IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // & ^K //A ^ 7i 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■^ IM 12.2 ii lis IM 1.4 1.6 V] ^ Hiotographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 L - >' .— Centrality, -Salubrity. -The possession of public buildinfrs alTording suitable accommodation for the sittings of the Legislature and the residence of the Governor General, together with the necessary Govern- ment Offices, or the greatest facility for their erection on an economical plan. -Permanency of eligibility of situation in respect of centrality. The foregc ing points are given in the order of their estimated importance, after the most mature consideration of the «nbject, although that order may be deemed an arbitrary one, and may differ according to the opinions and judgment of different persons ; but the enumerated requisites must indubitably enter all, more or less, into a fair consideration of the matter at issue, which can only be accurately determined by some similar process of reasoning, in order to keep the enquirer within rational bounds, and to wean him from the influence of his partiality for particular localities. — It is obvious that the three first, — Security, — Facility of communication with England, — and Centrality, — are the most essential. The other three — Salubrity., — Public Buildings, and Permanency of centrality, — though by no means to be overlooked, are yet secondary ill importance when compared with the three first. In the consideration of the above heads the application will be restricted to Toronto, Kingston, Montreal and Quebec, taking it for granted that the small though flourishing Towns of Hamilton, Brockville, Hvtown, Sherbrooke, Three Rivers and Carlisle, are deemed, by universal consent, to be totally ineligible, ufiless indeed in the opinion o( the patriotic and ambitious inhabitants of tiie little Town of Bytown. — I^et lis the ntake up the rival Cities in this game, and make them run the gauntlet of the foregoing aseumeq' requisite qualifications. 4 = s => •;=> 1 ► r ( 2 ) TORONTO. With reference to the first of these Cities, the determination is quickly and easily come to. — Toronto is palpably deficient in almost all the requisites. 1 ° . Security from Forciirn invasion. — It is utterly defenceless and indefensible. 2 '^ . Communication, with England. — It is too far inland, and consequently inaccessible from the sea. It has no secure means of communication with the Mother Country in war, while, on the odier hand, it is in too close proximity to a powerful and grasping peojde, who " reckon" that " the whole bound- less continent is theirs." 3 ^ . Centrality. — It is situate near one, and the weaker extremity of the Province. The annexed Table has been formed fo; the purpose of affording some idea, approximately, of the relative centralitv of most of the Capitals and Cities of die world. — The figures in the column styled " Kate of Centrality,'' denote the deficiency of each on this head, estimated from one to one hundred degrees, — one degree imply- ing that a City so situated is almost perfectly central, while one hundred deg-ees indicate its situation to be at the extremity of the country. — Thus Toronto, as the Capital of the late Province of U]>per Canada, is only deficient 8-lOOths., in centrality, or 8 per cent removed from the centre of that country, which is cal- culated, as well as the other Cities and Towns of Ganada,with reference to the course of the St. Lawrence, the best criterion under present circumstances ; although the rates of all the other Cities and Towns have been estimated geographically. Toronto as the Capital of Canada, it will be seen, is 32 per cent deficient on this point, and is therefore by no means central. 4" ^ . Salubrity. — Its situation is sufficiently salubrious, 5 * . Public Buildings. — It possesses some [lublic buildings, but they are insufficient for tlie accommodation of the Legislature of the United Province, and would diminish, in a comparatively small amount, the necessary expenditure for the erection of sufficient buildings. 6 ° . Permanency of eligibility. — It is only in the event of any one place possessing, at the present moment, a decided preponderance in the assumed requisite qualifications, that the permanency of its eligibility need be discussed. Toronto is now, and likely to continue, greaUy deficient in most of these ; and it would therefore be idle to argue speculatively upon any advantage which it may be supposed hereafter to acquire from adventitious causes, arising out of an increased population in that section of the Province, — or otherwise. The painful conclusion is then inevitable, — that Toronto, save in the opinion of the high minded inhabitants of that Tory City, is excluded from any just pretension to be the Capital of Canada. KINGSTON. Next in order comes the Town of Kingston, and its boisterous pretensions to a preference, pre- dicated, it is presumed, upon its possessing, in a higher degree than any town or city of Canada, the .requisite qualifications. 1°. Security from foreign invasion. — Kingston is a fortified town, and sufficiently strong to bid defiance to surrounding nations in the piping times of peace, but by no means formidable in the event of a war. It is situate on the borders of Lake Ontario, the waters of which are navigated by us in common with a foreign Power ambitious of naval superiority, and not to be contemned. It may be bombarded in summer from the Lake, and reduced to ashes in a few hours. It may be approached by 100,000 men across the ice in winter,— invested and taken, whilst its metropolitan-minded inhabitants are slumbering in fancied security. A serious, and by no means impracticable project of this nature, was on foot durin» the last American war, and the ''sympathising" inhabitants of the opposite frontier, during the last insurrection, made no secret of their intentions to storm the fortified city of the Lake, with a small band of their loaf- ing ragamuffins. 2 ° . Communication with England. — Without being so far inland as Toronto, the site of the good town of Kingston is sufficiently remote from >ea navigation, to render it extremely difficult, if not impossible, in time of war, to keep up an uninterrupted communication between it and the mother country. We couUl not have a more striking instance of this difficulty than the fact that a few plundering " Patriots " from the " land of liberty," packed in a windmill atPrescott, and the smuggler, Bill Johnson, lurking amidst the " Thousand Islands," were sufficient to interrupt, or render dangerous, the navigation of the St. Lawrence. And there are many points between Kingston and Quebec as strong as Navy Island, from which an enemy, however othervvise contemptible, might do incalculable mischief before he could be dislodged. 3®. Centrality. — Kingston, by the Table, is shown fo be 20 percent deficient in centrality, and although preferable to Toronto, is inferior in this respect to all its other contending rival?. . — Tcronio ' from tlic 1 the Oilier lole 1)01111(1- li« annexed ' centrality -entraiity," rec iniply- lation to be Canada, is hich is cal- Lawrence, owns have nt deficient ent for the lively small the present ?ncy of its these ; and Hereafter to )vince, — or igh minded ence, pre- !anada, the •ong to bid le event of 1 common ibarded in ),000 men Tibering in during the surreclion, their loaf- of the good impossible, We could from the imidst the Lawrence. an enemy, trality, and ( 3 ) 1 ^ . Saltdritij — Of all the localities now in agitation ." r he honor of the Capital, Kingston is tlii> most uiiiiealtliy. Already have two Governors (General succumbed under the pestiferous iniliiencc of Ms climate, who, in more favored localities, might have long preserved their lives and their usefulness. 