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 THE PROGRESS 
 
 / 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NINETEENTH O 
 
 MR. BAILLAIRGE'S ADDRESS ON THE OCCASION OF HIS INVITATION 
 OF ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS AND OTHERS TO A DINNER 
 AT THE CHATEAU FRONTENAC, ON THE 31st 
 DECEMBER LAST, TO SEE THE 19th 
 CENTURY OUT AND INAU- 
 GURATE THE 20th. 
 
 Gentlemen, — The Nintteenth Century is about to become a thing of the jmst ; 
 It has been more fruitful of progress, discovery and invention, not only than any 
 of its predecessors ; but than all of them put together. The explorations in the 
 Geographical Domain, the diacovories at Pompeii, in Egypt, Mexico and every 
 part of the World bear witness to the truth of this. 
 
 Three hundred years ago Copernicus had mastered the solar system — Gallileo 
 had conceived the telescope — Toricelli had paved the way to the discovery of 
 atmospheric pressure ; and thus to the invention of the barometer and thermometer, 
 where the production of a vacuum causes the tube to fill with mercury or other 
 fluid. Gutemberg had invented printing — Harvey discovered the circulation of 
 the blood — Jenner shown the utility of vaccination. 
 
 Antiquity had taught that heavy stones can be detached from their parent 
 quarries, moved, transported to long distances, taken hold of and stood on end or 
 elevated to great heights ; but it left ua no trace of how they went about it. 
 
 Of course the transportation to a distance of heavy weights, was then as it is 
 now a days, and in the way that an enormous stone — 40' x 40' x 20' — say 
 
THE PROGRESS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 
 32,000 cubic feet and weighing more than 2,000 tons, for the pedestal of the 
 statue of Peter the Great of Russia, was, some 170 years ago, moved to its destitui- 
 tion, one hundred miles or more, on timbers hollowed out, lined with iron rails, 
 with iron balls between thoiii to make the motion easy. 
 
 The raising of the obelisks was not so apparent, nor as to how at Karnae, 
 stones 80 feet in length by 10 in height and 10 in depth or breadth were elevated 
 to a height of 60 feet, and deposited on the tops of columns ready to receive them. 
 There is however no doubt, there can be none, that inclined planes were built to 
 do the needful, and then removed, so that no trace be left for future nations to do 
 the like. 
 
 The Romans themselves do not seem to have been aware of how to raise the 
 obelisks brought by th«m from Egypt to adorn the ancient capital. An engraving 
 of the time shows a scaff )lding of the full height of the stone to be up ended ; but 
 my way of explaining the thing is that the Egyptians did as we would do to-day, 
 the obelisk being tapering and its centre of weight at about one third only from 
 its base ; attach it at that point and then swing it into place ; or build an incline 
 of one third the height or so, run the obelisk alung it endways with larger end 
 foremost, until the centre of gravity arrived at the apex of the incline ; the stone 
 would then dip down until it rested on the foundation prepared for it ; suitable 
 tackle uie while being at hand to steady it and bring it into position. 
 
 The works of antiquity are tho.ge, rather of brute force or manual labor, than 
 due to the methods whicli to-day have devised engines to do the needful ; such 
 as the hydraulic raA which enables us to take hold of weights 10 times, 100 
 times as heavy as those of other days and raise them to any height required ; as 
 when the iron tubes at Menai in England, 464 ft, in length and weighing as much, 
 each of them, as one of Her Majesty's 120 gun frigates of the period (say 5000 
 tons) were taken hold of and raised bodily to a height of one hundred ft. and set 
 upon the piers prepared to receive them. 
 
 But what we never shall surpass or may be even equal, of the past, is the 
 classic architecture of the Greeks and Romans. Can anything ever be more beau- 
 tiful than the Corinthian column and its exquisite capital ? Can we beat a 
 Phidias, a Raphael, or a Michael Angelo ? Can we ever equal them. 
 
 It is to the present era that we are indebted in 1800 for Volta's chemical 
 battery of electricity. Paper in continuous roll also dates from then, which prior 
 to that time could only be produced in separate sheets. In 1801, there appeared 
 the first steam auto-motor, that of Trevitick ; in 1844, he who is now addressing 
 you, and then 17 years of age, planned and built with his own hands a double 
 cylindered and improved steam automobile for ordinary roads. He went out to Cap 
 Rouge with it, when a cry came from the Plains " a cab on fire " ; he went with 
 it to the falls of Montmorency and about the city and environs ; but, due to the 
 chimney stack being on the front and frightening horses, the police or constables 
 of the period forced him to desist and he sold the boiler and twin engines to a 
 party who put them into a boat at Three Rivers, and made a little tow boat of it. 
 
