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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols -^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s i des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est fiimd A partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 V NAIIONAI. LIBRARY CANADA BiBLioi n; Q' i: na tionale ^o^ 'TS METALLIC RECORDS OF MARTIN LUTHER. A PAPER READ AT THE CELEBRATION OF THE FOUR HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF LUTHER, HELD AT TORONTO, NOVEMBER 10, 1883. BY HENRY SCADDING, D. D. CANON OP TORONTO. TORONTO : COPP, CLARK & CO., PRINTERS, COLBORNE STREET. 1884. BR SI « [As the world-wide enthusiastic observance of the 400th anniversary of Luther's birth has had the eflfect of stirring up the natural haters of the great Reformer to revive a multitude of stale and oft-refuted calumnies and slanders against Luther and perversions of his writings, it is in place to ask readers to procure and calmly examine a concise volume by Charles Hastings CoUette, entitled " Luther Vindicated " (London : Quaritch, 1884). For the most recent and authoritative biography of Luther, the following should be pro- cured : "Life of Luther," by Prof. Julius Kostlin, with illustrations from authentic sources. Translated from the German. New York : Charles Scrib- ner's Sons, 1883.] METALLIC RECORDS OF LUTHER. The French have an expression which we have not yet adopted, but which among the other French expressions occasionally found con- venient we might adopt with advantage : Metallic History {ffistoire MltalUque). To describe in English what the exi)ression means we have to employ the circumlocution : History as recorded on Coins and Medals. We want a shorter way of saying this, as such History has now often to be referred to, specifically. The inscriptions and por- traits, the miniature representations of incidents and delineations of places and buildings, together with the symbols and allegorical groups, met with on coins and medals, are all found to be of considerable importance. In some cases they have supplied gaps in historical narrations which could not otherwise have been filled up. Most of the modern illustrated works on history, and the historical articles in Encyclopjedias, abound, as we must have observed, with cuts of coins and medals, coeval as nearly as possible with the incidents and persons and times spoken of. These reproductions, appealing at once to the eye, enable us often to realize with great vividness the facts, the scenes, the agents, described in the text. For purposes of study. Metallic Histories, or books containing a series of accurate copies of historical coins and medals, in chronologi- cal order, are the next thing to the coins and medals themselves, which it falls to the lot of few persons to possess, or sometimes even to have access to, and handle for a few moments. In many cases such coins and medals are excessively rare ; and in some cases the specimen is absolutely unique, so far as known. Hence Metallic Histoi'ies are laid hold of with avidity by numismatic amateui*s and 6 others, whenever they have the chance. It is thus that I have hap- pened to accumulate a good many of this class of books ; and it has occurred to me that one of them might be brought forward with acceptance on the present occasion, when the Quater-centenary of Luther is being so generally celebrated. It contains in it a large number of copper-plate etchings of medals illustrative of Luther's life and times. I refer to a work by a German scholar namo«l Christian Juncker, who lived some two centuries back. It is written in Latin and was printed at Schleusingen in 1699 by George William Goebel, for George Andrew Endter, bookseller, of Nuremberg, and sold by hira at Frankfort and Leipsic. It is a duodecimo, bound in fine white vellum. The whole title of the book, translated, reads thus : " A Life of Dr. Martin Luther, and History of the Successes of the Evangelical Reformation, and of the Evangelical Jubilees, confirmed and illustrated by one hundred and forty-five medals and a few rare portraits : thus comprising not only a nai'rative of the rise and progress of the Evangelical Reformation, but also curious notices of numerous particulars of Luther's family and relics of himself deposited here and there in Museums and Libraries ; afibrding, likewise, down through the subsequent events, a convenient account of the Evangelical Jubilees." The Evangelical Jubilees here mentioned were the festive com- memorations of important incidents in the history of the Reformation, held in the various cities of Germany, up to the date of Juncker's book, 1699 ; occasions always marked by the issue of medals, silver or bronze or white-metal, bearing appropriate inscriptions and devices. Towards the end of the volume numerous medals commemorative of such Jubilees are figured and described. The present fourth centen- ary of Luther's birth will, doubtless, in Germany and elsewhere, be prolific of medals, all of them destined to be of more or less interest and value to existing and future numismatists. The few rare por- traits spoken of in the title-page to Juncker's book are heads of Luther's father and mother ; of Luther himself at various stages of