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FLOWERS

OF THE

FIELD AND FOREST.

By C. M. D.

Rkprixt of a Series of Ariicles which Appearrd

IN THE Family H' rai.d and Weekly Star

Dl'king the Summer of lyoo.

PRICE TEN CENTS.

PuBIISniill BY THE FAMILY IIerAID AND WEEKLY StaR, MonT

I 90 I.

ten Good Reasons
ms It Pays

Co be a Read er o f tDe family

- ' -■' ' ■ -:■— — = c^^assB^

Berald and iUeelcly Star • <» •

I- — Be.Muse it is the largest weekly newspaper in the world, conlaining in
each issue more reading matter than the average book costing $1.5* Fifty-two
such issues every yeai, equal to 52 books.

» — Because its Nature and Science Departments are cf extreme interest
to all interested in Nature Studies. These departments are in charge of Mr.
Erm 'l lugersoll and other eminent writers on Natural Science.

3 — HecaiiHc it is the leading agricultural weekly of Canada,including among
its editoi and contributors the recognized authorities in every branch of
farming.

4. — Be ause it has question and answer departments in which experts gire
free imswers to queries on eyerything that pertains 10 farm work.

5. — Because it has household departments of great usefulness to houie-
wivfs.

6 — Because it gives all the news of the world in readable and compact
form.

7 — Because it has over twenty departments of general interest not found
in any other weekly.

8 — Because it is a "clean" family paper for every member ( ; the Family
Its pages for boys and girls are a very popular feature and highly praised by
parents. '

9 — Because it has a literary page of exceptional interest.

10.— Because its position as the greatest weekly newspaper in the world
it established by its immense circulation of nearly 150,000 copies a week.

There are scores of other reasons equally good. Send for a sample copy
and judge for yourselves, ti.oo per year, including beautiful premium pictures.

THE FAMILY HERALD AND WEEKLY STAR,

MoinaMAJU

FLOWERS

FIELD AND FOREST.

By C. M. D.

Reprint o,.- a Sbries of Articles which Appkared

IN THE Family Herald and Weekly Star

During the Summer of 1900.

PRICE TEN CENTS.

Published by the Family Herald and Weekly Star.
1901

.j :: l »1 L t. i:

C4?

ten Good Reasons
ms Tt Pays

Co be a Reader of tbe family

l)erald and (Ueekly Star

« « •

I. — Because it is the largest weekly newspaper in the world, containing in
each issue more reading matter than the average book costing $1.50. Fifty-two
such issues every yeai, equal to 52 books.

2.— Because its Nature and Science Departments are of extreme interest
to all interested in Nature Studies. These departments are in chai'ge of Mr.
Ernest Ingersoll and other eminent writers on Natural Science.

3. —Because it is t' c leading agricultural weekly of CanBda,including among
its editors and contributors the recognized authorities in every branch of
farming.

4 — ^Be aiise it has question and answer departments in which experts give
free nnswers to -juer.es on everything that pertains to farm work.

5 — Because it has household departments of great usefulness to house-
wives.

6. — Because it gives all the news of the world in readable and compact
form.

7 — Because it has over twenty departments of general interest not found
In any other weekly.

8.— Because it is a "clean" family paper for every member of the Family.
Its iiagns for boys and girls are a very popular feature and highly praised by
pannts.

9 — Because it has a literary page of exceptional interest.

10.— Because its position as the greatest weekly newspaper in the world
is established by its immense circulation of nearly 150,000 copies a week.

There are scores of other rtasons equally good. Send for a sample copy
and judge for yourselves. $1.00 per year, including beautiful premium pictures.

^(IJ;:5486

THE FAMILY HERALD AND WEEKLY STAR,

MONTREAL.

PREFACE.

^'pms little book I. . collection in htadj (orm of . ».ri„ of .rtici*. tJmi .p.
*a» X pe,«d in tl.e column, of th. Family Herald and VV eeldy Suir duru.g 1900
These articles ar. from the pen of a well known botanist of hiuh rt«,ding
«.d«.«suratea.,dtru.twonhy in every detail. The drawing, and description, of
UievariouXluweraareinmoet ca^e, from actual specimen,, and where these were
lacking the works of recognized authoriti«i have been referred to The ar-
tide, constitute a calendar of plant life from early spring to late aut,;mn, and the
nun,erous .lIuMra.ion, and detailed description, will enable any one to identify a lar^
nun.ber of the ll..«cr» con„„„„ly u,ei with in a ramble through the fields. The articles
are written in plcu-ing style ..„| an endeavour ia made to set forth some of die more
.triking scieritiflc- tnitl,« ii. , „e<:tion with plant life in rach a way as to be under-
stood by all. B.,t:,i,y is not the dry uninteresting science that many imagine, it doe.
notconsistmet^l) of riuning.classifying.and comparing a collection of plant*; the essen-
tial problem is to ,i,MU.r>.a,id the life of the plant, to comprehend it. functions to in-
quire what is t:ie n.<e lu the pl»,it of iU root, stem, leaves, its flower and fruit. This
thought has been kept in view by the writer of article, in this book and if 'hose who
happen across it should be led to . better understanding of some of the problems of
nature it will not have been pubiished in in.

The il|.,.rtratio3s in this book which are not original have been reproduced or
adiipted from t^e lollowing works: Eritton and Br.. /n's "Illustrated Flora of the
Nnrthe-M States and Cana.la;" Atkinson's • ElemenUry Botany;" Coulter's "Plant
!l«iation.,- Gibson's "Sharp Eyes," and "My Studio Neighbour ;" Mi,. Dana's "How
U, i;now the wad Flower.;' JJUuclian'. "Nature'. Gordeu;' and Gray's "Structural
Botuuy."

CONTENTS.

I. IntrrMluction.

II. Spring Woods.

III. tTnrter the TroM

IV. Our Spring Flowers.

V. Fioncru "Whofe Month In Ev«ir May.'

VI. "The Throbbing Heart of May."

VII. "The Leafy Month of Juna."
VTTI. June Orchida.

I .\ The Early Summer.

X "The High Tide of the Year."

XI. Renenth the July Sun.

XII. "Midsummer All Aflame."

XIII. By Auguat Waysides.

X I V. The Approach of Autumn.
X \. The HRrve.et of the Year

X VL "When Wcioda An Bare."

M!««OiMlUbr»y BIMptMqwi.atlanal*
otCanida duO:nda

Flowers of the Field and Forest.

? 9 9

INTRODUCTION.

Spring briiini, my BurrouKha, "wh»ii the
partnd« drum«; whon the hyla peein;
when thf ahad itart up the rivem. and ihe
sra«« (Tc«n« in the apnng rune; and il enda
when the learen are unfaldin« and the last
■nowflake dieeolvea in m.d-air." Like
Kanter, therefore, aprin« ia ■ movable fe»»t,
not to be welcomed at »ny fljed d«te. No
almannc, however, is needed to tell u« ihnr
the hrceth of apring ia in the air. Kren
before the catkina unfold and the bud*
•well, the epirit "f growth calU to us to
rome forth and witness n''ture'it yearl.v
miraj-Ie. ITien, if ever, we are H'.m wiiii
a longing to know the world which lie.
around ua, and in our walka every wood
and meadow provea to be an undiaeovercd
(Wintry, full of tr«anire« for the traveller
"ho hoa • aeemg eye end > hearing ear.
lint notwithicanding an almoat universal
hunger for a knowledge of the world thit
lie« around ua, the majority are a« blind
tneri who »ay there ia no auch >hing aa
sight. A hint, however, often leade to the
(Imcovery of new beautiea m every day ob.
jects ^

"We are made eo, that we love I

tirut, when we see them painted, things

we have paased
Perhaps a hundred times, nor cared to see.''

So, «-Jth but little .tudy, we may find |
hidden m a flower all the mystery of life
Tt>d of death. To us, it is no- longer mere-
ly a iretty apecimen; it lives and breathes
jnd moves; it has it« loves and hatea, its
fncmiis and it« foes; it struggles for its
CNXi.trnce, and adapts itself to circum-
=tJi.nces; it flouriahefi in congenial sur-
rmindinfcS, but languishes and dire, m anv !
place foreign to its nature. To know ii
plant implies meeting it in its home atn.fy. i
mg Its pecnlianties, learning its family his-
tory, recognizing its relations, and beeoni. j
ing familiar with its visitors. r>>eB this I
•rm to demand too much of busy work- I
era? It will be found that even "he who I
runs may read a few pages in Nature's
book. Material for thought and study lies
close at han.l, ^nd iU who k.->k may find

smoe

FIG. 1-A TYPICAL LEAF.

"Tongues in trees, books ir c running
brooks.

Sermons in stones, and goof n every,
thing,"

Love for our floral neighbours implies not
only a desire to know them, but a wish to
™^ them by name. When told that more
than .•«0O flowering plants have been fouml
groinng wild in Canada, we may despair of
haviny even a passing acquaintance with
the flowers of our own countrj-. But we
must begin to make our circle of frienih
at home, g.lining there an understanding
and sympathy which will give us an in-
sight into the na.tiire of all. Plant.s for-
tunately occur in families and show sur'i
strong family resemblances that it soon !.c-
comes easy to recognize each new foiirul
stranger as a relative of some old frien-l
Notwnthstanding great differences, flower
ing plants adhere to certain plans whi.-h
may he readily learmd. Let us then as a
preparation for talks about common Cini-
dian wild flowers, briefly consider the par»«
of a typical flowering plant, perfect and
complete.

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

FIG. IL— A TYPICAL FLOWER.

Takiing up first those organs which are
cancerned with the nutrition of the plant,
we observe that there is a root which serves
to anchor the plant in the eoil and which
sends out thread-like branches in every
direction searching for food. Such a root,
for example that ol corn, is said to be
fiUioiu-i. (itlitr plants, like the be«'t, have
thick fleshy roota, in which food i« stored
for future use.

Risintt above the ground is the stem.
In sinill plauts, it is usually ^een and
dies (. I'n to the ground every winter; but
large brown steins, such aa tha trunks of
trees may live on from year to year. A*-
the function of the stem ia to lift the leaves
into the light and air, it Ls generally erect
and frequently branches. Sometimes, how-
ever, a stem too wealc to stand alone,
climbs or twii.j>s upon a support. Mom-
lug glories and peas are familiar examples.

Sr/GMA

sme--

OM/tY..

FIG. Ill — TYPICAL STAMEN AND
PISTIL.

Other stems, like that of the white cIotit,
creep along the aurface of the earth. Po-
tfttoee and many other plants have thick,
tiesby, lukderground tteoM, aerving a« atore-

\ houaes for food. They can always be dis-
tinguished from fleshy roo^s by the presenca
' in the former of ecale-ldke leaves and of
I buds.

I Expoaed to suoligiht and air, are the
' leaves scattered as a rule along the item
at different intervals. Each leaf has usual-
' ]y a stalk and a flat, thin, green portion
called the blade. Frequently at the base of
the stalk are leaf-like expanadons known
as atipulM (Fig. 1.) Both stalk and .stipulef)
may, however, be wa.itTfng. Leaves vary
in shape from the needles of the pine to
I the round disc of the Tropaeolum. wrongly
, called NastUiTtiimi. Some have entire mar-
gins, while others have their edges more
! or lees deeply notched. However deep the
I cuts, if the divisions do not extend to the
I central line, the leaf is considered simple,
j but if, as in the rose, it is broken up into
] distinct part^ it is sadd to be compound.
j The green material of which the leaf \%
I largely composed, is supported by a frame-
1 work of veins; one lai^er than the rest
genertilly runs down the centre of the leaf
I and is known a« the midrib. If the veins
branch and unite with one another, the
leaves are net-veined; but if the veins run
side by wide without branching, the leaves
are parallel-veined. The diflferences beitw-ien
leaves are chiefly those of form, all serving
similar purposes. In them plant food is
prepared and digested, and by means of
them plants breathe and tramspire, that is,
give off superfluous moisture.

While root, stem, and leaves are devoted
to the nourishment of the plant. oth(?r
portdons are set aside for the production
of seed. These parts are arranged in cir-
cles upon the enlarged end of a stem call-
ed a receptacle and together thev compose
the flower (Fig. II.) On tlie outside, enclos-
ing and protecting the other floral oigans
in the bud. is the ealvx, made up of sev-
eral green leaf-like bodies called seprls. The
sepals may be either separate or united *o
as to form a sort of cup. Within the calyx,
is the corolla, the conspicuous, coloured
portion of the flow«r. It is composed of
petals, which varying mtarvellously in shape,
oolour and markings, may be quite distinct
or joined together.

Next oomes one or more whorls of slen-
der stamens; each of which has a thread-
like stalk caJled s filament, and at ^e top
an anth»r. composed of two halves or lobes
filled with pollen, a yellow dust. By the
snlittinir of the lobes the pollen is set frpe.
(Fip. m. 2.) As may be seen from an rx-
amiiifttiton of Fig. IV., the forms of stamens
and their ways of opening are many and
intereatinff.

FLOWEKS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

II.

FIG. IV.-A GROUP OF STA.MEN'S.

At the heart of the flower stands the
*ed-case or pistil. It iis composed of three
distinct parte— « hollow baaal portdon call-
ed the ovary, in which seeds are produced ;
a slender style or stalk arising from the top
of the_ ovary; ajid a aticky expansion crown-
ing the style and known as the stigma.
When a pistil has only one chamber in the
ovary, one style, and one stignra, it is saiil
to be composed of one cart>el. It may, how-
ever, be made up of several carpels quite
separate, or more or less united. The num-
ber of the component carpels is indicated
by the number of divisions in the ovary or
by the number of stigmas.
, In order that good seed may be formed
in tlie pis<d, pollen must lie conveyd from
an anther to the stigma : and in mo«t cases
pollen from the same flouer is lew effective
than that from anotlier plant of the same
kind. Cross-pollination, that is the trans
ierenee of pollen from one plant to an
other, must be performed by some oiitJide
agency. i'lanta have, therefore, aenuiie.l
bright colours, quaint forms and m-eet od
OMvs, as means of attracting ijisects, which
seeking honey in flower after flower carr\
pollen on various parts of their bodies
from pliant to plant.

Having thus learned a few essentials
about all ordinary flowering ptants we are
pveiiared, m i-jmblcs "on the hill-slopes, by
Uie brook-side, in woodland ways," to Klin
a fuller understanding of the wonders and
beauties of our naitive flowers.

SPRING WOODS.

"Look thou not down "out up" might well
he taken as the motto of flower-lovers in
spring, for the trees bear this season's ear-
liest greetings. From the woods, fresh
breezes watt a strange f,^int lierfunie whiih
IS to the sense of smell what a mihl ami ile-

FIG. V.-PUSSY WILLO\\

lieato strain of music ia to the car." Brown
buds having thickened on the trees now
are unfolding flowers and loaves so snugly
tucked away during a long winter's sleep.
Luriously enough the blossoms of the larg-
est trees are very small and often so in-
conapicupus that the world passes by heed-
less of these dainty hints of coming glories.
Ivong before the snow has disappeared
the -puMies' on the willows burst their
puiplish-brpwn winter jackets and in vel-
vety gray form a charming contrast to the
reddish twigs which bear them. From
Nova Scotia to the North-Wcst Territories,
puasy mUows, Salix discolor, abound in
swamp and bog, and find congenial homes
on every damp hillside. Coaxed by warm
spring sunshine, the pussies quickly grow
into catkins an inch or mom long. Certiin
trees bear golden yellow, fuzzy catkin-
which seem to be a mass of stamens (Fig!
v., 1). It a catkin is broken up it will
■irove to be a cluster of very simple flow-
■Ts. each of which, being destitute of
calyx, corolla and pistil, consists of two
slender stamens standing in front of a lit-
tle hairy leaf called a bract. (Fig. V 21
Ihese bracts overlapping one another in
the bud protected the young flowers from

J-IiOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

eo]d and gave the "pnniiv" tbeir chanw-
teiiMtic fluffy appearance. The trees hav-
ing these Btaminate flowers can, of course,
never bear seed. In the neighbourhood,
however, will bo found other pussy willowe
whose .silvery gi-een catkins* (Kitf V., 3) i\n^
apparently made up of a great number of

FIC. VI.-roPLAR AND UKAUT
LBAVED WILLOW LEAV1-:S.

club-shaped pistils. But like the staminate
catkins they are clusters of simple iniper-
fect flowers. Only, in this case, the flow-
ers lack calyx, ooroUa, and stamens, and
each is composed of a single pistil fasten-
ed at its baise to a hair>- bract. (Fig. V., 4).
Though there is no coroJk, the large cat-
kins are conspicuous enough to attract in-
sects, and the honey-b«, flying eagorI>
from tree to tree, secures a spring feast of
honey and pollen and in its flight carries the
golden dust to waiting stigmas. Their
work over, the «tanx*imiat« catkins fall, but
the pistillate flower-clusters remain after
the leaves have unfolded, and until their
seed is ripened and ready to float away on
the silky .mils attached to the aeed-coats.

The forty-seven kinds of Canadian willows
resemble one another closely iu their flow-
ers which appear before the leaves. Prob-
ably the most widely spread of jdl is the
h«u-t-leaved willow, Salix condata, wliicli
has innumerable forms f^cattered over the
Dominion from the Atlantic to the Paci-
fic. All these differ from the jtussy willow
in having leaves with a heart--haped base.
(FiR. VL, 1). Beloai^dTig to the willow- r»m-
ily are the poiplara (Fiff.Vl, 2), covered with
gray downy tassels before a trace of green
leaf is to be seen. The staminate clusters
like long caterpillars soon thickly strew the

ground beneath the treeii. Bnt thoM trees
which bear pistillate flowers, like the wil-
lows, retain their catkinB until the sc«:d.-
have matured.

FIG. VII.-GREEN ALDER.

From Labrador to British Columbia, the

green alder, Almus aJmotbetula, drooping over
mountain stream expands its purple and
gold catkins auout the same time as its
leaves. From it, too, bees fly away with
pellets of golden pollen, but the journey
from stamen to pistil is short, for althouali
in separate flower-clusters they grow on the
same alirub. The long droopmg catkins
(Fig. VII., 1) are made up of scale-like
bracts, to each of which is attached from
three to six flowers, every flower having a
small four-lobed caiyx and four stamens.
Close by are upright bodies resembling min-
iature pine-conos (Fig. VII., 2). J*ullifng on^
of these apart, it will be seen that each
scale bears from two to three pistillate
flowers destitute of calyx, corolla, and stam-
ens. Eaoli pistil finally ripens into a little
nut with broad wings upon which it floats
away at maturity (Fig. VII., 4). Belon^in;?
to the same family are the birches, which
also bear catkins of staminate and little
clusters of pistillate flowers on the same
tree. The birch catkins are, however, espe-
cially beautiful. When full-grown they are
extremely long and graceful, of a silky soft-
nefia and with a rich golden colour.

Even in April, the swamp or mi mapln,
Acer rubrum, "crimsons to a coral reef."
Before a leaf appears, every twig is covered
with exquisite clusters of tiny red bloegoms,
which sometimes fall before the snow has

FLOWERS OF THK FIELD AND FOREST.

ing the first woekg of May its dusters of
fi-iiKraiit, honey-braritiK flofH-era apt>ear
liansinff from tlie ccntn- of a narrow le.if-
lilic bract (Fi(r. IX,, 1). Efich flower ha? five

FIG. VIII.-^UGAR MAPLE.

vanished, showing up most brilJiantly
against dazzling white drifts. Very similar
arc the flowers of tlie silver maple, Ac'r
d-asycarpum, a nm<!h rarer tree in tiie i.\\~' .
The colour of ita flowers is much yellower
and less brilliant than that of the red maple
blossoms. In both it is difficult on account
of the small size of the flowers to distinguish
their parts. This may be more easily done
in thoise of the sugar maple, Acer sacdi.ir
nm, tJio blo^^^aoms of wliich appair a UUl-
later than the leaves (1%. VilL. 1). Tl;*'
greenish-yellow flowers are borne on slendor,
hairy stalks, in graceful, drooping clusters.
The blossoms are of three kinds, all grow-
ing on the same tree. One bos no pif=tili
(Mg. VIII., 4), nnothiT no stamcn>
(Fig. VHI., 3), while a tiiird iw-
scs-t^g both (Fiu. VlIL, 2). Ei.-h
has a cup-shape^I calyx divided iiit*;
five teeth repre^ontintf five .eciKals. Nei-
ther the sugar nor silver maple flower has a
corolla, but in the rwl maple blossom live
small, narrow petals are present. The pist>I
is divided into two one-seeded parts, fium
each of Avhicli develops later a witli? likv
float. So the maple keys which in the «uin-
mer will lie scatterod over country ro i^l™
and cilv streets, are really the fruit- of the
tree {I'ig. VIH.. 5).

Another esrly blonming tree is the b.iss-
wood or American linden, Tilia nmerieiri.t.
This fine tree with heart-shai*d leaves is
fuund thruUKhout Ea>iferri Canada from
New Ri-unswick to Ijike Winnipeg. Dur

FIG. IX.-BASSWOOD OR LINDK.V.

sepals, five cream-coloured petals and many
stamens arranged in five clusters. (Fi«. i,\.,
2.) Each pistil develops into a round, hard,
woody, one-seeded frint attached to the
bract which acts as a float when the fruit
falls in the late summer {Fijj. IX., 3). 'V'n::
rtowers with their Btrong scent and pretty
colour, attract myriads of insects which
eagerly sip the honey secreted by the
seuals.

One of the most charming of our Cana-
dian trees, lending grace to the landscape
from Novn Scotia to the North-West Ter-
ritories, is the elm, Ulmus amerieana. Tie-
fore the leaver supidy a light mantle of
green, the flowers on -^leiidor dri>oping !*t:ilkH
t'riuse the 8i<les of every branch. (Fi«. X..
2.) Each blo'isom is furnished with a yel-
lowish or K-ddish calyx, bell-shaped, and
from four to nine-tootlied. The s.-tami^nn,
from four to nine in number, have very
long, slender (ilameivts (l''ig. X., 4). innl th(>
pi-stil with its two stigmas gi-ows into a
one-seeded fruit almost encircled bv a thin
wing or float. (Fig. X., 3.)

The oak is so generally regardefl as an
Fnj^'ioh tiix- Uiat it may be si;r{iri&ing Ui
learn that there are eleven species of oak
growing wild in Oanada. Of these, the
iTioorjy cup oak, Qnereiis maerorarfw, i->
most widely distributed over New B[uns-

FLOWKRS OF THE FIKLD AND FOiEST.

wick, Qneboc, Ontario «nd Manitoba, but
quenfnK -«>iHy plai„, thro«X!!t the wSt

It IB impoRjible in on* short paper ii
tiv! t^ \H"=^ rfescription of tfT na-
tive trees. But perhaps enough has been

^eni,^, Ur""^' "J' „''■«' 'he" secret, of
openiug buds are well-worth finding out.

FIG. X.-ELM.
llj""" .K"^'?"* of Quebec, and the eut

mSrJ^i fK''"^'^''' "^'! J"'' below the
Skt/ fl'"' """r- .f^«- XI., 3.) The
Zu^ rithf"*?", *™'* f"" on short

uiTtfr"* ^'y" ""? "hort Iob^7and the
and th^^^' * three-ehambered ovary
and three st.gma. Only one seed grows,
ami the fruit is aoora. (Pig XI 3 )

Chestnuts and beec^os are. o^n l^^lriiis o'f
uie oak and bear similair flowers

irith"^!. if" ' "■■ S^ *"»* blossoms appears
mth the leavfs, but the drooping iream-
ooloured catkins of the chestnut come kS

DM. Ti''?!, *""•"." P"^*" carried t^ the
pistils by the wind, and it may be ststid
that, as a goneilil rule, when tSe WoSm,
are neither bright no.: fra^nt enoSX "o
attract insects, the flowerf are puHortn
hefore the leaves fully unfold,Tnd the SSi

U^'^l^^:'"'" "■<= goIdenTollen'todi^ ,

FIG. XI.-KED OAK.

Great as is the charm of a wood in mid-
summer, still greater is it in the eTrlv
spnng when "Voung oak leaves i^stth^
inde-hill woods with pink," when

'^^^ ^e™ swarms swing off from all th«

Wh«!^'!l.**'''''i,''"'' J"''" ''»"«■■ caterpiUars:
unfold '"«»■'''>'«''>"''• leetle hands
Softer'n a baby's be at throe diays old."

in.

UNDER TIIE TKEES.

The common lot of all living beings is a
struggle for existence, and nothing "f more
interesting than the study of the str fe O,^
wonder is always excited bv the mar^'cloul

I'il^ 7^"^ ?"*"'' P'*"t' have .uiTed them
selves to various soils, climates, and com-
panions; while others, unable to adlnt
themse vcs to their environment, have fa?!
«i m the struggle or have even disapMared
As was said in a former paper liSt is an
essential to green plantsf it Siiht, there

rLr.VK'ii Qv THE FlK,,u AND FORE ST.

fore be expected that few or no low nlanti
would flourish in the heart of thT wSSd
Some howuver, i«v-e found a way out of
the difficulty aud have learned to take
advantage of the brief interval during which

fi, T *™ ^"? °''" "'""""i with light fol
■age, choosm,; the early .pring for rapid

fXr\h"'' ^'"°'"' f" " '» *■' the woodTand
rjthcr than to meadow or hillside that w..
go m April and May for the harbingers of
emng. |ew thing, seem more Sulo,?J
,1 ,^5" ""'«''*>' ^"'li which piir-
l^e and green spears piercing the
mould unfold into exquisite ban^
nera and gleaming stars, Formight
.. .h ^''"'" "^. ,""" mystery. As s^n
u.^A .T" "I^ned last summer, the plants
of f„ "^^ ""T ?"™' ™ to 'he manufacture
or r^f Tt .E^""^ "> "nderground stem

,^,1 fl in which lay lolded the leaves

.ind flowers of this spring So. in April, all
that remains to be done is the pusliing
up of budi mto the sunlight, irhere thev
announce that the snow is over and gon"'^
the flowers appear on the earth, the time
of the singing of birds is come."
. . "?"y ^" the disputes as to which flower
IS the first promise of spring. There is little
uoubt, however, that th>. unpoetic skur'
ca,bbage, Symplocarpus foetidlis, caji claim

the honour. Thoreau says that even in

1;,,. "fe '^™"'Jy "dvanceil toward a new
>e.ir Throughout the Maritime I'rovince.
Quebec an, Ontario, in bogs or alon^ttre

>le shells (Fig. Mr., 1) appMr eve. l„.f,„.o

caLrrh*' r" "fl ''"'°"'' *""■*' 'heir brown
cases Ihe tin.v fl.)wp--s i.,e closely crowded
on a flesliy stalk (Fig. XII., .I) and ™all fi"
they are, each po.saea.ses four sepals, four
stamens, and a pi.«til. The balMike cluster
termed a spad.x, is shellcred from biting

hld"Ti""l""" u""""' hy a waterproo?
hood This shiny brown purple hood re-
„ wL? i" ';"Ke„i>iottled snail, and is really
a large leaf called a spathc (Fig. XII ■>
It differs however, from the green foliage
leaves which appear later and grow to be
one or two leet long. Notwithstanding its
re,,ellant smell aud early advent \he
skunk-cabbage is visited fey honey bees •
fortunately, however, pheir plunder dc^
not flavour the honey. Often these honey
seekers meet an unexpected welcome, for
spidcTO have discovered their visits U> the
«owers, and weaving webs over the sjiadix,
they crouch behind it ready to pounce up-
on some unwary victim. As soon as the
flowers nave Been pollinated by insects.the
hoods wither away and the spadix swells
into a round spongy fruit, two or three
inches in diameter.

