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Ritchie of Saratoga Springs, and Mr. P. C. Ford of Schuylerville, for assistance in recalling the details of the celebration. OFFICERS OF THE SARATOGA MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. President, HORATIO SEYMOUR, Utica, N. Y. Vice-President, JAMES H. MARVIN, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Secretary, WILLIAM L. STONE, New York city. Corresponding Secretary, ED. W. B. CANNING, Stockbridge, Mass. Treasurer, » . DANIEL A. BULLARD, SchuylerviUe, N. Y. STANDING COMMITTEES. Committee on Design, William L. Stone, Charles H. Payn, E. W. B. Canning, James M. Marvin, Leroy Mowry. Com,inittee on Location, Asa C. Tefft, Benson J. Lossing, E. F. Bullard. Building Committee, Charles H. Payn, Asa C. Tefft, William L. Stone. Executive Committee, Leroy Mowry, James M. Marvin, Daniel A. Bullard, D. F. Ritchie. Advisory Committee, Edward F. Bullard, Saratoga Springs, P. C. Ford, Schuyler- viUe, N. Y., B, W. Throckmorton, New York city, Oscar Frisbie, New York city. Mcecutive Committee for the Centennial Celebration. William L. Stone, P. C. Ford, Edward F. Bullard. OrFICBBS. I I TRUSTEES. Horatio Seymour, Wm. J. Bacon, Utica, N, Y. James M. Marviv, Charles H. Payx, E. F. Bullard, David F. Ritchie, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Wm. L. Stoxe, Gen. J. Watts De Peyster, Algernon S. SuLLivA^^, B. W. Throckmorton, New York city. Daniel A. Bullard, P. C. Ford, H. Clay Homes, Schuyler- ville, N. Y. Leroy Mowry, Greenwich, N. Y. - Asa C. Tefpt, Fort Miller, N. Y. Charles W. Mayhew, Victory Mills, N. Y. E. R. MuDGE, Boston, Mass. E. W. B. Canning, Stockbridge, Mass, Webster Wagner, Palatine Bridge, N. Y. Frank Pruyn, Mechanicville, N. Y. James H. Kelly, Rochester, N. Y. , Giles B. Slocum, Trenton, Mich. Benson J. Lossing, Dover Plains, N. Y. Gen. John M. Read, Lemo^ Thomson, Albany, N. Y. J. Y. ARD, David LGERNON S. i city. 4, Schuyler- CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION OF THE SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE. Y. y, N. Y. NARRATIVE. At early day-break on tlie Centennial of Burgoyne's surrender 1 stood upon the highly elevated plateau on which rests the foundation for the Saratoga Monument. A vast amphitheatre was spread at my feet. High as I was above the village of Schuylerville and the surround- ing plain, or rather the whole region of country between the Kayaderosseras range on the west, the Green mount- ains on the east, and the Catskills on the south, the varieties of upland and lowland were lost in the almost perpendicular line of vision in which they were presented to the view. As the dawn grew on apace, a gray jasper tinge slowly crept along the edge of the horizon. Flecks of pale sapphire gradually branched up, which, changing into shoaling spires of emerald and chalcedony, grew more and more distinct, until the entire eastern sky was bathed in the hues of the topaz and amethyst. As the day advanced, and the rays of light darted thicker and brighter across the heavens, the purple clouds which hung over Willard's mountain, were fringed with a saffron dye of inexpressible beauty. As the sun ascended above the horizon — the broad glare of his beams being somewhat 6 Centennial Celebration of • II ! I repressed by a dense atmosphere — the orb could be clearly defined by the naked eye. After it had gained the horizon the lesser spires below began to point their tall shadows toward me ; a cheerful and mellow light gradually diffused itself around; and the fog, which had rested upon the lower landscape, gently lifting, disclosed hill and vale, wood and river, in all their autumnal loveliness, standing sponp.ors for the new-born day. Wednesday, the 17th of October, 1877, was, indeed, a superb autumn day. Tiie air was mild and balmy, and by nine o'clock not a cloud could be descried in any quar- ter of the heavens. It would seem as if the fates had deliberately combined to render the weather most auspi- cious. On the Monday previous, a cold, driving rain had set in; and although it had partially cleared, yet the sun of Tuesday had gone down in gloom ; while the wailing of the wind in the tall pines and the leaden clouds over- head gave every indication of another storm. Notwith- standing, however, these untoward signs and the con- tinued interrogations "Will it ever clear up?" the citizens of the patriotic little village of Schuylerville continued the work of decoration late into the night. Early in the afternoon of the 16th the advance guard of the visitors, press-reporters and delegates from different military and civic associations began to arrive. Among these came Battery B, of Troy, Captain A. H. Green commanding, with twenty men and five brass twelve pounders, and, also. Captain Tracy of the same city with twenty police- men, whose manly bearing: and effective measures for preserving the peace during the celebration received the deserved commendation of all lovers of order. In the evening, the village was generally illuminated, giving to the colored decorations a really fine effect, and eliciting warm encomiums for the tasteful manner in which the ladies and gentlemen had performed their work. THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 7 The following morning, a little before sunrise, the artillery men of Battery B turned out, and dividing into four squads proceeded in as many directions to the out- skirts of the village where their cannons had previously been placed in position.' The day was formally ushered in by a salute of one hundred guns, the echoes of which had scarcely died away, when the people of Easton, from the heights of Willard's mountain, returned the greeting with the same number of guns. Thebellsof the churches then rang out merrily, and the steam whistles from the factories in the vicinity blew their shrillest notes. The rumbling of wheels along the several roads leading into the village was now heard, and soon the streets were astir with wagons, carriages and omnibusses filled with people from the surrounding country. In Saratoga Springs, twelve miles away, all the stores were closed, and a still- ness, more than funereal, hung over its streets; while the entire length of the road leading from that village to Schuylerville was, for more than four hours, covered with a continuous line of vehicles of every description — from the field-wagon, with rough board seat and chains on which to rest the feet and drawn by oxen, to the hand- some chariotee of the wealthy citizen.'' Toward noon the 'These guns were placed respectively near the corner stone of theSara- toifa Monument ; on tlie site of the camp of the British Grenadiers ; on the hill back of Alonzo Welch's house where General Morgan's riflemen were stationed, and on the high bluflFon the east side of the river, the site of old Fort Saratoga during the French and Indian colonial wars, and, just pre- vious to the surrender, occupied by Col. Fellows with a battery. An eigiit- een pounder captured from the British in 1813, and presented lo the Saratoga Monument Association by Frederick DePeyster and Gen. J. W. DePeyster, of New York City, was also placed near the corner stone. 'Benj. W. Amsden of No. 70 Lake avenue says that on Wednesday morning vehicles were passing his place, en route to Schuylerville, long before daybreak. Somewhat surpiised at the immense number of people moving in the direction of the surrender grounds, he began at six o'cl«)ck and kept a tally of each team that passed up to elevep o'clock, five hours, 8 Centennial Celedration op military, masonic and other organizations that were to take part in tlie approaching pageant thronged into the town, and hy mid-day, the pavements and the windows and porches of the liouses were tilled with an expectant multitude anxious to secure a good view of the procession.^ And well might the scene now presented rivet the eye. It is seldom that a spectacle, such as that which the streets andhuildings of Schuylerville aftbrded on this occasion, is seen. As early as a week previous to the celebration, every flag, large or small, every yard, remnant and piece of colored goods to be found in any of the stores were purchased, to the great gratiflcation of the merchants, who had feared that, in their patriotic enthusiasm, they had been unwise in fillincc their shelves with so larc^e a stock of red, blue and white goods. Nor were the decorations, so universally displayed, massed together in ahetreogene- ous manner without form or comeliness. Good judgment, a cultivated taste and a lavish expenditure of money gave to the public buildings, the hotels and the stores a bril- liant and striking appearance ; while the fa9ades of the houses adorned with bunting and various original devices illustrative of scenes and incidents of a century ago, showed good taste and commendable patriotism. This, and found tlie number to be tbrce hundred and fifty-four. As this is but one outlet to our village some idea may l)e formed of Saratoga's delegation to the celebration when the other streets and avenues on the east side are taken into consideration. The nuinber of Saratogians who attended the centennial could not have been less than five thousand. — Saratogian, Oct. 18lh, 1877. 'It was estimated by persons whose experience in large gatherings of a like nature rendered them competent judges, that fully thirty thousand people were in the village and upon the surrender grounds at noon on Wednesday. Had the conveyance to the village been by rail road instead of stages and private teams, undoubtedly more than double that number would have been present. A more orderly and a more intelligent number of persons, it was repeatedly remarked during the day by participants in the Oriskany, Bennington and Bemis's Heights celebrations, was never observed in any other place where people were soxjlosely brought together. THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 9 together with the bright and variegate colors of the autumn foliage in the yards and along the fiide-walks, did much to heighten the general eftect. When this hand- some adornment was so universal, to specify those resi- dences that were more richly dressed than others would be invidious. So general, moreover, was the desire to create a good impression — when neighbor vied with neighbor in beautifying their houses and [daces of busi- ness — that great would be the difficulty to know how or what to write in regard to the mottoes, buntings, banners and lanterns of each private dwelling. Among the public buildings thus decorated were the new school building, the engine-house and the churches of St. Stephen and of the Visitation. The Dutch Re- formed church wreathed garlands of the red, white and blue around its doric pillars, and the Methodists also ex- pressed their patriotism by a fine display of flags and streamers. The Goldsmith and Gaily Houses were pro- fusely hung with bunting and colored lanterns, and the Schuylerville House presented a picturesque front with its heavy festoonings of evergreens interwoven with the red berries of the ba}'. Suspended over the main street at a prominent point was a pictorial representation of the surrender. Burgoyne was painted in the act of handing his sword to Gates, while underneath the scene was in- scribed the British general's remark: "The fortune of war, General Gates, has made me your prisoner." At a number of points, from newly erected flag-staflTs, American colors were floating^; and here and there one saw now a 'One of these flag-poles, at the corner of Pearl and Bnrffoyne streets is one hundred and fifty feet in heiiijht; another, close by the ccrner stone of the monument, is one hundred and sixty feet higli. Each of these poles is surmounted by a large glass ball ; and the one planted by the cor- ner stone may be readily seen by the aid of a field glass by the citizens of Saratoga Springs, twelve miles distant. These flag-siaffa were both the work of Mr. Giles P. Laing, of Schuylerville. 'i! 10 Centennial Celebration of portrait of George Washington, and again one of Philip Schuyler, Morgan or some other old hero in a frame of evergreen. Nor was this kind of work confined to Schuylerville. Standing near the site of the monument the eye took in, for miles around, flags waving from poles set up for the nonce before innumerable farm-houses. In the distance, snugly nestled among the lower spurs of the Green mountains, the pretty villages of Greenwich and Middle Falls looked like two fleets riding at anchor, their tall masts flying gaily colored pennants as if for some great naval victory. Saratoga and Washington counties seemed in very truth to have hung their banners upon the outer walls. Indeed, as it was well said at the time, " What, with the vivid hues of autumn upon the trees, and the vivid hues of patriotism upon the houses, the vil- lage and its vicinage looked as gay and attractive as did the splendid army of Burg.iyne, as it sailed up Lake Champlain in June 1777, when the sun shone on the scar- let coats of British grenadiers, and on the bright helmets of the German dragoons^" As the troops of the several commands arrived they re- ported to the Grand Marshal, General W. B. French, on Schuyler Square where they were assigned positions. In consequence, however, of the late arrival of the more dis- tant organizations it was noon before the Marshal and his aides had arranged them into column.' Finally, the report of a cannon told that all was in readiness; and at half past twelve o'clock the procession, headed by a pla- toon of Troy police, filed out of the square into Gates's avenue, General French and his staff gallantly leading 'Mr. McElroy, in the Albany Emning Journal. "Gen. French iloscrvcs much credit for the skill with which he held the procession intact along tiie line of nuvrcli. No break or impediiuent caused any of those halls or separations that so frequently occur on occa- sions of this kind. THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 11 the vvav. The line of march was from Gates's avenue to Grove street, thence to Pearl ; from Pearl to Burgoym^, ; down Burgoyne to Broad; up Broad to Spring; thence to Church, to Burgoyne, to Pearl, to Saratoga, to Greer* and up Burgoyne avenue to the monument grounds ad- joining Prospect Hill Cemetery. A volume would scarce suffice to detail the particulars necessary to a full description of the flags and emblems and patriotic decorations which graced the arches under which passed the many divisions and sub-divisions of this imposing pageant: nor yet to give the incidents which, like the fragments of a splendid vision are still floating in bright and glowing masses through the imagination. But the spectacle was too brilliant and the scenes too various for the memory to retain more than certain vague impressions no less beautiful than indistinct. Those who were present and saw the magnificent scene on that lovely autumn day — while it gave them an idea of the appear- ance of the two armies one hundred years ago at that very hour and on that very spot — will at once admit that it cannot be painted in language ; and those who had not that happiness, must content themselves with the assur- ance that the best endeavors of the writer to convey to them an adequate idea of its eflfect will fail. The first arch (tastily draped with flags and bunting) under which the procession marched, was at the corner of Green and Pearl streets, near the handsomely adorned residences of C. W. Mayhew, and G. W. Watson. The next one was at the junction of Burgoyne and Pearl streets in front of the Dutch Reformed church. Upon it in let- ters of evergreen were the words of welcome ascribed by some to Gp^tes on his first meeting the defeated British general ; " I am glad to see you,"^ with the century •"It is the custom in England, and in America on approaching any body for the first time to say, ' I am very happy to see you.' Ge'.eral Gates 12 Centennial Celebration of dates of Oct. 17th, 1777, and 1877 ; the right and left of the centre inscription bearing the names (also in ever- green), of Schuyler, Gates ai d Morgan. At the corner of Burgoyne and Broad streets another arch, festooned with laurel, spanned the road; while a little farther on and opposite the Methodist parsonage, a graceful arch, thrown across the street, bore on its south side the legend, " Meth- odism honors the occasion," and on the north " Methodism reveres the heroes of 1777." On the lawn, in front of the Marshall House,' from a tall liberty pole floated the stars and stripes, and a little distance from the foot of Bur- goyne avenue on the Main street, an old elm, whose trunk was wreathed with the " red, white and blue," bore tnis inscription; '' Near this spot, Oct. 17th, 1777, American and British officers met and consummated the articles of capitulation of General Burgoyne to General Gates ; and on this ground the British laid down their arms thus se- curing American independence." Standing on the roof chanced to make use < f this expression in accosting General Burgoyne : 'i believe you are,'' repliv^cl tlie general, the fortune of the day is entirely yours'." — Travels in North America in 1780-83, by the Marquis Be Chastel- htx. ' " A hundred years ago from yesterday, in the cellar of tlie house, at present occupied by Mrs. Jane M. Marshall, there was a pitiful picture of II few crouching, terror-stricken women and children, and a number of wounded, hungry soldiers ; a century later, yesterday, upon the lawn of tJje same house, there wiis a joyous, patriotic company of wives and maidens, raising into the air a liberty pole whereon, in a few days shall float the glorious emblem of freedom and victory. With the dark mem- ories of tliat house upon tluir minds did tliese women lift aloft with wil- ling hands the celebrating staff of its peace and domestic love. The sad records of Madame Riedesel stand in dark contrast with this honorary act of Mrs. J. M. Marshall, Mrs. George W. Smith, Miss Jennie Marshall (the two latter the foruier's daughters), Mrs. Chas. Bartram ofGreenpoint, L. I., Mrs. Wesley Buck and Mrs. Joseph Hudson of this village. Tiie pole ia eighty-nine feet from the ground and will float a flag twelve by fourteen fviit"—iSchuylerville Standard, Oct. 15, 1877. Mrs. Marshall also, gave the two Albany companies of the Twenty-fifth regiment, the day alter the Cflebratiou, an elegant dinner set out on the lawn. ^ THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 13 of the Grecian portico of D. L. Potter's dwelling, the God- dess of Liberty, in life size, shone resplendent in a starry crown and a skirt made of the American flag. Within the court-yard of Alonzo Welch — the site of the old Revo- lutionary Barracks — stood a large marquee from the top of which were unfurled the American and British colors ; while on the northwest corner of Pearl and Terry streets a wooden monument was placed, having upon one of its sides the following lettering : Saratoga, Bemis Heights, Bennington, Oriskany, Lexington and Concord. The eye of beauty, too, gazed with delight upon the pass- ing scene. Every window was thronged; and the myriads of handkerchiefs which fluttered in the air was only rivaled in whiteness by the delicate hands which suspended them ; while the glow'ng cheeks, the ingenuous smiles of loveli- ness and innocence, and the intelligence which beamed brightly from many a sparkling eye, proclaimed their po- sessors worthy of being the wives, mothers and daughters of freemen. It was in flne a proud spectacle ; but language fails in attempting its description — much more in impart- ing to paper the sensations which it created. It is not dilficult to describe individual objects correctly, but it is impossible to portray their general eftcct when happily grouped together. We rejoiced, and all who were there rejoiced; although, as we looked upon the countless throng, we could not but remember the exclamation of Xerxes, and feel that "a hundred years hence, not one of all that vast multitude will be alive." Immediately behind the police and leading the proces- sion proper, came the popular Doring's band of Troy, composed of twenty-six pieces. Following these, and i m 14 Centennial Celebration of marching by platoons, were Company F, Tenth regiment N. Y. S. N. G., Captain George D. Weidman commanding, and Company I, Twenty-fifth regiment under Captain "Walker. Both companiea wore a neat gray uniform, and by their soldierly bearing did credit to the capital city. Colt's armory band of twenty pieces, one of the choicest musical organizations in the land, and clad in scarlet, fol- lowed next in order ; and directly after them were the Governor's Foot Guards of Hartford, Conn., commanded by Major W. H. Talcott. The presence, on this occasion, of the Foot Guards was particularly fortunate, and most appropriate. Dressed in the rich and peculiar style of the time of George III — bear-skin caps, scarlet coats, knee- breeches, and black velvet leggins with silver buckles on their shoes — they gave to the spectators a correct idea of the appearance of Burgoyne's " Red-coats" at the time of the surrender. Accompanying the Foot Guards were the Veterans of the corps in citizen's dress, wearing Kossuth hats and crimson badges.^ The Park Guard's band, one of Vermont's best, with the Park Guards of Bennington, Capt. N. 0. Wilcox, made a striking appearance in their grenadier hats and steel gray uniforms. Having taken part in the Bennington centennial, it gave them pleasure to participate in Saratoga's celebration. It was one of the best equipped commands on the ground. As the proces- sion moved by, the next command that passed along was 'The Governoi's Foot Guards were chartered in 1771. In October, 1777, il started for Saratoga to offer its services to Gates though organized specially as a body guard to the goveinor and general assembly of the colony of Connecticut. The company, under the command of Captain Jonathan Bull, marclied as far as the Rhinebeck flats, where, being met by an express with the news of Burgoyne's surrender, they returned home. The battalion now numbers about one hundred, including a band of Iwentj-five pieces. James Bull, now living at Saratoga Springs, is a grandson of Captain Jonathan Bull, and was a member of tlic guards fifty years ago. His father Isaac D. Bull was the first major of the or- ganization when it became a battalion in 1813, serving until 1816. THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 15 the Hughes Light Guards of South Glen's Falls, Capt. Gleesettle. This company has only recently been organ- ized, but the members carried themselves like veterans, reflecting credit on the most northerly town in Saratoga county. The Wliitehall Cornet band then filed past, lead- ing the v^'ell known and popular Burleigh Corps of White- hall, Lieut. Bascom commanding. The Guards and Corps were dressed in the regulation dark and light blue and wore the shako, and made a creditable appearance. This military array was followed by the Knights Templar, their gay trappings, in the bright sunlight of an unclouded sky, being sufficiently gorgeous to have filled the eye of a Per- sian emperor in the height of oriental ^lendor and mag- nificence. The Knights Templar constituted the second division of the procession which was under the command of very eminent Grand Commander Charles H. Holden, assisted by Sir Knight B. F. Judson. Preceding the "Washington Commandery of Saratoga Springs, was the Ballston Cornet band dressed in a showy dark blue uni- form. Then came the Seventy-seventh regiment band of Saratoga Springs, composed of twenty-two pieces and dressed in military uniform, followed by the Apollo Com- mandery of Troy and the Temple Commandery of Albany. These commanderies, together with Washington Com- mandery, sustained well their reputation as among the finest appearing and best drilled organic *^ions of Sir Knights in the state. The Mozart band of Schenectady, uniformed in white, came next in order preceding the commanderies of St George of Schenectady, l)e Soto of Plattsburgh, Holy Cross of Gloversville, Lafayette of Hud- son, Little Falls of Little Falls, Killington of Rutland, Vermont, and the Teft't of Bennington of the same state. The Schuylerville Cornet band was the next to pass, fol- lowed by the Master Masons, who precededyler, planned the campaign, which won the battle of Saratoga, was a mason ; and, therefore, aside from the respect which we pay to living masons, we pay — and you, sir, pay in this also — homage to the memory of one of its greatest and most revered members. No expense, permit me to add, will be suffered to be incurred by the Grand Lodge while our guests. Hoping for a favorable reply, I remain respectfully yours, William L. Stone, Sec'y Saratoga Monument Association. J. J. Couch to Wm. L. Stone. • New York, Sept. 14, 1877. Wm. L. Stone, Esq., Secretat'p of the Saratoga Monument Association : My Dear Sir: I have received your letter of invitation, conveying the wish of the good people of Scbuylerville and your associates, that the corner stone of the Saratoga Monument should be laid by the Grand 1 ■:! 1 1 84 Centennial Celebration of Master of Masons in the State of New York ; and that this service should be performed on llie 17th of October prox, in connection witii the celebra- tion of the centennial of Burgoyne's Surrender. Your cordial invitation is cheerfully accepted; and, in company with the officers of the Grand Lodge of New York, I will attend at the ap- ])ointed time and place, prepared to perform tiie ceremony of laying the corner stone in "ample form" according to the time-honored usage of our fraternity. Riglit worshipful John C. Boak, Grand Marshal, will lake charge of the preliminary arrangements on the part of the Grand Lodge. Address No. 8, Fourth avenue. New York City. Very respectfully yours, J. J. Couch, Orund Master. LAYING OF THE CORNER STONE. The ceremony of i)lacing the corner stone into its position was con- ducted by M. W. J. J. Couch, Grand Master of Masons of the state of New York. He first recited the invitation to the Grand Lodge to per- form the ceremony, and then called up the Grand Lodge' by saying: " The first duty of masons in any undertaking is to invoke the blessing of the Great Architect upon their work. Let us pray." Invocation by the Grand Chaplain. Thou Supreme Architect. Thou Master builder of tlie universe. Thou who Last made all things by the word of Thy power. Thou who hast formed the earth and the world, from everlasting to everlasting Tiiou art God. Thou art He whom we worship and adore, and in whom we are taught to put our trust, and whose blessing we seek in every undertaking in life and in all the work of our hands. Thou, O God, hast blessed the fraternity before thee, and prospered them in numbers, in strength and in influence, so tliat we are here assembled as Tliy servants and as mem- bers of the ancient and honorable craft to iiegin the erection of a monu- ment which we devoutly trust shall stand as a monument for future gene- rations to the praise and glory of Thy name. Grant Thy blessing, O Lord God, upon this enterprise, that It may be carried to successful com- pletion, and may answer the end for which it was designed. That each of us may so adorn our minds and hearts with grace that we mpy befitted as living stones for that spiritual building, that house not made with hands ; eternal in the heavens; and unto Thy holy and ever blessed name will we ascribe honor and praise, through Jesus Christ, our Redeemer. Amen. The Grand Master then said : "The Grand Treasurer will now place in >The Grand Lodge was made up of M. W. Joseph J. Couch, Grand Master, R. W. Kdmond L. Judson, Deputy Grand Master ; M. W. James Gibs-on, Senior Grand Warden ; R. W. Benjamin Fla/ier, Junior Grand Warden ; R. W. Gregory Satturlee, Grand Treas- urer; William T. Woodruff, Grand Secretary; R. W. and Rev. John G. Webster, Grand Chaplain ; R. W. John C. Boak, Grand Marshal ; R. W. Williiim E. Fitch, Grand Stand- ard Bearer; R. W. Edwin Gates, Grand Sword Bearer; R. W. Albert Parker, Grand Steward ; R. W. William Scott, Grand Steward ; R. W. Anthony Yeoman, Grand Steward; R. W. John G. Barlvcr, Grand Steward ; R. W. Stephen L. Stillman, Senior Grand Dea- con ; R. W. John M. Riley, Junior Grand Deacon ; R. W. John A. De Remer, Grand Pursuivant, and R. W. John Hoole, Grand Tiler. List of Ar THE Surrender of Burgotnb. 35 tlie corner stone articles prepared for tlic purpose," which was done. The Grand Master tiien said : " The Grand Secretary will read a list of the articles so deposited." List of Auticlks Deposited in the CoK^EI^ Stone op the Sakatoga Monument, Oct. 17th, 1877. A history of the Saratoga Monument Association by its secretary, Wm. L. Stone. A copy of the Bible translated out of the original, presented by the Saratoga county Bible society. Burgoyne's Campaign and St. Leger's Expedition by Wm. L. Stone. A copy of Mrs. Willard's history, and an American flag, presented by R. N. Atwell. Mrs. Ellen Hardin Walworlli's Visitors Guide : Saratoga, the Battle and Battle-grounds. Gen. Schuyler and the Burgoyne Campaign of 1777 — the annual ad- dress delivered by Gen. John Watts DePeyster, before the New York Historical Society, Jan. 1877. Saratoga County, an historical address by Geo. G. Scott, and a centen- nial address by J. L. L'Amoreaux. Saratoga and Kay-ad-ros-se-ra, a centennial address by N. B. Sylvester. The Burgoyne Campaign ; an address delivered on the battle field on tlie one hundredth anniversary of the battle of Bemis's Heights, Sept. 19lh, 1877, by John Austin Stevens. History of Saratoga and the Burgoyne Campaign of 1777 ; an address by Gen. Edward F. Bullard. An address to the American people in behalf of a monument, to be erected in commemoration of the victory of the American army at Sara- toga, under Gens. Schuyler, Gates and Morgan, Oct. 17th, 1777, by J. C. Markham. Leading industrial pursuits of Glen's Falls, Sandy Hill and Fort Ed- ward, by J. S. Buckley. A silver half dollar coin of George IH, dated 1777, and one of the Uni- ted States, dated 1877, deposited by Alanson Welch, president of the village. Memorial of the opening of the New York and Canada railway, pre- sented by Edward F. Bullard. Song, commemorative of the surrender of Burgoyne, arranged by Col. B. C. Butler of Luzerne. Annual report of llie canal commissioners of the state of New York. Kecords of Schuyler Lodge, No. 176, F. and A. M., and Home Chapter, No. 176, R A. M. A photograph of the monument from the architect's drawing. The cards of John and Samuel Mathews, and E. F. Simmons, the operative masons who built the foundation, base and corner stone of the monument. 