his career ; of his wife Catharine Von Bora, and of his daughter Magdalena, all of them, I believe, after Lucas Cranach. The volume is dedicated to a near ancestor of our George the First, who bore the same title : Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburf^ to whose family Christian Juncker was official historiographer. On the medals presented to us in Junckcr's book tlie image and superscription of Luther, of coui-se, continually appear. The heads of the Reformer, however, as seen on the mether medal, I observe, has tho words : " In endurance there is sweetness" . '' In patientiS. suavitas," round it ; and on the rever.se of this s[)ecimen is tho rhyming couplet in German, now beconu> somewhat archaic : I ** Der Christeu Herz auf Rosen geht, \V'en8 mitten initer ilem Creuz ateht." " The Chriat-Iike heart the Cross below, Around its path sees roses blow." Several medals seek to make manifest a relation between John Huss, the great Bohemian Reformer, and Luther. Huss, as we shall remember, derived his light, under God, from " the moriung-star of the Reformation," our John Wyclitle, whoso wiitings and transla- tion of the New Testament he hatl met with. Huss was in a position of great influence, being President of the University at Prague. His King Wenceslaus protected him within the limits of his jui'isdiction, just as John of Gaunt and Lo;d Henry Percy protected Wycliffe, and Frederic, Elector of Saxony, and other nobles protected Luther. But with less success. A safe-conduct granted to Hu.ss by the Emperor Sigismund, was dishonorably repudiated by that priest-ridden prince ; 10 and when once in the power of the Latin authorities at Constance, the Bohemian Reformer, without interposition on the part of Sigismund, was mercilessly devoted by them to the flames. When the sentence was pronounced upon him, and about to be carried into effect, he with solemnity said to his judges : ** For this, in one hundred years, ye shftll answer to God, and to me." These words were pronounced in 1415. The prediction was regarded as fulfilled in the successes of Luther, which began to take place about one hundred years later. On one of Juncker's medals we have the heads of Huss and Luther together. Each holds a book. On a band round the outer margin are Huss's memorable words, given thus : " After one hundred years ye shall answer to God and to me. The vaticination of John Huss ; burnt 1415." " Centum annis revolutis, Deoet mihi respondebitis. Vaticinium Johannis Hussti, combusti, anno 1415." Then, on an inner band, we have the reputed fulfilment of the prediction put on record thus : " These years having passed. Dr. Martin Luther was stirred up from on high, by God, to undertake the purification of doctnne : 1517." " His lapsis annis. Doctor Martinus Lutherus ad reparandam doctrinam cjelitus a Deo excitatus est, anno 1517." Another prophetical saying of John Huss, popularly held to have been verified in Luther, is commemorated again and again, on the medals. The meaning of the proper name Huss in Bohemian is Goose. When Huss was being committed to the flames, he said to his executioners : " Ye may burn this Goose ; but from its ashes will rise hereafter a Swan whose singing ye shall not be able to silence." Accordingly we haye on thje medals a swan as the symbol of liuther ; and sometimes a swan stands by him. On one medal we have a large swan swimming in open water, illuminated by rays descending from the sacred Tetragram above, representing God. Encircling all this is the inscription : "A swan, through power from God, unconquered ; 1517." " Olor invictus virtute Divina : 1517." Round another swimming swan, of later date, are these words in Luther s vernacular : " Auf Wasser lauter swam ein Swan weisz." " In water clear a white swan svara." i n And round another swan in similar action is tlie German rhyming distich : " Gottes Wort ist Luther'a Lehr ; Darumb verght sie iiiinmer mehr." " What God's book saith, doth Luther say : So Luther's words do bide alway." It will be remembered that when the Latin authorities procured the burning of Huss at Constance, they oi'dered also the exhumation and destruction by fire of the remains of Wycliffe, which for forty- one years had been resting in peace under the chancel at Lutter- worth. Unlike the more noble-minded Charles V., at a later period, they were willing to war with the dead, and the decree was accord- ingly executed. A delegation in due time appeared at Lutterworth, They took up the bones that remained of Wycliffe, and reduced them to ashes, which they cast into the Swift, a neighbouring brook. Thus, to quote once more the woi'ds of Fuller, tne Church Historian of Britain : " This brook hath conveyed his ashes into Avon, Avon into Severn, Severn into the narrow seas, they into the main ocean. And thus the ashes of Wycliffe are the emblem of his doctrine, which now is dispersed all the world over." One medfxl erives the head of Huss on one side and that of Luther on the other. Round Huss's head is the sentence : " Faith alone makes us accepted with God." " Sola Deo acceptos nos facet esse fides." Round Luther's head wo have : " Living I was thy plague. O Pope : dead, T shall be thy death." " Pestis eram vivus, moriens ero mors tua, papa." A