Unlike its relative the calla. this first
Hower of spring is most unattractive No
complaints, however, can be made in regard
10 Its successors, which possess u mild deli-

FIG. XII.-SKUNK CABBAGE.

FIG. XIII.-THAILING ARBUTUS.

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

cate beauty. Late in April or early in May,
acconiinK to the season or the locality, sev-
eral dainty flowers appear almost simultan-
eously One of the first is the -'rosylipped,
lioncy-heart«l" trailing arbutus, Kip'iBU'a re
liens (Fig. XIII.) Though local in its dis-
tribution, it is found in various districts
from Newfoundland to the Saskatchewan
AmouRst damp rnoas and withered leaves
in sheltered hollows under the pines, in
little dells on dry nnndy or rocky ground,
its waxy fragrant blossoms abound. Its
scientific name means creejiing upon the
earth and its Bligntly woody stem is fur-
nished with evergreen leaves, rounded or
'"=»'' J-shapcd. The blades are net-veined
and borne on long stalks which are covered
with reddish clammy hairs. Here and there,
are clusters of pale pink flowers, each blos-
som having a small calyx of five scale-like
sepals The petals are united into a long
tube lined with silvery hairs; the tube
spreads out into a flat border having five
divisions, each tipped with rose. There ai-e
ten stamens, and one pistil with a five-
hibed stigma. The flowers have the taste
of muscatel grapes, a delicious fragrance,
and a rich store of honey, much sought af-
ter by bees.

On sunny s*)iithem slopes near Montreal,
those who vcnt'ire into the woods about the
20th of April, are often rewarded bv find-
ing the first henatiea.'s. (Fig. XIV.) Though
so fragile, they bloom even under the snow;

INVOiUCRt

FIG. XIV. LI\ERWORT.

and m Apnl and May they abound in the
rich, dry woods of Eamern Canada. They
have been reported as occurring also in
Manitoba, the Kocky Mountains, and
Alaska. Rusty brown leaveg of the previ-
ous summer remain Oirer the winter, and
afford a pleasing background for the deli-
cate flowers. Thv! nairy flower-stalk bears
at its tip a furry bad, enclosed by three
sepal-like leaves, collectively termed an in-
volucre (Fig. XIV., 2), which protects llie
parts within from cold and rain. Boon the
bud unfolds and the true sepals are revealed.
(Fig. XIV., 2.) They are from six to twelve
in number and are coloured white, pinkish-
purple, or blue, taking the place of the
absent corolla and serving to "Attract insects,
lake many other members of the buttercup
family, the flower ha« a great many stamens,
and a pistil of p;?veral separate carpels
crowded together mto a little round head
m the centre of the flower. As soon as tne
seeds have been formed, iresh green leaves
unfold ready for their summer's work. Two
species of hepatica are found in Canada both
with leaves deeply divided into three parta,
buc those of Hepatica triloba have blunt
or even rounded lobes, while those of Hepa-
tioa acutifolia have sharply pointed tips.
ihe former is abunuant in t\s Maritime
Provinces and Ontario, but is rare in Que-
bec; the latter is common about Montreal
and all through Ontario, and is found in
the other eastern provinces.

FIG. XV.-SPRING BEAUTY.

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

Like llic ticpatica opening in the sun dnd
clo»ing in the whade, tlie s| »ri ntf hv.i ii i y ,
Chiytonia virginiana, (Fig. XV.) nin)i-M-->
about the same time. Deep tUtwn
benieath the siuiace of tlie ground
is a small round, swollen stem, ti-Tmod
a tulwr (Fig. XV., 2), atta*-hed to which
itt a bud. At the advent ot' spring tli*'"
bud develop:* in'to a long slender at'ri;il
stem, bearing *wo grass-like leaves opposite
to one another A t the top, is a loose clus-
ter of delicate flowers. Liich haa two se-
pals, five whitp or pink petals, veined with
rose colour, fiv BtamenH, and one pistil,
witli three stigmas. (Fi»f. XV., 3). Thi-
charniing flower, \rith ita exquisite fleeting
beauty is found in moist open wjmhI:*
throughout the Dominion, having almost as
wide a range- as its objectionable couam, the
uurslane.

Quite as enhemeral !m the spring bL-autv,
is the stooiter, atronger bloonlroot, Sanguin-
aria canadensis Fig. XVL). In April, the
firm tip of its leaf, curled aaxj-und a fiowci

bud (Fig,

through

May rich woodj* arc covcrtsl w! Ii
its gliiiming white flowers. gulden
at the iicai't. At lii^t a' gr.iyi.Hh or
hluish green, the leaf oecomes more hnlliatit
nnil shov'-) strong veins tinged with oraniic.
Alter the Mowers tall, the larf,e leavei*, torm-
in^^ beds hero and there in iNnva Scotia,
New Brunswick, i/uehec and Ontario, begin
to prejiare great quantities of tooti winch
is stored up in a thick underground nccni
or rhizome for tlu: next spring. Like the
most of the poppy famii>, the flower ot the
bloodroot has two green sepals wliieh tail
when the bud exr-nd,^. 'I'he pure wliite
petals from eight lo uwelve in number are
of two .sizes (Fig. XVI., 3, 4); llnre ;in'
twenty-four stamens (Fijf. X\'F.. 5); .'ml
one oblong, sn\'olJen piM.il. witli a l\v>
lobed ati«ma (Fig. XVL, G). The
petals fall almost as soon ax ili.'
flowers arc gathered, and the only reminder
left, to us ot the discarded bouquet is the
-tain left by the orange-red juice from which
tlip plant derive:-, its name.

The sentimental bleeding- l.eart of the gar-
den has two much more attractive sisters
growing wild in our woous. The squirrei
com, DicciLtra cinadensLs. (Fig. XVIL), i-"
'•undant from Nova Se-otia to the western
boundaries of Ontario. Its underground ^Um

FIG. XVL— BLOODROOr.

FIG. XVII.-SQUIRREL-CORN.

'* FLOWEKS OF IHK FIELD AND FOREST.

bears scattered yellow tubers, resemblinu „.

grajM of Indian com (Fig. XVII ^ Fr"?n I Ti^^^r'u '^?- X^'")- " <J»™i'W li"le
11 apnn^ dcli.:iit,.lv Hi J?;.;^i ri;..J: ,K™ I I'lant which dehuhla in rirv BrauSh

vi-Vi''"'!" •'''''•■"'•'ly dissected leaves (fiit.

S v\,;?'","*„""^ ''■'prance oi hyacinth'
i^l XV.I 2j. Each (lower i, heart sliuped.
with two brocte or small leaves near its
iw«e, two scuJe-Lke sepals, four petals, six
.■•taiijens in twj groups, and one uistd. the
petals are of two kinds; the tw- outer (Fii!
AVIi., 4), are large pouches, which se-
crete honey; the inner are narrow and crest-

white in colour, tipped with rose. Dutch-
man a breeches, Dieontra cucullaria, hat
V hite Howera touched with cream-colour:

iiiasf* reseiiiblirig a bulb.

It would be wrong to close without anv
reterence to the early saxifrage, Saxifra!;a

plant which delights in dry grav^y hUl-
sides. and ranges from the Atlantic to the
{"acihc. As a protct'.ion from cold, the leaves
torm a rosette close to the ground. l<roni
the centre of the rosette springs one or more
!lower-cluster». tach blossom has five sepals,
hve white petals, ten stamens, and one pis-
til deeply divided into two parts. When
npe the seed-nods have a rich, madder
lirown tjine, colouring the rocky slopes on
which the plants grow. Sturdy but pure.
It 19 a typical product of the spring. About
all the early flowers there is a "reticence,
an unwruught suggestiveneas," missing in
lliiining midsummer beauties. Strong to re-
sist keen spnng breezes, in their de-
iiiiile purity and dainty forms they seem
akin to the Hnowllakes they succeed.

IV.
OUR SPRING FLOWBRS.

PIG. XVIII.-EARLY SAXIFRAGK.

Though "half our May's so awfullv like

nf „hi, ^ T'' I***'",.™'! birds. Mass ,
of while wake-robin glint through the
trees, under the maple the violet shyly
smiles, and marshes gleam with fairy loU
U the paJe, pure beauties of the 4r1iest
spnng seemed children of the frost-spirit,
the marsh mangold is born of the May
sunshine From wave-washed Belle Isle to
the Rocky Mountains and as far north as
the Arctic Sea, Cattha lala^ris (Fig XIX )
displays Its golden cups. Lonely English ae't-
tlers^ dreaming of home misnamed it 'W-
s.ip, and others remembering Shakespeare's
Mary-buds' called it marsh marigoI§. Ex
cept Its golden hue, it has little in com-
Sr-.r"^ £!?"•, ''(■""CUPS and crowfoots
are ita nearest relatives. Borne on a hollow,
furrowed »tem, tlie dork green, kidnev-
^haped leaves make an effective baA-

mr?." /?u"'« ™'' "'"'" <:l'i»te"- All the
parts of the flower are separate from one
another and inserted on the receptacle.
5' ,•' ^'- There is no corolla, but the

golden calyx composed of from five to nine
^pals, suppHie. its rf.nce. The numerous "t"
uT f *>i ^'^" .?) .P"'*!"* great quanti-
IZlnl "t ™' ?!?;'?''''' •'"' '»"<) for winged
\is.tors. The pistil la composed of several

Md«"rPI^'"xfY' "*''='> ripen into little seed-
pods if XIX.. 3). Honey is s=e(Tete,l liv
two shallow depressions on the sides of eacli
carpel m such abundance that it gathers
in drops at the heart of the flower a
treasure-trove for hungry bees.

I ;-•

FLOWERS OF THEi FIELD AND F0KE8T.

FIG. XIX.-MARSHMARIGOLD.
Another dweller in swampy lands is
fe Yvt'T*J'i'*K.- A™"-™* triirayllun,
1. *• ,■''■,' Delighting m rich black nioulJ
beneath the shade of trees, at his feet a
carpet of niosa, the quaint little preacher
stands in his puriilegrcen pulpit overarch
ed by a graceful striped canopy. The plant
has a round underground stem, termed a
corm (Fig. XX., 4). which is reiilaced by a
new one at the end of each season's groWth
The wrinkled corm is full of an acnd juice'
the unpleasant properties of which are dis-
pelled by boiling, rendering the plant a
favourite dish with Indians, hence its
other popular name, Indian turnip. From
the corm spring one or two green leaves
each divided into three leaflets, and the
stalk which bears the flower-cluster. Like
.■" couiiii, the skunk-cabbage. Jack arranges
ins flowers on a fleshy spadix, which is
however elongated and naked at the ton

iSt ''yy I.i^d'' 5'°°" *' ">« •>»« only
(fig. AA., J). Bonding gracefully over the
spadix, IS a thin, hood-Eke, green apathe.

PIO. XX.-JACK-TN.THF,PULPIT.

Htriped or spotted with purple. The flowers
have neither calyx nor corolla, and are of
two kinds, the one composed of several
closely united anthers, the outer of a
single pistil with a brush-like ntigma, com-
posed of delicate spreading hairs. The two
may occur on one spadix, the pistillate
flowers at the base, the etaminate just
above. But m order to ensure crosspollin-
ation steps towards the com],lete separ-
ation of the two kinds of flowers have been
taken. It will be noticed that some plants
are larger than the .vcrage, while others
are smaller and possess only one leaf. The
latter bear staminate flowers exclusivclv
and as soon as the pollen is shed, spatlie
and spadix wither away, and the plant pro-
ceeds at once to prepare for the ..,.„ La-
sons growth. Pistillate plants have, how
e\er, not only to produce blossoms bat to
mature seeds, storing in these an abund-

Vof „S«l "Jk! '"■' ,"•«. ''">' "''nt" within.
«ot imfcil tluB work is completed on the
parent plajit think of itself and form a
corm an.l bud for the coming year. Great-

KLOWKRS OF THE FIEr.l) AND FOUKST.

rr Hcmand!. ti.'c™iuie nmre niitrimpnt-
luTef..,-,., |„si,||„i,. ,,|„„|s nrv l,.ru,. „,„i
.rnv„c,l Will, („•„ lr„v,„. N„Hvitl,.lu,„ii„„
lliiM, tlicy Bometmic. Iiwomi' «ii i\liiiii,ti'il
m i-i|,cninK fnlit. Ihal dunnn the nvxl
"••amm thoy rc'inair. »niall ami i.ioduc..
Mamiiiatc nnwcri^. Siirclv. .lack"
lias "ecoiinmv" fur its text
phylluiTi floiiri.hi'a in all the nntin i.i,,
vinr,., and eycn in Manil„l.a; but its inter

tnly
^frnidn
Arwai'ina tri-
easter'n pr

Fin. xxi.-co: iMoN liiAii violki'.

Mting liTOtlicT, tlie ([re™ drafton. Arisacini
draoontium, mwilh to be nmliiml to a
»mall area in sc.uth-weatern Ontario. Tho
atti'r ha» a leaf with fiom seven to eleven
leaflets, and its Sliathe is puinted and
Hr-eenish.

Flooding the s^vamp.s, fringing the hilla,
and lurking in shndv nooks on tlie liillside
are the best-loved fl >\verB of spring the
violct.s. Iwenty species, white, yellow and
blue, have been observed in Canada, several
finding congenial home.! in every part of
the Dominion. Perhaps the best known is
the common blue violet, Viola em-iill it i
(Fig. XXr.) Enriching meadows and border-
ing woodland brooks, its kid'ney-8liii])ed or
rounded leaves of wavy outline grow dir-
ectly from a fleshy rootst.ilk. The fl'wr"
vai-ying in colour from iiale blue to deep
purple are borne singly on slender, naked
stalks. The calyi has five sepals extended
into ears at the base. Of the five unequal

petals,
lowest
llnlds I,

the

two lateral are beardeil and the
IS jir. longed into a spur which

wo of the five stamens have
lie.tir -ccicling sniirs, which project into
t lal oi 111,, corolla. The sliglitly coherent
stamens surround the three celled ovary
and I he singh' stigma is bent slightly to
one side. The colour, the secretion of honey
and the irregular form of the flower are
mleiiiicd to secure cross pollination. It is.
thiTcfoie. astonishing to find the pinni
bearing other liud-like flowers concealed be
neath the leaves or below the surface of the
fc-round. (Fig. XXI., 1.) 'niough they never
develop jietals. never open and are neces-
sarily self-pollinated, tlicv are even more
ffTtilc than the ordinary blossoms. Charm-
ing as are these "lovely children of the
shade." I he bine violets have no perfume,
""aniida has. however, its fragrant species.
I.OW wet woods are often filled with
A'iida blanda, a white violet daintily vein-
ed with brownish-purple, in tiny blossoms
breathing forth a fiint sweet perfume.
Fragrant with the same delicate elusive
scent as panaies is the tall Ciinaila violet,
Viola canadensis. With Icafv. upright ste'iis,
one or two feet high, and large wlrte
flcwirs veined with purple and mauve be-
neath, these violets are among the loveliest
<if llie family. Occurring .n every part of
ranada on rich wooded slopes, they easily
bear tmnpplan'ing and well retwxy cultiva-
tion. A scent, is leafy-stemmed species is
the downy yellow violot. Viola pulxiaceiis,
c<'lebrate<l in cliarmi g but inticciu-atc. verse
b.v Brya-r Tlie lo.;-or petals are veined
with piiri>le, the lines serving insects as
iwlh-flndere, iwinting to the hoaisi of
honey.

Notwithstanding the poetic fancies woven
about the violet. ano<tlier flower is the
reigning heauty of a Canadian May. The
large white wake-rr.hin. Ti-illium grandiflor-
um jF^g. XXII.), glinting from co|»e .m.l
wood, is withoTit a rival in purity and
abundance. Throughout Ouebec and On-
farin. it fills rich woods giving a distinc-
tive charm to every landscape. Like other
oiemliers of the lily family, it is built nfion
the plan of three. From a short rootstock
ll'ig. XXrr,. I) arises a st^m bearirur a
whorl of three gi-een loaves (Fig. XXII ,
2). Its large terminal flower (Fig. XX fl..
3} has a calyx of three gris-n
siepals; a corolla oomposed of three
T-s>iiited white petak. -which fl,i»li a del;.
™*?„P'"f in old age; ax stamens (Fig.
AA 11., 41: and a mstil with three sprecding
a>!thers (Fig. XXII.. R). Exquisite in Iheir
chaste white beauty, the dowers are scent-

KL0WKK8 OF THE FIKI.I) AND FORKST.

FIG. XXII— LARGE WiriTE TRILLIUM
le« and nectarleaa and depend upon the
bnlliant corolla to attract pollen-gathering
we* and waape. Similar in the number and
arrangement of the various organs are the
painted trilliura, Trillium erj-throcarpuin,
with 1 crimson blotch at the base of its
petals; the smiling wake-robin, Trillium
cernuum, noddtng upon its stalk; and the
raaddbr-red birthroot. Trillium erectum a
dingy poor relation. The trilliums are e«
sentially a North American group, a few
Japanese and Himalayan species being the
only exceptions,

A less conspicuous flower also belonging
'° *;.? ,™y family is the bclWort, Oakesia
sesmhtbha (Pig. XXIII.. 1). Its grueeuil,
cumng stem, about eight inches high, bears
several pale green leaves, which are set do^e
upon the stem almost clasping it. Beneath
them modestly droop one or two etraw-
coloured lily-shaped Howera. The sepals
.ind petals reaembling one another in col-
our and form, are spoken of coUectivelv as
a periantli. The fruit is sharply angled or
even winged (Pig. XXnL,2). Closely allied
and having the same oommon name is Uvul-
ana grandiflora. It differs from Oakesia in
ha.viin« a short thick rootatock instead of ,•»

FlU. XXIII.-BELLWORT.

dender creeping one; in poaseasing perfoli-
ate leaves, i.e., leaves through which the
stem aparenrtly pasaeii (Pig. XXIH., .1i ; ind
in having calluslike ndgee at the base of
the inner surface of the petals, Uvulnria
is c. mmon throughout Quebec and Ontario,
while Oakesia abounds in New Brunswick
tnd Quebec,

One of the lily group and not a violet, m
its common name would indicate, is the
dog's-tooth violet or Oilder's tongue, Erv-
thronium americanum (Pig. XXIV). In rich
woods from Nova Scotia to Georgian Bay,
its drooping bells greet the new-born spring,
-Arising from a d«eiiily«e<i tod bulh (Fig.
XXIV, 11 are two shining lenves, |wiU>-grccn
mottloil with a piiriiHsli tint (Pig. XXIV. 2).
Sheathed at its base by the leaves, the
slender flower-stalk terminates in a large,
nodding, russet-yellotw flower (Pig. XXIV.,
3). The perianth is composed of three re-
curved sepals, atripoil with brown, and of
three petab* grooved on the inner surlaco
and dfl4tedat the base with purplish-brown.
The six «tamena (Pig. XXIV., 5) have nwl-
shaj^ed filaments and oblong anthers* the
piatil (Kg. XXIV., 6) i« provided
with a long style and one thi^e-
Inhed wtigma. Scattere-l .imnnK the
larger plants are younger ones hav-
ing only one leaf, no ««Hom, and a
bulb situated near the - .f the earth.

Each year, new bulbs .iuced at the

ends of runners springi. , lom the parent

1 .

FLOWEIW OF THE FIKIJ) AM) KOUKST.

no. XXIV

Imlb and ench auiuintT ihi-y pcnclral,. in ife
Ai-vply into the Bodl. Pinairy thu ,le.-|,c»t
Imlbs Bend np paj.-a of leaves and bloa-

The spring flowere hitherto described
have be«n more or leM conspicuous, but
other widely distributed p] mU are seldom
noticed, for example, the wild giiigir, Asar-
..m canodenee (^ig, XXV.) From iL. „„-
matic rootstock grew two long-stcn- ,ied
kidney-ahaped l»avea, covered with soft
W Fig Xxy D.'oiose t., fl,.. ^,«u,d
in the fork of the leave., and attacTed to
a abort stilk is a eingle purplish brown
iTTj^,- XXV., 2). Thexi i« nocor.Ti"
and the oata w beU-shaned wit), a w.rcul-
ing three-lobed border (Fig. XXV. 6) '1 lie
twelve stamens joined to the style have
curious hlamen** prolonged beyond the an-
her into.a noint (Fi^ XXV., 4); and the
pistU, united at its T)a9e with the calv.x
tube, ends in six spreading stigmas. It "is
common in nch woods amongst dead leaves
from the Atlantic CoMt to the Saskatchewan
5Si° hf^ ' "f firni-lied Indians and
simplers with a favourite medicine, tlie
pungent rooutocks with the flavour of
gmger being considered a cure for head-
ache and deafness. Thus, wnether utili-
tanaii or aesthetic,
"The cOTintry-born an' bred know where

to nnd
Some blooms that make the season suit

the mind.* !

FIG. XXV.- WILD niNOER.

F.'^OWERS "WHOSE MONTH IS EVER
MAY."

The character of plant societies is largely
a matter of environment, the slightest dif-
ferences m soil, climate, etc., affecting the
geographical distribution of species. In
temperate regions, however, conditions are
not extreme, and it might be expected that
the same species would prevail throughout
the Dominion of Canada in airoUar latitudes.
Uut the floras of the East and the West
•re most unlike, and few lorms are com-
mon to hnlh sidei of the Rocky Mountains.
Among these exceptional plants may be
?i?*'«''^,tAe w'''**>>"*«-'-y. Actaeaalbi
trig. AAVI.), found in rich woods, near
R^^; 'd???!: "'>»<iy nooks, from Nova
Bcoti* to BntiBh Columbia. Cohosh, herb-

KmWKIlS OK TIIK FIKLI) AND FOREST.

FIG. xxvi.-wnm.: bankhkruy.

chriRto)' tnd rattleBoake herb.are other
commo. ,. ie« for this plaui, which is a
rather t ? perennial, growing about two
fe«t hi^h. "li BprinK the rootjstiM-k »en<l-'
up ccmpour leaves, twice or thrice divid-

ed, with Bharf'./ cut ami toothed lenHets l*'i
{Fig. XXVr.) The bloawnnn arc very sni

U. Thfl European ft|>tctei with purplish
black berrioi haa not b«en ohMrved In
America, thnugh a variety ko>Mvn aa the nd
baneberry, Actae.* vpicau, variety rubra, it
^"ramon in rich wooda from Nnva Scotia to
the Rocky Mountainn. u i» vxnimytly a
forMt plant and .1 mora Northern form
than thfl white baneberry. iu ]<-afl«ta are
1«» deeply cut, and it hiuaannit ^ week or
two earlier th-in the .^^;ta^;l alba. Th«
cherry-red berries bt>nie mi ilender itenu
are. hke thf>«*' of other fonnii, non-edible.
Curiou* variatiorid, piohaoly uue to the in-
te^c^o■Mlng of iinecieii. appear, and oc-
CBwonally white Wrieii on alender italke,
and red herrie* (in thick Hteina are found.
Like the hepatica and th« inarah raari|{old,
the baneberry belonRf t^ the crowfoot
family, a group m whuft aie tound many
common spring flowers.

One of the daintient of thei* is the gold-
threiul. t'optirt irifol.i. (K^. \\\ll.| This
clmrming little plan,, not motv than from
three to five inches in height, rejoices
in shining evergreen leaves, each of which
iH divided into three sharpjytoothed leaf-
lets. These beautiful syuiiiie^ncal leaves
arising from a slender root^tock form ■% rich
carpet for wet woods and boin irom La-
I'lador to the Rocky Mountains. The
the locality from May to September. The
aticmone-like flowers appear aecording to
blossoms are borne singly on scat>es, that
it, on leaflesH stalks Bpnngint; directly from
the rootstock. The calyx ut from five to
seven petal-like sepals lalf euriy, but tha
corolla peralstit longer. Thr socidlcd 1 .iin-

n'lf ,

ami delicate, aisd even, the fuzzy wnite
chuitcra {Fir XXVf.. 2. 4) are noith-r
attrat-tivo nor con»picU'ms, The li.ir-
al orfinns are quite separate aii'l
in'serted on the rwe^itade. lJi)tl!
the aepflls and petal", from fiMir ff-
five in number, are extremely small, n.nd
the former fall as soon as the flower ex-
pands. More noticeable than either are the
numerous stamens with their slender white
filaments. Each flower bait oiie pistil with
a depressed two-lobed stigma, and a one-
celled ovary, whicli ripens into an oval
berry. The clusters of hemes, which ap-
pear late in the summer, are more striking
in appearance than th© flowers. Waxy-
wtute. marked with .1 nurplish h^oi-t spot,
ih'y are borne on thick items, which turn
reil when the berrids are ripe (Fijr. XXVf.,
3). _ A taller and stouter form, Actaea alba,
variety arguta, occurs in Kntish Columbia,
ranging from Waahicgcon 'I'erritory to AIm-

FIG. XXVU.~(JOL0THREAD.

