CIHM Microfiche Series (IVIonographs) \CWIH Collection de microfiches (monographies) ml Canadian Institute for Historical IMicroraproductiona / Institut ca ladian de microraproductiona historiquas 1996 Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes technique et bibliographiqi'es The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available lor filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. 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Les diagrammes suivan's illustrent la methoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No- 2) _J AP PLIED IIVMGE Inc = * :■ ■ 3 tasl Moin Street —.a R.,, Hester, Ne* Vof" U609 U5A ^S (M6) 482 - 0300 -P.. ore ^^ (716) 268 - 5989 - Fa> FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. By C. M. D. Rkprixt of a Series of Ariicles which Appearrd IN THE Family H' rai.d and Weekly Star Dl'king the Summer of lyoo. PRICE TEN CENTS. PuBIISniill BY THE FAMILY IIerAID AND WEEKLY StaR, MonT I 90 I. ten Good Reasons ms It Pays Co be a Read er o f tDe family - ' -■' ' ■ -:■— — = c^^assB^ Berald and iUeelcly Star • <» • I- — Be.Muse it is the largest weekly newspaper in the world, conlaining in each issue more reading matter than the average book costing $1.5* Fifty-two such issues every yeai, equal to 52 books. » — Because its Nature and Science Departments are cf extreme interest to all interested in Nature Studies. These departments are in charge of Mr. Erm 'l lugersoll and other eminent writers on Natural Science. 3 — HecaiiHc it is the leading agricultural weekly of Canada,including among its editoi and contributors the recognized authorities in every branch of farming. 4. — Be ause it has question and answer departments in which experts gire free imswers to queries on eyerything that pertains 10 farm work. 5. — Because it has household departments of great usefulness to houie- wivfs. 6 — Because it gives all the news of the world in readable and compact form. 7 — Because it has over twenty departments of general interest not found in any other weekly. 8 — Because it is a "clean" family paper for every member ( ; the Family Its pages for boys and girls are a very popular feature and highly praised by parents. ' 9 — Because it has a literary page of exceptional interest. 10.— Because its position as the greatest weekly newspaper in the world it established by its immense circulation of nearly 150,000 copies a week. There are scores of other reasons equally good. Send for a sample copy and judge for yourselves, ti.oo per year, including beautiful premium pictures. THE FAMILY HERALD AND WEEKLY STAR, MoinaMAJU FLOWERS FIELD AND FOREST. By C. M. D. Reprint o,.- a Sbries of Articles which Appkared IN THE Family Herald and Weekly Star During the Summer of 1900. PRICE TEN CENTS. Published by the Family Herald and Weekly Star. 1901 .j :: l »1 L t. i: C4? ten Good Reasons ms Tt Pays Co be a Reader of tbe family l)erald and (Ueekly Star « « • I. — Because it is the largest weekly newspaper in the world, containing in each issue more reading matter than the average book costing $1.50. Fifty-two such issues every yeai, equal to 52 books. 2.— Because its Nature and Science Departments are of extreme interest to all interested in Nature Studies. These departments are in chai'ge of Mr. Ernest Ingersoll and other eminent writers on Natural Science. 3. —Because it is t' c leading agricultural weekly of CanBda,including among its editors and contributors the recognized authorities in every branch of farming. 4 — ^Be aiise it has question and answer departments in which experts give free nnswers to -juer.es on everything that pertains to farm work. 5 — Because it has household departments of great usefulness to house- wives. 6. — Because it gives all the news of the world in readable and compact form. 7 — Because it has over twenty departments of general interest not found In any other weekly. 8.— Because it is a "clean" family paper for every member of the Family. Its iiagns for boys and girls are a very popular feature and highly praised by pannts. 9 — Because it has a literary page of exceptional interest. 10.— Because its position as the greatest weekly newspaper in the world is established by its immense circulation of nearly 150,000 copies a week. There are scores of other rtasons equally good. Send for a sample copy and judge for yourselves. $1.00 per year, including beautiful premium pictures. ^(IJ;:5486 THE FAMILY HERALD AND WEEKLY STAR, MONTREAL. PREFACE. ^'pms little book I. . collection in htadj (orm of . ».ri„ of .rtici*. tJmi .p. *a» X pe,«d in tl.e column, of th. Family Herald and VV eeldy Suir duru.g 1900 These articles ar. from the pen of a well known botanist of hiuh rt«,ding «.d«.«suratea.,dtru.twonhy in every detail. The drawing, and description, of UievariouXluweraareinmoet ca^e, from actual specimen,, and where these were lacking the works of recognized authoriti«i have been referred to The ar- tide, constitute a calendar of plant life from early spring to late aut,;mn, and the nun,erous .lIuMra.ion, and detailed description, will enable any one to identify a lar^ nun.ber of the ll..«cr» con„„„„ly u,ei with in a ramble through the fields. The articles are written in plcu-ing style ..„| an endeavour ia made to set forth some of die more .triking scieritiflc- tnitl,« ii. , „e<:tion with plant life in rach a way as to be under- stood by all. B.,t:,i,y is not the dry uninteresting science that many imagine, it doe. notconsistmet^l) of riuning.classifying.and comparing a collection of plant*; the essen- tial problem is to ,i,MU.r>.a,id the life of the plant, to comprehend it. functions to in- quire what is t:ie n. hearing ear. lint notwithicanding an almoat universal hunger for a knowledge of the world thit lie« around ua, the majority are a« blind tneri who »ay there ia no auch >hing aa sight. A hint, however, often leade to the (Imcovery of new beautiea m every day ob. jects ^ "We are made eo, that we love I tirut, when we see them painted, things we have paased Perhaps a hundred times, nor cared to see.'' So, «-Jth but little .tudy, we may find | hidden m a flower all the mystery of life Tt>d of death. To us, it is no- longer mere- ly a iretty apecimen; it lives and breathes jnd moves; it has it« loves and hatea, its fncmiis and it« foes; it struggles for its CNXi.trnce, and adapts itself to circum- =tJi.nces; it flouriahefi in congenial sur- rmindinfcS, but languishes and dire, m anv ! place foreign to its nature. To know ii plant implies meeting it in its home atn.fy. i mg Its pecnlianties, learning its family his- tory, recognizing its relations, and beeoni. j ing familiar with its visitors. r>>eB this I •rm to demand too much of busy work- I era? It will be found that even "he who I runs may read a few pages in Nature's book. Material for thought and study lies close at han.l, ^nd iU who k.->k may find smoe FIG. 1-A TYPICAL LEAF. "Tongues in trees, books ir c running brooks. Sermons in stones, and goof n every, thing," Love for our floral neighbours implies not only a desire to know them, but a wish to ™^ them by name. When told that more than .•«0O flowering plants have been fouml groinng wild in Canada, we may despair of haviny even a passing acquaintance with the flowers of our own countrj-. But we must begin to make our circle of frienih at home, g.lining there an understanding and sympathy which will give us an in- sight into the na.tiire of all. Plant.s for- tunately occur in families and show sur'i strong family resemblances that it soon !.c- comes easy to recognize each new foiirul stranger as a relative of some old frien-l Notwnthstanding great differences, flower ing plants adhere to certain plans whi.-h may he readily learmd. Let us then as a preparation for talks about common Cini- dian wild flowers, briefly consider the par»« of a typical flowering plant, perfect and complete. FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. FIG. IL— A TYPICAL FLOWER. Takiing up first those organs which are cancerned with the nutrition of the plant, we observe that there is a root which serves to anchor the plant in the eoil and which sends out thread-like branches in every direction searching for food. Such a root, for example that ol corn, is said to be fiUioiu-i. (itlitr plants, like the be«'t, have thick fleshy roota, in which food i« stored for future use. Risintt above the ground is the stem. In sinill plauts, it is usually ^een and dies (. I'n to the ground every winter; but large brown steins, such aa tha trunks of trees may live on from year to year. A*- the function of the stem ia to lift the leaves into the light and air, it Ls generally erect and frequently branches. Sometimes, how- ever, a stem too wealc to stand alone, climbs or twii.j>s upon a support. Mom- lug glories and peas are familiar examples. Sr/GMA X7 sme-- OM/tY.. 6 FIG. Ill — TYPICAL STAMEN AND PISTIL. Other stems, like that of the white cIotit, creep along the aurface of the earth. Po- tfttoee and many other plants have thick, tiesby, lukderground tteoM, aerving a« atore- \ houaes for food. They can always be dis- tinguished from fleshy roo^s by the presenca ' in the former of ecale-ldke leaves and of I buds. I Expoaed to suoligiht and air, are the ' leaves scattered as a rule along the item at different intervals. Each leaf has usual- ' ]y a stalk and a flat, thin, green portion called the blade. Frequently at the base of the stalk are