5®. Pu''i: Buildings. — It has no buildings whatever suited to the wants of a Capital. It is true that it has a valuabl' nwamp upon which the necessary edifices may be constructed, at an enormous ex- pense. It is ecpiaUy true that they may be burned down by the Americans in one night, and the vanity of the Kingstonians gratified by the erection of new and more improved models of architecture, and their " deserted village" thus greatly embellished at the expense of the Province, () * . Permanencij oj eligibilily. — Of the six assumed requisite qualifications, Kingston claims to possess one in a high degree, namely, the probability of its encreased centrality at some future period. Should the tide of emigration continue always to flow westward, and the pretensions of Kingston be tested by this jirospective advantage, as the principal requisite, regardless of every other, then indeed the inhabitants of the Midland District might have had some reason to supjiose that Lord Sydenham's choice of Kingston for tlie Caiiadiaii Capital was based upon some inherent claim to superiority, unconnected with any y«,vfi t.> reconcile the Upper Canadians to the Union, or "to let that countiy down easy." The colonization, however, of the extensive and fertile regions bordering on the River Saguenay and Lake St. John, and the contemplated establishment of a wealthy and powerful company to promote the inexhaustible fisheries of Gaspe I3ny, may render the lower districts of the St. Lawrence the most populous, the most wealthy and the most important in the Province. But in the absence of any increase in the population of the lower extremity of the Province, from these or any other sources, it must be admitted tliat Kingston is more likely to possess, hereafter, this single quality of centrality in a higher degree than any other; provided always — that the republicans of that portion of the Province do not become more inoculated with the doc- trines of William Lyon McKenzie, and consequently disaffected towards monarchical institutions ; whicii l)nssible contingency would render the future problematical centrality of Kingston, clogged as it is vitli many other defects, — utterly valueless. MONTREAL. We must now subject " the favored City c ' Canada" to the same test : — 1 ^ . Security from invasion. — The Islano City's pretensions to security from invasion, foreign or domestic, are so meager, that it is unnecessary to discuss them. It may merely be observed en passant, that it is within less than twenty-four hours march of the sume colossal and grasping power already adverted to; — that the proximity of its unique mountain, (in the hands of an enemy,) renders its position worse tiiaii defenceless, and that the possession of this eminence, which may be acquired by one night's forced inarch, would hold the Capital of the Canadas, — the two Branches of the Legislature (were they in session,) and the Representative of the British Crown, in a most delectable state of submission; — possibly with no other moans than the redoubtable Doric Club, at their command, to retake the mountain ; — and we should then again witness the humiliatingspectacle of the Governor General of British North America, like Lord Dorchester, escaping in disguise in a frail canoe to Quebec for personal safety. '2 ° . Communication with Great Britain. — The situation of Montreal, though not so much inland as Kingston, is still obnoxious to the same formidable objection, that it would not be easy to keep up a com- uiiinication between it and the Metropolitan state in time of war, for any practicable purpose. — Having no bulwarks of its own, it is as much beyond the protection of " England's bulwarks," both in winter, and piinimer, as Penetanguishine, on the borders of Lake Huron ; added to this — that the naval supremacy of Great Britain would be totally ineffectual as respects Montreal, by reason of the inability of that City to hold out for one day. 3 ^ . Centrality. — As regards centrality, Montreal has the highest pretension of all, with reference to po])iilation or territorial extent, its deficiency in this respect being only 5 per cent by the Table. Tested hy the centrality which is based upon the facility of communication, or travel between the two extremities of the Province, the merits of Montreal suffer some diminution,as will be shown hereafter. 4- ^ . Saluhrily — In this particular the situation of Montreal is superior to that of Kingston, and infe- rior to that of Quebec. It is sufficiently healthy to obviate all objections to its climate, and occasionally sulTiciently unhealthy to preclude the possibility of its claiming pre-eminence on that score. ;■)=■. Public Buildings. — Montreal has no public buildings whatever adapted for the sittings of the JiCgislature, or the residence of the Governor General ; nor docs it possess any suitable public property, witiiin the City, available for the uses of the Government,— the Report of Her Majesty's Canadian Execu- tive to the contrary notwithstanding. If so, — where does it exist in sufficient extent, without the demoli- tion of other useful public buildings which must bo elsewhere rebuilt at an enormous cost. The oft reite- rated and idle boast of the superiority of Montreal as a great — flourishing — commercial city has, if true, no ( 4 ) It it niuiit other bearing on tlio question of tlie Seat of Government, than the proportionate aiigmontation whic necessarily ca\iso in the price of the ^jroiind to be purchnsod for the erection of |)iiblic hniUlingH, ^"^ . Permanency of digibilUy — The |)rcaLMit eligibility, or inelit',il>ility of the sister City of Lower Canada is not hiioly to be mtich alTected, cither favorably or unfavorably, by tlio future condition of the Province — Its centrality, as to p()|)ulation, may jxissihly be enhanced by the amelioration and |)eopliiii5 of the fertile regions to its southward and westward,- iuvj William Lyon McKenzie form no jjurt of the vista. entendu, — that the defection of llie fullovN ers of QUEBEC. Last, (and certaiidy not least) comes the consideration of the ancient Capital of the Canadas, the merits and demerits of which shall be tesicd with all tiie fairness and impartiality which can be expected from a citizen of that place. If the judgment of our modern Provincial Statesmen be to be adopted, the dis- cussion may be fruitless. Its abandonment, however, shall not be sealed without one voice being raised in its favor ; and should ihc various qualifications herein assumed be the true orthodox tests, we sliull pre. sently see how immeasurably Quebec outstrips the boasted advantages of its pigmy rivals, as well in the number of those qualifications, as in the weight and value to be legitimately ascribed to each. The obje( t of the writer is to establish, (ipon just principles, its iidinite superiority over Toronto, Kingston and Mont- real ; and although ho does not assume the character of a judge, pronouncing, in mwisured terms, and with alTected coolness, upon the comparative deserts of eadi competitor, it is neverlhele-s to be hoped, that, divested of any colouring which prejudice, or a partiality for Quebec, may impart to the discussion, enough will still be left to convince the disinterested and dispassionate enquirer, that that city |)ossesses unanswera- ble claims lo r. preference — to be, as it has hitherto been, the Seat of Government of the Canadas, and as such — tho metropolis of the British possessions in North America. 