36 Centennial Celebration of The architects' statement of the progress of the work of building the founduiion, base and corner stone. D. A. Bullard in charge. Prospectus of the Bennington Battle Monument Association ; forthcom- ing volume on the Bennington centennial of the weelcofthe 16tU of August, 1B77. A pamphlet containing a statement of the Bennington Historical So- ciety, and an account of tlie battle of Bennington, by ex-Gov. Hiland Hall, published in March, 1877. The Standaud (daily) of Schuylerville ; The Saratoga County Standaud (weekly), Schuylerville ; copy of the Troy Daily Press, Troy; Daily Times, Troy ; Daily Whig, Troy ; Northern Budget, Troy ; Troy Observer, Sunday Trojan; Daily Saratogian, Saratoga Sun ; Argus, Press, Express, Journal, Times, and Post, of Albany; Herald, Times, Tribune, Sun, World and Express, of New York city. The grand master then spread the cement upon the stone. Music by the band and the stone was lowered to its place. The grand master then seating the lodge proceeded as follows : G. M. — Brother D. G. M. what is the jewel of your office? D. G. AI. — The square. G. M. — What does it teach ?. D. G. M. — To square our action by the square of virtue, and by it we prove our work. G. M. — Apply your jewel to this corner stone and make report. (Done.) D. G. M. — The stone is square, the craftsmen have done their duty. G. M. — Brother S. G. W., what is the jewel of your office? 8. G. W, — The level. G. M. — What does it teach ? S. G. W. — The equality of all men, and by it we prove our work. G. M. — Apply your jewel to this corner stone and make report. (Done.) 8. G. W. — The stone is level, the craftsmen have done their duty. G. M. — Brother J. G. W., what is the jewel of your office ? J. G. W. — The plumb. G. M. — What does it teach ? J. G. W. — To walk upright before God and man, and by it we prove our work. G. M. — Apply your jewel to this corner stone and make report. (Done.) J. G. W. — The stone is plumb, the craftsmen have done their duty. The senior and grand deacons advanced to the stone bearing trowel and gavel. The grand master, preceded by the grand marshal, ad- vanced to the stone, took the trowel and spread cement, then took the gavel and struck three blows on the stone, retired to his station and said : I, John J. Couch, grand master of the masons of the state of New York, declare this stone to be plumb, level and square, to be well formed, true and trusty, and duly laid. ^ (T THE SUKRENDER OF BuRGOYNE. 37 "• it we prove The grand stewards proceeded to the stone, followed by D. Q. M., 8. G. W., bearing the corn, wine and oil. The D. G. M., scattering the corn, said: May the blessing of the Great Architect of the universe rest upon the ])oo|)le of this state and the corn of nourishment abound in our land. The S. G. W., pouring the wine, said : May the Great Arcl>ilect of the universe watch over and protect the workmen upon this monument and bless them and our laud with the heavenly wine of refreshment and peace. The J. Q. W., pouring the oil, said: May tlie Great Arcliilect of the niiverne bless our land with union, har- mony and love, the oil wliich maketii man be of joyful countenance. The grand marshal presented tiie architect, saying : I present the architect of this monument. He is ready with craflsmco for the work and asked tlie tools for liis task. The grand master handed him the plumb, level and square, and directed him to proceed with his work. The grand master then said : Men and brethren, we have assembled here to-day as regular masons, bound by solemn engagements to be good cili/xms, faithful to the breth- ren, and to fear God. We have commenced the erection of a monument which we pray, may be a memorial for ages to come. May wisdom, strength and beauty abound, and the fame and usefulness of our ancient and honorable institution be greatly promoted. Benediction. •The grand marshal then made the following proclamation: In the name of the most worshipful grand lodge of free and accepted masons of the state of New York, I pr(jclaim that the corner stone ot this monument has this day been found square, level and plum!), true and trusty, and laid according to the old custom by the grand master of masons. The grand master, thereupon turning to the audience, made the follow- ing address : Address of Grand Master, J. J. Couch. We are standing upon historic ground ; as citizens we join in commem- orating the events of one hundred years ago. As masons we bring to the present undertaking the symbol and traditions of antiquity far more re- mote. The story of the campaign which gives special interest to the day will be recited by eloquent orators who are present witli us. It is my office to say a word with reference to the masonic work this day per- formed. We hold to this truth, that the controlling and characteristic thoughts of a people crystallize anut little int rcourse. They were estranged from each other by distance, by sectional prejudices, and by differences of lineage and religious creeds. The British go- vernment relied upon these prejudices and estrangements to prevent a cordial cooperation among the colonists. But when the war began, when the men of Virginia hastened to Massa- chusetts to rescue Boston from the hands of the enemy and to drive them from New England ; when the men of the east and south battled side by side with those from the middle states, apd stood upon this spot as brothers to receive with a common pride and joy the standards of a conquered foe ; when Green and Lincoln went to the relief of the southern colonies all pre- judice not only died away, but more than fraternal love ani- mated every patriot heart from the bleak northernmost forests THE SUIIHKNDER OF BURGOYNE. 47 of JiTew England to the milder airs ov Georgia. And now that a hundred years have passed, and our country has become great beyond the wildest dreams of our fataers, will not the story of their sufferings revive in the breast of all the love of our coun- try, of our whole country and all who live within its boundaries? Men of the east and men of the south, or you who can trace your lineage back to those who served their country a century ago ujion the soil of New York, wo do not welcome you here ;>s guests ; you stand here of right, by virtue of a heritage from cur fathers, who on this ground were common actors in the crowning event of the war waged for the liberties, the glory, and the prosperity of all sections of our great country. At this celebration of the ^rand conclusion of the campaign of Burgoyne, we have a broader field of discussion than that of a battle, however stirring it may have been. The occasion calls not only for praise of heroic courage, not only for a deep in- terest in every statement showing the influence of its victories over the judgment of the world as to the strength of cur cause, but also for its importance as one of the links in the chain of events reaching back more than two centuries, and which will continue to stretch down into the future far beyond the period when human thought or conclusions can be of value. INFLUENCE OF THE TOPOGRAPHY OF OUR COUNTRY. The speaker and others who have addressed the public with regard to American history, have made frequent references to the extent that it has been shaped by the topograi)hy of this part of our country. On this occasion it forces itself upon our attention, and 've must again outline its relationship to events. We cannot, if we would, separate the design of the cami)aign of Burgoyne, nor the military aspects of its progress, from the character of the valleys through which its forces were moved, nor from the commanding positions at which it was aimed. Our mountains and rivers have been the causes of co many of the great facts in the history of this continent ; they are so closely identified with its political and social affairs, that they seem to become sentient actors in its events. We are compelled to i 1 I 48 Centennial Celebration of speak of their bearings upon the course of war, of comn\^rce and of civilization, to make a clear statement of the scope and significance of the events we celebrate. This cannot be given if we speak only of the things which relate to the British inva- sion of 1777, and of its signal defeat. Those who would learn tlie causes which have shaped the course of military and political affairs on this continent, which have given victory in war and prosperity in peace, must spread out before them the map of our country. Having traced its grand system of mountains, rivers and lakes, they will be struck with the fact that for a thousand miles the AUeghanies make long ranges of barriers between the Atlantic and the great plains of the interior. About mid-way of their lengths these lofty mountains are cut down to their bases by the gorge of the Hudson, through which the tides of the ocean pour their floods in triumph. Towering cliffs overshadow the deep waters of the river. Had but a single spur of those rocky buttresses which crowd upon either shore been thrown across the narrow chasm, had but one of the beetling cliffs which stand upon its brink been pushed but a few feet across its course, the currents of events would have been changed as completely as the cur- rents of the floods. The nations who controlled the outlets of the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence would have been the mas- ters of this continent. No one who has marked the physical character of our country, and who has studied its history, can pass through the highlands of the Hudson and note how at every turn of its stream the cliffs threaten to close its course, without feeling that the power which made the mountain chains to stop abruptly at its brink, was higher than blind chance — something more than the wild, unreasoning action of convulsed nature. The valley of the Hudson does not end when it has led the ocean tides through the mountain passes. It stretches its channel northward to the St. Lawrence, and holds within its deep basin not only the Hudson flowing south, but Lake Cham- plain, which empties its waters into the ocean far north through the gulf of St. Lawrence. It thus not only connects the har- THE Surrender of Burooyne. 49 bor of New York with the basins of the great lakes, but by the Mdhawk branch of the Hudson it has also channeled out an itiier lovel passage, stretching westward to the plains watered by the contluents of the Mississippi. These valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk have been the pathways of armies in war and the routes of commerce in peace. They have been the highways through which the nations of Europe and the people of the At- lantic coast have poured their host of emigrants into the vast regions which stretch out from the Alleghanies to the base of the Rocky mountains. But nature did not stop in her work when she gave to the regions in which we meet advantages of deep valleys, making the easy communication from the sea coast to the interior of our country. From the outward slopes, of liighlands which guard these channels of intercourse, the waters How by diverging valleys into almost every jiart of our Union. T.'iese highlands make, in many ways, the most remarkable watersheds to be found on the face of the earth. There is not elsewhere an instance where interlocking sources of rivers pur- sue courses diverging in so many directions, forming so many extending valleys, and at length find their outlets into the ocean at points so distant from each other, and from the headwaters on the ground where they had their common origin. For these reasons the valleys of the Hudson and the Mohawk, and the mountain strongholds which command them, have ever been the great central points of control in the. wars of both civilized and savage races. Once when in company with General Scott, we overlooked from an elevated point the ground on which we stand and the confluence of these rivers, and the range of high- land? which marked their courses, the old warrior with a kind- ing eye, stretched out his arm and said : " Remember this has b^en the great strategic pv^int in all the wars waged for the con- tiol of this continent." The mountains and valleys of New York not only make channels for commerce in pea« 3, but a grand system for defence and attack in war. They are nature's commanding works, which dvv^arf by comparison all human monuments of engineer- ing skill into insignificance. Their influence is most clearly 50 Centennial Celebration of sliovvn by the power they gave to the Indian tribes wlio held them when Europeans first visited our continent. Tlie rivers which Howed in all directions from tlieir vantage ground on the highlands, first taught the Iroquois the advantages of united action, and led to the formation of their confederacy. Pouring their condiined forces at different times into the valley of the Delaware, or of the Susquehannali, or the Alleghany, they were able to subdue in detail the divided tribes living upon these streams. Thus gaining courage and skill by constant victories, they boldly pushed their conquest into remote sections of our country. The liritish ordnance mai)s published during the col- onial period, make the boundaries of their control extend from the coast line of the Atlantic to the INIississippi river and from the great lakes to the centre of the present state of North Carolina. There is no instance in history where a region so vast has been conquered by numbers so small. Theii alliance with the British government was one of the grounds on which the latter con- tested the claims of the French to the interior of our continent, by virtue of its discoveries on the St. Lawrence and Mississippi Thiis the victories gained by the Iroquois, through their geo- graphical position, had a great influence in deciding the ques- tion, whether the civilization of North America should be French or English in its aspects, laws and customs. It is a remarkable fact, that with a view of overcoming the British power on this continent, nearly a century before the campaign of Burgoyne, its plan was forecast by FrontenaC; the ablest of the French colonial commanders. He proposed to move against the colony of New York by the same routes followed by the British forces in 1777. He was to lead his army through the valley of Lake Champlain and Upper Hudson to Albany. At that point he designed to seize vessels to pass down the river, and tliere to act with the French ships of war, which were to meet him in the harbor of New York. Nothing can show more clearly the strategic importance of the valley in which we meet, than the fact that he urged this movement for the same reasons which led the British king to adopt it aftor the lapse of so many years. Frontenacsaw that, by gain- THE SUKUENDEK OF BUKQOYNE. 61 lug control of the course aiul outlet of the Iliulson, the French woiilil conuniuid the gateway into the ii>terior, that they would divide the British colouieH, and New Eugluud thus cut oflF, woidd, ill the end, fall into the hands of the French. He also urged that in this way the Iroquois .would be detached from tlie English alliance. The iiiHuence of the valleys of our country has not been lost ill the wars of our day. " We should have won our cause," s.iid Governor Wise, a distinguished leader of the Southern con- federacy, "had not God made the rivers which spring from the highlands of New York, to flow from the north to the south, thus making by their valley pathways for armies into all parts of our territories. Had their courses been in other directions, their streams would have made barriers against Northern armies instead of giving avenues by which they could assail us." Nor have they been less controlling in peace than in war. They nuike the great channels of commerce between the east and the west, and enable us to draw to the seaboard the abundant har- vest of the valley of the Mississippi, and to send them to the far off markets of Europe. Numerous and varied as have been the movement of armies along these watercourses, even they sink into insignificai'.oe compared with the vast multitudes which have poared through them from Euroi)e and the Atlantic coast to fill the west with civilized states. Through them we draw armies of immigrants, prisoners of peace captured from Europe by the strength of the inducements held out to them by the material and political advantages of our country. We lire in ourday the witnesses of a greater movement of the human race, both as to numbers and influence upon civilization, than is recorded in past history. It can tell of no such con- tinued and great transfer of poi)ulation from one continent to another. Unlike other invasions, it does not bring war and ra- pine, but it bears peaceful arts and civilization into vast regions heretofore occupied by scanty tribes of warring savages. Fa- miliar with this great movement, we are prone to look upon it with some degree of indifference. But through the centuries to come it will be regarded as one of the greatest events in the history of mankind. 52 Centennial Celebration of I have not dwelt upon these hills and valleys merely because they have been the scenes of the most dramatic and important events in American annals, but because they have given birth to these events. I have spoken of them, not because they have been associated with history, but because they have made his- tory. They gave to the Iroquois their power ; they directed the course and determined the result of the war between France and Britain for domination on this continent. Neither the sur- render of the British army on these grounds, the causes which preceded nor the consequences which flowed from it, can be appreciated until the enduring influences of the great features of our country are clearly brought into view. Elsewhere rivers and mountains mark.the lines which make enemies of mankind. Here they form the avenues which bind us together by inter- course. They gi's not merely to a country, but almost to our whole continent, a common language, customs and civilization. The world has never before seen a social structure with founda- tions so broad. Time may make many changes, but there will ever be a unity in the population of North America, a commu- nity of interests upon a grander scale than has yet been seen among mankind. He who studies the map of our continent and doubts this, does not merely lack political faith, but is guilty of impiety when he closes his eyes to the truths which God has written by streams and valleys, upon the face of this continent. It was the design ■■',. the British government in the campaign of 1777 to capture the center and stronghold of this command- ing system of mountains and valleys. It aimed at its very heart — the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson. The flert ., the armies, and tiie savage allies of Britain were to fol- low their converging lines to Albany. Its position had made tlijvt city the place where the governors and agents of the colonies had l)een used to meet with reference to their com- mon interest. Here the agents of the New P^ngland anat that hope lay, not in the relentless frost of the elements, but in the heavenly fire of hearts beating high with patriotic resolve, and tiirning the snow flakes of that terrible retreat into immortal roses of victory and joy. W^hile Howe and his officers, in the warm luxury and wild debauchery of the city they had captured, believed the war ended, gaily sang and madly caroused, Washington, in the dreary Christ- mas evening, turned on the ice of the Delaware, and struck the Hessians fatally at Trenton ; then in the cold January sunrise, defeating the British at Princotown, his army filed with bleed- ing feet into the highlands of New Jersey, and half starved and scantily clothed, encamped upon the frozen hills of Morristowii. "The Americans have done much," said despairingly one ol their truest friends in England, Edmund Burke, " but it is now THE Surrender of Burqoyne. 69 evident that they cannot look standing armies in the face." That, however, was to be determined by the campaign of 1777. For that campaign England was already preparing. Seven years before, General Carleton, who still commanded in Canada, had proposed to hold the water line between the gulf of St. Lawrence and the bay of New York, to prevent a separation of the colonies. It was now proposed to hold it to compel a sepa- ration. The ocean mouths of the great waterway were both in complete possession of the crown. It was a historic war path. Here had raged the prolonged conflict between France and England for the control of the continent, and in fierce war upon the waters of New York, no less than on the plains of Abraham, the power of France in America finally fell. Here, also, where it had humbled its proud rival, the strong hand of England grasp- ing for unjust dominion was to be triumphantly shaken off. This region was still a wilderness. Seventy years before, the first legal land title in it was granted. In 1745, thirty years before the devolution, it w.as the extreme English outpost. In 1777, the settlers were few, and they feared the bear and the catamount less than the tory and the Indian. They still built block houses for retreat and defence like the first New Eng- land settlers a hundred and fifty years before. Nowhere during the Revolution were the horrors of civil war so constant and so (lire as here. The tories seized and harassed, shot and hung the whigs, stole their stock and store, burned their barns and ruined their crops, and the whigs remorselessly retaliated. The stealthy Indian Citruck, shrieked and vanished. The wolf and the wild cat lurked in the thicket. Man and beast were ('(|ually cruel. Terror overhung the fated region, anc as the great invasion approached, the universal flight and crayed in the inadequate supply of wagons and horses. Bu the neighbor- ing tories joined him, and counting upon the terror that his triumphant progress had inspired, he moved at the end of July from Lake Champlain toward the Hudson. His march was through the wilderness which Schuyler had desolated to the utmost, breaking up the roads, choking with trees the navigable streams, destroying forage, aTid driving away cattle. But Burgoyne forced his w"v through, building forty bridges and laying a log-wood roa.. fr two miles across a morass. The confidence of triump' che^n-.d the way. So sure was victory, that as if it had been a. huge pleasure party, the wives of of- ficers accompanied the ^amp, and the Baroness lliedesel came in a calash from F'lrt George to join her husband with Bur- goyne. But befOi ^ that slwvly toiling army, the startled fron- tier country fled. Almost every patriot house west of the Green mountains and north of Manchester was deserted. The tories, proud of British protection, placed signs in their hats and before their doors, and upon the horns of their cattle, wearing the tory badge, as Gurth wore the collar of Cedric the Saxon. To us the scene is a j'omantic picture. The scarlet host of Burgoyne flashes thiough the forest with pealing music ; the soldiers smooth the rough way with roystering songs ; the trains and artillery toil slowly on ; the red cloud of savages glimmers on his skirts, driving before him farmers with wives and children, faint and sick with cruel apprehension, flying through a land of terror. To us, it is ai)icturc. But to know what it truly was, let the happy farmer on these fjreen slopes and placid meadows, imagine a sudden flight to-night with all he loves from all he owns, struggling up steep hills, lost in tangled woods, crowding along ditticult roads, at every step expecting the glistening tomahawk, the bullet, and the mercies of a foreign soldiery. Not many milei from this spot, the ^.i 76 Centennial Celebration of hapless Jane Mac Crea was killed as Burgoyne's savages hurried her away. Her story rang through the land like a woman's cry of agony. This, then, was British chivalry ! Burgoyne, indeed, had not meant murder, but he had threatened it. The name of the innocent girl became the rallying cry for armies, and to a thousand indignant hearts, her blood cried from the ground for vengeance. We come with song and speech ami proud commemoration to celebrate the triumph of this d&y. Let UK not forgot the cost of thfit triumph, the infinite suffering that t'.ns unchanging sky beheld ; the torture of men ; the heart- break of women ; the terror of little children, that paid for the happiness which we enjoy. Burgoyne reached the Hudson unattacked. As he arrived, although he had no tidings from below, he heard of the suc- cessful advance in the valley of the Mohawk. St. Leger had reached Fort Stanwix without the loss of a man. It was neces- sary, therefore, for Burgoyne to hasten to make his junction at Albany with Howe and St. Legcr, and on the 6th of August he sent word to Howe that he hoped to be in Albany by the 22d. But, even as he wrote, the blow fatal to his hopes was struck. Ort that very day the patriots of Tryon county, men of German blood, led by Nicholas Herkimer, were hastening to the relief of Fort Stanwix, which St. Leger had beleaguered. The tale has just been eloquently told to fifty thousand children of the Mohawk valley gathered on the field of Oriskany, and it will be told to their children's children so long as the grass of that field shall grow, and the waters of the Mohawk flow. In the hot summer morning, Herkimer and his men marched under the peaceful trees into the deadly ambush, and in the depth of the defile were suddenly enveloped in a storm of fire and death. Ah ! blood-red field of Oriskany ! For five doubt- ful desperate hours, without lines, or fort, or artillery, hand to hand, with knife and rifle, with tomahawk and spear, swaying and struggling, slipping in blood and stumbling over dead bodies, raged the most deadly battle of the war. Full of heroic deeds, full of precious memories ; a sacrifice that was not lost. The stars that shone at evening over the field, saw the Indian THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 77 aiul the white man stark and stiff, still locked in the death grapple, still clenching the hair of the foe, still holding the dripping knife in his breast. The brave Herkimer, fatally wounded, called for his Bible and tranquilly died. He did not relieve the fort, but it held out until Benedict Arnold, sent by Schuyler, coming up the valley, craftily persuaded St. Leger's In'Vians that his men were as the leaves of the forest for nunil)er. The savages fled ; St. Leger's force melted away ; the Mohawk expedition hud wholly failed, and the right hand of Burgoyne was shattered. Every day lost to the English general was now a disaster. But his fatal improvidence forced liim to inaction. He could not move without supplies of food and horses, and an expedi- tion to secure them would also serve as a diversion to favor St, Legor. Three days after Oriskany, and before he had heard of that battle, Burgoyne detached the expedition to Bennington. New England was ready for him there as New York had been at Stanwix. Parson Allen from Pittsfield came in his chaise. Everybody else came as he could, and when the British advance was announced, John Stark marched his militia just over the line of New York, where the enemy was entrenched on the uplands of the Walloomsic, and skillfully surrounding them, the Yankee farmers who had hurried away from their summer work, swept up the hill with fiery and re- sistless fury, seized the blazing guns, drove the veteran troops as if they were wolves and wild cats threatening their farms, and after a lull renewing the onset against fresh foes, the New England militia won the famous battle of Bennington, and the left hand of Burgoyne was shattered. So soon was the splendid promise of Ticonderoga darkened. The high and haughty tone was changed. " I yet do not de- spond, ' wrote Burgoyne on the 20th of August, and he had not yet heard of St. Leger's fate. But he had reason to fear. The glad light of Bennington and Oriskany had pierced the gloom that weighed upon the country. It was everywhere jubilant and everywhere rising. The savages deserted the British camp. The harvest was gathered, and while New 11 78 Centennial Celebration op England and New York had fallen fatally upon the flanks of Burgoyne, Washington now sent Virginia to join New York and New England in his front, detaching from his own army Morgan and his men, the most famous rifle corps of the Revolu- tion. Hut while the prospect brightened, General Schuyler, by order of congress, was superseded by General Gates. Schuyler, a most sagacious and diligent officer whom Washington wholly trusted, was removed for the aUeged want of his most obvious quality, the faculty of comprehensive organization. But the New England militia disliked him, and even Samuel Adams was impatient of him ; but Samuel Adams was oho impatient of Washington. Public irritation with the situation, and jeal- ous intrigue in camp and in congress procured Schuyler's re- moval, lie was wounded to the heart, but his patriotism did not waver. He remained in camp to be of what service he could, and he entreated congress to order a speedy and searching in- quiry into his conduct. It was at last made, and left him absolutely unstained. He was unanimously acquitted with the highest honor, and congress approved the verdict. General Schuyler did not again enter upon active military service, but he and Rufus King were the first senators that New York sent to the senate of the United States. Time has restored his fame, and the history of his state records no more patriotic name among her illustrious sons than that which is commemo- rated by this village, the name of Philip Schuyler. Largely re-enforced. Gates, on the 12th of September, ad- vanced to Bemis's Heights, which the young Kosciuszko had fortified, and there he awaited Burgoyne's approach. Bur- goyne's orders had left him no discretion. He must force his way to Albany. With soldierly loyalty, therefore, he must assume that Howe was pushing up the Hudson, and that his own delay might imperil Howe by permitting the . . mericans to turn suddenly upon him. On the 11th of September he an- nounced to his camp that he had sent the lake flee* to Canada, that he had virtually abandoned his communications, and that his army must fight its way or perish. On the 13th he crossed the Hudson, and then received his first tidings from Howe, in THE Surrender op Bukgoyne. 