leaf-like expanadons known as atipulM (Fig. 1.) Both stalk and .stipulef) may, however, be wa.itTfng. Leaves vary in shape from the needles of the pine to I the round disc of the Tropaeolum. wrongly , called NastUiTtiimi. Some have entire mar- gins, while others have their edges more ! or lees deeply notched. However deep the I cuts, if the divisions do not extend to the I central line, the leaf is considered simple, j but if, as in the rose, it is broken up into ] distinct part^ it is sadd to be compound. j The green material of which the leaf \% I largely composed, is supported by a frame- 1 work of veins; one lai^er than the rest genertilly runs down the centre of the leaf I and is known a« the midrib. If the veins branch and unite with one another, the leaves are net-veined; but if the veins run side by wide without branching, the leaves are parallel-veined. The diflferences beitw-ien leaves are chiefly those of form, all serving similar purposes. In them plant food is prepared and digested, and by means of them plants breathe and tramspire, that is, give off superfluous moisture. While root, stem, and leaves are devoted to the nourishment of the plant. oth(?r portdons are set aside for the production of seed. These parts are arranged in cir- cles upon the enlarged end of a stem call- ed a receptacle and together thev compose the flower (Fig. II.) On tlie outside, enclos- ing and protecting the other floral oigans in the bud. is the ealvx, made up of sev- eral green leaf-like bodies called seprls. The sepals may be either separate or united *o as to form a sort of cup. Within the calyx, is the corolla, the conspicuous, coloured portion of the flow«r. It is composed of petals, which varying mtarvellously in shape, oolour and markings, may be quite distinct or joined together. Next oomes one or more whorls of slen- der stamens; each of which has a thread- like stalk caJled s filament, and at ^e top an anth»r. composed of two halves or lobes filled with pollen, a yellow dust. By the snlittinir of the lobes the pollen is set frpe. (Fip. m. 2.) As may be seen from an rx- amiiifttiton of Fig. IV., the forms of stamens and their ways of opening are many and intereatinff. FLOWEKS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. II. FIG. IV.-A GROUP OF STA.MEN'S. At the heart of the flower stands the *ed-case or pistil. It iis composed of three distinct parte— « hollow baaal portdon call- ed the ovary, in which seeds are produced ; a slender style or stalk arising from the top of the_ ovary; ajid a aticky expansion crown- ing the style and known as the stigma. When a pistil has only one chamber in the ovary, one style, and one stignra, it is saiil to be composed of one cart>el. It may, how- ever, be made up of several carpels quite separate, or more or less united. The num- ber of the component carpels is indicated by the number of divisions in the ovary or by the number of stigmas. , In order that good seed may be formed in tlie pis- bract. (Fig. V., 4). Though there is no coroJk, the large cat- kins are conspicuous enough to attract in- sects, and the honey-b«, flying eagorI> from tree to tree, secures a spring feast of honey and pollen and in its flight carries the golden dust to waiting stigmas. Their work over, the «tanx*imiat« catkins fall, but the pistillate flower-clusters remain after the leaves have unfolded, and until their seed is ripened and ready to float away on the silky .mils attached to the aeed-coats. The forty-seven kinds of Canadian willows resemble one another closely iu their flow- ers which appear before the leaves. Prob- ably the most widely spread of jdl is the h«u-t-leaved willow, Salix condata, wliicli has innumerable forms f^cattered over the Dominion from the Atlantic to the Paci- fic. All these differ from the jtussy willow in having leaves with a heart--haped base. (FiR. VL, 1). Beloai^dTig to the willow- r»m- ily are the poiplara (Fiff.Vl, 2), covered with gray downy tassels before a trace of green leaf is to be seen. The staminate clusters like long caterpillars soon thickly strew the ground beneath the treeii. Bnt thoM trees which bear pistillate flowers, like the wil- lows, retain their catkinB until the sc«:d.- have matured. FIG. VII.-GREEN ALDER. From Labrador to British Columbia, the green alder, Almus aJmotbetula, drooping over mountain stream expands its purple and gold catkins auout the same time as its leaves. From it, too, bees fly away with pellets of golden pollen, but the journey from stamen to pistil is short, for althouali in separate flower-clusters they grow on the same alirub. The long droopmg catkins (Fig. VII., 1) are made up of scale-like bracts, to each of which is attached from three to six flowers, every flower having a small four-lobed caiyx and four stamens. Close by are upright bodies resembling min- iature pine-conos (Fig. VII., 2). J*ullifng on^ of these apart, it will be seen that each scale bears from two to three pistillate flowers destitute of calyx, corolla, and stam- ens. Eaoli pistil finally ripens into a little nut with broad wings upon which it floats away at maturity (Fig. VII., 4). Belon^in;? to the same family are the birches, which also bear catkins of staminate and little clusters of pistillate flowers on the same tree. The birch catkins are, however, espe- cially beautiful. When full-grown they are extremely long and graceful, of a silky soft- nefia and with a rich golden colour. Even in April, the swamp or mi mapln, Acer rubrum, "crimsons to a coral reef." Before a leaf appears, every twig is covered with exquisite clusters of tiny red bloegoms, which sometimes fall before the snow has FLOWERS OF THK FIELD AND FOREST. ing the first woekg of May its dusters of fi-iiKraiit, honey-braritiK flofH-era apt>ear liansinff from tlie ccntn- of a narrow le.if- lilic bract (Fi(r. IX,, 1). Efich flower ha? five FIG. VIII.-^UGAR MAPLE. vanished, showing up most brilJiantly against dazzling white drifts. Very similar arc the flowers of tlie silver maple, Ac'r d-asycarpum, a nm (Fig. VHI., 3), while a tiiird iw- scs-t^g both (Fiu. VlIL, 2). Ei.-h has a cup-shape^I calyx divided iiit*; five teeth repre^ontintf five .eciKals. Nei- ther the sugar nor silver maple flower has a corolla, but in the rwl maple blossom live small, narrow petals are present. The pist>I is divided into two one-seeded parts, fium each of Avhicli develops later a witli? likv float. So the maple keys which in the «uin- mer will lie scatterod over country ro i^l™ and cilv streets, are really the fruit- of the tree {I'ig. VIH.. 5). Another esrly blonming tree is the b.iss- wood or American linden, Tilia nmerieiri.t. This fine tree with heart-shai*d leaves is fuund thruUKhout Ea>iferri Canada from New Ri-unswick to Ijike Winnipeg. Dur FIG. IX.-BASSWOOD OR LINDK.V. sepals, five cream-coloured petals and many stamens arranged in five clusters. (Fi«. i,\., 2.) Each pistil develops into a round, hard, woody, one-seeded frint attached to the bract which acts as a float when the fruit falls in the late summer {Fijj. IX., 3). 'V'n:: rtowers with their Btrong scent and pretty colour, attract myriads of insects which eagerly sip the honey secreted by the seuals. One of the most charming of our Cana- dian trees, lending grace to the landscape from Novn Scotia to the North-West Ter- ritories, is the elm, Ulmus amerieana. Tie- fore the leaver supidy a light mantle of green, the flowers on -^leiidor dri>oping !*t:ilkH t'riuse the 8i pi-stil with its two stigmas gi-ows into a one-seeded fruit almost encircled bv a thin wing or float. (Fig. X., 3.) The oak is so generally regardefl as an Fnj^'ioh tiix- Uiat it may be si;r{iri&ing Ui learn that there are eleven species of oak growing wild in Oanada. Of these, the iTioorjy cup oak, Qnereiis maerorarfw, i-> most widely distributed over New B[uns- 10 FLOWKRS OF THE FIKLD AND FOiEST. wick, Qneboc, Ontario «nd Manitoba, but quenfnK -«>iHy plai„, thro«X!!t the wSt It IB impoRjible in on* short paper ii tiv! t^ \H"=^ rfescription of tfT na- tive trees. But perhaps enough has been ^eni,^, Ur""^' "J' „''■«' 'he" secret, of openiug buds are well-worth finding out. FIG. X.-ELM. llj""" .K"^'?"* of Quebec, and the eut mSrJ^i fK''"^'^''' "^'! J"'' below the Skt/ fl'"' """r- .f^«- XI., 3.) The Zu^ rithf"*?", *™'* f"" on short uiTtfr"* ^'y" ""? "hort Iob^7and the and th^^^' * three-ehambered ovary and three st.gma. Only one seed grows, ami the fruit is aoora. (Pig XI 3 ) Chestnuts and beec^os are. o^n l^^lriiis o'f uie oak and bear similair flowers irith"^!. if" ' "■■ S^ *"»* blossoms appears mth the leavfs, but the drooping iream- ooloured catkins of the chestnut come kS DM. Ti''?!, *""•"." P"^*" carried t^ the pistils by the wind, and it may be ststid that, as a goneilil rule, when tSe WoSm, are neither bright no.: fra^nt enoSX "o attract insects, the flowerf are puHortn hefore the leaves fully unfold,Tnd the SSi U^'^l^^:'"'" "■<= goIdenTollen'todi^ , FIG. XI.-KED OAK. Great as is the charm of a wood in mid- summer, still greater is it in the eTrlv spnng when "Voung oak leaves i^stth^ inde-hill woods with pink," when '^^^ ^e™ swarms swing off from all th« Wh«!^'!l.**'''''i,''"'' J"''" ''»"«■■ caterpiUars: unfold '"«»■'''>'«''>"''• leetle hands Softer'n a baby's be at throe diays old." in. UNDER TIIE TKEES. The common lot of all living beings is a struggle for existence, and nothing "f more interesting than the study of the str fe O,^ wonder is always excited bv the mar^'cloul I'il^ 7^"^ ?"