1 ° . Security from invasion. — Tho commanding heights and frowning battlements of Quebec snfli- ciently attest the justice of its claim to he styled the second fortress on the globe. Nature has done more for it than art, and science, and wealth combined can ever do for any other city or town in Canada. It is a great stronghold marked ont by nature as a site for the Capital of a great country, and rendered impregnable by a lavish expenditure of the wealth of the British nation. Its high character in this respect will be conceded by its most inveterate opponents ; it is only the degree of importance to be attached to this qualiiication which they will attempt to call in question. It would be well, however, for those who now sing the prai.ses of Montreal, in disparagement of Quebec, to ren^cmberthat we have the best evidence of the opinion of the inhabitants of the former as to the comparative value of the two cities in point of security, in the well authen- ticated historical fact, that, on the outbreak in 1837, the Banking Institutions of Montreal were glad to remove the contents of their coffers lo Quebec for safe keeping; and further, that the General Commanding the F.'i(/ s m Canada at that period, with his staff, were ready — bag and baggage — to fly to Quebec, on the first in.H-ution of any reverse being sustained by Colonel Weatherall, who was sent out to subdue a small band . • . ndisciplined insurgents in the District of Montreal. 2 ^ . Communication with the mother country. — It has an easy and rapid communication with the United Kingdom during seven months of the year. It is accessible to the largest ships of the line, and the whole British navy may ride in safety under its walls. — Its means of communication in winter lie through British territory, and are therefore incomparably superior to those of the other cities, whose only direct route is through a foreign co.mtry. 3 ° . Centrality — It is more central than either Toronto or Kingston, and less central than Montreal, regard being had to ten-itorial extent v)r population. Its rate by the Table is minus 10, — that is, within one of the City of Madrid, the most central capital of any note in the world. — But of this more anon. 4^. Salubrity — In regard to this qualification, Quebec bears the palm. Its elevated position in the mid.-t of a mountainous country ensures it a continuance of refreshing breezes, and the salubrity of its climate is doubly enhanced by the grandeur of the surrounding scenery, which is unstirpassed by any country in the world. 5 ^ . Public Buildings. — Its advantages, as to the fifth qualification, have been attempted to be underrated, by the very impartial supporters of Montreal. Quebec possesses spacious accommodations for the sittings of the Legislature, erected on a magnificent scale, consisting one half — or rather more than one half — ^of an elegant new edifice bulk on the site of a portion of the old Palace of the Catholic Bishop, and appropriated to the Hall and Offices of the Legislative Assembly, — the other half, or rather less than the half — of the remains of the same Palace, which have been occupied by the Legislative Council and the offices attached to it, and which were in progress of being replaced by a continuation of the new buildings, upon the same elegsnt scale, when the political dissensions in Lower Canada put a speedy period to all legislation — The completion of this superb edifice could not necessitate an expenditure of more than a tenth of what must be incurred in the purchase of the ground, and the erection of the necessary buildings in Montreal or Kingston, The want of a suitable residence for the Governor General is common to all, — which it mu»C H. City of lower )mlili(iii (>r thi' ml in'oplint; of ic lulluvNt'is of Canadas, ilio n 1)0 t'xpi'ctoti opli'd, the (li>- )L'ing raiweil iu we f^hall [ire- as well ill thir . The ol)je« t an and Rlotit- ■iiis, and wilh ho|)ed, that, ssioii, enough s iinanswera- nadas, and as Qiiehec solli- one more for it , It is a great pregnable by a 11 be conceiied s qualiiication ing the praises opinion of the e well aiithen- ilad to remove inianding the ec, on the fir! ) Of thirty Uiiiteil States Cnpiials, ton only me central. — Three nro more central than Queljec, and ^W(Vi/(/-.vcwft less contral ; and their i)rinciii:il (..apilaJH, such ns Washington, Boston, Proviilenco, Albany, Hichniond and Now Orloansaro I'ar t'roni heiny; central. Of the eleven Ca|)itals of Central and South America, not one is central. The averotre deficiency in centraiity of the Capitals of the States of Europe enjoying constitutional Governments is 21), while that of the Capitals of the Slates under the sway of despotism is only 'JH. The deficiency of Quehec as the (Capital of Canada is oidy 10, while that of the Capitals of Europe and the IJniteil States is 30, and of all those enumerated in the Tahle 31. Of all the Cajiilals of Europe, the hajiless City of Madrid alone is central, - a prey to all its enemies, whether foreign or domestic, — the worthy prototy[ie of the " Island City ol the French,'' — " the favortvl City of Canada," — and a lasting monument of the profound wisdom of a central situation, shorn of every other rL'(|uisite. Among the great l.'apilalsof the world we find that Madriil is again the most central ( ily ; that Amsterdam, Uerlin, (as the Capital of modern I'russia,) Pekin (of the Chinese Empire) Constantino- ple, (of '.he Turkish Em|)ire,) Lisbon and Copenhagen, are only partially central, — their deficiencies rang- iiig from 19 to 12() per cent ; — while Didilin, Vienna (Austrian Empire), Mexico, New Orleans, Naples, and Washington, nearly all of whicli are great commercial marts, and under the rule of popular institutions, are far from being central, their distances from their respective territorial centres varying from 2!) to 'A'.i per cent. But the following Capitals, among which are the greatest and most populous cities on the globe, and the great majority of which belong to countries enjoying constitutional Governments, namely I'aris, i^din- burgh, Warsaw, (old Poland,) London, Hoston, Stockholm, St. Petersburgh, Berlin, (old Prussia.) Frankfort uj)on Maine, Pekin, (China Proper) anil Rio Janeiro, seem to have been placed, and to have grijwn to 'heir present collossal grandeur, in localities indicating the utmost contempt tor the shadowy advanta<:e ■ailed centraiity. These little worlds have cop''.iiued to be the scats of their respective Governments, whether constitutional or despotic, in defiance of the political changes and revolutions which many oi' them have undergone, although situate at points closely bordering on the confines of their several dominions; — thus affording striking illustrations of the little regard which has been |)aid to, and the little advantage di>rivei! from centraiity. There is an adihtional and a remarkable feature in the position of these great comnien i;il capitals of the world, which has a strong bearing upon the question at issue, and is destructive of the preten- >ions of the advocates of mere territorial centraiity. The Cities of Amsterdam, Berlin, Pekin, Constantinople, Lisbon, Copenhagen, Dublin, Vienna, New Orleans, Naples, I'aris, Edinburgh, London, Boston, Stockholm, St. Petersburgh and Rio Janeiro, seem to owe their origin, their wealth, magnificence and permanent locality as Capitals, to their vicinity to water communications, and their great facility of intercourse with foreign nations ; or in other words---to their external centraiity, — utterly regardless of iniernal. Tiie Capital elect of Cui:ada is said to be endowed in a high degree with this virtue of geographical cen- traiity, limited to the course of the St. Lawrence ; and if, denuded of every otiier requisite, the sister City of the nether Province is to have its claim tested by this single i)roperly, then indeed it can only yield the palm to the good town of Three Rivers, which is still more central, nearer to sea navigation, and infinitely more salubrious. But if, on the contrary, the essential requisites for the permanent establishment of the Canadian Capital be ull taken into consideration, and the choice awarded to that one which possesses a preponder- ance of advantages, Quebec is incomparably superior to all its rivals. Strongly contrasting with the other three, which can scarcely boast each of llie possession of one solitary requisite, Quebec possesses, in an eminent degree, four of the