 In 1802, there were to be se^m on the Clyde, in England, small steam tow 
 boats, hauling vessels. During this year appeared Bramah's steam plainer. Then 
 in 1893, Carpue's experiments on the therapeutical application of electricity. 
 
 i 
 
'' i'>"'>\v>ivp>''**nv' 
 
 ■-^^' 
 
 THE PK0GKES8 OF THE NINETEENTH CENTUUY. 
 
 
 ., 
 
 During these years and following, ihronghout the century, the discovery followed 
 of metal after metal, till in 1809 there came forth from the crucible, the metal 
 aluoiinum, so called from its base (conion clay). It was at first sold at from $('• 
 to S8 an ounc", while at present it can be manufacture'd for lees than 50 cents or 
 25 cents per pound, and is now, due to its brightness and beautiful luster, made 
 into all kinds of trinkets and other objects, and even into boats, etc. 
 
 In 1806, we find Jeandeau's knitting machine. The first practical steamboat 
 on the Hudson between New York and Alb.my. The polarization of light in 
 1808, by Mahi.s. The Voltaic arc by Davy, followed in 1810 and 1811 by multi- 
 wire telegtaphy, by Sommering. Homeopathy, by Ilaelineman. Colored polari- 
 zation of liglit, by Arago, and the 'Ihornton arid Hall breech-loading musket. 
 
 It is in 1812 that the city of London was first lit l)y gas. Stereotyping 
 developed in the Uint'd States. Tlie London Times wa^ in 1814 printed Ijy the 
 Konig rotary steam press. Steplienson's first locomotive. The first steam war 
 vessel, lleliugrapliy l)y Niepce. Brewster's Kaleitlosunpo. In 1810, Draisne's 
 bicycle. ])runers circular knitting machine. 
 
 In 1818, Oersted discovered electro-magnetism, .\mericans claim that the 
 Savanah was the first steam vessel to cross the Atlantic in 1819. Canada has it 
 that the first steamer to do so was the Iloyal Williams in 18o:5. Laennec's auscul- 
 tation and the stethoscope. 
 
 In 1821, Faraday converted electric current into mechanical motion. X(<w 
 come we t.) the liquefaction of gases, their solidification by Faraday. In 182;>, 
 first passenger railway between Stockton and Darlington, England. De Ijeaumont's 
 studies on digestion by the helj) of A. Sun Martin, who with a hole in his side 
 rendered inspection possible. Artificial production of organic compounds in 1828, 
 Dagut^rreotype the year following. Magnetic induction by Faraday. Henry's 
 telegraphy in lEJl. Electric motor l)y the same. Chloroform discovered by 
 Gixthrie. McCoriaick's first reaper. 
 
 From 183' to 1837 discoveries in chemistry, electricity, etc., too lengthy of 
 enumeration. 
 
 In 1837 i^teinhcil utilizes the Earth for the return current of his electric 
 circuit. Galvauo-plasty l)y .lacobi, Wheatstone stereoscojac reflector. F'ir.st photo- 
 graphic portraits in 1839. First electric incandescent light by Grove. First arte- 
 sian well at Grenville, Paris, 1500 feet deep. Water gas. Opening in 1843 of 
 the Thames Tunnel. First tele. raphic message by Morse between Washington 
 and Baltimore in 1844. Nitrous Oxide by Wells as an ana'sthetic. Hoe's type 
 revolving machine. 
 
 In 1846 Howe's sewing machine. Beginning of the Suez Canal, 14 years to 
 build it. Ether as an anaesthetic. Simultaneous discovery of the planet Neptune Iiy 
 Adams from direct observation ; by Leverrier from computation of its true posi- 
 tion. Introduction of the use of chloroform ; discovery of Saturn's satellites. The 
 Corliss engine. First sub marine cable between Dover and Calais in 1850, Page'.s 
 electro-motor. The Rhumkorf coil. Fire alarm telegra])h system in 1852 by 
 Channing and F'armer. Heman's diamond drill which has rendered the blasting 
 of the hardest rock so much easier, and expeditious. 
 

