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THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIBED. ILLUSTRATED WITH ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIVE ENGRAVINGS, FROM PHOTOGRAPHIC AND PENCIL SKETCHES OF THE MOST CELEBRATED RIVER, LAKE, MOUNTAIN AND FALL SCENERY IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. LONDON: H. BAILLIERE, 219, REGENT STREET, And 290, BEOADWAY, NEW YORK. EDINBURGH :~McLACHLAN & STEWART; and EDMONSTON & DOUGLAS. GLASGOW :-GRIFFIN & CO. DUBLIN :— HODGES & SMITH. \EI3:-G. FOWLJili, 6, RUE M0NTPEN8IEE. MADEID;-B. BAILLIERE, CALLE DEL PRINCIPE. L-^-f t;'^ J TO THE READER. -♦^ No work Imving been piiMifjhed on America roeciitly, it: oocurrpcl to tlio nuthor, whilst on a journey tliroiiirji Canada and tlie United Stat*?, last year, that, from the great change which the New World has undori,'one lately, recent information on the state of the country, and on .subjects generally interesting to readers in (ireat Britain, got up in a style practically useful as well as instructive, might bo aeceptuble at the present time. To reiuler such a work as interesting as pos.-ibl.', and ut the same time assist him to more clearly illustrate some of the physical as well as a few of the social features of the country, the author hn,s availed himself of the assistance of the Artist, riiotngrapher, and Engraver, as he felt that any words of his own would fall short of doing that justice to the subjects and places whicli he was desirous of noticing. To preserve as far as possible all the truthful details of the photographic views— from which many of the illustrations wliich appear are taken— the author has had them re-pho- tographed upon wdod ])y Price'.s new patent jn-occss, so that the engravers have been enabled to present exact reprosentatioiis of every sccine taken from such ; consequently, he feels confidence in submitting them for public approval. To describe all the places noticed, from the author's own observations, was impossible in the time at his disposal. Consequently, a portion of what appears has been compiled from some of the most reliable sources, with the view of rendering the work more complete than it would otherwise have been. As, however, lie is now in the course of visiting other localities in the United States, he will be able to present such, at a future time, from his own observations and cxperien.'c, together with some other articles on " Things as they are," and illustrations which were not ready in time for this publication. For easy reference, this work has been divided into five parts, with an index preceding the contents of each part. Part First, cont..ins descriptions and illustrations of some of the principr.'. cities on the Atlantic seaboard, and north-western States of the United States. Part Second, entitled "Scenes and Scenery," is intended to illustrate some of the most remarkable objects and places of interest in the United States and Canada. ^mm HW^9"^ 10 TO TIIK HKAPKU. Part Tiimi. relutos to Cunndn, with ilencrlptlonH mid illustrations of the pri.u-ipnl citi.'s and townH, nny tli^ introduction of artieUs on subjects not gei:erttlly noticed hy writers on America, he trusts that, taken as a wliole, they will l-e found worthy of perusol. the piiiicipiil cHii':^ H ti'iivilliiii^ to uny itutloiif, coinmerco, OH 011(1 Canuda, agriciilturists, wlio III and |>r<)»peet!« of ioh he Ims written, iihiaHSL'd, and dUin- 1 treatfd l»y otliiTd here to ronder thi- bjects not yor.ernlly ill Vie found worthy r^^srr- GENERAL INDEX OF CONTENTS, ARRANQED IN PARTS. CONTENTS OF PART i. PAOK HultiiTiore, City of m Boston, City of. M Brief Account of U. fStute.s. 17 Biitfalo, City of. k7 (Uiicugo, Citv of. 1)3 ('incinniiti, Oity of 75 City of Builitnoi'c nu " Boston 50 " Bullalo 87 " Cincinnati la " Chicago 1)3 " Clcvehind H4 " Detroit 'j\> " Madison loo " Mdwaukcc ;., <)6 " New York 2') " I'liihidclphia r»2 " I'ortiand m George Washington 16 Hon. James Uuciuuuui 22 New York- View of City 2") Broadway. .'. 27 I'arkand City Hail....'.! 28 University 20 Halls of Ju.stice 30 Custom House 30 Merchants' Exchange 31 Free Academy 30 Private Residence 83 The Cooper Institute 33 The Hospital 84 La Farge House 35 ( paqr Cify of Pittsburg 71 " St. Louis 73 " City of Wasiiington 47 Detroit, City of. ity Klevations, in Anioriea.... Ik George Washington it; Gov-i-nment of U. States.. 21 Hon. James Buchanan 22 Illinois, State of. uil Iowa, State of 103 Madis n, City of , . loo Michigan, State of loo Milwaukee, City of 90 Minnesota, Territory of 112 Missouri, State of 109 Mountains in America 17 Mount Vernon ;-,o nXUSTKATIONS OF PAST I. New York- Trinity Ciiurch 30 All Soul's' Church 37 High Bridge— Aqueduct. 41 Bank of the Kepublic 42 Pheian's fiilliard Koonis. 42 Washington— The Capitol. 48 The Patent Otlice........ ni Baltimorcr— View of City.. CO New Orleans- View of Canal Street 64 The French Cathedral. . . 65 Avenue in, the Cemetery. o7 Ohio River— Susp. Bridge. . 69 Wheeling, Virginia 70 New Orleans, City of 83 Patent Ollice, Washington., .'il Philadelphia, City of 52 Pittsburg, City of 71 Portland, City of 91 Presidents of United States 22 Rivers in America ijj St. Louis, City of " " ' 73 The (Japitol at Washington. 48 The Great Lakes 20 United States, Account of.! 17 United States' Government. 21 United States' Presidents. . 22 United States' Gov. Depart's 23 Washington, City of. 47 Wheeling, Virginia . " *. 70 Wisconsin, State of. 104 Pittsburg— View of City.. . 71 Cincinnati— View of City. 80 Third Street 77 Fourth Street .' go Masonic Temple ..... 78 National Theatre 81 Cleveland — View of Superior Street. 85 Buffalo — Looking up Main Street. 88 From the Creek 89 Detroit— View of City 92 Chicago— View of City 95 Milwaukee— View of City.. 97 Madison, View of. 99 Albany, Scenery between New York and Alleghany Mountains, The. A-ltamount, Alleghanies... . A^von Springs Jallston Spa .'.".'.' Baltimore to Cincinnati .... laltimore and Ohio Railroad Jeauharnois, St. Lawrence, lottom lands in Mi3.sonri, Ireezes on the Prairies lurning Springs, Niagara., 'anadian boat-song CONTENTS OF PART Canandaigua Lake 62 Cape May ^g Cassidy's Ridge. .....'. '. '. '. [ 15 Catskill Mountains...!!!!! 58 Caughnawauga, St. Law- " Fence 45 Cedar Rapids, St. Lawrence 45 Crooked Lake 52 Chauderie Falls, Ottawa! ! ! 82 -." — *■ — • ■ «•!« V ailcy .... la Cincinnati to Columbus. . . 19 Clarksburg 17 Clifton Springs ! ! ! ! ! 51 1 64 7 13 62 61 7 22 45 28 29 77 79 II. Climate of Missouri Valley. 29 Cohoes Falls 43 Columbia Bridge Susqueha. 23 Columbia Springs 62 Columbus to Cincinnati.!!! 19 Columbus to Baltimore.... 2t Columbus to Philadelphia. . 21 Columbus to New York 21 Cranberry Summit 1,1 Cumberland, Alleghanies.. 12 Davenport, Iowa 80 Descending the Rapids 43 Falls of the Chauderie 82 6 (JKNKIlAr, IN'DKX OP CONTKNTS. L PAOI FnlU of tlic Rldonu *^'i KiillH, l-itti <1'^ FllllMofOollOfl* *^ KiillHofdi'mMC! <10 KiilU Islands, the Tlio\isund 4:! joflerson's Hock 10 Junction to Wlieelinj? imd I'urkersljuvf; !•') .Juniutu, Scenery of the 211 Kansas and Nebraska 27 Kauterskill Falls ■>•> Kingwood Tunnel l.'i La (Jliine, St. l-awrenco 4T> Lake (lainindaiguu O'J T)! t!2 Lake (Jeorge Lake Mahopac Lake of the Tliou.sand Isl'ds Lake of the Two Mountains so Lake I'epin, Mississippi 'i.'i Lakes Pleasant and Crooked Tij Lake Saranacs tiii Lakes (ienevauiul Seneca. . iW Lake iU. Francis 4ii Lake Superior 4ii Lake Svlvan, Catskill Mfns ryi Lake \Vinniplseo;jce .Vi Lebanon Springs 01 Little Falls li'J Little Miami Uiv'rand Ynl'y lit Iionff Sault Rapids -V) Lumber in Missouri l"J Maiden Uock, MiBsissippi . . n't vian Maniniolli Cave, Kentucky. 4H Miami Valley and lliver. .. . lU Minnehalia Falls .'I'J Misi«lsKipiiill'dKC,U St. Lawrcnci^ River, Rapids. 42 St. Paul, Minnesota I!.') St. Paul to St. Anthony's Falls 37 Superior Lake 40 .Sue<(uehunna River 28 Sylvan Lake C4 Tip-Top House 59 Trenton Falls 48 Trip up the Ottawa 79 Trip up the Saguenay 86 Trip through the Thousand Islamls 43 Trip u]) the Upper Miss'ppi 31 Tu)>per's Lake 02 Turk's Face, on the Hudson 08 Upper Mississippi River... 31 Upper Ottawa River 84 Valley of the .Missouri 27 Watering Places 48 White NL.untains 67 White Suljihur Springs 50 Willcy House .58 Winnipiseogee Lake 50 ulusteations of part n. AUaghany Mountairm. Viaduct across the I'atapsco, 8 ; Scenery at KUysville and Iron Hridge, 7 ; Harper's Fer. ry, 10; Point of Rocks, '.i : Mountain View, Cranberry Grade, 13 ; Grand Potomac Valley View, 11; Scenery on the Potomac, 11 ; The Cheat River Grade, 14 : Cheat Riv- er Valley, 14 ; Grafton Junc- • tion and Iron Bridge, 15 ; Piedmont — " Foot of the Mountain," 12 ; Tygart's Valley and Monongaheta Riv- ers, 16; Indian Mound, Moundsville, 17. Uatskill Mountains. .Scene in tlie MonntiiinH, fs.l ; The Kauterskill Falls, 55; View down Sleepy Hollow, 50 ; Sylvan Lake, 54. City of St. Paul, Minnesota. 36 Clifton Springs Water (Jure 51 GtnrKnee Fulls 00 Jilaccs 48 [(luntaius 57 lulphur, Springs 50 liousu 58 isuogoo Lake 60 08 ; Ronilout Creek, 09 ; or Hudson Stennier, 65. (ijIMisnijIpi. lint; uj) the Missisaipni, View between Lake land St. Paul, 34; The Ml Hock, 33; Bridge s the Mississippi, GO. 't. Laivrencf. jnding the Rapids, 44; ting the Long Sault :1s, 42; The Thousand ds, 43. iq vp the MimourL. . 38 lionj/s Falls 38 \anna, View on the.. 23 n Mountain, Missouri 28 I Fallx. [li"!! Falls, 47 : The Ca«- >,4T. Mountains. fop House, 59; TheWU- lousc, 58. UKNKUAL iNOK.X oF CONTKNTH. CONTENTS OF PART III. PAQR Addiiigtoii Itdud, free iitnd«. 37 Agriculture of ( 'aiinda .'M llaukitin ('aniida and iig'ts, Vi Hanks in (i. liiiluiii iiml Ire I'J Canada, gcner'l liifoi nialion ;il ('onsuU at Moiitical Iti (.'Innate ;;t ('"hditic'is of, free hinds. ,. .■Ill Crown liuid iigcnls ;)ii ('anadian hanks und agents, 4'2 I'rops, rolatliin of ,'j,'i Distrihution ,{) Land agents, giivernnu'iit. , lilt Lands, wild, cost of cKriiig. ;;,"i M Shaker Costume 80 Time Indicator 8ti "Two Forty" 60 i Water and Water Drinking 36 Usury Laws of' America. . . 2* ' Wayside Refresh. Station. . 48 Vegetables, Prices (^f TO ; Who are \ ankees i 3a Votinir bv Ballot 76 I Wila Cat Banking 21 American post-office syat'm Arrungeinents at Cas. Gar. Arrival at Nev York Arrival off Stuten Island . . Assistants, boardi'.g of Baggage after passing cus. Baggage and bag. checks. . Baggage o". board ship. . . . Benevolent societies Boarding assistants in Am. Bringing out goods to sell.. British and Am. currency.. British and Can. currency . British and Irish workmen. British gold in America British silver in America. . Canadian and Am. currency Castle Garden, New York. . Checks for baggage. Choice of a ship Clothing and artic's of dress Clothing for America Clothing for voyage Cotrmsrcia! travellers Coins of Ainericu & Britain Currency of U. S. and Can . Customs otticers on arrival. Doctors Drapery trade in America. . Dress Emigration depot at N. Y . . Employment, searching for. Agricultural ])roducts 71 Backwoods, life in the 57 Barley 72 Bees. 70 Bush life 57 Bush farming 56 Canadian farmer's life 59 Cattle 68 Cleared and uncVd farm:*. . 54 Clearing land 57 Cost of a farm 60 Dairy produce 68 Dairy stock 68 Farm and dairy stock 68 Farm, cost of GO Farmer's life in Canada. . . 57 Farming in the bush 56 Farming not in the west ... 63 Farming with capital 65 Farm produce 68 Farm, purchasing. , 61 Farms, cleared 'nd uucl'd.. 54 CONTENTS OF PART V. EMIGBATION- Examination of bag. on arr. 27 Examination of passengers. 17 Exchanging signals at sea.. 22 Expression of opin'n in Am. 34 Fogs at Sea 23 Gold coins of America 39 Goods to sell, bringing out. 12 Incidents on voyage out. ... 21 Intelligence offices 33 Introduction, letters of. 12 Land in sight 25 Lawyers 7 Letters from America 11 Letters from Britain 9 Letters of introduction .... 11 Literary men 6 Luggage or bag. from home 15 Management of vessels 19 Meals supplied aboard ship. 19 Money, difference in 35-39 Money of America 35 National oeuevolent societ's 41 New York, arrival at 31 Nf ." York cus. house offic's 26 New York, emigrat'n depot 28 New York wholesale prices. 74 "Off the Banks" 23 Opinion, exp'n by strangers 34 Outfit for voyage 13 Passage ticket lit home IC Port of departure 16 LAND AND AOSICULTUBE. 60 61 67 73 53 73 71 74 69 75 54 67 62 C3 57 59 58 68 69 72 73 70 40 29 31 20 50 27 33 20 41 50 12 36 36 44 39 38 36 28 83 13 45 14 13 46 38 36 27 6 47 45 29 32 Farm, selecting a Farin, terms of paying for. Fever and ague Fh/wers Forms of pre-empting land. Fruit Fruits and flowers Grain, wholesale prices Horses Homes, Emigrant Land, cleared and une'.ear'd Land measure tpble Land, purchasing too much Land warvanls Life ir the backwoods Life of a Canadian farmi r . Maple sugar tree Milk Mules Oats Peas IV Post-ohice system ia Am. . . 40 Purchasing railroad tickets 43 Railroad tickets 43 Reading the latest news. . . 25 Retail establishments 49 Retail storekeepers 46 Runners 42 Salesmen (retail) in America -18 Salesmen (wholesale) in Am 49 Searching for employment. 32 Sea-sickness 18 Securing passage tickets.. . 16 Ship, choice of 13 Signals at sea 22 Silver coins of America... , 88 Strangers expressing opin. 34 Suitable clothing for Am . . 14 Taking a pilot or. board.. . . 24 Those wbo should not emig. 6 Treatment of passengers . . ID /alue of American money. 35 Valueof Brit, gold in Am.. 39 Value of Brit, silv'r in Am. 38 Voyage out 18 Voyage, outfit for 13 Wholesale prices in N. York 74 Wholesale salesmen 49 Who ought to emigrate.. . . 8 Working classes in Am... 43 Workmen from G. Britain and Ireland 44 Potatoes b5-72 Poultry 70 Pre-emption 52 Purchasing a farm . 61 Purchasing too much land. 62 Raising a shanty 57 Scientific farming 64 Selecting a farm 61 Shanty, raising a 57 Sheep" and wool 7* Sheriff's sale 67 Squatting on land 52 Squatting scene in Kansa" . 53 Sugar tree in the backwoods 59 Terms of paying for a farm 61 Vegetables 73 Warrants, land 63 Weavers, now farmers 63 What 13 the bush 67 Wheat 71 Wonderful tree in the bush 58 ] iLhWiaATiOaS Or fAi:x v. Squatting Scene in Kansas 52 | British and American Coins 38, 89 Emigrant's Houses in the New World "75 .x PAoa EveniiiKS 58 rime 111 Anii'fica . . "iT of Credit 18 , WhoureV 86 Dancing 31 'ire Engiiie il> dicator 8ti ce system in Am. . . 40 ling railroad tickets 43 1 tickets 43 ; the latest news. . . 25 stablishinents 49 torekeepers 46 * 42 ■n (retail) in America 48 n (wholesale ) in Am 49 iig for eniplo3nient. 32 :ness 18 g passage titkets.. . 16 loice of 13 at sea 22 oins of America... 88 rs expressing opin. 34 » clothing for Am . . 14 a pilot or. board. ... 24 ■ho should not emig. 8 ent of passengers . . 13 f American money. 35 f Urit. gold in Am.. 39 f Brit, silv'r in Am. 38 out 18 , outfit for 13 ale prices in N. York 74 ale salesmen 49 ight to emigrate. ... 8 ig classes in Am... 43 en from G. Britain reland 44 a b5-72 ■ 70 ption 52 sing a farm . 61 sing too much land, 62 ; a shanty 67 tic farming 64 ig a farm 61 , raising a 57 ind wool 7* 8 sale 67 ng on Ibnd 52 ng scene in Kansa" . 59 ree in the backwoods 59 of paying for a farm 61 bles..... 73 its, land 63 rs, now farmers 63 s the bush 67 71 irful tree in the bush 58 [Joins 38, 89 75 art Jfirst. UNriED STATES. CITIES 0^ THE SEABOARD, A.\:) NORTH AND NORTHWESTERN STATES. ,! ' • CONTEXTS OF PAIIT I PAOB Bftltimore, City of, 59 Boston, City of ,06 Brief Account of United States 17 Btiffiilo, City of, 87 Chicago, City of, 93 (.'incinnati, City of, 7,5 t'ity of Baltiniopp 50 " Boston ,5(5 •' Buffalo 87 " Cincinnati 75 " Chicago 9S " Cleveland 84 " Detroit 92 " Madison ido " Milwaukee 95 " New York 25 Philadelpliia J52 " Portland 91 Pittsburg 71 " St. Louis 73 " City of AVasliingtoii 47 Detroit, City of, 92 Elevations, principal in America 18 tieorge Washington 1 g Government of United States 2I Hon. James Buchanan 22 PAG II Illinois, State of, loi Iowa, State of, 103 Madison, CMty of, 100 Michigan, State of, 106 Milwaukee. City of. 9« Minnesota, Territory of, 112 Missouri, State of, 109 Mountains in America, principal 17 Mount Vernon 50 New Orleans, City of, C3 Patent Office, Washington 51 Philadelphia, City of, 52 Pittsburg, City of, 71 Portland, City of, 91 Presidents of' United States 22 Rivers in America, principal 18 St, Louis, City of, 73 The Capitol at Washington 48 The Great Lakes in Amei'ica 20 United Slates, Brief Account of 17 United States' Government 21 United States' Presidents 22 United States' Government de])artrnents 23 Washington, City of 47 Wheeling, Virginia 70 Wisconsin, State of, 104 JTllnetrations. PAGS George Washington 16 Hon. James Buchanan 22 New York, View of City 25 " Broadway." 27 Park and" City Hall 28 " Univei-sity ..'. 29 " Halls of Justice 30 " Custom House 30 " Merchants' E.vchange ... 31 " Free Academy 32 " Private Resi(len<-e 33 " The Cooper Institute ,'^3 The Hospital 34 " La Farge House 35 " Trinity Chnrch 36 All Souls' Church 37 '" High Bridge — Aqueduct.. 41 " Bank of the Republic 42 Phfllan's Billiard Rooms . . 42 Washington— The Capitol 48 PAnR Washington— The Patent Office 51 Baltimore — View of City 60 I New Orleans — View of Canal Street. . . 64 j " The French Cathedral . 65 " Avenue in the Cemetery 67 I Ohio River — Suspension Bridge 69 j AVheoling, Virginia 7o j Pittsburg — View of City 71 '' Cincinnati. — View of City 80 ' " Third Street 77 I " Fourth Street 80 ; •' Masonic Temple 7S j " National Theatre 81 Cleveland — View of Superior Street . . 85 Buffalo— Looking up Main Street 88 " PVom the Creek 89 Detroit— View of City 92 Chicago— View of City 95 Mil waukee— View of City 97 Madison, View of 9S GEORGE WASHINGTON-FIRST AMERICAN PRESIDENT. "TllK I-ATIIKR Of 1'"* C-OL-NTUY." GEonoK WAsnixoTox was born at Bridge's Crook. Virginia. Feb 22a 1732._ At the age of 19. he was appointed one oftheudjutant-gonorabof Virginia. In V^-*'/";""!;!" peditlon of Gel/eral Braddook, who was killod. when the conunand devolved on AN aslnng- ton whose masterly eonduct of the retreat i. celebrated in bi.tory. He was «>on appo.nt- od eomn.a„der.in.ehief of the forees of Virginia, and in 1758 led the expedujon to Fo Du Quesne, (Pittsburg,) whieh repelled the French fro.u the western fronhel^ In 1 , <4, he was sent to the Continental Con-ress, and was appointed comnnuulerin-ehief of the Ameri- can army, and served throngh the Revolution, refusing to receive any j.ay for Ins services, and only reimbuvsemcnt of his expenses. In 1787, he was appointed a delegate to the national' convention f-n- forming the Constitution, and was ch<.sen its president. In 17b.., he was unanimously oleetod President of the United States for ^ years, and ""«"""-'^l> re-elected in 1793. " He declined a third re-eleetion, and issued his farewell address. After Mr Adams's inausiurntion, he retired to Mount Vernon, near Washington City, D. L., wlarc he died on the 14th of December. 1799, in the fi8th year of his nsje. His virtues and patriotism have won for him the imperishable title throughout the ^vorlU of " Tlie Father of his Country." I /l^ RESIDENT. i-2d, 17;V2. At the age 1754, lie joined the fX- L devolved on 'Washing- IIc was 8t)on appohit- [ the expedition to Fort •n frontier. In 1774, he erin-chief of the Ameri- anj- jjay for hi;* servifcs, inted u delegate to the its president. In 1789, year?, and unanimously farewell address. After ington City, L). C., where tie throughout the world BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE UNITED STATES. TiiE United States, u confederacy of sovereign States, and the most influential Republic of the world, occupies the middle portion of North America. This confederation, consist- ing originally of thirteen States, but now of thirty-one States, the federal district, and sev- eral territorial appendages, lies between the parallels of 24° and 49° north latitude, and the meridians of 10° east and 48° west from Washington, or 67° and 125° from Greenwich, ex- tencUng from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and from the British colonies on the north, to the Republic of Mexico and the great Gulf on the south. Tlie whole extent of this boundary is now definitely settled by treaty. The gi-eatest width of this country, from east to west, is 2900 miles, and the greatest depth, from north to south, 1780 miles. Its area may be estimated at 3,260,000 square miles, including California, Texas, etc., recently acquired. It has a frontier of about 10,000 miles, of which 4400 is sea-coast, and 1500 lake- coast. Its shores are washed by three seas, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. The principal bays and sounds on the Atlantic border are Passamaquoddy Bay, which lies between the State of Maine and the British province of New Brunswick ; Massachusetts Bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod ; Long Island Sound, between Long Island and the coast of Connecticut ; Delaware Bay, which sets up betwe ■ i Cape Slay and Cape Ilenlopen, separating the States of New Jersey and Delaware; Chesapeake Bay, which communicates with the ocean between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, extending in a northern direction for 200 miles, through the States of Virginia and Maryland ; Albemarle Sound and Pamlico Sound, on the coast of North Carolina. There are no large bays or sounds on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. On the Pacific coast, liowever, tliere are several excellent bays, but the principal and only one necessary to mention is the Bay of San Francisco, in the State of California. It is one of the finest bays in the world, and capable of containing the navies of all the European powers at one time. MOUNTAINS. Tlie territory of the United States is traversed by two principal chains of mountains, the Alleghanies on the east side, and the Rocky Mountains on the west. These divide the country into three distinct regions, the Atlantic slope, the valley of the Mississippi, and the declivity from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. The Alleghanies are less a chain of mountains than a long plateau, crested with several chains of mountains or hills, separated from each other by wide and elevated valleys. East of the Hudson the mountains are chiefly granitic, with rounded summits, often cov- ered at their tops with bog and turf, and distributed in irregular groups without any marked direction. Some peaks of the Green Mountains in Vermont, and the White Moun- tains in New Hampshire, rise to th ; -'ifjjit of 5000 to 6400 feet above the sea. After pass- ing the Hudson, the structure of the m untains seems to change. In Pennsylvania and Virginia they assume the form of long parallel ridges, varying in height from 2500 to 4000 feet, and occupying a breadth of 100 mil-js. In North Carolina the highest culmination is 6476 feet ; but in the northern part of .Georgia and Alabama, where they terminate, they again lose the foi-m of continuous chains, ".nd break into groups of isolated mountoins, touching at their base, some of which attain considerable elevation. Tlie Rocky Mountains are on a much grander scale than the Alleghanies. Their base is iOO miles in breadth, and their loftiest summits, covered with everlasting snow, rise to the leight of 10 to 14,000 feet These vast chains may be considered as a continuation of the :!ordiUera8 of Mexico. They are distant from the Pacific Ocean from 500 to 600 miles, but )etween them and the coast, several minor ranges intersect the country, of which the Mari- ime Range is the most conspicuous. 18 ELEVATIONS AND RIVERS. BI^A-nONB MOB. T«AV 1000 FK.T AHOVE TUK .KVKI. O. THK S.V Feet. Rocky Mountnins ^'y,,,, Sierrii Nuvuda ij^'^^-, South Pnss y'^iiO MmmtWushingtmuW^iteMmmtain^^io.^^ Mount Ailmns j^'g-^ Mount Jett'crson J^'^^r, Mount Miuiisuu ' Mount Monroo 5,340 White Face . . .(Adirondncks) Mount Sewiird "^ K&; (Green Mouniuin«). Ciimors Hump Slirewsbury Mountain Feet. . 4,1^55 . 4,000 . 4,000 . 4,'279 . 4,188 ikhn '.f,n Mount Fran Mount Lafayette. . . . . . • • • • • • Mount Marcv (Adirondacks). Mount Maelnty re. Mount McMartin.. ^^ Dial Mountain S.r.OO 5,40" 5,183 5,000 4,yoo 4,0H6 3,',iS3 3,',i'24 8,li'24 8,320 South Peak „ Killington Peak... ^^ E(luinox Mountain. ^^ Aseutney Mountain . l',aks of Otter (AUcghan.es) 4,200 Catskiii Mountains "'^^^^^ IMue Uidxe ...•••.••.•• f • ; i '400 Sources of the Mississippi i.*^'" RIVERS. f u TTnito.! States may be divided into four classes. Fint, the The rrincipal rivers of the UnUod State may ^^^^^^^ ^^ .^_ , Mississippi and its wide-spread braneiies winch '^'^ " ^l^^^^; ^.^^^^ ^„,^ „f u.e Alio- I eluded between the Aile.hany and Rocky ^^^^^^'^^^^ , Atlantic phun, and ! ghany Mountains, which, rising ft-o.n their easten -^> ;; "J^ ^^ ^,^. ,,,,, J, ,,,,■„,, ::^r.;r^e::frR:c^t^^^^^ The Mississippi Vfees west of Lake Superior m 1 Utu 47 47 ot ^^^^^^^^^ ™ps, dreary and '1;^»;- ^^f^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ tcetl perpendicularly 16 feet. 500 miles, readies the Falls of the ^, ; A"^^; ; .^ ,, «;,,, , «„uth-easteriy, and and where are numerous rapids. Horn thtse talis i Missouri, and then a southeriy direction; and after ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^J^ ^^ ,,„ ,,, Arkansas on the -f • "n^Wisconsin IHu^.s Ke^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ .,^^^ r^^r:; S' ^rz;;'^: m;:ri:;^^. ./. navi^ab.. with .w 0.1... tions, to tlie Falls of St. Anthony. P rs at P t^Tsbnr.^ It flows in a south-westeriy direction for 945 miles, separating the ^ ?at tnde The chief tributaries of the Ohio are the Wabash, the Cumberland, and the Te. ne e wWch last is formed of several streams from the western parts of \ irgtnta and th Carol 'n^-^^ich unite a little west of Kno.ville, in the State of Tennessee^ and n.ns first south-west into Alabama, where it turns and runs north-west, through Tennessee tnto Kentucky, and joins the Ohio 10 miles below the mouth of the Cumberiand. 4 The Yazoo, which rises in the northern part of the State of Mississippi, and, running Bouth-west, joins the Mississippi 100 miles above Natchez. The trilmtaries from the west are:— ., ,, „ r-,ii„„fqf An- 1. The Minnesota, or St. Peter's, which joins it aV,out 9 miles below the Falls of St. An thonv after a south-east course of several hundred miles. , , . , ,, „„,,,, 2 The Des Moines, which joins it near the parallel of 40° north latitude, after a Bouth- easterly course of more than 800 miles. , ,, j- .„„„,! 3 The Missouri, which is formed by three branches, called Jefferson's, Madison s a. 1 Gallatin's Rivers, dl of which rise and unite in the Rocky Mountains. The whole length from the highes point of Jefferson's River, to the confluence with the Mississwi, -, b nctual cour J about 2500 miles, and to the Gulf of Mexico about 4350 miles ; during the| whole of which distance there is no cataract or considerable impediment to the navigatio,.| RIVERS IN THE UNITED STATES. 19 iKK. Feet. 4,855 4,000 ■.".■ 4,000 juntains)... 4,279 ... 4,188 '« 4,086 ' ... 3,'.tS3 " ... 8,<.f24 ' ... 8,lt'24 '< ... 8,320 4,200 3,K0O "".'.'.'...... 1,500 1,400 ;la^9efl. Fb-d, the whole country in- s enst of the AUe- Mlaiitie phiiii, iiiul Gulf of Mexico, if the AUeijlianies, dXxA, fourth, tli03e Ocean. ■th, oiuiJ lakes and ■ast course of about •ndicularly 16 feet, south-easterly, and [owa, Missouri, and il Mississippi on the f many mouths into s, with few obstvufl- north latitude, id 4(»' north, ly and Monongnhela miles, separating the ;sis9ippi,in S7° north erland, and the Ten- of Virginia and the nnessee, and runs, at rough Tennessee into rland. sissippi, and, running w the Falls of St. An- atitude, after a south- irson's, Madison's, and 9. The -whole lengtli,| the Mississippi, is, livl 150 miles; during thei lent to the navigation,: except at Great Falls, which are above 2000 miles from the Mississippi. At these falls the river descends, in the distance of 18 miles, 362 feet. The principal tributaries of the Missouri are the Yellow Stone, wliich rises in the Roeky Mountains, and joins it after a north-east- ly course of COO ndles; the Nebraska or Platte, which rises also in those mountains, and, after an easterly course of 800 miles, joins the Missouri in latitude 41° north; and the Kansas, which joins it n«ar latitude 39° north, after an easterly course of more than 600 miles. Probably no district in the United States will shortly be attracting the attention of settlers, if not already doing so, than portions of the vast region connected with the Mis- souri River and Valley. The opening of the great Pacific mail route last October, will tend very materially to the development of that portion of the country, which is found to be suitable for colonization. The route referred to now joins St. Louis (Missouri) with San Francisco, (California,) or in other words, f(U'ming a continuous chain of rapid connnunioa- tion from the shores of the Pacific Ocean to those of the Atlantic— the great barrier of the Rocky Mountains, and the dreary wastes of its " bad lands," forming no longer any impedi- ment to the det.ermiiuition of American enterprise. The time occupied by the mail route referred to is 25 .lays. 4. The Arkansas, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, and pursuing a south-easterly course, forms, for some distance, the boundary between tin Indian Territory and Texas; after wnich, its course lies principally in the State of Arkansas, till it joins the Mississippi in 34° north latitude. Its length is more than 1300 miles. 5. The Red River, which also rises in the Rocky Mountains, below Sante F6, and, after a south-easterly course of more than 1000 miles, falls into the Mississippi, in latitude 31° north. The principal rivers east of the Alleghanies are : — 1. Tlie Connecticut, which rises in the highlands separating the United States from Can- Hn^) Del Norte 1,550 Ohio [with Alleghany] 1,050 Oregon or Columbia 1,400 Red River 1,000 Ottawa 800 Nebraska or Platte 800 Des Moines 800 MUa. St. Lawrence 750 " [including Great Lakes] 2,300 Tennessee 720 Susquehanna 6!*0 Kansas 600 Yellow Stone COO Connecticut 350 Delaware 350 Hudson 320 Potomac 310 James 310 Showing a total of 26,238 miles in all, and only of the rivers above 800 miles long each. THE GREAT LAKES. With the exception of Michigan and Champlain, none of the great lakes of North Amer- ica lie wholly within the territory of the United States ; the others are on the northern boundary, where they form a connected chain, extending through a distance of more than 1200 miles. The first in the chain is Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water on the globe. Few persons are really aware of the magnitude of these great lakes ; they are truly inland seas, and navigation is as dangerous, and subjected to all the vicissitudes which are connected with the navigation of the Baltic, the Black Sea, or the Mediterranean. Lake Champlain, lying between Vermont and New York, is 128 miles long, and from 1 to 16 miles wide, and discharges its waters through the Sorel into the St. Lawrence. It is computed that the lakes contain above 14,000 cubic miles of water — a quantity more than fivc-sovcnths of all the fresh water on the earth. The extent of country drained by the lakes, from the north-western angle of Superior to the St. Lawrence, including also the area of the lakes themselves, is estimated at 335,515 square miles. LAKES — GOVERNMENT OF UNITED STATES. 21 |r, in Florida. It is jf whicii rises in the outh-wost extremity forms tlie bouiidury by two large rivers, ifter Imving pursued era of rivers flowing )ine, Trinity, IJruzos, will be minutely de- i of:— south-west, fulls into icipftl tributaries are which join it on its ide in the neigiibour- ,• flats, but vessels of ber. a Francisco. luntains, empties into J United States), flow e Gulf of California, rivers. ■ms the boundary be- 1 of this work. T. MiUs. 7r)0 5reat Lukes] .... 2,300 720 6!<0 600 COO sno 3.=>0 320 310 310 miles long each. lakes of North Amer- * I are on the northern distance of more than r of fresh water on the t lakes; they are truly vicissitudes which are ( Mediterranean, miles long, and from 1 le St. Lawrence. It is -a quantity more than | ountry dr.".incd by the including also the area The following is a tabular statement of the extent of these fresh- water seas, with the mean depth of their waters, and their devotion above the sea:— NamM. Mean Length. Mean Breadth. Area. Mean Depth. Elev. ahnve Sea. Lake Superior -too milus 80 miles 82,0(iO sq. m !ioo feet. . Michigan 320 Huron 210 Oreen IJuy . . . 1(»0 Erie 210 Ontario \m St. Clair 20 70 KO 20 40 85 14 22,400 tt . .. 1,(100 " .. . .. r>(i8 20,4(10 a . .. 1,1 KM) " .. .. .'■)7.H 2,000 II ... 1,000 " .. ... 578 H.OOO 11 ... 84 " .. . .. M.-) 0,3(10 II ... COO " .. .. 232 300 u of oitiee i. four years, but he i. eligibl.. for re-.-leetion indetiuitely. The eleetora forming the college, are themselves ehosen in the n.u.mer prescribed by the laws of the several States A nuyority of the aggregate number of votes given, is necessary to the election of President and Viee-pre.i.lent, and if none of the candi.lates has such a nu.jority, then tho election of President is determin.nl by the House of llepresentatives, and that of the Vice- President by the Senate, from among tho three candidates having the highest nund.er of electoral votes, and in doing ho, the vote is taken by States, the representatives of each State having only one vote, which must, of course, be determined by a majority ot their nun.ber. No i)er8on can bo President or Vice-President who Is not a native-born citizen, of the age of thirty-five years, and who has been a r.'sident of the United States for fourteen years. The President is connnander-in-chief of the army and navy, and of the militia when in the service of the Union. With the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senate, lie has the mwer to make treaties, appoint civil and military officers, levy war. conelu.le peace, and do all that rightly belongs to the Executive Power, lie has a veto on all laws passed by Congress, but so qualified, that notwithstanding his disapproval, any bill becomes a law on its being afterward approved of by two-thirds of both Houses of (^ongress. The Presi- dent has a salary of ^•i5,m) per annum, and "tho Wldte House" at Washington for a resi- dence, during his official term. Tlie Vice-President is ex officio President of the Senate; and in case of the 'J. .' " 4, 1817. John Quincv Adams. July 11, 171)7.., " 4,182.1. Andrew Jackson.. .. March IS, 17G7 " 4, 1829. Martin Van Bure.i.. Decern. 5,1782' " 4,1837. William H. Harrison Feb. 9, 1773. . ., " 4, 1841. I ' ( Succeeucd John Tyler 'March 20, 1790 \ to the office I I of President James k. Polk Nov. 2, 1795. . . March 4, 1845. Zaclmry Tavlor ^Nov. 24, 1790. .; " 4,1849. 1 ( Succeeded Millard Fillmore. . . . May 7, 1800. . . -^ to the office I of President Franklin Pierce ;Nov. 23, 1804. . March 4. 1853 James Buchanan. . . .[April 23, 1792. i " 4, 1857 Conthutiince in o0ce, \ Died. I Xittlmol s yours 4 " 8 " 8 8 " . 4 " . ,8 " . 14 " • 1 month . Dec. 14, 1799. . Julv 4, ls2tl.. ' hd'v 4. \s-lj.. ' luiie 28, IS.K). ' lulv 4, 1S31., ' Feb. 23, 1848. ' June 8, 1845., 3 years and ) 11 months f 4 years 1 yr. 4 mos. . 1 •' 2 years and ) !8 "months. ) .'.4 years .jAt present. . April 4, 1841. June 15, 1849 July 9, 1850. Virginia. Mass. Virginia. Mass. S. Carolina. New York. Virginia. N. Carolina. Virginia. New York. New Hamp. Penn. i I I : Tlie administrative business of the nation is conducted by several officers, with the title of secretaries, etc., who form what is termed the " Cabinet." These are the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Postmaster-General, the Secretary of the Interior, and the Attorney-General — the last being tativoa have tlit; Eloctornl Collego, of eleetwrn bpinj? igrt'BB. llii* ft'i'iii elc'utora foriniiii( W8 of tlie He"en»l to tliu (.'lection of mjority, I lien tlio that of tht; Vicu- iiflii'st inimlMr of ciitiitives of I'iioli iiiujority of tlu'ir itive-boni citizi.'ii, >tute8 for fourteen f till' niilitiu when Senate, he bus tlie lieluile peaee, and ill laws jiaHsi'il l)y 1 becomes a law ijrcss. The l're«i- biiigton for a resi- it of the Senate; it, the powers ami r which the I'resi- le Tresident of the I 1189, to the pres- tates ; — Xiitive (ij IT'.i'.i. Viry;inia. sitl. . Mass. sjX.. Virginia. isnf,. s;5i..' l8W..Maa9. ,845.. S. Curolinu. New York. 841.. Virginia. 1849. N.Carolina. .8iJ0..|Virginia. New York. New Hamp. Penn. icers, with the title ■e the Secretary of )f the Treasury, the eral — the last being THE HON. JAMES BUCHANAN, PRE8IDKNT OF THE DNITKH STATE.S .J^i^n^-;:iy^^:::::;il^:;trreSSik::;.f^^ °^ ^r"^'^'^ ^"^"•' -"• m£ '^vlT''''^ ? V^"'"'*'? °^ ^""^'^''*-"** '■"'■ 1" ye"r*,'from 18-JO to 1831 • afterwards he S;.n ^"'''" 'V'"' rV' t''« Po^t of nrnbass^idor at the Court of Russia. 'and was „stru' twice re ek-ctellandirsT. fiT'l^l'''^ '^ ''"' '^'"'''^ '° "'*■' ^*''"^''^' *« ^^''^^ '>« ^"^ the PoUc adS; rnti^^^^ Aft 1 * •' ^"".-^ "■"/• ."' '^^■^•'•^■t"'T "f «tate, in the Cabinet of elected Prr/rff I? • iT^*^^T '"*=♦"•'"•"? *'•"'" >^«"S-' nmb«s,sador at Groat Britain, he was elected 1 resident of the United States on the -Itii of March, 1857. ""'"'", nt was UNITED STATES QOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. 28 the offl.lftl law aiitlioilty for ft.lvUument In uJiiiliilHtriUlvt! ufrulr*. Ench of tliu«o preilde* over r. i«'|mrttt«) (It'purtinciit. The " l>i'|Mirtiii.nit of Stuto" wnn cn-nfed by an Act of Congress of tho 15th of Heptember, iTfi'J; by a previous Act of the 27th of .July, 178», it wbm .lenoinlimted tlie Department of Foreign Airuirn. It enibraee.I, iintii tiio e,Mul>ll>*lini.'nt of the Dfjuirtnifnt of tin- Interior in 1849, wimt in winie otiier governments are xtyled tlie Di-piutment of Foreign Atl'iilrs and Home Department; but tlie duties now l>eing divided, it eonfinen it« operotlonn alinoBt en- tirely to foreign matters, and hence it# original title might, with propriety and convenience, bo reHtor«'d. The .Sfcretary of State conduct« all treaties between the United Htateii and foreign pw- erMirid forr.'KpoiidHodleiiilly with the public iiiini«ter»of the government at f..rl•i^n eourlu, uml with miiiiMtt-ra of foreign |)ower», renident in the United States, llu i» intrust, d with the publication of all treoties with foreign powers, preserves the originals of all treuticH and of the public correspondence growing out of iuternutioiinl intercourse; grantx |)aHgports to Ameiiean citizens visiting foreign States, etc. lie has charge of tlie (;reat Heal of the United Htotes, but cannot afHx it to any commission until signed by tlie President, nor to liny instrument without authority of the President. Salary of Secretary of State, f tl.ooo per annum (£1200 stg.) This department has subject to it the Diplomatic Bureau, and the Consular Bureau. The United States are represented by Ministers Plenipotentiary at the Courts of Great Britain, France, Ku^sia, I'russia. Si)ain, Mexico, Central America, Brazil, and Chili ; iiy Commission- ers at the Court of Pekin (China), and at the Sandwich Islands; by a Minister Resident at the Sublime Porte, and to the Swiss Confederation, and at other courts by Chargfis des Af- faires; ami United States' Consuls are stationed at all the important commercial ports in tlie world. Foreign Ministers accredited to the Government of tlie United States, are En- voys Kxliaordiiiary and Ministers Plenipotentiary from Great Britain, Russia, the Argen- tine Republic, France, Spain, Chili, New Grenada, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru; Ministers Resident from Portugal, Prussia, and IJclgium; and Charges des Attuires from Denmark, Austria, Holland, Swedtyi, Najiles, Sardinia, Venezuela, and Nicaragua. Foreign Consuls from all commercial nations reside in the several collection districts of the Union. Tlio "Department of the Interior" was csUii)lislie(l by an Act of Congress of the 30th of March, 18-ia. The Secretary of the Interior is intrusted with the supervision and nianngemoiit of all matters connected with the public domain, Indian aftairs, pen- sions, patents, public buildings, the census, the penitentiary of the District of Columbia, the expenditures of the Federal Judiciary, etc. Each of tliese interests is managed in a separate bureau or office, tlie immediate head of which is styled Commissioner, Superin- tendent, or Ward.n, as tlie case may be. Salary of Secretary of Interior, $(3000 per annum (£1200 stg.) ' The " Department of the Treasury" was created by an Act of Congress of the 2d of Sep- tember, 1789. The Secretary of the Trcamry superintends all the fiscal concerns of the gov- ernment, and upon his own resjionsibility recommends to Congress measures for improving the condition of the revenue. All j.ublic accounts are finally settled at this department; and, for tliis purpose, it is divided into the oflice of the Secretary, who has the general superintondance, the offices of the two Controllers, the offices of the six Auditors, the oflice of the Commissioner of Customs, the Treasurer's office, the Registrar's office, the'soli- citor's office, and the office of the Coast Survey. Assistant Treasurers' offices are also es- tablished at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, New Orleans, and St Louis. Sal- ary of Secretary of the Treasury, $6000 per annum (£1200 stg.) The " Department of War" was created by an Act of Congress of the 7th of August, 1789, and, at first, embraced not only military, Init also naval affairs. The Secretary of wJr Buperintends every branch of military affairs, and has under his immediate direction the Adjutant-Gcneral'a office, the Quartcfaiaotur-Gcnerars Bureau, the Paymaster's Bureau, the Subsistence Bureau, the Medical Bureau, the Engineer Bureau, the Topographical Bureau, the Ordnance Bureau, etc.. and the department has the superintendence of the erection of 24 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. Salary of Secretary fortifications, of making public surveys, and other important services, of War, $6000 per annum (£1200 stg.) The " Department of the Navv" was created by an Act of Congress of the 30th of April, no8 The Seeretm-y of the Navy issues all orders to the naval forces, and superintends na- val affairs generally. Attached to the Department arc-a Bureau of Docks and Navy Yards a Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography, a Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repairs a Bureau of Provisions and Clothing, i Bureau of Medi-al and Surgical Instru- ments etc. ; and the National Observatory at Washington is under the control of the Navy Departm. nt The ministeiial duties of those several Bureaux were formerly exercised by a Board of Navy Commissioners. (Salary of Secretary of th. Navy, $0000 per annum The " Department of the Post-Office" was estoblished under the authority of the Old Con- gress The Postmaster-General has the chief direction of all postal arrangements with for- eign states, as well as within the federal limits. The general business is managed by three Assistant Postmasters-General, who preside respectively over the Contract office, the Ap- pointment office, and the Inspection, etc., offices. Salary of Postmaster-General, f 0000 per annum (£1200 stg.) The " Attorneys-General," who are considered as forming a part of the Cabinet, and who are the constitutional advisers and defendants of the government, are generally men of the greatest acquirements in their profession. Salaries of Attorneys-General, $4000 per annum (£J00 stg.) The judicial powers of the United States are vested in a Supreme Court, and in sucli other inferior courts as Congress may, from time to time, establish. The present judicial estab- lishment consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and District Courts. The "Supreme Court," the highest judicial tribunal of the Union, is composed of a Chief- Justice and eight Associate Justices, the Attorney-General, a Reporter, and Clerk. This court is held in Washington, and has one session annually, commencing on the first Monday in December. Salary of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, $5,000 per annum (£1,000 stg.) The appointment of all judges of the United States is made by the President, by and with the advice of the Senate ; and the judges hold their several offices during good behaviour, and can be removed only on impeachment. Tlieir compensation is fixed by law, and can- not be diminished during their period of office. The foregoing account of the United States, for the most part, is from " Cotton's Gazeltetr of America," 'S. Salary of Secretary ■ the 30th of April, id superintenils na- f Docks and Navy Dn, Equipment, and nd Surgical Instru- •ontrol of the Navy merly exercised hy $0000 per annum rity of the Old Con- ingements with for- s managed by three i-act office, the Ap- General, f 0000 per le Cabinet, and who jnerally men of the 1, $4000 per annum •t, and in sueli other sent judicial estab- ts. omposed of a Chief- r, and Clerk. This on the first Monday per annum (£1,000 evident, by and ■with ng good behaviour, ed by law, and can- 1 " Colton's GazMetr NEW YOKK. ly our description of the great city of the western world, we shall avoid, as far iis possi- ble, all statistical matter, regording whicn am- ple information may be had in works exclusivsly devoted to such details. We prefer giving a brief account of the city from the earliest to the present time, and, with the views given of its magnificent streets and buildings, we hope to "9 » O X a w o o m r> «! as o IS f c O *^ H w O O convey to our readers at a distance, an idea of its importance as the most populous city on the whole continent of America. As nmy be known by many, New York was discovered "in 1600, by an Englishman named Henry Hudson, at that time in the service of the Dutch— nnd in 1613. the settlement of the Island was commenced! under the title of New Amsterdam. In 1621 a 26 CITY OF KEW YOKK— LOCALITIES— UUSISESS, ETC. i^' ii Dutch West India company commenced openi- ions upon it, and in VrM, m.rd.a.ed the whole island from the Indians (the Manhattans) 1. 1 the paltry sum of ^2\ ( tr. >*>«.) »!'« «-M""'t* alone that vear amuuntiiig to fV.m. It "as thus h.'ld till WW, when it was taken b\ the English. Chailes the .M, then king, changed its name to that of Nev York, "' ""'i"!'; " , James the •Jd, who then hoie the ti e of 1 ike of York and Albanv. In KMI, James the ;id, then kiiiK, abolished the ivpresentative system, ami, as alfording one of the m.merons mools of his kin.'lv bigotry, took it into lus head to pro- hibit 'the use of the printing-press. It was retaken from the I'lnglish by the Dutch in 1"!V:!, retaken again in lUT-t l)y the Lnglisli, and held bv them till the Uevolntionary period of 1771)17^:3, when it was tiiially evacuated bv the IJntish annv, thus ending British rule on the 'J.-.th November, 17S!. In l^l'.i Li, another war broke out between Great Ilritain and Amer- ica, but not loading to New York changing hands once more. Notwithstanding, t leretore, wars, fevers, fires, great commercial disasters. Cholera, etc., etc., the city has gone on progres- sivelv, from a popnlatiou of S-iMi m li^i), to upwards of ()iiii,uoo in IS.V.t. . New York is situated upon what is callea Manhattan Island— a strip of land ir.J miles loll"-, by one mile and three-tilths average wiiftii. "(ireatest breadth, at Slid street, is two miles and one-third. Ju all, about 'Jii square miles, or 14,000 acres. It rises gradually above the level of the water around the sides, whilst the "reater ])art of it is level, or been rendered so. "it is very compactly built upon for about 5 miles, in straight lines from the point at the Buttery end of it. The streets, for the most part, are laid out in actmvenieiit and easily un- derstood plan. The streets commencing at tlouston street, (one mile from the Oty Hall,) are classed into 11 regular "avenues," as tliey are called, which arc crossed at right angles by l.")i; streets, numerically designated. Some of the streets are crooked and narrow, but gene- nillv siieakinu:, thev are wide and spacious- ranging fronroo to 1-Jo feet wide. The greatest fault a'slranger is likely to Hnd with the streets is the filihv state the most of them are in— as if tliere were neither scavengers nor paviours iu thecitv. Now York is liounded on the north by the Iliirlem Uivor— which separates Manhattan Is- | land from the mam hind ; on the east by the j East Uivor, which seinirates it from Long Island ; | on the south bv the harbour, and on the west by the North, 'or IIuils(jn River, which sepa- rates it from New Jersey. The width of the East River is from one-third to half a mile, and that of the North River from 1 to 1| miles. Navigation is open throughout all the year. There can be no doubt but that the iiarbour of New York is one of the most beautiful in the world— presenting one of the finest siiectacles on a tine day- with its piers crowded with ships of all nations— the numbers of clean-looking steamers passing up and down, and the beauty of the scenery on the opposite shores, and on every side. The defences are jilaced at the Narrows— on Long Island side, and on Staten Island— and in the East River at Throg's Neck ; whilst within the harbour are batteries on Hedloe's and Ellis Island:-, Ciover ir's Island. Castle ^Vi!liunl, iuid South Battery— commanding every iioint of en- trance. We may safely say, that nearly every branch of manufactures is carried on in New York excepting in the iireat items of cotton and wool— whilst its commerce extends to ev- fiv corner of the American continent, as well as' all over the world, wherever the natural 'nrodiicts of the earth, or inanufactnros, are to be bought, S(dd, or exchanged. The public buildings are very mimerous. "\V e annex a list elsewhere, together with engravings of a few ot the nrinciparones, together with a list ot such places of interest and amuseineut as the strau- tri.i- will be pleased in visiting. The streets whore the private residences are, are elegant in the extreme. NVe allude in jre particularly to such as 4tli and oth Avenues, and Union ami Madison Squares, where the most stately mansions will be tbnnd, finisliea off in first-rate style, mostly built of a brown- coloured stone, hi summer, with the rows of trees along each side of the streets, their fine appearance will at once attract the admiration of the stranger. „ , , The principal street for bankers, inaurance ollicos, etc., is Wall street— the Lombard street of America. For wholesale drv goods stores— Pearl, Wil- liam, Broad, Pine, 'Cedar, Liberty streets, Col- lege Place, and Vesey street. For wholesale grocers, and commission and shipping merchants— Water and Front streets. For heavy dry goods and variety stores, Grand and Catharine streets. ,„ , t , j For hardware— Beekman, Piatt, Johu and Pearl streets. , • , • For booksellers and publishers, binderies, ^.^^, —Nassau and William Streets. 1 For Jewellers- ilaiden lane, Courtland street, I and Broadway. .,-,-, t u I For boot and shoe materials, Ferry, Jacob, ; and Gold streets. . , . r i Wl-.ilst Broa.hvay, like Cheapsido in London, 'contains an oiiiiii'uiih ijathi'niiii, of all sorts— from the selling of a cu]) of coffee in a restaurant, to a ship load of " Yankee notions."' The wharves extending all round Now \ ork nearly— the vessels placed with thoir bows all iioiiiting towards the city, and so situated very couveuiently for loading and unloading, and when ready for sea, have only to drop into the stream and" are carried down and out to sea, the mairniliceiit river and bay aflordiiig no ob- structions iu the shape of bars, etc. The stran;'-or, however, who has boon accus- tomed to loolv at the shipping in the stupendous docks of London a-id Liverpool, will at once 'discover the poor accoiiiniodation New \orl< alibrds in comparison with the facilities attorded for the harbouring or dockage of ves.sels iii Groat Britain. Notwithstanding this, however, the immense shipping business of the port of 1 New Y'ork is carried on somehow— the ingenuity I of the Americans finding ways and means to clear their vessels with pnmiptitude and ease. Broadway is the great main artery ot the ' city, throu'gh which people, omnibuses, wag- lon's, and carriages, rush in one uicessanl stream, surging backward and forward, from the earliest hour in the morning, to the latest hour at night. .„ ,. , • ^ A walk along Broadway will disclose pictures of society- men and things, in all conoeiyable variation's and degrees. There, the slouching "loafer" will be seen, close to the "Broadway swell"— the successful miner, hist arrived from the Californian diggings, alongside of tlio wealthiest and most handsomely diosscd tauj in New York, who is out for her walk ou that bines the f of Clioapsi buses audi ^vitll its fii S(jciofy— ol nnikire-cla: . houses, in I stores of II I "The oth, the Bowen ^vith a nii.x I where a 1; I transacted. I "The City jpnsition, (11 (the finest a ETC. lurried on in New lit items of cotton rce extends to ev- continent, as well 'lever the natural inufiictnres, lire to iged. The j)nblie . AVe annex a list ravinfrsof a tew of with u list of such inent as the strau- ate residences are, , We allude iiure and ")th Avenues, iiuaies, where the be found, tinished -' built of a browii- , with the rows of i streets, their tine laet the admiration bankers, insurance the Lombard street stores — Pearl, Wii- /iberty streets, Col- id commission and r and Front streets, ariety stores, Grand , Piatt, John and Wishers, binderies, streets. lie, tourtland street, ■rials. Ferry, Jacob, lieapside in London, ■runt of all sorts— jotl'ee in a restaurant, notions."' ill round New York 1 with their bows ;ity, and so situated liiiV and uiiloudinjj;. vcOnly to dro]) into down and out to sea, buy atl'ording no ob- bai's, etc. vho has been accus- iig ill thestujiendous eipool, will at once lunlation New York the facilities afforded ickuge of ves.sels in nding this, however, siness of the port of ehow— the ingenuity ways and means to omiititude and ease. main artery of the lie, omnibuses, wag- li iu one incessant A and forward, from lunning, to the latest will disclose pictures rs, in all conceivable 'fhere, the slouching se to the " Broadway iier, iust arrived from s, alongside of the isomely diessod lady for her walk ou that NEW YORK— BROADWAY AXD CITY HALL. groat 'vanity fair"~t}io newlv-arrived emi- grant from Great Urifjiin, as ho goes ganine along at what he sees, whilst he is almost stupe him. great tied with Itisenti thorougl the bustle rely (lifl'er( 1 fares of L and coiifusi 'lit from any ondon, wh'il; 27 on around one of the St it com- BROADWAY, NEW YORK. bines the features of all-the bustle and throng ot tlicapsi,!,' m its incessant stream of omni ' '«"r'"" Ivohicles of all sorts~of Regent street, I with Its fasln.nial.le ])ronienade and /,"'^ church-yard, as well. I I he other chief artery of the citv is that of tlie Howery-partaking verv much of Holborn vith a mixture of the Whitechapel of Lon'loil- transactwl "'^'" "mount of retail business is inlTr" *^"^ ^]^\^ °r ^'^'''^ YoRK-from its central Ipnsition. and chissic nmrble froi.i:,go -i.s one of Itlie fauest and most prominent buildings in the nl,Vhi> 1^'!',"' ,""' '"'" '-'""'■•^ "'•e of white nwible, and the back, which is never shone upon by the sun, of brown sandstone. The In ^^ r ' *" ""'. ^""'^r ""^ Knickerbocker times! mlv ,!„;?'''"■";•'' ' 'I""'"' •^"J">"^''^ ^^ the public only on reception days, are the portraits of all '11F"TV"'-V.*^ "" ^^♦"to.from the time of Le«is and of the mayors of the citv, with several of the presidents, painted bv artists of na lonal .-c-mitation. There may be seen Henry while the archives of the citv contain a vast hish,r,-nV' '"/*":■""""" "*■ «'-'^'''< iuterest to the hisOnan. Resides the rooms of the aldorm^n a"nohl';;"r" •^""■x-"- /bore was in former times 1 noble banqueting hall foi'the city magnates " 28 THE PARK AND CITY HALL, NEW YORK. J THE PARK AND CITY HALL, NEW YORK. Adjacent to the City Hall is the old Debtor 9 Prison, now the Hall of Records, the old Alms House entirely appropriated to governmental 'in the Park are held public meetings, and in front of the City Hall arc planted cannon, which are fired bv the respective political parties, on the achievement of any party yictory% as well as on other general public rejoicings. The FarK forms a great resort for the citizens, and in the hot months of summer, forms, by its trees, a deliehtful shady retreat. , , „ Last year, ihe City Hall took lire, and a large portion of the upper part of it was destroyed. It is now being re-built, however. The New York Universit-s, situated between Washington Place and Waverly Place, fronts Washington Square towards the west, forming a noble ornament to the city, being built ot Westchester marble, and exhibits a specimen of the English collegiate style of architecture. The building is l80 feet long, and 100 wide. It was founded in 1831. , . , „ * " In front, this oblong is divided into five parts —a central building, with wings flanked by towers, one rising on each of the four corners of the edifice. This central building or chupel is superior to the rest m b'-««ith, height, and character, and is somewhat similar to that ot King's College, Cambridge, England-a m'«ter- S of pointed architecture, and a model for succeeding ages. It is 55 feet broad, and 8o ?^t deeri«»cTuding the octangular turrets, one of which rises at each of the tour corners. The two ends are gabled, and are, as well as the sides, crowned with.an embatted parapet. The chapel receives its principal light from a_«in- dovv in the western end. This window is 24 Lt wide, and 50 high. From the central building, or chapel, wings project right ana left, the windows of whicli have square heads, with two Ughts. a plain transom, and the upper division trefoiled. The principal entrance is under the great western window T'le doo s are of oak,%-ichly panel ed, and filled w th tracery of open work, closely studded with " The 'institution has a chancellor and eleven professors. It has in its collegiate department 150 students, and a valuable library and philo- sophical apparatus. Connected with it is an extensive grammar school, and a flourishing rapdic^al department. The whole number ot students is about 700. Commencuiiienl, tmru Monday in July. (See next page for engraving.) NEW YORK UNIVERSITY. 29 ^^ *si) I m\ jreadth, height, and t similar to that of England— a mnster- ire, and a model for feet broad, and 85 angular turrets, one e four corners. The arc, as well as the lattled parapet. The )al light from a wni- This window is 24 From the central s project right and 1 have square heads, iinsom, and the upper principal entrance is window. The doors lied, and filled with ;losely studded with jhancellor and eleven collegiate department ble library and i)hilo- inected with it is an )ol, and a flourishing he whole number of Oommenceuienl, thiru :t page for engraving. ; A i UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK. The chapel is probably the most beautiful room of the kind in America. It is open to the public, on Sundays, for rcligioua worship. The Library and rooms of the New York Historical Society are in the building. The building is accessible to the visitor at all times." ''The Tomds occupy the space between Centre, Elm, Leonard and Franklin streets, the site of an old filthy pond, which had Its outlet through Canal street. The Halls of Justice is a much-admired specimen of modern- ized Egyptian architecture. It is built of light granite from Hallowell, Maine. It is 253 feet long and 200 wide, and occupies the four sides of a hollow square, with a large centre builc'ing within the area. The front is approached by eight steps, leading to a portico of four massive i-gyptian ccluinns. The windows, which extend to the heigh t of two stories, have massive iron grated fram.-s, surmounted with cornices, orna- mented with a winged globe and serpents. The two fronts on Leonard and Franklin streets nave each two entrances, with two massive columns each. The gloomy aspect of this build- ing has won for it the general name of " The Tombs," It is occupied by the Court of Ses- sions, a police court, and' some other court- rooms, besides a prison for male and female offenders awaiting trial. The open court within the walls is used as a place of execution for State criminals. Persons can gain admittance on application for a written permit, at the keeper^s room between 10, a. m. and 3, p. m." In the fore-ground of the view will be seen one of the " City Railroad Cars," noticed else- where. Custom House.— The lower engraving on the following page, represents the Custom House of New York, situated at the corner of Nas- sau and Wall streets. ''The Custom House has the form and solidity of a Greek temple, and is as enduring as the pyramids. The edifice, of white marble, is 200 feet long, by 90 in width, and 80 feet high. Some of the blocks weigh 30 tons. The two fronts have 8 Doric columns, nearly 6 feet in diameter; the sides, 16 heavy pilasters. A flight of 18 steps from Wall street, brings the visitor to the main entrance. The Rotunda is 60 feet in diameter, and the dome, under which the four deputv collectors have desks, is sup- ported in part by 16 Corinthian pillars. In the littie room of the treasurer near at hand, is re- "'"■^'ed two-thirds of the revenue of the country. The Custom House was erected between the \ ll il-l HALLS OF JUSTICE, OR THE TOMUS, NEW YORK. ^ ,0-, CUSTOM-HOUSE, WALL STREET, NEW YORK. K. m ■^■rfii I- mVf-A C-' merchants' excttanoe. 3i MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE, WALL STREET, NEW YORK. years 1834-1841, and cost, including the lot. $l,H)5,0liii." " ' The iimouiit of nccomniodation provided for the tninsactions of the Custom House, uppeiirs to he totally inadequate to the immense amount ot business furnished by the port. . MERcnAXTs' ExcnA.VGE.— The above enarav- mg ropiesents one of the most bcautifur and costly buddings in America, and sjrpassin^ any other 111 the city in size and soliditv of construc- tion. It occupies a whole square of ground and has a front of 200 feet on Wall street, with an average depth of 1(50 feet; is 5 stories high, nichidino; the basement, and fire-proof through- out the floors and roof being entirely of masonry and metal. The principal matcriid is hrick-faced with maasive blocks of granite, chiefly from the inexhaustible quarries of Quincy, Massachu- setts. The most romarkalde features of this huge building are its graceful ])oitico, present- ing to the eye a fujude of l8 Ionic columns, each nearly 40 feet in height, and upwards of -4 feet in diameter, the shafts of which are each a sin- gle stone (wrought in the most perfect manner, at a cost of l.'BOOO,) and the Rotunda, or Ex- clmnge Room, which is 100 feet in diameter, with a double dome of brick, surmounted bv a vertical sky-light, with movable sashel, whicli allows thorough and complete ventilation. Ihe dome is supported partly by 8 massive Corinthian columns of Italian marble, weigh- ing 41 tons each, in very large sections, imported expressly for the purj)ose." The floor is flagged wtlh the same mutei lal, and altogether the room is one of the finest in America. 32 NEW YORK FREE ACADEMY •V -T- '■''HUH, cc II Ul "The Free Academt is on Lexington avenue, corner of Twenty-third street, and may easily be reached by taking a Ikoadvvajr and Fourth avenue omnibus, or the Harlem rail-cars, oppo- site the Astor House. The buildinp is 80 feet wide, by 125 feet deep, and is intended to accommodate 1,000 pupils. It is in the style of the town-halls of tbe Netherlands, and is well adapted for its purpose, besides being a conspicuous ornament to the upper part of the city. The cost of the ground was $37,810, of the building, $75,000, while the various appliances ' of apparatus and furniture have cost $26,807. The onlv requisites for admission are a knowl- edge of the branches taught in the public schools ; it being also required that the appli- cant should have been a pupil in one of tnese schools for at least one vear. ' It may be added that the graduates of the col- leges can pass the final examination at the Freen Academy. 1# 3^> 'I' In Ui ■/^, a % """■^i«?:u:-„.^_-:-^ CORNER OF FIFTH AVENUE AND FIFTEENTH STREET. NEW YORK. id was $37,810, of the the various appliances ire have cost $26,8G7. idmission are a knowl- taught in the public^ iquired that the appli- • , pupil in one of tnese ■ear;' lie graduates of the col- jfainination at the Free; PETER COOPER INSTITUTE, NEW YORK. 84 NEW YOUK IIOSI'ITAL. >i NEW YOUK UUSl'lTAL, BROADWAY. \ On the preceding pnpp we (jive nn illnatrii- tion of a private residence in one of the pruici- pal streets in New York, viz.. tlie iitth avenue in tliis street mav ho seen some ot the Uiruest and handsomest ot' tiie private residenoed ol the New York merchants. , . , ,. , In summer, when the trees which line each side of the avenue are in full bloom, the street then has all the appearance of a hcautifnl grove. The green blinds, outside of the windows, when closed, which they generally are, detract very much from the elegant appearance of the houses. The custom of keeping the blinds so much closed, is very common in New 1 ork, and often, we think, unnecessary, when there are no rays of the sun to occasion such an intringe- ment, in that respect, on one ot the greatest laws of health. The Cooper Institcte.— This institution do- serves a place among our illustrations of public buildings of the citv, not only on account of the magnificence of the edifice, as a building, but as a memento of a most princely act on the part of a New Y'ork merchant— Mi . Peter Cooper— who. out r.f his wealth, has built this house witn the view of founding an institution to be called " The Union," for the moral, social, and physical improvement of the youth, not only belonging to the City, or State, but of any part of ihc world. The sum donited to such a noble purpose, amounts to !f3(>0,(ioi) (itiO.OOO stg). "The building is in Astor Place, opposite the new Bible House. The edilice is six stories high, occupying a space equal in extent to eight full lots, each »n feet by 100, or 20,000 sciuare feet. In the basement is a commodious lecture- room, i;i.") feet long, and in the upper story an observatory. The Union provides free courses of lectures, a free library, rooms for debating and other societies, and an oflice ibr the beneht of persons seeking literary employment, where their names and wishes may be registered, and application for their services received. "The School of Design, for females, have ^ rooms in this building, amjily supplied witli , the materials for instruction. ' .,. , . Mr. Cooper is a manufacturer of Isinglass, by trade-one of the most noted men in the city for public spirit and benevolence, and a leadiiiL' member of the Swedenborgian denomination. The New York Hospital is one of the principal benevolent institutions of New York, which the stranger, as he walks alorLT Broadway, cannot fail to notice, standin;; back from oft' the stream of the great thorough- i I i LA FAUGE HOUSE, BUOADWAY. 85 ate, but of any part ited to such a noblf 110 (i;)io,o(»o stg). Place, opjiosite the itice is six stories lal in extent to eight JO, or 20,01)0 siiuaro !oinniodious Iccture- tlio upper story an ifovides free courses rooms for debating oflice for the benefit employment, where y be registered, and js received. for females, have mnly supplied with n. turcr of Isinglass, by ted men in the city olence, and a leading {ian denomiuution. LA FAROE HOUSE, BROADWAY, liire. and in summer beautifully shaded by the trees iu front of it. " This institution, located in Droadway, between Dunne and Worth streets, was founded in 1771, by tiie Earl of Duumore, at that time governor (if the colony. The institution has an annual revenue, from various sources, of about $80,000, which is expended in the support of the estab- lishment. The hospital buildings, to which large and costlv additions have recently been made, are fitted up in excellent style for the accommodation of patients, wlio can have the best of medical attendance, and the convenience of nursing and medicine, for $3 a week. Re- i»l)cctable persons, witl it families, will find this a very desirable asylum during sickness. Patients can have single rooms if they desire them. In cases of sudden accidents, patients are received here, and their wants immediately attendM to. Medical students are permitted to the rounds with the attending surgeons for the annual fee of $8. Annual lectures are given by all the attending physicians and surgeons. The buildings will accommodate ;m")0 patients. Application for admission must be nuule at the olhce within the Hospital. There are ten attending and consulting physicians and sur- geons." La Faroe House. — One of the mammoth- sized hotels of New York. It has a magnificent white marble frontage of 200 feet on Broadway, and stands out in strong relief with all the buildings in the vicinity. It is fitted up for f\illy 40O guests, in a comfortable and gorgeous manner, and is conveniently situated for busi- ness, as well as pleasure, being in the vicinity of the Astor Library, and the Reading Room of the Mercantile Library Association, which are free to strangers. The La Farge House is kept by Mr. Wheeler, on the American plan. 86 TltlNITV CHURCH, BROADWAV. 41 m "Hltimt .. . . , itret't, with iln poiluU iiivilm«l.v o|Mn ovurv diiy in tliu year, .stmidrt Iriiiitv Cliuruli, II iH'Uutit'ul tuiiipio ol worship. It ix the tliinl I'lhlicu nt' the kiml fivftiMl upim the siMit, till- tirsit Uu\iun bi-i'ii < i'- stroved in the tfmit fire ot 177il. I hu cntiie li'iiKtii ofthn hiiihiiiiK is l-*0 •<■<;•..;•' which 4:) iiro hIMi of imve, r>l foi't ; of chiiiiccl, .i-^ fi't't. Ht'Htht to ouvuft, M ft'i't, and to ridjfc. '.to fi'cf.wilh a tine open roof. Thu insidi' widls ol the cliurch uro of Ciu'ii »to!ii', brounlit Iroiii Nonimndv m Fniiu;o-- u iiiiitfiiul of an num'ubli-'cohiui, and fiisily woi ki'd, Iu'Iiik Koft oniiuuli to ho cut with a saw or lv a lin^e arch, faein^ tho eipially k>'<»><>-I<><>I<>")(> i^ixl ixiwerful organ in tho nailery opposite, the ligiit Htreaniing down from tiiu cupola, beliiud tliu pulpit— tho well- ,^ |)iuiincd position tho congregation occupy for "^ seeing and hearing— the rich and gay dresscM of till! viiMt crowd of hearers — form itltiiguthur a roup e city is nearly surrounded l.y a hno amphitheatre of hills of moderate elevation, covered with trees an. tD I. /; i: -g 3 -^ a « .A c/j a a ^ e l» t o •a :2" a ?n 5J ;. « !» JS ♦J i c iV g 1 JS -*-! sn 3 B 1) E 'O :4 44 a I 111 s - a fc ^ g 0) '^ be. 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IT 't^ ' — — .•25* = ■^ c 1 = a" a 3 "3 "" iS 'S '-^ tf. = a 2 ■= 3 •^ ^ c^ -^^ 5 ^ s-l is embellish so imposin . be had in - 2 ^ ^ i x CITY OF WASHINGTON. 4p soinoly laid out, and planted with tree, and shrubbery. prcsentlnK. duilnj? the spring and smniner. a hum.o of exquisite beauty. The cxtLnKions will compreh 1 two wing., 2:i8 by ltd feet, which are to be surrouii.K.d on tliree side, by eolonnadcH, and to eoiunuin'icate ou the fourth by corridors 44 feet long, and 60 wide, with tlio ninln building. Tlie whole »^ ill b.. 7r,l feet long, and cover an area of W^ acres. The grounds around the Capit..! embrace fr. in 2;i to .•{() acrcH, forMiing an oblong on three Hides, and a aemieirele on the west. 'The I'n»«ii)KNT's Mansi^.n has a front of 170 feet by 80 feet deep, is 2 stories high, and hiiilt of freestone, painted wlii.e, hence, we presume, it is nunied the " White House." The north front has a portico ornamented with 4 I .nic columns facing I'ennsvlvania avenue, Mild I! at the Bides; under this, carriages drive to dep(,sit their visit;--••; J^ be i.r..nn.lgated. Work* on ethnology a.ul anti.iuitle« have already heen puhlUhed hy the ^"trNloNA,, OHHKnvATour. one of the hmtitutlonn n,ost credltablo to the government, occupies a coninnuwling nite on the bank* of the Foto.nne, Kouth-we^t from the I renident. House. The Ob«ervat..ry i« under the direction of Lieutenant Maury. « the Navy. e- Hide, the aHtronon.ieal olmervallon« conntantly made here, ehr..n..n.eters. for l.o u«e of the navy are thoroughly touted. re«enreheH .nade a« to tlde«, current*, etc.. and longitudes de- tern,lned with greater accuracy by the aid of the electric telegraph. "TuE AuHENAL, on (ireenleaf* I'..int, at the junction of the Ka*tern Branch with tho Poto- mac, l« one of tho i>rlneipal arsenals of construction In the United !>>t«te». "About H miles north-east from the arsenal, and tho same distance south-cast of tho cap. Itol, on the East Kranch, is „,„,,» 41. "TuK Navy Yaui., which covers about 20 ocres, enclosed by a wall. This is one of the , mort extensive yards In the Union, and employs more than 4uf) hands In the manufacture of anchors, chain-cables, steam-engines, and boilers, pyrotechnics, in brass and li-on foun- 1 dries, etc., etc. , , , ^ , m „.4 | "The National Cemcteby, or Congressional Burylng-ground, is situated about 1 mile east of the capltol, on an elevation commanding fine views of tho surrounding country, which is beautified with trees and shrubbery. Here have been deposited, for a short time at least, the remains of some of the most dlstlngulAed men In the nation, and here ore erected cenotaphs to all members of Congress dying while In office. , , . "The buildings of the Coast Survey do not, In themselves, deserve any notice, but the operations carried on here, under the superintendence of Professor A. D. Bache, a name well known to science, are of the most imjiortant nature. "The resident population of the city is alwut 55,000, V)ut much more when Congress ia sit- ting, l>y a large influx of strangers and others connected with the national affairs." FROM THE EAST TO WAaHINOTON AND MOUNT VERNON. Passengers destined for the tomb of the Immortal hero of Independence— Washington- take the cars at the Camden Station at Baltimore, and proceed direct to Washington City, Next, proceed in a steamer bound for Mount Vernon, passing on the way the Washington Navy Yard : in obout an hour and a half reaching tho wharf of Mount Vernon. Froml there any one will point out the road to the tomb, which Is close at hand. Mount Vernon, once the home, but now the tomb, of Washington, is 15 miles south from the City of Washington, on the River Potomac. I The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad has a branch from the city to Baltimore, and connect I ing with all points north and east h lm« bflon built by ieliU All Hiiniinl In- 11(1 of kllowlt'nal affairs." SON. ence — Washington— to Washington City. way the Washington ouut Vernon. From ind. 15 miles south from Itimore, and connect- 62 PHILADELPHIA. CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. The city of riiiladolpliia ranks seeonil in importance a? a city, in tlu> United States. But as a mining and maiinfacturing centre, ju'ohably holds tlie first position. It is situated on a peninsula something like what New York is, but between the Dela- ware and Schuylkill Uivors. The former extending its course of loO miles, to the sea, and all the Avay affords depth of water sufficient to float tlic largest ships at its wharves; the Schuylkill, on the other iiand, affording excellent water connnunication with the mining regions of Pennsylvania. The population of the city by the last census, was 423,000, being an increase of 83,055 over that of 1850— showing a population of 261,471 greater than that of Boston, and of 200,904 less than that of New York. In the latter estimate, however, it ought to be borne in mind, that the population of New York is much more of a migratory and unsettled— therefore, unproductive character, than that of probably any city in tiie States— but par- ticularly so in comparison with the character of the population of Philadelphia, whicii is of a much more permanent and productive character. The number of Irish alone in New York, engaged in domestic employment— consequently, unproductive labour— is 175,375. Since the last census Avas taken, the population of Philadeli^hia has increased to nearly 600,000. Approaching Philadelphia from New York, you arrive most probably per rail from Am- boy, at Camden station. From there you cross the River Delaware in the ferry steamer Avhieh lands you at Walnut Street Wharf. Approaching the city from the west or nortli you arrive at the station on the western side of the Schuylkill River, where the locomotive will leave tie train. Your carriage will be drawn by six or seven mules for about U miles into the centre of the city, at which you Avill find the carriages of the principal hotels waiting, as well as cabs, and plenty of coloured porters. The stranger, on visiting Philadelphia, cannot but be struck with the vast dimensions of the city — its immense manufacturing productive powers — its spacious streets, laid out with the mathematical precision of the foot-rule — its public and private palatial buildings — its vast wholesale and magnificent retail stores — its gaily dressed ladies — all eomlnning to up- set our previous conceptions of a " Quaker city" — not presenting in its external character, almost any thing akin to the quiet staidness of the worthy representatives of its founder, Quaker William Penn. Friends in the east would have us to believe that Pliiladelphia was a city, nowhere — that as much business was done in New York in one day, as was done in Philadelphia in one year— that the people of Philadelphia were asleej) — behind the age— and, as Londoners would say, (when they talk of such cities as Manchester, Liverpool, and Glasgow) a place " in the country" — conveying the idea of some suburban town. Our visit to Philadelphia, then, was an agreeable surprise in every respect. We visited some of the streets where the stores are located, and found in them, every one busier than another — nailing up boxes, hauling them out on trucks, and into wagons at the doors. Dry goods salesmen we found neck deep in mazes of prints and calicoes, displaying them to western customers, and these marking their purchases ; hardware men quoting the lowest for some of Sheffield's best productions; grocers and their customers, buried behind huge piles of boxes of tea, whilst tasting their samples ; publishing houses crammed full of books of all sorts and sizes, from " Jack the Giant Killer" to Lippen- cott's ponderous " Gazetteer," — with their floors jammed full of cases being packed to send off to enlighten the natives as well as foreigners, in all quarters of this mighty continent. Young men would be seen labelling immense cases of goods for the chief cities in the west and south, and even east, as far as Boston ; carters loading and unloading every con- ceivable kind of package, all betokening an amount of business, despatch, and bustle, which mude us begin to consider whether we were in New York or Philadelphia. Entering some of the immense factories in iron work, the large letter-press printing es- PHILADELPHIA. 68 states. But 8 printing es- tnl)lishment9, both book and newspaper— seeing them throwing o(f tlieir dailies by their tons of thousands, as fast and as cheap as human skill can accomplish— tlie immense bind- eries, and many other large and busy hives of industry— we found the same magnitude of (ipon'itioiis going on, all clearly letting us know that we were in one of the largest manu- facturing cities in this country— questioning if it was not likely some day to rival its more populoul neighbour— New York— in manufacturing enterprise. If the stranger should happen to visit Philadelphia about the time we did, (August) or, in fact, at any time du- ring the summer months, he will find the scene we have endeavoured to portray. Where there are so many spacious streets in the city, filled with elegant stores of all kinds, it is difficult to mention any one in particular ; but Chestnut street appears to be the principal main street, and forms the " Broadway" of the city— in which some retail stores are situated, which, for size and elegance, are not, we believe, excelled by any city in the world. The streets generally are clean and in good order, and in that respect forms a pleasing contrast to those cesspools of tilth which characterize the streets of the " Empire Citv." The houses in many of the streets in tlie city are neat, compact, brick houses, re- seuiMin" very much those to be seen in the neighbourhood of London and Manchester — but instead of being built in rows all joined together, many in I'liiladelphia are detached along with a piece of ground, and all particularly clean and tidy in appearance. Tlie suburbs of Philadelphia are studded with neat cottages, villas and stately mansions, beautifully situated, surrounded by pleasure-grounds, and inhabited, for the most part, by the manufacturers, merchants, and commercial classes who are engaged in business in the city. From " Lippencott's Gazetecr" we quote the following information. " There is but one park (Independence Square, in the rear of the State House) or public square in the dense part of the city (besides the five enumerated in the general plan) of much importance. ' In the immediate vicinity of Fairmount water-works (themselves form- ing a fine promenade, with an extensive view from the basin) is Lemon Hill, formerly Pratt's Garden, and once the residence of Robert Morris, of Revolutionary fame. These .grounds are very extensive, covered with fine old trees, possess great variety of surface, and descend on the west and south-west by steep banks to the Schuylkill River. Tiic squares within the city cover each an extent of from 5 to 7 acres, are enclosed by tasteful iron rail- ings, are beautifully laid out, and planted with a great variety of trees. Squirrels, pea- fowls, and deer are domesticated in them. Five of these squares are named Washington, Rittenhouse, Penn, Logan, and Franklin. The latter has a fine fountain and basin, with 40 jets of water." In public buildings, the city can boast of some unsurpassed in elegance and in historical interest Independence Hall, Chestnut street, should be visited by every stranger. In that vener- able edifice was held the Convention which framed the Declaration of Independence, and also the Constitution of the United States— the veritable desk and chair of Washington and Franklin standing as they did on those memorable days ; the old bell, witii its procla- mation of liberty upon it — " Proclaim liberty throughout this land, to all the inhabitants thereof," and the steps from which the Declaration was signed, on the 4th of July, 1776, from which AV'ashington delivered his " Farewell Address," on his retirement from public life. From tlie top of the steeple, a most magnificent view of the city is obtained, giving a strung(!r the most adequate conception of the magnitude and importance of the city. GiuARD CoLLEOE.— Philadelphia possesses in Girard College, situated about 2 miles north- west from the State House, the finest specimen of Grecian architecture in the United States, if not of modern times. It is in the Corinthian style of architecture. Tlie entire cost of buildings, wall, and embellishments of the grounds was $1,933,821.78, or $66,000 less than was donated by Stephen Girard for the erection and endowment of the institution. Mr, Girard, who made this magnificent bequest, was a native of France, who came poor and friendless to Philadelphia in boyhood, and by industry and good management accumulated a fortune of several millions, the greater portion of which he left to the city for the erection and endowment of Girard College for Orphans, and for improving the city in various ways. 54 PHILADELPHIA. The Custom House, on Cliestnut street, is a magnificent marble building, in imitution of the Parthenon of Athens, and a splendid sample of tiie Doric style of architecture. The Mkroiiants' Exchangk, fronting Walnut, Dock, and Third streets, is also ii marble building, of fine proportions, with a semi-circular portico of Corinthian columns. The United States 3Iint, in Chestnut street, is a handsome edifice of brick faced •with marble, in imitation of a Grecian temple of tlie Ionic order. Our sj)ace prevents us from noticing more of the many otiier magnificent buildings in the city. Philadelphia appears to be well supplied with churches — there being upwards of 230 iu the city — embracing all denominations, Tiie city long preserved great simplicity in her church architecture; but of late a gradual change has taken place in the style of the relig- ious as well as of the private edifices of the city. Recently, a number of costly and highly ornamented churches have been, and are now being, erected. Cemeteries. — The environs of Philadelphia abound in places of sepulture, among which, for beauty of position, are the two principal cemeteries of North and South Laurel Hill, situated on the Schuylkill river, 4 miles north-west from the State House. Water Works. — Fairmount Water Works, situated in the district of Spring Garden, on the Schuylkill River, about 2 miles north-west of the State House, were, previous to the erection of the Croton Works in New York, the envy of the other cities of the Union — Phil- adelphia having been for a long time the only city in the United States supplied with water in this way — and are still justly the pride and boast of Philadelphia, not more for their utility than for the picturesque attractions of the place. It would, perhaps, be difficult to point out anywhere a spot co'icentrating in the same space so many elements of the beauti- ful and picturesque. Libraries, Colleges, Schools, and Literary Instftutes. — Philadelphia had long the hon- our of possessing the largest library in the United States. But now the Philadelphia Library, to which we allude, is surpassed in this respect by the library of Harvard College, and the Astor Library in New York. It occupies a plain brick edifice iu Fifth street below Chestnut, and was founded, through the influence of Dr. Franklin, (whose statue adorns a niche in front,) in 1731. The Philadelphia and Loganian Libraries are in the same building, and owned by, and loaned to, the same stockholders. They have, united, about 10,000 volumes. The income ot the library is $0,300. Strangers are allowed the use of books while in the building, but they are not to be taken out except by stockholders, or on deposit of their value. Among a host of other libraries, may be mentioned the Athenseum Library and Reading Room, occupying a beautiful building of liglit sandstone, in the Italian style, on Sixth street, opposite Washington square. It has about 12,000 volumes on its shelves, and is extensively supplied with maps, charts, and rjeriodicals. The Mercantile Library, situated in Fifth street, opposite Independence squore, was es- tablished in 1821, for the benefit of merchants' clerks and other young men. The Apprentices' Library has over 14,000 volumes ; loaned iu 1862 to 937 boys and 670 girls. The Friends have an extensive library in Arch street above Third, and one in Race below Fifth. The Academy of Natural Sciences, located on Bond street, near Chestnut, has the largest museum of natural history in America. Professor Agassiz pronounced this institution the best out of Europe in its collections of subjects of natural history. The Franklin Institute, for the promotion of manufactures and the useful arts, occupies a large building with a marble front, in Seventh street, above Chestnut. It holds an annual exliibition of American manufactures. The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, located in Chestnut street, is the oldest institu- tion of tiie kind in the United States, and was established in 1807. The Art Union, an association for the promotion of art, has rooms open to the public, where are exhibited annually about 1,000 paintings. PHILADELPHIA. ti5 t buildings in In medical science, Philadelphia stands first of the cities of America, and her medical BchoolB are attended by students from not only e\'ery portion of tiie Union, but even from Canada, Mexico, and South America. There is a homoDopathic hospital, at which the stu- dents attend clinical lectures. The Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, founded in 1849, has had a very prosperous commencement — 52 students attended the class of 1851-2. Public Scjiools. — The number of buildings occupied for schools — many of which are fine structures, and built with especial reference to complete adaptation for places of instruction —is 180, of which 73 belong to the comptrollers, and 107 are rented. Philadelphia abounds also in private schools of a high character. lIiSTOKY.— Philadelphia was planned and settled by William Penn and a colony of English Friends, or Quakers, in 1682, after a regular purchase from the Indians, ratified by treaty in due form under an elm-tree in the present district of Kensington. The name of Phila- delphia (brotherly love) was given by Penn, both in reference to the ancient city of that name in Asia Minor, and from its embodying principles he had so much at heart. Philadelphia supports from 12 to 15 daily newspapers — one of which, we believe, has the largest circulation of any newspaper in the United States. If further evidence is wanting to give evidence of the commercial importance of this city, we append a list of the railroads centring in Philadelphia, showing also the cost of these : — KAILKOADS CENTKING IN PmLADKLPHIA. Miles Cost. Reading 93 $19,004,180 Biiltiinore 98 7,979,400 Columbia 80 5,277,278 Media 13 600,000 Morristown 17 4,791,548 Germantown 7 1,719,812 North Pennsylvania 04 5,106,342 Rochester 33 $1,348,812 Miles. Cost. Camden and Ambov 63 $5,950,592 Philadelphia and Trenton. 30 1,000,000 West Jersey 200,000 Campden and Atlantic . . .00 1,738,171 Total. .567 $58,716,201 Stg. £10,743,200 is. Whilst New York constructed only 34 miles of road during 1856, Philadelphia shows an inoroase in 1856, of 426 miles, and in 1867, fully 600 miles. Tlie cost of carriage of a bar- rel of flour from Elmira to Philadelphia is 50 cts., whilst it is 69 cts. from Elmira to New York, showing a large margin in favour of Philadelphia as a port for the disposal of that article from the lake ports, which are the chief feeders of such as New York and other cities on the seaboard. The canal navigation in connection with Philadelphia amounts to 836 miles, in different directions, and Avas formed at a cost of $24,000,000. (£6,000,000.) Every year, but particularly of late, have the capitalists of the city been widening the facilities afforded by its natural position, so as to secure a much greater amount of traffic with the lake cities than ever it has enjoyed, and there appears great probability, from the new routes opened and connections formed with the west, that they will succeed in accom- plishing their object The banking capital of Philadelphia is |1 2,000,000 — a comparatively small amount when compared with the city of New York, with its capital of $56,000,000. So long as Phila- delpliia is thus hampered with such small means for carrying on — far less enlarging — a trade, for which she forms naturally so favourable a nucleus, together with her rate of in- terest being one per cent, lower than New York — by which means large amounts of money find their way thither instead of to Philadelphia — it seems reasonable to suppose, that the Quaker City aever will attain that commercial position for wealth, commerce, and every thing that conduces to the greatness or prosperity of a large city, till she adopts a different line of commercial policy, and enlarges the sphere of her bunking institutions. Judging from the character of her manufacturers and merchants, we shall be surprised if such an alteration is not effected before long. To Philadelpliia belongs the credit of making the first move for the abolition of the absurd and hypocritical working usury laws. In the State of Pennsylvania, parties can borrow and lend money upon any terms or rate of interest agreed upon between borrower and lender, and certainly the only rational plan. 56 BOSTON. CITY OF BOSTON. The city of Boston is the third in commercial importance amongst the leading cities of the United States. It consists, properly speaking, of three divisions — viz. : Boston IVoper, East Boston, and South Boston. " The streets of Boston were originally laid out upon no systematic plan, and being hc- commodated to the unevenness of the surface, mony of them are croolted and narrow ; but tliese defects luive of late been remedied to a eonsideralile extent, so tliat now the prim i- pnl tlioroughfares are convenient and spacious. Washington and Treniont streets are the fashionable prumenodes. Although Boston Proper is circumscribed in its limits, it contains one of the finest public parks — the Common — that is to be found in any city of America. Known to tlie earliest settlers by the name of " Tower Fields," and occupied afterwards as a town cow-pasture, Boston Common has since been set apart, ornamented, and carefully preserved for the common benefit of the eiti/.ens in all coming titne. Nearly 5(1 acres arc included within its boundaries, embracing almost every variety of surface, from the level plat to the gentle slope and abrupt ascent. Towering elms, some of which are a hundred years old, enclose the borders, while within, graded walks, beantifully shaded, intersect each other in every direction. Near tlie centre is a small pond, where a fountain of Coehit- uate sends up its crystal stream, whirling and sparkling, 60 or 70 feet into the air. The en- tire grounds are surrounded by a costly iron fence, 1977 yards in length. The northern portion of the Common, occupying the soutlieru declivity of Beacon Hill, affords n fine view of Charles River, and the country in tluit direction. The space towards the west, between the Common and Cliarles River, is nccupied by a botanic garden, covering about 25 acres. Other public grounds have been laid out in the newer portions of the city, some of which are beautifully ornamented, and have fountains in the centre. "Boston harbour opens to the sea between two points nearly 4 miles distant from each other — Point Alderton on Nantasket, and Point Sliirley in Chelsea. It is sheltered from the ocean by the peninsulas of which these two points ore the extremities, and a large number of islands, between which are three entrances. The main passage, which is about 3 miles S. E. from the navy yard, and so narrow as scarcely to admit two vessels to pass abreast, lies between Castle and Governor's islands, and is defended by Fort Independence and Fort Warren. A passage north of Governor's Island is also protected by Fort War- ren. A new fortress, of great size and strength, now nearly completed, on George's Island, guards the entrance to the outward or lower harbour. The entire surface included within Point Alderton and Point Shirley is estimated at 75 square miles, about half of which affords good anchorage ground for vessels of the largest class. It is easy of access, free from sand-bars, and seldom obstructed with ice. The whole is thickly studded with islands, and is the resevvoir of several snuiU streams, among which are the Mystic, Charles, Neponset, and tlie Manatiquot Rivers. "Among the public buildings, the State House, from its position, is the most conspicuous. It stands on the summit of Beacon Hill, fronting the Common. The view which is afforded from the cupola is unsurpassed by any thing in the United States, if not in the world. On the north towers Bunker Hill n: nument, marking the place where the first great battle of the Revolution was fought. On the entrance-floor stands a fine statue of Washingtor, by Chftntrey. The representatives' hall is in the centre on the principal floor, the senate- chamber in the east, and the governor's and council chamber in the west wing. The old State House is still standing at the upper end of Suite street, on the site occupied as the seat of government in Massachusetts 140 years. Faneuil Hall, the " Cradle of Liberty," as it is called, is an object of much interest, as being the place where the orators in the days of Hancock and Adams roused the people to resistance against British oppression. Faneuil Hall Market, immediately east of Faneuil Hull, on Dock street, was at tiie tim.e of its erection the handsomest market house in the United States. It is upwards of 500 CITY OF BOSTON. 57 feet long, 5(> feet wide, ami two stories liigli, with a dome. The second story, called tiuiney Hall, is so constructed that it cnn be occupied as several apartments, or thrown into one, as occasion may require. The building was erected in 1826, at a cost of about ^150,000. There are several other markets in the city, besides those at East Boston and South Boston. The Custom House is near the head of I.oiig Wluirf, fronting l)oth on Com- merce street and on the harbour. It is built of granite, in the form of a cross, and sur- mounted by a dome, the top of which is 90 feet from the ground. The foundation rests upon 3000 piles. Its length is 140 feet ; width, including the projections of the cross, 96 feet Each front hos a portico of six Doric columns — each a single stone, costing about f 5,000. The entire cost of the building was upwards of $1,000,000. The ISIerchants' Ex- change is a magnificent fire-proof building, situated on the south side of 8tate street. It has 76 feet front, and extends back 250 feet to Lindall street, covering 13,000 feet of ground. The front is composed of Quincy granite, with four pilasters, each a single stone 45 feet high, and weigiiing about 55 tons. The roof is of wrought-iron, covered with galvanized sheet-iron. The great central hnll, 80 feet by 58, is occupied as the Merchants' Exchange and reuding-room. In the basement is the city post-office. The building was finished in 1812, and cost, exclusive of the ground, $175,000. Tiie City Hall, a granite building, con- sisting of an oetiigon centre with wings, is located on a plat of ground between Court square and School street. The Court House, also of granite, is in Court square between the City Hall and Court street. It contai ' -» rooms of the city, county, and United States courts. The City Prison, consisting of a centre building in the form of an octagon, with fo'ir wings extending in opposite directions, is near the foot of Cambridge street. Masonic Temple, in which the Freemasons have a lodge, is on Tremont street, fronting the Common. The new Tremont Temple, erected on the site of the one burnt in 1852, is on Tremont street, opposite the Tremont House. The Boston Music Hall, completed in 1852, fronts both on Winter street and on Bumstead Place. The lengtli of the central hall is 130 feet ; width, 80 feet ; heigiit, 05 feet. " In Boston there are nearly a hundred churches of the various denominations. "The wharves and warehouses of Boston are on a scale of magnitude and grandeur sur- ]iiissed by no other city of equal population. The north and east sides of Old Boston are lined with wharves and docks, which, taken together, make up nn aggregate length of over 5 miles. " Institutions. — Boston contains a great number of literary, scientific, and educational in- stitutions, among which may be mentioned the Boston Athena!um, incorporated in 1807, situated on Beacon street. The Massachusetts llistoricol Societj', organized in 1790, pos- sesses a library of 7000 bound volumes, and about 460 volumes of manuscripts, together with an extensive collection of pamphlets, maps, charts, coins, and other relics. The Bos- ton Library Society, founded in 1792, Imve a hall in the Tontine buildings, and a library of over 12,000 volumes. The American Academy of Arts ond Sciences has a library of 8000 volumes. Excepting the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, this iS the oldest organization of the kind in the United States, having been founded in 1780. -'..« Mercantile Library Association, instituted in 1820, has a collection of upwards of 13,tC0 volumes. The first Mechanics' Apprentices' Library Association ever organized was estab- lished in Boston in 1820. The origin of this class of institutions is traced to Dr. Franklin. Efforts are now being made to establish a Free City Library, towards which the contribu- tions have been very liberal. The Lowell Institute was established by John Lowell, jun., who bequeathed 'o it a legacy of $250,000. The bequest provides for regular courses of free lectures, to be given upon natural and revealed religion, physics and chemistry in their application to the arts, and numerous other important subjects. There are also many other similar societies, such as the New England Historical and Genealogical Society, the Boston Society of Natural History, the American Oriental Society, the American Statistical As- sociation, the Boston Lyceum, the Handel and Haydn Society, the Musical Educational Society, and the Boston Academy of Music. " Closely identified with the history of Boston is her system of public instruction. Ever 68 CITY OF BOSTON. ^ !il!i i^- lij cherished with maternal care, her schools liave long been ornaments to the city, and the pride of New England. As early us lfi35, the town records bear evidence to the estab- lishment of a " free school," and from that hour to the present, no interest has received more earnest attention tlmn the subject of education. Tiie system comprises four grades- primary, grammar, liigli, and Latin schools. Tliere are about I'JO primary, and 21 gram- mar schools. The liigh and Latin schools are exclusively for boys. The school committee consists of the mayor of the city, the president of the common council, and 24 otlier per- sons cliosen for the purpose. " The benevolent institutions of Boston are numerous and well endowed. The Massachu- Betts General Hospital occupies a plot of four acres of ground in the western part of the city, on tlie right bank of Ciiarles River. Tiie building is constructed of Chelmsford gran- ite, 274 feet long, and 54 wide. Tliirty thousand dollars have been contributed since 1843 for the support of this institution, by a single individual, the Hon. William Appleton of Boston. The McLean Asylum received its name from John McLean, Esq., of Boston, a lib- eral benefactor of the General Hospital. The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts Asy- lum for the Blind occupies the fine building formerly known as the Mount Washington house, in South Boston. In addition to other contributions, it receives $9000 annually from the State. The average number of pupils is about 100. There are also located in South Boston, the Boston Lunatic Hospital and the Houses of Industry and Reformation. In the western portion of the city is the Boston Eye and Ear Infirmary, and in the southern part the New England Female Medical College. " There are issued in Boston about 100 periodical publications, treating of almost every subject, whether of news, art, literature, or science. Of these, more than twelve at-e dai- lies. Among the others, are comprised several of the moat distinguished literary and sci- entific journals in the United States. " CoMMEUcE, Finance, etc. — In commercial importance, Boston is among the first cities of America. Her foreign commerce has always been great, and extends to almost every na- tion on the globe. Her coast trade is always immense. Along the wharves, in every di rection, and at all times, may be seen forests of masts, and vessels from all parts of the world. "There were, in December, 1852, 30 banks in Boston, with an aggregate capital of $24,660,000. Several other banks have since gone into operation. There were, also, 18 insurance companies. " The wp.nt of river advantages is supplied to Boston by railroads, of which seven great lines terminate in this city. There are lines of railway, recently completed, opening com- municat'on with the St. Lawrence River at Ogdensburg in New York, and La Prairie in Canada, and another through Maine, to Montreal. "The peninsula on which Boston is situated furnishes large quantities of excellent water. "The first blood shed in defence of American liberty was shed in Boston, and throughout the entire war no people contributed more largely towards its support. Boston continued a town until its population had increased to nearly 45,000. In 1855, the population was 162,629." BALTIMORE. 