*"'' P'*"t' have .uiTed them selves to various soils, climates, and com- panions; while others, unable to adlnt themse vcs to their environment, have fa?! «i m the struggle or have even disapMared As was said in a former paper liSt is an essential to green plantsf it Siiht, there rLr.VK'ii Qv THE FlK,,u AND FORE ST. fore be expected that few or no low nlanti would flourish in the heart of thT wSSd Some howuver, i«v-e found a way out of the difficulty aud have learned to take advantage of the brief interval during which fi, T *™ ^"? °''" "'""""i with light fol ■age, choosm,; the early .pring for rapid fXr\h"'' ^'"°'"' f" " '» *■' the woodTand rjthcr than to meadow or hillside that w.. go m April and May for the harbingers of emng. |ew thing, seem more Sulo,?J ,1 ,^5" ""'«''*>' ^"'li which piir- l^e and green spears piercing the mould unfold into exquisite ban^ nera and gleaming stars, Formight .. .h ^''"'" "^. ,""" mystery. As s^n u.^A .T" "I^ned last summer, the plants of f„ "^^ ""T ?"™' ™ to 'he manufacture or r^f Tt .E^""^ "> "nderground stem ,^,1 fl in which lay lolded the leaves .ind flowers of this spring So. in April, all that remains to be done is the pusliing up of budi mto the sunlight, irhere thev announce that the snow is over and gon"'^ the flowers appear on the earth, the time of the singing of birds is come." . . "?"y ^" the disputes as to which flower IS the first promise of spring. There is little uoubt, however, that th>. unpoetic skur' ca,bbage, Symplocarpus foetidlis, caji claim II the honour. Thoreau says that even in 1;,,. "fe '^™"'Jy "dvanceil toward a new >e.ir Throughout the Maritime I'rovince. Quebec an, Ontario, in bogs or alon^ttre >le shells (Fig. Mr., 1) appMr eve. l„.f,„.o caLrrh*' r" "fl ''"'°"'' *""■*' 'heir brown cases Ihe tin.v fl.)wp--s i.,e closely crowded on a flesliy stalk (Fig. XII., .I) and ™all fi" they are, each po.saea.ses four sepals, four stamens, and a pi.«til. The balMike cluster termed a spad.x, is shellcred from biting hld"Ti""l""" u""""' hy a waterproo? hood This shiny brown purple hood re- „ wL? i" ';"Ke„i>iottled snail, and is really a large leaf called a spathc (Fig. XII ■> It differs however, from the green foliage leaves which appear later and grow to be one or two leet long. Notwithstanding its re,,ellant smell aud early advent \he skunk-cabbage is visited fey honey bees • fortunately, however, pheir plunder dc^ not flavour the honey. Often these honey seekers meet an unexpected welcome, for spidcTO have discovered their visits U> the «owers, and weaving webs over the sjiadix, they crouch behind it ready to pounce up- on some unwary victim. As soon as the flowers nave Been pollinated by insects.the hoods wither away and the spadix swells into a round spongy fruit, two or three inches in diameter. Unlike its relative the calla. this first Hower of spring is most unattractive No complaints, however, can be made in regard 10 Its successors, which possess u mild deli- FIG. XII.-SKUNK CABBAGE. FIG. XIII.-THAILING ARBUTUS. FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. cate beauty. Late in April or early in May, acconiinK to the season or the locality, sev- eral dainty flowers appear almost simultan- eously One of the first is the -'rosylipped, lioncy-heart«l" trailing arbutus, Kip'iBU'a re liens (Fig. XIII.) Though local in its dis- tribution, it is found in various districts from Newfoundland to the Saskatchewan AmouRst damp rnoas and withered leaves in sheltered hollows under the pines, in little dells on dry nnndy or rocky ground, its waxy fragrant blossoms abound. Its scientific name means creejiing upon the earth and its Bligntly woody stem is fur- nished with evergreen leaves, rounded or '"=»'' J-shapcd. The blades are net-veined and borne on long stalks which are covered with reddish clammy hairs. Here and there, are clusters of pale pink flowers, each blos- som having a small calyx of five scale-like sepals The petals are united into a long tube lined with silvery hairs; the tube spreads out into a flat border having five divisions, each tipped with rose. There ai-e ten stamens, and one pistil with a five- hibed stigma. The flowers have the taste of muscatel grapes, a delicious fragrance, and a rich store of honey, much sought af- ter by bees. On sunny s*)iithem slopes near Montreal, those who vcnt'ire into the woods about the 20th of April, are often rewarded bv find- ing the first henatiea.'s. (Fig. XIV.) Though so fragile, they bloom even under the snow; INVOiUCRt FIG. XIV. LI\ERWORT. and m Apnl and May they abound in the rich, dry woods of Eamern Canada. They have been reported as occurring also in Manitoba, the Kocky Mountains, and Alaska. Rusty brown leaveg of the previ- ous summer remain Oirer the winter, and afford a pleasing background for the deli- cate flowers. Thv! nairy flower-stalk bears at its tip a furry bad, enclosed by three sepal-like leaves, collectively termed an in- volucre (Fig. XIV., 2), which protects llie parts within from cold and rain. Boon the bud unfolds and the true sepals are revealed. (Fig. XIV., 2.) They are from six to twelve in number and are coloured white, pinkish- purple, or blue, taking the place of the absent corolla and serving to "Attract insects, lake many other members of the buttercup family, the flower ha« a great many stamens, and a pistil of p;?veral separate carpels crowded together mto a little round head m the centre of the flower. As soon as tne seeds have been formed, iresh green leaves unfold ready for their summer's work. Two species of hepatica are found in Canada both with leaves deeply divided into three parta, buc those of Hepatica triloba have blunt or even rounded lobes, while those of Hepa- tioa acutifolia have sharply pointed tips. ihe former is abunuant in t\s Maritime Provinces and Ontario, but is rare in Que- bec; the latter is common about Montreal and all through Ontario, and is found in the other eastern provinces. FIG. XV.-SPRING BEAUTY. FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. 13 Like llic ticpatica opening in the sun dnd clo»ing in the whade, tlie s| »ri ntf hv.i ii i y , Chiytonia virginiana, (Fig. XV.) nin)i-M--> about the same time. Deep tUtwn benieath the siuiace of tlie ground is a small round, swollen stem, ti-Tmod a tulwr (Fig. XV., 2), atta*-hed to which itt a bud. At the advent ot' spring tli*'" bud develop:* in'to a long slender at'ri;il stem, bearing *wo grass-like leaves opposite to one another A t the top, is a loose clus- ter of delicate flowers. Liich haa two se- pals, five whitp or pink petals, veined with rose colour, fiv BtamenH, and one pistil, witli three stigmas. (Fi»f. XV., 3). Thi- charniing flower, \rith ita exquisite fleeting beauty is found in moist open wjmhI:* throughout the Dominion, having almost as wide a range- as its objectionable couam, the uurslane. Quite as enhemeral !m the spring bL-autv, is the stooiter, atronger bloonlroot, Sanguin- aria canadensis Fig. XVL). In April, the firm tip of its leaf, curled aaxj-und a fiowci bud (Fig, through May rich woodj* arc covcrtsl w! Ii its gliiiming white flowers. gulden at the iicai't. At lii^t a' gr.iyi.Hh or hluish green, the leaf oecomes more hnlliatit nnil shov'-) strong veins tinged with oraniic. Alter the Mowers tall, the larf,e leavei*, torm- in^^ beds hero and there in iNnva Scotia, New Brunswick, i/uehec and Ontario, begin to prejiare great quantities of tooti winch is stored up in a thick underground nccni or rhizome for tlu: next spring. Like the most of the poppy famii>, the flower ot the bloodroot has two green sepals wliieh tail when the bud exr-nd,^. 'I'he pure wliite petals from eight lo uwelve in number are of two .sizes (Fig. XVI., 3, 4); llnre ;in' twenty-four stamens (Fijf. X\'F.. 5); .'ml one oblong, sn\'olJen piM.il. witli a l\v> lobed ati«ma (Fig. XVL, G). The petals fall almost as soon ax ili.' flowers arc gathered, and the only reminder left, to us ot the discarded bouquet is the -tain left by the orange-red juice from which tlip plant derive:-, its name. The sentimental bleeding- l.eart of the gar- den has two much more attractive sisters growing wild in our woous. The squirrei com, DicciLtra cinadensLs. (Fig. XVIL), i-" '•undant from Nova Se-otia to the western boundaries of Ontario. Its underground ^Um FIG. XVL— BLOODROOr. FIG. XVII.-SQUIRREL-CORN. '* FLOWEKS OF IHK FIELD AND FOREST. bears scattered yellow tubers, resemblinu „. grajM of Indian com (Fig. XVII ^ Fr"?n I Ti^^^r'u '^?- X^'")- " i ^'^" .?) .P"'*!"* great quanti- IZlnl "t ™' ?!?;'?''''' •'"' '»"<) for winged \is.tors. The pistil la composed of several Md«"rPI^'"xfY' "*''='> ripen into little seed- pods if XIX.. 3). Honey is s=e(Tete,l liv two shallow depressions on the sides of eacli carpel m such abundance that it gathers in drops at the heart of the flower a treasure-trove for hungry bees. I ;-• FLOWERS OF THEi FIELD AND F0KE8T. FIG. XIX.-MARSHMARIGOLD. Another dweller in swampy lands is fe Yvt'T*J'i'*K.- A™"-™* triirayllun, 1. *• ,■''■,' Delighting m rich black nioulJ beneath the shade of trees, at his feet a carpet of niosa, the quaint little preacher stands in his puriilegrcen pulpit overarch ed by a graceful striped canopy. The plant has a round underground stem, termed a corm (Fig. XX., 4). which is reiilaced by a new one at the end of each season's groWth The wrinkled corm is full of an acnd juice' the unpleasant properties of which are dis- pelled by boiling, rendering the plant a favourite dish with Indians, hence its other popular name, Indian turnip. From the corm spring one or two green leaves each divided into three leaflets, and the stalk which bears the flower-cluster. Like .