia Bay, which penetrates above 60 miles into the interior, and is studded with islands A university was founded here in 1811. Population 23,100. 59° 54' N. 10° 45' E. Christiansand', the capital of a province in Norway of the same namf^ Population 8,000. Drainmon (Tchernigov. •Kursk. •Voronetz. •Perm. • Viatka. • Kazan. In the South. ' Tu'la ... Kalu'ga O'rel Tcher'nigov Kursk ^ Vo'ronetz ?*Perm Viat'ka l*Kaz'an *Sim'bir8k Simbirsk. Pen'za Penza. *Sar'atov« Saratov. ''Charkov' »Charkov. Polta'va Poltava. Kiev Kiev. Podo'lia Kaminiec. Bessara'bia •••••••• • tKichenev. Cher'son Cherson. Eka'terinoslav Ekaterinoslav. Tau'rida Simpheropol^ *Don Cossacks Tcher'kask. Islands. — ^Aland, Dago, Oesel, in the Baltic; Kalguev', Wai'- gatz, No'va Zem'bla, Spitzber'gen, in the Arctic Ocean. Mountains. — ^Ural Mountains, VaKdai Hills. Gulfs and BATS.>-Gulfs of Riga, Finland, Kan'dalax, War'anger, Archangel Bay, Onega Bay. Lakes.— Ladoga, Onega, Peipus, Ilmen, En'ara. Rivers. — ^Dnies'ter, Bog, Dnie'per, Don, Volga, Oka, Kama, Dwi'na, Neva, Northern Dwina, Petcho'ra. Remarks.— Of this extensive empire, Finland was acquired from Sweden, in 1809; Bessarabia and part of Moldavia from Turkey, in 18 IS ; and all that part of the country to the west of the rmra RUSSIA. 141 Dwina and Dnieper formerly belonged to Poland. European Russia is almost, throughout its vast extent, a level country; and its rivers in their course are extremely tranquil. The climate of Russia is much colder than that of other Euro- pean countries in the same parallel of latitude; and the farther we proceed eastward, we find it still the colder. For this peculiarity in the Russian climate, various causes have been assigned, — its dis*' tance from the ocean, — the vast tract of land traversed by the north and easterly winds, — and the dreary uncultivated surface of the country, a great portion of which is occupied with forests, lakes, and marshes. The summer heat in Russia, however, is in general greater than in other countries under the same parallels of latitude. Oats, barley, and rye, are the principal grains of the northern provmces; in the middle and southern parts, wheat is raised in great abundance. The meadows on the Volga, the Don^ and some of the other rivers, are luxuriant in natural grasses. Hemp and flax are cultivated on the strong soils ; tobacco and maize in the south, chiefly in the Crimea. The fruits vary with the difference of latitude and climate. Apples, plums, and cherries, are common in the central provinces; peaches, melons, vines, figs, almonds, and pomegranates, in the southern. In the centre of Russia arc exten- sive forests; pine, fir, and birch, abound in the northern regicns. The domestic animals common in other parts of Europe are found in Russia; and such is the extent of its territory, that the camel and the rein-deer, animals of opposite climates, are both domesticated within its limits. Among the wild animals may be enumerated the bear, wolf, lynx, chamois, antelope, elk, beaver, ermine, marten, musk deer, and mu&k rat. . The most extensive mines of Russia are in the Ural Mountains. In Perm are valuable mines of copper and iron; there are also con- siderable mines of iron in the neighbourhood of Moscow. Salt abounds in several provinces. Agriculture and manufactures are in a rude state. The principal branches of manufacture are coarse linens, woollens, hardware, leather, soap, and mats. The principal articles of export are hemp, flax, leather, tallow, potash, wax, timber, pitch, tar, skins, furs. The imports are sugar, coffee, cotton, and other colonial goodis ; woollen and cotton cloth.^, silks, dye stuffs, wine, and brandy. The annual value of the exports is about £15,000,000; of the imports, nearly the same. The system of Christianity established in Russia is that of the Greek church: but Christians of all other denominations, and even Mohammedans, have full toleration. The government is an abso- lute mouu.ohy, amounting to a military despotism. The people are kept in a degrading state of vassalage ; the peasants or boors are the slaves of those proprietors on whose lands they are born. The resources of Russia, were they less scattered and better managed, would be very great. Its revenue, however, does not exceed £16,000,000, which is burdened with a debt of £40,000,000. The amount of the Russian army, exclusive of irregulars, is 600,000 men. As soldiers, the Russians possess in an eminent ir 4 II •\ I 1 ij' m •// 142 RUSSIA. If 1 1 r- ' ii I, < ; 5 { degree the virtues of obedience and fortitude Under good officers they would be almost invincible, and their discipline has of late years been greatly improved. Education is miserably neglected throughout the empire. A plan resembling the parochial system of Scotland was proposed by government, but it has not yet been rendered properly effective. Little can be said in favour of the national character of the Russians. Of cleanliness the lower classes have no idea. Drinking and gam- ing are prevalent vices. The nobility live in great style; but there is still a rudeness in their magnificence characteristic of a half barbarous state. They are, however, a social, and hospitable people. The Russian empire is the most extensive in the world. It con- tains 7,800,000 square miles: it embraces nearly one-half of Europe and one-third of Asia, and Forms more than one-seventh of the habitable globe : and were its area as densely peopled as Great Britain and Ireland, it would contain more than double the present population of the world* Its whole population, however, does not exceed 60,000,000, or about one-fifth of the population of the Chinese empire, and not one-half of the population of the British empire, including her colonies. Exercises.— 'How is Russia in Europe bounded? What are its length and breadth 7 What is its extent in square miles? What is the amount of its population? How many governments or provinces does it contain ? How many of them are partly in Asia ? What is the capital of Russia ? Where is it situated ? What islands in the Baltic belong to Russia ? Where is Archangel ? Where are the Ural Moun- tains? What rivers form the boundary between Russia and Asia? Where is the Gulf of Riga ? What Russian rivers fall into the Black Sea? Name its islands in the Arctic Ocean. Name some of the Russian lakes. Where is Moscow ? Where is the peninsula of Crimea? Where is Onega Bay ? On what river is Warsaw ? Where is Cherson situated ? From what country and at what time was Finland acquired? When and from what country were Bessarabia and part of Moldavia acquired? What part of Russia formerly belonged to Poland ? What is the general aspect of Russia? What is peculiar in the climate of Russia? What causes have been assigned for this peculiarity? Is the summer heat great ? What are the principal crops in the northern pro- vinces? Where is wheat raised? Where do luxuriant meadows occur? On what soils are hemp and flax cultivated ? Where are tobacco and, maize cultivated ? What varieties of fruits are found in the different regions ? What trees abound in the north ? What domestic animals in opposite parts of Russia afford a proof of its vast extent of territory i Mention some of the wild animals of this country. Where do the most extensive mines of Russia occur ? In what province are mines of copper and iron wrought? Is salt common in any part of Russia? In what state are the manufactures of Russia ? What are the principal articles of manufacture? What are the principal articles of export? What are the imports ? What is their annual value respectively ? What is the established religion of Russia? Are all other religions tolerated ? What is the nature of the government? In what state are the people ? What is the state of the resources of this empire ? What is the amount of its revenue and debt ? What is the amount of its RUSSIA. 143 anny ? What are the characteristic qualities of Russian soldiers ? In what state is education in Russia ? What was the plan prescribed for its improvement? What are the prevalent defects in the national character ? In what state do the nobility live 7 For what social virtue are the Russians remarkable ? What is the extent of the whole Russian empire in square miles 7 What part of Europe and Asia does it em- brace 7 What portion of the habitable globe does it occupy 7 If this empire were as densly peopled as Great Britain and Ireland, to what would its population amount? What is the population of this mighty empire ? What is this population when compared with that of the Chmese empire 7 What is it when compared with the British empire, including her colonies 7 DESCRIPTION OF TOWNS, &0. A'bo, a seaport in Finland. It carries on a considerable trade, and is the seat of a university. Population 12,000. Ak'erman, a strongly fortified seaport of Bessarabia, on the Black Sea, near the mouth of the Dniester. Population 13,000. 46° 12' N. 30O24'E. ArcAan'gel, the principal commercial city of the N. of Russia, on the White Sea. Above 400 foreign vessels, chiefly British, visit this city annually, sailing round the N. Cape in June or July, and departing in September or October. Population 17,697. 64° 82' N. 40° 43' E. Ber'ditchev, a town in Volhynia, with considerable trade. Population 20,000. Charkov', the capital of the government of the same name. Its monastic college was, in 1803, erected into a university. Population 18,000. Cher'son, the capital of the government of Chcrson, is situated on an extensive plain, on the right bank of the Dnieper, about 60 miles from its mouth. Here the philanthropic Howard died in 1790 ; he is buried about four miles from the town, where a monument is erected to his memory. Population 24,000. 46° 38' N. 32° 38' E. Cron'stac^t, a seaport and strong fortress in the government of Peters- burg, at the S. E. extremity of a small island in the Gulf of Finland. It commands the passage to St. Petersburg, from which it is distant 22 miles, and is the principal station of the Russian navy. It was built by Peter the Great, who employed 300,000 men in the work. Population 53,000. Ismail, a strongly fortiBed town in Bessarabia, situated on the prin- cipal arm of the Danube, about 40 miles from the Black Sea. After a very brave and obstinate resistance by the Turks, in 1790, it was stormed by the Russians under Suwarrow. Population 13,000. Jaroslav', the capital of the government of Jaroslav, is situated on the Volga ; it is the see of an archbishop, the seat of an academy and theological college. It has extensive manufactures oi silk, linen, and Russian leather. Population 28,000. Kal'isch, a town in Poland, on the Prosna, with considerable manu- factures. Population 15,000. Kalu'ga, the capital of the government of Kaluga, is situated on the Oka, and has large manufactures. Population 32,000. 'i '■ ^•* ■;! !' ■ ,i! fill 144 RUSSIA. II '! ' 1 i. ■1- •i! i 1 ,:j 1 I ' i. : ( |S Ka'zan, capital of the same goyemment, lituatdd on the Kazanki. It is the see of an arohbishop, and the seat of a university. Kazan has an extensive trade. Population 59,000. Kichinev', the chief town in the province of Bessarabia. Population 42,000. Kiev, the principal town of the province of Kiev, the seat of a uni- versity, and once the capital of Russia, it is situated on the Dnieper. Population 44,600. Kostro'ma, capital of same province, situated on the Volga, near iti junction with the Kostroma. Population 10,000. Kursk, capital of the same government, situated near the Seim, is one of the most ancient towns in the empire. Population 25,000. Lado'ga, Lake, is the largest lake in Europe, being 130 miles long and 70 broad. It is connected, by canals, with Lake Ilmen and the Volga ; and thus forms a line of communication between the Baltic and the Caspian. Minsk, capital of the same government. Population 20,000. Mitt'au, the capital of the government of Courland, near the Gulf of Riga. Population 16,000. Mo'gilev, capital of a government of the same name, situated on the Dnieper, has an extensive trade. Here are both a Greek and a Latin archbishop. Population 21,000. 53° 54' N. 30° 24' E. Mos'coto, the capital of the government of Moscow, and long the seat of the court, on the banks of the Moskva. Almost the whole of this splendid city was reduced to ashes by a voluntary act of its inha- bitants, when it was about to be occupied by Bonaparte and his invad- ing army, in September, 1812. It has been since rebuilt, and in some parts with additional splendour. The most remarkable part of the city is the Kremlin, which contains the ancient palace of the Czars. Popu- lation 385,000. 55° 45' N. 37° 38' E. Niz'nei-Nov'gorod, capital of the same province, at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga. From its favourable situation, it is a place of great internal trade, and is noted for its fair, one of the greatest in Europe. Population 25,000. Odes'sa, a flourishing seaport in the government of Cherson, on the Black Sea, between the rivers Dniester and Bog. It was founded by Catherine II., and is a free port. A vast quantity of grain, besides other articles, is exported from it. Population 73,000. 46° 29' N 30° 43' E. O'sel, an island at the mouth of the Gulf of Riga. Population 34,356 O'rel, capital of the same government, on the Oka, with considerable trade. Population 40,000. Pen'za, capital of the government of Penza. Population 11,000. Pe'tersburg, or St. Pe'tersburg, the metropolis of the Russian empire, at the confluence of the Neva with the Gulf of Finland. It was founded by Peter the Great, in 1703 ; and Catherine II. made it the permanent residence of the court. It is now one of the finest cities in Europe ; with a most extensive foreign trade. It is divided into two parts by the Neva. Population 476,000. 59° 56' N. 30° 19' E. Pol'and, a large country of Europe, between Russia and Germany* long an independoqt kingdQOi ; b\it in 1772, th^ three powers, l^mm ! 'j!;i;"i. fi RUSSIA. 145 bia. Population > Volga, near its Auftria, and Pruitiia, partitioned part of her territory, and in 1795 they completed this iniquitous proceeding by dividing the whole country among themselves. By the treaty of Tilsit, in 1807, Prussia yielded most of her share, which was formed by Napoleon into the Duchy of Warsaw. In 1815, Russia obtained this territory, and erected it mto the new kingdom of Poland, which the Emperor governed under the title of king:, and granted to it a representative government and consi- derable privileges. These, however, in consequence of the late gallant but unfortunate attempt to regain national mdependenco, have been withdrawn, and Poland in a great measure incorporated with the Russian empire. Extent of the present kingdom, 48,500 square miles. Population 4,300,000. Riaz'an, capital of a government of the same name, situated on the Oka, is the see of a Greek archbishop, and is remarkable for the great number of its churches. Population 19,000. Ri'ga, capital of the government of Riga, is situated on the Dwina^ nine miles from the sea. It has a capacious and well defended harbor, and, in commercial importance, is next to Petersburg and Odessa. Population 71,000. 56° 57' N. 24° 6' E. Sar'atov, capital of the same government, situated on the VoIffEi bas an active trade, chiefly with Moscow and Astracan. Population 35,000. Sim'birsk, capital of the government of Simbirsk, beautifully situated on the Volga. Population 13,500. Tam'bov, the see of a Greek bishop ; it has some manufactures and considerable trade. Population 30,000. Tcher'kask, the capital of the Don Cossacks, on a branch of the Don. It consists of two towns, old and new. Population 16,000. Tu'la, capital of the government of Tula, and is called the Sheffield of Russia. It is distinguished for a cannon foundry, extensive manu« (actures of arms, and all kinds of hardware and cutlery. Population 51,000. 54° 11' N. 37° 20' E. Tver (twer), capital of the government of Tver, is a handsome city, on the great road ft-om Petersburg to Moscow. Population 24,000. Volog'da, a town of considerable importance, having an active trade and a number of manufactures. Population 14,000. Vo'ronetz, situated at the confluence of the Voronetz and the Don ; it carries on a flourishing trade with the Black Sea. Population 43,800. War'saw, the capital of Poland, finely situated on the Vistula. It snfiered dreadfully during the war of partition, in 1794 and 1831. There are some handsome public buildings and a well endowed univer- sity. Population 150,000. 52° 13' N. 20° 57' E. Wil'na, the capital of a government of the same name, is situated near the Wilna. It is the see of a Greek and a Roman Catholic bishop, and the seat of a university. Population 58,000. 54° 41' N. 25° 17' E. ExBRCisBs. — Has the seaport of Abo much trade? Of what is it the scat? Where is Akerman situated ? What is the principal commercial eitv on the White Sea ? Where did the philanthropic Howard die in 1,790? Where is Cronstadt situated? By whom was this strong place built? How many n»en were employed in the work ? (300,000.) What extensive manufactures are at Joroslav ? What literaiy institutions aret ■ I ; 1 I m i I) !!;:! ,„ I :>!f :;j !.; , M-,. ! i I ! \\ ■ t ! , !■ , ■ i; '!: ■t . I' i'::^! 'I 146 ASIA. here? la Kaluga a madafacturing town? Has Kazan much trade? Of what are Kazan and Kiev the seats 7 Which is the largest lake in Europe ? Is Moscow a large city 7 (385,000.) By whom and on what occasion was nearly the whole city reduced to ashes, in 1812 ? Whit is the chief article of export at the flourishing seaport of Odessa? What is the metropolis of the Russian empire ? When and by whom was it founded? (1703.) Is it a fine city? Has it much commerce? What is its population? (476,000.) What powers seized upon and divided the kingdom of Poland among them ? Is Riga a town of great commerce! Has it a good harbor? Why is Tula styled the SheflSeld of Russia? Is Vologda a town of any importance ? How is Warsaw situated 7 What is worthy of notice in it ? What is its population 7 (150,000.) What is remarkable about Wilna ? / TURKEY IN ASIA Is bounded on the N. by the Black Sea and Russia ; S. by Arabia and the Mediterranean; E. by Persia; and W. by the Mediterranean and Archipelago. It extends from 30° to 42° N. lat., and from «6° to 48° 30' E. long. Length from E. to W. 950 miles; breadth from N. to S. 760 miles. Area 450,000 square miles. Population about 13,000,000. Provinces. Chief Towns. Anato'lia • • ^ Smyr'na, Bur sa, Ango'ra. Carama'nia* V Asia Jlfmor**Ko^nieh, Ada'na, Tar'sus. Roum ) • Tokat', Araa^sia, Trebisond^ Arme'nia Erzeroum', Kars, Van, Kurdistan' Bet'lis. I'rak-Ar'abi (Chalde'a) • •• .Bag'dad, Basso'ra, Hil'iah. Algesi'ra (Mesopota'mia)* • •Diarbe'kir, Mo'sul, Or'fa. Syr'ia Alep'po, Damas'cus, Trip'oliV Pai'estine (Holy Lant/j* •• • Jcru'salem, A'cre, Nap'lous. Island. — Cy'prus. Mountains. — ^Tau'rus, Olym'pus, Tda, Leb^anon, Ar'arat. Lakes. — Van, Asphalti'tes. Rivers. — Kis'il-Ir'mak, Saka'ria, Sar'abat, Mein'der, Oron'tes, Jor'dan, Euphra'tes, Ti'gris. Remarks. — Turkey in Asia may be regarded as mountainous in general, although it presents many extensive plains of great beauty and fertility. The climate is delightful ; and the soil, particularly in the valleys, extremely productive. Fruits of the finest kinds grow spontaneously, or are produced abundantly by cultivation; but tillage is only partially attended to, — by far the greater part being occupied by shepherds and their flocks. The mountains are clothed with woods, and the shores of the Black Sea present the appearance of continued forests. ARABIA. 147 Of the domestic animslsi the most remarkable are the sheep, and the goats of Angora, from the hair of which the finest camlets are made. Indeed, it is a remarkable peculiarity in the animals of this district, that they all have fine long hair. Of the wild beasts of Asiatic Turkey we may enumerate the lion, the hyena, and jackal ; the ibex and the antelope. With the exception of the copper mines of Tokat, the mineral treasures of this country are unknown. At Bursa, near the foot of Mount Olympus, there are hot medicinal springs. Asiatic Turkey is inhabited by different tribes, whose employ- ments and habits are equally various. The prevailing religion is the Mohammedan; and the Turks of Asia are peculiarly bigoted. The Greek and Armenian Christians are numerous, but are kept in a state of the most humiliating subjection. A few of the wandering tribes still retain their Pagan superstitions. Exercises. — What are the boundaries of Turkey in Asia ? What are its length and breadth ? What is its extent in square miles ? What is its population ? Name its provinces. How many of these are in Asia Minor ? Which are the principal towns in Anatolia, — ^in Cara> mania, — in Roum, — in Armenia, — in Kurdistan, — in Irak-Arabi, — in Algesira, — in Syria, — in Palestine ? What island belongs to Asiatic Turkey? Name its principal mountains, lakes, rivers. In what province of Asiatic Turkey is Jerusalem, Smyrna, Tarsus, Bagdad, Damascus, Van, Jaffa, Betlis, Tokat, Mosul, &c. ? Where is Asphaltites or the Dead Sea, the river Jordan, Mount Lebanon, &c. ? What is the general aspect of Asiatic Turkey ? What is the nature of its climate and soil ? Does it abound in truits ? By what is the greater part of this country occupied ? What places are clothed with woods and forests ? What are the most remarkable of the domestic animals in Asiatic Turkey ? By what peculiarity are the animals of this district distinguished ? Mention some of its wild animals. Are the mineral treasures of this country well known ? Where are hot medicinal springs found ? How is Asiatic Turkey inhabited ? In what state are the Christians kept there? What superstitions are still retained by some of the wandering tribes ? iL n i i .'. 'Ml ji 'K ARABIA Is bounded on the N. by Syria and the Euphrates; S. by the Indian Ocean; E. by the Persian Gulf; W. by the Red Sea and the Isthmus of Suez. It extends from 12° to 34° N. lat., and from S2P 30' to 60 E. long. Length from N. to S. 1,500 miles; breadth from E. to W. 1,280 miles. It contains 1,000,000 square miles. Population estimated at 10,000,000. Diviiions. Chief Towns. Hed'jaz Mec'ca, Medi'na, Jed da. Lahsa LoA'ss, El Ka'tif. Ned'jed Deray'eh. fi I i ill I « III li i 148 ARABIA. Divisions. Chief Towns. O'man •••Mus'cat. . ' (i Had^ramaut Shi'bam. Yeomen Sa'na, Mo^cha. ' Islands.—* Soco'tra, Ba^rein^ MooNTAiNs.— Si'nai, Ho^reb, Sham'mar, Ar afat. Cafes.— Mussendom^, Rasal Had, Babelman^deb. Remarks.-- The most remarkable feature in the aspect of Arabia is the vast extent of sandy deserts which occupy almost the whole of the interior, diversified only by a few spots of fertility called oases or islands. Over these dreary wastes travellers pass in large companies or caravans ; exposed at the peril of their lives. Their sufferings from excessive heat and the want of water are extreme; and the ocean, in its most violent agitation, is a scene less appal- ling than the Arabian desert in a storm, when the sand, lifted from its bed, overwhelms every thing in its way. The districts on the coast are fertile and beautiful, producing many valuable trees and shrubs, as the tamarind, the Indian fig, the date palm, the cotton shrub, the pomegranate and orange trees, the coflfee shrub, and the amyris opobalsamum, which yields the cele- brated balm of Mecca. Arabia has long been famed for the abun- dance of its odoriferous plants. The most noted of the domestic animals are the horse and camel ; of its wild animals, are the ante- lope, the wild ass, the wolf, fox, jackal, hyena, and panther. The interior of Arabia is chiefly inhabited by wandering tribes called Bedouins, who subsist by their flocks, and by the plunder of passing caravans. The Arabians on the coast live in more regular society, and enjoy the benefits of commerce and the arts; the valu- able pearl fisheries of the Persian Gulf are principally in their hands. Their professed religion is the Mohammedan. ExBRCisBS. — ^What are the boundaries of Arabia? What are its length and breadth, — its extent in square miles, — its population ? Name its divisions. What are the principal towns of Hedjaz,-— of Yemen,— of Oman,— of Lahsa,— of Nedjed,— of Hadramaut ? Name the moun- tains of Arabia, and point them out on a map. Its islands and capes. Where is Mocha, Mecca, &c. ? What is the most remarkable feature in the aspect of Arabia? How do travellers pass over those dreary wastes ? To what sufferings and dangers are they exposed ? What is the appearance of the districts on the coast? What valuable trees and shrubs do they produce ? Which are the most noted domestic animals in Arabia ? Name its wild animals that deserve notice ? By what people is the interior of Arabia chiefly inhabited ? How do they subsist? In what manner do the Arabs on the coast live ? What religion is professed in Arabia? . . • • i\ I. '. .... 1 1 . ■ .) I ,,...... - ^\,: ,, l.^g •■••ft. ...4* '- ■V: PERSIA. 149 PERSIA Is bounded on the N. by the Caspian Sea and Tartary; S. by the Persian Gulf; E. by Affghanistan ; W. by Turkey in Asia. U pxtends from 26° to 39° N. lat., and from 44° to 62° E. long. Length from E. to W. 850 miles; breadth from N. to S. 720 miles. Area 450,000 square miles. Population 9,000,000. Provinces. Chief Towns. Azerbi'jan Tabreez', or Tau'ris. GW'lan Reshd. Mazanderan Saree', Balfrush', As' trabad. W. part of KAoras^san ••••Meshed, Yezd. Trak-Aje'mi Teheran', Ispahan', Cas'bin. Kfeusistan' Sus'ter, Tars (the ancient Persis) ..Shiraz', Bushire'. Laristan' • • • • Lar. Ker'man Kerman. Lakes. — ^Ur'mia, Bak'tegan. Mountains. — ^El'burz, Elwund'. Rivers. — A'ras or Arax'es, Kiz'il-O'zen. Remarks. — Persia in general is mountainous. From the south of the Caspian to Beloochistan, there is a succession of deserts; and in all the southern provinces the plains as well as the mountains are sterii and bare. The northern districts, on the contrary, are remarkable for their beauty and fertility. The rivers of Persia are few and small, — and instead of falling into the sea, most of them flow into lakes in the interior. Wheat, rice, barley, and millet, P"*? the common crops. Among: its forest productions are the cedu the cypress, some species of pine, and the sumach, so useful in dyeing and tanning. The fruits are among the finest in the world. The fig, pomegranate, almond, peach, and apricot, are natives of this climate ; and the vine and orange tree grow here luxuriantly. The cotton shrub, sugar cane, and mulberry, are common articles of culture. The horses of Persia, if inferior to those of Arabia in speed, surpass them in elegance. The sheep are remarkable for their length of tail, which sometimes weighs more than "^0 pounds. Antelopes, deer, wild goats, and hares, are numerous ; also lions, leopards, panthers, bears, and tigers. Manufactures, once in a very flourishing state in Persia, are now almost annihilated from the long ravages of war. Its carpets, silks, brocades, and velvets, woollen and cotton cloths, and camlets of eoats and camels hair, are still of superior texture. Politeness, Hospitality, and gaiety, characterize the Persian manners. The esta- blished religion is the Mohammedan; but there are still a few who adlisre tp the ancteijt worship of fire. The government is despotic. 1: \% Li! '( revails in their manners ? To what emperor ii the whole country subject? 1 :',-■•; '.•itl..i ■•'■•/-Hi ' —————— ———^—— ,. ,■ : EASTERN OR CHINESE TARTAR! Is bounded on the N. by Siberia; S. by China and Tibet; E. by the Pacific Ocean ; and W. by Independent Tartary. Including the peninsula of Corea, it extends from 33^ to 56° N. lat., and froi 70^ to 140° E. long*. Length about 3,000 miles, and breadth 1,200 miles. It is estimated to contain 3,300,000 square miles. Popula- tion about 12,000,000. DivisionB. Chief Towns. Mantchoo'ria Ki'rin Ou'la, Chinyang'. Mongo'lia Ourga, Tli or Gould^a. Little Bucha'ria Yar'k and, Cash'gar. • Co'rea. Kingkita'o. Mountains.— Teen-shan', the AUai'an. - .;.;,;.; WESTERN OR INDEPENDENT TARTARY. 150 Lakks. — ^Bal'kash or Palkati, Zaizang^ Kokonor. RivBRS.^Amur or Sagalien, Yarkand, Hi. Remarks. — Chinese Tartary is chiefly occupied with vast elevated plains, or table lands. The climate of the northern districts is cold and rigorous; but some of the provinces of Little Bucharia produce wine and silk. The western portion of this extensive country is occupied by he Mongol Tartars; who are a wandering race, sub- listing upon the products of their flocks and herds. Mantchooria is inhabited by a more cultivated people, who live in fixed dwellings. The religion of both is gross idolatry: they are subject to China. Exercises. — What are the boundaries of Eastern Tartary ? What are- its length and breadth, — its area in square miles, — its population? How is Chinese Tartary divided? Name its principal towns. Which are its- mountains, lakes, rivers? With what is it chiefly occupied? What is the character of the climate in the northern districts ? What do some of the provinces of Little Bucharia produce ? By what people is the western portion occupied ? How do they chiefly subsist? How do the inhabitants of Mantchooria differ from tliem? Of what religion are tb« people of these countries ? To whom are they subject ? WESTERN OR LNDEPENDENT TARTARY Is bounded on the N. by Asiatic Russia; S. by Persia and Affgban- istan; E. by Chinese Tartary; W. by Asiatic Russia and the Caspian Sea. This country is part of ancient Scythia; it extends from 36^ to 55° N. lot., and from 51° to 82° E. long. Length 1,300 miles, breadth 1,000. Area 900,000 square miles. Population about 5,000,000. Division!. Chief Towni. Turkistan'' Kokaun^ Tasch^kend. E^'rism KAi'va, Urg/tenz''. Great Bucha'ria •Bokha'ra, Samarcand'.. BaM ". ....Balkb. Budak'shan* •••• •• •Fyzabad', or Budakshan.. MoDNTAiNS.— The Hindoo'-Coosh, and Belour'-Tagh. Rivers. — Ji'hon, or Amoo'; Sirr, or Sihon. Lakes or Inland Seas.