necessary qualifications, namely, Security, Freedom of communication, Salu- brity, and Public Buildings, all of which give the City of Cape Diamond an overwhelming preponderance over her less favored competitor, — " the Island City of the French," even were Quebec more deficient in centraiity than it is represented or supposed to be. But since the ancient Capital of die Canadas is undervalued, in the eyes of Her Majesty's Canadian Executive, by reason of its want of centraiity, it would be well to ascertain what is the precise ratio of its deficiency in this particular. Centraiity, properly considered, embraces three points — First — Centraiity in respect to territorial extent. Secondly — Centraiity in respect of population. Thirdly — Centraiity in respect to facility of conununication, or access to and froui the other parts of the Province. In regard to the first, or territorial centraiity, Quebec is about 125 miles distant from the navigable or arterial centre, which at the jiresent day, and for a century to come, will be the true one, and is there- fore deficient to that small extent. By the table its defect is represented by 10. That of Montreal by 5 \ and the difference between the two on this head is so trifling, that so slight an advantage cannot weigh a feather in the general balance. As to the second, or the centraiity of population, Quebec is certainly second to Montreal, tne mass oi the population of Canada being found to the southward. But with respect to the third, or the centre both of territory and population, regard being had to the facility of communication, or distance measured by the lime required to overcome it, the rank to be assign- ed to Quebec, as a central position, must precede that of all the others. — This is obviously the main consi- •ie.-ation. — the only genuin'; and rational test io be applied to the question of centraiity. It is idle to reason ( 7 ) jsses, in an alidut tlie ccnlrc of loriitoi'y cr pupulalitin, willujiil luriibiirini;; holli liy tho raciliilc:* of loimrui ..almnn ilic menus of triivcl. Steam aniiiliilates di^tiince, ami any tlieory wliicli exeliules ilial iin|)(»i'tanl flcmenl o s|)ee(l, JH but an im|)ni|H'r arjiMneiit to ohtain an inipropcr end, — a mere inii)o!lane, intersected hy rail-ronds, were traversable, in cushioned cars, in twenlV'four hours, vvliile it wonltl quire a week to accomi)lish the other dhstuncc, — wouhl it be ctinsisttnt with reason, toinmon sijnse, or " rt\un\ justice," to place the Capital of that l.'nid at its fileogra|thical centre ? Would not the true centre — that point which would he equally centrical for i" its irdiahitunts, — all lhin;.'H considered,— incline greatly towards the range of inoinitainsand the smaller piano I Would it not he unjust, on the part of the rulers of that country, towards one portion of its inhabitants, to choose the Monlivdl of the territorial centre, as th(! fittest place for a Cajtital, by reason of its hcinif a supposed greater mart for trade? And iiow wouhl Huch a shallow argument i e streni'thened by ilescanling on the dissimilarity of the habits and customs of ddVerenl portions of the same land — and contrastiii:; the "strangeness"' of the ajipeaiance of the transal- pine Dos /tlnnrs and their City, — with the simplicity of the Sawnies and Jonathans of the (yisal|iine region f !! — Would not nucha choice be deemed an act of gross injustice, ami such reasoning a mockery ! ! Yet such is the state of the (juestion respectinir tiie rival merits of Queliec and Montreal in res ,e( t of centrality. The distance from Quebec to the Lower extremity of the Province, in round nuinheis, is [)(){) miles, and its distance I'rom the lJp|ier extremity is about li)0. The time reipiireil to travel either distance, in summer or in winter, according to the present mode of conveyance, is greater as rfgards the Lower ex- tremity than the Upjier, ami is likely to continue so for a period which will outlive the alle|:ianco of the iniiabilants of either section to the British Crown. If the iidiabitants of the lower region, numbering about •200,000, be entitled to a participation of that " eipial justice," wliidt is the chiji-trap of the present day. :i due regard must be liad to their facility of communicating with the seat of legislation, and of the administra- tive Machine. If the inhabitants of Gasp6, a jioinilous and flourishing district, encounter greater hardships, and require a longer time, to make known tlieir wants to the Government, sui)|)osing it to bo situate at Quebec, than the inhabitants of tliC Western District, and that the present relation and circumstances of the two sections be likely to continue the same for a long period to come, then Quebec is decidedly the most central point for tlio Seat of the Provincial Government, upon the only true and rational i.'roiHuls by which centrality can he tested. The Report of the Canadian Executive dwells with a tone of infinite confidence and satistaction upon the great advantages Montreal possesses as a site for the Canadian Capital, grounded upon il-i being a large, flourishing and wealthy City, and the supposed centre of an extensive tiade. It would be diliicnlt to comprehend upon what principle its commercial importance could ensure it a j)n'feivnce, were it built ill Gaspd Bay, or at the extremity of the Western District; surely, at either of these points, no precedence could be awarded to it on that ground, wliich is obviously extraneous to the main question. Tlie claim of Montreal to superiority, if any it have, must rest on other and intrinsic advantages, namely, its boasted cen - trality, which great attribute is no doubt prodigiously enhanced by the statesmanlike argument ofHei ALojesty's Colonial advisers, that Quebec and its people would appear " strange " to the single-minded, un- sophisticated denizens of the country of William Lyon McKenzie, and that for that nvison they could never think of subjecting the hvpocondriacal temperaments of the latter to the suiciihd elVects of sucii a contact ! ! What particular bearing this unfortunate blemish in tlie physiognomy and circumstances of the people of Quebec, has upon the question, they have not condescended to show, nor has the degree of weight which has been given to it in Downing Street, as yet transpired. Again, (says the Report,) " the Islind of Montreal vns chosen as the site of a great Citt/ by the " French Government in the early times of the colony,'''' — and — " the ncknou-ledgcd sacracity avd foresight " displayed by the officers of that nation in their selection of positions for either civil or ?nilitary (jin/pa- " iion.y — which is so much admired in the said Report, — is at this day anqily borne o\it by two important facts, — namely — that the Executive Council of Canada agree in opinion with the oflicers of that celebrated colonizing nation upon the eligibility of Montreal " as a position for civil or military ocrAiptttum,^" ntul — that the French have been driven almost from every inch of ground which they possessed on this continent. Amidst the host of trashy reasons which have been attempted to be palmed upon the British minis- try for the purpose of adding to the fancied embellishments of " the favoured City of Canada," there is one with respect to which all badinage must be put aside, and which, if it had any foundation in fact, would give considerable weight to the claims of that City. Montreal is represented to be " sitvatc at the head of " navigation from the sea, and at the foot of the river and canal nnvigaticn, not only of Canada, but if " J^orth Western Jlmerica.'''' This must have been an error on the part cither of the printer or of the ama- nuensis employed by the Council. If the words — " for Montreal read Quebec,'" — hpd been added in a note, it would have saved the framers of the report from the equivocal position in which this erroneous statement — or typographical or clerical error, has placed them. During the season of navigation, from one thousand to eleven hundred vessels resort annually to the Fort of Qi'.ebcc, of which cne hundred t,; ( 8 ) one luin'.lr»«tl nml fifty, of rompnrntivt'ly inferior Itiinltii, nrc /omw/ t.» tin; iifori'said " lu-ml of nnvi- jjalion fntiii tin- lipa."