■" couiiii, the skunk-cabbage. Jack arranges ins flowers on a fleshy spadix, which is however elongated and naked at the ton iSt ''yy I.i^d'' 5'°°" *' ">« •>»« only (fig. AA., J). Bonding gracefully over the spadix, IS a thin, hood-Eke, green apathe. PIO. XX.-JACK-TN.THF,PULPIT. Htriped or spotted with purple. The flowers have neither calyx nor corolla, and are of two kinds, the one composed of several closely united anthers, the outer of a single pistil with a brush-like ntigma, com- posed of delicate spreading hairs. The two may occur on one spadix, the pistillate flowers at the base, the etaminate just above. But m order to ensure crosspollin- ation steps towards the com],lete separ- ation of the two kinds of flowers have been taken. It will be noticed that some plants are larger than the .vcrage, while others are smaller and possess only one leaf. The latter bear staminate flowers exclusivclv and as soon as the pollen is shed, spatlie and spadix wither away, and the plant pro- ceeds at once to prepare for the ..,.„ La- sons growth. Pistillate plants have, how e\er, not only to produce blossoms bat to mature seeds, storing in these an abund- Vof „S«l "Jk! '"■' ,"•«. ''">' "''nt" within. «ot imfcil tluB work is completed on the parent plajit think of itself and form a corm an.l bud for the coming year. Great- in KLOWKRS OF THE FIEr.l) AND FOUKST. rr Hcmand!. ti.'c™iuie nmre niitrimpnt- luTef..,-,., |„si,||„i,. ,,|„„|s nrv l,.ru,. „,„i .rnv„c,l Will, („•„ lr„v,„. N„Hvitl,.lu,„ii„„ lliiM, tlicy Bometmic. Iiwomi' «ii i\liiiii,ti'il m i-i|,cninK fnlit. Ihal dunnn the nvxl "••amm thoy rc'inair. »niall ami i.ioduc.. Mamiiiatc nnwcri^. Siirclv. .lack" lias "ecoiinmv" fur its text phylluiTi floiiri.hi'a in all the nntin i.i,, vinr,., and eycn in Manil„l.a; but its inter tnly ^frnidn Arwai'ina tri- easter'n pr Fin. xxi.-co: iMoN liiAii violki'. Mting liTOtlicT, tlie ([re™ drafton. Arisacini draoontium, mwilh to be nmliiml to a »mall area in sc.uth-weatern Ontario. Tho atti'r ha» a leaf with fiom seven to eleven leaflets, and its Sliathe is puinted and Hr-eenish. Flooding the s^vamp.s, fringing the hilla, and lurking in shndv nooks on tlie liillside are the best-loved fl >\verB of spring the violct.s. Iwenty species, white, yellow and blue, have been observed in Canada, several finding congenial home.! in every part of the Dominion. Perhaps the best known is the common blue violet, Viola em-iill it i (Fig. XXr.) Enriching meadows and border- ing woodland brooks, its kid'ney-8liii])ed or rounded leaves of wavy outline grow dir- ectly from a fleshy rootst.ilk. The fl'wr" vai-ying in colour from iiale blue to deep purple are borne singly on slender, naked stalks. The calyi has five sepals extended into ears at the base. Of the five unequal petals, lowest llnlds I, the two lateral are beardeil and the IS jir. longed into a spur which wo of the five stamens have lie.tir -ccicling sniirs, which project into t lal oi 111,, corolla. The sliglitly coherent stamens surround the three celled ovary and I he singh' stigma is bent slightly to one side. The colour, the secretion of honey and the irregular form of the flower are mleiiiicd to secure cross pollination. It is. thiTcfoie. astonishing to find the pinni bearing other liud-like flowers concealed be neath the leaves or below the surface of the fc-round. (Fig. XXI., 1.) 'niough they never develop jietals. never open and are neces- sarily self-pollinated, tlicv are even more ffTtilc than the ordinary blossoms. Charm- ing as are these "lovely children of the shade." I he bine violets have no perfume, ""aniida has. however, its fragrant species. I.OW wet woods are often filled with A'iida blanda, a white violet daintily vein- ed with brownish-purple, in tiny blossoms breathing forth a fiint sweet perfume. Fragrant with the same delicate elusive scent as panaies is the tall Ciinaila violet, Viola canadensis. With Icafv. upright ste'iis, one or two feet high, and large wlrte flcwirs veined with purple and mauve be- neath, these violets are among the loveliest le, the lines serving insects as iwlh-flndere, iwinting to the hoaisi of honey. Notwithstanding the poetic fancies woven about the violet. anoiiited white petak. -which fl,i»li a del;. ™*?„P'"f in old age; ax stamens (Fig. AA 11., 41: and a mstil with three sprecding a>!thers (Fig. XXII.. R). Exquisite in Iheir chaste white beauty, the dowers are scent- KL0WKK8 OF THE FIKI.I) AND FORKST. FIG. XXII— LARGE WiriTE TRILLIUM le« and nectarleaa and depend upon the bnlliant corolla to attract pollen-gathering we* and waape. Similar in the number and arrangement of the various organs are the painted trilliura, Trillium erj-throcarpuin, with 1 crimson blotch at the base of its petals; the smiling wake-robin, Trillium cernuum, noddtng upon its stalk; and the raaddbr-red birthroot. Trillium erectum a dingy poor relation. The trilliums are e« sentially a North American group, a few Japanese and Himalayan species being the only exceptions, A less conspicuous flower also belonging '° *;.? ,™y family is the bclWort, Oakesia sesmhtbha (Pig. XXIII.. 1). Its grueeuil, cumng stem, about eight inches high, bears several pale green leaves, which are set do^e upon the stem almost clasping it. Beneath them modestly droop one or two etraw- coloured lily-shaped Howera. The sepals .ind petals reaembling one another in col- our and form, are spoken of coUectivelv as a periantli. The fruit is sharply angled or even winged (Pig. XXnL,2). Closely allied and having the same oommon name is Uvul- ana grandiflora. It differs from Oakesia in ha.viin« a short thick rootatock instead of ,•» FlU. XXIII.-BELLWORT. dender creeping one; in poaseasing perfoli- ate leaves, i.e., leaves through which the stem aparenrtly pasaeii (Pig. XXIH., .1i ; ind in having calluslike ndgee at the base of the inner surface of the petals, Uvulnria is c. mmon throughout Quebec and Ontario, while Oakesia abounds in New Brunswick tnd Quebec, One of the lily group and not a violet, m its common name would indicate, is the dog's-tooth violet or Oilder's tongue, Erv- thronium americanum (Pig. XXIV). In rich woods from Nova Scotia to Georgian Bay, its drooping bells greet the new-born spring, -Arising from a d«eiiily«e-grccn mottloil with a piiriiHsli tint (Pig. XXIV. 2). Sheathed at its base by the leaves, the slender flower-stalk terminates in a large, nodding, russet-yellotw flower (Pig. XXIV., 3). The perianth is composed of three re- curved sepals, atripoil with brown, and of three petab* grooved on the inner surlaco and dfl4tedat the base with purplish-brown. The six «tamena (Pig. XXIV., 5) have nwl- shaj^ed filaments and oblong anthers* the piatil (Kg. XXIV., 6) i« provided with a long style and one thi^e- Inhed wtigma. Scattere-l .imnnK the larger plants are younger ones hav- ing only one leaf, no ««Hom, and a bulb situated near the - .f the earth. Each year, new bulbs .iuced at the ends of runners springi. , lom the parent 1 . FLOWEIW OF THE FIKIJ) AM) KOUKST. no. XXIV Imlb and ench auiuintT ihi-y pcnclral,. in ife Ai-vply into the Bodl. Pinairy thu ,le.-|,c»t Imlbs Bend np paj.-a of leaves and bloa- The spring flowere hitherto described have be«n more or leM conspicuous, but other widely distributed p] mU are seldom noticed, for example, the wild giiigir, Asar- ..m canodenee (^ig, XXV.) From iL. „„- matic rootstock grew two long-stcn- ,ied kidney-ahaped l»avea, covered with soft W Fig Xxy D.'oiose t., fl,.. ^,«u,d in the fork of the leave., and attacTed to a abort stilk is a eingle purplish brown iTTj^,- XXV., 2). Thexi i« nocor.Ti" and the oata w beU-shaned wit), a w.rcul- ing three-lobed border (Fig. XXV. 6) '1 lie twelve stamens joined to the style have curious hlamen** prolonged beyond the an- her into.a noint (Fi^ XXV., 4); and the pistU, united at its T)a9e with the calv.x tube, ends in six spreading stigmas. It "is common in nch woods amongst dead leaves from the Atlantic CoMt to the Saskatchewan 5Si° hf^ ' "f firni-lied Indians and simplers with a favourite medicine, tlie pungent rooutocks with the flavour of gmger being considered a cure for head- ache and deafness. Thus, wnether utili- tanaii or aesthetic, "The cOTintry-born an' bred know where to nnd Some blooms that make the season suit the mind.* ! FIG. XXV.- WILD niNOER. V. F.'^OWERS "WHOSE MONTH IS EVER MAY." The character of plant societies is largely a matter of environment, the slightest dif- ferences m soil, climate, etc., affecting the geographical distribution of species. In temperate regions, however, conditions are not extreme, and it might be expected that the same species would prevail throughout the Dominion of Canada in airoUar latitudes. Uut the floras of the East and the West •re most unlike, and few lorms are com- mon to hnlh sidei of the Rocky Mountains. Among these exceptional plants may be ?i?*'«''^,tAe w'''**>>"*«-'-y. Actaeaalbi trig. AAVI.), found in rich woods, near R^^; 'd???!: "'>»tctei with purplish black berrioi haa not b«en ohMrved In America, thnugh a variety ko>Mvn aa the nd baneberry, Actae.