59 CITY OF BALTIMORE. Baltimore, the " Monumental City" of the United States, ranks amongst the most im- portant commercial cities in the Union. " The city is admirably situated both for foreign and internal commerce. The bay around wliich it is built, affords a secure and spacious harbour, and it has communication by rail- way not only with Philadelphia and Washington, but with Winchester, Annapolis, Cum- berland, Frederick City, York, Lancaster, and Harrisburg. The limits of the city comprise about 10,000 acres of land, extending about four miles and a half from east to west, and tliree and a half froiii orth to south. It consisted originally of more than fifty elevations or hills, separated by abrupt valleys, or ravines, and, in a few instances, by formidable marshes, while, nearly in the centre, it is divided by a rapid stream of water known as " Jones's Falls." This stream has several times oveiflowed its banks, causing loss of life, as well as occasioning a great damage to property. The city authorities have in consequence been at great pains to remove all obstructions from iU bed, and have taken care that the numerous bridges by which the stream is crossed, should be constructed with a single arch, and of such a height as to remove all further danger from this source. The city east of Jones's Falls is divided into two parts— Fell's Point and the Old Town. The Point is the most easterly portion of Baltimore, and has the advantoge of greater depth of water at the wharves than the upper harbour contains. It is the resort of seamen and immigrants, and the place where the greater part of the shipbuilding and manufactures of the city are car- ried on. Old Town lies north and west of this, and is principally inhabited by mechanics and labourers. The portion west of " the Falls" is likewise divided into two parts, the City Proper and Spring Garden section. The former is the centre of trade, and contains most of the residences of the more wealthy citizens. Spring Garden section is the extreme south-western quarter, and is inhabited chiefly by mechanics and labourers. From the number and prominence of its monuments. Baltimore has been denominated the Monu- mental city. The most remarkable of these is the Washington Monument, which standis on an eminence at the intersection of Charles and Monument streets, about 150 feet above high water mark. Its base, 20 feet high and 50 feet square, supports a Doric column 167 feet in height, surmounted by a statue of Washington 13 feet high. The shaft, 20 feet square at the base and 14 at the top, is ascended by means of a winding stairway within. The whole is composed of white marble, and cost $200,000. Its summit commands a beautiful and varied prospect. " Battle Monument, at the corner of Calvert and Fayette streets was erected in 1815, to the memory of those who fell while defending the city from the attack of the British, Sep- tember 12, 1814. "The Aumistead MonCmknt, a beautiful specimen of sculpture, near the city fountain, was erected to the memory of Colonel George Armistead. tlie commander of Fort Mcllenry, when bombarded by a British fleet, in September, 1814. " Among tiic public edifices of Baltimore, may be named the City Hall, on Holiday street, occupied by the city council and public oflices. The Court House, a conmiodious edifice at the corner of Washington and Lexington streets, contains the rooms of the city and county courts. The State Penitentiary, at the corner of Madison and Forrest streets, consists of throe separate buildings besides the workshops. A short distance from the Penitentiary stands the County Prison, a handsome building, surmounted by a cupola, and ornamented with a tower at each end in the form of an octagon. The Exchange, in Gay strett, near Water, is a spacious structure, 225 feet in front, 141 in depth, and three stories high above the basement. Tiie south wing, fronting on Lombard street, and entered from Water street, is occupied as a Custom House. Among the first objects that strike the attention of one approaching the city, are the shot towers, one of which— the Merchants' Shot Tower, is tlic highest 5n the world, liKving an elevation of '260 feet. The most imposing church edifice in Baltimore is the Roman Catholic cathedral, on Mulberry street, between Charles and !' O '• BALTIMf)l{E. ei u Ifi cs !f' •■h »- ■*' ^ ik; ^■, 1- 't ^m ^ \i ' i', . r-" ^ „!'.' ^" H 1 <^ <; i' Ui O =^ [ '• UJ i'k J^ p it H ■t. ¥<, ^iH k O Cntliedrnl streets. It is a mnssive grnnite stnictnro, IKO foet long, 177 lnvmd, ninl 1'27 from tlie ^'roiiml to the top of tlie cross giirinounUiif,' llie dorno. The Uiiitariaii Clmroli, nt the corner of Franklin and Charles streets, is nnuh admired for its nrehitecture. It is 108 feet lonic and 78 wide, with a dome fi5 feet in diameter, sii|>])orti'il iiy 4 arelies, each :?3 feet 8|mn. It is 80 feet from the j,'round to the snmi.it of the eiipoln. St. I'anlV, an Kpiscopal I'linreli on th(; eorner of Saroto(,'a and Cliurles stieet-s, the First Presbyterian Chureli, corner of North and Fayette streets, the First Hai)tist tMiiireh, at the eorner of Loml.ard and Sharp streets, and the (Jerinan Ikforuied Chnrch, in Second, between (iay ami Helvidere streets, are all distiii,u;nislicd either for elewnee or their style of nrehitecture. At the last census, Baltimore contained t)".) churches of the various denominations. " IxsmuTioNH.— The edueatiomil, literary, und benevolent institutions of Baltimore are nu- merous. The .Medical School of the University of .Maryland was founded in 1807. Wash- inijton Medical Colle^'e was founded in 1827, and has 25 students and si.v prof.^ssors. The University of JIaryland, founded in 1812, is situated on Lombard street, between Green Olid J'aca streets: connected with it is the Baltimore PJye und Ear Infirmary, where stu- dents have an opportunity of attending' lectures and witnessiiii,' operations. Tiic .Maryland Institute occupies a suite of rooms in the Athenieum, at the eorner of Lexington and St. I'aul streets. Its object is, the diffusion of useful knowledge ond the promotion of the me- chanic arts. It possesses an extensive chemical laboratory, and a very complete philosoph- ical apparatus The building is a. noble brick edifice, 112 feet by So, and 00 in height. It was completed in 1848, at a cost of over $28,000. Tiie various apartments, besides those appropriated to the use of the Institute, are occupied by the Mercantile Association, who Imve a well-selected library of 8000 volumes, and an ample supply of the choicest niagazines ond papers of the day; the Baltimore Library Ccmpany, possessing a valuable libniry of M.onii volumes; and the American Historical Society, whose library numbers about 15,(11)0 volumes, consisting, for the most part, of statistical and historical works. The City Library, designed for the use of the stockholders, the Ai)prentices' Library, a.id the Exchange Reading-room, ore all imjiortnnt institutions. The Exchange Keading-roofn is supjiortcd by subscription. Strangers and masters of vessels, however, have access to the periodicals and newspapers, free of expense. The Baltimore Hospital, in the north-western suburb of the city, consists of a centre building, four stories high, flanked with wings that connect with two other buildings, which form the ends of the vast pile. The entire struc- ture cost $150,000. It occupies a comnumding elevation, overlooking the city, the bay, and a wide extent of country. The interior arrangements are upon the most approved plan. The Almshouse is on the Franklin road, about 2 miles N. W. from the city : the building, consisting of a centre and two wings, has 375 feet front, and is surrounded with spacious grounds. The Baltimore Manual Liibour School for Indigent Boys has connected with it a tract of land, on which, between the hours of study, the pupils are occupied in labour, thus combining useful employment with healthful exercise. The Baltimore Associa- tion for Improving the Condition of the Poor is under the direction of those whose duty it is to visit and inquire into the circumstances and character of the persons relieved, with a view to discourage indiscriminate and injudicious alms-giving. The other prominent ben- volent institutions are, the City Dispensary, corner of Holiday street and Orange alley, .lie Eastern Dispensary, corner of Market street and Hartford Run avenue, two" Orphan' Asylums, and the Indigent Sick Society, composed of ladies, who visit the poor and minis- ter to their comforts in sickness. "Educatio.v.— The system of public instruction in Baltimore has, within a few years past, been much improved, and is now rapidly increasing in public favour. "Commerce, Finances, etc.— In commercial importance, Baltimore ranks among the first cities in the United States. Its position is such as to render it a great centre of trade. Sit- uated near the head of Chesapeake Bay, it enjoys superior advantages for foreign commerce, while the numerous lines of railway, that here have th.'ir termination, invite to it the ag- ricultural and mineral wealth of a vast interior. The recent completion of the Baltimore und Ohio railroad to Wheeling, is a most important event, and destined to e.>cert an immense d2 BALTIMORE. Influence on the commercial activity of thin (xrcat emporium In the eloquent language of one of her citizens, " We Isave reached the thrcKhold and stepping-stone of our true com- luercial greatness, and there is nothing now timt can turn us back. The wide and far West has opened her ami)lo arms to receive us, and bids us (iod-speed in our efrmts to secure the prize which nature has so long ond so patiently held out to us." There were, January 3d, 1853, 12 banks in Baltimore, with an aggregate capital of .f7,'2',»l,415, and a circulution of f 2,074,687 ; 2 other banks have since been chartered; 1 health and lu tiro iind marine in- surance companies, besides many insurance agencies. "Baltimore enjoys superior advantages for manufactures. Jones's Falls and Patapsco River afford immense water-power, which is extensively employed for flouring-miils, of which there are over CO within 20 miles of the city. Numerous cotton and other manu- factories are also in operation. " This city has an abundant supply of pure water, both from Springs and from Jones's Falls. These springs, or fountains, are in ditferent parts of the city, and enclosed with circular iron railings. Over them are small open temples, consisting of a dome supported by pillars. The water from Jones's Falls is brought by means of an aqueduct, about half a mile long, to a reservoir in Calvert street, and from thence is conducted through distributint,' pipes to the various parts of the city. The more elevated portions, however, are supplied from a reservoir replenished by forcing-pumps on an eminence in Chorles street, near VVashington Motumient On Federal Hill is an observatory, which serves, In conneotion with another at Bodkin Point, to announce the approach of vessels. In this way, a marine telegraph la established, by which information is conveyed in a few minutes from the mouth of the I'a- tapsco to an observatory in the Exchange. " About 25 newspapers are issued in Baltimore, of which 6 or 7 are dailies. Population, about 200,000." NEW ORLEANS. 63 NEW ORLEANS, (THE CRESCENT CITY.) TiiK city of Now Orleans forma the great commprolal oftpUnl of tlio gouthern etateB, and occupies tlie position of tiie greatest cotton morket iu tlio world, "The city is built around a bend in the river, from wiiich cirjumstance it has l)oen de- noniinntod the ' Crescent City.' The site inclines gently from the margin of the Minsissippl towards the marshy ground in the reor, and is from 2 to « feet below tlie level of tlie river lit the usual spriiir freshets. To prevent inundations, an eniljankment or levee, .ibout 18 feet wide and foet high has been raised, extending 120 miles above the city, and to Port ?ln(iuemino. 43 miles below it Tliis forms a deligiitful promenade. In consequence of the cluin^'e in the course of the river opposite New Orleans, largo quontitioa of alluvium, swept from tlic north and held in suspen-iion by the current, are here deposited. New formations from this cause, in front of that portion of the quoy most used for the purposes of com- merce, have been so rapid that it has been necessary, within a few years, to build piled wharves jutting out from 60 to 100 feet into the Misbissippi. Thd leveo hero has also been grodually widened, so that an odditional block of warehouses has been erected between the city and the river during the past year. " Here may be seen what New Orleans woa before the application of steam to navigation. Hundreds of long, narrow, black, dirtydooking, crocadiledike rafts lie sluggishly, without moorings, upon the soft batture, and pour out their contents upon the quay— a heterogeneous compound of the products of the Upper Mississippi and its tributaries. There are rafts, or flat-boatA, as they are technically called, each frequently carrying cargoes valued at from $3,0(10 to i?16,000. Twenty years ago, and these were the only craft on the river! nor hns their number been decreased since the introduction of the steamboat. Not less charac- teristic of New Orleans is the londing of the latter class of crut't. The quay is here all ac- tion, and the very water is covered with life. Huge vessels float upon its bosom, which acknowlidge none of the powers of air, and wait no tide. One is weighed down to the s^'uards with cotton, a freight of 3,000 bale*— f 180,000 1 Twenty more lie side by si.le laden with the same commodity. Huge piles, bale upon bale, story above story, cover the levee, i'ork without end, as if the Ohio had emptied its lap at the door of New Orleans ; and flour by the tiiousand borrels rolled out upon the quay and heaped up— a large aren ie covered with these two products of the up-country, and still appears seemingly undiminished, although the seller, the buyer, and drayman are busy in the midst of it. Here is a boat freighted with lead from Galena, and another brings furs and peltry from the head waters of the Missouri, 3,000 miles to the north-west ! The Illinois, the Ohio, the Missouri, the Arkansas, and Red Ri .er, all are tributaries to this commercial depot, and send down to its wharves merolmntablo material of the annual volue of $100,000,000, more or less. Nearly 20,000 miles of inlai.'d navigation is tributary to this city. Tlie quay appropriated to the foreign and coastwise shipping presents another and a different scene. Here tlie cotton bale, tobacco hogshead, pork and flour barrel, and the whisky cask, j leld to bales of foreign and domestic manufactures, pipes of wine, and crates of wares. The shipping stretches away us far as the eye can reach, two miles or more in extent, three tiers deep, with their heads to the current curving with the river— a beautiful crescent. The English, the French, the Spanish, the Dane, the Russian, the Swede, the Hollander, etc., are here commingled, and compete for the commerce of the teeming West. The old city proper, originally laid out by the French, is in the form of a parallelogram, 1320 yards long and 700 yards wide. Above this are what were formerly the faubourgs of St. Mary, Annunciation, and La Course ; be- low, Marigny, Dounois. and Declouet ; and in the rear, Tr^me and St. John's. Lafayette, till recently under a separate government, is immediately above the city. In 1830, New Orleans was divided into three municipalities by act of the assembly, each with distinct municipal rKjwers. Again in April, 1852, these and Lafayette, with the faubourgs and other dependencies, extending from 6 to 1 miles along the river, and al)ont 5 miles back to Lake Pontchartrain, were ccmsolidated under one charter, the city assuming the debts. 1 ^11 1 1 '•IP,' H 1 ij 1 4 i\ ll 4 in : ■ i 1 ! 1 1 i 1 1 II 1 1 \\ ^ 1 : 1! i w ^ Tin: ruEN'CH catiiedual, new oi{|,kans. 65 THE FRExVCII CATHEDRAL, NEW OHLEANS. The stroots of New Orleans nre of convenient 1)ren(lth, well paved, nnd uj^iinlly intersect eacli otluT nt riglit nni,'le3. Ciuml street, (of wiiieli we give an iiliii^lrntion,) is tlio broadest street in the city, being over 100 feet in width, with a grass plot in the centre about 2') feet wide, exteiidiiig throughout its entire length. Most of the buildings are con- slrueted of brick, and are generally low, except in the business portion, where they nre usually 5 or (i stories high. Many of the dwellings in the suburbs, jiarticu- l.irly in Jiiifayet((>, arc surroun(l<'d with spaeious yards, beautifully deeorateJ with tlie orange, lemon, magnolia, and other ornamental trees. Abasement about (> feet high constitutes the only cellar, as none are sunk below tlie surface on account of the marshy eliiirnetcr of the ground. In dilferent sections of the city are several public squares, among which may bo mentioned .lackson Square, formerly Place d'Armes, occupying the centre of the river front of the old town plot, now the First District. It is ornamented with shell walks, shrubbery, statuettes, etc., ond is much frequented for recreation. La- fayette Square, in the Second District, is finely laid out, and adorned with a profusion of shade trees. Congo Square, in the rear of the eity, is also a handsome enclosure. " Pi;nuo Buildings. — The United States Custom House, now in process of erection nt New Orleans, when completed, will be the largest building in the United States, with the excep- tion of llie Capitol at Washington, covering an area of 87,2:53 superficial feet. Tlie mate- Hal is from the Quiney quarries of Jhissachusetts. The United States Branch Mint in New Orleans, is at the corner of Esplanade and New Levee streets, near the river. The Muni- cipal Hall, at the corner of St. Charles and Hevia streets, opposite Lafayette Square, is a beautiful marble edifice in the Grecian style of architecture. It is principally occupied with public offices, among which are several of the city government. Tlie Odd Fellows' Hall, erected in 1851, on Camp street, opposite Lafayette Square, and the Merchants' Ex- 6io NEW ORLEANS. ohnnge, on Royal street, nenr Cannl, are both oxtiMisive buildiiig-i, oliiofly dovotwl to public; ujc. Till- latter ciiiitaiiis the City I'ost-offiee niid .^lerchaiits' Ueatlitig Kooin. '' Many of the ehurohes ai'e large and costly structures. The Church of St, Louis, opposite .hieksdii Sijuare, is a splendid edifice, adorned with a loft\' tower on either side of the main entrauee. The building was erected in 1850, on the site of the old church, whi(di was pulled down. (Se" engraving.) It was origiinilly founded in Hifi, by Don Audrc, on the condition that masses be otferetl every Saturday eveising for the repose of his soul, and the tolling of the bell at sunset on that day .-lill |)roclaiins the observance of the custom, On the right and left of this edifice are two Iiandsome buildings in the Tuscan and Doric orders, devoted to various purposes of the city government. Tiie Jewish Synagogue, formerly the Canal Street Episcopal Church, is ornamented in front with a liandsome colon- nade. The Presbyterian Cliureh, op|io.-ite Lafayette Sipiare, the new Episeo]ial church, on Canal street, and St. Patrick's Chui'ch, on Camp street, are elegant edifices, each adorned with a graceful spire. The latter is a conspicuous object to one approaching the city from the river. Of the :i8 churches in tlie cit}-, in 1853, 12 are Koman Calholic, 7 Episcopal, C Presbyterian, 5 Methodist, 3 Lutheron, 2 Baptist, and 3 Jewish synagogues. "The hotels of New Orleans are conducted upon a scale of magnitude scai'cely cfuuilled in any city of the Union. Tiie eily eoutaiiis 4 or 5 theatres, the principal of which are the St. Charles, the Orleans, or French Tiieatre, and the American. At the Orleans Theatre the dramatic representations are in Frehch. Among the most remarkable bank edifices may be mentioned the City Bank, on Toulouse street ; Canal Bank, on Magazine street; and the Bank of Louisiana. Several of the market -houses are deserving of notice. St. Jlary's Market, in the Second District, is -180 feet lou^', and 42 feet wide. The Meat Market, on the Levee, and AVasliington Market, in the liiird l)isirict, are also extensive buildini,'s. The cotton presses of New Orleans, about 2i. in number, are objects of much interest, each of which usually occupies an entire block. The oenti'e building of the New Orleans cot- ton press is three stories high, and surmounti'd by a dome, ihe summit of wiiich commands a fine view of the city. Not less tim;! 15(i,.iO0 bales of cotton, on an average, are annually pi-essed at this establishment. " IxsTiTrrioNS.— The benevo'eut institutione of New Orleans are among the most extensive a,.d i)est conducted in the ITi'ited States. The litii.iry and educational institutions many of which have been recently established, are for the most ])art in a highly prosperous condition. " The numljer of ^chool-liouses in the city (ns appears from the mayor's message) ;s \i\ ut- tenne-^ by 10,8S(> pupils. The iuerease i-. the number of pupils for the last 12 months has bee-, 2004, equal to 23.9 per o"nt. Number of teachers, 21C>. Vi the 30 school-houses, 17 bclong to the city, and 23 are rented. The amount appropriated for school purposes the past year was f)18l>,.)20. " About 20 newspapers are published in the city, 9 or 10 of which arc dailies. Several are printed in the French language. '■ CoMMKiiCE.— New Orleans p<,>pesssc» unrivalled natural advantages for interm-l trade. The Mississippi River and its tributaries afford not less than 1.5,000 miles of navigable wa- ters, communicating with a vast extent of country, illimitable in its resources, exhaurtles-- in fertility, nnd embrp.eing nearly every variety of climate. Every description of craft is employed in transporting the rich products of the upper regions of the "Father of Wafers" to this great southern emporium. At one portion of iis levee may be seen hundre is of fir-t-boats grounded on the " batture," and filled, some with fat carde, horses, mules hogs and sheep ; others with hay, corn, potatoes, butter, cheese, apples, and cider The quay here is pded with lund.er, ,.ork, flour, and every variety of agricultural produce, as if tl.; Groat Valley had emptied its freaaires at the door of New Orleans. "The total value of American produce exported from New Orleans .luring the year ac- cording to the custom-house records, was f (ir,,344,5(;!), of which amount. $48 076 P)7 'was to foreign countries, and $28,208,327 coastwise. The value of foreign merclmn'dise ex- ported during the same period, was $44,780. making a sum total of $7C S89 349 CEMETERY, NEW ORLEANS. 67 AVEiNUE IN THE CEMETERY, NEW ORLEANS, WITH SEPrLCnUKS ABOVE GROUND. '• Any aescriplioii of New Orleans would be incomplete without some notice of its ceme- fci'ios, many of wliieh are unique in plan and method of interment. ' Each is enclosed with a bride wall of arched cavities, (or ovens, ag they are here calle.l.i iniulo just large ciiuugh to admit a single coffin, and raised tier upon tier, to a lieight of about twelve f^et, with a thickness of ten. The whole inclosure is divided into plats, with gravelled paths, intersecting each other at right angles, and is densely covered with tombs built wholly above ground, and from one to three stories high. This method of sepulture is adopted from necessity, and burial under ground is i,-vcr attempted, excepting in the " Potter's Field," where the stranger without friends and tlie poor without money iind an uncertain rcKt; 1/10 water with which the soil is always saturated, often forcing the coffin and its con- tents out of its narrov and shallow cell, to rot with no other covering than the arch of heaven.' Above we give an illustration of one of the avenues in the Cemetery, engraved from a jihotograph taken there hist year, showing the sepiddircs above ground. "Algiers, a flourishing village, or rather sid)urb of New Orleans, is situated opposite to the city, with which i* is connected by a ferry. It has several ship yards and manufactur- ing establishments. " (ias was first employed to light the city in IS:] t ; and during the sam.. year, water was introduced from the Mi«sissijipi. It is raised from th.- river by steam to an elevated res- ervoir, whence live or six millions of gallons are daily distributed to various pare larger por- tion, and in these classes are found what may be denominated the aristocrac}*. Tlie Irish here, as in other quartern, though forming a large class, are but " the hewers of wood and drawers of water" — the laborers and levee-men, respectable only on election daj', and among themselves. The English and Scotch are few in proportion, and are chiefly con- nected with the foreign commerce, as merchants or factors, seldom remaining longer in the city than is necessary for the transaction of their particular business; or remaining only during the health}' montlis of spring and v inter. Tliis admixture of roces is in some degree embarrassing; so many languages, various customs and manners, and in linbits so ditl'erent, no tliorough amalgiimation can take place ; and it is even necessary to support newspapers and periodicals of Jifl'erent languages, each of which, in its opinions and ideas, is at variance with the other. " New Orleans is famous in history as the place designated to become the seat of the mon- archy intended to have been established by the treason of Aaron iiurr. During the month of January, 1804, the citizens were in a state of continual alarm: volunteer companies and other troops constantly patrolled the streets, ready to suppress the first attempt it insur- rection. That year it was made a port of entrj-, and the next (1805) ^'ew Orleans was in- corporated as a city. The population is estimated at 175,000. " Distance from New Orleans to the irioufh of the ^Mississippi, TOO miles. Southwest from New I'ork, 1C03 milus. Southwest from Washington, 1437 miles. Southwest by west from Charleston, 779 miles. South southwest from Pittsburg, 2025 milen. South by west from Chicago, 1028 miles. Soutli from St. Louis, 1200 miles. South by east from St. Antliony's Falls, :\Iiunesota, 2000 miles." 1 and pros- ■ared in the ces that are acclimated, jrn climate. ( which our ivity. Du- ence for all, )vcments in ealth of the es, the epi- iction, how- fever of an ' isles of the 1 the other long the in- :ip one-half larger por- The Irish f wood and [1 day, and chiefly con- mger in the lining only !omc degree 3« difl'erent, newspapers at variance of the mon- : tlie month ipaniea and pt It insur- ans was in- hwest from f west from r west from . Anthony's '!• 70 WHEELING, VIRGINIA. % WHEELING. VIRGINIA. The view given above represents one of the numerous busy and enterprising towns situ- ated in the heart of a beautiful countrj'. Wheeling forms an importiint junction for several raihvaj-s diverging to and from it in all diroetioim. The cliiof ohjeet of attraction about the town is tlie magnificent Suspension Bridge — the largest of the kind in tiie United States, and one of the largest in the world, erected at a cost of $210,n00 : loiiglh of span, 1010 feet; licight above low-water mark, 97 feet ; height of towers on Wheeling side, 153 feet: supported by 12 wire cables laid in pairs — 3 pairs, 1 each ' of the flooring, each of which is 4 inches in diameter — composed of 550 strands of 1380 teet long. It has a earriage-way of 17 feet broad, with a sidewalk of 3^ feet on each side. (See engraving on preceding page.) Various branches of manufacture are carried on — such as glass, stones, nails, all kinds of iron manufactures, some woollen and cotton goods, with one silk mill. The hills in the immediate vicinity contain inexhaustible supplies of coal, which supply fuel at a small cost to the various manufacturing establishments in Wheeling. The city is approached by the Ohio River from Pittsburg and Cincinnati, whilst raii- Avay eonnnunication is to be had from all points to it— from the west as well ns seaboard — forming as it does, one of the leading junctions. Wheeling is one of the termini of the Baltimore and Oliio Railroad, 380 miles long, and finished in 1853. Distant from Wheeling, 02 miles; Cincinnati, 365 miles: and 350 miks iiortli-west of Richmond, Va. Besides the county building, there r -^ some 15 churches, several academies, 2 banks and several newspapers. Population, in lb.)0, 11,391. Location— capital of Ohio County, Va. : lilt. 40" 7' N; Ion. 80' 42' W. It is situated on a high bank of the River Ohio, along which it stretelios for about 2 mib-s. ig towns situ- ^ind from it in nt Suspension in the world, -water mark, cables laid in er — composed th a sidewalk s, all kinds of which supply ti, whilst rail- 11 as seaboard !0 miles lonsj, ilos: and 35i> ', 2 banks and County, Va. : r Ohio, along 72 PITTSBUKG, PENNSYLVANIA. hi CITY OF PITTSBURG. The traveller acquainted with tlie neiglibourhood of the " Black Country," between Birmingham and Walsall and Dudley, in StafFordshiro, (England.) will, on his visit to the City of Pittsburg, at once discover the striking resemblance, in many respects, to the dis- tricts alluded to. Tliere are the same red brick houses and workshops, the same smoke, the same uneven streets — from the heavy weights drawn over them — and at night, the glare of the iron furnaces at work. The picture is, in many respects, complete, even to the poor soil of the hilly country around each — a peculiarity observable in all surfaces where un- derneath is rich in minerals. On the stranger's first visit to Pittsburg, therefore, after visiting either the cities on the seaboard, or, perhaps, the "Queen City of the West," "the Forebt City," or the "City of the Lakes," where not a vjstige of smoke scarcely is to be seen — he may bo disappointed at the first sight of Pittsburg. Viewed from the hill "j no.site Pittsburg Proper — exactly opposite the Monongaheia House — the city is seen to greatest advantage — with its 5 bridges (and new one building) stretching across the Alleghany and Monongaheia — which together at- this point form the Ohio — whilst it can be seen wending its way down the beautiful valley which bears its name. Either from Alleghany City, or the point mentioned, an excellent view is obtained — ^being far higher than the city on the Pittsburg side of the river. The houses in Pitts- burgand Alleghany City are built close up to the very tops of the hill-sides, and presenting something of the appearance which the old town of Edinburgh does when viewed from of? either the Calton Hill or Arthur's Seat there. Three of the most important suburbs are, Alleghany City, Birmingham, and Manchester. To quote from a notice of this city, the writer says: — " The site of the city is a natural amphitheatre, being environed on all sides by beauti- ful hills, rising from 400 to 600 feet above the level of the Ohio, and filled with coal, iron, and limestone, the working of which into articles of utility constitutes the chief occupa- tion of the inhabitants. These hills are not, except in a few instances, precipitous, and from their slopes and peaks, afford a series of rich and varied landscapes. " Pittsburg and its suburbs contain about 90 churches, of which upwards of 50 are in the city proper. Many of these are choice specimens of architectural beauty. " The manufactures of Pittsburg are immense, and capable of being extended almost in- definitely. Indeed there is no known limits to the elements necessary to their augmenta- tion. Wood, coal, ores, and agricultural resources, all abound in the utmost profusion and at the greatest possible convenience. " The annual produce consists of bar, rod, hoop, boiler, and sheet iron, sheet steel, bar steel, nails, spikes, rods, shafts, anchors, and axles. All the works for tliese are operated by steam power." There are also in Pittsburg, large foundries, manufactories of glassware, white lead fac- tories, large cotton factories, f tnipor-rolling mill, copper-smeltifig establishment, vial fur- naces, manufactories of locks, co'V.'e mills, scales, etc., and sever.,! ',\>v the production of various articles of steel manufacture, such as springs, saws, axe?, anvils, and vices; and others for making gun-barrels and agi-icultural utensils. Gas, manufactured from bituminous coal, is furnished at a eompaniiivreiy trifling cost, for lighting the city. The Alleghany Cemetery, on the Alleghany Ri' , i, 2 miles above Pittsburg, is one of the most beautiful places of the kind in the worFi it comprises 110 acres, tastefully adorned, and enclosed by a wall of stone masonry. As may be well known, Pittsburg was named in honour of the celebrated British prime minister, V/illiam Pitt. It was founded in 1765. Tlie suburban districts of Birmingham together with Alleghany City, form the large and rapidly-increasing city of Pittabv.rg. In 1853, the popuh-tl on --.f city and suburbs was 110,241, although it must be cjnsiderably increased since then. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. 78 Mid Manchester. d British prime CITY OF ST. LOUIS. St. Loris occupies tlie first plnce nmongst the western cities sitimted on the Mississippi— tliti great " Father of Waters" — and from its central position, the inexhaustible supply of mineral wealth within easy distance, the important railroad connections already opened up to the east, and the last greatest transportation triumph achieved only last October — viz. : opening of the great Pacific mail route from St. Louis to San Francisco, thus joining the Mississippi with the Pacific Ocean by overland journey — will all contribute to advance the interests and commercial importance of St. Louis to an incalculable extent. "The site of St. Louis rises from the river by two plateaux of limestone formation, the first 20 and the other 60 feet above the floods of the Mississippi. The ascent to the first plat- eau, or bottom, tts it may be termed, is f"- ..cWhat abrupt; the second rises more gradu- ally, and spreads out into an extensive plain, affording fine views of the city and river. St. Louis extends, in all, nearly 7 miles by the curve of the Mississippi, and about 3 miles back ; the thickly-settled portion, however, is only 2 or 2^ miles in length, following the river, and about 1^ miles in breadth. The city is well laid out, the streets being, for the most part, 60 feet wide, and, with but few exceptions, intersect each other at right angles. Front street, extending along the levee, is upwards of 100 feet wide, and built up on the side fac- ing the river with a range of massive stone warehouses, which make an imposing appear- ance as the city is approached by /ater. Front, Main, and Second streets, parallel to each other and to the river, are the sent of the prncipal wholesale business. The latter is occu- pied with heavy grocery, iron, receiving and shipping houses. Fourth street, the fashion- able promenade, contains the finest retail stores. The streets parallel to Front and Main streets are designated Second street. Third, Fourth, Fifth, and so on ; and those on the right and left of Market street, extending at right angles with the river, are mostly named from various forest trees, similar to the streets of Philadelphia. Large expenditures have been made from time to time in grading and otherwise improving the streets and alleys of St. Louis. "St. I^uis is handsomely built, especially the new portion of the city; the principal ma- terial is brick, though limestone is employed to some extent. " It n-irty be doubted whether any city of the Union has improved more rapidly than this in the style of its public buildings. "INSTITUTIONS. — Among the benevolent institutions may be mentioned the City Hospital, the Marino Hospital, 3 miles below St. Louis, the Sisters' Hospital, the Home for the Friend- less, and the Orpnan Asylums. The Home for the Friendless, designed for the benefit of aged indigent females, and opened October 4th, 1853, is situated on the C ndelet road, about 4 miles from the court house. The edifice, formerly "Swiss Colleg ,' c< nsists of a stone centre, 75 feet in length, and two frame wings, each from 30 to 40 fee : ength— the whole two stories high. The premises comprise about 8 acres of ground, variously diversi- fied with walks and shade-trees. About f 40,000 have been raised for the support of the institution. The City Hospital has long been distinguished for the excellent accommoda- tions which it aflbrds to the sick, but of late has been found inadequate to the wants of the rapidly-increasing population. A new edifice, intended as a House of Refuge, has been completed. The building formerly occupied as the " Smallpox Hospital," situated on land in the St. Louis Common, known as the Old County Farm, has been fitted up for the recep- tion of a juvenile reform school. "The literary and educational institutions of St. Louis, have, considering their recent ori- gin, attained a high degree of excellence. "St Louis has about 25 publication oflSces, issuing newspapers n-id other periodicals. Seven or eight newspapers are published daily, tri-weekly, and we Four or five are printed in the German language. The press is generally characterized by ability, and sev- eral of its issues have a wide circulatioa The water works, which in 1529 were of very inconsiderable importance, now embrace S5^ miles of pipe. 74 ST. LOUIS, Missorui, W ' f'i fr'i' "The Leveo, wliicli, twoiify yonrrt ngo, wns a niere niiul bniik, with transverse ways to the water's C(l^'o, has sinco umlortrono vosy imiioitant eliiiiijjes. (ireiit .■xpeiiditures have bcdii imulc in tilJiiiiT up !in(l (Hhcrwiso improving' it directly in front of the city. ".Siiin-i.N(j, I'oMMKucE, CTi\— Kaeh slrenni whicli contrihiite.s to the coninierce of St.. Loui^ has its regular paeivel.^ and, for tlie most part, a Heparato j.laee of landing. Tiie Misaouri, the Illinois, and the Upper .Mi.^sis8ip|,i have as fine craft as float on tin" Western waters while the down-river, or New Orleans traders, ore scarcely excelled in size, e.iniprnent' speed, and construction. The St. Louis l)oat,s uL^o visit the Ohio, the Wabash, the Tcnnes' see, and otIuT streams. With such an immense inlatul navigation, the commerce of the port re.piires a large number of steamers, and its tonnage in this respect exceeds that of '^very other western cit}'. " The importations of dry goods for the year were estimated at $7,000,000, (an increase of nearly one million over the previous year,) and tlie sales at .f 8,500,000. This, howevi r, only lias reference to the wliolesale business. Including the retail trade of the city, the entire imports were estimated at $10,500,000, and tlie sales at fLS, 000,000. The business of the heaviest wholesale liouses amounts to from half a million to eight hundred thousand dollars annually. "Themanufacturesof St. Louis, though in their infancy, are hardly less important than her commerce. The flouring business is carried on lure more extensively than in any cilv of the West. Tiie manufacture of ditferent kinds of chenucals and oils Is extensively car- ried on. There are in St, Louis 10 establishments for the manufacture of tobacco, several of which are on a large scale. The nnmufacture of hemp into bale-rope and bugg'in- and the distilling of whisky, also employ a. large amount of capital. ]5ut however ^important these several interests may be in themselves, they can hardly be regarded as the most im- portant to St. Louis. Indeed, there can be no doubt that the develoi)ment of the vast min- eral resources of the region tributary to her, is destined to exert a controlling influence upon the future of this metropolis. Her manufactures of iron already exceed :hose of any other city on the llississipj,!, if not in the west, ^•umerous foundries unnu.idy turn out stoves and other castings to a large amount. Railing, machinery, and steam-engines ar. extensively manufactured. Jlining operations have already been commenced at Iron Moun- tain. (See Engraving.) "The Bank of the State of Missouri is the only chartered banking institution in St Louis or in Missouri. It has five branches, viz. : one at ^^,yette, one at Jackson, one at Lexing- ton, one at Palmyra, and one at Springfield. "The natural advantages which St. Louis enjoys, as a commercial emporium, are probably not surpassed by those of any inland port in the world. Situated midway between tw'o oceans, and near the geographical centre of the finest agricult.iral region on the globe al- most at the very focus towards which converge the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Ohio, and the Illinois Rivers, there can be no doubt that she is destined, at no distant period, to become the great receiving and distributing depot of most of tiie vast region drained by these streams. Having already reached an enviable position among her sister cities, she is look- ing westward, with a system of railways intended not only to bring to her markets the agricultural and mineral treasures of the Missouri basin, but eventually to extend beyond r., ?^.l "*"^"' ^'^ *'" '■"^^'^' "^ "'*' ^^'"''^ ^"'* ^^'' ""d fin«"y to the golden shores of thel ac.fic Ocean. Her connection with the Atlantic cities, through Cincinnati and Chi- cago, IS already secured beyond contingency. The construction of railroads penetrating various sections of her own state, designed ultimately to communicate with New Orleans ar^ also about to be undertaken. The opening of these various railways, an.l others pro- posed, will give St. Louis rcidy access to immense deposites of iron, coal, lead, and copper ores, within « circuit of 90 miles, equal .o the wants of the whole Mississippi valley for centuries to come, and which have not to this time been brought into use, sin.ply because 01 tlie dithculty and expense of reaching a market. "The population of St. Louis is upwards of 100,000." -^i,^'-.-^ '^<^ .-r-s'V' ^-/^P'J "^X ^ erso ways to tlie itures liiivt; been ■roe of St.. Lmii^ Tlic Missouri, VV*)8torn wntcin, size, fiiiiipnieiit, ish, the TciiiKn- oiiimerce of the jxceeds that of )(>, (nn Incronst; T'lis, liowov( r, of the city, tht< Tht! liii.siiu'.ss idrcd thousand mportnnt thnii mil in any cilv xtonsivoly ciir- (itiat'CO, SL'VCTIll J baggini,', and !Vi'r iinj)ortant It* tht! most ini- f the vast inin- llini,' influence d those of any ludy turn out in-engines an; at. Iron Moun- jn in St. Louis one at Lexing- , are probably between two the globe, al- the Ohio, and iod, to become ined by these !S, she is look- I* markets tlie xtend beyond golden shores inati and Chi- i penetrating New Orleans, il others pro- i, and copper :)pi valley for inj)iy because UH ;_: a >— 3! CINCINNATI. 75 CINCINNATr, THE QUEEN CITY OF THE WEST. An i:u Iciivimr tlio st'ulxnrd, no r, we ixiM't'lnl to timl ill it iiiioilu.r I'iitshur^r (I'miisylvaiiiii) or .Miiiicli.'ster (KiiifiiiiKl) for (.iiiolco; iinil on proooeillnK from tiie " Forest City" (Cloveliind) wu looked forward to tind- iiiL,' ('inciiiiin)l under « cloud, with tlif iiiitiei|.alion of imiileiiciint odours from its fumed l»Mk kiiliii.i,' estai.lisliiii iits. On our enterln;,' the eity, l.y tli., Liftlo Miami Vall.'y railroad, tJK' beauty of that line was only excelled hy the ciinrmins^ view prewnfed as the train erept round tlie curves, oiHuing lo view tlie exiiulsitdy h.aiilifiil sccnrry of the Ohio, both on the Kentucky and Ohio nide of the river. Our visit to Ciuciiinati, therefore, in .Inly last, was one of unmiii<(led pleasuruhle disappoiiitinent; with ii Mazini^ sun overhead, all vciretatioM in its iinyi-M. attire, an.l not a |)article of smoke to he seen, excepting from a solitary steanM'r, i)erhai)8, J;cttill,^' ready for its voya^'e to Louisville or the Mississippi. Ascending to the top of Mount Adams, to jjet n view of (he city an.l siirroiindini,' c.)iintry, we looked in vain for smoke; so that should the j;i»ted author of " Voice/from the Crowd" pay his friend ^■ieholas Loni,'Worth another visit nt Cincinnati, and that any time durin,!,' the sprinj,' or rammer months, he will, we think, leave it with a dilfeivnt iinpres- sloii, and similar to what ho experienced in the cities visited, where the total absence from smoke foniicd one of the peculiarities of American city life. As may he well known, Cincinnati is the most jMipiilous city of the Western States, and th tifth in size and importance throu^'hout the union. It is beautifully situated in a valley of about la miles in circumfrrence, with the Ohio River intersectiiiir it from the State of Kentucky, environed by a ran^'o of hills, thus forming a beautiful basin with one portion of the city in the centre, but the greater part of it rising by terraces, on which Third and Fourth streets form two of the most prominent. For ;i miles, at least, the city extends along- side of the river, that portion being lined, for the most part, ith stores and shipping- places of business, and where from 30 to 40 Bteamcrs may be s. ,n engaged in the river traffic, sailinir up the river to Pittsburg, 4t}0 miles, and down to ports on the Mississippi, C50 miles distant, carrying, for the most part, good-, but that only when the state of the river permits, and business affords sufficient traffic. ]}oth in the city and in the vicinity sonic elegant private rcMdonces are to be seen, but more i)articuhirly in the suburbs of such as Mount Auburn, here there are some beautiful country seats, with vineri" in the open air attached to each. One of the finest public buildings of Cincinnati is the Court House, an immense block of buildings built of white marble, but, to a certain extent, obscured from being seen to great advantage, on account of the other buildings being built in too close proximity with it. In churehea Cincinnati can boast of having as tine samples as are to be found in the West. Its literary, educational, scientific, and medical colleges and institutions, rank with any thing in the United States; in fact, from the public school up to the most advanced literary and scientific association, Cincinnati is excelled, we believe, by no other eity. The Mechanics' Institute, for example, occupies a prominent place amongst the many valu- able institutions with which Cincinnati has great cause to be proud of. It is a large, square, massive building, built in the Elizabethan style, on the corner of Sixth and Vine streets.' its library contains 15,000 volumes, besides having, in an adjoining department, an excel- lent selection of newspapers and periodicals. It is under the management of the Central Board of the Trustees and Visitors of Common Schools, two delegates from each ward in the city being part of the management. Rufus King, Esq., a name well known in America, is president. At present it numbers 4323 members. Averaue delivcrv of i)f-..".ka dnrin-~ the ]••-' ^ months, over 6.500 volumes per month. Total circulation for 1 months, 35,000 volumes. At the last time when the books were called in for revision, only 8 volumes were wanting 70 mechanics' institute and mkucantilk library. out c.f n tdtnl eirctilaflon of 37.000 voliimt'*, a fact which gju-ftku w»'ll f.ir hoth mi-mher^ and iiinimfjciiifnt. Kvcri thii« Mriiull iiumluT inisalng was rnndo up l)y the pnrtifi who had btcorne Heuiirify for thoie who h/id got out tlifl bookc All youtig men uiuh-r age, and not known, nre n'4idred fo get a guarnnteo from a known citijicn, who bt'conici* rcKponiiilili' for liny loti tho institution may HUnUiin, )»y giving out liookn to 8uuh party applying for tlieiu, Thi- library ia mndo up of tho books formerly bflonglng to tho Pul)llo Schoid F.ibrnry and Moohanics' Institution, now joined into one libiniry. From tho State, it uow— from iu oonnection with tho Pulilie School Library— receives $8000 annually. Tho terms of odmission to all are — free. It may ajipoar aimoat invidious to mention the name of any one donor to tliis noble in- stitution, but wo think- that Mr. Greenwood's benetieenco should bo well known, if for no other reason, tlian that otiiers in different parts, may imitate his example. Besides many subscriptions to tlie iiiMiiutioti, and all along taking an active part in it8 establishment and welfare, he was, we believe, the principal means of preventing the institution from going down. Amongst its dltficullies, it was due Mr. (ireenwood no less a Mini than $18,000 (£;{,0(i() stg.) for material lie had supplied to the building, etc., from Ids foundry. T/ial entire mm he made (hem a prenent of, from which date, the institution has spread its benefits all around, and engraven the name of Miles Greenwood indelibly in connection witli its history, and lliat of tho welfare of tlie working classes. Again, we may notice another of the reading-rooms and liliraries in the city, worthy of all commendation, viz.: tho Young Men's Mercantile Library and Ueoding-room, in Walnut street. On onu Hoor of a building 140 feet long, i)y 100 wide, then, will b(! found a library of 10,000 volumes, in all tho departments of literature, occupying fully one-half of tho apartment. In the other end of it there will be found tho best assortment of newspapers magazines, and periodicals we have seen anywhere. The natives of almost any part of the world will there find the paper of his own neighl)ourhood. Of course the Thunderer of Printing-llouse square (London) will be found there on regular file. On the opposite frame*- the Scotvnan-the worthy representative of "Auld llcekie," (Edinburgh, Seot. ) and the Dublm Eveninff Post and iVation, of Ireland, take their sU.nd ; the Welshmen are repre- sented in the Carnarvon Herald; the Frenchmen, with the Journal des Debats, La Prem Chanvan, L'lllmtralion, and Ualiynam ; the Germans, with Zeitum,H plenty; the Austra' lian, with the Melbourne Arym ; whilst the United States is represented with sheets of all sorts and sizes, from Maine to California, and not forgetting the well-printed sheet of the / toneer and Democrat, all the way from St. Paul, Minnesota. Canada papers nre also found in abundance. In going over this room, and seeing such a host of London weekly par.ers and monthly magazines and quarterly reviews from England, Scotland, and Ireland « stranger from Great Britain is apt to fancy himself in some of the Exchange reading rooms of Liverpool, Mancliester, or Glasgow, or the Waterloo x\ews Rooms in Edinburgh r.ithei than on the Ininks of the Ohio. The quarto and imperial weekly sheets are secured to tables across the room, at which parties may sit and read, some of the most popular London weekly pape,^ showing good evidence of oeing well perused. The tattered and torn appearance which the IlLLted London Nem,^n^ that philosophic, philanthropic, and stinging little sinner i>«„cA pre- sented showed that they afford as great a treat to the numerous readers there, as these two publications do in enriching the coffers of some American publishers, who depend largely upon them for their excellent illustrations, as, no sooner do they reach tliis side of the A^ antic, than they are reproduced without the slightest acknowledgment as to their source, tar less m a pecuniary respect. Aflt'nTf'tT "■'' "" """''T*^' ""•^ "'^" ^^ ^''^•'" '^"•^ ''''^ 5" -^"y P"'* «f the building. After perusal they are returned to their proper pigeon-holes in the desk, where they re- main open for perusal. •' The library contains 19,000 volumes. The reading-room, 240 different newspapers, and 120 magazines and reviews are received as soon as possible after publication. THIRD STREET, CINCINNATI. 77 r l)<)tli mcrtilinr'* mrtlt'« wlici luul l«r age, and not mum n'MpiiiiMilil,. School F.ilirniv I uow— from iu The term* of entry aro only $;i (12». dtg.), with f 1 entry-money. At prom'tit it nuitilicrii ;iiH)i) iiwinlicrH. Tho ri'iulinj( room I* iiioHt »:onifi)rtiil)ly Htlt'tl u|i, On tiiu lloor, for oxutn|ilt>, tliore S* a rniiKnitieunl tii|)cittry fur|iii|)t!ri« iiioiinti'il on elugunt iron frunii'it of chane (|i'»i!{n. Alto^othtr, it npiK'urt a inoilul institution of tiic kiml, iiml wv t;oni(rutiilate the Yoiiii)^ Mcn'K Mt-rcuntilt* Lilirury AHmiciution in havint^ >tu<>li an inMtitut*-. We hud forj^)t to mention, timt the llhriiry Ih adorned with a beautiful marlile utatut) liKhcol.,) and the nen ore repre- ia<«, La Prense, y i the A ust ra- th sheets of all 2d sheet of the are also found weekly pa[)ers, md Ireland, a rending rooms iburgh, rather 'y. The finest wholesale stores in the city are situated on Penrl street, where they arrest at- teiitton, from thoir solid stone built appeiirniice, uiul general excellent design. The other principal streets for the wholesale trade, arc, Walnut street, Main street, and Public land- ing, from which tens of thousands of dollars' worth of goods change hands weekly. 78 NEW MASONIC TEMPLE, CINCINNATI. Thir.l street forms nlso one of the finest streets of the city. At the corner of Tliird and Wnlniit street, tlie Mnrionic Temple will stand, when completed (see our engraving of tlu' same). In Third street, are situated tlie greater proportion of the hanking liouses and offices of the exchange brokers and lawyers in the city. The buildings there also beirif cJiaraeterizcd by that solid magnificence, which well cut and tastefully designed arciiitec^ ture always portrays. Our view of Third street, as given in the preceding page, repre- sents some of the finest buildings in the street, tlie first one on the left liand, being the premises built and occupied by the celebrated Olno Life and Trust Company, a banking in^li^lltion, which failed in 1857. .0 ■■ If f :ffj||gp|j7i«:'S':f |:ir|i!i!!!|!i Tms splendid structure, an engraving of which we preseni, is one of the most sinking -Id.ngs yet erected, we believe, in the United States, anil will show u.ore st rngirtla^lef Laps any other we could h,ve selected, the amazing rapidity of ^rrowth ' '7"^'^ ' *''"" '''- Ih» >„va C.»rin II,„.„„,„j. l„j„,, xo. 2. „n,ler ,.],„„ au.pke. this t.nml . i. 1, • NEW MASONIC TEMPLE AND FOURTH STREET, CINCINNATI. 79 ^^S ^ ^^H l^B ^< HI ^ waj Q ilJSB ^ ^B ^ '9 tT '(^1 i_^ ■ U Q^ ''fl K^ 'i*! w H O 1-1 t!5 O m ■< ta-j ^ H t,B i^ (loiintcd by AVm. McMillan — mow decensod. As a building designed expreasly for Masonic uses it is n quostiim, if, not only in Aineiica bat in Europe, any temple of tlie kind lias heretofore been erected more complete and convenient in its arrangements, or richer in gr.icefiil and symbolic architecture, than the one now under notice. Tt is being erected entii .ly of the beautiful freestone, for which Cincinnati is so celebrated, iiiid stands on the north-east corner of Third and Walnut streets, occupying a frontai;e on Third street ;)f 200 feet, and Ko feet on Walnut street. The style is By/anlinc, exhibiiing strong'.y those bold and massive features so characteristic of many of the best buildings of northern Italy. It Wiil be 4 stories high, with a basement, and flanked by three lofty t(,\v- er.; the one at tliecornerof Tiiird and Walnut streets being 32 feet square at the base, and IS') feet from the base to the vane. In the centre of this tower, on the third story, and fac- ing Tliird street, is a niche de.Mgned to receive a life-size statue of W. McMillan, tlie liberal dimor of the property. The upper portion of the tower will have a large town clock, with 4 illuminated dials 1 feet diameter, which will be visible on oach face of the tower from a great distance. The first floor, as well as basement, will be used for banking houses and cxoliange brokers, the second floor for business oflices, while the third and fourth floors are devoted exclusively to Masons and Masonic meetings. On the third floor, which is 18 feet 6 inches high, are the chapter room, the library, (lit, by a ]in.je(-ting Oriel window,) royal and select council room, a spacious banquet room, an encampment asylum, a royal arch chajitor room, and a Persian court, all for the use of the knights and templars. At tlie western portion of this floor, and facing Third and Walnut streets, a commodious suite of rooms form the residence of the janitor, isolated from the remainder of the builiiing, but ill convenient juxtaposition. The fourth story, which is 22 feet high, is subdivided into 3 sjilciidid lodge rooms for the entered apprentices, fellow-crafts, and master-masons of N. ('. Harmony Lodge, Xo. 2, and a grand lodge room designed for use only on extraordinary opc: sioiis. This fine room is 70 feet long, 42 feet 4 inches wide, and 28 feet in height, lit by >lie large and b.'autiful rose window which forms so conspicuoivs a feature on the AVal- iiut-street elevation. The attitude i f the temple will be 85 feet from the pavement to the cornice, 105 feet to the ridge of the roof, and 112 feet to the cornice of the great tower. The roof is a Mansard shape, terminated where visible, by a rich iron railingrand hanng its surface relieved by seven picturesque dormer windows. Tlie entire cost is estimated a^ $150,000 (,£30,000 stg.). The architects of this building— which reflects the highest credit upon their artistic taste and skill— are Messri*. Hamilton and McLaughlin, whose cards will be found elsewhere. Mr. MeLaipghlin is still a r. sident of Cincinnati, but Mr. Hamilton (formerly of London) has recently removed to New York. The engraving, given in another page, has been exe- cuted for this work, by two young and very promising wood engravers in Cincinnati, Messrs. Davenport and Thompson, and we have only to refer to this specimen of their work, to show what they eaii do, for them to be entrusted with drawings of the most intricate character, as the foregoing view was engraved from the architect's drawinir, and tl.c manner in which they have preserved every detail correctly, reflects great credit upon their ability as fi'-st-class engravers. In our engraving of Fourth street, will be seen a representation of some of the finest blocks in the city, and among the many splendid stores with which it abounds, none show to more advantage than the magnificent jewellery establishment of Messrs. Duhme &, Co., situated ill Carlisle Block, corner of Fourth and Walnut streets (the first large block to the left in tlie engraving on the next page.) Tliis establishment rivals, in that particular depart- ment, any thing in New York, or any where else, we believe, hi the United Sfaites, and sfaiuls pre-eminent as the Hunt & Roskills (London) of Western America. The visitor there will be struck >vith the large amount of valuable stock which is to be seen, consisting of tlie manufactures of some of the best makers in England, France, and Switzerland. In the same block stands, also, one of the finest, if not the finest, bookstore in the city vi^ Messrs. Robert Clarke ..th's establishment is about 150,000 bottles per an- num. Other firms in the city are uov engaged in th;; manufacture of win.^ A large German population, now inhabiting the iiills around the city, as well as parties on the Kentucky sidoof the river, are engaged in the cultivation of the vine, and scarcely an inch of ground is to be seen on the hill-sides but what is covered with vines, growing. The population of Cincinnati is about 200,000. One of the finest views of Cincinnati is to be got from oif the top of one of the hills on the Kentucky side of the river, especially any of those a little further west than the citj'. 84 CLEVELAND, OUIO. M 'i' CLEVELAND, OHIO. Clkveland, one of the most important citiea of the west, is situated on nn elevated plateau, 70 feet aliove the level of Lake Erie, and forms one of the cirics on that lake. It is decidedly one of the moat beautiful cities in the States, and remarkable for its fine pub- lic and private buildings. It is built upon a gravelly plain, and from it a magnificent view of the lake is seen. The chief business streets are Superior street, Water street. Bank street, and River street The three former are situated on the liigher part of the city, whilst River street is between Cleveland proper, and what was formerly termed Oliio City, (on western side of the River Cuyahoga,) but which is now incorporated with Clevelaiul. N xt to Cincinnati, it is the most im; a' d ^ '* (/; jt t ll :2 i » ■■ H u e* ct c '■^ — 1 1 1^ 5 * Oi ^ '/ a ni a O 3 r»; 3 fJ5 C* a 'J 3 a ri r*- s. ^ P a. n ft- (t T !? ^ -- B £. s a - ;? o 5» :5 \ ^S C ti a ■--• 2 o S ^' r .S << 5 3 t> i o n> a ^ fi ^ $ « EJ "5 n a 3 a £- r* c- 1 = 3 a' a a, » « a 1 Cb 2. a; p* _ 5' ■— T ^ f^ ■5" cn5 (6 B o « C. s- 3 rl a ^ p^ tR .^1 t^ fS a 3 t/i •^ 3 f^ go B a S s 3 r» 3* S ' 5P B f ^ c 3 a- m C ■n o 5r ft s a p* •O Oj a' p■^ <» B n ^ SB a _ o C a » 3 3* a 2. v-* X 3 r» S 35 ^l S* £ !" ,0* fi OS 2 CLEVELAND, OHIO, 85 1. ^t:^ 3 O 3 *! 3 i? f. S. i. c- J/3 a ® S 2 Id -1 - ,-^ TT 2 f6 c 9 4 a o a o •V "d o f* B B 3 ft ^ •■"• > 3 vv a> 3- 4 3- 1? 3» c oj 3 2 cn £" o" B f: u - o ^ ,,^ § 3 1 -■ It r» »^ TO -^ * » o _. « C. 3- 3 CR A C S red"' 3 Oi ^ (K S" o 3 r* 3-^ (6 -1 M =^ O CC -0 w w o w Oi 1-9 « P3 H « <: w f > a "3 3 ■. 3 3 a- -5 5t £. O • C ~ p :" - - S w CO I/' m o 2 r* — • 3" ^ 2. 55 3 !^ 3 OS S M S 3> 3 3 =■ 5 3 2. 2 o _ 3 B r vr ■5 It ^' f^ O (t £, * --2 3 o ? u o 3—3 — r "73 C i. ft .- rt c is ? p 3 Cm I S ^ ^ 5 rt> ~ O Cfq 3 = X. 3 3 i SL — 3 t o o 3 3 O r ™ s o "1 3 5. n 3- 3 " S I "^ s ^ — 5 T B O ft ^ .I 2, o g "^ ^' r ^ s i » 3 S 5^ " '^ « 2^ fti ? .^.- (T> 1 — . SO (t Ct 3 2. on 3 ?' 2 £, ■ era S 3 Jg Q. O It '^ ~ r* 0-^ 3- C5 (t 5, cT '< J? t) O (ft 33 o (t 3 = t 3 « <« - -' B e a < IT 3 3 'li i *; ■t Oi 2 = j» (t 3- -3 3- It 83 (t it^ o 3* 33 *s o '-I "«> o e* 3 3- 3 It era 86 CLEVELAND, OHIO. J Tait). There is no mechanics' institution In the city, but this establishment answers much the sarnu purpose. Here, for $2.00 a year, young men can enjoy tlie advantages of a library of 6011O volumes, (and fast increasing,) besides newspapers, periodicals, etc. The public square occu|)ies about 10 acres of ground, fenced off for public recreation. Foot-pot as cross in all din ctions. In the centre a graceful fountain plays all day, forming a beautiful object. On ce. tain evenings of the week, a very first-rate brass band plays on a raised platform, gratuitously, for several houre, during which time (in the evening) a large turn out of the inhalutants is to be seen, some sitting on tiio numerous seats pro- vided, and some promenading aiwut. This square, and its appropriate " fixings," is one of the most attractive features of the city, and reflects no small credit on the inhabitants who secured it for its present purjjose. On the "est side of the river, are situated a most efficient system of water works. Two imme-,ie stationary engines pump the water up from the lake to a large reservoir, from wh.oh the city is plentifully supplied. Oi same side of the river, a very large population is scattered over a great surface of ground, consisting in part of several very neat cottages. A large proportion of the work- ing-classes live on that side of the river; and a stranger cannot but be struck, in summer time, with the neat and comfortable appearance of the dwellings, the most of them being all owned by the inhabitants, and the grapes growing in profusion in the open air, every one being living proofs, in reality, of " sitting under his own vine, and none daring to moke him afraid." A large trade is done in wool, bought by the Clevelond merchants, and sent by them to all parts where woolKm goods are made. The wholesale and retail warehouses (or stores), ore, for the most part, spacious buildings— running 100 to 200 feet back ; and in the retail stores— in every description of trade almost— goods of the most superb and costly charac- ter, as well as the most useful and plain, are to be seen. Property now rents very high in Cleveland, so much so, that many are of the opinion that but for the high rates demanded by land-owners, the city would have made greater progress than it has done, and so long as the present high prices are demanded, it mus'; materially affect the progress of the city in its manufacturing and commercial prosperity. Omnibus Line.— An excellent line of omnibuses is established at Cleveland, by which passengers, arriving per roil, can be set down at any address in town, including luggage, for 25 cents (Is. stg.). Mr. Stevens, the proprietor, has upwards of 50 horses employed on it, and, altogether, conducts it in a very satisfactory manner. His " busses" call at the hotels for passengers, before the departure of the trains. Tlie baggage is conveyed in a separate conveyance, thus iwoiding all trouble and annoyance with it. Previous to the arrival of the trains at Cleveland, passengers will be waited upon by the baggage-agent, who passes through the cars; by giving him their baggage checks and 25 cents, he, in return, will give them an omnibus ticket, which will entitle them to one seat in the omnibus, and the conveyance of one or two trunks to any part of the city This line of omnibuses ply to different parts of the city as a city line, on the same plan as the omnibuses in New York. By purchasing tickets at the office, residents get eon- veyed, from one point to another, for about 6i cents each trip. Present population of Cleveland is estimated at about 60,000. BUFFALO. 87 CITY OF BUFFALO. This is one of the most important cities west of New York. It is situated in Erie County, Htiite of New York, at tiie enstern extrtniity of Lake Erie, about 8 miles from tlie com- mencement of tlie Niagara River. Latitude, 42* 58' N., Longitude, 78' 65' VV. The site of the city graduolly rises from the water's edge, for about 2 miles, till it become* about 60 feet above the level of the lake, thus affording, iu the higher portion of the town. extensive ond beautiful views all around. The lower portion of the town is occupied with merchants' stores, manufactories, etc., and is intersected in different parts by canals. Possessed of a harbour, formed by Buffalo Creek, as it is called, vessels drawing from 12 to 15 feet of water can lay at aneiior and disohorge and load cargoes, which is done with astonishing rapidity by the'steam elevators in operation alongside of the creek. The chief business street is Main street, running in a straight line for about 2 miles, and composed for the most part of spacious and lofty business stores, of every description. Looking from the foot of the street, upward. Main street presents one of the finest com- niereiul streets we have ever seen. It ia 120 feet wide, and ihere being a gradual ascent all the way up, it is seen to great advantage. Some of the stores in Main street, such as De Wilt C. Weed & Co.'s hardware store. Woodward's fancy silk warohousc, and liarimm'a variety store, are equal in point of elegance and size to many of those in the Strand or Re- gent street, London, Bold street, Liver{)ool, (Eiig)., or Buchanan street, Glasgow, (Scot). The streets wJiere the privote dwellings of the upper classes are situated, are of a palatial character, more particularly those of Delaware and Niagara streets. Such streets as these run from 1 to 2 miles, in a straight line, 120 feet wide, with pavement 15 to 20 feet wide, with trees alongside, forming an extensive and beniuiul view from eitlier end, whilst a walk along such as Delaware street arrests the attention of the stranger in the magnificence of tlie dwellings and grounds attached, wJiich are almost all owned by their occupants. There are 3 public squares— Niagara. Franklin, and Washington. At Niagara Square, no Ifs^ tlian eight streets all meet, forming a magnifieent " Eight Dials," each street running off, from this centre, having its trees on each side, and forming a "line vista in every dirtetion. The commerce of Buffalo is immense, although not so great as it was before the passenger steamboat traftic, on the lake, ceased. At present, it is the greatest grain and flour entre- pot on tlie lake, through which the productions of the great west pass. Here the grain from Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, etc., arrives in vessels carrying from 16,000 to 18,000 bushels each, and is transhipped, by means of the elevators, into eaiuil boats and railroad cars, and sent to all parts of the States, but chiefly to New York. Consequently, as a grain market, Buffalo stands as amongst the most prominent in the States. The natural position which Buffalo occupies must, of necessity, render it an important conunercial city. About 25 miles off, per rail, is Canada. A large Canadian trade is done, wiiilst the railways from Buffalo, in all directions, render it a convenient centre for business to any particular section of the country. The manufactures of Buffalo are important; and some large concerns in the manufactur- ing of stoves, agricultural implements, machinery of every description, besides foundries, tanneries, etc., etc. Several daily and weekly newspapers are published, amongst which are The Daily Ex- press, Daily Courier, Daily Republic and Tinm, and Advevtim; ail having job-printing otiices attached, and turning out some of the best specimens of typogrophy we have seen in the States. A large amount of printing for the railway companies is done in the course of the year— whilst the specimens of wood engraving, executed by such as Mr. Wightman, are equal io any thing we have seen anywhere. The station of the New York Central Railroad, at Buffalo, contrasts very favourably with those of New York and other large cities— more resembling the spacious station at New I .«! 2 ' H C > O o w PI w f c o c Ji .^yl ,%^ A/. ^> €>, "^' -^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ 121 1^ m |M 12.0 iA III 1.6 outJiiutsS Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, r^.Y. 14580 (7'*) 872-4503 \^ a^ ^ J"*^ "^T^ ^ ^.X ^ ^v > "9," •0 SP MS) to Mi?.- C?.r ^ 90 CITY OF BUFFALO. street, Birmingham, (Eng.,) tlmn any we have seen elsewliere. Waiting rooms, and every convenience, witli spacious suites of offices, are attached. The station I'or the Falls, Canada, etc., is situated in the lo^ver i)art of the town, whilst that for New York, and tlie Lake Shore Road, to Cleveland, Cincinnati, etc., is situated in Exchange street, off ilain street. As regards healtli, Buffalo stands pre-eminent, on account of the general good sewerage throughout the town, the breezes enjoyed from off the lake, in the heat of summer, gene- ral cleanliness of the streets, and the excellent water supplied to the town. The public free schools of Buffalo have long been distinguished for their excellence and efficiency, and from a visit we paid to one of them, (No. 8, under the management of Mr. Slade,) we oan bear testimony to the very excellent arrangements, and system, and the decorum which prevailed throughout— specimens of writing, etc., of girls and boys 7 years of a"e we saw, and difficult questions in mental arithmetic wc heard answered, in such a manlu'r, as showed the superiority of the system pursued, and the adeptness of the scholars, very pleasin" to a stranger, more particularly when so excellent an education is o]ien to all, free of charge. For the support of public "schools, of which there are ;i3, Buffalo spends $108,000 per annum; of that, $26,000 is drawn from the Slate; the remainder, from taxes imposed for that purpose. There are several otlier educational establishments, of a higher order, besides literary and benevolent institutions, and excellent public libraries. _ The transportation trade of Buffalo has lately suffered, in its passenger traffic to the west, the magnificent line of steamers, which was wont to run to the poi'ts on the Avestern lakes', being n'ow withdrawn. A few emigrants still go witli tlie freight propellers, but the majority of emigrants and others, bound west, from the seaboard, go via the Suspension Bridge, or via Dunkirk and Cleveland. Tiie establi>'iiniont of railways, therefore, has interfered materially with the passenger traffic through Buffalo, as formerly it was the route through wliicii most passed westward. The conveyance of grain and provisions, which forms so large an item in the trade of Buf- falo, from the west to tiie east, and south-east cities and towns, was also in danger, from the railways being likely to monopolize the trade, by carrying it from Chicago and Detroit, via Toledo, Cleveland, and the Lake Shore Uailroad, direct to New Vork and the east. The ingenuity and enterprise of the " Buffalo boys," however, was at once set to work to secure and maintain their city as the chief entrepot for grain, in its passage from west to cast, by establishing a line of screw propellers on the stupendous eanal, which extends from' Buffalo to Al!)any, getting that canal deepened, and carrying grain and provisions at such low rates, as to beat the railroads out of the field. At the time we write, the first experiment has been tried on the canal with great success. In a future edition, we shall chronicle the further development of this gi-eat undertaking. During the year 1858, from the opening of the trade to the 15th of June, we find the imports of some of the leading articles to be as follows, which will give some idea of the large trade done at this port : — 18,57. 1858. 1857. 1858. Lake opened. Jlay 13. April 5. Lake opeued. May 13. April 5. Flour, bbls. 118,'.I48 425,029 Oats, bushels. 218,381 834,502 Pork, " 12,149 . 15,700 Barlev, " 252 87,4-JO Beef, " 16,514 14,9;!0 Rye, ' " 7,805 21,3S5 Ashes, casks. 718 1,524 Lumber, feet. 11,1)4,591 9,402,814 Whisky, " 8,992 20,401 Staves, " 4,490,430 3,908,4t!9 Bacon, lbs. 3,408,405 3,302,300 Wool, bales. 484 015 Lard, " 213,200 2,492,100 Hogs, number. 14,453 43,250 Wlieat, bushels. 1,010,050 2,801,274 Sheep, " 4,302 7,117 Indian Corn " 781,772 850,052 Cattle, " 3,256 8,497 Reducing flour to its equivalent in wheat, and classing all kinds of grain in one, we find a total, received to June 15, of 6,0U2,7'i8 bushels this season, against 2,619,000 last — being 4,073,778 bushels more than the previous season. In the other articles, a corresponding increiijC will be observed. From the ports on Lake Michigan, Hie receipts were, up to above date: flour, 166,436 bbls. ; wheat, 2,136,958 bushels; Indian corn, 421,700 bushels; oats, 448,171 bushels; bar- ley, 37,644 bushels. From ports on Lake Erie — flour, 259,193 bbls.; wheat, 664,316 bushels; Indian corn, 428,352 bushels; oats, 386,331 bushels; barley, 19,776 bushels; rye, 21,385 bushels. From Canada— lumber, 3,816,178 feet; staves, 59,000. Tlie remainder were from American ports, as well as almost the whole of the other arti- cles enumerated. Population of Buffalo was, by last census, 74,214. PORTLAND, MAINE. 91 CITY OF PORTLAND, (MAINE.) [DUtant from Montreal, 292 j Boston, 101 ; Quebec, 316 ; Toronto, 625 niile«.] During the winter season, when the ice in the St. Lawrence prevents access to Quebec and Montreal, via that route, Portland then forms the link in the chain of communication between Great Britain and Canada for steamers and sailing vessels, as at Portland passen- gers and cargo are landed, and forwarded, per rail, to their destination. It having been decided that the Great Eastern Steamship will sail between Portland and England, we annex the following particulars which may prove interesting: — Portland — although not the capital— is the principal town in the State of Maine — the most easterly State in the Union, and adjoining the British Possessions. It is beautifully situated upon a peninsula, rising at the northern and southern extremities into eminences about 200 feet above the level of the sea, and surrounded by Casco Bay, which foims a natural, safe, and spacious harbour for the largest shipping, completely land-locked, except at the entrance, which has been " scooped out by the hand of the Almighty," but is only defended by two artificial fortifications, called Preble and Scammel. Promenades 150 feet in width, two for walking, and another for riding, run round the extremities of Mount Joy and Bramhall Hill, furnishing splendid opportunities for " constitutionals" as well as mag- nificent views, especially from the Observatory of the town, harbour, shipping, islands, and surrounding country— on the one hand, stretching right away towards the blue peaks of the White Mountains in the west, and carrying the eye of the spectator right onwards into the azure depths of the blue sea of immensity in tho east. When we state that 24 churches and 16 schools, in addition to numerous edifices belonging to public associations and private parties, have been erected in the town, the tourist must be prepared to anticipate no ordin- ary amount of architectural decoration, most prominent amongst which, is a magnificent, marble-fronted hotel in course of erection ; the post-office, constructed of blue granite, and several other elegant structures. The wharfage is extensive and commodious. The Mon- treal Ocean Steamship Company's vessels, as well as others bound in a northerly and south- erly direction, are easily found, during the winter, at their respective wharves. The Grand Trunk Railway Depot stands convenient for the reception and transportation both of pas- sengers and freight to Upper and Lower Canada, while another line of railroad carries the traffic southwards to Boston and New York. Wharves have already been appropriated to the "Leviathan," or, as it has been lately designated, the " Great Eastern," which is ex- pected to sail between some port in England and Portland, and the arrival of which will undoubtedly constitute an epoch in commercial enterprise. The population of Portland has nearly doubled itself within the last thirty years ; consequently, the number of deaths, which was only 1 in 10 fifteen years ago, has increased to 1 in 44— a fact which is generally at- tributed to the great influx of foreigners since the establishment of the Grand Trunk Rail- way ; for the site of a town more conducive to the health of its inhabitants could scarcely be found within the limits of the American Continent, in evidence of which, we must not omit to add that it forms most suitable sea-bathing quarters (access to which may be had at a reduction of fare by the G. T. R.) in summer, to Americcns as well as Canadians, who can extend their trip with the greatest facility to Lake Champlain, the White Mountains, etc. Population 28,000. Fare to Boston, $2.50 (10s. stg.); to Montreal, $6 (24s. stg.). 92 DETROIT, MICHIGAN*. CITY OF DETROIT, (MICHIGAN.) [DUtant from Quebec, 724; New York, 680; Suspension Bridge, S29; Milwaukee, 23S; Clilosgo, 284 miles.] " Detroit, a flourishing city and port of entry of the State of Michigan, and seat of jus- tice of Wayne County, on Detroit River, 18 milea nl'ove the head of Lake Erie. It is beautifully situated on the W. bank of the river, which is here about half a mile %vide, and forms one of the finest harbours in the United States. The part of the city contigu- ous to ♦'le river is built on a rectangular plan, extending 120(i feet back f^om the shore ; the 8pt._ beyond this is divided into triangular sections by a number of avenues, which converge to an open area called the Grand Circus. Tliese avenues vary in width from 120 to 200 feet. The principal buildings and public of.ices are situated on Jefferson and Wood- ward avenues. The city is adorned with several public squares, one of which is named the Campus Martius. Jefferson avenue, one of the finest streets in vhe city, is well paved, with brick and stone sidewalks. Woodward avenue, crossing the first at right angles, is the principal business street. Congress street is also distinguished for its fine appear- ance. Among the remarkable edifices may be mentioned the old State House, a commodi- ous brick building, CO feet by 60, with a dome and steeple 140 feet high, which commands an extensive view, embracing the city with its environs. Lake S(. CInir and the Canadian fihore; the City Hall, which is a brick building 100 feet by 5o, and the Bank of Michigan, A substantial structure of stone, in the Grecian style, which cost about $40,(i(iO. Detroit has a well-organized system of public schools. It contains 23 ch.irdies, 4 lianks, a muse- um, theatre, and two orphan asylums. The railroad company have a large brick freight house, about 600 feet long by 100 feet wide. Ten or eleven newspapers are published in Detroit, three of them daily, and the others tri-weekly, or weekly. The city is lighted with gas, and also supplied with water of the purest quality from I'etroit River. " Detroit is admirably situated for commerce, and its importance is greatly enhanced by its intimate and extensive relations with a region towards which a prodigious tide of emi- gration is flowing. By its position on the great chain of lakes, and by means of the con- necting rivers and canals, it nas a ready communication with the principal centres of trade. "The manufactures of the city are extensive and important, consisting of steam-engines and various other kinds of machinery, mill-irons, stoves, ploughs, cabinet ware, Ac Brewing and tanning are also carried on to a considerable extent. At the different steam saw mills here in operation, about 10,000,000 feet of lumber are annually turned out. " The trade of Detroit is immense. Population about 60,000." CHICAGO, ILLIlv 93 CITY OF CHICAGO, (ILLINOIS.) [Dlitont from St. Paul, 468 ■, New York, 966 ; Montreal, 839 •, Milwaukee, 86 miles.] Pbevioi's to 1831, this great commercinl emporium of the north-west, was a mere trad- ini? post amidst the wigwams of the Indians, since which time it has reached a population of upwards of 130,000, having doubled itself every 4 years. The city is situated on the south-western side of Lake Michigan, and is intersected into 3 divisions, by the River Chi- cago, up which trading vessels ascend for nearly 5 miles. To its central position, with the most extensive means of communication by land and ^ater — having been continued all the way to Liverpool, (Eng.,) without transhipment, via the Welland Canal and River St. Lawrence — may be attributed one great cause for its rapid rise and progress. The ground on which 1 he city stands is an extremely level plain, sufficiently elevated to prevent inundation, and extending many miles towards the south and west. The adjacent country consists of beautiful and fertile prairies, interspersed with groves, and diversified by gentle slopes. From a recent published account of this city we quote : — " The city is laid out in rectangular blocks, with streets extending nearly north and south, and east and west. The shore of the lake, and the northern parts of the city, are occupied with the finest residences, but the principal business is transacted on the south side of the river, the banks of the south branch V)eing lined with docks and large warehouses. Manj' of the streets are paved with planks and lighted with gas. Michigan avenue, which is, perhaps, the most beautiful street in the city, extends along the shore of the lake, and is bordered wit/i f.iade-tre^. Next to, and parallel with this, is Wabash avenue, adorned with double rows of trees. " The most remarkable public buildings are the new Court House, the Merchants' Exchange, the Marine Hospital, the Medical College, and the Second Presbyterian Church. The Court House is a splendid edifice of Lockport limestone, having a prison on the first floor, the county offices on the second, ftnd a court room and town hall on the third, with a cu- pola and roof of galvanized iron. The Marine Hospital is a spacious and handsome build- ing, of Milwaukee brick. The Second Presbyterian Church, at the corner of Wabash and Washington streets, in the Gothic style, with a steeple about 200 feet high, is perhaps the most beautiful edifice of its class west of New York. It is built of a kind of pitchy stone, in which black and white are mingled, and presents a singular and striking appearance. Chicago contains several banks, and about 30 printing offices, from which numerous daily and weekly journals are issued. The public schools are well organized, and are accommo- dated with excellent buildings." Regard' jg the population and valuation of property in the city, during the last 5 years, we annex the following table : — POPULATION AND VALUATION OF CHICAGO. Real Estate, Personal Property, Years. Valuation of. Valuation of. Total. 1853 60,652 13,130,677 3,711,154 16,841,831 1854 65,872 18,790,744 5,401,495 24,394,239 18.55 83,509 21,901,204 5,.521,000 27,422,204 IS.-ie 110,000 %,771,181 5,717,959 81,489,140 1857 130,000 29,013,196 7,243,053 86,256,249 To quote from a writer on the cgmmercial progress of Chicago :^ " The influence of railroads upon the development of business, has been direct and im- portant. The amount of money expended in Illinois, and the neighbouring States, has been about $180,000,000, the disbursement of which has aided in settling, stocking, and working a vast extent of country, the products of which are carried over these roads, more or less directly, to Chicago. " There has been put in operation 1,500 miles of roads, which have extended the area of country that pours its wealth into Chicago. The projected connections of these roads ex- tend over four thousand miles more, making 8,000, and their ultimate ramifications em- 94 CHICAGO. brace every section of the Union. Every extension of railroads forms a centre, embracing tlie breadth of land which feeds that centre, os the square of the distance From every point of the compass these lengthening roads run from Chicago over the most fertile country. It is therefore not to be wondered at that Chicago is the greatest grain depot in the world." . In the year 1838, only 78 bushels of wheat was exported from Chicago. The following table will give some idea of its extent during the last 5 years:— SlIIl'MENra OF GUAIN IKOM cmOAGO FOE FIVE YKAK8. iIm 1680.998 2," 80,253 1748 41.3 120,275 82,102 6,412,181 "'llfi"" 2 044 8 30 6 837 899 3 239,987 148,421 41,153 12,932,320 1855 ■"■ 7 115 270 7,517 078 1888 533 92,032 20,132 10,033,700 me" 9 419,365 11 129,068 1014 547 19,051 590 21,583,221 S:::: imm imfi^a ^uim 17,993 .... 18,032,678 Regarding the prices of grain and flour for tht same periods, we find them to be as fol lows ; — AVERAGE PRICES OF GRAIN AND FLOUR. Winter Spring Wlieat Wlioat Com. Oats, „ PerBusiiel. Pel Busliel. Flour per Barrel. Per Busliol. Per Bushel. }!^o- 85 60 3 75 a 5 25 47 33 \T.l . 1301 109 6 98 a 7 48 48^ 30 1o„ 155 131 7 12* a 8 14* 62 33* lS?,fi . 1 27i 10.5* 491 a 6 26 36 2HJ i857;!;;!!'.;;".".".".'.".*.'."."."-.- n^* 093 5m 053 039* " With the year 1857 commenced not only a marked revival in the foreign trade for grain, mostly wheat, but a large expenditure of money, amounting since to $180,000,000 for the construction of those railroads which have drained the surrounding grain country into Chicago, and have also aided its sales. In Chicago, during the last five years ending with 1850, when there were no railroads to bring wheat into the city, wheat averaged 75 cents per bushel. In the last five years it has averaged $1.23 per bushel. Corn has aver- aged 50 cents, against 33 cents at former periods. The effect of these prices has been the immense increase in the grain supplies, particularly corn. The $180,000,000 which has been spent in the last-named period for the construction of railroads has, to a large extent, become capital in the hands of cultivators who have produced the grain. The value of the wheat and corn brought to market at these two periods was as follows :— , Five years to 1851. v r — ■ Five years to 1858.—- , Himhpls Price Value. Bushels. Price. Value. Wheat 9!703 6il 75 $7,278,709 81,643,785 $123 $39,554,731 Corn 1,5241936 33 508,212 35,080,118 50 17,540,056 Total Ilj2"8'i2r7 ~. $7,786,921 67,723,898 .. $57,094,787 " Thus the value of these two grains alone, received at Chicago, has been equal to an in- crease of nearly $50,000,000, or $10,000,000 per annum. Tliis trade has been developed during the season of high prices abroad, and while the railroads have not operated fully. The corn has been received one-half by the canal, and the remainder by the railroads The wheat has come to hand nearly altogether by railroads. The teams in the last year brought in about 200.000 bushels, and the canal 880,000 bushels, together 10 per cent, of the whole. " It is obvious that the business of Chicago has been based on a solid foundation ; that the DAtural products of an area of at least 200 miles diameter, intersected at every point by railroads, has been drawn into her warehouses, and the fast-settling country has required merchandise in return. The operations for a moment has encountered a check, but cannot be lasting. Prices of grain may decline for the moment, but the general trade cannot but increase. The whole machinery is now iu operation. If railroad expen- CHICAGO. 95 diturc is Itss, the nttractions of the land are greater, and vast tracts still invite settlers to add to the future resources of Chicago. " At this moment, the machinery of production and transportation, in and around Chi- cn"o, indicates that it is just now entering ujjon its career. The prices for grain for the moment are dull, owing to good harvests abroad, but the Western country can now sell and deliver cheaper than ever. The railroad expenditure is to be run down for the present ; but it follows that the local demand for food is also less in proportion ; that while the whole industry of the section is turned to production, it depends upon the foreign market only for the sale of its surplus. The earnings of the railroads indicate the immense development of business they have occasioned." The number of vessels which arrived at Chicago during 1857 was 7,557, with a tonnage of 1,753,413. " Chicago, as a lumber market, has for many years stood pre-eminent. Its rise and pro- gress is only equalled by the rapid development of the city as a centre of the territory west of the great lakes; and, in importance, this branch of its eonmierce is second perhaps to no other. The river banks are lined for miles and miles with the immense piles of lum- ber which is shipped to Chicago from the pineries of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Canada, and it is perhaps the best criterion that could be adopted to comprehend the magnitude of the trade. ■ The capital invested in the lumber business is immense. Not to speak of the property owned by merchants in mills and woodlands, the wealth which is invested in stock, in docks, and in real estate in that city, cannot be less than ten or a dozen million dollars. The fleet of lumber vessels alone did not cost less than a million and a half of dollars; and the number of hands employed in the business, one way and another, cannot fall short of ten thousand. " With these leading features of the large commerce wliich is carried on in Chicago, in receiving the produce of the fast-settling prairies, and supplying them with lumber and goods, a large manufacturing business has grown up in the city. The capital and hands employed are as follows : — MANUFACTURES OF cmCAOO. Value of Capital. Hands. Mnmilartures. Iron works, steam-engines, &c ?l,7fl:3,',iOO ;i,HfiO $3,887,084 Stoves 18."),000 TO '238,000 Agricultural implements 597,000 ri75 1,1:34,300 Brass and tin ware, &c 257,000 351 471,000 Carriages, wagons', Ac 300,000 881 948,100 HJL'h wines, beer, ale, &c 497,000 105 1,150,320 Soap, candles, lard, &c 290,000 100 528,021 Furniture 354,000 504 543,000 Stone, marble, &c 017,950 843 890,775 rianing mills, sashes, doors, &c 445,000 554 1,092,397 Musical instruments 13,200 31 37,000 Leather 332,000 120 432,000 Barrels, wooden ware, &c 178,700 171 357,250 Brick 300,000 500 712,000 Flour 325,000 73 030,569 Chemicals 15,000 15 32,000 Harness, saddles, &c 82,900 220 271,000 Sheet and bar lead 25,000 75 100,000 Glue and neat's-foot oil 20,000 15 25,000 Starch (estimated) 15,000 25 75,000 Daguerreot vpes, ambrotvpes 75,000 75 100,000 EuL'raving,"&c .' 11,000 30 29,500 Cigars 8,000 26 10,800 Whitelead 50,000 10 7,200 Tvpes, &c 20 ])bot.s, .shoes, clothing, & other manuf's, est. 500,000 1,750 750,000 Miscellaneous (reported) 439,700 502 1,044,69/ Total ?!7,759,400 10,573 $15,515,003 . £1,551,880 stg. £3,103,012 stg. MILWAUKEE, STATE OF WISCONSIN. CITY OF MILWAUKEE, (WISCONSIN.) [Dl.tm.1 from Mon.«.l, 787 ; New York, 1040 1 Chicago, 85 , St. Paul, 431 mile..] " Milwaukee, the lurgcBt and most important city in the State, nnd, after Chicago the most flourishing on the lakes, is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan, and on both Bides of Milwaukee River. It is pleasantly located, partly on the flats bordering the river, and on the bluffs rising abruptly from the lake to the height of some 100 feet. The river running nearly parallel to the lake in a southerly direction, is navigable for the largest steamboats over two miles from its mouth. .,..., " As the commercial capital of Wisconsin, its situation demands particular attention. The law« which govern trade and travel ore. by the improvements and spirit of the age, reduc->d to two— Ist. The shortest route to market; 2d. The ,piickext and clicapest mode of transportation. The products of the Northwest seek a market upon the Atlantic coast Heretofore New York and Boston have monopolized the trade of this region. They will ahvavs retain a large share of it; but the recent improvements in the Canadas, and tnose proiectcd are rapidly diverting trade to the valley of the St. Lawrence. Business rela- tions are being established between the cities of Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, and Hamilton, on the one hand, and the Westei-n Lake ports on the other. As regards New York and Boston, Milwaukee holds the most favourable position of any port on the western shore of Lake Michigan. Taking Buffalo as a common point on all the lines of trade between these ports and those markets, it will be seen: 1st. That Milwaukee, by water communication, has the advantage for time and distance over any place at the south. 2d. For the most direct route to Buffalo, either by land or water carriage. Milwaukee (so soon as the direct communication by the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad is opened) presents the most natu- ral centre for all the trade and travel between the Northwest and the East. " As the general direction of Northwestern trade and travel is coincident with the pa rallels of latitude instead of those of longitude, and as Milwaukee is in the same degree as the great Eas. -n markets, it can be easily seen that all the contemplated and progressing improvements must make it the natural centre or most available common point in the Northwest, whether by the semi-inland route, through Michigan and Canada, or around the Lakes.' The advantages of this position will be very strongly developed, so soon as the direct route east, via Grand Haven and Detroit or Port Huron, is opened, and our sys- tem of railroads to the Mississippi completed. Its business radius will then extend from below Savanna. 111., in the Mississippi valley, to the extreme Northwest, sweeping in the trade of Northwestern Illinois. Iowa, and Nebraska, in addition to that of our own State. " The harbour of Milwaukee is one of the best on the Great Lakes. The river widens at its mouth into a semi-circular bay, 6 2-83 miles from point to point, and 2 1-82 miles across. At the point of approach to the lake, an artificial channel is in progress of con- struction. " This new harbour entrance is 260 feet in width, and will soon be excavated to a suffi- cient depth to accommodate the heaviest tonnage of the Lakes, and, when completed, will make it the most accessible and capacious on Lake Michigan. The facilities presented by the old harbour — in improving which the United States expended, in 1844-5, $50,000 — will still be preserved. For over five-eighths of a mile between these two entrances, the river is both wide and deep. Nothing but the grossest and most ruinous neglect, on the part of the city and of the United States Government, will ever permit this old harbour to fill up or become useless. " Milwaukee contains 7 public schools — and for educational purposes, spent about |1 5,000 last year ; in addition to which it has a University and Female College in successful opera- tion. " Built upon the high bluffs of Lake Michigan, and the picturasque slopes of the Mil- waukee River, this city is unrivalled in beauty of location by any other in the Northwest, It is a rare circumstance to hear of a person of delicate health leaving it on account of H ■■< O o o 98 MILWAUKEE. u difficulty of acclimntlon. On th. olhor lmn.1. InMnnccs nre numiTou. ..f r""|. o coming here ^ith tc.ulenoy t.. ai^ean-. .,f v.uiou. kin.l.. wlu. have, aftor a f.w y-ars r..Hi.lonoo. on- tlroly rooov.r...!. In «u,nn,or il U not «ul,j.ot to tlic ..xco.Hivoly hot an-l sul ry w^utl.c.,- of low towns, an.l in winter there l» not the B.une Intensity of cold-tho lake belnj, colder than tlu! atmosphere in nuninier and warmer in winter. " The population in 185:i was •ifi.dOO ; 1855, a2.U"'<'. I't'tweon two lov.ly iiik.^ ami iH tiiu inodt niajfiiilicMiit Hito of iiny inluml town in tli«! Unltoil Stutea. On llic nuitii we«t l» Lnko Mendotn, nine mile* loiij< and Hix wide ; on tlio cost Monona, five niilfi* Iimik anil tlirco wide. Tlie city in cclilirntcd for tlu' lieiuity, lioftltli, and plcanuntncHu of \u Inm tlon ; eoniinttii.iing, an it doon, a view of ntiirly every clinr«cteri«tic of country penuliur to the West— tiiu prairie, oak opening, mound, lake and woodland. Tlie iurfaee of tlie ground is somewluit uneven, but In no plaee too al.rupt for huii.ling purposes. The cpae.; hetween these lakes Is a mile in widtli, rising gently as it leaves their bunks to an altitude of about gevenly feet, and Is then alternately depressed and elevated, making the site of tlie elty a series of gently undulating swells. On the most elevated ground is the Stat.) llotise, in the centre of one of N.iturii's I'urks of tifteen acres, overlooking the ' Four Liik.s' and the surrounding city. From this the streets diverge In every direction, with a gradu- al descent on all sides, " To the west, about a mile distant, Is the State University, in the midst of a jmrk of 4t) acres, crowning a beaiitifid eminence. On the south eldo of Lake Monona la a s|)acious Water-Cure establishment, surrounded by an extensive grove, and presenting a very strik- ing appearance on apitroaehing the city. Around Madison, In every direction, is a well- cultivated, undidatlng country, which Is fast being occupied by pleasant homes." Bayard Taylor, In an account of a visit t'» the we^t, thus writes, regarding Madison ;— " For natural beauty of situation, Madison iiw[»iniic» any Western town 1 have seen. It is built on a narrow isthmus, between the Third and Fourth IjikcB. On the summit of a mound stands the State House, in tlio centre of a handsome stjuaro of fourteen acres, from which broad, smooth streets diverge, with a gradual descent on all sides. To the west, and about a mile distant, stands the University, on the summit of a hill, or mound, of about equal height. The Madisonlana count sci'cri hills, l)ut I could not make them all out distinctly, nor do I think it necessary to the beauty of the place that It should have a forced resemblance to Home. In one respect It Is equal— In a soft, beautiful, cream-colour- ed stone, which furnishes the noblest building material. Many of the buslnesB blocks and private houses dl8i)lay architectural taste." The real estate and personal property is estimated at lj^8,000,000. " There are twenty-five wagon-roads, seventeen ditt'erent mail stage routes, diverging in every direction from Madison. Over seven hundred loaded teams have arrived here In a single day, bringing from ten to fifteen thousand bushels of wheat to market, with large quantities of other produce. Nearly 700,000 bushels of wheat alone were marketed here in a single j'ear. " It Is, pre-eminently, the great railroad centre of Wisconsin, and enjoys, in an enviable degree, oil those peculiorly favourable advantages. Four great lines diverge here : the Milwaukee ond Mississippi; the Milwaukee, Watertown, and Madison ; East and West, con- necting the lakes with the Mississippi Kiver; and the La Trosse and Land-Orand Roads, running from Madison to Lake St. Croix and the City of Superior, at the head of the lake. " Tiie system cimnects with the Chicago, Fond du Lac, and Superior lload, on the east and north, and the Belolt and ^Madison Road on the south. " An abundant supply of building-material is found here. The most beautiful stone, easi- ly quarried and cut, abounds in its immediate vicinity. Bricks may be had to an unlimit- ed extent, and timber of all kinds can be comnuuidcd whenever needed for use." In the public libraries of Madison, there are 18,000 volumes. A sum of $400,000 was estimated to be expended on public buildings last year. At pre- sent it possesses a university endowed with an income of $30,000, besides fully organized colleges, schools, and literary institutions. Population about 13,000. 8TATK OF ir.LINOIS. 101 njJNOia. lu.iNom, ono of the Wpxtcrn United Stntcn, in Ixmiulcd on thn N. l>y Wiwoiimn ; K. >>y T-nke Mlcblgnn •*'"' I'x'iann, from tlic Inst of wlilcli It in jmrtly ncpiiratcil l)y t\\t> \\n\m*U Klvor; S. Iiy tlioOliio IMviT, which Hcpuriiti'K It from Kciiliu'ky ; and S. \V. and \V. hy Mlnnoiirl nnd Iowa, from wlilcli it is nr|mrat«d l)y the Miiwiwippl Itiver. It lio^ Itotweon S7 " und fi" ;m' N. Int., and iH-twwn H?" Ho' and 1)1° 40' \V, Ion., iicini' alxMit 8H(» nillcn in extrome lin^ftli from N. to S,, and aliout 2t«> in it* grt-atcRf, aixl aiiout IKt Milieu in its average lircadth, Including Bfl,.in6 ifiuaro miles, or 80,469,200 ocroi. of which only 6,l7B,17a aoret were improved in 1850, »howing an itnmpn»e capaeity for Increafie of population In thin ex- iilicrnntly fertile State, wldch hai Hcareely atiy coll unculflval)le. I'oi'ULATioN.