— The Ca8''pian, the A'rai. Remarks. — At least one half of this extensive country consists of desert plains and dreary wastes; and inhabited only by hordes of wandering tribes. There are, however, Bome fertile regions for corn and pasture in Great Bucharia. Neither the botany, zoology, nor mineralogy of this country, has ever been explored by any intel- ligent naturalist. Samarcand was once esteemed as a celeHrr' ted school of oriental science, and the seat of a Mahometan vojv ..r^ii* - . Exercises. — What are the boundaries of Independent Ta.ttyfT ? ^Vi>^ i ^« its length and breadth 7 What is its extent in square nr^ilc^ 1 Wl«at f. i\ t I ; I i I! 5 •Wi -i If M\ ,'i i: 1 1 1 , 160 SIBERIA, OR RUSSIAN TARTARY. is its population ? What are its divisions, principal towns, mountains, rivers, lakes? Of what does one half at least of this country consist, and by whom inhabited ? In what part of it are there some fertile regions ? Has this country been scientilically explored by any intelli< gent naturalist ? For what was Samarcand once celebrated? SIBERIA, OR EUSSIAN TARTARY, Is bounded on the N. by the Northern Ocean; S. by Independent and Chinese Tartary; E. by the Pticific Ocean; W. by Russia ia Europe. It extends from 38° to 78° N. lat., and from 36° 30' E. to 190° E. or 170° W. long. Length 4,880 miles; breadth 1,800. Area 5,500,000 square miles. Population estimated at 6,000,000. Governments. Chief Towns. Western Siberia Tobolsk', Tomsk, Omsk, Koiivan'. Eastern Siberia •Irk'utsk, Yen'iseisk,Kiac^'ta, Yak'utsk. O'renburg Ou'fa, Orenburg. Astracan • Astracan'. '^^ W Ik S vL° I Stavropol', TiPIis, B«'ku, Der'bend, areas »ia,Georgia, ^ Er'iv«n, Akhalt'sic. Islands.— Aleu'tian, Ku'riles. Seas and Gulp's.— Sea of Kara, Oby, Anadir, Oc&otsk'. Capes. — Sev'ero, East Cape, Lopat'ka. Mount AiKS. — Caucasus, Ural, Altaian. Rivers. — ^Vol'ga, Ural, Oby, Ir'iish, Yen^isei, Le'na. Lakes. — Baikal, Tchan'y, Er'ivan. Remarks. — ^In a country of such immense extent as Siberia, there is necessarily a considerable variety of aspect. The northern and eastern parts present marshy plains of vast extent, covered with almost perpetual snow, and intersected by large rivers, which pursue their dreary course under surfaces of ice towards the Arctic Ocean. In the central parts vegetation is greatly checked by the severity of the cold ; but in the south there are large forests and good crops. The climate of Siberia is extremely severe, and the greater part of the soil is incapable of agriculture. In the northern wastes the rein-deer supplies the place of the cow and the horse. Lasha stags, the musk animal, and the wild boar, haunt the environs of Lake Baikal; the formidable urus or bison, and the ibex, are seen among the mountains of Caucasus ; the beaver frequents the banks of the Yenisei; the argati or wild sheep is still an object of the chase; and the sable, a species of weasel, is much prized for its fur. The rivers of Siberia abound with fish from the neighbouring seas, especially salmon and sturgeon. The mines of gold and silver, iron and copppr, are very valuable and are worked by the government. JAPAN. 161 ExBRonuiBi—- What are the boundaries of Asiatic Russia? What are its length and breadth ? What is its extent in square miles, — its esti- mated population 7 Into what governments is it divided ? Which are their principal towns ? Name the islands belonging to Siberia,7— its seas and gulfs, — its capes? Which are its principal chains of moun- tains, rivers, and lakes ? What is the appearance of the northern and eastern parts? What is the state of vegetation in the central parts f^ What is the aspect of the southern districts ? What is the native of the Siberian climate ? Mention some of the animals of Siberia. With what kinds of fish do the rivers abound ? What mines are woi^d in Siberia? ■ JAPAN Ib an extensive empire in the eastern extremity of Asia, consisting' of four large islands and a number of smaller ones, which are sepa- rated from the peninsula of Corea and the coast of Chinese l^artary by the Sea of Japan. These islands are estimated to contain 260,000 square miles, with a population of 25,000,000» Iglands. Chief Towns. Nippon' ......»..Jed'do, Mia'co.. Kiueiu • Nangasa'ki. Sikokf Tosa. Jesso, or Mats'mai • Matsmai . Remarks. — ^By the policy of its government, Japan is so com- pletely insulated from the rest, of the world, and marked by such striking and peculiar features, as justly to attract a large share of the curiosity of Europe. And such is the importance of these islands in this part of the world, that they have been styled the Great Britain and Ireland of Asia. Its islands are intersected by chains of mountains, several of which are volcanic, and some of them so lofty as to be covered with perpetual snow. Many of the valleys are fertile, although the soil is not generally so; but the extraordi- nary ingenuity and industry of the inhabitants have rendered even the most barren spots productive. Rice is their principal article of food. This country is rich in vegetable productions. It also Kbounds in mineral wealth, — gold, silver, and copper, being found in abundance; iron is more rare; and hence their nails, bolts, kc, are frequently made of copper. The Japanese are an intelligent and inquisitive people; art, and even science, has made considerable progress among them. In the manufacture of sword blades, porcelain, and lacquered wore, they are unrivalled ; their silk and cotton cloths are nearly equal to those of China; their mode of varnishing is inimitablo. For their superi- ority in this art they are indebted to the juice of a tree called arvsi. They have a kind of printing executed by fixed wooden blocks. History, poetry, music, painting, geography, and astronomy, are among their favourite branches of education. It is said that they can calculate eclipses and measure the altitude of the heavenly bodies. Their government is a pure despotism^ I 1 ,, '^1 ill ' :vi I -1 !■ I' '. ! ' ^ **._:.,,_ Lu zon and Mindana'o . J ^^"" "*' Stbaits.— Malac'ca, Sun'da, Macassar, Molucca Pasaage. % AUSTRALIA. 16a REUARKS.-^The interior of all the large islands is traversed by ranges of lofty mountains, which often bear a volcanic character, and are clothed almost to their summits with noble forests, luxuriant shrubs, and aromatic plants, presenting the most varied and pictu- resque scenery. The soil is fertile, yielding rice, sagu, and the finest spices. The clove is indigenous in the Moluccas, the nutmeg in the Banda Islands; and they have never been produced elsewhere in equal perfection. The diamond is found in Borneo, also gold in great abundance; and Banca, near Sumatra, contains inexhaustible mines of tin. The principal inhabitants of these islands are the Malays, an ingenious and active, but fierce and turbulent race. On the coasts they are much addicted to piracy, which they practise with great Bkill. The interior is for the most part inhabited by the Papuas, or Oceanic Negroes, who are almost complete savages. Most of these islands belong to the Dutch; Batavia, in Java, is the capital of all their settlements in the East. The Philippine Islands belong to Spain. Exercises. — Where are the East Indian Islands situated ? What is their extent in square miles ? What is the estimated amount of their population ? Of what islands do they consist 7 Which are the principal towns? What are the straits? What aspect do these islands present? Of what nature is the soil and its productions ? What spices are indi- genous in the Molucca and Banda Islands ? What islands produce gold and tin? Who are the principal inhabitants? What is their character ? To what are those on the coast addicted ? Who are the principal inhabitants of the interior ? To what European power do most of these islands belong ? What town is the capital of all the Dutch settlements in India? To whom do the Philippine Islands belong? ( '. »ii I lii I AUSTRALIA Is the name commonly given to the large island of tV Holland and the smaller one of Van Diemen's Land. Their aiiia is estimated at 3,025,000 square miles; &nd the European population at 200,000. Divisions. Chief Towns. Eastern Australia, or New ? Std'nby, Paramat'ta,Ba'thur8t, South Wales { Melbourne. Western Australia, or Swan ^ River, and King George's \ Perth, APbany. Sound .......^ South Australia Ade'laide. North Australia Victo'ria. Van Dtemen's Land ' • • •Hob'art Town, Laun'ceaton. Mountains. — ^Blue Mountiins, Australian Alps. RivBRs.~Darling, Macquar'rie, Hastings, Swan River ; in Van Diemen's Land, Ta'mar, Der'went. r fi 1 1. I iif 164 SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. 'm .:■'■( i( 1: «iii.'i< i'f''''t • 1 ! t' ■ ^1 • \\m {, •■ 1 ■ ■ _' f ' Remarks.— New Holland is the largest island in the world, being about five-sixths of the extent of Europe; or about 2,500 miles in length, and 2,000 in breadth. It is of various fertility, and many parts of it equally fitted for grain or pasture. The sheep of Van Diemen's land yield very fine wool, which finds a ready market in Britain; and the whale fishery is carried on from its ports with t:onsiderable advantage. The natives of both these islands are very few in number, and in the rudest state of savage life. A consider- ttbie emigration has taken place within the last 25 years, and is stilt upon the increase, to these interesting British Colonies. Exercises. — To what islands is the name of Australia commonly ^iven? What is the estimated extent of New Holland and Van Diemen^s Land? What is the amount of their European population? Name the divisions, chief towns, mountains, and rivers? What are the length and breadth of New Holland ? For what are the sheep in Van Diemen's Land noted ? What fishery is there carried on ? Ar» the natives numerous ? In what condition are they ? 1.1 i^ I * 1 : 'i ■ ' 1 i: iii I m ■J ■ f ■ ,( :) ( SOUTH SEA ISLANDS. The numerous groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean are compre- hended under the general heads of Australasia and Polynesia. Australasia (besides New Holland and Van Diemen^s Land), contains New Zealand, Papua or New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, and New Caledonia, with £ome smaller groups. Polynesia includes the Society, the Friendly, the Marquesas, the Navigators', and the Sandwich Islands; the Ladrones or Marian Islands, the Carolines, the Pelew Islands, and various others. Remarks.*— These groups of islands are estimated at 600,000 square miles, with a population of 3,000,000. They are in general fertile and beautiful; and, from their situation, enjoy a more tempe- rate climate than is usual in tropical regions. The natives are divided into two great races, — the Malay or yellow, and the black or Oceanic Negroes. Australasia, with the exception of New Zealand, is inhabited by black tribes; while the Malay are spread over almost every portion of Polynesia. Until the present century the people were wholly uncivilized, without any tincture of arts or letters, and some of them extremely ferocious; but a remarkable I change has been effected through the labours and efforts of the missionaries, who have devoted themselves to the instruction of the natives. The Polynesian islands are partly of volcanic, partly of coral formtition. Their chief productions are the cocoa and breaJ fruit trees: sandal wood is found in many of them, and has lately | been an article of some importance in trade. ExBRCisfes. — Under what heads are the islands in the Pacific coin- prehended? Name those iu AustreJaliia,'— ia Polynesia? At what ill AJSlA. 166 their ittpdrtieial area eitimated? To what number is th» population Bupposed io amount ? What ia the nature of the soil and chmate of these islands? Into what races are the natives divided? What is their character ? Of what formation are the Polynesian Islands ? What are their principal productions ? r t ' DESCRIPTION OP TOWNS, &0. 'V ' Ach-een' (ak), a seaport of Sumatra, on the N. W. coast, the capital of a native kingdom. It consists of 8,000 bamboo houses, raised on posts. 6° 30' N. lal., 95* 30' E. long. A'cre (a'ker), the ancient Accho, a seaport of Syria, on a fine bay of the Mediterranean. It is celebrated in the history of the crusades. Population 20,000. Ada'na, a city of Cararaa'nia, in Asiatic Turkey. Population 10,000. 37° 1' N. 35° 12' E. A'gra, the capital of the province of Agra, in Hindostan'. Its mau- soleum, perhaps the most superb in the world, is constructed of white marble inlaid with precious stones. Agra was the capital of the Mogul empire till 1647. Population 70,000. 27<* 12' N. 78"' 7' E. AAmedabad', the capital of the province of Guzerat', central Hin- dostan. Population 100,000. 22«> 58' N. 72° 32' E. Ajmere', capital of the province of Ajmere, Hindostan. It is a hand^ some city, with a strong fort. Population 25,000. Akhall'sic, a strongly fortified town of Georgia, in Asiatic Russia. Population 15,000. 41° 38' N. 42° 57' E. Alep'po, the capital of Syria, in Asiatic Turkey, built on several hills ; its numerous minarets and domes command a delightful prospect. It is the seat of a great inland trade. In 1822, Aleppo was convulsed by an earthquake, when it was computed that 20,000 persons were killed. Population 60,000. 36° 11' N. 37° 5' E. AlIaAabad', the capital of the province of Allahabad, Hindostan. tt is situated at the junction of the Ganges and the Jumna, with a strong fortress. It attracts crowds of pilgrims from all parts of India to bathe in the sacred stream. The number of visiters has been known to exceed 200,000 in one year. Population 65,000^ Alta'ian Mountains, a vast chain, forming the southern bomidfary of Siberia, and extending under different names about 2,500 miles, from the sources of the Irtish and the Oby to the E^astern Oceau. Ama'sia, a city of Roum, in Asiatic Turkey ; the birth place of Strabo, the Greek geographer. Population 25,000. Am'herst, a seaport on the Gulf of Martaban', Bimran empire. It was founded by the British in 1829, on the termination of the Burmese war, and promises to become the centre of a great trade. Population 5,000. Amoy', a seaport of China, situated on an island upon the coast of Fokien, with an excellent harbor. It is a great emporium of the trade with the Indian Archipelago, and now one of the five open ports for all nations. Population 200,000. 24° 20' N. 118° 16' E. Amrit'sir, a city of Hindostan, in the province of Lahore. It is the holy city of the Soiks, and is the eentre of a considerable trade. Pcpu- Jatwn 40,000. . It' k hi n 1 M ill ;il' :ll 1^ I'K l$9 ABtJi4 n Ango'rat a city of Anatolia, situated amidat pictureoque aoenery. The snawls manufactured from the wool of the Angora goat rivid thoM of Cashmere. Population 40,000. 39° 50' N. 33<> 50' B. An'tioeA, a city of Syria, celebrated in ancient history as the capital of the Syrian monarchs, and one of the largest cities in the East Population 10,000. Aracan', the capital of the province ol Araean, Eastern Peninsula of India, ceded to the British by the Burmese in 1826. Population 10,000. 20«S7'N. 920 53'E. A'ral, a lake or inland sea in Western Tartary, east of the Caspian. Length about 290 miles, breadth from 130 to 250 miles. Its water ii salt, and it is 186 feet below tne level of the sea. Ar'arat, a celebrated mountain of Arme'nia, in Asiatic Torkey. It rises majestically from the midst of a great plain, and terminates in two conical peaks, one of which is covered with perpetual ice. It ii held in great veneration, from its being understood to be the Mount Ararat of Scripture, on which Noah's ark rested. Asphalti'tes, or Dead Sea, a lake of Palestine, about 180 miles in circumference. On the E. it is bounded by rugged hills ; on the N. ia the Plain of Jericho, through which it receives the river Jordan. Its waters, which are 500 feet below the level of the Mediterranean, are pungent and bitter. Great quantities of asphaltum, or mineral pitch, float upon its surface. Astrabad', a city of Persia, near the Caspian. Population 40,000. 36«> 65^ N. 54*> SO'^ E. Astracan', the capital of a government of the same name, in Asiatic Russia. It is situated on an island in the Volga, about 30 miles from itfli mouth. Its trade and manufactures are considerable, and its fishO' ri^ on the Volga and Caspian very extensive. Population 45,000. Aurungabad', the capital of a province of the same name in Hindot- Uii. Population 60,000. 19° 55' N. 75° 35' E. A'va, the capital of the Birman empire, situated on the left bank of tho Irtawady. Population 30,000. Balbec, anciently Helio'polist a city of Syria, now a decayed village, is situated in a fertile valley near the foot of Anti-Libanus. Here an the magnificent rahis of a *' temple of the sun," supposed to have been built by Antonius Pius. Bagdad, the capital of Irak>Arabi, in Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Tigris. It has a considerable trade, beiner tho emporium for the products of Arabia, Persia, and India. Population 70,000. Bai'kal, a lake or inland sea of E. Siberia, about 360 miles long and 35 in average breadth. The Russians regard it with veneration, apd call it the Holy Sea. Balfrush', a town of Persia, in the province of Mazanderan', carries on a considerable trade. Population 20,000. Bangalore', a strong city of Mysore', in Hindostan, which was tho residence of Hyder AH. Population 60,000. 12° 58' N. 77° 37 E. Ban'kok, the capital of Siam, on the Mei'nam. The houses float upon bamboo rafts moored along the banks. Population 90,000, of which about three-fourths are Chinese. 13^ 58' N. 101° 34' S, ties in the Population 40,000. the left bank of [anderan', canies ASIA. 1(17 Bafeilly. a eity of Hindoitan, in the province of Delhi, noted fb^ its rarious manufactures. Population 66,000. Baro'da, a city of Gu2crat, in Hindostan, the capital of the Guickwar, the principal native chief. Population 100,000. Basso'ra or Bas'ra, a city of Irak-Arabi, near the head of the Pi^ian Gulf. It is a place of great trade. Population 60,000. • Bata'via, the capital of the island of Java and of the Dutch pdiBet- Bions in the East. It is situated on the N. W. coast, and is well fitted for an extensive commerce. Population 63,860. 6° 9' S. 106° 53' E. Ba'thurst, a town and settlement in New South Wales, on the W. bank of the Macquarrie. BeA'rin^'s Straits, the narrow sea between Asia and North America. It is 52 miles broad. Benares (benairx')t a celebrated city of Hindostan, and capital of a rich district in the province of AUaAabad', situated on the N. bank of the Ganges, and the chief seat of the Brahminical learning. Population 200,000. 25« 19' N. 82® 56' E. Bencoolen, a seaport of Sumatra, on the S. W. coast ; it belongs to the Dutch, having been exchanged with the British, in 1824, for Malacca on the continent. Population 10,000. 3° 48' S. 102*^ 19' E. Bengal', a province of Hindostan, about 400 miles in length, and an average breadth of 300. Its soil is peculiarly fertile, yielding in great abundance both the necessaries and luxuries of life. The Presidency of Bengal contains 328,000 square miles, and 70,000,000 inhabitants. Bet'lis, an ancient city of Kur'distan, in Asiatic Turkey, S. W. oi Lake Van. Population 10,000. Bokha'ra, the capital of Great Buoharia, in Western TaMary. It contains a number of colleges, and is a great seat of Mohammedan lesuming ; and also the centre of an extensive commerce. Popnlatioii 150,000. 39» 45' N. 64« 20' B. Bo'Ii, a city of Anatolia, in Asiatic Turkey, with manufacttues of cotton and leather. Population 150,000. Bombay, an important seaport, the western capital of British India, is situated on a small island, separated from the main land by a narrow ■trait. It is strongly fortified, particularly towards the sea, and its harbor is one of the finest in the world. It is the great emporium of Western India, and commands an extensive trade with the Persian Golf, with China, and the islands in the Indian Ocean. Population 230,000. 18° 56' N. 72*' 53' E. The presidency of Bombay eontaini 68,000 square miles, and about 7,000,000 inhabitants. Bor'neo, next to New Holland, is the largest island in the Wwld, being about 750 miles in length and 400 in breadth. It {H'odncea aH sorts of tropical fruits, and contains valuable mines of gold and diamonds, which are worked chiefly by Chinese settlers. The interior of the island remains unexplored, but it is understood to be mountainous, with numerous streams and extensive lakes. Population estimated at 3,000,000. Borneo, the principal town in the island, is situated on the N. W. coast. Its chief trade was formerly with China, but now with Singapore. Population 10,000. 4° 55' N. 114° 50' £. Burdwan', a city of Hindostan, in the province of bengal, ^ 0)9^1 N, W. of Calcutta. Population 54,000. ,i : '( il Ml ;!i ! ' ■ 'i 168 ASIA. Ij i-n 'I ., I Dp :i :| If ! il I I I i: ' .1 But'ia, a eity of Anatolia, at the foot of Mount Olympui. It haa an axtenaire trade, and is noted for its mineral springs. Population 100,000. ■ Bushire (boO'theer'), a seaport of Persia, on the Persian Gulf; it is an emporium of the trade with India. Population 15,000. fi9^ 0' N. 50° SV E Cabul', capital of the proriree of Cabul, AfTghanistan ; is situated 6,000 feet abore the sea, and surrounded by gardens, abounding in the choicest fruit. Population 60,000. Calcut'ta, the capital of Bengal and of British India, is situated on the Hioogly or western branch of the Ganges, 100 miles from its mouth. It extends above six miles along the river ; and on being approached from the sea, its spires, temples, mosques, the citadel of Fort William, its splendid edifices, and elegant villas and gardens, present an appear- ance of magnificence which seems to warrant its proud appellation of the « City of Palaces." Population 500,000. 22° 34' N. 88° 17' E. Cal'icut, a seaport of .Hlindostan, on the Malabar coast, once a splendid city, from which the first European vessel was freighted with Indian commodities by Vasco de Gama, in 1498. Population 20,000. lloi5'N. 75050'E. Candahar', the capital of the province of Candahar, Afighanistan ; is a flourishing city, on the great road between Persia and India. Popu- lation 50,000. ' Canton', the capital of the province of Quang-tung' in China, and the only port, previous to 1843, with which Europeans were permitted to have intercourse, is situated at the confluence of the Pe-kiang with the ChoO'kiang or Pearl River (called by the English, the Canton river and the river Tigris). Il is distant about 80 miles from the sea, at the Iiead of the Bocca Tigris, a noble estuary studded with islands. The foreign factories are confined to a small space along the banks of the river, and all foreign ships anchor at a considerable distance further down. The river for four or five miles is crowded with boats contain* ing whole families that have no other residence. Population 500,000 ; according to Ritter, 800,000. 23° 8' N. 113° 17' E. Cas'bin, a city in Persia, with a con8i4erable trade. Population 40,000. 36° 10' N. 49° 33' E. Cash'gar, the capital of the province of Cashgar, in Chinese Tartary^ on the river Yarkand', is a town of considerable trade. Population 15,000. i . , ., . . Cashmere', a province of N. Hindostan, now dependant on the Seiks. It consists of a beautiful valley, in which reigns an almost perpetual spring, and is surrounded by lofty mountains. It is noted for its shawls, manufactured from the inner wool of the goats of Tibet. The population of Cashmere, the capital of the province, is stated at 4O,O00> Cas'pian Sea, an inland sea or lake, the largest in the world, about 300 miles to the eastward of the Black Sea, and, according to M. Humboldt, 300 feet below the level of the latter. Its length is 750 miles, and its breadth 200, covering an area of 120,000 square miles- The water of the Caspian is less salt than that of the ocean. Catmandoo', the capital of Nepaul', in N. Hindostan, situated in a rpmantip valley, about 40 miles S. of the Himipalehs. Populi^tion 30,000. 27»45'N. 85°6'E. . ' 'i li! AdiA* 169 de. Population Cel'eb6>» a large island in the Indian Ocean, E. bt Borneo. Though rogged and mountainous, the soil is fertile, yielding in abundance rice, Bogar canb, sago, and cotton. The famous upas tree is found here. Population 2,000,000. Ceylon', a largo and beautiful island in the Indian Ocean, near the Coroman'del coast. Its length is about 270 miles, average breadth 100. Cingala is the name given to it by the natives, who are called Cinga- lese or Ceylonese. The interior is traversed by finely wooded moun- tains, from 1,000 to 4,000 feet high, and watered by numerous rivers and lakes. The climate, formerly pernicious, has become more salu- brious as the island has been cleared and cultivated. The soil is rich and luxurient, producing coffee, sugar cane, rice, pepper, teak, and other valuable woods. Plantations of cinnamon, amidst groves of cocoa nut trees, border the S. W. coast for 100 miles. The island abounds in gems, and there is an extensive pearl fishery carried on in the Gulf of Manaar. The elephants of Ceylon have long leen famed for their size and sagacity. Population 1,242,000. Chandernaffore' (ahan), the capital of the French settlements in Bengal, on the Hoogly, about 16 miles above Calcutta. Population 40,000. Circas'sia, a province of Asiatic Russia. It is inhabited by a number of warlike tribes, who continue almost independent of Russia, neither paying tribute nor performing military service. The Circassians are remarkable for their elegance of person, — the beauty of the females has long been celebrated. Population 474,000. Cochin-China {hot' shin), a country in the Eastern Peninsula, called also the empire of Annam. Its extent is estimated at 120,000 square miles. Population 10,000,000. Colom'bo, the capital of Ceylon, on the S. W. coast, is a handsome town, and strongly fortified. Population 60,000. 6° 57' N. 79° 51' E. Com'orin, Cape, the most southern point of the peninsula of Hindos- Ian. 8® 6' N. 77° 30' E. Core'a, a country of Asia, consisting of a peninsula, separated fh>m China by the Yellow Sea, and from the Islands of Japan by the Straits of Corea and the Sea of Japan. It is 500 miles long by 150 broad. Its king is tributary to China. Cut'tack, a muritime district in the province of Orissa, Hindostan, inundated by the sea at spring tides to the distance of 15 or 20 miles from the coast. The population of Cuttack, its capital, is 40,000. 20° 25' N. 86° 10' E. Cy'prus, an island in the Mediterranean, off the coast of Asia Minor, 140 miles in length by 60 in breadth. In ancient times, it was cele- brated for its fertility and beauty, and for the voluptuous gaiter of its inhabitants. Its fruits, particularly grapes, still preserve their pre- eminence ; but the oppressive dominion of the Turks represses industry and has reduced the island nearly to a desert. Population 80,000. Dac'ca, the capital of the district of Dacca, in the province of Bengal, is situated on the Borce Gunga or Old Ganges, and is the chief seat of the manufacture of muslins. Population 150,000. 23<' 43' N. 90° 18' E. pamas'cus, a very ancient and still flourishing city of Syria, in Asiatic Turkey, situated in a beautiful plain, and celebrated for Us numerous fountains, canals, and fine gardens. Being on the route of P S I ! I, I! ! ■ ;l 8,1 I' J: S'l III , . • , 'l''.»,l u 170 ASIA. // \ • 1 li!. .1 t I i' I { ■ .(, the great eararans (o Mecca, it is the centre of an eztenaire trade. It was formerly famous for its manufacture of sabres ; and its figured ailk and cotton fabrics were originally named damasks from this citr Population 140,000. 33° 30' N. 3G^ 25' E. Derhi, the chief city of Delhi, a province of Hindostan, and long the capital of the Mogul empire, in situated on the banks of the Jumna, and surrounded with embattled walls. Though shorn of its ancient splendor, it still contains a number of fine edifices. The citadel is occupied by the Mogul, who is entirely supported by the British. Population 150,000. 28° 40' N. 77° 16' E. Diarbe'kir, a pashalic of Asiatic Turkey, comprising part of ancient Armenia and Mesopotamia. Diarbekir, its capital, stands on the W, bank of the Tigris, and has a considerable trade. Population 40,000. 37° 55' N. 39° 53' E. Erzeroum (er-ze-room'), the capital of Turkish Armenia, situated near the northern source of the Euphrates, in a beautiful plain, 7,000 feet above the sea. It carries on a considerable trade. Population 35,000. 39° 56' N. 41° 18' E. Friendly Islands, a numerous group in the Pacific Ocean, so named by Captain Cook in testimony of the disposition of the people, who have made considerable progress in civilisation. Population about 80,000. Furruchabad', a commercial city of Hindustan, in the province of Agra, near the W. bank of the Ganges. Population 70,000. 24° 45' N. 87° 57° E. Foo'tchoo, the capital of the province of Fokicn, in China, situated on the Min-kiang, which is crossed by a ctupendous bridge. It is as large as Canton, and carries on an extensive trade in teas, tobacco, and timber. It is now one of the five open ports for the commerce of all nations. Gan'L veneration by tains, and flows by Ilurdwar, Allahabad, and Patna, where it is from one to three miles broad and 30 feet deep About 200 miles from the sea commences the Delta of the Ganges, the numerous branches of which, on entering the Bay of Bengal, form a labyrinth of channels and creeks, called the Sunderbunds. The western or Hoogly branch, which passes by Calcutta, is the only one that is navigable. The eastern branch receives the Brahmapootra heimtc pouring its flood into the ocean. Ga'ya, a city of Flindostan, in the province of Baya, on a tributary of the Ganges. It is one of the holy cities of the Hindoos. Population 40,000. 24° 44' N. 85° E. Ga'za, an ancient city of Palestine, near the coast. Population 15,000. Geor'gia, the ancient Iberia and Colchis, a mountainous region on the S. declivity of the Caucasus, now annexed to Russia by conquest. Its valleys are extremely fertile, and the vine grows wild on its hills The beauty of the Georgian women, like that of the Circassians, is proverbial over the East. Population 320,000. GAauts, two extensive chains of mountains in the S. of Hindostap, the western of which extends nearly 1,000 miles, from Cape Comorin I to Surat \ the eastern chain is almost of equal length, on the opposite j ooast. I'ges, one of tlie largest rivers in Asia, and held in the highest ition by the natives of India. It rises in the Himmalch Moun- ASIA. 171 Go'a, a seaport in a amall island on tho W. coast or Hindostan, the capital of the Portuguese possessions. Population 20,000. Gwal'ior (yor), a celebrated fortress of Hindostan, in the province of Acfra, the capital of Scindia, tho Muhratta chief. Population 80,000. 26°15'N. 78° 5' E. Ha'mah, tho Ilamath of Scripture, a city of Syria, situated on both sides of the Orontcs. It is the birth place of Abulfcda, (he distinguished oriental geographer. Population 45,000. 35° 1' N. 36° 57' E. Hangtchoo', the capital of tho province of Tche-kiang in China, and one of the finest cities in the empire, situated on a ndvigable river at its junction with the Grand Canal. It has an exteneivc trade in raw silks and teas. Population 600,000. 30° 15' N. 119° 40' E. Herat', tho ancient Aria, a large and commercial city of Khorassan, situated in an extensive and fertile plain. Population 50,000. 