79 a letter from him written long before, and which did not even mention a junction. Burgoyne had ah-cady felt himself de- serted if not betrayed, and he comprehended his critical situa- tion. Howe was on the Delaware and Carleto'.i would give him no aid from Canada. The country behind him was already swarming with militia. He was encamped in a dense forest, with an enemy hidden in the same forest before hin>, whose drum-beat and morning gun he could hear, but whose numbers and position he did not know. Yet while he could see nothing, every movement of his own was noted by an eagle eye in a tree top on the eastern side of the Hudson, and reported to Gates. And when at last Burgoyiie marched out in full array, with all the glittering pomp of war, to find the foe in the forest. Gates in- stantly knew it. Burgoyno boldly advanced, his communica- tion with Canada gone, the glory of Ticonderoga dimmed, the union with Howe uncertain, disaster on the right baud and on the left, the peerage and Westminster Abbey both fading from hope, and he suddenly confronted breastworks, artillery and an eager army. He must fight or fly, nor did he hesitate. At eleven o'clock on the morning of the 19th of Sei)tember, he ad- vanced in three columns towards G.ates's line on Bemis's Heights. At one o'clock the action began ; at four it was general and desperate ; at five, Burgoyne's army was in mortal peril ; at nightfall the Germans had stayed the fatal blow, and the battle ended. Both sides claimed the victory, and the British bivouacked on the field. As on Bunker Hill, the first battle in America which Burgoyne had seen, if this were a British victory another would destroy the British army. Burgoyne huddled his dead into the ground, hastily entrenched and fortified a new position, soothed his discouraged army and meditated a fresh assault. But receiving the good news of Howe's success at the Brandywine, and of the immediate ad- vance of Clinton to break through the highlands of the Hudson and fall upon the rear of Gates, he dvoided to wait. He was oncamped in the wilderness without communications, but he sent word to Clinton that he could hold o'.t until the 12th of October. Again through the forest he ■ ^rd the morning and 80 Centennial Celebration of evening gun and the shouting of the American camp, and once the joyful firing of cannon tliat he could not understand, but which announced American victories in his rear. The alarm of the liritish camp was constant. Tlu' picket firing was in- cessant. Ofticers and men slept in their clothes. Rations were reduced, and the hungry army heard every night the howling of the wolves that hunted the outskirts of the camp as if mak- ing ready for their prey. At last, with provisions for sixteen days only, and no news from Clinton, Burgoyne summoned his generals for a final council. It was the evening of the 5th of October, and, could he but have known it, Howe at German- town, had again succeeded and Sir Henry Clinton was just breaking his way through the Highlands, victorious and deso- latijig. On the very morning that Burgoyne fought his fatal battle, the river forts had fallen, the boom and chain were cleared away, the marauding British fleet sailed intoNewburgh bay, Clinton sent word gaily to Burgoyne, "Here we are ! nothing between us and Albany,'' while Putnam was hastening up along the eastern bank and (reoi'ue Clinton along the west- ern, rousing the country and rallying the flying citizens from their alarm. Of all this Burgoyne knew nothing. In his ex- tremity, his own plan was to leave boats, provisions and maga- zines, for three or four days, and falling upon the left of the Americans, t«/ attemjjt to gain the rear. The German General Riedesel advised falling back toward the lake. The English Fraser was willing to fight. The English Phillips wrts silent. Compelled to decide, Burgoyne at last determined to reconnoi- tre the Americans in force, and if he thought that an attack would be unwise, then to retreat toward the lake. On the morning of the 7th of October, at ten o'clock, fifteen hundred of the best troops in the world, led by four of the most experienced and accomplished generals, with a skirmishing van of Canadian rangers and Indians moved in three columns to- ward the left of the American position into a field of wheat. They beg;in to cut forage. Startled by the rattling picket fire, the American drums beat to arms, and the British approach was announced at headcjuarters. Morgan and the Virginia sharp- Fiaser New Yo whole A Hurgoyi camp. The BriJ THE Surrender of Burgoynb. 81 ghooters were thrown out beyond the British right. Poor, with the New York e spurring up ; Benedict Arnold, whosidiame America does not love, wisose ruthh'ss will had dragged the doomed Canadian exp 'dition through the starving wildertu'ss of Maine, who volunteering to relieve I^'ort Stanwix had, by the mere terror of his (•<;ming, blown St. Leger away, and who, on the lOth of September, had saved the American left, — Bene ilict Arnold, whom battle Mtung to fury, now whirled from end to end of the American line, huiletl it against the (Jirat Ue- i»letely encircled by the Americans, who commanded it at every point, and harassed it THE Surrender of Burooyne. 83 with shot and shell. Gates, with the confidence of overpower- ing numbers, purposely avoided battle. Burgoyne, deserted by his allies, his army half gone, with less than five days' food, with no word from Clinton, with no chance of escape, prepared honorably, to surrender. On the 14th of October, he proposed a cessation of arms to arrange terms of capitulation. Ilis agent, Lieutenant-Colonel Kingston, was received at the crossing of the cniek by Adju- tant-General Wilkinson, and was conducted by him, blindfold, to General Gates. Gates's terms required an unconditional surrender of the army as prisoners of war. IJurgoyne, anxious to save his army to the king for service elsewhere, insisted that it should be returned to England, under engagement not to serve again in North America during the war. Gates had no wish to prolong the negotiations. He had heard from Putnam that tlie P]nglish army and fieet were triumphantly sweeping np the river, and that he must e.vpect " the worst, " and he therefore hastened to accei)t the pro|>osition of Burgoyne. But Wash- ington, with his Fabian policy, scorned even by Samuel and John Adams, had made " the worst " impossible. Hanging upon the army of Howe, engaging it, although unsuccessfully, at the Brandywine and at Germantown, he had iK'rj)le.\ed, de- layed and disconcerted the British general, gaining ihe time which was the supreme necessity for success against Burgoyne. By reason of Washington's ope rations,IIowe could not strengthen Clinton as" they both expected, and Clinton could not move until his slow re-enforcements from over the sea arrived. When they came, he burst through the Highliiiids indeed, with fire and pillage, and hastened to fall upon the rear of Gates. But tii'lore he could reach him, while still forty miles away, he ln-ard the astounding news of Buigoyne's surrender, and he ilropped down the river sullenly, buck to New York, he, too, haftled by the vigilance, the wu'"iness, the supreme self-command «'!" Washington. For a monuMit, when Burgovne heard of Clinton's success, he thought to avoid surrender. But it was too late. He could not, honorably, recall his word. At nine o'clock on the 84 Oektennial Celebkat'ok of morning of this Jay, a I'tVi ired years ago, he signed the con- vention. At eleven u'ciock iiis troops marched t(> this meadow, the site oi old Foit ('..My, and with tears coursing down bearded cheeks, with passionate sobs and oaths of rage and de- fiance, the soUliers kissing their guns with the tenderness of lovers, or with sudden frenzy knocking off the bulls of their muskets, and the drummers stamping on their drums, the king's arniv laid down thf'r arms. No American eyes, '•xcept those of lUorgan Lewis and James Wilkinson, aids of General Gates, beheld the surrender. As the British troops filed after- wards between tiie An)erican lines, they saw no sign of exulta- tion, but they heard the drums and fifes playing 'Yankee Doodle." A few minutes later, Hurgoyne and his suite mde to the headcpiarters of Gates. The English geneial, as if for a court holiday, glittered in scarlet and gold ; Gates plainly clad in a blue overcoat, attended by General Sv.'n, Swrfefoga, Monmouth, Camden, Cowpen, (.niiiford, Euta>v SpiLij^ij Yo"k- town, — what American does not kindle as he (.al!;- lii*} glorious battle roll of the Revolution I — whether victoil' < or ui'feats, are ail essential li.t(ht8 and shades in the iinmorral ict,:"i •. But, as gratefully acknowledging the service of all th' pj; liOts, w« yet call Washington father, so mindful of the value of every evcKt, we may agree that the defeat of Burgoyne determined Americati independence. Thenceforth it was but a question of time. The great doubt was solved. Out of a rural militia an army could be trained to cope at every point successfully with tiie most experienced and disciplined troops in the world. In the first bitter moment of his defeat, liurgoyne generously wrote t ) a military friend, " A better armed, a better bodied, a more alert or better pr('i)ared army in all essential points of military institution, I am afraid is not to be found on our side of the question." The campaign in New York also, where the loyalists were strongest, had shown, what was afterwards con- stantly proved, that the liritish crown, despite the horrors of Cherry Valley and Wyoming, could not count upon general or elfective aid from the tories nor from the iudiaits. At last it was plain that if 15ritain would coiKpier, she must overrun and crush the continent, and that was ini) s^ssible. The shrewdest men in England and in Europe saw it. LorJ North himself. King George's chief minister, owned ' raid g.ieved in his blind old age that he had not followed his jonviction. Edmund Burke would have made peace on any i< ;ms Charleb Fox ex- claimed that the mini u-rs knew as little hu ' to make peace as war. The Duke of Ku-hmond urged the impossibility of r-on- (piest, and the historian Gibbon, who in parliament ha«l voted throughout the war as Dr. Johnson would have done, iigroed that America wa lost. The king of Krance ordered Franklin to be told that he should support thecause of the I'nited States. In A{)ril he sent a tieet to America, and from that time to the end of the war, the French and the Ameri:hed the corpse, they wrapped it in a sheet and laid it on a bedstead. We then again came into the room, and had this sad sight before us the whole day. At every instant, also, wounded officers of my acquaintance ar- rived, and the cannonade again began. A retreat was spoken of, but there was not the least movement made toward it. About four o'clock in the afternoon I saw the new house which had been built for me, in flames ; the enemy, therefore, were not far from us. We learned that General Burgoyne intended to fulfill the last wish of General Fraser, and to have him buried at six o'clock in the place designated by him. This occasioned an unnecessary delay, to which a part of the misfortunes of the army was owing. " Precisely at six o'clock the corpse was brought out, and we saw the entire body of generals with their retinues assisting at the obsequies. The English chaplain, Mr. Brudenell, performed the funeral services. The cannon-balls flew continually around ' General Fraser belonged to the house of Lovntt, whose family name was Fraser. The Earl of Lovatt was oiie of the noblemen who were coniproniUed by the rebellion of the last Stuart pretender, and whose fortunes were mined at the battle of CuUoden, in 1745. General Kraser, ii seion ol the houi'C, of a sanguine temperament, ardent nnd ambitious, entered the army, and became so diKtiiiyuUhed for his military ability as to be advanced to the rank ol briffadier-ijetieral, and was selected for a command in Bur- Royiie's expedition. lie had received intimations that, if the enterprise were successful, the t;''"i-'rninent would revoke the act of attainder, and restore to him the family title and estates. With a knowledge of these facts, it is easy to uiid<'istand the meaning of the wounded general's exeliiinations as he lay waiting for dealli in t*e little "Taylor Farm-house" — the tirst aihiding to tlio sad extinction of his own cherished hopes of well earned position and renown, the second betraying his anxiety for his commander, whose impending disgrace he clearly foresaw. vanced THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 107 and over the party. The American general, Gates, afterwards said that if he had known that it was a burial, he would not hav.' allowed any tiring in that direction. Many cannon-balls also flew not far from me, but I had my eyes fixed upon the hill, where I distinctly saw ray husband in the midst of the enemy's fire, and therefore I could not think of my own dan- ger." " Certainly," says General liiedesel, in his joarnal, " it was a real military funeral — one that was unique of its kind." General Burgoyne has himself described this funeral with his usual eloquence and felicity of expression : " The incessant cannonade during the solemnity ; the steady attitude and unal- tered voice with which the chaplain ofliciated, though frequently covered with dust, which the shot threw up on all sides of him ; the mute but expressive mixture of sensibility and indignation upon every countenance — these objects will remain to the last of life upon the mind of every man who was present. The growing duskiness added to the scenery, and the whole marked a character of that juncture that would make one of the finest subjects for the pencil of a master that the field ever exhibited. To the canvas, and to the faithful page of a more important historian, gallant friend ! I consign thy memory. There may thy talents, thy manly virtues, their progress and their period, find due distinction ; and long may they survive, long after the frail record of my pen shall be forgotten !" As soon as the funeral services were finished and the grave closed, an order was issued that the army should retreat as soon !is darkness had set in ; and the commander who, in the begin- ning of the campaign, had vauntingly uttered in general orders that memorable sentiment, " Britons never go back," was now compelled to steal away in the night, leaving his hospital, con- taining upward of four hundred sick and wounded, to the mercy of a victorious and hitherto despised enemy. Gates in this, as in all other instances, extended to his adversary the greatest humanity. The army began its retrograde movement at nine o'clock on the evening of the 8th, in the midst of a pouring rain, liiedesel loading the van, and Phillips bringing up the rear with the ad- vanced corps. M 108 Centennial Celebration of In this retreat the same lack of judgment on the part of Bur- goyne is apparent. Had that general, as Riedesel and Phillips advised, fallen immediately back across the Hudson, and taken up his former position behind the Batten kil, not only would his communications with Lake George and Canada have been re- stored, but he could at his leisure have awaited the movements of Clinton. Burgoyne, however, having arrived at Dovogat two hours before daybreak on the morning of the 9th, gave the order to halt, greatly to the surprise of his whole army. "Every one," says the journal of Reidesel, " was, notwithstanding, even then of the opinion that the army would make but a short stand, merely for its better concentration, as all saw that haste was of the utmost necessity, if thcj- would get out of a dangerous trap." At this time the heights of Saratoga, commanding the ford across Fish creek, were not yet occupied by the Americans in force, and up to seven o'clock in the morning the retreating army might easily have reached that place and thrown a bridge across the Hudson. General Fellows, who by the orders of Gates, occupied the heights at Saratoga opposite the ford, was in an extremely critical situation. On the night of the 8th, Lieutenant-Colonel Southerland, who had been sent forward to reconnoitre, crossed Fish creek, and, guided by General Fel- lows'sfire,found his camp so entirely unguarded that he marched around it without being hailed. He then returned, and report- ing to Burgoyne, entreated permission to attack Fellows with his regiment, but was refused. " Had not Burgoyne halted at Dovogat," says Wilkinson, " he must have reached Saratoga before day, in which case Fellows would have been cut up and captured or dispersed, and Burgoyne's retreat to Fort George would have been unobstructed. As it was, however, Burgoyne's army reached Saratoga just as the rear of our militia were as- cending the opposite bank of the Hudson, where they took post and prevented its passage." Burgoyne, however, although within half an hour's march of Saratoga, gave the surprising order that " the army should bivouac in two lines and await the day." Mr. Bancroft ascribes this delay to the fact that Burgoyne THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 109 was still clogged with his artillery and baggage, and that the night was dark, and the road weakened by rain." But according to the universal testimony of all the nnanuscript journals extant, the road, which up to this time was sufficiently strong for the passage of the baggage and artillery trains, became, during the halt, so bad by the continued rain that when the army again moved, at four o'clock in the afternoon, it was obliged to leave behind the tents and camp equipage, which fell most oppor- tunely into the hands of the Americans. Aside, however, from this, it is a matter of record that the men, through their officers, pleaded with Burgoyne to be allowed to proceed notwithstand- ing the storm and darkness, while the officers themselves pro- nounced the delay " madness." But whatever.were the motives of the English general, this delay lost him his army, and, per- haps, the British crown her American colonies. During the halt at Dovogat's there occurred one of those incidents which relieve with fairer lights and softer tints the gloomy picture of war. Lady Harriet Ackland had, like the Baroness Kiedesel, accompanied her husband to America, and gladly shared with him the vicissitudes of campaign life. Major Ackland was a rough, blunt man, but a gallant soldier and devoted husband, and she loved him dearly. Ever since he had been wounded and taken prisoner his wife had been greatly distressed, and it had required all the comforting atten- tions of the baroness to reassure her. As soon as the army halted, by the advice of the latter she determined to visit the American camp and implore the permission of its commander to join her husband, and by her presence alleviate his sufferings. Accordingly, on the 9th, she requested permission of Burgoyne to depart. " Though I was ready to believe," says that general, " that patience and fortitude in a suj^reme degree were to be found, as well as every other virtue, under the most tender forms, I was astonished at this proposal. After so long an agitation of spirits, exhausted not only for want of rest, but absolutely want of food, drenched in rains for twelve hours together, that a woman should be capable of such an undertak- ing and delivering herself to an enemy, probably in the night, 15 no Centennial Celebration of and uncertain of what hands she might fall into, appeared an effort above human nature. The assistance I Avas enabled to give was small indeed. All I could furnish to her was an open boat, and a few lines, written upon dirty wet paper, to General Gates, recommending her to his protection." In the midst of a driving autumnal storm, Lady Ackland set out at dusk, in an open boat, for the American camp, accom- panied by Mr. Brudenell the chaplain, her waiting-maid, and her husband's valet. At ten o'clock they reached the American advanced guard, under the command of Major Henry Dearborn. Lady Ackland herself hailed the sentinel, and as soon as the bateau struck the shore, the party were immediately conveyed into the log-cabin of the major, who had been ordered to detain the flag until the morning, the night being exceedingly dark, and the quality of the lady unknown. Major Dearborn gal- lantly gave up his room to his guest, a fire was kindled, and a cup of tea provided, and as soon as Lady Ackland made herself known, her mind was relieved from its anxiety by the assurance of her husband's safety. " I visited," says \djutant-General Wilkinson, " the guard before sunrise. Lady Ackland's boat had put off, and was floating down the stream to our camp, where General Gates, whose gallantry will not be denied, stood ready to receive her with all the tenderness and respect to which her rank and condition gave her a claim. Indeed, the feminine figure, the benign aspect, and polished manners of this charming woman were alone suflicient to attract the sympathy of the most obdurate ; but if another motive could have been wanting to inspire respect, it was furnished by the peculiar circumstances of Lady Harriet, then in that most delicate situation which can not fail to interest the solicitudes of every being possessing the form and feelings of a man." ' On the evening of the 9th the main ])ortion of the drenched and weary army forded Fish creek, waist deep, and bivouacked » The kindness which had been shown to hi^' wife Major Acklnnd reciprocated, while on a parole in New York, by doiiiprall in his power to mitij^ate the snfTerings of the Ame- rican prisoners. His end was particularly sad. On his ■•etiirn to England hu was killed in a duel tu which he had been challenged for having warmly deleuded American courage against the aspersions of a brother ofUcer. THE Surrender of Burgoyne. Ill in a wretched position in the open air on thr opposite bank. Burgoyne ronmined on the south side of the creek, with Hamil- ton s brigade as a guard, and passed the niglit in the mansion of General Schuyler. The officers slept on the ground, with no other covering than oil-cloth. Nor did their wives fare better. "I was wet," says the Baroness Riodesel, "through and through by the frequent rains, and was obliged to remain in this con- dition the entire night, as I had no place whatever where I could change my linen. I therefore seated myself before a good fire and undressed my children, after wliich we laid down together upon some straw. I asked General Phillips, who came up to where we were, why we did not continue our retreat while there was yet time, as my husband had pledged himself to cover it and bring the army through. 'Poor woman,' answered he, ' I am amazed at you. Completely wet through, have you still the courage to wish to go further in this weather ? Would that you were our commanding general ! He halts because he is tired, and intends to spend the night here, and give us a supper." ' Burgoyne, however, would not think of a further advance that night ; and while riis army were suffering from cold and hunger, and every one was looking forward to the immediate future with apprehension, "the illuminated mansion of General Schuyler," says the Brunswick Journal, " rang with singing, laughter, and the jingling of glasses. There Burgoyne was sitting with some merry companions at a dainty supper, while the champagne was flowing. Near him sat the beautiful wife of an English com- missary, his mistress.' Great as the calamity was, the frivolous general still kept up his orgies. Some were even of opinion that he had merely made that inexcusable stand for the sake of passing a merry night. Hiedesel thought it his duty to remind his general of the danger of the halt, but the lattei' returned all > V/ere this statement mnde by the Baroncps Ricdcpcl alone, and not by the Bninewick Joiininl, it would bo ncceesnry to rccolvc it witli caution, since lier prejuvlicus often curried liur uiiinluntionally into extremes. Mr. Fonblanque, however, in liln admirable Life and Correspondence of General Burgoyne, admits tliis by implication, but seeks to leave the impression that ihe champagne and the "flirtation," as he calls It, were In- dulged In to relieve the mental ai,'ony consequent upon Ills defeat. Mr. Fonblimquu's book is characterized by great fairness and liberality of tone — a circumstance which must commend it to the American reader. 112 Centennial Celebration of sorts of evasive answers." This statement is corroborated by the Baroness Riedesel, who also adds : " The following day General Burgoyne rei)aid the hospitable shelter of the Scliuyler mansion by burning it, with its valuable barns and mills, to the ground, under pretense that he might be better able to cover his retreat, but others say out of mean revenge on the American general." But the golden moment had fled. On the following morning, the 10th, it was discovered that the Americans, under Fellows, were in possession of the Batten kil, on the opposite side of the Hudson ; and Burgoyne, considering it too hazardous to attempt the passage of the river, ordered the army to occupy the same quarters on the heights of Saratoga which they had used on first crossing the river on the 13th of September. At the same time he sent ahead a working party to open a road to Fort Edward, his intention being to continue his retreat along the west bank of the Hudson to the front of that fort, force a passage across, and take possession of the post. Colonel Cochran, however, had already garrisoned it with two hundred men, and the detachment hastily fell back upon the camp. Meanwhile Genenal Gates, who had begun the pursuit at noon of the 10th with his main army, reached the high ground south of Fish creek at four the same afternoon. The departure of Burgoyne's yvorking party for Fort Edward led him to believe that the entire British army were in full retreat, having left only a small guard to protect their baggage. Acting upon this im- pression, he ordered Nixon and Glover, with their brigades, to cross the creek early the next morning under cover of the fog, which at this time of year usually prevails till after sunrise, and attack the British camp. The English general had notice of this plan, and placing a battery in position, he posted his troops in ambush behind the thickets along the banks of the creek, and, concealed also by the fog, awaited the attack, confident of vic- tory. At early daylight Morgan, who had again been selected to begin the action, crossed the creek with his men on a raft of floating logs, and falling in with a British picket, was fired upon, losing a lieutenant and two privates. This led him to believe THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 113 that the main body of the enemy had not moved ; in which case, with the creek in his rear, enveloped by a dense fog, and unac- ([iiainted with the ground, he felt his position to be most critical. Mea'i while the whole army advanced as far as the south bank of the creek, and halted. Nixon, however, who was in advance, liad already crossed the strenm near its confluence with the Hudson, and captured a picket of sixty men and a number of bateaux, and Glover was preparing to follow him, when a de- serter from the enemy confirmed the suspicions of Morgan. This was corroborated, a few moments afterward, by the capture of a reconnoitering party of thirty-fiv 'nen by the advanced guard, under Captain Goodale, of Putnam's regiment, who, discovering tliem through the fog just as he neared the opposite bank, charged, and took them witl^out firing a gun. Gates was at this time at his head-quarters, a mile and a half in the rear ; and before intelligence could be ,?ent to him, the fog cleared up, and exposed the entire British amy under arms. A heavy fire of artillery and musketry was immediately opened upon Nixon's brigade, and they retreated in considerable disorder across the creek. General Learned had in the mean time reached Morgan's corps with his own and Patterson's brigades, and was advancing ra- pidly to the attack in obedience to a standing order issued the day before, that, " in case of an attack against any point, whether in front, flank, or rear, the troops are to fall upon the enemy at all quarters." He had arrived within two hundred yards of Burgoyne's battery, and in a few moments more would have been engaged at great disadvantage, when Wilkinson reached him with the news that the right wing, under Nixon, had given way, and that it would be prudent to retreat. The brave old general hesitated to comply. " Our brethren," said he, " are engaged on the right, and the standing order is to attack,'''' In tliis dilemma Wilkinson exclaimed to one of Gates's aids, stand- ing near, "Tell the general that his own fame and the interests of the cause are at hazard — that his presence is necessary with the troops." Then, turning to Learned, he continued, " Our troops on the right have retired, and the fire you hear is from h' 114 Centennial Celebration of the enemy. Although I have no orders for your retreat, I pledge my life for the general's approbation." By this time several field officers had joined the group, and a consultation being held, the proposition to retreat was aj)proved. Scarcely had they faced about, when the enemy, who. cting their advance, had been watching their movements shouldered arms, fired, and killed an officer and several men before they made good their retreat. The ground occupied by the two armies after this engagement resembled a vast amphitheatre, the British occupying the arena, and the Americans the elevated surroundings. Burgoyne's camp, upon the meadows and the heights of Saratoga north of Fish creek, was fortified, and extended half a mile parallel with the river, most of its heavy artillery being on an elevated plateau northeast of the village of Schuylerville. On the American side Morgan and his sharp-shooters were posted on still highef ground west of the British, extending along their entire rear. On the east or opposite bank of the Hudson, Fellows, with three thou- sand men, was strongly intrenched behind heavy batteries, while Gates, with the main body of Continentals, lay on the high ground south of Fish creek and parallel with it. On the north, Fort Edward was held by Stark with two thousand men, and between that post and Fori George, in the yicinity of Glen's Falls, the Americans had a fortified camp ; while from the sur- rounding country large bodies of yeomanry flocked in and vol- untarily posted themselves up and down the river. The " trap " which Riedesel had foreseen was already sprung. The Americans, impatient of delay, urged Gates to attack the British camp ; but that general, now assured that the sur- render of Burgoyne was only a question of time, and unwilling needlessly to sacrifice his men, refused to accede to their wishes, and quietly awaited the course of events. The beleaguered army was now constantly under fire both on its flanks and rear and in front. The outposts were continually engaged with those of the Americans, and many of the patrols, detached to keep up communication between the centre and right wing, were taken prisoners. The captured bateaux were THE Surrender of Burqoyne. 