 THE PROGRESS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Bessemer steel in 1855 which reduced the price by more tlian 50 "/„ it being 
 before that obtained by cementation of iron and carbon in ovens; while by tlie new 
 process iron is turned into steel, by, while in the molten state, piissing a current of 
 air through it for a certain length of time. In 18")') erection of the Niagara sus- 
 pension bridge. Ericsson's air engine. Introduction of iron beams for iloors in 
 buildings. JPhelp's printing fdegraph. 
 
 Laying of the first Atlantic cable in 1858. Wood pulp for paper by Voelter. 
 First use of electric light in the light house at South Foielaud. Giffanrs steam 
 injector. Discovery of coal oil. United States 1859. Division of electric current 
 between a ntimber of lamps and lighting of the first house by electricity, Laiinch 
 of the Great Eastern. Perfecting the process of photograpiiy. Solar spectrum 
 and its analysis by Kirchoff and Bunsen in 18(J0. Opening of Keefer and Steven- 
 son's Victoria bridge, Montreal, 2 miles long, 22 spans of 240', one .'.)40', tubular. 
 McKay's shoe sewing machine ; and in 1801, Carbide of calcium produced by 
 Wohler. Passenger elevater by Otis. First fence of barbed wire. 
 
 Needless to repeat that there are hundreds of other discoveries and inventions 
 too lengthy of mention here. Ericsson's armored monitor of 18G2. Ilevolving 
 turrets for war vessels. The Washington Aqueduct with the largest masonry 
 span or arch in the world. Compressed air drill. The Whitehead torpedo. Liemen's 
 dynamo-electric machine. Moncrief's disappearing gun carriage, after fire ; so it 
 may be reloaded under cover. Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. Termination 
 of the first Pacific Railway. 
 
 In 1870, Paris, during the siege, communicates with outer world by micro- 
 photography. Installation in the New York Tribune ollice in 1871 of the Hoe 
 p 'inting machine. Mount Cenis tunnel opened to traffic. Well's perfected duplex 
 telegraphy. The Weatinghousc airbrake. Edison's quadruplex telegraph, 1874. 
 Termination of the St. Louis iron heavy span bridge over the Mississippi, built on 
 pneumatically sunk caissons. Pictet's ice making process. First cash carriers 
 for stores. 
 
 In 1876, Graham Bell's invention of the telephone ; but the discovery is also 
 claimed by others. Introduction of the cable car system by Hallidie. Edison 
 invents the phonograph. Discovery of the Satellites of Mars, by Hall, and of its 
 supposed canals by Schiaparelli. 
 
 Liquefaction of oxygen gas, nitrogen and air by Pectet and Cailletet. 
 
 In 1878, development of the type-writer. Edison invents the carbon fila- 
 ment for incandescent electric lamps. Siemen's electric railway, Berlin. Ead's 
 Mississipi jetties. In 1880, discovery of typhoid bacillus, by Ebherth and Koch 
 and of the bacillus of pneumonia, by Steinbergh. Telegraphing by induction in 
 1881. Bacillus of tuberculosis identified by Koch in 1882. The bacillus of 
 hydrophobia, by Pasteur. Opening of the St. Gothard tunnel through the Alps. 
 
 1883 — The Brooklyn suspension bridge, 1G')8 ft. span. This bridge is at a 
 height of 139 ft. above the East Eiver and its foundations on caissons pneuma- 
 tically laid in 40 ft. of water and 40 ft. of sand to bed rock. Cholera bacilli in 
 1884, by Koch ; diptheria bacilli, by Laeffler ; lockjaw or tetanos bacillus, by 
 Nicolaier. In 1885, first electric railway in America betwe .a Baltimore and 
 Hampden. Invention of the graphophone. Tesla's system of polyphase currents. 
 
 ,*.— 'f 
 
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THE PROGRESS OF THE NINETEENTH CKNl'UUY. 
 
 .*^ 
 
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 Electric welding. Electrocution of criminals in 1888 in tlio Statu of New Vurk. 
 Artificial silk, by Le Chardonnet. 
 
 In 1889, nickel steel. Smokeless powder. Color pliotoij^rapliy in 1890. 
 Termination of the great bridge J^'irth of Forth, this l)ridge has two spans of 1710 
 ft. each; a cantilever structure, built \\ithout seafibldiii.u or false work and tliougli 
 the Eiffel Tower is no doubt a work of merit in its engineering features, it is 
 nothing in comparison to throwing out a structure horizontally to a distance ot 
 850 ft. into mid air. 
 