34° 48' N. 62° 26' E. Hil'lah, a town in Asiatic Turkey, on the banks of the Euphrates ; built on the site of ancient Babylon, tho ruins of which are still to be seen in the vicinity, consisting of vast masses of rubbish and bricks. Population 7,000. 32° 26' N. 44° 19' E. HinVmaleh or Himalay'a, a stupendous range of mountains between Hindostan and Tibet, extending in length about 1,800 miles, and in breadth from 250 to 300 miles. Dhwalagi'ri, or the White Mountain, the highest known pinnacle on the globe, is 28,074 feet above tho level of the sea. Ho'bart Town, the capital of Van Diemen's Land, on the river Der- went» about 20 miles from its mouth. It stands on a cove or bay, aflfording one of the best and most secure anchorages in the world- Population 16,000. 42° 53' S. 147° 21' E. Horns, the ancient Etn'esa, a city of Syria, on the borders of the desert. Population 20,000. Hue', the capital of Cochin China, situated on a navigable river 10 miles from the sen, and strongly fortified. Population about 100,000. 16° 30' N. 107° 15' E. Hyderabad', the capital of the province of Sinde, near the E. bank of the Indus, with a strong fortress. Population 20,000. Hydrabad', the capital of the province of Hydrabad, in Hindostan. Population 200,000. 17° 22' N. 78° 31' E. Ili, Ee'la, or Gould'ja, a city of Mangolia, in Chinese Tartary. Population 75,000. Indore', a city of Hindostan, in the province of Malwa. Population 90,000. Ispahan', in the province of Irak, formerly the capital of Persia, and one of the most splendid cities of the East ; though much decayed, it is still magnificent, and possesses extensive trade, with flourishing manufactures. Population 100,000. Jaffa, the ancient Joppa, the port of Jerusalem, situated on the coast of Palestine. It has obtained a dismal celebrity in modern times, from its capture by Bonaparte in 1799, and his cruel massacre of nearly 1,200 Turkish prisoners. It was almost wholly destroyed by an earth- quake, January 11, 1837. Population 7,000. '^ I I f I ^ i \ 1 1: ■|'. :^rl!f 'til 172 ASIA. I I ■,!' ■ I i V) II ia'Ta, a large island S. E. of Sumatra, from which it ia leparated bj the Straita of Sunda. Ita length ia alwut 600 milea, and average breadth about 100. It is divided nearly in its whole length by a ran(;e of Tolcanio mountains. The European settlements are on the N. coast, which is intersected by a great number of rivers and fine baya. Ja?« aurpasses all the other islands in the Indian Archipelago in fertility, population, and general improvement ; it is fruitful in rice, sugar, and coffee, and has extensive forests of teak. Population 5,000,000. Jed'do, or Yed'do, the capital of Japan, is situated at the head of t deep bay on the E. coaat of the island of Niphon. It is said to contain many splendid palaces, and carries on a great internal trade. Popula> lion, according to Balbi, 1,300,000. 35^ 42' N. 139° 50' E. Jeru'salem, the celebrated capital of Judea, is situated on the decli. vitv of a hill, at the extremity of an extensive plain. The splendor of its first and second temple, the destruction of the city by Titus, and the dispersion of the Jews by Adrian, are events known to every reader of history. The recovery of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Saracens was the great object of the Crusaders. It was taken in 1099 by Godfrey de Bouillon, who was created King of Jerusalem, and re* taken by Saladin in 1187. Population 12,000, of whom one-fourth are Christians. 31° 47' N. 35° 20' E. Jid'da, a seaport of Arabia, on the coast of the Red Sea. It ii b place of great trade, and is considered the port of Mecca. Population about 15,000. 21° 29' N. 39° 15' E. Jyepore', a handsome and strongly fortified city of Hindostan, in tho province of Ajmcre. Population 60,000. Kaisa'riah, the ancient Cesare'a Maxa'eot a town of Caramania, in Asia Minor. Population 25,000. Kamtschat'ka, a peninsula in the E. extremity of Asiatic Russia. Though situated within the temperate zone, the cold is as severe as in the arctic regions ; this is occasioned by the elevated chain of moun* tains which traverse nearly its whole length, and by the winds blowing from the polar seas. The country abounds in wild animals, many ol which bear valuable furs. The inhabitants are rude, living during winter in huts under ground, and travelling in sledges drawn by dogs. Popul&tion 4,500. Kara, a fortified city of Turkish Armenia. Population 10,000. Kerrain', the ancient Carmania, a province of Persia. Herman, its capital, :vas formerly a place of great importance, but having been taken by Aga Mohammed in 1794, it has never recovered its splendor. Population 30,000. 29° 55' N. 56° 5' E. Ke'sho, or Catcha'o, the capital of W. Tonquin, situated on the river Sang-kor, about 100 miles from its mouth. Population 150,000. KiacA'ta, a frontier town of Asiatic Russia, at which and the conti- guous Chinese town of Maimatch'in, all the commerce of these two great empires is carried on. Population 5,000. Kokaun', a city of Independent Tartary, the capital of a kingdom ; situated on the Sirr, in a fertile plain. Population 60,000. Ko'nieh, the ancient Ico'niutn, the chief city of Caramania, in Asia Minor, formerly the capital of a kingdom. Population 30,000. 37° 5^ N. 32° 45' E. [indostan, in the f Caramania, in ASIA. 173 Kata'jah, the aneient Cotyaum, a handiome eity of Anatolia, in Alia Minor, with a oonaiderable trade. Population 50,000. 29° S4' N. ISO^'ld'E. Lahore', the capital of the province of Lahore, N. Hindoatan ; ii liituated on the great road from Delhi to Cabul. Population about 180,000. 31° 30' N. 74° 20' E. Lar, the capital of Lariitan', a province of Persia. Population 13,000. Las'aa, the capital of Tibet, and the residence of the Grand Lama, I the great head of the Shaman religion. Population 35,000. Lann'ceston, a thriving town and seaport in the N. of Van Diemen's I Land, on the Tamar. Population 6,200. 41<» 26' S. 147° 8' E. Leb'anon, or Liba'nus, a chain of mountains in Syria, extending from I the vicinity of Tripoli to the borders of Palestine, of which the loftiest jiumniit. Mount Hcrmon, is 11,050 feet in hei|;ht, and always covered I with snow. Of the few remains of its mognificent cedars, one tree in 1823 was upwards of 40 feet in circumference. The Druses and iMaronitea inhabiting Lebanon and its valley amount to 185,000. Lnck'notr, the capital of the province of Oude, in Hindostan, situated I on the Goomly, a tributary of the Ganges. It is the residence of the 'King of Oude, who has a splendid palace. Population 200,000. 1 26° 50' N. 80O58'E. Maca'o, a seaport and settlement belonging to the Portuguese, on an I island in the bay of Canton, China. Population 30,000. 22° 11' N. 113° 32' E. Madras', the capital of the British possessions in S. Hindostan, is I very unfavourably situated on a flat shore, along vhich runs a rapid canont, with a violent surf. Fort St. George is a strong and handsome j fortress. Population 462,000. 13° 4' N. 80° 14' E. The Madras [Presidency contains 172,000 square miles. Population 18,000,000. In 1841, the gross revenues of the three Presidencies of Bengal, Bombay, and Madras, amounted to jC21,000,000 sterling. Madu'ra, a fortified citv of Hindostan, the capital of a district of the laamename. Population 20,000. 9° 55' N. 78° 10' E. Malac'ca, or Malay'a, a country of India beyond the Ganges, form. ing a large peninsula, connected with the British province of Tcnas- I lerim on the north by the isthmus of Kraw. It is about 770 miles in length, and 120 average breadth. It is traversed in the interior from N. to S. by a range of mountains, from which descend numerous I Btreams, and its shores arc thickly studded with small islands. It may I DOW be considered as wholly dependent on Britain. Its chief town is Malacca, on the straits of the same name. Population 12,200. Manaar', Gulf of, a strait 62 miles broad, separating the island of i Ceylon from the peninsula of Hindostan. Across it runs a narrow ridge of rocks and sand, termed Adam's bridge, which can only be passed { bjr small boats. Mandavee', a town of Sindctic Hindostan, in the province of Cutch, I having a flourishing trade with Arabia, Bombay, and the Malabar coast. Population 50,000. Mangalore', a seaport of S. Hindostan, the capital of the province of Canara ; carries on a great export trade in rice. Population 30|000. 12° 52. N, 74° 53'?. I n i il ' ( ■:.: Ill 174 ASIA. I! : I ^ I". ■I I • III ■ W: « Manil'la, the capital of the Spanish settlements in the Philippines, situated upon a noble bay on the S. W. coast of the island of Luzon. Population 140,000. 14° 36' N. 120° 58' E. Mani'sa, anciently Magnesia, a city of Anatolia, in Asia Minor; famous for its saffron groves. Population 40,000. Marque'sas, a cluster of islands in the S. Pacific. Their general appearance is beautiful, and their soil fertile. The natives are strong, tall, and well formed. Population 40,000. Masulipatam', a seaport of Hindostan, in the province of theN. Circars, noted for the manufacture of fine chintz. Population 75,000. 16° 12' N. 81° 12' E. Mats'mai, the capital of the Japanese island of Jesso. Population 50,000. M ec'ca, a city of Arabia, and capital of the province of Hejez, situ* ated in a narrow valley. It is celebrated as the birth place of Moham- med, and venerated by the Mussulmans as the Holy City. It containi a spacious temple, in the centre of which is the kaaba, or house of the Prophet. Mecca has lost much of its former prosperity, yet it is still the annual resort of numerous pilgrims. Population 28,000. 21° 36' N. 39° 55' E. Medi'na, a city of Arabia, in the province of Hejaz, on the border of the desert. It contains the tomb of the Mohammedar; impostor, eD< closed within a magnificent mosque. Population about 28,000. Mer'din, a city of Diarbekir, in Asiatic Turkey, situated on a mouo* tain, with an ascent by stairs cut in the rock. Population 18,000. Mia'co, a city of Japan, in the island of Niphon, the ecclesiastical capital and residence of the Dairi. The imperial palace and many of the temples are very magnificent, and it is the seat of various manu> factures. Population 600,000. 35° 3' N. 135° 52' E. Mirzapore', a flourishing city of Hindostan, in the province of Alia- Aabad, situated on the Ganges. It is the great mart for cotton, and the seat of extensive manufactures. Population 200,000. Mo'c^a, a city of Yc'men, in Arabia, the principal port on the Red Sea, noted for the coffee produced in its vicinity. Population 6,000 13° 20' N. 43° 20' E. Mohan-laung', or Lanjang', the capital of Laos, in the Eastern Fenin- fiula, on the banks of the May-kaung, said to be both extensive and splendid. Population 50,000. Moluc'cas, or Spice Islands, a group in the Indian Sea, between Celebes and New Guinea, famous for the production of cloves. Moorshedabad', a city of Hindostan, in the province of Bengal, long its capital and still the residence of the Nabob, who is wholly depen- dfmt upon the British. Population 165,000. 24° IC N. 88° 20' E. Mo'sul, a city of Asiatic Turkey, situated on the west bank of the Tigris, nearly opposite the site of ancient Nineveh. Population 35,000. 36° 25' N. 43° E. Moul'tan, a fortified city of Hindostan, capital of the province of Moultan, is situated about four miles E. of the Chenab. Population 60,000. 30° 10' N. 71° 12' E. Nagpore', a city of central Hindostan, capital of the Rajah of Nag- pore's dominions. Population 80,000. 21° 8' N. 79° 10* E. , in Asia Minor; Fesso. Population ASIA. 175 Nankin', a city of Chinai the capital of the province of Kiangnan, and formerly the imperial city, is situated near the S. bank of the Yanjr-tse-kiang, about 120 miles from its mouth, and communicates by the Grand Canal with Fekin. Its principal ornaments are the splendid gateways, and its pagoda or porcelain tower, 200 feet high, consisting of nine stories, ascended by 884 steps. Though it has greatly declined since the government was tranferred to Pekin, it is still con- sidered the chief seat of learning in the empire, and is famous for its paper, printing, and silk manufactures, aa well as for the cottons bear- ing its name. Population about 500,000. 32° 4' N. 118° 47' K Nantchang', the capital of the province of Kiangsee', in China, on the Kan-kiang, the great seat of the porcelain manufactures. Popula- tion 300,000. 28° 30' N. 115° 40' E. New Zea'land, the name of two large and several smaller isIandSf lying in the Pacific Ocean; about 1,000 miles S. £. from New Holland. The country is rich in minerals, and the soil fertile, producing flax and fine timber m great abundance. The natives have made some progress in civilization, yet still carry on war with dreadful ferocity. But in 1841, these islands were proclaimed to be a colony of Great Britain, and there are now several English missionaries residing in them. Population estimated at 200,000. Ningpo', a large city of China, in the province of Tchekiang, situ- ated on a river about 12 miles from the sea. It is one of the five open ports for the commerce of all nations. Population 200,000. 30° 10* N. 120° 30' E. Or'fa, a city of Algesi'ra, in Asiatic Turkey, the Ede^aa of the Greeks and Romans, and supposed to be the Xfr of the Chaldees men- tioned in Scripture. Population 30,000. 37° 5' N. 38° 38' E. Osa'ka, a flourishing seaport of Japan, in the island of Niphon, inttr- sected by numerous canals, which are connected by bridges. Popula- tion 150,000. 34° 50' N. 135° 30' E. Otahei'tc, the principal of the Society Islands, consists of two peniQ- salas, about 180 miles in circumference. The soil on the ?ow grounds is amazingly fertile ; and even the hills are covered to their summits with the deepest verdure, or with forests of bread fruit, cocoa nut, banana, and other valuable trees. In this island the influence of Chris- tianity and civilisation has been fully felt, and no where have the labours of the missionaries been attend ' with greater success. Popu- lation 10,000. Ougein', a city of central Hindostan, in the province of Mal'wa. It was known to the Greeks by the name of Oze'ne. Population about 100,000. Palembang', a town in the N. E. of the island of Sumatra, on a navigable river. Some of the islands are built on rafts anchored near the banks, and others are elevated on piles. Population 25,000. Pal'tfe, a lake in Tibet, to the S. of Lassa, presenting the singular appearance of a canal, five miles broad, surrounding an island about 100 miles in circumference. Pat'na, a city of Hindostan, the capital of the pro>rince of Bahar*, situated on the S. bank of the Ganges. It is a great emporium of trade. Population 312,000. 26'* 40' N. 85° 15' E. Pekin', the capital of the Chinese empire, is situated in the provinoe of Pecheelee', about 30 miles to the S^ of the Great WaU. It coosists I ( ''I i III 1 1 ii ,! b r ; 1 i ; w n ; : ,! ' I ! '" ■■('I lil I' :i^ n W , ^1 176 ASIA. of two distinct parts,— the Tartars and thd Chinese cities,— of which the former is adorned by the imperial palace and gardens. Fekin ii about 18 miles in circumference, surrounded by lofty walls, and divided into regular streets. Its population is estimated variously from 700,000 1 to 2,000,000. 39° 54 N. 116° 28' E. Fenang', or Prince of Wales' Island, situated ofF the W. coast of the peninsula of Malacca, from which it is separated by a narrow strait This picturesque little island is rich in tropical productions, and re* markabiy healthy. All ships from India to China touch at Penang, and it has of late acquired commercial importance as a dep6t. Population 60,000. George Town, the capital, has a population of 20,000. 5° S5' N. 100° 23' E. Per'gamos, or Ber'gamo, a city of Asia Minor, on the CaHcus, once the capital of a powerful kingdom, and one of the seven churches of Asia. Population 15,000. Pesha'wer, a city of Aifghanistan, situated in a beautiful plain, watered by the river Cabul, and surrounded by lofty mountains. Popu* lation 70,000. 34° 5' N. 71° 10' E. Philippine Islands, an extensive group of islands at the N. E. extre. mity of the Indian Archipelago, lying between 5° and 20° N. lat. They are extremely fertile in rice, sugar, and other tropical productions, and are clothed with perpetual verdure. A chain of lofty mountains runs through them, and they are peculiarly subject to violent hurricanes and earthquakes. The Philippines were taken po&session of by the Spaniards in 1565, and still belong to them, though various native tribes remain independent. Population 3,500,000. Pondicher'ry, a city of Hindostan, the capital of the French settle- ments. Population 52,000. 11° 55' N. 79° 51' E. Poo'nah, a city of Hindostan, in the province of Aurungabad', until 1818, the capital of the Mahratta empire, and since then of a British district. Population 110,000. 18° 28' N. 73° 56' E. Rangoon', the principal seaport of the Birman empire, situated on the eastern branch of the Irrawady, about 30 miles from the sea. Popula- tion 20,000. Red Sea, or Ara'bian Gulf, a branch of the Indian Ocean, dividing Arabia from Africa. It extends about 1,400 miles, from the Straits of Babelmandeb to the Isthmus of Sue2, at the W. head of i\ d gulf, where it is only GO miles from the Mediterranean. Its greatest breadth is about 200 miles. The navigation is difficult as well as darigcrous, on account of numerous sand banks and coral reefs. Ileshd, a flourishing commercial city of Persia, the capital of the province of Ghilan, on the Caspian. Population 60,000. Saigong', a fortified city, the capital of Cambodia, ncsr the mouth of the Donnai. It is the chief commercial and naval emporium of Cochin China. Population 150,000. Samarang', a seaport on the N. coast of Java, with an extensive commerce. Population 36,000. 6° 57' N. 110° 26' E. Samarcand', a city of Great Bucharia, in Independent Tartary, situ- ated in a fertile plain. It was the capital and favorite residence of Timur towards the close of the 14th century. Population 10,000. Sa'na, the capital of Yemen, in Arabia, with a great trade in coiTm Population 40,000. 15° 22' N. 44° 30* E. jitiee,— of which rdene. Pekin ii alls, and divided isly from 700,000 1 s W. coast of the | ^ a narrow strait. luctions, and re- h at Penang, and ip6t. Population ,f 20,000. 50 25' the CaPcus, once leven churches oi L beautiful plaiiii nountains. Fopu- t the N. E. extre- 20°N. lat. They 1 productions, and y mountains runs nt hurricanes and f by the Spaniards tive tribes remain the French settle- lurungabad', until then of a British re, situated on the the sea. Popula- 1 Ocean, dividing rom the Straits o( head of iV i gulfi greatest breadth as darigcrous, on le capital of the lesr the mouth of [porium of Cochin [ith an extensive ^nt Tartary, situ- Irite residence of Vion 10,000. It trade in coSefl ASIA. 177 Sand'wich Islands, a group in the N. Pacific, discovered by Captain C!ook in 1778. They are fertile, and abound with the trees and other productions of tropical climes. In Owhyhee', the largest of the group, are two stupendous volcanic mountains, Mowna Roa and Mowna Kea. Through an unhappy misunderstanding with the natives of Owhyhee, Captain Cook lost his life in 1779 ; yet they are in general of a mild and friendly disposition, and many of them have been converted to Christianity. Population about 150,000. Saree', the capital of the province of Mazanderan', in Persia. Popu- lation 30,000. Scuta'ri, a fine city of Asiatic Turkey, opposite Constantinople. Population 35,000. Serampore', a town and Danish settlement in Hindostan, on the Hoogly, 12 miles N. of Calcutta, the principal station of the Baptist Missionaries, who have distinguished themselves as translators of the Scriptures into oriental languages. Population 15,000. Seringapatam', a strong city of Hindostan, the capital of Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tippoo Sultan, situated on an island formed by the Cavery. It was stormed by the British, May 4th, 1799. Population 10,000. 12° 25' N. 76« 41' E. Sev'ero, Cape, the most northern point of Asiatic Russia and of the continent of Asia. 77° 56' N. 104° E. Shiraz', a city of Persia, the capital of Fars, beautifully situated amidst fine gardens ; and noted as the birth place of Hafiz, the Persian poet. Population 20,000. Singan', a strongly fortified city of China, the capital of the provincii i of Shensee'. Population about 300,000. Singapore', an island belonging to Britain, at the S. extremity of the {peninsula of Malacca, about 26 miles long by 15 broad, and although jsoneai the equator, it is exceedingly healthy. Population 30,000. Its i capital, of the same name, has become the centre of an extensive I commerce. Population 16,000. 1° IT' N. 103° 51' E. Smyr'na or Iz'mir, an ancient city and seaport of Asia Miner situ- ated on a gulf of the same name in the Archipelagc. I ti s a place of [great trade, and claims the honor of being the birth place of Homer. {Population 130,000. 38° 25' N. 27° 8 E. Sooloo', a group of islands N, E. of Borneo. The inhabitants carry [on an active commerce, but arc notorious pirates. Population 300,000. Sootchoo', one of the finest cities of China, in the province of Kiang- jnan> situated near the lake Tai, and extolled by the Chinese as their [terrestrial paradise. Population 500,000. Sour, the ancient Tyre, a decayed seaport of Syria, once a powerful Icommercial city. Sacred and profane writers give equally splendid jdescriptions of the magnificence of this " Queen of the Sea." Popula- [tion 3,000. 33° 17' N. 35° 12' E. Souraba'ya, a flourishing seaport on the N. E. coast of Java, with a f'lrong fort and a fine naval arsenal. Population 50,000. Suma'tra, a large island of the Indian Archipelago, separated from flie Malayan peninsula by the straits of Malacca, and from Java by the Fails of Sunda. Its length is upwards of 1000 miles, average breadth JGil. It is divided by the equator into two nearly equal parts. Ranges it W f 1 1 i 1. : I If i 1 1 vailed. Sydney commands an extensive trade, which is rapidly increas- ing. Population 30,000. 33° ^V S. 151° 13' E. Tabari'a, the ancient Tibe'rias, a city of Palestine, situated on ths lake of Tiberias. It was almost totally destroyed by an earthquake, January 11, 1837. Population 4,000. Tabreez' or Tau'ris, a city of Persia, the capital of Azerbi'jan. Population 30,000. Tanjore', a fortified city of S. Hindostan, celebrated for a magnificent pagoda, and as a seat of Hindoo learning. Population 35,000. 10° 43' N. 79^ 15' E. Tar'sus or Tersoos', a city of Asia Minor, on the Cydnust the ancient capital of Cilicia and the birth place of St. Paul. Population 3,000. Tat'ta, the ancient Pat'ala, a city of Hindostan, in the province of Sind^, on the Indus, about 65 miles from the sea. Population 15,000. 24° 44' N. 68° 15' E. Teheran' or Tehraun', the capital of Persia. It is situated in the province of Irak, at the foot of Mount Etburz, and near the ruins of the ancient Rhagae. Population 70,000. 35° 40' N. 51° 20' E. Tiflis, the capital of Georgia, situated on the banks of the Kur; celebrated for its hot bdths. Population 40,000. 41° 41' N. 44° i.0' E. Tobolsk', the capital of W. Siberia, situated at the confluence of the Tobol and the Irtish. It carries on a considerable trade. Population 20,000. Tokat', a city of Roum, in Asiatic Turkey, on the banks of the Jekil-Irmak, the ancient Iris. It is the centre of an extensive inland trade. Population 40,000. 39° 52' N. 36° 48' E. Tranqucbar', a seaport and Danish settlement in S. Hindostan, on the Coroniandcl coast, situated at one of the mouths of the Cavery Population 12,000. Treb'izond, the ancient Trape'ztis, a city of Asiatic Turkey, on the coast of the Black Sea. It is a place of considerable trade. Popula- tion 30,000. 41° 1' N. 39° 44' E. Tric/tino'poly, a celebrated city and fortress of S. Hindostan. In its vicinity are two magnificent pagodas. Population 80,000. 10° 45' N. 78° 45' E. Trip'oli, a seaport of Syria, on the Mediterranean, in a fertile plaioi j with a considerable trade. Population 16,000. AS?IA. 179 )f Khusistan, in \l of Azerbi'jan. in a fertile p'.aioi Ummerapoo'ra, a fortified city of the Birman empire. It is situatei on the E. bank of the Irrawady. Population 30,000. Ur'mia, a lake in Persia, in the province of Azerbljan, about 230 miles in circumference, remarkable for its extreme saltness. Van, a stronjrly fortified city of Asiatic Turkey, on a salt lake 168 miles in circumference, of the same name. Population 20,000. Vootchang', a city of China, the capital of the province of Houquan^, situated on the Kianku. Population 400,000. 30° 40' N. 114® 28' E. Yang-tse-kiang' or Kianku', the lar^rest river in Asia, has its sourco in the mountains of Tibet, traverses all the large central provinces of China, and, after a course of nearly 3,000 miles, falls into the Nortn Pacific Ocean, about 120 miles below Nankin. Yar'kand, a city of Chinese Tartary, situated on a river in a fertilo plain ; the centre of the inland trade of China with W. Tartary Popu- lation 50,000. 38° 25' N. 76° E. Ye'mcn, the Arabia Felix of antiquity, a province of Arabia, border" ing upon the Red Sea ; its hills arc covered with fine coffee and other aromatic plants. Yezd, a city of Persia, in the S. W. of Khorassan, with a flourishing trade and silk manufactures. Population 50,000. 32° 10' N. 55° 56' E. Exercises. — ^Where is that curious town of Achecn which is said to consist of 8,000 bamboo houses raised on posts ? What town in Syria is celebrated in the history of the Crusades ? What town of India* containing 70,000 inhabitants, was formerly the capital ot the Mogul empire? What remarkable building does it contain? What is the capital of Syria? How is this town of 60,000 inhabitants situated? What happened to it in 1822? What mountains form the southern boundary of Siberia, for 2,500 miles? In what city of Asiatic Turkey was Strabo, the Greek fjeographer, born ? Mention some particulars about Amoy, a seaport of China, containing 200,000 inhabitants ? What noted articles arc manufactured in Angora? In what other country are shawls of the same description manufactured ? Of what materials ? What ancirnt city was the celebrated capital of the Syrian monarcbs? Where is Mount Ararat ? What rested on the top of it? Where is Asphaltites or the Dead Sea ? What celebrated river falls into it ? Of what quality arc its waters ? How many feet are they below the level of the Mediterranean ? What floats on their surface ? What was the ancient name ol Baalbec ? What is worth notice there? Where is the Lake of Baikal? How do the Russians regard it? What do they call it? What is the capital of feiam? What kind of houses have its 90,000 inhabitants ? What straits are the same number of miles in breadth that there are weeks in a year? What city of Hindostan, of 200,000 inhabitants, is tlie chicl scat of Brahminioal learning? What is the population of the Presidency of Bengal, of Bombay, of Madras ? What was their gross revenue in 1841 ^ Wliat is the capital of Bengal? Where is it situated ? What is its population ? Is it a very elegant city, and worthy of its title ? The city of Bombay has 230,000 inhabi- tants, where is "it situated? Is it fortified ? Has it a good harbor? Has it much trade ? The city of Madras has 402,000 inhabitants. Is it as favoirably situated for commerce? Wliich is the largest island in the worlii, New Holland excepted ? llow is it situated ? Has it any mines ? At what seaport of Hindostan was the first European vessel freighted !^ Ml i' 180 ASIA. /; \ I 'i \U ':\ .^'f U'W, lil ii :iri lil:.. with Indian commodities, — by wiiom, — and in what year? At "vhat city in China were Europeans formerly only permitted to trade? Where is this large city, of from 5 to 800,000 inhabitants, situated ? Which is the largest inland sea or lake in the world 7 The Caspian is 300 miles E. of the Black Sea, and how many feet below its level ? Is the water of th6 Caspian and Sea of Aral salt or fresh ? In what island is the famous upas or poison tree found? What are the productions of the large and beautiful island of Ceylon? With what does it also abound? What valuable fishery has it ? For what are its elephants famed? For what are the Circassians remarkable ? For what are the women of Circassia and Georgia celebrated ? What island in the Mediterranean was celebrated in ancient times for its fertility, beauty, and the volup* tuous gaity of its inhabitants? For what manufactures was Damascus formerly famous ? Of what empire is Delhi the capital 7 By whom is the Great Mogul now entirely supported ? Which is the sacred sove* reign of the Hindoo rivers 7 Which are the highest mountains in the world, and from which the Ganges takes its rise? What two countries do the Himmaleh mountains separate for about 1,800 miles? Of what island is Hobart Town the capital ? Where did Bonaparte, in 1799, cruelly massacre nearly 1,200 Turkish prisoners? What was the an- cient name of Jaffa? What island of the Indian Archipelago surpasses all the rest in fertility, population, and general improvement? The capital of Japan, with a population of 1,300,000, is said to contain many splendid palaces, and carry on a great internal trade, what is its name? Name the long celebrated capital of Judea. For what manufactures is Masulipatam noted ? Which are the two principal towns in Arabia? What impostor was born at the one and buried at the other 7 There is a third one noted for its fine coffee, what is its name 7 What is worth notice in Miaco, a city of Japan, containing 600,000 inhabitants? For vhat is Mirzapore, a city of Hindostan of 200,000 inhabitants, a great mart ? Of what is it the seat? What city in Asiatic Turkey is situated near the site of ancient Nineveh ? What city of 500,000 inhabitants was formerly the capital of China? What are its principal ornaments and noted manufactures? What town of 300,000 inhabitants is the great seat of the porcelain manufactures 7 What city in Asiatic Turkey is supposed to be Ur of the Chaldees mentioned in Scripture 7 In which of the Japanese islands is Osaka, a flourishing seaport of 1 50,000 inhabitants ? Which is the largest of the Society Islands? Where is Patna, containing 312,000 inhabitants and a great emporium of trade, situated ? What is the capital of China? Kcv^any miles in circumference is Pekin? What is its population 7 What is the healthy picturesque little island of Penang called? For what has it lately acquired a commercial impor- tance? To what are the Philippine Islands peculiarly subject ? What is the capital of the French settlements in Hindostan ? What sea separates Asia from Africa ? What is its length and greatest breadth? What makes it of difflcult and dangerous navigation ? How broad is the Isthmus of Suez ? Who discovered the Sandwich Islands ? In which of them was Captain Cook killed by the natives? In which of them are two stupendous volcanic mountains ? Of what European nation is Serampore a settlement ? Who have distinguished themselves, at Serampore, as translators of the Scriptures into oriental languages? What ancient city of Asia Minor claims the honor of being the birth place of Homer? What city of 500,000 inhabitants do the Chinese AFRICA. 