FLOWKHS OF TII^^ FIELD AAD FOEEST.

iTiodcs, from fivo to Keven in number, ,ire
duhnshaiied petala, pale yellow at the ba<e,
an<1 nollowejl out nt tht tilM .* a-i to form
Rold-eoloured noctar-cui<». ESch floivrr
ptswssea from fifteen to twenty-five sta-
mens and a pistd composed of from three
to seven eeparato carpeU, which rpen
into divergent pods with blender stalks and
long tipcrinfi srtjies, (Fig. XXVII., 2 ) It is
"iwesentcd in British Columbia by tl,e
npJeenwort-lcavod goldthread, Coptis asiiie-
Jiitohum. Goldthread is one of the best
[mown wild flowers, utilitari.in minds hav-
ing appreciated its medicinal properties
though often insensible to its beauties.
J'.'Vi-n now, country herbali.'il.s regard it as
"n excellent tonic in cases of fever and
agiie, and a wash made from its bitter,
bright yellow rootstock and rnts is used
for ulcerated throats.
More than a passing glance is needed to

FIG. xxviir.- wiiiTi.; coi,r,\ii!i.\i:.

Ih-S ""'/'o?' relationship between gold-
thread antl columii nc (Fi" XWMI 1 al
though t,,e ,,„n„- a L„"i„-^^\| .'■ •„;!;
foots, rho wiM columliinr, Aniiiler.;, .„il
■i™si3, IS h.rfil.,- in>«l.if,ed in order to ^cvrole

the flower are separate from one inothrr

m?.rT^ '^■'T'"' '''""' 8">" tl"W the
eoIn,ub,ne who«. g™ iii.e Howcr» n.ui.in'-
^ th scarlet and yellow bedeck preeipitouS
chffs and rocky wooded hillsides FiSg

I a foothold in every creek and crevice, it

has its favourite haunts throughout the
eastern and central parts of Canada, but
IS replaced by a yellow-tlowered variety
«■?;' of the Saskatchewan. Though so
widely distributed it is not very abundant
and in many places ruthleaa philistiuea by
uprooting or gathering it in handfuls have
deprived later-comers of the pleasure en-
joyed by Emerson, who in the rock-loving
columbine found a salve for Bis worst
wounds. This exouisite perennial has much
divided compound leaves, and large vivid
floivers (Fig. XXVIII., 2), scarlet without
and yellow within, nodding from the top of
slender, hranrhing, lenfv s*-™-) from one to
two feet in .•■eight. (Fig. XXVIII., 1.) Tlie
hvo sepals, coloured like petals, are regu-
lar m form. Between them are the five
petals, each with a short npreading lip and
a Jong hollow spur which projects back-
wards between two sepals forming a store-
nousc lor nectar.

i S «""f'^ columbine all blushing red,
; Bends to the earth her crown
Uf honey-laden bells,"

which are eagerly sought by bc«, ::nd

humming-birds. The numerous stamens

, and f^ye carpels ^vith long styles form

of the bell, nodding upon it. stem.
I.iater, however, th*; flower«talk straig! -
ens. and the many-seeiled pods sta...

5nlpa;;;:Jim-b'?ant-ti^\=ffif-;:

and not only the scientific name, f ™„
aquila an eaple, but also the word iohmi-

fnTh- f°'" "^^T^^- " '^°^''- "i*' its origin
n this fancied hkeness. Dr. Prior, however
thinks the common name was given because
of the resemblance of the nectaries "to 'l.e
hcids of pigeons in a ring around a dish
a favounte device of ancient artists." A
blue or purple species, Aquilegia brevi.
styla, occurs m the North-Wert Territo-
n'r>;-°"'' ■V'l",?,'™""-- "=»"■■«" Kuropcan coi-
rs s'c'^ei' f'""' f"?!"= T white blossom,
fo,?n,r "^ ^- from cultivation and is now

Nr'B?un^?k."'"'' '" ^^°" ^^^'"■■^ -1
Blooming at the same time and in similar
oool nooks may be soon the mitre™ it
M.tella nuda (Fir. XXIX., 1™ ? "■ ;
the AtJant.o to the Pacific, it flmm
ishes in sn-arap- or be,l= nf .I-t,,,,, -

It si.rcarls bv means of long, slender ri;«:
Z r.' I T "'1'='' rf produced the round-
ed or kidney-shaped leaves with deep, round

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

teeth and a dothing of soft hair. The
small, greenish-white flowers, few in num-
ber, are arranged in a loose cluster at the
top of a slender scajte. Occasioniilly, how-
ever, the flower-stalk bcar-^ a sniaU leaf.

FIG. XXIX.-MrrRRWORT Oil BISII
OP'S CAP.

Each flower has five short sepals united at
the base in a tube, to which are attached
five petals and ten short stamens. Only
five of the latter are indicated in the illus-
tration (Fig. XXIX.. 2); the others have
been removed in order to show the form
an-d arrangement of the deeply-cut, frini^i'^l
petals. The single pistU, with two short
styles, develops into a small pod resembling
a bishop's mitre, hence both the scientific
and common names of the plant. Three oilr r
si)ecieM of Mitella have been found in Brit-
isli Columbia.and Mitella diphylla is abund-
ant in the woods and on the banks of
s. reams in Quebec and Untario. Thi^ form
has basal leaves. heart-Rhaped, sharply
pointed and deeply cut; in addition, the
flower-stalk is furnished with two smaller,
opposite leaves. The blossoms are white
and are grouped in slender clusters more
rInseJy crowded thnn the Miv.vrr-i nf MitcHn
nndn.

Frequently called false mitrewort. and al^
a member of the Saxifrage faniilv, naf-'ila
cordifolia (Fig. XXX.) often occurs in

the aame localitip« an Mitella diphvUi.
Somewiiat rare in Nova Scotia and nortnern
New Brunswick, but common nour Frede-
ricton and in the rich woods of Quebec and
Ontario, it gives way to Tiarella unifoliata
and Tiarella trifoliata, on the north-west
coast Allhuugli lacking in .perfume, it ii

FIG. XXX, -FAli^E MITHP:\V0RT Oil
FOAM FLOVVEK.

sometimes called the wood mignonette, from
a very slight resemblance between its flow-
ers and those of the true mignonette. Its
leaves appear fn'sh and bright from be-
nea Mi t heir covering of snow, the root-
stock and summer runners ijiving rise to
others later.

In Rhape thfv reaemple .=.mflll narrmv m i[>lo
leaves (Kig. XXX., 1); but they have
dark veins, are shaded with purple in the
centre, and are covered with short hairs.
Uising about eight inches above the ground
is a dainty cluster of white flowprs,sn deli-
cate a.s to make the name "foamflower"
most appropriate. The calyx is bell-shaped
and five parted, and to it are attached five
small white petals, entire or but slightl.v

FLOWERS OF THK FIELD AND FOREST.

wiU,^™„^ ^^ l^y^ a™ Jong and dender,
aL in tS^^t '^"''l ^ ''«•■' '"•'""' anthers
the form of a bishop's cap or crown thU
''""''""ybfinK inJicalerf bv thegener c
name, a diminutive of tiarai a t'urC or

add Crtl'." "'^ T' '''«d' ''21 probably
Snia nw ''''^'l" Iwuquet, the yelW Clin
tojiiB, Clintonia borealM (Fig XX\l \ tlic

ha^?^n tl,. ^*' •'*'™''- policed leaves.

g5tyas\nvce^4-f,^^l

nowers. ITie cluster, termed an nmbei; is

ish-yellow to pale .traw-colonr. The neri-
anth falls comparatively early, and carries

ThrtA-t^^,"" «''""«'" ^hich have long
thread-like filaments. The pintil then be-
comes a beautiful, blue, ovaJ berry, the fruit
clusters fonninj! an exquisite contrast to the
ricJi fohaee which carpete eastern woods.
Uinlonin borealis is abundant from Labra-
fior to Quebec, and is very common in the
cedar swamps of Central Ontario. Thence
It extends to the .Saskatchewan, while Clin-
tonia uniflora represents the genus on the
Pacidc coast.

These are only a few of the woodland
beautiM whose month is May. From east to
^fflk ''\" ""y » plenitude of floral
wealth, embarrassing in m richness. From
gray lichen-covered rock to tie heart of
r.l; *j'V?'S\ ""'"■■e-lovera turn with ever
fresh delight and meet eeores of friends in
a single mormnj'a walk.

FIG. xxxi.-cxi'moxia BORKAT.IS

usually composed of from three to six flow-
ers, but occasionally the hl„^.,m i, ^olit ,i^

and thte" ^^ " ""'""• with three '«, a
and three petals, varying in hue from green-

"THE THROBBING HEART OF MAY."
Nature is never more prodigal than «t
the passing of May. "Anticipkring wealth
! from summer skies, delight is a-tiptoe" a?
a carnival of flowers. Among tie most
charming offspring of the merry month are
iT^^^tl .»"'"""'^J "'f'-om tKe soft w?n|
«Lt! °^- ^I^^" '•"^■J" Dancing on thei?
wM^, Ti'Mt'''^''". Anemone nemor^^

ed afS^l;' ".'™?t appropriately nsm-
rv^J; ' i,^? -wind-shaken flower hi the
frZ^i ^t'']^,^ supposed to have sprung
♦h^.i^l*''^ "f the slain Adonia. iTom f
thread-like riuzome (Fig. XXXII., 1) arisci
th4l^r "*«™'. *«?-nn« an involucre Sf
di^ i f^. *^'i'*^ ■^hich is stalked and
(fS XXXTr" three deeply-cut leaflci!;
ung. AAXII. 2). Above the involuiTe
fways. the dainty flower, about on^
inch in diameter (Fig. XXXII 3) if

number from four to seven, are geac?al v
ivory-white though occasionally *Sui^
5>th D„rple or a delicate crims^ pS
I he flower resemb es its relative ih.
marsh-marigold in structur" b^t the ^.
' fHrts^'C'",'" ^•'"?'' of s^all on^ierd

naiea solitary leaf resemb n« th.ise of I he
mvoluor^ of fertile, plants, h^ ^rin^iaV 'l -
rectly from the rh z.ime The wind fl-L .
s,.reads from . the east to west If theX
mumin^ but its relative the pa^ulflo^,
AMmone patens, variety Nuttalliana, il .

FLOWEES OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

the special pnde of the prairies. This ei-
qiMMte pknt with silky cup-^hapej invol-
ucre and large blue or purple blossoms, is
one of the most beautiful spring flowers
of central Canada. Though they blossom
from June to August, three other members
ot the genus may be mentioned now. The
red wind-flower, Anemone umltilida dis-
plays its red blossoms in every part of the
country even on Arctic shores. Occasion-
""J.' viTiations with greenish-yellow or
whitish flowers are found. The thimble-
yeixH, Anemone cylimlrica, so callwi ir,m
Its elongated fruit-cluster, has the same
eastern and western limits as the last spc-

with silky hairs. The fniit-cluster is oblong
but much shorter than that of the thimblo-
weed.

Blooming about the same time «n tho
wind-flower, the pretty tooth-wort, Dentariii
diphylla (J-ig. XXXllI.), abounds in the
nch moist woods of Nova Scotia, \i-w
nrunswick. Quebec and Ontario. The .ici-
entihc name of the genus, as well as the
common names, crinkle-riKit, pcpper-rout
tooth-wort, are descriptive of the wrinkled
toothed rootKtock (Fig. XXXIlI.. 1), witli
Its pleasant pungent flsivmir. The short st-m
IS turnislicd with a pair of leaves, each
divided into three coarsely-toothed leaflets

FIG. XXXII.- ANTMONE OR WIXD
FLOWER.

cies, but does not extend so far north. Its
common name is sometimes wrongly given
to the tall anemone, Anemonp virtdniani.
which abounds in dry rocky woods and on
river banks ea-st of the Rocky Mountains.
This form possesses coarse foliage and
ivory-white sepals covered on the outside

FIG. XXXm.— TOOTHWORT,

(Fift. XXXIII., 21, and i« terminated by a
cluster of white flowers (Fig. XX.XIir.. .1).
-Ml the organs are arpangeil in groijp.^
of two. Each flower has two pairs
of sei>als and two of petals, so
placed that the ooroUa has the atipcar-
ance of a cross with equ.i! .Trm=, Tlii- ar-
rungenient being characteristic of all mus-
tards and cresses, the family has been nam-
ed the Crueiferae from crux, a cross. There
are six stamens, two of which are

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

shorter than the others (Kig. WXIIt., i)
The pistil ii< comlxjsixl of t\v»i unitiyl I'lir-

tTv'vi'.";^ 'i'? ''"'.^ '»,■' '""«• "'" P<xl (^V^
AAAlil., 5). Another s[K'<'i(y*, Demarifl
liuinrati, which hxa a tuber iiidtend of a
rhizome, la« deeply cut loHves, and white
or riwe-coloured floiviTs, is rau in Quebtt-,
but m found in several |iar!s of Ontario.

Currants and gooseberries are vtry un
like their cousins the niitreworts and saxi
frages in general ajipearance, out tliey are
even more common throughout the Domin
ion in May. Sixteen species are found
growing wUJ in Canada, the most widely
distributed being the northirn or haw-
,t"™ ^R?^^"T' ^'^^ oxyacanthoides.
(tig. XXXIV.) In Ontario it prefers
swamiM, but ita favourite haunts in
Uie intmor are the margins of lakei
and rivers. It most be stated, hoiv-
ever, tliat the prairie form differ"
grcaUy trom the eastern, clusimr Jla-
coun to think that Gray may have 'le-
scribed two species a.s one. It '.a possible
that the variety found on the prairies wilh
iti! numerous scattered spines should be
cta.'Kwt aa the bristly gooseberry, Ribes ^ct
OOTm. The northern gooseberry is a little

FIG. XXXIV.-NORTIIKUX OOOSK
BEKKY.

shrub bearing bunches of small lobcd leaves,
which are smooth, shining and pale on the
underside (Fig. XXXIV., 1). Small sh..rt-
stemmed clusters of flowers arise fr'Mii
'he fame Tmints as the leaves (Ki;;.
It*'' ^'- ^■^'^ greenish or d^ill pu''-
ple bloasom (Pig. XXXIV.. 3) ha« a inlyx
compo.sed of five sepals unittxt at
their bases into a fihort lube an I
joined to the ovary. The hvc petals and
hve stamens are short and interted on the
calyx tube. The pistil has two styles ,ind
stigmas, and the fniit is a berry with a
H5?J'h akin ami! pleasant flavour (t'ig.
AXXIV. 4), Several spenies, for ex-
ample the large-berried gomseberry Ribes
oynosbati, of eastern Canada. nave
pnckly fniit. Tlie flowers of the cia-
ra,nts are similar to those of the
gooseberries, but the bu-shes are dt"<ti.
tute of thorns or prickles, and the leaves
and fruits arc somewhat different in ap-
pearance. The fetid currant, Ribes iiri.-
tratum, frequently found east of the Roikv
iMountains, has heart-fhaped leaves and
pale red, slightly bristly fruit. The wild
black currant. Rites floridum, ivith heirt-
shaped leaves sprinkled with resinouj dots
and with long drooping clusters of whitish
Howers has not been found west of Mani-
toba. This genus has not been material-
ly altered in apearance by cultivation, at-
tention having been almost exclusively di
reeled to the improvement of the fruit.

Artificiiil selection haa wrought ainiilar
changes in several memUers of the apple-
lamily; the fruit haa beeu greatly modified,
while leaves and flowers have retained
their ancestral characteristics. Therefore
few wild forms belonging to the familv
need description, but some allusion must
[ be made to certain species which are rarely
I cultivatcfl. The sha.! biwh. Ametenehier
I cfuna«^en»w (Fig. XXXV., 3), is an exuiii^ile
shrub or a small tree flowering, according to
the latitude, from the last of April to the
; , "i „ •''• *' ""^ ™""= 'iiK^ us its leaves
unfold. Some say that its blossoms are
lung across tlie stream when the shad begin
to run, others that it blooms when shail-
llics make their flist appearance. Its cri-n-
son fruits ripen in .Time and thus has ori-
ginated another name, ".Tune-berry " In
t..j lnorth-West, the berry-like fruits are
miici, Talued and eaten both bv Indians
and while settlers, who onM the tree the
service berry. 'I he shad bush haa crimson
or puriile buil-sealea and stimiles. glo^--
SI ken leaves, and pure white flowers whieii
add greatly to the charm of the May woods.
Ihe Howers resemble those of the apple in

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

FIG. XXXV.-CHOKE CHERRY
JUNE BERRY.

the number and aiTangement of the various
organs, but the petals are much longer and
narrower. The fiveiiothed calyx is downy
within and to it are attached five petals
and numerous short stamens. The pistil has
a five- celled ovary and five separate styles.
I wo varieties of Amelanchier canadensis,
passing into one another by almost imper
ceptible gradations, occur in Canada. The
one is a tree from fifteen to thirtv feet in
height, the other is shrubby and from si.x
to ten feet high. The former is common east
of Lake Superior, the latter prevails from
this point to the Rocky Mountains, being
replaced in British Columbia by another
specie*-, Amelanchier alnifolia, with broader
leaves, deei)ly toothed at the top. In Uie
a,ppje family the oalvx-lube i.s uniteil with
the ovary (Fig. XXXV., 1) and finidiy b>-
comea thick and fleshy, forming the gr'e:lter

gart of the edible portion of the fruit,
ut in the closely allnd plum family
t*ic caJyx is tree from the ovary aji-l
only the latter goes to form the

[ fruit (Pig. XXXV., 2). The choke-
I cherrv ;Prunu8 virginiana) may be contid-
ered a type of this family and ia one of th«
most widely distributed wild species. It
has large pointe*! leaves, long flower-clusters
(Fig. XXXV., 1), and d'ark criiiu«n fruits,
unusually large and ioveet in the form
whicli occurs on southern prairies.

Among the shrubs which flower in May,
must be mentioned the American fly hon-

FIG.

XXXV I.— A MK 1UC.\ N
EYSUCKLE.

FLY HON'-

eysiiekle, Lonieera ciliata (Fig. XXXVL),
which delights in uptumeKl stumjw in dam)*,
rocky woods. ITiia straggling bush, about
tour or five feet in height, e quite common
from Nova Scotia to the Saskatchewan
River, and Is occisionaUy foun<l in British
Columbia. Fr .m the a.vills of the opposite
leaves (Fig. XXXVI.), graceful bells, swav
on slender stalks (Fig. XXXVI., 2). Tlie
flowers, which are arranged in pairs have
two tiny bracts {Fig. XXXVL. 3). :it
the base of each sitiali green ovary! The
calyx is clo.-ely attached to the latter ami
the otily evidence of sepals are five very
siiiall teeth „t the tcii of the ovary (Fig.
XXXVL, 4). The pale primros*' yellow cor-
olla, three quarters of an inch loiig, lii

FI.OWEKS OF THE FIELD AND FOREKT.

tubular, with five lobes. A small nectary
roeembling a spur (Fig. XXXVI,. 5), pro-
jects from one side of tin. tube neai-
tlie biiee. Little thievos, too ahin
tongucd to suck the honev in tlif
orthodox manner, htn-e learuod a mis-
chicvoiB trick. Gnawinc a hole in Ihi'
wur, they steal tlie store of honcv, and
fly away without paring for theif meal
with pollen brought from another flowtr.
Five Btamons (Fig. XX.KVl., 6) are attacli
ed to the corolla-tube; and the single
Btylc is bent to one gich-. The fniiti
are oblong, ruby-red berries, which
are most actractive to flie^, wliiili
seek tliem in such numbers as to give
the pl.int its common name. The moun-
tain fly-hone.wuckle, Ijonioera catnilea.
which is found in mountain woods and
bogs is similar to the American fly-rioiun-
sjlckle in most respects, but in ripening
I lie ovaries of each pair of flowers Ijecome
united into one blue berry. Several charm-
ing shrubs belonging to the honeysuckle
family blossom about the last of May. Of
these, the hobblc-hiish, Virhuminn lanlan-
oides, is one of the most attractive.
It has bi-Oiul, henrt-.sh^a.ped Icvives, and
large, finl clusters of floivcr-^. of which
the outer are furnished with enlarged
five-lobeti corollas. but have neither
stamens iwvr pikStils. It <K:cuns ii»
ciHvl. damp wiNids. from Nova Seo;i,i
to r^ikc Superior, but it-; ciul-^in, the

red-bemed elder, Sambucua pubens, is
ound 111 rocky places from the Atlantic tr
the Pacific. The latter has comiiou,:-
leaves of from five to seven leaflets, large
convex clusters of amall whitish fiowci-s,
and briglit red berries which ripen in June.
Although the spring glorv of the lily
tamily is vanishing, several graceful meni-
hers of the group are in their prime. In
rich woodlands or bowing between fence-
rails, the cun-ing stems of the" smaller
bo^mnon s seal, Polygonatimi biflonim (Fig.
XXX VII.), aboun«l from Nova Scotia to
the MTBtcrn shores i.i Ijake Superior. Th"
flowers are arranged in pairs drooping un-
derneath the stem (Fig. XXXVII., 2). Tlii>
greenish or straw-coloured aejials and
Tietal*) are united into a six-lobed lier-
ianth, to which are attached .six sta-
mens (Pig. XXXVII., 3). Later in
the summer, the bloe«om-S are suc-
ceeded by pretty dark-blue berries. The
common name of the plant was given to
It, becauie of round marks resembling the
stajnp of a seal (Fig. XXXVII., 1) upon the
rhizome, the scars indicating the position
of the aenal st*ms of former years. Found
from Western Ontario to the Saskatchewan
Kiver, the great Solomon's seal, Polygon-i-
tum gigantum, often reaches a hei,:ht
of six or seven feet. I'he stems are cloth-
ed with large da ning leaves; and there
are from two to l ,ht flowers in each clus-
ter.

The wild spikenard, Smilneina racemnsii,
(Pig. XXXVIIl). is often eaBed false Solo-
mons seal, but it brar- little rescmbliiiKC to

■ srA«£«

' 4TI&MA

FIG. XXXVII.-SOLOMOMS SEAL.

FIG. XXXVIII.-FALSE SOLOMONS
S£AL.

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

polygonatum. The Bmall white flowers are |
grouped in one large terminal cluater and
are followed by pale red berries speckled
with purple. It is much more widely dis-
tributed than Solomon's seal occurring in
moist thickets from the eastern to the
western shores of Canada. At first glance,
twiatod stalk (Streptopus poeeiis) Heems to
resemble Solomon's seal more closely, but
its rose-purple bells are borne on twisted
stalks, either singly or in pairs, and the
parts of the perianth are not united.

The flowers described are only types of
those prolusely spread abroad by bount-
eous May, Therefore, he who would ap-
preciate each new creation to the full,
must daily wander far a-field, seeking vi-
sions of fresh beauty before their loveli-
ness fad-ee away.

VU.

" THE LEAFY MONTH OF JUNE."

The world is now a svmphony in grren.
The sunlight, filtering through myriads of
leaves and dancing on mossy bank and
grassy knoll, still brightens many a dainty
blossom lingering in shady nooks. But
the borders of open woods, the corners vt
fences, the margins of lake and river ure
summer's treasure-houses. Already dande-
lions "paint the meadows with delight.'
and daisies are beginning to open their
eyes. There is no lack of less familiar
beauties. In open woods and through the
fence-rails the wild geranium waves its
graceful stems. From Newfoundland to M;ui-
itoba, Geranium maculatum (Fij?. XXXTX),
flourishes in open grassy thickets, branch-
ing repeatedly ana reaching a height ot
two feet. The basal, heart-shaped leaves,
divided into five wedge-shaped lobes, are
borne on long stalks, and in old age become
covered with whitish or purplish blotches
(Fig. XXXIX., 1). The stem leaves arc
much Hmaller, and one pair generally
forma an involucre at the baj«e of
the looee flower cJiister {Fig. XXXIX.,
2). The light purple flowei**, which swjy
on almHer stalks, are few in number
(Fig. XXXIX., 3). Bu<:h has five pointed
sepals, covered like stem aiifl leaves with
hair; and five petals about half an inch
in length and bearded at the base. The
ten stamens are arranged in two whorls,
the five longer having glands at their
bases. The pistil is the most interesting
organ of the flower, as it is a clever con-
trivance for shooting the seeds out into
the world. It is composed of five closelv
united carpels (Fig. XXXIX., 4), the styie>^

FIG. XXXIX.— WILD GEUANIUM.

forming a long beak, on account of
which the reime geranium or "crane's
bill" wa.s given to the plant. Whni
the sopds are ri,i>e, the five parts
separate at the bottonn from the c<*ntr,\!
axis (Fig. XXXIX., 5); and, cm-ling bi-k-
ward, hurl the seeds into the air, ais stone-'
are flun<? from a sling. Tliiis the
young plants are given a fresh start in life
at a distance from exhausted soil, old f"ics,
and, most dangerous rivals, immediate re-
latives. Of even wider geographical dis-
tribution, Geranium cnroriri.ianum, mn-^es
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, fta palo
rose-coloured flowers and much dissected
leaves make it one of the prettiest orna
ments of lately burnt woodlands and of
thickets, where the soil is sandy or bar-
ren. A smaller ppeciew. H^erb Robert. Ger-
anium Robertiauum, luw not beo» fu^uii'l
west of the I^ake of the Woods. In spite
of its disagreeable odour, its reddish-purpla

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

flowers and divided-leaves, becominK brisht
red in autumn, render it a Rrcat attrac-
tion in shady ravines.

In woodland and rieadow are numerouti
repreHentativcH of i\nt ro«o family, a gniup
which contains not only familiar strawber-
ries and raspberries, but many genera with
non-edible fruits, for example the cinquefoil.
The shrubby cinoiiefoil, Potentilla fruticowa
(Fig. XL.), may be taken as tlie tyiw; of the
twenty-eight Canadian srpecies. It is an
erect, shrubby perennial, common on the
rocky margins of rivers and lakes through-
out the Dominion, ascending almost to tne
snow-line in the Rocky Moointainfl. The '
many branches are thickly beset with silky
leaves. Each may be divided into seven
parts, but the usual number of leaflets is

from the Atlantic to the Pacific, the tall
or glandular cintfuefoil, Potentilla arguta,
ab*tunds in dry rocky thickets and upon
prairies chiefly west of the province of
Quebec. Growing from one to four feet

FIG.

XLL— TALL AND ROUGH
CINQUEFOIL.