— There wore in Illinois 12,282 Inhahitants In 1810; BB,211 in 1820; 157,446 in 1h;«>; 47(1,183 In 1840, and 851,470 in 1850, of whom 446,«44 were white males, 400,460 females; 276tt colored males, and 2lU(> females. CiTtKS AJJD TowNi. — Illinois has a number of thriving towns, nnd so rapidly do they In- oreniie, that the census of 1850 will he In many can' far helow the truth; but, for want of other rellaldo Information, we must adhere to it. I'hiengo h the largest city, population lliO.OOO; Quincy, 0901 J Gnlenn, 6004; I'eorln, 6662 ; Springfield, 4633, and Alton, 8875; hcsides I'eru, Hock Island, Uridge Prairie, Waukegan, Hellevllle, Jacksonville, Joliet, Elgin, Ht Charles, nnd many other flourishing villages. Face ok the Country. — Illinois is generally a table land, elevated from 860 to 800 fort above the level of the (iulf of Mexico, with a general Inclination from N. to S., as Indicated liy tlie course of the rivers. This state, generally speaking, may be characterized as level, though there are elevated Iduffs on the Illinois Ulver, and still higher ones on the Mlsslg- s«i|>pi. Tliere Is n small tract of hilly country In the S., nnd in the N. W. is a good deal of tiroken land. Many of the prairies are quite small, but others are very largo ; among the latter Is (irand I'rairle, extending from Jackson County, in a N. E. direction, to Iroquois County, and varying In width from 1 to 12 miles, and oven more. This Is probably the highest land between the Mississippi and the Wabash. The prairie is everywhere skirted with wood, and on its border is a circle of settlements, which have been here located on account of the timber. The prairies are Interspersed with groups of trees, but the timber is generally sparse on them, which, however, seems not to arise from any thing unfavour- able In the soil, but from the onnual burning of the prairie grass ; for where this is pre- vented, a forest of young trees speedily springs up, and farmers arc thus enabled to proceed inward with settlements, as it were, tier after tier. The prairies are not generally flat, but gracefully undulating, and profusely decked with the greatest variety of beautiful wild flowers of every hue, which ravish the beholder with delight. MiNKRALS. — Illinois has within her limits a large portion of the great lead region, which she shares with Iowa and Wisconsin. Galena, in the N. W. part of the state. Is almost wholly supported by trade in this mineral. BituminouB coal occurs in almost every county, and may be often obtoined without excavation. Vast beds are found in the bluffs adjacent to the American Bottom. Copper abounds in the N. part on Plum Creek, and on the Peckatonica llivei. It has also been found in Jackson and Monroe Counties. Iron is found in the southern part, and is said to be abundant in the north. Lime, zinc, some silver, marble of a fine quality, freestone, gypsum, and quartz crystals are the other min- erals. There arfl salt springs in Gallatin, Jackson, and Vermilion Counties, leased by the State. Medicinal springs, chiefly sulphur and chalybeate, are found in various parts, ond one especially, in Jefferson County, is much resorted to. In the southern part of the State is one strongly impregnated with Epsom salts. Others of medicinal properties are found between Ottawa and Peru. Though Illinois presents but few bold or very striking features to the view of the traveller, she is not witliout her objects of interest to the lover of nature. Climate, Soil, and Productions. — Illinois, extending through more than 5° of longitude. !1ITf \l 102 STATE OF ILLINOIS. n t M hns coiisulorahlc vniioty of climnte. Tliough soniewhut milder than tlie Atlantic States ii» the wmie parallels of latitiulo, there is great irregularity in the seasons. Generally there will not fall six inclies of snow at one time, which does not lie more than n few days, but at distant intervals the rivers are frozen for two or three months, and the snow lies for as long a period. Tlie summers are hot, but mitigated by tiie fresh breezes from the prairies. During 15 years, peach- rees blossomed from March 25th to April 20th, and apple-trees from April 1st to May 8d. Tn the same period the earliest frost was September 17th, but s(imetini'!s there is none till near the end of October. The southern part, of course, lias a milder climate than the northern. Cuttle often a;e unhoused during the whole winter. In agricultural capabilities Illinois is unsurpassed, if equalled, by any state in the American confederacy. In some of her liver bottoms the soil is 25 feet deep, and the up- land prairies are but little inferior in fertility. The Great American Bottom, lying on the Mississip])i, between the mouths of the Knskaskia :tnd the Missouri Rivers, is of exceeding fertility, and has been cultivated for 100 years witliout apparent deterioration. This bot- bom is abo'U 80 miles in length, covering an area of 288,000 acres. On tlie river side is i strip of heavy timber, wi'h dense underwood, which extends for 2 or 3 miles. The rest is mostly prairie to the eastern limit, which is terminated by a chain of sandy or rocky bluffs from 50 to 200 feet high. This fine region is, however, not nealthy, though probably capable of being made so by drainage. The Rock River country is another highly fertile district on the Rock River and its branches. Of the same character are the regions about the Sangrtnion, Kaskaskia, and other rivers. Other regions of Illinois are fertile ; but those mentioned pre-eminently so, producing not nnfrequently 40 bushels of wheat and 100 of Indian corn to the acre. This is especially true of the narrow river bottoms immediately adjacent to their banks. The prairies of this State are peculiarly favourable to the raising of stock and the productions of the dairy. Illinois stands third in the absolute amount of Iiidion corn raised in the states of the Union ; but, first, if v,'e regard population and the number of acreo under cultivation. Tlie other agricultural staples are wheat, oats, Irish potatoes, hay, butter, and cheese. Besides these, large qi'ontities of rye, wool, beans, peas, barley, buckwheat, fruits, garden vegetables, and some tobacco, swoet potatoes, wine, grass-seeds, hops, hemp, flax, silk, maple sugar, and molasses, beeswax and honey, and the castor bean are produced. Of indigenous fruits there arc a variety of berries, plums, grapes, crabapples, wild cherries, persimmons, and the papaw (a sweet pulpy fruit, some- what like the banauc.) Of orchard fruits, tae apple and peach flourish best, but pears and quinces are cultivated with facilitj'. Of nuts, the shellbark or hickory, walnut, butternut, a white wali.„!,, and pecan, abound. FoHEST Trees. — Illinois would not be wanting in timber if it were more ;ally diffused. The occupation of the country will, however, remedy this deficiency ' ai parts where there is now a scarcity) by protecting the young trees from the ravage? the pruirie fires. The bottom lands have a rich growth of black and white walnut, atn, hackberry, elm, sugar-maple, honey-locust, buckeye, catalpa. sycamore, (of a size unknown in the Atlantic States,) Cottonwood, pecan, hickory, and oak of various species; and of underwood, red- bud, papaw, grape-vine, eglantine, dogwood, spiceLusb, hazel, green-brier, etc. On the Uplands are post-oak (very valuable for fencing) and other species of oak, bloekjaek, (use- less except for fuel,) iiickory, black and white walnut, linn or basswood, cherry, etc. The white and yellow poplar are found in the southern part of the fitate, and the cypress on the Ohio bottonic. CoMMEBCE. — Illinois is most favourably situated for internal commerce, being able to com- municate with the western, suuthern, and central parts of the Mississippi valley, by means of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers, and with the Northern and Eastern States by way of the great lakes. Education. — On the formation of the State, one section ' ■ each township is appro- priated for the support of schools, and afterwards an additi(..ial income of 3 per cent, on the actual proceeds from the sale of ])ublic lands within the limit of the State. One-sixth of these proieeds is appropriated to colleges. STATE OF IOWA. 103 IOWA. Iowa, a recently-formed State, west of the Mississippi, is bounded north by Minnesota Territory, east by the Mississippi, which separates it from the States of Wisconsin and Illi- nois, south by Missouri, and west by the Indian Territory and Minnesota, from the former of which it is separated by the Missouri, and from the latter by the Great Sioux River. It lies (\vith the exception of a small projection in the south-east, between the Des Moines and Mississippi Rivers) between 40° 30' and 43° 30' north latitude, and between 90° and 97° west longitude, being about 300 miles in extreme length from east to west, and about 208 in breadth, including an area of 50,914 square miles, or 32,584,960 acres, of which only 824,682 were improved in 1850. Population.— Iowa had 43,112 inhabitants in 1840, and 192,214 in 1850, of whom 100,- 885 were white males, 90,994 white females, 168 coloured males, and 167 coloured females. By a State census in 1852, the population was 230,000. Cities and Towns. — At the census of 1850, Burlington was the largest town in the State; population, 4081. Dubuque, Keokuk, Muscatine, and Davenport have populations varying from 2000 to 5000. Iowa City had a population of 1250. Face OF THE CouNTUY. — The surface of Io-,va is generally composed of rolling prairies, having nothing within its limits which approaches a mountain in elevation. The highest ground in the State is a plateau in the north-west, called " Coteau des Prairies," which en- ters the State from Minnesota, A small portion in the north-east, on the Mississippi, is rugged and rocky, and Table Mound, a conical elevation with a flat summit, 3 or 4 miles from Dubuque, is, perhaps, 500 feet high. The State, however, may be generally described as a rolling prairie, crossed by rivers whose banks are skirted with wood. There are said to be some swamps in the north-west portion of the State. The prairies, though sometimes 20 miles across, are rarely more than 5 or 10. MiN-EpALS. — Iowa is rich in mineral resources. A portion of the great lead region of Illi- nois and Wisconsin extends into this State. The ore is abundant, but lies deeper than on the east side of the river. Lead mines have been opened in Dubuque and Clayton Coun- ties. Zinc and copper are also found in the same localities, and in connection with the lead. The great bituminous coal-field of Iowa and Missouri has an extent of near 200 miles from east to west, and 140 from north to south, within the former State, and occupying most of the central and southern portions. Copper has been recently discovered in Cedar County in considerable quantities. Objects of Interest to Tourists. — The principal claim of this new, and as yet scarcely explored State, on the attention of travellers, must chiefly rest upon the beauty of its un- dulating prairies, or its picturesque landscapes. There are, however, a few objects which may be classed among natural curiosities, of which the following are the most prominent Numerous sinks or circular depressions in the surface of the ground, from 10 to 20 feet across, a?e found in diff'erent places, and particularly on Turkey River, in the nortli part of the State. Small mounds, from 3 to 6 feet high, and sometimes 10 or 12 in a row, are found on the same stream, within 10 or 15 miles of its mouth. A cave, several rods in ex- tent, exists in Jackson County, from which ilows a stream large enough to turn a mill The Upper Iowa and Makoqueta Rivers have worn their channels through magnesian lime- stone rocks, leaving, on their southern banks, cliffs worn by the rain, frost, and winds into resemblances of castles, forts, etc. Climate, Soil, and Productions. — ^The peach-tree blossoms in April, fall wheat ripens in July, spring wheat in August, and Indian corn in October. The rivers are frozen over from 2 to 3 months on an average each winter. The soil of Iowa is generally excellent, and of easy cultivation, with prairie and woodland intermingled. The valleys of the Red Cedar, Iowa, and Des Moines (we quote Owen's Geological Report), as high as lat. 42° or 42° 31', presents a body of arable land, which, taken as a whole, for richness in organic elements, for amount of saline matter, and due admixture of earthy silicates, affords a com- 104 STATES OF IOWA AND WISCONSIN. bination that belongs only to the most fertile upland plains. After passing lat. 42° 30' north, near the confines of the Coteau des Prairies, a desolate, knobby country commences, the highlands being covered with gravel, and supporting a scanty vegetation, while the low grounds are either wet or marshy, or filled with numerous ponds or lakes, and where the eye roves in vain in search of timber. North of 41° 30', and between the head waters of the Grand, Nodaway, and Nishnabotona Rivers, the soil is inferior in quality to that south of the same parallel. The staples of this State are Indian corn, wheat, and live stock, besides considerable quantities of oats, rye, buckwheat, barley, Irish potatoes, butter, cheese, hay, wool, maple sugar, beeswax, and honey ; and some rice, tobacco, beans, peas, sweet potatoes, orchard fruits, wine, grass seeds, hops, flax, and silk are produced. Forest Trees, Fruit, etc.— Iowa is, in many places, destitute of timber ; along the rivers, however, it is well wooded, except near their sources. On the intervals between the rivers there are often prairies of from 16 to 20 miles, without so much as a bush liighor than the wild ind'go and compass plant. The greatest scarcity of trees is north of 42°. Ash, elm, sugar, and white maple grow in alluvion belts of from one-fourth to one mile in width, on the river banka. The other forest trees are poplar, various species of oak, black and white walnut, hickory, locust, ironwood, cottonwood, lime or basswood, and some pine in the northern parts of the State. Oak constitutes the larger part of the timber of the State. The peach grows too luxuriantly, and blooms too soon to admit of its being culti- vated to advantage. Tlie grape, gooseberry, and wild plum are indigenous. Manufactures.— As a newly-sottled Stfite, Iowa can, of course, have made as yet but lit- tle progress in manufactures; though she has within her limits two important elements of manufacturing industry, viz., abundance of coal and water-power. Commerce.— Iowa has no foreign trade, but is very favourably located for internal traffic, waslied as it is by the Missouri on the west, the Mississippi on the east, and its interior traversed by the Des Moines, Iowa, Cedar, and other rivers. The principal articles of ex- port are grain, flour, lead, and pork. Education. — All lands granted by Congress, all escheated estates, and whatever percen- tage Congress may allow on the public lands sold within the State, are to constitute a fund, the interest of which, and the rent of unsold lands, together with military and court fines, are to form an appropriation for the support of piiblic schools in Iowa. WISCONSIN. Wisconsin, one of the recently-settled states of the American confederacy, is bounded on the N. by Minnesota, Lake Superior, and the northern peninsula of Michigan, (from which it is separated in part by the Menomonee and Montreal rivers,) on the E. by Lake Michigan, S. by Illinois, and W. by Iowa and Minnesota Territory, from the former of which it is separated by the Mississippi, and from the latter (in part) by the St. Croix River. It lies between 42° 30' and 46° 56' N. lat., (if we exclude some small islands belonging to the State in Lake Superior,) and between 87° and 92° 60' W. Ion., being about 285 miles in ex- treme length from N. to S., and about 255 in its greatest breadth from E. to W., includ- ing an area of about 63,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres, of which 1,046,499 were im- proved in" 1850. Population. — This flourishing scion of the West has had a growth unexampled even in that thriving region, having increased from 30,945 in 1840, to a population of 805,391 in 1850; of whom 164,221 were white males; 140,344 white females ; 366 free coloured males ; and 216 free coloured females. Cities and Towns. — Towns are springing up in Wisconsin as if by magic, and a region that but a few years ago was mostly an Indian hunting ground, is now dotted over with them. Tlie principal of these are Milwaukee, population, 20,061 ; Racine, 6111 ; Kenosha, 8455 ; Janesville, 3451 ; Waukesha, 2313 ; Platteville, 2197, and Fond du Lac, 2014. Be- sides these there are Beloit, Madison, Green Bay, Ozaukee, Mineral Point, Oshkosh, Water- town, Sheboygan, and Manitoowoc, having populations of from 2000 to 4000 each. STATE OF WISCONSIN. 105 Pack of the Country. — Wisconsin may be describeil generally as an elevated rolling prairie, from 600 to 1200 feet above the level of the sea. This State has no mountains, properly so called. JliNERALs.— Part of the great lead region extending from Illinois and Iowa is included in the S. W. part of Wisconsin, and is no less rich in the quantity and quality of its ore than in the other states where it lies. The lead is here intermingled with copper and zinc in ooHBiderable quantities, together with some silver. In Lapointe, Chippewa, St. Croix, and Iowa Counties, copper is found ; in Dodge County, and on the Black River and other branches of the Mississippi, good iron ore occurs. The other metallic substances are magnetic iron, iron pyrites, and graphite or plumbago. Facts do not justify any expectation of great de- posits of copper in the N. W. part of the State. A great bed of magnetic iron ore lies south of Lake Superior, near Tyler's Fork of the Bad River, in strata of metamorphic slate. In 1850, 569,921 pigs of lead were shipped from Dubuque and Mineral Point; but 778,460 in 1845. Beautiful varieties of marble have been recently discovered, or made known to the public in the N. part of Wisconsin. Others are blue and dove-coloured, beautifully veined. These are susceptible of a fine polish, and some on the Menomonee are within navigable distance from New York. Objects of Interest to Tourists. — This State abounds in picturesque objects, in water- falls, rapids, bluffs, and beautiful lakes, with clear water and gravelly bottoms. Climate— This thriving State, which has surpassed every other, except California, in the unexampled rapidity of its growth, is the theme of almost unmingled praise of the tourist and the emigrant fi-om every part of Europe and America. Its beautiful lakes, rolling prai- ries, swelling uplands, and " oak openings," («. e. lands covered with a scattered growth of oak,) fertile soil, its fine angling, abundance of game, and healthy climate, tempt thither alike the permanent settler, the sportsman, and the lover of the picturesque. The climate, though severe, and the winters long, is more regular and more free from those frequent and unhealthy changes that prevail farther south. The lakes, too, exert a mitigating influence, the temperature being 6i° higher on the lake than on the Mississippi side. The lake shore is also more moist, but the State generally is drier than in the same parallels farther east. The diseases consequent upon clearing lands are less frequent, it is said, in this tljan other new states, owing to the open nature of the country in the oak openings. Soil and Productions. — The country south of the middle is a fine agricultural region. In the mineral district, W. of the Pekatonica, the country is broken, but, what is unusual in mining tracts, generally well adapted to farming, and especially grazing. But probably the best agricultural section is that E. of the Pekatonica, which has more prairie land, tliough even here is a considerable portion of timbered land on the rivers and streams. The agricultural capabilities of the northern part of the State, around the head waters of the Black and Chippewa Rivers, and the sources of the rivers emptying into Lake Superior, are small, the surface in part being covered with drift and boulders, and partly with ponds and marshes. The agricultural staples of this State are wheat, Indian corn, oats, Irish po- tatoes, butter, and live stock, besides considerable quantities of rye, wool, beans, peas, bar- ley, buckwheat, maple sugar, beeswax, honey, cheese, and hay, with some sweet potatoes, tobacco, fruits, wine, grass-seeds, hops, flax, and hemp. F0RF.8T Trees. — There are vast forests of pine on the Upper Wisconsin, the Wolf river, and the tributaries of the Mississippi, N. of the Wisconsin. The other forest trees are spruce, tamarac, cedar, oak of diff'erent species, birch, aspen, basswood, hickory, elm, ash, hemlock, poplar, sycamore, and sugar-maple. The oak openings already described, form a pleasing feature in the landscapes of Wisconsin. Manufactures. — The numerous rivers and streams of Wisconsin, with their frequent rnpids and falls, afford great facilities for mill sites of every sort, and her forests and iron for ship and steamboat building. Mr. Hunt, in his Gazetteer, estimates the manufacture of pine lumber at 400,000,000 feet, besides which, large quantities of oak and basswood are w.wed into scantling, plank, lath, etc. He also gives the number of barrels of flour manu- 106 STATES OF WISCONSIN AND MICHIGAN. factured ot 100,000, (independent of kinds of mill stuffs in abundance,) of paper, 300,000 pound?, and of shot, 100,000 pounds annually. Education —There were in August, 1852, in the State, 2763 school districts, in which were 1C64 school houses, mostly frame or log, and valued at $261,986.32. The capital of the school fund in December, 1852, was $819,200.50. It is expected that ere long the lands appropriated for the support of schools will form a fund of about $3,000,000. Public in- struction is under the charge of a State supeiintendcnt, receiving $1000 per annum. There have been granted for the support of a State university, 46,080 acres of land. There are also other colleges and academies supported by private subscriptions, which are promising institutions. . History.— Wisconsin was formed into a territory in 1836, and admitted into the Union as an independent State in 1848. MICHIGAN. Michigan, one of the more recently settled of the north-western States, occupies two peninsulas, the southern one lying between Lakes Erie, St. Clair, and Huron on the east, and Lake Michigan on the west; and the northern between Lakes Michigan and Huron on the south, and Lake Superior on the north. The whole is bounded north by Lake Supe- rior, east by the Straits of St. Jlary, Lake Huron, St. Clair River and Lake, Detroit River, and' Lake Erie (all which separate it from Canada West), on the south by Ohio and Indiana, and on the west by Lakes Michigan and Wisconsin, from the latter of which it is partly separated by the Menomonee and Montreal .Rivers. Michigan lies between 41° 40' and 47° 30' north latitude (if we exclude Isle Royale, a dependency of this State), and between 82° 12' and 90° 30' west longitude. The northern peninsula is about 320 miles in extreme length from soutli-east to north-west, and 130 in its greatest breadth, and the southern about 283 from north to south, and 210 from east to west, in its greatest width. Tiie joint area of the two peninsulas is 56,243 square miles, or 35,595,520 acres, of which only 1,923,- 682 were improved in 1850. About two-fifths of the area is included in the northern pe- ninsula. PoruLATioN.— Thougli originally settled by the French, the great bulk of the population is from the New England and Middle States. A large portion of the latter is of New Eng- land descent. The number of inhabitants in Michigan, in 1810, was 4762 ; 8896 in 1820 ; 31,639 in 1830; 212,267 in 1840; and 397,654 in 18-50, of whom 208,471 wero white males, 186,626 white females; 1412 coloured males, and 1145 coloured females. Cities and Towns.— The towns of this State exhibit the same rapid growth which is so wonderful a characteristic of the Western States generally. Detroit, the largest town in the State, had, in 185C, a population of 21,019. The other principal towns are Ann Ar bor, population, 4868; Jackson, 4147; Flint, 3304; Grand Rapids, 3147; Ypsilante, 3051; Adrian, 3006; Marshall, 2822; Pontiac, 2820; Monroe City, 2813; Tecumseh, 2679 ; Kalamazoo, 2507 ; Coldwater, 2166 ; and Clinton, 2130. These populations, as in New England, sometimes include the townships. Face of tiie Country, Geology, and Minerals.— The southern peninsula of Michigan, so interesting in its agricultural and economical aspects, is rather tame in its topographical features, as there is no considerable elevation (compared with the country immediately around it) within its whole extent, though the ridge which divides the waters flowing into Lakes Huron and Erie from those flowing into Lake Michigan, is 300 feet above the level of the lakes, and about 1000 above the sea. The country, however, may be generally char- acterized as a vast undulating plain, seldom becoming rough or broken. There are occa- sional conical elevations of from 150 to 200 feet in height, but generally much less. The shores of Lake Huron are often steep, forming bluffs ; while those of Lake Michigan are coasted by shifting sand-hills of from 100 to 200 feet in height. In the southern part are those natural parks, thinly scattered over with trees, called, in the parlance of the country, "oak openings;" and in the southwest are rich prairie lands. The northern peninsula H STATE OF MICHIGAN. 107 exhibits a striking contrast, both in soil and surface, to tlie southern. While the latter is level or moderately undulating, and luxuriantly fertile, the former is picturesque, rugged, and even mountainous, with streams abounding in rapids and water-falls — rich in minerals, but Tigourous in climate, and sterile in soil. Tlie Wisconsin or I'orcupine Mountains which form the water-shed between Lakes Michigan and Superior, are much nearer the latter t!)aii the former, and attain an elevation of about 2000 feet in the north-west portion of the peninsula. The east part of this division of the State is undulating and picturesque, but the centrnl hilly, and composed of table-land. The shores of Lake Superior are composed of a sandstone rock, which, in many places, is worn by the action of the wind and waves into fancied resemblances of castles, etc., forming the celebrated Pictured Rocks; while the sliores of Lake Michigan are composed of a limestone rock. The streams on the northern slope of the Porcupine Mountain have a rapid descent, and abound in picturesque falls and rapids. The north peninsula is primitive, and the southern secondary; but primitive rocks are scattered over the plains of the latter of more than 100 tons weight, most abund- ant on the borders of the great lakes, on the flanks of valleys, and where traces of recent floods are apparent. Michigan, in its northern peninsula, possesses, probably, the richest copper mines in the world. A block of almost pure copper, weighing some tons, and bearing the arms of the State, rests imbedded in the walls of the National Monument at Washington. The region from wliich this block was taken lies on the shores of Lake Superior, near the mouth of the Ontonagon River. The same mineral abounds in Isle Royale, near the north shore of Lake Superior. Iron, said to be of a very superior quality, is found in a district about 60 miles south-east of the great copper region, as well as in some other parts of Michigan. The other minerals known to exist in this State, whose mineral resources are very imper- fectly developed as yet, are lead, gypsum, peat, limestone, marl, and some coal. An ex- cellent sand for the manufacture of the finer kinds of glass-war'i is found on the shores of Lake AUchigan, as well as Lake Erie. The copper mines in the northern peninsula are es- timated to have produced within the past year (March, 1853) nearly 4000 tons of copper, worth, on the seaboard, $1,600,000. Great activity prevails in the mining region this year ; new discoveries are being made, an increased number of hands employed, and addi- tional machinery erected. A mass of copper, weighing 5072 pounds, sent from Michigan, was exhibited at the World's Fair in New York. Objects of Inteuest to Tourists.— The Island of Mackinaw, in the straits of the same name, already visited for its. picturesque beauty, may, probably, become the future New- port of the north-western States. In addition to its bold shores, rising to a height of near- ly 200 feet perpendicularly above the water, and the charm of its picturesque views and cool breezes, it has the accompaniment of fine fishing in its vicinHy ; and the pleasant ex- cursions to Sault St. Mary, to angle for tlie far-famed white fish, to tempt the sportsman and epicure to while away a summer vacation in this vicinity. About 60 miles west of the entrance of the Strait St. Marie, are the celebrated " Pictured Rocks," composed of sand- stone of various colours, and worn by the action of the wind and waves into resemblances of ruined temples, castles, etc. One peculiarly striking object, called the Doric Rock, is a colonnade of 4 round pillars, of from about 3 to 7 feet in diameter, and 40 feet in height, supporting an entablature 8 feet thick, and 30 feet across. These rocks extend for about 12 miles, and rise about 300 feet above the water. Sometimes cascades shoot over the pi.- .^ te, so that vessels can sail between them and the natural wall of rock. On laying out th^ track for a railway across the State from Detroit, the engineers encountered a sin- gular lake, covered with an accumulation of vegetable matter— the growth of ages— but concealing beneath a deep and dangerous, though not extensive lake, which made it neces- sary to make a detour from the road. Climate, Soil, and Productions.- Notwithstanding the severity of the climate in Michi- gan, it is moderated by its proximity to the lakes; yet the temperature of the northern peninsula is quite rigourous. Tlie northern peninsula is favourable to winter grains, but not to Indian corn ; while the southern produces maiie, as well as the winter grains, abund- 108 antly rare. STATE OF MICHIGAN. The prevailing diseases are bilious fevers, ague, and dysentery: consumption is Great fertility is the characteristic of most of the soil in the middle and south of the lower peninsula; mostly free from stone, and of a deep, dark sandy loam often mmgled with gravel and clay. The northern peninsula has a large portion of rugged and poor soil, hut its agricultural capabilities are not yet well developed. Portions of it are well tim- bered with white pine, spruce, hemlock, birch, oak, aspen, maple, ash, and elm As the wants of the advancing settlements increase the demand, this region can furnish large sup- plies of lumber from its forests of pine, spruce, etc., manufactured at the fine mill-sites af- forded by the rapid streams on the Superior slope of the Porcupine Mountain Much of southern Michigan is occupied by those beautiful and fertile natural lawns, called oak openings, covered with scattered trees, and free from underwood. Another portion is prairie, and yet another timbered land, covered with black and white walnut, sugar maple, different species of oaks, hickory, ash, basswood, soft maple, elm, linden, locust, dogwood, poplar, beech, aspen, sycamore, cottonwood. cherry, pine, hemlock, spruce, tamarack cy- press, cedar, chestnut, papaw, etc. Tlie prairies are small, and divided into wet and dry-- the latter, of course, being somewhat elevated. The north-west of the lower peninsula is but little known, but recent letters from that region represent it as well timbered, well watered and fertile ; it, however, has an uninviting aspect from the lakes. On the shores of Lake Huron, near Saginaw Bay, is a marshy district Michigan is eminently an agn- cultural State; the staple products being wheat, Indian com, oats, Irish potatoes (for which it is especially favourable), butter, hay, maple sugar, wool, and live stock, with large quantities of buckwheat, rye, peas, beans, barley, fruits, cheese, beeswax, and honey ; and some tobacco, sweet potatoes, wine, grass seeds, hops, flax, silk, and molasses. MANi,FACTURES.-In commou with the other more recently-settled States, Michigan has not yet had leisure to give much attention to the development of her manufacturing re- sources In 1850, there were in the State 1979 manufacturing establishments, each pro- ducing $500 and upwards annually, of which 15 were engaged in woollen manufactures, employing $94,000 capital, and 78 male and 51 female hands, consuming raw material worth $43,402, and producing 141,570 yards of stuffs worth $90,242; 64 forges, furnaces etc., employing $210,450 capital, and 362 male hands, consuming raw material worth $10*5,865, and producing 5430 tons of castings, pig iron, etc., valued at $300,697 ; $139,425 capital and 98 hands were employed in the manufacture of 10,320 barrels of ale. porter, etc and 890,900 gallons of whisky, wine, etc. ; and 60 tanneries, employing $286,000 capital, consuming raw material worth $203,450, and producing manufactured leather valued at $363,980; domestic manufactures were fabricated worth $354,936. CoMMKUCK-Michigan, surrounded as it is by inland seas, is most favourably situated for internal trade, and trade with British America. Her foreign commerce is, however, small, and only amounted, in 1851-2, in imports, to $191,976, and exports, $145,152; tonnage entered for the same year, 66,041 ; cleared, 69,981 ; owned. 46,318.12, of which 24,681.73 was steam tonnage ; number of vessels built, 16. with a tonnage of 2639.00. In the spring of 1853, there were owned at Detroit and Mackinaw, 66 steamers, with a tonnage of 17,925. The lake trade of 1851 has been stated at, imports, $5,330,609, and exports, $5,790,860. Wheat and other grain, flour, pork, live stock, wool, and copper are among the leading ai- tides of export •■ . , ^t. • c Education.— On the subject of education, Michigan is largely imbued with the opinion of New England (from whence so many of her sons derive their origin), that republican gov- ernment and common-school education must proceed or fall together. Her school fund, in 1852, was $575,668 ; in addition to which, is a fund called the University Fund, of $100,000. STATE OF MISSOURI. 109 MISSOURI. Missouri, one of the largest of the United States, and the first formed wholly W. of the Mississippi River, is bounded on the N. by Iowa, (from which it is separated for about 30 miles on the N. E. by the Des Moines River,) on the E. by the Mississippi River, which di- vides it from Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee; on the S. by the Arkansas, and on the W. by the Indian Territory, from which it is partly separated by the Missouri River. This State lit'3 (with the exception of a small projection between the St. Francis and the Mississippi River, which extends to 36°) between 36° 30', and 40° 30' N. lat., and 89° 10' and 96° W. Ion,, being about 285 miles in its greatest length from E. to W"., and 280 in width from N. to S., including an area of 67,380 square miles, or 43,123,200 acres, only 2,938,425 acres of which were improved in 1850. PoruL.\TioN. — ^Though originally settled by the French, less than one-third of one per cent, of the present inhabitants of Missouri are of that extraction. The population amounted to 06,586 in 1820; 140,145 in 1830; 383,702 in 1 840, and 682,244 in 1850; of whom 312,987 were white males, and 279,017 females; 1361 free coloured males, and 1257 fe- males; 43,484 male slaves, and 43,938 female. Cities and Towns. — St. Louis is the largest city in Missouri, population, 77,860, (by a local census in 1853, 88,000;) the other principal towns are Hannibal, population in 1850, 2557 ; Lexington, 2459; Castor, 2084; "Weston, 1915; Palmyra, 1284; and St. Genevieve, 958. Capital, Jefferson City. Face of the Country. — This great State is mostly level or undulating N. of the Missouri River, while S. of this river (nmch the larger portion of the State) exhibits a much greater variety. In the S. E. part, near the Mississippi River, and S. of Cape Girardeau, is an ex- tensive marsh, reaching beyond the State into Arkansas, and occupying an area of about 3000 square miles. The remainder of this portion, between the Mississippi and the Osage Rivers, is rolling, gradually rising into a hilly and mountainous district, forming the outskirts of the Ozark Mountains. Beyond the Osage River, at some distance, commences a vast ex- panse of prairie land, which stretches away to the Rocky Mountains. The ridges forming the Ozark chain, which probably in no place reach an elevation of 2000 feet, extends in a N. E. and S. W. direction, separating the waters tliat flow N. E. into Missouri River from those that flow S. E. into the Mississippi River. The geological features of this State are very interesting. One of the richest coal fields perhaps in the world occupies the greater part of Missouri N. of the Osage River, and extends nearly to the N. boundary of Iowa. A carboniferous limestone, tvhieh comes to the surface on the E. and \V. borders of the State, forms a rim from 5 to 40 miles in breadth. The lower magnesian limestone crops out on the Missouri River, from 25 miles above Jefferson City to within 35 miles of its mouth, with occasional obtrusions of sandstone. Schoolcraft thus speaks of the Ozark Mountains : " The Ozark is a ti-rm applied to a broad, elevated district of highlands, running from N. to S. centrally through the States of Missouri and Arkansas. It has on the E. the striking and deep alluvial tract of the Mssissippi River, and on its W. the woodless plains or deserts which stretch below the Rocky Mountains." Minerals. — ilissouri is particularly rich in minerals, and a vast region in the neighbour- hood of Iron Mountain is, perhaps, unsurpassed in the globe for productiveness in iron of tlie best quality. Though existing in the greatest abundance and purity in this locality, this mineral is found scattered throughout the State. In the eastern counties S. of the Mis- souri River, large quantities of lead, sometimes mixed with zinc, are found. Copper exists throughout the mineral region, (a tract of 17,000,000 or 18,000,000 acres,) but is most abun- dant near the La Motte mines. It is found combined with nickel, manganese, iron, cobalt, and load, and these often yield 34 per cent, of the pure metal. Of the otln metals named, all except nickel are found in considerable quantities. Silver exists in the lead ore, 850 pounds of pure silver having been obtained from 1,000,000 pounds of lead. Tin has been found in suiall quantities. Of the non-metallic minerals, limestone abyuuds N. of the Mis- LlO STATE OF MISSOURI. sourl River, and forms n good building stone. Morbles beautifully veined and crystalline are found in parts of the State ; also gypsum, sandstones, red and white, porphyries, sienite, saltpetre, sulphate of baryta, kaolin, and inferior elays. The red sandstone is of too coarse and loose a texture for architectural purposes, but the white, found near St. Cenevieve, makes superior glass. Porphyries of a red ground interspersed with crystals, admitting of a high polish, are found S. of the Missouri River. Coal.— Bituminous ccnl, much of it cannel coal, exists in vast beds in the N. of the State, and has also been found 40 miles up the Osage River. The great cannel coal-bed in Cal- laway County consists, in one place, of a solid stratum 24 feet, and in another 75 feet in thickness, and is believed to be the largest body of cannel coal known. RiVEiis.— Missouri enjoys the navigation of the two greatest rivers in the United States, if not in the world. By means of the Mississippi River, which coasts her entire eastern boundary, she can hold commercial intercourse with the most northern territory of the Union, with the whole of the valley of the Ohio, with some of the Atlantic States, and with the Gulf of Mexico. By means of the Missouri, her other great river, she may ex- tend her internal commerce to tiie Rocky Mountains, besides receiving the products that may be furnished in future times by its multitude of tributaries. The Missouri River coasts the N. W. of the State for about 200 miles, (following its windings,) niul then darts ncre-:^ the State in a direction a little S. of E., dividing it into two portions, of which about a third is N., and the remainder S. of that river. Objects of Interest to Toi'iusts.— We shall hardly be able to do justice to Missouri in this respect, in the present state of our knowledge of the interior, as there arc doubtless, in her mountain recesses, gorges, waterfalls, and caves whose fame has not yet reached us. To the geologist the State already possesses ample inducements for a visit ; while the lover of fine scenery will find much to interest him in the wild bluffs both of the Missouri and Mis- sissippi Rivers, which rise to an elevation varying from 50 to 300 feet. Climate.— The climate of Missouri is very variable : in the winter the thermometer sinks below zero, and the rivers are frozen so ns to admit the passage of heavily-laden vehicles. The summers are excessively hot, but the air dry and pure. In the autumns, bilious and remittent fevers are common on the river bottoms. Pulmonary complaints, however, to such a degree as to terniinote in consumption, are infrequent. Soil and PnonvcTioNs.— The soil of Missouri, speaking generally, is good, and of great agricultural capabilities; but the most fertile portions are in the river bottoms, which are a rich alluvion, (in some cases, however, mixed with sand,) and in that portion N. of the Missouri River, except in the E., where a sandy soil prevails. South of the Missouri there is a greater variety in the soil, but much of it is fertile, and even in the mountains and mineral districts there are rich valleys, and about the sources of the White, Eleven Points, Current, and Big Black Rivers, the soil, though unproductive, furnishes a valuable growth of yellow pine. The marshy district of the S. E. part will, when the population shall have become sufficiently dense to justify the expense of drainage, be probably one of the most fertile portions of the State. The great staple of Missouri is Indian corn, and more hemp is produced than in any State except Kentucky : the other great products are wheat, oats, tobacco, wool, peas, beans, Irish and sweet potatoes, fruits, butter, cheese, pork, hay, flax, honey, and beeswax ; considerable rye, buckwheat, market products, grass-seeds, maple sugar; and some rice, barley, wine, hops, silk, and molasses. FoEEST AND Fruit Trees. — " The river bottoms are covered with a luxuriant growth of oak, elm, ash, hickory, cottouwood, linn, and white and black walnut. In the more barren districts are found white and pin oak, and sometimes forests of yellow pine. The crab- apple, papaw, and persimmon are abundant; as also the hazel and pecan." There are three species of wild grape ; and apples, pears, peaches, apricots, and nectarines yield well. Commerce. — St. Louis is the great centre of internal commerce of the Mississippi and its tributaries, which must greatly increase as the settlements on those great .rivers extend themselves. The exports of this State consist mainly of lead, pork, flour, wheat, tobacco, MISSOURI, OR NORTH-WEST TERICITORY. Ill and live stock. MisBouri haa long been the principal seat of »n active caravan trade Ath Sonto F6. Ekucation.— Migsonri lios a scliool fund (in 1852) of $576,668, and anoflior fund of $100,000, called the seminary fund. Tlie interest of the former is distributed ninong the counties in proportion to the number of scholars in cacli. In 1850 there were 59,927 chil- dren in the State, of whom 39,983 were in the schools. Annual expenditure for school pur- poses, $88,124; number of volumes in school libraries, 6200. Every sixteenth section of public lands is devoted to common schools. MISSOURI, OR NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. Missocni, OR North- West Territory, an unorganized territory occupying the vast region lying between the White Enrth and Missouri Rivers on the E., and the Rocky Mountains on the W., and (with the exception of a small tract in the S. E., belonging to the Indian Territory) between the I'latte River on the S., and British America on the N. It lies be- tween about 40° 30' and 49° N. Int., and between about 97° 45' and 113° W. Ion., covering an estimated area of about 587,564 square miles, or space enough for five States larger than Illinois. This vast tract would include the proposed territory of Nebraska. Population. — We have no census returns from this wild region, which has been appro- priated as the abode of different Indian tribes, among which may be mentioned the Crows, Blnckfeet, (a very warlike and cruel tribe,) Minnetarees, Riccarces, Puncahs, and Pawnees. Face of the Country. — The greater part of this territory, as far as is known, seems to consist of a high prairie land. A chain of higidands, called the Black Hills, runs from neor the Platte River in a N. E. direction to the Missouri River, which they npprooch in about 102° of W. longitude, dividing the waters running into the Yellowstone from those flowing into the Missouri below its great south-eastern bend. On the W., thf^ Rocky Mountains rear their lofty summits, in some instances above the snow line, and send out spurs into Missouri. Fremont's Peak, i;>e loftiest known in this chain in the United States, is on the S. W. border of this territory. Rivers and Lakes. — This extensive tract is traversed by the Missouri, one of the most important rivers in the world, which rises near its south-western boi-der, runs for about 1000 miles in a N. E. direction, to 48° 20' K latitude, receiving a large number of afflu- ents from the N., one of which, the Yellowstone, is 980 miles in length, and a multitude of siib-tributariea from the S. From the latitude named above, it flows off to the S, E., form- ing the eastern boundary for perhaps 1000 miles In about latitude 43° 30' the Missouri makes a grand detour, called the Great Bend, " where the river makes a cii-cuit of 30 miles in advancing 2000 yards in a direct course." A number of important streams tiaw into the Missouri, within this territory, below the bend alluded to, so that this region ic well watered, and gives promise of being more suitable for settlement than the country below Platte River. There are some small lakes in the S. W., and perhaps others yet to be discovered and described. Objects of Interest to Tourists. — The Great Falls of the Missouri, and the gorge below, enclosed with perpendicular rocks 1200 feet high, claim the first place among the striking natural objects of this territory. Animals. — ^This country is the paradise of the hunter and trapper. Vast herds of buffa- lo roam over its prairies, though now rapidly diminishing in numbers. Lewis and Clark have stated that at times the Missouri was backed up as by a dam, by the multitude of these animals crossing. The grizzly bear. Rocky Moun.tain goat, sheep, and antelope 'in- fest the "' -^es of the Rocky Mountains ; and the beaver in former times existed iu great numbcK jugh the trappers are now fast thinning them out. Panthers were met with by Lewis and Clark ; also black bears, elks, and wolves. CoMMEuc'E. — ^The fur and peltry trade constiUile the commerce of this vast region. Steamboats ascend the Missouri above the Yellowstone, and up the latter river 300 miles. 112 MINNESOTA. i},: m MINNESOTA. M.NsmrTA, a territory of the United Stiitcs, is bounded on the N. l.y Britbh Amoricn. E. by Uke Superior and the State of Wiseonsin, S. by Iowa and Missouri Territory, and W. by Missouri Territory. The Lalie of tlie Woods, v» itli a clmin of sninll lakes and their outlets, form a part of the Northern boundary; the St. Croix and Mi88i8>.ipi.i a part of the eastern, and the Missouri and White Earth Rivers the western boundary. It lies between 42° 80' and 49" N. lat., and between about 89° 30' and 103° 3o' W. Ion., being about 050 miles lu extreme len^'th from E. to W., and 430 from N. to S., including an area of neariy 10t5,000 square miles, or 106,240,000 acres. Face of the CorNTBY.— Though there are no mountains in Minnesota, it is the most elevated tract of land between the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's Bay, and from its central heights sends its waters to every point of the compass, but mostly to the N. and S. The position from which the Red River of the North ahd the St. Peter's take their opposite courses is almost exactly in the centre of the territory, and elevated about 2000 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. A plateau, called the " Coteau des Prairies," or " Prairie Heights," about 200 miles In length, and from 15 to 40 in breadth, runs through the middle of the eouthern pari of Minnesota. Its greatest elevation is about 1916 feet above the level of the sea, and Its average height about 1460 feet. The northern portion, which is the highest. Is about 890 feet above Bigstone Lake, which lies In its vicinity. Passing the St. Peter's or Minnesota River, we come upon another range of heights, known as the "Coteau du Grand Bois," or the Wooded Heights, which extend for more than 100 miles nearly parallel with the '' Coteau des Prairies." This ridge Is mostly covered with an extensive forest of hard wood. Through the middle of the triangle which occupies the N. E. portion of the ter- ritory, runs a third range of heights, called the " Hauteurs de Terre," or "Highlands," which extend W. by S. about 300 miles, and form a dividing ridge, whence flow the waters that seek Lake Superior and the Mississippi in one direction, and Hudson's Bay in the other. A range of less altitude than the " Coteau des Prairies," but continuing in the same direction, fornw the watershed of the streams flowing Into the Missouri on the W., and those flowing into the Red River on the E. The rest of die country generally alternates between Bandhills and swamps, and river bottoms and prairies. In the N., on tiie Red River, are extensive Savonnas, level as a floor, while the central region and the portion between that and Lake Superior is much of it occupied with marshes, separated by hills of drift. West of the Coteau des Prairies, and Red River, the country has been but little explored; but that portion of it between the Riviere A Jacciues and the Missouri is represented as com- posed of high rolling prairies. MiNKRALs.-The Indications, from geological surveys of Minnesotii. do not favour the hopes of great metallic wealth within its borders. Copper has been found, but in most instances it is not "in place," but appears to have been carried thither by the drift nd boulders. The probability is that, of richer metallic ores than iron, this territory will not aff^ord (ex- cept near Lake Superior) sufiicient quantity to repay the labours of the miner; for if they exist at all, they probably lie at great depths. The Indications are cpiady unfavourable to there being any large deposits of coal. A lead vein, 4 inches In thickness, was discovered on the Warnju River, by the geological corps of Professor Owen. The most remarkable mineral in this territory is the red pipestone, of which the Indians make their pipes, and which is believed to b peculiar to the region of the Coteau des Prairies. Salt Is reported to exist in vast quantities between 47° and 49" N. lat., and 97° and 99° W. Ion. Lakk and Rivers.— Minnesota is, periiaps, even mote deserving than Michigan of the appellation of the " Lake State," as it abounds in lacustrine waters of every size, from lakes of 40 miles In extent, to small ponds of less than a mile In circuit. These beautiful sheets of water give origin to rivers flowing N., S., and E. ; some finding their way to the At antic through the mighty Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico; others through the great lakes, Niagara, and the St Lawrence; and others, again, pass off to the N., and seek the ocean S.J.,. MINNESOTA. 118 throuKh Hudson's Bny nntl Strnits. The lart^cKt of tlicso lakes, with the excoptlon of IjjIco HuiHriiir, are the Lake of tii(> Wnodn, Uaiiiy Tjike, Ued, Miiiiil-Wakaii or Kevil Lake, Leirli, ami Miile Luc, or Spirit Lake. These generally have eleiir, pelilily hottoiiis, ami are well stocked with fish, among which nre the white fish, jiike, piokerel, nia«kelonge, nueker, iici'ch and trout. Wild rice growri on the horders of many of them, especially at the North. iK'vil Lake, which is on the -IHth jiarallel of N. hit., in the N. W. of Minnesoia, is about 40 miles in length, by 15 in breadth, nnd its waters, which are hruckish, have no vlBible outlet. Hcd Lake, on tli .iine parallel, E, of Hed River, with which i( comnHiiiicatcs, Is divided into two portii.ns, united by a strait of 2 miles in width, and covers about the same nrni as Devil Lake. Lake of the Woods, nnd Uainy Lake, (the former a largo cliect of water, perhaps l(iO miles in circuit,) nre both on the N. E. boundary of the territory. Lake Vcpin, a beautiful sheet of water, is a mere expansion of the Missi-sippi in the S. E. of this territory. The rivers and large streams of Minnesota nro almost as numerous as its lakes. The far-famed Mississii)|>i takes its liundile origin froni Itasca Lake, from whose pellucid waters it issues a rividet of but a few feet in wiilth, anove. The Hum and St. Croix, tributaries of tlie Mississippi, drain the S, E. portion of the terrl tery, nnd the Hed River the northern, passing off into Hudson's I?ay. It is the outlet of Traverse, Ottertail, Red, ami several smaller lakes. It has a co\irse of aliout 500 miles within Minnesota, though it docs not flow directly north more than 200 miles in that dis- ♦anci'. The Lake Superior sbipo is princiimlly drained by the St. Louis and its branches, and by the outlets of that scries of small lakes that form the X. E. boundary of Minnesota. The great valley formed by the slopes of the Coteau des Prairies nnd the Cotenu du Bois is drained by the St. Peter's nnd its tributaries. This river runs first in a S. E., nnd then in a N. E. course, with n total length of from 400 t o 500 miles, nnd is navigalile for steamers, during high water, 50 miles above its mouth in the Mississippi, ond GO farther for keel-boats. Its jirincipnl branch is the Blue Earth or Mankota River. The St. Peter's, with the Crow Wing and Crow Rivers, ai'c the principal trilmtaries of the Mississippi from the West. The Rivhire il Jacques (rod ve-nir' ah zliak) and the Sioux are the principal affluents of the Missouri from this territory. They both have an almost directly S. course, the fonncr being about COO, and the latter 350 miles long. Nearly the whole western boundary is washed by the Missouri, which opens the western part of the territory to the conmierce of the groat Mississippi valley. The rivers of Minnesota abound in small falls and rapids, which, while they interrupt navigation, furnish extensive water-power. Objects ok Intehest to Tourists. — If we except cataracts of the first magnitude and high mountains, Minnesota presents as great a variety of natural objects of interest as any por- tion of our widely extended domain. Minnesota shares with Wisconsin in the falls nnd rapids of the St. Louis River, another piciurcsquc and romantic display of nature's works. The rivers of Minnesota are filled with ]>icturcs(pie rapids and small falls, and often bordered with perpendicular blutls of lime and sandstone, or gently sloping hills tliat gracefully recede from the water. Tlu region is the paradise of the hunter: its prairies and forests nre the homo of many wild animals, and in its rivers nnd lakes swim great varieties offish. Climate. — The climate of this territory is severe, especially in the northern part. At the l\Mubina settlement, under the 49th parallel of latitude, the cold is frequently so great ns to freeze quicksilver. Minnesota, in some parts, is too severe for Indian corn, but the dry- ness and steadiness of the cold favour wheat and other winter grains. Soil and Productions. — The soil of Minnesota varies greatly. In the valleys of the rivers it is mostly excellent, especially in those of the St. Peter's, and of the Mississippi nnd its tributaries in the south-east of the territory. Above tlie Falls of St. Antliony, with the exception of the river alluvions and some pruirie land, the country is generally covered 114 MINNESOTA. with drift. lntor.pc.m.l with nmr.he.. t..o wet for culllvutlon; -ut the c ovatc.l rortlon 1. often nnu-h ..f It of t«k.r«».i« fertility. tl.ou«U Inf.rl-.r to the euleareou. land- of the rlv«r bottoms, nn.l not unfre5 Juniata, Scenery of the 23 Kansas and Nebraska 27 Kauterskill Falls 55 Kingwood Tunnel 16 La Chine, St. Lawrence 45 Lake Canandaigua 62 Lake George 51 Lake Mahopac 62 Lake of the Thousand Islands 43 Lake of the Two Mountains 80 Lake Pepin, Mississippi 35 Lake Pleasant and Crooked Lake 52 Lake Saranacs. 62 Lakea Geneva and Seneca 62 Lake St. Francis 45 Lake Superior 40 Lake Sylvan, Catskill Mountains 54 Lake Winnipiseogee 50 Lebanon Springs 61 Little Falls. 62 Little Miami River and Valley 19 liOng Sault Rapids 43 Lumber in Missouri 29 Maiden Rock, Mississippi 35 Mammoth Cave, Kentucky 48 Miami Valley and River 19 Minnehaha Falls 3P Mississippi Bridge, Rock Island 33 Mississippi, Trip on the Upper ol Missouri, Mineral Resources of 25 Missouri, Valley of the 27 Monongahela and Tygart's Valley Rivers 16 Montmorenci Falls 87 Montreal to Ottawa per Rail 83 Montreal to Ottawa per River 79 Mountain, The Iron 25 Mount Vernon 49 Nahant 49 Nebraska and Kansas 29 NcT,- Lebanon Springs 61 Newport, Rhode Island 52 New York to Albany 64 Niagara Burning Springs 77 Niagara Falls 72 Niagara Falls, Routes to 78 Niagara Susnensiou Bridge 70 Niagara to the Thousand Islands 46 Ottawa River, Trip up the 79 Parkersbnrg 18 CONTENTS OF PART II. PAOR Passaic Falls 61 Patapsco River, Scenery of the 8 Philadelphia to Pittsburg 23 Pictured llocks, Lake Superior 40 Piedmont, Alleghany Mountains 12 Pittsburg to Philadelphia 21 Platte Kiver and Valley 28 Plymouth Rock 49 I'oint of Rocks. 9 Potomac Valley and River Scenery 10 Prairies, Breezes on the 29 Prairies iu Missouri 28 River Hudson, Scenery of the 65 Iliver Hudson, Source of the 63 River Juniata, Pennsylvania 24 River Mississippi 31 River Missouri 27 River Ottawa 19 River Passaic 61 River Patapsco *? River Platte, Missouri 28 River Potomac 10 River Saguenay 85 River St Lawrence and Rapids 42 River Susquehanna, Pennsylvania 23 River (Upper) Ottawa 84 Rochester 46 Rockaway Beach 49 Rock Island Bridge, Mississippi 30 Rondout Creek 69 Baguenay River 85 Saratoga Springs _. 49 fieeuery of the Alleghany Mountains ... 7 Scenery of the Catskill Mountains 53 Scenery of the Potomac 9 PAOI Scenery of the White Mountains 57 Scenes and Scenery 5 Scottish and American Scenery 7 Sharon Springs 50 Shooting the Rapids of the St. Lawrence 43 Sleepy Hollow, Catskill Mountains 56 Soil of the Missouri Valley 27 Source of the Hudson C3 Springs and Watering Places 48 St Anthony, Minnesota ; 37 Steaming up the Mississippi 31 Steaming up the Missouri 28 St Francis' Lake 45 St Lawrence River, Rapids of 42 St Paul, Minnesota 35 St Paul to St Anthony's Falls 37 Superior Lake 40 Susquehanna River 23 Sylvan Lake, Catskill Mountains 54 Tip-Top House, White Mountains 59 Trenton Falls 46 Ti'ip up the Ottawa 79 Trip up the Saguenay 85 Trip through the Thousand Islands 43 Trip up the Upper Mississippi 31 Tuppcr'sLake 02 Turk's Face, on the Hudson 68 Upper Mississippi River 31 Upper Ottawa Iliver 84 Valley of the Missouri 27 Watering Places 48 Wlnte Mountains 57 White Sulphur Springs 50 Willey House, White Mountains 58 Winnipiseogee Lake 50 SUnstrations. PAGE Allbohant Mountains. Viaduct across the Patapsco S Scenery at Ellysville and Iron Bridge 7 Harper's Ferry 10 Point of Roclcs !• Mountain View, Cranberry Grade 13 Grand Potomac Valley View 11 Scenery on tiie Potomac 11 The Cheat River Grade •. 14 Cheat Uiver Valley 14 Grafton Junction and Iron Bridge 15 Piedmont—" Foot of the Mountain" 12 Tygart's Valley and Monongahela Rivers 16 Indian Mound, Moundsvllle 17 Catskill Mountains. Scene in the Mountains 58 The KauterslfiU Falls 55 View down Sleepy Hollow 88 Sylvan Lake 64 Citt or St. Paul, Minnesota 86 Clifton Springs Water Cork 51 Gbnbseb Falls 60 Juniata, Scene on the 24 Lake Supkriob. The Pictured Rocks 41 Little Miami River and Vallet. View near Fort Ancient 19 Mlamlville 20 Minnehaha Falls 8S MONTMORENCI FALLS 87 Newport. Khode Island M PAOB Niagara Falls. Susjiension Bridge, full view 70 Railroad Track on Suspension Bridge 72 The American and Uorae-Shoe Falls 73 Terrapin Tower 75 Table Rock 75 Burning Springs 77 Passaic Falls, New Jersey 61 KivER Hudson. Source of the Hudson 63 The Palisades 64 The Turk's Face 63 Hondout Creek 69 Interior of Hudson Steamer 05 River Mississippi. Steaming uj) the Misstssippi 81 View between Lake Pepin and St. Paul 34 The Maiden Rock 3.3 Bridge across the Mississippi 30 River St. Lawrence. . Descending the Rapids 44 Shooting the Long Sault Rapids 4'2 The Thousand Islands 4;) Steaming up tbk Missouri 23 St. Anthonv's Falls 88 Susquehanna, View on the 23 The Iron Mountain, Missouri 26 Trenton Falls. The High Falls 47 The Cascades 47 White Mountains. Tip-Top House 69 The Willey House 56 SCENES AND SCENERY. Did you ever hear the anecdote of the Italian and the American, who were discussing the merits of the scenery of the Old and New World, in the vicinity of Niagara Falls? N'Importe. The Italian wound up his animated description of the beauty and variety of European landscapes with the climax: "An eruption of Mount Vesuvius, with the Bay of Naples in the distance, forms the most brilliant spectacle in the universe !" " Fetch it here, sir," said the American, with that sangfroid characteristic of one of Uncle Sam's fam- ily, "and I'll put it ont in five minutes!" That retort reveals the general contrast that characterizes the scenes and scenery of the Old and New World— the eclipse which is thrown on the former by tiie latter, by their natural vastn^ss, grandeur, and sublimity, as might easy be illustrated by a detailed study of their physical geography. The surface of Europe is partitioned, by ranges of lofty mountains, into petty nationalities, decorated with pretty gems of beautiful landscapes; the vast basin of the Mississippi fomis an immense theatre, walled round by the Rocky Mountains and Alleghanies, fringed with nodding pines, for the reception of an universal brotherhood of humanity. The cities of Europe are centres of civilization, art, science, and architectural beauty. • The cities of America are rather foci of commerce, sites of extensive depots, stores, and hotels, periodically wrapt in flames, and rising, like the Phoenix, more staiely and beauti- ful from their ashes. The rivers of Europe drain their surplus waters in their rocky channels, and bear a few light craft upon their swelling bosoms, from the ocean. Floating palaces, the commercial navies and merchandise of the wide world, are borne thousands of miles into the interior of America by the great " Father of Waters." The lochs and lakes of Europe sink into insignificant pleasure ponds beside the " Inland Seas" that form the Mediterranean highway between Canada and the United States. The very grass is grazed to European cattle with difficulty ; whereas, herds of wild buf- faloes scamper the waving prairie grass like leviathans through the " vasty deep." Bands of plantations, clumps of trees, and roads winding their devious ways over hill and dale, variegate the European landscape ; not so throughout the length and breadth of the boundless Continent of America. Roads run right away in interminable straight lines, crossing each other at right angles. You may wander for miles, with cultivated fields on each side ; but the primeval forest, for the most part, forms the perpetual horizon, and you are compelled to dive into it, on foot, railcar, or buggy, and emerge, not always dry-shod, from its lofty wooden walls. Take your passage on board a steamer, at the mouth of the Mississippi, you will sail through all the zones of climate and vegetation between the trop- ics and the poles. ' Start by the railroad car, from New York, you will steam right away, 11' 6 SCENES AND SCENERY. I m ill ' thousonds of miles, through bush and prairie, over lake and river, and find, on your arrival at St. Louis, engineers going ahead towards the Pacific. The traveller accustomed to enjoying the mountain scenery of Great Britain and Ireland, and finding so much of it within the " Sea-girt Isle," is apt to feel disappointed in trav ."Uing over perhaps thousands of miles in America, that ho does not find a proportionate amount of scenery of the same character, and that in many long journeys in particular sections of the country, the scenery becomes monotonous, yet we have failed to meet with the traveller who cannot find within the limits of the American Continent, a variety and extent of scenery sufficient to satisfy the greatest reveller in the beautiful and grand in nature, and her works. Variety forms the characteristic of the scenery of the New, as well as of the Old World— although variety arising from the existence of different climates within the vast extent of the North American Continent. Take up your position on the Grampians, in Scotland ; behind you frowns the bleak and barren summits of the Highland hills ; before you gleams the lovely and fertile Carse of Gowrie, extending towards the German Ocean, all within the circle of a few miles in circumference. Perch yourself upon the Rocky Mountains, the blue waters of the Pacific mirror the blue expanse of heaven towards the far west. There, your eye will wander right across an intervening continent of numberless hills and valleys, all richly clothed in their coronation robes of summer, only to be changed for others more variegated, but none the less beautiful, when tipped with the first touch of the approaching winter's blast : whilst again, from off some of the highest points in the AUeghanies, the eye rests with unmingled satisfiiction as it stretches down the cultivated green swards and waving corn-fields of Pennsylvania, along the charming scenery of the Potomac, and the Susquehanna— on towards the suburbs of the great cities on the eastern seaboard— or on the other hand, again, as you turn towards the mighty west, and there catch the first glimpse of that great western world, as it lies teeming with life, on and beyond t he Ohio— about to take another start, ere long, in its extraordinary career— in the progress of its development. And be it remembered, Avhen we speak of North America, we mean our remarks to bear equal reference to Upper and Lower Canada, which claims the better half of the sublimest scene exhibited to the spectator upon the American Continent, viz., the Falls of Niagara. The American boasts of the sail to Staten Island and the Bay of New York, and up the Hudson River; the Canadian, of the sail down the St. Lawrence, threading the Tliousand Islands — shooting the Rapids, and up the Ottawa, outrivalling Lomond's silver loch, stud- ded with its islet groves; but both stand, in union, dumb with awe, in silent admiration and contemplation of the perpetual motion of the watery avalanche that has continued to shoot the lofty Rapids, from time immemorial, and will continue to proclaim to the Avhole world, with its voice of many waters, the unity in variety of the great stream of life that has been incessantly coming out of, and going into, the depths of eternity. In the following pages of this section of the work, we have availed ourselves of a few of some of the choicest scenes in the country, for illustration, and hope that they may some- what assist to convey to readers at a distance from such scenes some idea of their beauty and chara'-ter, which we have no hesitation in saying have only to be visited to be highly enjoyed and appreciated. ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS. THE SCENERY OF THE ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS. Ronte frmn Baltimore to Cincinnati, via Marietta. — If evidence were wanting to con- vince tlie most sceptical, as to tlie benuty and grandeur of tlie scenery in America, we tliink we have only to refer to the engravings in the following pages — of a few views of some of the wildes, and most romantic niount;ain scenery — which it has been our f' vtune to witness, anywhere. The tourist who has probably climbed Ben Lomond and other points of Scotia's charm- ing scenery, will find in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia a great similarity— only, tliat the eye in reacliing to the top of the mountains in that portion of the United States — the liills will be founded densely wooded to their very summit. In the summer time therefore, it may easily be imagined the great difference in looking up toward the tops of those hills on the Susquehanna and Potomac, and how much more agreeable to the senses the effect must be, than gazing on the snow-capped summit of Ben Nevis — or Ben Mac- dhui (Scotland). We candidly confess that our previous ideas of Scottish glen and tnoun- tain scenery which stood par excellance in our estimation has somewhat been upset — when visiting the route la question, and that the scenery of old Scotia must take its rank only alongside that of the Susquehanna and the Potomac. On that account, therefore, we have devoted ft greater amount of space than we originally intended to this region of the "mountain and the flood," simply to induce if possible, tourists in search of nature's grandest works, to pay these districts a visit — before they return home. By their not doing so, they will lose a great treat, and be, comparatively speaking, ignorant of the beauties of American scenery — a matter on which we fear there is a considerable amount of ignorance and error amongst many who consider themselves even great travellers in the "old country" — as well as many even in America. These districts now being thoroughly opened up — the tourist — the painter — and the sportsman, has every facility (accompanied with moderate expenditure) for enjoying them- selves — to their hearts content — without let or hindrance, and the sportsman without be- ing obliged to have his game license — and pay Bmartly for "liberty to shoot over the grounds." Leaving Baltimore, you proceed on for 9 miles to Washington Junction, at which there is a handsome and substantial stone bridge. (See engraving.) Near to this point, the Patapsco breaks through the rocky gorge, and finds its way to the Chesapeake — whilst the hill-fides in the vicinity are studded with the country seats of the Baltimore merchants. VIEW OF THE IRON BRIDGE AND SCENERY AT ELLYSVILLE, TWENTT-ONE HILES FROM BALTIMORE. iiii Ifl -i laid ||H . |i liiiM •J '•J^^^H i . OS oi ^^ Ocn V S I— t u « £ < I ^^ o U a. O < < 0. >■ a g I CO 9 SCENERY ON THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. 9 A few miles on, you cross the river at the Ilchester Mill, in a very rugged part of the val- ley— crossing the Patterson viaduct, and shortly reach the town of Ellicott's Mills— situated prettily on the face of the hills. Five miles further on, you arrive at Ellysville, where there is an iron bridge, 340 feet long, which spans the river. (See engraving of it— and scenery in the neighborhood.) Further on, you cross the Patapsco by another iron bridge of 50 feet span— dash through a tunnel 100 feet long. Passing the pretty village of Sykesville, you are now in the heart of the mineral region. After that, the train pro ceeds past Parr's Ridge — from the top of which a magnificent view is obtained. Through the Monocacy valley, you cross the famous " Carroll Manor" land, between the Catoctin and Sugar Loaf, on towards the " Point of Rocks," of which we give a view. The marble— POINT OF ROCKS, WITH THE BALTIMOEK AND OHIO RAILROAD AND CHESAPEAKB AND OHIO CANAL — BEVBNTT HILE3 FROM BALTIMORE. of which the variegated columns of the old National Legislative Halls at Washington are built— is found in a cut which you pass on approaching this spot. Passing the Potomac, and along the base of the hills, you pass the villages of Berlin and Knoxville, and the " "Wever- ton" factories in the pass of South Mountain— shortly reaching the far-famed scenery of "Harper's Ferry," of which the renowned Thomas Jefferson said, that the passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge was " one of the most stupendous scenes in nature, and well worth a voyage across the Atlantic to witness." Here the beautiful River Shenandoah joins the Potomac immediately below the bridge. (See our engraving of Harper's Ferry.) i 10 harper's ferry, VIRGINIA. HARPER'S FERRY. FROM THE MARYLAND SIDE OF THE POTOMAC AT TUB CONFUTENCK OF THAT RIVER WITH TUB SHENANDOAH. 1 The bridge which you here cross is 900 feet long— of 6 arches of 130 feet— one of 75 feet over the river, and one of 100 feet span over the canal. Tlie national armories ere located here— and occupying so much gn ' '•■'^ inhabitants are obliged to build their dwellings high up on the face of the hill. -.f the scenery here is of the finest order— language failing to give an adequatt .- One of the chief points is that of Jefferson Rock— a great, overhanging cliff- so ; if threatening to fall down— like some destructive avalanche. (See engraving.) Leaving Harper's Ferry, and the Potomac River, you pass up the ravine of the Elkbranch -arriving shortly at the rolling table-land of the " Valley of Virginia." Passing onwards, the crossing of the " Opequan" Creek— tlie open valley of Tuscarora Creek, you arrive at Martinsburg. Leaving there, you cross Back Creek, opening up again the valley of the Potomac, with magnificent views of the North Mountain and Sideling Hill. Passing Fort Frederick, of 1755 history, you reach Hancock, the station for Berkley Springs-* favorite watering resort. Proceeding westward, you shortly enter a tunnel 1 200 feet long— passing along the base of the Warm Spring Ridge— and the termination of the Cacapon Mountain, opposite to a remarkable eminence called the " Round Top." You then cross the Great Cacapon River, over a bridge 300 feet long. Passing along, you enter the gap of Sideling Hill— until the tunnel at Doe Gully is entered, and from there to Little Cacapon Creek, ^ miles from Cumberland— at which point some very fine views are obtained. (See en- graving of Potomac scenery— between Berkley Springs and Cumberland.) Passing on through some of the richest bottom land on the river- and through some ex- quisite mountain scenery-you reach Patterson's Creek. Shortly after which, you cross the Potomac again, by an iron bridge, 700 feet long, carrying you out of Virginia into Maryland, which you left at Harper's Ferry. The "Mountain City" of Cumberland is "i GRAND POTOMAC VALLEY VIEW. PROM THE CELEBRATED JEFFERSON ROCK— EIGHTY-ONE MILES FROM BALTIMORE. SCENERY ON THE POTOMAC-bktween Berkley springs and Cumberland. 12 PIEDMONT, "FOOT OF THE MOUNTAIN. • '- reached, after which you proceed on through some of the most picturesque scenery towards Ilcdmont, 28 miles distant. Cumberland is situated most beautifully in a perfect amphitheatre, formed by the sur- rounding mountains which there seem to have expanded themselves Into extended curves, with the view of giving room, in their lap, for the town, required for the great coal trade naturolly centering there. From Cumberland to Piedmont, (28 miles,) the scenery is remarkably picturesque, and elicits many enthusiastic expressions of wonder and deliglit, as you skim over the gradually ascending level along the North Branch of the Potomac, between the western slope of Knobly and the eastern feet of Dan's and Wills' Mountains. One of th finest of the many views is had near the crossing of the Potomac, 21 miles from Cumberland, where the rail- road, after passing through a long and deep excavation, spans the river by a bridge of iron and timber, on stone abutments and a pier. Tlie view from this point, up and down the river, is well worth attention. For the last 6 miles before you reach Piedmont, the river courses its way by a deep chasm, cut by its own torrent, through the mountain base. After crossing the bridge, the road wound, by easy curves, tlirough romantic scenery, passing Queen's Cliff, Thunder Hill, and Dan's Mountain, until you reach the " foot of the moun- tain" at Piedmont. (See Engraving.) This remote town lies upon a flat of limited extent on the Virginio side, opposite the ancient Maryland village of Western Port, at the mouth PIEDMONT, "FOOT OF THE MOUNTAIN." ON THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD, 207 MILES FROM BALTIMORE. of George's Creek. It is a thriving and prosperous town already, although crtated simply by the necessities of the Railroad Co., who found an engine-station here desirable. It con- tains extensive engine-houses, each one being arranged to hold 16 locomotives. Here, too, are located very ^jxtensive shops for the repair of engines, cottages for workmen, etc. Pied- mont is the dividing station between the second and third working divisions of the road, being 208 miles from Baltimore, and 108 from Martinsburg. MOUNTAIN SCENEItY. la Pnioet'iling on nnd wiiulin« your way round curves — and pnwing throupli, as it wvn-. ini|icnt'tr«l)h' pflSHCH — yr>u cvo»» tlic Potonmo lin, at Ulooinin^rton, wlii'i-c the Siiviiffc UiviT UiWf, in all its fury, down the wontcrn shoiddtr of Suvaf KIKTV-nKVKX MII.KS FROM UALTIHURK. The engineering difficultiea ovfreome in the part of tlic road, within the first few miles west of Clieut River bridge, nnist have heen very great, bnt tlic rough ]>laees have been made smooth as the prairie levels. After crossing the river itself at Uowlesburg, the next SKETCH OF THE CHEAT RIVER VALbKV. THE POINT WHEKE THE BAIL LEAVES THE niVER AND PROCEEDS ON TOWARDS KINGWOOD Tl.NNBL. 8CKNEHY AT THE ORAFTON JUNCTION. 15 point it to BHCon.l along Its hunk* thu " Cheat River IIlll." Tho ravine of Kyer'n linn, n nilK' from Uik luidg.-, 7tl fcft .lofp, U iToNmi.l liy a noUd cmlmnkin.nt. Tlifn. after liol.lly cutting along liif »tf.|i rocky hill Hide, you reach lUick ryu Ih.llow, which U Km feet hclow the road levd, and Himlly comt' to Tray Hun, which Is crosucd at a Inlglil, of 18u ftet above its orlKinal bed by a Hpb'ndid viadnot, tiiio fi-et long, foiind.d on a niasHivo baw' of iiniHonry piled iiiioii tlu! Holid rock below. Theno viaducl» are of iron, and are exceedingly graceful, n* well HH very suliHtantial glructure*. Tho view from this spot, both of tho »cenery ami grand structure which ho splendidly spans the immense mountain ravine, is most inspiring. From tho great eh-vallon tho stream appears to bo almost beneath your feet. Tossing two great clefts in the mountain, you pass upward across Ruekliorn iSranch, and liolf mile further left, the declivities of t'heat Uiver, which meanders off to the north, ami of which Is obtained a last glimpse, through a tall arch of forests, reposing in its wealth of wilderness solitude far, far below. At Cassidy's Uidge, nearly a mile from the river, and 80 miles from Cund)erlftnd, you enter tho great western coal field of the Alleghany range. Here again the road Hnds a threatening barrier to its furth.-r jirogress. By bursting through tho wall of tho vast prisiin-hoUHc alone can you hopo for an outlet. For awhile, before the entire; comjdetion of tho road, a track was l«ld across this steep Hununit, with an ascent of 600 feet to the mile, over which iron for the trock westward was hauled by a locomotive engine, which l)rope]led a single car at a time, weighing with its load eighteen tons, at a speed of 1(» miles an hour, or more. This plane, however, was not available for trade ond travel ; and so the last westward wall of tho Alleglmulcs was pierced by tho Klngwood Tunnel, through which you pass. This subterranean passjige, 4,100 feet In length— not Including its " approach cuts"— was nnide. The entire cost of tho tunnel. In all Its elements, has ex- ceeded .fl ,000,000 ! Like all tho other tunnels on this road it Is now cndurlngly arched. Leaving Klngwood Tunnel, the line for 5 miles descends along a steep bill-side to the flats of Ilnecoon Creek, at Kewburg Station, 88 niilea from Cumberland, and 2(i(i from lial- tlniore. Two miles west of the Klngwood Tunnel, is Murray's Tunnel, 250 f.'ct long, a regular ond beautiful semicircular arch cut out of a line solid sandstone rock, overlaying a vein of coal feet thick, which is seen on the floor of the tunnel. From Newburg, west- ward, the route pursues tho volleys of Raccoon and Three Forks' Creek, which present no GRAFTON. JCNCTION OF BALTIMORB AND OHIO WITH .VORTHWESTERN VIRGINIA RAILROAD, 27y MILES FUUa UALTIUORE. i..'''«1 ^""i^ to Wheeling Is seen In the foreground, while the Road to Parkersburg crosse? the Tygart's Val- ley Kiver by the new Iron Bridge. The Koad Workshops and the new Hotel are seen In the forks m m 16 SCENERY ON THE MONONGAHELA AND TYGART'S VALLEY. features of difficulty, to the mouth of the latter, 101 miles from Cumberland, at the Ty- gart'8 Valley River, at Grafton, the junction of the Baltimore and Ohio with the North- western Virginia Road, the newly-completed branch line to Parkersburg on the Ohio. Proceeding on along the main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, you now pro- ceed on to Wheeling, and thence per Central Ohio Railroad to Columbus, and from there along one of the best made lines in the country, as well as through the beautiful valley of the Little Miami River, till you reach Cincinnati. Leaving, therefore, Grafton, you now proceed on to Fettermaii, where the Turnpike to Parkersburg and Marietta crosses the river. The route from Fetterman to Fairmount has but one very striking feature. The Tygart's Valley River, whose margin it follows, is a beautiful and winding stream, of gentle current, except at the Falls, where the river descends, principally by 3 or 4 perpendicular pitches, some 70 feet in about a mile. A mile and a half above Fairmount, the Tygart's Valley River and the West Fork River unite to form the Monongahela— the first being the larger of the two confluents. A quarter of a mile below their junction, the railroad crosses the Monongahela, upon a viaduct 650 feet long, and 39 feet above low water surface. The lofty and massive abut- ments of this bridge support an iron superstructure of 3 arches of 200 feet span each, and which forms the largest iron bridge m America. The road, a mile and a half below Fairmount, leaves the valley of the beautiful Monon- gahela and ascends the winding and picturesque ravine of Buffalo Creek, a stream some 26 miles in length. Tlie creek is first crossed 5 miles we=it of Fairmount, and again at two points a short distance apart, and about 9 miles further west. About 11 miles beyond Fairmount we pass the small hamlet of Farmington, and 7 or 8 miles further is the thriving village of " Mannington," at the mouth of Piles' Fork of Buffalo— the ace to the head of Piles' Fork. Numerous tributaries open out pretty vistas on either hand. Tliis part of the -igSS*'~ JUNCTION OF THE MONONGAHELA AND TYGART'S VALLEY RIVERS, WITH THB GREAT IRON BRIDGB CROSSING THE FORMER. valley, in its summer dress, is singularly beautiful. After reaching its head at Glover's Gap, 28 miles beyond Fairmount, the road passes the ridge by deep cuts, and a tunnel 350 feet long, of curious shape, forming a sort of Moorish arch in its roof. From this summit, (which divides the waters of the Monongahela from those of the Ohio,) the line descends by Church's Fork of Fish Creek — a valley of the same general features with the one just passed on the eastern side of the ridge. Passing the " Burton" station, the route continues down stream to the crossing of a tributary called " Cappo Fork," 4 miles from Glover's Gap. The road now becomes winding, and in the next 4 miles you cross the creek 8 times; SCENERY ON THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. 17 also, Sole's Tunnel, 112 feet; Eaton's Tunnel, 370 feet; and Mnrtin's Tunnel, 180 feet long —the first, a low-browed opening, which looks as if it would knock off the smoke-pipe of the engine ; tlie next, a regular arched roof; and the third, a tall narrow slit in the rock, lined with timbers lofty enough to be taken for part of a church steeple. Shortly after, the route turns up the ravine of " Board Tree Run," after passing through a high spur at its mouth by a formidable cut mere than 60 feet deep througli slate rock. Tlie°nce it as- cends the eastern bank of the run just named, cutting and filling heavily along a precipi- tous hill side, until it reaches the point 43 miles west of Fairmount, where the"temporary road leaves the permanent grade. Leaving Board Tree Tunnel, the line descends along the hill side of the North Fork of Fish Creek, crossing ravines and spurs by deep fillings nnd cuttings, and reaching the level of the flats bordering the creek at Bell's Jlill ; soon after which it crosses the creek and ascends Hart's Run and Four M'le Run to the Welling Tunnel, 50 miles west of Fairmount, and 28 from Wheeling. From the Welling Tunnel the line pursues tlie valley of Grave Creek, 17 miles to its mouth at the Flats of Grave Creek on the Ohio River, 11 miles below Wheeling. The approach to the bank of the Ohio River, at the village of Moundsville, is very beau- tiful. The line emerging from the defile of Grave Creek, passes straight over the " flats" which border the river, and forms a vast rolling plain, in the middle of which looms up the great " Indian mound," 80 feet high artd 200 feet broad at its base. There is also the sepa- rate village of Elizabethtown, half a mile from the river bank, the mound standing between two towns and looking down upon them both. The " flats" embrace an avel of some 4000 acres, about three-fourths of which lie on the Virginia, and the remaining fourth on the Ohio side of the river. The soil is fertile and well cultivated, and the spot possesses great interest, whether for its agricultural richness, its historic momiments of past ages, or the beauty of its shape and position as the site for a large city. About 3 miles up the river from Moundsville, the " flats" terminate, and the road passes for a mile along rocky narrows washed by the river, after which it runs over wide, rich, and beautiful bottom lands all the way to Wheeling. (See Wheel- l»(f.) The whole length of the road to Wheeli ng is78 miles from Fairmount, 201 miles from Cumberland, and 880 miles THE GREAT iNDiAiv MouNn, jfocNDsviLLE. from Baltimore From Wheeling proceed per the Central Ohio Railroad to Columbus, thence per Little Miami River Railroad from Columbus to Cincinnati. Passengers from Baltimore and Wheeling going direct to Niagara Falls, proceed on from Columbus via Cleveland to Buf- falo, and from there to the Falls. But no one who has not visited Cincinnati, should neg- kc( the opportunity of doing so when at Columbus. Travellers who prefer the more south- ern route may diverge from the main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio Road at Grafton, and take its North-western Virginia Branch to Parkersburg. Sliould the tourist prefer that route, we annex the following particulars : — From Grafton you now proceed to Parkersburg, 104 miles off. Grafton is pleasantly situated amid some picturesque scenery at the three forks of the Tygart's Valley River, one of the main branches of the Monongahela River— of which we give an engraving where the two join near Fairmount — the great gas-coal region. Clarksburg, Va., 22 miles from Grafton, prettily located in a more open country, is the centre of a grazing district, from which Baltimore obtains a considerable installment' of her finest beef. The county town of Harrison, is one of the richest portions of the State. An immense business is done on the line of the road in staves, of which you will see enough, apparently, to barrel the Mississippi; or, if that figure is not strong enough, coop up all' 18 PARKERSBURG— THE KANAWHA RIVER. the whisky which floats down the " father of waters" and its tributaries. The country traversed by the road is exceedingly rich in minerals. Of coal, its supplies are inexhaustible. Ten miles east of Parkersburg, you strike the bank of the Little Kanawha River, and bowl down its qniet valley to the Ohio terminus of the North-western Virginia Road, 883 miles from Balthnore. The depot at this place is one of the largest in the United Stfltes, being over 800 feet in length. It will safely enclose 75 of the largest class cars- has storage-room for 16,000 barrels of flour— and, altogether, is one of the most fitly arranged railroad stations to be met with. It fronts its entire length on the Kanawha River, and is only about 100 yards from the Ohio. Tlie toAvn of Parkersburg is advantageously located on a high bluff at the junction of the Ohio with the Kanawha. Though civilization has somewhat modified and tamed the natural appearance of the locality, it yet presents nmch to remind one of the still current legends of the trials and struggles of which it was the scene in the early history of West- ern Virginia. There is scarce a point in sight which has not connected with it some tnle of bloody massacre, or thrilling hair-breadth escape, or undying deed of bravery in re- sistance to savage outrage. The town presents on every side abundant evidence of vigorous growth and extra- ordinary prosperity. The town contains six modern-built church edifices, occupied by as many diff'erent denominations. It also boasts a sound bark, two daily papers, a number of steam flour and saw mills, and several manufactories. One of the latter, a wooden- ware establishment, uses up every particle of wood brought within its walls, turning out every thing in the shape of wooden ware, from a whisky barrel to a match box. Stand' i^g upon the bluff in front of the town is had a fine view of Blannerhasset Island, a little way down the Ohio River, with its wild .mid natural beauties. After a brief stay at Parkersburg, you proceed on board the steamers which are lying in wait at the levee to convey you to Marietta. Swinging out into the stream, the vessel proceeds leisurely up the river toward Marietta, some eleven miles distant. From Marietta you proceed by rail to Cincinnati. The preceding as well as following account of route to Cincinnati is taken, for the most part, from o work treating on those districts by Mr. W. P. Smith, of Baltimore. B ^ 3 $ ■T* o ^ )/j r. rt; a (?♦■ (5 zs ft B C r/i r^ m 3- fT cr O c c c D o !.• a ^ 6 r. H !^ 3> SCENEKY BETWEEN' ("OEUMIUIS ANK CINCINNATI, li» •L „ 3 Z c r:- eg S ^ 5 CO 3. 3 ;:2 T < 5 5 . S K ri- i. -■ * 3 rt fl> >1 » B 2. CO ft) >— 3 ni P o 33 3Ui O trf -^ 3 3 ■; '5 t 5 =» , ^ 3 ■^ I p o c» 3 2 I (t Co'* -► o 5 tfl 3 E ^a 5 p <^ 3 ^ 3- r- 2" O Z !-- ^ o -^■ ^: p Q w y ' !i1 O 2. "S it s. « p 1 3> '^. . 2!S5^^" 3 3' 3 5 ui ft 5' S 5 ^ a? ^, i's-l^. o i. -: 5. o 3 US o o S; c:' C ,0 B ? § C-t 2* /-^ B ~ «, d ^-i 3 - ^ S ? .- H c r. '^ 3i c 6 S -< S? ^ g 3 p j5 „. 3 s -"" - 5 -. p Cu p CC o en. 3 B o 3 o c ■-■ 2. "> 3 C E: :; a. a 2 p 1 £- J" S -."3. e p - p»- c ft c « c p ^ c c 3 3 5' 3 P Oi 5 s) a c 5 n 1 O 3 2 v^ J^ /T^ "^ P - 3 » 3 C ft C «. 3 S. P >-i ;^ £.- ?r I-: 05 ft ri- B* «-^ r. <•- 1 _ ft ^ P P r^ C — 5 ?" ^4 3 3- i:- lilH^ I ! ' 1 b 20 TUE LITTLE MIAMI lUVEK AM> KAILROAU. I s^l s'll-^ ^ « I- 2 «« J= o t4 i -w >-* c -A R 13 n, or t number !C' cS .S "3 c c able me O o J (3 CS • p-4 -^ " a 1 £ •♦-1 a o o - ^ 7^ ■♦-1 o ^ ^ 5 4= ROUTE FROM COLUMBUS TO THE SEABOARD, 21 the river, until it tinally reaches the far-famed " Queen City of the "West." (See Cincinnati.) Omnibuses wait there upon tlie arrival of every train, to convey passengers and bag gage to any address in the city. COLUMBUS TO BALTIMORE, PHILADELPHIA, AND NEW YORK. PASSENGEns desirous of leaving Columbus for either of these cities, can do so by various routes, as can be seen by our Table of Distances, etc., in connection with Columbus. Presuming you wish to go to Baltimore, you proceed via the Central Ohio Railroad, whicli extends to Newark, through a partially cleared country, with no features of particular interest. Tliirty -three miles distant you reach Newark, The Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark Railroad, running from Sandusky City, on Lake Erie, here intersects the Central Ohio Rail- road, find gives it a connection with north-west Ohio and beyond. The Steubenville and Indi.iiia IJailroad also terminates here, and connects at Steubenville with the Ohio River Road to Pittsburg. From Newark, 2(5 miles' progress brings tlie train to Zanesville, the county seat of Muskingum, one of the rielicst counties in Ohio, embracing in its area the valleys of the Muskingum and Licking Rivers, which have their confluence at that point, and abound with mineral and agricultural advantages. The city has a population of about 18,0(iO, and is a neat, well built, and prosperous place. An hour's ride from Zanesville, through the fertile Leathcrhead valley, brings the train to the ancient town of Cambridge, situated at the crossing of the old National Turnpike Road, over Wills' Creek. For niany miles on each side of Cambridge, the Central Railroad runs close to, and parallel with, the National Road, From Cambridge the Central Ohio Road continues its course for fifty miles through a rich, rolling country, the agricultural features of which, its richness of soil, abundance of heavy timber, and large herds of stock, will al- ways arrest and gratify the eye of the traveller, until you reach Bellaire, At Bellaire you proceed by steamer on the River Ohio across to Benwood in Virginia. Started in the cars from there, you proceed swiftly past Moundsvillc, Cameron, Welling Tunnel, and other places of interest, and finally approach the western slope of tlie Alle- ghanies. You soon approach to the Monongahela River, above the beautiful towns of Fairniount and Palatine, with the picturesque wire suspension bridge uniting them. Tlie great C2U foot iron bridge, too, by which the railroad crosses the Monongahela, a mile east of Fairmount. stands out as a remarkably strong and beautiful structuie. The views along the Tygart's Valley River, between the Monongahela and Grafton, for twenty miles, with tlie "Valley River Falls," are among tlie objects most admired, so f;ir, upon this route. Passengers for Pittsburg' go by rail from Bellaire to Steubenville, and thence to Pittsburg, Passengers for Wheeling go by rail from Benwood thence. After leaving Benwood Station you reach Grafton, thence proceed on to Cumberland, Martinsburg, Harper's Feny, on to Baltimore, Passengers from Cincinnati or Columbus, for Philadelphia or New York direct, and de- sirous of seeing the scenery of the Alleghanies, and Susquehanna River, proceed via Wheel- ing or Pittsburg, thence to Philadelpliia and New York direct. The journey from Pitts- burg to Philadelphia should by all means, if possible, be made by daylight, A description of the route from Grafton to Baltimore, and views of scenery on the line, will be found given elsewhere, in connection with the trip on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road from Baltimore to Cincinnati via Marietta, 22 THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. The Baltimore ami Ohio Railroad was the first lino whieli was oiioncd for goods and passengers in the United States, and consequently niny he termed the Father of railroads in this country. It has proved also a sort of nursery for rearing railway assistants, for all the other roads in the country. It extends from Baltimore (Maryland) to rarkershurg on the hanks of the Ohio — hence the name Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. We suhjoin a few particulars respecting this line of road, which maj • '. -'d Interesuug : V ■ ..ND GE.SERAL CIIARACTERISTirS OF TUK KiiAU. Length of jJne. Jliles. Main line of road— Baltimore to WhcelinR UTO Washington Junction (nine miles from HaJlimore) to Washington City 80 Mount Olare Junction to Lncusl Point Shipping Station, at llaltimore 8 Monocacy Station, on the Main Stem, to Freilerick City 3 Grafton, on the Main Stem, (279 miles from lialtimore) to I'arkersburg, on the Ohio Klver IM Total length of first track 519 Length of second track (including 190 sidings) on the .Main Stem '212 Second track in sidings upon the Washington llranch T Second track in sidings upon the Northwestern Virginia Koad T Total length of track owned and worked by the llaltimore and Ohio Railroad Company 745 To this add the following exclusive tributaries — Winchester and Potomac Railway from Harper's Ferry, on the Main Stem, to Winchester, Va 32 The several lateral roads traversing the coal regions, :uid uniting with the Main Stem at Cumberland and Piedmont ^ Total length of road S22 Heaviest permanent grade per mile 116 feet. Heaviest temporary grade, worked with locomotive 520 " Longest continuous grade, (from Piedmont to Altamunt,) IT miles. Greatest altitude of road-l)ed above tide-water 2^fl20 feet. Weight of rail per lineal yard, on main and second track f^ to 85 lbs. Number of locomotive engine-houses and 8ho|)s 57 Aggregate number of stalls for locomotive engines 230 Number of machinery and car repair stations 12 Number of repair shops ;,',■;■ Number of water stations, (on the Main Stem, T9; on the Northwestern Virginia Road, 11; on the Wash- ington Branch, 4,) 94 Number of telegraph stations 80 Number of freight and passenger stadons, (Main Stem, 02 ; Widiington Branch, 8 ; Northwestern Vir- ginia Road, 15,) 85 Number of tunnels between Baltimore and Wheelin;.' 14 Total length of tunnelling Jo'"'*^ '*^'' Length of tunnelling solidly arched with stone, iron ov brick, 12.1)04 " Number of bridges between Baltimore and Wheeling 186 Total length of bridging 15,0S3 feet. Length of new iron railroad bridges comi)leted, mostly with double track 8,T10 ^^ Length of stone bridges comjdeted ? qo u Length of wooden l)ri(lges completed 'en? a Number of tons of freight hauled in 18.')7 f?°' , Number of tons of freight hauled one mile in 1S57 202,8o2,401 Number of olBcers and employees 'lOuO SCENEKY IN PENNSYLVANIA. 28 THE SFSQUEIIANNA AND JUNIATA ttOLTE FROM PniLADELlMIIA TO PITTSDURG, AND THE WEST. The nature of tho country along this routo is similar, in ?ome respects, to the proecding mu', a portion of the scenery pertaining to tho same range of mountains, viz., the Alleglm- nies. Tliroughout tho entire route, however, taken as a whole, tho scenery on the Pennsyl- vania line, is much more subdued in character, and does not present so large a proportion of wild, romantic scenery, as is to be seen on the Baltimore and Ohio lload. The Pennsylvania route is one of the great highways, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Western States, and is one of the best managed, and best made lines in the country. Tlie scenery pertains cliiefly to the beautiful Rivers Susquehanna and Juniata, and their tributaries, whilst along their banks, as well as in tho Wyoming district, views of the wildest mountain, and finest landscape and river scenery, ore to be met with. Tlie Susquehanna is tho largest river in Pennsylvania, rising in Otsego Lake, State of New York, and runs througli the entire breadth, from north to south, of Pennsylvania, tlirough the windings of the valleys of the AUeghanies, and the coal districts, until it reaches the ocean, in all about 600 miles long. THE GREAT COLUMBIA BRIDGii ACROSS THE SUSQUEHANNA. It is impossible, in our limits, to do any thing like justice to the beautiful scenery of this route. To represent such, we have selected a view of the magnificent Columbia Bridge, which crosses the Susquehanna, near Columbia village. This bridge, which is more than a mile long, crosses the river at a spot where the scenery is particularly pleasing. The river there is studded with numerous islands, reposing, as it were, in a magnificent basin, which, with the lofty hills wooded to their tops, presents a scene of great beauty. Tlirough a portion of the same district flows the beautiful Juniata, an engraving of which we give from a drawing by Jesse Talbot, an American artist. Few rivers in the States aflbrd a finer field for the tourist, or artist, than the Juniata. This river is about 200 miles in length, and takes its rise at the foot of the Alleghany Mountains, and flowing for about 14 miles, falls into the Susquehanna at Ilarrisburg, Penn- sylvania. The country through which it runs, is diversified by limestone valleys, and mountain ridges, in which iron and coal are abundant. The scenery along its course, is in the highest degree picturesque. I, 24 SCENE ON THE JUNIATA. SCENE ON THE JUNIATA, From nil we hoar, the beautiful scenery in the State of Pennpylvnnia, and, in fact, llif w'liolo mountain range of the Allcslianies, and the rivers traversing llie vallevti, ai-c, cuni- paratively speakinij, unknown. Now, however, that the communication to and from these districts is so frequent and easy, and that the accommodation for tourists is every year in- creasing, wc have little doubt but that such scenes as above represented, will be more tlmn ever visited by nil in search of the beautiful in nature. Bayard Taylor, the celebrated American traveller and writer, thus speaks regarding the scenery of the Juniata: — " At the commencement of June, when the leaves are fully expanded and retain their fresh and beautiful green, the warnifh, brightness, and richness of the landscapes of this region are the very embodiment of the spirit of feunmior. The forests are piled masses of gorgeous foliage, now stretching like a rampart over the hills, now following some winding water-course, and now broken into groves and clumps, dotting the undulations of tlie grain and grass fields. In tlie trim and careful beauty ol England, and tlie broad giu- den of the Rhine plain, one sees nothing of this prodigality of bloom and foliage — this luxury of nature." Thk Iron of the luiiK Iron ^lou miles from cent, of mo per cent, ol Feuelitwanj of wealtli i Mountain il lumps, as fa A ])]ank i on tlic Missi tlie works n connecting 1 Kegardii i on this subj< "Tlie mil as 1118 it w the head wi length, aiul tiou of the equable and mining ^".i^^ti ing gold am in Missoiu'i. to their intr nickel, zinc ciii'honate ni ami oolite, s fel(l>]iiir, ant "The lea. in tlie form > with calami Francois, St. but it is nov 66 to 80 per and tlie oelii ores exist tli occupies so 1 this is essen Boutli and w variety, and with mangai but oxeydes angular frag pickaxe aloii mines of Mi; several meti cobalt, nieki Caledonia, it wealtli, or h; Another a\ longs to the that this san: mountain, is feet from th( the great ba mountain a { MINERAL RESOURCES IN STATE OF MISSOURI. MINERAL RESOURCES OF MISSOURI. 26 The Iron Aloiintnin, of whidi wo jrivc n skcteli, iifTords one of the most imposing suiiiples of tlio ininoriil woallli of the State of .Mi-#(>iiri wliioh wo could possibly prosont. Iron Mountnin is situiitod in St. Francois County, in Ihe soutii-oa:;t part of ilissouri, a fow miles from I'otosi, wlioro valuaido load mines aro situated, the ore yielding 70 to 80 per cent, of metal. It is ahout 410 feet high, and H '"ih'S long. The yield of ore is 00 per cent, of pig, of n quality said to he sujierior to Norwegian or Swedish iron. Dr. Feuehtwnnger estimates that between Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob— another such mine of wealth in the same state — there are 000,000,000 tons of iron ore. Regarding the Iron Mountain it is said " its whole top is a solid muss of iron, and one sees nothing but irou lumps, as far as the eye can reach." A jilank road extends from Iron Mountain, a distance of 42 miles, to St. (rcnevieve, a port on tlie Mississippi, 01 miles below St. Louis, to which the man\ifactured ore is shipped from the works at Ii'oii Jlountain. A railroad is in progress of being laid, which will form the connecting link between St. Louis and Iron Slountain. I'egardii g the general mineral resources of Missouri, we may licre quote from u writer on this subject: — "Tiio mint ral region of Missouri occupies an area of about 18,000,000 acres. As early (IS 1718 it wah described in a French chart as • au pays plein de mines.' It extends from the head waters of the St, Francis to the Maramee River, a distance of about 70 miles in leiigtli, and from tlie Mississippi, in n soutli-westerly direction, about 00 miles. The eleva- tion of the district above the sea level varies from OOO to 1,200 feet. The climate is equable and salubrious, and the superineumbent soil moderately fertile. No one of the milling ,7i=;riets of Euro[H! enjoys s\ich facilities of supporting a largo po]iulation. Exccit- ing gold and platina, most of the important and useful metals and ores are known to exist in Missouri. The following minerals, metallic and non-metallic, arranged here according te their intrinsic value, have been found witliin its limits — lend, iron, eopper, cobalt, silver, nickel, zinc ami calamine, numganese and wadd, eoal, rock salt, barytes, sand and (piartz, cinbonate and sulphate of lime, alumino and potter's clay, fuller's earth, varieirated marble and oolite, s:iltpetre, antimony, tin, tungstate of iron aiid lead, diamonds, ciialcedony and feldspar, and some others of perhaps a minor im]]orlanee, "The lead mines iiavo boon wi'ouglit since the first settlement of (he country. T];e ore is in tlie form of sulphurct and earbonate, and in the up|>er mines at Potosi it is' found mixed with calamine and blende. The lead region extends over the counties of iladison, St. Francois, St. Louis, Wasliington, etc. Formerly the carbonate was considered i.s worthless, but it is now reduced in blast furnaces, and yields 72 ]wr cent. The sulphurct yields from GO to 80 per cent., and contains about per cent, of silver. Iron in the form of hematite, and the ochroy, the micaceies so largo a surface. Abundant, easily manufactured, and the trensportation easy, tliis is essentially tlie staple of Missouri. The mines of copper are cliiefly found in the south and west portions of the mineral region, but exist in other parts. The ore is of every variety, and usually very rich. It is found in combination with lead and iron, frequently with manganese, cobalt, and nickel, and occasionally with silver. It is gencally pyritous, but oxoydes and carbonates are frocjucntly found. The ores apjioar as a cement uniting auiriilar fragments of lime rock, forming a breccia, and much of it is oas'ly removed by a pickaxe alone. As a general thing the yield is about 34 per cent, of m >tnl. The eopper mines of Missouri arc said to be more valuable than even those of Lukc Superior. The several metals found in combinc'Jon with the above, namely, silver, zinc, manganese, cobalt, nickel, etc., give an additional value to the mines; and'as tin Las boon found near Caledonia, it may be said of Missouri, that no other state or county is richer in metallic wealtli, or has better prospects of future prosperity." Another writer says: " Geologists say that the rock on the west side of I'se mountain be- longs to the lower Silurian limestone era. The boring of Belcher's Artesian Well, tells us that this same bed of rock, which forms the surface of the country on the west side of the mountain, is in the well 2,000 feet below the bed of the Mississippi River, a dip of 2,800 feet from the mountain to St. Louis. Geologists say that this dip was necessary to form the great basins which contain coal in the central part of Illinois. On the east side of the mountain a granite country is found." \^', KANSAS AXD NEBRASKA. THE VALLEY OF THE MISSOURI. 