181 extol as their terrestrial paradise? On the site of what modem town did ancient Tyre, the "Queen of the Sea," stand? What large island, above 1,000 miles long, is divided by the equator into two nearly equal parts? Mines of what metals are found in it? How is Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, situated? What is the character of its harbor and trade ? Where is Tarsus, the ancient capital ol CAlicia and the birth place of St. Paul? Which is the largest river in Asia? On what river does the city of Vootchang, containing 400,000 inhabitants, stand? Where is the city of Yarkand ? What is the modern name of the Arabia Felix of antiquity? With what are its hills covered? Where ia the city of Yezd ? What trade or manufactures has it ? BARBARY, OR NORTHERN AFRICA. In addition to the countries and cities given in the Outlines, the following, south of the former, may be mentioned; they are of small importance. ' '•' ;•' '""^'^ States. Towns. ;j'!i ■ •• ,!r Da'rah -Tat'ta. "' .' :- ' TaPilet Tafilet. Segelmissa Segelmissa. Fezzan • Mourzouk', Zuela. Remarks. — The most remarkable feature of Barbary is that extensive chain of mountains called Mount Atlas. The low land between it and the sea, varying from 30 to 150 miles in breadth, is watered by many streams from the hills and is exceedingly fertile. Its agricultural products are nearly the same as those of Europe ; its fruits are superior. The Barbary horses are famed for their lightness and beauty of form. The mule and the ass are chiefly employed in labor. The fleeces of the sheep are generally coarse and hairy, except some breeds in Morocco which produce very fine wool. Among the wild animals are the lion (here remarkable for strength and fero city), the panther, the hyena, the jackal, and the antelope or gazelle. Serpents, scorpions, and locusts, are scourges with which Barbary is peculiarly afflicted. In Mount Atlas are mines oi silver, copper, lead, and antimony. Salt springs are more numerous than fresh, and here are whole hills of salt. Nitre is found in many places mixed with the soil. Hot springs and streams occur in various districts; and of one, near CoDBtantina, the water is so hot as to calcine the rocks over which it passes. This part of Africa was distinguished in ancient history. Car- thage, the first commercial state of antiquity, long disputed with Rome the empire of the world. After its fall, the northern pro- vinces of Africa became the granary of Italy. Under the Saracen Princes, who afterwards occupied it, Barbary, especially Fez, Acquired unusual lustre. Its diSt^ent states, long sunk in tyranny q, 2 I .'■ I ( t \' 182 WESTERN AFRICA. and oppression, have ^reatlj declined in importance; and their OMritime strength was lor oges exerted only in piratical excursions, which have now been suppressed. Mohammedan is the established religion. EzKROisBS. — What is the most remarkable feature in Barbary ? What is the general extent of the low land lying between Mount Atlas and the sea? What is the quality of the soil? What are its products? For what are the Barbary horses famed? What domestic animals are chiefly employed in labor ? Is there any thing remarkable about the sheep of Barbary 7 What are the principal wild animals in these states? With what scourges is Barbary peculiarly afflicted? What metals does the Atlas range of mountains yield ? What springs of water are in this country? What substance is sometimes found mixed with the soil ? What remarkable effect does the heat of the water near Cun* stantina produce? Was Barbary distinguished in ancient history? What state disputed with Rome the empire of the world? What advantage did Italy afterwards derive from these African provinces? Under what princes did Barbary acquire unusual lustre? In what has the maritime strength of the Barbary states been for ages exerted? What is the established religion of Barbary ? vl ^ I Upper Guinea WESTERN AFJRICA. ; Diviiioni. UbiefTowoa. ' ■' ' ' i,, Saha'ra, or the Great Desert. Senegam bia • Fort St. Lonis, Ba^hurst. ( Sier'ra Leo'ne • • • • Free'town . Grain Coast Monro'via, Bas ea. Ivory Coast Lahou. Gold Coast Cape Coast Castle, El Mins. Slave Coast Whidah, Bad'agry, Ar'dra. Ashantee^ Coomas sie. Daho 'mey Abo'mey . Benin^ Benin, Waree'. Loan'go Loango. Con'go St. Sal'vador. Ango'la St. Paul or Loan'da. Benguela Benguela. RivHRS. — Sen ogal, Gam'bia, Ri'o Grande, Ni'gcr, Congo, Coan'za. Remarks. — Sahara is a vast ocean of sand containing oases, o: fertile spots, like islands, whose luxuriant soil and dense population afford an agreeable reliei to the traveller from its general solitude and sterility. It stretches from the shores of the Atlantic to the confines of Egypt,, nearly 3,000 miles in length and 1,000 in breadth. This immense expanse of sand is traversed by caravans, which vary their direction according to the position of the different oases, where men and animals obtain rest and refreshment; but sometimes Lower Guinea* • SOUTHERN AFRICA. 183 whole caravans perieh in the midst of this arid waste. Ostriches BDd gazelles roam over these desolate regions; the horrors of which are aggravated by lions, panthers, and serpents. From the southern border of the Sahara to the frontier of Guinea, the country is in general fertile, and watered by some important rivers, on the banks of which the vegetation is luxuriant; while the forests of cocoa trees, mangoes, palms, bananas, tamarinds, citrons, oranges and pomegranates, afford evidence of the depth of the soil! But the most colossal tree of these regions is the baobahf whose trunk is hollowed into chambers, within which are suspended the bodies of the dead. The elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, lion, panther, striped hyena, jackal, giraffe, zebra, antelope, deer, and numerous species of monkeys, are found in these regions. The boa-constrictor, and various other species 5f serpents, lurk amid the rank vegetation; venomous insects and clouds of locusts sometimes infest the air, and spread devastation far and wide. Birds of the most splendid plumage, as the aigrette, and various species of paroquets, swarnx in the woods. In the Briti.!: settlement of Sierra LeonCf tho Madeira and Teneriffe vines flourish, and yield a large crop. The inhabitants of Grain Coast are said to be the most savage of any that are to be met with on the coasts of Africa. Gold, ivory, furs, and palm oil, are the chief exports from the coast of Guinea. Exercises. — What are the divisions of Upper Guinea ? Point them out on the map, and their chief towns. What are the divisions of Lower Guinea? Point them out and their chief towns. What are the prin- cipal rivers in Western Africa? In what view may Sahara be consi- dered? What is its extent in length and breadth? By whom is this vast expanse of sand traversed ? What calamities sometimes befall the caravans ? What animals are found in thest: desolate regions ? What is the nature of the country between the desert and Guinea ? What species of trees abound here ? Which is the most culossal tree of those regions ? What wild animals are found in this country ? By what reptiles and insects is it infested ? What is remarkable about the birds ? In what part of this coast do vines flourish and yield a large crop ? In what part of it are the most savage natives said to be met with? What ue the chief exports from the coast of Guinea ? ■i I i SOUTHERN AFRICA. Divisions, Chief Towns. Country of the Boshuanas^ •• •Lat'takoo, Kurree'chanee'. CafTra'ria Port Natal. Cape Colony Cape Town, Graham Town. . Rivers. — Orange, Ol'iphant, Great Fish River. Remarks. — The country to the east of Cape Colony, and extend- ing alon^ the coast of Natal to Deiagoa Bay, is watered by nume- rous streams, covered with wood, and intersected by savannahs. I t ' i 184 SOUTH-EASTERN AFRICA. It is inhabited by the Cnffres, a fierce pastoral race of men, but brave, frank, and honest. North from thetn are the Zoolas, a ferocious iribo, who have lately committed dreadful ravngcs in this part of Africa. To the north of the colony lies the territory of the Boehuanas, a pastoral and agricultural race, less vigorous and in- trepid than the CaifreH, but more industrious, having well-built towns of considerable extent. The colony is peopled by various tribes of Hottentots, of whom indolence and disregard of cleanliness arc the characteristics ; tho Bosjosmans, or Bujihmen, and other free Hottentots, are wild and ferocious in their .ispositions. Some parts of the territory of the Cape of Good Hope are very productive. The corn and fruits are excellent. One spot produces the famous Constantia wine; and the flowers are unrivalled in brilliancy and fragrance. Among the wild animals of the country are the zebra, tho elephant, hippopota- mus) giraffe, the porcupine, and many poisonous snakes. Thia country was colonized by the Dutch about 1600; but since 1806 it has been in the possession of the British. The population, in 1839, amounted to 160,110. Exercises. — Into what territories is Southern Africa divided? Name the chief towns in each. What rivers docs it contain? By whom is the country to the cast of Cape Colony inhabited ? What is their character? What tribe have lately committed dreadful ravages ? What territory is situated north of the colony? What is the character of the people? By what tribes is the colony peopled ? What are the characterislie qualities of the Hottentots? What tribes of them arc peciliarly wild and ferocious? Is the Cape Territory productive ? Which of its pro- ductions are most noted ? Mention some of the wild animals of this country. By what European people was it first colonized? In whoss possession is it now ? What is its population ? , / . t f ' i SOUTH-EASTERN AFRICA, : ,. , DivisioDB. Chief Town*. Mocaran'ga Ma'nioa, Jumbo. Sofala Sofala. Mozambique' Mozambique, Quilli'mane. Zanguebar' • Mom'baz, QuiPoa, Magadox'a. Ajan Adel Zei'la, Berbe'ra. Rivers. — Zambe'zi, Mafumo, Sofala. Remarks.— Almost the whole of the eastern coast of Africa presents an aspect of fertility. Mocaranga is said to be a rich and powerful country, containing productive mines of gold. Sofala, besides the advantages of a genial soil and tolerable climate, pos- sesses mines of gold so abundant and pure that geographers have fancied that here was the Ophir of the ancients. The soil of NORTH-EASTERN AFRICA. 185 e of men, but the Zoi)las, a ravngcs in this erritory of the gorous and in- viniT well-buiU ntots, of whom Lcterislics ; tho g, are wild and territory of the ri and fruits nro intia wine; and ). Among the lant, hippopota- snakes. Thia jt since 1806 it ilation, in 1839, 1 divided? Name By whom is the is their character? What territory ter of the people! the charactcristie re peculiarly wild 7hich of its pro- animals of thia iized 1 In whos« tlli'mane. I, Magadox'a. Mozambique is particularly luxuriant; and gold, washed down the rivers in great quantities, constitutes a chiet part of its commerce. Zanguebar is low, marshy, and unhealthy; and its extensive forests are said to abound in elephants. The coast of Ajan, viewed from the sea, appears a desolate mass of rocks and sand; but the interior j8 more fertile, and carries on a considerable trade in gold, ivory, and ambergris. Adel, the country of the Somaulis, between the Straits of Babetmandeb and Capo Guordafui, abounds in myrrh and I frankincense. The Portuguese wore formerly masters of nearly tho whole of South Eastern Africa, but they have been driven i from the greater part of it by the natives and the Arabs from I Mascat. Exercises. — Point out on a map the divisions of South Eastern Africa* i Name the chief towns and point them out. What arc the rivers ? What aspect does this coast of Africa present? What is the condition of Mocaranga? What advantages does Sofala possess? Of what quality is the soil of Mozambique? What constitutes a chief part of its com- merce? What are the peculiarities of Zanguebar? What is the appear- ance of tho coast of Ajan when viewed from the sea? In what does it {carry on a considerable trade? For what is Adel famed? What people were formerly masters of this coast of Africa? By whom have they been driven from the greater part of it? coast of Africa I to be a rich and If gold. Sofala, Ible climate, pos- Veographers liave Is. The soil of NOHTH-EASTERN AFRICA. Countriea. Chief Towns. E'gypt Cai'ro, Alexan'dria. Vh'KJo 5 Dongo'la Donool a, Derr. JNu Dia .. ^ Senna'ar Sbnnaar, Shen'dy. Abyssin'ia Gon'dar, Adow'a. Rivers. — Nile, Tacazze. Lakes. — ^Dem'bea or Tza'na, MareoHis. Remarks. — Egypt is a long and narrow valley formed by the Nile, bounded on both sides by mountains and barren deserts, and ually widening as it approaches the sea, which it enters in two Ibranche?, forming a delta. The length of Egypt is about 500 miles; its extreme breadth 150 miles; but the average breadth of cultivated jiand does not exceed 27 miles. It is divided into Lower Egypt or [the Delta, Middle Egypt, and Upper Egypt or Said. The soil is pxtremely fertile, and the mode of culiivation remarkably simple. [Wheat, barley, rice, cotton, and sugar-cane are the principal arti- les of culture. The lotus, a species of water-lily, and the papyrus ir paper-tree, are indigenous productions; and the sycamore fig, lie date palm, the pistachio, the oriental plane, and the cypress, e frequently met with. The climate of Egypt is extremely hot, and is distinguished by 'lie rare occurrence of rain. It would therefore be a barren desert, We it not annually watered by the overflowing of the Nile, which [i. ', ,o>^;« IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^/ ^ A V IP^ ^ 1.0 Mi 1.25 ■tt lU ■2.2 "• — 12.0 ■ 40 HUM U 1 1.6 ^. // 41 '/ Sciences Corporation as WBT MAIN STRHT WnSTIR,N.Y. 14SM (71«)«7a-4S03 'V^^ "*'■ ^ i I i> f 186 NORTH-EASTERN AFRICA. ■preads fertility over its whole extent. ooeafioned by the periodical rains in the The river beffins to swell about the middle greatest height in September, and subsides the end of October. Of the animals for noted in ancient times, the hippopotamus is crocodile is only seen in Upper Egypt; but the stork-ibis are still common. These inundations in Abyssinian mountaioi, of June, and attains iti to its usual level about which the country was become rare ; and the the ichneumon-rat ud r^: •;t Egypt, celebrated in sacred history as the country in which the Israelites were detained in bondage, had ottained a considerable degree of civilisation and importance al a very remote period of antiquity.. Its pyramids, of which the great one is 461 feet Id height, have for upwards of 3,000 years withstood the influence of time, and seem destined to be coeval with the earth that sustains them. They are conjectured to have been raised for the mauso* leums or sepulchres of the Egyptian kings. Egypt is called in the Scriptures Mizraim. It is supposed that it was first peopled bj Ham, the son of Noah. The religion is the Mohammedan, but a tenth of the people are Copts, who profess Christianity. Popula* tion 2^000,000. Nubia, the ancient Ethiopia^ lies between Egypt and Abyssinia. It is almost quite occupied by deserts, except on the banks of the Nile. The kingdoms of Dongola on the Nile, and Sennaar on the Blue River or Abyssinian Nile, arc more fertile than the rest of the country. The inhabitants, who amount to about 250,000, are represented as fierce and perfidious. In Sennaar are found large forests of the acacia tree. Abyssinia, to the south of Nubia, is an extensive, and, in some respects, an interesting kingdom. It is pervaded by ranges of rocky mountains, sublime in their height and irregular in their forms. The chmate, owing to the mountainous situation of the country, is more temperate than might be expected under such a latitude. In the low gruunds the heat is intense. There are geiK- rally two harvests in the year. Millet, barley, wheat, maize, and a grain called teff^ smaller than mustard seed, but of an agreeable | taste, are the principal objects of culture. The country is partiea* larly rich in flowers, the fields abounding with roses, jessamines, lilies, primroses, and other plants, whose fragrance perfumes the whole land. Among the trees' with which it abounds maybe mentioned the sycamore fig, the tamarind, the date, and thej cofifeetree. Of the cattle of Abyssinia there is one species, called the Galla ox, with horns of enormous length. Tlie ass and the mule are the] beasts of labor, horses being used only for the purposes of war. The buifulocs are ferocious, and sometimes attack travellers.! Among the other wild animals are the two-horned rhinoceros, elephants, lions, panthers, leopards, the giniflTf, the hyena, boars, gazelles, and monkeys. The lakes and rivers swarm with croco-l oilea and hippopotami. The birds ore extremely numerous and CENTRAL AFRICA, 187 various. The most remarkable is a species of eagle, called the golden eagle, and some varieties of the bird of paradise. No country in the world is so much infested with troublesome insects. Of these the most formidable is the zebubf a fly somewhat larger than a bee, the puncture of whose proboscis is fatal, and penetrates even the tungh skin of the camel. The locusts, also, are particu- larly destructive. Abyssinia contains a number of provinces or kingdoms, which were formerly under the sway of one monarch, but are now divided among several chiefs. The religions professed in Nubia and Abyssinia are Judaism and the Christianity of th« Greek church. Exercises.— -What are the three countries in North-Eastern Africa? Name their chief towns and point them out on the map. Which is the principal river in these countries ? What is the general appearance or form of Egypt ? What are its length and breadth ? Into what districts is it divided I What is the quality of the soil ? What are the chief articles of cultivation ? What plants are indigenous productions of Egypt 7 What trees are frequently met with there ? What is remark- able about the climate of Egypt? What prevents the country frmn being a barren wastt.? By what are the inundations occasioned? When does the river begin to swell, attain its greatest height, and subside 7 What animals, formerly common in Egypt, have now be- come rare ? What animals ars still common ? For what is Egypt celebrated in sacred history? How long have its pyramids stood? What purposes did they serve ? What is the established religion ia Egypt 7 What is its population 7 Where is Nubia situated 7 What was its ancient or Scripture name? Has not Egypt also another name in Scripture 7 By whom is it 8up> posed that Egypt was first peopled 7 What is the general appearance of Nubia ? In what respect do the kingdoms of Dongola and Sennaar differ from the rest of Nubia 7 What is the character of the inhabitants 7 Of what species of tree are large forests found in Sannaar 7 What is the general aspect of Abyssinia 7 What is the nature of the climate 7 How many harvests are in a year 7 What are the prin- cipal objects of culture? Docs this country abound in flowers? What are its most remarkable trees? By what peculiarity is one species of the Abyssinian cattle distinguished 7 What are the beasts of kbor? For what purposes are the horses employed ? What arc the wild animals of this country 7 With what animals do the lakes and rivers swarm? Are there many varieties of birds in Abyssinia? What are the most remarkable of them? Is this country much infested with insects? What is the most formidable of these? What other insect is very destructive? Does Abyssinia contain more kingdoms than one? What religions arc professed in it? ^ ■I HI 1| 'i |i \ \i CENTRAL AFRICA CoDsists of an extensive range of countries and kingdoms to the south of the Great Deserv. situated chiefly on the Niger and some other rivers. It may be divided into— I i ■•'11. ^ M ■\i 1 « i 188 CENTRAL AFRICA. Countries bordering on the yx Detert, Coantriea. Chief Towna. Lud'amar Be^nowm. Beroo' Wa'let. Asben Agados. Countries on the JViger, Bambar'ra Se'go. Timbuc'too • • • •Timbuctoo. You'ri Youri. Bous'sa • • Boussa. Bor'goo Ni'ki. Nyffe •Rab'ba. Yar'riba Eye'o. FunMa* Fuuda. Kir'ree Kiree. E'boe* •••••• oEboe. Countries on the Sen'egal, Countrifli. ' *' Chief Towni. Bambouk' Bambouk. Bon'dou Fattecon'da. Kaar'ta Kem^moo. Countries E, and W, of Lake Tchad. Hous'sa Sack'atop. Kash'na Kashna. Ka'no Kano. Zeg-zeg Zari'a, Bor^nou Kou'ka. Log'gun Loggun. Begar'mee ••••Begarmee. Ber'goo War'ra. Dar'mr Cob'b^. Kordofan' Obeid'. Rbmarks. — Many parts of Central Africa are sandy and barren, while others, especially on the banks of the Niger, are fertile ud extremely populous. This river, which so long baffled every attempt to explore its course, is now ascertained to flow into the Gulf of Benin by numerous estuaries, after a winding course of upwards of 2,000 miles. The countries on the Senegal and the upper part of the Niger are fertile and populous, chiefly inhabited by negroes, with a mixture of Moors. Timbuctoo is the most celebrated seat of the caravan trade. The countries on the Lower Niger, Youri, Boussa, Yarriba, and Nyfi*^ are perhaps the most fruitful, industrious, and populous in all Africa. Houssa, an extensive region W. of Bornou, has an extremely fertile soil, yielding in abundance, grain, cotton, and indigo ; the inhabitants are more intelligent than those of Bornou, and powess an extensive commerce. Bornou, one of the most powerful kingdoms of Central Africa, lies immediately west and south of the lake Tchad ; Birnie, iU former capital, which, according to Denham and Clapperton, ones contained 200,000 inhabitants, is now in ruins. The land is very fertile, except where it is occupied with deserts of sand. The natives, whose numbers were estimated by Major Denham at 5,000,000, live in a state of the rudest simplicity. The Gambia is a noble river, about 11 miles wide at its mouth ; it has been ascended for some hundreds of miles, but how far it extends into the interior is not known. Travellers represent it as easy of access, and flowing through various interesting countries abounding with the elements of commerce, populous, and rich in grainy fruits, cattle and minerals. '-'« the Smfegai, ChiafTowni. •Bambouk. •Fattecon'da. ■Kem^moo. ind }F, of Lake had. AFRICA. 189 sandy and barren, ^er, are fertile aod oDg baffled every I to flow into the ivinding course of Senegal and the L chiefly inhabited tctoo is the most Ties on the Lower perhaps the most has an extremely 1, and indigo; the ornoU) and possess ^f Central Africa, Tchad ; Bimie, its Clapperton, oncQ The land is very ts of sand. The ilajor Denham at Mde at its month ; les,but how far It lers represent it as eresting countries ulousy and rich in EzBtcifBi.-- What is the situation of Central Africa? What is its Seneral aspect 7 What large river flows through it 7 Into what gnlf oes the Niger flow 7 What is the length of its course 7 Describe the countries on the Senegal and the upper part of the Niger. What is the most celebrated scat of the interior caravan trade? Describe the countries on the Lower Niger. Where is Houssa situated ? Ig Bomou a powerful kingdom 7 What is the nature of the country? What is the estimated amount of the population? In what state do the natives live? Is the Gambia a large river? Through what countries does it flow? DESOaiPTION OF TOWNS, ttC. '* Abo'mey, the capital of Daho'mey, situated about 80 miles from the Slave Coast. The roof of the palace is studded with skulls. Popula- tion 24,000. 7° 35' N. lat. S® 52' E. long. Abou'kir, Bay of, on the coast of Egypt, celebrated for the victmy which Lord Nelson obtained over the French fleet, 1798. Ac'cra, a town and British settlement on the Gold coast, W. AlUca. Population 5,000. Adow'a, a town in Abyssinia. Population 8,000. Alexan'dria, an ancient and celebrated city and seaport of Effypt, situated upon a narrow peninsula between Lake Mareo'tia and the Medi- terranean. Near it are Pompey's Pillar, the obelisk called Cleopatra's Needle, and other remarkable antiquities. Here, on the 21st of March, 1801, Uie French were defeated by the British under Sir Ralph Aber- crombie, who was mortally wounded in the action, and died on the 28th. Population 40,000. Algiers', the ancient Numi'dia, one of the Barbary States. Population 2,000,000, of whom about 50,000 are Jews. Its capital of the same name is a strongly fortified city, rising beautifully from the shore in the form of an amphitheatre. It was long the chief seat of Jic atrocious piracies carried on from the Barbary ports, until the British fleet, under Lord Exmouth, in 1816, destroyed both the Algerine fleet and the bat- teries. In 1830, the French made a complete conquest of the city, and are endeavouring to colonize the territory. Population 30,000. Angor'nou, a town of Bomou, about 16 miles from Kouka. Popula- tion 30,000. 12°40'N. 14°37'E. Ar'dra, an industrious city of Western Africa, on the Slave Coast, about 25 miles inland. Population 20,000. Ascen'sion, a small island in the S. Atlantic, 600 miles to the N. Wt of St. Helena, frequented by ships on account of the great abundance of turtle and fish. 7<> 56' S. 14° 24' W. Ashantee', a kingdom of Western Africa, extending about 300 miles inland from the Gold coast It abounds in gold. Ax'um, a town of Abyssinia, with a Christian church. In the prin- cipal square is a remarkable ancient obelisk, 60 feet high, of a single I block of granite, and curiously sculptured. Population 6,000. Azores', or Western Islands, a group in the N. Atlantic, about 800 I miles from Portugal, to which they belong. They consist of nine islands, of which St Michael is the largest, although Terceira is the residenet of the Governor. The A'/ores are exceedingly fertile, producing the finest wines, oranges, and lemonSi but are subject to dreadful earth- hmkes. Popdation S50,000< ,-< . r. i... « ,.. 4,. ..Mi-j r !...■«.. » : ]• ; 1 I i I i .1' ,h I 1 iij^. 190 AftitCA, Bar'oa, the ancient Lyhia, is an eztensire but ateril territory, e6ti« aiitinff nioatly of land, between Tripoli and Egypt. The ancientii however, had flourishing settlements there ; and considerable remaini of Cyrene, PtolemaiSi du:., have recently been discovered. Benin', a kingdom of Upper Guinea, extending along the coast. It is intersected by a number of estuaries, now ascertained to be branches of the Niger, by which that great river discharges its waters into the Atlantic. Its capital of the same name is situated inland, on an open plain. Population 15,000. ' • ' Bizer'ta, a seaport of Tunis, at the head of a deep bay. Population 14,000. Bon'ny, a town of Upper Guinea, at the mouth of one of the branches of the Niger, which carries on a great traffic in palm oil, and formerly in slaves. Population .20,000. Bor'nou, or New Bir'nie, a city of the kingdom of Bornou, and resi- dence of the Sultan. Population 10,000. Bourbon (boorbong')t a fertile island in the Indian Ocean, about 400 miles east of Madagascar, belonging to the French, 48 miles long and 36 broad. It is almost entirely of volcanic formation, and a mountain in the S. emits smoke, flame, and ashes. PopuIaUoa 109,330. St. Denis, the capital, has a population of 19,000. Bous'sa, the capital of a fertile country of the same name on the Niger, where Mungo Park was killed. Clapperton and the Landers were well received by the natives. Population 16,000. Ca'bes, a seaport of Tunis, on the Gulf of Cabes. Population 20,000. 33°50'N. 10° 10' E. Cai'ro, the modem capital of Egypt, and the largest city in Africa, is situated near the eastern bank of the Nile. It is in general ill built, but contains many elegant mosques. Population about 240,000. 30° 2' N. 31° 15' E. Cana'ries, formerly distinguished by the name of the Fortunate Islands, a beautiful group in the Atlantic, ofl* the N.W. coast of Africa, belonging to Spain. They are seven in number, of which Teneriffe and Grand Canary are the chief. The Peak of Tenerifle rises 12,176 feet above the sea, and is seen by mariners at the distance of 140 miles. It was in this island Admiral Nelson lost his right arm. These islands are in general fertile, and enjoy a fine climate ; their most valuable production is wine, of which Tenerifle yields 25,000 pipes annually. Population 239,338. Cape Coast Castle, the capital of the British settlements on the Gold coast, built on ?. rock and strongly fortified. Population 8,000. 5" 7' N. 1° 13' W. Cape Town, the capital of Cape Colony and of the British possessions in Southern Africa, situated on Table Bay ; a roost important naval station in the passage to the East Indies. Population 20,000. 33° 53' S. 18° 20' E. ' Con'go or Zaire, a large and rapid river of Western Africa, which discharges its waters into the Atlantic. Although it has been traced 300 or 400 miles upwards, its origin and early course are still enveloped in mystery. Constanti'na, the ancient CtVfa, the eapital of the eastern province of Algiers, situated on a steep rock, 2,900 feet above the sea, m AFRICA. 191 •tionfly fortified. It is diitinffnished by many fine remaini of Roman architecture. Population 30,000. Coomas'sie, the capital of the kingdom of AahanteCi situated on a rocky hill. Population 15,000. 7° N. 1° 24' W. - •--• Damiet'ta, a seaport of Egypt, near the mouth of the eastern branch of the Nile. Population 20,000. 31<> 25' N. Sl^ 47' E. Dongola, New, or Marag'ga, the capital of Dongola, a proTince of Nubia, situated on the Nile. Population 8,000. E'boe, a town on the Niger, about 100 miles from the sea, the centra of the trade in slaves and palm oil. Population 6,000. El Mi'na, a seaport of Upper Guinea, the capital of the Dutch pos- sessions on the Gold coast, and strongly fortified. Population 10,000. Ey^'o, a large city of Central Africa, capital of Yarriba ; stated by Clapperton to be 15 miles in circumference. Fez, a city of Northern Africa, once famous as a seat of learning and the capital of a Moorish kingdom, to which it gave name, — now onitcd to Morocco. It is pleasantly situated in a valley, surrounded by hills covered with orchards and orange groves, and has considerable manufactures of woollens, carpets, and morocco leather. Population 80,000. Fcz'zan, a county to the S. of Tripoli, forming an oasis or island in the great Desert. 