FIG. XL..— SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL.
five (Fig. XL., 1), hence the common names ,
nnqueiuil and five-finger. The flowers, '
wliich occur either singly or in small clus- t
ters, look like yellow strawberry blossoms. :
Thieseials (Figs. XL., 2;XLI., 4) are unite-l I
at the base and have between them small |
bracts (Figs. XL., 3; XLI., 5), causing the i
calyx to appear ten-lobed. The five petals '
and numerous stamens are united to th.e j
calyx-tube; but tne pistil is free and com- i
poaed of several separate carpels which j
ripen into a head of small one-seeded fruits. I
The marsh five-finger, Potentilla palustris, ,
has the same range as the shrubby cinque-
foil, but makes its home in bogs and ;
mai-ahes. Its leaflets are toothed instead of :
entire, and the calyx is an inch in breadth I
and dark purpde within. Although it ia found i

high, it bears cloee clusters of large white
flowerw (Fi«. XLL, 2), The basal leaver are
composed of from seven to eleven leaflt-ts
(Fig. XLI., 1), but the upper leaves hm-a
few divisions. Another common species is
the rongh cinquefoil, Potentilla norvegica,
which frequents cultivated grounds, river
banks, and lake-shorea east of the Rocky
Mountains. It seldom exceeds lwo feet in
height and is often much lower. Each of
its leaves is divided into three leaflets (Fig.
XLL, 3), and its yellow flow«rs (Fig. XM.,
4) are grouped in a dooe, leafy bunch. The
name of the genus is derived from the
Latin potens, powerful, and was originally

given to the silver-weed, Potentilla anserina
ecause of its supposed medicinal virtues.
Tlie silver-weed is a low-spreading plant,
covered with whitish, silky hairs.

Carpeting cool sandy woods, the dwarf
cornel or Dunch-berry, Cornus canadensis,
is a worthy successor of earlier sylvan
beautiea. It is found from the extreme
east to the west of the continent and van-
ishes in the north at the limits of the
spruce, the most northern of all the Can-
adian conifers. The bunch-berry possesses
an unbranched aerial stem, not more thnn
seven inches in height. A few scale-like
leaves nre borne upon it near the base,
and at the top is a cluster of larger leaves
so closely crowded as to form a whorl,
(Fifi. XLir., 1). Fnnn the centre of thi**
bunch, a short stalk bearing a cluster of

FLOWERS OF THE FItLD AND FOREST.

FIG. X MI.— DWARF CORNEIX

flowers arises. At first glance, this sefims
to be one large creamy blossom; but the
four large leaves resembling j^tala are
bract* {Fig. XLII., 2), foiTninn an in-
volucre about a close head of very small
greenish flowers. Small as they are, each
has a minutely toothed calyx.f our oblong
petals, four stamens, and a pistil with
one style (Fi^. XLII., 3). The ovary is
closely united to the calyx-tube, and the
two ripen into a bright red berry. (Fig.
XLII., 4). The flowers are too inoon^K-uon^
to attract insects, therefore the dwarf
cornel has developed its showy involucre
which serves as well as the brightest of
jH^tals to call attention to the feast spr ;ad
for winged visitors. A similar involucre is
present in the flowering dogwood. Cornus
florida, a tree which occurs in Ontario.
These bracts are, however, lacking in the
shrubby dogwoods, of which there are sev-
eral Canadian si^cies. Of these, the red-
osier dogwood, Cornus stoloniferaj is
found in Tow grounds from the Atlantic to
the Pacific Ocean. It is easily recognized
by its bright reddish-purple, osier-like
branches, and by its small, loose clusters
of white or lead-coloured fruit. Ma-
coun calls it the kinnikinnik, a n;imc usual-
ly applied to the silky cornel, cornus seri-
CPa^ a species with purplish twigs and pale
blue fruit, occurring in eastern Canarla.

The delicate star-flower, TrientalJM r\iiit.-ri-
cana, is also in its prime in June, •4tudding
dtimp, grassy woods from Newfouadland to

FIG. XLIir.-STAR FT/)WT'm.

the Saskatchewan River. In the arrange-
ment of ita leaves (Fi«. XLIIL, 1), and the
fomi of its flowers, the plant ia an embodi-
ment of the idea of a atar. As tnentali« im
plies, it is about one-third of a foot in
height. The stem, which springs from a
very long, slender rhizome, usually bears a
few srale-Iike leaves below, and a whorl of
thin, delicately veined leaves at the top.
I'rom the middle of the whorl arises one or
riore fragile, frosty-white flowers. The
stamens, the lobes of the calyx, and those
01 the corolla are all seven in number, but
the pistil has a one-(^ed ovary and a
single style. As a rule, in flowers, each
whorl of organs alternates with adjacent
groupfl, that is, the petals stand in front
of the spaces between the sepals, and the
stamens divide the angles between the pet-
als. But in the star-flower, as in other
members of the primrose family, the sta-
mens stand opposite to the petals. The
tixulanation usually given is that in the
encestrai form of the family there was an-
other circle of stamena alternating with
the petals, and standing betwe«?n them and
the inner ata-mens, but the outer whorl iias
been suppressed in the descennlunt**.

Turning from the woods again. the thymfr
leaved ffl>eedwoU, Veronica serpyllitolia
(Kig. XLIV.), will be foTin<i. Though it is
• often seen in cultivated grounds, it is prob-
ably a native of Canada, flourishing; in paa-

T--*5:

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

Fia. XLrV.- TIIYMKLEAVKl) SI'KKIl
WELL.

luren atiil along dit<-he!>, in evxry part of the
Dinninion. 'I'he simple branches fi-om two to
fmip inc-hiw in height bear several mir? uf
ronml«l l™,^w (Fig. XUV., 1) at the biW,
liut the-se Eraituffllly meiye into tlie small,
"leniler bracU (Fig. XI,IV.. 2) of the
Jooee flower-chiatera. Fjich blownm has a
tiny calyr, and a pale b?ue porolla strinod
with a darker shade. Of the four petals
iirited at their ba-ses, the upper ia the
langwt (Rsr. XLIV.,3). There are only two
i-tamens. and the pistil vnth its slender
fivie hits a two-oelled ovary, which ririens
'"'.o ".^.'l'"™;'. flirt pod, notched at tho ton
(Hg. XLiy., 4). A very preltv relative of
this plant IS the American brooklime, Ver-
onica amencana, which often rceal', the
torptnienot, growing by the brook sida
and alxiiit spnnga. Several other species o(
veronica are common in Canada, the im-
,I( nty. nice the thyme-Ienved speedwell hav
ing a striped corolla in which fanciful minds
have seen a resemblance to St. Veronica's
handkerchief.

Although plants of ordinary type are most
charac eristic, Canada is not without her
curiosities. The pitcher-plant. Sarraccnia
purpurea, so common in peat bogs and
tamarack .swamiis, is found from Ubiador
to the Rockio This strange plant bears
a cluster of hollow I,v.,ca close lo the
grouml; hese arc rci.lM, without imlc
gTOn within, and veined witl. a rich crim-
son, Uma forming a pleasing contrast to the

via. XLV.-mciiKR i-lakt.

rale moss amongst which they grow. The
dull purple flowers are quite as interesting
as tlie leaves, suggesting by their form the
name side-saddle flower. Each bloMom
nods from the top of a tall scare, a foot or
^ more m height. The five «pal«i (Fig. XLV.,
4) and five petals (Fig. XLV., 5) are lAnilar
in colouring, but the latter are incurved over
the stigmas. The pistil has a five celled
ovary (tig. XLV., 7) and the short style
e.vpandj at the top into a flve-rayed umbrel-
la, under the angles of which are the small
hooked stigmas (Fig. VU. 6). To return
to the leavM each is a curved, ascending
body (Fig. Xf.V., 1), hollow an.1 furnished
with a broad wing (Fig. XLV., 8). At >h«
top IB an erect expansion or hood ( Fig.XI. V
•)), vvhun never closes the pitcher. The
bright leaves attract unwary insects, entic-
ing them to a watery grave. Jf a fly crawls
over the slippery edge of the pitcher it
hecomes lost m the thicket of bristlv hairs
whic point downwards, pre-^nting any
return when the journey has been begun.
I he victim finally drops into the water with
which the pitcher is half filled, and there
Its body decays and di.ssolvee, probably act-
ed upon by a digestive substance in the
water. Ihe solution is then absorbed by the
plant, supi)lenienting the insufficient amount
of nitrogen it obtains from tlie |ioor soil.
inua the side-saddle flower is an e.\cel-

FLOWERS OF THE FIELP AND FOKEST.

lent cxniMitlr f»f "rarmwtrowi pl«al-»," mativ
»pp<'iM of wliioli. boWmBing to vnrii'iw fiiiml-
im, ai>niii)() in diflerenit piirU of Ihu \vi>rM.

vin.

JUNE OKCHIDS.

What a world of mystery hoi long been
■UBKe»ited by the very name.orcKid! Dream*
of tropical foresU, wiiere beauty and danger
lurk toRetbtT, come with liiu thought of
theM^ flowers, llauntt-d by such viaiona of
gloriouu beauty and of stranne forma, it is
often a iturpriM to learn mat sixty speciei
of orcliidi) have been found growine wild in
Canada. Many are inconspicuous, but tome
glow with rich huea and charm by gmre of
line. Dwelling far from the haunts of men,
they are generally unsought and unjteen.
But explorers of our nat.ve wilds are re-
warded not only by the peculiar delight of
finding rare and beautiful specimeriH, but
they are introduced to mo«t fascinating puz-
zWs, Bolved only after ]nitient waiting. Fur
there are amongst the orchids no chanco
grott-'squeft, no incomprehensible variations;
each eccentricity of form, each coloured
line, each mechanical device has a purpose
which can be understood when the flower ij
stud'.ed with its insect friends. So ex-
clusive have these floral aristocrats become,
ihaf. in many cases hospitality is denied to
all but one claas of visitors, and the door
is firmly barred again-*! uninvited guests.

A careful examination of one will give a
cine to the secrets of all. Therefore, the
showy orchis, Orchis speotabilis. will be
discussed as a type. Throughout Eastern
Canada, it springs "deep hidden in the
damp recedes of the leafy woods." Ivow,
rich maple and b*.-ech groves are its favour-
ite haunts, but it is nowhere abundant.
Epiphytic orchids, that is those which ab-
sorb all their nourishment from the air,
must be sought in warmer countries; and,
like other Canadian species, the showy or-
chia is prosaically rooted in the soil, Fr
a mass of fibrous roots, a very short si
arispft, bearing two large shining leaves (h'ig.
XLVI., 1). From between them spring> a
noape, termanating in a loost cluster of
flowers, eat-h of which is furniished
with a d«rk -green, podnted bract. The
inx'gulur fluwxT (Fig. XLVI., 2) ha^
a one<*lled ovary, from the top of
which the aepalfl end petals seem
to ariae. Thia appearance ia due to the
fact that the baae of the p( ianth ii closely

fk;. .\l\'i. snowv (Hiciiis.

attitched to the ovary, and only the upper
portion is free. 'Jhe sepals are petal-like,
and coloured, and one of th** in-tals, wliicli
differs from the othei-s in f(irm and posi-
tion, is called the lip and acts as a plat-
form upon which insects alight. In the
centre of the flower stands the column,
composed of a single stimen closely united
with the style and stigma.

The lip of the showy orchis is pellucid,
white, and Avavy in outline, while the other
petals and the sepals are slightly united in
« pinkish-purple hood, which over-arches
the column (Fig. XLVI.. 2). The lip turru-
down and in continued in a long spur-like
nectary, the opening to which is just below
tiie column (Fig. XLVII). The flower, us
Gibson has shown, is adapted c^-
pecjally to the visits of bt-es. The
anther-xtcw of ihe stamen are slight-
ly separated and parallpi. Bach in filled
with a mass of pollen, the grains of which
are united by a cobwebby elastic srubstance
into a large, club-shaped Jtwdy, called, a pol-

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

Fir,, XLVII.-SHOVVY ORCIIIS-POI,
LINATION.

liniura. (Pig. XI.VI., 3.) Eiuh pollTO-in.i--
i» borne on a slender utalk, which ends in
a Bticky disc The dines of the two pollinia
fit into a little socket, covered by a deiicat*
membrane, and just below the-n is the
broad stiuma. When a hungry be» ap-
|. roaches the flower he slights on the lip,
ami thrURtt) hirt proboscis down the nectary,
(Fig. XLVII 1). In his cagcrnese, he brinns
ni8 head violently agai-st the membrane,
y""'il. Pi'o'.ects the pollen discs, rupturing
It. The sticky discn then elinji closely to
the face or head of the bee. and he Anally
Vif.» 5;*;"'' bearing the pollinia with him.
(fig. XL\ II. 2). In about the length of time
It takes to fly from one flower to another,
the pollen masses droop; and, aa the bee
enters the neit flower, they are thrust
naninst the stigma to which the pollen
clings (Fig. XLVII. 3). The withdrawal and
movement of the pollinia may be demon-
strated easily by placing a pointed pencil
into the opening of the spur and immediate-
ly removing it (Fig. XLVII., 4). Shortly
alter pollination the flower withers
and the ovary bcctnnus a pod filled
with an enormoua number of tinv
seeds resembling fine sawilust in ap-
pearance. Few orcjiidu produ-s le.« fl, ,n
d,uou seeds in each pod, and Muller found
1,750,440 seeds in a single pod of Maxiliaria
But orchids are so highly specialized that i

they rarclv find that cunibinstion of eircnin-
-tanora wbicb is ftvouribl* to survml; snd
nntwilhatanding the multiplicity o( trd:
plaiils all- never very abundant. The
«lio«y orchis bloom» in Mov and .lune,
while the clouly allied Orchis rolundifoliu,
-UikIi i> Piiind III peat Ixigs as far west as
V".' ""n'.'l*' M"i"il"i"s. Hovers in .lune ami
•luly. The latter plant has only one leaf at
Mil- base, and the threp-l.tlied, white lip Is
-liotteil with tmrple

While some a"scrt tbat the showy orchis
1" the earliest representative of Uie family,
others assign this honour to Calviwi bore
aUs. (Fig. XLVIII.I Fr..Mi the Atlantic to
the I ai-ihe. it grows in eisil bogs ami dump
woods, burying its bulbs and coral-like roots
deep in moss. The bulb gives rise to one
glossy, dark green leaf (Fig. XLVIII.. 2),
and a short s<-jpe bearing a single iK'iidu-
lous flower (Fig. XLVIII., 1). The gl-jc«-

FIO. XLVIII.-CALVl'SO.

fuJ, -sweet-scented blossom has narrow,
twisted, fjttle-pink sejials and pelaU.
and a large saccate li|), two-parted
and beanW with vellow and [link
So exquisite is the flower that its discov-
erers felt that it \vTas akin to the divine
and named it after an immortal.

Similarly, the most beiutiful genus
amongst our native orchids is dedicated to
the use of the fairest of ancient Boildesses
lypri[*dium may be interpreted Veniis's
slipper, but the plant is commonly called
lady s slipper or moccasin flower. In May
and June, the stemless lady's slipper, Cy-
pripedium acaulc, is comparatively abund-
ant m swamps, especiallj- under hemlocks
and pines, from the eastern shores of the
Dominion to the Mackenzie River. It has

FLOWERS OF THE FIELO AND FOREST.

:i3

two litrKc oval l^avM (Fitf. XMX-. 1) )y-

irm eliMw to thu imMit, ainitlut wliifU thi'

Slant tcr»wi4, ami u ^■.i\>v beiintijf on** Ur,iv
ower (Fig. XUX., 2}. In jH tliu
ryimrM^liiinin, th« li|> M awollen aittl h.x:
like, fortniniir a nettary. 'Hu- i-olumn dif
fi-ri* niaU'riiiUy from that of olUvr orchi<U;
tJie mntfle anther, usually itn-wiit 14 Mtcnic
in tti«^ TaMly'a itlipiier, forming a mv whuli
overhiinKH the itliinrt (Fitl- XLIX., 3|,
while two fertilt; anthorti, >ni|i^)rfHiic<L in
other gem-ra, are attacho"! to the mi'lfr-^nl*'
of the column (Fig. XMX., 4). llie lip

FIG. XI-IX.-STEMLESS LADY'S
SLIPPER.

of the etemleae lady's slip[>er is unusually
large and inflated, and is cleft bv a fissure
which extfjnda the length of its face. It is
an exquisite rose-colour, veined with wavy
lines of a deeper shade, but the rest of the
flower is purplish brown or green. If a bee
enters the pouch through the cleft, it fir^t
sucks the nectar, then turning about it
crawls out at Uie opening beneath the col
umn. In doing so, it first comas in contact
with the stignia, and theu with the anthi r^
which deposit loose, powdery pollen on the
insect's back. Repeating th.e process at
uioUier flower, the bee again in eticaping

meets with the itigma Wfore the anthrr>4.
The former, instead of Itnnji cmooth atid
itiiky, i« bt-wt with littlr, "tiff, pointiii pio-
jectinnii whi<h |>oiiit ImckwanU and form
an effective brush fo- removing pollen from
an inwct as it ::\'M-t. l.iu-* cn.SH jMillin.i-
tion in ensured ai.d selt pullinalion i» wud*
cred impOMible.

Hix otlM-r 8i)t'i.'ie- of cyprliwdium have
hd-n observed in Canada. Tho handsonieHt
of all iM the tthowy lady's i^lipper. Cyprip*-
dium sjicctabile, whiih it often found in
l*at-bi)it(( nnd tamnruc swamps from N'tv.i
Scotia to tJcorBinn Buy. It ban Hev.rnl ovate
Icavi-s. nnd thi' flowi-r diitphiy* a largi- ru«y
pink Mtript'd lip and whiiixh pelaU and
st'|)als. Two yellow lady's slippers blonHorn
from May to July. The smaller Cypripcdmni
parviflorum. bears "golden slippers mcit un
fiiiries' feet." It often occurs in swami* in
Ontario, and is fouvid as far west as thi'
Rockv Mountains. The fragrant, grartful
flower has a deep-yellow sat* ami rrildi^h-
brown sepals and petals. The larger yellow
lady's slipper, Cypripedium pubescent, Jian a
pale-gold lip, sometimes striped or spotted
with "rubiea. fairy favourH," and the nar
row petals and sepals are of pale fawn col-
our veined with deeper shade. Though never
common, the intere«tin« ram's-head lady d
nUpper, Cypripedium arietinum. isHomi*time^
found in Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba,
occurring on hummocks in cedar and tam-
arnc swamps. Though occanionally found in
May and June, it is at its brat in July, it
bears three or four leaves at the base of
u low ptcm, and a solitary drooping flower.
The small purplish blossom I1..8 a fanried
resemblance to a ram's head with projectin«
hems and ears and a tuft of wool at the
too.

liloAgomIng about thd same time as tho
stemless lady's tlinper, the "elusive
nymph," Arethusa bulbosa. displays lar«f
roao-pun^le flowers (Fi«. L.. 1, 21 iii tht-
peat-bogs of eaBtem Canada. This low
herb haa one grass-like leaf, whitli
sht-aths the srape, and a solitary, tf'rminal
flower. The column (Fig. L., 3) is es|>ecian>'
interesting. It is forked at the tip find thi"
anther is closely fitted in the angle and
hinged to the upjwr projection, hiding the
potlen-mass behind it. When an inject st^•p^
upon the threshold and puts his hi-ad in
at the opening of the shallow nectary, he
pushes the anther more closety into its
place; but, when he withdraws, the tip 01
thf anther catches on hi:^ bauk. swings o^ut,
and smears him with tlie golden \K>\\ei\
majss. Then, winging his way to ajiother
flower, as he enters, his back come^ in con-

KLOWKRS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

T'i'i. L. ARinnrsA.

tact will, tlic stiKiim, which ia on the iin
h.Tv '"',"■ "l""^ f"WnK column, and ,o "o
leaves liifl burden behind hira anj uathers
a new one as he departs. Haulers

aifoTh^r P°«'"';f'P''8™ia ophioglossoides, ia
another rare beauty, well worth nnrsuit

fS w, f Newfoundland and are found a,
far west as Parry Sound. The perfume, sug-

UMl

geatiriK ripe red raspberries, i, waflcd ao-
lOM the hedges inviting insects lo alight on
he outstretched, fringed lip, "yhorc
they are given a wt^loo^e verv
siniilar to the gi-eeting which Are-
Uiim extends to its guests. The

e^.T(»n "i?""""' ^'■i''' " ''''°"' 'isht in-
fca?n. • ,K °" 'i ;!"«''' "'■'"» <"■ lance-shapo

„,„ t^^f /""" ».'"' "■" ^sment of the

oigans will be understood from a glance
?ri„ T ''™™l«fnj''''K drawings of a flower
(Hg. W., 2) with one petal and one sen il
removed By as to show the column, and of

gan,.™(Fi;" U'tf '""■ "■■= """■■ "■
The lovely Calopogon pulchellus has the
wi'tlf rr^T."^ POgonia, and generaUy occurs
eV, n ; />'."«'>") differs trom the oth-
ers in not liaving a twisted ovary, thus, the
aVe['"'%l}" '«="■' the upper Bide of the
M ,^;e, seape, which sprmgs from a
»mall, solid bnlb, is sheatheS at U e bas?
»ith a gra,9-like kaf (Fig. LU I) and
bears from four to eight ro« or lUac eilour
ed flowers in a loo.v cluater (Fig. LII., 2).

-/ __-.^^,^,<-\/ ANTHCtt

FIG.LI.-SWEET POGOMA I ^^'^' ^"- ~ ^^I^POGOX OR GRASS

'^- PINK.

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOIil-.ST.

TliP lip is c\(iiii>itc'ly bpaiiled with wliitt',
yellow and purple Uatid, giving tlic plant
118 name, wliich means "bcautifiU beard."
The sepajs and other petala are of a bright
reddi!ali-l"urp]e colour, ami vi.Ty fragmnt.

Several other orcliids may be sought in
June, though no others ore aa beautiful and
conspicuous as those described. But enough
hiie been said of the wonders of theso
plants, the (lowers of wliich, "through h>ng
eraa of adaptation" have gradually shai>ed
themselves to the forma oi certain chosen
insect sponsors, looking to more certain per-
petuation.

IX.

THE EARLY SUMMER.

June and roses seem inseparable, but
few appreciate an "unloved relative of the
exquisite wild-rose." Nevertheless, the
magenta blossoms of the purple-flowering
ra.3pbcrry, Uibus odoratus, is found i ii
gretn foliage are both showy and attrac-
tive. The purple-flowering or Virginia
raspberry, Eob'js odoratua, is found in
rocky woods and shady fence corners from
^iova Scotia to Lake Superior, blossoming
from June to August. It resembles its
celebrated cousin, the common wild-rose, in
t»e Keneral appearance of the flower (Fig.
LIIL, 2), but is more closelv allied to the
edib'e raspberries and blackberries. The
large leaves (Fig. LIU., 1), of this* shnibbv
bristly plant are most characteristic. They
are toothed and three or five-lobed, the
middle division being the largest and very

pointed. Tciniinating the branches are
loose clusters of large llnwers, which are a
bright purplish red in the shade, but fade
to a pale bluish-pink in the sun. Covered,
like the stems with sticky bri.stly hairs,
the calyx i ''oniposed of five long slender
.•^epals v" ir,; ii! '^heir bases. The rounded
I*tal : e live .a nu:^Her, but the yellow
Stan.. I 1 aT'd thi^ pi„t;i ■ are very numerous.
Thoug I < 'p;Lbi(' (f ,elf-poilination, cro^s-
pollinu h', m rit'^u i'*?ccted by bumblebees
and ot 1 .' -1 s-_i:i : sce'.Jng the nectar secret-
ed botwv^m the uar .■■ of the filaments and
the receptacle. The fruit resembles an or-
dinary raspberry, but is flat, bioad, and
not very edible.

A humble representative of another large
family is abundant from June to fcieptember.
Brunella vultrans, sometimes called Prun-
ella (Fig. LIV.) rejoices in several common

LIU.— PLUPLE FIX)WERING
RASPBERRY.

j- FIG. LIV.— SELF-HEAL.

names; a few, such as sclMicul and hoal-all,
refer to the reputed meaicinal vir-
tues of the plant, but "blue
curls/' describes the appearance of the
I flower. Whatever its propenies, brunella
j deser\;es renown, for it has succeeded in
adapting itself to most varied surround-
ings in three continents. Several forms oc-
cur from the Atlantic to the Pacific; M;;-
coun thinks there may be two varieties in
the cast, one of which may have been in-
troduced, but he regards the western form
I as undoubtedly indigenous*, jn pastures and
j by du^ty roiidsidcs, self heal in a 1o\v,ibLuuU d
I plant; but in wot wxxmIw and by etre«in-i,
: it reaches a height of two feet and bears
I large bright rluaters of flowers. Like other
, members of the mint family, it is distin-
'■ guished by a square stem, opposite leaves

3(1

f;.owers of the field and forest.

"orm of the pistil nnd the nuiiiDcr of t n
ftamens. The oblong or ovale oaves m,v
be entire or toothed, hairy or smooth ^.'it

uie iwo-lipped; the former is nuite B),ni-t
and closes over the fruit, the laUer is r™

£1iS^;;^fc^t-n;^^jC,d^

mens wl, M '^"■■'' and arches over the sla-

&?A f^"^™ ^^^ -t'h''e'r "K
and folm;' P " r'",' '"'^'^ i« deeply lobed j

i^gXi^''^ ^aJ^- ,„;^ K: !
f^ysj"^'f--,^';;-n°^.;r'!;:

sed< not o"*! 'K"', '"■■ " ™™'^"'. they
throat „f?,'^ »" ''°ry "--e-led in the
dusted uJl tv^"'"'^- '"■' !'""" "•'">h is
stamens "^ ^™ ^'"°'" "" overarching

of'£°'N?7' '''"° ^"'<' f''™"nt«! colour
nvi^; J, *"''[• ""'^ '""y >»■■ they re-
sile blue* flal "iT^"' ■"', "'" invitation of
tI,. J 1, ?■■'",', versicolor. (Vg. LV \)
The nch yiolet-blues of the perianth va

v«ned with gold and purple, Reflect t e

magn,ficen.e of the rainbow, from whick
the genus takes its name. The fleur-de ly '
itL v!?"" °l 'Chivalry," was chosea W
1 „M c "k'I", •"' '""'k''' But the flower of

Th„„,Si,K'''f '*.?;"'*; """> the blue flag.
t„l ."^V ""' °^ "" '"""• which is uni-
ted to, the ovary at the base, ix>a«es-es thi".
recurinng outer divisions (Fi,; LV 1) md
"'^.^ller erect inner divis o. 8 or ^^1
tals (lig. LV., 2), The style is divi.l^l

FIG. LV. - BLUE FL.V.i Wn ijr i l-
EYED GRASS. ''"^ '^■

int„ .h,' I'.IV ■""•' ^Ve IS du'i.le.1

be„n', r ..P«''''-''l<e spreading lips, each

' surface^ (Fg""T v"%''l "'=. '? "^ *^''V
OU11.1CO (lig. J/\.. 3, and over-aroiiiK

' menV'Tff" . " ,'*• ^^- *'• Th.« arran^."
: but hi? "'"""^ prevents Belf-pollinatio,,,
nollen^rn,^ fl Unconscious agents, earrving
pollen from flower to flower. Lighting up-
guided' l?v h' '""""'"« u'^""'^- *'■"''«■
and itcrK '" .Y'"""'^. thrusts his head
and back beneath a branch oi the style
and sips the honey at the base of tliJ
s amens. In withdrawing, he TeavS to

he''"ldsi'J?'7h''""'' "!" at ihe n'ext flow r
ne visits, the projecting stigmatic lio

ST Th'e'""'''' t'-?,>'^'''i'"« the* nee,l
,\, ?;■,"* common blue flag is abumlant
n ditches, swamps, and along river ,

nt^"'''I^A''-/''°'" Newfoundland to W „.
nipeg, and its more gi-aeeful si'.^rter Iris

marshes of the eastern coast. Tlie latter

sl'k 3 fl, °f "f, f^V °" very slender
std.ivs and the fruit is sharp y three-ansled
A closely allied plant blossoming at the
«ame time, is the blue-eyed grass Sisv-
inchium angustifolinm (Fig. LV lii u-
!''".?'''"« or purple flowers d splay the ;
hearts of gold in every meadow on sunny
June mornings, but close forever later^^

trcteZt:-ffS^?'S

nety IB found in the we'.t "'

i'.uoifX"(i4 Lvifis^^LT'^' ^"^r"""

form and cofouring.''' itZowTZ".':.!,"
f?'l ".n-J in, rich woods ge*„™rdly°",en™S
flri„'""'^!i "' ^-Vr Brunswick, Quebec On
tario and possibly as far w.=t Vs th. -S,^

SaSt^'pS^^ti's

FLOWKRs OK THE FIELD AND FOREST.