- If towing; vr«s('lH n^iiiiiNt llu; nlron(» ciirmit of ii hIiiiIIovv rivor ofiiitriciiU; nuvii'iitiort, roiislijiiU' sea orsliJp navigation,- -tliiMi iIutc is !<(>!n(! tiiitli in tin* ;isscrlion ; iniil (lie only rt'nlllinin^Mlllli(•^Jlty would Ih', — nfiiT tin* coniplction of the St. (/iwrontu lui.l (yliauildy Ciinaln,— to Hfli'iininc, upon sue li a rti- terion, at wlint particular point, hrtwcon Monlrenl and C liicago, tlu' li'rmitum of ship navination would l«< found ; nndit would Ik" ctpiatly dilUcult to sliow in what way this slylf tif sra or ship navigation could dillcr fro 11 llir- lovvni-c of v(!ssl'Is, over n mil-road, fivt; hundnil miles intolhe intrrior of the conntry, — whither iho Krtporier on the Scat of (lovrrnm(Mit-(picstion,l)y tlii.'samo n>isnpplication of tonus, lui^^ht cxtond the ordina- rily received Itoinids of Old ()<'ean and " astonish lii.s weak nerves" hy landing him amidst the |)rimeval pines (»f the Canadian forest, ("ould the framcrs (if tlii.s statistical tieception havt! possihiy ImaKined that I.(tiil Stanley, or the other Mcmliers of the British Cahinet, are not ns well acipiainted, bh any nuin in Canatla, with the depth of water, and the nature of the iuiviu;ation, of every foot of the river Si. Lawrence, hciween Quohec and Montreal? Tiie man who peimed the assertion in (piestion nmst have known, that (iuehec. and Quehcc alone — was llie termination of soa or »hi|> navigation, and — conversely, the commencenu'tit of inland or steam navigation. Any statement in disparagement of the marked position of the I'ily of Qui'licc, in this respect, was a deviation from fact, unpardonahle in individuals whosi; accession to power is predi- cated ujion their supposed intimate knowledge of all tiie circutiislances of the country suhmit'ed to their rule. But it nil) lit" antwfrpd th.it the discussinn of thn relative merin of (he different sitj-s aho»e mentioned is now idle, in a% much as the Home Ministry, in the exercise of thf Rnyal l'rti(ij,'iiiive, have ffslriited the choice to Kingston antl Montreal, and that li,i»ini» deferred to the I'rotinci.il l-eni^hiiur'', iis to the selection to be made hi'lween these (wo, a decision has heen come (o in t.ivor of Mdiitn.il, which is irrevocaliji'. I( will he necessary to comhal (his new fcadire of (he ca«.e, which would !,t't'ni (o excluded (he (JihraKar of (he An;ericfin cniidnent, frimi any consideration whalevcr in the choice of the fu(ure Capital ol the Canadas, before it can be shewn (h.it the present discussion of (he (|ues(ion cm itiid (o nny beneficial result. 'J'he expression of an opinion by ilie Lei»islature has only been j>i»eii undtr a limiti'd choice between Kin/j^ton and iNlontreal, and so far its decision entails no sentence of con(!<'inii;i- lion upon Quebec. — The sulmiission of (he point (o (lie decision of the l.p^islature of two lately IJiiiicd Provinces, composed of lieteroijencous and discordant elements, and dilTeriim «.o widely io lanmiajjes, laws, and reliyion, before the separate identity of each section of the new Province, or its iii(li\> sumption of a higher degree of knovj ledge on the part of the ministry, which was destructive of the wisdom of the reference and of its deferential character. — It was ^^ donner et retenir''^ — a gancheric — and an anomaly, which could only have been the result of the unwise communications on this subject which liave crossed the AtLintic from either side, and which are now prudently veiled fiom the light of day. But at all events the opinion recpiired, and (hat which ought to have been given, on a point of this nature, was a free and unbiassed expression of the sense of the F^egislature, as upon an open question, not (he echo of the previously pronounced opinion of an ollici — dispensing administration, or (he judgment of a stipendiary House. -For iheiie reasons, then, the decision of the l.,egislature is deprived of all moral influence. Again the Executive Government have egregiously mistaken their position in relation to this ques- tion. They have treated it hs an act of ephemeral administration, and as such coming within the legitimate scope of their control as responsible advisers of the Crown, while, on the contrary, it was a question of permanent interests, deeply affecting the whole of the Province, and not at all dependent upon any principle of political economy, or of the science of CJovernment, and one totally unconnected with the ascendancy of any one party in (he s(ate, whether French or Fnglish, Tory, llefonner, Radical or Destructive. It was an unwarrantable assumption on their part to make it a Caliinet measure, and (o throw their influence into the scale in favor of any one locality. The opinion tlius extorted cannot therefore be deemed to be the free and unrestrained judgment of the Legislature, which the Home (Jovernment had a rijiht to expect, and which ou^ht to have been given, and is consequently so much .hed in value as to preclude the possibility of its being t.ikeii to be (ondusive. The course pursued by the FiXecutive Government sins also in acotlier respect, which seems (o indicate not a too accurate conception of their present footing. The reins of Ciovernmenl have been confided (o their hands on the introduction into the cu!oiii> s of the principle of Responsible Govern' ul of iinvi- niivii'iitiori, n^^ililVu'iilly stii li fri- ll would It*' COIllll (lifl'lT vvliitlior tlio I the ordiiia- iiu'val piiic!* 1 tlint Lord ill riinntlii, re, hcHvi'i'ii int Qut'licc. CllCCIIIflll (if of (ilH'lK'C, vor in predi- iiliiTiit'ed to t sitfi nlinte ij{:ilivp, have l,('uis|iiiur<', if Moiilrt'iil, Duld M't-ni lo ■lioio- of ttic ion (Mil U'Hil »pii und'T a f coii(',i'iiiii;t« iitfl) IJiiiud I laiiuiia^es, its imlivirliial uaiDutfd, Mn n when cifery ouuhl to have Jul it was HO at lire, as (he place tor a o localities, rmation and talives of the hand, an a-» f the wisdom rie — and an ( which have day, point of this question, not udgment of a ral influence, to this ques- he lenilimatf a question of lit upon any ted with the , iladicul or sure, and to Itorled cannot Ich the llonie ntly so much Ich seems lo |i( have been l)le (iovern- ( J> ) nicni, a syitem whicli was absolutely necessary to i;l\u csteiice tu the repiesent.itife form of Ciorern« inent cstahlished in Ciinadu, mid to impart harmoiiiixis action to thu ronslilution, liy transferring the ndniiiiislriitioii of thn (io*«rnment, from the hands of servile onici>ils,lo persons having the confidence of the llepreseii*,tlivei of the people ; but the prai ticiibility of which system, in a colony, resin solely upon « marked line of demarcation beiii); rigidly kept up between questions of an Imjwridl^Awil those of a Colonial^ or local nature. The least enrroacliment upon this linn will instantly revi\; Uie «)ld bug*bearol)jectionsof the incnmpilibilily of respo'islble (lovernment with colonial dependency ; and (he '^ action" (to adopt an Americanism) of the Provincial Kirculivc in this matter, was an uct of usurpation in whi.! hey havo been unadvin'dly countenanced by the ("olonial Olfice. The permanent i^ood working of the new Colonial constitution will ijateriilly deprnd upon a careful severance uf imperial and culunial measures, us well as upon mutual forbearanco in working out a system, in which each of thj dntmatis persona^ instead of pertinaciously insisting upon the uncontrolled exercise of iho particular prerogative or power rnlrusted to him by his Sovereign, will s(rive to co-r)|)erate cordially with the other servants of the Cnnsli(ution for the general good, holding their nhsuluie powers in abeyance, to be exercised