'The heat is intense, and the soil is a light sand. It is the great emporium of the caravan trade, and a central point of communication between Tripoli and the interior of Africa. Free'town, the capital of the colony of Sierra Leone, situated on a bay at the mouth of the Rokelle. Population 10,500. Fun'chal, the capital of the island of Madeira. Population 25,000. Fun'da, a large town of Central Africa, on the Tchadda, near its jonction with the Niger. Population 60,000. Gibral'tar, Straits of, between Europe and Africa, uniting the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The breadth of the channel, in the narrowest part, is 12 miles. Good Hope, Cape of, a celebrated promontory of Southern Africa. It was discovered by the Portuguese navigator, Diaz, in 1487 ; and was doubled by Vasco de Gama, on November 20th, 1497. 34° 22' S. 16° 28' E. The British colony of the Cape of Good Hope, called Cape Colony, occupies the S. extremity of the continent, and extends from near the Orange river on the W. to beyond the Great Fish River on the E. Guardafui {gardafwee'). Cape of, a bold headland, the most eastern point of Africa, near the Struits of Babelmandcb. 11° 49' N. 51° 20' E. Hele'na, St., an island in the South Atlantic, about 1,200 miles from Capo Negro, the nearest point of the African coast. It is 28 miles in circuit, and presents an immense wall of perpendicular rock, from 600 to 1,200 feet high. St. Helena is famous as having been the abode of Napoleon Bonaparte, from 16th October, 1815, till his death on the 5th May, 1821. Population 5,000. 15° 55' S. 5° 44' W. Kair'wan, a city of Tunis, once a Saracen capital ; with a grand mosque supported by 500 granite columns. Population 40,000. Ka'no, a city, once the capital of Houssa, and still the chief seat of tl)e caravan trade. PopulaUon 40,000, 12° & N. 9° 20* E. !.! I I * i ' I :|li 1S2 APBICA. '^ ;) \.u . 1 1 . : I, if KiafoM, ft eoontrj tnd mtr to the W. of the Niger. Tho itthabiUati •n nide, but hocpitable. The Landeni foand mmny of them dreeied in Mftneheiter ootlonsi and the rovel houM adorned with portraita of Britiah eharaeten. Pbpulation 3o,000. Kurree'chanee', a town of the BMhuanaa, in S. Africa. FtoalaUon 16,000. Lattakoo^, a town of S. Africa, the capital of the Boshuanas. I>>po< latioo 6,000. S?^ 10' S. 24<' SO' E. Libe'ria, a colony on the coait of Upper Guinea, near Cape Merarada, founded by the Americana for the settlement of freo negroes from the United States. Monrovia, the capital, has a population of 1^200. Loan'da or St. Paul, a fortified seaport of Lower Guinea, the oapitil of Angola. Pbpulation 5,000. Loan'go, a town of Lower Guinea, the capital of a kingdom to which it gifcs name. Population 15,000. 4° 37' S. IF 48' E. Lon'is, Fort St., a town of W. Africa, situated on an island at the mouth of the Senegal. Population 14,500. Madagaa'car, a largo and beautiful island to the E. of Africa, from which it is separated bv the Mozambique Channel. It is 950 miles in length and 300 in breadth ; the interior is traversed by a chain of loftj mountains, covered with valuable trees ; the fertile plains along the coaat are watered by numerous streams. Population 5,000,000. Madei'ra, a fine island off the N. W. coast of Africa, belonging to Portugal, 37 miles in length by 11 in breadth. It is famous for its wine, and olso for its salubrious climate. Population 112,000. 32*^ 37' N. 16°54'W. Mauri'tius, or Isle of France, an island in the Indian Ocean, 500 miles E. of Madagascar. It is about 120 miles in circumference, and nroduces sugar, ooffee. cotton, indigo, and ebony. Since 18^0 it has bekinged to filritain. Population 135,197. Meq'uinez, a city of Morocco, aituated in a fine plain, watered by numerous rivulets. It is a favorite residence of the E^mperor. Popu- lation 60,000. Mocaran'ga or Monomota'pa, a country of & Africa, to the north of the Sofala coast Gold mines arc found in it ; but the interior is almost unknown to Europeans. Mog'adore, a aoaport of Morocco, on the Atlantic. It is situated in the neighbourhood of a barren waste, but makes a fine appearance from the sea and is the emporium of the trade with Europe. Population 10,000. 31° 30' N. 9* 44' W. Monasteer', a seaport of Tunis, with a considerable trade. Popola. tion 12,000. "* Moroc'co, the ancient Maurita'nia, an empire in the N.W. of Africa, and the most important of the Barbary States. It yields the finest dates. The government is the most rigid despotism ; the will of the Emperor being the only law, and the lives and properties of his subjects being at his sole disposal. The capital of the same name is situated on the N. of Mount Atlas, in a vast plain covered with date and olive trees. Population 50,000. Mozambique', a seaport of S. E. AfVica, the capital of the Portug^oese settlements on that coast. It is situated on an island, and is fortified^ ?opulatioq 10,QOO, 15° 1' S. 40« 47' E. AFRICA. 193 Ae trade. P&pula- Mi'fcr or Qaor'ra, a larf^e river, whoie termination waa long myate- rioui, haf its aource in the lorty mountains about S50 milei inland from Sierra Leone,— flowing N. E. It is called the Joliba as Tar as Sego, and even to TimbucUio. It then turns to the S. E. and S., and, atier a course estimated at 2,300 miles, falls, by numerous estuaries, into the Gulf of Benin. Nile, the river of Ej^ypt, and one of the most celebrated of the old world, was an object of wonder and veneration to the ancients, and of eager curiosity to the moderns. The main brunch, or White River, is now understood to have its source among the mountains of Central Africa, to the S. of Darfur. Uniting in Scnnaar with another branch, called the Blue River, from Abyssinia, it forms one large stream, which flows through Nubia and Upper Egypt, where it is confined between (he mountain ranges. Near Cairo, tlio valley widens, and the Nile, separating into two great brunches, enters the extensive and level plain of the Delta, which it encloses, and falls into the Mediterranean by the western branch at Roselta, and by the eastern at Damietta. The length of its course is supposed to be upwards of 3,500 miles. Nyfife, a fine country of Central Africa, cast of the Niger, where trade and manufactures arc very flourishing. Rab'ba, its capital, and a largo city, excels m the manufuclure of mats. Port Louis, the capital of the island of Mauritius, with a good harbor. Pupulaliun 35,000. Rosct'ta, a town of Egypt, at the mouth of the western branch of the Nile. Population 5,000. 31° 25' N. 30° 28' E. Suck'utoo, the largrst city of Central Africa, capital of Houssa, I on a tributary of the Niger. Population 80,000. 13° 6' N 6° 5' E. Saffec, a seaport of Morocco, with a fine harbor. Population 13,000. Sallec', a seaport on the W. coast of Morocco, at the mouth of a river loftliOsame name. It was formerly a e^rcat stronghold of the Moorish pirates. Population 10,000. New Sullce, or Ruba'', is on the opposite 1 Bide of the river. Population 25,000. Sal'vador, St., or Con'go, a city of W. Africa, i, -> capital of Congo, I on a steep and rocky hill. Population, about 24,000. Sc's:o, a flourishing city of Central Africa, capital of Bambarra, on I the Niger. Population 30,000. , ,, Sen'egul, a large river of Western Africa, which has its source in the I Mountains of Kong, not far from those of the Gambia and Rio Grande. In its progress through the country of the FoulaAs (an amiable negro race) it is swelled by numerous streams, and, after a course of about ]liOOO miles, falls into the Atlantic. Sencgarn'bia, the name given to the countries of W. Africa watered Ibythe Senegal, Gambia, and Rio Grande, extending southwards to Sierra Leone. This extensive region is divided into a number of states or kingdoms, and inhabited chiefly by the Foulahs, Mandingoes, and lYaloffs or Jalufls. Senna'ar, a city of Nubia, on the Blue River. Population 9,000. Sier'ra Leo'ne, a country of Western Africa, watered by the Rokelle lor Sierra Leone, on which the British formed a settlement in 1787. [The climate is extremely unhealthy and fatal to Europeans. Population |43,0OO. as M W^' i;r II 194 AFRICA. 1/ ! I ■ Li I 1), ll 1 f Siouf , a city of Upper £; ypt, on the Nile, a place of coniidenble i trade. Population 13,000. 6ofala, the reputed Ophir of Scripture, a country with a town of the j ■ame name on the coast of S. E. Africa. Sua'kin, a seaport of Nubia, on Jie Red Sea, with a good harbor. Population 8,000. Su'ez, a celebrated isthmus which connects the continents of Aiia I and Africa, and separates the Mediterran,000 45,000 1,300,000 ngton uala • .«•••• 42,192 23,361 140,000 35,000 aribo. . neiro . . ••••••• "isaca. . tpiiun.. |s Ay res Video [go ... lesire . 50,000 20,000 200,000 60,000 14,000 12,000 100,000 12,000 55,000 STATISTICS OP THE EUROPEAN STATES. 197 I •1 ssss l« (O M ^ fi^^f5^"0gfs^^ um t- o e o S Q 5 o o o e o w to o« a» ^ ^ ! 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TboM marked * are Voloanoee. . . . . Mountain. Situation. Country. Mount lilanc ••••Alps«»» Savoy ••••« Mount Rosa ••••Alps Switzerland! Schrek'horn Alps Switzerland' Ortler Spitz Alps Tyrol Mulhacen Sierra Nevada^ • • • Spain • > • • • Maladet'ta Pyrenees • • Spain • . • • « Mont Perdu Pyrenees • • • France • • • • iiitna .••••••*•••••«•••••••••••• oiCily •.••...••*.• St. Got hard •• Huska Monte Corno Lomnit;2 ••• • Sneoliattcn •• Olynj'pns' Paetabon the Ma. • 15,668 • 15,527 • 13,386 • 12,852 • 11,678 • 11,436 • 11,168 10,870 • Alps Switzerland 10,605 'Carpathians Hungary -Apennines Ituly ••• .Carpathians • Hungary • DoH-ines Norway Turkey 9,913 9,523 8,770 8,123 9,754 Puy de Sancy • •• .Auvergne France •••• 6,224 Mezenc Ccvennes France 5,820 Parnos'suK • Greece 8,068 •Hecia Iceland 5,110 Ben Nevis ^'cotiand ••• 4,370 Cairngorm' Grainpiiins f^cotland • • • 4,080 •Vesu'vius Niples 3,9321 Snowdon Wales 3,571 Cader Tdris < Mao^i/liciiddy's Reeks Helve'/lyn Ben Lotiiond • • • • Gnnipians Skiddaw ASIA. Dhawalagiri •••••. TTimmnlehs • Chimularee Hinimolehs • Javahcr Himrnalehs • Highest Peak of Hindoo-Coosh Elimrz •• Caucasus. ^» Ar'arat Mowna Uoa Ophir Highest Peak of Leb'anon • • • Italilzkoi Altai •Awatsha Highest Peak of Nilgherries • • • Bi'nai .« Adam*8 Peak ..t«t*»**««*»*« Wales 3,5501 Ireland 3,412 England 3,3I3| Scotland 3,S England 3,022| N. of Hindostan • • • . 28,074 1 N. of Hindostan • • • • 27,200 1 N. of Hindostan • • • • 25,8< N. ofCubul.^. 20,0001 Circassia 17,798 Armenia 17,359 1 Sandwich Isles . • • • • 15,9 Sumatra 13,8401 Palestine 11,050 Siberia 10,735 Kamschatka 9,600 Hindostan 8,835 Arnbia 7,887 Ceylon** e,630| PRINCIPAL MOUNTAINS. 199 Moantain. Ida • Carmel Sitnition. Cnantrjr. Asia Minor • Palestiue • • • ^■)0 J ■ Feet abovB thetn. • ••• 5,£9S .... 2,250 AFRICA. Mount Hentet • • Atlas Range • • • • Morocco • ] 5,000 Highest Peak of the Cameroons • • • • W. Africa 13,250 •PeokofTen'erifle Conaries 12,i78 Compass Snowy Mountains S. Africa • 10,250 PicoRuivo Madeira 6,233 Table Mountain Cape Colony 3,582 DiantsPcak ..« St. Helena *.. 2,710 Ascent of Guy Lussac, at Paris, in 1804, the greatest ■ i= height sver attained by a balloon S3,040 Greatest height attained on the Uimmalehs, by Dr. Gerard 20,000 ,, Height of Snow-lino on the N. side of the Uimmalehs 17,000 Mansarowara Lake, in Tibet 14,500 . . Height of Snow-line on tlic Alps 10,800 Convent of the Great St. Bernard, Alps 8,180 Pass of the LiUle St. Bernard, Alps 7,192 ' WESTERN HEMISPHERE.-AMERICA. Feet a bore Moantain. Bituation. Country. the sea. Sora'ta Andes Bolivia 25,250 Illima'ni Andes Bolivia 24,200 Chimbora'zo Andes Colombia 21,436 *Cayambe ••••• 'Andes •• Colombia 19,625 *Antisana Andes .......... Colombia 19,136 •Cotopax'i Andes ••• • Colombia • 18 878 Mount St. Ellas N. America 17,863 ♦Popocatepetl • ••• Mexico 17,780 •Oriza'ba Mexico 17,390 •Pichin'cha Andes Coloiiibia 1 5,924 MountFairweather » N. Americo 14,736 Coif'^o de Peroie Mexico 13,275 James' Peak • • • • Rocky Mountains* United Slates 11,500 Highest Peak of Blue Muuntains • • • • Jamaica 7,278 Mt. Washington • • AUeghanies • United State 6,634 Greatest altitude attained by Humboldt and Bonplanr^, on Chimborazo, in 1802 19,798 Height attained on lUimani, by Pentland 19,000 Height of Snow-line on Chimborazo 15,800 Heights of Assuay, the ancient Peruvian Road, Colombia 15,540 Lake Titica'ca, Bolivia 12,795 Farm of Antisana, the highest inhabited spot on the Andes 13,437 City of Potosi, Bolivia, or Upper Peru 13,350 City of Quito, Colombw 9,543 City of Mexico 7,47S htti. I ( \\ fi' X- :m 200 MOUKTAINS,— VOLCANOES. Length of the Principal ChainB of Mountaim* Milei. TheAnde 4,500 Mexican and Rocky M ts. 7,000 Whole American Chain* 11,500 Altaian Mountains •••• 2,500 Mts. of the Moon, probl. 2,000 Ural Mountains • • 1,500 Mount Atlas 1,500 Him'maleh Mountains* • 1,800 MiiM. Dov'refield Mountains* • 1,000 Olonetz Mountains • • • • 1,000 APlegany Mountains • * • 900 The Appenines • 700 The Alps 600 Carpa'tnian Mountains* * 500 Green Mountains S50 The Pyrenees' 200 Remarks. — ^The elevation of mountains produces a great effect on the air. As we rise above the level of tho sea, it becomes more rarefied. At any considerable height, the difference is so great that breathing becomes difficult and all efforts laborious ; and the blood often starts from the eyes and lips. At the height of two or three miles, the air becomes so dry as to produce the most distressing thirst. The traveller finds himself above the region of clouds and storms ; he sees the lightnings flash and hears the thunders roll beneath him. The heat also diminishes rapidly in ascending moun- tains. At the height of 2| miles above the sea, in 40 degrees lati- tude, and three miles at the equator, the cold is so intense that every trace of animal life is extinct. All above is the abode of silence and desolation. Volcanoes have not the same permanency of character as the other features of the globe. The fires of volcanoes burst forth in eruptions of smoke and flame, and melted stones, or lava, from an opening called the crater, A few, like that of Stromboli, near Sicily, blaze continually (the sailors call it the great light-house of the Mediterranean); but in most volcanoes, eruptions take place only at intervals. Some old volcanoes have become extinct or dormant, and new ones have burst forth, within the memory of man. More than 200 volcanoes are known to exist in the world, one half of which are in America. The volcanoes of Europe and Asia are generally on islands ; but those of America are chiefly on the main land ; as will be seen in the following statement of their numbers, by Jamieson : Europe, — on the continent, 1 — on islands, 12. * ' Asia « «* 8 « 58. America « « 97 « 19. Africa ** " unknown *< many. No fewer than 40 volcanoes are continually burning between Cape Horn and Cotopaxi. The whole mountainous region of the province of Quito may be considered, according to Humboldt, as one immense volcano, more than 2,000 square miles in extent. Respect* able authors observe, that " olmost all the islands in the Atlantic^ and many in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Seas, are volcanic.*' Exxmcnis. — ^Which is the highest mountain in Euro^? Howmanr thousand feet high is it? Which is the highest monntam in the worldi and where is it situated? How many thousand feet high is it 7 What PEINCIPAL RIVERS IN THE WORLD, 201 ittottif. HilM. antains** 1)000 Eiins • • • • 1)000 itains • • • 900 700 600 untains** 500 fig • • • • • • 950 ........ 200 ces a great efifect f it becomes more :e is 60 great that s ; and the blood it of two or three most distressing ion of clouds and the thunders roll I ascending moun- in 40 degrees lati- is so intense that ) is the abode of >f character as the oes burst forth in !, or lava, from an f Stromboli, near reat light-house of ptions take place ecome extinct or le memory of man. he world, one half ly on islands ; but iB will be seen in lieson : andS) 12. 58. 19. many, burning between lous region of the ) Humboldt, as one I extent. Respect- ds in the Atlantic, are volcanic." uropet Howmanr nntain in the world. It high if it? Wb»» mountain range is the highest in Africa? How many thousand feet high did any person ever ascend with a balloon ? What was his name? When and from what place did he ascend 7 What is the greatest height any person ever ascended on a mountain? Which is the higliest inha- bited spot in the world ? Which is the longest chain of mountains in the world ? What is its length ? Which is the longest chain in the eastern hemisphere ? What is its length? In ascending a mountain what sensible effect is felt in the air? What effect is felt in breathing? What is felt from the dryness of the air ? When the traveller gets above the region of the clouds and storms, what does he sometimes see and hear 7 In ascending a mountain^ what effect is produced in respect of heat? At what height is every trace cf animal life extinct? What is the bursting forth of a volcano called 7 What is the melted matter it throws out called? What name is given to the opening in the mountain 7 Which is the highest volcano in Europe, and where is it situated ? What is the name of a very celebrated volcanic mountain in one of the Canary Islands 7 Are there any volcanoes continually blazing? What do the sailors call Stromboli 7 How many volcanoes are known to exist in the world? What difference is observed in the situation of volcanoes in the two hemispheres 7 How many are conti- nually blazing between Cape Horn and Cotopaxi? In what oceans are most of the islands of volcanic formation ? PRINCIPAL RIVERS IN THE WORLD. EUROPE. Name. Vol'ga.... Dan^ube Country. Russia Germany^ &c. l>erinination. • Caspian Sea •« • Black Sea Len^b in niilesk • 2,040 1,800 Dnie'per • luissia Black Sea • 1,150 Don Rhine* Dwina Elbe.. Russia Sea of Azoph Germany, Sec* .. .North Sea Russia Germany Dnies'ter Russia White Sea •• North Sea *. Black Sea •• • Baltic Sea *. •Bay of i3iscay Vis'tula Poland, &z.c. Loire . • France. « . • Oder Tagus Spain, Sec. Rhone • » • France* . . • Guadia'na Spain • . • « Douro Spain, &&c. Seine France. . . < Po Italy Ebro ........ Garonne France < Guadalquiv'er ...» Spain . Thames (tema) • . . England Sev'era England Ti'ber Italy... Shan'noD *•.•••• Ireland Atlantic Ocean 8 Prussia Baltic Sea ... .Atlantic Ocean • •..Mediterranean • ....Gulf of Cadiz .* ... .Atlantic Ocean • . ...English Channel .. .Adriaiic Sea * * Spain Medittrranean* * Bay of Biscay Gulf of Cadiz ** North Sea . . * - Bristol Channel Mediterranean. • 1,020 830 750 715 700 650 620 580 550 540 460 455 450 410 400 400 300 210 210 210 200 1 1 1 1 1 'i III' \\\ ■i i! i' !•' 202 PRINCIPAL RIVERS IN THE WORLD. EUROPE (eorUinncd). Name. Hum'ber • Tay Forth •••• Clyde •... Country. » England ••• > Scotland ••• •Scotland ••• •Scotland ••• ASIA. Tnrminatioa. North Sea ••< North Sea ••« North Sea ••• Frith of Clyde* Len||thio milM. • 160 • 110 • lis • 100 Yang-tse-kiang' - • China ••»••••••• Yen'isei Siberia ••••.•••• Oby and Irtish* •••Siberia •••• Hoang-ho China •••• • Lena ••••••••••Siberia ••••••••• Amur Chinese Tartary*^ Maykaung Laos, be. Eaphrates Turkey in Asia • • Indus Hindostan Ganges Hindostan Brahmapootra • • * Tibet, £ic • Oxus or Jlhon* • • 'Bokhara • Sihon Western Tartary • Irrawady Pegu • Choo-kiang China Ural Russia • • Tigris <• 'Turkey in Asia • • Mciiiara •••••••• Siam ••••••••••• Godavery 'Hindostan •••••• AFRICA. • • •• Pacific Ocean • • Northern Ocean Northern Ocean Pacific Ocean •••••• Northern Ocean • • • • SeaofOchotsk •••• Chinese Sea Persian Gulf Indian Ocean Bay of Bengal Bay of Bengal* • • • • • Sea of Aral Sea of Aral Bay of BengaU • • • • • Chinese Sea Caspian Sea Euphrates "•• Gulf of Siam Bay of Bengal > Egypt, he, .Nifl Nile Niger Nigritia Congo or Zaire • • Congo Orange Hottentots • 2 Mexico Gulf of California • • • 700 > United States • • • • Chesapeak Bay 460 •Canada St. Lawrence 420 •Guiana •••• Atlantic Ocean •••• • 400 •United States • • • • Atlantic Ocean • • • • • 355 » United States • • • • Atlantic Ocean S20 Remarks.— The current of rivers is at first occasioned by the descent of the ground; but this impulse sometimes drives them on, over ground which is almost level. Thus the Amazon descends only one-tenth of an inch in a mile, for the last 400 miles of its course ; and the Paraguay, one thirty-third of an inch in the same distance. In one part of its course, the Seine descends only one foot in a mile; and the Ganges, only nine inches. The eourge of rivers is generally winding. This incieases the length and difiiculty of navigation; but it checks the velocity, which would otherwise prevent navigation entirely. The earth also is more thoroughly watered; and the destructive efiects of a violent current are prevented. The ^ooefs of the Nile, the Ganges, and the Mississippi, rise about 30 feet above the common level. The Ohio, and other branches of the Mississippi, often rise 40 or 50 feet ; and the Orinoco from 70 to 120 feet. The floods of the Orinoco, the Amazon, and the Ganges, cover the country for 100 miles in breadth. The floods of rivers, especially in the torrid zone, are often very destructive, sweeping away houses and villages. It was estimated that the flood of the Ganges, in 1822, destroyed from 50,000 to 100,000 persons. At the same time they are highly useful, by leaving behind them a deposit of vegetable mud or slime, which renders the vales of rivers the most fertile spots on the earth. Egypt is entirely dependent on the floods of the Nil^ for watering as well as fertilizing its lands. The current of some rivers, on entering the ocean, is so power- ful, that the waters may be distinguished at a great distance from the shore. The waters of the Amazon are said to remain fresh for UO miles from the coast; and Columbus found his vessel in the fresh water of the Orinoco, before he discovered the continent of South America. In some rivers, the tides ascend a great way inland. In the Amazon, the tide is perceived 400 miles from its mouth; in the Thames, of England, 70 miles; in the Connecticut it ascends 50 miles; in the Hudson, 160; and in the Potomac, 200 miles. j I i1 liljl Ml "' 1^; II I f^ li til I i ;lr 204 RIVERS, CATARACTS, ETC. In many rivers there tire rajrdt and eataractg remarkable for their sublimity and beauty. The Falls of JViagara surpass all others ol' the known world in grandeur. Here the river, three ?|uarter8 of a mile in width, plunges over a precipice of 150 to 164 eet in height, into nn abyss whose depth has never been fathomed. The river Montmorenci forms a cataract 220 feet in height, nine miles below Quebec, which is in full view from the St. Lawrence. The body of water is small, and the breadth only 50 feet. The waters appear like snow-white foam, enveloped in a cloud of vapor, and the whule effect is grand. The highest cataract in JImerica is that of Tequendama, in the river Bogota, a branch of the Mogdalena. This river rises in the lofty plain in which Bogota is situated, 9,000 feet obove the sea, and is precipitated into the lower country through deep ravines, and over steep precipices; and finally plunges 600 feet into a deep chasm. The cataracts of the JVile have long been celebrated. They are described, by Bruce, as overwhelming the mind by their grandeur; but the river is narrow, and the fall does not exceed 40 feet. The cataract of the Rhine, near Schaffhausen, which is 450 feet broad and 70 in height, is much celebrated for its grandeur. One of the most magnificent waterfalls in Europe has lately been discovered in the river Lattin, in Swedish Lnpland, which is said to bo half a mile in width and 400 feet in height. The chasm which forms the channel of a river is sometimes covered with a portion of the rock, which was not removed by the convulsions that seem to have produced it, and forms a natural bridge. A celebrated curiosity of this kind, is the bridge which passes over Cedar Creek, in Rockbridge, Virginia. It consists of a lofty arch of rock covered with earth ond tree?, passing over the chasm, at the height of 210 feet above the wotcr. The bridge is about 65 feet wide and 40 feet in thickness. The view from below is as delightful as that from above is painful. In Scott county, Virginia, there is a similar bridge, 1.000 feet lung and SOO feet high. Botn these are scenes of great sublimity. ExERCisKS. — Which is the longest river in the world ? Which is the longest in Europe, — in Asia, — m Arrica? Name the ihreo largest rivers in the world. In which hemisphere are they 7 By what impulse is the current of a river first occasioned? At what small descent do some rivers move onwards ? What good effects arise from the winding course of rivers? To what height do some rivers rise when flooded? To what extent do some rivers when flooded overflow the country? How many persons were lost by the flood of the Ganges, in 1822? In what respects are floods highly useful ? What country depends entirely on the floods of a river for watering and fertilizing its lands? Name the river. What river forces its fresh water unmixed 240 miles into the ocean? In the frenh water of what river did Columbus find his ship before he discovered land ? How far from the coast do the titles ascend or raise the waters of some rivers f What beautiful and sublime scenes are to be seen in some rivers? Where is the grandest sight of this kind ia the known world? Describe the falls of Montmorenci Where is PRINCIPAL LAKES. 206 (he hi^hMt eataraet in America? Are not the eataraetf of the Nile Tery celebrated 7 What is remarkable in the eataraet of the Rhine? Where has a magnificent waterrall been lately discovered? What are its height and the breadth of the river? Describe the natural bridge over Cedar Creek, in Virginia. What are the length and height of a similar one in Scott county, Virginia? PRINCIPAL LAKES IN THE WORLD. .f ••••••••• • • • • • • « Supe'rior • . . . . Hu'ron«»« Bai'kal... Mich'igan Win'nipeg E'rie Lado'ga •« Slave Lake Onta'rio»»« Barkash * One'ga»»»» Nicarag'ua Cham'plain Wanner •• Wetter... Lake of the Woods • Gene'va •< Con 'stance North America • . North America • • Siberia * . • • North America • » North America • « North America • . Russia North America • • North America * • Chinese Tartary • • Russia North America . * North America • » Sweden Sweden North America * * Switzerland... .. • Switzerland...... Length. Breadth. 400 140 250 190 350 35 300 80 250 50 280 50 130 70 250 60 210 50 180 80 130 40 150 50 128 15 80 30 80 16 70 40 50 10 40 10 Sq. milei. 34,000 30,000 20,000 20,000 12,000 6,200 7,400 3,300 1,500 794 : £46 203 Lake Titicaca, in S. America, is said to be 150 miles in length. Lake St. Clair, in N. America, is 90 miles in circumference. Africa has few lakes yet known. Dembeah compares with the Lake of the Woods in size. The Lake of Tchad, recently disco- vered in Central Africa, is supposed to be as large as Lake Huron. Remarks. — Salt lakes are particularly abundant in hot countries; and in the dry and desert regions of Asia, Africa, and S. America. Some lakes are greatly elevated above the level of the ocean,— others considerably depressed below it. Thus Titicaca, the sacred lake of the Peruvians, is 14,000 feet above this level ; Lake Supe- rior, 620; Erie, 580; Ontario, 240; these are fVesh water lakes. The Lake or Sea of Aral is 186, the Caspian 300, and the Dead Sea 500 feet below the level of the ocean; these are salt water lakes. Lakes are often celebrated on account of the scenery around them; which of course varies with the geological character of the country. The lakes of primary regions^ like those of the Alps, of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Scotland, are distinguished for the wild and romantic character of their scenery. The lakes of fecon- dary regioniy like those of Derwentwater and Windermere, in Kngland, are characterised by the softer beauties of the landscape. The lakes of alluvial dittiicts have low and level bankS} with no beauty of 9cenery. ■ 2 § I'i t „ i i!i v\ I ^^^m l.i ^H '1 I I'i 1 I . ■ ^^^^^^H ^^^H V'J'. ' IIV -I 206 PaiNCIPAIi CANALS. Larfe nlMd wateri^ like the lakes in N. America, are aubject to MorOM aa violent and dangerous aa those of the ocean. They are iBore sadden and more unsteady, on account of the mountains, which interrupt and vary the winds. Some lakes are liable to Bttdden and violent agitation, without any visible cause. This is the case with Lake Baikal, in Siberia; Loch Lomond, in Scotland; and Lake Wetter, in Sweden. ExBROisBs. — In what countries are salt lakes abundant? Mention aome lakes that are greatly elevated above the level of the ocean. Do they eontain salt water or fresh 7 Name some lakes or inland seas depressed below the level of the ocean. Are their waters fresh or salt? On what account are fresh water lakes often celebrated? What is the characteristic scenery of lakes in primary regions ? In what countries are lakes with wild and romantic scenery found ? By what scenery are the lakes oi secondary regions adorned? How are the lakes of alluvial districts distinguished ? Does Africa abound in lakes ? What size is Lake Tchad, in Central Africa, supposed to be ? Are large fresh water lakes subject to storms like the ocean ? What lakes are liable to sudden and violent agitation without any visible cause ? PRINCIPAL CANALS IN THE WORLD. Canals. Imperial, Chinese ... Western, New York Chesapeak d& Ohio . Ohio State Languedoo, France . Leedi and Liverpool, England Grand Trunk, Eng.. Rideao, Canada Schuylkill, U. States Grand Junction, Eng Oxford, England . Grand Irish... Union, Pennsylvania Central, France Caledonia, Scotland. Nova Scotia Amsterdam (ship) ... Welland, Canada ... Forth & Clyde, Scot. Connecting Pekin and Canton ... Hudson &, Lake Erie Georgetown and Pitts- burgh Lake Erie and Ohio river Garonne and Mediter. Leeds and Liverpool . Mersey and Trent . ... Lake Ontario and Ot- tawa river Philadelphia & Mount Carbon Thames and Grand Trunk Coventry Canal to Ox- ford Shannon and Liifey... Reading and Middle- town Saone and Loire Atlantic and Moray Frith Halifax & Fundy Bay . Amsterdam and New Dieppe Lakes Erie & Oi^tario Forth and Clyde Long miles. 700 360 Broad feet. 200 40 Deep feet. 60 4 340 60 5 307 150 40 64 4 6 140 140 42 30 4i 130 108 36 3i 100 36 4i 9Ii 83 30 40 5 5 82 71 36 48 4 5i 53 53 110 60 20 8 50 36 35 124 20 8 Elev. feet. 568 1898 499 207 483 326 125 620 395 195 240 119 400 94 No. of locki. 84 398 49 103 53 123 121 42 44 95 80 96 16 334 2 34 160 39 Ilii PBINCIPAL CANALS. 