FJ(J. r,\r.-FI!lN(li;i) POI.VdALA.

f!?L*„'"*''.''^T''-" Uef'Kl" "'loots arising
from prostrate or underground sterna bear
small acalelike leav»il)el(,w (Fig LV[ ll ,
cJiBter i»f large loaves above (tTg LVI ii'
and from one to tour flowers at tha toi,!
on sliort stalls (Fig. LVl., 3). Of 11,e five
sepals (iig. LVI., 4), three are small while
two are large and coloured like petals.

t^lh JIX 'T.'*'* "^^- J'VI.,5)aK.m,it',l
with each other, and the central one is

Jliex (*ig. LVI., 6). The Six stamens, groui,.
ed m two sets are united at their bases
and endowed an the keel (Fig. LVL 7) .mf
the pistil has a two-celled ovary and »
Binder curved style (Fig. LVI 8) In a,l l;
Uon to these "bitteifly blooms" the pint
possesses other small flowers or under
ground brandies. These [xrodute numerous
eeeds, eauaing G.ib«n t„ sav t ,T he )
polygala has "one playful flou. If hv
the world another for serious use and pos
tenty." It is protoblo that the shtwv '
blossoms prevent the degeneracy apt to
follow incessant self-pollination, whi'e the
closed flowers guard against thi dying ou? '•
of the species m, cases where visitli from I
bumblebees are infrequent. Five otC
species of, polygala have been re.wrted as

oT-w-JI?^ Is" t?e''^r:^eii?rti£rnf I

Kqually interesting in its habits is the
LVlCrh'-' K^^r^, .^-W'tifili, "(Fig
l^VID. Tbm beautoful low shrub U, verv
«bun<fant either in boggy or in JckJ

[ilaccs in the Maritime Provinews, nntl
't extond-s westward to Georgian Hiv
Is evergreen leaves, which are gener-
My opposite or in groups of thr.o
(I'lg. JAII., 1), are pole beneath and light
green above. The flat flower-clusters aie
borne on the sides of the st«ii bekw llie
JeaJy ehoots of the season (Fig. LVil 2i
J-Jieh blossom lias a sni.ill (ive-toothiMl e'alvM'
•nd a rosy corolla which is wheel shaped
and hve-lobed. The latter is supplied with

FIG. LVII-SHEEI' LACllBL Ol! LUfl!-
j KILL.

' 'n"tJier?ofih°'.'";''°"<'?'=' '" "-Wch the
(fS^ LVII if \vi""« ^'*!""" ""' lodged
flower iim.ri' 1^;^ ,^", "»<*' visits the

fl,t™ ? ^^ ""'" "'« pockets, and causes
itor wftt"""?. "."'e^J' ?"k dulting the vTs
■tor with a "sulphur-shower" poured from
h7jl"'!?'°l^ "'the tip, of the anthers F"g

tell Sf?hJ ,V™' """i '*' ™mmon names
T^L° "■*• ""'"■"■ation bestowed upon its

u'^re■"oVtrXiS^^s/•■i=^"-l.'l

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

"riiK Jiii;inii)K o\- iiiK ykaii."

Daisies run riot by tlic waytiide and
clorify ne .etted tarnis; huLtert;u|»n Ciitth
Hit- . un i.i *;olden fhai'.cc**; roses unfold
nale pink blossoms in tnicUet and oM field;
arid, from pasture and meadow, nwret
hieezes bear the breath ot clover. The
bum of happy bce» says thar. for 11 oiii
tuu. no day in so rare as one in d'nic.
Few realize ho\v clowe the connectio i is
bttween red clover and bumblebees, un-
td thev bear of the disappointment of
Australian farmers over magnificent field h
of clover, which obstinately refused to set
f^'ctl until their insect partners were also
imuorted. Children as well as bees have
HUclicH the hidden sweets, but few have
noticed that the little flowers of which
fach clover head is composed, are like mi-
niature pea-b!ossoms, and fewer Btill have
paid the plants evening visits wtien the
leaflets droop and are folded in sleep.
White, pink, and yello^v clovers are all
tainiliar, and the lovely ciimson clover with
long brilliant heads has been sparinj^ly in-
1 reduced into Canada. The commonest
Hpeeies are the &>-<^;illed red clover, Trifot-
imii i»ratense, vliicJi has everywhere ■>-
fjiped from uurtivation, and the white
clover, Trifolium repen^, of pasture and
meadow, which is probably a native of the

FIG. LVlXI.~BiI:VCH PEA.

lunlhrin p^irt of AnieiicA. The sweet
I'lovt'is belung to a closely related Renus,
and both the white and the yellow species,
Mtlilotus alba and M. ori'ieinaha. frequent
roiid sides near oUl gardens. Both leaves
nntl (towers hiive a iH-culiiir r*rfume and
the hitter are dearly loved by bees. The
nprif^ht plants, from two to four feet in
hrinht, display slender spikes of small
fif.'Wrrs throughout the summer.

Manv other members of the pea family
flourish in Canada. The Amefican vetch,
Vicia americana. with siender (■hi-^reiH of
bluish-purple blossoms, trails its way with
the help of tendrils, whicu tcrui'iiic iha
compound leaves, from l\i;ii;'iii to the
Vaciilc coa^t. nie common vMch, Vicia sa-
tiva, has been widely spread through the
agency of railways; and, though it has es-
caped from cultivation, it is more fre-
quently found along railway embankments
than in cultivated fields. A charcteristic
member of the family is the beach or ever-
kstiiig iR'a. Lathyrus maritimus (Fig.
LA'in.). which i- ocmimon ^dong the eastern
and we«tem coa»ts and the shores of the
(Ireat Ijiik'.s. This stout pt-renniiU grows
in clumps one or more feet in height, close
to tho water's pdge. The plants are well 'jov-
ered wi'.h co.nil>ounid le^wes (Fig, LVIII.. 1 1,
each composed of from three to five pairs
of leaflets .ind furnished with two brodd
stipules. The terminal leaflet has been !«■
placed bv a tendril. Clw^tws of pur|)le
flowers (Fig. LVITL 3) spring from the axds
of the leaves. Each blossom has a calyx o(
five sepals united nt the base, and five ir-
reguiar petals.tttw corolla bearing a slight .-e-
semblance to a butterfly. The upncr petid
or standard is larger than the others and
enclosf^s them in the bud (Fig. LVin..41;
the side petals are called W:ings (Fig.
TA'IIT., 5) and the two lower are united
nionff o.ne edge, forming a keel (Fig.
TyVITT.. 0), which encloses the Rtamcns
and pistil. Ten stomens are arranged in
two groups, nine united in:o a tube which
rncl^'»e« the pi«til and om^ standing alone.
I Fig. LVIII., 7.) Tlie pistil has " one-
cellod ovary, which ripens into a pod, and
the ciirvod flattened ■style i« hniiy on the
inner side. The mothonl of pollination is
>imilar to that of the bearh-pea and o-f the
vetches. When a bee alight upon the keel,
it is lowered by his weight, and the " airy
r-tyle brushes the pollen which baa col-
lected in the keel out upon the insect's
body. Flying away to another tiower tho
bee first comes in contact with the ter-
minal stigma, and later ho receives a se-
cond dusting. The pea-family exhibits var-
ious interesting contrivonceB to en^^are

FT.OWER OF»THK FIKLP ANP FOREST.

cross-poUi nation and many curiouH adapta-
tions to environment, hesidra the "aleep-
niovemcnts" already noticed.

•Siicli |«'culiai-iti<-s aiv, linwcver, roinmon
to many groups. For fxanii)le the leaflets

t'OMMUX WUOD-SOUHFL.

of the common wood-sorrel, Oxalis acetos-
»'lla, fold themselves like an umbrella at
sunset (Fig. IJX., 1 and 2) and by a re-
duction in surface-exposure prevent too
great a loss of heat by radiation. From
Knva Scotia to the Lake of the Woods
and on the Saskatchewan, this delicate
plant ia found in the depths of cool woods.
The creeping underground stem sends up
ft number of clover-like leaves, each heart-
shaped leaflet beirbjf 30ine<l by its smaller
end to the leaf-stalli. Tlie flowers (Fi^'.
LIX., 3) are borne fiin^ly at the top oi
slender scajKJs from two to five inches hi^jh.
The blo«s9om has five gre«n se[>als aud five
jtetak; tlie latter are about half an incii
in length and are either white or faint
piiik veineil witli a deeper roso.
Five long and five short stamens uniti'il
a<t their base (Fi^. LTX., 4) cnciivle
the pistil witli its five-<^ol!o<l ov.irv
and five styles (Fig. TAX., 5). Like the
fringed polygala and blue violet, the wood-
florrel produce.s other flowers which never
open. They are not, however, concealed
beneath the surface of the ground, but nod
from the top of curving scapes at the base
of the plant. The name "oxaHs" is derived
from the Greek for sour, and "acetosella"
means salts of vinegar; go, too, the pre-
sence of oxalic acid in the juices of the
plant had given rise to common names
such as sour trefoil and sorrel, "Cuckoo
meat" and "cuckoo bread" are English
names for the flower because it comets
with the cuckoo; and "alleluia" recognizes
its advent near the glad Easter season.

The wood-sorrel is claimed by many as the
shamrock, which legfnd says 8t. Patrick
used in illustrating the doctrine of the
Trinity. Certainly its triple leaf was a
favourite with early painters, both Botti-
celli and Fra Angelico often using it in the
foregrounds of their pictures. The yellow
wrKxl-florit'l or T-ady's .sorrel. Oxalis -itrii-
ta) is a much commoner plant, growing in
waste or cultivated ground, along river
margins, or by thr roadsides, from Nova
Scotia to Manitoba. It has an erect leafy
stem, and yellow flowers occasionally mark-
ed with red at the base of the petals.
Though in the form of the blossom it resem-
bles the common wood-sorrel, it is much
more variable and blooms the summ 'r
through. _

Many insignificant plants have conquered
in the struggle for existence, while larger
more attractive forma have failed. Excel-
lent instances of the former are furnished
by the pink family. Although it was in
troduced from Europe, the common chick-
weed, Stellaria media, has a wider ranee
than many indigenous species. From the
Atlantic to the I'acific, it has become an
obnoxious and omnipresent weed. Its

weak stems with ovate leaves bear tinv
white flowers tJie summer through; I)ut a
native species?, the long-leaved Rtichwort.
StelJari.L longifolia {Fig. LX.), blt^-^'-iin

FIG. LX ~L(lN(;-M:A\i:n (.UU kwkkij

Fr.OWKR^ OF THE FFELn AND FOREST.

only fron. May to July. The latter is os.
Mntially a .northern fonn, frequentinR the
grassy margins of woodland brooks from
the east to the west coast. Its weak but
erect stem is furnished with pairs of loni;
•lender leaves, narrowed at both ends
and 8|ircadinR (Kig. lA). The braiichea [••r-
minate in flat, loose, spreading clusters ot
small flowers (Fii;. L.\.. 1). Kicli h.i-
as a rule, Hve sepals, fivw deepiy-clcft'
S'''''tC'''^'' <''"'8- ^'^- 2). tin stamnj.;
(rig. LX., 3), and a pistil with three stylt-^
but a one-celled ovary, in which the seeds
ape attached to a central column (Fig I,X
4). The long-stalked stichwort, Stcllaria
Jongipes, has similar eastern and western
limits, but it e-xtends as far north as the
Arctic sea. It is smooth instead of rough-
stemmed and has ascending not spreading
leaves and flower-stalka. The northern
stichwort, Stellaria bore.alis, also e:;tentl8
from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, fre-
quenting open swamps and the nmddv
margins ot brooks. It has broader leave's
than the long-lesved stichwort, and the
Pfi'iils are very short or wanting.

While the chickweeds are unpretentious
cousins of the pinks, more showy relative?
grow wild in Canada. One of the largest
and more interesting forms is the night-
flowering catchfly, Silene noctiflora, fFig ;

FIG. LXI.-BOUNCIXa HF.T AND
CATCH-FLY.

LXI., 2), wliich opens its pinkish or white
flowers m the twilight. Then breathing
forth a sweet odour, it invites moths to
caU u^n its pale bIos.som.s which gleam
Uiroiign the dusk. As a proleclion against
smaller, uscV-ss visitors, the stem and caly.x
are beset with sticKy hairs which catch
anta and other thieves before thev reach
the store of honey. Though Bouncing Bet,

piai>onaria ofHcinalis (Fig. T.Xf., 11, di«plarj
her wlpfe or pale nink llowers during the
day, they are much more attractive at
night, when their pale colour and strong
perfume signal to the sphinx moth. As in
most catchflits, self-poliination is prevent-
ed by the staniens maturing before the pis-
til. First, the five outer stamens protrude
and shed their pollen, the five inner sta-
mens dehisce next, and flniUly the styles
push forward and open out their stigmatic
surfaces to cat<'h the pollen brought by
moths from younger flowers.

Another nocturnal beauty is the common
evrning primrose, Oenothera biennis (Fig.
lAII). Fa<lcd and dull during the daynt
the ar)proach ot evening it slowly uafoli'la a
fresh bud and emits a sweet perfume. In
one form or another, this plant extends from

J FIG. LXII.-EVENING PRIMROSE.

) the east to the west coasts of Canada. In
j structure,^ the flower reseml.ies the familiar
! !!i'''"*'i}-„/'''ie very long, slender calyx tube
(I'lg. LXII., 5) is attached at its base to the
four-ceiled ovary, and encircles the thread-
like style. At tlie top, the tube expands
into four reflexed lobes (Fig. LXII., 1). and
to It are attached four large, spreading
I yellow pctak (Fig. LXII.. 21 and eight 'to.-
I mens witli long anthers (Fig. LXII., a).
) Ihe style 13 crow-ned by four lin-
ear stigmaa. The plant itself is
I erect and branching, growing from
I two to five feet high, and furnished with

FLOWERH OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

»n ahundiinop of onlirc, lancT-nhapcd. scssHs
ieave* Ihc beautv of »l,e ttower enduipn
only for a mght. but its ponquesta are
many. Alotlif, large and small, eagerly sip
the nectur seircted at tll« base ot the
ca yx tube; a lovely little pink moth with
ye ow markmK^ on its wings i. a frequent
npitl''V 7™',V"e ;' ,<''";1' visit a golden
necklet of pollen. In the morning, the corol-
la u.™aliy drops from the top of the ovary;
out. If by any chance its work is not ao
comphshcd, .t remains fresh for a few
Hours longer, in the hope of attracting
bunible-beeg and humming-birds. Later in
the sea.-on it is said to change its habits
and to keep open all day long. Anomalous
da It may seem, there are several day-bloom-
ing evening primroses. A small species,
Oenothera pumila, flourishes in dry sandv
soil and on river banks from New Bruns-
wick to the Lake of the Woods. Sundrops,
uenothera fruticosa, has also been report-
ed as occurring near Halifax and Montreal.
Jt IS a tall, stout form with a strongly
wmged seed-vessel. As it unfolds its flow-
ers during the day, its visitors are general-
ly bumble-bees, but the Jittle white cab-
bage butterfly also sucks the honey, and
f«veral beetles, wasps and small Hies seek
the pollen which is so abundantly produo-

BENEATH THE JULY SUN.

Althou^ the saveet smell of now mown hay
suggests the passing of the flowcTs, sum-
mer's flaunting beauties are only beginning
to appear.and many of the blossoms of early
July have the delicacy and faint tints as-
sociated with the spring. Along the road
sides and in thickets, the wild clematis
Clematis Virginiana (Fig. LXIII), is hctjin-
nrag to drape fence ajid shrub with fleccv
clusters of white flowers. Fixm July to Sep'
tfmher it 80 adorns the roadside as to
well deserve the name of "Traveller's Joy."
Later in the autumn, its charming feathery
f™l'ielueter» fonn sUvery maa=es (Fin
LXIII., 6) which have givcin rise to another
loJk-n«,me, "old man's beard." The plant is (
aji exquisite perennial vine with a slightlv
woody stem. It climbs from shrub t-o shrub '
by means of its sensitive leaf iitalks, which
act as tendrils, bending about an object
when irritated by contact with it. The op-
posite compound leaves are composed ot
three pointed, toothed leaflets, more or less
cut or lobed (Fig. LXin.. 1). The smaU

41 1

flowers, w-lmh are arranged in flat clusters
dig. lAIlL, 2), arc of two kinils, biiiic
on si-l«rale plants. Itolh luvc tour or iiv<'
grcemsh-white seirals and are dealitut- of
Ti«tals. Tlie stamiimte have no i.Mlils
liuj a large number of stamens ivi'li
short, blunt anthers (Fig. LXIlf I;-
while the pistillaK- floncra rewse*. maiiv
seiuralc rarpels (Fig. LXIII., 41, hut n„
stamens. Ihc fruits are small one seeded
bodies, each bearing a |)ersistent style which
las become a long, plumy flout for the
liny seed-vessel (Fig. LXIII., 5). "he deimi-
tis IS a member of the crowfo)t family,
but It blooms later than most of its imme-
diate relatives and thus avoids comiwtition

FIG. LXIII.-CLEMATIS OK \1KIJ1\S
BOWEE.

with them. Its white sepals make it most
conspicuous in shadv nooks, attracting gre^it
numbers of flics and other small iusucla,
which effect cross-pollination, ihe Virginia
(Jematis is especially common along strcima
and in low grounds from Nova Scotia to
Lake Winnipeg. Earlier in the season,
Clematis verticillaria stars rocks and bushes
from Quebec to British Columbia. It> flow-

FLOWERS OF THE FlEI.n AND FOREST.

rr Rtrms nrp crownod with bluish-purple
blohsoms, fncli from two to three inches in
diameter. Another species. Clematis Doug-
lasii, which liaa been found in tiie southern
parts of British Columbia, has a nodding
purple flower about one inch in length, at
the tip of tlie flower stalk, and the plume?
nf the sced-veasels are brownish in tint
Neither of these forms is as beautiful as the
common clematis.

The lovely twin flower. Linnaci lior-
ealis, baa no legend attached to iit, Imi
its aaaociations appeal strongly to all natur-
alists. The immortal Linnaeus

''Saw beneath dim aisles in odorous beds
'Jlie slight Linnaea b\ng its twin-born
heads,"

and allowed Gronovius to name this lit-
tle plant for the master who Hr»t described
It. Trailing ov, r the cool moss of northirn
woods. It carpets logs and rocks from the
Atlantic to the Pacific with its small, roun-l,
evergreen leaves (Fig. LXIV., 1). Home
aloft on slender stalks, pairs of rosy belU
nod above the green foliage (Fig. LXIV., 21.
Though the plant seems so unlike the
honeysuckles, the structure of the flowers
•>''<"'"'' to be a member of the same fam-
ily, riie calyx-teeth are five in number.and
sticky; the corolla is bell-shaped, and pur-
phah-pink, or white, tinged with rose; four
stamens, two short and two long, are at-
tached to the corolla, and a single slender
style spnngs from the three-celled ovary.
Only one seed matures, the ovules of two
OTarv-cella being small and abortive. (Fig.
J<A1V.,3.) The flowers show intere.stMis
adaptations to various foes, especially to
tiny marauders, -whose [rath to ' the
store of honey is impeded by
the hairs which line the corolU
tube, and the bells nod so as to prcrtect

I heir treasures from the rain. )/e»t iniwctt
suited to tlie flower's needs should miss
their way, fine dark lines upon the corolla
point to the nectary, and its position »
ini ualed by a dash of orange.
»„!)" .h'''' '"»??'-'»« leems most abundant,
,hL^L°"ll"^' ''I'l.'ely , associated with
them are well represented. One of the most
in cresting is {he rattlesnake planUin

^ °'^,ioi;%'!"''T'""- "»""" tells us thTt
It probably shows us the state of organ,
n a group of orchids now mostly extinct'

JnL-' ■|'i,°r;l',''' '"""y '*>""« -"'"cemi:
ft. V.1 t ■ ""?*', "conspicuous feature ot
the plant is not the flower but the leaf
lorniing a rosette close t« the ground (Fi^!
1..AV., 1), the leaves arise from a fleshv
creeping rhizome. Silky in texture with
wavy edges and of a dL-k gravi",'-gSS
te„''7h "" ^eautifuly veineS »^th white
from their midst springs a stem bearing
old'?s?^?Vt''."'""^ S' "'^"'"J' flowerl" he
(Fie T vV'Sl"" p' ''"•J''""8est at the top
(fig LXV..2) Each blo»«>m (Fig. LXV!^
3),. has a globular lip, like an inflated sac. in
which neetar is secreted. The anther is

l^lf „' -*■ '^'^^ 11 *' ^'y » ^"1' -'talk. The
two pairs of pollf i masses are united at
their bases to one disc, which is SSotected
of tL »'• '"""'"■"r ""^ ''«« »t the top
hL,l i'""""-- '" "■« yo""!! flowers, the
tTdc "vaT" "/on'C'c^l^'i "'•'i inclines in
wards. When a bee approaches the column
of a young, flower, it ruptures the mem-
brane covering the pollen-discand the lat-
ter adheres to his tongue. Flying away he

-TWIN-FLOWER.

FIG. LXV-RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

kL!E i'*^'"'V"" '" »"='' at che older

lowered ind the column hu ao chancKi
It. pontion .. to bring Ihi ,uTm^i„t' .

fu^Zor^rl '' "■<■"'««>■« ^len from
JtB Visitor, ihe 8i)e^ es desorihp'- tv.«.. -k
somewhat rare, i.'fc ,nd .nTe d'ri- w™S.
of Newfoundland, the Maritime p7ovTnc«
Quebec, and Ont.no. Ihe leaner rattle
" •■• .plantain, Goodyera repln^ is much
more.abun<lant, occurring in n.o^v wx«Hk

"Si'';f"?h'ria'„^f *r""' ''^""«»'°"' '1^^^

■ireaain ot the iand. It is characteri7eci
by It. Kreeniah white flower, arranged in
L wi;i;.h f."''''*i'!"' H "■« fo™ of ti^S
M tip than that ot the other snecieu It
ha, been a.,d that Indian, uaed heTegve,
°f,t'"« plant aa . cure for the bite of the
rati esnakc but it ia probable that thJ
Z,'^"'',"' "" l^»>-« and not their rL

"^ Not onlv?.*Ar' S*"- '°.?''" PoPular^ame.
iNot only la the derivat on ot manv folk.

SJi^n hZ"T- •"","■"■;'' ™"f™"" ha»
^I™. , jj^^ app, cation ot the aanie
name to different plants. Thus in »om^
1°J»'">" the aromatic, creeping wi"t"r
green Gaultheria procumbent, lia, £"„
called partridK-berry," though the latter

tra,lmg,irh„t,,8 and a 111 companion to t •■
wm-flowcr. the partridge berry creena «l
the roots of tree, from Nova SnT^ to

cur in paim the qvarie. of th- two Dower,
being do«.ly united (Fig. L.XVI ')
Lalyx and corolla are both four-lobed';' the
^tter IS funnel-ahaped with a .prtjidio?
border, densely bearded within, and eithe?
entirely white or tipned with rose There
are four .Umen, and Ihe ungle style ha,
four narrow .tigmas. The ovarTe, to™ on'
berTy.l.ke fruit, crowned ,rith "two eye°?'°
wh ch are the remains of the calyi-teell.
JJ," "'."fowcr; (Fig.LXVI.,3). TImm"
nearly '.aatele^. the fruit, are much "p
predated by bird., but many e,cape ami
decorate the vine, the following ,pring
5.elf-»,lnat.on i, effectually prevente.f
tertu.n plant, bear HowcM irith |„ns
stamen:, and .hort styles, while other?

Pr, Ti ■''"r??"",." ■"'"> "•""•»• "amen, and
cng style. The hair, which line the corolla-

h^l^- y« K""?'''''" »"<• """"T bees
have no difhculty i„ sipping the honey.
When visiting a flower with "ong atamen,
th^ r'1 'T'l"' "/'Poait of pollen ,i
»h. JT? • .'^ "?" ™""' '" contact with
i^L.i'TV. "' » long-,tyled flower ap-
proached later, and thus croas-pollination
results. Similarly the form with shor Tan,
short .."^T'll ^ ""= liollination of the
hpU^ '*''''' .u'"'"'"";- "■= partridge-berry
belongs to the madder family, a familiir
"ample of which ia the beM straw or
Galium. Several specie, of the latter are
common m ( anada The majority are sle^
te herb, with square slem», wh rU of
KiJ n-t' •■'"'' ""' <:l"8ter, of tinv white
S^TiSt^''^ angles of the stem and the
^IhT wl'l' generally bristly or f„rni,l cd

LXVI.-PARTRIDGp; VINE.
Georgian Bay. This evergreen vine
clothed with dark, shinin/ leave, often
veined with white' (Fig. IxVlTl) From
this exquisile ■ tting. the cr=am-vvl' h. ,W
er, gleam in J,„ie and July. ,u,". I'd !.'i . I
by gkjwing coral-red fruit. The bl..*' o „, oc

FIG.