27 Is our description of tlie worttcrn por- tion of tlio States, we Imve coiicliuleJ for tlie prcrtfiif not to extend tiie limits of our iiifdrniation fiirtlier west tlmn tliut of (lie Missouri Valley — and altlioui;h Keliraska nml Katiiias formed no part in tlit; original plan, in tlie publieatiou of tlio work, yet, from tlie great (^migration movement in that direetion, of into, we have thoULrlit it advisa- ble to give llie following details of that won- dorfid region, although not from our own experience, not haviig as yet had an o|)por- tunity of penetrating so far west. In some future edition <>f this work, AVe nuiy be able to present such, from our own observation — nic'iuitime, we eomplle from what appears to 119 to be ;v reliable notice of this teiritory, wliicli appeared in the North Amcfkim lii- villi', for .luly, 18,58, in a review, in that journal, of two works lately published on that part of the Union. Af'er describing that portion of the coun- try west of Nebraska and Kansas, which is considered to bo undesirable as a field for emigration, the writer asks: — " What effect will the important fact have on these ytlier the only highways through whose mountain gates the locomotive can course to the Missouri Valley." That the Platte and the Kansas arc incapable of navigation, wo think is abundantly proved ; but it is equally clear that the valleys through which they run are the natural courses through which the canal must be opened and the railway laid. Thus there will pour into the great dejiots whicli these frontier States will pre- sent, not only the products of Eastern and Western America, but those of China and India. The corn and wheat pri.iiies of Nebraska, Iowa, and Kansas, stand on the banks of that great river (.Missouri) which, with a volume, a force, and through an extent of territory no other stream can e(jual, shoots down the freight committed to it on the vast corn- consuming jdains of the Southern ^lississippi. . . . . Never was there such an avenue tor such a freight. For 500 ir.iles these magnifi- cent prairies slope upward from the river banks. For loOO miles it dashes down, with a velocity which enables even the slower class of steamboats to make the descent in from 15 to 20 miles per hour. It is here that the Missouri has the great advantage over the Mississippi. The prairie country is scarce- ly reached by the latter river — so far as con- tinuous navigation is concerned The navigation of ihe Missouri, on the other hand, continues nearly 1000 miles beyond where that of the Jlississippi stops It is on ac- count of the cheapness and rapidity which transportation in sucli a channel gives that we think the market of tlie gulf country will be supplied from the valley of the Missouri — not from that of the Mississippi. The Extent and Character of the Soil, — "The bottom lands, of which the base of this seam (the Missouri) is composed, form a plain extending from 5 to 25 miles in breadth, and accompanying the river through nearly its whole course." The soil is of a very shifting nature, and the course of the river very cir- cuitous. " It doubles and curves, for instance, to such an extent around a line of 100 miles, between Leavenworth and Nebraska City, as to make that loO miles into 200. What is 2b Tllli VALLEY OP THE MISSOrUI. STEAMING UP THE RIVER MISSOURL popularly callod the ' wectorn hank,' is, l>y tnrii!>, tlio pouthorn nnd tlio cnstcrn." For farming purpo?o)», tlicrofore, tlio Irtiuls of tlint nature are very uncertain and precarious. In its course, however, it, leaves, on the one side or tlie otlier, a ricli bottom, wliicli, for immediate productiveness, lias prohahly no superior in the world. " To this are add- ed uniform belts of forest trees, interposintr themselves between the bottom andthe blufTs, ■which, along the States of Iowa and Missouri, and the opposite shores, develop themselves in great beautj-. Tiiese trees, in connection witii the Btone with which the bluffs are often filled, give building materials to the settler in the richest abundance. In Xcbraska, the fertile bottom lands on the Missouri River begin near the mouth of the Vermilion River, on the StTtli meridian, about 50 miles from Sioux City, and about 1000 miles on the river-course from the Mis- sissippi. The trees on the river bottoms are immense nnd luxuriant. West of Sioux City, the bottom lands become narrow nnd irregu- lar, and give only an uncertain prospect of support. The soil on the table prairie lands, which lie back from the blufts, is not suscep- tible of much cultivation — degenerating into a cold nnd desolate moor. The exception to this is a patch, 60 miles above the Big Sioux, nt the mouth of the Eau-qui-Court, which there runs into the Missouri. No point be- yond the Vemilion can be relied on to raise mile; and, when full, is six feet deep, but rurcly is so; conse(|uently, is considered of corn. The Platte River Valley.— The valley of the Platte is sodded with firm, nnd yet nutri- tious grass, whidi affords a road for wagons, and food for the oxen or mules by which the wagons are drawn. Along this great higli- way, the emigration from the Atlantic to the Pacific will pnss. In tlu! bottom lands of the Platte, cotton- wood of excellent quality is to be found ; and ! above ami around the folks, cedar in consid- crnblo fiuantity is to be seen. Tiie width of the Platte is, generally, tmo ; nnd, w! ^"^ i^ ei " ' y is so ; co no us'o for navigation purposes. Tlie arable prairies that arise from the bluffs by wliieh the Platte is henmied, do not spread to any considerable extent after the tirst 1.50 miles of its course nre iiassed. The regi(m south of the Platte presents a : much wider sweep for agricultural enterprise. 'There, a climate not yet infected with the ' parching heat of the low country, is united with ft soil of emii\ent fruitfulness; nnd, as the arable lands begin to widen, they disclose one of the loveliest regions in the world. Tlio arable lands extend from 150 to 200 miles from the river banks. T:iE Composition and Productiveness of the Soil. — ^The general character of the bottom lands— not only of the Missouri, but of the Kansas, the Yellowstone, and the Platte— is of sand and clay, rieiily impregnated and saturated with carbon, and with the vast quantities of decayed vegetable natter which the rivers are constantly precipitating. Not umi« of 150 bush Hcarci'ly an nary turnii llie plough, races, or sii fill feel froll swi'cpinga priiirieH the |''or pern tent, the pi W(iri atnoiint of IM l)unlit'lf( to till' iKTu iiri! i>ro(liu!('(|, witli Hciirccly ftiiy iiioru |irc|)iinilioii tliuri tlit; ordi- nary turning ovtr, wliicli is easily done by liif iiloiigli. Frotii till! rivi-r iiawin, risit) tcr- ruoi's, or Huiiwidiary liottoin, at an avcragH of 6i» foot from tin; river Ittvol, and (doping itinl »»w(o|)ing away till tlioy roaeli, «oiin)liint'«, tl»e prairios tlioniMdvoit, l''or porinanoncy, doptli, riolinosn, and ox- tont, tlio {iraiiii! soil can tind nothing in tlio world, to nay tlu! ioast, to oxotd it — many partioH declaring that tlioro ix nothing to i'i|iial it. [jidike the hotfom lands, which aro ooft and pliat)le, the prairie lands of the Missouri ni'o tough and tenacious. In Nehrasku and Kansas, l^^ many as six or eight yoke of oxen are uniployod at a single ]>lough in hroaking the ground for the tirst time. When onee upturned, however, tlu^ sod rots in a single suininer, after which It nuiy he ploughed by a single yoke. Indian corn and potatoes grow upon it after the first i)loughing ; wheat not until after the second. The present appearances of the prairies of the Missouri sliow clear evidence of having, some centuries ago, been under cultivation, the fields, etc., being clearly traced. They are found in the bost-watereif and richest sec- tions, and extend from one to three hundred acres in area. LuMiiKK. — In respect to forests, south-east- ern Nebraska and Eastern Kansas have a great advantage over Illinois and Iowa. In the latter States wo may travel for miles with- out seeing a single trto within sight. In the central valley of the iiissouri, the cotton- wood, willow, and poplar spread them- selves in great abundance and ijcauty along the bottom Jands, and on the bluffs are found the oak, eltn, cedar, and the black walnut, thus providing abundant material on the spot for building and fencing. Climate. — Hotween the Missouri "Valley and the same range of latitude towards the east, the advantages, so far as evenness of temperature is concerned, are with the latter. Both in Kansas and Nebraska the thermom- eter ranges from 15 degrees higher in sum- mer, and 15 degrees lower in winter, than in Virginia or Pennsylvania. It is not uncom- mon for the mercury to sink to :^0 degrees below zero in the one season, and to keep steady in the other, even as far nortli as (Mriaha City, at 110. It \n nn error to «ook the causes of those extremes in the as yet un- soitleil condition of the eounlry. 'I'h t, a lll P 4) ^ 5 O « K^^ 1 O O .-^ to « - - •" ^ « -^ - ^■ a « 11 02 S « o 's' a fe cS 5 0^ ■13 o u n a m n ^ m o "^ IS •T3 a; r£ Ch o S ♦" o a a> cj « a *^ V 1« c5 a cs fc. te ^ o o a o) *j -a -a r^^ « a ''^ ;S fa 3 6p g o M,:S £ -S &, g g I =s -S a a ^ - ^ o a ^ •5 "« c; pm fl .5 .s" '^ g o § » S 5 a a .2 S %- a ® 'o. W ^ '/J 'g o $ 2 M s 5 a '^ .2 -a « a •a « e «j © "^^ a wT ^ V V o ,a Ts a 4J ^ § 1) a ^ 2 S a "^ O) o. . O fci «i > a 53 a j3 » "o 2 -a a 2 -^ 0 ^-^ n3 .2 vj, o TS -, *^ * a o o a a o o 11 -4J a o E ►i D "55 1=^ 3 g U G- •C 5 o -3 ^^ © 2 "5 "C 2 - 1^ Ci o == a a. o « >. -^ § s a o o a «o c3 b es a tD <" a V 0) 4) I 2 0) S a M ® « bD J a -w ••H ►^ ^ -3 « a g a ►» a o ^ C3 *^ «2 '« o ^ 2 « bn 9> -a -^ o a " 2 -^ "^ - a v q; rH bO «M ^ i 1 2 TRIP ON THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI. 81 1) o ,;'/ rn C" a c a n S s HH J > 1 2 ?, -j s « ^ « -s 7? ■13 ? ^ d o ->^ o ^^ r« « f" O A o ti u 'S « fl « ^ 01 .V *J «»« B n1 O r1 *^ lO 3 q; pH E to «w rrj O •E « -3 2 4-) u a a; cc o J= 0) ■n a 1 - vtr) g of ^ a> •C c -*-» 33 "S <<) :s "a «». e « TRIP ON THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI, FROM PRAIUIE DU CIIIEN AND ST. PAUL. A CORRESPONDENT, wlio iiintle tliis trip lust summer, lins fiirnislied lis with the following notes, which we have ilhistrated with several sketches of some of the most important places niul ohjeets of interest on the route. He thus writes: — It may be as well to say, that tourists, bent on tJiis trip, can take the railway cars from either Ciiicago, Milwaukee, Madison, or any of the principal points of rail terminating at Prairie du Chien. At 11.30, A. M., thei-efore, we left Milwaukee (Wisconsin) by the train, on a most lovely day, a fresh breeze tempering the blazing heat of old Sol, which rendered his rays more agreeable. After whirling along pretty rapidly and smoothly, we found ourselves at a station called the Y station, a little beyond the town of Milton, and the junction of the line from Chica- go, where the tourists and travellers, going to Prairie du Chien and North, meet with those from Milwaukee. Started from this point, we bowled along over tiie beautiful sward of what is considered up there the unrivalled rock-prairie. Gliding swiftly along, we in course of time, (4, p. M.,) reached Madison, the capital of Wisconsin. (See Madison.) Started from Madison, we pursued our journey down the valley of the Black Earth — named so, we presume, from the rich, black soil of the valley — whose richness, some say. will never wear out, and never require manure. After passing through the ever-varying landscape of tliat beau- tiful valley, we soon reach Mazoniaine — where there is an e-vcellent refreshment saloon. 32 UPPER MISSISSIPPI — SUXSET. From this stopping-plnco, wo proceeded on, with the slmdoK of evening beginning to close upon U3, till we reaehed the valh'y of tlie Wisconsin, and tlirough some neat villages which the rail has called into existence. The Wisconsin, which flows here — the cars crossing it 3 tunes — is something of the character of the llissouri, rather shifting iu its course, render- ing, by its sand banks, the navigation rather difhcult. By and by, we arrived, at about 9, r, M., at Prairie du Chien. (>^ee Prairie du Chien.) Having alighted from the cars, we soon found ourselves on the bank of the mighty Mis- sissippi, Arrived, therefore, at Prairie du Chien, the tourist will find his way on board the "Mil- waukee," or some other steamer in waiting — unless it be that some of last year's steamers have "gone up in a cloud of smoke," or down into the "fearful abyss," in a determined heat with some opposition boat, since last July. On board the " ^Slihvaukee," however, we found ourselves, a little after 9, p. m., bound for the " Far West," still scarcely realizing any tiling particular, but that we were embarking on board at Gravesend on a trip up the Thaniis to London, only that the splendid steamer, and her comforts, (unknown in river navigation in Great Britain,) brought us to our recol- lection that we were, as some Americans would say, "considerable" from home, being at Prairie du Chien, about 1300 miles from Now York, and some 4800 miles from London, (Eug.,) and with other 300 miles up the Mississippi before we reached St. Paul. First thing to do, was to secure a stute-room for the night, which being done, we soon found ourselves in the upper part of the vessel, seeing what we could all "by moonliglit alone." Nothing, however, was to bo seen l.ut the mighty river stretching fur in frout and behind us. As we were not to start till next morning, wo were soon compelled to seek the retirement of our state-room for the iiiglit. Next morning found us at an early and .■xcellcnt breakfast, after which we were on deck. At 9, .\. M., the night mail train, from Milwaukee and the East, brought up the mails and ijassengers, which, after being all safely on board, we stiu-tod off on our way north. Hcving formed the acquaintance of some pleasant company, on board, we soon found our- selves sometimes playing at draughts, hearing music, or admiring the beauties of the river scenery, and so morning, noon, and evenir.g, passed away. The scenery on the river is truly fine ; in .some parts the little islands forming, with their green-clad vegetation, a miniature " Thousand Islands." The sides of the river were covered, for the most part, with their summer attire of shrub- bery, the high bluffs showing forth in bold reliet'. By-and-by we reach La Crosse and Wenoiia, two of the best looking, and busiest towns on the Upper Mississippi. Between these two towns and Trempeleau, the scenery became very fine, and what, with a beautiful sunset, (sunsets scarcely known in Britain,) beamed forth a perfect blaze of rich crimson light, tinting the islets on the river, and the tops of the bluffs on each side, altogether forming a panorama beyond our powers of de- scription. Gradually the sun departed in the western horizon, and withdrawini; with him the glorious scene before us— till at length it disappeared— leaving us only the very shm-t interval of twilight, liefore we again fonnd ourselves in the saloons, all lighted for the enjoyment of the night. Any one who has the good fortune to see such a sunset on the Mississipj)! will never forget it. It is different from the sunsets, oven in Canada, New York, and on Lake Erie, but still more different, from what may be seen from ofF Hampstead Heath, when the loud hum of the day's bustle in London, (Eng.,) is dying away toward the close of the day— from off Edinljurgh Castle, when the sun is receding behind the hills in Stirlingshire, sending his lurid glare of light down the Firth of Forth, till it touches the Inehkeith Lighthouse, and lighting up the whole of the new town of Modern Athens, (Edinburgh, Scot.,) and gilding, with his rays, the tops of the hills in Fifeshire, Perthshire, and other portions of the highlands of Scotland— or when he would be bidding farewell to the day, as he tinted up the tops of the high hills, between Taj'mouth Castle, and the pass of Killiecrankie, sending a flood of light down the glens and valleys of Loch Tay, and Kinloch Rannoch. Sublime as these sunsets are, the tourist d III' THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI — ST. PAUL — MINNESOTA, 85 will find in the sunsets of the " far west" a greater richness and vividness of colouring — and being over a different character of country — the wide-sweeping prairie on the one hand, and the bluffs on the river on the other — such as cannot fail to strike him ai, once with admiration as to their extent and beauty. That evening we went up the Mississippi ; there was a very gay and happy company on board, so towards evening, the music brought some of the company to their feet to dance, till at last it ended in a regular ball. The time flew rapidly past, as may be supposed, amidst such excitement and hilarity, till at length the " wee short hour" on the other side of 12 announced it was bedtime. Some of the party sat up on the upper deck all night, to enjoy the scenery of Lake Pepin (which we had now approached) by moonlight Lake Pepin is 35 miles long, 2 to 5 miles wide, and from 50 to 100 feet deep. Sometimes it blows hard on this lake, so much so, that the river-boats, not being constructed to stand either a " sou'- wester" or a " nor'-wester," sometimes lay-to all night, till it is safe for them to venture further. On this occasion, it was a beautiful night, so we went a-head on its placid waters. About 2, a. m., we passed the " Maiden Rock," on the lake, and shortly afterwards we were again on the river, the lake forming a large expanse of the river, similar to the lakes on the River Ottawa, C. W., forming in succession as they do that beautiful river. The town of I'rescott was next reached. Situated at the mouth of the St Croix River, it is the most north-westerly town of Wisconsin, The location is a very pretty one, and we understood it continues to be a fast rising town. By-and-by, about 9, a. m., we descried the "city" of St Paul "looming in the distance." After passing the business portion of the town, we landed at the wharf there, and set foot on the terrritory of the far-famed Minnesota, and in its capital, St Paul. ST, PAUL. On our visit, St. Paul, like every other place, was affected witli the provailing epidemic, of " hard times," which had cheeked the ardour of some of her opeculative citizens quite as much as it had done those of older cities. Consequently the town was dull, and also most of the people in it All, however, with plenty of pluck, confident, that ere long, the little north-west city must of necessity go a-head again, and not stop till she is up sides with some of her south and easterly sister cities. Unlike most American towns, the streets of St Paul are narrow, which we fancy will be regretted ere long. The streets, moreover, like those of New York, were dirty, and in bad order, but no doubt that in time will be rec- tified. The suburbs of St Paul, however, are very beautiful, and many of the private resi- dences, on the higher parts of the town, are very handsome and attractive. The population of St Paul is variously estimated at from ten to fifteen thousand, of which a large propor- tion— probably a third— are foreigners; it contains a capitol and other public buildings, seven or eight churches, among which are two Episcopal, two Roman Catholic, two Pres- byterian, and One or two Methodist and Baptist The Romanists are also putting up a fine college, decidedly the handsomest public building in the place. The limestone, with which the whole town is underlaid, affords an admirable building stone, being very durable, hand- some, and distributed in layers so as to be most conveniently worked. There are three daily and three weekly paper-^ published, which seem to have a large circulation, and to be ably conducted. There are also two German and a Norwegian paper, and one or two other small publications. The principal street fronts the river for about two miu'^, and is lined with large stores of all kinds, to supply the increasing trade of that north-westerly region. The principal hotel is the Fuller House— a magnificent house, erected at a cost of $100,000, and fitted up with every modern comfort and convenience. There are five railroads in this State, just commencing, or in course of completion : the Minnesota and Pacific— running from St Paul to a point on the Missouri River; the North-western— from St Paul to Lake Superior; the Cedur Valley and Minneapolis— I SUSPENSION BRIDGE AT ST. ANTHONY'S FALLS. 87 from Minneapolis to Iowa line; the Transit and Root River — coming from Prairie ihi Cliion; and the other from La Crosse, uniting; at Iloeliestor, and tlien coiiti;uiing to St. Paul. These ixjads are all in progress, and Minnesota will soon have her network of rail- ways, whieh will dovelope lier resources, and give her a proud position among her sister State?. (See View of St. Paul, next page, i Eh paaxanf, we may mention, that some of the merchants of St. Paul, who import their iioods from lirilain, do so direct from Liverpool via New ( trleans, thence per steamer on the Mississippi. The saving is such, tluit the wiiole cost of transportation from Liverpool to St. Paul is very little more tliaii the more charges of Iransliipping at New York, and tlie freigiit from there to St. Paul. We have no doubt many importers on the other ports on the Mississippi and the Missouri will be following the example of the St. Paul merchants, the inland carriage from the Atlantic seaboard being extremely heavy on goods bound for the west and north-west provinces. 73 n w O a I— ( M W H H S ^. tn o t-H o > f w o H > H a o w o > • 38 PALLS OF ST. ANTUONY AND MINNEHAHA. ST. PAUL TO ST. ANTHONY AND FALLS OF MINNEHAHA. Enoaoinq ft horso and btiicgy at the Fuller House Hotel, Wv toon found oursidves en route fur the fulls, niul ft most deligtitful drive it is, over fine rolling uplands, covered with the precious staff of life, and waving and surging under the gentle breeze, ripening for the mower, and then to be sent abroad, perliaps thousands of miles, to feed the hungry in some of the eities in the east, or even Great Britain. On both sides of the road the landseape is beautiful, now and then showing glimpses of the ^lississippi in the distance. At length we reached St. Anthony. Mueli as we have iiearu of the situation of 8t. Anthony, as the fite for a manufacturing city, we did not expect to see so good a location for that purpose, aiid were, therefore, agreeably disappointed. The water-power is unlimited and inex- haustible the great desideratum for a manufacturing city. The surrounding country is very fertile and the climate salubrious, in foet, similar to the more northeriy portions of Canada West, with hot summers, tempered by the breezes from the west, witii a very cold but dry atmosphere in winter. .VUNNEUAHA FALLS THE LAUGULNG WATER." FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY AND MINNEHAHA. 89 At St. Anthory, tho Mississippi lins a perpendicular fall of 18 feet — the first wliich occurs in ascending the river. Tlie site of the village is on an elevated plain, and commands a fine view of the Falls, and is distant about 8 miles hy land from St. I'aul. Tho University of Minnesota is established ut St, Anthony, liosidcs which, it oontiiins 6 or 6 churches, about 30 stores, 2 newspaper offices, and several saw-mills, and other manu- facturing establishments. The post-office is named St. Anthony's Falls. Population, about 2,500. Opposite to the town of St. Anthony, is Minneapolis, on the oppmite side of the river. At night wc Aayed at St. Anthony. Next day we set out on a visit to Fort Snclling and INIinnehaha. After crossing the suspension bridge, we soon found ourselves in Minne- apolis, and at the celebrated Falls of Minnehaha — " the laughing water" — " the smile of the gr^at spirit" — which will be found the prettiest little fall imaginable, complete in all its parts. A clear, sparkling stream comes rushing along the prairie, until it suddenly takes a leap of (10 feet over the precipice, and is lost in a deep dell, the sides of which are covered with shrubbery of luxurious growth. The rock over which the stream leaps, has been worn into an arch, and one can pass to and fro underneath, between the falls and the rock, with little or no inconvenience. The recess behind the fall extends back nearly 50 feet, and, from that point, an extraor- dinary beautifid view of the fall is obtaineil, as the sun shines on the outside of it. The tou- rist can pass in at one side behind the fall, and find egress at the other side. From the world-wide known Indian poem of Hiawatha, by Longfellow, we annex a few ver^;e^, descriptive of the scene now under notice: — " Only once liis pace tie slackened. Only once lie paused or halted — Paused to purchase lieads of arrows Of the ancient arrow-maker, In the land of the Dacotahs, Where the Kails of Mhinehaha Flash and j;leain among the oak trees, l.augh and leap into the valley. " There the ancient arrow-maker Makes his arrow-heads of sandstone, Arrow-heads of chalcedony, Arrow-heads of Hint and jasper, Smoothed and sharpened at the edges, Hard and polished, keen and costly. " With hiin dwelt his dark-eyed daughter, Wayward as the Minnehaha, With her moods of shade and sunshine; Kycs that smiled and frowned alternate, Feet as rapid as the river, And as musical as laughter; And he named her from the river, F'rom the waterfall he named her Minnehaha, Laughing Water. " Was It here for heads of arrows, Arrow-heads of chalcedony, Arrow-heads of Hint and jasper, That my tliawallia halted In the land of the Dacotahs? " Was it not to see the maiden, See the face of Laughing Water, Peeping from behind the curtain ; Hear the rustling of her garments From behind the waving curtain. As we see the Minnehaha Gleaming, glancing tlirough the branches, As one hears the Laughing Water From behind its screen and branches?" Altogether, it is a beautiful sight, in a most romantic spot, and should not be neglected by the tourist wiien at St. Paul. About 2 miles from the Falls, is situated Fort Snclling, sitting on the crest of a bold promontory, between the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers. See Fort Snclling.) Before leaving St. Paul, the tourist will find a cave about 2 miles from the town, worthy of a visit It is a subterranean curiosity in its way. Through it flows a stream of water, pure as crystal. The rock overhead is quite soft. To penetrate it, one or two guides are necessary with lights. Near the further end of it, there is said to be a small waterfall, and all in search of the wonderful underground should visit it to its utmost extremity. Start- ing from Milwaukee on Tuesday forenoon, we thus spent that night on board at Prairie du Chien, Wednesday night on board on Lake Pepin, and landed in St. Paul on Thursday morning at 9 o'clock. Saw all about St. Paul on Thursday ; went to see the Falls and Fort Snclling on Friday, and returned to St, Paul on Saturday ; Sunday, went to a neat little church there (Episcopal). On Monday afternoon, at 4 o'clock, we started on our return trip, accomplishing the distance from St. Paul to Prairie du Chien, 302 miles, in 17 hours, being fully 1 hours less time than we took to go up — the stream, of course, being against us on our upward trip. _c>. 4a LAKE SUPEUIOK AND PICTURED ROCKS. LAKK SUPERIOR. ().\K of the trips now ciijoycd liy liiiinlrciU ovory yoar, from dilfticnt purls of tlic IJiii- te.«., Btg.,) ineindint; the very liest aceommodalion and meals. In the summer season, it is one of the most delitflitfid rnd invii^oratinf,' tri|)s which ean be taken. The C'ommeree of the l.ake Superior distriets, as is well known consists ehielly ineoppcr and iron, from the mines situated in ditfereiit parts, Tiie value of copper .-hipped in one year, from Ontonatroii — the hirirest mining depot, and second town in size on tiie lak« — e.veeeded ^l,Ooi),(i(i(i , 1'2IH),()00, stir,). From ^hii'qtiette, it was expected that 'ioii,(i(H( tons of iron would he shipped last year. The other miniuir estahlishments are at the towns of Hairle Hiver, lvit;le liarl)our. Copper llarhour, I'.aytield, Lapoint, JJay City, Ashland, (irand Island City, l>u liUth, etc., etc. The City ()f Superioi', situiited on the IJay of Sujierior and Nemadji Uiver, at the head of the lake, is the mosi important town. ' It was laid out in 1H."):(. The pupidation in Januarv, \X^u, was over l,.5on — with :ilu houses. In aiiearance, one miffht expect. The loiiir. hraciui; winters of these northern liitituihs exclude many of the diseases which, under tlie ])roloni^ed heat of a southern elinuite, the miasm of the swam]) enirenders. At the IVMubina strttlement (in latitude 4'.i ), owned hy the Hudson';- IJay Coii]]iany, to n population of live thousand there was hut a siiiirle phy- sician, and he told me, that without an additional salary allowed him l>y the Comjiany, the (lisiiises of the settlement would not atford him a living." Anothei' writer says: — '• None of the American lakes can compare with Lake Superior in heidlhfulncss of climate ihuiiiLC the simnner months, and there is no place so well ealcu- l!'tef to their patients tlw healthful clinaite of this favoured lake, in preference to sending them to die in enervating southern latitudes. "The waters of thi^ vast inland sea, covering an area of over ;!2,0()0 miles, exercise a powerful intlueiiee in modifying the two extremes of heat and cold. The imirormity of temperature thus produced is highly favourable to aniiiud and vegetable life. Tfie vnixt delknte fi-uitx ami iilanlx arc raiited without iiijury, while four or five degrees further south they are destroyed by the early frosts." Amongst the ex])o'rts from there, we find " 10 tons of Raspberry Jam," consigned to a party iu Cleveland. THE PICTURED ROCKS, LAKE SUPERIOR. The subject of the sketch on the next pa^g.e, is one of the most extraordinary natural cu- riosities which the region of the far north districts of Anu-rica present. The " Pictured Rocks" are situated on the astern shore of Lake Superior at its outlet at St. Mary's River. The author of " Wisconsin as it is," iu his description of Lake Superior, says; — " Hut its greatest attraction is the ' Pictured Rocks,' s. oich comnionce at this point, and extend east about ten miles, and are so called from the various forms and colours presented by the roeks forming the shore of the lake. These rocks are of fine laminated sandstone, rising from loOto 300 feet above the water level, and i . ceived the name of 'Pictured' from the brilliant colours formed from the oxides and sulphurets of metals, and vegetable fungi, winch, by combination, form the most various pictures, and which, by the least imaLTlnation. assume the forms of ancient temples, religious lU'oeessions, prairies, buffalo hunts, portraits, humorous scenes, until one is almost persuaded he is looking upon the magnificent masters, and not of nature. Among these, cataracts, falls and rivulets ara pitching down in mighty volunu, cr dissipating their torrents into smoky mist." 42 DESCENT OF THE RAPIDS OP THE ST. LAWIIENCK. DESCENT t)V THE llAI'IDS ON THE ST. LAWRENCE. One of the nioiit cxcUlng trips, wo believe, to be enjoyed In America, is the descent of the rnpuls of tlm St. r.uwrcnoe, in one of tlio steiiniers which now j>ly between To- ronto, Kingston, nn i'l! I h m 111 ii! i i I ' '1 !''■ ' I :i' •i^iiliili '■■■ ■ ' ■' ■ !:!l* .!;M' &I LAKE OF THE THOUSAND ISLANDS AND RAPIDS. 48 LAKE OF THE THOUSAND ISLANDS. The steamer, after leaving Kingston, C. W., or Ciipe St. Vincent, on the Ameriean side shortly after upproaehes tlie fur-famed Lake of the Thousand Islands. These islands appear so thickly studded that the appearance to the spectator, on approaching them, is as if the vessel steered her course towards the head of a landlocked bay which harred all furtlier jirogres*— coming nearer, a ,*mall break in the line of shore opens up, and he enters between what he now discovers to be islands, and islands which are innum- erable—now he sails in a wide channel between more distant chores, again he enters into a strait so narrow that the large paddle boxes of the steamer almost sweep the foliage on either side as she pursues lier devious coui-se — now the islands are miles in circumference, and again he passes some which arc very small, shodcd by a single tiny tree occupying the handful of earth which represents the " dry land." On all, tlie trees grow to the water's edge, and dip their outer branches in the clear blue lake. Sometimes the mirage throws its air of enchantment on the whole, and the more distant islands seem floating in mid- heaven— only descending into the lake as a nearer approach dispels the illusion, and wh:;,i the rushing steamer breaks the fair surface of the water, in wliieh all tliis loveliness is re- flected us in a minor— to quote the words of Warburton, " the eye does not weary to see, but the head aches in even writing the one word — beauty— wherever you steer over this sweet scene beauty— beauty still." To see and really enjoy and appreciate the charms of tlie Lake of the Tiiousand Isles, one ought to visit it in a small boat, and spend many days amid its labyrinths; but we are on board a steamer, and must be content with the passing glance which her rapid and noisy course affords. An hour, or less even, and we are through,— the Islands and the mighty Ontario are left behind, and we now emerge into the majestic river, though not to disappointment, for all is grand and beautiful still. As the steamer proceeds onwards the traveller, as he looks on the river from time to time, will soon remark that the current gains strength, eddies begin to sweep round in wide circles, and the upheaving surges, gently at first but ongrily as you proceed, boil and roar around and beneath your vessel— on she goes, faster and still faster— look ahead, the white-crested breakers meet your eye; while you look, you are in the midst of them, and again you are out into smoother but still rapid water. In this way you pass down the upper rapids— the Galops, Point Iroquois, and some others which do not strike you as any thing remarkable. But now the water becomes again agitated, and boils and roars us it rushes down the Long Sault. LONG SAULT RAPID, ON THE ST, LAWRENCE. This is a continuous rapid of nine miles, divided in the centre by an island. The usual passage for steamers is on the south side. The channel on the north side was formerly considered unsafe and dangerous ; but examinations have been made, and it is now descended with safety. The passoge in the southern channel is very narrow, and such is the velocity of the current, that a raft, it is said, will drift the nine miles in 40 minutes. SHOOTING THE LONG SAULT. This is the most exciting part of the whole passage of the St. Lawrence. The rapids of the " Long Sault" rush along at the rate of something like twenty miles an hour. When the vessel enton within their influence, the steam is shut off, and she is carried onward by the force of the stream alone. Th.e surging waters present all the angry appearance of the ocean in a storm ; the noble boat strains and labors; but, unlike the ordinary pitch- ing and tossing at sea, this going down hill, by water, produces a highly novel sensation, and 18, m fact, a service of some danger, the imminence of which is enhanced to the ima- gination by tlie tremendous roar of the headlong, boiling current. Great nerve, and force, and precision are here required in piloting, so as to keep the vessel's head straight with the course of the rapid; for if she diverged in the least, presenting her side to the cur- u DESCENDING KAPIDS OF ST. LAWEENCE. rent, or "broaoliod 1o," as the nnuticnl phrase is, she woiiUl be instantly capsized and Ruljmerged. Hence the necessity for entirinous power over her rudder ; and for this pur- pose the mode of steering affords great facility, for the wheel that governs the rudder is placed ahead, and, by means of chain and pulley, sways it. But, in descending the ra- pidf5. a tiller is placed astern to the rudder itself, so that the tiller can be manned as well as the wheel. Some idea may be entertained of the peril of descending a rapid, when it requires four men at the wheel, and two at the tiller, to insure safe steering. Here is the region of the daring raftsmen, at whose hands are demanded infinite courage and skill ; and, despite of both, loss of life frequently occurs. Large steamers, drawing seven feet water, with passengers and the mails, leave the foot of Lake Ontario in the morning, and reach the wharves at Montreal by daylight, with- ROUTE ON THE ST. LAWKENCE. 45 out pnedntf through a single lock. At some of the rapids there are ohstnclos prov.^nting the descent of deeply-laden craft; but the government are ahout to give the main ciian- nel in all the rapids a depth of ten feet water, when the whole descending trade by steam will keep the river, leaving the canals to the ascending craft. After passing Cornwall (which is the boundary line between United States and Canada) and the Indian village of St. Regis opposite, the steamer approaches Lake St. Francis. LAKE ST. FRANCIS. This is the name of that expansion of theSt. Lawrence which begins near Cornwall and St. Regis, and extends to Cotcau du Lae, a distance of 40 miles. The surface of this lake is interspersed with a great number of small islands. The village of Lancaster is situated on the northern side, about midway, of this lake. CoTEAU DU Lac is a small village, situated at the foot of Lake St. Francis. The name, as well as the style of the buildings, denotes its French origin. Just below the village are the Coteau Rapids. Cedaus.— This village presents the same marks of French origin as Coteau du Lae. In the expedition of Gen. Amherst, a detachment of three hundred men that were sent to at- tack Montreal, were lost in the rapids near this place. The passage through these ra- ])ids is very exciting. There is a peculiar motion of the vessel, which, in descending, seems like settling down, as she glides from one ledge to another. In passing the rapids of the ^plit Rock, a person, unacquainted with the navigation of these rapids, will almost invol- untarily hold his breath until this ledge of rocks, which is distinctly seen from the deck of the steamer, is passed. At one time the vessel seems to be running directly upon it, and you feel certain that she will strike; but a skilful hand is at the helm, and in an in- stant more it is passed in safety. Beauiiabnois is a small village at the foot of the Cascades, on the south bank of the river. Here vessels enter the Beauharnois Canal— with 9 locks— and pass around the rapids of the Cascades, Cedars, and Coteau, into Lake St. Francis, a distance of 14 miles. On the north bank, a branch of the Ottawa enters into the St. Lawrence. The river again widens into a lake called St. Louis, 24 miles long. From this place a view is had of Montreal Mountain, several miles distant. In this lake is Nun's Island, which is beautifully cultivated, and be- longs to the Gray Nunnery at Montreal. There are many islands in tlie vicinity of Montreal, belonging to the different nunneries, and from which they derive large revenues. La Chink. — This village is 9 miles from Jlontreal, with which it is connected l)y railroad. The La VAnne Rapids begin just below the town. The current is here so swift and wild, that to avoid it, a canal has been cut around these rapids. This canal is a stupendous work, and reflects nuicli credit upon the energy and enterprise of the people of Montreal. At La Chine is the residence of Sir George Simpson, Governor of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany, and of the oflScers of this, the chief post of that corporation. It is from this point that the orders from head-quarters in London are sent to all the many posts through- out the vast territory of the company ; and near the end of April each year a body of trained voymjeurs set out hence in large canoes, callad maitres canots, with packages and goods for the various posts in the wilderness. Two centuries ago, the companions of the explorer Cartier on arriving here, thought they had discovered a route to China, and ex- pressed their joy in the exclamation of La Chine ! Hence, the present name, or so at least says tradition. Caugiinawaoa.- This is an Indian village, lying on the south bank of the river, near the entrance of the La Chine Rapids. It derived its name from the Indians that had been con- verted by the Jesuits, who were called " Cauff/mawarjas," or " praying Indians." This was probably a misnomer, for they were distinguished for their predatory incursions upon their neighbours in the New England provinces. The bell that now hangs in their church, was 46 ROUTE ON ST. LAWRENCE — TRENTON FALLS, the " proceeds" of one of these excursions. The Imliiins at Caughnawaga, subsist chiefly by navigating barges and rafts down to Montreal, and in winter by a trade in moccasins, snow- shoes, etc. They are mostly Roman Catholics and possei^s an elegant church. The village of La Prairie is some seven miles below Caughnawaga, or Village of the Riipids, after which the steamer sails on for a few miles, and reaches the city of Montreal. (See Montreal.) NIAGARA FALLS TO THE LAKE OF THE THOUSAND ISLANDS. BY STEAMEK ON AMERICAN SIDE OF ST. LAWRENCE. ' From the outlet of the Niagara at the Forti of that name to the boundary line 45°, tlie entire littoral is in the State of New York, and comprises in succession the counties of Ni- agara, Orleans, Monroe, Wayne, the northern corner of Cayuga, Oswego, Jefferson, and St. Lawrence. The last, along its en' ire western frontier, and a half of Jefferson county, are bounded by the river. From Fort Niagara to the mouth of the Genesee River, in Munroe county, a distance of about 85 miles, the coast presents an almost undeviating level under the primeval brush-wood, relieved by a few scattered clearances. Should the tour' ;t, on ascending the Genesee to Carthage, which is the port of Rochester, resolve upon visiting this city, he will find enough to engage and gratify his curiosity till he resumes his journey by the next steamer. This large conmiercial and manufacturing town owes its greatness mainly to the " water privileges" "vhich the proprietors on the banks of the Genesee here i>ossess. For a considerable way above the Upper Falls, tiie banks are on both sides surmounted by a great variety of mills. Its proximity to Luke Ontario, and the passage of the Erie Canal through its principal streets, contribute ma- terially to its prosperity. Oswego, the principal commercial port on the American side of the lake, is pleasantly situated at tlie mouth of the river of that name. The principal part of the town is on the western bank, and has a neat and stirring appearance. On the opposite bank are some large mills, and here terminates the Oswego Canal from Syracuse, distant about 38 miles, and the railway from the same place. About half-way betwixt Carthage and Oswego is Great Sodus Bay. At the eastern extremliy of the lake, on the south side of Black River Bay, lies, in a very sheltered situation, Sacket's Harbour. This was the naval station of the United States on the lake during the last war with Great Britain. Aftev reaching Cape St. Vincent and proceeding onwards, for about 20 miles, the steamer reaches French Creek, after which the vessel will stop at Clayton, and Alexandria, from which points excellent views of the "Thousand Islands" will be obtained. (See Lake of the Tiiousand Islands.) TRENTON FALLS, STATE OF NEW YORK. The tourist proceeding from New York, by the New York Central Railroad from Albany on his way to Niagara, will find himself well paid by a visit to the Falls of Trenton, which are situated on the Utioa and Black lUver Railroad, and 15 miles N. by L. of the Town of Utica in the County of Oneida. Trenton Falls consist of a series of 6 falls witlim the distance of two miles, with an aixgregate fall of 312 feet, and present a sight more re- markable for the wild and romantic situation in which they are, than for their great vol- ume of water. , r, ^ i • i The name of the stream on whicli these falls are, is known as \\ est Canada C reek, ^yluch flows through a densely-wooded country— particularly near the falls— of which no aig.i is to be seen till the tourist comes upon tliem at the edge of the gorge where they are situat- ed, and down which the water rushes with great violence, as it comes from the falls, only to be lost to sight in the dark recesses of the wooded ravine. In one place, the height of the embankment is 140 feet perpendicular. At the ujiper falls the descent is 20 feet, from which the water rushes on to the second falls, called the Cascades. (See engraving.) . , „ „ , . , , The third fall is named the Mill-dam, and, a little below, are the High Falls, winch has a perpendicular fall of 109 feet. (See engraving.) Sherman's Falls— named so after Rev. Mr. Sherman, who lost his life there— form the fifth fall, with a descent of about 40 feet, un- til the last of this exquisite series of falls is reached, named Conrad's Falls. :^?:„.^- ^-i,-W:: TIIK HIGH FALLS, TREXTOI^^ FALLS, THE CASCADES, TRENTON FALLS. I 48 SPKINGS AND WATEUING-rLACES. SPRINGS, AND WATERING-PLACES. For the information of tourists we annex particukrs of a few of the most cekbrnted sum- mer resorts, compilod from extracts deriveil from tlio most rcliahle sources, to whieli we Imve ndded such information as we possess from our own otHiuaintnnce with the various localities and routes which, together witli the views presented, neotly enu;nivfd fn.in photographs taken last year, will, we trust, be of some assistance to the stranger who wishes to become acquainted with some of the most celebrated localities in America. " CAPE MAY, X. J.— This place, situated at tlie mouth of Delaware Hay, on tlio N. E. side, has, for ii number of years past, be- come an attractive watering-|)lac(', niucli fre- quented by tlu! citizens of I'hiladclpiiia and others. During the siunmer season, a steam- boat runs fi'om the city to the Cape, and af- fords a pleasant trip. ' The beach is unsur- passed as a bathing-place, and the accommo- dations for the entertainment of visitors are .'*f the first order. Distance from Philadel- phia, 1<»2 miles."' COIIOE?. FALLS arc situated on tlie Tliver Moliawk (State of New York,) about 2 miles from its mouth, and close to tin' rail- road from Troy, passing alonu' which a | glance can be hail of them, pouring down a pcriH'ndicidar rock 70 feci deep. " MAMMOTH CAVE, KY— This stupen- dous wonder of nature is situated in Edmon- son county, about',)!) niiies S. from Louisville, and aboi;t ecpially distant, in a X. E. direc- tion, from Xashvilie, Tenn. Tlie tourist leaves the stage road about G miles from the en- trance to the cave, and passes through some of the most romantic and beautiful scenery. It is only within a few years that this cave has been very extensively explored; and it is still supposed that but a small part of it, in comparison with the whole, lias ever been trodden by the foot of man. It has been es- timated that the length of all the diflcrent avenues and branches, when added together, would make more than 600 miles. As far as known, there are in the cave 246 avenues, 47 domes, 8 cataracts, and 23 pits. The darkness, deeper than that of the blackest midnight, which pervades these subterrane- an recesses, and which is little more than rendered visible by the torches which the visitors carry with them, renders it ditRcull for the spectator to form any thing like na adequate idea of its vast dimensions, its groat heights and depths in th-^ ditTerent apartments, and of the singularity and i)eau- ty ot the natural decorations they c.iit lin. " "It is a curious fact that fish witliout eyes have been caught in the rivers of thi? < nve. They have been dissected by skilful .inisi.' mists, it is said, who declare that they two without the slightest indication of an orgau similar to the eye, and also that they y h- sess other ationialles in their orgauizatioii m teresting to the naturalist. These iishes are from 8 to (■) inches in length. "The waters of the cave are of the purest kind; and, besides the springs and streams of fresh water, there are oi\e or two sulpliiu- ■tprings, Th St I lal. kes, and wa- terfalls of sutiicient widih and depth to com- pare with the world above ground. Some )f th ese rivers, a; they lied, irated \>y boats of sutticient size to carry 12 persons; and one; of them, called the Echo, is said to be broad and deep enough, at all tiini'S, to tloat the largest steamers. The rivers of the Mammotli Cavt' were never <'rossed till 1840. Some of them flow in deep channels, the sides of whii-h rise high above tlieir ordinary level. After heavy rains, they are sometimes swolU'ii so as to rise more than oo feet. At such tiuu's tlie streams, and especially the cataracts, of the cave, exhibit a most terrili(r ai)pearance. (Jreat exertions have l)een made to diseover the sources of these streams, and where they tind their outlets: yet they still remain, in this respect, as much a mystery as ever. "It would be impossible, within the limits of this article, to describe in detail the many objects of curiosity and scenes of grandeur which are to be found in the apparently in- terminable recesses of the Mammoth Cave. The names of some "f the principal apart- ments, are Giant's Cotfin, the Labyrinth, the Cascade, Gorin's Dome, the Pot, roin less Pit, the Winding Way, the Bandit's Hall, Great Relief Ilalb River Hall and Dead Sea, Na- tural Bridge over the River Styx, (80 feet high.l Pass of El-Ghor, Crogan's Hall, City of the Tomi)s, Saint Cecilia's Grotto, Silli- man's Avenue, Great AVestern Vestibule, Martha's Vineyard, Snowball Room, the Ho- ly Sepulchre, Cleveland's Cabinet, Serena's llurbor. Fairy Grotto, Paradise, and others of a hardly less remarkable character. "To select only from this list of wonders for the conclusion of our descriptions, we would offer the remarks of an intelligent clergyman, who lately paid a visit to the cave, upon that splendid hall known by the name of Cleveland's Cabinet. " The most imaginative poet," says this gentleman, " never conceived or painted a palace of such . xquisite beauty and loveliness as Cleve- htud's Cabinet. Were the weuitli of princes SPRINGS AND WATERING-PLACES. 49 bestowed on the most skilful lapiilarios, witii a viewof rivnlliiij^ the splendours of this sin- 1,'le eiiauiher, tiie uttempt would he vain. The ('al)inet was discovered hy.Mr. Patten of Louisville and Mr. Cvn'v^ of I'liiladelphin, ac- touipaiiied hv Stephen, the uuide, and ex- tends in nearly a direct line ahout H miles, (the f,aiides say 2 miles). It is n ]ierfeet nreh, of iji) feet span, and of an averiij,;e hei;,'ht of li) feet in the centre — just hii;ii enoni,di to he viewed witii ease in all its jiarts. The Imsc of the whole is earl)oiiat<' (sulphiitc) of lime, in part of a daz/.lintj whiteness and iier- firtly smooth, and in part crystallized, so as to irlitter like diamonds in the liLcht. (irow- iiiir fnnn this, in endlessly diver;^iHed forms, is a suhstance reseinhlini; selenite, translu- cent and imperfectly laminated. Some of the -rystals hear a striking resemblance to hniii-hes of celery ; others, a foot or more in lenirtli, liiive tl- ' colour and apj)earance of vanilla cr»..;n candy; others are set in sul- pliaie of lime in the form of a lose ; and otlxTs roll out from the hase in foi'ms re- aendiling the ornaments of a Corinthian col- umn. Some of the inerustrations are mas- sive and s])lenditl, others are as d.licate as the lily, or as fancy work of shell or wax. Tliiiik of traversing an arched way like this for a mile and a half; and all tlio wonders of the t des of youth — Arahian Nights, and all — ..em tame, eompared with the living, growing reiil'.ty. Here a:i(l there, thvouu'h tiie whole extent, you will find opeinngs in tiie sides, into which yon may tlirust a per- lion, and often stand erect, in little grottoes, ])erfeetly inerusted with a delicate, white sul)stance, rcHectiiig the light from a thous- and different points." " It is (juite im|)ossilile to give in a brief notice such as this, any thing like an ade- (luate idea of this, one of tlie greatest won- ders of the world. It must be visted to be ai>pre( uted. " The route from Louisville, Kentucky, is by rail to Mumfordsvllle, and thence per stage for 21 !i;.iies. Time from Louisville to the cave, 151 hours. The train at Mumfords- ville connects also with the railroad to Nash- ville. Snjierior hotel accoannodations is to I be found close to the cave, with guides, etc. The charges are very moderate. ' " MOUNT VE1{X0N,V A.— This vencrater spot, where once resided the father of his country, and where his ashes now rt'pose, is universally regarded with a sacred interest. It is on the W. bank of the Potomac, 15 miles S. from the city of Washington, and 8 from Alexandria. General Washington's mansion is still in a good state of preserva- tion. The new t,oml> into which his remains were removed in 1S30, and subsequently placed in a marble sarcophagus, is in a re- tired situation a short distance from the house. It is a plain but substantial structure of brick, with an iron gate at the sarcophagi of white marble, in which slumber, side by side, the mortal remains of that great and good man and of his amiable consort. "The old tomb, in which the remains of Washington were Hr»t dej)Osited, and which is now going to decay, is upon an elevation in full view from the river. "A glimpse of this interesting spot may he had from the Potonnic steamer, on its w.iy from Washington to the railroad terminufe at Aequia Creek. But to visit the place, it is necessary to stop at Alexanf a narrow valf in wliich the sprini,'^ are fninJ. The hotels are larii;e and ninmroiis. " Passeni^ors for Suratoija from New York, lake eitiier the Hudson River or Harlem Railroads, or the steamhoat to Alhany or Troy; from AUiany, via Alliany, Vermont and Ciin'adii Railway; from Troy, via Rensselaer and Saratoga llaiiway. From lioslon the traveller takes the "^ Western Railway to Albany, Troy and Saratoga. Passengers tVoni tlie West by the CJentral Railway stop at Solieneeludy. The route from the North is via Ijake Champluiu, and Whitehall and Saratoija Railway. ••SllAKON sl'RlNGS, N. Y., are in the ^ Town of Sharon, in Seholiarie county, about 45 miles west of AUiany by the Cherry Val- ! ley Turnpike. Tlioy are also reavhed by j stages froiu Cunajoharie, on the Utiea and j Selieuectady Railroad, from wliioh place they i are distant' about I'i miles in a S. W. direc- tion. They are pure and clear, and have l)een found to be iiiglily effieaeious in eutjme- ous, dyspeptic, and rheumatic complaints. They liave an exiiihirating ettVet upon tiie spirits, invigorating the system, and purify- ing the comple.\ion, and in some respects possesses medicinal and liealing proiierties unsurpassed by any in the country. " Tiie prospect from the I'avilion House to- wards the N. is almost unlimited, and l)y niiiiiv considered hnrly iiiferior to that from the I'atskill Mountain House. Its elevated situation, always securing a pure and brac- ing atmosphere, conspires with the use of the waters to render the residence of vis- itors here in hot weather delightfully sulu- lirious and refresliing. "Tourists proceed from Albany via New- York Central Railway to Pahitin.;'l>ridge, 55 miles, thence per s' >' for 10 miles over iihink road. "WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, YA.— These are the most celebrated and most gen- erally visited of all the mineral springs of Virginia, and are to the south what Sarato- ga is to the north. They are situated on a branch of the Greenbrier River, in the coun- ty of the same name, on the western declivi- ty of the Alleghany ridge, some 6 or 8 miles from the summit of the mountains. They are in an elevated and beoutifiilly piotnr- es(|ue valley, hemmed in by mountains (,n every side. Tliousands resort to liieni aiuni- ally eitiier to enjoy the benefit of the wa- ters, or in pursuit of recreation and anuise- nient. "There are numerous routes to the Virginia springs, all of wliich within a few years have been greatly improved. One of tlie ])leasantest and most expeditious routes from lialtiinore is by the railroad tiieiice to Har- ])er's Ferry ; thence by railroad to Winclies- tei to (i'osiien. From Staunton there ar. two routes, one directlyaerosstho m.iuniaiiis, to the warm and iiot spiings; the other, via Lexington, to the Natural Bridge, and thonco to ihcWliite Sulphur Springs. These springs are 'Mi miles AV. of Haltiniore. " Parties from the South proceed to Wil- mington, North Carolina, to Hiclimond, jiro- eeei'.ing from Richmond to Lynchburg and thence bv stas^e. " WINNH'ISEOGEE LAKE, N. H.— Tliis lake jiossesses singular charms. However romantic and beautiful Lake (Jeorge, the charmer of all travi'Uers, ai)pears in its ele- vation, the ]nirity of its waters, its dei)lh, its ra])hl outlet, its ;U)5 islands whiel»_bes|mngle its bosom, its mountain scenery, its hsh, its mineralogy, still, in all but its historic fame, it has a rival at the east, in the Winnipiseo- gee of New Hampshire. " Tiie lake is in the counties of Belknap and Carrol. Its form is . ery irregular. At tiie west end it is divided into three large bays; on the north is a fourth ; and at the east end there are three others. Its general coui-se is from north-west to north-east; its length is all .ut 25 miles, and it varies in width from oiie to 10 miles. " The waters of this lake not only serve ns a lovely ornament to the scenery )f tlds re- gion, and as a means of recreation and amuse- ment to the multitude who i>ass and re])ass ui)on them, but answer animpoi'tant purpose as a great reservoir of power for the exten- sive manufacturing estaldishmmts at Man- chester, Lo-.vell, and other ])laces which are located on Merrimae River, its outlet to the sea. The fall of this immense body of wa- ter, in its passage to the ocean, is so great that its power for manufacturing purposes can hardly he computed. " The liidian name of Winnipiseogee, signi- fies ' The smile of the Great Spirit.' " (See White Mountains.) CLIFTON SPRINGS AND LAKE GEORGE. 51 WATER-CURE ESTABLISHMENT, CLIFTOX SPRINGS. Anoi-T linlfway between Lakes Geneva and Canamlaigua is situated the cole1)rotod Clifton Spviiiijcs, whieli nre nuieli resorted to, forming as tliej- do one of the most plensanr and retired watering-places, witliirt -asy distance of some of the finest scenerj' in tlie Nortliern States. Situated at tliose springs is the celeLratod water-cure estaidishment of Dr. Forster. Tin- house, although a very large one, yet is generally filled with patients, one of the host, proofs of its excellent standing. The charge for hoard varies from ^7 to §11 2)er week. "LAKE GEORGE, sometimes called LAKE IIORICON.— Tliis lovely sheet of water, basking in the rays of the sun, ri]ipled hy the breeze, or reclining in the shadows of twihght, still presenting a lovely aspect — fumed in song and story, and its counterpart occupying a space in innumerable annuals and liooks of travel — is 230 feet above the Hudson River, lying partly in Warren and Wasliington Counties, liaving its outlet into Lake Cliamplain. Its shore contains the re- mains of several old forts, memorable in the French and Revolutionary wars. This beau- tiful mountain lake of New York is 30 miles in length, varying in breadth from f to 4 miles. The water is remarkably transparent, and in some places is ut i-o than 4(iO feet deep. Scarcely any thing can be imagined more beautiful or picturesque than the scenery along its banks. The romantic effect of the prospect is greatly enhanced by the multitude of islands of various forms and sizes, which meet the gaze on ' every side. A popular notion prevails that their number corresponds with that of the days of tiie year. Twelve miles from the south-west ex- tremity of the lake there is an island of about 200 acres, called, from its position. Twelve Mile Island. A mile further north there is a high j)oint, or tongue of land, called Tongue Moimtain, west of which projects a sniall arm of the lake called Xorth-west Iky. Here the narrowest part of the lake com- mences, and continues 7 or 8 miles. Near the west end of the Nairows, on tlie eastern side of the lake, is Black Mountain, the sum mit of wliicli is the highest point in the im- mediate vicinity of the lake, having an ele- vation of 2,200 feet above its surface. About 12 miles beyond Black Mountain there is a rock about 200 feet higii, rising almost per- pendicidarly from the surface of the water. During the French war, Major Rogers, being closely pursued by the Indians, slid down this deep declivity, and safely landed on the ice, leaving his pursuers petrified with aston- ishment at the daring exploit they had wit- nessed. From this circumstance the rock has been named Rogers' Slide. Just beyond is Lord Howe's Point, where the division of the English army under Lord Howe landed previous to his attack on Ticonderoga." 52 NEWPOIIT, LAKE PLEASANT AND CROOKED LAKE. NEWrORT, RHODE ISLAND. Tun above skoteli rppro?onts pro1)al)l>' the nearest approach, IjoUi in npiicaranco and situation, toScarlxn-ou^Mi, (Kmrland.) of any sea bathin^^' (piartev in tlie United State:^. Newpcn-t is located on the S. W. side of tlie rich and fertile State of llliode Island, lyins; within the mouth of Xarraganset Bay, 5 iniles from the ocean. " ^ts harbour, one of the finest in the world, spreads W. before the town, which is l)uilt on a gentle declivity to the shore, and appears beautiful ns it is ap- proached upon the water. Its insular eitua- tion gives to Newport the advantage of a cool, refreshing sea-breeze from almost every point of the compass; so that in all the hot months it is one of the most comT ,rtable plan- of residence any where to be found. On this account it has long been a favourite place of fashionable resort, esiiecinlly for visitors from tlie south. Within a few years past, a uund.er of lari;e and splendid hotels have been erect ed, albirdinsr the best accommodations that could be desire iiii.l down upon the lliuUon. Strnn«.TH lak." .itlw r tl.c All.iu.y ^t-an.or. from Now York, or Alh.u.y. to Cat.k.ll. on th« Hu.l'^on (111 n«n.,^ from New York) or tin- llii.U..n Uivr lUiln.u.l to Oakl.ill Station, th.n.c iar f.rry aero.-.. From C'ut.kill YillaK.'. pn^^fntfiT* nro eonvcyo.l p.T Mm' to tl.o Mountain lIou«o, 12 mno* .listant. la.l th. roa.l L.lng v.ry M.vy. \i tak- . 1 )mm to j-o that (lUtaii(!0. , _ , . , , Til.' fir«t vii-w w.' pro?ont. " Scono hi tlu' CatHklll Mountaill^' U from u paint iiif? l.y J. F K.-nsctt. an Amfi-ioan arti.t, tlioonly olj-olion to wl.iol. w. Imv.. i., tlw iniro,ln..tion of tw.. of tl.o nlM.riu'ino:.-of tl.o iliMrict. we pr.smn.— a fault ratlnr e..n..non. w t unk, mnonK^t Anx.rlean artists.lo give effect in pieture.. wl.il«t m.eh H^'ure. ean now only l.e IntrotUiced with trutli In uuch districts na Minne^Jota, or the lied lUvcr. <:i3^Vt THE UPPER OR SYLVAN LAKE-CATSKILL MOUNT \INS. The other engravings -which follow are without nny such ndilitions, Vioing from photo- graphs, taken last year of the scenes represented. To f^uote from a writer who has visited this locality : — " The ride to the foot of the mountain is not specinlly interesting ; V>nt the ascent, Viy a very circuitous route, from every suceessive opeiiins and turn of which some new and more extensive vista is presented to the eye continually, is in a high degree inspiring and delightful. And when at length the lofty eminence is reached, there opens, from tlie front of the noble edifice, a prospect of vast extent and beauty ; embracing an opparontly end- less succession of woods and waters, forms and villages, towns and cities, spread out as in a boundless panorama, over which all inequalities of surface are overlooked. The beauti- ful Hudson appears narrowed in the distance, with numerous vessels scattered along its sil- KAUTKUHKir.L FALLS, CATSKILL MOUNTALNH. 66 v.^y line. Jln'orrn-a nn fur n« tli.- «.y.- <-aii ivueh, l.y tli.lr ••iinviH >tl*"miiiK' in lln' ►.im, aihl with till- n-riiliiiK il.unl o( Hiiiokc from hti'iitalxxitu Hlimmt i-dimtantly in niyht. ••Th.' view .•mlii-ii.t* nri ar.ii (.f uliout 7o inil.H north ami south. I'ar in th.< .MHi.rn out- lliu' il^'J tlio Taj miles dis- tant from the ocean, their snciW-whito sinn- mils are distinctly visible, in good weather, more than oo iniii's from shore. Their aii- pearance, at that distance, is tluit of a sil- very cloud skirting the horizon. Tiie names here given are those generally appropriated to the ditferent summit's : Mount Waii/ihu/toH is known by its superior eleva- tion, and by its being the southern of the three Idghest peaks. Mount Adnnis is known by its sharp, terminating peak, and being the north of Washington. Jefferson is situ- ated between these two. MndUon is the eastern peak of the range. Monroe is the first to the south of Wasliington. Franklin is the second south, and is known by its level surface. Litfaiiette is known by its conical shape, and being the third south of Wash- ington. _ The ascent to the summits of these mountains, though fatiguing, is not danger- ous ; and the visitant is richly rewardci for his labour and curiosity. In passing from the Notch to tlie highest summit, the travel- ler crosses the sunnnits of Moun's Lafayette, Franklin, and Monroe. In aecomplisiiing this, he must pass through a forest, and cross several ravines. These are neither wide nor deep, nor are they discovered at a great dis- tance; for the trees fill them up exactly even with the moimtain on each side, and their branches interlock with each other in suchu manner that it is very difficult to pass through them, and they are so stiff and thick as ahnost to supjiort a man's weight. After crossing Mount Franklin, you pass over the eastern ])innacle of Mount'Monroe, and soon finu yourself on a plain of some extent, at the foot of ilount Washington. Here is a fine resting-place, on tiie margin of a beau- tiful sheet of water, of an oval foi'iu, cover- ing about three-fourths of an acre. The waters are ])leasant to the taste, and deep. Not a living creature is to be seen in the waters at this height on the hills; nor does vegetation grow in or around them, to ob- scure the ch'ar rocky or gi'avelly bottom on which they rest. A small spring discharires itself into this pond, at its .south-east an^Jie. Another pond, of about two-thirds its size", lies north-west of this. Directly before you, the pinnacle of Mount Washington rises with majestic grandeur, like aii immense pyramid, or some vast kreiidin, in this mag- nificent city of niountaiiis. The iiinnacle is elevated about looo feet above the ].lain, and is composed j>i'inei|(ally of huire rocks of granite and gneiss, piled toiretlier, ]n-e- senting a variety of colours and forms. The ascent is made on liorseback. In ascending, you must pass enormous masses of loose stone: but a ride of half an horn- will generally carry you to the summit. The view from this point is wonderfully grand and picturesque. Innumerabb^ moun- tains, lakes, ponds, rivers, towns, and vil- lages meet the delighted eye, and the dim Athintic .stretches its waters along the east- ern horizon. To the north is seen the lofty summits of Adams and Jefferson ; and to tlie east, a little detached from the range, sup- ported on the north by a high ridtre, which extends to ]\Iount Jefferson ; on the north- east by a large grassy plain, terminating in a vast spur, extending far a- ly in that di- rection; east, by a promontory, which breaks off abruptly at St. Anthony's Nose; south an, a year remarkable for , ti aeo, the ear is suddenly saluted by the snlt dashiuLi-sof the sweetest of cascades; and a • rlance Upward reveals its silver stn-ams i^^u- ' iiiiT from the loftiest crests of the mountain, ; and h^aping from erag to crag. It is a lieau- tiful viMou in the midst of the wildest and i most drearv scenery." , MoHid \V.(shtii;iton ll„mc, cai)able ot ae- j commodaliiig lot! guests, is situated about, \ I miles from tlie Xoith. , ^ , c* . Ty Xotch House, is at the head of the Sa- ; CO River, and about '.» miles from the top of 1 Mount Washini'ton. i T/ic Willcn lIoHxc, alluded to above, is ! about 2 mile's below the Not<'h. The Craieford lions, , in the valley of the Saco, is about 8 miles below the N'oteh, these, toiXether with the aim J/oHse. will be fonml in every respect desirable, for stopping at. rarticulars ot Tip-Top House will be found on next page. /Wf Mi TIP-TOP HOCSE, WHITE MOUNTAINS, 59 r^ Tll'-TOP HOUSE, WHITE MOUx\TAL\S. As already explained, Mount Wasliinuton fDiiiis file hiirlicst of the ranije of the White Jiountain^, ()28t fi'ct above the sea. We |)resent aliove, a sketoli made from n photiiirriijili taken of the hi^'hest point of .Mniuit \\ jisliinirton, known liy travellers as "Tip-Toj) Jli)use,"to attain to wliieii is the (inilijiion of all tourists who make tlie at- t(iii[it to elinil) to tiie apex of the hiirhest of the ran!,'e m this region of "the mountain and the tlood." Tip-Top House is a rude huilt inn ereeted under luiist dilileult eireuuistiiuces, and rot without irreat ri-k of life and property. in 'rip-'l\i[) lldu^e, tourists eiin lie aoeoni- iiiodiited all iiiaht, so that any wlio are de- sirous of witMe-siuu i!ie setlii-.g of the sun, and lieiiig up in time for sunrise next niorii- iiiir, can aceoniplisli holh, by aseending in the aft<'rnoon, staying there all niglit, and returning next morning. Tliose who try tlie • ■xperinteiit, if favoiu'ed M'illi a clear inorn- ing, will lie certain to lie repaid for their ti'onble. Regarding llu' view from tlie summit of tins di/zy height, we quote: — "if the day be elear, a view is nflbrded uneipiaiied perliaps on tlie eastern side of the North Anieriean eontimiit. Around you are confused masses of mountains, bearing the iippearanee of a sea of molten lava suddenly cooled whilst its ponderous waves were yet in commotion, tin the S. E. ]uiri/on gleams a rim of silver light — it is the Atlantic Ocean, 05 miles distant, laving the shores of Maine. Lakes of nil sizes, from Lake AVinnipiseogee to mere mountain ponds, and mountains be- neath you, gleam misty and wide. Far off in the N. E. is Mount Katalulin. In the western horizon are the Green Mountains of Vermont, while the space is lilled up wiih everv kind of landscape — mountain and hill, plain ami valley, lake and rivei-." It would be vain in us to attempt a descrip- tion of the varied wonders which liei'c as- tonish and delight the beholder. To those who have vi.-ited the>e mountiiins. our d<'- scription would be tame and unintertstiim- ; and he who has never ascended their lioary summits cannot realize the extent and mag- nificence of the scene. Tliese mountains are decidi'dly of priniitivt^ formation, ^'oiliiiiir of volcanic origin has ever yet ln'cn discover- ed, on the most diligent* resciirch. They have forages, jivobalily, exhibited the same unvarying aspect. No minerals are here fnutid of much rarity or value. The rock which most abounds is schistose, intermixed with greenstone, uiica, granite, and gneiss. There are scvei-al routes to this highland district; amongst the ]irinci]ial, and those whieii -will please; the tourist best, we name from Portland, Maine, per Eastern Railroad, or from 15ostoii to Plymouth, thence per coach to tile Fltuue House, thence through Franconia Notch — about l.id miles. Another route, and said to be tlie finest, is via Lake Winnipiscoge<', 180 niile^. I'roeeed from Boston per liostou and Maine and Cocheco Railroad. (S^ee Winnipiseogee Lake, N. H.) i 1 1 1 60 GENESEE FALLS, NEW YORK. B» f'jma VIEW OF GENESEE FALLS, NEAR PORTAGE, STATE OF NEW YOHK. The name cf Genesee is one of the l.onsohold words of Groat Britain as well as Amerioa From the Genesee district thousands of l.arrels of flour, niad-^ from its world-renowned wheat, finds its way to En-land every year, the best prr.of of the woll-known richness of the soil of the Genesee Valley, of which the above engraving represent, one of its most ' The RaVwd'Bridje, seen in the background, is a magnificent structure, for the purpose of enabling the P.uftalo & New York City Railroad to cross the valley. Situated about a mile from the village of Genesee Falls, this bridge spans the valley by its entire length _ot 8.10 feet, with a height, from the bed of the river, of '2U feet. The precipices ,n the vicin- ity are, in some places, 400 feet high. ti i ^ Genesee Falls consist of a series of falls situated at diflferent, points. Near Rochester, thev are about 100 feet hid.. Whilst another M\ is about the same height over the mouth of 'the river. The point we have selected for engraving from a photograph, represents one of the series of falls-from one of the most picturesque spots in the Genesee \ allej- viz., above the saw mill, near Portage. Genesee Falls are much visited by tourists every year. . ry•^^. Rochester is one of the leadincr stations, leading from New York to Suspens.on Bridge and Nia^mra Falls, so that tourists can easily visit the Falls of the Genesee oa their way to the Falls, par excellence. The above Jersey. The significance 1 per[)endieulai most yomanti( and enters N York, from w " IlALr>T( oa[)ital of Sai th, Snratoga ii i =! N. of A Spvuigs. and ] York; enjoy ii inoount of t waters. Fron overflowing o| (hiring tlie si thronged witl deliirhtful pn 'i''iirhbourhoo( hghtfullyjiass iaking of the ■ jiiire country ; Troy by tlie Tr THE PASSAIC, BALLSTON SPA Mil) LEBANON SPRINGS. 61 P eriofi. iwned ess of most irposo ,H)iit a ?th of vicin- lic«tor, llKUltll tlley- way to THE PASSAIC, AT PATERSOX, NEW JERSEY. The ahove engraving represents one of the most picturesque scenes in the State of New .T.rsey. The Falls of the Passaic are situated near the town of Paterson, which owes its significance to tiic wator-jiower afforded by the river, and these falls, wl.ieii fall 70 feet jKTpendioularly over tiie rocks, formincr, when the river is full, a very imposins? sight, in a most romantic situati n. Tiie Passaic River rises in iMorris County, is l(io miles iirieligth. and inters Newark Bay, ,3 miles below Newark. Paterson is readied by rail from New York, from which it is 17 miles distant, on the New York & Erie Railroad. " I'.\LT>T()N SPA, a eharniing village, and oa[)ital of Saratoga County, New Ytirk, on th. Snratoga and Schenectady Raib'oad, ;ji) a. 1 ^ N. of Albany, 7 miles W. of Saratoga Spvuiga, and 175 milts N. of City Hall, New York; enjoying n wide-spread celel)ritv on inooi.nt of the excellence of its n)ineral waters. From inclination, and also from the overflowing of the Saratoga ; )tels, the Spa, during the summer solstice, is constantly thronged with visitors. There are sevewil delightful promenades and drives in the 'I'ighbourliood, and a person may verv vV- liglUfully pass away a numtli or more in par- taking of the waters, and enjoying the fi esli, pure country air. The Spa is reached from Troy by tlie Troy an J Schenectady Railroad." i I " NEW LEBANON SPRINGS VILLAGE. , — A beautiful village of Cohnnbia County, Xew York, 25 miles S. E. of Albany, much frequented on account of the medicinal prop- erties of its waters. The hotel accommoda- tions are ample ; and tiie j)lace also contains a Water-cure Establishment, pkasantiv lo- cated on a hill slope, overlooking a beautiful valley. The celebrated Shaker Settlement and New Lebanon Village are within 2 miles of the Springs, ]?eached from New York by the Hudson River Pailro.-!!! to the City of Hudson, thence by the Hudson and Berk- shire, and the Albany and iiosfon Railroads, or by the Harlem Railroad, and its connec- tiotis with tlie above routes, or per steamer from New Y'ork to Hudson, thence by rail." 62 SPRINGS AND WATERING PLACES. "AVON SPRINGS, Livingston County, New York,. lolinlitl'iilly. -situated on tli.- rii,'lit luiiili (ifUie (Joiierioc lUv.v, iMi tin eli'Viitod t.'iTUoo ](iO foot iiliiive tlio watoi', eoiuiiian.linii; a lioautifiil au.l vuriod pror^poot. In tlio iin- niodiato vioiiiitv aro two oololn-atod nanoral spriiiu'-, wliioh" are tlio resort of Uiousands diu-iiilt Iho sumnior soa;i()n. The water* are esto.iiifd otVioaoioiis in oiitaneous atteotioiis, rUouuiatisni, and iudiircslion. Tiie pluoe eon- tains sov.r.d exoolloiit. liotoln, four eliurclios, and a i.nndior of faolorios. Uoaehod l>y t'oii- tnd Uiiilruiid from Alliiiny to JintJalo, via Itoohostor, from wiiioli eily tliey are dislanl " " L'( »LUM1MA SPRINGS have of late years «rown into popidar favour. Tlioy ari' easy of aeces^ lyiu!.' t miles from the City of Hudson, and with. 11 the town of Stockport, Colundjia County, N>\\ York. Tiie view and u'rounds are hi'^'ldy pieturesquo and varied, slrttoli- int; doliitht mil V from hill to lUces, and about 50 stores, besides several mills and other establislunents. The Episcopal Churrli is a tine (iothie editice ; cost f li5,tMiO. Here is the llobart Free College, under the direc- tion of the Episcopalians, founded in IS-j:! ; in 1854 it iiad o professors, (17 students, and a library of .')4(H) volumes. Tho Medical In- stitute of (ieneva, foumled in W.ib, has (i pro- fessors and about HO students. The (ienoral Union School is attended by about 300 pupils Steamboats ply daily between Geneva and .JertVrson. at the head of the lake. The lake abounds in tish, ond the woods are alive with i;amo, atfording excellent sport for the loiler- iiisr tomist. -TUPi'EH'S LAKE, situated in the ^. \\. part of Franklin County, New York, is 6 miles long and 2 wide. The shores, head- lands, and islands are especially bold and I picturesipie. Deer abound in the fore.-t, and 1 the lake is tilled with tr.iut and other tish. "SARANAC LAKES.— These wonderful links of the groat chain of m nmtain waters in ujiper New York, are about a o t-H JO o '^ o > n o a H span, and"2 others of 'uO feet each. Tin canal passes the brow of a mountain here which reaches to the border of the river." TUE 80UKCE OF THE KIVER HUDSON. 68 The vl&w hero presented is a !?cene in the Adirondack mountains, in tlie vicinity of, and we=t of Lake Champhiin. Some of the peaks of these mountains (Mount Marcy) rise as high as 5-164 feet above the level of tide water in the River Hudson. Up in that mour- tuinous region does that noble river take its rise. From there it proceeds almost due south, for about 300 miles, until it enters the Atlantic, through the harbour of New York. Tlie Adirondacks are famous as a deer-hunting country. 04 THE RIVER HUDSON, 1 I^HUB wH 1 1 TUE HUDSON, NEW YORK TO ALBANY. THE PALISADE?. ON THE HUDSON. As cxplnined elsewhere lliis nolile viver tnkei^ its rise nearly 3^0 miles from New York, in the Adirondaek ^lountnins. (See onffraving, Souree of the Hudson.) The Hudson forms one of the great leading routes f.^r nil classes of travellers hound'for the north or north-west, alike either for the tourist in search of pleasure, the invalid for health, and the emigrant from the old world in quest of a home in the new. Up the Hudson the great stream of travellers go; so that, for general in- formation, wo purpose noticing the chief features of tlds nwgnitieent trip, which, if made by a day hoat from either New York or Alhanv, cannot fail to astonish and de- light the tr.avellcr. The trip is enjoyed, also, hy many hy night, starting from either terminus about 6, p. m. The time occupied on the journey is from 8 to 10 hours. Emigrants generally leave New York by the night boat, which starts about 6 r. m ai r.N n in Albany Tn time 'for the trains via the New York Central, and other ^'-l-ads for the north and north-west, which run iu connection. For size, eo.nfortaide aecommodat.on and internal magnifieence, we believe the New York and Albany steamers to be unequalled by nnv river boats in the world. • n,„ =omA Tourists can have their baggage cheeked on board the Albany steamers - the sajn manner as on the railroads, on application to the baggage-master on board The fa Albany is from $1 to $1.50, (4.. to 5s. stg.). depending upon the aeeommodation required. The meals supplied on board are most excellent and very moderata TRIP UP THE HUDSON. 65 w 1 1 1 1 STATE-ROOM SALOON OF THE "ISAAC NEWTON." The River Hudson has boen named after its discoverer, Henry Hudson— an Englishman, then ill the service of the Dutch — and who, in an ex- ploring expedition, about 250 years ago, was the first to discover this magnificent river, and as- cended it as far as the village of Verplanck's Point— in his ship called the " Half Moon." The Indian name of the Hudson was the Shatemuck, in later times it has been termed the River of Moimtains, the Great River, the North River, and the Rhine of America. In the year 1h07, Robert Fulton, who con- structed the first steamboat in America — if not in the world— started the steamer " Clermont" on the waters of the Hudson — from New York to Albany. The engine which worked the Cler- mont, was brought from England for the pur- pose. Although we have stated that the time I 66 SCENERY OF THE HUDSON. e„lir.- .listunco of i;,o nul.s hu. been rm. n, ., ^ ;;>;;/,,;-;;«.,;;iy „,, «,„,, ,,,,,,,,„.,,>• inu Md. hours iiiul -.0 ininutoH. , ,.„v,.1..|.imI. Hui.iivHide ouxlit to U>, ..iic As tin illu«tniti.m of the interior ot u nxer it is iinu. |i . _ _^ , g1,.ain))out, we Kive theprelixfl ennnivinK ot uu interior vR'«- ol tlio siiitf-iuom ot the "buac Nowton," one of 11,o nijiht Ijouts which runs be- tween New Yorli and Alhaiiy would ^ui.i'os.', one of the .|uietest ami most retir-.l nooks extant, but we fear that the fume of the authnr of " Kip Van WmUe i» such, together wiUi the ex.iuisite situation ot ,een New Yoik and Albany. <,„„',vHi,le that the intrusion offrieiuls and Destined Ibr a ^i,. n|, tl.e Hudson wo sh >^^^^^^^ ,,„ brielly noliee a few of the duel points on tht route, although no dcseriptiou, whatever, can convey to the reader u just idea of this trip- whieh' should be made by all tourists- li at all „oHs,ble -as the seenery of (ho lUidson, lor river scenery, is not .Miualle.l by that of any other river on the Aiue weiire ae(iuainted with. „ , ., n . Started from the wharf at Now York, the first place we pass is , ,. , 11.U.OKKN, one of the luu^s of Aew \ork, to which great numbers resort every Sunday to eniov a drink of water Irom 'he Sybil's Springs there, and a walk through the pleas'uit Klysian Fields, or from there to Weehawkeu, or Bergen Heights. .... Passing on, the next prominent point reuci t(Hirists are too fre'"' ,^ ,.,,,„„ ,,,,i,,, .^ater itous rocks resemble, in some respects, the ap pearance of the IJianfs Causeway in H-elan.l. The height of (he Palisades ranges from -JO to 000 feet, and being fringed with brushwood on Sing is Verdritegcs' Hook, a high headland, Ijc- hiud which, on the same height, '250 feet above the river, is , , . r Uol-klandLakb, from which the denizens of uvu ■<->.■, ■ o '- . , . ,.,,1 . V..... Vi.iU ri'ceive their chief supplv of ice — an the top. and at their base, with some neat I. tie > N w \ k -- ' ' J^,- .,, ,„,,,„,^,, cottages at the water's edge, form a very tine '■'"^ "^ ''^^ "^"J ^i' ,j,,,„ i.^e is about 4 miles appearance its ''l'; ---,^;ner "^ l^ -ilJ^^^ P.oceeding o, rd. we On the opposite side, will next Dt stiu M.vNnATTANV.....K, .i.ua.ed OH the ^f^f^^^'^'Z^n.vn.v.Vu...... on the same side of place of Audubon, the great naturalist. Four WAsniMiTON-eelebrated in the Ameri- can Ucvolutionarv annals-is now in sight. To capture this fort, the British lost l-.'OO men, be- sides having the ship " Mercury" so ri.ldled with shot, that she sunk. Spuyten Di.yvel Creek is about 2 miles further on— passing^- which is , X 1 1 YovKEiis, a thriving town on the east bank of the river- IT miles from New York-in the Verplanck's Point, celebrated as being the spot at which Henry Hudson anchored the ship "Half Moon" on his lirst voyage up the Hud- son. The surprise of the Indians in those days may be imagined at seeing, for the lirst time, a vessel of such proportions opposite their homes. One writer records the following incident, which followed that event :— " Filled with wonder, they came flocking to the ship in boats, but their curiosity ended in a 01 uie mui— X - „.„i I ,,.„,„.,lv Oue of them, ovucome by acquisi- vicinity of which are several "'^'^ ' '-' ' ' f ;'J, f^^J crx led up the rudder, entered the fiue panoramic scenery. Amongst other lesi- | tutnt^s, crawitci ^ui ^ ^^ ,^^^ ^ ^ ^^ _^^^._ deuces luav be seen FonthiU, once the residence of Edwin Forrest, the celebrated tragedian. HvsTiNos, about 3 miles from Yonkers, is next reached, and 2 miles further on that of Dobbs' Ferry, on the same side of the river. On the opposite shore is Piermont, where the New York and Krie Railroad commences. In the immediate vicinity is cabin window, and stole a pillow and a few arti- des of wearing appard. The mate saw the thief pulling his bark for land, and shot at and killed him. The ship's boat was sent for the stolen artides, and when one of the nati^ es, who had leaped into the water, caught hold of the side of the shallop, his hand was cut oft' by a sword, and he was drowned. This was the si:::;;:;"™ "1 U^ most cdcbrated places ' first blo^d .bed by these voyagers. Intdligence 8CKNKHY OF THE IIUDSON. (57 of it uprpiul over tho country, and the Indians jiiitt'd till' vvliitc limn ever iiOcr." l,iMi\ ins; Vcrpiiinc'lt's I'niiil, the liver now nur- roivi (•iiiiniiit'iiilily. On tlio ()|»|)(>^it(' siiore U iStiiiiy I'oiiit, with u liglil-liouKu upon it- oiicu the sci'iie of u HJiiiri) onuiini'iiifiit Ijutwwn tlio Uritish and AnuTicatis in ITTH, wlii'n tlie latter liiiik ]i().ssi'.ssi(m of if l)y Htonn. Uoyond tiiis ps()>* coniiiiciice. On the I'ast shori' is liic pretty liltii' town of I'eek- hIvIII, fronting Diindcrbcrt^, or Thiinder Moun- tain. At tlio foot of wliich lies Caldwell's Laiidini;. An the ateainor proceeds up the river, tiie tourist accnatoiiied to sail up Loch l,(iiiioiid (Scotland) will bo forcibly struck with tiie similarity in api>euruiice whicii the Hudson here presents to it, us the steamer proceeds on- wards. At one time, you will bo suilinji p'lst islands j)ossessed of all the beauty of Ellen's Isle on Loch Katrine (Scot.,") with liiirli hills wooded to their tops on each side, wliil~l pro- eeediiif? onwards the channel of the rivir ap- pears completely blocked n[i, till the steamer, in approachiii)^, takes a turn round the base of one of the hilN, only to open up another scene of great magniticence, ii'.d reveal tlio Hij;hhiii/iir Loaf, "^Ui! feet high — whilst on the west side of the river liuttermilk F< will be seen descending over the face of the hill. In some of these Highland passes, in the river, are sdiiietinies to be found numbers of wind-hound vessels — tacking about — and forming, often, a beautiful sight, as they are to be seen endeavour- ing to get into a broader ]Kirt of the river. West I'oixt forms one of the stopping-places for the steamer. Here is situated the United States Militar • Academy, where cadets arc edu- cated. It is beautifully situated, and visited by many tourists. From there we proceed on to Cronkst, 1428 feet high, of which the poet, G. P. Morris, writes : — " Wliere the lliidsnn'.s wave, o'er silvery sands, Winds throiiKli the hills afar. And Cronest, like a monarch stands, Crown'd with a single star !" After passing this romantic locality, we roach Ihitter Hill— or, as it has been re-christened by Mr. N. P. AVillis, Stohm Kino— -inoo feet high, aid the last high range of hills on that side of the river. Cold Spring and UndercUff are now approached — tho liitter whore Mr. MorrU resid's. We are now .'i4 miles from the City of New Vork— be- yiilid which point is IIkvcdn Hii.i , li')SH feet high, from idf which some of the linest views may be had -parsing which, we reach ('ollNWAl.l. I,,\sniN(- above which is the seal of Mr. N. P. Willis—named /(//(H/A^-surrouiid- ed with all the natural romantic beauties which we limey any poet would delight to dwell amongst. Shortly after leaving which, we reach the important town of Nkwiiiru— with its 1'J,imiO population— nice- ly situated on the face of the hill. To the south of I he town is the spot which once form- ed the head-iiuarters of Washington, during the stay of his army at N' Windsor, not far otr. Opposite, on the other side of the river, is Hukak-Neck Mountain, which was supposed to have a resemblance to a Tiiri'n Fiwe, and can be easily seen from the deck of tho steamer when approaching Pallopcl's Island. " The story goes, that some Irishmen were (piarryiiig for granite once, when one of them put a blast of powder before the Turk's face, saying he thought the old fellow would like to have ids nose blowed. And the nose was com- pletely blown away; while the admirers of the curious and beautiful think that the Iiishman, who was shortly after killed, was hurried IVom the world for his barbarity to the works of Na- ture." (Sec engraving.) Opposite to tliis spot is FisiiKii.L, the scene of many of the incidents related in Cooper's novel of " Tho Spy." Pro- ceeding on, we reach New Hamburg, Mar- borough, Uarnegat; and, passing which, the pretty and retired town of PornHKKEPSiE— T.T miles from New York— is reached, and one of the largest towns between New York and Albany. It has a population of upwards of l.'),OiKt, and is the centre of a rich agricultural district, which sends large supplies of farm and dairy produce to New Yoik. Founded by the Dutch l.'iO years ago. Oppo- site Poughkeeiisic is New Paltz Landing. lIvDK Pai'^ and Plackntia are miles be- yond, situated on the east side of tho river. "Placcntia is the residence of tho veteran author, .T. K. Paulding, and from which is seen some of the finest views of the river and country round about, as far up as the Catskill Moun- tains. Passing Staatsburg, we shortly reach the wharf for Rondou', ,..-d Kingston. (See engraving on page Oii."> Kingston is a town of considerable iinpoitaiue, with a population of l;i,0(.iO, and, probably, the most important town on tho route. It was founded in KHJ;) by the Dutdi, and burned by the British in 1773. There he first Constitution of New York wa.s framed. Vandorlyn, the eminent painter, was born in Kingston, where he also died in 18.')3. As *&^ ^> %,^> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 10 ■- \.\J 150 I.I 1.25 S IIM IIIII22 :r I4S mil 2.0 1= U ill 1.6 PhotpgiHphic Corporation A a^ '^ ^'^ v Si. ^^' m 33 WiST MAIN STkEET WEbSTck, N.Y. "i43S0 (716) 872-4503 ^ •IS ^\% <^'^> 6^ ^tj^^ '^b v^^ Ci^ ...A. 68 SCENERY OF THE HUDSON. VIEW OF THE TURK'S FACE, ON THE HUDSON. the steamer passes Saugerties, Tivoli, and Oer- maiitown, the Cntskill Mountains am) Shawun- plHnk range of hills appear in sight, and tour- ists for the Catskillsmay now prepare to disem- bark at Cutskill, opposite to Oakhill, on the Hudson River Railroad. Catskill, the point of debarkation for the Mountains, 112 miles from New York, and 40 from Albany, is at the mouth of Catskill Creek. For description and views of the Catskill Moun- tains, see preceding pages in this part — or in- dex. As the steamer passes the mouth of the CreeW. T.d onwards towards Hudson City, an excellent distant view of the Catskills is ob- tained, with the Mountain House, like a spec on the top of a ridge. The distance to the Mountain House is about 10 miles from the Creek. Time of stages going, 4 hours— on ac- count of the ascent in the road. Hudson, on the other side of the river, is about 4 miles further on, beautifully situated on rising ground, and opposite to the classically- named town of Athens. A visit to Hudson will repay the tourist. From it a trip can be made to Columbia Springs, 5 miles distant, with the Claverack Falls some 8 miles off'. Tourists destined for Lebanon Springs (.3(5 miles off') take the Hudson and Berkshire cars. The Shaker ViLLAtiE, at New Lebanon, is about (5 niili'i from Lebanon Springs, and if the tourist has time, a visit to the interesting vil- lage of the Society of Quakers, will well repay him for the expense and trouble. At Hudson, you are now within 34 miles of Albany. The route now begins to lose much of its Highland character — but still, in many ploces, hilly. The next village, after Athens and Hud- son, is Stockport, 4 miles onwards; then Cox- sackie, 3 miles ; Stuy vesant, 3 miles, to Kinder- hook Landing— a few miles from which is the village of Kinderhook, the birth-place of Mar- tin Van Buren, Ex-president of the United States. After a few miles sailing, you reach Scho- dack, 17 miles, and Castleton, 14 miles from Al- bany, which will shortly appear in sight, and, soon after, you will reach the capital of the State of New York — the City of Albany. SCENE ON THE RONDOUT. 69 SCENE ON RONDOUT CREEK, STATE OF NEW YORK. The above view represents a scene on the small stream of the Rondout, which takes its rise in Sullivan county, N. Y., about 100 miles from New York, and enters the Hudson at Eddyville, near Rondout, 90 miles from New York. Tlie Delaware and Hudson Canal fol- lows the stream all the way through the valley in which the Rondout flows. Rondout, a village on the Hudson, takes its name from the creek, and is the stopping- place for the steamers between New York and Albany, for Kingston, three miles distant, the most important town between these two cities. The view given above was engraved from a photograph by D. Huntingdon, and portrays n scene of great beauty. A writer on this scene says: — " In it we have the constituents of many pictures which reproduce our characteristic land-features, viz. : repose, grace, richness of foliage, softness of sky, gentle flow of water — all harmonizing to produce a very inspiriting sensation in the mind." 70 THE NIAGARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE. The above sketch represents the grent Intornationnl Bridge, which spans the Niagara, and joins the United States with Canada. Its length, from tower to tower, is 821 feet 4 inclies. Erected at a cost of ai)out $400,000 (£80,000 stg.). The lower floor or road-way is used for foot passengers, carriages, carts, etc., same as any ordinary road. Tlie upper floor is for railroad traffic exclusively. Across this bridge, the trains of the Great Western Railroad of Canada and the various railroads of New York State, travel, each train drawn very slowly, by a light pilot engine. From a report, by Mr. Roebling, Engineer, on this gigantic structure, we copy the fol- lowing particulars: — "The base and towers on the New York side, contain IS.'iO cubic yards, which weigh about 3,000 tons. Add to this weight of the superstructure of 1,000 tons, and we have a total of 4,000 tons, in a compact and solid mass. " There are 4 cables of 10 inches diameter, each compoaed of 3640 wires of small No. 9 NIAGARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE. 71 pnugc, 60 wires forming one squnreinch of solid section; making the solid section of ench cubic C('.4(> !^(jiiare inches, wnippiiig not included. " Each of the four large cables is composed of seven smaller ones, wliich I call utraiid/i. Eacii strand contains 520 wires. One of these forms the centre, the sixothei-s arc ]>lacfd around it — the 520 wires forming iMie strand of endless wire, obtained by splicing a num- ber of single wires. The ends of the strands are passed around and confined in cast-iron shoes, which also receive the wrouglit-iron pin that forms a connection with the anchor chains. " The wire measures 18.31 feet per pound, and tlie strengtli, therefore, is equivalent to 1040 lbs. per single wire, or nearly 100,000 pounds per square inch. " Assuming the obove average strength, the aggregate strength of the 14,560 wires com- posing the four cables, will be 23,878,400 pounds. But their actual strength is greater, because the above calculations are based upon a miniuncin strength of the individual wires. We may assume their aggregate ultimate strengtli at 12,000 tons, of 2,000 pounds each. " Both ends of the bridge rest upon the cliffs, and are anchored to the rock. As far as supported by ♦'<■ cables, I estimate its weight at less than 1000 tons, which includes the weight of cabiL'S between the towers, and the pressure of the river stays below. " Tiiere are 624 suspenders, each capable of sustaining thirty tons, which makes their united strength 18,720 tons. The ordinary weight they have to support is only 1000 tons. A locomotive of thirty-four tons weight, including tender, spreads its weight, by means of the girders and trusses, over a length of no less than 200 feet. Of course the greatest pressure is under the engine, and is there supported by no less than twenty suspenders. If, by any accident, a sudden blow or jar should be produced, the strength of the suspenders will be abundant to meet it. " A change of temperature of 100° causes a difference in the level of the floor of two feet tiiree inches. The lower floor, or river stays have enough of slack, or deflection, to adjust themselves under these changes. The only difference will be, that they are tighter in winter than in summer; consequently, that the equilibrium of the bridge will be less affected by passing trains in cold weather than in warm. " Droves of cattle are, according to the regulations, to be divided off into troops of 20, no more thaii three such bodies, or 60 in all, to be allowed on the bridge at one lime. Each troop is to be led by ore person, who is to check their progress in case they should start off oh a trot. " In my opinion, a heavy train, running at a speed of 20 miles an hour, does less injury to the structure, than is caused bj' 20 heavy cattle under a full trot. Public processions, marching to the sound of music, or bodies of soldiers keeping regular step, will produce ii still more injurious effect." The charge for passing over the bridge, on foot, is 25 cents — going and returning. Car- riage $1.00, with 25 cents for each passenger inside. The promenade, during a hot day, on the foot-path of the bridge, is deliciously cool, from the breeze which generally blows up or down the gorge of the river. The views looking towards the Falls, from different points on the bridge, are also exceedingly good, presenting to the stranger the picture of Niagara Falls, as they are represented in many engravings which are given of them, and even the best of them, after all, only can give a very faint idea of the great reality. mmm 72 SUSPENSION BRIDGE, FALLS OF NIAGARA. NIAGARA SUSPENSION BRIDGE — RAILROAD TRACK VIEW. THE FALLS OF NIAGARA. [Dlitttnt ftom New York, 440 j Quebeo, 686; Philadelphia, 441 ; BalUmore, 639 j Toronto, 60) Buffalo, 29 nillej.] To attempt to convey the faintest impression of the unspeakable magnitude and niagnificenee of the Falls of Niagara almost borders on pre- sumption. They have been clad with a brilliant halo of imagination since we first heard of their existence, at school. The pen, the pencil, and photography, have all been laid under contribu- tion, for the purpose of describing and illustrat- ing the mighty cataract. The powers of word- painting have been wielded by the literateur, the preacher, and the poet, to furnish suitable representations of the " world's wonder." Fu- tility and failure have been written upon every attempt. The thun,.er of waters is inexpressi- ble by human language ; but yet, to be admired it needs only to be seen ; and the deep impres- sion that is stamped upon the mind of every spectator that stands before the stupendous scene of Niagara, will never he erased from the tablets of memory. Who shall ever forget that moment when he leapt from the cars, bounded, with all the impatience of a curiosity cherished from earliest infancy, down the declivity, and the sublime scene burst upon bis astonished vision? The eye wandered up and down " the Rapids," rushing, for a mile above the Falls, in tumultu- ous madness, fretting and eddying, whirling and twirling, rumbling and tumbling, pell-mell, in precipitate confusion ; fell then upon the pure, pellucid waters, that soothed themselves into a solemn sweep as they moved, with the majesty of irresistible might over the lofty precipice, with the deafening roar of gratulation at their safe descent ; and last, not least, upon the beau- teous bow that capped and crowned the glowing scene resplendent with magnificence and re- dolent of transcendent sublimity. But instead of straining the capabilities of language, by heaping metaphor on metaphor, in a listless endeavour to describe the inde- scribable, let us act as cicerone to the tourist, and leave him to drink inspiration from the voice of the living waters themselves. We may here notice that the Falls are formed by the United waters of Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Erie, which all meet in the River Niagara, at the eastern ex- tremity of Lake Erie, from which it pursues its Hd m ►^ P "i:i I I I!' ill!!:, :ih 1 „, 'I'll' I lilllilli I ! ''"''nil 1! Mil I lliil' 74 NIAGARA FALLS. course for about 52 miles, where it is divided, bv Ooc.t Island, into two falls— the one forming ft full in ft siruifjht line, culled the American Fali,, ns it fulls on the United States side of the Uiver, and the other in ft sort of semi-circular form, or, as it has been called, the Hohhk-Shob Fall, on the Canada side of ihe river. The Americun Fall is about 900 feet wide, with n descent, in one i.iibroken sheet, of 103 feet per- pendicular. The Canadian or Horse-Shoe Fall is about 2000 feet wide, with a fall of 158 feet. The total descent of the water from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario is 334 feet. Such is the great action of the water upon the precipice over which it falls —as well as upon the embankments upon both sides of the river— it is estimated that about one foot is worn away annually, and that the falls have receded during the course of ages — es- timated by geologists at 37,000 years — from Qucenstown, 7 miles below, to where they are at present. With these preliminary remarks, we shall proceed to describe the most important objects of interest, addressing ourselves as if the reader were on a visit tliere. As one very common roi. ' - for strangers who wish to " do" the Falls in the most methodical and particular manner, we subjoin the foUow- intr, which can be adopted, either in whole or in part, by the tourist, as he may feel disposed. Supposing, then, that you are on the American side of the river, you proceed to Goat Island, In proceeding thither you cross the bridge of 3 arches, which spans the river, to Bath Island, from off which you get an excellent view of the Rapids, as they come rushing along, as if bent on sweeping away the bridge, and every thing on it, before them down the stream and over the fall. Arrived across the bridge, you enter a cottage, register your name, and pay a toll of 25 cents, (1«. stg.,) which will admit you to cross and re- cross during the whole season. Passing on, you may observe, to your right hand, the paper works which were burned down last autumn. Passing them, you cross another small bridge, and then enter upon the beautiful grounds of Goat Island. Turning to the right hand, you proceed to the " Hog's Back," and across a small bridge to " Luna Island," which divides a small portion of the American Fall. An excel- lent view is there obtained of the American Fall, and scenery up and down the river. After leaving Luna Island, you proceed through Goat Island, keeping on the walk nearest the river, towards the Canadian Fall. Before reaching there, however, you descend Biddle's Stairs (named after Mr. Biddle, of Phi- ladelphia, who built them) to the Cave of the Winds. Cave op the Winds.