207 in, are lubject to cean. They are ' the mountain!, :e8 are liable to cause. This is 3nd, in Scotland; indant? Mention >f the ocean. Du es or inland seas iters fresh or salt? ,ed1 What is the In what countries By what scenery V are the lakes of 1 in lakes? What B? Are large fresh lakes are liable to se? rORLD. >ad Deep Elev. No. of 5t. feet. feet. locki. 60 4 568 84 5 1898 398 4 499 49 4 6 207 103 3 H 483 326 80 125 620 53 6 H 125 6 ^ 395 121 5 195 42 5 240 44 6 4 119 95 8 5i 400 80 20 94 27 8 96 16 4 20 2 "334 160 34 • • • "'q' 39 RBMARKfl.— Cana/« are artificial passagoa for water; conatracted tometimes for the sake of irrin^tion, but generally for inland navi- ration) which is carried on by means of boats drawn by horses. They serve, in short, as a superior kind of road, on which a horse will draw 30 times as much as on land. AqwductB are canals built on arches, sometimes to a great height, across yalleys and rivers. The passenger in England will frequently see a boat sailing over his head, across the road he is travelling ; and those who navigate the rivers often see other boats moving, as if by magic, in a stream which flows over them at a great height, in England, more than 2,600 miles of artificial navigation have been formed in various parts of the kingdom. The Eliesmere and Chester Canal contains an aqueduct of iron, 1,000 feet long and 126 feet high; probably the largest ever constructed. In passing mountains and hills, which cannot be avoided or cut down, subterraneous passages are sometimes dug through them, which are called Tunnels, The water is conducted through them, 80 that boats can pass on without interruption; and the traveller seems to enter the bowels of the earth. There is a tunnel of this kind in the Duke of Bridgewater's Canal, nearly a mile in lengthy cut through a solid rock, in some places 120 feet below the surface. But the longest one, perhaps in the world, is in the Chesapeak and Ohio Canal, through the Allegany Mountains, four miles in length. In a short canal of 14 miles, uniting the Chesapeak and Delaware Bays, there is a Deep Cvt through a hill, about four miles long and 90 feet in height, being the deepest cut of any canal in the world. The Summit Bridge, which crosses the eanal at this place, is a single arch 255 feet in height. In modern canals, great improvements have been made by the use of Locks. These are no more than a succession of tight reser- voirs, or basins of water, built on the declivity, one a little below the other, which are closed by flood-gates at both ends, and are alternately filled and emptied to enable the boats to ascend and descend gently. Exercises. — What are canals? For what purposes are they con- structed ? Can a horse drag a greater weight along a canal than upon a macadamized road ? Where is the longest canal in the world ? What is an aqueduct 7 What country has more than 2,600 miles of artificial navigation ? What are the length and height of the aqueduct in the Eliesmere and Chester Canal? What is a tunnel? Describe the tunnel iu the Duke of Bridgewater's Canal. Where is the longest tunnel in the world ? What is its length ? Where is the deepest cut through a hill in the world? What are its length and depth? What is the length of an arch over it ? By what have great improvements been made in iuodem eanals ? Describe locks. ^ .■■.• '1.. .US. \. % i si : ■■■■' » Ill I I // . I ':1« 208 SCRIPTURE OEOGRAPBT. SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 7ij IMUn' PALESTINE OR THE HOLY LAND; ii. Called also in the Bible the Land of Ca'naan ; the Land of Pro- mi$e ; the Land of Ju'dah ; the Land of hrael ; and the Land of the Hebrews: was bounded on the N. by Syr'ia; W. by the Medi- terranean or Great Sea; S. by Arabia; and £. by Arabia and Syria. Palestine was originally inhabited by the Am'oritet on both sides of the Jordan; tho Hido'ninna in the north-west; the Hi'viles in the north-east ; the Girgaahitea or Gergetenea'f east of the Sea of Galilee ; the Per'izzitea on the west side of the Jordan ; the Hi^. titea and the Jeb'vsitea west from the Dead Sea, and tho PhUia'tina along the south-west coast. Tribes of Israel. — Aah'ert in the north-west; JVaphtatif east of Asher; Zeb'ulon, south of Asher; la'aachar, Half Tribe of Ma- naa'aehf E'phraim, and Ben'jaminy west of the Jordan ; Ju'dah^ west from the Dead Sea; Daa and Sim'eon, in the south-west, on the coast; Half Tribe of Manaa'aehf Gadf and Reu'benj east of the Jordan. Roman Provinces.— fra/'iVct, Upper and Lower, in the north ; Sama'riat in the middle; Jude'a, in the south; and Pere^a, east of the Jordan. 1. Galilee contained the tribes of Asher.— -T^re and Si'don^ famous for their commerce, but oo less notorious fur their wickedness; Sarep'ta or Zar'ephathf where Eli'jah raised the widow's son to life j Jic'cho or Ptolema^is, all on the coast. Naphtali. — Ka'deah-JVaph'tali; Kar'tan or Kirjatha'm; Bethaai'doi and Caper'naum, in the vicinity of which our Saviour often preached and performed many miracles; Chin'nereth; Ha'zor; Har'osheth of the Gentiles ; Ham'moih-Dor ; La'iah or Ceaare'a- P/ii7»p'/)i, near the source of the Jordan. Zebulon. — Jok'neanif near Mount Car'mel; Ta*bor ; Tibe'riat, on the Sea of Galilee, so called in honor of Tiberias Cesar, where Matthew was found sitting at the receipt of custom; JVaz^areth, noted as the place where our Saviour spent the early part of his life; Ca'nttf of Galilee, where He performed his first miracle,-* turning water into wine. Ibsachar. — Jez'reelf where Naboth was stoned to death by order of Jez'ebel ; Shu'nem, where Eli'sha raised a young man from the dead ; Dah'crelh ; JVa'inj where Christ restored the widow's son to life; Jl'nem or Engan'nim ; Beih'ahemeth, 2. Samaria contained the tribes of '•*-' ' Ephraiu.—- Sama'ria, the capital of the ten tribes of Israel ; 8he*chem or Sy'charf near which was Jacob's well, where Christ conversed with the woman of Samaria; Lyd'day where Peter healed E'neasi who was sick of the palsy; Ska'ronf Laaka'ron^ or Sa'roh SCRIPTURE OEOGRAPIIT. 209 ordan ; the Hilf- d the PhUii'tim torn; JVaz^aretkf Bituated in a district celebrated for iti roses; Shi'lcikf where Josh'im divided Canaan among tho tribes, and fixed the Tabernacle) which remained here upwards of SOO years. , . \ Half Tribh of Manassbh. — Ceaare'af tlie residence of tho Roman Governors, where Her'od Agrip'pa was eaten up of worms, •nd where Paul was tried before Fe'lixand Fes'tus; and Dory both on the coast; Mtgid'do; Scythop'olii or Beth' ahan; En'dor, where Samuel appeared to Saul at the witch's incantaiion ; Do'ihatif where Joseph was sold by his brethren to the Ish'maelites for £0 pieces of silver. S« JuDBA contained the tribes of Bbitjamin. — Jrru'salbm, the city of David, formerly called Je'bus or Sa'lemj capital of the kingdom of Judah. This city was about five miles in circumference, and had eleven gates ; Bethfanyp where Jesus raised Laz'arus from the dead; and Beth' phage^ on the east of Jerusalem; Jer'ichOf the first city taken by Joshua; Gib'eon^ where Joshua defeated five kings, on which occasion the sun and moon stood still; i{a'maA, where Samuel dwelt and was buried; Luz or Beth'elf remarkable for Jacob's surprising vision: Em'tnavft OD the road to which our Saviour first appeared to his disciples after his resurrection. JuDAB.-^Beth'lehemt the birth place of our Saviour and David, Dear which the angels appeared to the shepherds ; He'brotif where Abraham was buried ; Ka'de$h-Bar'neaj whence Moses sent the Bpies; Mdkke'dahi near which Joshua defeated and hanged the five kings who had made war upon Gibeon; Mvl'lavHi near which David concealed himself in a cave from Saul; Beth'ghemeeh, where the ark was restored, and where 50,070 of the inhabitants were slain for looking into it ; Kir'jatJi-Je'arimf where the ark remained for a long time. Dan. — Jop'pa or Jaf'fa^ in the north-west, on the coast, where the prophet Jo'nah embarked for Tar'shish, and Peter restored Dor'oas to life; Gath^ the city of Goli'ath the giant; Ek'ron ; Atk'- dod or Azn'tuBj near the coast, where stood the famous temple of Da'gon; Tim'natht where Samson slew the lion; Aijalon ; Arima- tke^Uf where Joseph the honorable counselor dwelt. Simeon. — Beer'-ehebai where Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob dwelt. In the neighbouring desert, Ha'gar, fleeing with Ish'mael, was visited by an angel: Hor'mah ; Ge'rar ; Ga'zaj the gates of which Samson carried olmost to Hebron ; As'keloUf on the coast, a noted city of the Philistines. 4. Pbrba, contained the tribes of The Half-Tribb of Manassbh.— Gc'sfcur ; Go'lan; Chora'zin; Mag'dala and Dalmanu'tha^ on the Sea of Galilee ; Aah'taroth- Kar'naim^ the residence of Og, King of Ba'shan; Ed' ret; Gad'ara, near which two men possess^ with devils were healed by Christ. Gad Ra'moth^GU'eadj where Ahab, Kinff of Israel, wag slain by aa arrow ; Karkor, where Gideon defeated the Mid'ianitee, and I u 1 ■'< in I 210 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHT. hi > -I 'i 'i i •lew their two kings: Sueeoth ; Makana'im, fo ctUod from JacoVi vieion of two hosts olfeDgers; Ja'betk-GU'tad { Penuel or Ptni'^l, oeer the Jab'bok. Revmuv, -— Hetk^boH ; Ja'hax, where Moses defosted Siphon, Kingof the Amorites; Be' zer or Boz' rah; Med'eha ; Bethab'ara, where Joho baptized, and near which the Israelites crossed th« Jordan. MouNTAiifS.— Lf&'anon, on the N. of Palestine, divided into two ranges, Lib'anus on the W. and Anti-Lib'anus on theE.; Car'melt W. of the Jordan, where Elijah offered his famed sacrifice, when the 450 prophets of Ba'al were slain; there is another Caroiei in Judali, where Na'bal ond Abigail lived, and in a cave of which, near En'gedi, David surprised Saul ; Mount Ta'borf supposed to be the place of Christ's transfiguration, in the S. of Zebuton ; Gil'- boa, noted for the total defeat of the Hebrews, and the death of Saul and his three sons, and Her'mon, in Manasseh, W. of the Jordan; Ga'ash, where Joshua was buried ; E'bal and Ger'izin, where Joshua promulgated the law ; E'phraim, where Mi'cah and the idolatrous priest lived, in the tribe of Ephraim. ZNn, A' era, Mori' ah. and Btz'tiha, on which Jerusalem was built ; Mount Calvary^ on the W. of the city, where our Saviour was crucified, and Ol'ivet, or the Mount of Olivet, on the E. of it. On Moriah, God commanded Abraham to offer up his son Isaac, and afterwards Solomon's temple was built upon it. The moun* tains oT Ab'arim, in the tribe of Reuben, the most noted of which are JVe'bo, Pe'or, Pisf^ah, and Ba'al, From Pisgah, Moses viewed the promised land, and here he died and was buried; Gil'ead, famed for its balm, on the E. ond S. of the Half Tribe of Manasseh, and the N. of Gad: Her'mon, Sir'ion or Si'on, on the N.E. of Manasseh: Scripture alludes to the frequent dews which fall upon this moun- tain: Ba'ahan, in the Half Tribe of Manasseh, E. of the Jordan, noted for its rich pastures, fine cattle, and stately oaks. Rivers. — The streams of Lebanon flow S. W. through the tribe of Asher; the Ki'ahon, in which a great part of Sis'era's army was drowned, flows N. VV. through Issachar and Zebulon ; the Ka'nah flows W., forming part of the boundary between Ephraim and the Half Tribe of Manasseh ; the Ga'aeh, between Dan and Ephraim ; the So'rek, with its tributary the Eth'col, so called from the large cluster of grapes which Caleb and Joshua carried thence when they spied the land, rises in the mountains uf Judah, near Jerusalem, and flows S.W. through Judah and Simeon; the Be'sor, where 200 of David's men, being overtaken by sickness, remained, while with 400 ho pursued the Amalekites who burnt Zik'lag, flo-'S W. through Simeon; the River of Egypt or Si'hor forms the S.W. boundary of Palestine; — all these flow into the Mediterranean Sea. The Jor'dan rises in Anti-Libanus, flows S. through Lake Me'- rom and the 5rca of Galilee, and falls into the Dead Sea; the Ar'nm, forming the E. and S. boundary of Reuben, falls into the Dead Sea; the Jab'bok, near which Jacob wrestled with the angel, flows N.W. 11' SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPnT, 211 llod from JicoVi enuel or Ptni'dt defoated Si'hon, ha ; BeViab'ara, Uioi croMed the ine, divided into 'anus on theE.; is famed sacrifice, is another CaroMJ I a cave of wiiich, i'bory supposed to >f Zebulon ; Gil'- , and tlie death of lassehi W. of the bal and Oer'mn, wliero Mi'cah and :h Jerusalem was viiere our Saviour r, on ttie E. of it. up liis son Isaac, n it. The moun- st noted of which ;ah, Moses viewed d; Gil'eadj famed of Manasseh, and ^.E.ofManasseb: upon this moun- E. of the Jordan, oalcs. W. through the of Sis'cra's army ind Zebulon ; the between Ephrairo between Dan and coif so called from lua carried thence ns of Judah, near meon; ih^Be'sor, ckness, remained, jrnt Zik'log, flo'^s >r forms the S.W. editerranean Sea. irough Lake Me'- I Sea; the^^r'noti, ito the Dead Sea; ingel, flows N.W. throuffh Gad, and joins the Jordan; the Gad'ara flows through the Half Tribe of Manasseh, and falls into the Jordan S. of the Sea of Galilee ; the Kid'ron or Ce'dron, which Christ crossed in his way to the garden of Gethsem'ane, rises N. of Jerusalenii and flows 8. E. into the Dead Sea; the Che'rithf in Ephraim, on the banks of which Elijah was fed by ravensi falls into the Jordan. LAKB8.~J(feVom or Upper Lalce^ near which Joshtia overcame the confederated Canaanitish kings ; the Sea of Oal'itee, or Lak9 of Oenneiareth, or Sea of Tibe^rioit Sea of CAtVnsrrtik,— cele- brated for Christ's walking on its waters— stilling the tempest-* causing the miraculous draught of fishes, tic. — between Manasseh oDtheE. ond Naphtali, Zeoulon, and Issachar, on the W.; the Sea of J'azeff in the E. of Gad ; the Decul Sea^ or Lake of Sod'om, or Sea of the Plainy or Salt Sea^ once a beautiful and fertile dis* trict, where Sodom, Gomor'rah, Ad'mah and Zebo'im were situated. Plains, Valleys, Woods, fac.^The Plain of Megid'do or Jez'- reelt where Josi'ah, King of Judah, was slain, in Issachar and Zebulon; the Plain of Sha'ron, in the W. of Ephraim and Manas- seh; another in the E. of Zebulon, and a third in Gad; the Plain of Mo'rehy between Mounts Ebal and Gerizim, in the N. of Ephraim; the Valley ofA'chory where A'chan was stoned to death for having concealed part of the accursed spoil at the taking of Jerico; the WxUerneee of Jude'a, where John the Baptist began his public ministry, and where our Saviour fasted 40 days, and was tempted of the devil, along the W. bank of the Jordan and the DenA Sea; the Vallev ofHin'nomf where the Jews sacrificed their children to the idol Mo'ioch; the Valley of Sha'veh or King't Dale, the Valley if Jehoeh^aphat, and the Vwley of Reph'aim, in the vicinity of Jerusalem. In the N.W. of Judah are the VaUey of Zejih'athdh, the Valley ofE'kAf where David slew Goliath of Gatb ; the Forest of Ha^reih, where David hid himself from Saul ; the Plain ofMamfre, where Abraham entertained three angels, S. of Hebron. On the W. of the Dead Sea are the Vallev of Salt, where David smote the Syrians; 4he WHdemeta ofMa^on ; the Wildemeta ofJer'uel; the Wildemees of Ziph ; and the Jfildemets of Teko'ahj—of which city A'mos the prophet was a herdsman ; the Wood of E'phraimf in Gad, where Absalom's army was defeated, and himself slain by Jo'ab. Exercises.— How was Palestine or the Holy Land bounded? By what other names is it called in Scripture 7 By whom was it originally inhabited? Among bow many Israelitish tribes was it afterwards divided ? Into how many Roman Provinces was it long afterwards divided? What were their names and situation ? What tribes were in the province of Galilee ? For what were the seaports of Tyre and Sidon famous? What miracle did Elijah perform at Sorepta? What did oar Saviour often do in the vicinity of Betbsaida and Capernaum? Where waa Matthew found sitting at the receipt of custom? For what was Naxareth noted? For what was Cana of Galilee remarkable? Wbal miracle did Chrkit perform at Nain? ' ¥ I ' I i '1 ' I I h 1 m 4' « 212 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. What tribes were in the province of Samaria? What was the capital of the ten tribes of Israel ? Near what city was Jacob's well ? What occurred there 7 What did Peter do at Lydda ? For what was SharoD celebrated? For what was Shiloh remarkable? How long did the tabernacle remain at Shiloh? Who resided at Cesarea? What remark- able person was tried there before Felix and Festus? Where was Joseph sold by his brethren ? To whom did they sell him, and for how much ? What tribes inhabited the province of Judea ? What was the capital of the kingdom of Judah ? What was its former name ? Of what extent was Jerusalem ? How many gates had it ? What miracle did Jesus perform at Bethany ? For what was Gibeon famous ? What prophet dwelt at Ramah ? Where did our Saviour first appear to his disciples after his resurrection ? Where was the Saviour's birth place ? Where was Joppo situated ? What remarkable events occurred there ? Where did Goliath, the giant, reside ? What noted person dwelt in Arima* ihea? What celebrated persons dwelt in Beer-sheba? The gates of what city did Samson carry away ? Where was Askelon Bituated, and for what noted ? What tribes were in the province of Perea? Where was the residence of Og, King of Bashan ? What event occurred at Ramoth Gilead,— at Karkor, — at Heshbon, — at Bethabara ? Where are the ..lountains of Lebanon situated ? For what is Mount Carmel famed ? Where is Mount Tabor ? What is supposed to have taken place there ? For what was Mount Gilboa noted, — Gaash, — Ebal and Gerizim ? On what mounts or hills was Jerusalem built ? What remarkable event took place on Mount Calvary? Where was the Mount of Olives situated? On what mountain was Abraham commanded to offer his only son Isaac as a burnt offering ? What magnificent edifice was afterwards built aponit? From what mountain did Moses view the promised land? For what was Gilead, Hermon, and Bashan famed ? In what direction do the rivers of Lebanon flow 7 In what liver were a great part of Sisera's army drowned 7 Why was the Eshcol so called 7 Into what sea does the river Jordan fall 7 On the banks of I what river was Elijah fed by ravens ? For what was the sea of Tibe* rias celebrated? What cities were situated in the district now occupied by the Dead Sea 1 What monarch was slain in the Plain of Megiddo? What took place in the valley of Achor ? For what was the wilderneas of Judea noted ? Where did David slay the giant Goliath 7 Where was Amos the prophet a herdsman? Where was Absalom's army defeated, and himself slain? EGYPT OR MIZRAIM Was bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean; W. by the Deeerto I of Lib'ya; S. by Ethiopia; E. by the Red Sea and Arabia. Divisions and Chief Towns, Upper Egypt.— ^o or Thebes, on the Nile; Sye'ne, on the Nile^ near the borders of Ethiopia. Middle Egypt. — JVoph or Me.n'phis, on the Nilci near which are the famous pyramids; Babylon, on the Nile. >* -i*! Ijii ■' at was the capit&l ob's well? What what was SharoD [ow long did the a ? What remark- tus? Where was sell him, and for lat was the capital il or what extent miracle did Jesus 3? What prophet ear to his disciples •th place? Where red there ? Where dwelt in Arima* ba ? The gates of kelon Bituated, and e was the residence Ramoth Gilead,— e the ^lountains of famed? Where is place there ? For Gerizim? On what irkablc event took of Olives situated? r his only son Isaac Is afterwards built le promised land? V? In what river was the Eshcol so On the banks of I as the sea of Tibe> itrict now occupied Plain of Megiddo? was the wilderness Goliath ? Where s Absalom's arm; SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 213 /v. by the Deserts d Arabia. >:.• H'f ye'nCi on the Nil^ Nile) near which \.u :-;:■»• Lower Egypt. — Zo'an or Ta'nis ; Sin or Pelu'num^ on the coast; AUxan'dria, on the coast, founded by Alexander the Great; Tahyanhes ; A'ven or Beth'$hemesh, called also On or Helioy'olis; yiig'dol; Rame'ses (now Cairo), on the Nile, whence the Israelites took their departure ; Pi i^om and Raam'ses were the two cities for the building of which the Hebrews made bricks; Suc'coth, where the Israelites, on their journey, first set up their tents ; Phib'eseih, ARABIA Was bounded on the N. by Palestine, Syria, and Chalde'a; W. by Egypt and the Red Sea; S. by the Arabian Sea; and E. by the Persian Gulf. Divisions. — Arabia Petre'a, 'n the N.W.; Arabia Fedx, in the vV. and S.; and Arabia Deser'ta, in the E. and interior. Tribes. — Am'monites, Mo'abiles, E'domitcs, Am'alekifes, Mid'- ianites, Ish' ma elites, &,c. Towns. — Rah'bath or Philadel'phia ; Bt'la or Zo'ar, S. of the Dead Sea; E'zivn-ga'ber, on the easterngulf of the Red Sea, from which the ships of Solomon traded toO'phir; E'lath,on the same gulf. Mountains. — Seir ; Hor, where Aaron flied ; Hot el, whcr<^ Moses saw the burning bush; Si'nai, where the Lord delivered tho Ten Commandments to Moses. PLACES MENTIONED IN TOE ROUTE OF THE ISRAELITES. Ma'rah, where the water was bitter; Elim; where were 12 wells of water and 70 palm trees; Wilderness of Siiij between Elim and Sinai; Reph'idim, where the Israelites murmured against Moses for want of water; Mer'ibahj where Moses by striking the rock brought water out of it; IVilderness of Sinai ; Tab'erah, where the fire of the Lord, which burned among them, was quenched ly the pra3"er of Moses; Kib'roth-Hatta^avah, where those who lusted for l^csli were buried; Haze'rothj where Mir'iam, the sister of Moses, was smitten with a leprosy for railing agsiinst him, and was cured by his prayers; Wilderness of Pa'ran ; Zalmo'nah; O'both, SYRIA OR ARAM Was bounded on the N. by Asia Minor; W. by Asia Minor and the Mediterranean; S. by Palestine and Arabia; and E. by Arabia an.l the Euphra'tes. Divisions. — Syria of Damascus ; of Ma'achah ; of Ha'malh ; ofZo'bah ; of Tob ; of Re'hob. Rivers. — Ab'ana and Phar'par, Towns. — An'tioch, where the disciples were first called Christians : /)a/na«'cws, whither St. Paul was going when he was converted; Rib'lahj where Nebuchadnez'zar put out the eyes of Zedeki'ali, and Blew his sons; Tad'mor or Palmy'ray built by Solomon; Srleu'ciu, whence Paul and Bar'nabas embarked for Cy'prus ; Tiph'sah or Thap'tacuBf on the Euphratep, was the N. E. boundary of Solomon's I 'I r'L era. ;j V is»». I I i V J i .«. s , ij » »■■** SJi I ! il. 3 63.62 53 36.11 41.60 83 7.31 8.42 24 54.81 63.14 54 35.27 40. 63 84 6.27 7.22 25 54.38 62.64 55 34.41 39.64 85 5.23 6.02 26 53.93 62.12 56 33.53 38.65 86 4.19 4.U 27 53.46 61.58 57 32.68 37.64 87 3.14 3.61 28 52.97 61.02 58 31.80 36.63 88 2.09 2.40 29 52.47 60.44 59 30.90 36.59 89 1.05 1.21 30 51.96 59.85 60 30.00 34.56 90 0.00 0.00 AND THE USE OF THE GLOBES. 221 Znglisk Miles, tk Parallel pausing Equator to eithr ore. Gcugrap. English i iniluH. inile8. ' ! 29.09 33.51 : 28.17 32.45 1 27.24 31.38 1 26.30 30.29 ! 25.36 29.21 24.40 28.11 i 23.44 27.00 i 22.48 25.89 1 21.50 24.70 20.52 23.64 19.53 22.50 18.54 21.35 17.54 20.20 16.54 19.05 15.53 17.89 14.52 16.72 13.50 15.55 12.47 14.36 11.45 1?jA2 10.42 12.00 9.39 10.81 8.35 9.62 7.31 8.42 6.27 7.22 5.23 6.02 4.19 4.85 3 14 3.61 2.09 2.40 1.05 1.21 0.00 0.00 SOLAR SYSTEM. 1. Besides the earth and its attendant the moon, other bodies revolve^ in a similar manner, about (he sun, and receive their light aad heat from him. All these revolving bodies, together with the 6un, form what is called the Planetary or Solar System, 2. The solar system consists of the sun, the primary planets, the secondary planets (called also moons or satellites), and cuniets. 8. There are eleven primary planets, — Mercury, Venus, the Earth, liars, Veata, Juno, Ceres, Pallas, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. 4. There are eighteen secondary planets; of which the Earth hoe one; Jupiter, four; Saturn, seven; and Urunus, six. 5. The primary planets revolve round the sun only; — the secon- dary revolve round the primary planets, and are carried, by the motion of their primaries, round the sun also. 6. Saturn is distinguished from the other planets by a ring which surrounds his globe at a considerable distance from it,— JopiTER, by the stripes on his surface,— Mars, by his redness,— and Venus, by her brilliancy. 7. The planets that are nearer to the Sun than the Earth is, arc denominated inferior planets; — those that are mure distant are called superior planets, 8. Comets are luminous bodies, or a kind of planets which move round the sun in very eccentric orbits: — or, of great length in proportion to their breadth. A TABLE of the Diameters of the Primary Planets, their Distances from the Sun, and the Periods of their Diurnal and Annual Revolutions. Planets. The Sun. Mercury. Venus •• TheEenh Mars • • • Vesta* . . Juno* •• Ceres* • • Pallas*.. Jupiter • . Saturn * * Uranus • Diameters in Englitih miles nearly. 890,000 3,200 7,600 7,912 4,200 238 1,425 1,624 2,099 89,000 79,000 35,000 Distances from the sun in round numbers. miles. * Uerea was discovered 37,000,000 68,000,000 95,000,000 144,000,000 225,000,000 252,000,000 263,000,000 265,000,000 490,000,000 900,000,000 1800,000,000 in 18U1. Pallas in Diurnal rotation round their own axis. (iys. hears, niin. 25. ..14-.. 8 24«.. 5... 28 0..'23...20 1 . . . • . . 1 . . . • . • 40 0... 9.. •56 0..>10..>16 1...18..'30 1803. Juno in 1804 Annual periods riiund the sun. yrs. days. hrs 0.. 87. ..23 0..224... 17 1.. 0..> 1..3a:2..' 3.. 66'.. 4 5. .182'.. 4..220... 4.. 242... 11. .315.. .15 29.«lfil'..19 83.. 342... 4 , Vesta in 1807. ■rf' ill U !:!li i' 1 ■ P i ';;;i« ;':i; ('' I :] 1 % 222 INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY FIXED STARS. 9. The solar system is but a very small part of the universe. AH | the fixed stars, with which the heavens are adorned, are considered by astronomers to be suns, around which planets revolve. Of I these, about 3,500 are visible to the unaided eye, though only about 1,500 at any one time. But, with the aid of a good telescope, they are found to be innumerable ; extending through the immensity of I space, and, as the agents of the infinite Creator, imparting light and life to the inhabitants of an innumerable number of worlds. 10. The fixed stars are arranged, with respect to their apparent place in the heavens, into distinct groups called Constellations; and with respect to their size and brilliancy, into Stars of the first, second, third, fourth magnitudes, kc. 11. Sirius, or the Dog Star, which is the brightest of the fixed stars, is supposed on that account to be the nearest; yet its distance | from the Earth is so great, that it has been calculated that a ball shot from ti cannon, and flying with unabated rapidity, would be I seven hundred thousand years in traveling from the one to the other. [ AIR. 12. The Earth is every where surrounded with a highly elastic gaseous fluid, called ►4/V. 13. Tliis fluid or atmosphere is supposed to be 40 or 50 milea high, but becomes so rare ns it recedes from the surface of the earth, as to be breathed with difl[iculty at the height v " three or four mib perpendicular. 14. When a portion of the air is heated, and coneeqi'finily rari- fied, the neighbouring colder nnd therefore denser portions rush to that which is rarified, in o.tier to restore it to the same density. This tendency of the air to an equilibrium, produces those currents in it which are called Winds, 15. Land winds are very variable, being directed in their course by chains of hills, in the same way as a river is by its bankg. Winds at sea, not being so obstructed, are more regular ; and near the equator, the winds called Trade Winds blow from the east during the whole year. 16. This takes place in consequence of the Earth's diurnal motion from west to east; by which the whole of the atmosphere is heated from east to west in succession, while the cool air follows, to fill up the void occasioned by this rarefaction. Winds, according to their velocity, are designated thus. A frentle breeze, moves from 4 to 5 miles per hour; a pleasant gak) from 10 to 15; a very brisk gale, from 20 to 25; a high wind, from 30 to 35; a very high wind, from 40 to 45 ; a storm or tempest, 50; a great storm, 60 : a hurricane, 80 ; a violent hurricane, that tears up trees, and carries buildings, &cc., before it, 100 miles per hour. Sound and Light, The velocity of sound is nearly 13 miles per minute, or 1,142 feet per second. The velocity of light is 12,000,000 pf miles per minute, or 200,000 miles per second. Sir John Herscbel city AND THE USE OP THE GLOBES. 223 /ith a highly elastic conseqisently rari- \njB that thunder can scarcely be heard more than 20 or 30 milef I from the flash, bat that lightning may be seen at a distance of 1200 miles. WATER. 17. Water is capable of being raised in the shape of vapor, when- lever it is unfrozen. This is caused by the heat of the sun, &c., and is termed evaporation, la. When the watery vapor is so far condensed in the upper [regions of the air as to become visible, it forms Clouds. When it IS condensed so as to be visible close to the surface, it forms Mists I or Fog's. 19. When, by the union of its particles, the watery vapor be- I comes heavier than the air, it falls again to the earth. If it fall from a great height, it forms Rain, If it fell from a very small height, I it forms Dew, £0. The watery vapor is sometimes frozen in descending. If the I particles frozen are large when frozen, they unite but slightly, and form Snow, If they are very small when frozen, they cohere strongly, and form Hail, Hoar-frost is dew frozen after it hag I fallen. Exercises. — Are there any other bodies besides the earth and moon I that revolve round the sun, and receive their light and heat from him? By what name are the sun and all these bodies called ? Of what does the solar system consist? How many primary planets are there? Name them. How many secondary planets are there ? To what pri- maries do they belong ? What is the centre of motion to all the primary planets ? Round what do the secondary planets move ? Where are they also carried ? How is Saturn distinguished when seen through a telescope? What distinguishing feature has Jupiter? By what is Mars known ? How is Venus known ? What art the planets called that are nearer to the sun than the earth is ? What are those called that are more distant ? How many of the planets are larger than the earth? Which one is nearly the same size as our earth? Which is the largest of them all ? Which one is farthest from the sun ? What is the length of his year? What are comets ? . : -: i. Is the solar system a large portion of the universe ? What do astro- nomers consider the Fixed Stars which adorn the heavens to be ? How many are visible to the unaided eye ? How many at any one time ? Are they very numerous when seen through a telescope? Must not then the number of worlds to which they give light, heat, and vitality, be inconceivably great ? How are the fixed stars arranged with respect to their place in the heavens ? How in respect to their apparent size ? Name one of the brightest of the fixed stars. How long would a cannon ball take in going from the earth to Sirius? What is the air that sur- rounds the earth ? How high is the atmosphere supposed to extend ? Is it found to be thin or rarified at the height of a few miles ? How are currents of air produced ? Are land winds or winds at sea most variable? Where are the trade winds? In what direction do they blow ? Explain the cause or this. How are winds designated accord- ing to their velocity ? What is the velocity of sound ? What is the velo- city of light? At what distance can thunder be heard or lightning " ; •Ill I! f-i •d I '.V \ i <#■ ' I ) 224 PROBLEMS ON THE TERRESTRIAL seen 7 What causes water to evaporate up into the air 7 What are clouds? What are mists or fogs 7 When the watery vapor or clouds become too heavy Tor the air to nupport, what happens? What formi the dew of the ni(;ht7 Explaia the piicnumena of snow and hail. What is hour- frost? PROBLEMS, ON THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE AND MAPS. SECTION I.