* vpicau, variety rubra, it ^"ramon in rich wooda from Nnva Scotia to the Rocky Mountainn. u i» vxnimytly a forMt plant and .1 mora Northern form than thfl white baneberry. iu ]<-afl«ta are 1«» deeply cut, and it hiuaannit ^ week or two earlier th-in the .^^;ta^;l alba. Th« cherry-red berries bt>nie mi ilender itenu are. hke thf>«*' of other fonnii, non-edible. Curiou* variatiorid, piohaoly uue to the in- te^c^o■Mlng of iinecieii. appear, and oc- CBwonally white Wrieii on alender italke, and red herrie* (in thick Hteina are found. Like the hepatica and th« inarah raari|{old, the baneberry belonRf t^ the crowfoot family, a group m whuft aie tound many common spring flowers. One of the daintient of thei* is the gold- threiul. t'optirt irifol.i. (K^. \\\ll.| This clmrming little plan,, not motv than from three to five inches in height, rejoices in shining evergreen leaves, each of which iH divided into three sharpjytoothed leaf- lets. These beautiful syuiiiie^ncal leaves arising from a slender root^tock form ■% rich carpet for wet woods and boin irom La- I'lador to the Rocky Mountains. The the locality from May to September. The aticmone-like flowers appear aecording to blossoms are borne singly on scat>es, that it, on leaflesH stalks Bpnngint; directly from the rootstock. The calyx ut from five to seven petal-like sepals lalf euriy, but tha corolla peralstit longer. Thr socidlcd 1 .iin- n'lf , ami delicate, aisd even, the fuzzy wnite chuitcra {Fir XXVf.. 2. 4) are noith-r attrat-tivo nor con»picU'ms, The li.ir- al orfinns are quite separate aii'l in'serted on the rwe^itade. lJi)tl! the aepflls and petal", from fiMir ff- five in number, are extremely small, n.nd the former fall as soon as the flower ex- pands. More noticeable than either are the numerous stamens with their slender white filaments. Each flower bait oiie pistil with a depressed two-lobed stigma, and a one- celled ovary, whicli ripens into an oval berry. The clusters of hemes, which ap- pear late in the summer, are more striking in appearance than th© flowers. Waxy- wtute. marked with .1 nurplish h^oi-t spot, ih'y are borne on thick items, which turn reil when the berrids are ripe (Fijr. XXVf., 3). _ A taller and stouter form, Actaea alba, variety arguta, occurs in Kntish Columbia, ranging from Waahicgcon 'I'erritory to AIm- FIG. XXVU.~(JOL0THREAD. FLOWKHS OF TII^^ FIELD AAD FOEEST. iTiodcs, from fivo to Keven in number, ,ire duhnshaiied petala, pale yellow at the ba«l.if,ed in order to ^cvrole the flower are separate from one inothrr m?.rT^ '^■'T'"' '''""' 8">" tl"W the eoIn,ub,ne who«. g™ iii.e Howcr» n.ui.in'- ^ th scarlet and yellow bedeck preeipitouS chffs and rocky wooded hillsides FiSg I a foothold in every creek and crevice, it has its favourite haunts throughout the eastern and central parts of Canada, but IS replaced by a yellow-tlowered variety «■?;' of the Saskatchewan. Though so widely distributed it is not very abundant and in many places ruthleaa philistiuea by uprooting or gathering it in handfuls have deprived later-comers of the pleasure en- joyed by Emerson, who in the rock-loving columbine found a salve for Bis worst wounds. This exouisite perennial has much divided compound leaves, and large vivid floivers (Fig. XXVIII., 2), scarlet without and yellow within, nodding from the top of slender, hranrhing, lenfv s*-™-) from one to two feet in .•■eight. (Fig. XXVIII., 1.) Tlie hvo sepals, coloured like petals, are regu- lar m form. Between them are the five petals, each with a short npreading lip and a Jong hollow spur which projects back- wards between two sepals forming a store- nousc lor nectar. i S «""f'^ columbine all blushing red, ; Bends to the earth her crown Uf honey-laden bells," which are eagerly sought by bc«, ::nd humming-birds. The numerous stamens , and f^ye carpels ^vith long styles form of the bell, nodding upon it. stem. I.iater, however, th*; flower«talk straig! - ens. and the many-seeiled pods sta... 5nlpa;;;:Jim-b'?ant-ti^\=ffif-;: and not only the scientific name, f ™„ aquila an eaple, but also the word iohmi- fnTh- f°'" "^^T^^- " '^°^''- "i*' its origin n this fancied hkeness. Dr. Prior, however thinks the common name was given because of the resemblance of the nectaries "to 'l.e hcids of pigeons in a ring around a dish a favounte device of ancient artists." A blue or purple species, Aquilegia brevi. styla, occurs m the North-Wert Territo- n'r>;-°"'' ■V'l",?,'™""-- "=»"■■«" Kuropcan coi- rs s'c'^ei' f'""' f"?!"= T white blossom, fo,?n,r "^ ^- from cultivation and is now Nr'B?un^?k."'"'' '" ^^°" ^^^'"■■^ -1 Blooming at the same time and in similar oool nooks may be soon the mitre™ it M.tella nuda (Fir. XXIX., 1™ ? "■ ; the AtJant.o to the Pacific, it flmm ishes in sn-arap- or be,l= nf .I-t,,,,, - It si.rcarls bv means of long, slender ri;«: Z r.' I T "'1'='' rf produced the round- ed or kidney-shaped leaves with deep, round FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. 21 teeth and a dothing of soft hair. The small, greenish-white flowers, few in num- ber, are arranged in a loose cluster at the top of a slender scajte. Occasioniilly, how- ever, the flower-stalk bcar-^ a sniaU leaf. FIG. XXIX.-MrrRRWORT Oil BISII OP'S CAP. Each flower has five short sepals united at the base in a tube, to which are attached five petals and ten short stamens. Only five of the latter are indicated in the illus- tration (Fig. XXIX.. 2); the others have been removed in order to show the form an-d arrangement of the deeply-cut, frini^i'^l petals. The single pistU, with two short styles, develops into a small pod resembling a bishop's mitre, hence both the scientific and common names of the plant. Three oilr r si)ecieM of Mitella have been found in Brit- isli Columbia.and Mitella diphylla is abund- ant in the woods and on the banks of s. reams in Quebec and Untario. Thi^ form has basal leaves. heart-Rhaped, sharply pointed and deeply cut; in addition, the flower-stalk is furnished with two smaller, opposite leaves. The blossoms are white and are grouped in slender clusters more rInseJy crowded thnn the Miv.vrr-i nf MitcHn nndn. Frequently called false mitrewort. and al^ a member of the Saxifrage faniilv, naf-'ila cordifolia (Fig. XXX.) often occurs in the aame localitip« an Mitella diphvUi. Somewiiat rare in Nova Scotia and nortnern New Brunswick, but common nour Frede- ricton and in the rich woods of Quebec and Ontario, it gives way to Tiarella unifoliata and Tiarella trifoliata, on the north-west coast Allhuugli lacking in .perfume, it ii FIG. XXX, -FAli^E MITHP:\V0RT Oil FOAM FLOVVEK. sometimes called the wood mignonette, from a very slight resemblance between its flow- ers and those of the true mignonette. Its leaves appear fn'sh and bright from be- nea Mi t heir covering of snow, the root- stock and summer runners ijiving rise to others later. In Rhape thfv reaemple .=.mflll narrmv m i[>lo leaves (Kig. XXX., 1); but they have dark veins, are shaded with purple in the centre, and are covered with short hairs. Uising about eight inches above the ground is a dainty cluster of white flowprs,sn deli- cate a.s to make the name "foamflower" most appropriate. The calyx is bell-shaped and five parted, and to it are attached five small white petals, entire or but slightl.v FLOWERS OF THK FIELD AND FOREST. wiU,^™„^ ^^ l^y^ a™ Jong and dender, aL in tS^^t '^"''l ^ ''«•■' '"•'""' anthers the form of a bishop's cap or crown thU ''""''""ybfinK inJicalerf bv thegener c name, a diminutive of tiarai a t'urC or add Crtl'." "'^ T' '''«d' ''21 probably Snia nw ''''^'l" Iwuquet, the yelW Clin tojiiB, Clintonia borealM (Fig XX\l \ tlic ha^?^n tl,. ^*' •'*'™''- policed leaves. g5tyas\nvce^4-f,^^l nowers. ITie cluster, termed an nmbei; is ish-yellow to pale .traw-colonr. The neri- anth falls comparatively early, and carries ThrtA-t^^,"" «''""«'" ^hich have long thread-like filaments. The pintil then be- comes a beautiful, blue, ovaJ berry, the fruit clusters fonninj! an exquisite contrast to the ricJi fohaee which carpete eastern woods. Uinlonin borealis is abundant from Labra- fior to Quebec, and is very common in the cedar swamps of Central Ontario. Thence It extends to the .Saskatchewan, while Clin- tonia uniflora represents the genus on the Pacidc coast. These are only a few of the woodland beautiM whose month is May. From east to ^fflk ''\" ""y » plenitude of floral wealth, embarrassing in m richness. From gray lichen-covered rock to tie heart of r.l; *j'V?'S\ ""'"■■e-lovera turn with ever fresh delight and meet eeores of friends in a single mormnj'a walk. FIG. xxxi.-cxi'moxia BORKAT.IS usually composed of from three to six flow- ers, but occasionally the hl„^.,m i, ^olit ,i^ and thte" ^^ " ""'""• with three '«, a and three petals, varying in hue from green- "THE THROBBING HEART OF MAY." Nature is never more prodigal than «t the passing of May. "Anticipkring wealth ! from summer skies, delight is a-tiptoe" a? a carnival of flowers. Among tie most charming offspring of the merry month are iT^^^tl .»"'"""'^J "'f'-om tKe soft w?n| «Lt! °^- ^I^^" '•"^■J" Dancing on thei? wM^, Ti'Mt'''^''". Anemone nemor^^ ed afS^l;' ".'™?t appropriately nsm- rv^J; ' i,^? -wind-shaken flower hi the frZ^i ^t'']^,^ supposed to have sprung ♦h^.i^l*''^ "f the slain Adonia. iTom f thread-like riuzome (Fig. XXXII., 1) arisci th4l^r "*«™'. *«?-nn« an involucre Sf di^ i f^. *^'i'*^ ■^hich is stalked and (fS XXXTr" three deeply-cut leaflci!; ung. AAXII. 