 In 1891, Parsons conceived his rotury steam turbine and built the s.j ealied 
 vessel Turbinia, which has attained a velocity of o7 knots un hour, say 4:; miles. 
 We now have Edison's kinetoscope. Carbide of calcium, by Wilson in an electric 
 furnace. The new element. Argon is discovered in air by IJaleigh and l^amsay. 
 The so-called X rays, by Koentgeii in 1885. Wilson's acetylene gas. Liiides 
 apparatus for makinu liquid air. In 1890, Marconi's wireless telegraphy. Crozier .- 
 disappearing gun. In 1899, Marconi telegraiihs without wires across the Britiali 
 channel between England and France a distance of 30 miles. Launch of the 
 Oceanic the largest vessel in the world to date : over 700 ft. long. 
 
 In 1900 the last year of the Century we have the 150 feet telescope at the 
 Paris Exhibition by which we can bnng the moon to within some 30 miles of us 
 instead of the 240,000 miles at which it really is. (*) 
 
 During this century also, great advances liave been made in engines of war. 
 Already we had, as you are aware, guns throwing shot of 1,000 lbs. and over 
 which have reached distances of 12 miles. The United States is now building a 
 gun over 60, feet in length which is calculated to throw heavy shot, 2,000 lbs. 
 and more, to no Ifss a distance than 21 miies. 
 
 Vessels of the mercantile marine have undergone immense development. As 
 early as 1859 the " Great Eastern " had come before its time, it was but 606 feet 
 long and could not be properly managed ; while now, only 40 years after, we have 
 the " Oceanic " 704 feet long and drawing 33 feet of water, and its tonnage 
 exceeds 27,000 tons. 
 
 In provision of still greater draughts of water, the New York harbor anil 
 approaches thereto are being excavated to a depth of 40 feet, in expectancy that 
 vessels will ere long be built with a draught of 37 feet, thus leaving 3 feet play 
 for waves and swell of ocean. New docks in New York are laid so as to be able 
 to extend them when required to a length of 1,000 feet, for supposed future 
 requirements. 
 
 War vesseh. also are continually adding to their dimensions, and to the thick- 
 ness of tliiir armor plating to render them impenetrab e to the fire of the enemy. 
 
 They are now supplied with steel turrets made rotary with their guns, to 
 command a wider range of fire, and a two story tuiTet has been tried and advo- 
 
 (*) The writer is indebted for much of this chronologieal statement of discoveries and i"\«"- 
 tions to Byrn's ProgiesH of invention in the 19th cenmry," whic.i he ohtained from the patent otticc- 
 at Washington and from " the Scientitic American, which has ooen the pioneer of discovery and 
 invention for the last 60 years. 
 
THE PR00KE8S OK THE NINETEENTH CENTUHY. 
 
 cated, while even the maatn are made tlie oeTitr.il posts of superposed batteries or 
 crows' nests in two and three tiers in lieight. 
 
 I may here remind my bearera of a letter of mine in the last or December 
 number of ihe "Canadian Enj^iueer" published in Toronto and Montreal by 
 Biggar and Samuel, where 1 attribute the wreck of the man-of-war Victoria, 
 struck by the (Jamperdown, a few years ago, as will be remembered, and with the 
 loss of some 400 souls ; to the existence of its longitudinal bulk head, preventing 
 the inrushing water hum s])reading to the opposite side of the vessel and thus 
 causing it to maintain its equilibrium. The heajiiiig up of the water on the otic 
 side caused the vessel to careen over till the water entered liy the ])ort holes, when 
 she went completely over and sank. 
 
 The same fate overtook the Bourgogne of the French line, and what I advocate 
 is that while so much of a longitudinal bulk head is necessary as reiiuircd t(» 
 separate the opposite or back to buck nests of boilers, and ])revent an inrush ol 
 water on one side from extinguishing the fires on the other; provision should be 
 made by pij»es of sutlicient diameter, to allow the water to reach the comj)arimenti» 
 at the opposite siile, fore and aft ol the boilers and engines and thus cause the 
 vessel to settle without tilting over. 
 
 While or the subject of wrecking 1 may remind you, as useful in future 
 cases of the kind, that Bernier iloated the Scottish King from off the banks of 
 Mewfonndland, where it had been wrecked ; by whiit is called the plenum system, 
 that is by first staying the deck above the hold, then cementing it and all the 
 scuttles in it water tight and then pumping air iiito the hold beneath which forced 
 out the water and buoyed up the wi'eck. 
 