-DEFINITIONS, &c. 1. The terrestrial globe is on exact representation of the earth, showing the relative situations of all the empire?, kingdoms and countrie.s, oceans, seas and rivers. Sec., upon its surface. 2. The axis of the j^ldbe or earth is an imaginary line passing through its centre, round which it turns from west to east in 24 hour?. a The poles are the two ends of the axis ; one is called the north, and the other the soulhf pule. 4. The equator is a circle every where equally distant from the poles, and divides the globe or earth into two equal portions, called the northern and southern hemispheres. 5. Meridians are lines that are drawn from one pole to the other, perpendicularly across the equator. The brass circle in which the globe hangs, called the brazen meridian^ can represent the meridian of any place. 6. Latitude is the distance of any place, north or south, from the equator. No place can have more than QO*^ of latitude. 7. Longitude is the distance of the meridian of any place, castor west from the first meridian . No place can have more than ISO*^ of longitude. 8. Parallels of latitude ore less circles drawn parallel to the equator. 9. The difference of latitiide between two places is the shortest distance between the parallels of those places. 10. The difference of longitude between two places is the dis- tance between the meridians of these places, counted upon the equator. , , , 11. The distance between any two places is the shortest line that ean be drawn between the two places, j ■,; - j7ii" ; 12. Antoed are those who live under the same meridian, but on different sides of the equator, and at equal distances from it. > , t (hortest line that aAIH' GLOBE AND MAPS, ^nOJr •' •-!- - - • 10. The rational horizon is a great circle, dividinj^ the upper from tho lower hemisphere. 17. The sensible horizon is that circle which is the boundary of our sight, or which separates the visible from tho invisible hemis- phere. '■' •"'■''* ' :* ''.'...; . .. 18. The cardinal points of the horizon are the eastf west, north, and south, 19. The zenith is the point in the heavens directly over our head. £0. The nadir is the point dirtclly under our feet, and diametri- cally opposite to the zenith. 21. The hour circle is a small circle of brass, placed on the north pole, having the hours of the day marked upon it. Problem I .—• To find the latitude and longitude of anyplace, BY THE GLOBE. Bring the given place to the brass meridian ; then the degree of the meridian directly over it shows the latitude, and the degree of the equator under the meridian shows the longitude. BY MAPS. Take, with a pair of compasses, the distance of the place from the nearest parallel; apply this distance to either side of the map; keeping one point of the compasses on the same parallel, the other will show the latitude of the place. For the longitude, lay a ruler over the place, so that it may cut the same degree at the top and bottom of the map; and that degree is the longitude of the place. . - Note 1. The rules for maps in this problem and the next, are appli- cable only to particular maps where the meridians are straight lines. 2. To distinguish N. lat. from S. and E. long, from W. If the figures increase upwards, the lat. is N. ; if downwards, it is S. If the figures increase to the right hand, the long, is E. ; if to the left, it is W. 3. In this problem and the three following, the examples may be I extended to any number from the Description of Towns. Examples. — Required the latitude and longitude of Toronto, Quebec, I New York, Washington, Lisbon, London, Calcutta, Pekin, Cape of I Good Hope, Cape Horn, &c. Ans. 43° 33' N. 79° 20' W., &c. u ill ''' J : "lit ■is ! m I! ^ ; !• . i-,. R- I!. t '^i if'! ■ 1' r i ' I !■ 226 PROBLEMS ON THE TEERESTRIAt Problem II.— Having the latitude and longitude given to find ,, . ^ , the place. ,, ., BT THE GLOBE. Bring the given longitude to the brass meridian; then, under the given latitude marked on the brass meridian, is the place sought. BT MAPS. Lay a ruler, by the given longitude, at the top and bottom of the map. Take, with a pair of compasses, the distance between the given latitude and the nearest parallel ; this distance, applied to the edge of the ruler, will point out the place required. Examples.— What place is situated in 48° 23' N. lat. and 4° 39' W. long, from London ? Ans. Brest in France. Received a letter from a friend, dated, at lat. 20° 30' N. long. 90° 20' E., pray show to me where this letter was written. There is a celebrated little island situated in lat. 15° 55' S. and long' 5° 42' W., please tell me its name. The splendid steamer " President" was supposed to have been lost, in 1841, about lat. 40° N. and 30° W. long. ; point out the place. Problem IIL— To^nrf the difference of latitude between two placet, BT THE GLOBE OR MAPS. If the latitudes be of the same name, subtract the less from the greater; if of contrary names, add them together. What is the difference of latitude between New Orleans and Montreal? What is the difference of latitude between Toronto and Buenos Ayres? How many degrees is Petersburg north from Naples ? What is the difference of latitude between Pekin and Hobart Town? Problem IV.— To^nrf the difference of longitude between two places. BT THE GLOBE OR MAPS. If the longitudes be of the same name, subtract the less from the greater; if of different names, add them together. Note 1. The distance of two places can never be greater than 180 degrees ; if, therefore, in adding, the sum exceeds that, subtract it from 360°, for the true difference. . . Note 2. To reduce degrees into hours. Rule. — Divide the number of degrees by 15, and it will give the number of hours. If there be any remainder, multiply it by 4 for minutes. < , ;.., . v,- : i^ ^ Note 3. To reduce hours into degrees. Rule. — Multiply the hours by 15, and the product will be degrees Required the difference of longitude, and the difference of time, between Paris in France, and Canton in China. How many degrees of longitude, and how much time, between Cairo and Quito? v. What is the difference of longitude, and of time, between Cape Fare* wcIt and Behring's Straits?— and between Dublin and Constantinople? "[/. GLOBE AND MAPS. :['J' 227 etween two placei. the less from the the less from the jme, between Cairo Problem V.— To Jind all those places that have the same latitvde .'..... . i^,_ ^ with a given place. •. ; 1.. , ,■ o BY THE GLOBE. Bring the given place to the brass meridian, and observe the latitude. Turn the globe round, and all places that pass under this latitude will be those required. BY MAPS. - If a parallel of latitude be drawn through the given place, then observe all those places which lie on this parallel. If a parallel do not pass through the given place, with a pair of compasses take its distance from the nearest parallel; move the compasses in this posi- tion, keeping one point on the parallel, and all those places over which the other point passes have the same latitude as the given place. What places have nearly the same latitude with Stockholm? What places have nearly the same latitude as the following places? Kingston, in Canada? Cape Comorin ? Mobile, in the States ? Rome, in Italy ? ,•: The isle of St. Thomas ? Bristol, in England? v Cape of Good Hope ? Lima, in S. America ? Problem YL-^ToJind all those places that have the same longitude as a given place, ti. ;■ ;•„ ; ■: ,'\r. .1": BY THE GLOBE. ' ' ' ' ^' -'" •''•''-^J'- ~ ^ Bring the given place to the brass meridian, and mark all those places then under the meridian, for the answer required. •^■'' "'••■'••<•■'■• BY MAPS. .-■ I •.;- -,. -.-.a, .:., i'l-^.i^./ Find the longitude of the given place ; then observe all those places that are upon the same meridian, or that are situated at the same distance from the nearest meridian with the given place. What places have nearly the same longitude as London ? What places have nearly the same longitude as — ''[ ^ , Quebec? Astracan? Barbadoes? ' Cape Severe? ' Tunis, in Africa ? •-'' Mexico? Jerusalem? ' Isle of Formosa ? Vl.ii ..•f Problem Vli. — To Jind the antoeci of any given place. BY THE globe. Bring the given place to the meridian; and, having found its lati- tude, count as many degrees from the equator towards the contrary pole, — and this point will be the antoeci required. BY MAPS. Having found the latitude and longitude of the place, find another place of the same longitude, and whose latitude is also the same, bat of a contrary name. m'xy What people are antoeci to the inhabitants of Quebec? . -'"^^ i Wher^ do those people life who ar^ antoeci to Maltf^? ^'-''^' i ■ii\ If: t! ( 1 !i I ; i 4 M « I J: iil I .;'■ i i ^ ! i; '4 ■I 7 1 U ■ I f^- i 1 < - ; 228 PROBLEMS ON THE TERRESTRIAL . What people are antoeci to Boston, in North America? Where do the people live who are antoeci to Cape Horn ? ' ''' Point out the place of a ship which is antoeci to Owhyhee ? Where do the people live who are antoeci to Nankin ? Where does the man live who has no antoeci? -jt. Appearances to the antoeci. 1. They have noon and midnight, and all the other hours of the day, at the same time. 3. They have contrary Scusons at the same time: when it is summer with the one, it is winter with the other. 3. The days of the one are equal to the nights of the other ; and the nights of the one to the days of the other. 4. The stars that never set to the one never rise to the other ; and contrarywise. • ' ' - - - ■ Problem VHL— To Jind the perioeci of any given place. ,-|, ■ V' BY THE GLOBE. Bring the given place to the brass meridian and set the index to 12. Turn the globe till the index point to the other 12^ then that place which is below the meridian, and whose latitude is equal to that of the given place, is the perioeci required. ■.". • BT MAPS. V :•: ... ..,, Subtract the longitude of the given place from 180°, and the remainder will be the longitude of the perioeci, of a contrary name. Find a place whose longitude is equal to this, and whose latitude is the same with the given place. Where is the perioeci of London, Philadelphia, Petersburg, Barbadoes, Quebec, Port Jackson, &.c. ? • • "" ' Appearances to the perioeci. '' • 1. The hours of the day, though nominally the same, are really con- trary ; for when it is noon with the one, it is midnight with the other; and when it is five in the morning with the one, it is five in the after- noon with the other. 3. They have the same seasons of the year at the same time. 3. The length of the day or night at any place is always the same as it is to the perioeci of that place. 4. The sun and stars rise to both places on the same point of the horizon, and are the same number of hours above or below it. 5. The same stars that never rise or set to the one place, never rise or set to the other. .,. ', :;»: > : ; ; ,,(i ij .' •"''' lii^ I'.''. Problem IX. — Tojind the antipodes of any place. ,j BT THE GLOBE OR MAPS. Find the antoeci of the given place, and the perioeci of this will be the antipodes of the first place. , , • . , ^, ,., rr THE GLOBE ONLY, Brin^ the given place to any part of the horizon, and the place at the opposite point of the horison will be the antipodes. GLOBE AND MAPS. hours of the day, to the other ; and rsburg, Barbadoes, 22d Where are the antipodes of Madrid? of Newfoundland? of St Do- mingo? of Cape Horn? of Van Diemen's Land? off Owhyhee? &c. Appearances to the antipodes. 1. The hours of the day are contrary, it being noon to the one when it JB midnight to the other. : f,,,; ir , ; ..i ; ,j < ,f ; • ,' 3. They have contrary seasons at the same time. < 3. The days of the one are equal to the nights of the other ; hence the shortest day to the one is the longest day to the other. 4. The sun and stars rise to the one when they set to the other, all the year round, — for they have the same horizon ; but the zenith to the one is the nadir to the other. 5. Those stars that are always above the horizon of the one place are always under the horizon of the other. Problem X.— To jind the distance between two places, '' ON THE GLOBE. Lay the quadrant of altitude over both the places, so that the division marked O may be on one of the places; then the degree I cut by the other place will show the distance in degrees. Multiply these degrees by 69|, and the product will be the distance in I English miles. , . ,, ir ON PARTICULAR MAPS. ' ' '• Take the distance of the two places with a pair of compasses. I Apply this distance to the side of the map, for the distance in degrees; or apply it to the scale adapted to the map, for the distance I in miles. Examples mi^r be given at pleasure. Problem XL' •TTte hour being given at oneptacCf to Jind the '-:■-• ■ time at another place. BY THE globe. it Bring the place, at which the timo is given, to the meridian, and Iset the index to the given hour. Turn the globe till the other place I come to the meridian, and the index will show the time required. by maps. Find the difference of longitude between the two places, and lieduce it to time. Add this difference of time to the given hour, if Ithe place at which the time is required lie to the east; but subtract |it, if it lie to the west. What hour is it at Boston, in America, when it is 3 p. m. at London, |in England? Ans. 18 rain, past 10 a. jh. What is the hour at Pekin, when it is 9 a. m. at Lisbon? Ans. 23 min. past 5 p. m.s ■ f When it is 6 a. m. at Toronto, what o'clock is it at Edinburgh? ' When it is 10 p. m. at Cairo, what time is it at New York 7 .^ When it is 4 a. h. at Quebec, what is the hour at Madras ? i s^Jo When it is 5 p. m. at Naples, what o'clock is it at Damascus ? ^ iK * ' i! M' t : f- 1 1; , 1 ■H i' V i 1I!}|, / i \ ^a i :-A' f s h'i •if.r r— t^ IPJtOfiLfil^d OK tfiE pROBLBM XIL— Aavtn^ /&« Aour ^'vm at anyplace, to find tohere it is noon* • "^ ' JbT TfiB GLOBE. ^ Brinff the given place to the meridian, and set the index to the I given hour. Turn the globe round till the index point to 12 at | noon, and the places then under the meridian are those required. Btr MAPS. Reduce the number of hours between the given time and noool into degrees, and it will be the difference of longitude between the| places.--'- '■-_•-- i--' .;..-./---;.. ■;•;;■■__; ;_^^,- Where is it noon, when it is 6 o'clock p. h. at Paris? Answer atj Labrador, New England, Pennsylvania, Hispaniola, Terra FirmaJ Pern, &.c. When it is 7 a. m. at Port Royal, in Jamaica, where is it nooQ?| Ans. at London, and all places on the meridian of London. Where is it noon, when it is 4 o'clock a. m. at Montreal ? When it is midnight at Botany Bay, where is it noon ? Exercises. — Of what is the terrestrial globe an exact representation?! What is the axis of the earth or globe ? What are the poles ? Hovl are they distinguished? What is the equator? What are meridians?! What IS the brazen meridian? What meridian does it represent?! What is latitude ? How many kinds of latitude are there ? What the greatest latitude any place can have ? What places have no lati.| tude 7 What is longitude ? Which is the first meridian ? What is the greatest longitude any place can have ? What places have no longiJ tude ? What are parallels of latitude ? Wha| is meant by the differenea of latitude between two places ? What is meant by the difference o| longitude between two places? What is meant by the distance betweeD[ two places ? How is the horizon distinguished ? WJiat is the rationa horizon 7 What is the sensible or visible horizon 7 What are the carj dinal points of the horizon? Where is the zenith point in the heavens j Where is the nadir? Where is the hour circle placed upon the globe j How are the latitude and longitude of any place found by the g How are they found by maps ? How is N. latitude distinguished fron S. 7 How is E. longitude distinguished from W. ? Having the latitudd and longitude of a place given, how is it found by the globe? How iJ it found upon a map i How is the difference of latitude between twi| places found 7 How is the difference of longitude found ? How i degrees reduced into hours? How are hours reduced into degrees 1 How are all those places found which have the same latitude as a give^ place ? How are all those places found which have the same longitudj with a given place ? What are antoeci ? How is the antoeci of any place found by th| globe 7 How is it found by maps 7 What arc the phenomena appearances of those who live antoeci to each other? Where mustj person live who has no antoeci 7 What are perioeci ? How is tb perioeci of a place found by the globe? How is it found by mapsl Mention the phenomena or appearances to those who live perioeci r one another 7 What point upon the globe has no perioeci? What ai antipodes? How do you find the antipodes of any place? Wbj phenomena arise from persons living antLoodes to each other? Wbe^ TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 231 are the antipodes to the north pole? How is the distance between two places found ? Having the hour given at any place, how is it found by the globe what hour it is at any other place? How is this found by maps ? Having the hour given at any place, how is it found where it isnoon? .ToJi>:;r>o -mH SECTION n.— DEFINITIONS, &c. -'«rr 1. The ecliptic is a great circle in the heavens, described by the earth in its annual motion round the sun ; or it is a great circle in the heavens, in which the sun always appears to move. The ecliptic crosses the equator obliquely. The angle which it makes with the equator is 23° 28', it is called the obliquity of the ecliptic, and determines the distance at which the tropics are drawn from the equator. It is called the ecliptic, because eclipses generally happen when the moon is in or near this circle : it is divided into 12 equal parts, eaUed signs, each containing 30 degrees ; — named and marked thus : NORTHERN. Ari€8, bo •§ ^ TauruSf ^ f Oeminif the Ram T the Bull b the Twins EE QQ Cancer, Leo, Virgo, the Crab the Lion the Virgin a SOUTHERN. < Libra, the Balance ^ Scorpio, the Sccn^ion fTl. SagittariuB, the Archer $ « \ Capricornus, the Goat V3 •S \ Aquarius, the Waterman ;!:;:: ^ f Pisces, the Fishes *^ The winter and spring signs are termed ascending, and the summer and autumnal descending. * There is a great reason to suppose that the ancient astronomers affixed such images as those of the Ram, the Bull, &c., to the 12 signs of the zodiac, as hieroglyphics of the seasons of the year, alluding to the annual course of the sun. Thus Aries, Tauras, and Gemini, repre- sent March, April, and May, the spring quarter of the year, when Iambs, calves, and goats (the latter generally bringing forth twin kids), are produced. Cancer, the crab, which creeps lx>th ways, represents the increase and decrease of the sun's declination, to and from the summer solstice in June. Leo, the lion, intimates the raging heat of the sun in July, which the ancients compared to the furious nature of that fierce animal. Virgo, the virgin, with a spike or ear of com in her hand, properly represents August, when the harvest is ripe. Libra, the balance, is displayed in September, to intimate that the days and nights, at the autumnal equinox, are equal in all parts of the globe. Scorpio, the scorpion, a noxious animal, is jrfaced as the hieroglyphic of October ; because at that season diseases of various kinds were sup- {wsed to rage. Sagittarius, the archer, marks November as the proper time for hunUng. Capricomus, the goat, by its climbing up the rooks, is placed as an emblem of December, when the sun, at the winter sol- Itiee, begins to ascend again towards the equinoctial.^ Aquarius, ih^ water-bearer, with his um, represents January, when rains are frequent Pisces, the fishes, are emblems of the fishing season^ which began in the Nile during the month «f February. hi .' w ' V Hi k I'll ■u • 1. • 'I ll ll ■ 1 I ll,lj ;i;l '' .ii-rt ■I' 1 ' i ' 1 1 V 1 u\ 1(1 h ■■ ■ 1 I i' 1 '^ ii 232 PROBLEMS ON THE 2. The tropics are two less cireleii parallel to the equatori and distant from it iaP 28': that which lies on the north side is called the tropic ofetmcerf because it passes through the sign cancer; and that which lies on the south side is called the tropic ofcfiprieornf because it passes through the sign caprlcom. 3. The polar circles are two less circlesi parallel to the equator, and as far distant from the poles as the tropics are from the equator; their distance being determined by the obliquity of the ecliptic: that which lies towards the north pole is called the arctic circle ; and that which is towards the south pole is called the aniarclie circle. t\i«f,\l^*frt(rhni^fl3»f'jf .*^f^^?S^dA-:.:«eu{»^3rf; 4. The equinoctial points are those points in which the equator and ecliptic cross each other; they are the first points of Aries and Libra, or March 21st and September 23rd. On these days, the days and nights are equal to all places upon the earth; the former is called the vernalj the latter the autumnal equinox, 5. The solstitial points are those two points of the ecliptic, that are at the greatest distance from the equator; they are the first points of Cancer and Capricorn, or June 21st and December 2l8t : the former, being the longest day to all places in the northern hemisp!..re, called the sunnner solstice ; the latter, being the shortest day to all places in the same hemisphere, is called the tointer solstice. 6. The meridian which passes through the equinoctial points is called the equinoctial colure; that which passes through the solstitial points is called the solstitial colure, 7. Declination of the sun is its distance north or south of the equator. ; „ . : . 8. Altitude ofthe sun is its distance above the horizon. 9. The analemma is a calendar of the months, placed on some vacant part of the body of the globe, extending from tropic to tropic: the months and days are placed so as to correspond to the sun's declination for every day in the year. 10. The sun is said to be vertical when it is in the zenith, or in the point directly over head. * j^q 11. Climate is a part of the earth's surface bounded by two lees circles parallel to the equator, and of such a breadth, that the longest day in the parallel nearest the pole exceeds the longest day in that next the equator, by half an hour in the torrid and temperate zones; and by one month in the frigid zonw. the equatOFi and »rth side is called sign cancer; and >pic6/fse days, the days le former is called inoctial points is ugh the solstitial 1 or south of the the zenithi or in aded by two less , that the longest igest day in that temperate zonei; TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 233 Table of Climaten from the Eguatcyr to either Pole, Climate. Longest Day. Latitude. Breadth. 1 12h. 30m. 8° 25' 8° 25' 2 13 16 25 8 3 13 30 23 50 7 25 4 14 30 25 6 35 5 14 30 36 28 6 3 6 15 41 22 4 54 7 15 SO 45 29 4 7 8 16 49 1 3 32 9 16 30 52 2 59 10 17 54 27 2 27 11 17 30 56 37 2 10 12 18 58 29 1 52 13 18 30 59 58 1 27 14 19 61 18 1 20 15 19 30 62 25 1 7 16 20 63 22 57 17 20 30 64 6 44 18 21 64 49 43 19 21 30 65 21 32 20 22 65 45 24 21 22 30 66 5 20 22 23 66 21 16 23 23 30 66 29 8 24 24 66 32 3 25 1 month. 67 21 49 26 2 months. 69 48 2 27 27 3 months. 73 37 3 49 28 4 months. 78 30 4 53 29 5 months. 84 5 5 35 30 6 months. 90 5 55 12. Twilight is that medium between light and darkness which I happens in the morning before sun-rise, and in the evening after Isiin-set. I As soon as the sun comes within 18° of the horizon, its rays strike thi higher parts of the atmosphere, and, being refracted and reflected I to every part, occasion that agreeably gradual transition from dark- I nes3 to light, called twilight. In the same manner in the evening, J after the sun sets, its rays strike upon the higher parts of the atmos- Iphere, until it is more than 18° below the horizon: this prevents us nnn being suddenly deprived of the light of the sun. I The benefits of twilight are obvious. A change so great, as from the Narkness of mid-night to the splendour of noon-day, would probably be liajarious to the sight ; it would be unpleasant to all, and in many cases baj dangerous to travellers, to. be involved. in darkness without timeljr noticeof its approach. .), ;,.^* ch\j^ ^^^4 : li i I' h 234 PROBLEMS ON THE I i 'V :if. pll 1 .1 ■ r^ ' Problem XllL— -To find Ihe mid 'place in the edipHc. Seek the day of the month in the calendar on the horizon, ai against it, in the adjoining circle, will be found the sign and degree I in which the sun is for that day. Find the same sign and degree io the ecliptic on the surface of the globe, and this is the sun's place | for that day at noon. What is the sun's place for March 10th 7 Ans. 20^ 7' of Pisces. What is the sun's place on the 4th of June ? Ans. 13° 57' of Gemini. Where is the sun's place in the ecliptic on March 21st ? on Septem* ber 23rd7 on June 21st7 on December 21st7 on January lst?oa| August 15th 7 . , Problem XIV.— To find the fun's declination. Bring the sun's place for the given day to the brass meridian, and I the degree over it will be the declination sought ; or bring the day of the month marked on the analemma to the brass meridian, andl the degree over it will be the declination as before. ; - ;; What is the sun's declination for March 10th 7 Ans. 3° 54' south. What is the sun's declination on January 31st 7 i Ans. 17° 14' sooth. What is the sun's declination for September 23rd 7 for July 20th? | for May 1st 7 for August 10th? for December 21st 7 , Problem XV. — To rectify the globe for the auiCa placcj and da^ of the month. Find the sun's declination for the given day, by the last problem.! Elevate the pole, which is of the same name as the declination, asj many degrees as are equal to it. ----i When the globe is rectified for the sun's place, and the sun brougbtl to the zenith, the horizon will be the ferminor or boundary circle of ligbtl and darkness ; it will therefore be day with all those places that aie| above the horizon, and night to all those that are below it. Rectify the globe for the sun's place on June 4th. Ans. On June 4th, the sun's declination is 22^° N. ; therefore the] north pole must be elevated 22 ^^^ above the horizon. Elevate the globe for the sun's place on October 6th. Ans. The sun's declination on October 6th, is 5° S. ; hence the southj pole must be elevated 5° above the horizon. :iO'»o Problem XVI. — To find ihe sun^e lising and setting for aw} ■^,fj, : given dayj at any given pla^e. Elevate the globe for the sun's declination, bring the given placel to tho meridian, and set the index to 12. Turn the globe till thel given place come to the eastern edge of the horizon, and the indexl will show the time of the sun's rising. Bring the given place tol the western edge of the horizon, and the index will shpw the tioie| of the sun's setting. TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 235 20^ 7' of Pisces. Ans. 3° 54' soatb. itn's placCf and dan d setting for any Double the time of the sun's setting, and it will give the length of the day. Double the time of the sun's rising, ana it will give the length of the night. Required the time of sun>rise and sun-set at Edinburgh, on the Ist of June. Ans. Rises at 27m. past 3, sets 33m. past 8. At what time does the sun rise and set at London, on July 17tb, and what is the length of the day and night ? Ans. The sun rises at 4, and gets at 8 ; length of day 16 hours, of night 8 hours. When does the sun rise and set at Pekin, April 10th? at Cape Horn, December 1st? at Toronto, August 6th? at Barbadoes, February 3rd? &c. Problem XVIL — To elevate the globe for the latitude of anyplace. Elevate the pole, which is of the same name with the latitude, as many degrees as are equal to it, and bring the given place to the brass meridian. Note. — ^When the globe is rectified for the latitude of any place, that place is in the zenith, and the wooden horizon represents the rational horizon of the place. Elevate or rectify the globe for Lisbon. Ans. The latitude of Lisbon is 39° N. ; hence the north pole must be raised 39° above the horizon. ,;. , ,,^, ,„; , ,,,.;^ *, , .^^ ^.^^ Elevate the globe for the Cape of Good Hope. Ans. The Cape of Good Hope has 35° S. latitude ; hence the south pole must be raised 35° above the horizon. Probleu XYlllt'^Tofrnd the iun^a meridian altitude at any given placCf for any given day. Elevate the globe for the latitude of the given place, by the last problem ; find the sun's plase for the given day by Problem XHI, and bring it to the brazen meridian. Then count upon the meridian the number of degrees intersected between the sun's place, and the nearest point of the horizon, north or south, for the meridian altitude* Required the sun's meridian altitude, June 21st, at Archangel ? Ans. 48° 54' south. What is the sun's meridian altitude at Bombay, on June 21st ? Ans. 85° 29' north. What is the sun's meridian altitude at the Cape of Good Hope, on May 15th? at Port Royal, in Jamaica, on December 31st? at Quebec, on March 21st ? at Washington, on September 23rd? Problem XIX.