only when a jairing of the elements may necessitate a change, 'I'lio piMinaiient estabiithment of the seat of (iovernment of the most important of the British North American possessions, was a question of an lm|)i;rial, and not of a Colonial nature; or one at least in which local interests, (if any were involved in il,) were comparatively of so little weiuhl, as to become merged in the paramount importance ofits imperial character. It was assuredly a question in which A multiplicity of reasons combined lo require the decisire and dufmitivc exercise of the prero* gitiveof tin; Crown by the Home Ministry, in order to prevent that ranoouruus rivalry and opposition which its reference to the people of (he country was sure lo produce. Upon (his view of the case then the Provincial Kxecuiive have erred — the Colonial OlVice hoi erred. Tliat error, not beiiiii irriMoediable, must now be retrieved, and tlii; point deemed undetermined, and still opt'ii, (iiotwitlistinding the late parliamentary proceedings,) to all the reasons which may be urged in fivor of (Quebec, or. any other locality. Moreover the inharmonious manner in which this qneslion his passed Ihrougl' the |e(;islative liodies, — the contradictory addresses of the Legislative Coun- cil, — the ministerial pres>ure on both Mouses, — the ferment in Up|)er Canada, — all alford conclusive evi- dence th^t tli,« Metropolitan (•overninent is not in a less responsible, but in iin iiilinituly more embar» rassed predicament, in relation to this matter, than when they lirst referred the point. There is one additional argument in favor of Quebec, which though forming no part of the ab- stract m-riisof tlie question, it would still be unjust to omit. 'I'his City has not only been the Capital of Lower Canada, the must important liritish possession on this coniiiient, but it was formerly tho Capital of the same extent of Territory as the new Province, under the ancient name of the Province of (Quebec, and it has always been the scat of the Geneial (iovernment of all the I'rovtnces The in- hal)itants, und.'r the pledge implied by the acts of the supreme authority, have invested their property in that City ; and this pledge, under an honest and impartial Government, ought not to be lightly violated. This reason ought to secure to it at least the enjoyment, nd interim^ of (he advantages lo be derived from its being the Seat of (lovernment, until eitli r the explosion, or the complete subsidence, of the various elements of discard which still simmer in the land, — afford some prognostic of the future political condition of these valuable appendages of the British Crown. It is impossible that the IJritish Cabinet, now undei the intluence of the sound judgment of the most experienced (ienoral of the atje, can be otherwise than alive to the value of the Citadel of Quebec, as the key to the Britisii possessions in North America. Kor, — of what avail would be the retention of that stronghold, if the Seat of Cnvernment, — the person of the (Queen's Reprcscntalive, and the pub'ic documents and records of the country, be placed in a situation in which they may be suddenly sub- merged, either by the incursioin of a nei(;hlioiiring enemy, or t lie revolt of the surrounding district ? 'J"he establishment of tlu; Seat of Government, and of tlit; sittings of the Legislature, in the midst of a populous district, would inevitably draw upon it the attacks of an invading foe, and necessarily cause a needless sacrilice of human life. It ought, therefore, on that ground alone, to be avoided, and a situation chosen, atVonling the best means of defence, and the smallest chance of the destruction of life and pro,)eify. The defenceless condition of Moscow caused the necessity of applying the torch to that ancient and magnificent capital of the Czirs, — a frightful national calamity, from which its centrality atl'orded it no protection. The Province of Canada is not in a condition to contemn the advantages to be derived from a fortified citv. Placed in the vicinity of a formid.ible enemy to British supremacy, who claim the w^hole of (he North American coi :.nent as their legitimate prey, more especially whatever portion of it is to i^e found in the possession of Great Britain,— Canada cannot look forward, with much confidence, to a prolo.med peace The irresponsible rulers of the United States, to wit, the ''unwashed" Sovereigns of that lawless land, have always sought, and will ever seek, every opportunity of embroiling their country in a war with i'^ngland. All the ranting and blustering about the North Eastern Boundary is Hgain to be enacted in respect of the Oregon Territory ; and as the urgency of their demands is ever in the inverse ratio of their rights, the JJritish Government will again be bearded, and bullied into fresh concessions, or else into a sanguinary war, in wliich the disgrace of their recent national bankruptcy and their brazen fraud of tlicir iMiglibh creditors, will lendcr the " Ucpudiators" doubly vindictive. 1 ■^ u^' r', ( 10 ) Again, It is the duty of the Parent Government to place the Seat of the Canadian Capital in d pd&ition of defence, as well uf^MJUSt external, as internal foes. The recent troubles, (not to give umbrage,) arc fresh in the memory of all. We know not when, nor from what quarter, they may again spring up. The loi/cil ciiizens of Upper Canada already threaten disafTection on account of the removal of the Seat of Government to Lower Canada. What may we not appn hend when lliiy become inspirited by some less imaginary grievance, and when the year of the "restoiation" arrives, and William Jjyon M'Kenzie is reinstated in his pristine notoriety and political ascendency, and alTordcd another opportunity, under the mask of patriotism, of again appearing in the unenviable character of the highway-robber and mid- night assassin. The recent union of Ijower and Upper Canada is a trial measure, intended as a panacea for the grievances and political dissensions of the two Provinces. It was a measure of necessity v^hich maybe eminently successful, or which may signally full. It is not to be denied, that the con- tiguity of Upper Canada to the neighbouring States, along an extended frontier line, — the daily increas- ing commercial relations of the two countries, and their similarity in language, laws and religion, are fast engendering mutual interests and mutual sympathies, and spreading the leaven of republicanism among the loyal people of Good Head. The concession of Responsible Government to Canada, though a just and wise measure, is rather calculated to assimilate the working of their respective institutions, and to cause them still more to fraternize ; and, should, perchance, the demagogues of Upper and Lower Canada under its operation, ever attain to power, and become restive under the curb which must occasionally be applied, by the metropolitan authorities, in regard to questions of a mixed Imperial and Colonial nature, fresh and factious agitation and discord may be the result, and a future O'Callaghaii or Lyon M'Kenzie may spring from the ashes ot their unworthy ancestors, and produce a collision dangerous to the safety of the United Province, — a consummation neither impossible, nor very improbable, and, by some, de- voutly to be wished. It would then become necessary to check the re()ublicanism of the one section, and the radicalism of the other, by an infusion of the determined loyalty of the truly British Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, by means of a federal union of all the Provinces. It is obvious, that un ler such circumstances, the City of Quebec would resume its former importance, and become, what the finger of nature has marked it out to be,, the capital of a great country. We should become con- vinceil — nay, convicted — of the egregious folly of having established the Seat of Government in a city closely bordering on a foreign state — destitute of every means of defence, either natural or artificial, — re- quiring a prodigious outlay of public money in an already impoverished country, and with no better justification or apology for the insensate act, than the double sin of transferring it to such a frail tene- ment, from a city possessing in an eminent degree every requisite for the site of the Canadian Capital, and as much distinguished for its intrinsic advantages, as Montreal is for its absolute want of them. The gigantic scale ol '.he Parisian fortifications, exhibits a striking instance of the opinion of modern times, as to the expediency of securing the capital of a monarchical country, alike from inward commotion and foreign invasion, and that one of the most enlightened nations of E^urope, alive to the lessons of experience, has directed its attention to the strength and safety of its Capital, utterly heedless of its want of centrality. It is in vain to defend th ', propriety of choosing Montreal as the Seat of Government, by reason of its greater territorial centrality ; and British statesmen will have but a sorry account to render of their stewardship in awarding it a preference upon this ground alone, while they must be convinced of the fact, that it is but twelve hours steam distant from the Gibraltar of North America. Centrality! — what particular evil or inconvenience has resulted to the many great Capitals of representative Europe, which are situate on the confines of their respective States and Kingdoms,from the want of centrality ? Has there ever been a i:ue and cry raised in those countries ^^on such a ground ? Whoever heard of such a thing,except amidst a few of the mushroom capitals, of the mushroom states, of the neighbouring Union. Let it ever be borne in mind, that the connexion of these Colonies with Great Britain can only be co-existent with the naval supremacy of the latter. In Tain would England continue to be " Mistress of the seas," 'is regards the protection of the Canadas from foreign or domestic trouble, unless the Capital be accessible to her navy, and possess all the requisites of a naval station, where "the sleeping thunders 01* Britain may repose on the bosom of the majestic St. Lawrence." If the lessons of experience have any weight, the examples from the principal capitals of the world, hereinbefore enumerated, place the cities of Quebec and Montreal in bold contrast, proving to demonstration the possession, by Quebec,of all the elements which history seems to indicate as the most conducive to the formation of a great and per- manent Capital, while the application of the diilerent essential tests to her rival, — " the Island City of 'he French," — " the favoured Cilyof Canada'' — results in a lamentable " Proces verbal de cai'crtce,^' — a i)pggarly account of empty boxes — which would justify the issuing of a commission of lunacy against any man, or set of men, who would attempt to palm such a place on their Sovereign as the most eligible site for a Capital. Should, however, this act of spoliation or injustice — folly or imprudence, or by whatever name it may be characterized, be now consummated, and that the course of future events do unhappily realize the dark side of the picture herein hinted at, it will but add one more fatal instance to the many to be found Jn the minutes of English diplomacy and colonial government, in wiiich the earnings of many a hard<' fought field have been thrown away bv the blunders of British Statesmen. Quebec, '20th Kov., 1843. D. Oucbec : — Printed by T. Cary &,- Co. ipital in d umbrage,) spring up. if the Seat h1 by some M'Kenzie lity, under r anil mid- i a panacea if necessity lat the con- ily incrcas- on, are fast tism among ough a just )ns, and to wer Canada isionally be nial nature, 1 M'Kenaie ) the safety / some, de- ne section, Provinces of bvious, that come, what )ecome con- iit in a city tificial, — re- :h no better a frail tene- Capilai,and m. opinion of rom inward live to the riy heedless the Seat of but a sorry while they r of North t Capitals of )ms,from the h a ground ? om states, of in can only e " Mistress 8 the Capital ing thunders erience have d, place the iuebecjof all eat and per- sland City of cm'erice,''' — a / against any igible site for ever name it y realize the y to be found lany a hard>> D. Table of the principal Capital KINGDOMS ond STATES. EUROPE. Great-Britain and Ireland; Eiigiaiid, Scotland, Iruic'Hl, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Naples, Papal Dominions, Loinliardy, Tuscany, Svvilzcrlund, Germany, Bohemia, Moravia &, Silesia, Archikicliy ol" Austria & Salzburg, Tyrol. Siyria, lilyria, Poinerania, Bavaria, llunovcr, Wurtemburg, Saxony, . Baden, Belgium, Holland, Dciinnrk, Sweden and Norway, Austrian Empire, Hungary, Poland (Old,) Prussia (Old,) Do. (New.) Greece (Modern,) Turkey (Euro| e ) Russia (Europe-) Piipiilalloii of mid Stiiei cl i .9 1 3 is -^ Turkish Empire, Russian Empire. ASIA. Turkey, Siberia, Chinese Empire, China proper, Japan, Hiiido.sinn, Bi'man Empire, Artghanistan, Eouloochistan, Independent Tartary, Persia, Arabia. 26 !•) 3 8 3:j M 3 21 7 2 4 1 2 35 3 4 1 1 1 1 4 o 2 4 32 8 lo 13 9 9 52 21 63 12 2 360 150 25 134 3 6 2 5 12 J2 600 l.')0 610 650 280 3i)0 100 8>'0 Capitals. LondiM, London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, Madrid, Lisbon, Rome, Naples. Rome, Milan, riorence, Berne, Zurich, l^iicerne, Fr.irdiforf, Prague, Bruiin, I 060 Vienna, SOOJlnspruck, . 86!)Gralz, 200|Trieste, 900;sieilin, 070 Miiiiicli, 600 Hanover, 601 Siutlgard, 50! Dresden, 15(1 Karlsruhe, Brussels, 300 \msterdam, Copenhagen, 200 Stockholm, V ienna, 60. Bu'la, Warsaw, 6f) Berlin, 500 Berlin, 800 Athens, Constantinople, St. Pelersburgh, Constantinople, St. Petersburg, Constantinople, Tobolsk, Pekin, Pekin, Jeddo, [Calcutta, 500 Ava, 500CabouI, Kclal, Boukara, Teheran, Mecca, o. a O <- m = -a - c 3 o a- d 1500 1500 170 220 780 200 210 156 360 156 140 86 o 50 117 36 320 40 40 32 80 30 30 6t» 2t) 80 210 110 85 320 28 130 220 220 600 450 600 450 600 25 2000 2000 1300 700 175 80 20 60 MC 4C fouulallo 1 ■' KINGDOMS of KhiL'iloini ami ' i and Staiei. Capitals. [ States. c c 1 s • AFRICA. Egypt, i i 500'Grand Cairo, AbyKsinia, 1 2 700Gondar, Algiers, 2 700 Algiers. Tunis, 2 Tunis, Tripbli, 2 Tripoli, AMERICA. New Brunswick, 12o!Frederickton. Nova Scotia. 12.^ > Halifax, Newfoundland, 7c • St. John, Prince Edward Island, 2.j Charlotte Town, Lower-Canada, 60G Quebec, Upi>er-Canada, 400 Toronto, 1 Canada, Toronto, do. Kingston, do. Montreal, 1 do. Three Rivers, do. Quebec, United Stales, 15 Washington, Maine, 400 Augusta, New Hampshire, 27() Concord, Vermont, 2S0 viontpelicr, Massachusetts, 610 Boston, Connecticut, 300 Hartford, do. >few Haven, Rhode Island, 100 frovidence, NMvport, New-York, 2 Albany, New Je'soy, 320 IVenton, Peiisylvania, 1 400 Harrisburg, Delaware, 7j i)over. Ohij, 1 C,)lumbus, Indiana, 350 Indianapolis, Illinois, 160 Vandalia, Missouri, 140 Jefferson City, Maryland, 450 Annapolis, Virginia, 1 210' 'lichmonil. Kentucky, 70 ; ■. kfort,' North Carolina, 75' ^t:e..>h. South Carolina, 600 Jolumbia, Georgia, 520 Vlilledgeville, Tennesee, 700 Vashville, Alabama, 310 fuscaloosa, Mississippi, 140. 'ickson. Louisiana, 220 Vew Orleans, Michigan, 32 Detroit, Florida, 35 Talahassee, Arkansas, 58 .kittle Rock, Texas, 80 Houston, Mexico, fi VIexico, Guatimala or Central ) Republic, J 2 ] Sew Guatimala, Columbia, 3 1 Jagota, Brazil, 5 1 lio Janeiro, Peru, 1 700 1 ^ma, Bolivia, 1 300 ( ^huqiiisaca. United Provinces ? (Argentine Republic,) J 800 1 Juenos Ay res. Paraguay, 400- Lssoniption , Banda Oriental (Uraguay , ) no Monte Video, Chili. 