115 of great use to the Americans, who were now enabled to trans- port troops across the river at pleasure, and re-enforce the posts on the road to Fort P^dward. Every hour the position of tlie British grew more desperate, and the j)rospect of escape less. There was no place of safety for the baggage, and the ground was covered with dead horses that had either been killed by the enemy's bullets or by exhaustion, as there had been no forage for four days. Even for the wounded there was no spot that could afford a safe shelter while the surgeon was binding up their wounds. The whole camp became a scene of constant fighting. The soldier dared not lay aside his arms night or day, except to exchange his gun for the spade when new entrench- ments were to be thrown up. He was also debarred of water, although close to Fish creek and the river, it being at the haz- ard of life in the daytime to procure any, from the number of sharp-shooters Morgan had posted in trees, and at night he was sure to be taken prisoner if he attempted it. The sick and wouuded would drag themselves along into a quiet corner of the woods, and lie down and die upon the damp ground. Nor were they safe even here, since every little while a ball would come crashing down among the trees. The few houses that were at the foot of the heights were nearest to the fire from Fellows's batteries, notwithstanding which the wounded officers and men crawled thither, seeking protection in the cellars. In one of these cellars the Baroness Riedesel ministered to the sufferers like an angel of help and comfort. She made tliem broth, dressed their wounds, purified the atmosphere by sprink- ling vinegar on hot coals, and was ever ready to perform any friendly service, even those from which the sensitive nature of a woman will recoil. Once, while thus engaged, a furious can- nonade was opened upon the house, under the impression that it was the head-quarters of the English commander. " Alas !" says Baroness Riedesel, " it harbored none but wounded sol- diers or women !" Eleven cannon balls went through the house, and those in the cellar could plainly hear them crashing through the walls overhead. One poor fellow, whose leg they were about to amputate in the room above, had his other leg taken w 116 Centennial Celebration op I i off by one of these cannoti balls in the very midst of the opera- tion. The greatest suffering was experienced by the wounded from thirst, which was not reKoved until a soldier's wife volun- teered to bring water from the river. This she continued to do with safety, the Americans gallantly withholding their fire whenever she appeared. Meanwhile order grew more and more lax, and the greatest misery prevailed throughout the entire army. The commissa- ries neglected to distribute provisions among the troops, and al- though there were cattle still left, no animal had been killed. More than thirty officers came to the baroness for food, forced to this step from sheer starvation, one of them, a Canadian, be- ing so weak as to be unable to stand. She divided among them all the provisions at hand, and having exhausted her store with- out satisfying them, in an agony of despair she callea *o Adju- tant-General Petersham, one of Burgoyne's aids, who chanced to be passing at the time, and said to him, passionately, " Come and see for yourself these officers who have been wounded ii the common cause, and are now in want of every thing that is due them ! It i' your duty to make a representation of this to the general." Soon afterward Burgoyne himself came to the Baroness liiedesel and thanked her for reminding him of his duty. In reply she apologized for meddling Avith things she well knew were out of a woman's province ; still, it was impos- sible, she said, for her to keep silence when she saw so many brave men in want of food, and had nothing more to give them. On the afternoon of the 12th Burgoyne held a consultation with liiedesel, Phillips, and the two brigadiers, Hamilton and Gall. Riedesel suggested that the baggage should be left, and a retreat begun on the west side of the Hudson ; and as Fort Edward had been reenforced by a strong detachment of the Americans, he further proposed to cross the river four miles above that fort, and continue the march to Ticonderoga through the woods, leaving Lake George on the right — a plan which was then feasible, as the road on the west bank of the river had not yet been occupied by the enemy. This proposition was ap- proved, and an order was issued that the retreat should be be- the opera- B wounded vit'e voluii- inued to do ; their lire he greatest commissa- )ops, and al- been killed, bod, forced anadian, be- among them • store with- ea *o Adju- ^ho chanced tely, '* Come wounded ii thing that is on of this to came to the g him of his things she t was impos- iw so many ;o give them, consultation amilton and be left, and and as Fort ment of the four miles roga through plan which the river had ^ition was ap- lould be be- THE Surrender of Burooyne. 117 gun by ten o'clock that night. But when every thing was in readines!- for the march, Hurgoyne suddetdy clianged his mind, and postponed the movement until the next day, when an unex- pected maneuver of the Americans, made it impossible. Dur- ing the night the latter, crossing the river on rafts near the Batten kil, erected a heavy battery on an eminence opposite the mouth of that stream, and on the left flank of the army, thus making the investment complete. Burgoyne was now entirely surrounded ; the desertions of his Indian and Canadian allies,' and the losses in killed and wounded, had reduced his army one-half ; there was not food sufficient for five days ; and not a word from Clinton. Accord- ingly, on the 13th, he again called a general council of all his officers, including the captains of companies. The council were not long in deciding unanimously that a treaty should be at once opened with General Gates for an honorable surrender, their deliberations being doubtless hastened by several rifle- balls perforating the tent in which they were assembled, and an 18-pound cannon-ball sweeping across the table at which Burgoyne and his generals were seated. The following morning, the 14th, Burgoyne proposed a ces- sation of hostilities until terms of capitulation could be arranged. Gates demanded an unconditional surrender, which was refused ; but he finally agreed, on the 15th, to more moderate terms, in- fluenced by the possibility of Clinton's arrival at Albany. During the night of the 16th a provincial officer ar-ived unex- pectedly in the British camp and stated that he had heard, through a third party, that Clinton had captured the forts on the Hudson highlands, and arrived at Esopus eight days pre- viously, and further, that by this time he was very likely at Albany. Burgoyne was so encouraged by this news, that, as the articles of capitulation were not yet signed, he resolved to 1 In justice to Burgoyne It should be stated that the chief cau«e of the desertion of his Indian allies was the fact that they were checlted by him in tht-ir scalping and plunder- inj; of the unarmed. Indeed, the conduct of the English general was, in this respect, most hamane ; and yet, with strange inconsistency, he was among the first strenuously to urge upon Lord North the employment of the Indiana against the colouista. See Fonblanque'B work, p. 178, 16 .•I 118 Centennial Celebration of repudiate uhe informal arrangement with Gates. The latter, however, was in no mood for temporizing, and being informed of this new phase of affairs, he drew up his troops in order of battle at early dawn of the next day, the Hth, and informed him in plain terms that he must either sign the treaty or pre- pare for immediate battle. Riedesel and Phillips added their persuasions, representing to him that the news just received was mere hearsay, but even if it were true, to recede now would be in the highest degree dishonorable. Burgoyne thereupon yielded a reluctant consent, and the articles of capitulation were signed at nine o'clock the same morning. They provided that the British were to march out with the honors of war, and to be furnished a free passage to England under promise of not again serving against the Americans. These terms were not carried out by congress, which acted in the matter very dishonorably, and most of the captured army, with the exceptions of Burgoyne, Riedesel, Phillips, and Hamil- ton, were retained as prisoners while the war lasted. The Americans obtained by this victory, at a very critical pei'iod, an excellent train of brass artillery, consist;ng of forty-two guns of various calibre, 4,647 muskets, 400 sets of harness, and a large supply of ammunition. The prisoners numbered 5,804, and the entire American force at the time of the surrender, in- cluding regulars (Continentals) and militia, was 17,091 effective men. At eleven o'clock on the morning of the 17th the roj^al army left their fortified camp, and formed in line on the meadow just north of the Fish creek, at its junction with the Hudson. Here they left their cannon and small-arms. With a longing eye the artillery-man looked for the last time upon his faithful gun, parting with it as from his bride, and that forever. With tears trickling down his bronzed cheeks, the bearded grenadier stacked his musket to resume it no more. Others, in their rage, knocked off the butts of their arms, and the drummers stamped their drums to pieces. Immediately after the surrender, the liritish took up their march for Boston, whence they expected to embark, and bivou- THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 119 acked the first night at their old encampment at the foot of the hill where Eraser was buried. As they debouched from the meadow, having deposited their arras, they passed between the Continentals, who were drawn up in parallel lines. But on no face did they see exultation. " As we passed the American army, " writes Lieutenant Anbury, one of the captured officers, and bitterly prejudiced against his conquerors, " I did not ob- serve the least disrespect, or even a taunting look, but all was mute astonishment and pity ; and it gave us no little comfort to notice this civil deportment to a captured enemy, unsullied with the exulting air of victors. " The English general having expressed a desire to be form- ally introduced to Gates, Wilkinson arranged an interview a few moments after the capitulation. In anticipation of this meeting, Burgoyne had bestowed the greatest care upon his whole toilet. He had attired himself in full court dress, and wore costly regimentals and a richly decorated hat with stream- ing plumes. Gates, on the contrary, was dressed merely in a plain blue overcoat, which had upon it scarcely any thing indi- cative of his rank. Upon the two generals first catching a glimpse of each other, they stepped forward simultaneously, and advanced until they were only a few steps apart, when they halted. The English general took off his hat, and making a polite bow, said, " The fortune of war, General Gates, has made me your prisoner. " The American general, in reply, simply returned his greeting, and said, " I shall always be ready to testify that it has not been through any fault of your excel- lency. " As soon as the introduction was over, the other cap- tive generals repaired to the tent of Gates, where they were received with the utmost courtesy, and with the consideration due to brave but unfortunate men. After Riedesel had been presented to Gen. Gates, he sent for his wife and children. It is to. this circumstance that we owe the portraiture of a lovely trait in General Schuyler's character. **In the passage through the American camp," the baroness writes, '* I observed, with great satisfaction, that no one cast at us scornful glances ; on the contrary, they all greeted me, even ETTT^l 120 Centen'^^il Celebration of showing compassion on their countenances at seeing a mother with her little children in such a situation. I confess I feared to come into the enemy's camp, as the thing was so entirely new to me. When I approached the tents, a noble looking man came toward me, took the children out of the wagon, embraced and kissed them, and then, with tears in his eyes, helped me also to alight. He then led me to the tent of General Gates, with whom I found Generals Burgoyne and Phillips, who were upon an extremely friendly footing with him. Presently the man, who had received me so kindly, came up and said to me, ' It may be embarrrassing to you to dine with all these gentle- men ; come now with your children into my tent, where I will give you, it is true, a frugal meal, but one that will be accom- panied by the best of wishes.' ' You are certainly,' answered I, ' a husband and a father, since you show me so much kindness.' I then leaiTied that he was the American General Schuyler." The English and German generals dined with the American commander in his tent on boards laid across barrels. The din- ner, which was served up in four dishes, consisted only of ordi- nary viands, the Americans at this penod being accustomed to plain and frugal meals. The drink on this occasion was cider, and rum mixed with water. Burgoyne appeared in excellent humor. He talked a great deal, and spoke very flatteringly of the Americans, remarking, among other things, that he admired the number, dress, and discipline of their army, and, above all, the decorum and regularity that were observed. " Your fund of men," he said to Gates, " is inexhaustible ; like the Hydra's head, when cut off, seven more spring up in its stead." He also proposed a toast to General Washington — an attention that Gates returned by drinking the health of the king of England. The conversation on both sides was unrestrained, affable, and free. Indeed, the conduct of Gates throughout, after the terms of the surrender had been adjusted, was marked with equal deli- cacy and magnanimity, as Burgoyne himself admitted in a letter to the Earl of Derby. In that letter the captive general particu- larly mentioned one circumstance, which, he said, exceeded all he had ever seen or read of on a like occasion. It was that THE Surrender of Burqoyne. 121 when the British soldiers had marched out of their camp to the place where they were to pile their arms, not a man of the American troops was to be seen, General Gates having ordered his whole army out of sight, that no one of them should be a spectator of the humiliation of the British troops. This was a refinement of delicacy and of military generosity and polite- ness, reflecting the highest credit upon the conqueror. As the company rose from table, the royal army tiled past on their march to the sea board. Thereupon, by preconcerted arrangement, the two generals stepped out, and Burgoyne, drawing his sword, presented it, in the presence of the two armies, to General Gates. The latter received it with a court- eous bow, and immediately returnc i it to the vanquished general. General Burgoyne added to a prepossessing exterior the polished manners and keen sagacity of a courtier. He was also witty and brave. But personal courage alone does not con- stitute a commander; for of a commander other qualities are expected, especially experience and presence of mind. Bur- goyne lacked both. In his undertakings he was hasty and self-willed. Desiring to do everything alone, he hardly ever consulted with others ; and yet he never knew how to keep a plan secret. While in a subordinate position, continually carp- ing at his military superiors and complaining of the inferiority of his position, yet when given a separate command he was guilty of the same faults which he had reprehended in others. Being a great Sybarite, he often neglected the duties of a gene- ral, as well toward his king as his subordinates ; and while he was enjoying choice food and wines, his army suffered the keen- est want. Soon after the surrender he returned to England, and justly threw the failure of the expedition upon the adminis- tration, ' He was received very coolly at first by the court and > There can be no doubt that had Burjfoyno been properly supported by Howe, he would, despite his mlstiikcs, have reached Albany, since Ir. that case Gates would not have been at Stillwater with an army of men to oppose him, Mr. Fonblnnque makes public, for the flrst time, a Tact throwing untii-o now light on the apparent r«iln re of Howe and clears up all that has hitherto seemed mysterious and contnidictory. Orders lully as Imperative as those to Burgoyne were to have been sent to Howe, but, owing to the carelessness ol° Qermaine, they were pigeon-holed, and never forwarded. Hence Howe acted on the discretionary orders sent him previously, and concluded to go to 122 Centennial Celebration of people, the king refusing to see him ; but, upon a change of the ministry, he regained somewhat of his popularity. In regard to General Gates, the same incapacity which after- wards characterized his unfortunate southern campaign was manifested from the time of his assuming the leadership of th(! northern army until the surrender. It was, perhaps, no fault of his tl)at he had been placed in command at the North just at the auspicious moment when the discomfiture of Burgoyne was no longer problematical. But it is no less true that the laurels won by him ought to have been worn by Schuyler. Wilkinson, who was a member of Gates's own military family, has placed this question in its true aspect. He maintains that not only had the army of Hurgoyne been essentially disabled by the defeat of the Germans at Bennington, before the arrival of Gates, but that the repulse of St. Leger, at Fort Stanwix, had deranged his plans, while safety had been restored to the western frontier, and the panic thereby caused had subsided. He likewise main- tains that after the i-everses at the North, nowise attributable to him, and btfore the arrival of Gates, the zeal, patriotism and salutary arrangements of General Schuyler had vanquished the prejudices excited against him ; that by the defeat of Baum and St. Leger, Schuyler had been enabled to concentrate and oppose his whole Continental force against the niain body of the enemy ; and that by him, also before the arrival of Gates, the friends of the Revolution had been reanimated and excited to manly resistance, while the adherents of the royal cause were intimidated, and had shrunk into silence and inactivity. From these premises, which are indisputable, it is no more than a fair deduction to say that " the same force which enabled Gates to subdue the British army would have produced a similar eflP. ot under the orders of General Schuyler, since the operations of Philadelphia, Instead oi Albany, merely telling Clinton, if other reinforcements came meanwhile from Engliuul, he might malce a divirsion in favor of Bnrgoyne. Primarily, then, the Inilure of Burgoyne's expedition was due to the negligence of the war minister. Even, however, with the failure of Howe's support, Burgoyne. but for his errors, might have joined Clinton. Neither does this failure of Howe palliate the blunders l)y which he lost his army during the retreat. It should also be stated that Burgoyne, in arranging with the liing for the campaign, insisted most strongly that bis success depended on Uowe'a cooperation. THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 123 the campaign did not involve a single instance of professional skill, and the triumph of the American arms was accomplished by the physical force and valor of the troops, under the pro- tection and direction of the God of battles." THE FIELD OF THE GROUNDED ARMS, SARATOGA. WRITTEN IN 1831 BiT FITZ GREENE HALLECK. Read by General James Grant Wilson, Halleck's Biographer. Strangers I your eyes are on that valley fixed Intently, as we gaze on vacancy, When the mind's wings o'erspread The spirit world of dreams. True, 'tis a scone of loveliness — the bright Green dwelling of the summer's first-born hours, Whose wakened leaf and bud Are welcoming the morn. And morn returns the welcome, sun and cloud Smile on the green earth from their home in heaven. Even as a mother smiles Above her cradled boy. And wreathe their light and shade o'er plain and mountain, O'er sleepless seas of grass, whose waves are flowers. The river's golden shores. The forest of dark pines. The song of the wild bird is on the wind. The hum of the wild bee, the music wild, Of waves upon the bank. Of leaves upon the bough. But all is song and beauty in the land, Beneath her skies of June; then journey on, , A thousand scenes like this Will greet you ere the eve. Ye linger yet — ye see not, hear not now. The sunny smile, t'ae music of to-day, Your thoughts are wandering up. Far up the stream of time. And boyhood's lore and fireside-listened tales. Are rushing on your memories, as ye breathe 124 Centennial Celebration op That Valley's storied natne, Field of the Grounded Abms. Strangers no more, a kindred " pride of place," Pride in the gift of country, and of nai&e, Spealcs in your eye and step — Ye tread your native land. And your high thoughts are on her glory's day, The solemn sabbath of the week of battle, Whose tempest bowed to earth Her foeman's banner here. The forest leaves lay scattered cold and dead, Upon the withered grass that autumn morn. When, with as widowed hearts And hopes as dead and cold, A gallant army formed their last array Upon that field, in silence and deep gloom. And at their conqueror's feet Laid their war-weapons down. Sullen and stern, disarmed but not dishonored; Brave men, but brave in vain, they yielded there : The soldier's trial-task Is not alone " to die." Honor to chivalry ! the conqueror's breath Stains not the ermine of his foeman's fame. Nor mocks his captive doom — The bitterest cup of war. But be that bitterest cup the doom of all Whose swords are lightning-flashes in the cloud Of the invader's wrath, Threatening a gallant land ! His armies' trumpet-tones wake not alone Her slumbering echoes ; from a thousand hills Her answering voices shout. And her bells ring to arms 1 The danger hovers o'er the invader's march, On raven wings hushing the song of fame. And glory's hues of beauty Fade from the cheek of death. THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 125 A foe is heard in every rustling leaf, ^ A fortres>d seen in every rock and tree, The eagle eye of art Is dim and powerless tlien. And war becomes the people's joy, the drum Man's merriest music, and the field of death His couch of happy dreams. After life's harvest-home. He battles heart and arm, his own blue sky Above him, and his own green land around, Land of his father's grave, His blessing and his prayers ; Land where he learned to lisp a mother's name, The first beloved in life, the last forgot, Land of his frolic youth. Land of his bi idal eve — Land of his children — vain your columned strength, Invaders ! vain your battles' steel and fire ! * Choose ye the niorrow's doom — A prison or a grave. And such were Saratoga's victors — such The Yeoman-Brave, whose deeds and death have given A glory to her skies, A music to her name. In honorable life her fields they trod. In honorable death they sleep below ; Their souls' proud feelings here Their noblest monuments. B. W. THROCKMORTON'S ADDRESS. SUBJECT, ARNOLD. Who among us has ever gazed upon scenes more magnificent and inspiring than those by which we are this day surrcninded. In Milton's phrase they might " create a soul under the ribs of death." We stand upon holy haunted ground. We gaze upon a vast sea of humanity. Now surging and restless, now lulled to quiet, even as the ocean swells and slumbers. A quickened mass ; awakened to an intensity of patriotism. Above, a clear 17 126 Centennial Celebration of October sky, from which the sunlight falls like a benediction. Around us hills rising into mountains, illuminated by heroic deeds and events, with no less brightness than that which now gloi'ifies them, shining resplendent as they do in their rich au- tumr dl colors, by " nature's own sweet and cunning hand laid on." Almost at our feet the historic Hudson, the "still-water" of the v-'lden time, glides onward with murmurs harmonious as music hta'-d in dreams. While beyond from the hilltops, wreathed masses of smoke curl upward from batteries, planted where one hui dred years ago other camions belched forth tUeir fires, signals to the commanders in the field. Participating in the ceremonies of an occasion such as this, surely one may say, life has not been lived altogether in vain, such a celebration has no mere sectional import. It is national in its interest. The pride felt by New York to-day provokes no jealousy in other states. A representative, so to speak, of New Jersey, let me say a word for her. Her sacrifice in blood and treasure, in pro- portion to her wealth and population, was as great, during the revolutionary struggle, as that of any other colony; indeed some historians assert they were greater. She is immortal in the memories of Princeton, Trenton and Monmouth. Some of her troops formed a part of the right wing of Gates's army during the battle of Bemis's Heights. September 19th ; and more would have shared with those of New York and other of the colonies the glories of Saratoga, had they not, with Washington at their head, been engaged in defending their own firesides. New Jersey is jealous of the glorious work she did in securing for this nation its independ- ence. Yet to-day, she congratulates New York that, upon its soil were fought the battles that, being crowned with victory, secured the P^'rench alliance, and dissipated the gloom that had hitherto hung like a pall over the hearts of those who hoped and struggled for the ultimate of American liberty. Orators and poets have this day, already painted the scenes of the past, so glowingly, that they stand out before the imagi- nation even as the colors of the master upon the canvas. There seems to be but little left for me, save the work of THE Surrender of Burqoyne. 127 immortal in needless reiteration. And yet, I cannot refrain from adding my contribution of spoken words to this occasion. In one respect, it almost seems a melancholy one. Who shall say otherwise, when contemplation dwells upon the subsequent career of him, who was perhaps the most con- spicuous actor in the drama, the end of which was announced, when the curtain fell upon the surrender of Burgoyne. Millions have lived upon the earth, and given expression to thoughts that should never die. Heroism has been displayed and sacrifice endured on land and sea, deserving of deathless memory. Deeds have been performed in every walk in life that might put to blush many that are recorded as the noblest ; yet, as to these, history is silent. Poetry tunes not her lyre, and not even a name is graven upon churchyard stone. Lives that have benefited the world, seem to have been but as drops that fell into the ocean of time and were lost. A great virtue may never be remembered, but how deathless is a great crime ! But for the valor of Benedict Arnold, there had been no reason, perchance, for the assembling of this vast concourse, and this corner stone might never have been laid, of a monument, which, when completed according to design, will recall with startling and awful emphasis, a deed that blackened a soul, and had for its purpose the rnin of a nation ! Remembering the services Arnold rendered his country upon the battle field of Saratoga, one can almost wish that oblivion might blot his name from the future pages of history. But this could not be. To every virtue, doubtless its reward ! To every evil, its avenging sequel ! And, it would almost seem that the avenging sequel to the evil Benedict Arnold wrought, would affright the world against the crime of treason ! Wounded before Quebec, Arnold wrote : "I am in the way of duty, and I know no fear." " ConBclence does mp.ke cowards of ub all." He knew what "fear" was. when he skulked from the presence of Washington and made his traitor flight from West Point. I ,.1 128 Centennial Celebration of It was at Saratoga, a century ago, October Vth, that a shot struck the leg that had been wounded at Quebec. Better a thousand times, it had pierced the lieait or cleft the brain of him whose own treachery taught him cowardice. A very old couplet runs thus : " Burgoyne, alas, unknowing future fates, Could force bia way through woods, but not Through gates." Unmerited honor is even in this quaint rhyme, bestowed upon one, who, in Schuyler's place, should have stood in citizen's dress beside the commander who received the sword of Bur- goyne. The blows that crippled the English general were struck September 19th, and October 7th, 1777. On the morning of the 19th, both armies were I'eady for battle. Gates, of whom Bancroft says, " he had no fitness for command, and wanted personal courage," had determined to act upon the defensive within his own lines, and scarcely left his tent throughout the whole of the conflict. Towards noon of the day, a hoarse gun booms its echoes through the surrounding country. It is the signal for the advanced guard of the enemy to move forward. At "ength a large force push toward the left, right and centre, of the American army. Yielding at last to Arnold's repeated pursuasions and entreaties. Gates permits him to send out Morgan and Dearborn to begin the offensive. American pickets drive back a party of Canadians, tories and savages. Burgoyne prepares to fall upon the American right and centre. Fraser seeks to turn the American left. Arnold makes a rapid and brilliant movement to turn the British right, but fails, because Gates refuses to furnish him with reinforcements. Each army now pressed forward with little knowledge of the other's movements, because of the density of the forest. Unex- pectedly they meet, and a desperate conflict ensues upon the banks of Mill creek, the waters of which run red with blood. Arnold, forced back by Fraser, rallies his men and hurls them upon the foe with an impetuosity that compels the enemy to waver, but with the aid of fresh troops they stand firm. There TUE Surrender of Burooynb. 