— Reaching the bottom of Biddle's Stairs you proceed by a narrow foot path towards the American Fall, behind which the CftVe is situated. There you are provided with a waterproof dress, and obtain a magnili- ceiit view of the Fall as it thunders down from above and in front of you. Charge for loan of dress, 1(11.00 (4». stg.). The Cave is 130 feet high, 100 feet wide, and 30 feet deep. Retracing yonr steps to Biddle's Stairs, but be- fore reascending them, you can have an excel- lent view of the Horse-Shoe Fall, Us seen from the edge of the river. After regaining the top of th'^se stairs you may be disposed to rest. Plenty of seats are to be found close at hand, where you may rest and admire the scene around and in front of you. Proceeding from there, you now follow the path towards the grandest point of all, the Terrapin Bridge, (Terrapin signifies Turtle,) and Prospect Tower. (See engraving.) Tebkapin Bkidoe, and Prospect Tower. — Arrived at the edge of the river, as it sweeps rapidly past, you proceed along the wooden bridge, which extends to the base of the Tower. At every step, you may be apt to pause and ad- mire the grandeur of the scene. From the base of the Tower a magnificent view of the river and rapids ore to be seen ; but you now ascend to the top of Prospect Tower, up through a narrow spiral staircase, and, once outside on the top, it is then and there, in our opinion, that the true grandeur of the Horse-Shoe Fall is to be seen, as its mighty volume of C7o,000 tons of water comes rushing along every minute, and falls with a continuous roar over the precipice of 158 feet deep, down into the gorge below, where the river has been estimated to be 250 feet deep. The vast volume of water — the magnificent view down the river to Suspen- sion Bridge — the rapids coining down the cata- ract behind you — together with the scenery on every side — will all combine to entrance you to the spot with admiration and delight, and ren- der you almost unwilling to leave a scene so grand and inspiring. Retracing your steps towards Goat Island, you next proceed to the Three Sisters— three islands which stand out in the river, and named, respectively, " Moss Island," " Deer Island," and "Allan's Island." Between the first of the Three Sisters and Goat Island is the "Hermit's Cas- cade," named after a religious hermit, who be- came so enamoured with the spot that he took up his abode and lived there for some time, in Robinson Crusoe fashion, till one day he was non est, it being supposed he had ventured too far upon a particular log of wood, which cap- sized him into a watery grave. The walk around Goat Island will be highly appreciated. Some charming nooks of great beauty are there, whilst from the head of the Island is to be seen, 2# miles up the river, Chippewa; and, four miles from there, Navy Island, belonging to Canada, which was occu-, pied by the Canadian patriots of 1S37-8. From there, also, the steamer Caroline which was M ■''i w '^ w ' 1> 3 c o 1 K .W '1? 1 i w o ? ^ m ^ M ^ P W o w 76 NIAGARA FALLS. conveying proviniona and onimunition to the rebels, wiw cut iitlrift nnd Bont utloiit down tlie river, and over tlie llorm'-Shoe Fall. Near tlio head of the Island the point nuiy he iteen where —before any hridxca conneeted the Island with the nniinland Stedniun, tlie occiipier of the Island, crossed with his goats for pasture, hence the name (>oat Island. Fort Wchlosscr nay be seen further up the river, also on the American side, where La Salle, the great explorer, first founded a t'^ading post. This fort has changed hands, first from the French to the British, and next from the British to the Americans. About tljis spot the vessel, (named the Griffin,') which first navigated the river and lakes, was built. A Father Uannepin is said to have been the first white man who visited Niagara and saw the Falls, and who, like many who have succeeded him, published a verj' exoggerated account of them. In wandering round Goat Island you have now reached tlie starting-point on it, viz., the Bridge at the Rapids, which you re-cross, and make direct for Point View. Point Vikw is situated close to the edge of the American Fall, and on the very brink "f the jirecipice. F'rom this point you get an excellent view of both Falls, but more partic- ularly a distant view of the Horse-Shoe Fall. In tlie ferry-house at P(>int View there is a railway, down an incline of 1 in 31 feet. The cors are worked up and down by water power, and are completely under the control of those in charge. The fare for going up or down is 6 cents. At the bottom of the incline is the river, where boats may be hired to take you across to the Canada side of the river for 20 cents. Alongside of the railway incline, there are steps, up and down which parties may go free. The depth, to the edge of the water, is 260 feet— 2Ul steps in all. In the summer season a small steamer, called the " New Maid of the Mist," sails from the foot of the ferry stairs, up as near as possible to the base of the Horse-Shoe t'all. On proceeding on board you put on an oil-skin cloak and hood, which envelopes the whole person, excepting the face; and, thus clad, you stand on deck, viewing the Falls, as the steamer makes her speedy trip, and as she rocks about amid the agitated water. Certainly the view is excellent, unless when the sun is shining out very strong, then much of the sight is lost, owing to that and the spray from the Falls falling so thickly upon the face and eyes. The sail is one only of a few minutes, nevertheless we recommend all to take a trip on board the little craft. Great vigilance and caie is necessary in steering round the base of the Fall. When it has reached the middle of the Fall the steam is shut off, and then the boat is swung round and carried down by the current, when steam is put on, and she is turned round to the landing-point, ready to take on board another lot of passengers. Fare for the trij) no cents, (2«. stg.). In the ferry-house a beautifully clear stream of water, from the rock, is kept running con- tinually, with tund)ler8 provided for the use of visitors. The Messrs. I'orlers, to whom the proi)erty belongs, have done much lately to improve the upiiearanee of the place all around, and addi^d greatly to the comfort and convenience of visit- ors, by jiroviding seats, etc., etc. Having spent some time at Point View, you nniy now jjroceed down the incline we have mentioned, cross the river in a snudl bout, and land on the Camidian side, near the Clifton House, on your road to a curiosity in its way — the Burning Springs— shown to strangers by an old native of Aberdeenshire, (Scotland). Before reaching there, however, you will pass Table Rock— a view from off which will interest you. TAni.E Rock, of which we give an illustration, is situated on the Canada side of the river, near the angle where the Horse-Shoe Fall jxiursovcr. It is a crag, which projects over the edge of the precipice, and is about 100 feet above the river. It is now much smaller than in former years, large portions having fallen away from it at dif- ferent times. Near Table Rock there is another staircase, which you may descend and get a view from behind the great sheet of water which falls over the Horse Shoe, from off a narrow ledge of rock, called Termination Rock,* which, together with the ground all about it, shakes with the immense power of the water jiouring down upon it. It is only, however, when the water is not very full, that this sight can be seen. A favourite time with many for visiting the falls is at sunset, about which time some most beautiful phenomena are to be seen. Again, the view by moonlight is considered to be very fine, and presenting totally different features from any thing to be seen during the day. In winter time also, we understand, the Falls, together with the scenery around them, present sights well worth being seen by every tourist. To reach Burning Springs it is a considerable walk round from the Clifton House, so that most parties engage a conveyance thither. The pedestrian, however, will enjoy the walk vrry much. The charge at the Burning Springs is 25 cents each. Burning Springs. — From the sketch we give, readers at a distance will see an exact represent- ation of where the Spring is exhibited, in an old wooden " shanty," pitch dark, but lighted up by the attendant, as he applies a light to the * Since tills was written, we understand that Ter- mination Rock has been washed away— thus, we fear, depriving all In future of obtaining the view here al ludsd to. NIAOAKA FALLS. 77 THE BURNING SPRINGS, NIAGARA. jras, ns it issues up through nn iron pipe fixed in 11 barrel, which is phiced uniidst the wiiter 3 or 4 feet iinderneiitli. The water, which ia charged with sulphurated hydrogen giis, rises in tiie rock close nt hand, and forces its wiiy up through the bed of the stream, which is there. Sometimes it burns much brighter than nt other times, the water emitting u strong Hmell, similar to that of some mineral springs. When at Burning Springs, another and different view from any hitherto seen, is presented of the River Niagara, as it comes down from Lake Erie, and, in sum- mer, the scenery in the neighbourhood of the Springs is beautiful in the extreme. Leaving the Burning Springs, you may now proceed to the battle-ground of Lnndy's Lane. There a wooden tower is erected, for the benefit of those who wish to ascend and obtain a mag- nificent view of the country. On the top of this tower one of the heroes of the Battle of Lundy's Lane will be met with, in the shape of an at- tendant, who will be glad to point out to you all the points of interest connected with the fight- ing between the Americans and the British, on those very fields you will there survey. If you happen to be a 13ritish visitor, the faithful at- tendant will not wound any national prejudices you may have regarding who was most success- ful on particular occasions during the struggle, but rather flatter them by leading you to under- stand that, of course, the British came off vic- torious. You will, however, perhaps, be in some doubt, after all, as to that, if you take the ipse dixit of this milit^iry chronicler, when you learn that the American, who preceded or fol- lowed you on your visit, was parted company with on the same terms, and with an equally flattering account of how the Americans licked the British, and, of course, also won the battle! On the way to Lundy's Lane, you may pass through the prettj^ little village of Drummond- ville, named after General Drummond, com- mander of the British forces at the battle refer- red to. From Lundy's Lane you may now proceed on to the Suspension Bridge and the Whirlpool. Particulars respecting the Suspen- sion Bridge will be found annexed, with illus- trations of it. The WniRLPOOL can be seen from the Canada side of the river. When at the Suspension Bridge you proceed along the top of the em- bankment, through fields and brushwood, fol- lowing the course of the river, till its course turns at a right angle on towards Lake Ontario. It is at this angle of the river where the whirl pool is. An excellent view of the river ami scenery along its banks, and around the whirl- pool, is to be had from the Canada side imme- diately above it, and the beauty of the scene there may tempt you to prolong your rest on the wooden seat erected there for the wearied trav- eller. The visitor who expects to see an immense whirlpool will, we think, be disappointed, as the Whirlpool, so called, consists of a series of eddies in the rapid stream as it reaches the end of the gorge at the angle of the river— more remarka- ble for being raised up in the centre of the mmm NIAOAUA FALLS AND U0UTE8. Ktreain, thnn for nny Kie.it Hin.ilurity to nn iin- UM\M' wliirliiool, wliiel" ""'"'.V ••''!»'i't t" '"•^'• Tlif iK'Ht vi«\v, howf viT, of llio Wl.irlpool m to be l.ml ut tl.o edKi' "•' ll'«' "''vi'i-. <>" "'" Aim-lic.ui m.lo, fxwtly oppoHiti! 10 tUo I'oii't lu.'i.lio.uM iil)oVf. To ifiuh ititMO, voii l.iocoftl ucroHs tlio Suii).-ii'*ioii Hri.lne. turn to your loft. uikI walk „lnn« till, public nmsists of a chasm of about tioo feet deep on the bank (if the river. The small stream which pours „vcr the precipice above there, is called lUoody Uun-named so in conse.iuenco ot (he colour .riven to it on one occasion by the blood ot the lt,iti>h troops mixing with it, during an en- ga;;ement with some Indians and French dur- ing the war there in 170«. ^^ BiiotK's MoNi'MKST forms one of the "lions of Niagara, which tourists, in ai)proaching from Toronto, per steamer and rail, will observe to groat advantage, us they proceed in the cars from the town of Niagara to Suspension Bridge. It stands on Queenstown IleiglHs (Canada side). Greeted to the British general. Sir Isaac Brock, who fell in the engagement fought there in isl'J. On the top stands the statue of the gallant ollicer. Vlthough a considerable distance from the !• alls, i about 7 miles,) yet if the tourist has time, the visit to it will repay the time and trouble, as a most magnificent view of the river, country round about, and Luke Ontario is there obtained. Opposite Queenstown, on the lliver NingHrn. is Lewlston-famous Ibr its sl,ipend..us suspen- sion bridge— even longer than the one further up the river, being lot,") feet long. NiAiiAKA Falls. - In adilition to the name ol the celebrated Falls, the town in the immediato vicinity takes also the name of Niagara Falls— situati^l in the State of New York. As is well known, it is tlu^fashionnble resort of all who desire to make their residence on the American side of the river. The hotels are on the largest scale, and characterized by great inagnideence and comfort. Trains arrive at and depiut from the station «t the town, to and from which omnibuses run in connection with the principal hotels. The town on the American side, at Suspen- sion Bridge, is known by the name of Niagara City. Travellers for the Falls shouhl check their baggage to " Niagara Falls," if they intend resid- ing on the American side ; and to " Suspension Bridge, Clifton," if on the Canadian side-on 1 which side there are excellent hotels also. The large illustration of the Falls given in the accompanvmg page, was taken from what is considered the best point for seeing both the American and Canadian (or Horse-Shoe) Falls together, viz., near the Clifton House, on the Canadian side of the river. This view was taken by photograph, by M. Hanungel, I'lioto- graphcr, Broadway, New York, last summer, and is decidedly the best and most correct view of the Falls we ever saw on paper. To i)re- scrve, as far as possible, in the process of en- graving, all the details of the great original, we have had M. Hunungers immense photograph re-photograp' d on a reduced scale on wood, by Price's patent process, and engraved, so that we can, with confidence, refer to the accompany- ing view of the Niagara Falls as correct in every particular. The other illustrations presented have also been engraved from photographs taken there last summer. ROUTES TO TUB FALLS. .Here are severat routes f^^r.^^-^^^r-T±:^:^::^^:^::i^-^ ^''^ ''" *"''^"^- ^"^ '''"^ as near as can be asceitalaeU ; as FBOM NKW VOHK No.l. I alrto one fioia Quebec through Canaaa . Milen. Cost. .. l.^iO ...l^l.-'ili .. 2-29... 4.!)^ .. 16.... 1.62 Total. FROM NEW VORK. No. 3. Miles. Steamer, from New York to Albany. . . Uiiil, from Albany to Uoclrester. . . • • • Uaii; from llochester to Niagara !• alls 4.')5....*T.60 ■■■ ■ £1 10«. Orf. stR. Pron New York to Albany the lludaon Hlver Uall- roaJ can be taken; distance, 144 miles -, fare, $8.00. „ „ Miles. Cost. rak ana Erie U. K. to norjellsvUle . . 3*|. . . .««.T5 kail, from Hornellsville to Bumilo 91 ■■• 2.1.^ Kail, from Buffalo to Niagara i alia. ... • "■■■■ "•"" Total '"S-,--*'';^ Or ner New York and Erie nallroad to Kocbestei' and iluffalo direct, 298 miles, ihence as above. Sew York and Erie Hallroad to Elmlra. Uall, from Elmlra to NlaKara Falls Cost. 2T4....*0.OO l(i«.... 4.10 Total. .. 440...»10.10 £2 U». 6il. stg. Cost. .$(i.(M) .10.00 . l.SS rBOM QUEDKC. No. 4. , ""«?■ Rail, to Montreal 1 ' ' • • Rail, from Montreal to Toronto 8.53.. Kail, from Toronto to Niagara Falls 81 . . Total 58.5 ... $17.88 £B Ux. 6'/. 8th'. Prom Toronto the steamer can be taken to Nlapara, (86 miles,) on Lake Ontario ; thence rail (14 miles) to Suspension liriucc Totiil di^tftiK-, from Toronto, about BO miles ; cost, $1.60 (6«. stg.). T«{I1' FROM JrONTREAL TO OTTAWA. 70 MONTREAL TO OTTAWA, 0. W. Ti.w l.oflutifiil routo may be travorned elthor by rail fn.iii Montroiil to Prowott Junction an.l llu-nco by mil to otiuwu, m Jfscribe.l t-Lsewlaro ; or it nmy bu tukf.. by way of rail to Lnchlno. «teaincr from I^chlno to Carrillon, rail from Carrlllon to {Jronvlllo, un.l (Jren- vlllo to OtUiwa by steamer npUn. By tl.i« route It will bo »ecn tluit tbero nro Boveral changes to bo made, which cannot bo avoblcl, on account of tho ropids ou tho river, which cannot bo " run" by tho uteamer. This route is one so little known, that, notwithstanding tlie disadvantages which clmng. ing so often presents, we have thought it odvi.sable to give a brief occount of tho trip to Ottttwo, as made by us last June, addressing ourF , js as if tho reader were going Pro- ceeding in cab or omnibus to Grittintowu - IJ miles from post-otlice, Montreal-you orrive and book at the Lachine Railroad Depot ; fare through to Ottawa, first elans, $;< ; second class, f 2. Strange to say, no baggogo is " checked through," on this route as via Grand Trunk railroad, or the other lines in tho United States. Started on the cors, tlu'rcforo, with a string of tickets to and from the different points on your way, you soon reach Lachine, nine miles off. At Lachine you change cars, ond step on board the steamer " Lady Simpson" in waiting, and once under weigh, you get a fine view of tho mighty St Lawrence, with Ijikc St. Louis close at hand. Not long after the steamer starts, breakfast will be announced, which may bo partaken of, if you had not got it before you started from Montreal. An excellent breakfast for 1». 10iasure of lumber to Quebec or Iiachine. You may, possibly, see some of these raits of lumber as you pass along. Nowhere in the whole of America, we believe, will you see such magnificent and valuable rafts of lumber as on the Ottawa. The rafts on thw Delaware, Ohio, and Mississippi, which we have seen, are nothing to com- TEIP UP THE OTTAWA. 81 T J!?m"^ "'^.^"^daon the lake, you will observe T„e Ikdian ViLtAOK, at the base of the Two Mountains. There reside the remnants of two tribes, the IroquoiL and Algonnl , On the sandy soil behind the village, the Indians have their games, foot races etc cT; of the rrr' ; •"' *p ''~ "'" P^^^'^'^^ ^*°P ^* ^— -> ^* «- head ofthe ^ke (Zllv Tl T; "^T"''"^ °° ''■°'° *'^^«' *^« «*-"- ^"1 «t«e^ for Point AngTat (English Pomt.) and from there cross over to the settlement of Rkgaud. and a hill of ^^ same name, on the river Le Graisse. CatrilL'"'' o'""^ the beauties of the scene on every side, you will shortly find yourself at 1, t-lf n ^"rf "°*''' P'»«««°g«>'8 wish to go there from L'Original, which At CarriUon you will leave the steamer, walk up to the train which is in readiness to 7aJZi:iT ?"M' '^"°""^- ^"^ ^"^^«"^ ^'°- «- «*— ' J-l^ after your bag uTLTdrtirai: '"' ""' ^''^'^ ^^ *^ '--''' '-- '^-^ *« *^« train-anLhen sfe You wUl have a few minutes to wait at Carrillon, during which time you can be survey- ng the beauties of the scene around you-and get a peep of the rapids which here pals from GrenvUle to Carrillon, where you are " «""«« ^^ere pass hi;h';LtrG;e;:i5t: "°"'"'" ^^^^ ''' '^" ^''^ ^^^ ^^^^°« ^^•^^^' -^ y- - - ^^^ This road passes through farms in all stages of elearing-the numerous shanties betoken- ing that they are held by their original proprietors, who are struggling to see them aU itTh T f^' r' ^r °* " ""^ ''^''"'^* ««^"^ f-- -^»t thef<'o «t present Pa i L?d "' ' ^'^t^^f-f-f -1 --gh swamp-Bome good land-farms cLed and u" Canada^It T'.. TT. ''**"° ^^^ ^^^ ^^"^ ""^ ~^- ^hat you are now in clda wt' '''''' f If «^« «-- Ottawa, all the way up, nearly to ifs source, being rZ? .P ^'"' n t^?*' "'' "^'^'^ "^"* ^'"""^^ ^^«* ^' i'^h-^ited chiefly by French Canadians, (Roman Catholics,) and Canada West chiefly by British, or defendants of Zt^t7l'?'-''Ti'''' '^"^^'^ P^°P^^ ^°^-''^' ^-g« porti;n of thrpoprtion in Canada West. Passing Chatham Station-and a good many cleared farms in its^neighW A f^ .,?''' *^'''° ^'^^'^ ''^*''* y^"^ ^^gg'^g^' ^^^ «ce it on board. di^W^ ' ^"" "'"T* ^f *" ^' ^""""^^y ^^^^'^^ ^* t^« ^««"ty of the scenery now t that justice m our description of it. to which it is entitled. From this point, the siamer turns round, to stert on towards Ottawa, 68 miles off (6^ hours). To our mind th s isZ fines scene on the whole trip. ITie Ottawa here forms a sort of bay, with erqui tdv beautiful scenery all round it-on one side a range of hill, stretching flonVas faHs tt eye can carry wooded to their tops. ITie scenery reminds us of the vicinity of Ellen's I on Loch Katrines (Scot., only, that on the Ottawa, at this point, the hilh are wooded- Z^:iT T'T ''^'^ ^^^^--°-«'- — d only with pasture and header for Zi ?S v' T P"^°* '^ '^'^' '^^ '''''^'' "«^ g««« di-ct "P the river for Ottawa aty, making several stops by the way : the first is Hartwick's old landing next LOngmal, with its excellent pier, and pretty, quiet little town in the distance Proceeding on you will pass, on the right hand or north side of the river, the lands of r lii^.? ? '^ legislature, at present. Before the rebeUion alluded to Mr Pani- nauhel.^ the office of Speaker, and at the time of the rebellion, it is said goveriment w s from Si: T.'' ?"'; ""^ ''^ "^*^^''*^°'^ ^' p^«°^' ^*°-' ^^ ---^ ou hTs r trm from exile, notwithstanding that he had been one of the leaders in that movement in 1837 1 82 TRIP UP THE OTTAWA. The seigniory extends for about 15 miles, and is considered one of the poorest in Canada. As you pass on, you will observe tlie beautiful range of hills, to the north, which, from the different sizes and shapes they assume, present, with their shrubbery, a beautiful fringe work, to the scene all around. Tliese hills form part of the chain, which range from Labrador, all the way to the Rocky Mountains. Passing the stopping point of Montebello, you will observe Mr. Papineau's residence, embosomed amongst trees and shrubbery of beautiful foliage. It is called Papineau's Castle —Cape St. Marie. At this point, the steamer turns to the left, leaving the hills referred to, behind you. From Mr. Papineau's house, a most magnificent view of the river, and surrounding country, must be had— occupying so prominent a position, at the bend of the river, which there forms a sort of bay. Proceeding on, you will now observe that the scenery assumes rather a different aspect, but still beautiful in its character. You sail past little islands wooded all over, and on be- tween the banks of the river— which in some places become very flat, with tUe river ex- tending in amongst the forest. At a more advanced season of the year, the river is lower, consequently, much of the water previously spread over a great portion of the country, re- cedes during the summer months, and before the winter season sets in, a heavy crop of hay is reaped. For neariy eight months in the year, however, the ground is thus covered with the swelling of the river, and of course only fit for cultivation during the hot season of about four months' duration. You are now approaching to a place about twenty-eight miles of Ottawa— called Thurso —which presents nothing particular but an immense yard full of sawn lumber, belonging to the greatest lumbering establishment in the world— Pollok, Gilmour & Co., of Glasgow, (Scotland,) being one of the many stations which that firm have in Canada, for carrying on their immense trade. From off immense tracts of land, which they hold from government for a mere trifle— situated in different districts on the Ottawa— they have the lumber brought to wharves on the river, made into rafts and then floated down ; that intended for the ports on the St. Lawrence and United States, to the west of Montreal, going via La- chine, whilst the greater proportion goes via the route you have been travelling— over the rapid's and down to Lake St. Peter's, on the St. Lawrence, till it finally reaches Quebec. There it is sold or shipped by them to ports in Great Britain, large quantities of it finding its way to the Clyde (Scotland). Opposite to Thurso, will be observed what is called Foxe's Point. An English family of that name have settled there, and to this day they appear not to have forgot their taste for neat, well-trimmed grounds, fences, etc., exhibit- ing many of the characteristics of an Englishman's home. Passing on, you next stop at probably the wharf for Buckingham, (C. E.,) 17 miles inland. Opposite to this landing is Cumberland, (C. W.) ; ppssing which, you will shortly reach Gill's wharf, 6 miles from Ot- tawa, and the last stopping-place previous to reaching there. In half an hour or so, you will observe the bluffs of Ottawa in the distance, but no ap- pearance of the city, it being situated on ground high above the level of the river, where you land at. To the left you will notice the beautiful little waterfall of the Rideau— a Niagara in miniature— with its Goat Island between the horse shoe and straight line fall. It falls about 30 feet, and forms one of the prettiest little falls to be seen almost anywhere. On the right hand, you will observe a cluster of wooden shanties, at the mouth of tho river Gatineau, which there joins the Ottawa, and, as you stand admiring the beauty of the scenery before, behind, and around you, the steamer touches at the wharf of Ottawa City. From the deck of the steamer, you will have an excellent view of the suspension bridge and the Chauderie Falls in the distance, with the rap'ds and the falls, throwing up the spray all aroimd, forming a white cloud over the bridge. At the wharf you will find vehicles waiting to convey you to any hotel or address y'ou may wish to go to. On reach- ing the top of the steep ircline from the steamer, you will then obtain a first sight, per- haps, of Ottawa City, which was to have been the seat of the Canadian Government — and which may be yet — should the whim or interest of the members of the provincial parlia- ment not decree otherwise. TBIP UP THE OTTAWA. 88 Tlie steamer " Lady Simpson," from Lachine to Grenville, is partly owned by its captain— Sheppard. The steamer " Phcenix"— on board which you will find an excellent dinner for fifty cents, (2«. stg.,)— is commanded by a very civil and obliging Scotchman named McLachkn— who will be glad to point out to you the beauties of the river. From Grenville to Ottawa— a French-Canadian pilot takes charge of the steering of the vessel. Parties who go to Ottawa City— by rail, via Prescott- as described elsewhere, can return from Ottawa by the route now described, and we have no doubt they will be pleased with one of the finest river trips we have experienced in America. The scenery of the Ottawa, just described, is by no means so bold in character as that of the noble river Hudson, from New York to Albany and Troy— still, it is one which cannot fail to afford the highest satis- faction to the tourist. For bolder scenery, and the highlands of the Ottawa— see next page for account of the Upper Ottawa — being a continuation of the same river from Ottawa— away north-west —extending to parts as yet untrod by few, if any, white men— far less by tourists. MONTREAL TO OTTAWA, C. W. VIA GRAND TRUNK RAILROAD, Take the cars on the Grand Trunk Eailroad from station in Grifiin Town, \\ miles from post-office, Montreal. Started from the station, you proceed, getting a fine view of the St. Lawrence on the left, the mountain on the right, and the fine landscape stretching beyoAd, till you reach Point Claire— 15 miles. Leaving there, you proceed on through a beautiful country till you reach the magnificent bridge which crosses the river Ottawa at St. Anne's, going over which you get a hasty glance of the Ottawa stretclring far beyond to the west' assuming the appearance of a magnificent lake, situated in a basin, surrounded by finely- wooded hills in the background, andr ichly-wooded country on every side of it. Immedi- ately under this bridge you may observe the rapids rushing along, and also the locks where the steamer for the Ottawa Eiver, from Lachine, passes through to avoid these —called "St. Anne's rapids"— from the name of the village close by. You pass on to Vaudreuil, 24 miles; Cedars, 29 miles; Coteau Landing, 37 miles; River Beaudette, 44 miles; Lancaster, 54 miles; Summerstown, 60 mUes; Cornwall, 68* miles; Moulinette, 73 miles ; Dickinson Landing, 77 miles ; Aultsville, 84 miles ; Williamsburg! 92 mUes; Matilda, 99 miles; Edwardsburg, 104 miles, to Prescott Junction, 112 miles from Montreal. At trescott Junction, you change cars, and take those on the line from Prescott to Ottawa, 54 miles distant, stopping at eight stations between these points. The strano-er if newly arrived, either via Quebec, or New York, from Great Britain, or continent "of Eu- rope, will, on this line, get the first glimpse, most likely, of "bush life," of " shanties" and "cleared," or "partially cleared" lands. The line being a succession of dense forest swamp, and partially cleared farms, presents few or no interesting features to the tourist farther than those mentioned. Between the last station (Gloucester) and Ottawa (11 miles off) the country presents a much more cleared appearance, and a few well-cultivated farms will be seen along the line of railroad, until it arrives at the station, close to New Edinburgh, on the one side of the Rideau River, with Ottawa on the other side about a quarter of a mile off. ' You will find vehicles in waiting, which will convey yourself and luggage to whatever hotel you please. Campbell's Hotel, Ottawa, we can recommend. For description of Ottawa, see elsewhere. After you have visited Ottawa, its river above the town, etc., etc., you can return to Montreal, via steamer on the River Ottawa, via Grenville, Lachine, etc., (see Montreal to Ottawa, via Lachine and steamer,) or the way you came. 84 THE UPPER OTTAWA AND TRIBUTARIES. UNITED STATES TO OTTAWA, C. W. Pkesoott JuNcrrioN, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 112 mUes from Montreal, is the nearest point for tourists and emigrants from the United States. f„„,:„„^ Preseott is approached by steamer from Ogdensbnrg, opposite side of the r ver. Or via rail to Cape Vincent, thence steamer to Kingston, and rail to Preseott. Or via "amer aU the way! viz.. Cape Vincent, passing tnrough the Thousand Islands, past Brockville on to Preseott. Or via steamer to Brockville. thence rail to Preseott Junction. From Preseott to Ottawa proceed per rail, as mentioned in preceding route. See Mon treal to Ottawa." per Grand Trunk Railroad. ., „, ^ 3 ti,„„o. tl Z,Jsil Bridge or Niagara Falls, per Great Western Rail to Toronto and thence Grand Trunk Railroad to Preseott Junction ; thence, rail Or steamer from Lewistonor Nia- Sra jTolto and thence, steamer on Canada side, or by the American line of steamers from Lewiston and Niagara direct to Brockville or Ogdensburg. THE UPPER RIVER OTTAWA. A DE8CKIPT10N of the lower portion of the Ottawa we have given elsewhere, in a trip from Montreal to Ottawa, leaving the river on reaching the town «/ Ottawa. For an authentic description of the upper portion of this wonderful river we annex ^r ticukrs regarding it, from a report made to the House of Assembly some time ago. ^e detrTptS of the river whichVollows, commences at the source of the river, and proceeds on towards Ottawa, till it reaches the point we left off at : Thrfngrof the course of the Ottawa River is about 780 miles. From its source it bends in f south-west course, and after receiving several tributaries from the height of Lnd separating its waters from the Hudson's Bay, it enters Lake Temiscaming. From 1^ entrance into tL lake downward the course of the Ottawa has been surveyed, and is weU ""Ttle head of the lake the Blanch River falls in, coming about 90 miles fromth. north Thirty-four miles farther down the lake it receives the Montreal I^-- --ng 120 miles from the north-west. Six miles lower down on the east, or Lower Canada t-^^k »t/« cZestL Keepawasippi, a large river, which has its origin in a lake of great size, hither- Xt iillly explored, and known as Lake Keepawa. This lake is connected with an- other cSrofirregularly-^aped lakes, from one of which proceeds the River dn Moine wtch enters the Sttawl about 100 miles below the mouth of the keepawasippi th Lble discharge from the same chain of lakes in opposite directions, presents a phenom- enon similar to'the connection between the Orinoco and Rio Negro m South A~. From the Long Sault at the foot of Lake Temiscaming, 233 miles above Bytown and 360 miles from tlie mouth of the Ottawa, down to Deux Joachim Rapids, a the head of the Deep River, that is for 89 miles, the Ottawa, with the exception of 1 miles below the Long Sault, and some other intervals, is not at present navigable, except for canoes Be- 2 other tributaries in the interval, at 197 miles from Ottow., it receives on the west de the Mattawan. which is the highway for canoes going ^ol^^^^^'^y "^^^/^^ BinK From the Mattawan the Ottawa flows east by south to the head of Deep River Reach 9 miles above which it receives the River Du Moine from the north ^om the head of Deep River_as this part of the Ottawa is called-to the foot of Upper AlLette Lake, 2 miles below the village of Pembroke, is an uninterrupted -ach ^ -v^^ gable water, 43 miles in length. The general direction of the river, in this pa t. is Bouth fast The mountains along the north side of Deep River are upwards of 1000/ee< m 1, ad I many wooded islands of Allumette Lake render the scenery of this part of the Ottawa magnificent and picturesque-even said to surpass the celebrated Lake of the Thousand Islands on the St Lawrence. THE UPPER OTTAWA— AND RIVER SAGUENAY. 85 Passing the short rapid of Allumettes, and turning northward, round the lower end of Alluraettes Island, which is 14 miles long, and 8 at its greatest width, and turning down south-east through Coulonge Lake, and passing behind the nearly similar Islands of Calu- met to the head of the Calumet Falls, the Ottawa presents, with the exception of one shght rapid, a reach of 50 miles of navigable water. The mountains on the north side of Coulonge Lake, which rise apparently to the height of 1500 feet, add a degree of grandeur to the scenery, which is, in other respects, beautiful and varied. In the Upper Allumettes Lake, 1600 miles from Ottawa, the river receives from the west the Petawawee, one of its largest tributaries. This river is 140 miles in length, and drains an area of 2,200 square miles. At Pembroke, 9 miles lower down on the same side, an inferior stream, the Indian River, also empties itself into the Ottawa. At the head of Lake Coulonge, the Ottawa receives from the north the Black River 130 miles in length, draining an area of 1120 miles; and 9 miles lower, on the same side, the River Coulonge, which is probably 160 miles in length, with a valley of 1800 square miles. ^ From the head of the Calumet Falls, to Portage du Fort, the head of the steamboat nav- igation, a distance of 80 miles, are impassible rapids. Fifty miles above the city the Otta- wa receives on the west the Bonechere, 110 miles in length, draining an area of 980 miles. Eleven miles lower, it receives the Madawaska, one of its greatest feedera, a river 210 miles in length, and draining 4,100 square miles. Thirty-seven miles above Ottawa, there is an interruption in the navigation, caused by 8 miles of rapids and falls, to pass which a railroad has been made. At the foot of the rapids, the Ottawa divides among islands. Six miles above Ottawa begins the rapids, terminating in the ChaudiSre Falls, Ottawa The greatest height of the Chaudi^re Falls is about 40 feet. A TRIP TO THE RIVER SAGUENAY. FoK about f 12, a trip can be enjoyed to and from one of the most magnificent districts in Canada— where nature appears in all her wild and secluded grandeur. Tourists take the steamer from Quebec, which sails generally every "Wednesday To quote from one who visited this district, "You leave in the morning, and passin- down the St Lawrence, put in at several places for passengers, which gives an opportunity of seeing the habitans, and the old-fashioned French settlements of St. Thomas River Ouelle, Kamouraska, and many others, together with Orleans Island, Crane Island' Goose Island, and the Pilgrims. The north and south shores of the river are thickly studded with parish churches, having spires of tin which glitter in the sun like shining silver ; these and the whitewashed farm-houses, form two objects characteristic of Lower Canada. By sunset you arrive at River du Loup. The water is quite salt, and the river, expanding to the bre.dth of 20 miles, gives it the appearance of an open sea ; and it is much frequented as a i o'v * aihing place. " '-ere you remain all night on board, so as to be ready for an early start at dawn, when you stretch across for the north shore, steering for a great gap in the mountains. Tliis is the mouth of the Saguenay, on-, of the most singular rivers in the worid; not a common river, with undulating banks and shelving shores, and populous villages: not a river pre- cipitous on one side, and rolling land on the other, formed by the washing away of the mountains for ages : this is not a river of that description. It is perfectly straight with a sheer precipice on each side, without any windings, or projecting bluffs, or sloping banks or sandy shores. It is as if the mountain range had been cleft asunder, leaving a horrid gulf of 60 miles in length, and 4000 feet in depth, through the grey mica-schist, and still ook.ng new and fresh. 1500 feet of this is perpendicular cliff, often too steep and solid for the hemlock or dwarf oak to find root; in which case, being covered with coloured lichens and moss, these fresh-looking fractures often look, in shape and colour, like painted fans, and are called the Pictured Rocks. But those parts, more slanting, arc thickly covered with gg • KIVER SAGUENAY. stunted trees. .pn,ee and .aple. and ^'^^^^''tfj'jrX^^^^^^^ extract nourishment : and the bare roots of the oak. gr"«P^ng th« r««k J^^^ ^,^^ to gigantic claw. Tl.e base of these cliffs lie far under ^^'^^'^'^'l^^^^^^^ ,„a for .a'n^ruiles fro. its .nouth, no soundings ^-ve Wn c^ta.n d w.U^^^^^^^^ e t of 1^^ ,^^ ^^^^^ z ^:^:::r:':^!:^r^^:^ - -4 or J w. c. .op "fx;:": w :;u^r:-is singuw . ....y -p-. j;- -:^-:-: ;^. precipice after precipice unfolds itself to v ew, as m a -"^""Xting'^nti reu inded by Les'forget the size and height of the objects y«7J7;;\^^f ^^^^^^^ to which she seeing a ship of 1000 tons lying like a small P^'^^^ ""J^^J'^^,^^^^^^^^^^^ „„,, although is moored ; for, even in these remote and desolate -g -- -^ -^J »;* ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ you cannot much d.cern it. -;;^^Z^:^^:i Zl^^Le of beach o'r strand ; which fall into the Saguenay. But what stukes one n , ^^^^,^ for except in a few places where mountain torrents ^'^^^^^^^f^l^ ^/^he mouth, no washed down the detritus of the hi Is, and f""-*^^^^^ ;'';^;;'3find shelter, or any coves,nor creeks, nor projecting roeks are seen n wl h a boat c ul _^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ footing be obtained. The characteristic is -^ f ^P j/^^^f ° J^^^^^^^ ,,^0 mountains hidden water-a dark and desolate region, where all is ^° ^^ ^"^ J'^"^;';^^^;^^, „„, ,,,.g„ii, fitting swallow skimming over the surface. It reminds you of « That lake whose gloomy shore Sky-lark never warbled o'er.' «.» h„t it is a cold-blooded animal ; you may see the cold seal. One living thing you may see but it is */^°'^^j'' / ^^a this is all you see remarkable for having such clean fr-tures e dcnn equalkd oi ^^ ^^ .^ create constant apprehensions of danger^evenin^^^^^^^^^ but if > ^^^PP^^^^^ ^^^^..^^^ a thunder-storm, the roar, and ^arkn ^^ and flashe of g ^^ ^ ^^^ .^ ^^^^ At last you terminate your -^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ > ^^ ^^ g ^.^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^.^„, ^^^, Indian language, for you are P^'^f^'^ Y^*''^"™'\ .^ ^^^ wherries, and vessels riding at ..ere you have sloping ^^^j;/;^ ^^^^^^^^^^ and Scottish Highlander., anchor, birds and animals, a village, ^«hurcli,^r Argyleshire. .„d in short, there ^^^^^;:Z^ rXre loX thro^h the village, examin- .' Tlie day is now half spent , you nave settlement ; the inhabitants seem to be ing into the nature of ^.hat appears a very ^^ J/ f;*^;" '^^^a living in perfect amity, alf French and Scotch, understanding ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ,,, ^his improvement is due. You hear that Mr. Price, of ^f^^'^fj^l^Zly, having erected many saw-mills. That it is he who has opened up ^^^^^^"f ^^Twed timber is carried on to the extent each the nucleus of a -"'^S^' -4*;^ ; t ^^^^^^^^^ as far as Chicoutimi, about of 100 ship loads in the season^ ^^.^^e MLi'ng establishment is there, and the timber rc:j::rw::r:iigt c.i..^^^ THE FALLS OP MONTMORENCI. 87 du Loup, where you again find a safe harbour for the night. Next day you again pass up the St. Lawrence, stopping for a short time at Murray Bay, a beautiful grassy valley on the north shore, surrounded by wooded mountains, and much frequented by Quebec fan,- ihes, as a bathing place. You arrive at Quebec in the evening, thus taking just 3 days for your excursion, at an expense of about $12." FALLS OF MONTMORENCI, NEAR QUEBEC. in aTefu'ti?u'lToot oV*^U,tiveT't°e ffi V.n IM''^'^-' """'T".'-*"'^'- Those F.H,, which are situated 'art C|irJr. UPPER AKD LOWER CANADA. Add ■Affri Alnl Ini Banl Ban! Cana Cons Clitn Cond Crov Cana Crop Distr Expe Emig Free Free Gami Gove Gove Gove Ilami Hnsti IncoE Queb: Monti Toron Otta\v CONTENTS OF PART III. Addington Road, free lands 37 Agriculture of Cnnada 34 Alphabetical Hat of ciMes, towns and vil- l"ge9 46 Banks in Canada and agenta 42 Banks in Great Britain and Ireland 42 Canado, general information 31 Consuls at Montreal le Climate 34 Conditions of occupying free lands. ... 39 Crown land agents 39 Canadian banks and agents 42 Crops, rotation of 35 Distribution of intestate estates 45 Exj>ense of supporting a family 3a Emigration government officers 41 Free lands of government 37 Free lands, conditions of occupation. . . 89 Game of the country 37 Government free lands 37 Government land agents 39 Government emigration officers 41 Hamilton C. W 26 Hastings Rood, free lands 37 Income and expenditure of province ... 33 Kingston. C. W *28 Laws and Municipal Institutions , 32 Log house, cost of. 35 Land agents, government 39 Lands, wild, cost of clearing 36 Montreal, C. E n Money-order office system 44 Naturalization 31 Ottawa, C. W ".'...".*. 17 Offices held by settlers 86 Personal intestate estate 45 Postal regulations in Canada 45 Quebec 7 Rideau canal and locks 2I Religion ." 34 Settlers, information for 35 Sale and occupation of lands 40 School lands for sale 41 Toronto, C. "W 22 Trinity College 22 Taxes payable 35 Victoria Bridge 13 Wild beasts, if troublesome 87 Wages to agriculturists 36 Work during winter 36 Sllttstrationd. Quebec 7 Montreal. — The entire City 12 " Great St, James street 16 " Place d'Armes 16 " Beaver Hall I6 " Bonsecour's Market 15 " Victoria Bridge 14 Toronto.— The entire City 22 " St. Lawrence Hall 22 " The Normal Academy 24 King Street 23 " Trinity College 24 " Yonge Street 23 " Crown Lands' Office, and Me- cluiuies' Institution 22 Ottawa. — Lower and Central Town 18 Ottawa. — Upper Town 19 " The Locks on the Rideau Canal 21 Kingston 28 London 27 ILLUSTRATIONS OF CANADIAN SCENERy Will be found, on reference, as follows: Montmorenci Falls. Part II 87 Rapids of the St. Lawrence. Part 11. . . 44 The Thousand Islands. Part II 43 Descending the Lost Channel. Part H. 42 Niagara Falls. Part II ,,,,,,,,,. 73 Suspension Bridge. Part II '. 70 Burning Springs, Niagara Falls. Part II. 77 In toCa vatio As indue other idea i We for al ever been bletk ly fro offer I In alread dition been I NOTES ON UPPER AND LOWER CANADA. In the following pages of this part, will be found information and illustrations relating to Canada, compiled from different sources of information, as well as from our own obser- vations. As a large amount of information bearing upon the present position of Canada, and the inducements it presents for emigrants, together with sketches of Canadian life, appears in other parts of this work, readers ore referred to them, so that they may form a proper idea of what Canada is— in 1869. We may here remark, that although Canada does not at present offer inducements for almost any description of emigrants, excepting those of the agricultural class, and how- ever much some parties have— through ignorance of the country and its requirements- been disappointed by emigrating there, under circumstances like the present, it is impossi- ble that it can be long before Onnada, like other sections of the world, will recover entire- ly from the effects of the late panic, and present depressed state of things generally, and offer as great inducements for emigrating thither, as ever as it has done heretofore. In future editions of this work, we purpose adding considerably to the information already given, and will then have opportunities of publishing, from time to time, the con- dition of the country, and what inducements there may be for emigrating to what has been termed, the " land of hope, not to be disappointed." QUEBEC. CITY OF QUEBEC-CANADA EAST. ASSOCIATED as Quebec is with so many scenes of n-ilitaryglory.of success as well as defeat. It must at all times possess a peculiar interest to almost every one. On its fiekls, and around its bat- tlements, some of the bravest of the sons of Great Britain and Ireland, America and France, have fall en, and around its cita- del, some of the most daring ex- ploits have taken place. Standing on a bold and precipitous pro- montory, Quebec has not inappro- priately been called the " Gib- raltar of Ameri- ca," with which the names of the brave Wolfe, Montcalm, and Montgomery must ever re- main connected. The citadel stands on what is called Cape Diamond, 3 5 feet above the level of the sea, and includes about 40 acres of ground. The ■ view from off the citadel is of the most picturesque and grand character. There will be seen the majestic St. Lawrence, wmding its course for about 40 miles, whilst the background of the panoramic scene is filled up by extensive plains, running backwards to lofty mountains in the distance, with Point Levi opposite, and the Island of Orleans in the distance, whilst the junction of the River St. Charles, and the Great River, form that magnificent sheet of water, where numerous vessels are to be seen riding at anchor during the summer season. A walk around the ramparts of the citadel will well repay the stranger, by a magnifi- cent change of scene at every turn he takes. The city itself bears all the resemblance of a '•\ I 8 QUEBEC, PLAINS OF ABRAHAM, ETC. A,„ori»n. a„a C.n,,Ji.n p«|.er., mi v.l.W. « .«"g«r may v,«. for a .h..,t t,m., extract; — .. A .ornin,. ra.Ue to the rialns of Abraham .m not ^^ ^:^ ^:^';:^Z «on, and to .ratl^ a taste .,r ^^^'f ^^^5 ^^^ leS: t^ ^"'c^^l'e ^^^el; and traveller ascend the counterscarp on the left, that leads to tne gi tienoe pursuing a direction to the ^^^^^^^l"- ^^^'^^^if ^ .^ ^^ 'l.cend whence he n.ay enjoy a beautiful view o the ^t^I-™- ^t 'ahl " - '^^' ^l'"* ^'''^^ the right bank, and he reaches the celebrated l^"^^" / j^~^^ General Wolfe fell. On the highest ^-"-^"Trtou d H "at rrk-d a few yards faced out the redoubt where he receu-ed the fata wound H wa^e ^,^^^^^ in the rear, and placed against a rock tdl he expu-ed ^^l^^^^l^^ ,, ,,„„gM - -T Tr;t:;;: :i:::„V;:r;i;u rr a:d onis portion tL French oa,nc fron. Bcauport. and not fron. ^^-^^i^;-^ J j'^'^''^ J:^r:nhe Plains fro.n this heights by which it had ascended, and not into Quebec in ^^^^^^^^ pos^ion stands tl.e l.use o^March.ont K —^-::;;^t British anny under that once defended the ascent fr..ni \V oitc s Y>^«; detached work. The troops Wolfe, conunand, and, ^^ ^;^^^^^^^}^^^ ^^^^'^^ ^ t^i.y farther enjoy a in the garrison are usually reviewed on '^^'l^llJ^^^^ WanUfulride ^^-^'^^ ^^^^ I^.^^S^ ti::nl:^opri;tor. Sir John Harvey. Marelnnont, the property ""' l'",^"'""""' ^. "J- „,„„„d, ;„ „ !,„ ing and tasteful manner. _ttoconsi^i.Heexpei^in.y.ng.^^^^ His successor. Mr Thomas >o. 1 JUU, so ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ The view in front of the house is g and. « ;; ^^ J^J J^,,,^,.,,,,,, „t n„ohor. and im- „nce of a lake, whose surface is enlivened by ""™;;""^ " ;;, " J^ ,„„« beautiful n.ense rafts of fnnber floating down. On l-;"^ ^ ^m ^^^^^ points in which are vilh.s. whose park-like grounds renund <^' f ^'''^'^'^^^ ^^,,, L^ ,,e mentioned eonnnanded views worthy of a l-'"^-^"^;^ h H^o gh. built Yv the Catholic Wol..sfi.d, spencer ^^^^ and 1:^^:^^^:^:,.^^^..,^ proprietors, had a :::;::^:i;:S:: -:; X.,. app..anee. . w. 1... ..n. and rebuUt m a fi„e regular style. It is now .^"e -^"-e ^^'^ ^ ; ^ ^ " .^ ,^„^„,^ ,,^^.. ,„,,,, ^,,„ " In this neighbouri.ood ,s situated Mount "*'"^-"" *; "^^^^^ h.-egulari y but beautifnlly Quebec, on the «>uth Bide of the St. Lewis road, and - '^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^„ ^ „;.. down the elbV -;--;-; -^^ll"^^^^^ -^ -^' :;r:knr:d t:;: ilivll; ...own m ,.. a^.angement of Greenwood Cemetery, near Kew York." QUEBEC, LAKE ST, CHARLES, ETC. 9 Leaving fliis benutiful locality, the walk continues to tlie woods, on the edge of the banks risini^ fmni tlie shore. The tourist, instead of returning by a road conducting through a wood into St. Louis Road for Quebec, would do better by continuing his ride to the Church of St. Foy, from wiiicli is seen below the St. Ciiarles, gliding smoothly through a lovely valley, whose sides rise griidually to the mountains, and are literally covered willi habitations. The villages of Lorette and Charlesbourg are conspicuous objects. Before entering the suburb of St. John, on the bunks of the St. Charles stands the (icncral llospital, designed, as the name implies, for the disabled and siek of every descrijition. A day's excursion to Indian Lorette and Lake St. Charles would gratify, we doubt not, many a tourist. It will be necessary to leave by 6 o'clock, a. m., and to take provisions for the trip. After leaving the Palace Gate, the site of the former intendant's palace is passed. Mr. Bigot was tlie last intendant who resided in it. The most pleasant road to Lorette is along the banks of the St. Charles. On arriving at the village, the best view is on the opposite bank. The fall is in the foreground, and the church and village behind. The villagers claim to be descended from tliose llurons, to whom the French monarch, in 1651, gave the seigniory of Sillery. In the wars between the French and English, the llurons contributed mueh to the success of the former, as they were one of the most warlike tribes among the aborigines of this continent. At present, they are a harmless, quiet set of people, drawing only part of their subsistence from fishing and hunting. A missionary is maintained by government for their religious instruction, and the schoidmaster belongs to the tribe. Here may be purchased bows and arrows, and mopcasins very neatly ornamented by the squaws. On arriving at Lake St. Charles, by embarking in a double canoe, the tourist will have his taste for picturesque mountain scenery gratified in a high (..gree. The lake is four miles long, and one broad, and is divided into two parts by projecting ledses. The lake abounds in trout, so that the angling tourist may find this spot doubly inviting. On the route back to the city, the village of Charlesbourg is passed. It is one of the oldest and most interesting settlements in Canada. It has two churches, one of which is the centre of the surrounding farms, whence they all radiate. The reason for this singular disposal of the allotments, arose from the absolute necessity of creating a neighbourhood. For this purpose, each farm was permitted to occupy only a space of three acres in front by thirty in depth. The population was in these days scanty, and labourers were difficult to be pro- cured. By this arrangement, a road was more equally kept up in front of each farm, and it was the duty of every proprietor to preserve such road. Another advantage was the proximity of the church, whence the bell sounded the tocsin of alarm, whenever hostile attempts were made by the Indians, and where the inhabitants rallied in defence of their possessions. Within the citadel are the various magazines, store-houses, and other buildings required for the accommodation of a numerous garrison ; and immediately overlianging the precipice to the south, in a most picturesque situation, looking perpendicularly downwards, on the river, stands a beautiful row of buildings, containing the mess rooms and barracks for the oflieers, their stables, and sjiacious kitchens. Tlie fortifications, which are continued round the whole of the Upper Town, consist of bastions connected by lofty curtains of solid masonry, and ramparts from 26 to 35 feet in height, and about the same in thickness, bristling with liejivy cannon, round towers, loophole walls, and massive gates recurring at certain distances. On the summit of the ramparts, from Cape Diamond to the Artillery Barracks, is a broad covered way, or walk, used as a place of recreation by the inhabitants, and commanding a most agreeable view of the country towards the w-est. This passes over the top of St. John's and St. Louis Gate, where there is stationed a sergeant's guard. Above St, John's Gate, there is at sunset one of the most beautiful views imaginable. The St. Charles gambolling, as it were, in the rays of the departing luminary, the'light still lin gering on the spires of Lorette and Charlesbourg, until it fades away beyond the lofty mountains of Bonhommc and Tsounonthuan, present au evening scene of gor''eous and sur IQ QUEBEC, FORTIFICATIONS, ETC. rasping splenaour The city, being defended on its land Bide by its ramparts, is protected r"e Ser sTL by a lo ty wall and parapet, based on the cliff, and conur«.nc,ng ncn.r he t ctrLs at the^Artiller^y Barrac.s. These forn. a ^^^y^^^; ^Z::^^^^^^ the part within the Artillery Gate being occupied as barracks by the othcus and me o tatCnguished corps, Jth a guard and mess room. The part without the gate .s u.ed as magazines, store-houses, and offices for the ordnance department „,,^,,.,.,. T"?circuit of the fortifications, enclosing the Upper Town, is two mdes and t '- -qu- » . the total circumference outside the ditches and space reserved by government, on winch no house can be built on the west side, is about 3 miles. „„„♦„„ Founded upon a rock, and in its highest parts overlooking a great extent of countrj- be!w en 300 a d 400 mi es from the ocean-in the n,idst of a great continent, and yds paving fleets of foreign merchantmen in its fine capacious bay, and showing all the bu.tl o a 'owd d tr^, rLits streets narrow, populous, and winding up and down almost l:: •::::^:;iiJities-situated in tl. .tltude of t- ^t pai^ on^voj^^-^ in its environs the beauty of an European ^^-;^J::^:Z:^^;:::L u.e mass of pnl,l nf Siberia— "overned by a people of dilteient iangua-,e uuu . , , ^ , . which strike a stranger in the City of Quebec 1 id in ■atures MONTKEAL. 11 CITY OF MONTREAL, C. E. The stranger, on approaching Montreal, either from Quebec by tlie steamer, or crossing over from tiie oi.posite sichi of the river, in coming from the States, will at once be im- pressed favorably with the situation of the city, tKe business-like appearance it presents, and tiie picluresiiuo scenery by which it is surioundcd, Montreal is the most populous city in Canada, and in every respect must take the first rank in the province. It is situated on the Island of Montreal— which is represented as the garden of Canada, being the richest soil in the province— at the head of ocean steamship navigation, and beyond which no large sailing vessels go, although smaller vessels pass on, via the canals and St. Lawrence, to tiie west. The city is built of a gray limestone, liaving very much the appearance of Aberdeen granite, with buildings of great solidity and excellence in design. The chief business street is that of Notre Dame, wiiilst Great St. James street exceeds it in handsome buildings, be- sides being mucli broader. (See engraving.) The wliolesale stores are situated on the wharves alongside the river, and streets running parallel therewith. Jlontroal is the port at which arrives the great bulk of the importations from Great Britain and other places abroad, being there either re-sold or transliipped to all parts of Canada East and West ; consequently a large wholesale trade is carried on at Montreal in all descriptions of goods^ ^ In the conglomerate mass of buildings there concentrated, are stores, churches, groceries, and nunneries, all intermixed with each other, whilst in the streets may be seen ;he manu- facturer's cart driving alongside of tlie Catholic priest in his "buggy," the merchant's clerk hurrying on past a sister of charity or nun at large, and Frenchmen, Scotchmen, Germans, and Americans, all elbowing each other in the busy streets of the city par excellence. Ko better sample of this heterogeneous gathering is to be seen than by paying a visit to the line Notre Dame, or Bonseeours Market, where, on a Saturday night, a mixture of English, Frencli, German, and broad Scotch, will fall upon the ear with peculiar effect. Altlunigh one of the iinest views of the city is obtained from off the mountain, undoubt- edly the most extensive one is to bo had from the top of the Catholic cathedral, in the Place d'Arnu's. By paying U. stg. you will be conducted to the top, and, if a fine day, the view is sucli as will well repay the ascent. There are some very handsome ciiurches in Montreal. At Beaver Hall, St. Andrew's Chui'ch (Presbyterian), and tlie Unitarian Church there, form two of the most prominent in the city, situated as they are on a considerable elevation, on rising ground. The public buildings of Monfeal are substantial and elegant, and consist of— PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Thk Nkw Covkv House, on Notre Dame street, and directly opposite to Nelson's Monu- ment, is of elegant cut stone, in the Grecian Ionic style. The ground plan is ?.(10 feet by 125 feet; height, VO feet. The New Post-okfice, on Great St. James street, is a beautiful cut stone building. The MEncirAXTs' Exchange Reading Room, situated on St. Sacrament street. The Meohamcs' IxsTrruTE, a very fine building, situated on Great St. James street, of cut stone, 3 stories high, built in the Italian style. The Lecture Room is 60 by 8U feet, height 18 feet, neatly and tastefully finished. The Mehcantile Lhirauy Association, Odd Fellows' Hall, opposite the above. The Bank ok Montkeal, Place d'Armes, St. James street, opposite the Cathedral, an elegant cut stone building of the Corinthian order. (See engraving.) TirE City Bank, next to tlie above, in the Grecian style, of cut stone and worthy of note. The Bank of Bhitish North Ameb-:a, Great St. James street, next the Post-office, is a handsome building of cut stone, and built in the composite style of architecture. s 11 a U MONTREAL — VICTOHI A B RIDGE. 13 The Ronsecours Maukkt, on St. Paul and Water streets, is a magnificent edifice. (Sea eiijtnivintf.) The St. .Vnn's Mahket, opposite the Grey Nunnery. TuK Grey Nunnery is situated on Foundling street, designed for the core of foundlincs and infirn'.. The Hotl., Dieu Nunnery, on St. Joseph and St. Paul streets, designed for sick and dis- eased persons. The Convent of the Sisters of the Sacreu Heart is situated at St. Vincent de Pnul U miles from Motitrcal. ' Academy of the Sisters of the Congregation de Notre Dame, now Maria Villa, about 3 miles from Montreal, was formerly the residence of the (iovernor-(Jeiieral. The MoGill College.— This is an institution of very high repute, founded l)y the Hon. James McGill, who bequeathed a valuable estate and £10,000 for its endowment Tiie buildings for the Faculty of Arts are delightfully situated at the base of the mountain, and command an extensive view. The Museum of the Natiral History of Montreax, is situated in Little St. James street, and is free to strangers. The New City Water Works.— These works tap the St. Lawrence at the Lachine Rnpids, some 3 miles above the city, and will co«t, when fully completed, nearly ,$1,000,000. The 2 receiving reservoirs, for suj.plying the city are about 200 feet above the level of the river, and hold 20,000,000 gallons. The Jail.— This is a substantial stone building, surrounded by a liigh wall, and is worthy of a visit. It has recently been erected, at an e.\pense of $120,000. The General Hospital, on Dorchester street, is a fine cut stone building, and is one of the many prominent institutions of the city. The St.^ Patrick's Hospital, at the west end of the same street, is an elegant structure, and occupies a commanding position. The Protestant Orphan Asyum, situated in Catherine street, is a well-conducted charity, sustained by the benevolence of private individuals. The Ladies' Benevolent Institution, for the relief of widows and half orphans is a large three-story building in Berthelot street. It is managed solely by a comu'iittee of ladies. Nelson's Monument, Jacques Cartier square, Notre Dame street. The Lachine Canal is among the public works worthy of note. Place d'Armes is a handsome square, between Notre Dame and Great St. James streets opposite the French Cathedral. As a place of beauty and pleasure, the ride from the city to Mount Royal will attract the traveller at all times. The distance around it is 9 miles, connnanding one of the finest views of beautiful landscape to be found in North America ; and in returning, entering the city, a view of the St. Lawrence and of Montreal, both comprehensive and extended,"that well repays the time and expense. Mount Royal Cemetery, about 2 miles from the city, on the mountain, is one of the places of interest about tlie city which many parties visit. The Champ de Mars is a public parade ground, situated in Gabriel street, off Notre Dame. In the evenings, sometimes, the military bands play there, to a large concourse of the inhabitants. ima THE VICTORIA BRIDGE. This gigantic undertaking forms one of the most interesting and wonderful features con- nected with the city, at Point St. Charles. It is being built for the purpose of enabling the Grand Trunk Railway to form a contin- uous railroad communication with the railroads of the United States, instead of passengers lieing obliged to cross the liver in steamers, .^s at present. The width of the river where the bridge is being built is very nearly 2 miles. CITY OF MONTREAL. 15 x, u^ 1 -H ;? ^ ri >^ ^ H eg Y. t> W >) -H H a cd -f* X >» 72 -1 "^ H :j U «^ ca •< as a •J H <-^ ■j3 1—4 b '^ »1< ;3 -/) -^ f~* ^ a ^ a "—1 h-> J J e5 ■H 6-1 H 'J -^ a 1— 1 ^ J H H H U H-4 t» H ::3 H SOUTH SIDK OF GRKAT ST. JAMKS' STRKKT. The first t)uil4 strong piers, standing 242 feet apart, excepting the centre span, which is 3;i(t feet wide. Tiiey are all perpendicuhir on three sides, and slope down to the water-edge against tlie current, so as to withstand tlie force and action of tiie float- ing masses of ice, on its breaking up. Eacii pier is estimnted to withstand the force of 70,000 tons of ice at one time. nesting on these piers, and running from abutment to abutment, is tho bridge, which consists of a hollow iron tul)e, 22 feet liigh, and 16 feet wide. The centre span is to be 50 feet above the average level of tlie water, thence sinking to- wards each end 1 foot in i;it>, tlius making the height of the abutments about 37 feet. Tlie estimated cost is about £1,250,000 stg. The weight of the iron in the tubes will be 8,000 tons, ond the contents of tlie nuisonry will be about ;5,000,000 c.d.ic feet. The whole will be completed in the autumn of 1859 or sj.ring of 1800. As is well known, the engineer of this greatest bridge in tlie world is Mr. Robert Stephenson of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The whole of the views of Montreal, as given in the accompanying pages, were taken for this work by Mr. Notman, jd.otographer, Montreal, and the clear and sliarp photographs supplied by him for the purpose of engraving from, nllbrds the best evidence of his being a first-class artist. The two illustrations given of Montreal embrace the entire city, and presents a bird s-cye view of it as seen from llie mountain. Beim; engraved from photographs, we have every confidence in saying that they faithfully repr. sont Montreal as it is in 1850. To understand the position of the city as it is, the stranger will cast his eye to the left-hand corner of tho upper engraving in the page, and pass on to the right. The lower engraving forms a con- tinuation of the upper, continuing from left to right. THE FOREIGN CONSULS AT MONTREAL. For Belgium—Tesse Joseph. For United States-C Dorwin For Denmark-Thomas Rvan. For Sardinia. Hanover, Spain, and I'russia-lenry tl.apnmn. -Vice-tonsu tor Norway and Sweden-ll. Chapman. Vicc-Consul to the Oriental Republic of the Uru- guay — J. M. Grant. NATIONAL SOCIETIES AT MONTREAL. The St. George's Society.— 1 1. Buhner, president ; K. Birks, treasurer. St Andrew's Societv.-William Murray, president; tJeorge lempleton, treasurer. Thistle Society.— Alexander Smith, president; William Reid, treasurer. Caledonian Society.-John Fletcher, president ; J. Craig, treasurer. St Patrick's Society.— Dr. Howard, President ; J. K xMullin, treasurer. St. Jean Baptiste Society.- Hon. J. B. Meilleur, president. German Society.— Ernest Idler, president; G. Ulieinhardt, treasurer. New England Society.— H. Stephens, president; P. D. Brown, treasuivr. OTTAWA. 17 OTTAWA, CANADA WEST. TiiK not..ri..ty nhic-h this city, in .n.l.ry,.. h.,« v.o.Wod l.itolv first as l.olnL. flv 1 ., otinwu is till. i„.w nnmt. given to the tcwn ,.f Hytown l.v wlii..h !t »,„» i.. . i know. „. the e.„tre of the i.n.non.e hnnhor .li^H. c!f^I ini: J '" -^Z on tha rivor wh.re »h. Riv... llUl.n .„] (;.„in..,.,, ,.,.,, u... m.]..,... C,...!" ai nu. I he town . uy..r..e.,..,l l.y the iU.leuu Canal a.ul hn.l,,, an,l f.-nns tluv ,U^ vi^ ■ ;.na. a ..t. the Hiv.... Ottawa, a. i.s ..-ll kn.nvn. fonnin, the l.oun.l. .• ■ "^ j of th., K vtl En.,Mn,.er., who constrncfMl, also, the Uideau Canal. Hon,..- the original ::;.■;;':':;:;,:,:;:;,;::''■'' ">""-«•■ -» --■■• "--. -.-.: :;.::;' «.. ™,^ s;::::!;:rrs;;:-tr:i;,:^:;:-r-:;i.;i:-:r:;:i •M- ' l.u.hl,nfrs-the n.n,M,n«, however, we slu.ukl say, rather than of aetnal hmkhngs. There are a few ..nail out-hou.es and officH.._whi..h ^rr.n ,1, "* "'♦""^ the najne of g..ern.„ent huihlin.^with sundry ..lu ea tT • rnj : :;t trj^: grou,ul alon.s 1. of carriage. wl,ieh have evidently seen service ofsom:J^ tZ Ze h O r "'T";; n ? *"■" '"*"'''"• ''' '^'•*^^""^'"' ♦" P-^-^ the town n.ninst all i ders e ",:::; ",:\''; '"^^7-;^ « *•- --^-e of tl. ehi..f nnntary authorit t Idl ' Ue location of the.e buddings and the " g„„ Lattery" alluded to. i« certainly on. , the nest we have ..n anywhere, either in Canada or' the Fnitod States- do,^ es peet., even to the fan.ous citadel of (Jud.ee. In the rear is Central Town is nZ -Lower Town are con,,lctely co„„n„nded by it on each side, whilst in f^^o is aTJ Zr '"", rr '■""""- •'"^^•"•"'•"-^ perpendicular, to the river, .evral nired feet, t us eomp etely sweeping the river and opposite shore, north, east and w..st- so tW ''^''T ' ""''■ •" ^''»^' ••-P'-'^'»- '« the key to an i,„nu.nse territory of liek co n" f \aluahle for its wood and minerals ^ tountiy, utmost to make go a-hea.l" In the desire to do so. however, son.e of the landhold there, we fear, by putting very high prices on tl leir lots, and landlords refusiris; to lers •dve O H J «»; on H u o f-l a. o OS u o 2S a < y H H o 20 CIIAUDIERE FALLS — KIDEAU FALLS, ETC. leases at reasonable rates, liave only temleil to defeat the very object which they, and all the inlialiitants oufj;ht to have in view, viz., giving every facility in their power, and ofVer- ing every indueeinent tliey can, for parties at a distanee to locate oniongst them. In fact, the idea that Ottawa was selected as the headquarters of the government, has had any thing but a beneficial cflFcct so far, in some respects, upon the town ; but there is the conso- lation, that whetlier it is to be the ceat of government or not, there is no doubt, that of necessity, it is destined to become — it may be gradually — the centre of a much more exten- sive trade, a town of nmch greater importance than it is at present, and the point, round wliieli radiate a number of other towns, and extensive agricultural districts, of which Ot- tJiwa is the capital and centre, and, in all human probability, always likely to remain so. From it, a large wholesale and retail trade is, and must always, be done — with the districts round about ; whilst, as is well known, it is the centre of a district, which, for extensive forests of fine lumber, lias no superior in America. The scenery arouiul Ottawa is far beyond what we had any idea of, and the view from the Barrack Hill, is one of surpassing grandeur and extent, combining in it a trinity of river, landscape, and fall scenery, whicli few places can boast of. Looking to the west — (see engraving) — at the west end of the town arc situated, the celebrated CliaudVere Falls, which fall about 40 feet, and the spray of which may be seen a long way off, ascending in the air. In the early part of the season, (say in May,) these falls are not seen to so much advan- tage, the river then being, generally, so much swollen with the immense volume of water from the upper lakes and the tributaries of the Ottawa. Then they partJike, in some re- spects, more of the character of huge rapids. Farther on in the season, liowever, they ap- pear more in their real character of " falls," and are a siglit worth seeing, although they are being very much encroached upon, by lumber establishments. An excellent view of the falls, as well as of the rapids, is got from off tlie suspension bridge, which crosses the river quite close to them. At the eastern suburb of Ottawa, again, called New Edin- burgh, there is a little Niagara, in miniature, in the Rideau Falls, and one of the prettiest little falls to be seen any where. Although only of 30 feet fall, they present features of interest and great beauty. The town of Ottawa is supplied, in many parts, with gas. Its markets afford an excel- lent supply of cheap provisions, whilst the purity of the air, from its elevated position, renders it one of the healthiest towns in Canada. Emigrants, in looking to Ottawa, will do well to remember, that it is only tlie agricul- tural labourer, or farmer with capital, to whom its locality offers inducements at present. Amongst the schemes for connecting Canada East with the Western States, is the Ot- tawa Ship Canal, via the Ottawa and Frencli Rivers to Lake Huron, which, if successful in being established, will render Ottawa, more than ever, one of the great entrepots of that route and traffic. The communication between Ottawa and Montreal, is by rail via Presoott; also by river, per steamer to Grenville, rail from Grenville to Carrillon ; thence, steamer to Lachine ; thence, rail to Montreal. To Canada West, on the St. Lawrence, via rail. To Ogdensburg, via rail to Prescott, and steamer across the St. Lawrence. Distances : — from Montreal, 120 miles ; Quebec, 296 miles ; Toronto, 223 miles ; Kingston, 95 miles ; Prescott, 65 miles ; New York, 450 miles; Boston, 485 miles. Population, about 12,000. For the information of emigrants proceeding to the newly-opened districts, where free lands are to be had, full information regarding these, with routes and fares, will be found in another portion of this work. The views of Upper Town, and Lower and Central Town, as given elsewhere, are from pencil drawings made for this work, by Mr. Eastman, artist, of Ottawa. All who know Ottawa will be able to attest to the very faithful manner in which they are done, and that the engravers have preserved all the truthfulness in detail, in enabling us to present, for the first time, we believe, complete and accurate views of Ottawa, Canada West. LOCKS ON RIDEAU CANAL, OTTAWA. 21 H H 1-9 c 3" cr g (6 tt - a cr g p 3. n 5 rt> o' 3 g 3 ^^ c 10 » P_ .£ OS o "1 5. i *4- W d n" f^ 5' C ." y .» "' r» t^ ^-^ s. c r: r- 3 «^ T P u? ^ t> ? 0^ O "g -*> 1— • ct- 00 w ^ M 3 CL m CO "■ lO K f= e » 3 S B 3 B 5 re 5' ? 3 to H D r- o < 3 O 3 o 3 ft. 3 O O 3 2? SI e n O g -o B E^ ^ ^ CB ^ S fiu S "2 00 2 T( P ^ 3. S B ©■ S "* 3 ^ 8 "> -J 3 3- to "V a b ° t O ro 3 © a, ere ?2, o 5- o P3 •y, o n H o B ~ ^ H O H O H n n n H O >■ C >■ as O s B O f c ai o !z| n w I— ( o M O O H ^ J-- 3 S OS.S'S^o'ffiB WS'S'o't^JS'B. 2 ?^ <5 C- 3 c" ■o C f* 1^ en K S" =■»'' a? 1 -T 3- 3 O <* o •^^ !«,•* Zr r« 5- J (tl (t Kf- C n 05 i^ Jb t-* S- a- ? s- O » a S 2; P 2 « « S5 p -S-re !B.c%^iirf3.'?r»3" uv c* in* w w; 3 H _^ 3 n "ii. i iiMmw-, 22 TORONTO, CANADA WEST. CITY OF TORONTO, W. TouoNTO forms the Metropolis of Upper Canada, (or Canada West,) the second city m commercial importance in the entire province, and at present is the seat of the provincial legislature. It is pleasantly situated on the west shore of Lake Ontario, and has a much more prepossessing appearance when viewed from a steamer on the lake, than when ap- proached by railway. From the large quantity of trees and shrul.hery interspersed through many of the streets, it may well lay claim to the title of the Forest City of Canada. . it- uated as the city is, on almost a dead level, it presents no particular features further than being plentifully studded with graceful spires, which, with the wooded hills situated in the background, completes the picture of a beautiful city. The street along side of the shore of the lake-recently very much improved-is termed the Esplanade, along which the Grand Trunk RaUroad runs, and where it has its terminus. crown-lands' office and mechanics' INfTITUTE, In one portion of the above building are the offices of the Crown-land Department, where all business connected with the "Woods and Forests" are conducted. In another portion is the excellent Mechanics' Institution of the oitv. situated at the cor- ner of Church and Adelaide streets. LAWRENCE HALU The above forms one of the most imposing buildings in the city. The basement and first floors are occupied as stores, whilst up- stairs there is a large, well-lighted, and neatly done-up public hall, where meetings concerts, etc., are held. St. Lawrence Hall is situated at tlie east end of King street. TORONTO, CANADA WEST. 2;i KING STREET (weSt). King street is the principal thoroughfare in the city. It is fully 2 miles in length, and yith its many handsome stores and build- ings, forms the cliief promenade. Two of the largest buildings in the city are in King street, viz., St. Lawrence Hall, and the Rossin House. YO.N'GE STUEET (noUTH). Yonge street rivals King street, in its busy bustling appearance, and althougli the stores are not so elegant as some in King street, yet a large amount of retail business is trans- acted in the section presented above. As in most cities in the United States, the streets of Toronto are long and spacious, and laid out at right angles to each otlier. » i > ^ The principal sireets for wholesale stores are the lower end of Yonge street and Wei- mgton street wlnlst Upper Yonge street and King street are the chief streets for retail business of all sorts. We may mention that, with the exception of spaces hero and there, the pavements in all tlie streets are of wood-planks laid across, and nailed down to sleeper^ The Provincial Legislature holds its meetings in Toronto, in the government buildings, a cluster of red bnck buildings situated at the west end of the city, close to which is the residence of the Governor-General. Sir Edmund Walker Head. Bart:, representative of Her Majesty in Canada. The public buildings of Toronto are numerous, and some of them very handsome We have engraved, from photographs, four of the principal buildings, viz.: St. Lawrence Hall, Trinity College, the Normal Seliool. and Crown-lands Office, in which building is also situated the Mechanics' Institute. Osgoode Hall, in Queen street, when completed will form one of the finest buildings in the city. There the Superior Courts of Law and Equity are held. Besides those named, the other public buildings of any note are the Post-office the new General Hospital and the Lunatic Asylum-the latter an immense building at the western extremity of the city. Toronto may well boast as being the city of churches in Canada, from the number of elegant structures it contains, of all denominations. The two largest are the English Ca- thedral and the Roman Catholic Cathedral, but both, being without spires as yet, do not present that graceful appearance which even some of the smaller churches do, although none, we should suppose, exceed the rich and handsome interior or comfortable accommo- dation of the English Cathedral, as a place of worship. Tor-^nto has several manufacturing establishments, some of them extensive, and which in ordinary good times, turn over a large amount of business; the city, from its central posi- tion, and the ready means of land and water carriage, now extended almost in every direc- tion, affording great facilities for manufactures as well as merchandise finding their way all over the country. " "^ TOKONTO AND HAMILTON, CANADA WEST. The above building is one of the most iin- portnnt in the city, whether as regards its character as an educational institution, or the magnificent ctyle of the edifice, which, when completed, will certainly be one of the finest in the citj'. THE NORMAL AND MODEL SCHOOLS. The above building, in the Italian style o architecture, is devoted to the establishment known as the Normal and Model Schools, and which forms the head of that invaluable system of public education pervading the whole province. As we have said, Toronto forma the second co.nmercial city in Canada, and, until the panic of 1857 set in, enjoyed a large and steadily increasing trade. Its merchants were of the most enterprising, active, and " go a-head" character ; consequently probably no city in America has experienced the effects of the panic more than Toronto. With the general revival of business, we have no doubt, it will assume its wonted activity, although it may be gradually. Tlie railways centring in Toronto are :— The Great Western, to Hamilton; Supension Bridge, (Niagara,) and Windsor, opposite Detroit, (Michigan). Tlfe Grand Trunk, to Montreal and Quebec, (east,) and to Stratford, (west). The Ontario, Simcoe, and Uuron, (now called the Northern Railroad,) to Collingwood. 26 LONDON. LONDON, CANADA WEST. Like its nnrnpsa^A' ;"■ t ^v-.c IJuljion of England, London, C. W., is in the County of Middlesex, and nlsc . • vcr Tliiunos, with etreets nnd bridges named after those of the great city. There, h. .^. -r, tha siniilurity ends. It possesses some excellent public Imild- ings and churches, and is situated in the centre of an extensive and rich agricultural dis- tri'ct, which furnishes it with a large amount of trade in grain aud other agricultural pro- duce'. Previous to the late commercial panic, few places sliowed greater signs of progrosH than London ; in fact it went ahead too fast, like many other cities and towns, consequently it has felt the revulsion all the more— ond every department of business, nearly, has Buffered— to revive again, we hope, when business becomes more buoyant generally. The town is liglited with gas, and supports as many as six newspapers, and five bank agencies. The streets are wide, and laid off at right angles. London is one of the principal stations on the Great Western Railroad of Canada, on the section from Hamilton to Windsor, with a branch to port Staidey, on Lake Erie, from which there is a regular steam communica- tion with Cleveland, Ohio. The soil in the immediate vicinity of London, it is true, is sandy, and the country almost a dead level, as far as Windsor ; but you cannot travel many miles in a northern or south- ern direction, until you meet with an undulating country, and productive farms, whose proprietors, of course, betake themselves to London for sale and purchase— for mart and market. Our representation of London is from one of several photographs, supplied to us by Mr. E. II. Longman, of London, C. W., and, from the excellent manner in which they are executed, we feel pleasure and confidence in saying, that the photographic art is well re- presented there by Mr Longman— judging from the specimens he has supplied to us. HAMILTON, C. W. Hamilton, one of the cities of Canada West, is situated at the south-western extremity of Burlington Bay, an inlet at the head of Lake Ontario, and terminus of lake navigation. The site on wh'ich Hamilton is built, occupies gradually rising ground for about a mile and a half from the shore of the lake to the base of the hill, called the Mountain, which rises up in the background. It was laid out in 1813, and has spread with wonderful rapidity— faster than almost any other town in Canada. In 1841 the population was only about 3500, while in 1850 it had increased to 10,312, and now has reached to nearly 30,000. Hamilton is the centre of one of the most extensive and best agricultural portions of Canada, and in its vicinity are to be seen some of the best cultivated farms, not long re- claimed from the primeval forest. As in most American cities, the streets are laid out at right angles, and present a tine, spacious appearance. The public buildings, banks, churches and hotels, which are amongst the finest in the province, are built of stone and brick. Some of the merchants' stores excel any thing of the same sort in Toronto, or even Montreal, and are carried on by some of the largest importers in Canada, who do an extensive business throughout the countrj'. The chief business streets— named King, John, James, York, and McNab streets— are situated a considerable distance back from the shore. The Gore Bank of Canada has its head-quarters in Hamilton, in addition to which tliere are five or six other Bank acencies. The finest and certainly most extensive view of the city is to be had from the Mountain. County of hose of the ililic Imild- uUiirul dis- iltural pro- jf progrosB nsequently learly, lias •ally. The k agencies, pal ptutiona [idsor, with ;oinmunica- itry almost n or Bouth- rms, whose • mart and i to us by :h they are t is well re- o us. xtremity of navigation. ; a mile and ich rises up ility — faster 3500, while portions of not long re- esent a fine, :ire amongst stores excel by some of country. streets — are which tliere e Mountain. KINGSTON, CANADA WEST. 29 view of tl.o Burrounding country is obtuinod. Tlio=i.,n court and county council rooiiH, etc. lu rear are the. lail and jailer's dwelling, f(n'niin"an extensive' wing to the main building. The other buildings of note are, the lioman oTtluilie Cathe- dral, and Uegiopohs College; the (Jeneral Hospital, (Queen's Colletre, the Craniniar .^ehool; ht. Georges, St, Puul's, and St. James's Protestant Churches; St.\\ndrew's Church Irish l-ree Church, Chalmcr's Church, Weslevan and Primitive Methodist Churches Con' grcgational Church, Baptist Church, Apostolic Church, and th.- oM French lioman (''atho- lic t liurcli, now used as a nunnery. The new Custom 1 b.use and Post-otKce, recently com- plet.d, would be an ornament to any city. The chief juitdic institutions are, the (Teiieral Ilosjutal, House of Industry, Hotel Dieu, Mechanics' Institute, etc. Then- are two daily newspapers— " The British Whig," the first dailv published in Canada West, and "The I\ews; one tri-weekly in the Uoman Catholic interest, the "Herald;" and four weeklies the "Chronicle and News," the "British Whig," the "Commercial Advertiser," and the " iriDune. One thing must not bo overlooked in mentioning the lions of the eitv— the Public Park, which, in a few years, will be a chief source of healthful recreation "to the citizens. Kingston has long been known for its safe and capacious harbour, which is well adajited to shelter a large fleet of vessels, besides having over twenty wharves, some of them very extensive, and furnished with capacious warehouses and aVcominoda'tions for the forwarding trade. The sliipping trade has long been a chief feature of the -dace In addition to the ship yards at Oardeu Island, opposite, and at Pm'tsnu)utli, at tli'e extreme west end of the city, there is the noted Marine Kailway of John Counter, Es.|., fmin all of which have been launched the greatest number and largest tonnaire of Canadian vessels in Canada \\ est. Kingston, in this particular, being only .second to (Quebec. A branch railroad has lately been made across a portion of the bay iulowtlie Catara- qui Brile steadiness and perseverance; is said'to bo one of the most iiealthy localities in the province; with a population of about 13,OnO. Kingston is repre- sented in the Upper House by the Ibuiourable Alexander Cam]A>ell, and' in the Lower House by the Honourable John A. Macdonald, the ex-Premier; the member for the county being the Honourable Henry Smith, Speaker of the T,eirislative Assembly. Tiie station of the Grand'Trunk lfailroa<1 is about 2 miles from the' city. Omnibuses ply to and from it, in connection with the hotels. T gov Gi mile it is, Itriti porti tiino I'nia I'r Lowi of en divis west Til OCCIIi OftlH Cuuii< Erie, Cnniii Foi nn iiii their ica, is execu thoU ppoi)Ii The i mi till and 8 and h cicctii lars, ( to vot Nai by tlu nda, b the P( such J mcnti( will bi Bcfc the sai electio The protec tions c Cha to the lies to Frencl: tion of cnlnnif are set UPPER AND LOWER CANADA. The following information is compilod from the nutl.orized publicationa of the Canadian govenunont, oflicml dociUTients, and private information recftivod:— GEOoRAPmcAL Posmox AN.> ExT«NT.-Tl.o province of Canada embraces about 3,-0,000 «q„„re m.k. of terntorv, mdopendontly of its north-westorn possessions, not jet open for ettlom.' i , consequently more than o„e-tl>.rd larjjer tiian France, nearly three ti.nL as iur^e as (Jrea Ur. an. and Irehu.d and more th.m three tin.es as largo as Prussia. The inhabited" or settled porfon, covers at least 40.000 «,,we .niles, „nd is nearly twice as la,.,e as De... .a.k, tl.re« SliT "^ «**"^«'-l''»ton Htorinoiit i Uuiiiliis QleiiKiirjr ' Carlc'ton Leeilii Grenvllle Ncirfiilk Iiitniirk Ueiifiew Frontimac Lennox AddliiKton IIltHtlllK!* Prince HdvviirU Iliilillmnnil Nortliumberland.. Uurlinm PeterljorouKli. ... Victoria 1806. 26,ST3 U«),4t0 14,n'.'8 n,i«4 17,700 ; is,(i44 17,H44 2'i,H:t6 !ll),MO I H0,(l()4 I 'M,m\ •27,*S4 2H,S24 lil,«S4 •Jl,(iH4 9,14H 41,t!l6 22,(li^(] 21,680 I 81), 124 I H«M) 211,400 lO.l.lO 11,060 13,000 Carried up 1 1 66,5!ia I 02,000 1 1 1 ,22S, 128 Total estimated population of Lower Canada, adding one-seven- teenth for one year's Increase ! 1,1.12,70!? Total population of Canada In 1850 and In 1857 !i2,8S)0,881 1,850,928 1,220,614 2,571,487 Laws and Mijnicipai, Institutions.— The laws of England woro introduced into Upper Can- ada in IT'.U, atul prevail, .sutyect to the various altorationH made, from time to time, by tiie local parliament. The laws of France, us they existed ut the concinest of Canada, by Britain, i)revail in Lower Canada, subject ulso to the alterations ellecled by the local parliament. Tiio criminal and commei-ciul laws of England prevail there, as in Upper Canada. The parliament of Canada have, and exercise, entire control over the province ; the imperial government never interfere now, unless (which scarcely ever occurs) some great national interest is involved. The municipal .system of Upper Canada is admirably adapted to the exigencies of a young and vigorous country ; its success has been complete. In order to comprehend it, it is necessary to state, that Upper Canada is divided into counties, forty-two in number; each county is divided into townships; so that, on an average, each township is about ten miles square. The inhabit- ants of a township elect five " councillers," the councillors elect, out of this number, a presiding ofliccr, who is designated the "town reeve;" the town reeves of the different townsliips, form the " county council," this Council elect their presiding ollicer, who is styled the " Warden." The town council and county council are municipal corporations, possessing the power to raise money for municipal purposes, such as making public improvements, opening and repairing roads" and bridges. Repayment is secured by a tax on all the property in the township or county where tlie debt is incurred; but no by-law for raising money can be enforced, unless it has been previously submitted to the electors or people. Each corporation possesses the power of suing, and is liable to bo sued, and their by-laws, if illegal, are subject to be annulled by the Superior Courts of the province, at the instance of any elector. Each township council has the power to provide for the support of common schools under the provisions of the school law ; to construct roads, bridges, water-courses, etc., to appoint path-masters or road-inspectors, etc. The county councils are charged with the construction and repairs of goals, and court-houses, roads and bridges, houses of correction, and grammar schools, under the provisions of the school-law ; to grant money, by loan, to public works, tending to the improvement of the country, and to levy taxes for the redemption of the debts incurred, subject to the proviso before mentioned, namely, the vote of the people. Villages not having a popula- tion over 1000, are governed by a board of police, and are styled police villages ; possessing over 1000 inhabitants, they become incorporated villages, and are governed by a council of five, whose reeve is a iiiomber of the county council, .-,>•• .^r.'-i; as soon as a village acquires q population exceeding three thousand, it becomes a town governed by •' mayor and council, and is represented in the county council by a town reeve, and deputy town reeve. When the number of inhabit- CANADA— INCOMK AND KXI'KNDITnjK— KDCCATION. g.S antH .xvc.,U lo,um. it nmv b« .-rn....,! u city. ,u,.l i. koutmcI I,v u ,„av..r. ..Mor.nun. un.l coun- cliiii.... All to»vi, ,t.uvc..i, wuLlrn., u.a^'or., ui.d uUlonn,.,.. uvv. .x .Ji,,,., j„«iicu» of ll.o pouce. BKVKME ANU BXrENDITUUE lOB 1850. Revunuu, tsAO, f^uitotni t.njs.BitS 9 'i !'■'<'-''"'-• •ii\,M-i H M llevuime from I'ulillc Work*. M.Iih'. 7 6 '''•^^"•"V''"' 'A'i'"l ;, •i'i:\ f;, 7 (.'IvlmnviT CMI fitllllMd III AiliiiiiiUliiitlim nf .lumlce.. . I'l.'M s I'liivlncliil I'fiiltfiitliiiy vS'.uw || (.'■KUIiitiirc II'IH 17 "■.'''".'■'"I"" ■, ••'••• »r,V.i« I AKrlnilhiiui HdoIbIIto 17ii.-,ft \.\ I'l-jillul- iiiicl other t'hurllleg M^JM 1>> III il'i.l.lio Work. i,..<.7,7 |„ ^ J """ H.!,lo7 u 11 Mil iileimiiou of MkIiIIioiiiIim 'i'i,W\ \ 1 |;'"l«''"l"'' i),;m li 7 '•"»i""» i»,v.'i) ,^ liiilluii iiiiniillli>a >, 7.',ft I, ,) JInkliiK Fiiti'l, Ac Oo'sis 14 ft MUcolluneouK lliU,vj7 on Total Currency «1,(>6(),714 18 IM..CATIONAL lNSTiTi,TioxH.-lJppcr and Lower Canadu enjoy Hepnrate hcLooI huvs, adapted to the n.h,M,M.s elements prevailing in ..i.l„.r. Kacl. lo.vn.hip in Cpper (.'anada is dlvide.l in' ,. sev" .rul se M,ol sec .ons. ueeonhnK to the ie,,niren>ents of the i.d.abilants. Thu common schools are M,pporte,l part y by jrovernment, and partly by local. .elCin.posed taxation, and oeeasionallv by he payment o» u stnall nu.nthly fee Com each scholar. The total a.nonnt ex,,..nde,l on ednS ..Mtal ptirposes .„ Canada, dn,in« Is:,,,, was ^,7,:,u U. M., cnrreney. In lon^ settled n.ral di.- tncts, each school sec.ton ,s now dislinKuishcl by a handsonte brick school-bouse, Cnrnished with maps aulhoru.ed school bo. ks, and elementary philosophical appara.ns. The salaries of teachern vary from i;i;io st^. to £40 «tg. in country parts, and fro.n f.so s,,. ,0 x:r, M^. in i " nl owns. All co.nmon.sch.«l teachers n.nst pass an exan.ination Ix.fore a co.mtv i;.ar,l of educl jon, or rece.ve a hcense fro.n the provincial nortnal school, e.np.,werin« then, to teach, befo.x. they can claim the j,'overnmeiu allowance. ' The provincial normal school is a hiKhly ellcctive and usefnl institution, for the training of eachers and annua ly sends forth from 1..0 to 150 youuK -.en and wo.nen, who, havin, ' '". , ,rn> y instructed .n the art of conducting a school and connnt.nica.in. knowledge, are gr d- «a l.v estabi.s nn,s in Lppcr Canada, a system of connnon-school education of ^reat promise he Iree school systen, is gainiuK^ f^round in numy parts of Canada; the principl > it involves -nphes .he support ol common schools, open to all, by a Koneral ta.v, and the non-evactio , ol COS. Any school section may adopt i, by the vote of the .najori.y of its inhabitants. Separate f.chools tor Roman Catholics are sanctioned under certain rculations "qm'uie ■c tmj, l.nk between the co.nn.on schools and .be universities. Teachers must be graduates of ne nnnersity , they receive an allowance from Kovernmenl in addition to fees. The n^u^t raiM'd for grannnar-scliool purposes, in Isoo, was .fli;,0(iO sterling Uosi.Ies a richly-endowed provincial university, supplied with a complete stall' of highly com- P tent profes.Hors and ec.urers, there are several other universities and colleges in Um.rCan mla, ,n connection w,th dUIerent religious denominations. The standard of educatioi adonte"l .n son.e o, the Canadian universities, assimilates, as closely as possible, to tl J Z,"K imc-honoured institutions of Great IJritain and Ireland, and the ranks of the profes so ial 11 are generally supphed fom the same unfailing sources. All the expe.ises o u full un lo h 1 r,n-,nc.al Ln.versity, and to the University of Trinity College in connection with th Uurch ol Lngland, scholarships are attached, which vary in value, from £l« stg. to £40 Z JH.. aniiurn. These are awarded (at annual exam.nations, to successful eandidat'es coitpet^ig In Lower Canada a system of education in some respects similar to that which has ja^t h««n •" -OMbeU exists, nnd 1- ■■.'.■■■".• -i' ■:-:-- i-- ■ ■' -^ ' lipidly obtaining favour among the peojjle. Tl however, are of a very high order, and many of the well endowed, and amply provided with etlicie sem 'Ut professors and teacliers lie superior schools there, iiries attached to religious ho uses are ■HMPOlifnp* 8-t RELIGION — AGRICULTURE — CLIMATE. Religion.— Among Canadians there is perfect toleration in religious matters. While, how- ever, all religions are respected by law and by the people, there are strict distiuctions jealously preserved between churches of different denominations. The prevailing religious denominations may be thus classified, according to the census of ISni, from which an idea may be formed of the present strength of each leading religious body: -Church of England, 208,51)2 ; Church of Scotland, 75,587 ; Church of Roine,'.iU,571 ; Free I'res- byterians, 03,r.S5 ; other Presbvterians, 82,733 ; Wesleyan Methodists, 114,839 ; Episcopal Metho- dists, 49,443 ; all other Methodists, 52,449 ; Baptists, 49,840 ; laithorans, 12,107, etc., etc. In Upper Canada the Roman Catholics form about one-si.\th of the whole population, and in Lower Can- ada about five-sixths. Aguiculti.ual Capabilities op the SoiL.-In the valleys of some of the larger rivers ot Upper Canada wheat has been grown after wheat for thirty years; the first crops yielded an average of 40 bushels to the acre, but, under the thoughtless system of husbandry then pursne.l, the yield diminished to 12 bushels to the acre, and compelled a change of crop, which soon had the effect of restoring the land to its original fertility. But this system of husbandry has ef- fected its own cure, and led to the introduction of a more rational method of cultivating tlie soil. Years ago, when roads were bad, and facilities for communicating with markets few and far be- tween, wheat was the only saleable produce of the farm, so that no effort was spared to cultivate that cereal to the utmost extent. Now, since railroads, macadamized roads, and plank roads have opened up the country, and agricultural societies have succeeded in disseminating much useful instruction and information, husbandry has improved in all directions, and the natural fertility of the soil of the old settlements is, in great part, restored. The average yield of wheat in some townships exceeds 22 bushels to the acre, and where the least approach to good farming prevails the yield rises to thirty, and often forty bushels to the acre. On new land fifty bushels is not at all uncommon ; and it must not be forgotten, that Canadian wheat, grown near the city of Toronto, won a first prize at the Paris exhibition. It may truly be said, that the soil of what may be liM'med the agricultural portion of Canada, which comprises four- fifths of the inhabited portion, r.nd a vast area still in the hands of the govern- ment and now open to settlement, is unexceptionable; and wIumi deterioation takes place, it is the fault of the farmer, and not of the soil. In Upper Canada the yield of wheat one year con- siderably exceeded 20,000,000 bushels ; and the quality of Canadian wlieat is so su|)erior, that the American millers buy it for the purpose ol mixing with grain grown in the United States, in order to improve the quality of their Hour. The most erroneous opinions have prevailed abroad respecting the climate of Canada. The so-called rigour of Canadian winters is often advanced as a serious objection to the country, by many who have not the courage to encounter them,-who prefer sleet and fog, to brilliant skies and bracing cold, and who have yet to learn the value and extent of the blessings conferred upon Canada by her world-renowned " snows." It will scarcely be believed by many who shudder at the idea of the thermometer falling to zero, that the gradual annual diminution in the fall of snow, in certain localities, is a subject of lamentation to the farmer in Western Canada. Their desire is for the okl-fashioned winters, with sleighing for four months, and spring bursting upon them with marvellous beauty at the begin- ning of April. A bountiful fall of snow, with hard frost, is equivalent to the construction of the best macadamized roads all over the country. The absence of a sufiicient quantity of snow in winter for sleighing, is a calamity as much to be feared and deplored, as the want of rain in spring. Happily, neither of these deprivations is of frequent occurrence. The climate of Canada is in some measure exceptional, especially that of the peninsular por- tion. The inUuence of the great lakes is very strikingly felt, in the elevation of winter temper- atures, and in the reduction of summer heats. East and west of Canada, beyond the infiuence of the lakes, the greatest extremes prevail,— intense cold in winter, intense heat in summer, ond to these features may be added their usual attendant, drought. Perhaps the popular standard of the adaptation of climate to the purposes of agriculture, is more suitable for the present occasion, than a reference to monthly and annual means of tem- perature. Much information is conveyed in the simple narration of facts bearing upon fruit cul- ture. From the head of Lake Ontario, round by the Niagara frontier, and all along the Canadian shores of Lake Erie, the grape and peach grow with luxuriance, and ripen to perfection in the open air, without the slightest artificial aid. The island of Montreal is distinguished every where for the fine quality of its apples, and the island of Orleans, below Quebec, is equally cele- brated for its plums. Over the whole of Canada, the melon and tomato acquire large dimensions, and ripen fully in the open air, the seeds being planted in the soil towards the latter end of GENEKAL INFORMATION FOR SETTLERS. 35 April and the fruit gathered in September. Pumpkins and squashes attain gigantic dimensions • thy have exceeded 2o0 pounds in weight in the neighbourhood of Toronto Indi n c^n Z; and tobacco are common crops, and yield lar.'e returns ir,.mn „...i « , ' ^ ' and can be cultivated to an/e^tent in many pa:i of L provLe "' "'""^"°" '''''''' The most striking illustration of thn inHiior,r.Q ^r 4i,„ ,. 1 . and of the largest dimensions, as far north as latitude 43-. g'eatest prolusion, The follo^ving information is from the pen of Mr. E. Widder, Commissioner of the Canada Company, and will be found to contain some information of interest and utility to SETTLEUS AND SMALL FARMERS be mXI^r Zi^";:,^- :^^;:^™ ^:::- ^^-:^'^^ of .M land is always to and roots Of the trees alo". brile^;!^™^.^^^;;;^^^^^^^^ ries greatly, according to circumstances, but may be quoted at pJ sen^ as ^'r p Jr crl Vhe" nJt:::r:^;2:^™-^^^^^ (n^z Ja:;dr;^h;^^^t Sdriri^c^^ ^:r^ -^ - 1 - -- capital, seed the fallow down with grasses, 2 tS:^^^^L!:Z:Z,.r!:::^:: f' ited means, puts the land into crop the next year either with nnKf/ "" follows wheat again, every alternate year un.ilT.' .!„ \ K "' '^""^ «'''*" ' ^^'"^ wheat crop each year,-wL„ ""old 2 s i. !l ■°'''" ° "'"' '^"""^'^ "'^"' ^''"<^ *°^ '''^ out much attention to the Z^^^t^^ !:::;'f;:::^'''''''\T^ """^^^"^•^ <=™PP"^ -'^- to admit of the free use of the pfouih The hiiV '^^^"""^' ""^'' *»'« ^t'™P« ^t sufliciently customary three or four field systm or It lerwi t 1^ ! "". ^''°"^" '"'""" ''^'^" ''^"P* ^'^^ alternate y-ear. The first e op 'areXys " [ wi M ""^ ""V"'"'"" '■"""^' ^"''^ impossible to speak positively in rerrSto f I r ™'' '''°"'- ^' ''' '"'^^■'^^■'^'•' "''"°«t and .Mention, tl,c p,,d„c. „iil „„ibelc,, per .L ZtZil^T" PI tT", .""'' " "" coming rapidly into notice as nn nrl.HfJ^., fi ! , ^"g">n(l. J^lax and hemp are now article! is excellent! 2 1^ ".antt oZit '"^''T ^^ VS"-''-ist,-the quality of both being well adapted for Uieir grlS' Tob 1 h f T""'""' ''^'""-the climate and soil particularly i„'thewester:ert::mUiesof'rpro:i:c: '"" "'"' '" '=°"^^'^'^^"^'« '^"^"«"-' .^irr:n:d::;;;;s;:^,;i::::^:r;tt;^: '^^r; t°" -' '-'-' ^^^'- -•> tl.e team to come b;ck empty; cheap r land travj,:^, ^/""^ *° the journey's end-supposing by making a bargain. ^ * '^" *'"^' """' bowever, often be obtained £100, suitable 'sheds etc!, LoTa'bles' t J't T ^^^^^-^^^-f-' £80 ; do. barn, chairs, per do7en £1 f« nniipr,7„,! ^^*- /". j^*" *'"^! «t"mp bedsteads, 10s to 20*. each; cent o;rr the usullstelgrt^^^^^^^^^^^^^ knives and forks, etc.. etc., about 50 pe; very seldom spends monefm erectChis h.^ r « ?"'' ^' ''°'"' '" '""'''' "'"* ^^^^ ^^''l^'' the assistance of his S^^rs «' h a^ljf '''"^''. "'^^ ^'""^ ^''"'^'''"'^ '^-'^ ^y himself, with time to time require S'l"; ^to^ It J ^^ t ""'' " > '"""'"' '"■"^""^^ '"-^^ ''"'" 4 1-1. co.t o. household fuiuiture, or rather the quantity required, varies ■ipnppppi 86 WORK DURING WINTER— PHODUCE-WAGES-FOXES, ETC. wifh thP ideas of almost evcrv family. In most cases, the household furniture of a new settler wilMot lie f" .ul :1 exceed i,-. value'fil. ; sometimes, not half that sum ; and is often manutac- *"?^r!::.S*!r(S;:ln G0KS.-The time of the setting in of the tVost, and of its depart- „r!"-ies in Canada extremely in different years. But no ,rndent man ou.ht ^o calculate on b :. b c to do a„v thins i„ the open tield after the middle of Noven.ber or "-'; -•!";; - fi suhn^ ot Vnril. 'Fodder n.nst he provided for cattle snfflcient to last t.ll the muldle of y ; although 'surplus n,ay be lert, owing to the early setting in of spr.ng ye cases ha^e been -ownofgreatdLtressprevan^fr.n..;t^^ j-;=i;==^ j:;:Ti:tr "=i;-h":'«;--: r ;s;;:;;p.^ .. spinning, .d .,.r ft mde om.p^ion;; and. when it is considered, that in the newe^ ''^'^^ f^;^^ 7Z elvment-a great portion of it being spent in amusement and visUu,g, to the nuuutest neglect of their farms and impoverishment of tluMnselves and fam.hes. T„P DEsniiPTioNS OF Fiu:iT AND Gaudkn PuoDixE IN Canada West.-AU the truits ^enerany fb^ d i^li ™U^We remarkably well in Canada ; but the plun. apple, stn.w^, r^ vines prosper well. ^^^^^^^^Z ^^ t^^i itS^^Jyear:; Although good and '1'^;Z;r^::;is'; n^^^l" -^h, owmg to their cmture be.ng neglected. ?he !::;r;iS;i:r:ppr;o a,l garden produce, which will attain a degree of luxunance un- or?;.l;:^..-Tb^e -e varied^n^derab,.^^^^ l^^^f Se ^r ^1^:^ Farm servants per ■--"•■;;;, ;^^^;-\f^,; !^ 1, V ' 'ot w Jhout board. The wages of car- Greara ter^i rha -e latelv been made in the laws relating to assessments-the power ben,g ^t ^ : :' "micipd councils, elected by the people, to impose what -*- ^.ey^hnvs . uir T c^^i ' mallt X orth provincial lunatic asylum, and some other public bu.hhngs, , -a , ,-„,,pr 1"5« ^ "r" nnlv about one hiilf of the above rates, on account CANADA — THE GOVEENMENT FREE LANDS. 37 impossible, therefore, to give any decided information on this point ;-the prices of produce and provisions given, will enable each individual to jiulsro forhi.nself. Support for a faniilv i.s rarely required for more than twelve months, in which time, an industrious family should 'be able to raise a crop for themselves. Are Wild Beasts troublesome to New Settlers ?-No. Some severe seasons, wolves u remote settlements, may annoy the farmer, but to a small extent. Sheep are, however in the more settled districts, generally protected by a fold; and the farmer may, now and then lose a stray hog by the bears-but many men have been settled for ten years in the province, without seeing cither wolf or bear. All wild animals are getting scarcer every year, as the country be- comes settled. '' The coMMoiv Game of the CotrvTivY.