1 400 Jan Jago, Table of the principal Capital Cities in the World, shewing the order of their Centrality, &c. KINGDOMS and STATES. EUROPE. Great-Britain and Ireland, KiiKlaiul, Scoiland, Ireland, France, Sp;iin, Poringal, Italy. Naples, Papal Dominions, Loiiiliarily, ■r Tuscany, Switzerland, Germany, Bulieinia, Moraviii &, Sik'sia, Arclnkicliy of Austria Si Salzburg, Tyrol. Siyria, lilyria, PoincMaiiia, r.avaria, Hanover, \Vurlcmburg, Sax'itiy, . Baden, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Sweden acid Norway, Austrian Empire, Hungary, Poland (Old.) Prussia (Old,) Do. (New.) Greece (Modem,) Turkey (EurofC ) Russia (Europe-) Piipiilallon of nncl Stuei C i -A o I 3 Turkish Empirn, Russian Empire. ASIA. Turkey, Siberia, Chinese Empire, China proper, Japan, Hiruiost;in, Bininn Empire, Afl'ghanistan, BuuloDchistan, Independent Tarlary, Persia, Ai'abia, 26 15 3 8 11 3 21 7 2 4 1 2 35 3 '7 A -\ 1 li 1 1 4 2 2 4 32 15 in 11 9 52 21 63 12 2 360 150 25 134 3 6 2 5 12 12 Capit.ils. 600 150 640 650 280 301) 100 8.0 London, LiMidon, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, Madrid, l.isbjii, Rome, Najiles. Rome, Milan, I'lorence, Berno, Zurich, liUeerne, Fraidvforf, Prugiii;, Brunn, 06(1 N'ienna, SOOjIiispruck, S6:)(:ralz, 20i);rrieslp, 9ilO,Sieilin, 070' Munich, 6;)il Hanover, 601 Siutlgard, 50; Dresilen, 15(1 Karlsruhe, I5rnssels, 300 \msterdam, Copenhagen, 20(1. Stockholm, V ienna, 60 Bu'la, Warsaw, 60 Berlin, 500 Berlin, 800 Athens, Constantinople, St. Petcrsburgh, Constantinople, St. Petersburg, Constantinople, Tobolsk, Pekin, iPekin, Jeddo, {Calcutta, 500 Ava, 500 Caboul, Kclat, Boukara, Teheran, Mecca, in •/, o c3 C3 — 1500 1500 170 221) 7S0 200 210 156 360 156 ll'l 86 21 600 450 600 450 600 25 2000 2000 1300 700 175 80 20 60 140 40 - o ^ -J m ilcs 50 4 117: 1 36 1 320 1 40! 40i 32 SO 30 30 61)' 20] 80 310 110 85 320 28 130 22U 220 600 320 230 200 500 400 250 450 450 250 220 100 150 ISO 150 roo 1 20 120 180 11(1 100 lOO 1.50 200 12( 90 90 1 120 110 2,-)0 lOoo 500 300 600 500 500 150 700 1200 1300 5000 1300 3600 2500 KiOO loool 17001 1500 600 500 1000 1300 1250 ■ C 3 miles 280 60 110 150 150 300 150 400 150 60 20 80 120 100 100 200 70 70 30 60 80 25 100 80 80 70 60 SO 80 100 200 300 1.30 150 250 1.30 400 130 1000 Wo (y w 5 700 700 500 1500 10 700 1300 400 400 300 600 600 850 = s « i: . miles 50 50 lOO 160 20 15 15 20 30 30 20 40 100 55 30 20 15 25 20 40 15 20 25 5 30 20 130 100 150 50 50 40 240 20 240 miles 500 20 —3 -12 16 —12 30 15 19 —26 —44 -•j9 -34 —41 -50 -19 —18 -100 -20 Distanc of Capital 'rom Ship and Steam Navigation miles 100 15 15 80 30 liles 200 1500 1300 1000 700 160" 800 12)0 350 350 2l)0 750 300 -20 -49 -100 -48 — 19 -99 —28 —25 -34 —17 —21' -31 —24 —23 70 Other Chief Cities and Towns. Dublin, .Manchester, Glasgow, Cork, Lyons, Barcelona, Oporto, Naples, Palermo, Bologna, \ eriice, Leghorn, Geneva, Hamburgh, Olmutz, Lintz, Trenle, .Fudenburg, Layhach, Stral=und, Nurenihourg, Bremen, Lcipsick, Manheim, .\rilwerp, Ro'terdam, Allona, G.illenburg, .Milan, Pest, Danlzifk, Breglaw, .\drianople, Moscow, .\drianople, ■J3C0W, Damascus, Irk....(~k, Singuanfou, Singtianfou, 0-aaca, Benares, Pegu, Caiidahar, i Samarcand, Isp;ilian, 70 Muscat, ■2-g a « ^ VJ o. o (1, 1 = T •; '£.*! 1 i I'i from Sliij Cities in the order 1 e and Suiei. Capitals. Is -1 3 '^ 3 C "^ w i. _ -MS - "■ 1 5 ~ a z and Sican Navijciitioi Chief Cities a ''■■ g -o Most central of States. STATES. -3 1 1 .2 S 5i S £ S B »j = a and - % City or Town. their Centrallty. '3 —^ .-= S F 5 2 S .a = a a 1. := a. Towns. U AFRICA. Harrisburg, 30 Pensylvania, U. S. Egypt, 4 500 Grand Cairo, 30C 1 500 120 35 2''0 —44 .Alexandria, 25 I'iout, lackson. OO Mississippi, Abycsiriia, £ 700 Gondar, 5L 1 400 200 190 250 122 Mexico, 30 Mexico, Algiers, S 700,Algiers, 12( 1 400 21 250 —37 Const antinc, 60 Buukara, 30 Indpdt. Tartary, Tunis, ii Tunis, 13( 1 320 60 50 100 -11 New Orleans, 30 Louisiana, Tripbli, 5 Tripoli, 25 1 530 240 150 -29 Naples, 30 Naples, Vlunich, Fredcrickton, 32 32 Bavaria, New Brunswick, AMERICA. Toronto, Rome, 32 33 Canada, Papal Dominions, New Brunswick, 120 Fredcrickton, 3 2 180 70 50 100 -32 30 St. John, Ml Frederickton, Washington, 33 United Slates, Nova Scotia. 12o Halifax, 20 1 231) 1.50 50 -17 Piclou, 3 U'indsor, Newhaven, 33 Connecticut, U. S. Newfoundland, 75 St. Jo!in, 15 1 400 60 3511 —75 Buda, 34 Hungary, Prince Edward Iiland, 2.) Charlotte Town, 2 1 80 60 U) 40 — IX Prini-elown, Ava, 34 Birnian Emp. Lower-Canada, «00 Quebec, 30 2 500 230 50 -17 Montreal, 41' Quebec, Concord, 35 N. Hampshire,!' Upi>er.Canada, 400 Tnronlo, 5 2 3)0 220 30 — S "lOO i Kingston, 7 Buenos Ayres, 35 United Provinc ., Canada, Toronto, 5 1030 220 30 —3Q 500 Montreal, 40 Three Rivers, (Argentine Rep.) do. Kingston, 7 3 880 370 10 -2u i80 (f Paris, 37 France, do. Montreal, 40 ! 680 570 35 — 5 180 <( Algiers, 37 .Algiers, do. Three Rivers, 660 590 '00 — 3 90 « Bagota, 40 Columbia, do. Quebec, 30 12 750 500 50 -10 p!oiisas. (Uruguay.)' Michigan, 32 Ocfroil, 9 1 260 50 17't -61 Monroe. Ada. ■ 1 Florida, 35 falahassee, 1 3 420 190 20 30 — 2u 30 30 P»;ii«;u;oIa, 3 Alachos, Arkansas, 58 Little Rock, 350 320 ^80 300 — U .Ark losas, Little Rock, Texas, 80 Houston, 900 300 50 900 —60 25 Bjxir, 4 Austin, Mexico, 8 Mexico, 150 1 1500 4"0 160 200 —30 160 Uo:id.ilaxara, 80 Diiraiigo, Guatimala or Central ) Republic, ) 2 New Guatimala, 40 1 240 150 50 100 —18 40 40 Coban, 14 Comaygua, Columbia, 3 Bagota, 50 2 1200 700 200 1200 —40 Qnito, 70 Brazil, 5 Hio Janeiro, 200 1 230 230 -100 San Salvador, 120 Cuiiha, Peru, 1 700 Lima, 80 1 850 800 800 —26 6 Arcqtripa, 42 Tampianasqui, Bolivia, I 300 ^huqiiisaca. 30 2 600 550 200 550 —17 230 I'otosi, 30 Chuquisaca, United Provinces > (Argentine R— 'blic,) ^ 800 Buenos Ayres, 80 1 1200 500 100 600 —35 9 CordoTa, 14 Cordova, 1 Paraguay, 400 Assomption , 10 1 75 25 40 —45 30 Conception, 4 Pcnon, Banda Oriental (Uraguay,) 110 Monte Video, 16 1 600 600 -100 2 St. Maria, Chili. 1 400 San Jago, 40 1 900 750 75 75—5 75 ''ilparaiso. 25 San Jago. 'I I' ( ^^m^ ^■■■M ^^H^BHH ^^^^ ■V^BIH ) en S 3 i -i a e 3 Distance »tn -3.S "rt _ •» .= 2 (jf C [ipital Other ^ 3 U - c 2I nj — i» w ^ - M = .- «• e c C — '5 = y3 X from and <■ Navi Ship >lcani (lltlUII Chicr Cities -o Most central Cities in the order of e S States. .is = 3 ™ 5 B ill c j^- and - c City or Town. their Centrauty. 4> ^ 1^ a. 2 3 .a = a a i1 a: - '£ ■n '7> Towns. Harrisburg, .^O Pensylvania, U. S. 300 500 120 35 2"0 —41 Alexandria, 25 I'iout, lackson, 30 Mississippi, 30 400 200 190 250 22 Mexico, 30 Mexico, 120 400 2i0 250 —37 ("onstantinej 60 Boukaro, 30 Indpdt. Tarlary, 130 320 60 50 100 —41 New Orleans, 30 Louisiana, 23 530 240 150 -29 Naples, Vlunich, 30 32 Naples, Bavaria, Frcdericklon, 32 New Brunswick, Toronto, 32 Canada, Rome, 33 Papal Dominions, 3 2 180 70 50 100 -32 30 St. John, 1(1 rredrrickton, Washington, 33 United Slates, 20 1 230 150 50 —17 Piclou, 3 Windsor, Newhaven, 33 Connecticut, U. S. 15 1 400 60 35(1 —75 Buda, 34 Hungary, 2 1 80 60 10 40 — IK Priiicelown, Ava, 34 Birnian Emp. 30 2 500 230 50 —17 .VI out anil, 4(' Quebec, Concord, 35 N. Hampshire,!' " 5 2 3 HI 220 30 _ 8 ■)00 Kingston, 7 Buenos Ayres, 35 United Provinc -, 5 1030 220 30 -3;^ 500 Montreal, -.0 Three Rivers, (Argentine Rep.) 7 3 880 370 10 —2(1 (81) a Paris, 37 France, 1 40 1 680 570 35 — 5 180 rf ' 1 3 420 190 20 30 —2(1 30 30 PiMisici«l:i, 3 Alachos, 350 320 180 300 —11 (1 Ark iiisas, Little Rock. 900 300 50 900 —60 25 r.jxir, H iisiin. 150 1 1500 4"0 160 200 —30 160 iiiitid.ilaxara, 80 Diirango, 40 1 240 150 50 100 —18 1 40 40 Coban, 14 Comaygua^ 50 2 1200 700 200 1200 —40 Quito, 70 200 1 230 230 -100 San Salvador, 120 Cunha, 80 1 850 800 800 —26 6 Aicqiripa, 42 Tampianasqui, 30 2 600 550 200 550 —17 230 Potosi, 30 Chuquisaca, 80 1 1200 500 100 600 —35 j 9 Cordova, 14 Cordova, 10 1 75 25 40 —45 30 Conception, 4 Pcnon, 16 1 600 600 -10(1 2 St. Maria, 40 1 900 750 75 75—5 75 > -ilparaiso, 25 San Jago. ATE3. inia, U. S. Tarlary, a. inswick, iminioiis, Jiatea, cut, U. S. blinp. pshire.T^ rovinc -, lie Rep.) Old) Proper, &. IreJd. u setts, St Norway, iluiid. Enp. Old) !}nredin' u. s. n U. S. idliind, rk U. S. land, U. S. ■oper, Kur) ^Asia,) 'riental, ruguay.)'