129 now comes a lull — like the sudden quiet that precedes the giant storm ; the pause in wiiich nature seems to steady lierself for resistance to the blow that must fall — and the terrible tem- pest of battle is renewed. An intervening wood shelters the Americans. The liritish are in an open pine forest. Jiurgoyne recommences his hostilities with a fierce cannonade, orders a bayonet charge, and pushes columns of infantry across the cleared space toward the American troops. The latter, silent and motionless, wait, until the fire of the foe has been drawn, and then hurl themselves with such fury upon them that they are forced back half way. Arnold is at head quarters, i)lead- ing for reinforcements, in vain. He is told that the battle is again raging. That victory for either side hangs in the balance. Impatiently exclaiming, " I'll soon put an end to it," he mounts his horse and sets off at full speed. His presence infuses new ardor into the troops, and for three hours the conflict rages, closing only when darkness enwraps the scene. " But for Ar- nold on that eventful day," says Lossing, " Burgoyne would doubtless have marched into Albany, at the autumnal equinox, a victor." And again during the fearful and decisive battle of October 7th, where was General Gates? Directing his orders from the camp, and part of the time engaged in wordy discussions with his prisoner, Sir Francis Clarke, upon the merits of the Revolu- tion. Where was Arnold ? Refused a command through the jealousy of his superior officer, hurt to the core by the indignity thus heaped upon him, he watches with eager eyes the progress of the battle. He seet> Morgan hurl himself with resistless fury upon the British right flank and throw it into confusion ; sees Dearborn v.ith fresh troops attack the shattered masses of the foe upon their front ; sees their terrified flight, but marks their rally under the inspiration of Lord Balcarras ; unable longer to keep down the impetuous ardor that forces him to the front, he puts spurs to his horse and rushes headlong into the conflict. Gates instantly sends Major Armstrong to call him back. Arnold beholds him coming, guesses his purpose, and before it can be carried out, is at the head of three regiments, M 130 Centennial Celebration op and in the very tliiokest of the contest. From this moment, mid flame and smoke and tlie terrible heat of battle, he is the master power. With sword in hand, the incarnation of valor, he encourages by voice and action those who follow him even to a point within the enemy's entrenchments. Here, at the head of the troops he has led to victory, the foe in full retreat, wounded and disabled himself and his horse killed beneath him, he is overtaken by Major Armstrong with Gates's order that he return to camp, lest he " might do soui-^thing rasl)." The " rash something " he had already done — made Burgoyne's surrender a foregone conclusion. The student of history, pausing here, might well think a gratefu' people would erect upon this scene of conspicuous triumph, a monument dedicated to Arnold alone. But the corner stone of such a monument will never be laid. And when the monument, of which the corner stone is this day laid, shall lift its granite shaft one hundred and fifty feet to- ward the heavens, there will be niches in the four large gables — three filled with groups of sculptured bronze, representing the three generals, Schuyler, Gates and Morgan, the fourth va- cant, with the word "Arnold " underneath. The glory earned by Arnold at Saratoga, is obliterated by his subsequent treason, the reward for which was fifty thousand dollars and the brevet rank of brigadier in the British army. Who shall estimate his punishment ? His countrymen exe- crated him. Even one of his own kin could write the scorching acrostic, pronounced by Lossing to be bad poetry, and worse sentiment. " " Bom for a curse to virtue and mankind, Earth's broadeet realms ne'er knew so black a mind ; Night's sable veil your crimes can never hide, Each one so great 'twould glut historic tide; Defunct, your cursed memory shall live, In all the glare that infamy can give. ; Curses of ages will attend your name, / Traitors alone will glory In your shame. Almighty's vengeance sternly waits to roll Rivers of sulphur on your treacherous soul ; Nature looks shuddering back with conscious dread, On such a tarnished blot as she has made. Let hell receive you, rlvetted in chains, Doom'd to the hottest focus of its flames. " THE Surrender of Burhoyne. 181 And though he received British gold and rank he was de- Mpised by the nation that bouglit him. English statesmen refused to speak In the House of Commons, observing Arnold in the gallery. And upon one oeeasion when George III was addressing parliament, Jienediet Arnold stood at his right hand. Lord Lauderdale, on returning to the Commons, eould not restrain an exjtression of his indignation iiiit his m.ijesty should have been supported by a traitor ! Lord Balcarras, with whom he almost crossed swords at Sara- toga, and who there recognized him Us a brave and honorable foe, spurned an introduction, even at the hands of his sovereign, reniarking, as he turned upon his heel, '* I know General Arnold, and I despise traitors. " A challenge followed from Arnold. The two met. They were to fire simultaneously. The signal being given, Arnold discharged his weapon. Lord Balcarras turned contemptuously away without even deigning to aim. " My lord, " exclaimed Arnold, " why do you not fire ?" " Sir, " said Lord Balcarras, " I leave you to the executioner. " The prejudice of English officers was so great that when he made application to serve in the war between England and France, it was denied because they refused to as- sociate with him. Something of an insight into Arnold's own feelings may be obtained from his reply to Talleyrand, who, knowing him simply as an American, requested some letters to some friends in his own country. His answer was : " I was bora m America, and have lived there ; and I am the only man in the wide world who can raise his hand to heaven and say, ' I have not one friend in America ; no, not one ! My name is Bene- dict Arnold.' " The consciousness of crime, the knowledge of the loss of men's regard, the certainty of being an object of loathing, the stings and smitings of conscience are terrible enough, but an immortal, tainted memory, is more terrible still. Throughout ages to come, thousands in each succeeding generation will visit this spot to view the monument that commemorates the surrender 132 Centennial Celebration of of Burgoyne. The niche left vacant, will prompt, forever, tho question " why ?" But one answer can be marie. That niche can never r(*ally be vacant — empty to the sight — Benedict Arnold will fill it. There he will stanu, pilloried before the gaze of centuries, ten thousand times more than if a figure of bronze met the eye with the word " traitor " stamped upon it. The designers of the monument leave that vacant niche from no fondness in contemplating the dark crime of the traitor, but because of the lesson it must forever teach. By its warning may it help to enkindle throughout the length and breadth of our land a love of country so fervent, that from henceforth there will be no need for empty niches in any inonuments erected upon our soil, to commemorate American achievements.' 1 In striking contrast to the sentiments of the acioptlc in the text is the following letter, which, itsel: a model of tenderne^a and «iniplicity. was written l)y Hannah Arnold to Benedict Arnold, and has lately been linnislied me throligh the iiindness of Hon. Horatio Seymour. The original is in the possession of Miss A. Varick, New York City.— [B. W. T.] N. Haven, /wne, 1875. "Dear Brotheu: Take this opportunity pr. Capt. Oswald to congratulate you on your late success in re- ducing Ticonderoga and making yourself muster of the vessels on the lakes. Sincerely wish all your future endeavors to serve your country may be crowned with equal 8U( cess. Pity the fatigue you must unavoidably suffer in tlie wildi-rness. But as the cause is un- doubtedly a just one hope you may have health, strength, fortitude and valor for what- ever yon may be called to. May the broad liaiid of the Almighty overshadow you; and if called to battle may the God of armies cover your liead in the day of it. Tia to Hiiu and Him only my dear brother that we can look for safety or success. His power is ever able to shield us from the pestilence that walks in darkness and tlie arrows that fly by noonday. May a Christian resignation to His will strengthen your hands and fortify your heart. May you seek His aid and rest your whole confldence in Him; and then you will have no fear l)ut t lUt of oflendfng !lim ; and if we are to meet no more in time may a wise preparation for eternity secure t us a happy meeting in the realms of bliss, where painful sepurations are for ever excli d. Tlie men who wmt under your care to Boston give you the praises of a very hum .ae, te:ider ofticer. Hope those now with you may meet with an equal degree of tenderness and h'lmanity. Your little family are all well. Benedict is eager to hear everything relative to his pap'i. .Mr. Manstield, contrary to all expectation, i.-i again able to ride out; and his physicians think he is in a lir.r way of recovering a comfortable state of health. Mr. Har- rison, you have uiuloubteilly heard, i^^ dead by a tit of the apoplexy. We have numbers of iieople daily coming her(> from N, York and Boston. Capt. Sears, and Mrs. Brown, and Piatt witli several other families from York are now here. Tlie world seems a uni- versal flutter and hurry. What the event will be God only knows. But in all its changes of tills I am certain ; that your health and prosperity are dear to me as my own. Your affectionate sister, Hannah Arnold." THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 133 Forever, the the sight — lu, pilloried (re than if a ir " stamped that vacant rk crime of rever teach, t the length it, that fiom 3hes in any te American c following letter, lannah Arnold to s of Hon. Horatio irk City.— [B. W. T.] EN, June, 1875 ate success in rc- lakcB. Sincerely ith equal success. i the cause is un- l valor for what- ihadow you ; and it. Tia to Him His power is ever irrows that fly by mds and fortify Him ; and then no more in time realms of bliss, ii(li\r your care to jse now with you Z relative lo his (!■' out; and his health. Mr. H«r- Vo have numbers and Mrs. Brown, orld seems a nni- in all its changes my own. sister, NAU Arnold." H. L. GLADDING'S ADDRESS. In listening to the eloquent sentences of the gentlemen who liave preceded me on this Centennial occasion, I have been re- minded of the words which the great dramatist puts into the mouth of the Archbishop of Canterbury in reference to King Henry V — " When he speaks, The air, a chartered libertine, is still. And the mute wonder lurketh in men's ears To steal his sweet and honeyed sentences." For the scenes of the decisive events which we to-day celebrate, and the deeds of the brave men who were actors in them, have been so graphically portrayed that nothing is needed to be added to the noble tribute which has been here paid to the heroes of October, 1777. It is said that on entering the apartment that contains the matchless statue of the Apollo Belvidere, and standing before that most wonderful creation of human genius, there is on the part of the visitor an involuntary straightening up of the figure, a standing erect, and a feeling that his own form dilates, be- coming taller and nobler. And so to-day, coming among these scenes, and standing upon this consecrated ground made forever memorable by an event which gave form and shape to the future destiny of the young republic, there is an instinctive lifting up of the soul ; and as upon this one hundredth anniversary we gather to reverence the memory of its heroes and to call the roll of those gallant men — Morgan, Dearborne, Learned, Ten Broeck, Lincoln, Glover, Poor, Cilley, Kosciusko and Schuyler, and their no less gallant associates in the ranks — the men who took part in or who were instrumental in bringing about this glorious consummation, among whom were some of the noblest figures that ever stood ill the forefront of a nation's life — we to-day cannot fail to be imbued with something of the spirit which animated tliem and ii desire to emulate their noble patriotisn. and their self-sacrific- ing efforts. The declaration of freedom made on the 4th of July, 1776, 18 184 Centennial Celebration of did not immediately bring forth the fruits of freedom. Years of struggle were necessary. A new-born nation, accustomed only to peaceful pursuits, without a standing army, without a navy, was to confront on many fields of bloody strife an old and powerful government ; a government which through hun- dreds of years had been trained in martial arts, which had amassed gieat wealth and secured vast material resources, a nation whose armies were the acknowledged conquerors of the earth, and whose flag everywhere proclaimed her the mistress of the seas. The year which followed the declaration of independence witnessed little else than a series of disasters to the cause of the colonists. With the exception of Trenton, Princeton and Ben- nington the long list of reverses to our arms was almost un- broken. It was indeed the most gloomy period of the lievolution ; it was the crisis of the struggle of these colonies for independ- ence. Look at the sad record of the year. First the defeat of Putnam on Long Island, of McDougall at White Plains, of the brave Col. Magaw at Fort Washington, with the loss of two thousand of the best troops in the American army. Then came the abandonment of Ticonderoga, a fortress deemed impregna- ble — the loss of Fort Ann and Fort Edward, — the defeat at Hubbardton — the terrible reverse at Brandy wine — the defeat of the impetuous Wayne at Paoli — of Washington himself at Gerraantown — and the loss of Forts Clinton and Montgomery. The mere mention of these names brings to our minds continued scenes of gloom and suffering. For the greater part of the time during these sad months, from August, 1776, to October, 1777, our army, reduced in numbers, depressed by defeat, exhausted by fatigue, naked, barefoot, de>»*'tute of tents, and with scanty provisions, was fleeing before a triumphant enemy, who was well appointed and abundantly supplied. And, worse than all, the continued triumphs of the British had produced a common apprehension (in the minds of the people of the middle states at least, if not generally), that any further struggle would be use- less and that this country must eventually return to her allegi- ance to Great Britain. i ■ THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 135 But this long and gloomy night of defeat and disaster was about to pass away, and joy and a new hope was to spring up in the heart of this people in the bright morning of victory. The conflict of October 7th, 1777, was to demonstrate the fact that the Continental armies were able to meet the martial hosts of Britain and her mercenaries in the open field, and to scatter them as the dead leaves of the forest before a mighty wind. As the armies of ancient Israel, under divine guidance, were to overcome their enemies, however great in numbers or skilled in war, so under the direction of the God of battles were our fathers upon these fields to overcome the proud and power- ful hosts of Great Britain. We have heard to-day in glowing words the story of Saratoga. Masters of the art have pictured i,r» us the scenes and incidents of the campaign, which its projectors believed would end in the complete subjection of the colonies to the mother country. We have seen the British general on his triumphant march from Canada, fortress after fortress falling an easy prey into his hands. We have seen the hosts of England crossing the Hud- son and for the first time planting their feet upon the soil of old Saratoga. We have seen Burgoyne's army in holiday attire, with drums beating and colors flying, with furbished arms glistening in the sunlight, marching to what they believed would be an assured victory. We have seen that on the 19th of September, this proud army for the first time learned that their march to Albany was not to be a holiday pastime. We have seen the conflict that day waged on both sides with des- perate valor, a conflict that was only closed by the mantle of night falling over the scene. Then we have been brought face to face with the second act in this terrible drama. We have seen the British army, brought to bay on the memorable 7th of October, making a last desperate effort to cut its way through the ranks of the opposing forces, in the hope to join Sir Henry Clinton upon the lower Hudson. But it was not so to be. General Burgoyne, who on the 6th of August, wrote so confidently to General Howe, " I shall be in possession of Albany on the 22d or 23d," was indeed to be 136 Centennial Celebration of there only a little more than two months later, not however as he had anticipated, in the royal robes of a conqueror, but in the sackcloth of a prisoner of war. Alas ! the sanguine general forgot the proverb — " The man who once did sell the lion's skin While the beast lived, was killed with hunting him." And so on the 7th of October, \111, the sun went down upon the leagued hosts of Britain and Germany discomtitted, scattered, overthrown ; and these hosts, with seeming judicial blindness, not availing themselves of their last hope, a speedy retreat,were compelled only ten days later, upon this immediate spot, under the starry flag, then first thrown to the breeze of heaven, to surrender to the hitherto despised army of the colonics. " To the sages who ppoke, to the heroes who bled, To I he day and the deed strike the harp-strings of glory; Let the songs of the ransomed remember the dead. And the tongue of the eloquent hallow the story ; O'er the bones of the bold be the story long tola, And on fame's golden tablets their triumphs enrolled. Who on freedom's green hills freedom's banner unfurled, And the beacon fire raised that gave light to the world." As the great law giver of ancient Israel was permitted from the top of Pisgah to look over into the promised land which was soon to become the possession of the Jewish people, .so from these green heights one hundred years ago were our fathers enabled to see in the near future the Canaan of freedom spread- ing out in all its radiant beauty before them, and as the leader of the chosen people rejoiced over the prospect of the promised inheritance of his followers, so did our revolutionary sires in that glad hour rejoice that the reward of all their toils was be- fore them. And all over the colonies the full hearts of strong men ovei-flowed with gratitude and went up to heaven on wings of praise to that God who had given them the victory. And there was to be rejoicing elsewhere over this great event, our friends abroad must speedily learn of this glorious success. So the good news goes forth, and the manner in which this news is received in Europe clearly shows that there, as well as here, the event of the surrender of Burgoyne's army was rega''ded as deci- sive of the final result. "A fast sailing vessel is prepared and a THE Surrender of Burqoyne. 137 however as r, but in the ine general im," down upon d, scattered, il blindness, retreat,wero spot, under heaven, to nif 8. •mitted from land which 1 people, .so e our fathers idora spread- is the leader he promised tiary sires in toils was be- ts of strong en on wings ory. great event, ions success, ich this news 1 as here, the '•ded as deci- epared and a special messenger goes to carry the tidings to France, the natural ally of the young republic. The messenger crosses the ocean, arrives at Paris, and pushes on rapidly to Dr. Franklin's residence at Passay; but swiftly as he goes a rumor of tlu- arrival of im- portant news precedes .him, and on his arrival at Passay he finds the whole circle of official Americans there, who, as the noise of his carriage is heard, liurry out to meet him. Before he has time to alight Dr. Franklin cries out : ' Sir, is Philadelphia taken ?' ' Yes,' replies the messenger, ' but I have greater news than that, Gen: Burgoyne and his whole army are prisoners of war?' The effect was thrilling, electrical, overwhelming, indescribable." In a few days all Europe rang with the ncM-^s, and except the tory party and the holders of English stocks all Europe rejoiced at it. France immediately threw off the veil with which she had endeavored to conceal her intentions and notified the British government that she had concluded a treaty of alliance, friendship and commerce wiih the American states. On the 18th of December, only sixty days after the surrender of Burgoyne, M. Gerard informed the American commissioners that, after mature deliberation, his majesty Louis XVI, had determined to recognize the independence of the United States, and that he would not only recognize it, but would support it wit/ all the means in his power. And the deeds of this great nation proved the honesty of her words ; her material aid was prompt and effective. The French govern- ment --which had at that time a navy that equalled if it did not exceed Great Britain's — at once fitted out a squadron under Count D'Estaing, which in the spring of 17 78 sailed for the United States. In England the alarm created by the tidings of Burgoyne's surrender was increased by the still more fatal news that the disaster had roused the Bourbon courts to avenge the humilia- tion of the seven years' war. The most brilliant success had been expected in the campaign, the most ignominious result had occurred ; the pride of the British nation was humbled, and those who had disapi)roved of the war poured upon the ministry a torrent of invective. The Duke of Richmond and a large 138 Centennial Celebration of number of whigs openly advocated the acknowledgment of Ame- rican independence. That noble man and true friend of the colonies, Lord Chatham, in the British parliament pressed for peace, saying with prophetic ken, " You can never conquer Ame- rica, never, never, never !" When we remember that six months after this that great man breathed his last, we may conclude that " The Bunset of life gave him mystical lore, And coming events cast their shadows before." Even in the minds of the British ministry all hope of con- quering America had disappeared. Under these circumstances the cabinet determined to grant to the colonies all that they had demanded at the beginning of the contest. Two bills of a pacific character were passed by parliament, one of which pro- hibited any further imposition of taxes upon the colonies, and commissioners were sent to America to effect a reconciliation. But it was too late, the Rubicon had been passed. Congress refused to treat with the commissioners until Great Britain should withdraw her fleets and armies or acknowledge the in- dependence of these states. Had it not been for the insane obstinacy >f one man, the close of the year 1777 would have witnessed the acknowledgment on the part of Great Britain of American independence. But King George III was not ready to acknowledge the inevitable. The monarch who in 1774 had vauntingly said, "Four regiments will be sufficient to bring the Americans to their senses," was not quite prepared to acknowledge his mistake. The obstinacy of the king, which was only equalled by his ignorance and vulgarity, was clearly shown in the terms which he proposed to Germaine (Lord Shelburne) upon his accession to office as state secretary. The king said to Germaine, I will be plain with you ; tlie point next my heart, and which I am determined never to relinquish but with my crown and life, is to prevent a total unequivocal recognition of the independence of America," and he added, " promise to support me in this matter and I will leave you unmolested in every other and with full power as the prime minister of this kingdom." Upon this one hundredth anniversary of the great event which THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 139 inses, was vent which more than any other event of the Revolution led the way to the practical realization of American independence, we take the first steps to commemorate the decisive deed. It is proposed upon this corner stone to erect a shaft which in its colossal pro- portions and stately grandeur shall fitly tell to coming ages the story of the glorious deeds of October, 1777. The noblest obelisk now upon the soil of America is that one which rears its top heavenward from the crest of Bunker Hill. It is indeed a grand structure, worthy of the gallant deeds it commemorates and of the noble state upon whose bosom it rests. But if there is a spot in all this broad land, from the waves of the stormy Atlantic to the shores of the mild Pacific, upon which should be erected an enduring monument with a broader base and more lofty proportions than all others it is here upon these consecrated heights of old Saratoga, where our fathers taught the chivalry of England and the pride of Britain's soldiery that in a righteous cause they were invincible, and where the world learned the lesson that these united colonies were destined to be, as they of right ought to be, free and in- dependent states. Let the people of the Empire state see to it that the stain wbich has hitherto rested upon her proud escutcheon, in failing to recognize and honor these great events, is speedily effaced. Let them see to it that neither the tardiness of legislation nor the opposition of the executive is allowed longer to hinder this laudable work. The great state of New York owes it to her- self in this matter to at once refute the libel which asserts the ingratitude of republics. " It is time to arise and build !" and the good work commenced let it go steadily on to full comple- tion. Let this monument ascend in its simple grandeur until the top stone shall be b" ught forth with shoutings of grace, grace r.nto it. The men of Massachusetts commenced the shaft on Bunker Hill, but they left the work for the women of Massa- chusetts to complete. All honor to the noble women of the old Bay state for their high purpose, their indomitable resolu- tion, their unwavering faith. But whether it shall be the men of New York who shall do this work, or whether by their failure 140 Centennial Celebration of it shall become necessary for the noble, patriotic women of this great- state to assume the responsibility, the work will go on, this monument will surely be built. And, as was said by Mr. Webster in regard to Bunker Hill monument so let the people say in regard to the Saratoga monument, " let it rise until it meets the sun in his coming ; let the first rays of the morning gild it and the last beams of ex- piring day linger and play upon its summit." A. A. YATES'S ADDRESS. This is a strange as well as memorable place. Though here a mighty republican empire was born, and here kingly rule met its death-blow, the precise spot where a ceremony occurred that was the pageantry of a nation's birth, is yet the subject of de- bate and discussion. Men have wandered over meadow and through ravine, by brookside and river, to seek in some strag- gling patch of earthwork, some excavation that looks like a rifle pit, for the convincing proof of the place where John Bur- goyne made his last parade. The memories of those gone be- fore us have been called up, that the testimony of the dead might set at rest the doubts of the living — the aid of nature invoked, that her speaking face should show us the way c • give some landmark that should stand like a way-side shrine btside the place whei-e a heroic deed was done, or gleam like a star over the spot where a hundred years ago the young child of liberty lay. Marvelous indeed is it that, though the splendid achievement which this monument shall commemorate, is so young that its record has but just become impartial history — so far from old in the world's story that it has no right to put on the silver crown of tradition — yet the visible signs of it are as indistinct as the dust and ashes in the Englishman's coffin — as untrace- able as the Hessian's level grave. Embankment and fortress, earthwork and embrasure have been flattened by the hundred heavy hands of the century, or ploughed and riven and harrowed out of all resemblance to war by the husbandman of peace. THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 141 We believe we are standing now where we should be, on the sacred spot where our fathers stood in the happy hour of their triumph — that the white spire shall glisten in the morning like a finger pointing upward from the very place where they raised their country from despair to faith, that it shall lay its shadow at evening along the pathway where the brave man walked to give up his sword to braver men. We have in times gone by cared but little to know of the earlier days. In our splendid progress the eyes of a people, the youngest on e^rth, have been earnestly gazing into the future. The centennial has come upon us with a bound. Startled — surprised, in our young manhood, this magnificent young giant of a Republic halts, astonished at its strength, marveling at its own progress. With all our conscious power — our free, young healthy life, there comes over us a sense of deep and lasting gratitude, a feeling of unutterable and thankful reverence for the grand and sturdy ancestors, whose stubborn, stalwart hero- ism on fields like this made free the land we love. And wo pause in unspeakable sorrow to reflect, that while England knows just where King John stood six centuries ago when he surrendered to a favored few the rights of freemen, that while the Irishman knows just where his countryman won imperish- able renown at Fontenoy, and Prussia can show just where the great Frederic won his most splendid victory, we are arguing as to which side of the stream it was where ne Lord of Eng- land discovered in sorrow and defeat that he could not be mas- ter of America. We shall take better care of history in the future ! We are gathered to-day, some of us children's children of the very men who stood here a hundred years ago, all representing different shades of political belief and social life — every one of us just like the men conquered here — brethren of the same loyal faith in our beloved land — fellow citizens united in one com- mon sentiment that overshadows all others. And we are looking back with intense interest upon the pan- orama that passed in review before the world's eye just a cen- tury ago. Thanks to one historic artist who has hunted up the 19 142 Centennial Celebration of old picture from the national garret, given over in our thought- lessness to rust and decay, as useless incumbrance and by the touch of restoring genius has given it to us in all its brilliant hues we can see it distinctly. Who are we that look upon it : democrats and republicans? No ; a thousand times, No ! Old revolutionary whigs ! Not a tory or the son of a tory among us ! Are we conjecturing who shall be governor next year, presi- dent two years after ; who shall be postmaster of Saratoga or town clerk of Stillwater ? Are we longf aced or tjhuckling over the election returns from Ohio ? Thank heaven ! No. We are all with one accord doing homage to those who made presidents and governors possible, and filled honored graves before little Ohio was born. What a grand spectacle it is and what a strange picture it presents ! On either side, drawn up in parallel lines stand the conquer- ors, in every style of garment, with every hue of dress known to the man of a hundred years ago. Not decked for a holiday parade — this is the first they have had for many a weary month and the smell of the fire of Bemis's Heights is yet upon their garments, the stain of Stillwater powder on their bronzed faces. Here and there perhaps a uniform of blue and buff, powdered hair, shining boots and showy laces on neck and wrist, mark the stylish oflicer whose pride is as mighty as his bravery. On the left the faded green and yellow of Morgan's riflemen. Let us recognize them with applause. They came from under a southern sky to rush beside their northern brethren against their common enemy. We trust in a good providence that is making their descendants our brethren once more, that their children will never again be found anywhere else. And who are these who march between the lines ? Lords and gentlemen, the pet and flower of the English army glittering in epauleted splendor, flaring in scarlet and gold, downcast, sullen, disappointed brave men, put down by the iron will and resolute valor of men who with home behind them and home in their hearts no army could subdue. THE Surrender of Burqoyne. 