I.XVII.-PIPSIS.SEW.\ oil
PRINCES PINE.

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD ANP FOREST.

A pale, fragile flower, lingering in miminer
wooJb, {• U)e pipciuewa, Chiniaphita um-
belluta. This dainty fragrant plant is most
characteristic of coniferous woods, and it
ninges throughout the fomt country from
N«w Brunswick to Vancojver. From lona
creeping undt-rground shjots ariae leafy
sterna from four to ten inches in height.
The leaves, which are evergreen and shin-
iiiK. are generally whorl*-*! (Fig. LXVII , 1).
though often scattered on the lower part of
the stem. A terminal cIusIlt of Howera
crowns the plant (Fi«. LXVll., 2). The
waxy, fragrant bloswtimn arc citiit-r
white or flessh-coloure^l, and they ■-'Itt'n
have a ring of dt'cp pink abtml tlio
centre. Ea*ih has a five-lob-',l ralyx.
and. a corolla conipo-f*l of five, r'.>iin(t-
od, ouneave, 8proa<ling i>ctals. The tin
stamens {Fig. LXVIL, 3) possess hairy
Hlaments and two-nnrned violet anthers,
which open by terminal pores. A very sJiort
style is crowned by a broad, disc-ehaped
stigma; and the fruit is a five-celled, round-
ed, depressed pod. Pipsisaewa is said to
be of Indian origin, tlie name having been
given to the plant because of ita strength-
ening properties. However, this may be,
the herb is used as a tonic in modern medi-
cine. Notwitlistanding the ab3urditiea of
the old herbalists, many of meir remedies
are still in vogue, and thuir knowledge of
the propprties of plants was -ounder than
is generally supposed.

Fir!. TAVriT. AVINIKUGUEKK OR

Another member of the heath family i»
the ahin-leAf, Pyrola elliptica. It is found
in rich woods from ^lova Scotia to the Sas-
katchewan and, like nipsutsewa, it blotisoms
in June and July. From running, under-
ground, perennial ahoota spring clusters of
oval leaves (tHg. LXV'Ill.. 1), which me
thin and of a dull, dark-gri-en colour. From
the centre of the cl««*ter of leave« ari-es a
scape bearing acaly bracts at its bane imd a
oluMt*"r of exquisite dnwping flowerR nt the
top. The blossom*-', w^hieh are vry fnntrant,
waxen, and greenish white, have a five part-
ed calyx and five concave obtuse petals. The
stamens resemble uiose of pipsissewa, but
the anther cells are contracted at one end
so as to form a fdiort neek (Fig. LXV^lil, 4).
A lone, curved style i»riitrude« from ''ach
bell. The leaves ot all tiie species of py-
rola persist throughout the winter, in con-
sequence of which the plant is often railed
"wintei^een," a name more generally ap-
plied in America to Qaultheria procumbens.
The latter haa an upright, leafy stem, with
nodding waxy flowers in the axils of the
leaves.

But all the early July flowers do not
make their home in the wood; muddy
shore and shallow stream have their share.
One of the most H -"x^tive of the water

Slants is the arro<* i' 'd, Sagitaria varia-
ilis. Forms diu>:r' i. greatly in "ize and
foliage extend across the i-^ntinent, but
are most abundant in the East. The plant'
was given both its popular and wienitific
names because of its arrow-shaped leaves
(Kig. liXIX., 1), which vary from long, nar-
row, acute forma to those which are broad

FIG. LXIX.— AKOW-IIEAD.

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

and obtum. There are two kinde of
Howert borne either on the name or on dif-
ferent plant*. When occurring in one in-
ilividual. the unattinctive piNtitlate tlo\\ct'H
are in the lower part of the cluster, an \
the showy itAminate Howert are at the
top. Jn •' a former, nunieruua piutild form
one-sei'<le(i tiuitsj (Fin. LXL\.. 4), whii-h an-
rolleototl in a rounul ht-iid (Fi«. LXI\.,;t».
i'he staniinate Aowith (Fik. L\IX., "ij iiri'
furnished with three sepals, three large
white petaU, and nunierous Btaniena, wliich
form a golden centre. Tlie arrow-head
ahowB not only perfect; adaptation to cro»*8-
pollination, but it i* so constituted aa to
flouridi under varied conditions. Living
either in the water or on niJirshy land, it
has already developed several well-markrd
varieties, which are probably species in the
process of makini;^ forms wfione charactors
will later become fixed.

XII

"MIDSUMMER, ALL AFLAMK."

Golden-hearted daiHies and "black-eyed
BUMann" have fallen with the grass; pur-
ple and violet thi^^tlp>* are filfing waste
places with iiniippn-ciiitcd bloimi; the Rold-

WILD YELLOW LILY.

en cups of the yellow pond-lily gleam near
the reeds; the white water-hiy opens its
sweet pure cup to the morning ligbt; and

manjr less familiar flowers are appearing in
tield* and swamps. The glory ol the July
nieadowH ihroughout eantern Canada is the
u'ihl^ yellow lily, Lilnitu can«den-i' iVm.
LXX.). The tall »tem arises from a hulbhuc
rliiziime eompoaed of flenhy white scales.
M'Ik- LXX., 1). LonK, lant-e flhape<l leavi*!*
may api>e£ir singly, liut are generally iir-
ranged in distinet whorU of from l-iir to
ten leave* (Fig. LXX., 2), At Uk- i-m
of the stem no*l gr.icoful bl;ll^^ (Fig.
LXX., 3). The «x distinct parts of
the iH'ri.uith curve back\umlM and are vcl-
low or orjnge red, Bp(Ate<i within by dirk
re'ddinh brown dotn, pnlhfindera fur bee*,
wliich seek not only nectar, but the red-
dish brown pollen with which the six slen-
der anthers are filled. A single club-
shaped pistil has a thr-'e-lobed stigma and
a three-celled ovary with many seeds ar-
ranged in two rows in each cavity. A
cloi(e4y aJlied species bears the most bril-
liant flower of July, the flaming wood-lily,
Lilium philadelphicum. Its vivid cups uf
orange-re*l or vermilion spotted with brown
Htanding erect upon the stems, gleam among
the trees in Ontario, abound on the piai-
ric«, and appear tn IJritish Columbia.

As tlie summer advances, more and more
yellow flowers are found. In every part
of Canada, from July to September, some
^I't'cies of St. John's-Wort di.-^iilays its yel-
low petals. In the efli^t, the best known
U the common St. John's-Wort, Hyperi-

FIG. LXXL-

-COMMON ST. JOHN'S
WORT.

FLOWKKS OK THE FIELf) AND FOKKST.

mm t"'rf'>ratiini, (Fi«. LXXT.) [t tM not «
mifivc nlatit, but one of IhoM "|>erniciouii
o|(! world wcedw," which is almoflt imp"*-
Hihlt; to cxteniiinntc. Ah Iturrough* fiiya,
"tliev liave bwii to i4chool to man I'or many
hiiinIriMl jpiira, and they nave learned to
thrive upon him; their miugale »or e;.-
iNtirut* hits hccii ^h.irii ami pn)tp;n-t(?d."
And they have bci'n able to e^tabliali iLnm-
twlve* easily in new iiome*. 'Ihe
cummon St. John'ti Wort i« a pcrt-nnial,
branching plant, with nmall, oppo<iitc, oh
Inntt leaves, more or IrHH covered wiUi
dot 4. The numtTous tlowcm are jo-ely

f;rou|ied in terminal clusters, which u.o
eafy and ragged in appearance. lixc'a hm
a calyx comnoned ot live narrow acj.ule,
and hve bright yellow peials, jne-tnirl ot
an inch in k-ngth and dotted with b,ack.
Numerous etamenii are united at thcii-
hnncA in three neU, and the pistil has thiec
Bpreading utyjes. Aa its Knglish nawie im-

SlieH, it was formerly associated with St.
ohn'a Day. The dew which fell npiin tfie
plant on St. John's Kve w,i.s rtU|t)'Oicd to
be useful in preserving the eyes fpiim di-^-
ease; and an ointnient made from Uit herb
was said to be so valuable a • •ar f u
wounds that the plant was oft.* i tniled
"the wonderful herb." In the Netl'erlitn.f*
it was gathered before sunrise aa a < iiarin
against witches; and, in (jermaii», li was
wnrn an ;tii amulet, ;i pnitectinn "fruni llii-
evil ones abroad on St. Jolin a K"i\ Iht
common St. Jolin's W'mt cxlemia from
Nova Scotia to Western untiru l)ut le--t
commnn 9i>ecics have n wi<icr rar>ne. llv
nericum ellipticum, a pretty form with un-
branched stem and sni .'ler pale >.j: i,v
petal--, is found from Noi i Scotia to I^ake
Winnipeg; and the groat St. John's-Wort.
Ifyp»'ricum aacvron brifshtens the tianK»
of streaniiJ and low grounda troin (^'u'^hcc
to the Sajikatchewan. 'Ihe latter often
grows to a height of five feet, the flowers
are about two inches in diameter, and I'je
htamcns are groui>ed in five clusters.

Another flower which abounds east of
the Saskatchewan River, is the yellow
lon«ostrife. Ly-imachia Rtrictii Fig. lAXll).
From July to Senlembor, it produces slen-
der terminal dusters of small flowers,
along the brook-* ami rivers, ami in ]rw
meadr>ws. The stems are from one to two
feet in height, and furnished with an abiin-
dame of opposite, dotted lenvcs (Kit;.
1-XXIT., 1). Ijate in the .season, bulblets ap-
pear in tbe axils of the leaves and falliTig to
thc^rnuml pr-vhiT'-p neu^ p!an;N-. Bwlh cuiv;
and corolla are from five to six-lobed. and
the Ia.tter is marked with reddish streaks
or dots. As in other members of the prim-

FIG. LXXIf.-YKI>rxiW lyOOSKSriUI'K

r(>«e famdy, the stamens stand opposite Uj
the petals, but the dotted tilaments arc
united at their base.- and untqual in
h'ngth (Fig. LXXir., 21. The pistil hi. a
«inde ovary and one long ."itvlc (l-'ii;.
LXXII., 3). The four-leaveil loo-n-
strife, Lyaimaoliia quatlrifolia, i^ n
rarer form found in New Bnui---
wi.k and Ontai-io. Tlie stem bears regular
whorls of four leaver, the blossoms are
Inrger than those of the ypllow loosestrife,
and wich yellow star ha-- a dash of brii-k
red between its iKiints. The generic title
was given to the group in honour of King
Lysimachus, and means a release from
strife. It is i-aid that both it and the com-
mon name were as.signed to the plant be-
cause of a superstition mentioned by Tliny
that loosestrife placed upon the yokes ot
oxen renders the bca.sts gentle and submis-
sive.

Yellows and rMs are not the only "ol-
ours which dye the flowers of late duly;
blossoms as delicate in tint as iho-e of
May are often seen. "In clouded pink or
softer whi'-'," the meadow-sweet, Spiraea
salicifolia iFi«. LXXIII.), cwens swamr's
and low meadows, crowds inthecorners of
iIm- ffines. and outlines tin' ditclic*. from the
Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains.
Its erect, smooth stems, from two to four
feet high, bear oval, saw-toothed, alttmate

FLOWFRS OF TJIK MKI.D AND FOIiKST.

KlCi. L.\Xlir.-MKAIX)W SUKKT AM)
LEAF OK HARDIIACK.

leaves (Fig. LXXFTI., 1) ,um1 lame l.Tmii, ,1
cluslrrs i>f Bmall flowers. Kiii-h liln-»>ni ij
similar to that of its couain, the clioke-
cherry but the five-cleft ralyx remains af-
ter pollination; and the live sejiarate car-
pels ripen into mnall, sei-eral sp,-,i,.,i ,>oih
(PiK. LX.MII., 3). Hanlliack or sto.|>!o I'w-li,
Spiraea tomentosa, which is common in
low nch (founds from Nova Scotia t^
Muakoka, has leaves, d^'n.-oly w<K)!ly on l|i<-
under surface (Vig. TAX1JI..4), ami tliik
clusters of crimson-pink (rarely white)
flowers.

The spreading dogb- . • ,- ,,: „ andro-
saemifolium (Fig. lA'XTV ^ ,, ,, utnc.
tive in form ami f i m « d-'li-
cate in colouring than the meado«'-
"T'^'i: ""me variety of this liule
ahruhhy plant is found in evfrv
part of Canada, in old fields, alont the
fences and roadsides, and in the tliioketa
Ine stem la from one to four feet in height,
with forkc<l, spreadinR braiichea. ilotli.i'l
7i}- ?QP2";,'?' "^'"'^ \eRycs on short stalk.-i.
(Fiir. LXXIV., 1). Terminal cliiater... of fia^-
rant, bcll-shapeii flowers droop above the
leaves Kach flower is about one-third of
an inch lonit, and of a pale pink hue. veincfl
With a deeper shade. Five sharply pointed
sepals are united at their bases, and the
corolla haa five recurving lobes. Within
the tube or corolla are live little triangular

-.sl'RBADlXO l)0(ill.\.Ni:.

appendages which alternate with the five
ataniens. The filamii.ts are short, and
the arrow-sha|icd aniliers bend closilv
around the stigma. The pistil is com|io«-
ej of twd oar[>els, aepariiti. in so far as the
ovaries are concerned, hul with Ihr stigmas
united into a two lulled body. At matiir
ity lie ovaries have developed into lii.i
polls about four inches long, filled with
seeds, which ,ire provided with a tail of
long silky hairs.

It is inlercsling to niti- that p1»iit« be-
hinging to distantly related groups, havi sol
ved the same |.roMenis in similar wavs.
Ihus. floats of silken hairs are favourite
means of ensuring the wider distribution of
n-ed. The fircwecd or willow-herb, Epili'l iiiii
angu-tifolium. (Fief lAXV.) pnnhn -
gre:it_ niiiiiUers of p,.,v1s „Tth tuita
of fluffy white hairs attached to
their tipa. In the form :ind
ananuemrnt of the floral organs, the llif-
weid clo-ely resembles the evening prim-
rose and H placed in the same family with
It. Its tall, unbranehed stems with willow-
I'.ke leaves (Fig. LXXV., 11. spring no
quiekly in ground which hiia be.i, re-
cently burnt over in cverv jkut of
Canada. Loo-e spikts of miigent.i-
pmk flowers, about one inch in (Tiaincler
terminate the almis. In I he newlv opened
flower (Fig T.XXV., 21, ,, K.e find*. I'l.iilv
of ripe pollen, hut the stigmas are el.i-,v;|
ami the style tiirneil downwards and back-
w.nrds. Tn an c^; Ifr bl.iesom (Pig. lAXV,.
.11; he IS jtreeted by an s.Ttended style ler-
niinating in four expanded stigmas ready
to receive his burden of pollen. The fniits
arc slender curving poda, purple in hue

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOrEBT.

FIG. LXXV-FIRF5WEED OR GREAT
WILLOW HERB.

and about three inches in length, filled
with the silk-tipped seeds. Kpilobium
lineare is a small species of willow-herb,
nbuiidant in marshes and peat-bo^ from
Labrador to British Columbia. Growing to
a height of one or two feet, it has very
narrow acute leaves borne on short petioles
and small, pale pink or white flowers.
The most familiar of the Canadian plants
v-hich produce seeds with floats of hair, is
the ooromon milkweed, Asclepias corn'.iti
(Fig. LXXVI. Althou^ it is close-
ly related to the dogbane family,
it ia plaoed in a separate grouj>,
which exhibits wonderful adaptations
to various conditions. The fctout
ptem is filled with a milky juice, which may
possibly protect the flowers from the in-
roads of ants. Kerner found that, as ants
crawl up the stem, they cut the delicate
surface with their feet, causing the milky
juice to flow. He says: "The ants were
much impeded in their movements, and id
order to rid themselves of the annoyance,

drew their feet through their moutha

..Many escaped by getting to the edge of
a leaf and dropping to the ground. Others
tried this method of escape too late, for the
air soon hardened the milky mice into a
tough brown 8ubt.tance, and, after this, all

the atruggling of the ants to free them-

aalves from the viscid matter was in vain."'
Large pale leaves, which are arranged in
pairs (Pig. LXXVI. 1) are smooth above wnd
hairy; below. Dull, pale, purplish or brown-
ish-pink flowers are borne in large broad
dusters (Fig. LXXVL,2). The individual
blossoms are most interesting in structure
(Fig. LXXVI., 3). Both the calyx and the
corolla are deeply five-lobed, and the divi-
sions are tumed baekwards. Five stati.ens
are united to the base of the corolla, the filii-
ments joined in a tube which encloses the
pistil. Attached to the tube of the stamens
IS a crown composed of five hooded bodies
or nectaries, each containing an incurved
horn (Fig. LXXVL, 4). The anthers are ad-
herent to the broad five-sided stigma, and
each of the aacs contains a flat, waxy, pear-
shaped mass of pollen endina in a slender
stalk. As in the orchids, the polHnia are
fastened to a disc, one of which is placed
\ at eacb corner of the stigma between two
anthers. To everv disc (Fig. LXXVI, 6),
I one pollinium from each of the an-
i thers nest to it adheres; that i«,
I tihe pollen mass of the right sio of
I one anther and that of the left s;ic
I of another antber are united to iho s-.tme
! di« (Fig. LXXVL, 8). When im in^.-ct
I visits the flower, in struggling to gain a
firm foothold, his foot is caught in one of
the discs, and he jerks It away with the
pollinia attached and departs dan^litrr th'?

FIG. IvXXVI.-COMMON WILKWICED.

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

Sair from hia leg. On his way to another
owcr the stalks of the polk'n mobses move,
bringing the htttcr into <uch a position
that they must come in contact with the
stigma of the second flower. After pollina-
tion, tiie two separate ovaries {Fig. LaWL
7) develop into rough, " ' pod's (Fijf.
LXXVL, 10) packed, wit .lat seeiLi ar-
ranged in close layers. To eiu:li
seed ia attached a iong tail of
silken down, and when the pod ruotiiTL-s
the seeds quickly spread their sails and
float away to pastures new. Colonies are
constantly being established, and the com-
mon milkweed is found almost everywhere
in fields and along the borders of thickets
from the eastern shores of Canada to the
Saskatchewan River. The swamp milkweed,
Asclepias incarnata, baa almost the same
range. It is distinguished by its purplish-
red or pink flowers and its lance-shaped
leaves. Several othei species occur in vari-
ous localities, all agreeing in the wonderful
contrivance which ensure their survival in
the struggle for existence.

XIII.

BY AUGUST WAYSIDKS.

Even in Virgil's time, men were striving
to \-anquish spreading succory which chukcd
"the riadng field;" but sturdy and uncoji-
quered it maintained its position and later
travelled to the New World, where it found
a moat congenial home. Throughout Cm-ida,

FIG. LXXVII.-CHICORV

I it forms tangled masses of stems ami
: branches covering acres of ground, and
lining the roadsides. Its turquoise or azure
blue flowers "matching the sky," appear in
July, but their fulleat beauty is attained
later, and some *>los8oms linger with the
a&tera and polden-rods, until October. Chi-
cory, Cichonum intybus, is a member ot Uin
coin{K)site family, closely resembling the
golden dandelion in the character of its in-
florescence. The whole group has discovered
that union is strength, and has combined
small inconspicuous flowers in heads which
are usually spoken of as the blossoms of
the plant, although they are really clu^^t^r.-i.
The individual flowers (Fig. LXXVH. 2) are
amongst the most hiuhly modified known,
all the floral organs having become closely
united. The calyx is joined to the ovary
projecting above it as little scales. The
petals are combined and drawn out into n
long strap with five teeth at the tip indi-
catmg the number of the component parts.
Five anthers unite in a ring about the
style, though the filaments are separate
from one another and joined to the corolla.
There is a one-celled ovary and a single
style, but two stigmas, which are shut
upon one another in a .young flower and
are open and recurved in an older one.
Although the sky-blue heads studding tho
stems (Fig. LXXvII., 1) are very charming^
the general effect of the plant is ragged ana
less attractive. Large thick roots fasten the
plant deep in the soil, and stiff branch-
intr stems arise to a height of from one to
three feet. The basal leaves are large,
deeply cut, and petioled; those above are
narrower and partly clasp the stem, th.s
uppermost becoming bract -like bodies (Fr^.
LXXVII., 3). Two oihev members of the
composite family are commonly found niong
the dusty highways tn August, yarrow with
finely cut leaves and dull white blof<Kom.'»,
and elecampane with tall stout stalks,
woolly leaves, and large coarse disks of yel-
low flowers. The former is almost omniores-
ent. but the latter is common only in Nova
Scfitiii and Ontario,

With these plants are associated tho
feathery white clusters of the delicate wild
carrot and tho tall spikes of the common
tr'illeln,Verbascum thapsus. The mullein is
another immicrant from I'lurope, but it has
bccomp so characteristic of tfie ('astern r^rt
nf Canada and of the United States, that
it is sometimes calle<l "the American velvet-
plant" in England, where it is cultivattvl
■T? if it vrcre a comparHtive rarity. ft
l«>»«'i«««'fl thick, ol)long leiive-*, «>nie of
which form a pale-green velvety ro-etto
near the ground, while others clasp the
tall, etout and branched stem ( Fig.

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

FIG. LXXVIII.-COJmON MULLEIN.

LXXVIII., 1). The flowers are closely .»ot
in long spikes (Fig. LXXVIII.. 2), which
look incomplete, because few blossom at a
time. But the individual flowers are very
pretty. Each is furnished with a five-part-
ed calyx, and a yellow, wheel-shaped cor-
olla, with five rounded lobes almost equal
in size. Five stamens are present, two
long, with few or no hairs upon the tila-
mente (Fig. LXXVIII., 3). The single pi^-
1 1 1 has a long style fl a ttenod a t
the tip, a:n<l a two-celled ovary in
which speeds are attache^l to a centr.il
axis (Fig. LXXVIII., 4). Cras^-poHui-
ation is generally effected by bees. 'Ihc
longer stamens furnish a resting-place for
the hee.wl'icli »liiig-i to tlip wool ot the short-
er filaments, and gathers the poi.tn ot tlio
tliiet! uiiper si.iiiiiiis. Ill iiif ] roeess, puiieri
fmni the two longer anthers ia rubbed upon
the under surface of the insect in such a
position as to touch the stigma of the next

I floTTCT upon which the bee alights. The
i pretty moth-mullein has become naturalized
j in Ontario. BurroughR ^ays: "Of beautitui
I weeds quite a list might ue made without
including any of the so-called wild flowers.
I A favourite of mine is the little moth-
[ mullein, that blooms along the highway.
I and about the fields, and may be upon tjic
I edge of the lawn." It certainly is a charm-
ing plant. The slender stem, with green,
I smoothish leaves, ends in a loose cluster of
I yellow or white flowers, marked with pur-
■ plish brown, and the filaments are thicklv
! united with violet hairs. The

! mulieins are the least modified of
the figwort family, and perhaps may be re-

FIG. LXXIX.-YELLOW TOAD-FLAX.

garded as forming a transition genus, whii-h
has retained the almost regular coralla ;.iid
the five «tamena of the remote ancestors
of the group.

_ Much more characteriBtie of the familv
IS the toad-flax, Linaria vulgaris. The
plant, which is also calk'd ramnted and
butter-and'Cggs, has become naturalized,
wherever there ait ^settlements, and it ia
especially common in Nova Smtia. It ia
one of the prettiest midsummer and au-

FLOWERS OF THK FIELD AND FOREST.

tumn flowers, occnmng by the wayside,
near gardens, and m waste fleJds. The ste-
rile stems are very attractive, being tall
dender, and abundantly supplied with nar^
row, pale bluish-green leaves, covered with
» ''^''7'e white bloom (Fin. LXXIX.,
II. l-ale yellow and orange flowers form
dense terminal clustem {Fig. LXXIX
2). The corolla is irregular, with a Ion'
BPur on the umlerside (Fig. LXXIX'
''.1,°" i^''^'> '"""'"'""I nW'er lip, ar.d'
a three-lobed, spreading longer lip. An or-
ange ooloureii projection from the lower iiii
cJOBing the "throat" of the flower ia cal!c<l
the palate." One of the origincol stam-n-
j been suppressed, only four, two long
and two short being present (Fig.LXXIX .
a and 6). ITie pistil resembles that of
the muUem (Fig. LXXIX., 7 and 8),
but the npe seed-pod opens near the sum-
mit py one or more pores instead of part-
ing mto two diiitinct valves. The velvety
orange pa.ate points the way to the nectar
h^. .r.r?!,"''' jnd 8>ud.M 'he bumble-bee in
his search. As he alights upon the lower
nfl'.t. Tf.t'B''' ."JePf^sscs it and opens the
ff »• . A™'J"'« *"' proboscis down tlic
i^^tlt'u *■"?, ""T"- ''\'' "bnndantly dus-
ted with pollen from the overarching sta-
mens. As soon as the bee flies awav the
gaping mouth springs shut, dosing the en-
trance to undesirable thieves. Macoun has
reported thct plants have been found ne"

FIG. LXXX.- MONKEY FLOWER.

Ottawa and in Nova Scotia whoso flowers
possess five spurs instead of (me.

The figwort family contains about 2500
species, especially abundant in tempcriilo
regions and ocLurring under varying eomli-
tions. A common species in ditches and
along brooks from Cape Breton to the Sas-
katchewan is the monkcj'-fl[>wer, Mimulus
ringens. At first glance, its square stem
opposite leaves, two-lipped corolla, and fou-
stainens suggest the mint tamily, but an- ex-
amination ot the pistil reveals its relation-
snip to the Iigworts ant! snapdragons The
leaves are oblong or lunce-shaped, pointed
toothed, with clasping bases (Fig. LXXX.,
1). From July to September, flowers re-
sembling a grinning mask occur singly in the
axils of the upper leaves (Fig. LXXX., 2).
'I iie liliKs-uiTiH are usually vinlct piii-ple.
ivitli a velluw palate, hut a variety with
white flowers is abundant north of' Camp-
bellford. Ont. Miniulus lutens, with deep
.vellow blossoms, dotted with brownisn-pur-
ple. is a variable species fou"d i.'' Biitish
('"huilhia .111.1 ,\laska. 'I he ciiKt ai;,i iiioiin-
liiM l.iiiii, ai-c iisiially imly a few inches
lii{:li. hut specimens found amongst the
< Miiw-s Iliiis are tall and stout.