-The game in some parts is plentiful, and consists of deer, wood grouse, (called partridges,) quails, rabbits, (called hares,) and a great varietv of wild ducks and geese. Wild turkeys are numerous in the western section of Canada. Fisii are also most abundant in all the lakes and rivers, and excellent of their kind ; but an observation made by an old farmer and wealthy settler, may be added to the answer, as it is a very true one viz • -That a new settler can earn a quarter of beef, in the time which it takes him to hunt for a auar^ ter of venison. ' GOVERNMENT FREE LANDS. Tlie following information is compiled from a circular issued by the Canadian govern- ment, as well as from a pamplilet issued by Mr. F. P. French, the government land agent on the Opeongo Road : — ' The Provincial Oovernment Iiave recently opened out THREE GREAT LINES OP ROAD now In course of completion, and have surveyed and laid out for settlement the lands, through, and in the vicinity of which those roads pass. ' """-" The road.., as advertised by the agents of the government-appointed to the respective localities to afford information to the settler-are known as "THE OTTAWA AND OPEONGO ROAD "THE ADDIvrrov ROAD," and "THE HASTINGS ROAD." ' ^""^ ADm.\UTON THE OTTAWA AND OPEONGO ROAD Commences at a point on the Ottawa River, known as " Perrall's," a little above the mouth of the Bonchere River, and runs in a westerly direction, passing through the northerly part of the County of Renfrew This road, and the country through which it passes, now open for settlement, is easily accessible, and the agent for the granting of lands in .his district, is Mr. P. P. French, who resides at Mount St. Patr ck n ar Renfrew, on the Opeongo Road, a few miles from the lands which are to be granted. To reach the section of he country under Mr. French's charge, the settler must go from MONTREAL up to the Ottawa River to a place called Bonchere Point, and thence by land some twenty-flve or thirty miles westward to the towns'hip of Grattan, in which Mount St. Patrick is situated. fuwuBuip The distance from Ferrall's Landing to the village of Renfrew Is but T miles, and a stage is on this road In summer, which conveys passengers for about 2s. 6,1. each. Thus, from Quebec to Renfrew, a distance of 367 nules, may be travelled at a cost of £1 2.. 6c?. sterling. At Renfrew, the emigrant is within 16 miles of this agency, (Mr French's,) and he will have no difficulty in procuring a mode of conveyance to take him there mile 'Z ',\ m pT"'" ^T' '"""" '' '' '""""^ "'• ""'"'""» *" '^''"'- "f »>« «-' "f the free lots is 20 miles from the Ottawa River, and as the entire length of the Opeongo Road is 99 miles, it thus leaves TO miles upon which free grants are being given. This road commences at Ferrall's Landing, on the Ottawa, crosses the Bonchere at Renfrew, and then taking a north-westerly course, it runs midway between ttle Bon- here and Madawaska Rivers on to Lake Opeongo. It is intended to connect this with a projected line of i th7o " " V\r:^ '"'""'' '" ''" '"'' ""'*'^''' '''"' ^''•'^ "'"•°"' "y '^ •'^--X -Wch will diverg from the Opeongo Road, in the township of Brudenell, at a distance of abou . 53 miles from the Uiver Ottawa llZZfJ !. ' ''TL T'"' '""""'' ■''"'"• "■■ ""^^ ""'^' f™-" "^^ 0"*'^* to Lake Muskako, ITl miles in ngth passing through the heart of the Ottawa and Huron territory, and opening up for settlement a vast extent or rich and valuable land. OtHwn''r?''\',f .""T'*''' Rivers-between which this road runs-are important tributaries to the InZollTn 2. T Tr' ""'^^'•y "^^t «""'«'• 'hat annually passes down that river to the Quebec market. Over 40 miles of the road are now good for wagons, and as the remaining portion will be repaired next spring, settlers can easily take in their families and supplies at all periods of the year For Bome years past, settlers have been occasionally locating themselves on the wild lands of the Crown, in the n Igh bourhood o this road, and as there are besides over 120 of the free lots at present conceded, th^se who H JT'' '^■M'«"«"c« no di'liculty in obtaining prompt gratuitous assistance to erect their shan- lav "ZlT'^'f accommodation while they are being put up. Twelve men can build a good shanty in a .Ia>-the timber of which it is constructed being always to be had on the spot. The best possible feeling lots tho ^1 "^ fl r." ■•■-" / ■ "■■ '*' ^'•'' '"•" ""' ""—■ °^^''^" «^'* ^'^'^'^'^^ t° select their own lots, those coming first having first choice. The lots are all posted and numbered. mm^^ 38 THE ADDINGTON AND HASTINGS ROAD FREE LANDS. Ab yet the nearest villages to the road are Renfrew, Douglaa, and EganvlUe. Renfrew Is distant 13 mlle» fron fh •«!:: ^ree L on t.fe east end. So.ne 18 .Ues further up-,hat is .C .ulies west of H-^'e-^o^^ - Is within 12 miles, and again, 14 miles farther west, Eganville is sixteen nnles from tl road. At ea^^h"' These villages the e is a post-omee, and also mills and stoves, where all neeessary supplies can be ob Umed. nTen ew there is a Catholic church, a kirk, and a free church, (Presbyterian,) in each of wl-h tl> re Is rvic one a fortnight. In Douglas, a Methodist n.inister resides, and he has prayers there and a .gan- V 1 e eala Ue-n:... Sunday. Thl- 1^ also a Catholic church two miles from Douglas, and another at Kgan- V n n^f n, . r the clergyman omdates once a month, and at the latter twice a month dur.ng he sum- met'and onJ; a n.onth during the wi.aer. At Mount St. Patrick, and 8 miles from the east end of the road, there is also a post-onice and a Catholic church : a clergyman attends niL'e a month. , , „, p,,. The free lots on the east end of the road, for 12 miles, lie within th. cently organised townsh p of Gra - tal Ihid. is already pretty well settled. No schools have as yet ^^^'^^ ^^'f^^^Z:::^.:^^^!^- no doubt that, ere long, churches will be erected, and school sections denned. In this province, the olun Ury Sen^' obtains '; regard to all churches, but the schools are liberally aided by the government. THE ADDINGTON ROAD, Commencing in the township of Anglesea, in the northern part of the county of AdW n-tbe village of Flint's Mills, in Kaladar, runs almost due north to the Uiver Madawaska-a distance of ^"^ ">;^' be continued thence for the distance of 25 miles, till it intersects the Ottawa and Opeongo Road The ^nt fo. the granting of the land in this district is Mr. E. I'erry, who, for that purpose is now resi- del at IV lag oTFUNT-a MILLS. The outlines of five townships of very superior land are already survey eand ready for settlement within the limits of the agency lying north of lake -sanoka and be- tween it and tbe River Madawaska. The townships are called, respectively. Ablnger, Denbigh. Ashley. Emng- ham, Anglesea, and Bari-ie. KT^nsTOK Panada West thence to NAPANEE, either by The direct route to this section is by way of KINGSTON, Canada .., \," " „, pitnt'S MILLS where rail or steamboat, and thence north to the township of Kaladar. and the village of FLINT 3 MILLS, where Mr. Perry resides. THE HASTINGS ROAD. The government agent ib M. P. Hayes, who resides at the village of Madoc, from whom we have received the following particulars respecting the district :— The Hastings Free Grant Road commences on the northern boundary- hne of the townships of Madoc 13 northerly direction, through the tract of rough and °;'f J/.^'^^^J/^ ^^^J;'/;!; y ,,g i„to the Otta;a, rather, gently undulating country, b^'--, J« '';^,"*;;°^;'^ ^ nlrth a d sou h 'aifecfion, and extends This tract of good land extends for a breadth of 18 or 20 miles in a norm aim , CONDITIONS OF GRANTING FREE LANDS IN CANADA. 39 CONDITIONS. That the settler be eighteen years of age. That he take posses.-ion of the hiiid allotted to him wilJiin one month, and put In a state of cultivation, at least twelve acres of the land In the course of four years— build a house, (at least 2(i by 23 feet,) and reside on the lot until the conditions of settlement arc duly jierformcd ; after which accomi'lishment only shall the settler have the right of obtaining a title to the ju-operty. Kamilies, comprising several settlers, entitled to huids, preferring to reside on a single lot, will be exempted frcj.u the obligation of building and of residence (except upon the lot on which they live,) provided that the reiiuired clearing of the land be made on each lot. The non-accomidishmcnt of these conditions will cause the immediate loss of the assigned lot of land which will be sold or given to another. ' The road having been opened by the government, the settlers are required to keep it in repair. The local agents, whose names and places of abode have already been given, will furnish every informa- tion to the intending settler. The LO(ilIOL>K rcpiire.I by the government to be built, is of such a description as can be put up in four days by five men. The neighbours generally hel)) to build the log-cabin for newly-arrived settlers, without charge, and when this is done, the cost of the erection is small, the roof can be covered with bark and the spaces between the logs plastered with clay and whitewashed. It ihen becomes a neat dwelling and warm as a stone house. ' The lands thus opened up, and offered for settlement, are, in sections of Canada West, capable, both as to soil and climate, of producing abundant crops of winter wheat, of excellent rpiality and full weight, and also crops of every other description or farm produce, grown in the best and longest cultivated districts of that portion of the i)rovincc, and fully as good. There a of course, in such a large extent of country as that referred to, great varieties in the character and (pi... ., . ,and-some lots being much superior to others ; but there is an abundance of the very best laud for farming i.urposes. The lands in the neighbourhood of these three roads will be found to be very similar in quality and character, and covered with every variety of timber-some with hard wood and some with heavy pine. ' Water for domestic use is every where abundant ; and there are, throughout, numerous streams and falls of water, cai)able of being used for manufacturing purposes. The heavy-timbered land is almost always the best, an.l of it the ashes of three acres-well taken care of, and covered from wet-will produce a barrel of potash, worth from £C> to £7 currency The capital re quired to manufacture potash is very small, and the process is very simple and easily understood The expense of clearing and enclosing heavily-timbered lands, valuing the labour of the settler at the highest rate. Is about KOL'll POUNDS currency per acre, which the first wheat crop, if an average one wUl nearly repay. The best timber for fencing is to be had in abundance. ' CANADIAN r.OVICKNMENT AGENTS AND LANDS. Kmigrants desirous of purchasing any of the Crown lands in Upper or Lower Canada, may obtain the full- est mformation, as to the price and quality of the lands for sale, in their respective counties by apnlvinir to the undermentioned Crown Land Agents, viz. :— Hi ji"K Prices of Lands range from 1.9. to 10«. pur acre. CItOWN LAND AGENTS IX UPPEB (WESTERX) CANADA. Counties. Agents. Ptormont, Dundas and Glengary, Samuel Hart.. IM-escott aiid Uussell N. Stewart . .. lieaidences. Keufrew Leeds and (irenville I'rimtenac, Lenox and Addington.. Hastings I'liuce Kdward Northumberland and Durham. Cornwall. (..,,.,,,,„„ VT-,;-. VankleekhiU. '"''^'"' 'oliii Uune Ottawa. !"'"'."'^ (i. Kerr Perth. ..William Harris liunfrew. ..W.J. ticott Prescott.' . . Allan McPherson riingston . .I'rancis McAnnany nelleville. ••>«'• liallard Picton. ,„, ,., , , ,..;-.— Vacant Port Hope. 1 etc boro and ictoria Walter Crawford Peterbo/o'. \oik, Peel and Ontario Vacant Toronto V,'.'"'''": '"Ini Alexander Darrie ' J .■■' ,V'»" H. 8. lluber HcHn' " >^lli"Ston An.Irew (;e,ldes ! ! Klora w'entwor'th •••::■•• t'''*'"'!' '^"'^^"'^ Durha.n, (Dentlnck P. 0.) I Mt m ? ■ '^' '^'"'""'Ke Hamilton. ' JV'""" Vacant Milton l-incoln, Haldemaud and Welland. ..Henry Smith ... 'smithv'ille v'J';,';;' JolmCarrol :.■.■ .'.■.■.■jleachville. ;,.,,, Duncan Campbell Simcoe Middlesex and Elgin John «. Askiii London [■-■^'7 ••:•■■••, U.Mo.vnahan. Kent and Lambton J. H. Ibooke. . ""'■"" , ,.0 Widder .... iViih Sandwich. Kaleigh. Ooderich. John iSharman Stratford. "™^*' Alexander McNab Saugeen. S ■f ■paMPiNWPiii 40 CANADIAN GOVERNMENT— LAND AGENTS, ETC. CBOWN LAND AOTNTS IN LOWBE (BASTBBN) CANADA. Agents. NORTH OF RIVF.U liemience. OTTAWA. Counly. »„h„ Lvnch " AllumetteB I»la.>a Part of County of Ottawa, Korx*: ilastienV. J'rand Calumet Inland Uo. do G. M Ju.lRson Clarendon ^o. « Aim6 Lafontaine Aylmer »o »^_ Donald McLean ;'"'^i'''T,;;," Do do. E. W Murray ^^^^T ' ' l '. '. '. ". ". '■ '■ "• '. '. '. : Two Mountain.. try /i„„i,mc (iucl)ec. McLean Stewart Crrav iV.V I'a't of Saguenay. 1 jg per . Ed. Tremblay Murray n.iy v is. per . • Acre SOUTH OF RIVER ST. LAWRENCE AND WEST OF im.M CHAUD.EBE AND KENNEBEC ROAD. Joshuas. Lewis iXllfle"" [iliiil'-HrtlnKdon." [Stanstead^ Wm. Fleming vrli M ,hui ir ShelTord and part of Missis.iuo and Orin J. Kemp J. jrhrooke Vart of i^herbrooke, Drummond and John Felton w.m nvpr .... I'art of Urummond. [Stanstead. Charles C. Sheppard A,-^h„bLka '. »<>• N. A. Beaudel..... s, rrlvnlre •■• »» George A. Bourgeois • ■ ■ f,'' V^/;^""^'' Part of Sherbrooke and Drummond. J. T. Lellel «,lS7 ;■•; .Part of Drummond and Nicolet. F. X. I'ratte ipeds ■■■.- Part of Megantic. ^-^^'^:^:---y.^^^ ■ '- and Dorchester. SOUTH OF RIVER ST. LAWRENCE AND EAST OF RIVER CHAUDIERE. Framnton Part of Megantic, Dorchester A Belle- St C u 1™ ; River Boyer R. Boyer & pp.rt Bellecluvsse. [ohasse. Ste Anne La Pocatiere Part of Kamouraska. .PiL. iiuMc a, .. ..Part of Kamouraska and Gaspfl. ....Part of Rimouski. Uimouski . Isle Verte Andrew Ross S. V. Larue Fran?obT*tu Florence Deguise J. B. Lepage V°"'\^ e'^Bel'"'"" '•'.'.'■'■'■ .New C^Hisie: ! ! ! ". . ! ." 1 ! ! ! i '• "• •Bonaventure K.. p.r Acre. fohn^Eden'"'!::::::::::::::.. oasp6Basin partofGasp^. r TERMS OP SALE AND OCCUPATION. vrOTICE Is hereby given that future sales of Crown land, will be at the prices and on the terms specified JM In thp rpsnective localities mentioned below : — W^slrthe Unties of Durham and Victoria, at seven shillings and sixpence per acre, payable in ten an- nual instalments with interest, one tenth at the time of sale. East of the county of Ontario, within Upper Canada, four shilhngs per acre. In the county of Ottawa, three eliillings per acre. .,h „f fh* Sf Lawrence in the From thence north of the St. Lawrence to the county of Saginaw, an.i south of the St. Lawrence m dlstcTof Quebec ast of the Chaudiftre River and Kennebec Road, one shilling and s xpence per acre. I ...P rtWrlt of Quebec west of the River Chaudiire and Kennebec Road, two shillings per acre. ;„ lie dtSTt of Sle Vvers. St. Francis, and Montreal, south of the St. Lawrence, three shillings per ftcrc In the district of Gaspfi and county of Saguenay. one shilling per acre. n In cases payable in five annual instalments, with interest, one-fifth at the l-« » -^'^ ^^^^^^^ For lands enhanced in value by special circumstances, such extra price may be fixed as His Exckllenot twenty-six feet. , , , The timber to be subject to any general timber duty that may "« '^^^^'l. Th. sale to become null and void in case of neglect or violation of the conditions The settler to be entitled to obtain a patent upon complying with all the condition. Not more than two hundred acres to be sold to any one person. CANADA LANDS FOR SALE — EMIGRATION OFFICES. 41 SCHOOL LANDS FOR SALE. The School lands In the counties of Bruce, Grey, and Huron, are now open for sale to actual settler, on the following terms, viz. : — The price to he ten shillings per acre, puyahle in ten equal annual Instalments, with interest : the first In Btnlment to he pal.l upon receiving authority to enter ui,on the land. Actual occupation to be hnmediate and continuous ; the land to be cleared at the rate of five acres aunually for every hun.lred acres during the first five years ; a dwelling house, at least eighteen feet by Hveuty-six, to l.o erected ; the tinibei' to be re- served until the land has been paid for in full and patented, an.l to be subject to any general Ihnber duty thereafter; a license of occupation, not assignable without pern.lssion, to be granted; the sale and the li- cense of occupation to become null an,l void in case of neglect or violation of any of the conditions • the settler to be entitled to obtain a patent upon comi.lying with ail the conditions ; not more than two hundred acres to be sold to any one iierson on these terms. All emigi'ants who require information as to the best routes and cheapest rates of conveyance to any part of Canada, should apply to the emigrant agents stationed at Quebec, Montreal, or Toronto, who will al«o direct emigrants, in want of employment, to places where they may obtain it. The agents will also give settlers information as to the best and safest mode of remitting money to their relations or friends resldimt In any part of Oreat Britain or Ireland. ROUTE TO THE OOVEKNMENT FKEE LANDS ON THE OPEONGO ROAD. WHERB TO. Montreal Ottawa City, CONVEYANCB. Grand Trunk Railway UILES. „„„„„ p,,„ '(•'•'i'^'^ llytown.) f Steamer and Hallway' , 0'.',»waCity f^yh'ier j<,a^,e or wagon. .. .f. . Aylmer jOnslow. " Fitzroy " Arnprior " Bristol " Sand Point " Bnnchere Point. . " Kerrall's Landing " i Portage du Fort . " Pembroke Steamer Bo. Bo. Bo. Bo. Do. Do. Do. Do. and Stage 181 i( 9 24 30 40 41 45 BO 52 60 95 8T0. 8n. 6s. 2s. 2s. Ss. is. is. (>(/. is. 6d. ds. 5«. Gs. 5s. DOLLAR!). f2.00 1.60 0.50 0.50 o.ro 1.00 1.12( U2i 1.26 1.25 1.50 1.26 To Townships of Onslow, Bristol, and Clarendon Land at Onslow " LUchlleld and upper townships on the north side of the ) Ottawa > " " Fitzroy, lluntly, Packenham,' Ka'msay,' McNali' Renfrew, Bromley f " Horton, Bagot, Admaston, or to Mount St. Patrick in"! the township of Grattan, the residence of Mr French " the agent for the Opeongo Road, 28 miles iVom Fer- f rail's Landing Portage du Fort. Fitzroy and Arnprior. Bonchere Point, or Ferrall's Landing. The newly-surveyed townships of Sebastopol, Brudenell, Algona, and Rolph, each 10 miles quare are nn. open for settlen.ent, distance about 20 n.iles from Mount St. Patrick. Emfgrants proc" ding to anrof the tZXT:' n"'" r"" "'''™''"'"" '''"'''"'' '"« '^"-^^ «P- f- ^'"^ i" 'he^e respec We local til from the followmg Crown Land Agents :— At pci-wve locamies, CLARENDON CALUMETTE. ... ""■ ^- "• ''KATH. ALUMETTE ... " *'• X- BASTIEN. RENFKEW '.'.'.'.'.'.['.'.'.'.'.". .'.' ""^"^ I'YNCH. MT. ST. PATKICK " ^^ ^'- "'*"«IS. " T. P. FRENCH, IS EXCKLLBNOY GOVERNMENT EMIGRATION OFFICERS IN CANADA. MONTRKU ^- ^- «^CHANAN, Chief Agent. MU.M 1 KtAL A CONLAN. OTTAWA CITY FRANCIS CLEMOW. TORONTO^ ALLAN MCPHERSON, Crown Land Agent. HAMILTON :.■.■.■:::; t" c ■ dIxo^' *^'^'' *'""'^'"" ''^'°'' """"' ^*"''"'- Who will furnish emigrants, on applIcaUon, with advice as to the routes, distances, and rates of convey- :r ;r i"r LT" -" '"■- ""'■ '- »"■ ■•- -»' *- •*= "™-;,;:s i%m 42 JJANKS IN QUE AT BRITAIN, lliELAND, AND CANADA. BANK8 IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, With their agents in Canada, upon whom they draw, and grant letters of credit. Ji,i,drr:i hi Ilrihiin. I>ruw and give lettem of credit upon London, (Jlyn. Mills A Co T?'ink of Upper Caniula and agents. " City liank \VA\\\i of Toronto und agents. Joint Stock Hunk Comnieiciiil liank and agents. " Union Hank Montical liank and agents. Olyn, Mills & Co Quebec Hank and agents. ,1 II i< 1. CUiy Hank of Montreal and agents. II II II <■ Gore Hank and agents. Rosan(iuet k Co. Niagara Distriet Hank and agents. " Glvn, Mills & Co U"nk du I'cnplc, Montreal, and agents. .1 11 11 II Ontario Hank and agents. British North America Own brunches and agents. Liverpool, Bank of Liverpool Montreal Bank and agents. Edinburgh, British Linen Company Bank of Upper Canada and agents. ,1 .1 11 II Montreal Bank and agents. " Commercial Bank Connnerciid Bank of Canada and agents. " Union Bank ^"'''•' '''"''^ '""' agents. Glasgow, British Linen Company Montreal Bank and agents. " Clvdesdale Bank Commercial bank of Canada and agents. Dublin, Bovle, Low, I'ini & Co «• National Bank of Ireland City Bank of Montreal and agents. By reference to the above, and also to the List of Banks in Canada with their Agencies, it will at once l)e seen with whom the banks in Great Britain and Ireland have correspondents, in dif- terent parts of Canada, and through whom money can be remitted or received. BANKS IN CANADA. WITH THEIR AGENCIES. For Banks in Great Britain ami Ireland, who are aaenUfor the folloicing, see Lixt of BanlH in Great Britain and Ireland, precediny this. NAMKS OF BASKS. . .I'liper Canada K Toronto Ai Belleville Uppor Ciinada K. " OoiimuM'iial A. Montro.il ((. ..Upi)er Canada (i. ..Ontabio I). Upper Canada (i. " Montreal tl. Bradford City liank A PI,ACK9. Barric Berlin Boicnianville.. Brant ford H. N. America 3. "' Upper Canada T. " Mnntrenl A. Brockrille Upper Canada K. '» Comniereiul .1. " Montreal F. Chatham Upper Canada (i. " Commercial T. " (lore A. ( 'hippeu'a Upper Canada J. Cohoiiru Montreal C " Torontct .1. Cornwall Upper Canada .h " Montreal » Oinidas !>■ N. America W fS/,/iii /immkbman's .T. Gait..' ' Montreal K. Hamilton f'^w W, " Upper Canada A. " B. N. America (t. " Montreal A " Commercial W OFFICERS. Ually, ARcnt. ign:* Uu!'9ell,AKt. llolden, Agent. Thomiison, M'r. McNiiler, M'r. Davidson, Agt.. Kislier, Casliier. Mearns, Apent. Dyetl, ManaKcr. McMaster, Apt. C. (leildes, M'r. S. Sliortt, Agent, (irier, Manager. F. Clmreli, Agt. Hancrnft, M'r, M. Holmes, M"r, Thomas, Casli'r. McCrae, Agent. Cliarteris.Ageiit. Macl■ >'. Aiiiirioa F. W. Wdud, M'r. ^'""treal J, Steveiisdn, .M'r. ('"iinni'rcial — ^ . " Cil.v Hank „ " , I'll IViiple Qui'bfc Jl'k, AkI.h. •Sarnla I'pptT Canada ,, ",, ,., „ , Cdiiinifrilal 0. \V. Tli(iinas,A(it. ,S(iii!tSte .ifdrie.Ai. N. America. I. Itallenden, Agt M,rhro<,i-e I'lty i);i„k \v. uitclde, Aireiit. •^"''™» tUJt>teii;(.f(,V. K)...H. S. America H'k of 11. N. Amer..sy, jo/iii i.V. /'.> ..H. .v. \nierlca Central Hank. J''ri-t- tcrs," must observe that no record is taken of any letter unless specially banded in for registration at the time of posting. Upon all such letters, with the e.vception of those addressed to the I'liited States 1'/. mnst be prepaid, as a registration charge. If ad- dressed to the United States, the ordinary postage rate on the letter to that coiintrv mu.if lie' jnepaid and in addition a registration charge of '.\(l. per let- ter. The registry thus elfectisi in Canada will be car- ried on by the United States post-ollice, until the let- ter arrives at its destination. In like manner, letters addressed to Canada mav he registered at the place of jiosting in the United States. !!n' "•>"',"'■ iilK'm'il lii^x, arlsliin iipiiii the iiiisciinlago uf any such Icttir or Ita Cuiitcntii. /?((»/!• Post irlth KihiUiikI. The rati's an>/ pohtiiye >^t. When a money order is loesented for payment at the ollice on which it Is drauri, the postmaster, or ; clerk employed, will use all proper means to assure ' himself that the applicant is the party named and intended in the advice, and, n|ion payment of the order, •" be careful to obtain the signature of the I payee to iiie rece'pl at foot. I io. When tliroiif;h illness or other insuiierabie diffi- ! eulty, the payee is iireveiiled from presenting the order in i "isoii, the postmaster will be at liberty to ^ accept a lilten order on the back, in favour of a second per-on, provided always that such written order is salisfactorily proved to be genuine. I li. Any money-order post-olbce may repay an order issued by itself, but only to the party who obtained it. The charge or eomiiiission, however, shall not in any case be refunded. 12. The charges or comiuissious for orders will be as , follows : — I »,d, 8 I'nder and uj) to £2 lOs. Over £2 bK not exceeding £.") dv... £5 d" .£T !t)i. £10 i)». £12 loo. £15 On. £17 108. £7 111.'* £!i> M 1 £12 lOs 1 £1.") ()« 1 £17 10.1 1 £20 o« a LAWS REUAUDINO THE VJtOPEKTy OF INTESTATES. 45 Orfj'l.t-"'"-^'"*!;^;^ ';: I «■ '^r^^'"?' "otexeee„ln«f«0 0, '^ li " £M U*. " Jrt, Z » » I /''"« f'»r f»f ''n "i" on nr«t, .„,,! ,t.con,|.cl»«s oIllcM, " £06 (»*. " i-ll) (ta.".'!.",!;;;;; 4 f;|,7;,'/''""'^^""l"»'t'""'"'-onl«r»ori(lriil-clH8aomi-i " £M tin. " i>,5 o« .■401 "V'a No halfpence to lia Introauooa In the or-h-rs. DISTIIIUUTION OF PKIISONAL ESTATE OF INTESTATES. [according to TirK LAwa o» Canada wkht.] tZiTJUlTT, "':•, '^^'"f,""'' »"" ^■''"•'•«'- ^''m-lren-hlH personal re,,re»entatlv.« take thu, : One thlnl to vlfo. rest to cl,il,l or cl,il,iren : If chll,lr,.n .lea,l, Ihon to their representatives, (that Is. their lineal .U- ,ce„,lan,v except s,,.,. chihl or chlhlren (not heirs at law, who ha.l estate hy settlenL.t of ntla^^^ U Ufetiine, e(|iml to the other shares. <•»»", uj iii» Wife -'"b-half to wife, rest to next of kin In ecpml .legrees to Intestate or their legal repr«.ent«llve. No wife or child-all to next of l.ln and to their leKal representatives. •"u.ai.vt . Child, children, or their ropresentatlvcs-all to hiui, her, or theui. Children hy two wives— eipuiily to all. If no child, ddl.lren, or representatlvcs-ail to next of k'n In equal degree to Intestate. Child or grandclilld-half to child, half to Brandchild. Hushand— whole to him. Father anil hrolher, or sister— whole to father. Mother and brother, or sister— whole to them ci|ually IviJ^'moM''-','''';''''-'''' "''T": "■"' "'^'"'"-'""f '"""■'f'^. '■«»''"'« "• ■"""'«, brother, sister,, and nieoes. anil 2c" ' ""^'^'''-'^^"■'•""•"» "> '^'f". ""e '<>»'"' to n.othcr, and one-fourti. to nephews and nmt'her!'"" *"■ "'■''""' ""' """""-'""' '<> '"'">' (-J-" »"""'« »' Car. II.) half to brother, and slater,, Mother only-the whole (It being then out of the statute). Wife and mother— half to wif.-, and half to luolher. Brother or sister of whole blood, and brother or sister of half hlood-cqually to both Posthumous brother or sister, and mother— ecpially to both I-osthumo„s brother, or sister and brother, or sister born in lifetime of father-equally to botb. father » father and mother's niother— equally to both. Uncles' or aunts' cliiMren, and brother or sister's Krandohildren-equally to all (irandmother, uncle, or aunt— ail to grandmother. Two aunts, nephew, and niece— equally to all. Lnule and deceased uncle's child— ail to uncle. Incle by mother's side, and deceased uncle or aunt's chUd-all to uncle Nephew by brother, and nephew by half-sister-equaiiv per ,;,pita a„7not" 7;Sr' "'"'""• """ """'"" *"" "'"" '''*""^' '"'''-"'''' '" «<>-• shares p*rcap«a, llrother and prandfalher— whole to brother. lb-other's (fiandson, and brother or sister's daughter— to daughter. lliolher and two aunts— to brother. Urother and wife— half to brother, half to wife. Mother and brother— equally. n^'ltirZHl '■',""' ^•'"'f'^" "f " <'7«««f'' ''^>''"^"- 'or «ister)-half to wife, one-fourth to mother, one-fourth per xtirpen to deceased brother or sister's ?o tliNt, thon the County (Co.) It It In, followed l)y flu' imino of Towimhip (T|>.). Tliim, for fxiiiiijilr :— •' AuuiKovLK, C. \V'., Co. Wflliiigtoii, Tp. I'lislincli." 513J" (\ K. denotes Canada East. C. W. " Canada Wew. Co. " ColNTY. Tp. " ToWNHlill'. 0. T. R. " (J hand Tiunk HAti.noAn. G. W, II, " (iltKAT WksTKUN UaILUOAD. Towns liftving MoNKY Ordkk Okkk i-:8 nmy l)e known bylluir nninos being printed In blaclt letter Ihiid, ALLANSVILLE. All tlie plnct'rt nienlioni'd hav»i Post-okki('k<, nnlessi where mentioned to the etmtrary. In addressing letters to parties in any town or village, they should be addressed — Ifit. Christian and Surname in full. 2d. Name of Township. 8d, Name of County. 4th. "Canada West," or "Canada East," which Ib, of course, synonymous with " Upper Canada" and " Lower Canada." For rates of postage to and from Canada, soe elsewhere in this work, headed "Postal Regulations." J^" To find out the distance of any one place fioni another, on the lines of the fr. T. U. (Grand Trunk Railroad), (J. W. R. (Great Western Railroad), Ikifl'alo and Lake Ili:ron, and Ontario, Simcoe, and Iluron Railroads, see the Distance Tables of these lines, given elsewhere. A. ABBOTT'S COUNKR, C. K., Co. Misslsiinnl. Miiko for \ "Coinpti'ii" »" the (i. T. K. l'ci|piiliiti.iii iilimit 1(mi. ABB()TTt«K()UI), C. K.. Co. IJcuiville, St. Illllalre on tlic (1. T. !{. Irt the Station best iivailalile. l'oi>ulu- tlon al)ont KK). ABKRCKOMBIK, see Pt. Adele. ABKUCOKN, V. K., Co. Bronic, Coniiiton on the O. T. K. Is the iieansl. Station. I'opiilation al)OUt ft(t. AUKKDKKN, see KajiidiH dcs .loaclilnis. ABKKF()Y1>K, C. W., Co. WeiliiiKlon, Tp. l'ii.«llnoIi. (lo to (iiK'lph, a niulii Station on tlie (i. T. K. pop- ulation about liK). ABIXOBON, C. W., Co. Lincoln, Tj). Caistor. Be- tween the (Jreat Western ami tlie BntT.ilo mn; Lake Huron Hallways ; for the (t. W. U. ronte take tirinis- by Station on tlie Hamilton and NiaKara Section, or "Canflelil" Station on the liuiralo and Lake Hu- ron Line. Population about !)i). ACTON, C. E. (alias Acton Vale), Co. Bagot. A Tele- graph Station on the (1. T. 11. ACTON, C. W., Co. Ilalton, Tp. Kaciueslng. A Station on the Vt. T. U. I'opulation about nud. ADAMSVILLE, C. K., Co. Broiue. Make for " Comp- ton" Station on the <«. T. R. Population about 100. ADAUK, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Biddulph. Uo to "Stratford" on the G. T. R. Poi)ulation about .W. ADDINOTON ROAD,C. W. See Freedrantsof Land. ADDISON, C. W.,Co. Lced.'<, Tp. Kli«al)cthtown, close to BrockviUe, a main Station on the G. T. R. Pop- ulation about IfiO. ADELAIDB; Tp., C. W., Co. Middlesex. Go to " Mount Brydges" on the G. W. R. ADJALA Tp., see Athlone, Ballvrov, and Keenans- vlll---, Viilsgr? -Tid IV.=f.,,niei^= s-itbiii f J-.at. TmviiKh'.j-. ADMASTON Tp., C. W., Co. Renfrew. Steamer from Aylmer on the Ottawa, nearest Station Ottawa City, connected at Prescott with the G. T. U. ADOLPHUSTOWN Tp., Co. Lennox. Station Ernest- town on the G. T. K. Also Kingston or Belleville for Bay of Qulnt^! Steamer plying both to and from Adidphustown In Hummer. Al.moN Tp., C. W., Co. Peel. Go to Bramiiton, a main Station on (!. T. R. ALimoROltiU Tp., C. W., Co. Elgin. Go to New- l)urv Station on the (I. AV. It. ALDKRSllOTT, C. W., Co. Wi'iitworth. Tp. KhnMl)oro'. Go to Dundas, G. \V. H. Population about SO. ALEXANDRIA, C. W., Co. (jlengary, Tp. Lochlel. Make for l>ancaster on G. T. R, Population about Voo. ALKRED Tp., C. W., Co. Prescott. On South Shore of Lower Ottawa. Lancaster Is the nearest G. T. R. Station, and Steamers touch at Original and llawkcs- liury on Ottawa for Ottawa City and .Montreal. ALGON.\. See (!rown Lands for sale. ALLANUl'RG, C. W., Co. WeMaiid, Tp. Thorold Go to Thorold on the (i. W. R.,or to Port Dalhousie for Steamer to Toronto and all other parts East. ALLAN PARK, Co. Grey, Tp. Bentick. Make for "Guelph," thence by Stage to Owen's Sound. Or forCollingwood by the .Northern Rail from Toronto, and Steamer Canadian to Owen's Sound and down by Stage. ALLAN'S CORNERS, C. E., Co. Chateauquay, Tp. Durham, (io to Montreal, and thence t)y Cham- l)lain anil St. Lawrence Railway. Population about (10. ALLANSVILLE. 0. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Fed. Go to "Guelph" on G. T. R. AL1,I,><0N VILI.K, C. W., Co. I'rlnce Edward, Tp. Ame- liasliurg. Steamers plv down from Trenton and Belleville, both Stations on the (i. T. R. fp from Klni,:-!r.n ;>!»! M".!itr;r.! on t!ii' -aine 1!;-. silver.- y-.r- tlon. For liuid journey go to " Brighton or Tren- ton" Stations on G. T. R., and thence to Carrying Place, Tp. .Mm-rav. Population about M. ALLCMETTE ISLAND, C. W., Tp. Renfrew. An Island on Upper Ottawa River near Terminus of CANADA: (HTIKrt, TOWNH, AND VILLAOKM. 47 ti to and from on, Tp. Fed. projected nrofkvllli" nml Arnprlor Riillwiiy. Miiy be rciieln'il from A) limr, ('. K. On tin' North Slior'ii of (Htiiwn lllviT Uy filciiiiiir In coiimctloii hIiIi SliiK'" for Ottiuva ItalUay, Hlildi johin tin; (i. T, |{. nl I'rt'Huntt. AInii oiilli'il Ailiiiiii. AI.MA, 0. W., Co. Wflllnxloii, Tp. I'l'H. (to to (inclpli, »(•« AlliinHvlllf. I'opnliillon uhout 7(1. AI.I.NA, •'. W., Co. Mr , Tp. Ilinoii. W nillvti from (io>lirlcli. I'opnlutloii jiImmiI ,'iti. AI.MIKA, 0. \V.,Co. Vork.Tp, IVel. Oo to Hciirlioro' trillion on tin' »1, T. It. Or Toronto, whence Htiigo iliill.v. I'opnlittlini iilioiil till, AI.NWICK Tp., »'. W., Co. Nortliiuiil.crliind. Miiki- fnr lliirwoiMl, II .siiiliiiM on thv Colionrn iiml I'llcr horooKli Unf, which coniieitii with tin.' U. T. U. iil Colioiirff. Al.ro.N, (I W., Co. Peel, Tp. Ciilcdon. Oo to (leorKf- town, u Stiitlon on the U. T. K. I'oimlullon uhout •jm. AU'ONA, (!. \V., Co. Ontario Tp. I'lckcrlnx. " l'»it Unlmi or Krcnchiniin's liny'' arc jn'iirc^t KluK (^Hi- tlona, hot Whltliy nniln Htallon miiv he prcfcrahlc all on the (I. T. It. I'opnhitlon ahout '.;oii, AI.VI.NHTON, C. W., Co. I.aml.ton, Tp. Itrooke. Oo to "(ilcin'oc," on the (1. \V. It, llainlllon and Wlnd- mir Section. I'opniatlon uhout tin. A.MKI.IA.SHflKt Tp., C. W., Co. Prince Kdward. Oally .steamer down from llclluvllle, and up from KinK'ulatlon about Inn. AI'MI'HN, C. W., Co. iluron, Tp. ( oIlHime. Oo to .stralforil on 0. T. H. Also on the lliillain and Lake lluidn, and go on hy Ooderich Stage. AIDLKV, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Pickering. " Port Huron," and " Krem'hinan's Hay," on 0. T. U., are nearly eipil-dlstunt Stations. AroilHI.M, C. W., Cm, Land)ton, Tp. Knphemla. llook for Olincoe Station, on (i. W. H. Population about '.'S. AIM.TSVILLI';, C. W., Co. Stormonf, Tp. Osnahruck. .Make for " Dickenson's Landing," u Statl(Ui mi the 0. T. It. PopulatI in alioiit l.'iit. AURORA, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Whitchurch. A lelegraph Station on the Ontario Simcoe and llu- rmi Hallway. Populatlmi about i.'iil. AVON, C. W., Co. .Micbllesex, Tp. N. Dorchester. Oo to " Kdwurdsburg," a Station on the O. W. H. Population about ,'io. AVON HANK, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Downle. Gel to Siraiforil .lunctlon Stalicui of the (J. T. K., and Ihiiralo anil Lake Iluron Itailway. AYLMER EAST, I '. K., Co. Ottawa, Tp. Hull. On north shore of liiver Ottawa, connecting point for I'pper Ottawa District with Ottawa ( itv. Take ticket f(U- Ottawa ( ity, coiuiccted at Pres'cott with O. T. H., and thence on hy stage to Aylmer. Pop- ulation about l.^llil. .VVLMKH Wi:sT, C. W., Co. KIgin, Tp. Ntalahlde. On London ami Port Stanley Hallway, connected at London, C. W., with the O. W. H. Population libcMit (illO. AVLWIN, Tp., 0. R, Co. Ottawa. North of Ottawa Hlver ; Steamer direct from Jlonlreal. Poimiatiou about lIHI. AVIt, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. nnmfrles. Oo to "Oalt," now cmmected by llranch Hallway with (i. W. H., ami llull'alo ami Lake Huron Hallways at Parl.s— which see. Population about loiili. AVTON, C. W., Co. Orey, Tp. Normanbv. Oo to Ouelph, and on by Stage through Kerg'us, Klora, Mount Forest. Guel|di is on the G, T. K. B nAHY'.S POINT, C. W., Co. Lambfon, Tp. Somhra Heachcd from Chatham Station, on the O. W H HAIIVVILLK, C. K., Co. Napieryilie, Tp. Sherrington. W hich Is a Station on the .Montreal and Plattsburg Hallway, .S'2 miles from Montreal. HADKN, C. W., Co. Waterloo, South Hiding, Tp. tVlI- mot. In the same township as Petersburif Station on the a. T. K. BAOOT, C. W., Tp. In Co. Renfrew. North of Perth, on line of Hrockville and Arnprlor Exicii.sion. Pres- ent nearest Station, Ottawa City, on Itramh Rall- ^vay, connected at Prescott with the (i. T R HAOOT, C. K. See (irande Buie. BAdOTVlLLE, C. K. Near Chicoutimi, on the Sague- nay H. Oo hy Stenmer .«aguenay, from Quel)ec, or St. Thomas, C. K., the Kastern Terminus of the O. T. R., below Quebec, thence by same Steamer BALLINAKAD. C. W., Co. Wellington, South Hidiiig, Tp. Krin. Oo to Georgetown Station on the (i T H BALLVCHOV, C. W. See Alhlone, both being In To. of Adjala. BALMORAL, C. W., Co Ilalilimand, Tp. Walpole. Near Cook's Station, on the Buflalo and Lake Huron Railway. BALTIMORE, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Ham- ilton. A Station on the Cobourg and Peterborough 48 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Railway, wliicli is connected at Cobourg with the G. T. U. •> miles fruiu L'obinirj,'. BANDDN, C. W., Ci). Huron, T|). llullett. Go to Strut fold, liy tlie liulValo and Lake Huron, or U. T. R. BAUrORIl, ('. K. .-'ee Coiiticook. BARNKTT, ('. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Nichol. Go to (iueliili, on the G. T. K. BARNSTO;', C. K. A Tp. In Co. Stanatead. Near (natieook ?vcr v.Uli the St. Lawrence. Oo by Ottawa Steamer from Montreal. BELLEVILLE, C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. Thuriow. County Town. Main and Telegraph Station on G. T. R. Section. '220 nules from Miuitreal, and 113 from Toronto, Population about 7ilO(l. BELL EWART, C. W., Co. Shncoe, Tp. Iniusfll. A Station of the Ontario, Simeoe, and Huron Railway, and for the Lake Simeoe Boats. DU miles from To- ronto. Population about lini). BELL'S CORNERS, Co. Carleton, Tp. Nepean. Try "Gloster," or Ottawa Stations on the Railway Branch from Prescott, on the G. T. R. Population about T(l. BELMONT, 0. AV., Co. Elgin, Tp. South Dorchester. (io to Edwardsbiu'g, a Station on the (r, W. R. BEL.MOKE, C. W., Co. Hiunn, Tii. Tiwnherry. Goto Stratford, present Terndnus of G. T. R. and Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway. Population about 140. BELlKIL, C. E,, Co. Vercheres. On South Shore of St. Lawrence. Try Longulel or St. llyacinthe Sta- tions on the G. T. R. Population about 300. BENMILLER, C. AV. See Auburn. BENNIE'S CORNERS, C. AV., Co. Lanark, Tp. Ram- say. Try North (iower Station, on Ottawa and Prescott Branch from the G. T. R. Population BENTINCK, C. AA'. A Tp. in Co. Grey. Go to Col- lingwood by the Ontario, Simeoe, and Huron Rail- way, and thence by Canadian Steamer to Owen's Sound, and down by Stage; or to G\ielph, on the G. T. R., and up by Stage for Owen's Sound. BERKKLKY, C. W., Co. Grey, Tp. Holland. For I{o\ite see Bentinck. BERLIN, C. AV., Co. AVaterloo, North Riding, Tp. AVaterloo North. A Telegraph Station on the G. T. R. t'4 miles from Toronto. BERTHIER EN li.XS, C. E., Co. Montmagny. A Sta- tion on the (r. T. K., Quebec and St. Thomas Sec- tion. 42 miles below Quebec. Population about ir)Oo. BERTHIER EN HAUT, C. E., Co. Bcrthler. On the North Shore of St. liawreiice, at head of Lake St. Peter. Reached by Quebec and Montreal Steamers. BERWICK, C. AV., Co. Stormont, Tp. Finch, Go to Dickinson's Landing, a Station on (i. T. R. Popu- lation about KiO. BERTIE. See Fort Erie. BEKVIF,, C. W.,Co. Bruce, Tj). Kincardine, which see. BEVERLKY, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Wentworth, con- taining Copetown, RocMon, Shetheld Villages and Post-ollices, which see. BEWDLKY, t!. AV., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Ilundi- ton. (io to Port Hope, a Maui Station on the G. T. R. ; also a Lake Port, frequented bv the Steamers. Population about 100. BIC, C. E., Co. Rimouski. A Port on the Lower St. Lawrence, on tin' South Shore, opposite Island of St, Ceeile. Poimlatiou about 3000. ItlDDCLPll. See Adare. BINIIItOOK, C. W. A Tp. in Co. AVentworth, near to the Jordan Station on the G. AV. R., Hamilton and Niagara District. BIRMINGHAM, C. AV., Co. Frontenac, Tp. Pitt.sburg. Kingston City and Kingston Mills are the Stations, the latter only a Flag Station, both on the G. T. R. Popiilatiiui about 20O. BISHOP'S AIILLS, C. W,, Co. GrenvUle, Tp. Oxford. Go to Oxford, a Station on the Ottawa and Prescott Branch of the (r. T. R. BLAIN VILI,E TERRKUONNE, C. E. See St. Therese de Blainville. BLACK CRKEK, C. AV., Co. AVelland, Tp. AVilloughby. Go to Ridgeway on tlie Bullalo and Luke Huron Railway. BLANDFORl), C. W., Co. Oxford. See AVoodstock, Ratho, etc. BLANDFORD, C. E., Tp. in Arthabaska Co. Go to Somerset Station on the G. T. R. BLANSHARD, C. AV, See Fish Creek, St, Mary's, Blanshard. BLESSINGTON, C. AV., Co. Hastings, Tp. Tyendinaga, where there is a Station of the (J. T. R. BLOOMFIELD, C. AV., Co. Prince Edward, Tp. Hallo- well. Situate on Bay of Qulnte, and reached by Steamer daily from Kingston and Belleville, both Stations on the G. T. R. BLOOMSIiURtr, C. AV., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Townsend, Go to Onondaira. or Pinis, botli Stations on the Buf- falo ami Lake Huron Railway. .t CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 49 See St. Therese BLYTIIK, 0. W., Co. Huron. North of Stratford Ter- luillllS llf (r. T. K. IJOIK AY(iK()\, C. AV., Co. Victoria, Tp. Verulam. ()() to I'ort Hope, mi the G. T. U., and tliuiioe hy liriiiieh Uaihva.v to Lindsay. I'oindatiou aljout 2lJlj. I!(II,T(»N, C. W. See South l!(dtoM. liOll.MIN, C. W., Co. HurcjM, Tp, .Morris. Nortli-west of Slr,iir(]rd Station, ou tlie U. T. 1{. Population about :iil. B(IM.\.V I'liN, C. W., Co. Nortluiniberland, T\>. Ham- illnn. (Jo to I'ort lloi)e on llie (i. T. I{., and tlience liv Lindsay Kailway, open to Onieniee. liO.N'K HEM), C. W., Co. Siincoe, Soutli Itiding, Tp. Tecuinseli. (Jo to Uradfurd on tlie Ontario, Sini- coe, and Huron Kailway from Toronto. Population ahout 'JoO. noiHi.VUlJ'S COUNKIfS, C. W., Co. Prince Kdward, T|>. .Maryshurg, on liay nf (iuinte. T;ike the Steamer from Kingston or Belleville on O. T. II. Population about ;iO. B0S.\N(JU1:T, C. W. a Tp. in Co. Lambton. Go to Stratford on G. T. I{. COSCOliKL, C. E., Co. ShelTord "o, Kly. Go to Dur- ham Station on the G. T. I{. 1 ipulation about Ino. BOSTON, C. W. A Village in Townsend Township, NorfcilkCo. SeeBloomsburg, Poi>ulatlon about lyo. BOTllWIOLL, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Zone. A Station ou the G. W. U., Ilannlton and AViiulsor Section, about 40 miles west of London, C. W. Population about .">oil. BOCCIlKltVILLE, C. K., Co. Chambly. Go to Lon- gueil Station on the G. T. U., close to Montreal. Population abend. SOU. BOCliC; LOCIS, C. K, Co. Portneuf. On N,u-th Shore of St. I.,awrence — no nearer Station than Point Levi, the Quebec Termliuis of the (>. T. R. ; may be reached by .Montreal and Quebec Steamers at Portneuf, ou the Kiver St. Lawrence. I'opulation about 1(10. BOWKX, C. W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Richmond. Go to Niipaiiee (ui the (r. T. U. Po|iulation about •>:>{). BOWMANVILLE, C. W., Co. Durham, T]). Darling- ton. A .Main Slatifin on (i. T. R. 4o miles from To- ronto. Pojiulation about -1001). BOW.MORK. See Nottawasaga. BRADFORD, C. \V., Co. Simcoe, Tp. W. Gwillim- liury. .\ .Main Stalion un the (Jntario, Simcoe and Huron Railway from Toronto. 42 miles from To- ronto. Population about (ioo. BRAMPTON, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Chinguacousy— Cmudy Town. .V Main Stalion on G. T. U. 22 miles from Tm-onto. Populalion almut 2000. BUA.NCHTOX, C.W., Co. Brant, Tp. Dumfries, (south.) (io to Paris by the (i. \V. R., or liullalo and Lake Huron Railway. Populaticm about loo. BRANT. An Inland Countv in Canada West, inter- sected by the G. W. R. aiid the Iluiralo and Lake Huron Railway. The (i. W. R. skirts It on the Norlh,and the Bulfalo and Lake llur.ui bisects into nearly eciiial h.ilves. Wentworth County bounds it (Ml the Kast, Oxf.n-il on (he West, Waterloo and Oxford on the North, and N(U-folk and Haldimand on the South. BRANT, C W. Tp. in Co. Bruce. Go to Guelph by (J. T. R., Toronto and Stratford Section, thence b'v Stage. BRANTFOKD EAST, C. W. See Cainsville and Uose- liank. BRANTFORD, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Brant. AMain Station ou liullalo and Lake Huron Riiilway. 8 miles from Paris Junction of the U. W. K. Popu- lation about soon. BRESLAW, C. W., Co. AVaterloo, Tp. AVaterloo. Go to Berlin on the G. T. R. BREWKR'S MILLS, C. W., Co. Frontcnac, Tp. Pitt.s- burg. Kingston .Mills Station is nearest Kingston City, and the most frequented. Both on G. T. K. Po|iulatlon alimit loO. BRKUSCER, C. W. A Post-ollice in Bruce Co. See Hay. BRII)(;MN(Hn'l' C. W., Co. Peterboro', Tp. Smith. A little North of Peterborough. Go to Cohourgon tlie (i. T. R., and thence by Railway to Peterbo- rough. Poiiuhiti.iu about .")0. BRIIKiKPOUT, C. W. A Vllhige in Waterloo Co. See Petersburg, Poiuilation aliout ."iOO. BRIGHTON, ('. W., Co. Northui.^'H.rland, Tp. .Mur- ! ray. A Stution on the G. T. R. population about luOO. i BRITONVILLE, C. E., Co. Argenteuil, Tp. Morin. On North Shcu-e of Lower Ottawa, reacheil by Steamer from Montreal, BRISTOL, C. i:. A Tp., Co. Pont.iac. On North Shore ol Ottawa above Ayhner East, (which see,) reached by Cppcr Ottawa Steamers. Pojiulation about 80. BROCK, C. W. A Tp., Co. Ontario. Ei|ui-distant from (i. T. R. at Whitby, and from Bradford and Holland Landing ou the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway. BROCK'S CREKK, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Aldborough. Go to Newbury on G. W. R. BROCKVILLE, C. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. Elizabeth- town. County Town. A .Main Station on (t. T. R. 1211 miles from Montreal, Poimlation about '.UtIO. BRO.ME, C. E. An Electoral Division. Nearest Sta- tions, Ascot and Sherbrooke, G. T. R. IMtO.MLEY, C. W. A Tj),, Co, Renfrew. See Douglas. BKOMPTON FALLS AND BUOMPTON, C. W., Co. liicluDoiid. Station on (he G. T. R. This is the Station for St. Francis Mills. Poimlation ahout 40. BRONTE, C. W., Co. Ilalton, Tp. Trafalgar. A Sta- tio'i on the G. W. R. l;j miles from Hamilton. Population about f)00. : BROOKE, C. AV. A Tj)., Co. Larabton. Go to Glen- I coe cm G. W. R. BROOKLIN, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Whitbv. Go to W liitby or Oshawa on G. T. R. Population about (ioo. BROUGHAM, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Pickering, Go to Dutlin's Creek or Whitby (as the maiu Stution) on the (i. T. R, Population ahout l.JO. BROUGHAM, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Renfrew. See Mount St. Patrick. BROUGHTON, C. E. A Tp., Co'. Megantic. Go to Smuerset on the G, T. R. Poimlation about 800. BROWNSBURG, C. E., Co. Argenteuil. On North Shore of Lower Ottawa. .May be reached from Montreal oy Steamer. Population about 100. BROWN'S Ct)RNERS, C. E. A Post-ollice in Picker- ing Tp , which see. BROWNSVILLF, C. W., Co. O.xford, Tp. Dereham. Go to Ingersoll by the G. W. I{. Poiiulation about loO. BRUCE, C. W. A Tp. in County of same name. Go to Guelpli, thence Niu-th by Stage from Guelph Sta- tion G. T, R. for Saugeen District. BRUCFFIELD, C, W., Co. Huron, Tp. Stanlev. Near Goilerich. Go to Stratford Terminus of G. T. U. Population about 200. BRUCK MINES, C. W. On Lake Huron. There is a Po.st-onice, ami in Summer a Steamer from Colling- wood from the Terminus of the Ontario, Simcoe and lluriui Railway, from Toronto for the Sault St, .Marie, Population about alio. Bi:CKlN(ilIAM, C. K, A Tp. on North Shore of Ot- tawa River, Co, Ottawa, Nearest Station, Ottawa City, connected by Branch Railwav from Prescoit with G. T. R. Also a landing on Ottawa River. 17 miles from landing. Apjiroached by Steamer. Pop- ulation about 2.'')0. BURFORD, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Brant. Go to Princeton, a Station on the G. W. R. About 7 miles west of Paris. BURGESSVILLE, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Norwich. Try Woodstock on the G. W. 1{. BURNHRAK, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Sey- mour. North of Belleville, a Main Station on G. BuilNSTOWN, C. -W., Co. Renfrew, Tp. McNab. Reached by Ottawa City, which is connected with G. T. R., at Prescott, by way of Upper Ottawa Steamers from Ayhner East, which see. BIIRRITT'S RAPIDS, C. W,, Co. Carleton, Tp. Marl- borough, (io to Oxford, a Station on the Pre.scott and Ottawa Branch Hallway, from the G. T. R., at Prescott, or Kingston, thence by the Ridean Canal Steamers through Smith's Falls, etc. BURY, C. E. A Tp, in Compton. For Post-oQice, etc., see Robinson. BUTE, C. K., Co. Megantic, Tp. Somerset. Go to Som- erset on G. T. K. Population about 100. BUTTON VILLE, C. W. See Jlarkham. Population about 50. BU.KTON, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Raleigh. Go to Chat- ham on the G. W. R. Population about fiOO. BYRON, C. W., Co. Middlese.t, Tp. Westminster. Go to London on the G. W, K, 50 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. C CACOUNA, 0. E., Co. Teniiscouata. On South Shore of Lower St. Lawrence. The Sapienay Steamers touch here (hirhiy summer, to ami from Ijuebec, St. Thomas; tlie Kastern Termin\i» of tlio (J. T. U, below Quebec, is the nearest Hailwa.v point. C(ESAKK.\, C. \V., to. Ihirham, Tp. Cartwrlfiht. North of llowmanville. tin to Ilowmaiiville on the (r. T. ri., Montreal and Toronto Seclion. CAI.N'SVILLK, (;. W., Co. Ihant, Tp. Kast lirantford. A Station on the liulfalo and Lake Huron Kuilway, 9 miles from I'aris Junction. CAIXTt)\V.\, C. \V., Co. Leeds, Tp. Yonpe. Go to Mallory Town on G. T. U., Montreal and Toronto Section. CAISTOK, C. W. ; CALSTORVILLK, C. W., Co. Lin- coln, Tp. Caistor. (io to Ileamsville on the (r. W. U., Hamilton and Niagara District, or to Cook's Station, on the Buffalo an(iO. CANNlXti, 0. AV., Co. Oxford, Tp. Blenheim. (So to Princeton or Paris on tlie (1. W. R. Po|)ulalion about 'ioil. CANNIX(iTON, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Brock. Nortii of any Railway Station ; Wliilliy on tlie G. T. R. is the nearest point at present. Population about Ifiil. CANTON, ('. W., Co. Durham, Tp. Iloiie, Omemee on the Port Hope and Lindsay, eonneeted with the (1. T. R. at Port Hojie, the nearest Railway point. Population about '2l)lt, CAPE COVI), C. E, Co. Gaspi^, Tp. Perc6. On the En- trance of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, below (lasjio Hav, reached by trading vessels. Population about 4tlii. CAPE RICH. C. W., Co. Grey, Tp. St. Vincent. The Steamer from Cnllingwood (which see) touches there dailv. Popul.ition about 101). CAPE ST. IGXACE, C. E., Co. Montmagny. Go to St. Thomas cui the (i. T. R., present Eastern Terminus Quebec. Population about 'Jsilii. CAPE SAXTE, C. E., Co. Pnrliieuf, Tp. Portneut. Below Three Rivers on the north sliore of St. Law- rence River, between Montreal and (Jnobec, and reached bv Steamers on that route. CARILLOX," C. E,, Co. Argeiiteull. Tp. ''hath;im, on the East shore of Lower Ottawa River, readied by Steamer from Montreal and Ottawa City. Popula- tion about i")!!. CARLETOX, C. E., Co. Bonaventure, Tp. ( arleton. On the Bay of Challeiirs, ippposite X>>v l!rim>wiik Coast; traders from (Juebi'c. Popubilion about looo. CARLETOX I'l.ACE, C. W., Co. Lanark, I'li. Beik- with, will be bisected by Brockville and Aniiu-ior Railway, (io to Perth, connected with Ib-oekville, a .Maiii Statiiui on the (i. T. It. Population about (ilMl. CARLlNtiFORD, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Fullarton. (io to Stratford Terminus of the (1. T. R. Population about 5(1. CARLISLE, C. AV., Co. AVentwortli, Tp. East Flara- boro. Flamtioro Is a Statl(ui on llie G. \V. R., near Hamilton. Hamilton and Winilsor Section. Popu- lation aliout loo. CARl.OW, ('. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Colborne. Go to Stratford Terminus of the G. T. R. Population about 101). CARLUKE, C. AV,, Co. AVentworth, Tp. Ancasler. (io to Diindas on the (i. AV. R. CARRADOC, C. W. A Tp. in Middlesex Co. See Mount St. Brvdges and Stratliroy, etc. CARP, C. \V., ('o. Carleton, Tp. Huntley, near south shore of River Ottawa, above Ottawa City. Poini- lation aliont 100. CARROXBROOKE, C. AV.. Co. Perth, Tp. Logan, on line of Bullalo and Lake Huron Extension to Godericb. Population about 100. C.VRTIIACE, C. W„ Co. Perth, Tp. Alornington. Lies north-east of Stratfnrd, wbicli may lie reticlieJ bv BulValo and Lake Huron Railway, or (i. T, R. CARTWRIGHT, C. W. A T)!. in Co. Durham. Situ- ate nortli of Bowmanville on the (i. T. I!., Montreal and Toronto Seclion. CASHEL, C. AV., Co. York, Tp. M.irkham. Reached liy Stage from Scarboro' Sliitinn, on llie G.'l'. R., or bv Stage from Toronto dailv. Population about 80. CASHMERE, C. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Mosa. (io to Glencoe on the (i. \V. R. Also called Canton. Po|iulat!oii aliout 100. CASSFLMAX, C. \V.,Co. Russell, Tp. Cambridge. Go to Dickinson's Landing, on the (i.T. R. Caml.iridge Towiislii|i lies nortli. CASTLE BAR, C. E., Co. Arthabaska. Go to Artha- baska, on the (i. T. R. Poiiulation about loo. CASTLEFORD, C. AV.. Co. Renfrew, Tp. llorton, on the soutli shore of ( pper Ottawa River, in neigh- bourhood of Ottawa ^iiid Opeongo Road. See Ayl- mer East, for best route. CASTLEMORE, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Gore of Toronto. Go to Weston or Alalton, on the G. T. 1!. (.first Sta- tions out of Toronto). CASTLETOX, C. W., Co. Nortbumberlaiid, Tp. Cram- ahe. Go to Brighton, on ttie G. T. R. Population about liOO. CAUGHNAWAGA, C. E., Co. Laprairie, Tp. Salt St. Louis, on south sliore of St. Lawrence, opjiosite Mon- treal, near Terminus of Champbiln and St, Law- rence Railway. An Indian Village, miles from Alontreal. Population about I'.'oo. CATCHCART, C. W., Co. Brant, Tp. Burford, Go to Brantford, on the Biilbilo and liake Huron, or Prineeton, on the G. W, R. CAVAGNOIL, C. E.,('o, Vandreuil. Go to Vandreuil Station, on (i. T. R. I'oioihition about TiOO, CAVAX, C. W. .V 'I'p, in Co. Durham, north of Port lioiie, on line of Lindsay Railway, connected at Port Hope with G. T, R. 'Population about '.'."lO. CAYUGA, C, AV, A Tp. in <'o. ilablimand. Can- field is the Station treipieiited, on the BulValo and Lake Huron Railwav. Popuiaticui about "00. CEDARGROVF, C. W., Co, York, T)). Markliam. (io to Scarborough, on the ti. T. R. Population about 100. CEXTRE AUGUSTA. See Augusta. CEXTREVILI,E, C. AV., Co. Adiliiiglon, Tp, Camden East, Go to Napanee, on tlie (i.T. R. Popniathin about son. ClIAAIBLY, C. E,, Co. Chambly, Tp. AVest Cliambl.v, ne.ir Longueil,tlie Canada Terminus of tiie (J. T. R. Population about (ioo. (IfA.MI'LAiX, {\ E., < o. andTp, at the head of Lake Champlain, near the Boundary. '^— '" """-'" Go to Moer's CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 51 1 Quebec, and Junction, 47 miles from Monlreiil, on tlie Montreal nnd l'altsl)urg Line of Hiiil. i'oi)ulution about 2(MI0, CII.Vl!I-i:>I!()L'l!0, C. i:., Co. Queliec, on North Sliore of ."^t. l.iiwi'enee. (.Jo l)y St. Liiwreiiee Steiinier.s to (JtRliee, or l),v l!;iil to I'oinl Levi, on the U. T. U. l'o{iuliiti'in al)out 'Ji'Mill, ni.Mil.LSTON, t ;. \V., Co., Leeds, Tp. Kscott. Go to l.anilsiinwnc, bv (i. T. K. C'll.\itl.i:\ ILLi;, t'o. (irenville, Tp. Augusta. Go to I'l'i'Si'oir, on tlie (i. T. 1{. Population iiliout lllll. l'll.U;l-()Tri;NliL-|{(l, C. \V. ATp. in (ilenfeMrvCo., lait not a I'ost-ollice, sliH>. CllKSTKitmOld), C. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Hlenheim. tio to Drumbo' Station, on tlie liulValo and Lake Huron. Or to Paris, the junction point of that Kailwav and the G. W. K. ClIK IIKSTKK, C. E. A Tp. in Co. Pontiac. On North-west shore of liiver Ottawa, witliir Alumette Island. See Aylnier East, route to l.'ppe: Ottawa ClIICOCTl.Ml, C. E. District ot the Saguenav, i\s miles above the conlluence of that Kiver witli the St. Lawrence, and the farthest point of steam com- niunication up the Sagiienay. The Steamer plies from tiuebee. Population about ItmO. ClllNGlAt orSY. A Tp. in Co. Peel, comprising the town of Itranipton, Campbell's Cross, Chelteu- liaiu, which see. CHIPPAWA, C. W., Co. ■H'ellaiid, Tp. Stamford. Ls the Terminus of the Erie and Ontario Uailway, con- nected at Niagara with the G. W. K. Population aliout iL'ni). CllLUt HVILLE, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto, flo to Miniico or Port Credit Stations, on the G. \V. li., also by Stage from General Wolfe Inn, Toronto City via Etobicoke, etc. Pojiiilation about -'M. Popu- CLAUE.MONT, C. \V., Co. Ontario, Tp. Pickering. Go to Port Ciiion, on G. T. It, Montreal and Toronto Section. CLAUENCE, C. W. A Tp. in Co. liussell, on Smith shore of Ottawa, below Ottawa City, reached by Steamer from Ottawa and Montreal. See also Prescott. CLAUKNCEVILLE, C. E., Co. Iberville. On East tliore of Uiver Itichelieu. St. Hillaire, on the G. T. f'i'\''>"-'v '"''i!'"-''^^ Station. Population about '.'UU. {.L.StiKMiO.N, C. E. aiiil Clarendon Centre, aTp.and tillage iu Co. Poutiac, ou North Shore of Upper ! Ottawa. For steamboat, see Aylmer East. I latioii about ITiO CLAUKVIEW, C W., Co. Addington, Tp. ghenield. -North of Napaiiee; choose that Station or Kingston City, both on the (f. T. U. Population about td. CLAUKK, C. W. A Tp. in the Co. of Durham, in Hiiieh is Newcastle, a Station on the G. T. U. CLAIIHO, C. W., ( o. Peel. CLKAU CUKKK, C. \V., Co. Norf.dk, Tp. Houghton. On North Shore of Lake Erie, Port Stanley is the nearest Slati.in now eonneetcd at London, C. W. with G. W. U. CLEAUVILLE, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. O.xford. Go to Hothwell, ..II G. W. U. Popiilati.>n about 100. CLlKl'OHl), C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Mint.). Go to (iuelph, on the G. T. K. Stage eommuiiication from (iuelph. CLltTuN, C. W'., Co. Welland, Tp. Stamford. Go to Clifton House Station, on the Erie anil Ontario Uailway, conneetingwith Iheti. W. U. atSusiiension llrhlge. P.iiiiilation about Indl). CLINTON, C. W., a T|). in Lincoln Co., but no Post- olliee, for which see lieamsville. CLINTON, C. W., ( o, Huron, Tp. Tuckersmith. Go to Stratford by the liullalo and Lake Huron, on (i. T. U. Section, and take Goderich stage, which passes near. CLOVKlt HILL, Co. Sinicoe, T|). Easa. See Essa West. CLCNAS, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Dorchester, South. Go to London or lngers.)ll, as the best fre(|uented Stations, if n.it the nearest, both on the (i. W. U. COATEICOOK, C. E,, Co. Slanstead ; a Telegraiih Station on the G. T. K. Populatioii about :!llU. C015DEX, C. W., Co. Uenfrew, Tp. Koss. On south bank of Cpj.er Ottawa Kiver. On line of Jirockville and Ariiprior E.\tension. See Aylmer East for Upiier Ottawa route. Popula'h.n about 'ib. COBOL) RG, C. W., ( o. Northumberland, Tp. Ham- ilton. A large town, and main and Telegraph Sta- tion, on G. T. K., connecting point for Peterborough lliancli Uailway. Poimlatioii aliout Toon. COHKlNtiTON, C. W., Co. Noithumbeiland, Tp. Jirighton. Go to lirigliton, a Station on the G. T. U. l'..pulatioii about 75. COLliOUNE, a Tp. in the Co. of Huron, but no Post- olhee, comprising tlie following villages, with Post- ^ olhces, wliichsee, viz. : Auburn, lieniiiuller, Carlow. COLUUKNE, C. W., Co. Northumberlanil, Tp. Crama- he. A Station on the G. T. ][., M miles east of Cobourg. Pojiulation about 1 1(10. COLCHESTKK, C. W., a Tp. in Esse.x Co., on the shore of Lake Krie. I!y way of Detroit Uiver, the Joriiunus of the G. W. K., at Windsor, may be rea.hly reache.l. COl.DSPKINGS, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Hamilton. Go to Cobourg on the (i. T. K , and thence by the Peterborough liranch. Population about I'.'UO. COl.DSTKKAM, C. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Lobo, in wliich ,s Komoka, a Station of tlie G. W. U. COLDWATKK, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Mcdonte. In summer go to lielle Ewart, an.l thence by Steamer t.i Orillia, 14 miles distant. In winter go to Barrie; lielle Ewart and liarrie are on the Ontario, Sinicoe and Huron Kail, from Toronto. COLEliUOOK, C. W., Co. A.l.lington, Tp. Camden East ; the Uailwav Station is .N'apanee, ou the G. T. U. Po|)ulation aiiout l'.'.'). COLEKAINE, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto Gore. Go to Mniiico or Port Credit, on the G. W. K. Popula- tion about riO. , COLIN VILLK, C. W.,Co. Lambton, Tp. Moore, in the Port Surnia District, London being the nearest Kail Station on the (i. W. K. COLLINGWOOD, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Nottawasa- ga. Terminus of the (hitario, Simcoe and Huron Kailwny, S)7 miles froai Toronto. Population about COLLINGWOOD, C. W. A Tp. in Sinicoe Co., west of Nottaw.asaga. Not a Post-ollice of itself, but comprising Craiglcith, which see. COLLIN'S HAV, C. W., Co. Erontenac, Tp. Kingston. A Station on the G. T. K., 7 miles west of Kingston. Poiiulation about imi. COLU.MKUS, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Whitby. Go to W liitliy on the G. T. U. Population about 350. COMliKK, C. W.. Co. E.sse.\, Tp. Ti!b„ry WV»f Co to liaptiste Creek, ou the G. W. U. ' Populatioa about 6U. •mgmtm^m 52 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. COMKU'S MILT,?, C. W., Co. Addlnnton, Tp. Ernes- 1 town. ()o to Kine'ttiiwn or Napiinee, on the (i. T. K. I'opulfitiou aliout '2(1(1. j COMPTON, ('. K. A Tp. antl Klectoral Pivislon, and main Kailway flaCion on the U. T. U., IIU milua from Montreal. I'opuliilion about 'J5ii. , COXfOlil), ('. W.. Co. V"ik, Tp. VauKhan. do to ^ Thornhill fetation, on tlie Ontario, Plmcou and Huron Railway, from Toronto. I COXHY, t'. W., Co. I'erth, Tp. Downie. Go to Strat- ford on the U. T. U. ! CONSKCON, ('. W., Co. I'rince Kdward, Tp. Hilher, ] on I-akc Ontario, (io to .Murray CarryinR I'lace. | Nearest Station, «ri),'hton, on the (i. T. K., with ; wliicli statres connect. I'opuladon al)out 50l». ] CONSTAXt !•:, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Ilullett. Oo to Stratford on the (i. T. K., and also the Terminus of the Kull'alo an.. Lake Huron Kail, whence the ex- , tension to Goderich tlnongh this township will , shortly he conijileted. | CONTitkccKUIt, C. K. A Tp. in Co. Vircheres. On the son(h shore of the f-'t. Lawrence, just below ; Montreal, where go by Kail or Steamer. [ COOKSHIUK, C. K , Co. Compton, Tp. Katon. Oo to ; Sherhrooke on the U. T. It. l'opulati(]n about iOd. i COOKt^TOWN, 0. \V., Co. Sinicoe, Ti). Tecunisetli. Go to Holland LandinR, on the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Kail, from Toronto. Population about I5ll. COOKSVIhLK, C. \V., Co. I'eel, Tp, Toronto. Daily stage from General Wolfe Inn, City of Toronto, through Ktohicoke; also stage from I'ort Credit Sta- tion, G. W. R. Population about 300. COl'KTOWN, C. ^\'., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Beverley. A Station on O. W. R., 11 miles west of Hamilton. l'op\dation about 'JIIO. CORNWALL, C. W. County Town of Stormont. A main Station of G. T. !' , (iS -niles from Montreal. Population about '2.')i)0. CORUXX A, C. W., Co. Lambton, Tp. Moore. In Port Sarnia District, on St. Clair PJver. Present nearest Station, London, on the G. W. R. Population about 2(10. COTKAU DU LAC, C. E., Co. Soulanges. On north shore of St. Lawrence. See Coteau Landing. Popu- lation about (iOd. COTKAU LANDING, C. E., Co. Soulanges. A Station on the G. T. R. COTK DKS NEIGES, C. E., Co. Kochelaga. On the Lsland of Montreal. To which city go by Kail or Steamer. Population about 2il(). COURVAL, C. E. A Tp. in Co. Yamaska. For Post- ollice and route see St. Zephirim. COVKV HILL, C. E., Co. Huntingdon, Tp. Hem- mingford. On south shore of St. Lawrence, (Lake St. Francis,) nearly opposite O. T. R. Station, R. lieaudette. CO,X, C. E. A Tp. in Bonaventure. For Post-office, etc., see New Carlisle. COWANSVILLE, C. E., Co. Misslsquoi, Tp. Durham. In which is the Durham Station of the G. T. R. Population about '2M. CRAIGLEITH, C. \V., Co. firey, Tp. Collingwood. See Collingwood. Population about 50. CRAIGVALE, C. \V., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Innisfll. A Station on the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway. For Post-office see Innisfll. CRANROURNK, C. E. A Tp. In Co. Dorchester, some ao miles south of the G. T. R. Population about .500. CRASJAHE, C. W. A Tp. in Oo. Northumberland. For Post-offices, see Castleton. For Rail Station, see Brighton. ^ ,, ^ CREDIT, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto. Go to Pcrrt Credit, on the G. W. R. CREEK BANK, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Woolwich. Go to Schantz, on the G. T. R., Toronto and Strat- ford Section. Population about 80. CUEEMORE .MILLS, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Nottawa- saga. See Nottawasaga. Population about r)0. CRf^^VRTY, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Hibbert. Go to S atford, (r. T. R. Terminus. CROSBY'S CORNERS, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Mark- liam. Go to Thornhill, by daily Stage from Yonge Street, Toronto, or by Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron R".ilway. ,,^ „ , CROSSHILL, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Wellesley. Go lu IVicrsnurg, on the 0. T. H. Population about (io. „ „ ii CROSS POINT, C. E., Co. Bonaventure, Tp. Resti- gouche. On borders of New Brunswick, near B,iy of Chaleurs. On the projiosed line of Rail con- necting the Grand Trunk Rail with Halifax. Popu- lation about HOO. CROTON, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Camden. 20 miles from Chatham, on the G. W. R. Also called John- ston's Corners. Population about .'lO CROTOX, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Middleton. 12 miles from Simcoe, and ■i'i miles from Brantford. CROWLAXD, (.'. W. A Tp. in Co. Wetland. Go to Port Colborne, on the BulVaio and Lake Huron Railway. CROWX LAXDS. See Government Lands f orts within the Bay. Population about MOO. DENISTON.C. \V.,Co. Frouteuac, Tp. Hiuchinbrooke. CANADA: CITIES, TOWXS, AND VILLAGKS. 58 situated North above Portland. Go to Kingston, on the ih T. U. At wliii-li iilso all Luke Unturio and t>t. Lawrence Steaiiiers touch. PKHAMSAY, C. K. A Tp. in Bagot Co. See St. Simon de Vaniaslnlation aliout 1(10. Di:SlllAMIiAUI/r, C. E. Tp. in Co. I'ortneuf. On the North Shore of St. Lawrence. See De Auteuil or liCS Kciireuil.'i. I'opulation about IsOO. DKVO.\, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. L'shorne. Go to Stratford, on the G. T. U. DKWITrVlLLE, V. K, Co. Huntingdon. On the Soulli Shore of St. Lawrence, opposite Coteau Landing, a Station on the G. T. K. Population about '200. DICKENSON'S LANDING, C. W., Co. Stormont, Tp. Osnabnick. A Station on the G. T. K. 77 miles from Montreal. Population about 500, DINGLE, C. W., Co. Hruce, Tp. Huron. Go to Strat- ford, from thence the Uulfalo and Lake Huron E.x- tenaion to Goderich will as.siat. DI.VON'S COKNEUS, 0. W., Co. Dundas, Tp. Matilda, in winch is .Matihla Station, on the G. T. K. DONEGAL, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Elma. Go to Stratford Terminus of the G. T. K. DOON, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Waterloo. Go to Petersburg, on the (i. T. K. DOKCllESTEU NOKTH, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Middle- sex-. Go to Edwardsburg, on the G. W. K. DOKCIIESTEK SOCTH, C X A Tp. in Co. Elgin. For Pojt-ollices, etc., see Delmont, Clunas, etc DOUtJHKUTY, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. N. E. Hope. to Stratford Terminus of the ii. T. K. DOUGLAS, C. W., Co. Kenfrew, Tp. Ilromley. Ottawa Upper District, un South Shore of Kiver. See Aylnier East, i'opulation about l^ti. DOUGLAS, C. E. See Douglas Town, for Post-ollice, etc. Population about 800. DOUGLAS TOWN, C. E., Co. Gaspe, Tp. Douglas. On South Shore of St. Lawrence, as it (lows into the Gulf— counnunication by trading vessels. Popula- tion about 800. DOWNEYVILLE, C. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. Emily. Go to Port Hope, on the G. T. It., and thence by Port Iliipe and Lindsay Hail, now open as far as Omemee. l'ci|iulation about 100. DOWNIE, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Perth. For Post- olhce, see Avon Bank, Sebringville. DHAYTON, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Peel. Go to (iuelph, on the G. T. K. Population about 150. DUESDEN, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Gore of Camden. Go to Thamesville, on the G. W. K. Population about 800. DUEW'9 MILLS, C. E., Co, Stanstead, Go to Ooati- cook in same Township, a Station on the G. T. K. Population about 50. DltU.MltO, C. W., Co. O.xford, Tp. Blenheim. A Sta- tion on the Buffalo and Lake Huron Uailway, 9 miles north-west of Paris Junction. DKU.MMOND, C. W, A Tp. in Lanark Co, See Perth for Post-ollice, etc. DKUM.MONDVILLE EAST, C. E., Co. Drumraond, Tp. Grantham. Go to Acton or Upton, on G. T. H. Popidation about y.'iO. DRUMMONDVILLE, WEST, C. W., Co. Welland, Tp. Stamford. Go to Stamford, on the Erie and Lake Ontario Railway, from Suspension Bridge on Ielancthon. Br»ni|it.in, on the G. T. U., is the most frei|uenled Station in that District. Population about loo. DUNDAS, C. W.,(i). Wentw(Mih,Tp. West Flamboro. A Station on the G. W. U., 5 nnles from Hamilton. Population ah(mt i.'iOO, DUNDEE, C. E.,Co. Huntingdon, Tp. Godmanches- ter. On South Shore of Jtiver St. Lawrence, oppo- site Coteau Landing, on the G. T. K. Population about li"). DUNHAM, C. E. A Tp. In Co. Misslsquol. Try Coatl- cook, on the G. T. iJ., other Stations nuiv i)e equi- distant, such as Acton, Durham, etc., to the north- ward. DUNNVILLE,C.W.,Co. Haldimand.Tp.Moulton. A Station on Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway, 4,5 miles south of Paris Junction. Population about 1500 DUNWICH, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Elgin. For Post- ollices, Villages, etc., see lona, Largie, Port Talbot- ville, Tyrconnel. DURHAM, C. E., Co. Drummond. A Station on the G. T. K., lo miles from Richmond Junction. Popu- lation about 200, E EARDLEY, C. E. A Tp. in Ottawa Co. ; fronting the North Slmre of River Ottawa, above Hull Tp. See Aylmer East. EAST CLIFTON, C. K. A Tp. in Co, Compton. Go to Compton Station, G. T. R. Ea.>. in Co. Dorchester. Becancour Station on the G. T. R. is nearest Rail point. EAST GLENELG, C. VV. A Tp. in Co. Grey. Go to Guelph on the G. T. R., thence by stage on Owen Sound route. EAST HAWKFSBUHG, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Prescott, frontnigthe South Shore of River Ottawa, and passed by steamers between Montreal and Ottawa. EAST HEREFORD, C. E. A Tp. in Compton. Go to Coaticook on the iis. E(iM<)M)\II.I,i:, ('. W., t'ci. Huron, Tp. Tuckersmilli. (ii) tc Slriilfiird .lunctioii of the lliill'ulo iinil liiike Huron anil (1. T. U. IXIKK.MO.VT, v.. W. A Tp. In Co. Grey. Go to Giielph on llie (i. T. U., anil tlieiiee by Stage on Owen Siiiiiiil Itoad. EKKUll), 0. \V., Co. Middlesex. A Tp., and Station, and I'ostoltice on tlie (1. W. It., '.'(I miles west of l^ondon. £ld)i:i!SLIK, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Ilruce. t'ostofllce, I'aislev— wliicli see for route, etc. ELDO.N, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Victoria. Go to I'ort Hope on tlie (!. T. It., and tlience by Lindsay Uruncb Railway, iiarllv open. ELdIN, C. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. Sou'li Crosby. Go (o Kin(.'>ton City on tlie G. T. U. r"|iulaliMn almut ^0. EL(ilMtllt(i,'C. W., Co. FroMtcnac, Tp. Kingston. See El^'in. I'opulation aliout llSO. ELIZAltKTUTdW.N, C. \V. A Tp. In Co. Leeds. For Towns and l'ost-ollu'i'S,scc lirnikvilie, Addison, etc. ELLE.SMEKE, ('. \V., Co. York, Tp. Scarboro'. Go to Scarborii' Station, on the G. T. It. ELLICE, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Perth. For I'ost-oDicc, etc., see Kinkora. ELMA, C. W. A Tp. In Co. I'ertli. Go to Stratford Junction of tlie liulValu imd Lake IIiiroM and 0. T. It. ELAKi ItnVE, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Kssa. Go to Kssa Station, on Ontario, Siiueoe, and Huron Itailway. ELORA, C. \V., <.'.!. WelliiiKtim, Tp. I'ilkiiiKton. Go to Guclpli by the G. '.'. It., whence Stages daily con- nect. I'opulation about 1'200. ELY, C. K. A Tp, in Slicll'ord. Divided Into North and South Elv, which see ; also see lloscobel. EMHIIO, ('. W.', Oxford Co., Tp. West Zorra. Go to Wciodstoek, (Ui the G. W. K. rnpulatiou about ."lOO. ELZEVIlt, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Hastings. For I'ost- ollices, etc., see ()ueen;;lioro. EMIIjY, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Victoria. See Lindsay. EN.NLS, C. W., Co. Lamliton, Tp. Eiiniskillen. Go to Tbame.sville, on the G. \V. U. ENXISKILLEN' \VE,^, C. \\. A Tp. in Co, Welliogtou, GotoGuelph, on the ti. T. R. I'opulation aliout :iot(. EllNESTOAVN, C. AY. [For Post-olliee, :ee Path.] A Tp. In Co. Addington, and a Station on the (t. T. U, See also Comer's Mill,s and Switzerville, in same Township, EllKOL, C, W., Co. Lambton, Tp. Plympton, near Port Sariila. Present nearest Itailway polii*, Lon- don, on the G. W. It., and Stratford, on tlu llulfalo and Lake Huron and G. T. U. Pomdation li out 50. ESHKK, C. K. A Tp. on North Shori of Ottawa Itiver, Co Pontlac. For Post-ollic , • .• Kort Wil- liam. ESIJCESING, C. W. A Tp. in Co. jiuilon. Go to Georgetown, on the G. T. U. ESS.V, C. W. A T|), in Co. Simcoe. A lt;u'wa<- Sta- tion on Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron :!aii >■ ;.. To- ronto, with the following I'list-ollices anit \'.\\: ins, which see ;— Angus, Clovcrhill, West Essa, mil ':im- grove. ETOBICOKE, C. W. Stage from Toronto. G, W. It. EUPHllASIA, C. W Colllngwood Terminus, on Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Uiill for Toronlo. Pupulittion about 000, F. Go to A Tp. in Co. Yor', T>:r;ly Go to .Mimico Station, ou ibe _. . A Tp. in Co. Grey. Go to Coilingwood by the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Itailwav from Toronto. EVERTON, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Eramosa. Go to Rockwiod, on the G. T. It. Population about Inn. EXETER, C. \\'., Co. Itruce, Tp. Stephen, fronting Lake Huron, adjoining Saugeeu Steam fr.im Goderich, Detroit, and Windsor b., Plougbboy, or cross by land from Owen Sound, f k Suauier for FAIRVIEW, C. W., Co. O.vfiird, Tp. Zona. WiMMlst.ick, on the G, W, R. FALKIRK, C, W,, C.i, .Middlesex, Tp, AVilllama, Lon- diiii.im the (I. W, It. is the present nearest Itailw.iy piiiiit. The E\l.ii>iiin »( the G. T. R. to Port Sar- nia will liisect the Tp. of Williams. FAll.MEltSVILLE, C. W., Co. Leeds, T)). Yonge. Lyn or .Mallory T iwn, on the (J, T, It., are the nearest Statiipus, Pii)iulation aliout lino. FARNIIAM, C, E, See East Faruham, AdamsvlUe, etc., for Post-ollicos, F'ARNHA.M CENTRE, See East Farnham. Farnham Centr.' has a Pust-ollice. I'Mpulatlnn about Inn. FENELON, C. W. A Tii. In Cn, Victoria, For Post- ollices, see Camlirav, Feiieliin Falls. FENELON FALLS, C. W., Co, Victoria, T|i, Felielon. Go to I'ort Hiipe, on G. T. R., thence make for Lindsay by Itailway, partly open as far as Omeniee. Piipulaliiin about l."itl, FEN WICK, C, W,, Co, Welland, Tp. Pellmm. Go to .birilaii, on the (i. W. It, FERGUS, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. NIehoL Dally Stage to and from Guelph, a main Station on llie G. T, R, Population about 1000. FEKGISON'S FALLS, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Dnmi- mond. Goto Perth. Daily Stage fnini liri.ckville, a main G. T. R. Station. E.xtension Railway in progres.s, FI:RR.\LL"S LANDING, C. W. On the South Shore of Itiver Ottawa, near the month of River Hon- chere. This is reached by Steamer from Aylmer East, and is the Point for the Ottawa and Opecmgo Itoad Settlement. See Mount St. Patrick. Popula- tiim aliout ."I'.l. FERMOY, C. W,, Co. Frontenac, Tp. Bedford. Go to Kingston City, on the G. T. It. FINCH, C. \\. A Tp. in Storinout Co. For Post- odice, etc, see liernick. FINtiAL, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Southwold. Go to Port Stanley, on Lake Erie, connected with Lon- don by Itraiich to the G. W. R. Population about ,^on. FISH CREEK, C. W,, Co. Perth, Tp. Blanshard. Go to Stratford G. T. 11, FITCH RAY, C. E., Co. Stanstead. Go to Coaticook, on the (i. T. It. FITZ.VLAN, C. E,, Co. Argentciil, Tp. Arundell. On North Shore of Lower Ottuwa, near .Montreal, which see. FnZltOY HARHOLR, C. W'., Co. Carleton, Tp, Fitz- roy. On I'pper Ottawa. See Aylmer East, whence Steamers ply to and fro. FLA.MliOUO EAST, C, W, A Tp. in AVentworth Co. For Post-olbce, see Carlisle. FLAMUORO WEST, C. W. A Tp. In Co. AVentworth. For Post-olVice, etc., see Strabane. FLINT. C. W., Co. Aildington, Tp. Kaladar. The Post-ollice under this name, in this newly -settled District, has been dlscontinueiL Napanee is the Statiiin 101 the (i. T. It. Montreal and Toronto Dis- trict bv which this place is reached through New- burg, t miles, Kelliir's Corners i) miles, Camden and Shellield Road 1 mile, Tamwortb .') miles, which is aliiiiit It miles from Kaladar Township, where the Addington Road Free Grants of Land commence. FLORENCE, C. W., Co. Lambton, Tp. Eupliemia. Go to liolhwell, on the G. W. R. FLOS, (;. W. A Tp. in Simcoe Co. Go to Harrle or Suniddale, both Stations on the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Rail from Toronto. FONTHILL. A I'ost-othce in Pelham Tp., Co. Wel- land. See Fenwick. FORCASTLE, C. W., Co, Ontario, Tp. Thorah. Make for lieaverton by Belle Fiwart, on the Ontario, Sim- coe, and lliiriiii Itailway, and thence by Steamer. FORESTER'S FALLS, I'. W,, Co. Renfrew, Tp. Ross. On Upper Ottawa River. For Steamer, see Aylmer F:ast. Population i>.l:out '2.'). FORESTYILLE, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Chariot teville. On shore of Lake FMe. No Railway Station can be named as luijaccnt. Try Fori Maifland .-jn the liulTalo and Lake Huron Line. Population about 100. CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 6*, Zorra. (lo to m, AdumsviUo, IVUmin. Go to Blanshard. Go 3o to Coaticook, 1 Wentworth Co. Co. Wentworth. im Tp., Co. Wel- liai FDlii Simlt SI FOItT \Vnj,|,\M, V. i;., Co. I'ontiiic, Tp. K«her. M|.|,(i.*TER, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Carleton. (Not a Post-olliee.) A Station near Ottawa City, on tlie Ottawa and Prescott Railway. GOHLE'S CORNERS, C. W., "Co. Oxford, Tp. Blen- heiiii. (io lo Drumbo, on the liull'alo and Lake Huron, or Paris .lunction of G. \\. R. GODERICH.C. W. A Tp. in ('o. Huron. See no- j tice elsewhere. Population about 4000, GODMANt HESTER, C. E. A Tp. in Huntingdon, fronting South Shore of the St. Lawrence. In and near wbieh are the following Villages and Post- ollices, viz. : Dundee, Aniset, Huntingdon, and La (iuerre, whiidi see. GOLDEN CliEEK, C. W., Co. Lamliton, Tp. liosan- (piet, fronting Lake Huron. In Port Sarnia Dis- trict. At present go to Stratford bv G T. R. GOODWOOD, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Cxinidge. Go to Stoullville by Stage from Toronto City dailv, at 2 P. .'\I., ur to Scarboro', on the (J. T. R.,' Montreal and Toronto Section. Population about 100. GORE, C. E. A Ti). in Argenteuil. (Not a Post- ollice.) See I.akelield. Poimlation about 1000. GOltE OF TORONTO, C. W. A Tp. in Co.Peel. See Castleuiore, Coleraine, liichview, and Tullamore. GORE'S LANDIXti, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Hamilton. A Station on the Cobourg and Peter- b(u-o' Railway. From Coliourg on the G. T. R. Population about oO. GOKMLEV'.s, C. W., C.).York,Tii. Markhaiu. Goby Stoullville Stage from Toronto City daily; at 2.ao GOKRIE, C. W., Co. Huron. A new Post-offlce. (iOSFIELD, C. W. A Tp. in Co. F;ssex, fronting Lake Erie, (io by G. W. R. to Haptiste Creek. I (iOSPORT, C W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Adolidr, stown, fronting Lay of Quinte. Go to Ernestown, on tlie (i. T. R. GOULBL'RN. A Tp. in Co. Carleton. For I'ost- ollice, etc., see Asiitiui. GOULD, C. E,, Co, Compton, Tp. Lingwick. Go to Windsor or Slierbrooke, on the G. T. R. Popula- tion aliout 100. GOl'ROCK, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Guelph. Guelph is a Main Station on the (i, T. R. GOWER POINT, C. W., Co. Renfrew, Tp. Westmeatli, fronting I'pper Ottawa Shore. For Route see Ayl- nier East. GRAHAMSVILLE, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Chingua- cousy. In which is liraiiiiiton, a .Main Station on the (i, T, R. Poiiulation about l.">0. GRANBY,C.E. In Co. .Shellord. In Southern por- tion of Shelford. Try Cpton, on the G. T. R. Poii- ulation about 400. GRANDE JiAIE, C. E., Co. Chicoutimi, Tp. Bagot. Is reacheil in Summer by Steamers from Quebec. Pop- ulation about 750. GRAND GREVE, C. E., Co. Gaspe. Mithin Gaspe Bay. Steamers to Shediac and Traders from Que- bec alToril means of transit. GRANDE LIGNE, C. E. above Cliicoutimi. Query, on Lake St. John's, n ■"IF" wmmm 1, ; il 66 CANADA : CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. GRAND RIVEU, C. E., To. Ohsi.o. Ncnr St Michel. On (lulf (if St. I.iiwii'iicf, Into wliloti It " ««■ (lives imines tc, ii I'ostnlVu'e ami Sctllemeiit. I'op- Ulilllllll lllicillt 1 l.'lll. UKANTIIA.M. A Tp. In Mneol" »'o. ''.'"•..^''y;""; Vllliis.'i"' ami I'lwt-otllfes, «ee Dniiniiioiiclville, I "rt Dalhr.uMe, ami St. Calliarlne's West. (lUA'lTAN, (.'. W. A 'I'll. Ill «■;>. Kentrew. For I'oKt- "mees, see Knanvllle, lleudvlUe ; aee also l.'n.wi. j I.amls ami Free (i rants. , „ „ , n„ t^ UHEKNUANK, ( . W., I'o. Ontario, Tp. Koacli. (lo to \Vliltl>v, on llie (i. T. 11, „ a n u (IKKKNiU'Sll, Co. Leeds. AP/St-onice. 8f e Broek- vlUe. I'(ipiil;it!oii at)oiit 711. OKKK.NOCK, C. W. A Tp. In ( o. Ilruee. (.» to (iuelpli, thence l.y Saugeen Uoad. Uuelph Is on (,. GUKKN POINT, C. W., Co. I'rlnce Edward. See So- OUKENSVnd.E, 0. W., t'o. Wentworth, Tp. West Flanilioro'. tio to Dmulns, on tlie li. W . 1|. OUEKNWOOO, ('. W., Co. Ontario, Ip. I'lckcrlng, which see. Population al>o\it mill. OllEN\ ll.l.K, ('. ]•;. A Tp. in Argentenll. On T-..w.r Ottawa Uiver, near Junction with St. Lawrence. ( o to Vamheuil, on the U. T. U. Section, or -. Montreal flty for Steamer. I'opulat on about Ttm. OUEY, C. \V. A Tp. In Co. Huron, lor Route, set (ireenock above. ,, GUIEUSVII.I.E, C. W.,ro.(}rey,Tp. St. Mncent. (.0 to Meaford by Canadian Steamer from Colllng- wood, by Ontario, Si-ucoe, and Huron Kallwayfrom Toronto. Population alioul .'lO. OR MSBY, C. W., Co. Lincoln. A Tp. and Station ° mX U W. K. Section. Population about 1000. (;K0N"1)1NFS I' E. A Tp. In Co. Portneiif. On North Shore of .St. Lawrence, between Three Hive" and Ijuebec, at which the Steamers and Tradeis touch. I'opulatlon about 14110. ..,,,, , , G tOVESENI), C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Malahlde front- iiii? Lake Erie, lio to L,)iidon and to Port Stanley bv lininch Hallway. London is on G. W. R. GU'ELPH, C. W., ( o. Welllngion. A l"wn Tow bhlp, and Main Station, wltli Telegraph, on <'■ 1- « TonJnto ami Stratford Section. Kroni Toronto 4., and Hamilton *l miles. Population about .)000, GUYSIIOKO'. r. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Houghton fronling Lake Erie. Port Sarnia is nearest Railway po , t wliich Ucmnectcd with G. W. R. at London. G\V1LL1MUL-K\ WEST, C. W. A Tp. In Mmcoe fSoutliV See llradronl. . ,. , „ G\ViLLlMm-|tY I.M'T,C.W. A Tp in York. See Aspliodel. Go from G. T. K. Go to (Jomp- A Tp. fronting .e'wland, (Jueensville, and Slia- Holland Landing OWi"lLIMBURY NORTH, C. W. A Tp. in York, fronting Lake Simeoe. See Keswick. H. HAGERSYILLE, C. AV., Co. Hftldimand, Tp. Oneida. Try Middleport, on the BulTalo and Lake Huron HALdVmANO, C. W., Co. Northumberland A Tp. in which is Grafton, a Station on the G. 1. U. HALIFAX, C. E. A Tp. in Megantic. Go to Artha- lIALtoWELL.''' *A Tp- 'fronting the Bay of Qulntc. For principal Yillage and Post-ollice, see Bloom- HALL'S MILLS, C. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. Westmin- H AM ' C ^K 'a Tp."in Wolfe. Go to Diinvllle, O. T. R. HAM'bu'uG, C. W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Fredericks- burg. Go to Napanee, on the O T. 11. . „ , HAMILTON. C. W. A City In the Tp. of Barton and Co of Wentworth. Tlie Main Station and Chief omce of the Great Western K«ilway to and from Toronto, Suspension Bridge, and W indaor from nViillWN C W. A Tp. In Co. Northumberland, ■for which 'see Cobourg, Baltimore Bewdley Cold- springs, and Ilarwoods. Towns, \ illages, and Post- otHces situated within it. „ „ ,. . n HAMPTON C W., Co. Durham, Tp. Darlington. Go to nowmanville, on the G. T. R. Population about HANNON, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Glanford, which oee. HANOYER, C. W., Co. Grey, Tp. Bentinck, wMoh see. Population about 100. ,, . .t . MVHLKM C \V. Co. Leeds, Tp. Bustard. Go to Mai- lorv Town, on G. T. R. Population al.oiit loll H\KPCl\VS>lITH, ('. W., Co. Frontenac, Tp. Portlaiid. Go to Sapaiiee, on G. T. R. Population about UO. HARTFORD, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Townsend. See Waterford. „ . „, HARltOW, Co. Essex. A new Posl-ofllce. HARWICH, C. W. A Tp. in Kent. Go to Chatham. on the G. W. R. , . , , „. n „.,ii HARWOOD C. W., Co. Northuml)erland, Ip. Hamil- ton. Go to Baltimore, on Cobourg and Peterbo- rough Railway from Cobourg, ou G. T. K. HASTINGS. See .Madoc. HASTINGS, C. W., Co. Peterboro, Tp. to Peterbiu-o Terminus of Branch Population about vioo. HATLEY , t ■ E. A Tp. In Stanslead. ton, on the (i. T. R. HWVKESBLRY, C. W.,Co. Prescott. Shore of Lower Ottawa River. Station for Ottawa Steamer from Montreal Population al)out ISOO. HAWKSTONE, (J. W , Co. Simeoe, Tp. Oro. t)n North Shore of Lake Simeoe, above Barrie. Go to Barrie, wliich see. Population about HIO. n\WKSVILLE, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Wellesley. Go to Petersburg, ou the G. T. R. Population about ]''5 HAY,' C. W. Tp. in Co. Huron, fronting Lake Huron. Go to Stratford. HAYSYILLK, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. \\ilmot. In which is Petersburg Station on the G. 1. R. lopu- latlon about HOO. ., , , , . ■ HEADFORD, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Markham, which see. Population about 75. , „ „ ., HEADV'.LLE, C. E., Co. Drummond, Tp. Grantham. Go to Acton, on the G. T. R. Population about ItlO. HECK'S CORNERS, (!. .V., Co. Grenville, Tp. South Gower, wliich see. HEIDELBURG, C. W., Co. Waterloo, Tp. Woolwich. Go to Berlin, on the G. T. R. Population about 2..). HEMMINGFORD, C. E. A Tp. in Huntingdon A Station on the Plattsburg Hallway, 41 miles from Montreal. Population about (00. HENDERSON'S CORNERS, 0. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. Einilv, which see. „ „ , i HENRYVILLE, C. E., Co. Iberville, Tp. Sabreyols Go to Rouse's Point. This Village lies east of River Richelieu. Population about 1)00. HERDMAN-S CORNERS, C. E., Co. Huntingdon 1 p. Hinchiiilnooke, between St. Lawrence and River Richelieu. See Deniston. , HEREFORD, C. E. A Tp. in Compton. Go to Loatl- cook, on the (}. T. R. HIBBERT. See Cromarty. HIGHLAND CHEEK, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Scarbo- rough, in which is Scarborough Station, on the G. 1. R. Population about '2.50. , „ . niLLIKK, C. W. A Tp. in Prince Edward. Go to Trenton, on the (}. T. R. Population about 130. HILLSBORO, 0. W., Co. Lambton, Tp. Plympton, near Port Sarnia, connected with G. T. R. at Stratford, to which place proceed. Population about 100. HILLSBUKG, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp fc'i"- *^« to Acton, on the G. T. R. Population about IGO. HILTON, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. Brighton, ; in which i= a Station (Brighton), on the G. T. R. I Population about 150. I IIINCHINBHOOKE, C. E. A Tp. in Huntingdon. lor CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 67 1. Go to (Jomp' Ing Liike Huron. Miirkham, which Co. Victoria, Tp. ton. Go to Coatl- Po»t-nfflpo«, Vlllnjjc!., etc., 8co Athelston, DcnUton, lierdiiiiiii'H (,'iiiiii'rH. HOM-.VM), ('. \V. A Tp. Ill the Co. of Oroy. For route, siH' OHfii Hciurid, llirki'li'y, iiiiil ChiitHworlh, nlH(l I'ciSt-rilllci.H ill Tp. HOLLAND LANDING, t'o. Vork, Tp. Kast (hvll- lliiilmry. A Shitlcn on tlie Oiitaiio, .>0. HOWICK, C. W., Co. Huron. A Tp. in which is a I'ost-oiricc, I.isailell, which see. HUBUKLL'S FALLS, Co, Caileton. f ee Avlmer Ea.xt. HULL, C. K. A Tp. and Post-ollice of Itself, in Co. Ottawa, (in the opposite .side of the Kiver at Otta- wa, C. \y. Population ahout •J.'iU. HCLLKTT, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Huron, in which are Ihandon and Constance, as Post-olHces, etc., which see. IICLLSVILLK, ('. W., Co. Haldimand, Tp. Walpole. (io to Canlioro on Buffalo and Lake Huron itall- wav. HU.MHEU, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Etohicoke. Oo to Mimlco on (i. W. 1{., also Cooksville stage from Wolfe Inn, Toronto. HUMUKU.-^TONK, C. W. A Tp. in Welland Co. near >\elland Canal, (io to Uidgeway on UulTalo and Lake Huron Itailway. HU.NTEUSTOWN, C.'e. A Tp. In Maskinonge. On -North Shore of Lake St. I'eter, (St. Lawrence,) be- tween Montreal and Three Klvers, reached by steamers. See St. Maurice District. HUNTINGDON, C. E., on South Shore of Lake St. Francis, nearly opposite the Coteau Landing Station of ilie (r. T. U. Population about TiMI. IlUNTINtiDOX, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Hastings. For Post-ollice, etc., see Ivanhoe. UUNTINCVILLE, C. E., Co. Richmond, Tp. Ascott, which is a station on the O. T. It. I'oiiulation about 100. HUNTLEY, C. W INKKIIMAN, C. W., Co. Dundns, Tp. Mountain. Go to Miitllda on the G. T. It. Population about BOO. I.VNKUKIP, C. W., Co. 0.\fonl, Tp. Kast Zona, do to Woodstock or Princeton, both Stations on the U. IwisFIL, C w. A Township In Co. Slmcoe, bisected by the Ontario, Siiiiooe, and Huron Itall from Tor- (into, (id III Lefiiiy, ilelle Ewarl, and CniixNiUe Stations on that line within the Townslilii. .'opula- tion alMiiit llHl. I.NMSVILLE, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Drummond. Above the town of I'erlh. (io to Ilrnckville by U. T. H., and llience by Stage direct to Perth. INVEIUM'ltON, C. W., Co. Druce, Tp. Druce, fronting Lake Huron, (io to Owen Sound, which see. Pop- ulation about ."io. INVKKNE.-'S, C. E. A T|i. in Meguntic. (io to .Som- erset or Stanfold on the ti. T. K. Population about 150. ION A, ( '. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Dunwich. Oo to Ekfrid on (i. V\ . H., and thence South. I'opuiation about liOO. IHELANI), C. E. A Tp. in .Meganlic. For Post-ollices and Villages, see Maple (irove, New Ireland. IliONHILJ,, (:. E., Co. Uroine. Ascott on the 0. T. U. appears to be the nearest Station. ISLAND OF MONTHi:>' C. E, On the St. Lawrence. See also Post-ollicu.i .uul Villages within It. Long Point, M\x Trembles, St. Ann, and .Montreal City. ISLAY, C. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. Fenelon See Lind- say. ISLE OF ORLEANS, C. E. On St. Lawrence, below tjueliec, to which go by Steamer, or to Point Levi on G. T. K. ISLE AUX COUDItE.9, C. E. On the St. Lawrence. Oo to Quebec, and thence by Steamer Saguenay. Population about (ioo. ISLE AUX OKUES, C. E., Co. Liiet. Oo to St. Thomas, Terminus of the 0. T. K., and thence by vessel. Population ahout tilH). ISLE AUX NOIX, C. E., Iberville Co. Oo by Ulver Itichelieu Steamers. ISLE JESUS, C. E. On the St. Lawrence, opposite .Montreal. Cut off 'rom main land, (TeiTebonne Co.) by tributary from the Ottawa Hiver and St Lawrence. Oo to .Montreal. See also St. .Martin and St. Vincent du Paul, Villages and Post-olUces with- in it. ISLE PEKKOT, C. E. On Lower Ottawa. Go to Van- dreuil on the G. T. R. ISLE VEKTE, C. E., C;o. Temlscouata. On South of St. Lawrence, nearly opposite confluence of the Sa- guenay. Go to Quebec, and thence by Steamer. IVANHOE, C. W., Co. Hastings, Tp. Huntingdon. North of Belleville, to which go by G. T. 11. A Tp. in Co. Carleton. Oo to Ot- tawa City by Branch Itailway, from Prescott, on the O. T. R. Population about 100. HUSTON, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Maryborough Oo to Ouelph on the <■ T. U. Population about 75. 11 Huntingdon. For INDIANA, C. AV., Co. Haldimand, Tp. Seneca. Go to .Mlddleport on Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway. I'oiiulation about 800. INDIAN Itl'-.^fcHJ t, to. (llengary. The name of a JOHNSON'S CORNERS, C. E., Tp. Hemmingforfi. ip., of which Athol 13 the Village and Post-ollice, I Station on Plattsburg and Montreal Rail 36 m which see. ' * «.._._. ° > INDIAN RESERVES. See Mara, Rama, etc., on Lake Simcoe, Tyendinaga, on the G. T. R., etc. The In- dian Department have an office In Toronto. INDUSTRY, C. E., In Csunty Jolliet, on North Shore of St. Lawrence, on Riviere L'Assumption, which flows into tlie St. Lawrence near Isle Jesus. Go to Montreal. Population about 1500. INQERSQLL, ('. W , {',•,. Oxford, Tp. North O-'^ford. Population about '2800. See elsewhere for further parilculars. JARRATT'S CORNERS, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Oro Go to Barrle by the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Rail from Toronto, and thence to Gilbraith's by Stage, and some si-x miles on by road. Population about 200. JARVIS, C. W., Co. Haldimand, Tp. Walpole, Go to Caledonia on the Buffalo and Lake Huron RaU. Population about 160. JERSEY, (Riviere Chaudlere,) C. E., Co. lieauce. At the head of the River Chaudlere, wliich flows into the St. Lawrence nearly ojiposite (Quebec. Jersey lies east of the Grand Trunk, on the cunliiies of the State of Maine. No Station is near. JERSEYVILLE, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Ancaster Go to Dundas on the G. W. R. Population about 120. JOHNSON, C. W., (-'o. Grey, Tp. Sydenham. Oo to Owen's Sound by Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Rail to Coliingwood, and thence bv Steamer. A , __ miles from Montreal. JOHXVILLE, C. E., Co. Compton, Tp. Eat"n. Go to Lenno.xville on the G. T. R. Poiiulalion about 100. JORDAN, C. W., Co. Lincoln, Tp. Louth. A Station on the U. W. R. Population about 800. K KALADAR, C. W. A Tp. In Additifrton. Go to Na- panee on the G. T. R. See also Crown Lauds. mmmmmmmm 4 ,8 CANADA: CITIK8, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. KAMOURASKA, ('. E. An K i-ctoriil Dlstrle m\ Town. Tin- town lsiiitiml.il •.leiir the Smtli >. _e of tl..' !^t. hawixiicf, be'". I ,■11 (Ju.l.oc 1111(1 tlic inmilh of tin,' SaKiloliuy. tl" '" ^1- 'I'l "«' ''";, '",■'''"'',';'" Of til'' <: r. It., Ill* '"'I'B ""-■ •>«'"'»"*t ""'' i>"'n>' PiiiMihilliin aliiiut '.i^lHI. .. . ,, ,, . KAliS »' W., I'd. C'lUlelon. Tp. Nnvth (.nwpr, lli) to liiMi'n.l vlll.' or ()»).'... .,1... ,1. II,. t >lt..» ^1 itiillttuy, omi- ni'T, .Iwith l-,t.M.,aoiill,e(l. T. 11. l-upiilutl-.n K \ i'K^'vii.l.K V \\., Cii. MldilleHex, Tp. Ailclnlile, on 'tlie'lii,,. ofl'lii; Itiillwuy KxH'o-loii I" I'oH i^'inii'l- At pr.'siMit U" to Kkfilil or to Moiiiil llryilgfs, (.. W . U. l',,piiliillon iilMiut l,"iil. „, ^ ,, , ^ KKl'N \\-V!l.l,l., f. \V.,(',>.,Siinr,.e, Tl>. .Viljiila. Try ,\lolt,.ii on till' ti. T. "., ii'i'l llK'iict- l>y -M""" f*liiK''' INiiinluliou uliuiit mn. KKllll, •'. W., Co. l.uniWon, Tp. Diiwn. Oo to I'loihwdl or rimiiiL-vllU' on (1. \V. It. , , ,, , KKI,\ ll.l.K, *'■ \V., til, llnint, Tp. Ilurforil. do to I'riircoloii on tlie li. W. U. ,, , , KEMPTVILLE, l'. W., Co. (iroiivllle, Tp. Oxford. A.Siitloii ami Town on the (tllawii Itailwiiy, cmi- nectiMl with the 0. T. II. nl I'rescott. Poimlutlon KrN'i'l'.WDlVi'lI, ('. W., Co. \Vclllnt?l"n, Tp. Arthur. (Vo lo (Hii'lph on the O. T. K., iinimcoe, and Huron Kail from Toronto. Population about !lnn. KNOWLTON, C. F,., Co. Itrome. (lo to Compton on d T. It., Montreal ami Pmtlaiid Section as nearest , Slalioii.'but the di>liiiice Is considerably eaut of llriime. Population about ■.'00. I KNOWLTON FALLS. A PostolUce in last-mentioned KOMOKA, C. W.,Co. Middlesex, Tp. I.obo. A Sta- tion on the d. W. It. Popuialion about lOil. LA ILVTK, r. K. A Tp. in Yamnska, on South Shore of Lake St. Peter, (.M. Lawrence,) near c,uiliiience of the itiver St. Francis with St. Lawrence, ivlilcli Hows from Itichmond, the liverginj! I'oinl of the d. T It to Quebec, east, and Montreal, west, from p'ovtland in the south, do liy leamers between Montreal a..d (Juebec. Popuialion about Tm). LA IIKAI t I'., C. I'l, Til. SI. Marie, Co. Ileaiiee. ()n Itiver ( hau'dlere. do to llecancom die d. T. It. I/AC \DIF., C. F. A District in Si. Jolin'H, on llUhel- ieu Itiver : also, a Station I,') miles from Montreal on the Cliaiiiplain and SI. Lawrence Hallway. LAC MINE, C. F,., Co. .Iac<|iies Carller. The first .Malioii bv Montreal anil Plalt«lmrg Itailway, U miles from Molilreal Popuialion aboiil ■-'."MHt. LA^HUTE, C. K. A Tp. in Argenteull, on North- ea. , Shore of Lower Ollawa. do by Steameia from Montreal, or from Yandreiill on d. T. It. Popula- tion aliout I'liMt. . . , ., .. LACOLLE, C. F.., Co. St. .lohn's. A .Malion on the ( liampialn and St. Lawrence liaiiway, H-S miles from Montreal. Poiiulatioli aboul (illil. LAtdltNF, C. K., Co. Terrebonne. On North Shore (if St. Lawrence, opiiosile Isle of Jesus. See .Maurice District, do to Mcntreai. LU'dNTAINK, C. \V., Co. Slmcoe, Tp. Tiny, on east coast of Nottawasaga Hay, north of llarrie. to wliicli go by Ontario, Slmcoe, and Huron Hallway, and thence to White Corners for I'eneMingiiishene Itoad. LV dCFHltK, C. K., Co. Huntingdon, Tp. dodman- chester. On South Shore of St. Lawrence, opposite Coteau Landing oil the d. T, K. LAKKFIKLD, C. W., Co. A.guiileuil. Back Township from east shore of Lower Ottawa Klver. do to Montreal. .,, , „ LAKFSIKF, ('. W., Co. Oxford, Tp. Last Mssourl. do to Kdwurdsburg on the d. W. K. L'AMAltOC.V, C. \V., Co. York, Tp. Y'ork. Toronto City is the most convenient Railway Point for gen- ( rii'l travi Hers. LVMHKTH, C. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. W estminster. (io to Loii'ion, on d. W. H. Population about •2.")il. LAMBTON, C. K., Co. Beaucc. Situated greatly east of (Juebec and Uichmond Section of d. T. K. War- wick and Danville maybe named as nearest Sta- tions. P.ipulalioii about TOO. LANARK, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Lanark. North of Pertli, to wliich go by Hrockville Stage from tlie d. T. K., Montreal and Toronto Section. Hrockville and Arnprior Kxtensi.m wiU come within a few miles of tliis Tp. Population about i'ii). LANCASTKIl, C. W. A Tp: in Co. diengay, and a Station on tlie Cr. T. It., Montreal and Tor,,nto Sec- tion. 14 miles east of Cornwall, and 64 west of M..;.;:-.'n) Popubition .ibout '■':'■'. LANOllAIK, C. K. Ill Herthier, on North Shore of St. Lawrence. See St. Muurice District. Population about 2400. CANADA: CITIES, TOWX8, AND VILLAGES. 69 iist-inciitluneil St Nlssourl. Oo tANDHDOWNR, C. W. \ Tp. In Co. teoiU, uiul it StHil'>i|iiiliit|i)ii iiliiiiit Inn. I.K I'KTITK UIVIKIIK, ('. Iv, St. Fiaiiil« (liarU'Vi)l>c, (>|i|)ii>lti' Nil' (Id CiiMilrcs, (III Niirlli ftlKiro of St. I.IIWIIMIIC IhI.IW tjlll'lii'l', til Whlfll t,"^', uiul Ijll'lll'l' In Stninicr Sii({iii'imv. I'KiKONIKItK, C. K. rn Xiiplfrvlll.'. .A Station on MipiitiiMl anil IMuttshiirK Hall, ;)u iiilli k frniu Mmi- Ii-imI. LAPRAIRIE, ('. K. On Soiitli Shori' of St. Uwroncc, iilj|)..TI()N, C. Iv, T|i. St. Sulplcc. In Klct-loral DNtrK't of l.'.Vs.suniptlini, on North Sliorf of St. Lawri'iii'i', Ih'Iow .Montreal, (if) to .Montreal Cit.v, uiid Iheiiee by Steamer or Trailer. I'opulatloii ahinit :tniHI. I,A TKItlllKIlK, V. K. In Chleoiitlml, on the SaKHi'- niiy lilver. tin to ( lileoiitlml from Uuebei; by SaKOeiiav Steamer. i.ATTA'S .\III,I„S, (', W., To. lIiistlngM, Tp. Thurhiw. do to Itellevllle, on (1. T. It. I.AVAI,, C. K. In Monlmio'oiK'l. A fen- miles below, anil In the rear of ((inbec. (io to I'olnl l.ev', op- posite (Jiiebee, on the (J. T. U., anil crof.s the St. l.aw reiiee. l,AVAi;i'l!II':, ('. K. In lleilhler., On North Shore of St. Law reiue, between .Montreal ana Three Klvers. do to .Monlretil or IJiiebee, ami thenoe bv Steamer. LAl/,(»N, ('. K. .>it. Ilenrl, and I'oint Levi — Villajte.i and I'osl-olliees therein— also, St. .lean Chryrtostom and St. Lambert. L'AVKNllt, ('. K, Co. IJrnmnioiid, Tp. Uiirhura. Go to Durham, on the 0. T. K. LAWItKNi KVILLK, C. K., Co. Shefford, Tp. South Kly. .See L'Aveiiir, for Itailwav Station. LLAKKSllALK, C. \V., Co. Onl.irio, Tp. Scott. No near Hallway, (io to Ilollanil I. amlint;, on Ontario, Sinii'oe, ami llnroii Itailway fr n Toronto. I'opu- laliori about lIHI. Li;.\MIN(iTON, ('. W., Co. Kshcx, Tp. Mersea. Go to llapti.seott, oo tli.. G, T It LOWKK IltKLAND. C. K. In Megantic. (io to War- wick, on the (i. T. 11. (Quebec and Itichmond Section, '24 miles .North-east of Uichmond .lunction. LOWVILLK, C. W., C'>. llalton, Tp. Nelsou. Go to eo CANADA: CITIKB, TOWxNS, AND V1LLA0K8. W. K. Population ■Wclllnuton Pqu«r«, on llio about l,"ill, LITON, ('. W., (.'». KIkIii. a iii'W I'.mtfifllci". LYN, ('. W., to. l.iiiU, Til. K!Uiil>vth(Mvvi.. A Wa- tloii anil Miini'V Orilir Ollki', on thi' li. T. II., nt'in' llio.kvlllf, i nhWi we»t ipf Un.ckvWo. I'lipululloii I.VSDIA r. W., Co. WiMitworth, Tp. Ili'verliy. A Wiitloii'on till' ti. W. 11., I'l nillfii wc»t of lluiiiUloii ( Itv. I'opulallon alioiil ^l.')!!. l,YNi)liri!.-ir, t'. W., Co. l.fcilK. in l.aMmlowni', In wlili'li 'I'owiiHlilp U l.aiiKilownf Station, mi tliuU. T. U, Poiiiilalion alioiit 70. LVNKDOt II, ('. W., <'o. Norfolk, Tp. Cliaiiottovlllu. Oo to Clincof, tlii'iu'o liy SlaK" to llrantforil or ParU, on llic llnll'alo anil l.akr llnroii ; tlio latliT 1h the .Innrtloii Point of that anil (Irial \V^■^tl•rn Hall- ways ami (lall llraMili. Population alinut I.Mt. LYON'S, C. \V., Co. KJK'ln, Tp. Sontli DoiTlirstfr. Co to InKcmoll ur Kilwurilsburg, on U. VV. U. M M'DONAI.DS COUNKRS, C. W., Co. Unark.Tp. I)al- houslf. do to llrofkvlll.' li.V »t»ge illreet. See (hilllu. „ „ . MAItHLE'l'ON, V. E,, ( o, Widfe, Tp, Dudswell. Oo to SherbrooKe on tke (1. T. 11. , , , „ „ . MAItlPOSA, C. W. A Tp. In Co, \ letorla, tor Post- ollices, route, etc., see Llllle Ihllaln, Manilla, and Oakwood. „ „ , . ., u .L M AltCll, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Carleton, fronting South Shore of Itlver Ottawa, opposite Aylmer East, which see. Population about .Ml. MARKHAM, C. W., Co York, do by StoulTvllle Dally Stage from Toronto, or by d. 1 . It. from Scur- borJugh, und thence by Stage. Population about M,\"uLllOU0rdH, C. W. A Tp. In Co. Carlton. See llurritl's Kaplds and .MalukolV for Post-olUces and .MAKLiiw, C. E. A Tp. In llcHucc at the very extreme of the province on the confines of the .Sate of Maine at the load of liiver < haudlere, which Hows in a direct line lo the St. Lawrence, (haudlere Junction and Chainlkre on the d. T, U. (ineheo and liiehmond may be named as Stations, but are about (Kl miles distant. M \UMOUA, 0. W., to. Hastings. A Tp. In which aro the Iron Works, north of liellevllle, to which go by d.T, II. Population about 4iiii. „.,„., MAItSHVILLE, C, W,, ( o. Welland, Tp. Mainfleet, In which is a Station of the BulValo and Lake Huron Hail. _ ,„ , ,. MAKTINTOWN, C. W., Co. dlengary.Tp. Charlolten- burg in wiiicli is Summer^lown on the (1. T. K., S miles' east of Cornwall, and till from Montreal. MAHTINVILLE.C, E., Co. lom|iton,Tp. Clifton. Go to Coiupton on the d. T. It. Population about lo. M\UYSl!Cll(i, C, W. A Tp, in Prince Eilward ( o. For Villages, Towns, and Post-ollices, see Picloii, llougard's Corners, .md Port .Milford. MAHYSVILLE, C, W,, ( o. Hustings, Tp. Tyendinaga, in which is a Station of the (i. T. H. Population MAKYUOllO, C. W. A Tp. In ■Wellington Co. See Huston. . , , . ., V .1, MASCOUCHE, C, E. A Tp. in L Assumption, on North Shore of St. Lawrence, ju=t below Montreal, to wlileh go. , , MASKINONCiE, A Posl-ollice \illage, and also name of Electoral District on North Shore of St. Lawrence In St. .Mauilce District, situate about '.'11 miles west of Tliree Kivers. Population aliout 4IHHI, MASSVWIPPI, C. E,, Co, Stanstead, Tp. \\ est Ilallcy. (lo to Coiupton on the d. T. U. Population about MYt'vNE C E. A Tp. in Uiniouski, on South Shore . 'of St! Lawrence, fronting the lUver below the mouth of the Sugueiiay, reached by vessels from (Juebec. Population about l.^dl). , a. .i „ M VTILI) \ C. W. A Tp. in Dundas ( o. and Station 'of the same name on the (1. T. H., !> miles cast of Prescott Junction, and 1(14 from Montreal. MVTTVWA on a Klver which runs into the Otta\ya about il.l miles aliove Pembroke, near Lake Nijas- sing. reiol-roke is readied by Cpp"!- 'W'vxn Steamers from Aylmer East, which see. MAVFIELD, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Chlnguacousy. Go to Brampton on the Cr. T. H. Population about 51 , MAYNE, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Wallace. Go to Ful- CANADA: C1TIK8, TOWNS, AM) VII-l.AOKS. 61 )UlIllWl>ll. (il) to Uiiigton Co. gee Urtoii, mlilway lintweon CtrnlfDi'it and (loderioh, hy ^i|,lll(l■ fidiii Mriiirmil JiiiiciIdii, O. T K. MhAltinVVALK, ( , W., ( u I'l.l, T|., Tniciiild Klve iiiili'M rriiiii lti'iiiii|itiiii. rniiiiliiMori aliiiiit loii. Ml:l>ON IK, ( . W. A Tp. Ill Mini , iHtwe.ii Oillllii iiii.l < iildrtiiiiT. (id li.v CiililwiitiT Man.' friiiii (Mil 111. ivliirli l< icui.lu'd hy Oiilarlo, ,«liiiciii., umi lliiruii Hiilwiiv liiiiii liii.iiiio, llfiu. KwiHt, and ihuuci' liy MriiiiiT. Ill HliiliT, M'> >>■ .'