148 And who are these who wear neither English dress, nor Eng- lish faces, at the sight of whom the colonist grows stern and hard in face and at whom he mutters a smothered curse. These are they left of those whom John Stark hunted up hill and down dale, who, driven through ravine and underbrush and hounded like beasts of prey, thank the Lord for their rest at lust, the hireling Hessians learning the lesson yet taught to-day that he who serves the cause of wrong for place or money will sooner or later in this broad land of ours find not rest for the crown of his head or the sole of his foot. Within sight of the strange scene, the commanders of either army — the one massive and haughty, the very type of his pow- erful nation beyond the sea, the other shorter, plainly dressed, rugged of face — look upon the scene. Within sound of the rejoicing is the displaced commander whose patient courage and brave soul was but illy rewarded when the laurel of victory was snatched from his grasp. Within sight of the lovely village that bears his honored name posterity in this hour of commemoration does full and ample justice to the courage and valor and magnanimity of Philip Schuyler. Another was absent from the place where the fruits of his rash mad bravery were to be gathered. Smarting from the wound that gave him more mental suffering than bodily pain, when it took him from the sight of his humiliated enemy, the then gallant soldier was fretting and fuming, his impetuous, fiery and turbulent nature chained down upon a couch of agony. Would to heaven that after the 19th of September the histor- ian had no more to record of Benedict Arnold. A hundred years ago this day this land of ours ni)ig with his praises and gloried in his splendid name. To-day the sculptor, in obedience to a merciful command, permits the blank unchiseled tablet to be expressionless in the story of his shame, — to be faceless and formless, that his face and form may be hidden from the peo- ple he betrayed, that the sculptured silence above his name shall mutely tell of the undeserved forbearance, the unfeigned sor- row of posterity. 144 Centennial Celebration op P. There were mellow lights and gloomy shadows in the clays that followed — the land was chequered with the brightness and gloom of victory and disaster, bnt now in the broad light of history that streams upon this place in this, the meridian of our national greatness, we know that the morning of our de- liverance broke upon us here — and there is no place on earth where the monumental tribute of a nation's pride co\dd more fitly be placed, to stamp the soil with a people's unforgetting gratitude and crown it with the mausoletim of its heroic deeds. What a splendid lesson was handed down by the men of that stern day to the men of this, written all over the long miles that were trodden down by the feet of contending armies then, that are brilliant with the victories of peace to-day ! Nations, so runs the story of the world, must be born like man in pain and travail. But to march on in progressive great- ness there must be years of peace on earth, good will to men. This vast battle field has been restored to the farmer, not by the hand of science nor by the level of the engineer. Military genius has not flattened the earthwork which military genius reared. Long years of patient labor has made the battle wil- derness to bloom, the seamed and scarred ravine to blossom with the fruits of the better days of peace. In the fate of him whose splendid courage and restless genius was the life and soul of yonder battle for the rights of the people, let the sel- fishness that prostitutes the country's good to gratify the pas- sion of personal resentment, or subserve personal ambition, take a solemn warning. No glitter of splendid achievement on field or forum will reconcile the people of this land to the betrayal of the people's lasting good for the price of money, for office or for sectional hatred and the president, senator or sol- dier who forgets this lesson may remember it in horror in a fall like Arnold's. It was shoulder to shoulder, with the touch of elbow that brought the conquerors through many red days of carnage to this place of triumph. It was the northern and the southern soldier who fought the fight for the good of the whole people. It is in the Union created Oct. 17th, 1777, it is in the Union re- THE SURRENDEK OP BuRGOYN" 145 stored October 17, 1877, that by the blessing of God this go- vernment of the people, by the people and for the people, Hhall not perish from the earth. Let then this monument rise till it meets the sun in its com- ing, whose first rays lingering on Mount Willard to gild the spot where the faithful sentry stood, shall glitter atid play upon its summit, (irand and everlasting, its solid firmness shall com- memorate the faith of those who stood as proudly here one hun- dred years ago and per[)etuate the memory of those whose dust has been traceless for a century within sight of its spire. Let the last rays of the evening fasten its shade on the pathway our fathers walked amid the ringing praises of their grateful coun- trymen. Let us all come closer together beneath its base. We too have had our sorrows We have had our killed in battle. We have the mourners who go about our streets — we have the widow and the fatherless — we have our poor in heart. The evening of our first century has been red as theirs with the scarlet tinge of blood. Webster's awful foreboding has been realized. The land has been rent with civil discord and drenched with fraternal blood, but we, like the men who gathered here, have had our triumph and heart-elating victory, and we can thank the God of our fathers that the statesman's as- piration has been realized, that the new flag first unfolded here, waves over a land happy, free and prosperous, that there is in- scribed upon it no such motto as " what is all this worth" or that other miserable inscription, " Liberty now and Union after- wards," but written all over its bright folds as it floats over the land and over the sea those other memorable words, "Liberty and Union now and forever, one and inseparable," 146 Centennial Celebration of li GENERAL J. WATTS De PEYSTER'S ODE, Read by Rev. D. K. Van Doren. THE SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE, " SARATOG," 17th OCTOBER, 1777. Brothers, this spot is holy ! — Look around ! — Before us riows our mem'ry's sacred river. Whose banlis are Freedom's Shrines. Tliis grassy mound. The altar, on whose height the Mighty Giver Gave Independence to our country ; when, Thanks to its brave, enduring, patient men. The invading host was brought to bay, and laid Beneath "Old Glory's" new born folds, the blade, The bra/ '1 thunder-throats, the pomp of war, And Engiind's yoke, broken forever more. Like a destroying angel, Burgoyne's host Burst through Ticonderoga'a bulwarks, hoary ; And flaming wrecks, wide ruin 'long its coast, Renew'd past awful scenes of Champlain's story. When France's Lilies dy'd themselves in blood. Floated to triumph on Algonquin flood — Made William Henry's siege a tale of horror — Made Abercrombie's failure land- wide sorrow. Like many conflicts though right bravely fought — The only comfort was by Schuyler brought. Our frontier people shrunk before tlie scare ; ' The load was left for Schuyler 'lone to bear. And how he bore it, now, at length, we know ; How steadfastly he damm'd the crimson tide ; Baflled and stopp'd the five-fold stronger foe ; ' ' The scare or panic which succeeded the first appearance ot Bnrjfoyne was of the same character with that whicli sliooit the whole country after Bull Run First, 2l8t of July, 1861, and was equally causeless , The people recovered from it much qulclcer in 1777 than In 1881, for Oriskany and its rich harvest, due to Schuyler, which brolce the spell, was fought exactly one month to a day after the fall of Ticonderoga, whereas the victory won by General Thomas, the Schuyler of the Slaveholders' Rebellion, at Mill Spring which taught the North that, under an honest and abU; leader, theirs were the best men, was not achieved until the 19th of January, 1862, six months after the first battle of Bull Run. » Allen says Schuyler did not have over 1,000 men at Fort Edward, and even after he got down to Hulf-Moon, it would appear that the majority of his troops were boys, old men, negroes and pnrticolorcd. If the real truth could be reached, there is very little question but that proof exists that Burgoyne had over 10,000 men, regulars, provincials THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 147 )DE, 5," 17th lound, toyne was of the lun First, 2l8t of Imuch quicker in Ich broke the spell, IhercnB the victory li, at Mill Spring l^ere the best men, IrBt battle of Bull J and even after he Ips were boye, old iiere is very little knlare, provincials To timid couusels hero strength supplied. Burgoyne victorious, ere he left Champlain, Startled preceiv'd his brilliant prospects wane; Saw in the Lion's path a Nimrod stand ; Saw all his mighty projects counterplann'd ; Ere Burgoyne reached the Hudson, fast empaign'd In Schuyler's grasp, he felt he was " Burgoyn'd." O mighty soul ! — by envious souls decried, New York's great son in giant height now stands ; Arguf to watch, Ulysses to decide, Gath'ring resources with Briarean bands. His the victorious field Uarkheimer made St. Leger's foil, stopp'd Johnson's tiger raid ; Fort Stanwix sav'd, the Mohawk valley sav'd — Was all his work, who coward couusels brav'd ; Stak'd honor, fortune, all, upon the throw, So by the cast he beat his country's foe ; , Oriskany is due to New York's son ; Likewise to Schuyler's brain is Bennington, Fought on our own state soil, ou Hoosic's hill, Vict'ries tl^at yet the nation's pulses thrill. At length Burgoyne, the hauyhty, brought to bay At Saratoga knew our country's might ; At Freeman's Farm saw triumph fade away; Saw Hope itself take wings on Bemis Height. Barr'd, baffled, beaten, crippled, short of food, In vain his craft, his vet'ran multitude. Caught in the toils through which he could not break, Chain'd like a victim to the fatal stake Just where we stand — thanks to Sabbaoth's Lord Boasting Burgoyne gave up his vet'ran sword. Here Albion's battle flag, which, round the world. Following the sun at morning-gun 's unfurl'd, Here, where we stand, the crucial flag of Mars Stoop'd, in surrender, to our Stripes and Stars Where at an army's head, was first display'd Our Starry Flag with triumph's halo ray'd. or loyalists, Caniidians and Indians, when he utarted on this cj^pedition. He himsclt admits 7,868 men. Schuyler at Fort Edward, when l.urpoyne was within twenty-one miles of him, had only 1,5U0 miserably fiiruisliud troopH. Burgoyne surrendered, valtda and invalids, 5,763 nifn to Gates, who huu, bisides litalf, buleau-men, artilicers, etc., a force numbering 18,Ui24, according to olUciai returns. Gov. and Gen. C'liuton of New York estimated the forces of Gen. Gates at between 38,000 and S4,000 armed men. 148 Centennial Celebration of If. h?! A century since Burgoyne surrender'd here ! * British dominion its Centennial year Had jnst completed — which its Lion tore From Holland's zone, the richest gem it bore, — And now assembled thus, we celebrate The triumph sure which sealM th' invader's fate ; Without this deed, Freedom had not been ours; Without this fact, unbroken Britain's powers ; Burgoyne defeated, France became our friend, A source of strength on which we could depend, For all that War's strong sinews constitute — To foster Freedom's tree — ^neath us the root. All was decided here, and at this hour Our sun leap'd up, though clouds still veil'd its power. From Saratoga's hills we date the birth, — Our Nation's birth among the powers of earth. Not back to '76 New Yorker's date : The mighty impulse launched our " Ship of State" 'Twas given here — where shines our rising sun Excelsior ! These hills saw victory won. This vale the cradle where the colonies Grew into states — despite all enemies. Yes, on this spot — Thanks to our Gracious God Where last in conscious arrogance it trod, Defil'd as captives Burgoyne's conquer'd horde ; Below ' their general yielded up his sword There' to our flag bow'd England's, battle-torn. Where now we stand * th' United States was born ! > The New Netherlands were not definitely ceded to Great Britain, and did not become permanently New Yorli until the 9th Februiiry, 1674, by the peace Binned at Westmint- ter. The city of New Amsterdam or New York, wa» not finally yielded up, however, until the 10th November, 1674. ' " Below."' On the alluvial flat, a Tew feet distant fVom the foundation of the contem- plated Saratoga Monument (according to W. L. Stone), Burgoyne went through the ceremony of rcBiirning his sword to Gates. The iJuke do Rochcfoucauld-Liancourt (ii, 302) who visited "Saratog"' in 1795, says that the ceremony took place in the courtyard of Schuyler's ruined homestead. ' " There.'' About a hundred rods to the front and eastward, near tiie site of old Fort Hardy and present villageof Schuylerville, the British forces laid down their arms. * ''Here where we stand.'' The Convention of Saratoca traversed all the British plans, lost to iheCrowM an armv which could not be replaced, won by the colonies the French alliance, without whose iiu'M, material and money, Independence was silll an impossi- bility. Anil alterwards no great general l)iittle was fought, nor did the English achieve a single success which led, even comparatively spcakinir, to importmt results. The sun of the nth of October, 1777, wituesaed the safe delivery of the infant United SUtes. THE Surrender of Burqoyne. 149 rer. md did not become Tned at WeBtmint- Ided up, however, tion of the contem- went through the cauld-Llancourt (ii, ice In the courtyard tiie site of old Fort n their arras. II the British plans, clonics the French Milil an Impossl- he Kngllsh achieve It results. The sun United States. Note by the Editor to the Preceding Poem. The writer of these verses has endeavored to convey in a few lines facts worthy of remembrance, which thus concisely put could be recalled with- out exertion, and road or listened to without fatigue. The facts thus grouped together in rliyme, and so briefly presented, were the result, how- ever, of years of the closest study. The autiior's researches had already borne fruit in a series of publications. The most prominent of these was an " Annual Address," delivered on the 22d of January. 1877, before the New York Historical Society, and entitled " Major General Schuyler and the Burgoyne Campaign, in the summer of 1777 :" June, October, 1777 ; "Justice to Schuyler," published in the New York Citizen, Citizen and Round Table, in or about January, 1808; also "Schuyler and Practical Strategy," published in the Armi/ and Navy Journal, 27th January, 1865, vol. Ill, page 336. The last two were published in 1876, as a Monograplj, with notes. In addition to these, the author. Major General J. Watts de Peyster, prepared a series of nineteen articles, bearing the general title "The Revolutionary Year, 1777," which came out in the New York Evening Mail and New York Afail. Tlie first appeared on the 5th of April, and the nineteentii on the 13th December, 1877. The series treated of all the prominent events of " the real beyond contradiction. Centennial year." They filled nearly thirty columns of this Evening Daily. Overand above this immense labor, the same exponi nt of the truth of American history, wrote twelve voluminous articles on " the Burgoyne Campaign " for the New York Daily Times, treating in detail, not only the Burgoyne Campaign, proper, but all the milltarv operations bearing upon or con- nected with the same. These occupied at least thirlysix columns brevier and agate type in this prominent daily journal. Some of them were pro- nounced by experts to be exhaustive of facts and authorities. Nor was this the entirety of his labors. He furnisiied a monograpli and poem on the Battle of Oriskany, with notes to titone's New York Military Oazette, of the 15th November, 1860, rtnd a detailed article on the same subject to the New York Ilisiorical Magazine (new series, vol. v, No. 1), for January 1869. The poem whlcii first appeared in the Military Oazette, was con- sidered of sutticient merit to be translated Into German and republished la Hon. Friedrlch Kapp's " Gerchiclite dor deutchen Anwanderung in Ame- rika," vol. 1, " Oenchichte der Deutuchen in i^tuate New York bis zum anfange des neunzehnten Jahrhundert,'" New York, 1867, pages 38U-90. It was again reproduced in the IStaats Zeitung, of the 6th of August, 1877. His second poem on Oriskany, written for the occasion, was read at tlie Centennial Anniversary of this decisive battle, noteworthy in connection with the battles and capltulaiion of Saratoga, because it did decide the fate of the Burgoyne Campaign. This received the most flattering notice from the press throughout the state as well as elsewhere. The motive for all tills work was patriotism in the sense vhlch it was applied in olden times when a man's sympathies were not expected to embrace a continent • Love of New York, the Empire state in the truest sense of such an appellation, imperial even in its errors. With gradually developing thought, even New England lias attained thenuijesty of justice to Schuyler (see Stevens's Burgoyne Campaign, page 27). 20 m 150 Centennial Celebration of 1:1 h .■^T! * Alas ! this justice comes just one centurj'^ too late. New England's envy ard injustice, in 1777, deprived Schuyler of bis glory in the very hour of tuumpli. New England, for which Washington had so little good and so much bitter both to say and t«) write. All the conflicts of the Burgoyue campaign were fought on New York soil, and all the great factors in the triumph, except the mere nominal cliief actor, were born witliin the limits of the original colony, of the Kew Netherlands, afterwards New York. Children of its soil fought out the question, on the Upper Hudscm (underlying Fort Anne), at Oriskany, and in the pas.ses of the Highlands. Namesake and kinsman, blood relation and connection, neiglibor and dependant, met breast to breast, to solve the great problem whether thei; country should be happi , under a consti- tutional monarchy, or a constitution and congress. They did not decide it then, and it is an enigma \viiich still remains un- solved. Events are tending fast to its solution, but the tangled skein is certainly not yet entirely unravelled. What scathing words Washington hurls around him, at various mem- bers of tiie old original Thirteen. He is unsparing. New England does not escape, nor Pennsylvania, nor even his own native Virginia. "In 1777 (says Theodore ^arker in his Historic Americanis) whoa the British held Pliilailelphia, and Washington went into winter-quarters at Valley Forge, only a day's march off, at a time of the greatest peril, the * * state of Pennsylvania had but twelve hundred militia in the field to defend their own firesides." " Pennsylvania * * did little for independ- ence." These are quotations. If the charges are unfounded let the author justify them. One fact is patent, just as in 1863 and 186t5 Pennsylvania had to call, in 1777, upon her sister slates to protect her homesteads. Meanwhile what is the record of the Rev. William Gordon (HI, 390), in regard to New York, which, " though consuming at both ends, and bleeding at every pore, hud her complement of Continental troops (con- gress soldiers, regulars), in the field ; beside having raised in the month of May [1780], eight hundred new levies to guard the frontiers." In 1780, when New York was devastated (at its heart) by her owh off- spring, while thus suffering and still exerting itself, several of her sister states were in full and i)eaceable possession of their territories, seemingly slept in security, and had not a third of their quota in the field." "Yet (at this very peiiodj in 1779-80, General Arnold, the traitor, with less than two thousand men (British, regulars and loyalists) ravaged the whole state of Virginia for two years. Jefferson did nothing against him." {Parker's HiUoric Americans, Washington, 144.) Nor was the Father of his Country less severe on the original Colonial Virginia Militia or Pro- vincial troops. {Ihid, 86-88.) This theme might be pursued with healthful instructiveness through pages for the edification not merely of the men of the day, but of posterity, to show that not only were the shores of the noble river (which bears his name), "the loveliest country (according to Hudson) on which the foot of man was ever set," but the men who were bred and born along this majestic stream audits affluents, were worthy of such a partial soil. THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 151 The pen labors to reproduce all the honors that cluster around New York. " The curtains of yesterday drop down, the curtains of to-morrow roll up, but yesterday and to-morrow, bdh are /" Tlie first North American Colonial Congress met at New York, on the call of Leister in 1690 (Lamb, 1, 379). The second (by many styled the first), celebrated Congress, consisting of delegates from all the colonies, convened by order of the Lords of Trade, at Albany in 1754 (Lamb, 1, 640). The fate of the thirteen colonies w^as decided in the state of New York, one hundred years ago ; and the first president of the United States was inaugurated in the city of New York, eighty-eight years ago, in a building, Federal Hall, whose site was a gift to his native city, one hundred and eighty-five years ago, by the then mayor, tlie lineal ancestor of th'e writer of the poem which precedes tliis note. So mucli space has been devoted to this illustration, because if General de Peysler's p:irt. in the exercises on the 17th Oct., 1877, at Schuylerville was comparatively small, Ids " chivalric" labors to place the state of New York upon the grand ele^•ation its majesty deserves, have not been ex- ceeded by any " son of the soil," since first it had a literature and records. THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER, PREPARED FOR THE OCCASION BY COL. B. C. BUTLER. Read by William L. Stone. O say, can you see, by the dawn's early light. On Saratoga's broad plains what so proudly is streaming. Whose broad stripes and briglit stars through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming. For our fathers this day, to tliis field made^their way To glory, in the conquest of the foes prond array. And the star spangled banner in triumph shall wave, O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. In its field stood the plow, the axe ceased in the wood. From his log cabin gladly, the wild hunter sallied. From city and glen, they came like a flood To the ranks where the brave and the valiant were rallied. O let Stillwater's Heights, and Saratoga's dread fight Tell how nobly our sires, fought and bled lor the right. While the star spangled banner in triumph doth wave. O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. This day, when our sires trod on scepter and chain. And the foes of proud Britain were scattered before us, Then went up to heaven with lnudest acclaim From the hearts of true freemen, that victory is o'er us, 'Twas Huzzah! Huzzah I from the lake to the shore, m. 152 Ckntennial Celebration of Our cause it has triumphed, we are subjects no more — Tlie star spangled banner in triumph doth wave, O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. O, thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand Between their loved home and the foes' desolation, Blest with victory and peace, may the heaven-blest land, Praise the power that hath blest, and preserved it a nation. Then conquer we must, for our cause it is just, And this be our motto, " In God is our trust," And the star spangled banner in triumph shall wave, O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. LETTERS FROM BENSON J. LOSSII^G, MRS. ELLEN HARDIN WALWORTH, GILEIS B. SLOCUM, AND STEPHEN D. KIRK OF CHARLESTON, S. C. Read by Col. D. F. Ritchie. BENSON J. LOSSING'S LETTER. The Ridge, Dover Plains P. O., | Dutchess Co., N. Y., Oct. 15, 1875. j William L. Stone, Esq. : My Dear Sir — I find, at the last moment, that circumstances will deny me the enjoyment of participating in the ceremonies at Saratoga on Wednesday. I have anticipated much gratification in revisiting the region of Burgoyne's disaster, over which I traveled twenty-nine years ago, with pencil and note-book in hand, guided in my researches on Bemis's Heights, by Mr. Nelson, who, I believe, still lives in Arnold's headquarters. The .mention of Arnold's name opens to view the unpleasant scene in the career of the " conqueror of Burgoyne," which Americans are willing to conceal by a curtain drawn by the hand of charity in behalf of human weakness. I mean the cul- mination of the intrigues of Gen. Gates to obtain the honorable position held by Gen. Schuyler as commander of the Northern Department, whose judicious management with feeble means had secured the victory to Saratoga before the battle was fought. THE Surrender of Burootne. 