(Jinwiiig with the nH>iikcy-H<nvcT iK-sidc
stieam-, and in oilier ni(.i.^t places the
jiwel-ueed cir wild balsam displays its
l:i.ui'IuI lluwers, .\Ianv have si-cn a re-
-iinlilanis' lielweeii the ' hrilliaiit l)lo«.mia
suspended from r. slender, nodding stalk
and a "lady's slijiper," while others have
called it a "lady's eardrop." Few, how-
ever, have noticed a phenomenon, which
makes the name "iewel-wccd" doubly ap-
propriate. After dewy nights, th.» drootiing
leaves sparkle in the early Biinhc^ht with
diamond drops set at the tips of the
leaf-teeth, due to superfluous water
e-tuding from the plant at these points.
"Touch-me-not" and "snap-weed" are
other folk-names given to the plant, be-
cause the seed-pods burst suddenly when
touched, hurling the eeeds several feet
away. The pale touch-me-not, Impatiens
pallida, ia very common in cedar swamps
from Oaspe to the Peace Kiver. Its smooth,
juicy, branching stem-s arc supplied with al-
ternate, thin, pale leaves, which are tooth-
ed and petioled (Fig. LXXXI., 2). Each
blossom has a calyx composed of three sep-
als, the two lateral small and green, the
other large and coloured like the corolla,
nacshapcd, and prolonged into an incurving
spur. There are also three petals, two of
which are divided into two dissimilar lobes
Five short stamens, having little scales on
the inside of the filaments, are more or

FLOWKRS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

less unitfd over the pistils. The ovary is
tive-collccl and the etigma almost sessile.
Tln' llowprs are pale v"iiow. oltrn wparin^ly
dotted mth browni-s! red (Fiji. LXXXT. 2).
'I'he PiHitced tourh-Tiie-not, whirh is found
tlirimglioiit Canada, has oranae-coloured
tinner^ thicldv spotted with .-eddlih-brown.
and the spur is more tapering ;ind
stronplv incurved than that of the othei*

FKI. LXXXI. -JrOWKL-WKKD, OK
TUUC;iI ME NOT.

siwcies. Though bumble-bees amd similar in-
sects visit these flo^vers the ruby -throated
IiuniininK bird is the most welcome guast.
His slender bill is especially well adapted
to the eross-pollination of this flower, for
as he hovers abo\e it and itiru^ts his bill
obliquely into the spur, he cannot fail to
come in contact with both stigma and
anthers. T-ite in the season, the jewel-
weed produces cicistogamoua flowers. Thj
flnral envelopes never open, but are forced
off by the growing pod and carried upward
ur'on its tip.

Thoueh the roadsides and swamps are
very rich in August flower?, rocky ravines
are not destitute. Clinging to the steep
banks of rivers and rooted in shadv sandy
uplands, the slight haiebeil. Campanula
rotundifolia. sways on tnread-like stalks.

The slender stems from six inches to three
feet high are furnished, near the base, with
rounded leflves. which soon wiither away
(Fig. LXXXir., 2), wlulo above, the
leaves are long and narrow (Fig.
LXXXII., 1). Briffht blue or violet-
tinted bells tremble in every breeze (F'g
LXXXIT., 3). Both cnlyx and corolla arc

FIG. LXXXir.-HARKlJliLL.

five-lobed, and the former is united to the
ovary. There are five separate stamens,
with broad filaments, which are loined to
the calyx-tube at the top ot ctie ovrry.
The pistil haa three stigmas and a three-
celled ovary, which ripens into an egg-shap-
ed, drooriing iwd, opening near the base bv
little clefts. The stamens mature and shed
their contents even in the bud, but the
IJollen is prevented from falling out by
hnirB upon ihe upper sid'^ of the style.
Later (lie stamens wither nd the elongat-
ing pistil opena its three . ^mas, the under
surface of which im sticky, serving to
catch the pollen brought by bumblebees

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

from younger floxrere. If neglected by
insect«, each flower can pollinate its-elf.
In this case, the stigmafl recurve until
they meet some of the pollen grniiw
still clinging to the style. The har<'-
bell 19 the famous blue-bell of Scotland,
but it has made a new home in every part
of Canada. Several native species, how-
ever, are found in the Dominion. A com-
mon form in the far north is the Arctic
harebell. Campanula uniflora, which is
from one to six inches in height, and bears
erect, blue flowers. The marsh bellflower,
Campanula aparin dos, is abundant from
Nova Scotia to the North-Went Terntorie.s.
It_ has a very slender, weak stem, rough
with bristles, and bearing small, pale olue
or white flowers, which droop in the bud,
but later stand erect.

The flowers hitherto described are modi-
fied for protective purposes, or to ensure
cross pollination, an<l all are suppli. ' with
green colouring matter and industrijusly
work for their living. There arc others,
however, which have acquired the habit ot
obtaining their food already prepared, and
so have become degenerate. No longer
needing the machinery by means of which
raw materials are converted into plant
foods, they have lost their green colour,
and their leaves have been reduced to
scales. The dodder, -which is a member ol
the morning glory family, is an excellent ex-
ample. It 19 easily recognized by the cling-
ing yellow stems, which twine about grass
69 and other hette, and sending suckers
into the bark of the host, steal the it-
quired nourisfflment. From July tn
September it produces clusters of dull
white flowers, which, though sm.ill,
have the ohaniotoristics ot the flowers
of green members of the groaiii. Tlio
rommonest species in Camulti is Cii-i
cuta Gronovii, which rangos from Ni-w
linins-wick to the Lake of the Woods.
While such parasitic plants prey upon
living organisms, other, called saprophytes,
teed upon decaying vcgetatile or animal
matter. Not only the lower plants, but
members of some ot the most highly devel-
oped groups live in this wr.y. A beauciful
saphroiihyte occurs in damp woods east of
Manitoba. The well-known Indian-pipc.
Monotropa uniflora, utiliies the leaf-mould
accumulated under trees. Fungi are always
found Browing iu connection with its root-
tips and spread out into the .soil; so it is
probable, that the ; ivo kind-^ of iifent-- ,i!o
aspociaicd in a cooperative manner and aid
one another in the nutritive processes. The
roots of the Indian-pipe form a mass of
brittle fibres, from which a cluster of wax-

FIG. LXXXIII.— INDIAN PIPE.

en stems from four to ten inches in height
arises. The fleshy, white 3tem.s are furnish-
ed -with small leaf scales (Fig. LXXXIII
1), and at the top nods a belUhapcd
flower (Fig. LXXXIII., 2). There are from
two to four early falling sepals, from 'our
to six petals, from eight to ten tawiiv,
hairy stamens (Fig. LXXXIII 4)

?1''v.!-.t5J''^'''''"'*'' <«g-«ha|.ed ovary (Fi^'.'
L.WXIII., and 7). After iiolllnation.
"'o ovary becomes an erect, many-sided
pod. Though so unlike its cou-sins in its gen-
eral appearance and its habit.s, the .-iti-iic-
ture of its flower proclaims it to be a near
relation of the heaths, and most closely
allied to the familiar pipsissewa. It niav
be flushed w-ith faint pink, but it is ii-
iially pearly white, standing out friim a
dark setting of decayirii^, moss-co\'crcd
wood, so strange .xnrf w»i.ird as to win Ihe
name of "ghost-flower." It is a most dis-
.ipiin,nt!r,«c plant tn s-ltlicr. for it bl,-i,k-
ens after death, and nothing will per-
Riiade it to retailn its waxen purity.
The pine-sap or false becch-droi^s,
Monotropa hypopitys, is common from

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

Cape Rrelon to We«tern OnUi Hpecially
among balsams, spruces and bi .lea. Us
nmnll, fragrant flowers, wtiich vary Irom
while to tawny or bright red, are grouped
in clow clusters. Soft hairs radiate from
the ^tylc. barring the way lu the nectary
ngainst ahort-tongued injects, but allowing
bees to enter freely, Liko the Indian-pipe,
it is saprophytic in ha' .t and degenerate
in form, an illuptration vi the possibility
of passing downward instead of upward
in the process oE evolution.

XIV.

THE APrROAOK OK AUTl'MX.

Although the flowers of early summer
have faded beneath the August Buns, and
golden rods and astera are lingering on
their way, September has ita own beauties
and many pdants, which opened their fir-it
flowers in July, still diflplay a wealth of
bloom. Clovers are disappearing, but other
members of their family are well worth
seeking. Throughout eastern Canada. "th«

FIG. LXXXIV.-WIM) OR H(Xt PEA-
NIT.

ground-nut trails its vino" laden with
compound leaves and fragrant clusters ot
purpli^-brown or reddish flowers. The
slender stems filled with milky pjirc spring
from edible tuberous unuerground stems;
"the ground-nuts," from which the pl-'nt
takes it8 common name. Apios tuberosa

■ N^an* its true fniit in the usual
manner, the flowcn* bein»i micceeded
by leathery, curving (kmIs. Hut itis relative,
the wild or ho(t iMVi-nuit, Aniiphicarpea inon-
oica, has undereround fruits which rcscm-
ble pale, rounded peanutn. This graceful
vino is often found climbing over asters,
goldC'nrods, and other low plants* in m<ti.-*t
thickets and by shadv roadtudes from New
Brunswick to T^ake Superior. The stems,
which are twining, wiry, and covered with
brownish hairs, grow from one to eitrht
feet long. The compound leaves are made
up of three thin leafleta which are somewbit
egg-ihaped and pointed (Fig. LXXXIV., I).
Small pale purple or white blossoms spring
in dropping clusters from the axils of tho
leaves. Each blossom has the characteris-
tic form of the pea familv but. though
butterfly-fihaped, the st*.n(I«rd is partly
folded around the wings, and the keel and
winjt-petals are almost strnii«ht (Fi;r.
LXXXIV., 2). Ten atnmen« are arranged
in two groujis, nine in tho same bro-
therhood, while the remaining one standn
alone. A single pistil at maturity beoonu's
A hairy pod (Fig. LXXXIV., '3). The
showy flowers often fail to set seed, but
their work is supplemented by that of hoti-
tary, inconspicuous flowers which :.re desti-
tute of petals. The latter are borne on
slender creeping branches which arise from
the axils of the lower leaves and pi"^duce
nods close to the ground or under it.
Each pod generally hokla <me large seed,
but it may contain more. Thus, though
cross pollination frequently occurs, like
most plants bearing cloistogamoua flowers.
thp self-pollinated blossoms are the mosit
fertile.

An interesting flower, especially in its
relation to insects, blossoms from July to
September. Th« turtle-head, Chelone ' gla-
bra, ia very common in wet meadows, boi;^
and beside stream-s, from Newfoundland to
Turtle Mountain in Manitoba. Erect,
smooth, unbranched stems from one to
three feet in height bear numerous onposile,
lanoe-shaped, toothed loaves (Fig. LXXXV.,
1). At the top of each stem is a dense
cluster of white or pinkish flowers. The
calyx is five-toothed and the corolla is ir-
regular and two-lipped. The upper lip is
swollen, slightly notched and arched; the
lower is three-fobcd. spreading, and woolly
within. Of the five stamenf, one i<4 sterile
(Fig. LXXXV., 31, and the remainim^ four
have heart-shaped, woolly anthers and haiiv
fiUmciits (Fig. LXXXV., 4). Aa in utlu-r
members of the fiawnrt family, the sinele
pistd has a twn-eeiled ovary and a slender
style (Fig. LXXXV., 5).

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOKEST.

FIG. LXXXV. TURTLE-HEAD.

The flower bears a Blight reaemblanee to
« reptiles head, and the name "chelone"
IS derived from a Greek word meaning tor
toise. Even a bumblebee finds it diflicuJt
to obtain honey from a very young flower,
but later he succeeds in entering. When
the mseet alights upon the sUff, elastic
lower hp, his weight presses down the lip
and an opening is made though which the
bee forces his way to the nectary. In so
doing, his velvety -Back is abundantly dusted
with pollen from the heart-shaped anthers.
J' lying away to an older flower, he finds
an easy entrance. In such blossoms the
stamens are empty and the stigma is in
the position formerly occupied by the an-
thers Therefore, while the bee obtains his
sip of honey, the work of cross-poUination
IS easily accomplished. Smaller insects are
prevented from stealing the nectar by the
hairs which line the lower part of the throat
of the flower; and the sterile stamen may
bar the way against tiny intruders.
^Iso blossoming from July to September,
the niad-dog skullcap, Scutellaria laterifloiii
IS found with the turtle-head on the wet
borders of streams. Though somewhat un-
evenly distributed it occurs in evL-ry iiiiit
■>;„ Canada from Newfoundland to the Pa-
cific Ocean. The skullcap has the square
stem, opposite leaves, and the two-lipped
flower with the four stamens and a four-
celled ovary which are cliaracteristic of the
mint family. The stem is from nine inches
to two feet in height, the leaves are oblong,
thin, toothed, and from one to three inches
long. Blue or whitish bloisoms about one-

! FIG. LXXXVI.-MAD DOG SKULI.CAIV

quarter of an inch long arise from the nxil^
of the upper leaves and form one-sided
rlustors (Fig. LXXXVI., 1). The two-li,,.,,.!
calyx has a helmet-like nppenda>;e ontlictn;.
which enlarges after the corolla falls and
; meets the lower lip, enclosing and shelter-
ing four tiny nutlets, which are produced
bv the separation of the four parts of the
nvaiy (Pig. LXXXVI...?). The lower lipi.f
the corolla is threo-lobwl and form.*; a conve-
nient platform upon which insects alight;
and the upper lip overarches the young
bearded stamens. Tivo of the stamens have
one-celled anthers.but the upper and short-
er stamens have two-eelled anthers (Fig.
LXXXVI., 2). After the pollen ha, Wn
shed, the stamens wither and the two-oK>lt
atyle assumes the po'*ition formerly Pccii-
nied hv the anthers. Tlierefore, im in^eft.
oeirinTiine his visits at the base of a clu'-trr
pollmates the older blossoms with polli'ii
brought from young flowers at the lop of
another hunch previously visited. The mad-
dog skullcap was supposed hy r.' 1 herbalists
to be a cure for hydrophobia, and from this
belief arose its folk-name. Another com-
mon species, the hardv marsh sku tcjji, Scti
tellaria galericulata, has the same range
and delights in shady, swampy land. Its
blossoms, which occur singly in the axils
of the upper leaves, are violet-blue, about
three-quflrtero of ai> inch long nn-1 f;\c-li i^
supplied wiith an erect instead of a
spreading lower lip.

Although several species of rein-orchis
are found in the earlv summer, the genus
•eems more characteristic of August and

5«

FLOWERa OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

September. The muiU, northern bog-orchid,
HRbenoria obtiuata, ie very common in cool
moHsy woodB throughout the forest region
of the Dominion of Canada. A item from
five to nine inches in height, bears a aingle
leaf at the base (Fig. LXXXVII., 1), and

FIG. LXXXVII.-SMALL NORTHERN
BOO ORCHIS.

a loose cluBtar o£ greeniah white floivera
at the top (Fig. LXXXVII., 2). The up-
I»er sepal is erect and green, with a whitisri
margin; the lip i« entire (Fig. LXXXVII.,
3) ; the spur slender, almost ^raight, and
hlunt (Fig. LXXXVII., 4); and the an-
ther sacs are widely divergent (Fig.
LXXXVII., 6). The tall, white bo^-orchi*,
Habenaria diletata, is found at the same
time and in similar places. Its stem is
abundantly supplied with narrow linear
leaves; its flowers are white; the spur is
incurbed; the lip dilated at the base, and
the glandH of the pollinia art; lai^e and
close together. Habenaria bracteata is often
found in grassy woods and meadows, from
New Brunswick to British Columbia. Green-
ish flowers, with white, sac-like spurs ari^e
from the axils of very long bracts. A few
species of fringed orchis are occasionally
seen, especially in the east. Habenaria ble-
phariglottis, the white-fringed orahia, is
very charming. Pure white, fragrant flowers
with long spurs and deeply fringed lips
form long slender spikes. Growing in
swamps and peat-bogs, the beauty of the
plant ia little known. The long-tongued

sphinx moth appreciate! its nectar, and ai
a penalty for his greed has his eyes plaster-
ed with the aticky disks of the pollen-
masses. The yellow fringed-orcbis, Haben-
aria ciiiaha, haa g(H>geous orangj yt>lU)vv
flowers. Its home is near that of the white
frin^d-orchis; and iit« yellow flowers %villi
I strong fra^^ance nre especially attractive to
I night-flying viaitors, but several buttei-fiies
' ape e<iuaUy waloome. The purple-fringed or-
chi«, Habenaria fimbhaita, is one of the
. handfioineKt of the genus. The lip is of a deep
, pink-purple colour, about one-half an inch
i in length, fan-shaped, three-parted, and
deeply fringed. It is a Uttle earlier than
I the other species, bU aoming from June to
j August, in the rich moist meadows and
I woods of New Brunswick, tjuebec and On-
tario.
I Though local in its distribution, the great
I lobelia. Lobelia syphilitica, deserves at
tention. Its bright blue flowers, touched
with white and fading to pale blue, are of-
ten seen along the St. La^vrence and Great
Lakes from Prescott to Owen Mound, and
further north in the limestone region. ,A
I stout, unbranched, hairy stem arises to a
. height of from one to three feet, bearing
large, irregularly toothed, pointed leaves
(Fi. LXXXVIII., 1). The lar^ blo«>mf«,
about one inch long, are grouped in j long,

FIG. LXXXVIII.— GREAT LOBELIA.

FLOWEKS OF THK_FIELD AND FORIIST.

Ir.ify spike (Fi« lAXXN'IH.. 2). K,ich
flowiT li;)s a liJiiiy. livf IoIm.I calyx; n twn-
lippcj cornlla.vvitli a h^m, >Ii'nilcr fili'.'

nilit on one hIiIl'; lixc ntaiiirris iitii: I \>v
leir liairy anthers iibout the style 'Kit,'.
LXXXVIII.. 3), ana a two-c«'Ufil ov.ny
{FiK. lAXXVIH., 4) Willi a t\v.> .-U-ft sti;,'-
ina. Throe of thi; aiitliei*!*, wh.ich urt*
liii-KtT that the otht-r two, may bo
siiiootli. Tht! fttylo and the c'i>h('i'erit
stamens iH'ojecL throiiph the slit in
the corolla. In yoiniK JiowtTs, tho
antJiers are matiiri' arnl pollfii U shiik'.'ii
from them by visiiinj; boes. Hut Holf-iK>llin-
ation ia prevt'ntisi, the inunaluiv stiKni.i-s
enelosed within the anthers, remain pressed
together until the elong.iting style forces
them through the ring of anthers; then tho
lobes of the stigma expand and are ready to
reLtive pollen from another Hov^or. Occq-
nioiijlly, however, aorae of the pollen cling-
inK to the faaira of the anthers reaches the
stigma of the same flower and ctelf-poUina-
lion ensuei". Indian, or wild tobacco, ],)•
bi'lia infii*.ta, jy a much le^a attractive
member of the same genus. Its pale blue
or violet flowers are small and scattered in
the leafy clusters. Its dirttinguishing mark
is the much inflated, ribbed seed-pod. The
plant blossoms from July to November and
IS quite common from the Atlantic Ocean
to the Siiskatchewan River. Although it con-
tains a poisonous substance, it was used in
making a popular quack medicine, and was
smoked by Indians, who enjoyed the drow-
tiinesa it induced.

September has its flowering shrubs, one
of the prettiest of which is the button-bush,
C'ephalanthns occiden talis. Tills chamiin;;
bush, with fragrant, creamy-white globes of
flowers, ia common along the muddy bor-
ders of rivers and lakes in Quebnc and On-
tario, and has been found in Nova Scotia
and New Brunswick. Oval, tapering leaves
are produced in small whorls or opposite to
one another (Fig. LXXXIX., 1) ; and
from tlieir axib; arise long stalks upon
which are bornie large, round clusters
of small, sessile flowers (Fig. LXXXIX.,
2). Eat'h blossom ham a small, four-
lobed calyx, which i« united to the
ovary, and a four-toothed tubulur c.ir-
oUa, hairy within. Four stamens, with an-
thers which are tipped with sharp points
at the base, are attached to the corolla by
short filaments. The stamens mature be-
fore the stigmas, shedding their pollen even
in the bud upon the lop of the style. Lat-
er the flowers open and the long style pro-
trudes from the corolla tube. Finally when
the pollen has been brushed from it, the
stigma matures and becomes sticky for the

FIG. LXXXIX.— BIT'lTON'nUSH OH
HONEY-HALLS.

reception of pollen brought from older
blossoms. Latei-, tlio setti jkhIs (Kij;.
LXXXIX., 4), make dull red and giti'ii
balls, which bctumc ex»iuisituly brunzfd
after the early frucits.

Equally conspicuous, icnding up green
or purplish stems from three to ten feet in
height, Joe-Fve weed, Kupaitm-iuiu pur-
pureum. fills low meadown and woods
throughout Canada with dull purplish
bloom from Augu-st to September. Tiiis
sitout, iK-Tt-nnial herb is clothe*! witn whot U
of from three to six leaver, each of wliii^li
are very veiny, rough, lance-shaitwl or uv il
and toothed {Fig. XL'., 1). At tlie
top of the stems are large, loose compound
olustera of flower-heitds. (Fig. XC, "Jl.
The blossoms are dull magenta or pinkish-
lavender in hue and slightly fr.^grant. K;ifh
head (Fig. XC, 3), contains from live to
fifteen tiny flowers which have the distin-
guishing characteristics of the composiitc
family. The corolla is not prolonged into
a strap, as in the chicory, but is always

FLOWjSns OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

FIG. XCI.-BONESWr OR THOROUOH
WORT.

in having bright white bloBHoms, and oval
pctiokd leaves, rounded at the base and
coarsely toothed. Beautiful as they are,
these composite flowers are but the begin-
ning of the dim foreafaadowings of the com-
ing autuinn glories, when tlie family will
reigu supreme.

FIG. XC.-JOE-PYE-WEED.

tubular; and the calyx terminates in a Bin-
^e^ row of slender rooigh bristles Fig.
XC, 4). Much of tlie conspicuous colour
is due to the purpliah scales which dosfdy
overlap one another at the bass of the
individual heads. The folk-name of the
plant is said to have been given in honour
of Joe-Pye, an Indian medicine-man of
New England, who used decoctions of the
plant in the treatment of typhoid fever.

The whole genus is famous in folk medi-
cine. Some membwa of it were used in a
popular remedy for an old-faahioned dis-
ease called "break-bone fever," and dyspep-
sia, and coldia w«re treated by doees of
"boneset tea." Though many other toik-
medicines have lost their popularity,
thoroughwort or boneaet, Eupatorium
perfoliotum, is still used, and a fluid
extract is employed in regular msdi-
caJ practice as a tonic. TTiorough-
wort is associuted with Joe-Pye weed
from Nova Sofia to th« Lake of the
Woods. It is easily distinguished by its
dull white flowers and opposite, wnnklod
leave3 wbith are sessile and united or
ckiping at their bases (tig. XOI). Later
and rarer, the white snake-root or Indian
sanide, Euiiatonum egeratoides, blossoms in
rich damp woods from New Brunswick to
Owen Sound. It differs from the boneset

XV.

THE HARVEST OF THE YEAR.

"Along the roadside, like the flowers of
gold
That tawny Incas for their gardens
wrought,

I Heavy with sunshine droops the golden-
rod."

Glinting from fence comer and from
tkickft, carpeting broad fieldw, illuminating!
bog and wood, a bewildering number of
varieties of aolidago gleam with "gold
summer sent." Few know the eighty
odd American epeciee, but every one
can leani to recognize a few of the
oommooest. Though the cluaters of
flowerhcads vary in Form from slender sim-
ple wands to large, spreading, branching
plumes, the heads and flowers are similar
in all the varieties. The genus is one of
the largest of the compoeite family and the
flowers have the characteristics of the
group. There is, however, a greater differ-
entiation of labour than in the chicory or
the thoroughwort. Th< imall heads (Fig.
XCII., 1) are compose of two kinds of
flowers. The outer or ray flowers (Fig.
XCII., 2), w-ith etrap-shaped corollas and
no stamend, have for their chief func-
tion the attraction of iiusects; the
inner or dine flowers (Fijr. XCII.. 3),
which are perfect and have a tubular corolla
devote themselves to the production and
protection of pollen and seed. In both, the
oaJyi teeth are represented by a pappus
compoeed of bristly hairs which serve as
floats for tbe ripe fruit.

Fr,0WEB8 OF THE FIELD AND F0KE8T.

FIG. X(!ll.-(iUAV OK Kli:r-1) fidLDKX-
ROD.

The commonefit proldcn rod throughout
Canada m the -vellow weed," Solido«o
lanadenais. FlowrishiuK in neglected places
along fences, and by the roadsideB, ita large
"ne-aided, spreading flower clusters, with
recurved bmnihcs, crown tall hairy rtems.
1 he thin, lani-e-shaiwd, pointad leaves, wit*
three stroogly marked veins are generally

r^ff' ■°T„?''^ !?"*■■ ^^ '«»"' »■« commonly
toothwl (Fig. XCIII., 1), Occurring still
more abundantly in the prairie region ia thi>
MiBsoun golden-rod, Solidago missourien-
«is. Its clusters are shorter in proportion
to their width than those of the Canada
gorden rod, and its lance-shaped, triple-
nerved leaves are firmer, thicker, and
somewhat ngid. The margins of the leaves
are usually entire, but the lower leaves
XCTII ™) * "altered teeti (Fig.

„„S.t br^S'C?^" "' the gray or field
golden-rod. Solidago nemoralis, are similar
to those descnbed, but are smaller and of
a deeper, richer yellow. Stems from one-
half to two and a half feet in height are
clothed with soft gray hairs, and supplied
with hoai-,-, itrayish-green, three-ritbed
leaves, which are broader at the apex than
Ynirt'^^"^ .'"''*'■ '"^ » P^'iole (Fig.
A>,iii., j|. ihi« species grows in dry sandy
or grrtvclly soil, and mntfes from Anticosti to
the Rocky Mountains. The prairie forms arc
iow-«rowing and usually have entire leaves
Sol.daBO ngida la found in simUar situa-
tions from OnUrio to the Rocky Moun
tains, and 18 very common in the western
firaine region. Its flower-heads are grouped
in a broaid, ilen-e. flat cluster, and the thfok.
stiff, oblong or oval leaves are not three-
nerved but feather-veined. The nnner
eaves are wssilc and clasping, but the
lower taper into lon« petioles (Pig. XCin.,
4). I-he late golden-rod, Solidago smrtinn
""'£,". i"™"' ,t» extend from Newfoundland
to British Oolunihia, resembles the Mis-
souri golden-rod Ita leaves, however, are I
Unnner, shu-ply-toothed, and ■mooth with

FIG. XCIII.-LEAVF-S OF GOLDEN-
RODS.

the exception of the margin, which !« fring
, ed with rough hairs (Fi«. XOIII, S).