prediction unfulfilled. Lord Macaulay and othei-s would say. But I do not know. After all that was said and done at the time of the Reformation, advisedly and unadvisedly, it should be I'emembered that only abuses were really aimed at. And, practically, at this moment the Latin papacy is not what it was in the days of Julius II. The more candid of its modern supporters allow, I believe, that they as well as wo owe something to Luther. So that, in a broad sense, the prophecy on the medals has been ful- filled, and is being fulfilled. Who amongst us did not read with satisfjiction the other day the document proceeding from the present Bishop of Rome, Leo the Thirteenth, decreeing that for the future the Vatican archives should be free to historical students 1 And who amongst us does not heartily unite in the aspiration subjoined to the 12 announcement : " May it please God that many be influenced by a desire to investigate historical truth, and derive from it a useful training." Luther's courageous conduct at the Imperial Diet hehl at Worms is commemorated by a medal on which his head is surrounded by the words : " Blessed is the womb that bare thee." " Beatus venter qui te portavit." And on the reverse we have the following, in the form of a Latin distich : *' Where the neighbouring Vangiones ap- proach the Rhine-bank, he stood before Caesar and before mighty princes, 1521," i. e., at Worms, Borbetomiigus, the capital of the ancient Vangi.ones. " Cajsaris ante pedes, proceres stetit ante potentes, Accola c£u{l Rheni Vangio littus adit." The " stetit " in the Latin was doubtless intended to recall the mem- orable words : " Here stand I. I can do no otherwise. God help me. Amen." " Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen." The capture of Luther by masked horsemen in the Thuringian- forest when on his way home from Worms, by way of Eisenach and Mohra, and his abduction to the castle of Wartburg in disguise, — stratagems of his friend Frederic, Elector of Saxony, anxious for his personal safety — are recorded thus on a medal, also in the form of a Latin distich : " Hxirrying from the Rhine, he is seized. Escap- ing the papal toils, he seeks the shelter of a Patmos well and secretly contrived for him. " A Rheno properans eapitur. Bene conscia Pathmi Tecta papiB fugieus retia structa petit." The obverse of this medal shews Luther in curious guise. His hair and beard are grown, and he is '* clad in complete steel." Around him is the epigraph or legend : ** Back from Patmos, 1522." " Reversus i\ Pathmo, 1522." All this is to be interpreted by the well-known story of his sojourn at the Wartburg. While detained there he was treated as a layman, and was spoken of by the guards and attendants as the young Noble, George, and the Knight, George. He was not required to wear an ^ i 13 iron-mask like another less fortunate captive ; but his cropped hair was allowed to grow, and he became graced with a fine beard. He was still in communication with his friends. Indignant at excesses committed by professed followers of his at Wittenburg, in his absence, he first paid a secret visit to that place ; and, shortly afterward, quitted the Wartburg altogether, without asking leave of the Elector. On this occasion some Swiss travelling students fell in with him at an inn — the Black Bear, by the way — at Jena ; and one of them, Johannes Kessler, has left an extended record of the interview. Abbreviated, it is as follows : " In the sitting-room," Kessler says, •' we found a man sitting alone at a table, a little book lying before him : he greeted us kindly, and called us forward to sit beside him at the table : he offered us drink, which we could not refuse : but we did not imagine that he was other than a horseman who sat there dressed according to the custom of the country, in a red cap, simple breeches and jacket : a sword at his side, holding with his right hand the pommel of the sword, with the othei- his book. And we asked him : " Master, can you toll us whether Martin Luther be at this time at Wittenberg, or at what place he may be found V He replied : *' I am well informed that Luther is not at this time at Wittenberg, but he is soon to be there. Philip Melanchthon is there however : He teaches Greek and Hebrew also : both necessary for understanding the Scriptures." " In such conversation he became quite familiar with us," Kessler observes, " so that my companion ^t last took up and opened the little book which lay before him : it was a Hebrew Psalter." The lamllord afterwards informed them who the stranger was. While in his Patmos at the Wartburg, Luther's pen was very bus v. For one thing, he laboured hard at translating the Greek Testament into German. It was not however until the year 1534 that the translation of the Old Testament from the Hebrew was completed by the aid of Melanchthon, Bugenhagen, Cruciger, Justus Jonas, Arms- dorf and others. This gift of the Old and New Testament to the German people, in readable, intelligible German, is symbolized on the medals by a hand removing a bushel-measure or modius from off a lighted candle. Some medals shew the interior of a room illumined by a lai'ge candle on a table : a bushel-measure which has just been taken off from the light, is