153 The unselfish patriotism of Schuyler, second to that of no man engaged in the grand struggle for liberty in America a hundred years ago, was manifested in various ways. He never let personal feeling or interest stand in the way of the public good. When Gates came as his successor in command of the army and treated him with marked supercilliousness, Schuyler endured the cruel sting with calmness, and not only offered but promptly and generously gave to Gates his services and his influence which secured a triumph for the haughty commander and the patriot cause. He saw with deep concern the danger with wliich the cause was menaced by Gates's jealousy of Arnold ; and he expressed that concern orally and in letters to his friends; but he never uttered a word in derogation of Gates who, with the aid of his friends in congress, had cruelly wronged Schuyler. The lofty character of that patriot is displayed in some private letters whic^i Schuyler addressed, at the time, to Colonel Richard Varick, whi had been his military secretary and aide-de-camp, and was his much loved friend. Thesj letters, in unpublished manuscript, are before me. They have a peculiar interest in connection with this centennial celebration. I make the two or three subjoined extracts from them. Two days after the firht battle on Bemis's Heights (Sept. 21, 1777), Schuyler wrote to Col. Varick, who was in the field in front of Burgoyne : "I am exceedingly happy that the aflFair of the 19th has turned out so much to our advantage. I hope the same good fortune will attend us in every subsequent one. A report pre- vails that a second fracas has happened between Gates and General Arnold, but the occasion is not mentioned. I hope it is not of such a nature as to oblige that gallant oflicer to leave the army. If he does, I shall be far, very far indeed from being 80 easy as I feel myself in the reflection that he is with you. Advise me what has happened." On the 25th, Schuyler again wrote to Colonel Varick, saying : " I am pleased to hear that my gallant friend, General Arnold, has determined to remain until a battle shall have happened or Burgoyne retreats. Everybody that I have yet conversed with on the subject of the dispute between Gates and him thinks 154 Centennial Celebration of Arnold has been extremely ill-treated. I wonder at Gates's policy. He will probably be indebted to him for the glory he may acquire by a victory / but perhaps he is so very sure of success that he does not wish the other to cotne in for a share of it:' The destruction of his ])roperty to the amount of $50,000, his mansion and mills at Saratoga, did not draw from Schuyler a word of complaint. When Burgoyne, who had caused that destruction, was entertained at Schuyler's table, in Albany, after the surrender, and spoke feelingly of the event, the patriot replied : " Don't speak of it ; it was the fortune of war'' And two days before the surrender, when tidings of negotiations to that effect had reached Schuyler, he wrote to Colonel Varick (Oct. 15, 1877): "The event that has taken place makes the heavy loss I have sustained set quite easy upon me. Britain will probably see how fruitless her attempts to enslave us will be. I set out to-day." Schuyler's suggestion that Gates might be indebted to Arnold for the glory he might acquire by a victory, was prophetic. It was even so ; and he showed, in omitting Arnold's name in his despatch to congress, that he was unwilling that another should " come in for a share of the glory." I have written this letter with an earnest desire to impress upon the minds of my countrymen the truth which undeniable facts certify, that to the unselfish patriotism, sleepless vigilance, untiring industry, marvelous fortitude, rare judgment and skill, unflinching courage, lofty faith and wide social influence of General Schuyler, more than to the exertions of any other man, is due the honor and the praise of any turning back a most for- midable invasion of northern and western New York, in 1777, and the ruin of the armies of the invaders. That event was the pivotal point upon which the fortunes of the war tilrned in favor of the Americans, and led directly to circumstances which secured our independence. Yours, with sentiments of high esteem, Benson J. Lossing. THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 166 « MRS WALWORTH'S LETTER. Saratoga Springs, Sept. 4th, 1877. Mr. Wm. L. Stone, Sec'y, Dear Sir — Accept ray thanks for .your polite invitation, to attend the Centennial-celebration of the surrender of Burgoyne. I will endeavor to be present. It is an occasion in which I naturally take a very lively interest, having been over the ground many times both practically and theoretically in the preparation of my map of the battles. I have also a traditionary interest in the event since my great grandfather was in both battles and present at the surrender. As you have requested me to furnish you with a short sketch of his life to be used at the celebration, I enclose a few items and regret that pressing engagements prevent me from referring to interesting family papers. Colonel John Hardin was born in Fauquier county, Virginia, Oct. Ist, 1853. Martin Hardin, his father, moved from Fauquier, county, to George's Creek, on the Monongahela river, when John was about twelve years old. This was a new settlement on the frontier, and Martin Hardin thought it was in Virginia, but when the state line was drawn, it was found to be in Penn- sylvania. In their new situation, hunting was an occupation of necessity. Young Hardin, with his rifle, traversed the vales, crossed the hills and clambered the mountains in search of game until he became one of the most perfect hunters of his time. The rapidity and exactness with which he used his rifle (a weapon still preserved in the family), made him what is called a " dead shot." In the expedition conducted by Governor Dunmore against the Indians in 1774, John Hardin served as ensign in a militia company. The following year he volunteered with Captain Jack Morgan, and was wounded during an engagement with the o. "^o-es. A rifle ball struck his thigh and lodged near the groin whence ?t was never abstracted. Before he had recovered from his wound or could dispense with his crutches, he joined Dunmore in his march against the Indian towns. 156 Centennial Celebration of Soon after the peace that ensued, Hardin prepared for a journey to Kentucky, as the scene of new adventures, but rumors of approaching war with Great Britain led him to abandon this project. When the American congress called for a military force Hardin offered himself to the business of recruiting and soon joined the continental army with the commission of second lieutenant. He was attached to Morgan's rifle corps, and was held in high esteem by Gen. Daniel Morgan, and was often selected by him for enterprises of peril which required discre- tion and intrepidity to ensure success. While with the army of Gen. Gates he was sent on a reconnoitering expedition with orders to capture a prisoner for the purpose of obtaining inform- ation. Marching silently in advance of his party, he found himself, on reaching the Jibrupt summit of a niU, in the presence of three British soldiers and a Mohawk Indian. The moment was critical, but without the slightest hesitation he presented his rifle and ordered them to surrender. The British immediately threw cown their arms, the Indian clubbed his gun. Hardin continued to advance on them, but none of his men having come up to his assistance he turned his head a little to one side and called them. The Indian warrior observing Hardin's eye withdrawn from him reversed his gun with a rapid motion ior the purpose of firing. Hardin caught the gleam of light that was reflected from the polished barrel of the gun, and readily divining its meaning, brought his own rifle to a level, and with- out raising his gun to his face gained the first fire and gave the Indian a mortal wound. The ball from the warrior's rifle passed through Hardin's hair. The British prisoners were marched into camp and Hardin received the thanks of General Gates. Soon after this he was offered a major's commission in a new regiment, but he declined, alleging that he could be of more use where he was. In 1786, he removed with his wife and family to Kentucky, and was in every expedition into the Indian country from that state, that occurred during his life. In 1792, he was sent by General Wilkinson with overtures of peace to the Indians. He THE Surrender of Burqoyne. 167 was on his route to the Miami villages, attended by his in- terpreter and a party of Indians who professed to be friendly. They proved to be treacherous and cruel and shot him to death. The Indian chiefs assembled in council expressed much regret upon hearing of Hardin's death though they were suspected of having instigated the tragedy, the victim being held in dread as one of the " mighty men " of the " dark and bloody ground." With cordial wishes for the success of the celebration, I remain, Very truly yours, Ellen Hardin Walworth. GILES B. SLOCUM'S LETTER. Trenton, Wayne Co., Mich., Oct. 10th, 1877. William L. Stone, Esq., My Dear Sir — I take great pleasure in responding to your request that I should write you some of my early recollections of Schuylerville, and of the celebration which occurred in that vil- lage in 1822. Brief, as they must necessarily be, they may, perhaps, possess some degree of interest. It may not be out of place to say that my grandfather, Giles Slocumj was well acquainted with Major-General Schuyler (whom he greatly admired) as he first rented a farm and afterwards bought it of that general. The farm is now owned by one Lockro on the west bank of P^ish creek about a mile below Stafford's bridge. On this spot I was born in 1 808, but my father and grand- father moved over to old Saratoga, in 1814, and bought the place now owned by Hiram Cramer, situated about two miles south-west of Schuylerville. This was the same farm, in fact, on which resided Major Dunham — the captor of the noted tory Lovelace who was hung as a spy on the hill just in front of the old Schuyler mansion. • The remarkable and aged Albert Clements at that time lived on the adjoining farm to ours, and he is still living, adjoining, but about a mile east of his former residence. When a school boy, we used to find leaden bullets on Bur- > The skull of Lovelace is now in the possession of George Strover Esq. — W^L. S. 21 158 Centennial Celebration op goyne's battle-grounds of which we made plummets to rule our writing paper, as they were the softest and best lead to be had. I w*)ll remember the " entrenchments or breastworks" on the west slope of the heights of Saratoga of which Mr. Clements speaks in his affidavit ;' and I also well recollect the embank- ment enclosing Fort Hardy, at the north side of Fish creek, just at its junction with the Hudson — the point where Burgoyue's army piled their arms. About fifty-five years ago there was a big celebration on the 4th of July, of which Philip Schuyler, the grandson of General Schuyler, was the leading actor. The extensive tables on the occasion were set on the grounds of old Fort Hardy, with a canopy of evergreens to protect the guests from the sun although the oration was delivered in a shady grove on the eastern slope of the heights, near where the Dutch Reformed church now stands, by the " eloquent but unfortunate" Kev. Hooper Cum- mings of Albany, at that time a brilliant light in the American pulpit, but destined, " like a glowing meteor, to go suddenly down in darkness and gloom."- I well remember, also, that there were about a dozen old revolutionary soldiers i)resent, seated in a row on a bench close under the voice and eye of the orator (so tliat they could the better hear and see) ; and that when the speaker, in the course of his remarks, addressed them personally, it was in such glowing terms of thankfulness and honor for their invaluable services, few dry eyes could have been found within hearing of his voice. John Ward, one of the body guard of General Schuyler, and who was carried oflf by the tory Waltermeyer, into Canada, when the latter attempted the abduction of the general from Albany, was among those seated on the bench. The gathering was a very large one, the people of the whole county being nearly all there. Brigadier General De Ridder from across the river, a substantial property holder and a gene- » See Mra. Walworth's Guide Book, and Stone's Burgoyne. * This noted orator seems to have been a favorite speaker on ench occasions. In the Buminer of 182«i, when the lemnins of Jane McCrea were taken up and reburied, he de- livered the discourse. See Lossiug's Field Book of the Revolution. — W. L. S. THE Surrender of Burqoyne. 169 ral in the war of 1812, was mounted on a fine horse at the head of a large troop of light horse (as they were then called) and other military companies. The " soul stirring drum and ear piercing fife" were the materials in that day in the way of music. I recall the fact, also, that the breastworks surrounding the fort were nearly perfect a*^^ that time, as General De Hidder, at the head of the military, marched around on the top of the entrench- ments. Philip Scliuyler, and General De Ridder wore the great per- sonages of that day, and were the only ones who came to the old Dutch Reformed church in their coaches. Two years ago, I visited Schuylerville with my son. I then looked in vain for the first vestige of the old fort, or of the en- trenchments on the heights. I recollect the old Dutch Reformed church situated about half a mile south of Schuylerville, as mentioned by Mr. Clements; and in my childhood was edified by hearing eacft Sunday two sermons by the Rev. Mr. Duryea. The building was oiiclosed, but not plastered, and was used by the British in the campaign. I was well acquainted with Philip Schuyler, the grandson above mentioned, who left that section of the country in 1 837. I, also, left the same year for this place, where I have resided ever since. I came here for the first time, however, in 1831. You will see, therefore, that I cannot but have a great desire to see the monument completed in my time, as I have always had a strong attachment for the place of my birth. I regret very much that I cannot attend the celebration at Schuylerville on the 17th. I hope it will be a grand success and insure the erection of a monument on the far famed " heights of Saratoga" worthy to commemorate the great event of American history. With much esteem. Very truly yours, Giles B. Slocum. rv 'H 160 Centennial Celebration of STEPHEN D. KIRK'S LETTER. Charleston, S. C, Oct. 10, 18V7. William L. Stone, Esq.^ My Dear Sir — I am in receipt of your favor. It will give me great pleasure to have my name added to the list of the honorable gentlemen who are to be vice presidents on the great occasion alluded to ; and, at the same time, thank you sincerely for assigning one of the descendants of the fathers of one of the " old thirteen" a place in the programme. I feel, as all Americans should, that what concerns your great state, certainly belongs to me also ; and as citizens of one great nation, we can only maintain our sovereignty by such feeling. The year previous to the annihilation of Burgoyne in New York, Sir Peter Parker was expelled in disgrace from South Carolina ; and when France and Holland recognized our great country as free and independent. New York and the Palmetto state mutually rejoiced at the welcome event.. Then why should not the children and grandchildren, from generation to genera- tion, love and cherish each other ; and at all times -make these anniversaries national, if not in fact at least in feeling? ]My asternal grandfather (Wm. Roberts) was a soldier of the Re- volution. My paternal grand uncle (Gideon Kirk) was almost continually fighting the tories, and, on one occasion, a brother of his was killed by them through mistake for Gideon. After the war he was a member of our state legislature at the time of its adoption of the federal constitution May 23d, 1788. With much respect, Yours most cordialW, S. D. KiuK. n*''h TUB Surrender op Burqoyne. 161 LETTERS RECEIVED BY THE EXECUTIVE COMMIT- TEE FROM THOSE WHO WERE UNABLE TO BE PRESENT IN RESPONSE TO THE FOLLOWING INVI- TATION. Box 2374, New Yokk City, Auffust 22, 1877. Dear Sir:— One hundred years ago — tlie 17th of October, 1877 — Burgoyne surrendered on tlie phiins of Saratoga; and with tliat event closed I he most important chapt«r ofthe American Revolution. This secured for us the French alliance — and lifted the ch)ud of moral and financial gloom that had settled upon the hearts of the people, dampening the hopes ofthe leaders ol theUevolution, and wringing despairing words even from the hopeful Washington. From that auspicious day, belief in tljp ultimate triumph of Amirican liberty .invcr abandoned the nation till it was realized and sealed, four years later, almost to a day, in tfie final surrender at Yorktown. Arrangements have nccordingly been made, under the auspices of the Saratoga Monument Association, to celebrate t!ie one hundredth anni- versary of the surrender, upon the field of that event, at Schuylerville, N. Y. , on the seventeenth day of October next, in a manner every way wc'-thy of the occasion. Hon. Horatio Seynnmr of Utica, and Hon. George William Curtis of New York city, will deliver the orations, and Alfred B. Street of Albany, the poem. You are cor lially inviltd to at- tend this celebration. Yours very respectfully, William L. Stone, Chairman Invitation Committee. William L. Stone, P. C. Ford, E. F. Bullard, Invitation Committee representing the Saratoga Monument Association. An earl}' answer is. requested. THE LETTERS. » Glencliffe, Garrison, Putnam Co. N. Y., Sept. 4 1877. William L. Stone, Esq., New York. My D( ur Sir: I am in the receipt of the in- vitation which you have kinle to accept, otherwise he would be very happy to attend. Very respeeifuliy, T. H. 'Sherman, Secretary. Stowe, Vt., Aug. 21, 1877 William L. Stone, Esq , Dear Sir: As the SuiJienu? Court meets early in October, I shall be unable to accept the kind invitation ot' the committee to be |)resent at the Centennial anniver- sary ofthe surrender of Burgoyne. Yours voi*y truly, Jos. P. Bradley. THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 165 Lyme, Conn., Aup. 20, 1877. Dear Sir: I am just in the receipt at this place, of your invilation to atleud lliecelebraliou of the one liundredlli an- niversary of tlie surrender of Burgoyne under tlie auspices of the Saratoga Monument Association, and regrei to say tliat my official engagements at Washington will prevent niv acceptance. Yours very respecttully, M. K. Waite. Paris, September 14, 1877. Wm. L. Stone, Esq., Dear Sir: The invi- tation of your comuiitlee only found me the other day in Scotland. It will not be in my power to reach home in time to be at Saratoga on the 17lh ol October. I hasten to thank you, however, and those associated with you in your eHorts to testify the national appreciation of a battle which — if any one link in the chain of God's Providences is of more im- portance than another — was beyond question the most important battle of the Revolution, it was at Saratoga that our militia first became aware of their ability to cope successfully with English regulars. It was in that battle the Briiish government learned the lolly, if not the wickedness of its unholy alliance with savages. It was the deteat of liurgoyne which practically decided France to lend us her sword, thereby insuring, it not actually accomplishing, our deliverance. Such a landmark in our history can hiirdly be made too conspicuous. It is on.^ less meritorious to assist in perpetuating the memory of important public services than to have conferred them. The monuments of a nation's gruiitude are ])erhaps the truest measure of its patriotism and the most eloquent propagators of those distinctive virtues by which great states are founded, aggrandized and perpetuated. Should it be proposed at your galliering in October to erect some memorial of the Saratoga victory, more durable — if such a thing be possible — than the discourse and poem to be pronounced on that occasion, I venture to solicit the privilege of associating myself with the advocates of such a proposal and, according to my means, with any eti'ort looking to its realization. I am, dear sir, very respectfully yours, John Bigelow. Albany Aug. 32, 1877. William L. Stone Esq., My dear S' ; I thank you for your kindness in sending me an invitation fnnn the Saratoga Monument Association to attend their celebration at ScLuylerville of the lOOtli anniversary of the tifleenth decisive battle of the world. Unless detained by some unloreseeii circumstance, I shall not hiil to be present, that 1 may enjoy lUt- luxury of sharing simultaneously in the patriotic emotions of tlie lens of tliousands who will be assenil»led there on the occasion. Very respectfully yours, IIenuy A. Homes. Albany invitat ANY, Sept. 1, 1877. My dear Mr. Stone. I thank you for the kind ...,..;<.aon to be present at the anniversary of the ITtli of October. From your intimate knowledge ol my sentiniunis expressed to you in our many conversaiions upon this subject, you must feel assured llial notliing would give me greater pleasure than to be present on that occasion. In limes like these, however, business must receive the lirst and tlie undiviiled attention; and an iuii)eralive engagement on the day of the celebration, far away from home, will oblige me to decline. Very cor- ,l:..ll I/WIXT Si U.......,r dially yours John S. Pekuy. I. Buadley. Albany, Sept. 1, 1877. Sir: I have the honor of acknowledging the re- ceipt of your very polite invilation to attend the celebration «)f the one hundredth anniversary of the surrender of Buigoyne, and I shall be most hapi)y to avail myself of the same if my official duties here do not prevent. Thanking you lor very courteous attention, 1 remain, Youis very truly, FuANKLLN TovvNBENB,.4c(;u Sfraioga to celehraie. Saratoga was the grand culmination of which Oiii'kany and Bennington were most essential com- plements. Let m add too that the work you have recently given to the public as the frui >)f much labor an 1 e.xtensive research, while it may tend to cor- rect soiiH' popular eirois, ,ind should be carefully studied in connection with the whole story of Burgoyne's marches, engagements, and final sur- render. It may call out some discussions and even controversy, br.t it will be wholesome, if wisely and decorously conducted, and, as to the result, I venture the prediction that yours will be accepted as the most veritable narrative of the events of which it treats, and the best sus- tained by contemporary and reliable authority. Renewing my regret, lliat events I am unable to control, will prevent my presence and participation in the ceremonies of the 17ih — and trusting it will be, as I cannot doubt it must be, in all respects, x most successful demonstration, I remain, with much regard. Your obedient servant, ^M. J. Bacon. Utica, N. Y., October 15, 1877. Hon. William L. Stone : Contrary to my expectations I shall be prevented tnmi attending your celebration of the surrender of Burgoyne. The campaign of which that was the con- summation, had such importance in securing our independence, and especially is so brilliant anil momentous a chapter in the history of New York, that our peoi)le cannot recall it too often, nor mark it with monu- ments too grand and resplendent. Your celebration will summon so many and such distinguished :^ien, that my absence will not be observed, but to myself it is a source of regret and disappointment. Yours very truly, Ellis H. Roberts. Fire Island, N. Y., Sept. 4th, 1877. Wm. L. Stone, Esq., My Dear Sir: Your kind invitation of the 28lh ult., directed to nie at Utica has been forwarded to me at tiiis place. Your kind invitation to be present THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 167 ivitation to n received, so heartily tory of our 1 lie anni- Lirrender of jlnting you 3U for your McNaky. ^ron will re- in to be pre- itimated the L'd quite cer- ;sion lit that not say how V oil Id be my ciates in tlie nee, at least, •e it possible f the people. [) participate, k had never lie important because, as I )tful whether k-as the grand isseiitial com- the public as tend to cor- n connection land tinal sur- versy, br.t it d, as to the as the most the best sus- will prevent and trusting |)st successful servant, J. Bacon. Contrary to telebraiion of was the con- .■ndence, and jtory of New it with monu- Vnon so many served, but to [ery truly, ROBKKTB. sq., My Dear frti Utica has to be preseat with you as one of the vice presidents in your exercises of the 17th of Oct., has not been received by nie. I am here as a victim of hay fever which will not permit any escape until the lO'h of Sept. On my return to Utica, and by the 24tli of Sept. I shall be able to ascertain whether it will be in my power to accept your kind invitation and I will then write to you again. It', in any way, I can aid you in your good work do not hesitate to call on me by letter or otherwise. Sincerely yours, 'John F. Seymour. Cambridge, Sept. 13, 1877. My Dear Sir: I regret extremely that I cannot comply with your request. But I have not a moment's leisure for anything beyond the imperative demands upon my time, and must beg to be excused. Yours truly, Henry W. Longfellow. Beverly Farms, Mass., Aug. 25th, 1877. Gentlemen : I regret that my engagements will not permit me to have the privilege and pleasure of attending the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of Burgoyne's surrender, at Schuylerville, to which you have kindly invited me. Very truly yours, O. W. Holmes. Worcester, Sept. 4, 1877. My Dear Sir : M^ public duties will deprive me of the great pleasure of accepting your invitation for Oct. 17. I am, yours very respectfully, Geo. F. Hoar. Burlington, Vt., Aug. 35lh, 1877. Dear Sir: Have youis of the 15th inst., inviting me to attend the celebration of the Centennial anniversary of the surrender of Bprgoyne. I regret that the session of congress called for the 15ih of October will prevent my attendance. I rejoice that you are to celebrate that most important event. It was a great white st(me, set up in the long anil dreary pathway of the Revolution. As distance from a mountain is necessary to enable us to see correctly its greatness and proportions, so the distance of time from which we now observe it, the grandeur of the Revolution that has now given to us as its happy fruit, not only the memories of great soldiers and wise statesmen, but one country of freemen justly inyoicing in universal liberty under a government at once separate and united and with peace and order everywhere. The century now past should be an inspiration to our repiiblic of cjiizens and of states for the development in the next and all succeeding ones<»f that happiness and prosperity lliiitshould grow more and more from universal liberty and the reign of equal law. Thanking you for your courteous invitation, I am, Very truly yours, Geo. F. Edmunds." Burlington, Vt. Aug., 21, 1877. My Dear Sir: I have to thank your committee for tlie invitation received this morning, to attend the celebra- tion at Schuylerville, :)n the 17th of October. I very much regret that professional engagements at that time, will deprive me of the pleasure of accepting it. No event in the Revolution is more eminently worthy of special commemoration, than the surrender of Burgoyne. 1 trust your celebration will be in every respect a success, worthy of the occasion, and of the gentlemen who have it in charge. With much respect. Very sincerely yours, E. J. Phelps. Burlington, Vt., Oct 9, 1877. My Dear Sir : I have delayed, until now, a reply to your invitatioji to attend the celebration of Burgoyne's surrender, set for the 17th of October, hoping that I should be able to be present. I regret to say, that I tind it impossible. The 16th of August at Bennington, and the iftli of October on the plains of Saratoga, are bound together as fjH^ts of a series — the beginning and the ending — associated in the memories of either day, and well deserving the recognition which 168 Centennial Celebration of the first received at the centennial observance at Benninicton, and the latter the crnwninjr work, shall receive, upon the field of that event, after lis hundred vears of memory and influence. " The Green Mountain Boy," and the " Yorlter " must he at one aa tliey look upon oitlier monu- ment, and 80, 1 trust, they sliall ever he in all patriotic actions. With great respect, t am your obedient servant, Danikl Roheiits. Boston, Mass. , Aup. 30, 1877. My Dear ]V r. Stone. Returning last night from a journey, I find your kind invitati( n to the Saratoga festival in October, and regret that I shall be preven.ed by engagements from being present on so interesting an occasion. Yours verv tndy, F. Paukman. 8, t;>' 18' *ri- i '. Dear Sir: Your very kind note of the 6th, ; invilation to he present at Saratoga on the 17th vice presidents, at the celebration, is at hand. . 'ite your kindness and hope to be able to be Newport, 0:?t. acccmipanying and act as on^' Be assured tha> present. I regret to say this .je lat vere illness of Gov. Van Zandt will prevent his making the journey. It w lyi'd be unsafe for him to do so. I saw him yesterday, and to-day he rode out a short way in a close carriage for the first time since his return from the West. I sliall try to arrange to loave here on Monday night and hope to meet you on the old battle grounci. Very truly yours, S. G. Aknold. Stqckbridge, Mass., Oct. 11, '77. My patriotic co-worker, Mr. Stone: No man who will stand on the " Field of Grounded Arms " on the cen- tennial anniversary will carry in his bosom a heart iiiore full of rejoicing than mine, which must necessarily keep time at home to the glad pulsa- tions of the thousands who will sliout over the corner stone. To think that, after years of labor, discouragement and vexation over disappoint- ment on every hand, we have begun to witness tlie fulfillment of our long deferred hopes, is a glory as well as a joy. 1 feel that, when the foundation stone of our long desired memorial is dulv and deftly laid, the people of the Empire slate, if not of otlier states, will generously. rally for the superstructure, nor feel content till its proud summit has received its cap-stone and stands in its grandeur, " heir of the sunset and herald «f the morning." Under the stimulus of oratory and patriotism, our enterprise must receive its title-deed to complete success. Glorious will be the day when the captured cannon of Burgoyne shall tell tlje land in thunder tones, that the work has been acconiplished. I can almost fauCT the bones of both my grandsires stirring in their graves at tjje peals oijoy on the field where they witnessed the great sunender. Very truly yours, E. W. B. Canning. Nabragansett Pier, Aug. 24, 1877. My Dear Stone: I have just re- ceived your invitation to be present at the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the surrender of Burgoyne. I must congratulate; you on the success, which las crowned your arduous labors in preparing the pub- lic for a fitting comnji;r>ioration of this great event. It would give me the greatest pleasure to p^-ticipate in tlie celebration, but my ofliicial en- gagements render it impossible for me to do fso. Thanking you for your courteous invitation, I am as ever, Youvrf most truly, James B. Angell. Buffalo, Oct. 10, 1877. Gent. : Thanks for your invitation to attend the centennial anniversary of the surrender of Burgoyne. I wish it were so that I could go. I am reluctantlv compelled to decline. My best wishes attend you at the gathering. Very respectfullv yours, 6. H. Marshall. THE Surrender op Burgoyne. 