*liiK« fiiJiii Uitrrtu to llriltlii, wlili'li Ki'i' ; ni'e iilmi I'lildwitler. Mi:i.AN( rilON, C. W. A T|). Ill ('„. (Iri.y, (;,> to lliudf'iid, and l>y road, in'il, In .Miiim, If (iiitarln, .••iiiii:iii', and lliii'oii Kalhmy Ih u.ifd, or by hiiiKo lo Mono liiMii Maltoii on lliii (j. T. K. MELBOURNE, < . K. A T|.. In Hldimond, wllli Money Order Dllirc, do lo Ulcliliiolid on (J. T. II. l'o|iiihilloii alioni 'Ji'mI. .MKl.im.'K, ('. \\ . A villain- In Ty.'ndlna«a, llandnKs Co. Tyi'iidlnaua Ix it titulon on (i. T, U., li) nillt'S frlKKf*K.V, V. W. A 'I'll. In K«ex Co. (io to I 1ml ham on till' d. \S. It. MIdt'l'ON, C \V., Co. lliillon, T|). NlOhoii. (io to Wei- liiiKlon ."iiiuarc, (In saim! Towimlilii,) oij lliu (I. \V. It. I'o|>iilatlon alioni ITiH. .MKTi AI.F, C. W. A I'l). In Mlddlel>. Mll)|)|,i:i'(»ltl', < . W., Is a .Nation on the lliilTalo mid l.aki- Huron Hallway, butWL'fii Ciikdoniaand (Jnon- diiKa, il'o>t-ollice, 'I'li^caroni,) In mile.-i south of liiaiilford, and l.-s of I'urU Junclion, I'opulatioii al I Hill. .MIIiHLKVIM.K, C. W., Co. Lanark, 'I'p. Lanark. Go to I'cTtli from Hidckvlllti liv Slaj,'e from (J. T. U. MlLI'dlil), C. W, Co. I'liiice Kihvard, Tp. Marvsburtf, oil Hay of (Jiiinle. (io to Ikllevlllii from tlie wuat, and Klii«ilon from the I'ant by steamer Hay of (^llllte. liolli Ik'llevllle and Kingston are iStiitluns uu ihe (i. T. It. MILIIA.NK, ('. W., Co. I'erlli, Tp. Mnrnington, north of Stratford, do to .. T. It , 'Jl» mllea from MIrlolt- vlllc Populatlnn about liMiii. MITCHELL, C. \V., Co. Perth, Tp. Logan, belwimn l •»>■ tl. T. It. PopiilatloD about b'lO. MOLKSWoltTII, V. W., Co. Huron, Tp, drev. North of Stratford, do to Siriitford by li. I', 'it , or by Ikillalo and Lake Huron Kail. Pilpuliilloii about ."ill. MONO, C. W. .V Tp. In Co. Siiueoe. See .M ..Milbi. .MONO CENTItK, C. W., Co. .■^Imcoe, Tp. Mono. Hut Mono Mills. MONO MILL.S, C. W., Co. Slineoe, Tp. Mono, (lo to .Malton by d. T. K., and thence by Stage. Popul*. tloii about l.'ib. •MONOlIt, C. K. A Tp. In Ilouvllle. 8eo Mount .lohlison, St. Ilrigide. MONTAIIVILLI-;, C. K. Ill Chamblv. .See .St. Ilruno. MON Tt AL.M, ( . K. A Town in TJi. of llawdon, Oo. .Monlcalm. On North Shore o| St. Lawrence, In the iSt. .Mainic'c District, (i .Montreal. .MONTK IIKI.LO, C. K.,('u Ottawa, Tp. Petite Natloo. On North Shore of jlh cr Ottawa, near (ireinille. (io by Ottawa and .Montreal Steamers. Population about IbO. MONT.M(»ltKNCI, C. E. See ChBteim lllcher. MO.NTMOHKNCl KALL.s.C, K smlb.s below IJuebeo. (io to (Inebec by (i. T. It. from Itiebiiioiid and Moii- tri'iil, or by Steamers from l.piier Canada anil Mon- tri'.il, tlonce aeros.s the St. ( harles Itiver liv road MONTREAL, C. i;. For Views and full lidoniiation, see preeeding [lortlon of this work MONTKOSF, C. W., Co. W.lland, T|,. Stratford, which Is a Station on the Erie and Ontario Itail (.Nlugura to Chippewa). .MONT ST. HILLAIIIE, 0. K., Co. Honville, Tp. St. Hllliilre, which is a Station 17 niiles from .MoiitpeaL on the (i. T. It. .MOOltE, C. \\. A Tp. in Lambton Co., In Port Sar- iiia District, fronting the SI. (lair Itlver. do to Windsor by the d. \V. It., and theiici,' liy Steamers or Hoat. Population about -Joo. MOHdANTOWN, C. W., Co. Wellinglon, Tp. Erin, (io to (ieorgelown, on the (i. T. It. Population about inn. MoltlN, C. E. In Argenteull. See Britonville. Pop- ulati ibout 41111. MOKNlNtiDAI.E MILLS, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Morn- liiglrui. do to Stratford, on the (i. T. It., or by Buf- falo and Lake Huron Itall. Populalion about IDi). MOUNlNdTON. A Tp. in Perth Co. For Po.st- olll.es, etc., see Carthage, Mllbank, West CorneiH, and .Morningdale .Mills. MORPETH, C. W., 1(1. Kent, Tp. llowar.l. do to Thamesviile, on the d. W. It. Population aboutiVm. .MollltlS. A Tp. in llnroii Co. For Tp., see Uodmln and .Morrisbank. MOltKISHANK, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Morris. Goto Stratford by (i. T. It., and thence by road, or hy Bullalo and Lake Huron llallwav. MORRISBURG, C. W., Co. Dunlla.i, Tp. Matilda, In which is a d. T. It. Station. Poimlatlon about (idO MOUKISDALK, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. drey. (io as for .Morrl.shaiik. Population about .^ll. MOUItlSTON, C. \\\, ( ,,. Wellington, Tp. Pnslinch. do to (iueljih, on thed. T. K. Population about 4nn. MOKTlMEIt. C. W., Co. drey, Tp. Osprey. do to Nottawasaga, on the Ontario, Siincoe, and Huron Kail from Toronto. MOItTON, C. W., ( o. Leeds, Tp. South Crosbv. Oo to (iananoi|iie, on the (i. T. K. Population about ■ibi). .MOltVEX, C. W., Co. Addingtoii, Tp. Eniestown, which la a Station on tlie d. T. K. Population about lUO. MOSA, C. W. A Tp. In Middlesex, formerly a Station on the (i. W. It., but ■lians'ed to Newbury. F'or Aillages and Po.-t.,,ili ■(•<, .see .Vewburv. Ca.slimere, Wardsville, and ttiatlibiu'n, all in the Township. CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. MOSCOW, C. W., Co. AililiiiKt"". Tp. Kast Camilcii. Go to Xnpani'e, on the (i. T. U. I'op. aliout •JOii. MOULIMOTTK, C. W., Co. ijtormonf, T)). C'oiinviiU. A Stiition on llif ti. T. It. I'.ipulatinn alioul Kilt. M0i:|/1'0N, V. W. A Tp. in Co. llalcliiuiind. Si'O Dunnvilk', a Uailway Slaliou on the linllalo and Lake Huron, with I'ost-oltioi' witliin tlo.' Towiisliip. MOUNTAIN, C. \V. A Tp. lu lluudaa Co. do to .Ma- tilda, on tlie (1. T. K. MOL'NT AMUON, ('. W., Co. AVcntwoitli, Tp. Barton, (io (o Ontario, on llie 0. \V. 11. ropidatlon al)oul lliil. MOUNT liUVDdES, C. \V., Co. Middlfsfx, Tp. Cara- doc. A Station on the O. W. U. I'opnlatioii alioiit IbO. MOUNT EUilN, C. W., Co. Oxford, Tj). Dereliam. Oo to Ingersoll, ou the G. W. U. Population al)out ir.(l. MOUNT I'OltHKST, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Ar- thur. Go to Uuelph, on the G. T. It., and thence hy 8tage. MOUNT IIKDI.KY, C. W., Co. Hnldhnand, Tp. Oneida. Trv .Miildleport, on the liulValo and l-ake Huron Uail. I'opul.itionahout Im). MOUNT .lOlINSON, C. K, Co. Rouville, Tp. Monoir. Trv St, Ilillaire, on the G. T. 1{. MOUNT MUUUAY, C. K. In Charlevoix. See Mur- rav liav, I'ort au Pei'sil. MOUNT I'hKAS.VNT, C. W., Co. Durham. SeeCavan. I'opulation ahout 5011. MOUNT ST. LOUIS, C. W., Co. Siincoe. A newPost- ollice. MOUNT ST. I'ATIUCK, C. W., Co. Renfrew, Tp. Uroiichain. See Free Grant Lands. MOUNT VKUNON, C. W., Co. Hrant, T)). nrantforil. Go to Branlfiird, on the ItutValo and Lake Huron Uajlwav. Pojiulatioii about '.'(Id. MUL.MUk, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Siincoe. Go to Har- rie Station, on the Ontario, Siincoe, and Huron Uailwav fr. N NANTICOKE, C. W., Co. Haldinnind, Tp. Walpole. Go to Cainsvilie, on the Uulfalo and Lake Huron Railway. . , , . NAPANEE, C. W., Co. Lennox, Tp. Richmond. A Telegraph Station and Money Order Olhce, on the G. T. R., UO miles west of Kingston. See preceding pages for further information. NASSAGAWKYA, C. W. A Tp. in Halton Co. Go to Rockwood, on the (t. T. R., Toronto and Stratford Section, or to Wellington Sciuare, on the G. W. R. NELSON, C. W. A T)). in Halton Co., in which is • Wellington Srpiare, a Station on the G. \V. H. Pop- ulation ahout '2()l>. NEPEAN, C. W. A Tp. in Carleton Co. For Post- ollices anr>. NEW EDINGHUKtill, Co. Carleton, Tp. Gloucester. A Village or Snburli to (Mtawa, C. W. On the Prescott and Ottawa Railroad, of which it is the Teiiuinus, Population alu'Ut rioil. NEW (iLASGOW, C. K. Noriii of Isle Jesns, opposite >Lmtreal, to wliich go, either by Steamer from dg- deiisburg or Kingston, or hy the G. T. R, Pop"'''- tlon about ISOil. NEW GLASGOW, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Aldeborough. From Morpeth l,'i, London X\ Chatham H7 miles. NEW IlAMliUKG. C, W,, Co. Waterloo, Tp. Wiliimt, in which Township is Petersburg Station of the (r. 1 T. I!. Population about lloo. ' Nl'.W HOPE.C. W.,(o. Waterloo, Tp. North Waterloo. I " Goto(iueP|>horlierlin,onG.T. K, ; ''Iso to Gait and Preston for .lunctiou Hallway, Population about .oil. NEW IltELANi). C. E. In Megantic. Go to Artha- haska, on the G. T. R. Population about 'Jiwi. NEW LAND, C. W., Co. Y(n-k, Tp. East Gwillimhury, in which is'the Holland Landing Station on the (hi- tario, Siincoe, and Huron Kaihn y from Toronto. NEW LIVERPOOL, C. E. In Levi District. Tp. Law- zon. Go to Point Levi (oid'osite Uuehec), the Ter- minus of the G. T. II. Population about l-oo, NEWMARKET, C. W,, Co. York, Tp. Whilchurch. ,\ Sl.i.ioi. (Ui the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Rail- wav from Toronto. NEW'Pnltr, C. E. A Tp. in Compton. Go to Coinp- ton Station, on tlie (i. T. R., .Montreal ami Portlami Section. For Post-oUioe, see and address Sawyer- ville. , , NEWPORT, C. W., Co. Brant, Tp. Bratitford. In which is the .Main Station of Brantford, on tlie Buf- falo and Lake Huron Rail. NEW RICHMOND, <'. E. A Tp. in Bonaventure, South (iaspe, fronting the Bay of Chaleurs. Tra- ders from (Juehec. NEWRY, C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. Manvers. Go to Newcastle, on the *TADT, C. W., Co. tJrey, Tp. Normanliy. Go to Guelph, on the G. T. R., and tlience by Owen Sound Stage. NEWTOWN ROnlNSON, C. W. A Village with Post- ollice, in Co. Simcoe, Tp. recumseth. Go to Brad- ford or Newmarket, on the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Uail from Toronto. Population about 100. NIAGARA, C. W., ( o. Lincoln. Separated by the Niagara Uiver from the State of New York. Go by Steamers from Toronto, or G. W. R. via Hamil'on. NICOLET, ( . E. A Town in District of Nicolet, skirting the South Shore of the St. Lawrence, nearly opposite Three Rivers, to which go by Montreal and Ijueliec Steamers. The nearest Station appears to be Artluibaska, on the (i. T. 1(., IJuebee and Rich- niont, 0. W., Co. Northmnlu'iland, Tp. Percy. Go to Ui'lli-villf, on tlie 0. T. K., or to liriglituii, (in thy siiiiif Kiiilwii.v t^cL-lion. SUI!.M.\.M(Y, (;. W. A Tp. ill iirey Co. On the (rUflpli ami t<:m),'oen Uoad. (io to tiuelpli on the (i. T. I{., mill tlieiK-o !)>■ Stage. XOItMANDALK, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Charlotle- viUe. On the f-liore of Lake Krie. (io to I'aris or liiaiitford, thence Stage to Slineoe, and on by hired convi'ViUK^e. SOliMA.NTON, C. W., Co. IJruce, Tp. Sangeen. (io to (Inelph, and thence by Stage, or to Windsor Ter- minus of tlie (i. W. It., and thence l>v Steamer direct. XoliTIl AI).IAhA, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Adjala. (io to .Malton, on the (i. T. K,, Toronto ami Strat- ford Section, and thence to ^lono by Stage, or to lirailforil Station, on tlie Ontario, Siincoe, and Hu- ron Kailwav from Toronto. NUUTI! AKTIirU. See Kenilworth. NOUTH Al'OUSTA, V. W., Co. Greliville, Tp. Augu.s- ta. Uo to I'reseott, on tlie (i. T. K., Montreal and Toronto Section, wliicli is in the same Town.ship, and also Junction of Ottawa Itail. I'ojiulalion abcuit '.^■^il. NOIM'II CKOSHV, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Leeds. Kcr Post-oMice, Town, etc., see Newborn'. NOUTIl DOCUO, C. W., Co. Peterborough, Tp. Douro. (io to I'eterbnro', the Terminus of tlie Junction Kailwav from Cobourg, mi the (i. T. H. NOKTIl KLDON, C. \V., (^), Viet.oia, Tp. Kldon. ("io to Lindsay from Port Hope, on the (i. T. K.,by Port Hope and Lindsay Kailwav. NOKI'll KLMSLKV. A Tp! in Lanark, in which is Sniilh's Kalis, wliicli see for l'ost-ollie<', route, etc. NOlM'll KLY, C. K., Co. Shelford. (io to Durham, on the ({. T. K. Population about Kill. NOKTU (iKOKOKTOWN, C. K., Co. Chateauguay. Ill Ueauharnois Parisli. On South Slicn-e of St. Lawrence, oppo.-ite St. .Vnne's Station on the (1. T. U. NOKTIl (iLANKOKI), r. \V.,Co. Wentworth, Tp. (llan- ford. (io to Middleport on the iluffalo and Lake Huron Kailwav. NOHTH (iOWKK, 0. W., Co. Carleton, Tp. South liower. (io to Kemptville or Osgoode on I'reseott and Ottawa Kailway from Prescott Junction of tlie (i. T. I!. NOKTIl .MONAtiHAX, C. W. A Tp. in Peterborough Co., i:i which l.s the town of Peterborough, wliicli see for Post-olliees, route, etc. NOKTIl PKLIIA.M, C. W., t o. Welland, Tp. Pelharn. (io to Si. Catherine's, on the (i. W. I!. NOKTIl POKT, (', \V., Co. Prin ." Kdward, Tp. Sopliias- hurg. .\ Port at which the Hay of (Juiiile Steamers toucli daily, to and from Belleville and Kingston, holh Stations on tlie ti. T. U. J'oimlation about 1411, NOKTIl STANIiKIIXiK, C. K., Co. Mis^isqnol, Tp. Stanliridge, ea.st of tlie Kiver Kichelieu. (io to St. John's, ('. K., by the Cli.'implain and St. Lawrence Hallway, and cro.ss Kiver Kichelieu, or go by Kichel- ieu Steamers which ply to and from .Montreal. Pop- nhdion about oil. NOKTIl STCKKLV, C. R, Co. ShelTord, Tp. Stukely. (io to Kichmoiid on the II. T. K., where the (i. T. k. diverges to (Quebec on the norllieast, Montreal on the north-west, and to Portland on the south-east. Population about I.T). NOKTIl SCTTON, C. K., Co. Urome, Tp. Sutton. Go to CoTU])ton or (.'oaticook on the (i. 'I'. K. NOKTIl \VALSIN(illAM, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Wal- singhain. Co to Paris on the (i. W. R,, or liraiit- forilon liutfaloand Lake Huron Kailway, and thence to Siiiieoe bv Stage. NOKI'll WAi'KKI.itO, C. W. A Tp. in Waterloo Co. I'or Villages and Post-ollice, sei; New Hope. NllKTH WILLIAMSHUKO, C. W., Co. Dumlas, Tp. Hilliamsbiirg, in which is the U illiaiiisbm-g Tele- graph Station, on the (J. T. K. Population about •iM). NOItrON CKKHIf, C. K., Co. BcauharnoiB. On South Shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite the St. Anne's Station of the (t. T. K. Population about 50. NOKVAL, C. W., Co. Ilalton, Tp. K.^quesing. Oo to (ieorgelown, in same Tp., a Station on the G. T. U. Population about ;).")il. NORWICH, C. W. A Tp. (and Village with Money Order Ollice) ;n Co. 0.\foril. (io to In.uersoll or Wooilstock on the G. W. K. Population about Ton. j NOKWOOI), C, \V., Co. Peterborough, Tp. Asphodel. : Uo to Cobourg, and thence by Peterhonmgli June- i tion. Cobourg is on the G. T. R. Population about .'"Mill. NOKWOOI), C. W. A Village on the Kingston Koad, about :i miles east of the city of Toronto, in York Townsliip. No Pust-olhce. NOTTAWA, C. W. The Post-cdHce in Xottawasaga. Tp. under this name is now called liowinore, which see. Population aliout ;iim. NOTTAWASAGA, C. W. A Tp. in S!mcoe Co., and a Staticm on the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron K.iilway, about S!) miles from Toronto. NOTKK OA.MK OC POKTAGi;, C. K. Near the liiver -Madawaska, south of the St. Lawrence, below St. Thomas, wliidi is now the Termi \us of the (i. T. U., and on the iu-oject(,'d e.\lensi,-ui to Troi's Pistoles for New Brunswick and the British Seaboard. Popula- tion about lUUt). o OAKLAND, C. W. A Tp. in Brant Co. Go to Paris or Brantford on the Bulfalo and Lake Huron Kail. Population about '.iilii. OAKKIDGKS, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Whitchurch, in which Township are Aurora and Newmarket, both Stations on the (Jntario, SImeoe, and Huron Kail, respectively distant Ho and :i-t miles from Toronto. OAKVILLE, C. W., Co. Ilalton, Tp. Trafalgar. A Town and Station on the (i. W. K., 1!) miles from Toronto. See preceding pages. Population about '2111111. OAKWOOD, C. W., Co. Victoria, Tp. ^Llriposa. Go to Lindsay by Kail from Port Hope on the G. T. R. Population about So. OBAN, C. W. See Pljmpton. Poi)Hlation about 50. ODKSSA, C. W., Co. Addington, Tp. Krnestown, in which is Krnestown Station on ti. T. K. Population about (lllO. OLDEN, C. W. A new Township. See Crown Lands for sale. CM AGH, C. W'., Co. Halton, Tp. Trafalgar. For Kail- wav, see Oakville. ONeIda, C. W. a Tp. in Haldimand. Go to Cale donia on the BulTalo and Lake Huron Kailway. Poi)ulation about '.'.-HI. ONONDAGA, C. W. A Tp. in Brant Co., and a Rail- way Station on the liutlalo and Lake Huron Kail- wav. Population aliout :i(iO. ONSLOW, C. E. A Tp. in Ottawa Co., on North Shore of Kiver Ottawa, abovo Ayliner East, which see for Steamers and route. ONTARIO, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Saltlleet. A Station on tlie G. W. R., 10 miles from Hamilton. Population about loll. OPS, C. W. A Tp. in Victoria Jo- Kor.Fost-omce, etc., see Lindsay. ORANGEVILLE, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Gara- fraxa,on the Garafraxa Road from (iuel|ili, to which go by G. T. R., and thence by Stage. Population aliout 011(1. OKCHILL, C. W., Co. Huron, "" i. Morris. Go to Strat- ford Railway Junction by (i. I . R., or by the Buffalo and Lake Huron Kailway, and thence by Goderich Stage to Mitchell. OREORD, C. W., aTp. in Kent Co. For Post-office, Railway route, etc.. see Clearville. ORILLIA, C. W., Co. Simcoe, Tp. Orillia, 2-( miles from Barrie, to wliicli go by Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway from Toronto, and thence by Stage, or in summer by same Kailway to Belle Ewart, and thence bv Steamer. Population about rmil. ORMSTOWN, C. E., Co. Chateauguay, Tii. Heauhar- nois, opposite Cedars and St. .\nne's Stations on the (i. T. R., (being on the South Shore of the St. Law- rence). OUO, C. W. A Tp. in Simcoe Co. For route, see Orillia. ORONO, C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. Clarke; in which Township is Newcastle Station on the 0. T. K. Pop- ulation about sun. ORWELL, (formerly Temperancevillc,) C. W., Co. El- gin, Tp. Y: rmouth. Go to London on the (i. W. R., and then by L4 luiles bv .Tiinclion Uailway from the (i. T. U 'It l'resci]lt ; ' also communieatioii by SteaimT frniu Montreal, anil also from I'eiubmKr. 1-or fur- tliLM- particulars, see elsewhere. OTTKI'.l.LK, C. W., Co. O.xfonl, Tp. Norwich. Whiiii see. ^, ,. ., ;,, , 01I<1"\C C K., Co. Pontiac On North Shore of Cpiier Ottawa, above Allumette Islanil. For route, , see Avlmer Kast. , . , 0LN(;AII, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Chathani. Iu which \ is the Chatham Station of the (1. W. U. i OWEN SOUND, C. W., Co. (trey, 1 p. Syilenhaim i It.uite bv Kail from Toronto to Colhn^'wooil SI, i miles, (O'litario, Simcoe, ami Huron Hallway,) ami I thence bv Canadian Steamer, or Stage in \\ niter or Ko lo"Cuelpli, on the (1. T. U., Tornnio and Sr^itriird Section, and thence by Mage through l.',.i-jru^ Mount Forest, etc. Population about 'Jimo. I 0X1'()KI) C \V..Co. (iieiiville. A Tp. ami Station on the Ottawa and I'rescott Uailway, IT miles from I'res- c„tt .Junction on tlie . Woodhouse. A Port on .North Shore of Lake Frie. Go to Simeoe by Stage from BrantforU, and thence (in. Popula- tion about Jltll). POUT ELMSLFV, C. \V., Co. Lanark, Tp. Elmsley. Go to Kingston by tlie (t. T. U., iinil thence by Kid- eau Canal Steamers, through Smilli F.alls, or to ]h-ockvllle by same section of the G. T. IL, and on by Smith Falls' Stage. POUT IIODVFK, C. \V., Co. Durhivm, T|>. Cartwright. Go to iJowmanville on the ti. T. U., iJ miles from Toronto. Population about 100. PORT HOPE, C. W., Co. Durham, Tp. Hope. A main and Telegraph Station on the G. T. U., (52 miles from Turonto ; a leading Port on Lake On- tario, at wliicli the Uoyal .Mail Steamers regularly call daily ; also Steamers for Itocliester, N. Y. Branch Hallway from hence to Lindsay. See pre- ceding pages. Poiiulation about ."iiiDil. POUTLANI), (.:. W. A T|i. in Frontenac Co. For Itoulc, Villages, and Post-oUices, see llarrowsmith and Murvale. POUTLANI), C. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. Bastard. Go to Lanilsdowne on tlie (1. T. It., lo5 miles from Mon- treal. Population about loll. POUT .MAITLANI), C. \V., Co. llaldimand, Tp. Slier- brooke, a jiort on Lake Erie. Go to iJunnville Sta- tion on tlie BulValo and Lake Huron Itail, 4.'i mile., from Paris .Junction of the G. \V. It., and 77 miles from Stratford Junction of the G. T. U. Population about 01). POUT MILFOUD, C. W., Co. Prince Edward, Tp. .Marysburg. Milford fronts Lake Ontario; but the Steamers call at Picton, on Bay of (iuinte. See Pic- ton for direct rouie. POUT NELSON, V. W., Co. Ilalton, Tp. Nelson. A Port on Lake Ontario. Go to Wellington Siiuai'e, a Station of the G. W. It., in the same Township, T miles from ILuiiillon. POKTNFCF, C. F. A Port in Co. Portneuf, on North Shore of St. Lawrence, about oD miles above Que- bec. Steamers pass near Cape Saiite. Population about 7t"il). POUT PFUllY, C. W., Co. Ontario, Tp. Ueach. Go to Whitby, on the U. T. U., about 'M miles from PORT ROBINSON, C. W,, Co. Welland, Tii. Tho- rold. A thriving business place. Money Order Ollice. Go to Tiiorolil, a Station on the G, W. U., about ''4 miles from lliuiiilton ( itv. PORT ROWAN, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Walsing- liam. .\ Port on Luke Erie, (in to Simeoe by Braiitford Stage from lirantford Station of tlie Buf- falo and Lake Huron Uailwav. Population about 4.')t). POUT UOYAL, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. M'alsingham. See Port Itowan. POUT HYFUSF, C. W., Co. Norfolk, Tp. Woodhouse. A Port on Lake Erie, South of Simeoe, tlie County Town, to which go by Stage from Brantl'ord Station, on the Hull'alo and Lake lluroii Uailwav. POUTS.MOCTII, C. W., Co. Frontenac, Tp. Khigston. A Suburb of the City of Kii:gstoii with daily Stage connection. Go to Kingston City by Steamers from Montreal, Toronto, and Cape Vincent, or by G. T. II. Population about (iilO. POUT ST. FUANCIS, 0. E. In Nicolet. A Port on the South Shore of St. Lawrence, at the East end of Lake St. Peter, 8;} miles below .Montreal, a usual place of call for the Quebec iind Montreal Steam- ers, about 25 miles distant from Arthabaska, on the (1. T. It. PORT SARNIA, C. W., Co. Lanibton, Tp. Sarnia. The Port on Lake Huron, destined as the Terminus of the G. T. K. and G. W. It. Go to Stratford liy the Buffalo and Lake Huron, or by the G. T. It., Toronto and Stratford Section. A Brnncli of St. Mary's from London, on the G. W. It., is near com- pletion. PORT STANLEY, C. W.,ro. Elgin, Tp. Yarmouth. A leading Canailian Port on Lake Erie for the t.'ity of London, with which it is now connected by Bi'anch Uiiilway. Go to London by G. W. It. Steamer from here to Cleveland, Oliio, 8 times weeklv. PORT UNION. A St,ation on the O. T. K., IT miles from Toronto City, between Scarborough East and Pickering. (No Post-ollice under that name.) Pop- ulation about '60. 60 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. PORT TALBOT, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Dunwlch. Go to KklVUl, on the (i. W. K., iibout Ito miles from Hamilton City. ,, „ a .u POTTON, ('. K. A Ti). in Urome ( o. See Soum PRESCOTT, C. K., Co. G.-enville, Tp. Angus'tii. A Main and Trlofirai.li Station of the (i. T. It. ami Junction of tlie Ottawa Uailway, ^A miles Iroin (U- tawa City, Lil:! miles Inmi Montreal, ami 'J^M mile.s from Toronto, opposite OfiMenslmrj,', wlneli is the Terminus of the Northern Uailway from l!""se s Point- also Port on r. ,, , , PltOl'ON, C. W. A Tp. In (irey. (.0 to (juelph, on the (1. 'i'. K., and thence by Stage North. PLSLINCH, C. W. A Tp. in Wellington, close to Guelpli, to which go by G. T. K. Q QUEBEC, C. E, For description, see elsewhere. QUKHFC COUNTY, C. E,, with Quebec City as llie Capital— fronts the St. ]>awrence on the Smith— is bounded on the North by Clilcoutimi, and the un- settled di.striet of Lake (Minciuamacksis, on tte West by County Portneuf, and on the Last by County Montmorencl. QUEENSltOllOL'till, C. W., Co. Hastings, 1 p. Elze- vir do to >Lidoc by Stage from Lidleville. which is a Main Station on the G. T. It. Section, -Un miles from SLnitreal. . „, ^.. _ QUEENSl'ON, C. W., Co. Welland, Tp. Niagara. Go to Niagara bv G. W. It., about 48 miles from Ham- ilton, and thence bv Erie and Ontario Itaihvay to Queenston, S miles, or go by Steamer Zhumerinan from Toronto. ^ . „ mi QUFKNSVILLE, C. W., Co. York, Tp. East GwilUm- hurv (io to Holland i.anding, which is a Station in t'he same Township on the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Itailway from Toronto. n RAGLAN, C. W., Co. Ontario. In Whitby To\v-nship, in'wiiich is the' Port Whitby Station of the G. T. K Poinilation ahout :ii)t». „ , ,-. . I RAILTON, C. W., Co. Krnntenac. Go to Kingston bv the G. T. K., Montreal and Toronto Section, or by Steamers from East and West, and across from Cape Vincent. Population about Ion. j RVINHAM AM) ItAINHAM CENTIIE, C W (0. i Haldimand, hoth in Uainliam I'p., fronting Lake Erie (io to Calnville or Uunnville Hy the liulfalo andLake Huron Kailway. I'oiiulalion about -m. RAPIDES HES JOIACHIMS, C. E., ( o. Pontiac, Ip. Aberdeen Above Pembroke, with communication from Avlmer East (which see), by the Upper Otta- wa Union Forwarding Company. Population about Rvr'lIO C. W., Co. O-xford, Tp. niandford. Goto Princeton, on the G. W. it., or to I'lattsville, on the liulfalo and Lake Huron Uailway. RAVENSWOOD, C. W., Co. Lambton.Tp. Bosanquet, fronting Lake Huron, in Port Sainia District. Uail- way incomplete. See St, Mnry\ lilati^hard, or Stratford. , ., ,, ^„ RAWUON, 0. E. A Tp. in Montcalm, on North Shoie of St. Lawrence, in St. Maurice District. Go to Montreal liy ti. T. U., or Steamers from (inebecaud Toronto. i'opulati(Mi about ■J.">oo, REACH, C. W. A 'I'p. In Co. Ontario. Go to Port Whitbv, on the G. T. H. UEMHNIi, C. W., Co. Wellington, Tp. Garafraxa. tio to Uockwood, on the (i. W. U., or to (Imlph, and thence by Garafraxa Gravel Koad. Popula- tion anout '20. HEAU OF CHATHAM, C. E, A Tp. in Argenteud. For route, etc., see Dah-sville. UEDNEltSVlLLE, C. W., Co. Prince Edward. In tlie Tp. of Ameliiisburg, which see. Population about ion. , . . ...,, RENFREW, C. W., Co. Uentrew. A rising \ illago in a new-settled District, with Money Order Olliee, etc., ill the Township iec. t'teamers pass. ■ RIVIFUE Dl'> ;'ltAlUlES,C. E. In Isle of Montieal. On the St Lawrence, dividint. the Isle of Jesus Irom i Isle of Montreal. Co to Montreal by Steamer or ' (i T. U. Population about 000. RIVIERE DU LOUP, en Ims, C. E. A favourite CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. 67 Wati'vliiR Pliice on tln' South Pliori' nf the S'. I,iiw- reiuo, iu 'I'lMMisi'iiimla ; wlnrc the U'p'fr is '2H inili'S 111 wicltli, liriii),' ui'ai'ly uiipusitr tlir nnuitli of tlie gagiieiiiiy, loo iiiileM below (iucln'C. (i, ami '!'■> West of Par's .luiiction. ROCK POUT, C. W., Co. Leeils, Tp. Escott. Go to Mall.irv Town, on the (i. T. It. UOMNKV, C. \V. A Tp. in Kent Co., fronting Luke Krie. Go to HiMle Itiver or liapliste Creek, both Stations on the ;i. \V. H., near Winilsor. ]toM)i;.\C, C. W., Co. Hint, Tp. lliirwkh. Goto Chatham, on ihe G. \V. It. ROSKIiANK, C. W., Co. Hraut. Tp. Drantforil. Goto lirantforil, on the liiillalo ami Lake Huron Uailway. ItOSKTTA, (.'. W , Co. Lanark, Tp. Lanark. Gort, on the liull'alo and Lake Huron Railway. s ST. A DELE, C. E., Co. Terrebonne, Tp. Abercromble, North of Isle Jesus, ooposite Montreal. Go to .Montr"al bv Steamer or G. T. R. Pojiulation ubout 1400. ST. AGATHA, C. AV., Co. Waterloo, South Riding, Tp. Wilniot. Go to Petersburg, on the G. T. 11. Pop- nliition about "oil. ST. AIME, C. E.. Co. Richelieu. Go to Sore!, on the St. Lawrence, at the contluence of River Kichelleu anil St. Lawreiici , by the Steamers that ply between Montreal and (Quebec. Population about ."lOD. ST. ALE.X AN DRK, C. E., Co. Kamourask.1. On South Shore of .>1HI. ST. ALPHONSE, C. E., Co. Joliette, North of St. Law- rence, iu the St. Maurice district, at the back of Rertliii'r en bant which see. Population about 17o0. ST. .\NDItE, Co. Kamouraska, fronting South Shore of the St. Lawrence, ojiposite .Murray Hay, to which go by Steamers from (iuebec. Steamers usiiallv call at Kamonraska. ST. ANIMtE AVELIN, C. E., Co. Ottawa, Tp. Petite Nation. On .North-east Shore of Lower Ottawa. Go by Steamers from .Montreal. Poiuilation about 1«. ST. ANDREW'S EAST, C. K., Co. Argentcull. Railway jirojci-ted. On North-east Shore of Itiver Ottawa, near conllueHce with the St. Lawrence. Steamers touch on the way to and from .Montreal, T'o|)uliition about li'iil. ST. ANDREW'S WEST, C. W., Co. Stormon:, Tp. Cornwall. Go to Cornwall, on the G. T. 1{., 08 miles from Montreal, 7 miles from Cornwall. ST. ANGELKJCE. C. E., Co. Ottawa, Tp. Petite Na- tion. Ou North-east Shore of Ottawa River. Go b,v Steamer from .Montreal. ST.ANICET, C. E., Co. Huntingdon, in Godmanches- ter, which see. ST. ANNE liOl'T DE L'ISLE, C. E. In Jacques Car- tier, Isle of Montreal, ou the St. Lawrence. ASta- ■ tion on the (t. T. If., '-'1 miles from the ( ity. ST. ANNE 1)E LA PARADE, C. E. In C Vnnplain. Go to iMooer's Junction, on Montreal and I'latts- burg Rail, 47 miles from .Montreal. ST. A.NN 1)ES MONTES, C. E. A Settlement. In (iaspe or Cape St. Anne, on South I'lcire of St. Law- rence, near Cape Chatt, Go by Steamers or 'I'r.a- ders from Quebec, about 170 miles. Population about 1:!IHM». ST. ANN DES PLAINES, C. E. In Terrebonne, on North Shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite Isle Je- sus. Go to Montreal by Steamer or G. T. R. Pop- ulation about '-'Uuii. ST. ANNE LA POCATIERE, C. E. In St. Anne's Hay, in Kammiraska. A Settlement on the South Shore of the St. Lawrence. Steamers touch at Kamouraska, and occasionally at St. Anne, from Qiie'eec; and St. Thomas Station of the G. '1'. R. is about 'i.'') miles ilistant. ST. ANNE'S, C. W., ( o. Lincoln. Tp. (iainsborough. Go to lleamsville, on the G. W. R. Population about IT)!). ST. ANSELME, 0. E. In Dorchester Co. Go to Craig'.s Road Station of the G. i'. It., 15 miles from i'oiiit Levi. Population about *l(l(l. ST. ANTOINE LOTlllNIKRE, C. E. In Lotbiniere, on South Shore of St. Lawrence, 16 miles above Il I"! 68 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Quebec, to which go by HU'nwvr nr by H. 1 ■ «., to ST ANTOINK, ICIVKll lUCllKMKU, C K., t <-. \ or chkn*. On llif South ..f ft. I'i'wreiioe b.'l..w Moiitnal. (!u t" St. Uillalre by the (i. T. U., 1. iiillr-* Cr'nii MoiitiM'iil. , ., ! KP AllMVNl) CKNTUi:, C K. In Mlsslsquni, on the ' h',r,U-r» u{ tb,' .itaiistoiiil I'lain 11 miles. , ^, , , ST. A ll.M.VN !)'•■*. f'l''-' I''i-L'lli'l,.|Hdalion about IMW. ST. AHilSI'iN, C. I'".. In I'ortneuf, on Sliore of St. Lawrenee, HI miles i.oove (Jnebeo. „ „ „ ST AL-dlSI'IN TWO MOUNTAINS, C. E., Two Mountains (Jo. On I-ower Ottawa, near conllnence witli St l.ii ,rence. Oo to Montreal or St. Anne a, on the (J :' i'., Montreal and Toronto Section. ST ItAKXvBK, ('. K. A Tp. in St. Maurice. On Nortli Sill re of the St. I,awrence. do to lln-ee Kivers as the nearest I'ort at which Steamers touch between Montreal ■.uid (Juebec. I'opnliitlon about ST UUIN \BK, ('. E. On Uiver Yamasl(ii,in St. llya- cinthe Co. (-io to St. Ilillairc, on the (' T. U., Mon- treal and Portland Section, about 17 miles from Atontreal. I'opnlation about CH. ST liMU'lIEl.AME IN BEKTIIIEII, C. E. On the North Sliore of the St. Lawrence, opposite Sorel, at whidi I'ort the tjurbec and .Montreal tieamers touch. l'oi>ol'ition aljout '.'."illO. i^T liAZlLi;. t'. E. In I'ortneuf, on North Miore of "" >it Lawrence, between (Juebec and Three Kivers, lit' which I'ort the Montreal and (iuebec Stcamer.s e ill Population alioiit li'OO. ST lii'NOlT C. E. In Two .Mountains, fronting the conliueiice of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence, oppo- site Isle of Jesus, (io to Montreal by Steamer and Kail. I'liijulation about KilW. vT llHltNAUl), ('. E. In Co. Dorchester, (.o to ' CraiK's Itoad Station, on the 0. T. U. Population ST'liltltiinE C. E., Co. Iberville, Tp. Monoir. (io to St Hillaire, on the (1. T. U. Population about .;>. ST UlUNO, C. E. Ill Co. t'hambley. Uu to Lon- oeuil, on the (i. T. H. Terniiniis. ST 1'\SM. ST cilUlSTOI'lIE (L'Arthabaska), C. E. In Co. Ar- thabaska. (io to Arthabaska Station, on the d. 1. R Queliec and Uicliiiiond Section, o'.' miles north of'uichmond Junction, and til miles from (Juebec (Point Levi). Population about 'iM. ST ( LVlltE ('. E. A I'l). in Dorchester Co. Chau- liiere Junction and Craig's Road are the Stations on the ijnebee and Richmond Section of the d. 1. R forlo. Dorchester. I'oi.ulal ion about i'MIO. _ ST CLEMENT'S, C. W., Co. Waterloo, North Ruling, Go to Acton, (io to Sler- A Station on Popui.ation Tp. Wellesley. (io to Petersburg, on Che 0. T. R. I'opnlation about KKI. „ . ,. , „ >iT ( 1 ET (' E In Vanilreiill. do to Vanilreull ' Statii.M,'on the (i. T. K., '-'1 miles west of Montreal. ST COLl'MHIN, (.'. E. In Two Mountains, fnuKiii),' ' the c luence of the Ottawa and St. Lawreme Kivers (io to St. Anne's (as nearest Station) on the (i. T. R.,'-'l mUes west of Montreal. ST CONSTANT, (!. E. In Lapranie Co. do to Junc- tion Station, on the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, 11 miles south of Monlreal. ST CUOI.X C E In l.olbinieie. On the River St. 1 ' Lawrence, opjiosite Cape Sante. Hlack River Sta- '■ tion -20 miles below Point Levi, Is the nearest Kail- wav'polnt. Population about •>■■'>!»). o, ST ELI/AUETIl, C. E. In Joliette ( o. On Uiver itavonne. do to Iterlhler, on the North Shore .1 St.'Lawrence, opiiosite Sorel, at the head of Lake St. Peter. Population about •J.MI. ST ELOl C. E. In Temiscouata, on the South Shore of the'st. Lawrence, op|,oslte the mouth of the Saguenav. do to Uivlere ilu Lou)!, which see. ST EL'/.E.Uv, C. E., Co. Keauce. Co to Itlack liner " or Craig's Uoad Stations, on the (Juebec and Uicli- mondSeclionsoflhed.T. It. Population about ^.lOO. ST ESPlilT, C. E., Co. .Montcalm On North Shore of the St.'Lawrence, below .Montreal, do to .Mon- treal bv Steamer nr Kail. ST ETIENNE, C. E. In St. Maurice. On Kiver liatiscaii, about 20 miles bidow Three Rivers, to which go by the Steamers that ply between .Mon- treal and (jiiebec. Poijulation about 2000. ST. EUSTACHE, C. E. In Two Mountains. A considerable Lumber Station on projected Line of Montreal and Ottawa Railway, do to St. Anus, on the (i. T. R., or to Montn^al. Pop. about 2oOO ST KAHIEN, C. E. In Uimouski, a few miles west of Hie, on the South Shore of the St. Lawrence. Sei Die. Population about lino. ST EAMILLE, C. E. In the Isle of Orleans, in Mont- morenci Co., on the River St. Lawrence, below Quebec, do to Queiiec by the (i. T. R. or Steam- ers. Population about 900. ST. FELIX DE VALOIS, C. E. In Joliette. See l)e Ramsav. Population about :!000. ST. FEUEOL, C. K. In .Montmorenci Co. On North Shore of St. Lawrence, below (Juebec. do to (Juebec. ST. FLAVIE. C. E. Uimouski. do to Die, which see. Population abmit 2000. ST. KOV, C. E., Co. (iuebec, near City of (Juebec, to which go by Steamer or U. T. R. from Montreal ami Piutland. . .,. ST. FRANCIS, 0. E., Co. Yamaska. On the Kivcr St l-'ra.icis. which unites with the St. Lawrence at (he head of Lake St. Peter, Steamers from Mon- treal touch. Population about *HI. ST. FRANCIS MILLS, C. E. Some of the large't ! and niest complete in Canada, on the St, Franeis, ! near the lirompton Fall's Station of the d. T. R., M I miles from Montreal. CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. on vhe Q. T. R. gilt. (_io to Actnll, City of Quebec, to from Moiitrt'ul iiml ST. I'r.ANCOia (Montmiignn, C. E. In Mnntmapnl Co. (io to St. 'rhoiiiiis Tcniilinis nf the (i. '1'. H., 41 iiiUf.s bflow Queljio. I'opuliitluri of I'liiisli iilioul iKKIII. ST. FII.VN'COIS D'ORLKANH, ('. K. On Isle of Or- l"iins, III .Montiiioroiiol I'o , on the St. Ijanri'iicc, Just l)ilow Quebec, (io to Quebec liy fteuiiier or Kail. ST. KKANQOTH (Ileiiuce), ('. K. In Heaiu,- Co. No Stallon can be named as the neares'. Try niark Itlvcr, on the (1. T. U., Quebec and Uie';nioiicl Sec- tion, anil tro siui'M-east. ST. (iAI)ltlKli(ile Ilranilon), ('. E. In Herthler. A Tp. in Ilertliier, near Lake MasklniinRe, at the iiiHii'ee of the Itlver Ilayoiine, wblili i'hi|itieri into the I't. Lawrence near Iterthier, whldi see. I'opii- latlon of I'ari.ih about liiKin ST. (IKNEVIKVE, C. E. In .Tiicqnes Cartier (Mon- treal Islanil). ;., Co. Bagot. Go to Upton on the G. T. U. Population of parish about 200. ST. HELEN'S, C. W., Co. Huron, Tp. Wawanosh. Go to ."'tratford Junction of the Itud'aio and Lake Huron and (i. T. It., Toronto and Stratford Section, and tlieiice by Stage to (ioderich, 44 miles. ST. IIANEDINE, C. E., in Co. Dorchester. Go to Cliaudlere, 8 miles from Point Levi Terminus of (Juebec and Richmond Railway. Population of palish about i:ioO. ST. HENRI, C. E., in Lauzon, Co. Levi. Go to Point Levi Station, opposite (Juebec, and thence to St. Henri, a Station on the G. T. R., Qaebec and St. Thomas Section. Population of Parish about 8'2IH). ST. IIEKM AS, C. E., in Two Mountains, opposite Mon- treal, on North Shore of St. Lawrence, near con- fluence of Ottawa and St. Lawrence, (io to Point Claire on (}. T. R., 15 miles from Montreal. Popu- lai;on about L500. ST. IIILAIRE, C. E., in Co. Rouvllle, a Tp. and a Sta- tion im the G. T. R., 17 miles from Montreal. Pop- ulation about KiOO. ST. mUiUES, C. E., Co. Bagot. Go to Upton on the (i. T. R.,43 miles from Montreal. Population about 450. ST, HYACINTHE, C. K. A Town in St. H.vacinthe Co., and a Main and Telegraph Station on the G. T. it., .".0 miles from Montreal. Population about 5000. ST. IRENEE, C. E. In Charlevoix, on the North Shore of the St. Lawrence, in Murray Bay, SO miles below (Juebec. Go by Lower St. Lawrence Steam- ers from Quebec, now a favourite place of summer resort. Population about '200. ST. ISIDORE (DORCHESTER), C. K. Go to Chau- ilitre on the (i. T. R., Quebec and Richmond Sec- tion. Population of parish about '2000. ST. ISIDORE (LAPRAIRIE), V. E., Co. Lapr.airie. A Station ontlie Montreal and Plattsburg Railway, 21 miles from .Montreal. Population about 200. ST. IVE,", C. W., Co. Middlesex, Tp. West Missouri, do to .>^t, .Mary's, lllaii''liard, by Stage from London on tlie (i. W. R., illallway Ib'anch now foiinhig,' or by Stage from SIralford Terminus of the (i. T. I!., Toronto and Siratford Section, and of the liulValo and Lake Huron Railwav. ST. .lACDirS, C. W., Co. Waterloo, North Riding, Tp. Wiiolwlch. (io to Uerlin on the G. T. R. Popula- •ioll almllt 400. ST. .lACtJIES, C. E., Co. L'Assumption, T)). St, Siil- liice, on North Shore of St. Lawrence, below .Mon- treal. Go to .Montreal, and thence by Steamer or Trader. Population of parish about ;',iiilO. ST. .JACQUES LE MINEUK.C. E,,('o. Laprairie. Go to St. I.«ido:e on the .Montreal and Plallsburg Rail- wav. Po|)ulatlon about '2r>0. ST. .IAN\ II:R, C. E., Co. Terrebonne, Tp. De Bliiin- ville, Co to Montreal )iy Steamer or Railway, and cross from Isle .lesus to opposite shore. Population of parisli about lOOn. ST. .)EA\ ItAPTlSTi:, C. E., Co. Rouvllle. Go to St. llllaire on tlie (1. T. It. ST. ,IKAN ( llltY,<().'^TOME (CHATEAUGUAY), C. E., ( haleaugua.v. (io to St. Isidore Station on the Mon- treal and Plattsburg Railway, 21 miles South of Montreal. Population about lion. ST. .lEAN CIIKYSUSTO.ME (LEVI), C. E., Co. Levi, Tp. Lauzon. (in to Point Levi, the (i.T. R. Ter- minus of (Jiirbi r and L'ichniond Section for Quebec. Population of iiarish aliout l^00. ST. JEAN DES CHILLON.x, C. E., Co. Lotbinlcre. Go to Somerset on the (i. T. R., (juebec and liicli- niond Hallway, 4ft miles from Quebec, and 47 from Richmond .lunctlon. .>*T. JEAN D'ORLE.VNS.C. E. Isle of Orleans, on the River St. Lawrence, just below the City of (Juebec, to which go. ST. JEAN, PORT JOLI, V. E,, Co. L'Islet. Go to St. Thomas Terminus of the G. T. R., 40 miles east of Point Levi, and then a distance of 20 miles by roi:d ; or by Steamers fru.n (Juebec, it being a Port on tlie South Shore of the St. Lawrence, .it which they nsuaily call. Population of jiarisii abmit I'.-.io. ! i*T, .lEROME, ('. E,, Co. Terrebonne. Oiiposite Isle Jesus, North of Montreal, to wliicli go by Steamer or Rail. Population of jiaristi about i.^iOO. ,$T. JOHN'S EAST, (.". E., Co. St. John's. Go by Cham|dain and St, Lawrence Railway to St. .loiin's Station, 21 miles from Montreai, situated on the West side of the River Richelieu. Population about 450U. ST. JOHN'S WEST, C. W., Co, Weiiand, Tp. Pelhnm. Goto Thorold on the G. W, R, Population about 11)0. ST. JOSEPH, C, E. A Tp. in lieaiice. (io to Somer- set on the (r. T. R., and then by Road ^ast about 22 miles. The Chaudiere River flows through tlie Tp,, and Chaudiere .lunctlon Station, on the same Sec- tion, is about '2.5 miles distant. Population of par- ish r.bout i^OOO. ST. JOSEPH DU LAC (TWO MOUNTAINS), C. E., near the confluence of the Ottawa and St, Lawrence Rivers. Go to Montreai or >St, Anne's on by (i. T. R. Population of parish about l'2r)0. ST. JOSEPH'S ISLAND, C. W. Lying in St, Mary's Straits, on Lake Huron, 10 miles above Point de Tour, running east and west 20 miles, and about 1.5 miles wide. Steamers call from Saulte St. Marie and Collingwood, ft7 miles from Toronto, on the Slnicoe, Huron and Ontario Railwav. ST. JUDE, C. E, in Co. St. Hyacinthe. Go to Ilya- cinthe on the G. T. R. Population about '2.50. ST. JULIE, C. E., Co, VerciuMcs. See Beloceil. ST. JULIENNE, C. E., Co, .Montcalm. See Rawdon, Chertse.v, etc. Population of parish abort irmo. ST. LAMBERT, V. E,, Co. Levi, Tp. Lauzon, Go to Point Levi on G. T. 1{. Population of parish about IKtO ST. LAURENT D'ORLEANS, Co. Montmorenci. On the, Island of Orleans on the St. Lawrence, just be- low (Juebec, to which go by Steamer or (1. T. R. Population of Parisli about loon. ST, LAURENT, C, E,, Montreal, Co. Hochclaga, on the Isle of Montreal, Go to Montreal by Steamer or Railwav Population of parish about *I00. ST, LA'/ARE, (', E,, Co. liellecliasse. (io to St, U^nri from Cliaudit^re on the Junction, a Station on the (Juebec and St, Thomas Railwav, 17 miles from Point, Levi, Population of parisli aliout I'siio, ST. LEON, C. E., Co. .Maskeiionge Dumontier. On 70 CANADA: CITIKS, TOWNS, AND VILLAOKS. North St.nr.. of Si. l.awr.n.'e, ;l-ak>. ft. IVIfil .-fc lUvUn. .1.. lAmp ei. Ium.I, which Hows ll.n».Kl> U'- BT. MdUUIII, 0. K., MoMtciUin ()M North f"' t ' f H. I.iiwieneB. See I/Assmnpllon unci St. Mauilu 'rcrritciry. PT. I.IN. Sot' I/AsHiim))tUiii. Ml' l(lfl>< Sci; liivir St. I'"»l^- St .. • V l)l! (iOI Z.VIU:K, C. K., h. HeaMhueol., fV. i.tiiiL' the So.illi Shore of the St. hawrenee, op- .os'le Ce'l'ir. Ho to le.la.'.H Koa.l Station, !i« miles weit of Moiil'i'iil, on IIju <>. T. H- ,,,,,, ST iAtkV' K (•,..ltl„w.iiskl,whiehfro..t..< the South (ihore of the SI. Lawrence helow the conlh.ence of le Sa". enav , a port helow Die, aii.l ..n the eNt.MMe.l ! (ininlr Trunk Kxtenslon. I'opulatlon of parish 8/''M"\Kl'""r K. A Tp. in Vercheres, helow Mon- I treal, I'm'so,'..!. Shore of the St. Lawrence. Oo to , ST 'maViCKL, C. K., Co. Uichalleu, on Soath Shore of | VLa'vrence. u'o to William Henri ,Sorel), which | SI'^MAdUKlUTE, C. K., Tp. Dorchester. See Chau- I iliire. S:i:Mul!Kl.K'MnSO~K..laUouville. Goto' s/Mun'HK".^"'^:i'o.'v,„.,lre„'l, Tp. KlKau.l, on South-we.tt itai.k of Lower Ollawa. Go to \ an- Sl^ M UlTlN a K Isle .lesnn (Laval Section). Go ^\o .o lot naire. on G. T. K., 15 mile, on the ( . U. from Montreal, and thence to St. .Martni, 'N;"-l_^ • ».V MMITINK L'. K. In t hateauKuay. Uo to Slur- r-ioKto,,! ,m ihe .Montreal and I'latt.hurg Line, ;12 St" MARYS.'T'W., Co. Perth, Tp. Blansh.ir,l. s/'^UtIu" f r'n'^in Uonville. Go to St. llilaire, on* tiie G. T. U., 17 miles from Montreal. «ST MICIIKL I' K. Opposite Caii>,'luiawa).'a. Uo to Lachine 1..V .Montreal an,l l>lattsl,urg Uailway, on Isle of Montreal. Not a I'ost-ollice. ST/Mit^llKl' G. K. A Tp. in ">•■"-',';'-■,/ j",;;' South Shore of the St. Lawrence, t.o to &t. Iltiiri, on the .1. T. K., tinebec an;! St. Thon.as Scet.on ST MODKSTE, V. K., I <>. Teimscomita, Ip. » mt wm'th near Trois l-isloles, propose.l Terminus of St. Andrew's (Sew HrunswU'k) and liuehec Uailway and .lunction with tlie (i. T. K. .•„,,i,nm W MONKJGK C E. In Niccdet, fronlinB the St. Lawmi'e, opposite Three lUvers, to which «o. _ 'iT N VU ISSl G. E. Chimplain. (io to Champ am, 4 miles from Kouse's I'oint ,N, V.», on the Northern l(iilro-id from Oildcnsburj; iN. «.). ST "uiIOlV.V^ K. LevL tio to Point Levi, on m'' NOIUIEIIT C. E. In Iterthier. See Berthier. ST Otl{S,G. I. Un Kichelieu Uiver. do li.v Steamer to and from Ik-nry William, or Sorel from Montreal s'I'vCOmI-'c'e" 'i^nnouraska. See Kamouraska. s'l' PA>S('ll \'l C. '•;. Sec Kaniouraska. ST.' PAUL U'lNDGSrUIE, G. E., Juliette Co. See In- .c^t! PAUL'S BAY, C. E., Co. CharU.voix On Noitl. " (m Qnt'hec. ST PIEKUE LES HEltH Kl'h. See Nuolet. ST I'LVCIDE. See Two Mountains. „ ^ ,, , ST pI LVCAlll'.C. E. InSoulaiiges Go to ( edars HoadStation, li'.l miles from Montreal,on tlieCr. I . K. <;t PltO^PEll C E., ( hamplain io. Go to I ham- plain? on tnisc's Voinfand Ogdenslmrg Uailway, 4 miles from House's Point. «T llM'll \EI- WEST, C. W., Co. (llengftry,Tp. Char- ■ loll, I'l'urg. Go to Luncasler Station, 64 mllt» from .Moiitr'^al^ on the „ Hlver St. Lawrence. Projected Montreal and Ot- tawa Uailwav will touch at St, Eustache. .Montreal is the nearest Hallway point ST. TIKJMVS iBerthier), C. E., Co. Berthier. Su STr'THOMAS, C. Vf., Co. Elgin Tp. Va..noutl,. On the London and Port Stanley Branch of the (.. w! U Go to London, on the G. W. K. Population st': THOMAS, -V'\;no''t lb Owen Sound. Hoail Stages in W '""■[•.<,'"[. lingwoo.l by the Ontario, Sime.>e, and II uo UaH, 07 ,„!i,.^ fi-,,111 Toronto Population about .iDO. ST V N EVr 1)E PAUL. In Isle Jesus, which see St •/ •Pll iuM, C. E., (.'0. Yamaska, Tp. I ourval, near t" .erior. A Steamboat Landing anil plaee of Summer resort on St. .Mary's Ulver miles from Montreal, on (he .Montreal and I'hittsburg Uailway. SAWYKKVILLK, C. K., Co. Complon, Tp. Newport, do III Ciimpton, on the (1. T. K. I'opulatlon about loo, gCAKUOltOCdll, C. W. A Tp. in Co. York. A Sta- tion on the (i. T. U., Vi miles east of Toronto. Population abimt tiO. SCHANTZ, C. W. In Co. 'Waterloo, North Hiding. A Station between duelph and Herlin, .07 miles north-we.sl of Toronto, on the (i. T. K. SCOTCH 1H,0CK, C. W., Co. Halton, Tp, Ksiiuesing, do to Georgetown, JiU miles from Toronto, on tlie d, T. It, Population about :!0, SCOTLAND, C, W,, Co. llraut, Tp, Oakland, (io to Paris Junction of the G, W. U,, and of the BuUalo and Lake Huron liailway, SCOTT, C. W. A Tp. in Ontario Co., North Riding (Post-ollice discontinued, Aug., 1.>"j7). This Tiiwn- Bliip is best reached from the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Uail from Toronto, either from Holland Landing or Newmarket Stations. SKUASTOPOL, 0. W. A new Township, north of Anglesea and liarrie. In Frontenac Co, See Free draiits. Poimlation about 10(1. SKIilllNdVILLK, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Downie. Be- tween and adjacent to Stratford and St. .Mary's lilanehard. (Jo to Stratford by the (J. T. K,, or by the Itull'alo and Lake Huron, which unites with the (i, W. U, at Paris, Population about 120. SEELEY'S BAY, C, W., ('o, Leeds, Tp, Leeds, On the St. Lawrence, near Gananoque. (io to Ganano- que, a Station on the G. T. R,, 11 milet, east of Kingston, on the ii. T, R. SELUY, C, W,, Co. Lenno.t, Tp. Richmond. Go to Napanee, in same Townshlii, a Station on the G. T. K., 19 miles west of Kingston. Population about 1!30. SKLKIRK, C. W., Co. Haldimand, Tp, Walpole, (io to Canlield, on Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway. Population about 2M. SENECA, C, W,, Co, Haldimand. A Tp, on the (Jranil River, Go to Middleport, on Buffalo and Lake Huron Rail, SEV;.10UR EAST, C. W,, Co, Northumberland, Tp, Seymour, Go to Belleville, on the (J. T. R,, and tlience north bv Stage, Population about 100, SHAKSPEAUE (late Bell's Corners), C, W,, Co, Perth, Tp, South Easthope, Go to Stratford by the Buf- falo and Lake Huron (with Junction at ParU with the G. W, R,), or by the G, T. U. Population about fllMI, SHANNON VILLE, C. W. A Tp. In Tyendlnaga, Co. Hastings, South Itldlng. A Statlnn on the (i. T. It,, i' miles east of Belleville. Populatlmi about |IH)0. SHARON, ('. W.,Co. Yi.rk,Tp. East GwlUhnbury. Go to Newmarket, i)4 miles from Toronto, on the Onta- rio, Simcoe, and Huron Railway. Popuialion about •J.'io, SHEEN, C, E,, Co, Poiitlac. A Tp. on North Shore of I'pper Ottawa, fronting the Ulver. See (Julseau for I'ost-otUce, and Aylmer East for Upper Ottawa route. SHAWENEGAN, C. K. On the River Shawenegan, above Grand Piles, In the St. Maurice Territory, which see. SHEFFIELD, C. W., Co, Addlnglon. A Tp. For Rou(e, Piist-olliees, and Villages, see Clarevlew, Erlnsvllle, and Tamworlh. Has no Post-ollice under head of "Shellield." SHEFFIELD, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Beverley. A Piist-ollice and Village. Go (o Copetown, a Station of the G. W. R., In lleverlev Tp. SllEFFOUD AND SHEFFOIU) MOUNTAIN, C. W. do to Sherbrooke, on the (I. T. R,, Eastern Town- ships, 0(1 ndles from Montreal, and 121 from - ton, on the O. T. U., 22 miles from Toronto. Poi- a- ladon about 50. S.MITH, C. W. A Tp. in Peterborough Co., joining Cavau and North Otonabee Town.ships on the South, and surrounded by the Otonabee and tributary Rivers which separate it from F'.nnismore on the West, Harvey on the North, and Douro on the East. For Village and Post-ollice, see Briilgeuorth. SMITHFIELD, C. W., Co. Northumberland. In Brighton Tp., which is on the (1. T. U., 22 miles west of Belleville. Population about 400. SMITH'S CORNERS, ('.\V.,Co. Northundjerland, Tp. Murray. Go to Trenton or Belleville, on the G. T. R. SMITH'S FALLS, C, W., Co, Lanark, Tp, North Elmsley. On the River Riileau, wltli steai'i com- munication from Ottawa and Kingston by the Ri- deau Canal Steamers, and by Stage (32 miles) direct from Brockville, on tlie G. T. U, Population about l.-iOO. SMITIIVILLE, C. W. (Haf.t!"-„;,, Co. Hastings, Tp. Thurlow. Go by Belleville, on the 6. T. R. Pop- ulation about 1.50. SMITHVILLE (Lincoln), C. W., Co. Lincoln, Tp. 72 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. Orimnby. (Irlmiby HtHtlon on the (I W. U., IT rail" S,utl.-.»H ..r lluinllto.,, «.. I-ttke O..t.i.lo, 80M »KA, f. W. A T). In Ui.il'toi, ( ,>., frontlnK llviT (^t Clair, iH.twi.Mi lUv.T ^t. * liiir »i''l l-i'Wr Hur.H., HlMmt 2(1 n.ll.s N.,rll, «.■,! „f Cl.ul liiun, a StalloM M„ (IK. (1. W. K. l'"|M.l;^tl.m u M,u I •. SDMKIISFT (' K. A Town iiml 'r(iwn:*lilii in Mcunn- tic (•". iiiJ.l .1 Clatl.n. "" the (J. T. U.. QUflKC Hii.l Ulrhi.iuu.l Miction, 47 nille» from UUiimoua Jui.c- BOIMliASllUIKl, r. W., Va. I'rlnee Kiiwartl. One of the principal Tnwnshhm In tl.U founly two »l,lc» of ttlil.h an' surnnincUil by tlic Hay "f IJnlntiv t contains K..in.' of the llnrst lau.l In latnula, an>\U exciedli.Klv prn.p.TMMS. The Strainer!* from lie lie- vlUc from the \Vi-', ami Klngstun on tlie '-'""l— (both KliiK^lon an.l llellevllle are Statloiw on the T It Montreal anil Toronto Se'tlonl-loueli at Northport ilallv. For VilhiKes lunl I'ost-ollicou, nee Wen.oreslvllle, (lllberfti Mill^ ami Northport. SOItAllA, C. K, I'o. llaKot. Ip, Tpton l.o to I plon, on the (i. T. 11., i-i miles from Me .treal. I'opvila- BOUKl!) C."e. ' (va Rail- SoTri-il MON AtlHAN, C. W. A Tp. in Co. Northuin- berlanil, West Riding. Oo to Trenton on the 0. r. So'uTH MOUNTAIN, C. W. A Post-ollicc In Moun- tain Tp , Dundas Co. (io to Matilda Station on the (i. T. 11., 'J miles west of 1 ngston and UH east of Montreal. Population about lIMI. SOUTH POTTON, C. Iv. Uo. llrome, Tp. Potjon For route from Compton Station of tlieO. l.». Slo SO^UTH u'ilxTON, C. K., Co. ShelTord, Tp. Roxton. (io to Acton on the O. T. K., 4» miles from Mon- lo'rrii WKSTMKATH, C. W., Co. Renfrew, Tp. ' Westmeath, fronting tlie River Olli'.wa, South Shore, adjacent to Pemliroke. The Peniliroke and Brock- ville Railway will intersect the Tp. Oo to Aylmer Fast, and se'e Aylmer Fast for route SOUTIIWOLD, C. W., Co. FIgin. A Tp. skirted on tlie west by the London and Port Stanley Radwa.y, and fronting Lake Frie on the south, (io to St. Thomas West, which see. For Post-ofllccs wllliin the Ip., see Fingal and Talbotville Royal. uticTII 70RR\ C W., Co. O.xford, Tp. Zona. Oo ^Z Woo;i.slock'on tlie'o. W. R., about 47 miles west of Hamilton City. , SPAFanch I ail- way from Niagara to Chippewa, 10 miles from Niag- ara, and 7 from Chippewa. CANADA; CITIKS, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES 73 STANIlllIIXiK K.AST, ('. K,('o. »llm(li4(ni(il, T|i. Htiui- lirldKf. (Ill I'l ( iiiiipli"!, ''• ^•■, "" ''■ ''■ It , ^'""- ' tri'iil and I'dilhuiil .■^••ilidii, or In SI, Jciliii'x mi tliu ('li;iiii|ilulii luiil St. I.iiwi'fiiou Itiilhviiy, lu-liu'fn wlilrh Iw" Stiilliiiis lliiTc^ li< II IliU' iif (>lii>?i'!i tlirii' tlilU'M H Wiiik IliimiKli f^tiinliiiilKi', iMinliiilii, llrmiir, lliilliMi, iiikI liiMirKi'villf, l'iipiil;illiih iiImmiI '^'"iII. KrAMillllXil':, ('. H' ^I'U •■^IiiiiIm'IiIku Kant mill IIlmI- fiiril III Kiiiiii' Tp. yi'ANKl'N, ''■ !•'• A Tp. In DorehcsliT, on Kii^t flioiu (if 111!' t'lllllKJllTI.' Itlvi'l', llnrill'llll« llcllcCllllS-l! I'll. Tliii ( liiiiKlli'i'i' .liiiirllnii iiM tl. T. II. U iiliiMit :ili llllll'< ill^illllit. I'iiplll:lll'ill lllxml '.'0 1 i*TANI''(ll,ll, «'. K. A Tp. Ill Ailliiiliii"kiij ft Sliitlon iiri till' (i T. It., .V> iiillr« friiin l'"lnl l.i'vl ((JiicliBi'l, mill 41 iiilli>i< ri'iiiii UU'liiniiiiil .liiiii'llnli. STANliKY, L'. \V. A I'll, ill Co. Iliiidii. "f wlili'll Dliy- lli'lil Is IIm' pi'Ini'Ipiil INjHt-iiDk'u mill MIIUKe. Hi'U iiIhii Hriii'ct'ii'lit. Hl'AM.KVS .MIM.S, C. W., Co. I'ecl, Tp. ChlnKiia- ciiii^y. (■<■ to lli'uniptun on lliu U. T. i(. I'opiilu- Hon iilioiit IT)!). 8TANSTEAD, C. K. A Tp, nml Town In Co. of miiii" iiiuiic, ('"iitiiliilnn lliitloy, II irii^luii, ami r^taii- Blrail. on III!' llonliTs of tlii' >*lali- of ViTiiioiil, llii't'c of till' licti rn\vii*lilps in llii! F.iiHli'in I'roviiici'. tin to Coiiipton on llo' (1. T. 11., 110 iiiik's »oiitli-i'ast of .Moiilrral. HTI'.I'IIK.N, C. W. A Tp. Ill llnioi., fiontlnK I.iike Huron. Till' (ioilciloli Slat/e fp.i'i l.oniloii, t. \V. ; Ihiinllloli mill VVinilsor l,iiu>, mnl tlif St. Mary'n llliiiiiliani, wliicli si'f, olfiT llio I'ot iiioile of roiii- nuniinition. For I'osl-ollli'c, »im' Ksi.'ler. Kl'FN KNS\ ll.!.!-;, C. \V., Co. W ollanil, I'p. Ilcilie, noar shore of l,aku Krle. do to I'orl Kric, Canailiiin Tfr- iiiliiiin of till- lliilTalo mill Lake Huron Uaiiway. I'opnlation alioiit l.'io. STIRLING, C. W, to. llasllntrs, Tp. Itawilon. do to lli'llivllli' on till' d. T. It., li;i iiiiirs rast of To- ronto anil 'I'M we.ft of .Montical, anil lla'iiee liy riliiK'e. Stage itlno from Mailoc. Copulation iibuut nil III. BTlTT.-iVll.l.K, C. W., Co. Ciirluton, Tp. doullmrn. North 0^^'oolll■, on tlie Oltavvii ami I're.'fcott .hinc- tion, Hi mill's I'roiii Ottawa City, iipprais to liu the ni'iiri'st Station, do to I'ri'.seolt .luin'lion (for Ot- tawa Itailwav) on the d. T. It. I'opuliilion about .^lt. STOCO, (;. W., Co. llttstlnR.", Norlli ItlilinK, Tp. llun- Ki'rfonl. North of Napaneu ami TyemloiniKH on till' d. T. 1!., Montreal ami Toronto Seetion. Nap- Kiiee most eiinilile for Stage connection. Popula- tion alioiit ,"iil. STONKIIAM, C. K. A Tp. in Quebec Co., north-east of llie ( iiy about IS miles, tio to I'olnl Levi on the d. T. K. ' STONE Y CREEK, 0. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Halt- lleet, on Lake Ontario, (io to Ontario Station, about lit imi 's south-west of Ilmiillton, on llie G. \V. K. Population about '.'(Ml. FTOUNOWAY, C. K., Co. Coniplon, Tp. W iiislow, , aliimt :i."i miles east of Kichiiioiiil .lunction of llic d. T. H. Slu'i-brooke is the most eligible Station for Stage I'oiineclioii. l'o]iulatioii about Hill. STOitltlNdTON, C. W., Co. Frontenac. A Tp. north of I'latlsburg. (Jo to Kingston City on tlie d. T. 1!., ami thence bv Kiilean Canal Steamers or I'lattsliurg Stage. STOTTVll.l.K, C. K., St. .John's. Try St. John's. 'J 1 miles from Montreal, on (iiampiain nnil St. Law- ri'iii-e K.'iilwav. I'opuiation alioul .'ill. STOUFFVILLE, C. \V., C.,. York, Tp. Whltclmroh. do bv stage from Toronto City, at '.'J P. .M. ilaily, from'Hliick Horse Inn, front st., or by Stage from Scarboro Station at 4^. Stouirvillo is also within i'2 miles east of tlie Ontario, Simcoe, anil Huron Kail- way, Aurora, King, or Newmarket Stations. Popu- lation about .'illil. STRABANE, C. \V., Co. ^Ventwol•th, North Uldlng, Tp. Flamboro West, do to Hamilton on the d. W. 1!. Population about 'Jilll. STUAFFOKDVILLK, C. W., Co. Elgin, Tp. Bayhain. Near Lake Krie, aliout 'ill miles west of St. Thomas \Vest, on London and Port Stanley .lunction of tlie d. \V. 1{., conn '.Jting at London, C. W. Population about 4IIII. STRATFORD, C. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Soulli Kasthopc. The Terminus of tlie d. T. It., h!) miles north-west of Toronto, 32 milea from the Paris Station, on the (I. W. I(., aw well im on tlie llulTalo and Lake Huron Kail. Stage connerllon with doibriih, St. Mary's, uiiil London, C. W. HTKATHIII'IIN, C W., Co. Middlesex, Wi'»l KlilliiK, Tp. .Mosa. do to Fkfrlil Station on the (1. \V. It., '.'II mill's \vi'«t, C. W. .STltATIlllOY, ('. W,, Co. Mlililb'Hex, Tp. Carradoi'. (ill to .Mount llryilges in Mime Township, ii Station I on the d. \V. I(., I.') mile:! went of Lonilon, V. Vi. Popuhillon about lull. STREETSVILLE, C \V., Co. IVil, Tp. Toronto, do bv Sliigi' iliri'i't from Toronto City idi'iieral I Willi.' Iiiiii diilh, at 'J P M.j or by Stage from Port 1 Credit Station, on the 11. \\ It., Vi miles weit of I Toronto. Popuhition aboiil '.^^ i. PTl'KKLY, C, F. A Tp. in Slitnuiil. About I'J miles West of Sherlirooke Station, on the d. T. It., 'JA miles wiiilh of Itlchmoiiil .iiiiii'tlon, SILLIVAN, C. W. A Tp. In Co. (irey. do to Col. ' lingwooil by the Ontario, Sliui'oi', and llnron Kail- ] way rroiiiToronlij, ami thence by Canaillaii Sli'iimer to Owen Sound, and thence by Stage about I'i ' miles sonlhwest. S|:MMKUSTo\V\, C. W., Co. (lleiiKury, Tp. Chiir- lotti'iiburg. A Station on the (1. I'. 11., •< miles cast I of Cornwall, and (iO from .Montreal. Population ilbont .'ill. i SC.M.MKllYILLF r W., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto. In the vicinity of Toronto Clly. do to Port ( reillt, Vi inilcM on the llaiiilltoii and Toronto Seelloii of (L W. It., or by ( iio'.isville Sliigi', dally from Toronto. Populiilinii about lull. SI NNIDALF, C. W. A Tp. and Station on the Sim- I'c, Ontario, anil Huron Itallwuy, 79 mileH from Toronto. SUTHKItLAXD'S COHNKItS, C W., Co. Lmiiblon, Tp. Kuphemia. do to Ni'Wbiiiy.on the (J. W. It., Ham- illon and Windsor Section, about HO miles west of London, C. W. t'l I roN, C. !•;. .\ Tp. In Urome. StageB run from Compton, on the d. T. U., by way of (ieorgevllle. Population about loO. SWFAlllltd, C. W., Co. Oxford, North Hiding, Tp. West (l.xl'ord. do to liigersoll, on the (i. W It,, ILunilton and Windsor Section, about '.'i miles west of Paris Junction of tL W. 11. and lluffulo ami Lake llnron. SWFKTSHnid, ('. W'., Co. Mlsslsrpiol, T|i. Dunham, do by the same Stage roiiti' from Compl.oi, on the d.T.'lt., Montreal and Toronto Seitlon. by way of deorgevllie, as for Itolton, Sutton, llrome, etc. SWITZKUVILLF, C. W.,Co. Aililington, T|i. Frniston. do to Frneston, on tlie d. T. It., l.*) miles wesl of Kingston CItv. Population about liiii. SYDKNUAM, ('. W. A Tp. in drey Co., in which is Owen's .Sound, the iiriniiiial Town, Port, and Post- oHlce of the District, do by Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Itaiiway to Collingwood from Toronto, and tlience by Canadian Steamer, or by (lueliih, on the d. T. It., "and thence by .Stages. SYDFNHA.M, C. W. A Tp. in Iteiifrcw, on the South Shore of the Cpjier Ottawa Itlvcr, near Pembroke. For route, see Ayliuer Fast. (Not a Posl-ollice.) SYDKNUAM PLACF, C. K., Co. Driimii i, 'r\t. Kiiigsey. do to Daunville, on the (1. T. U., (Juebec iiiid Iticlimond Section, Vi miles from Uichmoml Junction. SYLYAN, ('. Vi'., Co. Middlesex, ^Vest Itidlng, Tp. Williams. Ill Port Sarnia Dislrirt, West of Strat- ford, on intended d. T. 11. Fvteiisioii at present. do to London, C. W., by tlie d. W. It., and about li; to IS miles north-west by lloud. I'opuiation about (10. T TAPOr.-AC, r. v.. In Tadousac Co. On North-ea.st lioiiit of Hie coiillueiice of tlie Kivers Siigiienay and St. Lawrence, 14il miles below (Juebec. The Sague- nay Steamers usually call. Noted as a Station of the Hudson's liay Company, witli its llagstalV and cannon. Noted also for a " fatliomle.is" harbour, where tlie Freiieli siiuadron f.iuiid a secure retreat at the Siege of (Juebec under General Wolfe. Pop- ulation about 4IIII. TALHOTTYILLK ItOYAL, C. W., Co. Elgin, West Hiding, Tp. Soutliwold. do to St. Thomas (West), on the Loudon aud Pi rt Stanley Railway, which 4^2 ^V, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A 4r /#:€ 1.0 I.I lliZ M 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ■• 6" ► .> >-/*m / W A '>'>^ # Photographic SripnrPG Corporation 4^\ ^N^ '> 23 WEST MAiN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^" .#. ^"^^^ r^i; ^ ■..V 74 CANADA: CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES. i. connects at liOndon with the O. W. U. Population about 80(1. TAMAKACK, C. E., Co. Jfegantic. A new Post-office. TAMWOKTII, ('. \V., to. Aildlngton, Tp. Shellicld. See " Free Oriints." Taniworth Is one of the places on the route from Khigston to Napanee, on the (r. T. K. Population aliout 400. TANNKRY WKST, V. K. On the Isle of Montreal (Hochelafta Division). Go to Montreal City by U. T. It. or 8teamer. TAPLKYTOWN, 0. W., Co. Wentworth, South Riding, Tp. Saltrteet. (io to Ontario, on tlie U. AV. R,, about m miles from llainiiton City. Population about 80. TATLOCK, C. W., Co. Lanark, Tp. Darling. About 20 milea north of Peru, to which go by Stage from Brockvlile, on the ^^. T. R. The Arnju'lor Hallway will open this district, and is now In progress. TECUMSKTII, C. W. A Tp. in Himcoe,,'!outh Hiding, about 6 miles West of Bradfonl, to which Station go by the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Rail from Toronto. TEESWATER, C. W., Co. Bruce, Tp. Culross. Go to Guelph, on the G. T. R., Toronto and Stratford Sec- tion, and thence by Garafraxa Road North. TEMPLETON, C. E. A Tp. in Ottawa Co. Opposite the City of Ottawa,, on the North Shore, near con- fluence of Gatineau and Ottawa Rivers. Go to Prescott Junction, oa the G. T. R., and thence by Ottawa Railway. TEMPIiETON, C. E. James Hogan, Postmaster, Inn- keeper, and Trader. Gatineau Point. TEOHAUTA, C. E. In Seignory of lieauharnois, on South Shore of St. Lawrence. Goto Lachine and cross to Caughnawaga or Beauharnois ; is about 10 miles west of the Railway (.Montreal and Platts- burg Line). TERREBONNE, C. E. A Town and Seignory op- posite Isle of Jesus, on North Shore of the St. Law- rence, (io to Montreal, and thence about 1!0 miles. Population about 1400. TilTE DU BOULE, C. E. A Mountain Peak 800 feet high, about one mile from Tadousae, from whence may be seen one of the most wild aad magnificent views the Saguenay affords. TEVIOTDALE, C. W., Co. Wellington, North Riding, Tp. Mlnto. Go to Guelph, on the G. T. H., and thence North bv Stage. THAMESFORI), C. W.,Co. Oxford, North Riding, Tp. East Missouri. Go to Edwardsburg, on the (r. W. R., 10 miles east of London, C. W. Population about 600. THAMESVILLE, C. W., Co. Kent, Tp. Camden. A Station on the G. T. H., 49 miles west of London, C. W. Population about 800. THISTLETON, C. W., Co. York, Tp. Etobicoke. Go to Weston, on the G. T. R., 9 miles out of Toronto, Toronto and Stratford Section, or by Stage at 2 daily, from Wolfe Inn, Church street, which goes through Etobicoke. Population about 100. TIIOMASnURG, C. W., Co. Hastings, North Riding, Tp. Hungerford. Go to Napanee, on 0. T. R. THORAH, C. W., Co. Ontario. A Tp. in which are Beaverton and Forcastle, elsewhere referred to, which see. THORNBURY, C. W., Co. Grey, Tp. Collingwood. Go to Collingwood, on Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Railway, 95 miles from Toronto. Population about 150. THORNHILL, V, W., Co. Y'ork, Tp. Markham. Daily Stage fr im Toronto City, Best's Bay Horse, Yonge street, at 'H P. M., also Railway by Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron. From Toronto 14 miles. Pop- ulation about 700. THORNTON, ('. W., Co. Simcoe, T)). Innisfll. Lefroy and Craigvale are both Station? 'n Tnnisfll Tp., on the Ontario, Simcoe and Haiu" Railway. Popula- tion about 75. THOROLD, C. W. A Town and Tp. in Weiland Co. A Station on the G. W. R., 9J miles from Niagara, and about 84^ from namilton. Population about 2000. THORPVILLE, 0. W., Co. Wellington, North Riding, Tp. Nicol. Go to Guelph on the G. T. R. THREE RIVERS, C. E. Nearly half-way between Montreal and Quel)ec; a Town at the mouth of the St. Maurice from the north, and the Becnncour on the South, situated on the North Shore of the St. Lawrence. A Tp. , Corporate, and Electoral District. This was formerly the seat of government. The Cataract of Shawlnnegamme is about 25 miles up the St. Maurice, and is an object of great interest, as are the lumbering establishments sprung up of late with the opening of the St. Maurice country. Go by Steamer from Quebec or Montreal. Popula- tion about 7000. THURLOW, C. W. A Tp. in Hastings Co. Go to Belleville on the G. T. R. THURSO, C. E., Co. Ottawa, Tp. Lochaber, on the North Shore of the Ottawa River, fronting the river, about 20 miles below Ottawa City. Go by Steamers from Jlonlreal. See also Ottawa City. Poiiulation about 200. TILBURY EAST, C. W. A Tp. in Kent. Go to Bap- tiste Creek on the G. W. R., 31 miles east of Wind- sor. Population about 50. TILBURY WEST, C. W. A Tp. in Essex Co. For Post-ofhce, route, etc., see Comber and Tilbury East, (adjoining Town.ship). TIXQUPJK, C. E. A Tp. in Arthahaska. OotoDann- ville on the 0. T. R., 12 miles f:-oin Richmond. TRING, C. W. A Tp. in North Riding of Simcoe Co., fronting the Georgian Bay. For Towns, Post-ofllce;i, and route, see Penetanguishene and Lafontaine. TOLEDO, (!. W., Co. Leeds, Tp. Kitley. Go to Brock- ville on the G. T. R. Population about 175. TORONTO GORE. See Gore of Toronto. TORONTO, C. W., Co. Peel. A Tp. in vicinity and west of Toronto City. See Credit, Cooksvilie, Suni- merville, Streetsville, Sheridan, and Derry West for Post-olhces, etc. TORONTO, C. W., Co. Y^ork, Upper Canada, and seat of government. For full Information and views of Toronto, see elsewhere. TOWNSEND, C. W. A Tp. In Norfolk Co. For Routes, Villages, and Post-offices, see Bloomsburg, Boston, C. W., Hartford, Rockford, Vlllanova, and Waterford. TRAFALGAR, C. W. A Tp. in Ilalton Co. Go to Bronte in the same Tp., a Station on the G. W. R., 18J u'iles from Hamilton City. TRKCA.STLE, ('. W., Co. Perth, Tp. Wallace. Go to Stratford on the G. T. R. Wallace Tp. lies pbout 28 miles north. TREXIIOLM, V. E.,Co. Drummond.Tp. Kingsey. Go to Dunnviiie on G. T. R. TRENTON, C. W., Co. Northumberland, Tp. !Miir- ray. A Station on the G. T. R., (near the mouth of the River Trent,) 12 miles west of Belleville and ltd east of Toronto. TRING, C. E. A Tp. in Beauce, about 25 miles east of Arthahaska Station on the G. T. R, 82 miles from Richmond Junction. TROIS PISTOLES, C. E. A Tp. in Temiscouata. A Port on South Shore of St. Lawrence, about 110 miles below St. Thomas East. The Intended Termi- nua of the St. Andrew's (New Brunswick) and Wood- stock ILiilway, forming a direct line by connection witii the G. f. R., from tjuebec to the Atlantic, en- tirely through British Territory. Population about 3000. TROIS SAUMONS, C. E., Co. L'Islet. See St. Jean Port Joli. TROY, C. W., Co. Wentworth, Tp. Beverley. Go to Copetown Station, on the (K W. R., IS miles west of Hamilton City. Population about ^^H). TULLAMORE, C. W., Co. Peel, Tp. Toronto Gore. Go to Weston or Malton, on the U. T. R. Popula- tion about 100. TURNBERRY, C. W. A Tp. in Huron Co. In which is Belmore Post-office. Go to Mitchell by Stage from the Stratford Junction of the G. T. R., and Buffalo and Lake Huron Rail, and thence north through Logan and Grey, or to Guelph, on the G. T. R., Toronto annp«r ot!lce», whore tliey are to he f<»un.l worli- liitf. There sue >?enerttlly elevated point* in the iniieiiine roonm of i>\ieh, from wliieli yrinting nuichinery, i» not, we fear, very eo»y, and after nil it must bo seen at work to bo appreciated. Wo nhail, however, as far as po8»ii>le, dewribe its conhtructlon and operation, and, with the engraving wldeh wo give in anotlier page, the reader may have Home idea of it. You will, therefore, try to conceive before you, a horizontal cylinder, of ai)out four and a luilf feet in diameter, mounted on a xliaft, with ai)propriate bearings; abo\it one- fourth of the circumference of this cylinder eon»tituteH the " bed" of tlie press, which is adapted to receive the " form" of types, the remainder is used as a cylindrical " distribut- ing talde." On this table is diMril)uted the printing ink, by means of rollers passing over it. The diameter of this portion of the cylinder is less tlinn that of the form of types, in order that the distributing portion of it may pass the impression cylinders without touch- ing. The ink is contained in a fountain, placed beneath tlie large cylinder, from whieli it is taken by a "ductor" roller, and transferred, by a vilirating distributing roller, to the cylindrical distril)uting talde before alluded to. The fountain roller receives a slow and continuous rotary motion, to carry up the ink from the fountain. The lorge cylinder being put in motion, the form of types thereon is, in succession, car- ried to ten corresponding, horizontal, impression cylinders, arranged at proper distance* around it, which give the impression to ten sheets, introduced, one at each impression cylinder, by men who are termed " feeders." (See our engraving for tlie position they occupy.) Those ten men " feed" the machine witli the sheets to be printed. For each impression cylinder there are two inking rollers, which vibrate on tlie distrib- uting surface while taking a supply of ink, and at the proper time pass over the form, when they again fall to the distributing surface. Each page is " locked up" upon a detached segment of the large cylinder, called by the compositors a " turtle," and this con- stitutes the " bed" and " chase." The rules seen on newspaper pages between the columns, are termed " column rules." These " column rules" run parallel with the shafts of the cylinder, and are consequently straight ; while the " head," that is, the title of the paper, advertising, and dash rules, are in the form of segments of a circle. A cross-section of the column rules would present the form of a wedge, with the small end pointing to the centre of the cylinder, so as to bind the types near the top. These wedge-siiaped column rules are held down to the bed or " turtle" by tongues, projecting at intervals along their length, and sliding in rel)ated grooves cut crosswise in the face of the bed, the space in the grooves, between the column rules, being filled with sliding blocks of metal, accurately fitted, the outer surface level with the surface of the bed, the ends next the column rules being cut away underneath to receive a projection on the sides of the tongues, and screws at the end and side of each page to " lock" them together, the types are as secure on this oylinder as they can be on the old flat bed, or, in other words, are so tightly fixed on to the cylinder with which they revolve en inasiie, that they are as little liable to shifting from their position, as if they formed a part of the cylinder itself. Th3 stranger, on seeing this monster of printing power, yet exquisite in execution, at work, is at once almost appalled, as he catches the first glimpse of it in operation. The great whir of wheels at work— rollers inking— men feeding on with clock-work exact- Li:VIATHAN PRINTING JTACillNE. ^1 III ..^t.e pure .hue .ee. ..^ n^pea ^O^e^ae^^^^ before you can count one a sheet h --^;j/- ;7,,,,, ,,,,e.atical exact,..; and afterwards unbo.ooied, as ^«7' ^°\ , , ^, j^ flies along, whilst he .Lands all to^^ether, riveting the attention o t e beholder transfixed almost, in amazement and dehglit. ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^.^ Lock ut it as it " goes a-head/' throwing off ts to e n ^^^^^ ^^^ .^ every minute, continuously for days and mghts in ho large u. ^^^ ^^ .^^ ^^^^^^ „,igl!ty London and Manchester, in f "^l^"*'. J^f.f/ll^^to millions of hearts and anee /very day in the -ili-d wor^d Zlll^^^^^e^ce-io the gay as well as homes, in the mansion as well as the cottage ^^J ^ ^ ^^^^^^^ „f the states- to the mourner-a giant muUu,n ^ "^^^^ in' U ;^tof the world, in one 1 But who Man, philosopher, merchant, and «*>^"°^°f ^^'J';;. ^' ^, ^ ^f ^^ ,ay it is a machine ^vhich is can Calculate its powers? We pay it ^^"-^^^^"Ycl^^^ is a. yet the crowning one of the most glorious triumphs of -^o^^ll^^J^l^^^^^l, .. fo,,th estate" of Britain- glory of the planting profession all over he wo Id and ^_^^ ^^^.^.^^ ^^ ^^ a machine of which every printer ought '^^^^^^'^Tei the power it reposes in the possessed of_that machine -^-^-"^:'; j'l"^^^^^ sllles of the Atlantic-the hands of those, who, by wielding it ^^^^^vol andj^'^de ^^^ ^^^^^^ professions. destinies of the world. All honor to ^'^ "f ^^ ";' jj^^e nkced such a machine in the^r .hich wields that power. A^^^^ « ^;: had nev - '"^^^^^^^^ -'^^^^ ™^^^'"" ''^^ ''''' broadcast over the world, from the P-^^^^j/^^^X ^ttf lib^^^^^ and gagged its power, standing rebuke to that power which ^a^ tra-p\^ or person to take the of tapes to be emitted above, and there taken off ^J ^ ^ J ^^^ exceedingly :heets off. This machine of Koe% in e^n^rucUon is tot.l^ 1^ ^ ^^^ ^^^_ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ simple. Instead of the ''^"••-V'lretl^erfn all about 16 feet, as referred to above. self-acting " flying," or taking oft', procesa ^^ ^^.^^.^g ^f 000 The engraving represents a press, ^^^^'^^^^f^^'l ,^;^ „„ ^^e sheets, which are thrown ioipressions per hour. Ten P^^'-J^^^l.a of a man to take off for every one oui and hiid in heaps by self-ach.g fj;';' ^^^ off the sheets. Similar machines, feediug,-in that process alone saying ^«" -;Y J^^;2ons per hour, also with four cylin- with six cylinders, capable of printing ^^'^ ™P^^^^^^^^^^ hy Hoe & Co. DESCRIPTION OF MESSRS. HOE'S ESTABLISHMENT. 9 nery — and of letters exactr.Gss ; he t Lands ired shee'is ivy, and iu its perf jrm- heartB and y as well as f the Btates- 1 But who ine Nvhich is he crowning of Britain— bition to be noses in the Ulantic— the r professions, jhiue in their hino but that of hlitoiy as sheets weekly slf a powerful red its power, jrious day for md regain the a questionable jsses would, in L must follow was, that from ated in its con- ! of the sheets ery bed of the up another set on to take the ad exceedingly d, and made to ferred to abovo, )le, presents the 1 observe in our id down by the f printing 2f 000 hich are thrown ,ff for every one limilar machines, , with four cylin- feCo. iuted with these pers, and supply before breakfast, than they could fly to the moon. Great as the Americans are In many things, in nothing are they so great, we think, as in their printing machinery, compared with that of Britain. The mighty Thunderer of Printing-IIouse Square, lias been obliged to invite the co-operation of Messrs. Iloe, to produce, under the workniansl)ip of Messrs. Wliitworth, of Manchester, two of these 20,000 per hour marvels for tiie Times — which firm have made one also for the Mancheeter Examiner and Times — whilst machines have been shipped from here direct, and fitted up by American workmen, in the establi;e iwu j, i manufacturing departments. „ .^^, 3, by xvhich the large ing the surface. „„«, are all rendered true by care- 'in the toothing-room, the -^-^' ^'^f'^^'^f ^^^ ,,, made in great quantities, and as ful hammering and the use of the level. These saws ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^„ Hssix ffet in diameter in '^^^'^^^Zr^^^^^ '^ ^«^ ^' ^^'^ ^'' f.^ length. It is by the use of these --^^r,"" revolutions a minute, that the trees m the circular ones flying round at the ™;7^J^^^«^^;;;,tto " .awn lumber." fit for its vanous vast forests of America are cut up """J ^•^^^^^J,,,,^ solitary forest those we observed uses afterwards. We wondered, to the '^^^J^ 0* \ .^ ^„,k, regardless of winter s making would ere long be t-n^porte. to perform ^^^^^^^ ^^ y ^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^ frost or summer's scorching sun ''^^Jl'^;,^^,, ,,,,Sr fearful grandeur, is when tw of timber in one day. To see hem, ^^^^^l Zn one inch or so apart, working up and and twenty of them are fixed in one ^rame, about o .^^ ^.^^^^^^^_ ^^^j^ ^^ d:wn with great rapidity, ^f ^f^:: ^^^f^JZl of the forest" into twenty^ou^ the ease in the world-reducing the niighty establishment on the River striplings of deal boards at one "r^J-"- J/^^ ^j.,^,, ^, the united action Ottawa! Canada West, we saw this don at a rat , ^^^ ^^^ ^^ .^ ^^^ te twenty-two saws in one frame, no less th»" f ^ ^^^^^^^ ^,,„,iM smooth surface put upon In another part of the saw-room -^y be Be«i the ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ th m by means of machinery, altogether "-^^"^ Jf J, ,„,^ quantities of saws. In this tdenLtbe, whenoneestablishmen aon^ tu™-^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ,, Great Bn am article of large, long and ^^^^^ ^^/^^ Jmakers, such as Messrs. Hoes whils have no chance in competing with the A'neri . a. When Messrs. '::; hand-saws again, ^^^^^T^ :^t^^:.m.l--^^^^ -nt on in the way Hoes first started saw making, ^^ Y ^-^^^^^^^^ ^^,^ ,^,, u did not compete successMly they had been accustomed o ou uy ^^^^^^^ ^^^ command," so usual in hotels in Britain, you w.l ^^^^l^ ^X.o.in^ better how to go takes you are apt to make in this country, for want ot not b about matters. America, are open all night; in fact. Some of the principal hotels in ''^l-g? ^^^^^ "..^r'^a by the'tenant. till it is closed they are never shut from the mormng the house is oP^n^ > ,. ^^^,, Ire^er by him. A fresh clerk, with f-^ servariU^go - ot^l'ra 2 Horse Guards, other with the same regularity as «-/«l<^;- ^^f ^^"teing open all night, as we have One great advantage <>' '^^ ^^^^^'^^^^^^^ Z^^^^^^^^ said, and that you arrive, say at four ^'''-^^Xed aTtwelv at noon; and in some of the attention and promptness as if you had ''"^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^, hour of the night or hotels where there is a bar always open, you can hav e meals y morning, just as promptly as at one o'clock in t»;f "^^^^^^J^^^^^^ ^ , ^^^er or two in On your arrival at a hotel in America you will -tj^« -' \ ,„a humbug white cravat, black eloth suit, etc. and 7;f^;;^'X- the hotel, perhaps unseen ; go from either waiter or landlord. Instead o that you entei the p ^^^1 ^ ^^^^^ .,M up to the ae..-tj.e Office ; ^^Z^^^^, ,„r U,a,e as it is invari- and where you are from tell the ^'^'''^ >J ^ ,^^ ,,„„,« to bring it from the ably called.) when he will -»-,»"«,;;;j^,, '^^-t^ you with the key of a room of a„„,, if there. You apply for a ,^^^™7;^^'\;' f^^^^^^^ i« desired to ascend with a certain number ; the porter, who has brought m your bagg g . HOTELS IN AMERICA. 15 you to your room, and there you will find it all ready for your reception; and let you ar- rive whenever you will, the bedroom you are sent to is certain to bo in that state, and none of the hurry-scurrying which is to be seen sometimes in hotels in England and Scot- land when a room is not in order for u fresh guest to enter it. Your baggage laid down in your room, it will be better for you to peruse the rules and regulations of the house, which you will frequently find printed on a placard and hung up in your room. The key which you got from the clerk is intended to be used by you by day as well as by night. That is to say, keep your door always locked during the day, and when not in vour bedroom, either keep the key in your pocket, or what is general, return it to the clerk at the office, who will hang it up; and whose duty it is to receive it from, aud de- liver it to you, whenever you like. Any complaint you may have to make ; any thing not exactly to your mind ; any change you may want; stamps, wafers, etc. ; inquiries as to post-office, or any thing else pertain- ing to the town ; any washing requiring attending to, there is only one man to talk to about those and all such matters, and that is, the clerk or book-keeper in the office. It is no use talking to servants; they will pay no attention to you, further, than tell you to apply at the office. Of course, at any time, you may ring the bell in your room, and the clerk will dispatch a porter to see what you want One of the most important assistants about a hotel here, is the clerk or book-keeper; he i^ in fact the factotum of tlie establishmont, and who is to be found in close attendance, as wL have said, at the desk or in the " office" of the hotel-the latter a department almost unknown in hotels in Britain. With the clerk you make your terms for board and lodg- ing on entering. Whatever terms you make, it will be so much per day or per week. In many hotels, where the charge is $2.00 per day, you will find, by making a bargain per week it may not cost you much more than half that sum per day. In the same way with houses whose charge is $1.00 per day, you may board and lodge for $3.00 or $A.OO per week • and whether you bargain by the week or by the day, the bills of fare arc the same- your patronage is esteemed just the same for a day, as for a week, and you can stay as long as you like, or go when you like. Only there is this to be remembered, that you had better ascertain the hours for meals, as, if you are not there at meal-hour-and lose meals -there is no reduction made in the rate per day, it being all the same whether you take meals or not. . . , Hoarding in hotels, as a regular thing, is quite common by young men in situations, and young married couples, who have not the means probably to furnish and keep up a house as they would like, or who do not wish to have its cares and troubles. Families, however, who have any idea of residing permanently in a town, furnish ot once, if they have the means We have met many young men in situations— in towns in the States— who being unmarried, board and lodge in the hotel, and do so very respectably and comfortably, for $3 or $4 per week, and feel convinced they live better, and are more comfortable than if in private lodgings. Workmen, again, with and without, families, who are strangers in a town, seek out a respectable hotel, where they find it very convenient and economical, until they got either private lodgings, or rent a house of their own. We have met with several work- men in the northern and western states, who, earning their $8 to $10 per week, live regularly at the hotel, paying $3 to $4 per week for board and lodging, such as is un- known to the working classes in Great Britain, who have the same amount of wages, viz. : 82.1 to 40.S. per week. . , »i Half an hour or so before each meal, a huge gong is sounded through all parts of the house, with noise sufficient to waken the dead, were it possible. On the sound of the second gong, it is to intimate that every thing is ready, and you are desired to take your seat at table. The top, or head end of the table, is always reserved for ladies, and gentle- men with ladies, seated all together. The single gentlemen take the first seat they lay hands on. , American hotels are owned or leased by sometimes only one party, and m other cases by 16 HOTELS IN AMERICA. XXeo of no le. than five of the largest ^^^-'^^^^Z^^^:,,^^,^ ,„, p.feet The conducting of a hotel, in America. ib reduced to a spt.Tn «« "-' ^^^^ as the carrying on of a cotton mill, or conduct.ng a garr.or^^ ^ ^ ^ r^'^'"'^"*^ '''■'' like some of the hotels in Britain, as a country drapers snop warehouse, in Manchester or London. „Pntlemanlv man of business, who The hotel proprietor is generally a shrewd, active, gentlemanly man works more with his head than his hands. book-keepers, whoso In the offices attached to some hotels are two or three clerKs duty it is to answer all parties calling ,,„,Mon8 to the clerk at the office. If you When about to leave a hotel, g-e all your ms ruction to the d _^ .^ ^^^^^^^ leave word any where else, it may be forgot. If you leave ''tri::lT2::^:V:...^y a washmg room, where you can wash your hands, etc., without the trouble of going "Pj" y^^'^^^^'",, ^hat in leaving your room All hotel keepers have skeleton keys to the ^f "T "» ^"^^'^ ,,, Necessary to locked, it is better to leave all your baggage locked up. Those keys enable the servants to clear up the room in r^'^J^l'^'"; ^hat in some of them Regarding the hotels ^f^.f-f '^Xp tmen of a S hotel, where the guest there is a " coffee room," similar to that d. P''''t^^"; " j ^^^ved up in the pri- xnay take meals at a tabic by himself; or again, where the meals 1 vate rooms engaged by guests. vpeninf? is eaining ground in the We may here remark that the European plan of hotel keeping gain s, y large cities, amongst the first-class houses. conducted, in every other Ihe hotels on the European and American ;«™^"-^' ^^ ^^'^'^^..V.^g ^f „,eals. It respect, same as an exclusively American ''f '/J^;;:^^;;^!; ks Lre, or in private thing which is generally attached to first-class hous^ .^ ^^^. ^^^ ^^ cleanly p.r»nal .ppearanc .nd »°*^ „„,„„„ „i„, ,t„„gerB they m.y ™.t Parties are reeommended not to be over eomim bowline " loafer." and ..ylng at hotels, as :;^J:tXZ:^t^^:::^'^^ -U^e various Bharpers, who are «°" ""'^"y "" *';!;'°^ ^ „„„ be officiously polite in offering to show descriptions of imposition and robbery. «"« m"y ^ \* f,,t .^ranger like you the "lions" of t'- city or town^ ano^^r^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^he same place yourself, in visiting such ; whilst a th^d wil pM ^^^ ^^^^.^.^^^ ^ ^.^^^^ ^^ you are going to, and oifcrs .o take >"" J^; J/. ^^ ". ^^ ^^^i„diing ticket-office, after all. Ltination-whilst he is on y - em^^^^^^^^^^^^ bog- Z home, ha^e found, to their cos. Some strangers, who consider themselves ery smarter fellow-companions in strangers in such cities as New York. WORTHY OF CREDIT — TRADE PROTECTION. 17 mnufacturcr a liotel, just n the States, 1 and perfect PC just asun- mmoth sized )usines8, who epers, whoso )ffico. If you k, it is almost an wash your ing your room B necessary to some of them here tlio guest I up in tlie pri- ground in the n every other ; of meals. It 1, or in private ;els in England, nensely cheaper lOUses in " Bel- enience, can be 3pean, or semi- )rses, and every is avoided. An iven signal from ite of the instru- oom to ascertain 'sshop. Judging eruquier's hands, icular as to their 8 they may meet ig "loafers" and a practise various 1 offering to show pfect stranger like to the same place a ticket to your :et-o«ice, after all. und, to their cost, PROTECTION TO TRADE AND DEBT COLLECTING. A COMMERCIAL traveller acquaintance of ours, once was desirous of opening an account with a very good and safe man, but such was the nature of the customer lie had to meet, that the traveller was for some time at a loss how to approach him, as, from nil he had licard of iiim, he was one of those purse-proud, ignorant, and contemptible men who are to be met with sometimes behind a retail shop or store counter, by travellers " on the road," There was only one way to make the attack, as he was determined to let him understand that the obligation of doing business between individuals, was mutual, so he resolved to " lake the bull by the horns." Walking into the shop, with parcel of patterns in hand, and an utter stranger, although not unacquainted with the peculiarities of the man he had to deal with, thus addressed him: "I have called, sir, to pay you one of the highest compli- ments which one man can pay to another," delivered with all that suavity of manner and perfect coolness with which some accomplished travellers are largely endowed. The cus- tomer was taken aback from so unusual a salutation, and was brought to inquire, " Indeed, sir ! In what respect ?" " Simply, sir," said the traveller, " that the house I have the honour to represent, considers you worthy of credit." The result was, that between what the cus- tomer considered the audacity of the traveller, and that he felt the truth of the compliment, it led to business between the two. We mention this anecdote briefly, to illustrute how difficult it is to do business with some men, however good value may be placed before them, but more iwticularly, that the man who, although at one time in the hey-day of prosperity— and whose position is one of undoubted good credit, with every one more anxious than another to do business with him-may not always remain in that excellent position, but who, a few years afterwards, may afford as good voasons why the commer- cial traveller should be as desirous of avoiding his acquaintance as our friend was of mak- ing it and hence the necessity and utility of one of those " institutions" in America, called " Commercial" or " Mercantile Agencies," connected with which, is that of Debt Collectmg. The system of Trade Protection Societies, as carried out in Great Britain is in its infancy when compared with the system in operation in America. Where is the protection society there for example, that can produce in its office a record of the commercial standing of every man in business from Penzance to John O'Groafs, or from Ballycastle to Dundrum Bay It is true, that such as Messrs. Perry of London have a register of all London traders only and may procure information, perhaps, regarding men at a distance; or it may be tl.at'a Trade Protection Association in Manchester or Leeds can give information about parties in those districts to their members writing to, or calling at their offices, but if infor- mation is wanted about a man in Wick, (Orkney,) Enniskillen, (Ireland,) or Truro, (Corn- wall ) or other more out of the way places than these, they have to write and procure the information, and ten chances to one if they iiave correspondents there from whom they can get any information at all. . ^ c The mercantile or commercial agencies of America are conducted by private firms- whose standing can be easily ascertained by parties desirous of employing them-thus doing away with the objections to boards of directors about such establishments They are carried on upon an immense scale, with agents and correspondents ramificating throughout the whole of the Union and Canada, and now we understand they are extend- ing their business to Great Britain. Ireland, and the continent of Europe. Their register of traders extends to every ma> aged in business in every town and county in all the states and territories of America, as well as in Canada. This may be termed their " Trade Protection" department. In this department sets of books are kept, m which is entered the name, trade, and address of every man who is in business, whether that is in New Orleans or Nova Scotia, in California or Canada. In a certain foho in a ledger, every man's name is entered, followed up by a variety of particulars, such as when he commenced business, what means he had, what was his moral character and business abilities, his mar- riage or family connections, etc., etc., so as to present a complete history of every trader from the date he started in business. Thus far, then, every man's character and circum- MERCANTILE AGENCY SYSTEM. 18 f ♦» n firm At llic end of every «lx montn», «tance« are " r"«to.l up" into ono of the J'l^;" ';;• ^^ . j. j, fro.h clrcun.«tnnce8 whicb . fresh entry U nm.le at hU fol.o -/^'jj^ '; l^ ^ ^^''nhc'tn.lor. Thu., for exan.,!.-. „.y have aru..„ to alter ^''"i;;- ^^^^^^ ^ iTu. end of every «ix nu.nth.. .ho.in, If he began ten years ago, theie w an ( nn> ^^.^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ all the Src«n..ance« attending hU eareer own to tic pr. bu -^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^, has been po.ll.lo for the nu.reant.leageneytgeko^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ have been in good standing .hen he ^ "■;;,;;,., ,,,,u« ; >• ,,orfeetly trn^tworthy" At the end of the first year, «tood reported in tlu a^u . ^ _^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ,^.^ at the end of the .eond year. ^riT^^jZ^^^X^^ '-'^'« '^''^'^ '''' '"''' rifle and dog« than to industry;" '^'^ ^^^^^ Z^^ry in giving eredit," whilst .. «oen fre,nenting drinku.g f -^^^^J '^;;^,Xu-e n.onths. the report stands. " aecon.- after other two reports, or at the ^"'l "^"^l anoth-r house-eredit fast on the deeline;" „odation paper going freely ^^^^^ZZ^:;;^:]:, ...t to Mr. A. B., ^vho has re-sold at the end of the next six "-"!!'«•''; J ,;:,,, , , ,,ry ftUal report npon his future eareer out to Mr. C. 1).." evidently a swuuUe. 1 us p tu « a j j^^ ^^ ^^^^^^_^^^ ^^^^^^^^.^^^ ^^ During the last two years or so. house* w ho l'«;^ "^ ,,^,.^ ^,,„ ,„ve been doing Mr. Sn.itl with the view of trying ^o^oU^^ ; -• - ^^^^ ^^ ,,,,, ,„ ,,,t business with bin, have got uneasy as to r poi ts t > h ^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^^^ ^^,,^. Messrs. Cotton. Cloth & Co., or Messrs. B.a d JA e .^ , ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^_ ^^^^^ bersof the ageney. send to incpure -'l'^^ ; ^ I' "^ ^ ^d in those reports. When these they are furnished with his -'-^?«-7;;;!~"\„tered in his folio in the ledger, houses n.ake inquiries as to his po.Uon ^^J^^^^J^ ^ ,j,. ^,. p., ,„a who has re-sold so that when the report is reeewed tl-t « !>» j' .,^ ^^,^^.„^ ^^ telegraphed to a cut again to Mr. C. D.," a note ,s d-pateh^l y me- c . ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ distanee to the house, who had made ^^^^^J^^lJ,^^ ,,, Snnth, upon reeeiving ^hen they are shown the information ju.t r - -l- Jj^^ ^^ ^^^^,^ ^^,^.^^,,, ^^.^s. a variety ^hiel, they at onee take steps to reeo r n t ^^^^^^ ^ ,^^^^^ ^,^^.^. ^ of cireumstances transpire, some of ^^^ «\';;; ;,^J J, ..corded. We have given the cial standing. All these, so far as ean ^° ^ ^^/'f;, ,, .-hieh is similar in «ome foregoing illustration to show the niodn ope^^^f^ >^ „,,4 ,,;„, ti,-„ „aditional ad- resptets'to the Trade Trotection ^--■';;- j;;^; ;; ^ a at C.iasgow or Edinburgh has vantage, that, as we have said ^^^f^^'^ f ;/„;" ^^^ ' ,, Abergavenny, they are obliged noreeordofhousesatOalway.orS IvB o Cl^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ,,,y ,,„ ,,t an- to write to their correspondents in those to^^;^ j'"-> ,^^, ^J^,,,^ the name and stand- swers regarding parties there, when ^"^";;<^;^ ^/j^ .^^ ^hey have no oeeasion to write, ing of every trader is kept " posted up on tl- Fj - . > ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^,.^ A member ealls. and gets to see at «"- ^^^ ^^-t - th ^^ ^^,^^^^^ .^ is undoubtedly in advanee. and superior ^^JJ °^^^^^^^^^ ,.„^,, have no interest but enee in Great Britain. Again the firm - '- - f ^^^ ^,^\,,,,,,, i„ their ledgers are to give faithful representations to '^^ ^H-r memb s ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ information open to their members, respecting t'-","^:^;,;' permanently or travelling, going there recorded, is obtained by -"-P°"^;"^\^^ J „ ^ns however-and as far as it goes, over particular sections o the country J^-^f;^^^ „;„,,„ ,,., ,,_!. in the vast amount one of the >st mean, of knowing the paj ing" V^^^^ ^^^^^ This brings «s to the of business these agencies get to ^°'/" ^^?7 Jji^^^^ The Trade Protection Societies in other department of their busmess, ^>^;^:^^^^^^^^^^^^ t, their inquiry, or protection to England and Scotland sometime ago annexed t^^s b^anc H ^^^^^ .^ ^.^^^ ^^^_ frl department, for the use of ^-^;-X^':^Z get one penny by direct n:=r:xi- 2 err^^U i, it wm at once be seen the great advantages which DEBT COLLECTING— BANKS AND BANKING. 11) Buch ogenclcB present to mercantile men, say In Now York or Phllne pul.lic. of .tock« .hieh they ^^^^:^V^^'^'^'r:^^t^r^l.^^r...rZ.^. 'n.M."hUc who take these note.. oonBi.t«,nhavngthnote«^^c^^^^^^^ p,y„,,„,, l.ave recourse upon hope for as nearlOO cents to the dollar as V"'^^}^'' ,^ for. because „*,,; _,, .0 the i..u. ot l.gUta.t= p.p«r, »''»;J,^''*;»;;° ::„f .ny joint .took bank. T;,.y l,.vc to ..ko U,™ pfoport on »' « ^-;^»^2 »'„* X^^^^^^^ ,u Ohio llpe nnd ordinary .«.p.n«on or bankruptcy. Th,. '^» ^^^^ .„j i„,„ i„ •„. „„p,„. '"•'■ ^tE isr::c^^^^<^^^^'-'^-'' '.'.r-rt eion in October, 1S57, enjoycu li v f, j^^ deposited their funds upon as safe a concern as the ^;"^; f^f^ ^1 that company, there, had no recourse ^^--^^^ ^^^^^^^^ to the pressure, of either nns- It may be remembered that it^"' *7 ^concern which sounded the tirst key-note of dis- tr.r.::::r;ror:orw XTL. .prc.a .„ ..„ «. ..... .,. »,..,, e,.»'no., U <.r from ';«™5;«~;:7,\':;2d;n by ,»e„ ,ho i»ue no n*., and who «.- *\i"™:rXn\t nd w o'a i . « ^..h'.n.itW to it. and a, .ottby of it .. 0,;:, Mi,;; ;^ l »: ci;: * C .f Indon, .b., of .curse. » ,. ,.n k.o»,., -ue no notes of their own. WILD-CAT BANKING. 21 Huch men carry on tlu-lr bu^hic.*— ruxl tnott extt'ii.lvety— on •ImUor principle* to th« ,,f„n'»uia London bank.r.. nnd ore to l.u found In nil tlu- rldof .illo-. an.l lown. In the }*i,itc«. In c'ili.'* or townn wJioro tluTu U no Imnk c..n>»titut<'d m w« Imvo oxpliiintd, nnd who i'tiu'n Uh own not.Mho trudini; ooinMmnity uiu nfooHsltiitcd to koep thoir money hi the hiind* of prlvnto hnnkow, nnd d.pind ujM.n thnn for .liwouniiiiK l.ill* und r.-criv- in^Meniporiiry ««Hi-.lnnc.( at any partk-uhir tlin.<. \Vitli l.ankini?. ihry c.iin.'.t Ihr " .xehiuino" biuinc.^H, a branch of buMn.-s* little known, coi.ipurullv.ly Hp.aklnf?, by tho unat ina«* of the people In llrltHin, arUlnj?. no doubt, from the fact that the matter of oxehnni^o, or rath.r, the dillVronco In the value «)f money in bank notes l« not alfected by dillerences In locality HO mneh in (ireat Hrltain a.* U the ea*e In America. Thi« lead* us into the matter of exehange, which wo will notice by Itself. Before we dismiss the motter of bank* of Issue, we will refer to the rsygteni of Wild-Cat Bankin;j; as It Is called. WILD-OAT BANKING. Wk cannot explain how It U that the banking genus homo has thus been connected with the untamed of the feline species; certain it is, however, that tbo signification U well understood, and a " wild-cat" bank note, If suspected, is looked nt and handled as a ,niin w..nld handle n hot poker, and if he should have been unfortunate enough to burn his fingers by the operation, he very often suffers in silence, till he puts it into the hands of some one else who is not awnro of its quality, nnd who, in travelling, may pay it away ,,„ite innocently 1000 miles off in two days afterwards, its appearance being hailed, per- Imp. as a small god-send, by some one who has not seen the "colour" of money for some time In this way " wild-cat" bank notes get into circulation, nnd continue, sometimes for l„ng peri..ds, absent from home. Thousands nnd tens of thousands of dollars' worth of those notes are in circulation ; over the Western States more particularly. They have cost the " wild-cat" only the paper, engraving, and his business-like signature to them, with the "promise to pay," on demand, too, but forgetting to add, even by way of nota knc, if he is able and willing. Hi* g'une sometimes is, after he has got out as many as he cares about having out. or can get out, perhaps some friend raises a " hue and cry as to the stability of his bank, and he, poor unfortunate (V), what can he do but decline business -"collapse," "burst up," or put a printed placard on his shutters, " Gone to Kansas, if not for change of air, certainly for change of scene, for future operations. It happens, however, sometimes, that such " wild-cot" concerns go on for years, and make sort of legitimate banking business out of it, ^o long as it onswcrs their purpose As an assistance for the detection of wild-cat, and all spurious or " broken bank notes, see our notice headed " Bank Note Reporters." As illustrative of something akin to this description of banking, and having reference to State Stock Banks, (or banks having their notes secured by the deposit of State stocks as already explained,) we give the following quotation from the St. Louis Evemng Mm, of 3d September, as showing that even that description of bank bills are tampered with, and circulated in a manner never intended by the law. Active measures are taking to organise a broo,l of stock banks in ^.^.e^^'^^^^^f ^^r^.^.^l^^fed^^^^ Ing law recently a.lopted in that ^tate Of '=»»"^- » ■ .J'""'" ""f„*i'i\7«°na "^ Israelites ttiat comes of that fresh (loo.l of irre.leemable money, ^''^ *"y" ' '"'° ^"''l «^^ were not harder worked than were compelled by their Egyptian task-masters to '"'^ke bricks 7'''\°"''''7jg''^' Converting their reams of are these two western cities to support the foreign speculators in State bonus, by converui.g "lampldack and rags" Into actual cash. comprehension of the swindle that Is When will the people of the M sslsslppl yallcy rouse "P'°f«X„err redeem their notes in gold or sll- practisedupon them by the stock banks of tl^e^^esalh^^^^ ^^^,,^„^^ ^, ,„, p ,„,3 ;;^er?(trw:rd,tr;^ereri"rifgfXBtp^p^^^^^^ before many years. ™nmpnt • a set of snecuiators— most probably having their Just consider the operation of ^''^se banks a moment a set or specui ^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ abode in Wall street, New. York-to obtain »60,000 of State^b°nds wnn^^ comptroller, who issues them a say ou Itaccoon Creek, ^^l3consIIl. They .isp'— "••■/,~a,i''\.,\ad sold as' any iike buudie^t of paper 22 EXCHANGE BUSINESS-PIFFERENCES OF EXCHANGE. ,=» tobo it plqp wp will injure the trade of liiilgi^iiisssi ii:i=s's:£Sss-=i-3*.-t= -'- - ■ . . .» „cf„f "T-iMoat" bankers in nfimc, it must be confessed Although Great Britain cannot bor t of _ ^•; ;;"* ^^ ^^ ^,,^ f„,t ^Imt " ^vibleuts" are that the events of the late eonnneretal pame>.B ^^^^J^% ^^„,,„,, ,,,Uan- ^^^'^^^^^ ^,,^,^ ,, „,,eh of England, or the fast-looking S^f'^^'\':'J^^^^'^'^^^^^^^^^^ of American bank Reporters" are used, a few particulars regarding which we annex. BANK-NOTE REPORTERS. .'", TLtuU 2 raown t" tt^ old woman ,1.0 retail, cut a c»f worth of „g.r- ^l;^::dTrn.n.;,i.U .c.„ ...g »P .» W-^ ol^ t.wns,,.ll.g.., Tat.: 1. a .out.,, .hLty in t„e wood., „ be t,,.t .n^ tU.g .. ~U U,c- BanJ.note ,eport„. a™ U.„ed^ i^ e -'3^X1:- .„ ,/. .„„ ,. "■" "' "'"', 'ZH Z the po tion and .tanding of every bank, a. well a. .11 who OT a eomet.de. of »l>e Po-'t'™ J ,^^^ ^„^,, m„„ p„ tUe.r h.„ failed, been elo.ed, « . °" '^' .fj" ,. ^0". " » " eonnterfeitC or " Imitation."- nole. are, if .ny-whether *»? ^ *3;;";,':, .