2). Above the involuiTe fways. the dainty flower, about on^ inch in diameter (Fig. XXXII 3) if number from four to seven, are geac?al v ivory-white though occasionally *Sui^ 5>th D„rple or a delicate crims^ pS I he flower resemb es its relative ih. marsh-marigold in structur" b^t the ^. ' fHrts^'C'",'" ^•'"?'' of s^all on^ierd naiea solitary leaf resemb n« th.ise of I he mvoluor^ of fertile, plants, h^ ^rin^iaV 'l - rectly from the rh z.ime The wind fl-L . s,.reads from . the east to west If theX mumin^ but its relative the pa^ulflo^, AMmone patens, variety Nuttalliana, il . FLOWEES OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. 33 the special pnde of the prairies. This ei- qiMMte pknt with silky cup-^hapej invol- ucre and large blue or purple blossoms, is one of the most beautiful spring flowers of central Canada. Though they blossom from June to August, three other members ot the genus may be mentioned now. The red wind-flower, Anemone umltilida dis- plays its red blossoms in every part of the country even on Arctic shores. Occasion- ""J.' viTiations with greenish-yellow or whitish flowers are found. The thimble- yeixH, Anemone cylimlrica, so callwi ir,m Its elongated fruit-cluster, has the same eastern and western limits as the last spc- with silky hairs. The fniit-cluster is oblong but much shorter than that of the thimblo- weed. Blooming about the same time «n tho wind-flower, the pretty tooth-wort, Dentariii diphylla (J-ig. XXXllI.), abounds in the nch moist woods of Nova Scotia, \i-w nrunswick. Quebec and Ontario. The .ici- entihc name of the genus, as well as the common names, crinkle-riKit, pcpper-rout tooth-wort, are descriptive of the wrinkled toothed rootKtock (Fig. XXXIlI.. 1), witli Its pleasant pungent flsivmir. The short st-m IS turnislicd with a pair of leaves, each divided into three coarsely-toothed leaflets FIG. XXXII.- ANTMONE OR WIXD FLOWER. cies, but does not extend so far north. Its common name is sometimes wrongly given to the tall anemone, Anemonp virtdniani. which abounds in dry rocky woods and on river banks ea-st of the Rocky Mountains. This form possesses coarse foliage and ivory-white sepals covered on the outside FIG. XXXm.— TOOTHWORT, (Fift. XXXIII., 21, and i« terminated by a cluster of white flowers (Fig. XX.XIir.. .1). -Ml the organs are arpangeil in groijp.^ of two. Each flower has two pairs of sei>als and two of petals, so placed that the ooroUa has the atipcar- ance of a cross with equ.i! .Trm=, Tlii- ar- rungenient being characteristic of all mus- tards and cresses, the family has been nam- ed the Crueiferae from crux, a cross. There are six stamens, two of which are 34 FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. shorter than the others (Kig. WXIIt., i) The pistil ii< comlxjsixl of t\v»i unitiyl I'lir- tTv'vi'.";^ 'i'? ''"'.^ '»,■' '""«• "'" P- comea thick and fleshy, forming the gr'e:lter gart of the edible portion of the fruit, ut in the closely allnd plum family t*ic caJyx is tree from the ovary aji-l only the latter goes to form the [ fruit (Pig. XXXV., 2). The choke- I cherrv ;Prunu8 virginiana) may be contid- ered a type of this family and ia one of th« most widely distributed wild species. It has large pointe*! leaves, long flower-clusters (Fig. XXXV., 1), and d'ark criiiu«n fruits, unusually large and ioveet in the form whicli occurs on southern prairies. Among the shrubs which flower in May, must be mentioned the American fly hon- FIG. XXXV I.— A MK 1UC.\ N EYSUCKLE. FLY HON'- eysiiekle, Lonieera ciliata (Fig. XXXVL), which delights in uptumeKl stumjw in dam)*, rocky woods. ITiia straggling bush, about tour or five feet in height, e quite common from Nova Scotia to the Saskatchewan River, and Is occisionaUy foun greenish or straw-coloured aejials and Tietal*) are united into a six-lobed lier- ianth, to which are attached .six sta- mens (Pig. XXXVII., 3). Later in the summer, the bloe«om-S are suc- ceeded by pretty dark-blue berries. The common name of the plant was given to It, becauie of round marks resembling the stajnp of a seal (Fig. XXXVII., 1) upon the rhizome, the scars indicating the position of the aenal st*ms of former years. Found from Western Ontario to the Saskatchewan Kiver, the great Solomon's seal, Polygon-i- tum gigantum, often reaches a hei,:ht of six or seven feet. I'he stems are cloth- ed with large da ning leaves; and there are from two to l ,ht flowers in each clus- ter. The wild spikenard, Smilneina racemnsii, (Pig. XXXVIIl). is often eaBed false Solo- mons seal, but it brar- little rescmbliiiKC to ■ srA«£« ' 4TI&MA FIG. XXXVII.-SOLOMOMS SEAL. FIG. XXXVIII.-FALSE SOLOMONS S£AL. FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. IT polygonatum. The Bmall white flowers are | grouped in one large terminal cluater and are followed by pale red berries speckled with purple. It is much more widely dis- tributed than Solomon's seal occurring in moist thickets from the eastern to the western shores of Canada. At first glance, twiatod stalk (Streptopus poeeiis) Heems to resemble Solomon's seal more closely, but its rose-purple bells are borne on twisted stalks, either singly or in pairs, and the parts of the perianth are not united. The flowers described are only types of those prolusely spread abroad by bount- eous May, Therefore, he who would ap- preciate each new creation to the full, must daily wander far a-field, seeking vi- sions of fresh beauty before their loveli- ness fad-ee away. VU. " THE LEAFY MONTH OF JUNE." The world is now a svmphony in grren. The sunlight, filtering through myriads of leaves and dancing on mossy bank and grassy knoll, still brightens many a dainty blossom lingering in shady nooks. But the borders of open woods, the corners vt fences, the margins of lake and river ure summer's treasure-houses. Already dande- lions "paint the meadows with delight.' and daisies are beginning to open their eyes. There is no lack of less familiar beauties. In open woods and through the fence-rails the wild geranium waves its graceful stems. From Newfoundland to M;ui- itoba, Geranium maculatum (Fij?. XXXTX), flourishes in open grassy thickets, branch- ing repeatedly ana reaching a height ot two feet. The basal, heart-shaped leaves, divided into five wedge-shaped lobes, are borne on long stalks, and in old age become covered with whitish or purplish blotches (Fig. XXXIX., 1). The stem leaves arc much Hmaller, and one pair generally forma an involucre at the baj«e of the looee flower cJiister {Fig. XXXIX., 2). The light purple flowei**, which swjy on almHer stalks, are few in number (Fig. XXXIX., 3). Bu<:h has five pointed sepals, covered like stem aiifl leaves with hair; and five petals about half an inch in length and bearded at the base. The ten stamens are arranged in two whorls, the five longer having glands at their bases. The pistil is the most interesting organ of the flower, as it is a clever con- trivance for shooting the seeds out into the world. It is composed of five closelv united carpels (Fig. XXXIX., 4), the styie>^ FIG. XXXIX.— WILD GEUANIUM. forming a long beak, on account of which the reime geranium or "crane's bill" wa.s given to the plant. Whni the sopds are ri,i>e, the five parts separate at the bottonn from the c<*ntr,\! axis (Fig. XXXIX., 5); and, cm-ling bi-k- ward, hurl the seeds into the air, ais stone-' are fluneedwoU, Veronica serpyllitolia (Kig. XLIV.), will be foTin, in evxry part of the Dinninion. 'I'he simple branches fi-om two to fmip inc-hiw in height bear several mir? uf ronml«l l™,^w (Fig. XUV., 1) at the biW, liut the-se Eraituffllly meiye into tlie small, "leniler bracU (Fig. XI,IV.. 2) of the Jooee flower-chiatera. Fjich blownm has a tiny calyr, and a pale b?ue porolla strinod with a darker shade. Of the four petals iirited at their ba-ses, the upper ia the langwt (Rsr. XLIV.,3). There are only two i-tamens. and the pistil vnth its slender fivie hits a two-oelled ovary, which ririens '"'.o ".^.'l'"™;'. flirt pod, notched at tho ton (Hg. XLiy., 4). A very preltv relative of this plant IS the American brooklime, Ver- onica amencana, which often rceal', the torptnienot, growing by the brook sida and alxiiit spnnga. Several other species o( veronica are common in Canada, the im- ,I( nty. nice the thyme-Ienved speedwell hav ing a striped corolla in which fanciful minds have seen a resemblance to St. Veronica's handkerchief. Although plants of ordinary type are most charac eristic, Canada is not without her curiosities. The pitcher-plant. Sarraccnia purpurea, so common in peat bogs and tamarack .swamiis, is found from Ubiador to the Rockio This strange plant bears a cluster of hollow I,v.,ca close lo the grouml; hese arc rci.lM, without imlc gTOn within, and veined witl. a rich crim- son, Uma forming a pleasing contrast to the via. XLV.-mciiKR i-lakt. rale moss amongst which they grow. The dull purple flowers are quite as interesting as tlie leaves, suggesting by their form the name side-saddle flower. Each bloMom nods from the top of a tall scare, a foot or ^ more m height. The five «pal«i (Fig. XLV., 4) and five petals (Fig. XLV., 5) are lAnilar in colouring, but the latter are incurved over the stigmas. The pistil has a five celled ovary (tig. XLV., 7) and the short style e.vpandj at the top into a flve-rayed umbrel- la, under the angles of which are the small hooked stigmas (Fig. VU. 6). To return to the leavM each is a curved, ascending body (Fig. Xf.V., 1), hollow an.1 furnished with a broad wing (Fig. XLV., 8). At >h« top IB an erect expansion or hood ( Fig.XI. V •)), vvhun never closes the pitcher. The bright leaves attract unwary insects, entic- ing them to a watery grave. Jf a fly crawls over the slippery edge of the pitcher it hecomes lost m the thicket of bristlv hairs whic point downwards, pre-^nting any return when the journey has been begun. I he victim finally drops into the water with which the pitcher is half filled, and there Its body decays and di.ssolvee, probably act- ed upon by a digestive substance in the water. Ihe solution is then absorbed by the plant, supi)lenienting the insufficient amount of nitrogen it obtains from tlie |ioor soil. inua the side-saddle flower is an e.