169 Salt Lakk City, Utah, Oct. 8. 1877. William L. Stone, Esq., My Dear Sir: I received your kind invitation to be present on the 17th inst. , on the fjround where Rurgoyne surrendered, and join in tl>e celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of that great event. If it were only to visit again the scenes amid which I spent the earliest years of my childhood, and near which I spent my early manhood ; if it were only once more to pass over the historic field that gave its name to the reginient, "The Bemis Heights Heginient," which I had the honor to command in the late war for the Union ; if it were only for these reasons, I should desire to he with you. But your invitation has even greater inducements for me than these. Perhaps the greatest achievements of the revolutionary period were the Dec!!'.'"ntion of Independence, tlie victory of Saratoga, and the Federal Constitution, and the first and the list of these turned upon the second as upon a pivot. Without that victory the Declaration woidd have gone for naught, and the Constitution would never have existed. The battle of Saratoga, the most important in our Revolution, has been pronounced one of the "fiiteen decisive l)attles <>f the world." How strange that success in such a battle should seem to have de|>cnded upon an accident! Tiie British war minister wrote per(;mi)tory orders to llowe to supper* Burgoyne, then put the order in a pigeon-hole and forgot to send i. Howe marched to Philadelphia and not to Saratoga. Was it an accidei.! ? In God's government, whether of matter or of mind, there are no '"ici- dents. Who can doubt that it was and is in the order of Provide. C3, that this republic should be founded, and should survive all ussaullf from without and all dissensi(ms fnmi within? "The riKht is with us, God is with tho right. And victory is with God 1" The distance is so great, and my engagements are such, that i mnot be present, on the 17th inst., on the ground where Burgoyne surrendered. I must, therefore, content myself with thanking you for inviting me to participate in so interesting an occasion. I am, very respectfully. Your obedient servant, ' James B. M< Kean. Peohia, III., Aug. 7th, 1877. Gen. E. F. Bullard, Dear Sir: I do not believe it will be possible for me to be with you on the imniortal 17th of Oct. I thank you heartily and sincerely for the invitation. Yours truly, R. G. Ingersoll. WoODSiDE, Ky., Sept. Ist, 1877. Wm. L. Stone, Esq., My Dear Sir: I have the pleasure of acknowledging your ccmrteous invitation to visit Schuylerville and participate in the celebrati(m of the one hundredth an- niversary of the surrender of Burgoyne, " as one of the vice presidents of the day. This compliment I highly appreciite ; and unless prevented by circumstances on which I have no control, I will be with you on that occasion. Again returning you my thanks for the honor conferred. I remain, Yours most respectfully. -Col. Clarence S. Bate. J. Angell. Elizabethtown, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1877. My Dear Sir; I thank you for your kind invitation to attend the Burgoyne centennial. If possible you may be sure I will not fail to attend, but my engagements for the month are very pressi:ig and I fear I may fail. You know how j^reat an interest I have always taken in the history of Burgoyne's campaign, the turning point of our Revolution and so of American history. I trust and indeed am sure it will be worthily celebrated. Very truly yours, Rob. 8. Hale. Executive Department, State of Connecticut, Hartford, Oct. 5, 1877. Sir : I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your very courteous i vitation to 170 Centennial Celebration of 1^^ '■''f. attend the celebration of tlic one hnndrcilth anniversary of the surrender of Burgojiic. Regretting tluit I am obliged to deny myself the pleasure, and thanking you for your courtesy, I have the honor to be, Your ob't serv't, R. D. Hubbard. Boston, Oct. 1, 1877. William L. Stone, Esq., Dear Sir: I am di- rected by Ills excellency, the governor, to acknowledge the receipt of your very courteous invitation to attend tiie one hundredth anniversary of the surrender at Saratoga, on the 17th inst.,and to communicate to you his regret that public and official duties will compel ids presence within the commonwealth at that time. I am Sir, with high resjject, etc. Q. H. Campbell, Private Secretary. State of Kentucky, Executive Department, Frankfort, Sept. 4, 1877. William L. Stone, Esq., Dear Sir: Yours of recent tJate in behalf of the Saratoga Monument Association, inviting me to atten.l the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the surrender of F>urgoyne, is at hand and I regret that offlcidl engagements will prevent 'iiy attendance. Very respectfully, James B. McCreary. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Executive Chamber, Harrisburg, Aug. 22, 1877. Gentlemen: 1 beg h'ave to acknowledge your cordial invitation to attend the celebration of tlie annivesary of the surrender of Burgoyne on the seventeenth of next October, and regret that my proba- ble engagements and the uncertainty of affairs in Pennsylvania for the next few months, will not permit nu; to accept the same. The occasion is one of so much interest, that 1 should like extremely to participate. Under the circumstances 1 can only return to the Saratoga Monument Association my tlianks for their kind remembrance and wish them and the occasion the greatest success and enjoyment. I am, gentlemen, with high regards. Yours very truly, J. P, Hartranft. State of Arkansas, Executive Office Little Rock, Sept. 3, 1877. William L. Stone, Esq., Dear Sir: Your invitation to attend the one hundredth anniversary of the surrender at Saratoga, is received. I wish that it might be possible for me to attend, but have to regret that pressure of official duties, at home, will i)robably prevent. Centennial commemo- ti/ Arkansas. liss., Aug. 22, or to acknow- bration of the m the 17th of !8 of the occa- engagemenls that pleasure, M. Stone. ug. 22, 1877. Ritult, I reply t probably be tion of public lands, etc., which will require his presence In the state at the time of v'^tir celebraticm. He will advise you definitely upon his return, which will be within a fortnight. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, John M. Reioart, Private Secretary. Providence, Aug. 22, 1877. William L. Stone, Esq., Dear Sir : Your polite invitation to attend the celebration of the one hundredth anniver- sary of the surrender at S ratot')' came duly to hand. It was addressed to myself individually, but oi" couise, was intended for the present jjover- iw-r, Van Zandt. 1 hav • forwarded the invitat' »n and he will undoubt- edly cordially respond to it. Very truly j-ours, Henry Lippitt, Ex-Governor of Rhode Inland. State of Rhode Island, Executive Department, Newport, Sept. 7, 1877. Dear Sir. Your favor is received, and I shall be gratified to be present with my adjutant general and the six nuMiibers of my personal staff at your celebration of tlieonehunci;;.H!t!! anniversary of the surrender of Bui-goyne on the 17lh of October next. With great respect, most truly yours, Cuas. C. Van Zandt, Goverru/r, State of New Jersey, Executive Department, Trenton, Oct. 8, 1877. Wni. L. St(me, Esq., My Ue.irSir : Permit nic to thaiii; you and the com- mittee for the honor t)f an invitation to be present ,>ii the 17th inst., at the centennial of the surrender of Burgoyne. I find that it is impossible to acci pt^owiiig to official duties here. This I really regret, as the occasion will not only be pleasurable but will com- memorate one of the brightest and most important events of the Revolution. Again thankiug you, and wishing thai the day may be a success as it cannot be otherwise. I am yours, very respectfully, J. D. Bedle. Martha's Vineyard, Aug. 23. My Dear Sir: Your very polite invita- tion to participate in the celebration of the one hundredth aniiiversaiy of the surrender of Burgoyne reached me ye.steiday. 1 regret that it will not be in my power t«) witness the interesting ceremonies of the occasicm, and be^ tliat'you v\ ill convey to the gentlemen of tlie committee my thanks for their courtesy, and my regret that I cannot avail myself of it. With my best wishes for the complete success of the celebration, I am very respectfully yours, Geo. B. McClellan. Oregon, Executive OfBce, Salem, Sept. 12, 1877. Hon. Wm. L. Stone, Sir: 1 have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your courteous in- vitation to attend the celebration of the one hundredih anniversary of the battle of Saratoga. I fully appreciate the importauce ol the event that this celebratij a confidence in the stability and ultimate triumph of the infant republic which never after- wards deserted them, and \n unquestionably brought to their aid the French alliance. I have no donbt that your proposed celebration will be an oc- casion of much interest, and 1 therefore so much the more regret the fact that my official duties will not permit me to attend. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, S. F. Chadwick, Governor of Oregon. Wisconsin, Executive Department, Madison, Sept. 25, 1877. Wm. L. Stone, Esq. Dear Sir : I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your valued invitation to attend the celebration of the one hund'edth anniversary of the surrender of Burgoyne, and to convey to you my 172 Centennial Celebration. ?( sincere regret, that urgent duties will prevent my acceptance of the same, Were it possible for mc to be present on ho interesting and lilslnric an oc- cusion, I would most gladly have availed myself of your dislinguislied courtesy. Yours with respect, II. Ludinoton. Governor of Winconsin. o New Orleans, August 27, 1877. Dear Sir : Your kind invitation to attend tlie celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of Uurgoyiie's surrender at Schuylerville, N. Y., Oct. 17, 1877, is accented. Thanks. Truly yours, 8. 13. Packaud. Commonwealth of Virginia, Governor's office, Richmond, Sept. 5, 1877. William L. Slone, Esq., Dear Sir : Your letter inviting me to attend the celebration of the 17th proximo, at Schuylerville, New York, is received as a highly appreciated honor; and I regret that my other en- gagements forbid me the privilege of uniting with you on an occasion so interesting. Yours very respectfully, James L. Kemper. Maine, Executive Department, Augusta, Aug. 28, 1877. Mr. Wil- liam L. Stone, Dear Sir : I beg you will receive my sincere acknow- ledgments of your courtesy in inviting me to attend the celebralicm of the one liundredth anniversary of the surrender at Saratoga, on the seventeenth day of October next, and my regrets that I cannot be present on that in- teresting occasion. Yours very respectfully. Selden Connor, Qovernor of Maine. St. Johnsbury, Oct. 10, 1877. William L. Stone, Esq., My Dear Sir : I duly received your very courteous invitation to attend the Centennial celebration of Burgoyne's surrender at Schuylerville on the 17th instant, and I have hoped to avail myself of that plasure, but at this late day I find that unavoidable business, official and private, will prevent my attendance, which I nuich regret. Tlianking you for your very kind invitation, I re- main. Yours very respectfully, Horace Faihbanks, Qovernor of Vermont. APPENDIX. * m»» * ARCHITECT'S STATEMENT. To the Building Committee of t/ie Saratoga Monument : Gentlemi^i; : The foundalion of the tnounmcnt is built. It is of con- crete, thirty-eight feet square and eiglit feet tliick. One quarter of the granite plintli or base is also built. D. A. Bullard, of tlie executive com- mittee, has been an efficient auxiliary in soliciting aid, purchase of material and employing of labor, to carry to asucccssful completion tiic work re- quired preparatory to laying the corner stone. Much of tiie labor and material has been donated by the inhabitants of the vicinity ; the granite corner stone was given by Booth Brothers, of New York, at a cost of f300. It is of Cape Ann granite They also furnished, under contract, the granite used in building the quarter of the plinth ; tl>e blue stone was given by Monta, of Sandy Hill. The master mason employed was John Matthews. Ihe detail drawings for t lie granite were made by William T. Markham in New York, the stone being cut partly in New Y'ork, and partly at the quarry, shipped to New York, and then transferred to a canal boat and taken to Schuylerville and set without litting or cutting- The work has progressed rapidly and without accident ; and to-day the corner stone is to be laid by the ancient and honorable Order of Free Masons, the Grand Lodge of the state of New York performing the ceremony. J. C. Markham, Architect. SchuylervUle, N. T., Oct. 17, 1877. 28 174 Centennial Celebration of LIVING DESCENDANTS OF THOSE WHO FOUGHT IN THE BATTLES OF SARATOGA 1777, AS FAR AS AS- CERTAINED. Collected by Samuel Wells of Schuylerville, N. Y. NAME. Layfayette S. Foster, Lemuel PI. Hardin, Martin D. Hardin, Aust'-" A. Yates, - John Brisbin, Josiah St." John, Herman St. John, R. D. Pahnatier, - Stephen T. Burt, Killian D. Winney, Hurland Baker, Manton Marble, John Austin Stevens, John A. Bryan, J. D. Billings, - Jeremiah McCreedy, Robert Bryan, - Stephen S. Dunn, - Lewis Ostrander, James S. Ostrander, Frank Walworth, Nathan A. Wells, - John Dunham, - John H. Dunham, George McCreedy, Henry McCreedy, - William A. Dunn, Judson Ostrander, David Brisbin, - Charles Neilson, E. R. Mann, George Dunn, RE8IDXNCB. Norwich, Corm.y Louisville, Ky, M (( Schenectady, N. Y. St. Paul, Minn. Brooklyn, iV". Y. Luzerne, JV. Y. Waterford,N. Y. Northuraherland, N. Y. Mechanicsville, N. Y. New York City, N. Y. .( (( ({ <( (t u M (( «< (C u Charles Van Valkenburgh, David Crane, William H. McCreedy, - : Y. Peter G. Gillett, - /. Marcus Carey, - r. Alanson Welch, • Lorenzo D. Welch, - r. Nathan Welch, id, iV. Y. Dudley Welch, (( P. Curtis, , N. Y. C. Curtis, y, N. Y. George McCreedy, (( William McCreedy, - (( John McCreedy, {( Samuel McCreedy, (( V. W. Ostrander, ng%, N. Y. W. S, Ostrander, i « Cornelius B. VV inne. ( « Valorus Winne, I « S. H. Winne, ( « Douw F. Winne, Seward Winne, Schuylerville, N. Y. (i « i( {< IC {( u II tt {( II 11 II II II II (1 II II II II II II II II 11 II II II K II II II II II II II II II II It II II II II II M M M M M II (1 (1 ROSTER OF THOSE OF THE GOVERNOR'S FOOT GUARD OF HARTFORD, CONN., WHO WERE PR^-.- SENT AT THE BURGOYNE CENTENNIAL CELE- BRATR)N. Wm. H. Talcott, - - . - Major Commandant. A. H. Wiley, .... Capt. and \st Lieut. W. E. Eitton, ■ - - • 2d Lieut. R. D. Burdick, • • • • 3d Lieut. S. E. Ilascall, .... nh Lieut. 176 Centennial Celebration of V 1st John D. Trcker. 2c? James C. Pratt. 3c? C. C. Strong. 4th T. J. Lewis. C. B. Lenourd. W. W. Bronson. Samuel Allen. W. D. Main. John H. Allen. W. S. Andrews. Samuel J. Bidwell. Frank C. Burr. J. M. Boyle. Robert Boyce. P. T. Bolton. E. T. Bowers. W. G. Cowles. J. P. Collord. D, D. Donovan. K. J. Dwyer. W. S. Dwyer. H. E. Easterly. A. H. Embler. Thos. Fox. Chas. U. Frazicr. A. W. Gleason. T. II Goodrich. C. E. Gilbert. J. J. Goodacre, 0. G. Goodell. Jas Hull. J. P. Haff, Jr. Sergeants. 5th L. N. Hillman. 1th T. C. Naedele. Sth Thomas Hewitt. Corporals. E. M. Quigley. J. A. Downing. J. Robt. Dwyer. Privates. John H. Hale. L. A. Hitchcock. Frank Halloner, Jr. Thos. H. Hewitt. Augustus Loomis. Horace G. Lord. Thos. Moran. J. H. Mannix. It. D. McMannus. G. A. J. Naedele. F. D. Newell. Jas. Officer. Thos. Oakes. John Propson. Edwin Smith. E. D. Sessions. Jacob Stern. Frank Stone. William B. Wells. Alfred Williams. Geo. II. Williams. H. O. Whitney. Frank G. Wells. THE SURRENDBR OF BURGOYNE. 177 VETERAN CORPS. George B. Fisher, Captain. Wni. B. Ely, ex major. J. C. Parsons, ex major. A. M. Gordon. J. B. Russell, Jr. Geo. W. Newton. A. M. Hurlbuit. D. C. Pond. E. W. Parsons. J. M. Grant. F. E. Bliss. N. G. Hinckley. Cyrenus Green. M. R. West, Judge Advocate. H. J. Case. P. S. Riley. F. H. Boyle. T. H. Laughton, Hartford Times. F. C. Clark. Edward Wadsworth. Geo. W. Woolley. William P. Woolley. H. C. Havens. J. D. Burnham. A. B. Work. C. C. Goodman. T. W. Russell. John Olmsted. fi SUBSCRIBERS TO THE ME^IOIR. NAME. RE8IDKNCE . George L. Schuyler, - - - New York City. Philip Schuyler, - - - u {( Montgomery Schuyler, - «t (( J. Watts 1)ePkystku, - (( K B. W. ThRO( KMORTOX, - (( {( John H. Si aiux, - (( « Charles O'Connor, - (I (( Booth Brothers, (t C( James Grant Wilson, - ({ <( Weiister Wagner (( (( Parker Handy, (( cc John Bioelow, - a (C Algernon S. Sullivan, - <( (( Manton Mariu.e, (( (( J. J. Couch, - . - (( ii Edward F. DeLanoey, ' « David M. Stonk, " (C C. C. Church, (( tt 178 Centennial Cblebrat-ok of |!i^^ j. c. m> rich am, - Henky Kiddle, John G. McNary, Samuel Osgood, S. S. Cox, .... Ethan Allen, Frank Burdge, - J. D. Billings, Thomas Williams, Horatio Seymour, William J. Bacon, John F. Seymour, - George William Curtis, - Lafayette S. Foster, - Mrs. Mary S. Miller, A. Austin Yatbs, - Co. I, Governor's Foot Guard, Giles B. Slocum, Stephen D. Kirk, - RoKERT S. Hale, Asa C. Tekkt, Joseph E. King, - New xork City. « (( ^i (( (( .,« '.. (( (( (( « (( (( (( « (( ;c (ti (( « f< (( u a mica, n: r. u West New Brighton, N. Y. Norwich, Conn. Rhinebeck, N. Y. Schsnectady, N. Y. Hartford, Conn. Trenton, Mich. Charleston, S. C. Elizahethtown, N. Y. Fort Miller, N. Y. Fort Edward, N Y. B. C. Butler, - - . - Luzerne, N. Y. William H. Clement, Morrow, Ohio. Gratz Van Rensselaer, . J.aca,N. Y. S. G. Arnold, '' ovidence, li. I. J. R. Bartlet", n « L. B, Packard, • New Orleans, La. 0. H. Marshall, Buffalo, N. Y. James B. McKean, Salt Lake, Utah. John Wooduridge, - New Brunswick, N. J. John Hay, .... Cleveland, Ohio. Thomas W. Olcoit, - Albany, N. Y. Henry A. Homes, - It (i Joel Munsei.i., • M ir George W. Schuyler, - (( (( Rurus W. Clark, M (« THE Surrender of Burgoyne. 179 on, i\r. IT. r. r. la. .v: ,/: H. L. Gladding, Lemon Thomson, Abraham Lansing, - John S. Perry, - Charles S. Lester, e. f. bullard, James M. Marvin, - WiNsoR B. French, Joseph G. Cooke, ... Philip Menjes, - W. H. Hall, - - - • H. W. Merrill, - Miss Wayland, Mrs. Ellen Hardin Walworth, Mrs. C. H. Brown, 0. L. Barbour, ... P. C. Ford, ... - A. Welch, .... G. F. Watson, - C. W. Mayhew, Mrs. Jane M. Marshall, Charles M. Bliss, - F. H. Sands, 1. W. Richards, - - George West, George G. Scott, Apollo Commandery, - Francis W. Stone, - Charles D. Stone, William H. Stone, - R. S. Storrs, . - - - Col. Clarence S. Bate, - /.Ibant/, jV. Y. i( it tt (( Saratoga Springs^ iV. Y. u {( (( tt (( (( u (. « « (( (( (( (( (( (( (( (( (1 (( (C « (( (i (( {( « « {( « « <( (( Schuyler v\ 'lie, N. Y. (( ({ ti {< (( (( (C (( Bennington, Vt. « (( White Greek, JST. Y. Ballston Spa, JV. Y. <( « <( Troy, JV; Y. Brooklyn, iV! Y. tf, it tt tt tt tt Louisville, Ky, 180 Centennial Celebration. ERRATA. Page 5. 8th line from bottom, for shoaling, read shooting. " 13. 4th line from top, for Alomo, read Alanson. " 13. 7th line from top, for Terry, read Ferry. •' 16. 4th line from top, for Hasseit, read Fassett. " 16. 7tli line from top, for Gates's CentenniaVs, read Gates's Conti- nentals. " 23. T^ote, 2d line from bottom, for Mann, read Marvin. " 23. Last line of text for sure, read serve. " 25. 3d line from bottom for Clarence S. Bate, read Col. Clarence S. Bate. .^1 INDEX. Gates's Conti- hi. Clarence S. Abercrombie, 66, 146. Ackland, Lady, 105, 109, 110. Ackland, Major, 109. Adams, C. H.,27. Adams, John, 67, 83. Adams, Samuel, 10, 18, 83. Adkins, Thos. G.,30. Albany Evening Journal, 10. Allen, A. L., 26. Allen, Capt. P. F.,28, 29. Allen, Ethan, 25, 71, 73 ; letter from, 163. Allen, Parson, 77. Ames, G. L., 26. Amherst, 66, 72. Amsden, Benj. W., 7. Andes, Col. F. R., 2,:*. 29. Andrews, E., 26. Andrews, jr., Capt. James M., 28 29. Angell, James B., letter trom, 168. Anbury, Lieut., 119. Apollo Connnandory, 15. Archbishop of Canterbury, 133. Armstrong, Maj., 129, 130. Arnold, Benedict, 58, 65, T4, 77, 81, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 143, 144, 150, 153, 154. Arnold, Gen., 97, iOl. Arnold, Hannaii, her letter, 132. Arnold, S. G., k'tter from, 168. Arnold, subject of B. W. Throck- morton's Address, 125. Atwell, C. H.. 29. Atwell, R.X..28. 29 Bacon, Wm. J., letter from 166. Bailey, Rev. A. F., 26. Balcarras, Lord, 129, 13!. Ballston Cornet band, 15. Bancroft, 108. 128. Banks, Mayor, 27. Barbour, Hon. O. L.,26. Barker, John G., 34. Barkley. A., 27. Barrett, Col. Wm. Q., 28, 29. Bartram, Mrs. Charles, 12. Bascom, Lieut. , 15. Bate, Col. Clarence S., 25 ; letter from, 169. . Baucus, A. B., 26. Baum, 122. Bedle, J. D., letter from, 171. Bemis's Heights celebration, 8. Bemis's Heights, gathering at, 45. Bennett, G. H., 29. Bennett, N. , 26. Bennington celebration, 8, 14. Bennington, gathering at 45. Benningtcm Park Guards, 14. Betts, R. C.,27. Bigelow, John, letter from, 185. Billings, J., Jr., 28. Blaine, 164. Blanchard, Gen. Joshua S., 26. Blanchard, H. T., 28. Bliss, V. .\l.,25. Boak, John C. , 34. Bockes, Hon. A., 26. Booth Brothers, donate corner stone, 19, 20. 182 Index. Boyce, C, 26. Brackett, Maj . E. T., 28, 29. Bradley, Joseph P., letter from, 104. Brisben, 0.,28. Brockett, I., 26. Brott, S. F., 28. Brown, Mrs., t;]2. Brudenell, Mr., 106, 110. Bryant, William CiiUen, 24; letter from, 162. Buck, Mrs. Weslsy, 12. Buckley, J. S., IW. Bull, Capt. Jonathan, 14. Bull, James, 14. KmII, Isaac D., 14. Bull-.rd, D. A., 23, 35. Bulhud, E. C, 28. Bullard, Gen. Edward F., 10, 24, 35,161. Bullard, E. II., 100. Burdiek, R. D., 30. Burgoyne, Jolin, 00. Burgoyne's surrender, influence of, 57. Burke, Edmund, 68, 85. Burleigh Corps, 15. Burton, I., 26. Butler, Col. B. J., 19, 27, 28, 2 >, 31 , 35, 101 ; his Star Spangled B» mer, 151. Campbell. G. TI., letter from, 170. Canadian allies, deserlion of, 117. Canning, E. W. B., 27; letter from, 108. Carluut, E. M., 29. Carieton, General, 09, 79. Carr, Gen., 28. Catskillss 5. Chadwick, S. F., letter from, 171. Chastellux, Maniuis de, 12, 21. Chatham, Lord, 70, 137. Church, Heiijainin, 05. Cilley, 133. Civic procession, 10. Clark, Rev. Rufus W., D.D., 31; prayer of, 38. Clark, W. B., 20. Clarke, Sir Franclg, 129. Clement, Wm. II., 25. Clements, Albert, 10, 17, 157, 158, 159. Clinton, 108, 117, 122. Clinton, George, 05, 74, 80. Clinton, Sir Henry, 41, 70, 79, 80, 83, 135. Clothier, VV. R., 20. Clute, C.,20. Cochran, Col., 112. Colburn, Hon. M. S.,25. Cole, N., 27. Coil's nulitary band, 21. Connor, Selden, letter from, 172. Consalus, W. B., 20. Continental cavalry, 21. Coolidge, T. S., 27. Corey, Samuel F., 28, 29. Corner stone laid, 18, 33, 34; arti- cles deposited In, 35. Cornwallis, Lord, 08, 85. Couch, J. J., 30, 31.33,34, 36. Couch, J. J. Grand Master, address of, 37. < '.).\, S. S.,lelter from, 162. Cramer, Hiram, 26, 157. Crane, J. W.,20. Craw, D., 29. Cumming.", Rev. Hooper, 158. Curtis, F. D.,2(!. Curtis, Geo. Wm., 10, 19, 21,23, 25, 81, 101; oration of, 03. Cushman, J. H., 28. Darling. E., 20. Dawson, Henry B., 25. Dean, D., 2!,'. Dean, Rev. G. W., 20. Dearborn, 133. Dearborn, MaJ. Henry, 110, 128. 129. DeLancey, E. F., 25. Index. 183 Dennis, C. M,, 28. Dennis, P., 20. DcPeysler, Fnulerick, 7. DePeyster, Gen. J. W., 7, 19, iU, 30 ; ode by, 14(!, 151. DePeysler, Hon. Frederick, 25. Derby, Kiirl of, 120. De lienier, John A., ;J4. De Riddor, Brig.- 1.0 I.I L£|2.8 150 "*' ^ MS, 12.0 1^ IL25 III 1.4 m Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRfET WEBSTER, N.Y. MStO (716) 873-4503 \ ;V •N? \ :\ V N'^ fe <^ \ :\ N'^ 186 Index. McDougall, 134. McElroy, Mr., 10. McFarland, James, 25. McKean, James B., letter from, 169. McKean, S., 26. McNary, John G. , letter from, 166. NcNaughtoii, C. H., 28, 29. McNaughton, F., 29. McRea, H. A., 28. Mead, P., 26. Merritt, E. A.., letter from, 162. Middle Falls delegation, 10. Miller, W". R., letter from, 170. Mingay, R., Jr.,29. Military companies, 29. Montcalm, 72. Montgomery, 68, 102? Morgan, 78, 80, 112, 113, 114, 115, 128, 129, 130, 133, 142. Morgan, Capt. Jack, 155. Morgan, Capt. Daniel, 156. Morehouse, H. C. , 27. Morris, Gouverneur, 65. Morris, H. D., 28. Molt, J., 27. Mozart band, 15. Munsell, Joel, 25. Murphy, Mayor, 37. Neilson, G. W., 26, 152. Nixon, 112, 113. North, Lord, 85, 117. Norl.irop, J. M., 27. Northumberland, hospitality of, 23. Noyes, S. Jr., 26. O'Conner, Hon. Chas., 24. Olcott, Thomas W., 25. Oriskany celebration, 8. Oriskany, gathering at, 45. Osborn, J., 26. Osgood, Samuel, letter from, 162. Ostrander, W. P., 29. Oswald, Capt., 182. Otis, James, 65. Owen, Hiram, 28, 29. Packard, S. B., letter from, 172. Page, ex-Gov. John B., 25/ Palmateer, R. L., 27. Palmer, A., 26. Park Guard band, 14. Parker, Albert, 34. Parker, H., 26. Parker, Sir Peter, 160. Parker, Theodore, 150. Porkman, F., letter from, 168. Parnienter, J. B., 27. Parson, Maj. J. C.,21. Patterson, 113. Patterson, Capt. A. A., 28, 39. Paul, Chas. F., 29. Pease, A. S., 27. Peck, Col. C. T.,28, 39. Peck, J., 26. Pennock, Lieut., 28, 29. Perry, John S., letter from, 165. Petersham, Adj. Gen., 116. Phelps, Lt. Gov. E. J., 35; leuer from, 167. Phillips, 80, 105, 107, 108, 111, 115, 118, 130. Piatt, 132. Poor, 133. Potter, D. L., 13, 28, 39. Potter, President, 25. Preston, Dr., 26. Pruden, O. L., letter frc^i. 164. Procession, route of, 11. Proctor, Lt. Gov. Redfield S., 25. Pruyn, J. V. L.,35. Putnam, 83, 134. Quackenbush, J. A., 37. Raymond, E., 36. Red coats of Burgoyne, 14. Reigart, John i\I., letter from, 171. Relic tent, 20. Revere, Paul, 65. Revolutionary barrack, 18. Rice, R. W., 39. Index. 187 Richards, Stephen H., 26. Richmond, Dulie of, 85, 137. Riggs, Maj. W. J., 28, 29. Riedesel, Baroness, 75, 109, 111, 112, 115, IIG, 119. Hiedesel, Gen., 72, 80, 107, 108, 114, 115, 116, 119, 118. Riedesel, Mrs., refuge house of, 20. Riley, John M., 34. Ritchie, Col., 19, 20, 27, 32, 152. Roberts, Daniel, letter from, 168. Roberts, Ellis H., 25 ; letter from, 166. Roberts, William, 160. Robinson, Capt. George, 28, 29. Robinson Gov., 30. Robinson's, Gov. , staff, 23. Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duke de, 148. Rockwell, C, 26. Rockwell, W. W., 27. Rodgers, Col. Hiram, 28, 29. Rogers, Capt. , 26. Root, Hon. Henry G., 25. Route of march, 31. Russell, S. W.,27. St. George Commandery, 15. St. Leger, 76, 77, 101, 122, 147. Sanford, C, 27. Saratoga Centennial Cavalry, 16. Saratoga Monumeut, 5, 60. Saratoga Springs, distance of, 7, 9. Saratoga delegation, 8. Saratogian, 24. Satterlee, Gregory, 34. Schurz, C, letter from, 164. •Schuyler, 133, 146, 147, 152, 153, 154. Schuyler, Gen., 21, 42, 59, GO, 72, 74, 75, 78; bearing of, 59, neighbors of, 17. Schuyler, Gen. Philip, 104, 110, 111, 119, 120, 122. Schuyler, George L., 16, 23, 24 ; letter from, 162. Schuyler. Hon. George "W., 19,21, 31 ; his address, 150. Schuyler, Maj. Gen., 157, 158. Schuyler, Philip, 24, 158, 159. Schuylerville, 5, 6, 7. Schuylerville Cornet band, 15. Schuylerville Standard, 12. Scidmore H., 26. Scott, G. G.,26. Scott, William, 34. Sears, Capt., 132. Seelye, N. J., 28. Seventy-seventh regiment band, 15. Seymour, Hon. Horatio. 16, 19 21,23,31,132,161, 164; resol- ution of, 19 ; address of, 43. Seymour, John F. , 25 ; letter from 167. Shelburn, Lord, 138. Sheldon, F., 28. Sheldon, H. S., 26. Sherman, Augustus, 27. Sherman, T. H., letter froia, 164. Sherman, W. A., 26. Shurter, J. W , 26. Simmons, E. F., 35. Slocum, Giles B., 19. CS, 32, 152 ; letter from, 157. Smarl, J. S.,27. Smith, C.E., 27. Smith, J. T.,28. Smith, J. W.,27. Smith, Mrs. Geo. W., 12. Smith, W. H., 28. South Glen's Falls Guards, 15. Soulherland, Lieut. Col., 108. Stark, Geu., John, 74, 77, 101, 114, 143. Starin, Hon. John H., 25 ; letter from, 162. Star Spangled Banner, 19. St. Clair, Gen., 72, 73, 74. Sterling, 65. Stevens, John Austin, 35. Stewart, e.x-Gov. John W. , 25. Stillman, S. L., 26,34. 188 Index. Stone, David M., letter from, 163. Valentine, Maj., A. B.,25. Stone, J. M., letter fiorn, 170. Valleys of our country, influence Stone, W. L., 37, 31, 33, 35, 104, 148, of, 50. ■ ^ 151, 152, 155 ; his address, 19 ; Van Demark, L.,26, 28, 29. letter from, 161 ; poem read by, Van Doren, D. K., 19, 26, 31, 146. 151. Van Scha^ck J. A., 26. Stonehouse, Gen. J. B., 30. Van Zandt, Chas. C, letter from. Storrs, R. S., letter from, 163. 171. Street, Alfred B., 16. 19, 21, 23, 31, Varick, Col.,152. 1 161 ; poem of, 88. Varick, Miss A., 132. Strover, George, 16, 17, 21,26,157. Veterans, with Kossuth hats, 14. Sullivan, Hon. Algernon S., 32. Victory mills, hospitality of, 23. 1 Sutfin, R, 29. ^ Sweet, T., 29. Waite, A. D., 26. Sylvester, N.B., 35. Waite, M. R., letter from, 165. Walker, Capt., 14, 29. Walpole, Horace, 70. Talcott, Maj. W. H . , 14, 21, 22, 29. Waltermeyer, 158. Talleyrand, 131 . Walworth, Mrs. Ellen H., 19. Taylor, Bayard, letter from, 163. Walworth, Mrs. Ellen Hardin Visi- Taylor, Gen. A. H., 30. tor's Guide, 32, 35. Tefft, W. H.,26. Walworth, Mrs. Ellen Hardin, 158; Tefft Commandery, 15. letter from, 152, 155. Temple Coramuadery, 15. Ward, John, 158. • Ten Broeck, 81, 133. Warren, Joseph, 65, 67. Thomas, Capt., 28, 29. Washburn, C. E.,29. Thomas, Gen., 146. Washington commandery, 15. <. Thomas, Wm. H., 25. Washington, Geo., 56, 60, 65, 68, Thompson, H., 26. 74, 78, 83, 84, 85, 86, 120, 126, Thomson, L., 27. 127, 134, 150. Thorn, S., 25. Waterbury, W. S., 27. Throckmorton, B. W., 19, 21, 23, Watson, G. F., 11, 28. 25, 31, 125; his address, 125. Wayland, Dr., 162. Ticonderoga, fall of, 73. Wayne, 134. Tice, W..26. Webster, Rev. John G., 34. Toohey, T., 29. Webster, Mr. , 14o. Topography of our country, iuflu- Weed, S. M., 27. i «, ence of, 47. Weidman, Capt. George D., 14, 29. ^ \ Torrey, S. H., 26. Welch, A., 28, 29. Tovvnseud, Franklin, letter from. Welch, Alanson, 35. . 165. Welch, Alonzo, 7, 13. Townsend, M. S., 27. West, G., 26. Tracy, Capt., 6. Wheeler, P. S., 28, 29. Tripp, J., 26. Whipple, 74. Troy, battery B., 6, 7. Whisky from buckwheat and pota Troy police, 10. • toes, 17. .,25. try, influence 28, 29. , 26, 31, 146. , letter from, ith hats, 14. ility of, 23. rom, 165. iH.,19. a Hardin Visi- 1 Hardin, 158; 5. dery, 15. 6, 60, 65, 68, , 86, 120, 126, .,34. >rge D., 14, 29. leat and pota