seen thrown under the table, A legend ^ 14 round this device is : " Now it shines to all, the bushel being removed." " Jam lucet omnibus, modio remoto." We meet with a medal commemorative of the marriage of Luther. It has on the obverse the inscription : " Rejoice in the Lord " : " Laetamini in Domino," and the reverse shews the head of Catharine Ton Bora, his wife. A somewhat indefinite inscription on a medal bearing the head of Luther is curious : ** Vir multa struens" — " A man or hero devising many things." The phrase is too general to be of itself very notice- able ; but it becomes interesting when we learn that the words are an anagram of the name of Luther, written Martinus Luterus. There used to be a conceit about anagrams, that they mystically shadowed forth character or destiny, like the famous one of Horatio Nelson. " Honor est h Nilo :" " His distinction is from the Nile." Taken as an anagram, " Vir multa struens," was a sufficiently accurate fore- cast of Luther. He devised many and great things, and accomplished them too. The pen was a powerful instrument of his. Theodore Beza said Luther's pen was mightier than the club of Hercules. " I, nunc, Alciden memorato, GriBcia mendax. Lutheri ad calamum, ferrea clava nihil." ' ' Go now, thou fabling Greece, and boast no longer • Alcides' club, for Luther's pen is stronger." On one of the medals we have the Reformer represented not exactly as Hercules, but as Samson grappling with a lion. The sur- rounding legend is : " He stopped the mouth of the Lion." '* Obtura- vit OS Leonis." The stoj) put to Leo the Tenth's indulgences is, in the first instance, alluded to. Time would fail to mention and describe all the numismatic memorials of Luther brought before us in Juncker's work. T reluctantly pass by many ; especially those relating to his friends : and in particular those relating to Melanchthon, of whom I should like to speak. I pass by also the Jubilee medals, struck by several princes and imperial cities of Germany. I hasten on to notice briefly some of those that rcf3r to Luther's death. They generally shew on the obverse the usual profile or full- ,. ; 15 faced representation of Luther. Bnt in some the eyes are closed ; and in some the head droops as in sleep, like Bunyan's in old copies of the Pilgrim's Progress. One, after giving the year of the death, 1546, gives the day of the month, the 18th of February, and place of death, in poetic strain, thus (the words in Latin form an Hexa- meter and Pantameter couplet) : " Rising in gloom the twice-ninth sun of February paused whilst thou, glorious Luther, dost die, on the spot where thou wast born," i. e., at Eisleben. " Nona bis obscura lux Februa constitit ortu, In patrio ut moreris, clare Lu there, solo," For the circumstances that led to Luther's being at Eisleben just then, and for a touching account of his last moments, I must refer you to a letter written by his friend, Justus Jonas, given in the biographies. Another medal records the year of the death in a chronogi-am, which in English reads thus : " Lo I now in the peace of Christ, the just man dies, with a safe and blessed departure." " Ecce nunc moritur Justus in pace Christi, exitu tuto et beato." The letters marked as numerals in the inscription make up the date, 1546. I sincerely trust that this solemn observance of the Quater-cen- tenary of the birth of Martin Luther may have the effect of reviving in Toronto and everywhere a comprehensive study, not only of the life and acts of Luther, but of the Luther period in European his- toi'y. This can be calmly done now, and with a literary apparatus not enjoyed some years ago. Parties and schools on both sides, the Latin as well as the Teutonic, niay derive benefit from such a re-in- vestigation. We all tend to slide into error of excess or defect if the Past be not ever and anon freshened up and made present again before us. One observation on a difference between the Reformation in Ger- many, France and other Continental countries and the Reformation in the British Islands, and I have done. It is a difference which is sometimes overlooked. On the continent of Europe the recognized authorities in Church and State, everywhere it may be said, resisted reform. In the \ i 16 British Islands, on the contrary, it so happened that the recognized authorities in Church and State accepted it, and, in their way, made it for all future time a fundamental principle in policy and a part of the law of the land. Almost everywhere on the continent, even after success obtained at the point of the sword, all that the Reformed secured, for a very long time at least, was toleration. The chief secular and ecclesiastical powers in theory stood as they were before. On the Euro))ean continent — a vast area divided into innumerable states, kingdoms, principalities, dukedoms, free municipalities and cantons — reform was not so easily managed. In the British Islands — a cii'cumscribed space, with one Govern- ment for all — it was practicable. Accordingly it was undertaken, and, to speak in round terms, efFo'^ted. As then settled, it remains in force ; and to this da;, most persons born and bred within the limits of the British Empii'e continue to be more or less moulded in character by it.