The bog golden-rod, Solidago uliginosn
I abounds in sphagnum and tamarack
Bwampe, east of the Rocky Mountains Its
upper leaves are sessile, the lower are larec
and petioled, and all have a few well-
marked veins. A wamd-like, deii!*.>ly-(Iowercil
spike termintes the stem. A species which
18 often called the white golden-rod. or the
ailvor-rod, Solidago bicolor, ia found in old
fields, dry thickets, and along river banks
5°" ^* Scotia to the Saskatchewan
Hivor. The tKWal leave* are hairy, bnwilly
oblong and taper into lon« jietioles. In ihi-
ajtile of the smaller upiier leavee grow lit-
tle clusters of cream-white flowers, form-
ing a narrow rod-like mass which termin-
* u? '"« simple, hairy stem. Another form,
which has its flower-heads grouped in lit-
tle clusters in the axils of the upper leaves,
IS the broad-leaved golden-roiT Solidago
latifoha. Its flowers are, however, the typi-

j 5:?U<>w.'' KTOwa in a zig-zag manner,
and Its letres sre broadly egg-shaped and

KKOWKHS (»K THE FIF.IJ) AND l-OllKST.

vory »Jiiirply tootlioil. Ttiit Hpccic* is quite
flbuud^ul uu iituittt Htiiuty banks, in woudH,
and oloag tlie edges uf liivincs ciuit of
tjiorgiiin Bay.

AliriKli'd with the ycIKr.M of the goldiii-
rod* and Xhv crinnwtns and browns u( nu
tumn It'uven the rich purphs and dfliciiip
lavcndem of wild aMtiTn fnrm ch.irniinjt
(H)Iuur condiin-itions. In all tin* astcrit, the
heads art' nimli hirgcr, the r;iv Howorn more
tonspiciums. an<l the fruilM" lljitti-r tli.in
Ihnst! of the yoldcn rudw. A Rreat nuinbtr
of NjH'cii'i of astern with niiiny viiriet'L'ii
hnve bwn deHcribod, the niiijority ociiir-
ling in North America. 'Hio bent known in
tlio entitern part of the Dotninion in the
coninion blue or heart leiived ftJtter. A-»ter
cordifnliuH. 'llie hiwer leaves are all heart-
hhape,!, ((k^Hh-kI an.<l [«»ti..l,.d (1-^. XCI\'.,
I.); and the mu<h branehed utenis urt>diire
large, niinty cluftrr* of small headn wiili

no. XCIV.. ,EAVI'\S OF ASTER.

pale lavender rays, '.nsociated with thi?
form, espwially in Quobec anil Ontario, i^
another species with heart-«ha!ied le.iv(-!
and pale lavender or whitish flowers. Hut
the broad-l«ived aster, Aater maprophylius,
is easily ri.>(Ognized by the three ur fnni
large, thick, rough. cloeely-tierTate leaves

bnrne nn l.inn r<*'tiMtc(« nenr the gruund
(Kiu, XC'IV. 21. 'Hie fh.wer l.ead^ea.h ll.•^-
"ixiien ray fluwetx. and the di»t' tunin red-
4liHh browrt with aire. ]n roul wet wooiIm
fiiHii Antiranti to Hrili«h Colundiia. A-ter
I,indle\Mnn« in fniMid. The Inwer leivt"* are
wrrat., ovate and wonu'what he.trl '*ha')-'d
;tt the Ui-' (l-V- XCIV., ;i|. Tlie ur-per ..iv
pointed at liulli tMnN and Ke«^ile. (Jiiile
larL'e liead<4 fi»rm a lno»e c-ln-iter and the
ray flowers are pale vittlet in eolour. One
/'f tlie hnnd!*oriie>*t and ino«t ronHpimoim of
the ffronp iH the N'ew Ennland aster, A»«tei
novae an^liae. Uranching ihi-iter;* of briuhl
pnrnlf fliiwer-headH frnm one lo two inelie-*
iti diameter i*niWM the hIouI luintly wteni.
\iitnentti-, enliir, lanre-^haped leiive-* (■l.i-r>
the "tein ivith ear-like lobe* ( Fij;, \ 'j^ ,
4>. The speeie* i« one of the fine-t .it-iiirhn
ftnwer'*. abiiiinrliriK tut nirkv barik-^. iiii
thii-k»-t-^. oI,l flehU. and by roadsiile^ from
l^iieltee (o fJeivrnian Hay.

Near at hand but in moi-t noil and bhm-
Rotninif fr'>m .Tnly tn Novemlfer. Anter pani-
eeu-* -ends np ♦ '1. *tifT, hairy «teins wtili
branclied i-luxf ■. . nf pale violet nr tnvemler
lliiu-rr". Lnni'. narrow lenve« rouyh on the
u'lper Hiirf.M.' and alontf the lowv^r ^id*' of
tK m-''-' \i rhiRp the puroli-h i»tein. (Fitf,
X( i\ j). The rays are larifo and «howv.
fuid ill plant prow!» in (Treat bixurianee in
low landH and ahmg stream* from the At-
lantie Ocean to the Ro<^'kv Mountains.

AUlmntfh thefiiif^t a.'<tet*s are -^oiru- ulnde
'if purple, many of the most widely distri-
bnted are white. Aster panioulatiis, whieli
blooiiiB from Augu«t to October. > ear« larjre
elonsaled elusters of flower-hoadH on .-mooth
sterns. Tlie numerona rav ilo-.vere are
about one-third nf .n in.h long and.
though usually white, they nre RomeMme-f
tipped with violet. Tlie leave-* arc poii.ted,
naiTowly lanee-shaped, and -nariniilv toith-
ed {V',fz. "XCIV,, H). A <ommon form in
x^mic linalitie^ in the ea'-t is the Mieha','!.n.Ts
Daisy or white heath aster. Aster rrlcoides.
Ilie low brnnebintr stem prnduc';» great
quJintities of small flower-headi'. vhite or
tinged wth puri>Ie until the latt- frosts
have destroved all plant life.

Tn many loealitics. blazing stars add their
sr>lendour to that of other autumn eomT)o-
«ites.. Aeenrding to Maeoun, the blue blaz-
ing star or large but*on snakeroot. Liatrrn
sj-nnoBa, 18 very common in Ontarij, and
some parts of the west prairie refrion espe-
ciallv alone the borders of ponds and
tiitit-s-lKs. SSout. siTiir-ie, haiiv wlenis. witi.-h
iinae to a heiaht of from two to five feet,
bear narrow leaves, all densely punctate;
the basal leaven arp broader and narrow
mto a petiole (Fig. XCV., 1). Large, showv

FLOWERS OF TlIK FIKLD AND FOKFST.

Fin. XCV.-m,AZIXr, star ok T,Altf:|-,
BUTTON SNAKEROOT.

lip.ids (Fi«. XCV., 2) of tulmlrir flowrr~
(tlB. XCV., 3) aru clo^ly clusttTeil at tiio
top of the »tcm. Etch purple blow»m lim
the diitinEuishing charactcristirs of the
fanijy and there is no differentiation into
ray and disc flowers. The brandies of the
•tyle are very long and the pappm ia com-
lioscd of hairy bristles. Matris punetiita,
the dotted button-snakeroot, is even
more common from tlie Lake of tlie Woods
to the Rocky Mountains. Ail the leoves
are narrow and the heads of llowors, hiimI-
ler than those of tJie last species destribed
are sessile and crowded into a dense spike'
Quile unlike the thistle like IiI<i.«,m.i^
of the blazing star are tho.se of the grace-
ful lion's foot or white ttttuce. Nab;ilim
serpentarius. From Newf.iundland'to Lake
Huron this composite displays its clusters
of ilroopinK, creamy, boll shaped (lower-
heads, durinK the autumn months. A stout
or slender smooth st»m bears a number of
leaves most variable in outline, but fre-
quently ileeply loliod (l''i|t. XCVl 1) Imi, li
IK'-ndulons head (Ki«. X(;\'l.. ^i .sml.iins
from eight to twelve flowers, end. --ed in an
involuire of coloured bracts, each lilo.^im
havinjc a -strap-shaped corolla (Fi;:. .\('\'l
3), and light-lirown orstr.iw color.'d :m!iiiu-".
nattlesnake-root, Mabalus a.lbus, occurs in'
open grounds and along the borders of
woods from Newfoundland to the Saskat-
chewan. It,s le.T.-c^ r**«-mble tho:sc of the
lion's foot, but its fiowcf-heads are amallrr
and more fragrant, and the pappus is a
dark cinnamon brown. The last character-
istic furnishes an ea-sy means ot distinguish
ing It from the toll »mte lettuce, Maba- |

XCVI U0\'.«F0OT 01!
OFTIIKKAKTir.

luB altiwimua, which hm similar heads hut
a light straw-coloured pappus. The l».t
i-pecies eitfnds from Newfoundland to
^fj^nltoba All three are calleil by the same
folk-names, such a, lion's foot, rattlesnake
root, and cunkerweBd.

llrilliant sunflowers, golden tansies, ivliile
cverl.Tstings, „i,h lingering daisi,.., and .\! u-!
wwd, assist in making the comimsitc fam-
nd'"n"r'i "™""V';'»'-'nt, 'luring September
"nd October. Nevertheless, many other
groups have beautiful and interesting repre-
-s-nlatives well worth studying. The red
pennons of the cardinal flower hang motion-
ess u,K)n their upright stsves, seeking re-
riection in the streams and meadow brooks
rorn Aova .Scotia to Georgian I!av. The
lirilliant vermilion of the cardinal flower,
o Ion" '■■'■"■''i"?^ '». m,ak,e» it as attractive
o In nimingliinls and bees a.s the gri-it
"lue lobelia which blossomed earlier in the
year .and which still remains beside its cav^
"■ sister tven the orchids do (heir part,
llie prelly ladies tresses, Spiranthes Ro-
manzofhana is not uncommon in bo"" .nrid

cific""! T"« ."^";,«"-' Atlantic to the Pa-
ciflc. and Spiranthes gracilis i, found in
\fl, S'"",- '^"^, °n P-Msv sloi>cs from
.\pia Scotia to Manitoba. Jioth species have

•JV.V'i''"'^"' ^'^^V'"' •■"■ranire'l in slender
twisted spikes. The clusters of flowers have

FLOWERS OK THE FIELD ANI> F0RE8T.

a (ceneral reeemblunce to thoae of the rattle- I
snake plantain, but the leaves are narrower
and more ffraas-like, the upper onea being '■
reduced to pointed bracta.

Blue vervain or wild hyaaop, Vertiena
nastata, produces its small blue flowera
from June to September. A rough tour-
sided stem from three to seven «et in
heiffht bears numerous, opposite, lance-ahap-
cd, toothed leaves (h^fs. XCVII., 1). The ■
branches terminate in many slender spikes
(Fig. XGVII., 2), which usuaUy have small
eeea-podg at the ba«e, Wlue flowers in the

XCVII.-BI.UE VERVAIN OR
WILD HYSSOP.

middle and buds at the top. Each blossom
(Fig. XCVII., 3) has a ave-toothed calyx
Pig. XCVII., 4), an irre^lar five-lobed
corolla, two long and two short stamenst
(Fw. XCVII., 6), and a single piatil
differing from that of the mint fam-
ily in not being deeply f our-lotieci ,
alUiuugh if i« four-ceiltMi (Fig. XCVII.,
5.) It belongs to the Verbena family, a
group better represented in warmer coua-
tries, and is commonly found throughout
Canada.

The Orpine family contains lew genera,
but they are of wide distribution, and the
Bodums are well represented in North Am-
erica. The common ornHp or live-forever,
Scdum teleptuum, h wd from cultiva-

tion in nearly all the oid settlements in
Canada and has become a troublesome weed
by roadsides and along garden tences. It
ia a perennial plant with thick, rfpshy
stems, which have enough vit^ity to grow
even when picked and placed in a botanist's
press. Thick, ovate, oQoraely tootned, gray-
ish-green leaves (Fig. XCVIII.. 1) are some-
what thickly set upon the stem, the lower
being aometime« stalked . Dense, broud cIuh-
ters (Kg. XCVIII., 2) of purple Bowere ap-

FIG. XCVIII.— ORPINE OR LIVE-FOR-
EVER.

pear from June to September. Each bkM-
som has a four or five-lobed calyx, four or
five separate petals, eight or ten stamens
and a pistil of four or tive carpeJs, separate
or uni+ed at their bases (Fig. XCVIII 6).
The generic name is from the Latin *edere,
to «it, in allusion to the manner in which
some members of the group attach them-
selves to rocks and wpIIf.

The doeely allied Saxifrage family is re-
presented throughout Canada by the charm-
ing graw-of-pamaasia, Famaaaia palustria.
Broad, oval or heart-ehape-l leaves on long
petioles are grouped at the base of the plant
(Fig. XCIX., 1), ar.d from tbeir mid^t
arise slender flawer-stalkfi from eight inches
to two feet high, with a clasping leaf near
the middle of each (Fig. XCIX., 2). A
creamy-white flower delicately veined with
green and about one inch in oreadth, term-
inates each scape. Five fertile stamena al-
ternate \>-dh the peteJ« (Fig. XCIX., 3) and
5) and groups of modified jtamenx called
staminodia (Fig. XCIX., 4) are borne at the
bases of the petals. It has been vunested
that these curious bodiefl aure m Guiding

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

FIG. XCIX.-MARSH OR NORniKl!>f
GRASS-OF-rAKNASSUS.

places for visiting insect*, odlijjng them to
climb over to the centre ot the Sower for
nectar, and, in so doing, to receive a dust-
ing with pollen which in a similar way is
conveyed to the stigmas of older flowers.
A single short pistil ,vith luur crowning
stjpnaa occupies the centre of the flowei
irig. AOlA., 6). The grasa-of-pama«nis is
not even do-ely related to the ♦rue grasses
but has Its nearest relatives among the
mitreworts and saxifrages of the spring,
though its delicafe bloduoms often suggest
the anemones and recall the pale flowers of
the early year.

XVI.

"WHEN WOODS ARE BARE."

mv J'^'ty^reA in the footpaths lie
Ihe taUen leaves, but yesterday
With ruby and with topaz gay."

Though asters and goldenrods are faded
nnd brown, some members of the family are
lingering. The large bur-marigold, Biden«
chrysanthemoides (Fig. 1) siin mreada it-
golden rays bei.de shallow pools and in
swamps and ditches thToughout the eastern
part of Canada. Annual branching stems
from one to two feet in height bear oppo-
site lanceolate leaves, with toothed margins
and no petioles. Numerous ehowv heads,
from one to two and a half inches across

FIG. C— LARGE BUR-MARIGOLD.

stand erect on short stalks. From eight
to ten brilliant yellow rays encircle a dull
yellowish or brownish disc of tubular flow-
ers. Having lost both atamens and pistils,
the ray flowers are called neutral and de-
vole t'i'mselves exclusively to attracting
bees, I .tterflies, wasps, flies and beelJes
to the nectar concealed within the tubular
flowers. The latter have both stamens and
pistils and produce strong seed. After pol-
lination, the ray." fall and the ripened pis-
tils of the disc flowers become a briitling
mass of small fruits. Instead of a feathery
pappus, each achene has from two to four
stiff awns which are covered with back-
ward pointing barbs (Pig. P.. 1). By mems
of these prongs the fruits cling tenaciously
to passing animals and men, who thus be-
come unwilling immigration agents. A re-
lated species, Bidens frondosa. has similar
fruits with only two prongs. It has be-
come sueh a nuisance to wayfarers as to
deserve its popular names, beggar-ticks,
»tick-+;ght. stick-seed, and beggar-Iioe. Hav-
mg none of the alttractiowtof thelarjre bur-
mamgold itis one ot the least -loved wceis
of Canada, flourishing in moist, fertile soil
from Nova Sootia to British Columbia.
Smooth, erect, branching stems arise to a
height of from two to nine feet, and sup-
port thin leaves on slender stalks. The
lower leaves are divided into three or five
segments, but the uppermost mav be en-
tire; all are pointed and sharplv-toothed.
iVIany dull, dark yellow heads sway on de-
licate stems. Each is composed of tubular
flowers and rays are wanting or inconspi-
cuous. *^

FLOWERS OF THE HELD A^D FOIiKKT.

FIG. CI." FRINGED GENTIAN.

Much more charming than these tramps
are the gentians. Owing to Byrant's poem,
the best known is the Fringed Gentian,
Gentiana c-rinita. (Fig. CI.) B\-en those wiio
have never seen its

"Sweet and quiet eye,
Tjook through its fringes to the sky
liltie— blue— as if that siiy let fall
A flower from its cerulean wall."

are constantly looking for this autumn
beauty "when woods are bare and birds
have flown." Unfortunately, Byrant sacri-
ficed truth to sentiment, and though bios
Homs have been found in early November,
they have disappeared

"When frosts and shortening d.iys portend
'l*he aged year is near his end,"'

This exquisite platit has been seen in
several localities from Qnebee to the Swan
Biver in low woods and moii^t nieadoivs.
Brant'liing stiMus from one to IJirce feet high

' are clothed with sessile opponte leavw,
heart shaped at the base. Bright blue
{rarely white) flowers, two inches in length,
stand stiifly erect on the ends of long
Rtaiks (Fig. GL, 1). Each blossom has a
four-lobed calyx, and a funnel-shaped corol-
la with four spreading, rounded, fringed
lobes. Four stamens are joined to the
corolla tube (Fig. CI., 2), rfnd in the centra
13 one pistil (Fig. C[,, 3), with two atignns
and a one-celled ovary filled with scaly,
hairy, seeds. Cross- pollination is ensured
in an interesting way. The anthers ma-
ture before the pistils and shed their pol-
len on bumblebees who seek the nectar se-
creted by the tube of the corolla. Then the
stamens wither and the pistil elongates,
bringing the stigmas into a proper position
for the reception of pollen brought from
younger flowers. It is probable that bees
are attracted to this flower not only by
their favourite blue colour but by the

FIG. CIL— CLOSED GENTIAN.

showy fringe which may also serve to kcp
smiall crawling insects from the concealed
sweets. The fringed gentian opens its pe-
tals gaily to the sun but closes them on
floudy days, thus protecting pollen and
nectar from showers. The closed gentian,
however, i-i always on the guard and never
Open the lobos of its corolla.

The Closed^ or Blind gentian. Grntiana
Andrewsii (Fig. CII.), occurs in moist iriil
from Quebec to Purt Ailliur. TTpriRht
smooth stem" are furnished with opposite.
«p»sih'. lan^ e slinped leavcfl. Dc-p bhip flow-
ers form close clusters at the top of the

FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST.

stem. Bach bloaeonn (Ffe. OIL, 1) has a
caJyx with recurved divisions, and an ob-
long coroUa with no true lobes, their place
being taken by five plaits which overlap
one another and close the mouth of the
flower (Fig. CII.,2). UnKke tihose of tho
fringed gentian, the anthers cohere about
the piMil making a short column (liMg. Cll.,
3). The ripened fruit (Fig. CII., 4) beary
conspicuously winged seeds. Like its sister
this flower is adapted to cross pollination
by bumblebees while smaller, feebler in-
■eets mra exeladed.

The bumble-bee may find his last feast
of honey in the genrtians, but another flower
probably provides amall bees and wasps
with a much later supply. When Indian
summ«* has paaaed and all the woods are
bare, the leafless twigs of the witch-hazel,
Hamamelis virginiana (Piff. CIII.), display
delicate clusters of pale yellow flowers in
the desolate gray woods of Nova Scotia,
Quebec and Ontario. The witch-hazel is a
tall, crooked shrub, with simple, straight-
veined, wavy-toothed leaves (Fi«. OTII., 1).
As the leaves fall, clusters of fringv flowers
appear upon the sides of the branches
(Fig. CTI., 2). The oaJyx m four-parted
(Fig. CIII., 3), with little bracelet* at its
base. Four lonp strap-shaped petals are
ftpiraliy twisted in tte oud and curve grace-
fully afl they unfold (Fig. CIII., 4). There
are eight short stamen?, four perfect
(Fig. CIII., 5), four impel feet and scale-like
(Fig. cm., 6). Two pisrtala are completely
united below, but the stigmas are separate.
A single bony seed is formed in each car-
pel, and ripens the following summer. ITien
the woody seed-vessel bursts and by the
pressure the walls exert upon the shining
black seeds the latter are hurled far from
the parent shrub. Old World superstitions
connected with the hazel were in the New
World transferred to the witch-hazel. By
the help of the one as well as of the other
hidden springs of water, concealed treas-
ure, and rich ores were said to have bee-^
discovered, and even yet we are told of-
" Something rtrange and odd
About a certain magic rod,
That, bending dtofwin ita top divine.^
Where'er the soil has hidden mines,
Where there are none, it stands erect
Scorning to show the least respect."

FIG. ail.-WITCII HAZEL.

But a regard for the witch-hazel's power?
is now confined to the soothing astringent
extracted from the plant, and prosaic ia
the only magic now exercised.

Though the last flower of the year will
soon fade, there will be much to delight a
botanist in woodland walks. The delicate
and characteristic tracery of naked branch-
es against blue sky, the scattering of fruits
?nd seeds, the protection of growing tips
in ouds. the habits and forms of evergreens
—all sflford subjects of study and objects
of interest to the nature-lover, who finds
unlovely or dull.

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INDEX.

Adder's toneu "^f^

Aider, green -

Anemone
ArbutM, trailing

Arethusa

Arrow-head ...'.'.*.'
Aster

Baleom. wild

Baneberry, white ....,.,.,.'., «

Basawood

Beach-pea .' ,

Bellwort „

Blahop'e cap JJ

Biasing atar S

Bloodroot ™

Blue-eyed grass ....'...v.. J?

Blue flag ;5

Blue vervain ?'

Bog-orchU, northern . ..'. E

Boneset ^

Bouncing Bet '.. ^

Brunella ™

Bundh-berry ... , 5°

Bur-marigold r?

Button-bush ™

Button-anak^root ..'.■.■..;.■ S

Calopogon

CaiyiMo

Catclifly '....;.,... In

Chlcitweed. long-leaved ™

Chicory ~

Choke cherry ...■.■ ™

Cinauefoli £

Clematis 28

Cllntonla .... *J

Colomblne ^

Cornel, dwarf ... „

Cyprlpedlum .......'.. «

--■ ^ D.

Dodder

Dogbane, spreading ....'.,'., ^

Dog's tooth violet ... . ,.

Dutchman's breeches Jj i

Dwarf cornel li

' 28 I

R.
Elder red-berried ''*'"'!i

Elm ■..:'..'.■..;■•..::: ,

Evening primrose j«

False mitrewort

False Solomon's seal

PIreweed

Five-finger

Foam-flower .. ..
Fly-honeysuckle ...'."

II.

I Hardback

I Harebell ,'

Heart-leaved willow

Hepatica

Hobble-bush .. ..

Honey-bftiia

Honeysuckle, fly
Hyssop, wild '

Indian-pipe
Iris ........ .

Jack-ln-the-pulpit

Jewel-weed

Joe-Pye-weed ...
June-berry

21
26
17
28
20
2e

Qall-of-the-earth j,

Oentlan. closed „

Gentian, fringed '..' g,

Geranium, wild ...

Ghost-flower . f.

Ginger, wild ^

Golden-rod ... 2

Goldthread .. ^

Gooseberry. Mrthern".'. .w

Orasa-of-Parnassus .. H

Grass-pink "^

Green alder .. . ''?

47
52
S
12

15
61
57
24

iSDHX-ConUnued.

Lady, illpper '*"£

I'amb-klll [ ... .! j7

Laurel, ahmp ".. !....." 57

LUy, wild yellow ■■........ 45

Linden *

Llon'a foot

Live-forever

*"*«-iwiever m

Liverwort ".'. J:

Lobelia, vreat m

Looaestrire S

Mad-dog skullcap gg

Maple, red '__ _' g

Maple, flllver ,' o

Maple, sugar

Marigold, bur ....... 63

Marah-marlgold ,,

Meadow-sweet .. .. ij

Milkweed *

Mltrewort i,

Mltrewort. false 5;

Moccasin-tlower .... ^.3

Monkey-flower „

Mullein 2

Saxifrage """-iV

Self-heal ' 35

; Shad-bush ........ 24

! Sheep-laurel " ,, 37

Bhln-leaf .. 44

1 Silver-weed \ '[ 2s

Skullcap, mad-dog ." 55

Skunk-cabbage ,,

Snap-weed ii

Solomon's seal V. 26

Solomon's seal, false .. 26

Solomon's seal, great ... «

Sorrel " _ ^

Speedwell, thyme-leaved". m

Spikenard, wild S

Spring beauty Ji

g Squirrel-corn

Oak

Old man's beard ... ]]\ '" ^^

Orchids. June ' ' jj

Orchis, northern bog 55

Orpine „

Star-flower J!

Stlchwort. long-leaved 311

St. John's-wort ' 45

Sweet pogonia 34

Toad-flai
Tobacco.

Thimble-weed 23

Thoroughwx>rt .. .\ 5,

wild 57

Toothwort 2«

Touch-me-not IT

Travellers Joy JJ

Trillium ?S

Turtle-head Jj

Twin-flower JJ

Partridge-berry

Pasque flower

Pea. beach '

Pea-nut. wild or hog

Pipslssewa

Pine-sap

Pitcher-plant „

Plantain, rattlesnake .. '..! S

Pogonlo, sweet JT

Polygala. fringed S

Poplar f

Primrose, evening .. Ji

Prince's pine r!

PruneJla JJ

Pussy Willow .. ™

43 ' Verbena

22 : Veronica

3S I Vervain

U ! Violet

44 ' Virgin's bower..

1«
41

Raspberry, Virginia .
Rattlesnake plantain
Rattlesnake-root ... ,
Red oak

VVake-robln ig

White lettuce ., [,[ gi

I Willow, heart-leaved 8

i Willow-herb 47

Willow, pussy 7

I Wind-flower 22

WIntergreen 44

i Wltch-haael .,",' "„" " S

Wood-sorrel .'.'.'.....'."* aa

Tellow-weed .

MEMORANDA.

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WEEKLY STAR

41,

I n addition to being the leading

Weekly Newspaper of Can ada

is also the best general rnas-
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