\cel- FLOWERS OF THE FIELP AND FOKEST. lent cxniMitlr f»f "rarmwtrowi pl«al-»," mativ »pp<'iM of wliioli. boWmBing to vnrii'iw fiiiml- im, ai>niii)() in diflerenit piirU of Ihu \vi>rM. vin. JUNE OKCHIDS. What a world of mystery hoi long been ■UBKe»ited by the very name.orcKid! Dream* of tropical foresU, wiiere beauty and danger lurk toRetbtT, come with liiu thought of theM^ flowers, llauntt-d by such viaiona of gloriouu beauty and of stranne forma, it is often a iturpriM to learn mat sixty speciei of orcliidi) have been found growine wild in Canada. Many are inconspicuous, but tome glow with rich huea and charm by gmre of line. Dwelling far from the haunts of men, they are generally unsought and unjteen. But explorers of our nat.ve wilds are re- warded not only by the peculiar delight of finding rare and beautiful specimeriH, but they are introduced to mo«t fascinating puz- zWs, Bolved only after ]nitient waiting. Fur there are amongst the orchids no chanco grott-'squeft, no incomprehensible variations; each eccentricity of form, each coloured line, each mechanical device has a purpose which can be understood when the flower ij stud'.ed with its insect friends. So ex- clusive have these floral aristocrats become, ihaf. in many cases hospitality is denied to all but one claas of visitors, and the door is firmly barred again-*! uninvited guests. A careful examination of one will give a cine to the secrets of all. Therefore, the showy orchis, Orchis speotabilis. will be discussed as a type. Throughout Eastern Canada, it springs "deep hidden in the damp recedes of the leafy woods." Ivow, rich maple and b*.-ech groves are its favour- ite haunts, but it is nowhere abundant. Epiphytic orchids, that is those which ab- sorb all their nourishment from the air, must be sought in warmer countries; and, like other Canadian species, the showy or- chia is prosaically rooted in the soil, Fr a mass of fibrous roots, a very short si arispft, bearing two large shining leaves (h'ig. XLVI., 1). From between them spring> a noape, termanating in a loost cluster of flowers, eat-h of which is furniished with a d«rk -green, podnted bract. The inx'gulur fluwxT (Fig. XLVI., 2) ha^ a one<*lled ovary, from the top of which the aepalfl end petals seem to ariae. Thia appearance ia due to the fact that the baae of the p( ianth ii closely fk;. .\l\'i. snowv (Hiciiis. attitched to the ovary, and only the upper portion is free. 'Jhe sepals are petal-like, and coloured, and one of th** in-tals, wliicli differs from the othei-s in f(irm and posi- tion, is called the lip and acts as a plat- form upon which insects alight. In the centre of the flower stands the column, composed of a single stimen closely united with the style and stigma. The lip of the showy orchis is pellucid, white, and Avavy in outline, while the other petals and the sepals are slightly united in « pinkish-purple hood, which over-arches the column (Fig. XLVI.. 2). The lip turru- down and in continued in a long spur-like nectary, the opening to which is just below tiie column (Fig. XLVII). The flower, us Gibson has shown, is adapted c^- pecjally to the visits of bt-es. The anther-xtcw of ihe stamen are slight- ly separated and parallpi. Bach in filled with a mass of pollen, the grains of which are united by a cobwebby elastic srubstance into a large, club-shaped Jtwdy, called, a pol- 32 FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. Fir,, XLVII.-SHOVVY ORCIIIS-POI, LINATION. liniura. (Pig. XI.VI., 3.) Eiuh pollTO-in.i-- i» borne on a slender utalk, which ends in a Bticky disc The dines of the two pollinia fit into a little socket, covered by a deiicat* membrane, and just below the-n is the broad stiuma. When a hungry be» ap- |. roaches the flower he slights on the lip, ami thrURtt) hirt proboscis down the nectary, (Fig. XLVII 1). In his cagcrnese, he brinns ni8 head violently agai-st the membrane, y""'il. Pi'o'.ects the pollen discs, rupturing It. The sticky discn then elinji closely to the face or head of the bee. and he Anally Vif.» 5;*;"'' bearing the pollinia with him. (fig. XL\ II. 2). In about the length of time It takes to fly from one flower to another, the pollen masses droop; and, aa the bee enters the neit flower, they are thrust naninst the stigma to which the pollen clings (Fig. XLVII. 3). The withdrawal and movement of the pollinia may be demon- strated easily by placing a pointed pencil into the opening of the spur and immediate- ly removing it (Fig. XLVII., 4). Shortly alter pollination the flower withers and the ovary bcctnnus a pod filled with an enormoua number of tinv seeds resembling fine sawilust in ap- pearance. Few orcjiidu produ-s le.« fl, ,n d,uou seeds in each pod, and Muller found 1,750,440 seeds in a single pod of Maxiliaria But orchids are so highly specialized that i they rarclv find that cunibinstion of eircnin- -tanora wbicb is ftvouribl* to survml; snd nntwilhatanding the multiplicity o( trd: plaiils all- never very abundant. The «lio«y orchis bloom» in Mov and .lune, while the clouly allied Orchis rolundifoliu, -UikIi i> Piiind III peat Ixigs as far west as V".' ""n'.'l*' M"i"il"i"s. Hovers in .lune ami •luly. The latter plant has only one leaf at Mil- base, and the threp-l.tlied, white lip Is -liotteil with tmrple While some a"scrt tbat the showy orchis 1" the earliest representative of Uie family, others assign this honour to Calviwi bore aUs. (Fig. XLVIII.I Fr..Mi the Atlantic to the I ai-ihe. it grows in eisil bogs ami dump woods, burying its bulbs and coral-like roots deep in moss. The bulb gives rise to one glossy, dark green leaf (Fig. XLVIII.. 2), and a short s<-jpe bearing a single iK'iidu- lous flower (Fig. XLVIII., 1). The gl-jc«- FIO. XLVIII.-CALVl'SO. fuJ, -sweet-scented blossom has narrow, twisted, fjttle-pink sejials and pelaU. and a large saccate li|), two-parted and beanW with vellow and [link So exquisite is the flower that its discov- erers felt that it \vTas akin to the divine and named it after an immortal. Similarly, the most beiutiful genus amongst our native orchids is dedicated to the use of the fairest of ancient Boildesses lypri[*dium may be interpreted Veniis's slipper, but the plant is commonly called lady s slipper or moccasin flower. In May and June, the stemless lady's slipper, Cy- pripedium acaulc, is comparatively abund- ant m swamps, especiallj- under hemlocks and pines, from the eastern shores of the Dominion to the Mackenzie River. It has FLOWERS OF THE FIELO AND FOREST. :i3 two litrKc oval l^avM (Fitf. XMX-. 1) )y- irm eliMw to thu imMit, ainitlut wliifU thi' Slant tcr»wi4, ami u ^■.i\>v beiintijf on** Ur,iv ower (Fig. XUX., 2}. In jH tliu ryimrM^liiinin, th« li|> M awollen aittl h.x: like, fortniniir a nettary. 'Hu- i-olumn dif fi-ri* niaU'riiiUy from that of olUvr orchini|i^)rfHiicer is unusually large and inflated, and is cleft bv a fissure which extfjnda the length of its face. It is an exquisite rose-colour, veined with wavy lines of a deeper shade, but the rest of the flower is purplish brown or green. If a bee enters the pouch through the cleft, it fir^t sucks the nectar, then turning about it crawls out at Uie opening beneath the col umn. In doing so, it first comas in contact with the stignia, and theu with the anthi r^ which deposit loose, powdery pollen on the insect's back. Repeating th.e process at uioUier flower, the bee again in eticaping meets with the itigma Wfore the anthrr>4. The former, instead of Itnnji cmooth atid itiiky, i« bt-wt with littlr, "tiff, pointiii pio- jectinnii whioiiit ImckwanU and form an effective brush fo- removing pollen from an inwct as it ::\'M-t. l.iu-* cn.SH jMillin.i- tion in ensured ai.d selt pullinalion i» wud* cred impOMible. Hix otlM-r 8i)t'i.'ie- of cyprliwdium have hd-n observed in Canada. Tho handsonieHt of all iM the tthowy lady's i^lipper. Cyprip*- dium sjicctabile, whiih it often found in l*at-bi)it(( nnd tamnruc swamps from N'tv.i Scotia to tJcorBinn Buy. It ban Hev.rnl ovate Icavi-s. nnd thi' flowi-r diitphiy* a largi- ru«y pink Mtript'd lip and whiiixh pelaU and st'|)als. Two yellow lady's slippers blonHorn from May to July. The smaller Cypripcdmni parviflorum. bears "golden slippers mcit un fiiiries' feet." It often occurs in swami* in Ontario, and is fouvid as far west as thi' Rockv Mountains. The fragrant, grartful flower has a deep-yellow sat* ami rrildi^h- brown sepals and petals. The larger yellow lady's slipper, Cypripedium pubescent, Jian a pale-gold lip, sometimes striped or spotted with "rubiea. fairy favourH," and the nar row petals and sepals are of pale fawn col- our veined with deeper shade. Though never common, the intere«tin« ram's-head lady d nUpper, Cypripedium arietinum. isHomi*time^ found in Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba, occurring