 Now gentlemen with regard to the era cju which we are about to enter, the 
 twentieth century of the Christian chronology, the indications are that we will see 
 aerial navigation and submarine, and that M-e shall heat ourselves and dwellings 
 liy electricity, and thus ehminate the coals and ashes which fill or embarrass our 
 yards and cellars. 
 
 Any one now starting for the North Pole can not fail to reach it, so well do 
 we now know the currents and ice drift of the arctic regions, and it would be a dis- 
 grace, a humiliation for Canada the next door neighbour to the ])ole, if we allowetl 
 one of our American cousins to forestall us in the desirable object, as Baldwin 
 certainly will du, with the aid of Keigler's milliotis if we do not help Bernier, one 
 of our own, to get there. 
 
 The horse will likely disa])pear from our thoroughfares iind though 1 shall 
 regret the noble and intelligent looking animal, the elimination of manure from 
 our streets will I must say prove somewhat a compensation. 
 
 We may and will get hot water both to heat our houses or to draw from, for 
 domestic purposes from a central station of the future, by starting it under pressure 
 at such an additional temperature above 212° Fai'eidieit as will deliver it to us 
 stdl boiling hot after it has j)arted with its extra caloric in transit. 
 
 Our friend contractor Davis is as you are all aware, alive and busy with his 
 new Cap b'ouge bridge which I hope, will be finished in not over three years from 
 its inception, though it might, may be, have been done in less time if the funds 
 were at hand to push it forward. Brooklyn had the boast, when its 1608 ft. span 
 
 t 
 
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 THE PROGRESS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 '' 
 
 iicroas the East River was completed, that New York possessed the biggest thiuy 
 of the kind in tlie woild. The Firth of Forth structure however with its 1710 It. 
 ilouhle span, tlirew tiiis into the sliude ;an(l now Canada which has already got the 
 largest bridge in Christendom between Montreal and St. Lambert and the most 
 beautiful : Keefer, Stevenson and lloltson's Victoria already alluded to, will also 
 have a span beating the bridge in Scotland by anotlier hundred feet. E. A. 
 Hoare, of Quebec, engineer, Mr, Cooper, of New York, consulting engineer. 
 
 The Canadian Society of Civil Engineers had laid out to visit Quebec in lUOJ 
 but if our bridge is not finished till 1903 I hope the Association will defer the 
 visit till then and go elsewhere in the interval, that we Quebeccers may have 
 something to sliow them when they do come which may be really worth seeing, 
 
 I hope that what is said of Minister Turgeon colonizing James Bay is reliable. 
 I studied tliis question in 1895 and 1896 and lectured on it before the Quebec 
 Literary and Historical Society and the Canadian Insiitute, having at that time 
 calculated the cost of a railway to reach th(! Bay Irom lake St. John, and the route 
 for such a railway is almost laid out and nearly in a straight line by following the 
 valleys of the Chamouchouaii, the Nottawai and the VVasuawipi rivers. 
 
 Our American cousins for the last 50 years have been poaching in our Hudson 
 Bay Waters ami making rich profits out of the concern, but they can make but 
 (jne trip in two years ; while l)y building vessels for the purpose in Canada and 
 sending tliem out to the Bay, once for all, tliere they would remain, have two fish- 
 ings a year or four against one, as at present, ship the produce by the Railway to 
 Quel)ec and thence to the outer world. Houses would be erected at James Bay 
 where the crews of the vessels could winter with tlieir families or on board their 
 respective vessels or club together for the purpose to keep warmer on less fuel. 
 We must make liast'i or our friends of Ontario will again forestall us and take 
 the wind out of our sails, as evitlenced by the greed with which they bought up 
 most of the edition of 500 copies of my pamphlet on the subject. 
 
 Centlenien, 1 must ask your pardon for this far too modest a bill of fare for 
 the occasion, Init of course you do not, I suppose, expect much from such a poorly 
 paid set as are Engineers and Architects, and especially from one who like myself 
 is out on the world paddling his own canoe. 
 
 Send me in, one and all of you, lots of arbitrations, as I delight to deal in diffi- 
 culties, solve them, whether in the engineering field, the architectural or the 
 technological, and next year 1 may add Champagne to the bill of fare. 
 
 Press of The Quebec Daily Tkleorapr.