— Hamng' the sun^s meridian altitude, to find the latitude " ^ the place. Bring the sun's place to the meridian, and move the globe up or I down, till the distance between the sun's place and the north or south point of the horizon (as the case requires) be equal to the given altitude, then will the elevation of the pole be the latitude I required. Observe the sun's meridian altitude on the 18th of May to be 42° IJ' 1 8. ; required the latitude. Ans. 67° 11' N, lat 1 1 ^^'11 ? h 1' ■ ' ',1 K'l r-i H m\ I '% 236 PROBLEMS ON THE '^' What is the latitude of the place at which the sun's meridian altitude, on August 5th, is 74° 24' N. ? Ans. 1° 36' N. Required the latitude of the places answering to the sun's meridian altitude, on the following days : ■ 1. Sun's meridian altitude 38° S. January 13th. ' ■ 2 25° N. July 29th. 3 64° S. May 17th. 4 60" N. November 19th. ^ 5 18° S. March nth. PROBiiEM XX. — A place being given in the torrid zone, iojind those two days of the year in which the sun is vertical to iJiat place. Bring the given place to the meridian, and find its latitude. Mark the degree of latitude, and, turning the globe round, observe the two points of the ecliptic that pass under this mark. Look upon the calendar for the days corresponding to these points,— which days will be the answer required. On what days is the sun vertical to Otaheite 7 Ans. January 30th, and November Jlth. On what days is the sun vertical to Rio Janeiro ? Ans. January 2nd, and December 9th. On what days is the sun vertical to St. Helena? to Quito? to Canton? to Tobago ? to Bombay ? to Christmas Isle ? to the Isle of France ? to Mexico ? &c. Problem XXI. — To find all those places in the torrid zone tovMch the sun is vertical on a given day. Find the sun's place for the given day, bring it to the meridian, and mark the declination. Turn the globe round, and ail those places which pass under that mark of the meridian, will have the sun vertical on the given day. :, . ,i , „._ To what places is the sun vertical on November lOth ? To what places is the sun vertical at the summer solstice ? To what places is the sun vertical at the winter solstice ? To what places will the sun be vertical on May 1st ? Problem XXII.— T^e day and hour at any place being given, to find where the sun is then vertical. Find, by Problem XIV, the sun's declination, and also by Problem XII, those places where it is noon at the given time. Of those places where it is noon, that place will have the sun vertical whose latitude is the same as the sun's declination. To what place is the sun vertical when it is 39 min. past 6 a. m., at London, August 18th? Ans. Madras. To what place is the sun vertical on the 24th of October, when it is 29 min. past 7 p. m. at Jerusalem ? Ans. To Lima. Where is the sun vertical on March 5th, when it is 30 min. p. m. i at Canton ? Also on May 4th, when it is 10 min. past 8 A. M. at I Vienna? TERBESTRUL GLOBE. 287 d November ] 1th. the Isle of France? PiOBiBM XXIIL— jHavtn^ the hour given at any plaee, on any given da^f to Jind where the tun i$ rising, where it it Htting^ where it tt noon, and where it it midnight, • > Find, by the last problenii the place to which the aon 10 theit vertical ; elevate the globe for that place^ and bring it to the meri- dian. Then, to all those places in the western semicircle of the horizon, the sun is rising ; to those under the upper semicircle of the meridian it is noon; to all places in the eastern semicircle of the horizon the sun is setting ; and to those under the lower^semi* circle of the meridian it is midnight. At what places is the sun rising on June 4th, when it is 4 p. m. at Toronto, where is it noon, where is the sun setting, and where is it midnight? &C. Problem XXIV.— To jind at what placet an eclipte of the moon IS vtnble. Find, by Problem XXII, the place to which the sun is vertical at the given time. Elevate the globe for the antipodes of that place, and bring the antipodes to the meridian t then, to all the places which are above the horizon, the eclipse will be visible. On Jul^ 22nd, 1842, there was an eclipse of the moon, when it was 4h. 25m. in the morning at Toronto ; where was it visible ? Ans. To all the western parts of N. America, the Pacific Ocean, and the eastern parts of Asia. Examples can be taken annually from an almanac. EzERCi8E& — ^What is the ecliptic ? Why is it called the ecliptic 7 What angle does it make with the equator? What is this angle called? Into how many parts or signs is the ecliptic divided ? How many degrees are in each sign ? Which are the spring signs, — the summer signs, — the autumn signs, — the winter signs ? Which are the ascend- ing signs ? Which are the descending signs ? For what reason is it supposed the ancient astronomers affixed such images as the ram, the bull, &c., to the signs of the zodiac ? What are the tropics ? At what distance are they drawn from the equator ? What are their names ? Why are they so called ? What are the polar circles ? At what dis- tance are they from the poles ? What are their names ? What is it that determines the distance of the tropics from the equator, and the polar circles from the poles ? What are the equinoctial points ? On what day of the year does the sun enter Aries ? What is this day called? On what day docs he enter Libra ? What is this day called ? What remarkable circumstance happens on these two days ? What are the solstitial points ? On what day of the year does the sun enter Cancer? What is this day called? On what day does he enter Capricorn ? What is this day called ? Which is the longest day to all places in the northern hemisphere? Which is the shortest? Which is the longest and shortest day to all places in tho southern hemisphere ? What is the equinoctial colure ? What is the solstitial colure ? What is the analemma? What is meant by the sun's declination ? What is meant by the sun's altitude? When is the sun said to be vertical ? Explain the meaning of climate. How many half»hour climates are between the equator ^nd each polar circle? How tnany month climates are within each polar circle? What is twilight? Within how many dc- I i 1) I I II I IJ 238 ,' w. ^Mfi:i.'.uv jAr.M'nM:^;":;:i? ABTROHOlfT Bt Tflfl •aV1.-V«1?^' >i«.k.' gt«M of the horiiM tnuit the fan he to proidnet. twilltht t H<^w if th9 ■oii't plMe in the eeliptio found T How ii the ion*! oeelinatidii fotuidT On what day of the jeer ie the ann'i north deelinetion greateetT Oq what dav ia hia greateat aouth deelinetion T On what two daja haa the aun no declination 7 How ia the globe reetified for the aun'a plaoe and day of the month 7 How are the riaing and aettin|[ of the aun found by the gk^ 7 How are the length of the day and night found 7 How ia the aun'a meridian fkUitude found for any given day at any givea J lace 7 Having the aun'a meridian altitude, how ia the latitude found? low ia it found on what two days of the year the aun ia vertical to any place in the torrid zone 7 How are the placea found to which the iuo la vertical on any given day? Having the day and hour at any place given, how ia it found where the aun ia then vertical 7 How ia it found where the aun ia riaing, where it ia aettin^, where it ia noon, and where it is midnight ; at any j|;iven place ann» ca T*./!* » i.HSt."WI M*f *#V' •.'i*«'w« ■• ^htT Hdwifthe wolinatiob fotandT ion greatMt? On two dt js hai tli6 le iiin'f pUee and of tht sun fonnd gbi found 7 How day at any giveo lie latitade found? is vertieal to any to which the ion hour at any place ' How ii it found ■ noon, and where is it found where V7 i>* cntatioo of the t, in their natural of the heavens as s are drawn upon an inverted order ide of glass, then, t would appear in ne by their own unaided eye. CELESTIAL GLOBE. 239 5 6 648 710 425 1783 Total. 183 )64 244 1016 1409 999 r9i 3424 i called telescopic for Dr. Herscbell »ugh his telescope. earth's axis pro- roand which the be continued to I iu»i;\« uyiK^ '«*!'«.»'■'«' 9. PttraUels t^dteKnaOon ire leu circlef drawn pirtUel to the •qoiaoetial. 6. CeUttial meridiani are lioes drawn from pole to polei direetl/ leroM the equinoctial. 7. The declination of the sun, moon, or itars, if their distance Dorth or south from the equinoctial, reckoned upon the meridian. 8. Right atcention is that degree of the equinoctial which comes to the meridian with the sun, moon, or stars, reckoning eastward from the first point of Aries. 9. The Latitude of any celestial body is its distance north or south from the ecliptic, reckoned in degrees, minutes. Sic. 10. The Longitude of any celestial body is its distance from the first point of Aries, reckoned eastward in signs, degrees, and fflioutes , upon the ecliptic. 11. A celestial object is said to culminate when it comes to the meridian. 12. t^mutk, or vertical circles, are great circles which pass through the zenith and nadir, and are perpendicular to the horizon. 13. The prime vertical is that vertical circle which passes through the east and west points of the horizon. 14. The azimuth of any celestial object is the distance of a ver- tieal circle passing through the object, from the north or south points of the horizon, and is either easterly or westerly. 16. Amplitude is the distance of any celestial object from the east or west points of the horizon, at the time of rising or setting, —and is either north or south. 17. The zodiac is a zone which surrounds the heavens, extending 8° on each side of the ecliptic. 18. The altitude of any celestial object is the are of a vertical circle, intercepted between the centre of the object and the horizon. 19. The zenith distance is an arc of a vertical qrcle contained between the centre of a celestial object and the zenith; or it is what the altitude wants of 90°. £0. The geocentric place of a planet is its place in the heavens, as seen from the earth; the heliocentric place is i(s place as it would be seen from the sun. 21. Disc of tho sun or moon is its round face, which, on account ef the great distance of the object, appears flat. y» V *'•■■ ,1 ! I ' m V. ] ' '■A ^210 astbonomt bt the 32, A digit k the iWeUlh part of the idiaaieter of the lunand moon. .,;:'. ^ A catalogue of (ke Constellatiom, and the Start in each, eeen by the unaided eye: alsOf the names of the principal gtarsf and ■■'■^^ theirnutgnitude, > .n-^fxr- .n^js r-dr 'v\!^^!^mii'r:■\'h i^ff '.'^ '" t i. ! r j^ COWSTBLLATIONS WORTH OP THE ZODIAC. ^ j ' •^^'Ooii'i.iVs 'U'il CoOBtellatioDB. ■>t^iT>'ib Ji No. of stars. Principal Stan. 1. Ursa minor The little Bear . • 2. Ursa major The great Bear* • g < Perseus Perseus I Caput Medusa (.Medusa's Head** 4. Auriga The Waggoner • 5. Bootes ••* The Drover 6. Draco • I 59 j ^^.S^"}'^ 24 Pole Star* 87 Dubhe * • • •• 1 Algol eeCapella 54 Arcturus * * * • 60 Rastaben • • • • 35 Alderamin * * • 25 3 11 5 6 44 53 43 53 11 21 64 8 ■ft .'+ vfi jV. *.''•* • •The Dragon .**• 7. Cepheus • • • • • 8. Canes Venetaci •* The Greyhounds* 9. Cor Carol! • Charles's Heart • 10. Triangulum * • • 'The Triangle • • • 11. Triangulum minusThe little Triangle 12. Musca The Fly 13. Lynx ••• The Lynx 14. Leo minor •...'> •The little Lion •* 15. Coma Berenices* •Berenice's Hair * 16. Camelopardalus**The Camelopard* 17. Mons Maenalus^* Mount Maenaius* 18. Corona Borealis * *The N. Crov\ n • • 19. Serpens The Serpent ••• 20. Scutum Sobieski .Sobieski's Shield* ^^' \ Cerberus ! !! ! ^ ^he S-headed Dog 113Ras Algethi 22. Serpentarius • • • •The Serpent-bearer 74 Ras Alhagus 23. Taurus Ponia- ) p^ni^towski's Bull 7 towski ..«.. ^ 1 _ •! . , . J' 24. Lyra The Harp • 22Vega*****' 25. VulpeculaetAnserThe Fox and Goose 37 26. Sagitta The Arrow •••••• 18 '' 27. AquilaetAntJnousThe Eagle 71 Altair 28. Delphinus The Dofthin *.•• 18 ■ tl 29. Cygnus»* The Swan 81 Arided* •••••••*' SO. Equuleus The Colt 10 31. Lacerta *• The Lizard 16 ^-^ 32. Pegasus *•*••* ••The Flying Horse 89Markab 89. Andromead • • ♦ • ****.. 66 Almaac d4. Cassiopeia • 55 Schedar Constellations in the zodiac. • 1 • I '• 2 • 3 ?•• 1 • 1 2 2. 1. Aries *^ <• Taurus »The Ram* .TheBuU* 66 Arietis •...*'•».. ' I 141 Pleiad€9iAldahtimt CtLfiSTIAL GLOBB;^ 24f >.- ' * H}* NB.«r Maeiptl Stan, •uu*. Vif. S. Gemini The Twins •••••• 85 Castor and PoHaiLt 4 Cancer TlieCrab SSAcabens ••••••• S 5. Leo TlieLion 95 Regulus^ Deneb • l.f 6. Virgo TiieVirgin. ••••llOSpica Virfrinis •• i T.Libra The Balance ••••• 51 Zuben el Gomunbi f 8. Scorpio The Scorpion •••• 44Antare8 i 9. Sagittarius •••••• The Archer* • • • • • 69 10* Capricornus*****Tbe6oat 5lDeneb Algedi*** 4 11. Aqoarias ••••• vThe Water-bearer 108 Scheat S If. Pisces The Fishes lis ,'-\, ^. S. COKSTBLLATIONS SOUTH OF THB ZODIAC. I, Phoenix •••••••• ^The Phosnix •• •• • 18 f . * . r^u'rwayJ/^ -Mi'vi^i .un- t OflScina ScuIptoriaThe Scuiptor^s shop 12 r- • uH.r^ «» ., / -tm in; ^,U ?. ,1 Furnace j The Sceptre of I ^ Brandenburg* • { 8. Horologium •*••'• The Clock 12 9. Reticulus \ The Rhomboidal > .^ Rhomboidalis ^ Net { 10. Dorado, or Xiphias The Sword Fish** 7 11. Cela Praxitellis • •The Gravers 16 12. Lepus •• •TheHare •• 19 13. ColumbaNoacbi 'Noah's Dove •••• 10 14. Orian •• •• 78 Betelguese» Rigel 1.1 15. Argo Navis • • • • The Shiii Argo * • 64 Canopus 1 16. Canis major The great Dog • * • 31 Sirius 1 17. EquuleusPictoriusThe Painter's Easel 8 j^ i, 18. Monoceros The Unicorn ••••31 19. Canis minor The little Dog* • • • 14 Procyon* ****** 1 fO. Cbsmeleon The Chameleon • • 10 fl. PvxisNautica ** Mariner's Compass 4 ^'urtH U. Piscis Volan The Flying Fish • 8 SS. Hydra TheHydra 60CorHydra t f4. Sextans The Sextant ••*• 41 upa^ S5. Robur Caroli • . • • Charles' Oak 12 ''ff^^^< t !8. Machina Pneu- ) «,. ^ . . «„_„ ' matica ^he Air Pump* !7. Carter TheCnp !8. Corvus TheCrow •••• f9. Crux TheCross • 6 80. Muses The Indian Fly * • 4 '•< " "*' 31. Apus Indies * * * * The Bird of Paradise 11^ ^ ^ 81 Circinus The Compasses ** 4 S3.Lapu The Wolf 24 x2 SlAlkes** 9Algorab< 3 8 v/k.ii^^i'yif fdpil m l.t 1 :%. m H ■• i! Hi III' :■! f D AST|M)NO¥t, BT TUB > CoiuteUati«|ii«. . No, of . Piiaeipal Stan. 84. C^ntaunis ••••••TheC.entwr •••• 36 * .,^^,.,,, ,j laf.arv*/ „ 85. Quadra Euclides .Euclid's Square •• li| f. .,,^.>^, vn.u.j 'ji; 36. Trian^^ulum ^ I'll© Somhern Td- ? 5 r . , . .. .„ .*.<'4i*«. FaoBXi^M h-rrTo^d the right ascention and declination of the . ,, ,, ;;; ;: . ,, ann or a etar. ) -vnT^ ..:,^^jr, j,„_.. Bring the sun's place, or the star^ to the brass mendian; then the degree of the meridian over it shows the declination, and the degree • of the equinoctial under the meridian shows the right ascension. What are the right ascension and declination of Siriiis? ''*'^'^^"^^ ' ? ' Ans. Rt. as. 99°, or 6 hours 36 min. Dec. 16° 27' S. Required the right ascension arid ' declination of the pole star, Alruccabah. Ans. Rt. as. 13°, or 52 min. Dec. 88° 14' N. Required the right ascension and declination of the following stars. ► r n Whale's Jaw, Menkar. ' ' .,*«<'< tw* i.i\m^^^ Bull's Eve; Aldebaran.*'" ^^^K^ I ... Orion's Right Shoulder, Betelguese. '*^' '2 ' r^ % •-- ■• Little Dog; Procyou. " ,/?m 8m.n^ « The Harp. Lyr/ :=^; :z}.'-'''':'^'':'t-\ f Problem ll,-^Having the right ascension and declination of a staff tojind it en the globe, . ^,,j. .| Bring the right ascension, marked on the equinoctial, to the brasf^ meridian; then, under the given declination marked on the meridian, will be the star required. Required the stars whose right ascension and declination are as low. - ■ «ijf I e»*WV»^i,;;: .'.*i J^^'v) - .ti?-- &lhaut ••••«•'} :lination of the eridian; then the 1, and the degfree fht ascension. ■iiis? Oec. 16° 27' S. f the pole star, 'ec. 880 14' N. following stars. se. ■tva/'i -:xk <■■■ naiionp/aifart • • • ttfj'iiiftiiiftiiji »(«'• iai, to the brasi^ on the meridian, sclination are as )n .7°48'S. lydra's Heart, bn 12° 56' N. Lion's Heart. bn.6.5°20'N. 25° 58' S. 38° 36' N. 30° 40' S. CELESTIAL GLOBBy v 24^: Pr09£BM I|I.-*>!ro Jind the latitude and longitude of a given •ton.^r Brings the pole of the ecliptiC) which is in the same hemisphere with the given star, to the brass meridian, and fix over it the quadrant of altitude. Holding the globe steadily, move the qua- drant till it come over the given star ; then the degree of the quadrant cut bv the star is its latitude, and the degree on the ecliptic cut by tqe quadrant is its longitude. • --^ii The longitude of celestial bodies is reckoned in 9ign», degrees, and ' minutes, in the same manner as the sun's place. This problem may be reversed the same as the last ; and from the giren latitude and longitude may be found the star. ^ ,f / Required the latitude and longitude of Procyon, in the little Dog. Ans. Lat. 16° S. long. 3 signs 22° 56* (' Required the latitude and longitude of Pollux. .y^' Ans. 6° 40' N. lat, 4 signs 20° 28' long. / Required the latitudes and longitudes of the followihg stars. ik-ik^!'^^''i6' ^(^{^Kegulus. -xl-^ifJ Fomalhaut. Aruiurus. 'i\ Atair. .-id'-. Canopus. , ,. „: Spica Virginia. m'^,v*i^H# Capella. Antares. Probleh lY.— The day of the month being given^ to Jind at what ' *"^' ' hour any star comes to the meridian. Bring the sun's place to the meridian, and set the index to 12* Turn the globe round till the given star comes to the meridian, and the index will show the hour. At what hours do the following stars come to the meridian on February 9th? Vega? Ans. 9h. Im. a. m. ; Aldcbaran? Ans. 6h. 55ni. p. k. ( ' At what hours do the following stars come to the meridian ? ^"^^ Castor on March 20. ^ :;^-^m.^ Rigel on June 16. t^ i-w-« ,f«T\ Dubhe on August 3. ' t ut^ 5?f.i*f*M .%i.A.^a Sirius on October 25. . •ri.» m . Requtrod the aUUn«rron The stars having the same altitude twice every day, it is necessary to know whether the given star is to the east or west of the meridian; or else whether the hour required be in the evening or in the morning. CELESTIAL GLOBE. 246 B, at Londout on lis and Arotonii, Thd altitude of Rig«l, in Orion, waa observed at Boston (States) to be 15^ in the OTening of Deoember 8th ; what were the hour and azimuth ? Ans. 8 hoursr'-azimuth, S. E. by E. 7? E. At Jerusalem, on the morning of August 9, the altitude of Alderamin (Cepheus) was 41° ; required the hour and the azimuth. Ans. Hour 4 ; azimuth, N. 34° W. At London, on the morning of December 21, the altitude of Sirius was observed to be 8° ; required the hour and the azimuth. At Cairo, in Egypt, in the evening of Jime 4, the altitude of Spica Virginis was 43° ; required the hour and thr azimuth. Problem IX. — Having the azimuth of a staVf the latiiudCf and houvj to find the starts altitude and day of the month. Elevate the globe for the latitude, — ^fix the quadrant of altitude on the zenith, and bring it to the given azimuth. Bring the ster to the edge of the quadrant, and set the index to the given hour; the altitude of the star will then be found upon the quadrant. » Turn the globe till the index point to noon ; and the day of the month, answering to the degree of the ecliptic cut by the brass meridian, is the day required. At London, 11 o'clock p. m., the azimuth of Splca Virginis was observed to be S. 17° W. ; required the altitude of the star and the day of the month. .,„ ,. .^ . jr^ •, Ans. May 11th; alt. 27°. • At Jerusalem, 4 o'clock a.m., the azimuth of Markab was S. 71° W. ; what were the day of the month and the altitude of the star? ' ^^;:rTrr> At the Cape of Good Hope, at midnight, the azimuth of the star Fomalhaut was S. 73° E. ; required the day of the month and the altitude of the star. Problem X.-— To find the rising, setting, and culminating of any star, for any given day and place. Elevate the globe for the latitude of the plnce ; bring the sun's place for the given day to the meridian, and set the index to 1£. Bring the given star to the eastern horizon, and the index will show the hour of rising; bring the star to the meridian, and the index will show the time of culminating ; bring the star to the western horizon, and the index will show the hour of setting. 1 1 When will Sirius rise, culminate, and set, at London, on March 14th? Ans. Rises at 2h. 34ra. p. ai. ; culminates 6h. 57m. p. m. ; <. ' set at lib. 30m. p. M. When will Fomalhaut rise, culminate, and set, at the Cape of Good Hope, on December 10th ? > Ans. Rises at lOh. a. m. ; culminates 5h. 30m. p. h. ; ^ sets at lb. Cm. a. m. At what hour will ArcturtiS rise, culminate, and set, at Toronto, on December 95th ? '^ When will Aldebaran rise, culminate, and set, at Montreal, OQ n ■ 1 '.lil ' ii • 'I 1 ' T t I K: ii'ti M 1 ' .1 246 PROBLElfS ON THE TMblbm XL,^^T6 reyreiemi the face of the heaveiu for any gke^ '■•' ' 'I I" '^f,^ .'!^^.^im^ •1 dlffWi crifl^ Itv yt; ■ <«»** t*ii'i H t ..'ti ''-«-!<$ •) ■ .r,' f- > .Ma.M;;/slJsi \i ! : . r ■ni'i.-- t', >.;<;r ^iit -1 •<« : A T •- :uu;rtj iiiJ si m in-- An':<\h. at NOTICES OP 6. & J. GOUINLOCK'S ARITHMETIC. fi^i^i .J \ From a great number of recommendations of this work that have appeared in the public papers, and received from practical teacher^ the following are selected :— J, „ „ FVom the Hamilton Gazette, Nov. 1th, 1842. '< A work, which we make no doubt, will have an extensive cir- culation throughout the colonies. It is a pleasing circumstance to see a work of such merit issuing from the press of Canada.*' FVom the London Enquirer, Dec. 9th, 1842. " Formerly our fellow-subjects were wont to condemn works of this kind, either because they were too much adapted to the cur- rency of the mother country, or that of the neighbouring republic, but in the work before us such a happy union of both is maintained by the authors as to demand for it the best attention of the Canadian public." (Mrtis to ^g,^ ^j^ Conservative, Feb. 'Und, 1843. '< We have examined with much pleasure Gouinlock's complete system of practical Arithmetic, and can confidently recommend it for the use of schools. It is truly a practical system, and we think very properly avoids mixing up the philosophy with the practice of arithmetic, which has beon too much the custom since Sir John Lesslie published his celebrated work upon the subject. For this reason we find fault with the system of arithmetic published by the society of Parochial Schoolmasters in Scotland. Speculations which we have -heard the learned Professor descant upon to his advanced classes at the university, we think he would have joined us in deeming unfit for beginners, and merely throwing impediments in their way. While Messrs. Gouinlock have confined themselves to the practice, their treatise is as comprehensive as any that we have seen, and calculated to give the learner a thorough insight into the science in all its branches." Extracts from a long review in the Colonist, Aug. 19th, 1843. *^ Having lately observed favorable notices of Gouinlock's Arith- metic, by some of our cotemporaries, we took it up, with some interest, for the purpose of examining its adaptation to the use of •chools in British America* •• 'It gives us muc^ pleasure, therefore. I 1 :H| 'II''''' t .' It 8 NOTICES. to epeak of ibis work in terms of commendationi as we can do, after a just comparisoni in our own minds, with what we know of the same class of compilations in the mother country. Like the description of books principally patronised in British schools, tbii work is compiled by * British teachers of long experience and extensive practice'— the sort of authors alone capable of doing justice to such a work. Accordingly we find here the arrangement of the system— the gradation from the plain and easy examples to the more difficult under each rule; and the simple and intelligible language in which the rules themselves are expressed, such as are to be met with in the best class-books of this description used at home* •• 'In these respects it deserves the highest praise — simpli> city and perspicuity being the characteristic features of every page. Indeed, in every respect, we can honestly recommend it as a class book, which will not suffer by comparison with the best school arithmetics in Great Britain* •• 'But it possesses some advantages for Canadian schools, which mere English compilations do not. The examples are adapted, in names and rates, to Canadian busi- ness—particularly under the heads of exchange, book-keeping, and federal money." .p^Af \\\i » J•T/•^ .iL^'4 VI • ,N..^ilm>.*:i ,i UH THE FOLLOWING ARE FROM EXPERIENCED TEACHERS: r r! i |i.'i i)' Hamilton^ January 21, 1843. Gbntlembn,— Your System of Practical Arithmetic has been handed me, and for which accept my thanks. After carefully examining the work, I pronounce it the best System of Arithmetic which has ever emanated from the Canadian press, and which every British teacher, in a British colony, should hail as a grand deside- ratum. If twenty-seven years' experience as a public and private teacher should, in any way, make me competent to judge, I echo the sentiments above, and deem it *^The best System of Arithmetic in British North America." Wishing you every success, and hop- ing the day is not far distant when your Arithmetic will be generally adopted; and I assure you, at the same time, that you have con- ferred a boon upon the Canadian public, and the teachers thougkont the country. I remain, Gentlemen, Your*e respectfully, ^^,jTo iffissRS. G. k X GbuiNLOCK. y3£]i!aifli> Ms .mttmt.'. ; ,mi m .^.K M^ , ^ . ^^^^^^^ j^^^ 21, 184S. Sir, — ^I have the pleasure of acknowledging the receipt of Gouin- lock's Arithmetic, with which your letter of the 13th was enclosed, and to state that it has given me satisfaction to look over a publi- cation—so far as my urgent engagements have allowed me—so 'im^li^ baZtiiS?. «9 'i'^Ar NOTICES. 111 in, 88 we can do, Arbat we know of luntry. Like th« itish schools, thii experience and capable of doing the arrangement easy examples to le and inteUigible }ssod, such as are scription used at it praise — simpli- rcs of every page, nend it as a class the best school some advantages pilations do not. to Canadian busi- )ook-keeping, and SD TEACHERS: uary 21, 1843. hmetic has been After carefully em of Arithmetic and which every a grand deside- iblic and private ,0 judge, I echo em of Arithmetic luccess, and hop- will be generally -, you have con- kchera thougkoat T>{i . *y. 6 ! ^I^iJl ctfally, . SUNLEY. jrcJi 21, 1843. 'eceiptof Gouin- th was enclosed, ok over a publi- lUowed me—Bo creditable to the press which has sent it forth. I have been parti- cularly oleased on finding that it does not contain the separation of Rule or Three into Direct and Inverse, but combines the two, as they ought to be, into the one rule of Proportion. It is also a recommendation, that this book contains a great number of Miscel- taneoiB Exercises, which are of essential use in forming scholars to practical usefulness; I wish the publishers auecess, gin fit ii^uiJ ►. I » (KM itfi 1 , And remain. Sir, Your's very truly, :., C. L. P. HAENSEL. Mr. William Ruthvbn. ,'ti^ )V';i .),' Quebec f March. 28, 1849. ! Sir,— At vour request I have carefully examined Messrs. G. && J. Gouinlock's System of Arithmetic, and find that it contains much information of practical utility, not to be met with in similar publi- cations,— I think the materials well chosen and judiciously arranged, and have no hesitation in saying that I consider it a work of much merit, and particularly well adapted to the instruction of pupils designed for commercial pursuits in this province. I remain. Sir, > Your moat obedient servant, .OxotiMo Jn;/(a' i;''f»5>4i uu«; WM. JENKINS, >■ Lale Master of the Nortkwmberland Qrammar School, N. B. Mr. William Ruthvbn. " "'** '^ " ' " "" ►M'*^* "T .'ff Quebec, March 30, 1843. Sir,— In reply to your very kind and courteous note of the 27th, I am sorry to inform you that my necessary avocations have pre- vented me from minutely perusing the work on Arithmetic which you did me the honor to send me; but I am satisfied, from the number, variety, and selections in general of the sums, as well as the much needed introduction of the different kinds of current money, and the whole arrangement of the system, that the Authors have conferred a signal benefit upon the community, and merit the ipprobation and enconrngement of teachers and pupils throughout the province. Wishing them and the pnblishers the success to which they are entitled. I remain. Sir, Mr, William Rutbveit. Your obedient servant, THOS. BROWN. [ l' :U iv NOTICES. Quebec, April 20, 1844. *; Dbar Sir,— When I rtceiTad • copy of MoMri. G. b J. Gouin- lock'f Arithmetic, I wae not at leiiuro to give it that attentive rsrusal which is necessary to form a correct judgment of its merits, have since, however, read it with careful attention; and have now the satisfaction of saying that it has, in my view, been executed with ability and success. The definitions and rules appea.^ to be simple, perspicuous, and judicious; and the exercises numerous, suitable, and of practical utility. In treating the Rule of Propor- tion, great professional skill and discrimination are evinced by tho selection of the only method of stating the questions that is adopted to supercede the intricate doctrine of ratios; to solve all exerCATjs in that rule, whether direct or inverse, simple or compound; and to present the analogy, >r statement, with mathematical clearness and consistency. The difficult doctrine of Vulgar and Decimal Frac- tions is explained in a masterly manner ; tho subject of Exchange includes the currency of this country, and those of the United States; the fundamental and more useful rules of Mensuration are well illustrated and explained ; and the tract on Book-Keeping by Single Entry, contains a set of books of unusual simplicity, adapted to the retail business of this country, and extended through the period of a whole year. , , r , i - The book is beautifully got up, at a very moderate price; and it seems, on the whole, well calculated, not only to meet the wishes of the anxious preceptor, but also to suit the opening mind of the juvenile pupil, by awakening that admiration, and creating and cherishing that love of arithmetical studies, which are eminently conducive to the successful acquirement of them. Cordially wishing the authors all that honor and emolument which a work so useful and meritorious deserves, lam, dear Sir, Your's very truly, ,^M^^^v,inu< JAMES THOM. .... ■? .j.^Jijii'.m -fjv ■ ''Mi.vam'J ,l>ifi->.5/}5. t Inns <*) v.: ..^SJ-BI .01' .■wA'»a*,> Mr. Wlliam Ruthven. i'n iJJfigU" c cJ m'.irjvf 'Jilt m'&ii^tilm 'jM |»sfc nsiil n.^.d^lW . .f>3n';9oii| m^' .»rr?iiTi ^kia^Vti te, April 20, 1844. " wtri. G. k J. Qouin- ive it that attentive igmentofitameritfl. ntion; and have now view, been executed id rules appea,« to be exercises numerous, the Rule of Proper- n are evinced, by the stions thatisidopted to solve all exerenns or compound; and to matical clearness and r and Decimal Frac- Bubject of Exchange those of the United 3 of Mensuration are on Book-Keeping by al simplicity, adapted Ktended through the loderate price; and it Y to meet the wishes opening mind of the n, and creating and ^hich are eminently fm. •nor and emolument es, y truly, JAMES THOM. im m %,ii i*AAavt|*V