on hummocks in cedar and tam- arnc swamps. Though occanionally found in May and June, it is at its brat in July, it bears three or four leaves at the base of u low ptcm, and a solitary drooping flower. The small purplish blossom I1..8 a fanried resemblance to a ram's head with projectin« hems and ears and a tuft of wool at the too. liloAgomIng about thd same time as tho stemless lady's tlinper, the "elusive nymph," Arethusa bulbosa. displays lar«f roao-pun^le flowers (Fi«. L.. 1, 21 iii tht- peat-bogs of eaBtem Canada. This low herb haa one grass-like leaf, whitli sht-aths the srape, and a solitary, tf'rminal flower. The column (Fig. L., 3) is es|>ecian>' interesting. It is forked at the tip find thi" anther is closely fitted in the angle and hinged to the upjwr projection, hiding the potlen-mass behind it. When an inject st^•p^ upon the threshold and puts his hi-ad in at the opening of the shallow nectary, he pushes the anther more closety into its place; but, when he withdraws, the tip 01 thf anther catches on hi:^ bauk. swings o^ut, and smears him with tlie golden \K>\\ei\ majss. Then, winging his way to ajiother flower, as he enters, his back come^ in con- KLOWKRS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. T'i'i. L. ARinnrsA. tact will, tlic stiKiim, which ia on the iin h.Tv '"',"■ "l""^ f"WnK column, and ,o "o leaves liifl burden behind hira anj uathers a new one as he departs. Haulers aifoTh^r P°«'"';f'P''8™ia ophioglossoides, ia another rare beauty, well worth nnrsuit fS w, f Newfoundland and are found a, far west as Parry Sound. The perfume, sug- UMl geatiriK ripe red raspberries, i, waflcd ao- lOM the hedges inviting insects lo alight on he outstretched, fringed lip, "yhorc they are given a wt^loo^e verv siniilar to the gi-eeting which Are- Uiim extends to its guests. The e^.T(»n "i?""""' ^'■i''' " ''''°"' 'isht in- fca?n. • ,K °" 'i ;!"«''' "'■'"» <"■ lance-shapo „,„ t^^f /""" ».'"' "■" ^sment of the oigans will be understood from a glance ?ri„ T ''™™l«fnj''''K drawings of a flower (Hg. W., 2) with one petal and one sen il removed By as to show the column, and of gan,.™(Fi;" U'tf '""■ "■■= """■■ "■ The lovely Calopogon pulchellus has the wi'tlf rr^T."^ POgonia, and generaUy occurs eV, n ; />'."«'>") differs trom the oth- ers in not liaving a twisted ovary, thus, the aVe['"'%l}" '«="■' the upper Bide of the M ,^;e, seape, which sprmgs from a »mall, solid bnlb, is sheatheS at U e bas? »ith a gra,9-like kaf (Fig. LU I) and bears from four to eight ro« or lUac eilour ed flowers in a loo.v cluater (Fig. LII., 2). -/ __-.^^,^,<-\/ ANTHCtt FIG.LI.-SWEET POGOMA I ^^'^' ^"- ~ ^^I^POGOX OR GRASS '^- PINK. FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOIil-.ST. 35 TliP lip is c\(iiii>itc'ly bpaiiled with wliitt', yellow and purple Uatid, giving tlic plant 118 name, wliich means "bcautifiU beard." The sepajs and other petala are of a bright reddi!ali-l"urp]e colour, ami vi.Ty fragmnt. Several other orcliids may be sought in June, though no others ore aa beautiful and conspicuous as those described. But enough hiie been said of the wonders of theso plants, the (lowers of wliich, "through h>ng eraa of adaptation" have gradually shai>ed themselves to the forma oi certain chosen insect sponsors, looking to more certain per- petuation. IX. THE EARLY SUMMER. June and roses seem inseparable, but few appreciate an "unloved relative of the exquisite wild-rose." Nevertheless, the magenta blossoms of the purple-flowering ra.3pbcrry, Uibus odoratus, is found i ii gretn foliage are both showy and attrac- tive. The purple-flowering or Virginia raspberry, Eob'js odoratua, is found in rocky woods and shady fence corners from ^iova Scotia to Lake Superior, blossoming from June to August. It resembles its celebrated cousin, the common wild-rose, in t»e Keneral appearance of the flower (Fig. LIIL, 2), but is more closelv allied to the edib'e raspberries and blackberries. The large leaves (Fig. LIU., 1), of this* shnibbv bristly plant are most characteristic. They are toothed and three or five-lobed, the middle division being the largest and very pointed. Tciniinating the branches are loose clusters of large llnwers, which are a bright purplish red in the shade, but fade to a pale bluish-pink in the sun. Covered, like the stems with sticky bri.stly hairs, the calyx i ''oniposed of five long slender .•^epals v" ir,; ii! '^heir bases. The rounded I*tal : e live .a nu:^Her, but the yellow Stan.. I 1 aT'd thi^ pi„t;i ■ are very numerous. Thoug I < 'p;Lbi(' (f ,elf-poilination, cro^s- pollinu h', m rit'^u i'*?ccted by bumblebees and ot 1 .' -1 s-_i:i : sce'.Jng the nectar secret- ed botwv^m the uar .■■ of the filaments and the receptacle. The fruit resembles an or- dinary raspberry, but is flat, bioad, and not very edible. A humble representative of another large family is abundant from June to fcieptember. Brunella vultrans, sometimes called Prun- ella (Fig. LIV.) rejoices in several common LIU.— PLUPLE FIX)WERING RASPBERRY. j- FIG. LIV.— SELF-HEAL. names; a few, such as sclMicul and hoal-all, refer to the reputed meaicinal vir- tues of the plant, but "blue curls/' describes the appearance of the I flower. Whatever its propenies, brunella j deser\;es renown, for it has succeeded in adapting itself to most varied surround- ings in three continents. Several forms oc- cur from the Atlantic to the Pacific; M;;- coun thinks there may be two varieties in the cast, one of which may have been in- troduced, but he regards the western form I as undoubtedly indigenous*, jn pastures and j by du^ty roiidsidcs, self heal in a 1o\v,ibLuuU d I plant; but in wot wxxmIw and by etre«in-i, : it reaches a height of two feet and bears I large bright rluaters of flowers. Like other , members of the mint family, it is distin- '■ guished by a square stem, opposite leaves 3(1 f;.owers of the field and forest. "orm of the pistil nnd the nuiiiDcr of t n ftamens. The oblong or ovale oaves m,v be entire or toothed, hairy or smooth ^.'it uie iwo-lipped; the former is nuite B),ni-t and closes over the fruit, the laUer is r™ £1iS^;;^fc^t-n;^^jC,d^ mens wl, M '^"■■'' and arches over the sla- &?A f^"^™ ^^^ -t'h''e'r "K and folm;' P " r'",' '"'^'^ i« deeply lobed j i^gXi^''^ ^aJ^- ,„;^ K: ! f^ysj"^'f--,^';;-n°^.;r'!;: sed< not o"*! 'K"', '"■■ " ™™'^"'. they throat „f?,'^ »" ''°ry "--e-led in the dusted uJl tv^"'"'^- '"■' !'""" "•'">h is stamens "^ ^™ ^'"°'" "" overarching of'£°'N?7' '''"° ^"'<' f''™"nt«! colour nvi^; J, *"''[• ""'^ '""y >»■■ they re- sile blue* flal "iT^"' ■"', "'" invitation of tI,. J 1, ?■■'",', versicolor. (Vg. LV \) The nch yiolet-blues of the perianth va v«ned with gold and purple, Reflect t e magn,ficen.e of the rainbow, from whick the genus takes its name. The fleur-de ly ' itL v!?"" °l 'Chivalry," was chosea W 1 „M c "k'I", •"' '""'k''' But the flower of Th„„,Si,K'''f '*.?;"'*; """> the blue flag. t„l ."^V ""' °^ "" '"""• which is uni- ted to, the ovary at the base, ix>a«es-es thi". recurinng outer divisions (Fi,; LV 1) md "'^.^ller erect inner divis o. 8 or ^^1 tals (lig. LV., 2), The style is divi.l^l FIG. LV. - BLUE FL.V.i Wn ijr i l- EYED GRASS. ''"^ '^■ int„ .h,' I'.IV ■""•' ^Ve IS du'i.le.1 be„n', r ..P«''''-''l'^'''i'"« the* nee,l ,\, ?;■,"* common blue flag is abumlant n ditches, swamps, and along river , nt^"'''I^A''-/''°'" Newfoundland to W „. nipeg, and its more gi-aeeful si'.^rter Iris marshes of the eastern coast. Tlie latter sl'k 3 fl, °f "f, f^V °" very slender std.ivs and the fruit is sharp y three-ansled A closely allied plant blossoming at the «ame time, is the blue-eyed grass Sisv- inchium angustifolinm (Fig. LV lii u- !''".?'''"« or purple flowers d splay the ; hearts of gold in every meadow on sunny June mornings, but close forever later^^ trcteZt:-ffS^?'S nety IB found in the we'.t "' i'.uoifX"(i4 Lvifis^^LT'^' ^"^r""" form and cofouring.''' itZowTZ".':.!," f?'l ".n-J in, rich woods ge*„™rdly°",en™S flri„'""'^!i "' ^-Vr Brunswick, Quebec On tario and possibly as far w.=t Vs th. -S,^ SaSt^'pS^^ti's FLOWKRs OK THE FIELD AND FOREST. FJ(J. r,\r.-FI!lN(li;i) POI.VdALA. f!?L*„'"*''.''^T''-" Uef'Kl" "'loots arising from prostrate or underground sterna bear small acalelike leav»il)el(,w (Fig LV[ ll , cJiBter i»f large loaves above (tTg LVI ii' and from one to tour flowers at tha toi,! on sliort stalls (Fig. LVl., 3). Of 11,e five sepals (iig. LVI., 4), three are small while two are large and coloured like petals. t^lh JIX 'T.'*'* "^^- J'VI.,5)aK.m,it',l with each other, and the central one is Jliex (*ig. LVI., 6). The Six stamens, groui,. ed m two sets are united at their bases and endowed an the keel (Fig. LVL 7) .mf the pistil has a two-celled ovary and » Binder curved style (Fig. LVI 8) In a,l l; Uon to these "bitteifly blooms" the pint possesses other small flowers or under ground brandies. These [xrodute numerous eeeds, eauaing G.ib«n t„ sav t ,T he ) polygala has "one playful flou. If hv the world another for serious use and pos tenty." It is protoblo that the shtwv ' blossoms prevent the degeneracy apt to follow incessant self-pollination, whi'e the closed flowers guard against thi dying ou? '• of the species m, cases where visitli from I bumblebees are infrequent. Five otC species of, polygala have been re.wrted as oT-w-JI?^ Is" t?e''^r:^eii?rti£rnf I Kqually interesting in its habits is the LVlCrh'-' K^^r^, .^-W'tifili, "(Fig l^VID. Tbm beautoful low shrub U, verv «bun