„a.i, .. „„e„„ent money," and, in ;rr:;rr,:™:.";;irtr;i' n* ,». . b.d one,wbeni.i.p.e. sented, whether it be a %l, or a $&U0 note, of bill. CURIOSITIES OF BANKING LITERATURE. )io a presume, iple of the out again, with their 3, it might lilt, for the ir $20, anJ )nfi(lenee in flimsy form nd," if it is y engraved, ill the para- 3 lO's, rising lO, and from Ames sundry e have seen, le in appear- )ugh as they nd sorting of a fancy noth- i in the Bank nks, so much merican bank w 5 pounders vards. After I for carrying, 1 " Bank Note er one title, is add, perfectly ,re small news- 3, " Bank-Note closely printed ifn coins in cir- )tel, the largest s^orth of sugar- towns, villages, re. •8, and contain ive their read- irell as all who jelow par their r " imitations" — money," and, in 3, when it is pre- Tliese publications are a public necessity, and the business of the country could not ln' carried on safely without them. Were they to go out of existence to-morrow, the whoK- country would, most likoly, be flooded with countorfeits and imitations of tlie notes of liiinks in existence, as well as the notes of V)unks wliioli luul no existence, except on paper. In all the cities, these reporters are issued in large quantities, and as every exchange broker has one set of correspondents in otlier large cities, he gets the value of stoeks cor- rected by these correspondents in their various localities, and thus presents, probably, in the " Reporter" the prices of stoeks in each of the leading cities, in addition to his quota- tions respecting the character, and value of all bank-notes, in the city where he pub- lishes his reporter. The reporters are published daily, tri- weekly, semi-weekly , and weekly, so as to suit all classes of purchasers — the old woman alluded to, probably, being content to carry on her business by getting " posted up" weekly, at a cost of -1 or 5 cents — wliilst tlio larger operators wish to be " posted" daily, on the same sulijeet. It will at once be seen how necessary it is, that such publications should be conducted by men of undoubted integrity, and who ouglit to have no interest, other than in ren- dering their publications as trustworthy as the quotations of stocks is considered to be in a London or any other first-class newspaper. We have no doubt some of them are con- ducted by men of liigh moral principle, who state the exact standing of every banking concern in the whole country, as they believe it to be, and that their opinions and quota- tions may be perfectly correct. Whilst we admit that freely, we have every reason to be- lieve, that bank-note reporters are issued, in some instances, from very dilVerent motives, and who do not state the facts as to the position of all banks, truthfully and fearlessly. In some cases it is well known, that unless a banking concern, will/ce and bribe the publish- ers of certain bank-note reporters, they will quote tiie said banks lower than tlicy ought to do, and by such means create a fama or prejudice against them, no doubt to some extent injurious to the banks thus assailed, by this species of black-mail, which is levelled against them. That is in tlie case of perfectly good hanks. On tlie other hand, again, there is no doubt, that that class of reporter publishers are guilty of quoting "wildcat" banks at prices they are not entitled to, and by other means puffing the notes of sueii into circulation, on receiving a handsome douceur for tlieir trouble. Such bunk- note reporters are, of course, any thing but reliable ; the only difficulty is, how you are to tell one from another— seeing tliat they are all published by exchange brokers, who call tlieinseh-es bankers. As we said before, there is no doubt, whatever, that tliere are respecta- able ones amongst them— those guilty of such practices as alluded to being, we believe, the exception— yet it is only by a long residence in the town where they are published that you will be enabled to di'seriminate between the real and the doubtful of these safe-guards of the public pocket. Tlie circulation of some of the most respectable of them, averages, it is said, 100,000 copies each publication. Presuming you want to know if a bank is good, you have only to refer to the alphabeti- cal list of all banks published in the reporter— and if you do not find it amongst that list, you may conclude it is bad— or you may find it amongst the list of " Broken Banks." Tlie banks in every State are alphabetically arranged by themselves, so that there is no difficulty in finding out the name of the bank you want. Any one wlio has to do with money, and the receiving of it— in notes, to him— a bank-note reporter is indisi.ensable. Tiiey abound in all largo cities. CURIOSITIES OF BANKIXG LITERATURE. As we have no doubt there are many who are not aware of tlie existence of a few curi- •osities in banking literature, which are to be found in America, we think we will be con- ferrin>T perhaps, some information, as well as amusement, if we give a few extracts from one oF the " Bank-Note Reporters," before alluded to. These public informants present a few features, we think, quite unknown by many of even the banking population of Great 26 EXTRACTS ™0M «A^-K■^•OTE KEPOBTERS. „„t. (ron, on... .. oxiaUltaS *«', '» S, , Ji,,g .„d »g.-avi..g wU. «» produce .... rrr::,:.:s «: j:;:-r:..-:f -- ^^^^^,^^ „ „„ ,„^„ ««„„, "°The «,,t .».ple - .ill pre»«t, .• • PJ « ,^7,„ ,„„„, F„„, ,„e of .!.» "...H B.„i., N. 1.., to ..c '^;i^:^^:i:CT:- "- '•""-'■= "7 ' p„Uk»lioM Of I^ndon WlW.ng ,h„p,l,lro to the mwra Jy en- i:r :;,.,. e,... ...« t. B„..ot. ..^.^^ i» •- p»-« --- - "-' '° - B.nk of I.,.lw>.», tl.»t ■■ it U now .lemon* t_^*« -",'.„, „„, „„ sinking F...« " ^2,000,000 ele.. profit, .l,ro«gl> ""»"S";" „„me of wl.ieU "» "l" ■"=■ r;:^.;i-:ir t:eX"o;r;».ie,i„ .......... „ . ... hunting up a " ^Hd cat," when it says :-- 1 :»iT/iat1 wild cat," when it says : ^^^^^ ^^^^^ „ (.„„. TM.i..it„tioo..a.e»;,nd»inve.ti,.^^ 1, It i» a jort oj J naviu'ator, who, once "po" »;,_ ,■ ^_ ,„„g too .. This institution nasoeeu^u^^^^-^^^^^^^,, "'•'•""^ro'onS'Zn'^ timertook a ritlc -:Sni^;" ^Ina ^l^is§\-- Sraj; ti^r^^^^^ the ho.c, was too on a Jersey road, and S^^^^ *' «;^^^; accordingly." much to nnvnage, and ^v ent ^^ y .^^^^t^d after the name« of TV . next find an explanation o^^arks and letters whiel particular banks. Thus it says: , ^^^^.^gs ^he (/i.sTO«n< on its notes by a deposit." _ ti,„t that particular hank is organ- \vhere the letter (S) occurs it .s understood ^^ -t^^^y appear, says:- i.ed under the " Safety Fund ^^^^^^^'^^'^ ;,,„,^,tion of their notes." ..These hanks have no security depos ted fo^Ae 1 ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^^^ Other explanations follow, for ^^^^^^^^ ^ :,,.... :- of the public, yet not forgetting mmb. one, m the .. The letter (7» means that we consider the bank douMf^.l ^rg:::afcwsipiesofbowt...;^^^^ i:r of lovely scenery, in the following manner :- ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ |o; :;&usl-vignette euttle^>^u or tree^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^,,,,, f,,a,es on the ngbt. Ji^T"-"' ttrr : t.e round, ... ,ke, etc-bead on lower left $5 and $10, vignette, mm '>"'" ^ij^ led " Orwidds." Jner. female on lower r.ght^Or v U . ^^^ ^^^.^_^^^ ^^^^^^. On the notes of the Farmers' and Mechames Bant, i^ „ ing counterfeits are thus described:- COUNTERFEITS, AND IMITATIONS OF BANK NOTES. 27 3X a few ex- lount of in- proiluce the rroU County of the small ng strain 1 ni:icra1)lyen- il of their is- r getting out be almost ir- , lieart in its d to the State realize about ig Funil." give,) the Re- ;i as if it was 3 from a Con- f no uKe to any le, took a riile horse, was too V the names of le bank. [h notes secured r bank is organ- pear, says :— tes." for the weliare iviy at all." seribed. appear that the )le farmers in that ire 1 on right end. ford, R. I. ■8 on the right. cens on right lower lead on lower left ..again, the follow- $3, $5, $10, ^20, spurious — Washington on e, eh end. $5, letter H — vignette figure 5 — men and horses on each side. ^5, vignette, a female caressing an eagle. $5, §1U, $20, $50, and $100, altered. $10, vignette, a female, slieaf of wheat, cattle, etc. $20, vignette, female with a spinning-wheel — an Indian on the right end — female and eagle on the left end. $50, vignette, figure of Hope — on the right end a stag — on the left, a female figure, with one foot on a globe. $100, Lafayette and Washington on the ends. It will thus be seen, that notwithstanding the ingenuity displayed in trying to dazzle the farmers and mechanics of Orwell and Burlington with the illustrations alluded to, the sharp eye of the " reporter" is upon them. Not content with trying their hand at such out-of-the-way places as quoted, some more daring spirits come into New York State, and crossing over from New York to Brooklyn — as it might be crossing from the city of Lon- don to the Borough — there they make a dead set on the notes of the veritable " Mechanics' Bank, Brooklyn," which has got its genuine notes secured by deposit of State stocks. The imitations on its notes are thus given : — $2, spurious — vignette, ship under sail, female on right. f 3, vignette, blacksmith on right corner at work. f 3, vignette, eagle and shield, Washington with 3 on each side. $5, agricultural implements, with female seated on a rock on the left of vignette. $5, altered — vignette, horse-shoeing. $5, altered — vignette, sailor at a wheel. Not daunted at that attempt, another is actually made upon the "New York State B.'ink" itself, of which the celebrated Rufus H. King is picsident. Thus:— $3, vignette. State Arms, portrait between signatures. $5, Indian on right end. $5, spurious — vignette, four females supporting a " 5." $5, spurious— vignette, images swinging in a wreath. _^ $5, Massachusetts' coat of arms on the right side, " New" in New York is spelt " Now. f 10, $20, $50, altered— vignette, female, e.agle, ship. We could fill a good-sized volume with such descriptions, and as our last, we will give another, as showing that even in Iler Majesty's dominions, a leaf or two is desired out of the books of issue, and taken without the liberty of the best banks in Canada. Whether the counterfeits are of American or Canadian manufacture, we are not suffi- ciently " posted" to say. Who would have thought of the good old-fashioned, cautious Scotch banker, Mr. David- son, being attempted to be imposed upon in this manner, with such imitations as the follow- ing, on the " Bank of Montreal." Thus we quote :— . Genuine notes of this bank, it is said, are in circulation, with counterfeit signature. Be careful. , , . ■ ,. $5, steamer on upper right corner; cattle on left; 5in centre; an eagle between signatures. $5, Toronto Branch, letter A, pay Baker; the word " value" to left of " loronto, in genuine it is over "Toronto;" in counterfeit, nose of small dog comes near i in lo- ronto," in genuine it is an eighth of an inch from the "T." „ . ^ , A -lOIQIO $5, Montreal Bank— pay cash or bearer; others pay L. Carlle, in Quebec, April 2, 1819, and pay W. Radcnhaun, . . , , . $5, altered— vignette, farmer reclining on 5 ; others V in circle at bottom. $10, lithograph— they are numbered 19,047. $10, altered from $1. $10, parliament is spelled parb'ment. $10, photograph on the Petersborough Branch. We fancy we see a genuine smile come over the grave face of the manager, when he saw the "nose of small dog" coming into too close proximity with one of his head agencies, and the other dodges to deceive him and his " cute" tellers. Having thus given a few samples of the counterfeit notes in circulation, we will now cnn. ^3 BROKEN BANKS— USURY LAWS. banking renown. _ Thus ft few of the Canada banks is recorded.- . . no sale. 0,TY OF Hamilton, (shinplaster ) Ilam.ltoi; ••■•■ __ Colonial Bank of Ciiaiiiam, U. C ^^osed CoMMEUCiAL Bank, BrockviHe ^./.^s^d. CoMMEUciAL Bank, Fort Erie p-aud. Mechanics' Bank, Montreal ffand. Mehciiants' Bank, Toronto yVaMti National Bank, Montreal. failed. Niagara Suspension Buiuoe Lo ' • ' failed. Ottawa Bank, Ottawa doml People's Bank OF Toronto iu Canada :— doaed. Commonwealth Bank " " ' ' dosed. Commercial Bank. •••••.•••••/•; \'.\ no sale. Etna Iron Furnace, (shmplaster,) dosed. Atlantic Bank, May's Landiiig. '.'.'.'..'.'.'. closed. Atlantic Bank, Cape May, U 11 closed. Si;'::i$:rM;vXS?rM.nd;c.VeM^jci:: - ^^ P. saris, as president, ^i;^::J^:;^'Xnor.o.., Pa., met and organized on mX -^°Alt";^-- -- - --^ ^-''-' '' "^ ""' ^" """"^ "^W^S^t^o have 5 cents to invest, to get a " bank-no. reporter." It may not be long before it proves its worth, to be equal to its weight in gold. THE USURY LAWS. „,„.ltios, however, «t»c1,ed to charging « ''■8^-' »^« '^ ■„ „ „ „ .„, „.„,, fc, whip r:i:^rr:h.';:c ::ri:3:, eLr^e iw, ., ™ho. -». «... :si:r];or;:rw:irrJ=trat=inhe.g„..M«,^^ c,,^ X.,aZ /«fer.a«. P.^aZ^^^V'"' Oh^rginr; more than Legal Bates. '. J Tnssofoxco5= and interest, and law costs. Maine. . « P«f <^«?*- S of 3 tTmes excess of interest. New Hampsnire. b ^^ _ Loss of excess of interest. Vermont. " USUEY LAWS — COMMERCIAL COLLEGES. 29 wo of how rdeJ, wilh- l heroes of ised. >scd. aud. and. aud. iled, \'ded. osed. of hundreds, lan they will losed, losed. 10 nale. 'loned. ',loscd. dosed, the fact, that ptions of coun- ,s: — business, with i organized on I, and William It may not be States. Massachusetts Rhode Island. Connecticut. New York. Legal Interest. 6 per cent. fi " " 6 " " Y it II C (i c 6 7 7 8 6 G Penalties for Charging more than Legal Rates. Loss of .3 times tlie whole interest aud law costs. Loss of excess of interest. Loss of all interest. Forfeiture of contract, and, in criminal action, fine not exceed- ing $1,0U0 (i:iUO stj;.), and iiiqtrisunment not exceeding aiv ■indnlhs. Contract void, and principle and interest forfeited. Excess of interest only forfeited, rriueipal and interest forfeited. Loss of excess of interest. Usurious contracts void. Principal and interest forfeited; and, if usury is paid, double tlie amount of principal and interest. Loss of interest. Loss of interest. Loss of interest. Loss of interest. Loss of interest. 10 per cent, allowed on contract, and loss of interest if ex- ceeding this. Loss of five times the interest. 10 percent, allowed on contracts, forfeiture of excess of in terest. Loss of interest. Loss of int.'rest. Same as Ic wa. Same as Iowa. Same as Iowa. Same as Iowa. Liable to an indictment for misdemeanour. Forfeiture of usu- rious interest and fined. 12 per cent, allowed on contracts. Forfeiture of all cou tracts. Loss of interest. No penalty. The Territories are not subject to any usury laws. The State of Pennsylvania has been tlie first to pronounce in favour of free trade in money mut- ters in this respect. Some European readers may be reminded, that the difference of rates in the States, is owing to the fact that each State frames its own laws, and what may be justice according to law, in one State, may not be considered so in some of the other States m the Union. In Canada the legal interest has been at the rate of 6 per cent., but by a law, passed last session, individuals may exact any rate of interest which may be agreed upon between them. Banks, however, are prohibited from exacting a higher rate of discount than 7 per cent., and are prohibited from paying interest upon deposits. New Jersej'. Pennsylvania. Delaware. Slaryland. Virginia. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia. Aliibania. Arkansas. Florida. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. Kentucky. Louisiana. Michigan. Mississippi. Missouri. Ohio. Tennessee. Texas. Wisconsin. California. 8 7 6 6 6 6 12 10 1 a list, showing in the respective ig, in most cases, per cent. The 3 a dead letter, it y matter to whip modes. Nothing nd were repealed, surprised, if such aled there also. n Legal Bates. d law costs. BSt. COMMERCIAL COLLEGES. As we have stated elsewhere, the commercial education of the Americans is in genernl far more varied and more generally useful than that enjoyed by young men in commercial circles in Great Britain. The education there terminates too frequently with a boy obtain- ing at school a slight knowledge of book-keeping and accounts, so that by the time he goes abroad into the world, he knows about as much respecting such matters, as if he had never heard of a day-book, bill-book, or ledger. Until some years ago, the same state of things existed in America, until institu- tions of an exclusively commercial charaetei were established, called " Commercial Col- leges." Such establishmf>nts are carried on by teachers on their own account, in a groat many of the large cities in the United States, but not in Canada, so far as we are aware;. Such an institution generally consists of one or more immense large rooms or halls, hung round with blackboards, diagrams, and superb specimens of caligraphy, and filled with a large supply of tables and chairs. Students attend there, varying from 15 to nearly 50 years of age. The students sit apart from each other, so that one student is not aware as to the state of proficiency of the one nearest to him. Scholars of all ages are to be seen listening to the teacher from 1^ 30 COMMERCIAL COLLEGES-AUCTION K00M3. 1 IB tvvinir to improve ilieir handwrUing. la thi. way, the .nan "^'fy^^^^ya. not to diq.luy hi. ignoraneeof cation in some rc«pect« deticent ^* tau, t »- '^^ ^ >^f .,,^^,,„,,,,, j, ,, ^n-anged, that such matter* to the young lad of lo oi lb let .^^ ^^,^^^^ ^,^^ .,,^j,.^,^. .tudent. ean enter and eonunenee ^^^^ ^'^^ ^J^^, ,t one tin,e. There i. no tiouB of the teaeher the '^J;-»^'^8;\°^ ? ^^^^ [ ^ ,„ ,vorked, that every student-young he partieulars of .hieh every student 'l^^;;^^^^^^, ,,, f„u operation at Cineinnati We hud the pleasure of seeu.g one of he»c n UU ^.^^^ ^^^^ ^^^j^^, ^^vhere they are earried on most ert,cjentb.andm,cy^^ I ^^^^^^^,^^^ ^__^^^^ ^^^,,^^.^,^ .ursued, and forcibly impressed ^^ .'^'^^^J'^^,,,^,, ,s^^ as enabling tlu.u I advancing young men in T^^^'^X "hat e^- description. They are taught to take situations in a eountmg-house or oft ee of vvl^ 1^^^^^ ^^^^_^^^ ^^^^.^^ ^,^^^,, not only the everyday aifairs o \^:r'^2^^Zf^^^^^^ out accounts, calculate interest, draw bill , "m rs an ^^ ^^,^^^, ,, !„,,, l,y a regular system of ^-^^t''™"^'''"''-^" f ifbanking operations. On particular ra'nee, railroad business. ^^'^Pi;"^' ^^'^ 1 "fC l.elll en L.e, by one of the pro- days each ^veek, leetm.s are J^l';""^; ^^^l'^ ^^^ ,,,, i,„,.re of attending one of these fesBors,on eertain eommereml subjects. ^^ ;7;;^,!,,, ;,,ufied by the lucid explana- lectures (by Mr. R. M. Bartlett. of Cmemn ^^^^^ ^.^^^^ ,, ,,!> as the depo^il- tions he gave of banking «P;'-^>-\^- '"J^ ^^^ used in banks, and the relation each ledger, discount-ledger, and ^IJ^^^J^Jtl^ i,„,,u„ge that the dullest .tudent assistant has to particular books-all convey ei could comprehend it. ^m,.„os is an excellent one, and must tend great- The system, altogether, of eommercialeolUge^ is a^^^^^^ So much are they now in use, ly to the advancen.ent of the students who '^f^^^'^'' ^ ,uancan produce of his com 1, so highly valued, that one of the ^^;^f'::iZ:::T:.unn'^^ college. The .nereial ability, is to present lus ^M-lon m f on a I ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ .^ ^^^^ rcuirement. at some colleges are ^^ " ^^ ^ ' ;„a,., of diQerent eolleges. aceonn^lishmentsof their members, as w as in th^^^^ ^^^^ ^,^.. The periods to whieh .^---! ^^o Tcekrothers.^again, will take double tha. t:t::?u:L;riritrL::::ier.t their diploma .. .. l.ve reached the ^r;;!ii:^i;sti"=auend.^^^^^ ,avinghadthead.^ge.^aj^^^^^f--- tit them ^reon. repair to these colleges to «?'"P'*^*^;"'" . ^^^ j^^^^ said, much older in yeai-s, attend *t °,; sblH skev.^» .ceouut of the 6r». he... ATJOTION KOOMS AND AUCTIONEERS. ;:»r.r,;;r:» :/.a« "z.. ,»p...., ...>.. ««- ..-. -» >■- -- TRADE SALES — AN AUCTION IIOOM IN NEW YOllK. 31 rovo their .■I'ciul ftlu- ;norttnce of iiiged, tlml the instruc- L'liere is no ent— youi"^' tly, as, until y, wliicli is the college, it Cincinnati the method must pvovf, iibling thfUi y are taught entry, make nd the wliolo tends to insu- Jn particuliir e of the pro- ; one of these lueid exphuia ks the deposit- relation each luUcst student list tend great- ,' now in use, Acc of his com college. The tt'eveuce in the oUeges. upon the stu- ke double that ve reached the rniers, who, not ; public schools, t them for coni- in yeai-s, attend fieient in. er, to find every ne and all being c carried on in a igers to this coun- ild in the auction t) of it as their n, who have over- imjiorted, or with a bad prospect before them, or a lot of old stock on hand, tlirow them Milo tlie auction room to be sold for what they will bring, during liie terms of llie •■ Spring" and " Fall" seasons' trade. Tlie best wholesale and retail houses in New York, and in all parts, buy at these sales. Tiiere are auction rooms fur dry goods, others for books and stationery, others for hardware, and so on. Each auction room is filled with merchants or 9torekee|iers interested in the respective classes of goods to be sold. Thus, at a " Trade Sale," as it i" called, of books, for example, you will find books sent there by publishers in London, Boston, Philadelphia, and ISew York. The catalogues specify whoso books they are, state publishing i>rice, and how many copies there are of each particular book. At a book trade sale, all the leading booksellers in the country are drawn together, and there men meet who have not seen each other for ti months or more, and sometimes ac- quaintanceships are renewed or formed for mutual pleasure and advantage. To give an idea of tlie extent of business done at these sales, we may mention, that at the trade sale in September last, in New York, books were sold to the amount of no less than about $400,0()(», or £80,000, stg„ out of 145 invoices. The largest amount sent in by one house being f 20,000, or £4000 stg. The sale occupied 11 days, from 8, A. M., to 10, r. .M., showing an average amount of about £7*272 wortli of books sold every day The catalogue of all the works sent in for sale is ready, and in the hands of the trade, about a month previously. The largest number of copies of any one book sold, was 4000 copies. At that sale an oiler was made and refused for 200,000 copies of a particular spelling-book, at one-eighth of a cent less than the regular price. Inunense quantities (jf stationery are also sold at these sales. In no other congregation of individuals will be found such a heterogeneous mass of men from all parts of America, and belonging to all countries as is to be seen in the auction room. It has been often said that no place e.pials New York for its numerous specimens of such. If that be true, we should say that no opportunity for seeing such, is equal to that, when all are collected together in a dry goods auction sale-room, and all bent on the same -i.iect. About 11 o'clock in the forenoon, any day during the season of a fall or summer trade, •• will find an auction room in " full blast," with the cry of the nervous auctioneer as he .l.a.ters on the everlasting ditty of buy, buy, buy-up. up, up, up-in one incessant stream, until he is about gasping out his last breath. Around him, with memorandum book in left and pencil in right-hand, checking off the lots as they " go" and are " go-K " you will hnd the New York wholesale storekeeper alongside of those from all parts, extending from Montreal, in Canada, to New Orleans, Louisiana, or from Massachusetts in the east, to Mis- souri and Chicago in the west-aye, even as far as the shores of the Paeihc, There, all pitted a.raiust each other, you will find the business-like Englishman alongside of the high- blooded'" Mexican trader, the cautious Scotchmen making a bid after the volatile French- man ; the quiet down-oast Yankee alongside of the phlegmatic (ierman; the quick-tem- pered French Canadian beside the little wide-awake Jew, whilst Pat, honest fellow, assists to put away the lots as they are knocked down. There, between the cuj.idity of some, iealou'.y or ignorance of others, the auctioneer vests his hopes to realize a good price tor his employer, the importer. There, day after day, the same scene is to be seen ; the same play being performed, and during the process, thousands of dollars' worth of goods changing hands ai-d getting spread all over this mighty continent. The great factotum of the auction room, however, is the auctioneer. Upon him all eyes are fastened There he mounts the counter, eneiroled anud a bower of silks, satins la- ces, and ribbons, all hanging around him, suspended from the iron rods above, on which the goods are placed as they are knocked down. There he stands, with pencil and book in hand-in shirt sleeves-without collar and handkerchief, so as to have free scope for his vocal powers, in his everlasting prattle. .,.-!.. ^ You need not suppose that he is gifted with much eloquence, or that he is a fit represent- ation of the departed George Robins, of Covent Garden renown, in his descriptive powers ; .,. oxno,.t to hear that eternal " iroin,^" " once," " twice," " thrice," and waiting for a bid. in order to assist off the goods under review, and ending up with - going," and "gone. THE AUCTIONEER-TKADE WITH CANADA. 82 „„.ev...U..vo.,.nU,or;UeA.eH.n.u...^^^^ everlasting;. bre«tlun,',gaBim.,^..ttv '''' '^^^^^ ^J^^,^^,^^ ,,,,,^u. ui- «nd down cry with only ono ..liloHuy-und U.ut. ono " ^ "'^jj:^^^^^^^^ f..o,a E Hut to -2,l504 ' TliuH it will he seen that while tiic importution of (ioods from (Ireat Drilain int() Cunadtt hos oMHiderahlv diminisluMi, the tnxle from the llnited States has ineieased euormoi.slv. _ Tho expo'rts from Caiiadu also keep pace with tiio imports, as will bo seen by the toUowing :— In IS.-.;! the total exjiorts amounted to ...... . ••••■•• ; ■ • • ii3.«tJl."'0O )f which were scut to (iivat Itritahi. ll,K;.-.,tot ; and to tho Lnitcd States, H,'JJ0,abO. for tlie past year, ls.-,t!, tiio total exports from Canada amounted to JJ.OlT.UiO Of whicii was exjiorled — To (ireat Hritain, lo, li;7,744 ; to the United States 17,079,752. , Thus in four years, there was a decrease ot exports to Great Britain of . . . . 09->.«"2 Wiiile our exports to tiie United States have increased »,04.5,.57 The following exhibits the value of imports at one port alone, viz., Montreol, for the past four S''" 113,^20.150 I 1«55 ^^-'T^"'"^* The following are a few of the leading articles imported into Canada from the United States during the past year :— Paper ^f'^-^ Paper Hanging. ''''-"^ Piirasols and UmhroUus ],•'„„ Silks 4l,".)3ti nU^« 10'> !'•'.» Straw Goods !•». '■ - Si)irits of Turpentine nn- atH Articles not enumerated 30i),404 Cotlee 'iH'lf. Cigars 7;..740 -Molasses 42V12 Wines and Spirits '!.i?/^.,„ Sugar, all kinds ^'Vll Hro Dried Fruits If.J'^O Pimento. Alisiiiceand Pejiper .r'^. , Cassia and Tea ^'I'^^li'^'i Tobacco '^0a.:S4 liiooms 'ZOyb^S Candles ^^^^ Carpets 2J,yb8 Clocks and Watches ^51,056 Clothes, ready made lo;),324! Combs and Brushes 80,200 Cotton Manufactures 071,136 Drugs and Medicines 215,280 Fancy Goods 14C,870 Glass. ii3,G20 Glassware 108,300 Huts and Caps, not fur 230.448 India Rubber '^VyH* Iron and Hardware 1.401,048 Jewelry and I'hite 80,436 Leather Boots and Shoes 350,048 Leather "O.OSO Do. Tanned 204,832 Machinery 344,000 Musical Instruments 141,001 Od "^I'^-O Oilcloth 07,312 ATES. hilftt that from in tables which i the extent and 131,081,436 40,520,324 30,086,1'"^ was.. 43,584,384 from the United MECHANICAL BAKERIES. Such is the title given to wholesale bread manufactories, where the greater portion of the work is performed by machinery. As a most decided improvement upon the old system of men baking with their hands, and tramping the dough with their bare feet-not, per- haps, at all limes so clean as they ought to be-has induced us to notice one of those establishments which we saw in operation whilst at Cincinnati. We may observe that Mechanical Bakeries are established in several of the large cities, and, although they rnay not in some cases, as yet, have succeeded in turning out such great quantities of bread as their projoetors anticipated, vet. we feel satisfied, they will extend, not only in increase of business of those already started, but that every large city will, in the course of time, have it i 84 BAKING MY STEAM^UE AUTOMATON OVEN. „d„,tcratoa l.rcu.l. n.u.lo of . .e Ih.I "-"•''"';; '"'.'^.'Ja,! ....'..f ,t. khul. 11 w... staH.a la.. July Ly. we l-dicvo, a co„.,.a..y ..f fouv B ^ ^"' '^^ ^,^ ,^,, „.,„..,.,, .1th two ■. canny; Scotolnnon .-r ,,a. ";;;--• :;V.t^; 1 1!^,,, ^ Manehe^tor .a... ,,,„L ,hun a haking ..tahU.lnn..nt '^'^If^^'' ^'^^^.I^^^mL^ a« ..Ih. ^vh.,lo.ale. Up H.ah. tluTO are three th.o... J'^' ^^'^ ,^ ^^,.,,, „,, ,,, ,„-.x.1, tl.y flour and other in^rclionl. for nnx.ng are kep AfU. o u t ^^..^,^ arc emptied into the baking, or, ruthw. l^"-' '■'«•''"; ;> ;,;. \i ,.,,.;,..e 1. it. internal .hnplc .naehin.ry. kneads ^^^ ^''^^ ^l^A^^ - »>'- >-l^' '""• capubh. of kneading ten barrel. ..f Hour .n twenty "'>""^;»- f '^ ,^„ ■ ,, u.o dough, ready for being baked in.;, h-ave. .t . ;^;^^S\::Z,l ,,utn totl. bottom of the .naehine, in quantU.e. "«;"''^^''^;. ^ ' ^ "^^^^^r^..^ pound, eaeh, weigh..! floor below, where the dough i« eut into quant tes ^^^^^^^^^^ ,, „,.^ „,, Off. and fonned into the .hape of h-avos. a« --^^ ; ^ ^ ", ' ^,, ,, ^oll round Ind plaeing dough i. ..nly handled by the baker, -'-''f^";^^; "";'[,: ,,„„ of hd.our i« e.fec....l. the.n in the loaf-pans, ready f.-r , e oven. Ihu. -^ '^^^^^ ^jf., j,,, ,f kneading, and and the dough not onco touehed by hand, or feet in the wno. i only touehed when Bhaping it into loave.. a. w'e '"^J^' ;;^;'', ^^ ^^ ^^,,^,,1 ,.„„,,„,.„- i U.e oven de,,artn..nt there ^^;^--^^;^:^]^:[^^^.^. iabour re. uir.. tively with the kneading proee.s. fro.n the fact ^^^^^' ^„ , ^^.,,^,„ ,,„.iy. about oven, further than n.erely pu...ng u. '^-^^ ' ^^. :;^ After the bead i«nH.uld..d But that even. i.> the Meehaniea Bakery. . ^^-^^^'> .^ ! "^'^J Jl,,aining about thir.y into shape, and put into pans, they are plaeed on r^]^-^ ^^.u. at a given ioave. The tray i. then plaeed on a -^-'"f /" j^'"/;*^^;;; ';il ^.e in ide of the oven ... .gual. the door .drawn up^ t^c, U.y. ^^^^^'^^^^^t , ,, ,,„,ie. Kegavding the earriage. and the d..or fall. doNvn ^enuj following de- the oven-whieh i. eorreetly named the ^^^^^^^'^l^Z^Z^^ the estabr.hn...n. : Bcription of it and it. working, as eui-phe. to u. ^J « f J ! ^\,^,^ j„ ,,,, i,,,,,,,,.., and h. .•The oven is upright, it ha. it. foundatu.n and hea u.g f"-^| j' ^.,,,,,,,,.,,,1 f,,,,. doors in the first and seeond stories. The <^""^' ^^ ''"l,; ^^^J^ l.^,; l!; „„ U.e fir. them on both these floor, when "' f""/'!-''-" ° \, '^^J^, 1;\,^ floor, ascend through the oven, and d.seharge the "^^^^^ -;; '^ ,,,^ „^,,„ ,„„,,,, s:;r;= ;;;:s: :oven . t. . — . ;^;::^;;-z:i;^'''^'' but the speed is regulated by the s.ze o ^^^^^ ^ j.„„, „ , ,„d a half The eapaeity of one "bakmg ear is "f ^ j^^^^^^ ^..^^^.a at any degree of heat eaeh. The temperature of the oven i. -"^''•'"' ^f^,^^.; ^^ ten.perature to the attend- neeessary. by dan.pers. Thermometer, in ^l^'^A^^^^ev bu ned or under-done, ants. The loaves are all baked preei.ely "I'^C and ne i er ^^^^^^^^ The temperature for baking in the 7t"7*^;^,^^; ;';; ;„rning the bread to a ein- Idgher than ean be used in «'-»— ^^'^^^^^^^^^^^ penetrating, and not raw der; because the hot air in a c^"^'"^^' ^^^^'^^^^^ ' .^ ^^ fi^e is in the oven itself, and and seorehing like the heat "' -\«f ""^'^ ^^ ; ^^^ i^g it to the impurities of dust, acts directly on the bread -'"> ^^^^^^^ ^, :t ^^rfLad in it. onl above ^^ smoke, etc. The oven being npright with ^- f^^^ '^ ,,,^ f^^mented dough ■ tack ot tte oven, .ud amy te ««« .-^t »» «.■» •«~°'' «""• MKCIIANICAL BAKKUIK3. WHO AUE YANKKES. 85 nmp, nnd tiii- ic iiiaiiiii'r, ilml. 11 wii* (1 AlIlfl'H'allrt, iciil iimiuigvr. chenttT wave- with the ciilf^ nil tts well 111* I the stock o( II iiiixfd, liny ; dowly, Willi Is niuchino U in« inuilii into ij)cniii(i; lit llic re taken to the cncli, wt'i(?lu(l liit* in'oei'ss, tlio ml and i)laoiii!,' jouris ftlVctcil, kiieudiiig, and "ectod etmiiinrii- labour I'Liiuirod I," when ready, read is uiouldid ;ifr ubout tliirty vheii, at tt given le of the oven (in gie. llegavding 10 following de- eslablifhnient ; jasenient, and its diseharged from ded on the tilbl )nd floor, and the [he oven eontain* at the same linie. non sized loaves; iir baking, pound and a half ly degree of heat lire to tlie attond- or under-done. 3 hundred degrees le breod to a ein- ating, and not raw he oven itself, and niimrities of dust, one above another, e fermented dough niproved in flavor, Altogether it U a nu.st my«terlou»-lo.)klng operation, and from the fact of no on* handling or a.M-ting the bread into tlic oven, or out of it, opening and shutting the own door., ami travelling of thoearriages-all moving a. If hy el.,ek-wurk, and y.t doing tn.t lurl.e. ly l,y maehinery whieh U not always done m, by human han.l*-we think it well deserve* Iho name of the " Automaton Oven." When In " full l-lant." the bakery ean hake no les. than '250 harrel* of flour per day Into bread At ..ur visit, the eslabli^hment had ju.t newly started, but, even then, was .lolng u lar.'.' l.uMuess. their bread being Hold In bhops in dilVerent parts of the elty. \\\\h hi.'hly e.mnnendable straightforwardness, the eompany invite the pubhe to ea 1 anU H..0 the wln.le o,.eratlon-the .juality of lh,ur. whieh is the besl-and .ill ollnr ingredient*, BO that they nuiy have every confldenee In what Is m.pplled. One part of the arrangenn.nt, wo understood, was not con.,dete when we were there, vl/.. : that of euttlng and weighing off the quantity of dough for eaeh loaf. It was then done by hand and a pair of .eale.. but wo understand that it will bo. (If not by thU time.) cut olf and weighed by maehinery Olso. 80 that mathematieal preelslo.i in weight will be obtained, and greater speed in pr.> parlng the dough for the pans. Every description of bread is made, from " crackers" to large loaves. An inspection of the rules of the establishment, as to ehewing t..baeeo. drinking, aud cleanliness, show that the proprietors arc up to. If not a Utile a-head of, the times We observe that their price for a 28 oz. loaf Is 5 oonts, or about 2K (*t«.). ^^^ C-as/i. for which only they deal. WHO ARE YANKEES? Many wo think, use the word Yankee, without knowing its exact meaning, whilst other* apply it'v ith reference to the whole American people, when they designate them, \ an- '"Tccording to the last American authority, ^Veh.ler. the meaning of the word Yankee stands thus- " A corrupt pronunciation of the word J^nyli.h by the native Indians of Ame- "Trim the fact that the English first landed in New England, the word Yankee thus be- ,un,e applicable to them, and it still retains, to this day, its significance as a term appl.ca- V.lll .ho belong to the New England States, and to them only. To a,>p y he nam^^ of Yankee to all Americans, wherever situated, is an error. Just as well may the hgl- Id " of Scotland, be considered a " cockney," or a " John Bull." as to suppose an inhabit- o the Northern States of America, to be a " Yankee." It is the New Lnglanders. le who are considered Yankees-although the term, altogether, is one of a convention- al naUire, and very often applied to any thing supposed to be of very speculative, doubt- fill, or dodging character. rs, is placed on the 86 WATEB a™ water DRINK^G-rmNKi™ CISTOMS, WATER AND WATER DRINKING. ■„, M.»cl,»tor, (E»s.,) «1.™ !■• '^"""'''.°' " '; ..;,„. „hen thirsty-.. ,..«ticc, «o From all we have .eeu at pubhc as w U "M--^^ ^J^^ „^ „•„,„, „„a, alto- ^r ::: ;:^r rsr .tr;.::^^:. w .... .a...... . .. time, it is tl>ore-at tea, or .upror, ngaiu ^^^^^^ onlv-along with their eatables. t,e large hotels who ta.e ^^^;^:::Z:t^X^^^ to .ec^ with so many who These are, of eourse, exeeptions-stiU we have ^^^ ^^^^^^^_ do so. Some, again, ta.e co^ ^^^^;^ ^t Vim ev, and eonse.uent perspira- Whether it is the nature of the ^^'^'''y'l ^.^^^ ,,, u certainly enor- tion, we know not ; but the consun^txon -;;- f f f ^ ^^J'^, /„ ,,,, „„ pens and ink nite^:ui:r ;r?r : :=^r ::£ ania tumb.. . . h^dy comer for the day's consumption. Workshops are f "l^-^'lj^ ^"PlJ^^^^^ ,^^^,^,,,,_ j^ New York, no bet- ihe quality of the water consumed differs md.ffuentloea^^^^^ ^^^^ ^__^^^^ ter wat'er could be desired ^1- - <' -ed fu- ^^^^^^ works. In other cities, on the sea-board, it is ^^^.^^ZnZ part . At Cincinnati, how- Proceeding West, to the Ohio di.tnct, l^ - "^^^^ ^ "^ J^^^^^^^^ ,, ,.,q,,ntly almost ever, for instance, ^^^ ^^^^Z^^^^^^ - ^^ ^^^ S^^" ^ "^ unfit to drink-unfiltered, but when niter , ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ farther West to the Mississippi, ag.in, t'^^^^^/^A^J^" ;;,., ^^.^.i to be careful in par- well as purity. So much is that the ^-'^''^^ ^^^f" L • \he most staunch tee-to- ,Uing of it So pow^fj. . 1. .n its ^^^^^^ ,^^ ,^, .. ,.,,, ,eer" of the taller would not, for health s sake, oe i _^ Waters." All up and down Germans, than run the risk of ^^f^^^^^^^l ^^ ^^^^^ are stationed in' towns, the the Mississippi it IS the same ^^/"^^^^^^^^^^^ , ^„„„er, or resident in the country, water is. in general, --^"7;,.;"/^;"::;Xeau easily supply himself with pure a,ua n:" r;: := ^X^^^y ^he Wlordf and included in his estimate of ^Ibe consumption of water. ^ sutmner, ^-:-;;2;j:r ^ ^^s^ ^ ^^^^ or cool the ground in front of the houses - «^ « J^J S^^* '^^^^ J,^ ,, „, ,,tent un- in that respect-by means of hose, -^"--^ to the mams is a ,^ ^^ ^^^^ •.„own in Britain For im^^^^^^^^^^ ;:::::eT::er^>a^^^ 'r sltXtnain hours are fixed, after which no water is allowed to be used in the manner described. DRINKING CUSTOMS. ,,t,,....ov.«™rH».l..v..na»v.»«..to-cc,«r>.ttJ.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ torn in A.„.,ica, i. in th« «on...«,p.ion of c«iJ "»'-• ] .J w 1..1<1 • J, «.. .l.l.o..gl. THE DRINKING CUSTOMS OF AMERICA. 37 ed to be used in average amount consumed, in either England, Scotland, or Ireland The 'l''mk,ng eu. Is Ir the n.ost part, are eonfinod to drinking whilst standing at the bars of he hot and Irinking-saloons-Brother Jonathan perfonning that operation deeidedly fast A a . ne rule there is none of that sitting down to brandy and water, or 'punch and ' , s n a 'afterno.,n after dinner, or in tbe evening, which is to be seen m the snuggenes • London, nor yet those jollifications over whisky-toddy, which are too eommon m bco - " Hi Jo -er the grog or '' potheen" in Ireland. Nothing of the sort. After dmner, Jona- il off to have a smoke and a read of the newspaper, and thenee to business, w.th- o:;; as a glial rule, tasting one drop of liquor. He has neither the time nor the mchna- '"Ifter business hours at night, there is not that amount of frequenting " howfs" or pet- hot wS is common, amongst young men in business in the large e.t.es and owns n OreatBriait. Tl^Hv...ostp.^b^^^ ir rfetvf s -rbef^'ti:: L.^:.^ P^L to dr^k at the bar. standing. The, order what they want, swallow it at one breath, and off they go. TeTeatest cause which we ean assign for the undoubted temperance of the Amen- canlpl as a w,,„le. consists in the detestation with which they look upon drunkenness „ Iviee and the care they exercise against indulging in it, from prudential motives. En ro;e:s are more parLular, probably, about the sober habits and ^t-dy coii - of an a«s stant than any other qualification-for what they term his being a reliable man th i" one thin, more than another, which will make them doubt a man's capabili t e hem f illy, it is hisinebriety of character, well knowing as tbey do -^ drink being so cheap here, that if a man gets to use it frequently, and begins to like it, he is going fast on the high road to destruction. drinkin" Brought up with sueh ideas and habits themselves, and ^^^S'^V w muclf a In's tl^^^ customs with something like fear and trembling, -^^^.^"-7= ^;™tL seTrtioi and consists in his being a strictly sober man, they are particularly --^"^^^ ^^^^ J^;' conduct of the assistants they employ, to see that they are of ^^^'^'f'^^'^^^^^^^^^^ remain so. Men lose situations here, from no other cause than being ^''''^'' ''^ 2ll^\ Ihe bar, or a drinking-saloon, too often, although they may be steady enough at their bu.- "Siere is no doubt, after all, that there is, probably, far too much drink -n-med in this cointrv Zticulari; in sea-port cities, where sea-faring men come in contact with the co:lVeiarlrats. and also'about the drinking.aloons of the hotels, when salesmen or merchants meet their country customers there. As we have said elsewhere, lager beer, a light description of home-brewed beer is tilled, i!. the shape of whisky, from Indian corn, rye etc., and sold at a mere p pint. Wholesale price, 35 cents (or 1.. U stg.) per gallon Drink is not sold at the bar at so much per meas«re-bu ^^/^^fj;.;; P^^^;^^ to help yourself-into a tumbler-unless you wish any of the /^ ^^ "^^7;^^,^ up sling," ''brandy smash," "whisky skin," etc., etc. In that ca,e, they are mixeU p ready for you, and charged accordingly. A^prioan neoole we may As connected with the use of non-intoxicating liquors by the Am r can p^op^^^^ Y mention as a fact-differing so much as it does from ^I'e c"stons n Ore , where beer, ale, "stout," or wine form almost 'f-P-^^^^^^^^^tr^^^f^'ner tables table-that, in America, nothing of that sort is ever to be ^^f-'^^l'^^^J^l , spirituoa. in private houses-but tea or coffee (generally tea) takes the place of malt or spirituo REFRESHING DRINKS-THE ICE TRADE. 33 „„„„, „.., . „„. „, ,„ ,. ,»„« ;-■-:::';:: si^r.:;.^"-: "-«*"- Bisted to a glass of ale or w.ne. lo ho ^^^ant, , ^^^.^,,.,„i ,,,t ukely to the family table. REFRESHING DRINKS IN HOT WEATHER. T„..ranger,lnpa..gthro.ghanyofthela.,e«n.^^^^^ .tore, of the cheun.ts cvo.-cUhI ^vith pavl.es, -^'"';;; ^'^ J "J^^ ;,,,., ^j^r.ell, at f.o.n 3 to such places to unatf the clelieious y -»\^-'";S * ^ ;;;:„, , .^.dty of native .ines 5 cents per glass. These consist of a nnxurc of .oda "tj - 1 J^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^,^,^^_ or unintoxicating cordials, either of .vh.ch, --J^^^^^^i'.^.dies and gentlemen, and, cing, and refreshing drink. U is surprising to see the " "^" ^ ^ ^.^^^vc fitted up in ■n ftct, all classes, .vho stand -u>.3the handsome mar le^ ^^^a once, paying their 3 such places, getting a tumbler ^«s filled "P- ^ -J ' ^ "^^ ,^ ,,,,,,,,,, one lad in or 5 cents, and departing. The consumption of such be^uag each chemist's store attending to the fountain alone ^^^ .^^^ .^ .^ ^^^^ ^^ The soda ^vater is kept in large vessels undern ath ^^^^^Th ' tumbler containing the to the fountain and thei-e supplied through a silver tap into the tumb cordial to be mixed with it. THE ICE TRADE. 1-1, strikes the stranger from Great Britain, on his visiting One of the many things which stiikes ^''^ ^ '""S j ^^^^^^^^ ^^onths this country for the first time, is the ti.fiie wh.h ^^^l^e I in winter. in the article of iee-one as necessary ^'J.— J' ";; ^ ^v public companies. In every The trade is carried on by private mdividua 2:.^l ^Z^^.^^^^^^..^^ Uie streets in a :;r^:;:r ;::r:;i:^"-X-^ L article msmaU .nantlties to the poorer classes in the ^f^^^'^^^^:;^, „, « wholesale, retail, and for ex- In the cities of the seaboard ^-^ / ;;^„,3,, .delusively, sending ship-loads portation." Some are engaged in the ^ "1 P'"^ "\ . . ,^„ ^^,,^,^^ .Uilv appreciated. ^f it to the West Indies and other tropical «l™f -"J ^'f ^ ^ ' 1° ^ ,, ,,,,\J thick, and In the cities, the carts go round with "7^ ° ^^ ;^'^^;;';: .^^ canvas covers over about from 22 to 27 inches in length -^ ^^"^ ' ;. Jj';;; ^ ,, eontinues gradually to the baker does with bread, and, carrying up a '-^^ «[-;•;* P ^ j^ of calipers, door. The difficulty of handling the ice ^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .^taehed to them, it is .vhieh stick into the block o"-<^V'^"l 2 door tL customer, it is left there at carried up or down stairs. Thus deposited "^^ f fj /Jj^^^^^ Msrisk,andifhedoesnotlookaaeri^soon^^ina^^l^^^^^^^^^^^ its original element, and run off. ^^ e '^''\'''^'y^l' ,^i,atever, but what has its de- „ot a counting-house, store, bank, °7">7 ^^/^^^^^^^^^^^ .vhich is placed in a livery of ice every morning, and put into t^« ^f ^ J^ , , ^.^ ,„,„„„„ ,„pply for CUTTING OUT THE ICE— ICE-HOUSE AT KOCKLAND LAKE. 39 TOuld be as- ewhat pecu- not likely to " bottle," on will find the ivation, fly to , ftt from 3 to native wines cool, efferves- ■ntleinen.and, L-e fitted up in jaying their 3 IS, one lad in ich it is led up containing the on his -visiting iummer months inter, nies. In every the streets in a mall quantities ail, and for ex- iding ship-load3 uly appreciated, nches thick, and ivas covers over ues gradually to ay makes one al- i as regularly as he outside of the ; pair of calipers, ed to them, it is t is left there at at it has gone into ite family almost, , -what has its de- lich is placed in a nnmon supply foi' they pay 10 cents iw York, can fully oons it is used in covered up in ice houses, on the banks of rivers generally, for the convenience of transport- ation to the large cities by water. iireservcd, w ell The above engraving represents a scene in winter at one of the largest company's depots, viz Rockland Lake, which is situated about one mile distant from the River Hudson, al- though in apart of the country 250 feet above the level of that river. The instruments used in cutting out the ice, are termed ice planes, or cutters, and ice ploughs, with which the fields of ice are marked off and cut into squares, and from there stored in large ' barns, or ice-houses, one of which wil- be seen in the above view. Home of those storehouses contain as much as 60,000 tons, where the blocks are built up in regular order and covered over with long grass, saw-dust, shavings, etc., to preserve it from the external heat of summer. The ice-house represented above was built to contain 20,000 tons Some idea of this trade may be formed, when we state that about $10,000,000 is employed 40 CONSUMPTION OF ICE-BAILBOADS IN AMERICA. .„ », >„ .,»««. ,«« ol «.o SU.e. F... M„™. puHUUea » to .„. »„».»P«o„, « find that in one year it ^vas estimated as follows:- Boston New York. . . Philadelphia Biiltiinoro... "Washington .tons. 60,000 3O0,0iX» .'.iiiii.OOO ■■■'.. 4-'.,000 , , ...tons. in.OfiO Charleston 1,-),(mii) Mobile 4u,o(i0 New Orleans „-,_,„„i St. Louis '.'..'.'........ 2")iii00 aoioooicincinnati. one day. RAILROADS IN AMERICA. T„. B..sh traveller, on goin, over the ^^ZX^^^^^' .ith the construction of the :V^^^;^lXl^:J^ the lines, that fir. balla.t- Bueh as cars, etc. He will miss all the ^f ^^r^' ,^^^ ^.^tu locked gates-at which ing of the road, those solid stone or brick ^-^^^^^ l'^-^. array of porters yol can neither get out nor in till you -7\!7;^^ "J^^t.^.^gteen cloth, with chronomc L suits of olive green corduroy, -^ f^'^^^^^;!;; ;™^ ?,„t. to be seen in America, ter and whistle slung over their shoulders. Tj-je ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^„, j,^ through For the most part, the whole train dashes along '"° f^ J^^'^^^^^.^^.tic of the country, forests and swamps, with all the freedom -^ -^^P^^^^J^ ' a ng the line, the "cow- If an unfortunate cow should happen to be t*k ng an amn a g _^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ catcher" lifts her off her legs before she knows whe ^ ; -^ ^^ .^ ^ ..^ry. if she cry from the locomotive, to get out of the ^^y. ^^^ ,,^^^^^, ^^ The stranger is apt to find fault, "^^ P-'^^^^^^Xng as we ave said, so firmly made line of rails, on many of the lines-and ew of ^^^^^^^t tldsis very apparent, and not or ballasted as the lines in Great Britain. In -^^^^^^ ,;";;;; ^y Lining wooden only in the laying of the rails, but in the construction of . e y e™ W - ^.^^^ ;iges-the Ld P0I7 of building whi^^^^^^^^ ,,,,,,,,,,, ::^^^::^;^r;S:;:t:tnr::^ ease if ..erent-such Unes more resembling, in substantiality, British made railroads ^^ ^^^^ There is only one way, ^^^^^^^^l ifa^f ^fl less than Jo.OO in roads of ^he two countries. If not mistaken tnere .^.^p^red with that in Britain ; the construction of every mile of rnuroad in the Uiuted Stat^^,^^^^^^^^^^^^ that is to say, that the average cost of -^^ ^^/^ ^^ ^ /^^^^^^ the sum of £.5.400 about £5,460, whereas every mile in Gr at f "^"^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ J,,ee in the cost of the (^nV.OOO), making, as we have ^';^^2f2^Z^Z constructed here, together railroads of the two countries. M doubt tl^^^^^Sl^/^" ^ ^.^^ ^^^^^, ^he double lines of ^ith the free grants of land ought -";J;-^;;^^ ^^"]„tk^^ ^oads have cost a trifle in rail in Britain cost, still it is quite evident ^^'''^J'^'^^^^ . ^^^.^ican railroads are comparison to those there, and hence we t'""k; t^;; ~ not so substantially built as they woiild ^^c been hacU . a^^^^ I ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ „oney been spent upon them - - *«- ^^^^ ^ the onrtruction of railroads, but that, .vhich the lines pass, were a heavy item «? «^P«^ « ^^^ j ^^^. j.^^^,, „,,i the extra r:," -in rr:r;ri:r..x:r;:tu x. .... .» ...»».a .. . " t c.v» th. extent of territory the, h.ve done, we do u.t ... ho. «.. .V»..no™ -^ COST OF BKITISH AND AMERICAN BAILROADS. 41 ow tl'.e Americans could have done otherwise. They were determined to open up tlieir country, to give their peo- ple in distnnt parts the benefit of railroad locomotion, ond if it was not to be had in so Bubstantiul a manner as in Great Britain, they appeared to make the most of tlieir capital— whether it was borrowed or not. The construction of many of their bridges seems to be the greatest error they have made ; but experience is now showing them, that the sooner they replace all wooden ones with iron or stone, the sooner will their lines pay better dividends, and afford more public confidence. In 1853, they had then in progress of completion, no less than 12,681 miles of railroad, in addition to which they had 13,266 miles actually in operation, the latter being close upon as many miles as was in operation over all Europe at that time— wliich was 14,142 miles. Since then, we find that, at the commencement of 1858, they had in operation, no less than TWEXTY-six thousand tsvo hundred and TEX MiLra of railroad, the average cost of wliich per mUe, is estimated about $35,000 (£7,000), and that the total cost of the 20,210 miles opened was $919,990,516, or £183,998,103, or say, in round numbers, £184,000,000 sterling. ^, ■ • Had they constructed their lines on the same expensive scale as those of Great Britain, it would have taken the sum of about £918,523,800 stg.— a sum, we presume, not likely to liave been raised for tlie construction of railways, alone, in America. The conclusion, therefore, seems to us to be, that had the Americans not built tlieir roads as they nave done, thousands of miles of country now opened up, and thousands of acres now under cultivation, and yielding crops, would have been still dreary prairies or forests, with a poor probability of the country advancing as it has done. Taking, therefore, every thing into account— how they had money to raise-the distance they had to bring much of their iron (in bringing it from Great Britain)-the high price of their labour— and the immense territory they have covered with the iron net work— it is only another proof of that indomitable, thorough going " go-ahead" character of the people, in accomplishing what they have done, and, considering all these things, will assist us to account, why it is that their roads are not so well built as those of Great Britain and Ireland. . , According to the American Railroad Journal, wc find that "the total receipts of the roads will probably reach, $120,000,000 (or £24,000,000 sterling,) and that the net receipts will probably reach, at least, 5 per cent on their entire cost." One fact connected with railway travelling, in America, is that you may travel over some thousands of miles, and never pass through a solitary tunnel, the whole of the roads being chiefly laid in the valleys of hilly parts of the country. Amongst other officers connected with railways may be mentioned The Master of Transportation, who is intrusted with procuring and accommodating the trade and travel of the line with the rates of fares, the getting up of time tables, the running arrangements, and other details connected with the proper working of the line. The Master of Maehinery, who has the full superintendence and control of all matters relating to purchasing, building, repairing of the locomotives and cars, and general rolling plant of the line. , The Master of the Road, who has the general charge of all matters relating to the metals sleepers, bridges, tunnels, and, in fact, all the buildings on the line-providing water-and other duties essentially necessary for the efficient working of the road. Having thus noticed the plant, construction, and management of the bne, we will now notice a little of the « rolling stock," and its management. First, then, we will notice tlie railroad carriages. RAILWAY CARS. The "carriages" of Great Britain are styled "cars" in America. Here they are dif- ferently constructed. Instead of the small compartments for 6 first-class, or 8 or 10 second-class passengers, as in Britain, the whole car inside is an open space, as a saloon- il^^laii 42 THE AMEIUCAN KAILKOAD PASSENGER CARS. Tl,P seats are arranged on eaeh side of the pas- carriage Up the centre there is a passage. The seat ^^^^^^ ^^^ .^ passengers "e L fittll up handsomely -^^^^TZT tt:^ ^ ^ .eats are n.ado to turn right in eaeh seat. By an ingenious eontn ance, t. <. . ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^,,.,,, „ .^ry over tl>e seat, tiu.s 2 passengers ean sit v,it - ^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^te.. etc. Uandy ^vhen 4 of a party ^vish to talk og^ J^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^,„j. j, the corner The ihole interior fittings of the cars are ^^^^'^ ^ater-closets, etc. On some hues j all carriages there is a private f ^"ng aloon, v^i n ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^.^ ^^.^^^ tre is one for ladies and another ^^:;^::^Z. .here there is a platform extend- . to 60 passengers. Almost an uic i THE AMERICAN RAILKOAB PASSENGER CAR. orprter ease and safety tnau trnvel with safety, so lasi S "kthat the British railroad -"'-g-of ;-\ ,„„,truetion of the road andj^^e or swing round a little iu tunuug « jv ^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ,„, ^,.1, n^ore cor. built on the American model, would CARS OF AMERICA AND ENGLAND— THE LOCOMOTIVE. 43 Bide of the pns- 6r 2 passengers Je to turn right !, which is very , chess, etc., etc. In the corner On some lines Bonvcys from 60 platform extend- . Dther, and -with the age is thus formed roughout the -whole can stand up and— line driver, and thus ded, and passengers 1. This is rather an of the English rail- aud have the whole driver could he com- lat nature -which oc- excepting emigrants, at they are arranged he average length of jarriages on the Glas- \ there. The body of 4 -wheels— {2 at each re is thus a free space be car thus placed on ver curves with much In fact, -we do not so fast in this country of the road, and the ng no room to " play." igain. we fancy, that a ,y, and much more Bafe- ly, -when going round some of those heautiful sharp curves which occur here and there on some British lines, or in " going over the stones" on such as the line from Penniston to Shef- field, or from Bishopstoke to Salisbury (Eng.). The external appearance of the ears are exceedingly plain— and, on entering for the first time, one is not prepared to find them so handsomely fitted up as they are. For our part we prefer these saloon-carriages, so well and comfortably fitted up, to even some of the first-class carriages in Britain, with their compartments of six each, where, ten chances to one, if you can get a seat, without being half suffocated with heat from windows being closed, or with tobacco smoke, from, perhaps, 2 or 3 cigars blazing away beside you. Whereas, to compare the best 2d-clas8 carriages in Great Britain with the ears in this country, is out of the question-setting aside altogether, the intolerable nui- sance which the non-smoking public in England feel, in being compelled to travel, as it mi.'ht be in a small, crampcd-up smoking saloon, with, sometimes, the smokers not over eiv^l or agreeable, even when females are present. For ourselves, we would rather pre- fer some of the emigrant cars here to such 2d-class carriages as are to be found, for m- stance on the London and South-Wcstern Railroad, between Portsmouth and Southamp- ton where an ordinary sized man cannot sit upright with his hat on, far less stand up m one' Such cramped-up dog-kennels as these, and some of the old 2d-class carriages on the London and North-Western, and other lines, are unknown in this country. The only foult the cars here have, is in the winter season when the stoves, which are then placed in them are over-heated, sometimes, making them uncomfortable in that respect, a fault, howe'ver which does not rest with the construction of the car, so much as m the misman- agement,' or over-heating of the stove, in the same manner in which the Americans over- heat their houses in winter, rendering them uncomtfortably hot for British visitors. Whilst travelling on the cars here, strangers are cautioned to keep their arms and heads inside the cars, as, possibly, when exposing them outside, the train may pass a bridge, or pile of wood, where there is no room to allow for passing such with safety with any part of the bodv thus exposed. Standing on the platform outside, between the cars, is also for- bidden, as; in that case, the mpany w^U not be responsible for any accident which may happen when parties are standing there. THE LOCOMOTIVE. The railway engine is, of course, similarly constructed to those of Great Britain, as a locomotive must be pretty much the same in all parts of the vorld. The engines of America are characterized by great expense being put on external painting and deco.-ation of the body and finishing of the outward working parts. A large amount of bright pol- ished iron, steel, and brass-work is to be seen about all American-made engines, us can be seen in strong contrast on the Great Western Railway of Canada, for example, where some Newcastle or Manchester-made engines are running. Their dirty, dark-green hue forms any thing but a pleasing contrast to the bright polished work of the American engine. The most prominent features in appearance, however, is in the chimney adopted in this country, which is certainly more useful than ornamental, and yet, it is about as handsome as the plain straight up-and-down chimney pots on the engines of the Caledonian Railway (Scotland). The peculiar form of the American chimney is necessary, on account of burn- „g wood and the quantity of sparks which fly up the inner funnel, but which are cai^ht at the top, by whal is called the " spark arrester," which forms a part of the outside fun- nel seen io view. So that, after all, there is utility if there is not ornament in the said un- gai'nly-looking funnel referred to. A bell is attached to all engines, which is rung by a rope fn the hand of the driver as he starts, or is about to stop, or when passing over cross- "raVi^provement upon the " spectacles" of the British railroad engine for the prot.c. tion of driver and stoker from the wind and weather, the covering of the American engine TrZi d cidedlv superior, protecting on all sides, as well as from above, the driver and 44 THE AMERICAN EAILBOAD LOCOMOTIVE. . u ^„^ Vpf po it. is found, that where a cow, sheep, or sundry animals which come in its way. Y«t ;« , ^^ '^l' .^ ^,,,, contact against ox, for instance, would be certain ^^•"^f *° ^;^^;\' ' "^h;^^^^^^ cow-catcher, on the th perpendicular front of the engine, ^^en flying along the rail ^^ ^^ ^^ THE CONDUCTOR AND NEWSMAN. 45 \ and yet v?lth • of the British lape and huge lives of all the W H O J*. o o o >J p -I". o Pi t^4 W a lere a cow, sheep, or [irect contact against B cow-catcher, on the and rolled off on to >r chance of escaping i thrown on one side i on the spot before thev are thrown off the cow-catcher. Such an article is more necessary in America, where the lines are not protected hy fences as they are in Britain, and consequently much more subject to cattlo straying about on them. THE PvAILKOAD CONDUCTOR. Is attendance upon each train, there is a driver, stoker, one conductor, two or three brakesmen, and an attendant in the shape of waiter-who acts also as travelling newsman, bookseller, and dealer in Yankee notions, _ The conductor on an American railroad is a smart, gentlemanly looking person gen- erally, and were it not for a very small badge which ho wears either on his cap or coat breast, you could not tell him from any ordinary gentleman traveller. Ho is-as he requires to be-a sharp, shrewd man of business, with the eye of an eagle, excellent powers of dis- crimination as regards the various forms human nature takes, when passing under his re- view-thoroughly " ported up" as to all the " wild cat," " broken bank," and " nncurrent notes in circulation-who can tell a counterfeit 25 cent piece by fee ing. without troubling himself to look at it-and who, withal, is particularly attentive to ladies, in pro- viding them with seatB in cars-where mostly ladies, or ladies accompanied by gentlemen are-and who, upon the whole, is civil, obliging, and attentive, with a sharp look-out after tickets, and those who have none. , . n i « „ii On a summer's morning, you will find him enter the car, as he gives the wo d all aboivrd," dressed as if newly out of a band-box, in a suit of white, or unbleached linen, from head to foot, hat and boots included. For a rollicking bit of fnn he will enter the carriage, giving some well-known passenger a " dig in the ribs," as he sings out his morn- ing sanation of " How are you, old feller!" at the same time saying to the passenger, I cal'clate you didut see the calf we ketched upon the cow-ketcher." On the passenger pro- fessing his ignorance as to such an event having happened, but, being very desirous of get- ting "posted" on the subject, is eager for all the information he can get^the conductoi in return, still bent on a bit of fun to start the day's business with, then relates m h s own peculiar fashion-which it is hopeless for us to describe, and more particularly rega ding all the incidents connected with the catching of the animal referred to, and the varia ons, exclamations, emendations, and additions with which he garnished up his -«-^- j^^ ^^''^ " suffice to say that the story was well told, and ended by the conductor comp etely . 11 g'Tiiseage'r listener, when he told him, with a rich leer in the one eye, that the anima 1 on boa'rd, and he (the passenger) was the calf. With that, the -^^ ^ ^f ^^^^^^ to the other end of the car, leaving the whole company in a roar of ^ "^' « "^ ^ «^ unfortunate wight who was so eager to hear something of the marvellous, which Bioth Lathan is ahvays ready to supply, when he can meet with a proper customer who will '' Thcrfis another character " on board" the car, however, it would ahnost be unpardon- able to omit noticing, namely, the attendant newsman THE RAILROAD NEWSMAN AND BOOKSELLER. In America, there are almost no book-stalls connected with the railroad stations, as in Grtt BrUain where newspapers, periodicals, books, etc., are sold in such J^^^^^^ It must not be imagined, however, that the railroad traveller is neglected, m that respect, as will be found bv experience on the lines, here. . . , ,_ ^i xi. „ j„„f Started L your'ourney, you have not gone far before you are visited by the attendan^ newsman alluded to, " Morning paper, sir I" " morning paper, sir ! a d thu ^e goe^^ J - one end of the train to the other, selling the morning paper f^' P '^ J j^f^^ " ™ one cent above publisher's price-but cheap enough withal. After he thinks j on have hadTme o 'read, mark Jell, and inwardly digest" all the 3 cents' -^th- j-^^^y- again, dispensing this time gratuitous literature, by handing to all and sundry a bill of 46 THE KAILROAD NEWSMAN-" PUSHING THE TRADE." .„. .- heavier" article in the literary n,a,^et^; Life a.jd Tinjes of ^I^^^JJ-"^:^:;! ,.,., r^-eular. re^annn. that K^^^^^ ,„ ,.^ I return, and ,,iel.« up ";!;''«^^- "^ ^ ^^iZ^t:^^..^ next h. appear, .ith an or to give you one gral... \ ou wait to sec w. nasscneor It is. " Life a«>J ar,nful of hook, nicely hound, one of wh.ch he '-'\'' - ^"7^ ven you an oppor- Thne. of Hugh Miller." He thus l-^-J''-"^ '^ ^^ V leTi ^ou Imve l^ to loan tunity of peru.ing prospectus -^^J^^; ^^ror e u i n^ol intere.ting'story eon- tho page. over, and when you are nicely at ^" ^ '[ \^^f.„^„j, „,en, the attendant ncct^d with the life of that excellent .peeunen « f-j^^f^;,; ^"r^., J,., ,„„ar. .ir;" isatyourelhow.and at y--^ » -■ ^'^V'^^'^^.f ;;^^^^^^^^^^ man but think, of having that book, .ir; and, at la. l^eU^u^" ^ 1 y^^ „f o„e He now disappear.. By-anC-by In. ntxr, m. . ^^^^^^ ^^ ^,^^. thir.\ person. grati.-lu.ndlingbcUi articles with so^^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^ ^.^^ ^^ Thus he supplie. all who wish to drink HaMng c"'"? <=^«^ ^ J ^. 5^ i. business, he shortly appear, again, loaded with ^^^l^^^,^ „,.. ,ft,; y... a " Railroad Guide." He leaves a copy of that "l^^^*^^ ;• ^ ,,^ ^.,„,, „f ,i„ ,.„nroad. in this way does this attendant pass and r^ass, ^eUvering^ sellrn^^ tak^ up c^^ of books of In sorts-magazines, illustrated ^^2Z:£:::ZZC^^^r.,U.iAor^ what you may have bought, and glancing over «"^';-;;";; "j;,, though you should ^vay, tie time on a railroad, in America, passes away ve > f- • -- aU g ^ ^^ be travelling without any acquaintance « -v-e wi.h ^fter n^. ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^^^^ and after he has exhausted hi. vane.y of good ""f ; ^^ ..^^^ Tppe ranee, but intended as 5 cents apiece." ^^ j e investing, and quarter of a dol.AV «' :°" , « ^^^ j^^iij^ed to speculate onee more. But ture There is no mistake this time, so jou me 1 25 cents' worth of candy, what are you going to do with all that? If >ou THE NEWSMAN— RAILr.OAD REFUESIIMENT STATIONS. 47 lo„ the attendant will at oneo give you a proof of hi. kindness and afford you an olr unity to oxcrciso your, by BU,«..tin« that it will no doubt afford j-ou ploanuro o d V de it with the .. little dear." in the ..at be.oro or b.hind you and .f '"'ro «r. no e H mlly .« olo«e at hand, he will find Bo.ne in the train who w.ll becon.e th. .rat.lul v pi H of your benevolent kindnc. Thu. a,,..-aK.d to. you umy be led to be generou nuavtor (\.ll«r, before you exchange it for the paeket of eandy, done up ho uniting » it h •' 1 2llld paper Tlu> " pop eorn.' however, by thi« time, urges the neeessity of ::;;;: t^i: rthl... whlei; ll created ; so y.. begm t^hesitate and. at la. ^ un vour n.ind you will uot spend 25 ecnts on canal e one d - Thus engaged, therefore, between allaying your thirst with the candy and u- "" „ "ur ve.tm' nts i i literature, you whirl along till you come to a station whe e he ho : akes in fuel and water. " All aboard" again, and you are once -- - ^ ;2t upon some of the beauties of nature, which you are passing rapidly, when another te d ut ; pea^B with a great bundle of newspapers under his arm. At the last stoppuig-pla . t aUhlu attetdant, who had so sedulously attended to your mental -''^ ""^t- tut ~w h profit to h mself and to you-has disappeared from off the stage_of the e . t Til e^ntllaiid vou see no more of him. His place is taken by another, who has come up t:C^^ .0 or 50 miles, with an up train, with tlie -ening paper ^Uene.^ lar-e town or eity you are approaching. " Important news by telegraph .N eA> . by t e Between your morning paper, your evening paper, ^^^ ;-, f ""!;^ '" ; C , GO miles nn 1 our. with " Hell Fire Jack" as driver . from London to Bristol The newsman on the railroad car is a character perfectly unique, and only to be mot wiih on an American railroad, or steamboat somjtmies. RAILROAD REFRESHMENT STATIONS. T„K great distinguishing difference between the refreshment saloon at the railway sta- tion here and in Britain is. that those in Britain are. for the most part, occupied .th b" rr the sal of liquors of all kinds, and wretched tea and coffee, or ->P-- ' ' "ZL scalding hot^Lwev.. tlu. you l.ve neHher U.e ^ J^ ^ ^^ ^ - ::::::::?:i:s^^: ii" r ;:: : mr . .rms a very secondary p.. . rstabfishme'nt. The rLshment saloon proprietor find, it necessity to^ most wholesome, and substantial victuals for trave lers, whUs ^^ ^f 3,„ allow their passengers time to enjoy them. People in this country he no ^'^ - «^^™;;^ ^ 300 or 400 miles, on an old fusty biscuit or .punge cake ^^^^ ^^ZZi ^o with brandy and water, or pale ale-things all very well ui their proper pi , 'TsT" ;:\w JoL^eraSie line, we omitted to convoy you to the dining .loo. Wh I :;: :^^^^^^^^^ o^ the 'engine has rung its la. stroke of «top.»|=-: >- v" -M the ear," and are informed-" 20 minutes here for dinner." ^ou arc now. probably . lan,.d Hi 48 A WAY-SIDE UKFUE8HMENT 8AL00N-SLEEPTN0 CARS. at a .at.on not .. fro.n a den. .,.. or ,„ the n.Ul. of . ^^;;;^:i:^:;Z^:;^ till ho c.„ne. U, a .tnn.l-.t.U un.l the «o, n I aisanpointmcnt in being huulcJ ley, nna re-echoe.l aguu, and again. \ ^^ l^^^'^^;^ , » ^ around you. oxter.uUly. at Buch a prinutivo-looking «tat.on, wh ch pro.cnt.. f"" "" J^. ,,.,,. sneh .anty n.oan. .,f providing a good d.nn^, .^•'- y^; ;" '-; ^'',:,,^,^ ,^,,,,,1 .,., Mantiul. proi,aldy. from 5 to «, a. m.. and no v .t ' J;^> ; ' ^^ ^'^^ j,^,., ,, earlinh^ mni'' n^atlV the m Ito the train is duo. Most of the di.i.s are cut up all ready, an . T7 on !nn deli o^B trout fro.u the mountain stream, at hainl. far.n-yard poultry, nn.t- tJ bTef porl' ve^aricrand io. and tort, innumerable, with, for de.ert-in .nnnu. .. on'^wtelelon; musk-rneuL. hucklebe.ri... and ---»! fruits^e eanno narae^ ^ lether ^vith pure iced-water-we oan voueh you have fininhed. mont «at.«factor,ly 20 mm £ good 1 anWork in the use of knife and fork. You .ow retire, we w.l ^'^ )'--\ « Z aCubly disappointed with the refre«h.nont-.aloon. even at a way-Bide station m th Sd Stl'of A^Liea. At some station, .he charge is only ^^^^e"" iC'lf o dinner is got. All the passengers, sit down at an mnnense ong talkie, i''^"-; «^« IZLs refroshment-room stations-all are 1 st-elass, but at 2d-elass Lnghsh pnces. Th end etor, driver, and all the attendants of the train, join at the un ver.al tab e ; but none o tl em until they have washed themselves in the washroom adjcanmg the '""g-l-'- Z..K>Asr.-Tiveller, who start very ...ly in the morning, or who may have been travelling all night, will hail the arrival at the breakfast station, wUh ,ts plenty of good Teer. in hot coffee, tea, toast, potatoes, ham and eggs, beef steaks, mutton chops,_ bread and butte , eggs, (boiled, poached, and fried.) etc., etc.. etc., with a tumbler of K-cd-water. ctrgL f?such varies from 25 to 60 cents, depending upon loeaht.es, and set out. Tune allowed, 20 minutes. _ . » , . , , Tea oh SurvER.-Generally about 6 o'cloek-uuless near dostmation of eh.ef tormmu^ the train will stop for tea or supper, allowing 20 minutes. The fare presented ,s smn lar to breakfast, with the addition of pies, tarts, etc.. with all kinds of preserves. Charge. 25 to 50 cents Of cour.e there are no fees to waiters. At all the refreshment-saloons on the rail- roads liere, the attendance is most efficient, with damsels which rival, in every respect, the fur-famed waitresses at such as Wolverton, Stafford, Peterborough, or Swmdon stations, in England. SLEEPING OARS ON RAILWAYS. Amongst the many improvements introduced in connection with comfortable locomotion, none of so important a character for travellers by night trains has ever been introduced as that of the sleeping berths fitted up for passengers in some of the railroads in Canada and the United States. r * w,. „f On the Grand Trunk Railroad in Canada, the sleeping cars are the most comfortable ot any we have seen : almost in every respect like the berths of a first-class cabin in a steanior -all enclo'^ed with the conveniences and comforts of a good bed, washstand, etc.-so that travellers going between Montreal and Toronto during night, can go to bed and rise in the morning at their destination much more refreshed than if they had sat up all night. Tins , , . -.J Ki-r>"v=ra' ""I ovtra On Rpvpral lines in the United states cars are \uxury can be uiijuyt-a &j p«3.r.g •:•• '-"«• --^ -- . ,, ,, • r. j „i fitted up similarly, but not quite so completely nor so comfortable as those in Canada, al- though a great improvement so far. B,etween Cleveland and Cincinnati, for instance, each A us. vlth a rntiRo of . luirno" gnortini; Llirt)U|^h tliu vul- in boiiig luiukJ y()\i, cxtt'i'imlly, ulhinj? very mil)- ides, tluTc in not liy, or Cnrliali' — f you hiivo not ristol, a woodfu ■tivlte your Hfftt — liun, for f)(» cents, ling" necessary ut T fi'i^ cents (or 'In. ur conung, every ip, nil reatly, and, ard poultry, nuit- t — iu Bununcr sea- cannot name, to- ifactorily, 20 min- will be bound to side station in the , and a very good e. There are no glish prices. The \\ table; but none le dining-saloon. ,0 may have been its plenty of good n chops, bread and bier of iced-water. ind set out. Time (f chief terminus — >sented is similar to ves. Charge, 25 to saloons on the rail- 1 every respect, the iwiudon stations, in fortable locomotion, f been introduced as roads in Canada and most comfortable of S3 cabin in a steamer iistand, etc. — so that bed and rise in the t up all night, Tliia Fnited States cars are i those in Canada, al- ati, for instance, each CHURCHES OP AMERICA— ATTENDANCE AT CHrUCH. 49 par 1« fitted up for 5ii bertlis, for which the extra charge Is BO eontn each. Altogetlier, it l« II move in the right direction, and, we should suppose, might be adopted with advantage on the long line runs of such as the (ireat Northern and London and Nortli WeMern, be- tween London ond Kdinburgh, th(^ nlgiit trabis of whleh, for comfortable aeeoiinnodatlon, nre nothing to compare with the ears alluded to in this country. On the IVnnsylvanla Central Road, there are high-baeked sofa scats, which one can repose upon very comfort- ably, at no extra charge. THE CnURCIIES OF AMERICA, The elegance of the churches In the United States and Canada is well known to every American traveller. 'Whilst there cannot be, of course, such venerable editiets to be seen lis the tine old cathedrals of such as Salisbury, York, London, and Westminster, (Eng.,) or (iliisgow and Elgin, (Scot.,) yet we have no hesitation in saying, that in modern ehurehes, those of Canada or the States will compare favoiu-ably with any in Great Hritaiii or Ire- land, either in artistic excellence in architectural design, as well as substantiality. AVo know of few towns iu C.reat Britain, which, iu comparison with its size, can show sueh a turn out of elegant places of worship as is to be seen, for example, in the city of Toronto. In one or two other towns, sueh as Montreal, the Catholics excel in the external beauty as well as size of their cathedrals, although intermilly they are nothing to boast of, some „f them even betraying, in our opinion, very bad taste. The English Episcopalian caVho- (Inil and churches, as well us those of the Congregationalist and other bodies again, both externally and internally, ^li.-w generally excellent taste, combined with great comfort. The Presbyterian .'hurches, both English and Scotch, also present some very handsome edifices, excelling, as a general rule, we think, the buildings which the Scotch Free Church Presbyterians have been erecting lately in nuiny of the Scotch towns, most of which, for- tunately, make no pretensions to nrehitectural beauty .i design. For the same amount of money which many of these churches have cost, if the Americans had had to build them, tlicy would in all probability have erected neat and tastefully-designed ehurehes entirely of wood, and by painting them white, with green round the windows and doors, and with their bright green Venetian blinds, would have presented, as they do in country districts here, churches and chapels, that, however small, at once commend themselves for their ele- gance and neatness. In the large cities on the seaboard, such as New York, in the lavish expenditure of money which must have been spent on the magnilieent edifices there, we should say, that the Americans have good reasons to be church- proud. (See New York, for engravings of sucli.) TUE ATTENDANCE AT CHURCH. On visiting the churches in the United States and Canada, the stranger will find them well filled, generally speaking. In summer time, the ladies are to be seen going dressed in the most expensive mualins and laces, with bare arms, perhaps, under elegant mantillas of the most zephyr thinness, displaying easily the shape of the figure, be it handsome or otherwise. In the autumn or "fall," the most gorgeous silks, brocades, and velvets are worn. This being the age of " hoops," of course the ladies assume larger dimensions than usual; the use of that article in this country being carried to as great excess as we think it possible to be done. As a general rule, the congregations of all places of worship are exceedingly well dressed, and pres<>nt, in summer time, some features rather different from those in Britain. In the summer time, ladies take fans with them to church-the value of that article ranging from a 5-cent dried palm-leaf, to every sort and design of the most costly Chinese and French manufacture. During the service, the fans are kept in almost constant motion m cooling their possessors, much, we should suppose, to the annoyance of the speaker, seeing these waving back and forward before his eyes, at rates varying from 5 to 50 miles per hour. The gentlemen go in suits, some of black, some white, some drab, and some brown, just n = 50 DKESS AT CHUBCH-CHUBCII PSALMODY. <• ,.t M.U1V ^vUh wl.ole suits of white linen, and it suits their taste, convenience, o^,^""'^;;'- J '^4,, .i.ivt-frcnts, turn-down collars, and being newly washed and "got up. wUh pure wU ,iean-looking, and, in the 3 ribho; for neck-tie, look uneou.nonly wel^ n^at ^^^ ^^^.^.^^ ^_^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ;:: weather, the n.ost comfortable dress of As^ e ^^^.^^^ ^^^^^^ g^,^,,^„, ,, coat. vest, and trowsevs-all --^^^-^^Vth big bl-k chimney pot i^ thrown a.de .vhite and fine linen. In the matte f-^^^^; ,^ .^^ ,,,,, ,„ that, dressed up as now by many, and the light straw or «^\> f ^^^^^^^ ,,. J,,,, fit for a ball, it w.l be seen, described, with a pair of tlun P^^-^ leather boo ^^^ comfortable as he that the American gentleman dresses so - ^o h J^^ ^,i,_^omen in mimature- can. Little boys arc -'^'-'^y ^^^f ^f"^ , ^^ f , a L dr^sed and screwed up like so many they must follow the fashion «;l°^^^'l;;;J'X fatness and taste, and some of them at no big dolls, but certainly with ''^^^"^'I'^^ZZy reverse of all this. Nothing can he r:;.?r al^ :=U:er S r r tie c^wn of the head, for .dies, gentlemen. -^.f ::::;;ng esses turn out to .urch ^J^^ ^^ ^I^^^S^fr^ J^^f^^t to tell, at one time, the aiff-ence between '^^^^^^ J „„, i, America-Sally daughter of a mill-owner, on ^^^'^'y'f'l.^'^^, ,ell-paid workman's wife, bemg de- i:;;: r ::^i^-- ^s:;:^ uXp. t^iot .rgettmg ..r .. ..., when they go out. CHURCH PSALMODY. 1 n( Anv denomination what- On entering almost any church, chajjel or ^^^^^^^^ ^,>,,,,,,. ,..,eh he he.s ever, the stranger must at once be ruck ^ '^ ^J ^ difference between the I tl c places of worship. Generally ^P^^;"^' ;^;^;ired with that l :ard in England. Uwly and music in ^^^^^^^^^Z^l^^^ to be heard in some of the L there is between the sing-song^ ^^^^^ "S; ^^ .^^ ,,Hh the music in such as bt. churches in country parishes -^^^^'^^l,^ „ni, London. . Bride's, in Floet street, or Rev. Dr. Bmmc _ n Americans, as a people, give "^ The reason appears to us to arise from t^s^^^^^^^^ ^^ „,elodcon, and hav- to the art, commencing with them when - J ^^^ .^^^ tLr religious services, ing thus early learnt it, become to like ^.t. ""^ ^^^^f .^^, „„a daughters of the most In the choirs of places of worship, "^^ ^^^^^^^r ,ve should say, but what can boast respectable families --t._-d scare lyi^^ter^ clu, _^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^_ , of Us prima donna, belonging to ^^^ ^-J;;;^ ^J,, .n the others, we have found, sometimes, with some particular t«nor towe-ng ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ , upon inquiry, the voice to be that of ^^- ^-^/J^^^^^,^^^^;^,. j, ,ome of the eluirchesm cdlent bass voice, were told i ^J ^ "f ^'^ ^^ .„^,i„g ,eing such as we fancy could not the large cities is this particularly ^^ ^^l^^Z^o Je. not know even one note from an- foil to arrest the attention, and pleas tl^«;^f ^JJ'^ „,^,i,,i „otes printed in; others, other, in some ^-^^^^'^Xl^::^; a large trade is done in supplying again, have music books ^vith air on > H ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^.^_ congregations with sacred music books, or ^MU J ^^.^^^ ^^ j^^^j. ";^ d'o not find, however, that ^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ They appear to allow any more than they are heard in "^"^"^ ;;'?\';'';,;„„ churches they are mere listener. the choir and the organ to do «- J°jf^;;:'/i;:/rB echer's church, in Brooklyn, New r -^::^^^^^^- ^^ -^ ^^^^^ '-'' '-' "^"^ ' ' " '^t:^pL of wor^iphas a mu^al ^^^^ ^^J^X^Z^I^ ^^ .nelodeon Even the small 7g-f^^°';;;;,;tv bee; inoculated in favour of a musical Andrew, at Clifton, (Canada West,) appear to have be n^^^^^ Ueadciuarters. (being a Instrument, for without waiting, we presume, for Y LUMBER AND LUMBERMEN. 51 tte linen, and 1 collars, and and, in tlie dcr our black gentlemen in . thrown aside ;d up as now will be seen, [ortable as be in miniature— p like 80 many 1 of tbem at no othing can be ies, gentlemen, it was difficult i Queleo ^ "^ during the season of lS5b. deals ; ami bi spruce plank i The total exports of timber of all kinds from Canada in the year lS5C,amounteiyn value to riO 016,^83; and the value of ships built in Quebec and sold out of the country amounted to «l,213,u;o , making a total of wood goods exported of $11,133,959. The receipts by the Canadian government, were as follows :— During the year 1850 the gross receipts were— ^^^ ^^ On account of Timber Licenses S'^TSS 90 Do. Government Slides ' 246,801 80 Deducting charges of management, Timber Licenses.. • '^g^ g'g Do. do. do. Government Slides ' 84,93189 $211,870 41 Leaving a net of FIRE-ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. Who has not heard of this " Institution"-one so hallowed in the recollection of every American, from 15 to 100 years of age? As to the regular paid faremen of Great Britain, the British public care no more about them, than they do about heir chimney sweeps, or street-seavengers. Tliey are all men who are paid for doing their ^'ork and are expected to do it well. If they do not do it so, some one else will be got who will do it right, and so there is an end of it. Not so in America. The fi'-e-engine of the An er - can is associated with his first breath of life, perhaps the toy of Ins childhood, hU it reaches into manhood with him-growing with his growth-his first thought in the morn- ing, and, too often, his last thought and action at night. Grown onto a joluntaiy act when towns were not able to support fire-engines, and pay men specially for ^oo^^^^^J- ter them, the institution of the fire-engine, and firemen compames, ^ave become a power alas! ho;ever, like all human greatness, destined to reach the summit of its g-a tne s a„d wane gradually till it disappears, at last, altogether from sigh , or memory. "^^^^^^'^Z opinion against thisinstitution at one time was tantamount to ^^-Pl^^'^y-'^^'l^?,;^"^;^;^, efficiency: as a body, was downright infidelity. It may be asked by some, who and what are thes firemen there is so much said and written about ? Tliey are "-P^y ^j^^^^ ^^ men, generally young men and lads, who, in a particular district of a city, f-- «^^^^^^^^^^^^ intoafiremenVeompany, with the laudable desire of assisting ^-^^'^^^i^J^'^ll saving the property at such as much as possible. The «°^Torationfurnishe them with an engine, engine house, hose, hooks, ladders, etc., etc. They pay for ^1- do oration and furnishing of their engine themselves. They are very particular about ^av ng^^'" - eine to beat every other engine already in existence, or which ever may come into exist- rC It hal be more expensively painted and decorated. Its fittings of b- e P-. and silver-gilt, shall shine so as to dim the lustre of all others withm eye-sight on a parade g^ THE firemen's "KUN OUT." „ ;„v of x^■atc^ hiRher than the highest yet atr and grace of .a fairy chariot, and Bone of the clu^^y ^^^^ . Nonpaveil" firc-en- an engine of TiUeyX or ^'^^'^-'''r^'^J^!^^^ the "Kniekcrboclcer Hook and „i„e of the 100th district "Nonpareil Company J ,„ntcli ^vhich tL ^vorla Ser Co,npany,-- .ith ^^-';i^^Z'^^^^^^-' -^""^'' "-"' ■r^'' ^' i, challenged. When the a^vful sound of "^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^„ ^^.^^^ ^, ^.^..^ ,ome- xnay he, over the eity, ^vith the --« f ;^;^ j! ^^ ^e seen in all his excitement and ..here, it is then that the P^" f^^";X-on o sav^l^^^^ as .veil as property, urges him to glory-then, that his bowels of eompass^on to a^^^^ ^.e " Knickerbocker" hook and L scene-it is then, that the Nonpareil en, ne^ J ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ bonder you see ladder, and hose, close ^-1^"»^^- •^''^^^Pf !j/;! ^ with its 20 human horses in the traces, it coming scampering down the lull, ^-J^^>^ «;;7J.„„ ,,„„g, and clearing the streets as .,th red jackets and ^f^^f ' -;;[ X^ns h^ng on! his orders through his s. they go, with captain m front, and ^^^^^ ^^^.^^ ^hem, another company with ver-gilt trumpet. There they are in f uU cr j 'J' ^^ , ,^,, renowned " Nonpa- engineNo. 1. -1-els round the corner and,- t-^^^^^^^ P^. ^^.,^„ „„y ,,„,, g^o, or reil," gets jammed up against the first lamp post, ^^ .y, ^tui holds on its tnum- Lrm,'for the remainder of that '^^ «; -f "^J^ t^of its members, in its encounter phant career, although rt may ha. e ^-km a le, ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^.^^^ ^^.^^^^ ^^^^..^ coin- .vith No. 1. It arrives withm half a g"^ J^^*? n," and pitching into it, smashes pany. No. 2, drives up, before the ^^^T^^l^^^^Zs, til at lasJ No. 2. and a few others US Blender body, and all "the fixings, ^^J^ft d^^ .^hat is the meaning of all this 1 arrive at the fire, and find V/ on of one co^^^^^^ had sounded the alarm of five, ,m be asked. Only-that the «« f ^^ 3, ,Lw how soon they could be at a and wanting a run for ^'-^f ^'^^J'^f^^j^^^^^^^ thus take the " shine" out of them. particular spot, in advance of f^ ''''^'1^^'^'^'",^^^^^ of a scene in going to an ac- In sober earnest, however, the ^^^ ^f^ r^^^^^^ff,, .y^tem has engendered, the fights tual or reputed fire. The scenes o ^-"^yj^^^^^^ J^ ,,,,y^ got connected with fire at fires, the loafers and ^^f ^.^^;;'^ " J tr the sake of pbmder-has led to the companies-whose only object is to g^y^PjJ^ j;/, ies in connection with fire-en- doom, as we believe, of the existence of -^^^ ^^j ? .„,„,,,,« companies, have now gines and fire-brigades, ^f -;P;7:;„\t of fi'el. and also the amount of destruc- new system, and appear to give it ^J->- ^-7^;;7,, 'J aay of their services is fixed the volunteer fire companies, who <=-- J^^^ 7^;^^^^ ^, ^^^J,i the past, as soon as they _that their pet f^-^^-^J.^Xt en " and breaking sundry legs and arms-or like. Instead of a run °«\^f . ^^^ J^,,, they will be able to spend their evemngs turning out of bed now and then to actual far.s t y ^^.^j .ooms of their mer- Lre ,' easantly and profitably in the ^r'Xl g^ng Inisel^ any trouble whose cantile libraries, and sleep sound at ^l'*^J~ l,^ ^^fore him, and soon drown ;tl\St engines, however nea. and trim they may be. le highest yet at- pair of the horna lie ease, lightness, lainted wlieels of onpnveil" firc-en- boclier Ilooli niul 1 which tl' wovU ing, mom a fully, it ng at work some- lis excitement and erty, urges him to rbocker" hook and Yonder you see lorses in the traces, iring the streets as irs through his sli- ther company with renowned " Nonpa- ; any more good or holds on its trium- ers, in its encounter when another com- liing into it, smashes . 2, and u few others meaning of all this 1 d the alarm of fire, n they could be at a " shine" out of them, me in going to an ac- ngendered, the fights ,t connected with fire nder— has led to the anection with fire-en- companies, have now c amount of destruc- ing the steam fire-en- rtance of adopting the 5 deadly opposition of their services is fixed le past, as soon as they Iry legs and arms— or ;o spend their evenings ,ng-rooms of their nier- [ves any trouble whose i him, and soon drown the time it would take THE STEAM FlllE-ENGINE. « 'fi e^ c 1 -n n -S 61) ■4.3 O o .&5 V a 5 ^ C "S "1 "tfi 'C' E3 4) Ml o & S o 3 o c s o a Cm s t s s CJ o ai s ^ =! 3 0> (/J V o t/2 « lU a 3 S ^ 0! ^ H = O ■&3 a O '5 M To 3 N o s 1 c o s-l m a n OS B O ■*J 5 .2 c «3 'a s o £ 4-> 1 1 s a ^ 05 3 -a •C ?'

o 3 P- *' c « >• « 4> : o « 5 5 ::: « ^ a o Si m rfi a « S 9, 13 THE STEAM FIRE-ENGINE. Oke of the greatest inventions of modern times, as connected with saving property from destruction and theft at fires, and for raising the dividends of fire insurance companies, is that of the application of steam to the fire-engine. In cities where these engines are in use, the dividends of the fire insurance companies have risen about 6 per cent ; people sleep sound in bed at right, feeling confidence in the ,,ower of the fire (steam) engine-putting nil fires out quickly, and in doing so, respecting ' perty-with very few fires taking place now, compared with what occurred formerly. These are some of the results of the steam fire-engine being established. To Cincinnati belongs the honour of first setting the worthy example in this respect, and to one man there viz., Miles Greenwood, of the Eagle Foundry, belongs the credit, more than to any other man, for carrying it out, although frequently at the risk of health and life. When at Cincinnati, we had an opportunity of seeing these engines at work, at fires, and most admirably did they answer the purpose. , ^ . ^ . ., „ fir. First of all, it must be understood, that, as in the London brigades, men are at the fire- engine stations constantly, night and day. They have, moreover, towers at o|vc|, from the op of which a watch is kept all over the city, so .hat when a fire breaks out, i is seen at n'e. For each engine there are 4 powerful horses kept ready harnessed Each engine is kept filled with water and fuel, and all ready to fire up. No sooner is the alarm of fir gi;en,than one man puts a match to the fuel, when it is burnmg -/ -^ ^"^ , horses are yoked, and in two minutes are on their way to the scene of the fire, ihc burning fueiin the engine is getting up the steam, and before six minutes has elapsed steam s up to the required pressure, so that, on arriving at the fire, it is ready to woi-K the eu- gine"^ and throw the water through the hose. If the steam is up before the destination reached, it propels the engine forward, making it light work for the horses. A mght, it is a novel sight to see the horses and steam-engine together, careering along the street, snorting up the steam and smoke as they gallop along, and making the fire-sparks fly from their heels. There is something positively grand and exciting in such a sight, and one can- not help, in this matter, admiring the go-ahead character of the people, in a most praeti- ""whenlhey arrive at the scene of the fire, the horses are unyoked, and the firemen con- nect the main hose of the engine, with the water-plugs-these conveying the water into 1 fire-engine-andfromthere,itis pumped against the fire There the engmes ^anc quietly working away, as easily as possible, with the stoker behind adding fuel, and an engineer in front looking after the machinery. • , , r f The power of throwing water through these engines is almost beyond belief. Since their successful establishment in Cincinnati, almost all the large cities have been T!s i;;rXause the steam fire-engine cannot eat, drink, and bribe, that it has not made much greater headway in some cities; however, its advantages are compelling its adoption, ani. ere long, we should suppose, its use wiU be universal in all large Jown. The stLm fire-engine is made, also, for 2 horses, and, 0.1 some occasions, steam has been got up in 4 minutes, 45 seconds, EXPEESS. That's the word in America ! It is applied to every mov-ing ^^-^' ^^^^'^.^f ^7^; mate-to movements of the steamship, the locomotive, the body as well as th mind Every thing and every body is alive, and goes by express. The people hve and t nk by express as many of them acknowledge. From the forwarding a box of goods to ^^-^ --l" on the theory of human progression, all is express work. I you want o -"d a paied 300 miles per " goods train," and expect it delivered in 16 or 18 1>-^"; -jfj^jj; ^^ must send it here per " express freight." In that case, however, you may be glad if jou B6 EXPRESS PEOPLE AND EXPRESS COMPANIES. Tf ,.«i, irisli to CO 180 miles in 3 to 4 have it deliverea that distance off in 50 '-" ^rherl go I y the - lightning cxpre<- hour., as in England, simply per " expreBS. /«" ~ ^o 9 hour, on the road. and you need not fret your exi«tenee .^-^^y ^-;;;; ^^^ /"ao in IMtain, .ith the or- If. however, they cannot go by rail 'I- "^ ^"J^^ ;;;"J Although Bon.e "down d inary goods trains or expresseB. they "f 7'^./;^^.;^ \'J„^ .evolving in their mind. easter' - are Baid to take a long ^^^^^ ' ;:^ ^drlb W X -ill think and act 50 the nervous New Yorker, and even tl>e g^ey a d d ab i _^ j ^^^^^ ^^^^^ to 1 compared with many. They are ^1' /^ " f ^\P;7 ,, l„t their bills by expro., by express, they walk by express when the st earn « "M^^^^ ^^^^^ (g.^t.), u>ey drink by express, and. according to the ^^-^f^^'f^^f;;-, Soever saw an American eat and spit by express. We say they dnnk ^y^^ ' ^J, or gill of whisky ? No, eit down Ind spend half an hour or -re over 1„ P-t^ ^ ^^^ ,^^^^ ^^^^ __ ^^^^ ^^^„ that is decidedly too slow. He stands at t'^^^^'' «J J^ ^j^ ^^^tom of the tumbler is or '- gin sli..g." or brandy and water "^P^^^^f ,^?;'^^ 'u^^^^ ,,er the drink, as a general reached at one operation. There ^s "^^^ -J^^^fj^^^ „,„g or somewhere else, rule. Down it goes at a mouthful, and oif ^'^ffl'^''^^^^^ ^^% ^f the brain which We have met many intelligent men. - -^^;P^ f .^'^^jtvlt cnfoy the robust health is so prevalent. One consequence ^'^'^'^ ^'^''^l^^^^'^^^^ theymight otherwise do. Our ^^^^^^l^^^^;; Z2:^^ l^.y .ho live in the coun- in all sorts of business in the large cities. «; "« f ^^^'^^ , ,J, ^.ey would take to dc try. may be seen, actually, one would ^'^PP^^'^' ^ °^ ,^^^^^^^ are satisfied to let the iing , whilst others, again, who have made a smadl ndpe. y, ^ ^ ^^^^^ world wag as it likes-they purpose enjoying it. <'''^'^''°^^ .^e to be seen as in thingseas'y. I" ^he rural districts a^goo^J^^^^^^^^^ Farmer Giles, of Devonshire or B"«^^°g^!;"^ f f;,>^ ^^-J^, ^^y here notice, a different feature of American commercial life, and wlucii w y EXPRESS COMPANIES. ..rd tWm rr 7"" f" ^1 "to V y heavy .rtlcte, th. great bulk ot the gcd. par«ti.ely-so mucl, e», tl.at onto, for v y , „„p,„ie,. Sttt., to Cllfornla, a. well .« "'"»8l<»«' «^1 C».da^ ^^^^^^j ,„ With e..ry e.pre„ trdn, they l»v. e„, er ta« » m«.r with each. At tl,- th. eoo^' th^y "« """"y »S- ™^ "f,.' L,u „„aer eharge ot the mall gaari other end ot the same ear, 1. generally the ^^^ ^ '^'^"J' J„ t„ e,,„g. ot the In the expre» eon,p.nie,' portion ot the ear, *^ "' ™d reeelves other, to torw.rd paolage.. -iehver. them out at ^''-''^"ZZZ^^InL »fe, travel, along -rt.,t:ru^::-a^:ntt^^^^^^^^^^ '"Xhey «nd.r.he th. delivery ot n,oney and good. In -^^^'^^^^l I miles in 3 to 4 lightning express," hours on the road, itain, with tlie or- ough some " down ving in their mind, ill think and act 50 eople. They drive eir bills by express, )undee (Scot,), they r saw an American 11 of whisky 1 No, ter the " cock tail," m of the tumbler is 3 drink, as a general somewhere else. ; of the brain which oy the robust health larly to men engaged vho live in the coun- liey would take to do ire satisfied to let the 1 blessings, by taking are to bo seen as iu anies," however, form lere notice. ver & Co., of England 1 their goods by " ex- jr companies, who for- V in their speed, com- •eat bulk of the goods nies. iracter of the " parcels of the city. Whereas over the entire United entire car, devoted to r with each. At thf irge of the mail guard, rho has charge of the eives others to forward iron safe, travels along lackages, money-parcels, 1 of America nearly. H le, you put it in an en- er the package, although mount, but merely a par- 3 who absorb the greater EXPRESS COMPANIES — WINTER TIME. 57 portion of the trade, and one can scarcely credit the magnitude of their operations. Great 09 such a concern, as Pickford A Co.'s is, in Britain, it actually becomes a second-rate car- rving concern, when compared with the chief express carrying company here. One of these express compan!«««, lust October, opened, by contract, the great Pacific overland route from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, joining St. Louis (Missouri) with San Francisco (California), an overland journey of 25 days, with relays of horses at every few nnles, and forcing a passage through the Rocky Mountains, carrying mails, treasure, goods, and passengers, not, however, without danger from the troublesome Indians on the route Next to laying the ocean telegraph, it is the greatest achievement which has been accomplished for many years. It is more than probable, that all that hue of road, will be shortly " located," wherever found suitable for settlement. In every arrival, for example, from California, thousands of dollars in specie, notes, etc., are consigned to their care by merchants and bankers there, for delivery to parties iu New i'ork and other cities in the east, and which io received and paid over with the f.reatest regularity These companies, therefore, engross a very large amount of busme^s, which the railroad companies would have to attend to; but, with the express company, the rail- road company has only one account to keep, instead of thousands. In the delivery of goods several hundreds of miles off not being so expeditious as that experienced in Great Britain, the cause is attributable to the transit over the railroads, and not to the express companies, as their arrangements for expediting the forwarding of goods, so far as they are concerned, are most systematic and extensive. WINTER IN AMERICA. Residents in Great Britain are, we think, too apt to fancy that the people in the United States and Canada, with the thermometer at 20 below zero sometimes, must dress some- thing after the fashion of Laplanders, never be away from the fireside, and such as are to be pitied in a country, with nothing but fields of snow and rocks of ice on every side. To the poor man, who has not a sufficiency of warm clothing, fuel, and food, there is no doubt but that he feels acutely the winter in all its severity; and more so than he does in Britain The man, however, who can wrap himself well up when he goes out, and has food and fuel enough to keep him warm in doors, the winter presents to him even greater attractions than any other time of the year. SLEIGH DRIVING. Then that well-known gentleman, "Paterfamilias," the merchant, rigs out his sleigh or " cutter." as it is called, which has been idle for 9 months, gets on the harness, ^>th a 11 the paraphernalia of bells, etc., on his favourite "tit," yokes him and with wi e and children all s ated eozily in their fur^«,bes of buffalo skins-and " dreadnoughts start off for a drive, with the sun shining from a cloudless sky over their heads. The bracing air tells upon man and beast, and what with that, the rattling of bells, and every one driving as if on the road to the Derby, the scene on the public streets is exeiing beyond ^upposit on There goes Paterfamilias bowling along, with a keen north wind b owing in his face, when up comes behind him, rattling along with another lot of bells -and in a t-"k-g. P^S within an inch of his horse's nose-a pretty little sleigh drawn by a couple of W JJ^^ ing beauties, driven by, perhaps, another in human form, with a ^^\'^2TZv her side. Old paterfamilia^fcnd as he is here of a bit of fast horse ^^^^'^^I'^J ^^i;^ cargo on board, so that he has no chance with the fair <^«--^\^'-«Vr Id bou d^^ up and down, and skilful use of the whip and ribbands, go ringing, -f -g- ^ b- ^-| along, the "observed of all observers." By-and-by, up comes another P- of Morgan greys slashing along, making the snow fly f-om their heels, also driven by a ladj, who S LTentleman at'iier left fide, are now bent upon disputing the right of road-a a" events, as regards speed-with the two lady friends and the bays before them, ^ow they in WINTER TIME IN AMERICA. wor.l. from t).eir fair driver., off they set to te t r ^.^,^ ^ ^^.^ „„j ,,„„,, j.,Uing-with tbe 2 little buys stoi>pu.g ^ ^j; ,,"1\ ,, ,,,„g about in t.uc " raoker" 'good En,r.h «tep, vbilst the greyB 8" -;^ ';*-/;, /^ „« tlu-y go. There U a " clear Btylo, .ith their big Morgan heacb nod ng «P and d J ^_^^^ ^ ^^.^ ^^^^^^ ,_^,^^ ^ige and no favour- then ^t »t th^ g 1 u the _^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^_ ^^^^ ^,^ . l„ eaeh hand; they get exe.ted, ^^^ J ;;\;;„., „,,Uong in the H^^^^^^ bowl along till the Morgan. F°- ™^ ^^^^/"tllant and pretty competitor., and .Mth after a m<«t exciting contest, they pass i u fe ^^ ^^.^^^^ partcom- a merry and graceful lift of the -^"P -;^ ; ^> J '^^ 1 „.ey may renew the race „, till some other l--^y/"-;"P^;t ^h "lica abound, lady driver, gent r.ver. In all the excellent broad streets ^^U whic ^^^ ^^^^^ ^.^,^ ,,^,i,„,„^, sleigh, with 1 horse and sleighs with 16 hors are to D ^^ ^^^^^^^_ ^^ ^_^ luting, ringing of bells. ^^^^^^J^'^t^ Lh /^le are to be pitied ij :::::t- :l ' « ;hfyr:l LSn^Ltia. .< rlnng game, they have, we are boun. to think, all the excitement of it. „^.v„pn thcv have imbibed from the pure Tr' the reuuion at friend Jones's in the evening. WINTER EVENINGS. I. the winter evenings, more P-^-^^^^ ^^^^r T^nTl ry^^^^^^^^^^^ ai of one .ort and another, follow in ^^f J— ;,J ,t\ier Although it should eardess about the -^^-y/"- ^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ manufacturing company, not be opened for a -<^f"J""^'^„71„„ot mend the trade, there being no huyor. whose headquarters arc at New ^"f "^'J'j" .^ ,„i . the bank teller is not harassed ,0 he is at ease with himself and the ^^'^J ^en ;^ ., ^^^^^^ ^^^^^„ tills be- Ina pestered with such lots of "^^tTeZtj^^'^r e'an scarcely get a nibble of a ing thrust across the counter to 1'"" • ^!'«^'^ ' ^ ^^ ^j^,-,,. tus.ncss for the day; and 2ve. however small-each '^ff^^Z^ tn U^ up for a month and will a' f ^[^ ,^ ch. ssboard. or a game at penny the violin lend their assistance in one ^^^2' ^^ll^^.ro.ni oi evenings spent mer- .hist, or " eukre" is being played - -f^/;^^; ^^de the house, whils. .he starry heavens ,ny and happily, do the P*^°PVr\'VXr unknown almost in Great Britain, above proc..:m a dry and ronfied ^^^^'^I'^^^^l.^ j^ge cities, it i. doubly import- If the winter is thus a scene of gayety and mirtn ant to the farmer and the --^jf;^^^^^^;^^;;;^ ^he farmer load, his sleigh, and drives When the country is ««7?^\7';^.;;;ri,rc„n, the whole country affording him a road over fields and roads in as ^^-S^'^J^^ ^aden w t . poultry, and all sorts of farm produce in any direction where cleared. Jh"« "^f" ^^^' f ^^ J^^ ^, barters them for articles of l,e reaches the nearest town. -^;;;;; ^^ ^^aled By this means, the whole country is domestic use. with which he ^^ "^"^J^^,^^^^ tL trade of the country towns is opened up. every one finding a l"f ->/- ~ ,f ,,, country store-keeper is light ' t,M-ilv very much increased, and then the heart ^^^^ ^^^.^,^^^1^. :;renlie is dig the best part o^he w^^ea- .^^^^^^ I^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ „, WINTER TIME — AMUSEMENTS AND SPOUTS. 59 \thout many -ringing and r aud B([uave lUO " raoktr" re i^ u " clear in firmly lieW (1 thus tlit'y 111 2 bays, and, ors, aud with vers part com- lie race. 9, gent drivers, vith hallooing, lerhaps, an np- to 1)0 pitied in ■we are bound i from the pure 1 excellent trim , balls nnd par- 3od9 importer is though it should ;turing company, being no buyers, T is not harassed ;n bank" bills be- get a nibble of a for the day ; and i month, and will else to do— to go ations to the nu- , pleasant portions con, the guitar, or a game at penny renings spent mer- ..he starry heavens t Britain. t is doubly import- i sleigh, aud drives [fording him a road 8 of farm produce, them for articles of lie whole country is le country towns is itore-keeper is light the more northeriy ners are not idle, as hey had partly pre- pared durln'T the summer months. As the weather decreases in severity, and spring be- ffins to open up, then the farmer getr his seed into the ground, as soon as it Is prepared, end although tliat may be fur on in the year, couipurcd with the seed-time of (ircat Britain, vet tliu Hied is broupht forward with extraordinary rapidity, arising from the moisture the ground has received, and the great heat of the sun, whiel'. then enables the farmer to turn his attention to other things. The farm produee brought into towns in winter, in the sliape of poultry, etc, are all frozen as Uiird as ico itself, and in that condition they keep a long time qu'te fresh, so that large quantities of such arf brought in that state, and kept in ice for mouths. When about to be uied, all that is necessary is to place them in cold water, which at once reduces them to a p'.'opcr temperature for cooking. Winter time in America, therefore, is looked forward to, by almost every one, with very different feelings from what many in Great Britain are apt to suppose. In the months of November and December, generally, t'.iere is little of that raw, damp, cold, muggy weather, so much experienced in all parts cf Great Britain and Ireland. In- stead of that, the sun beams forth in all his splendour, with, perhaps, a cold but dry and pure atmosphere, then termed the Indian summer part of the year, a time more enjoyed than any other by strangers from Great Britain. AMUSEMENTS AND SPORTS. If horse racing can boast of being one of England's greatest national sports, that of trot- ting matches with horses in harness, may be said to be one of the great sports of America. There is, however, no great day as a " Derby day" of such interest as that day is with Englishmen, when it sets aside the more important duties of business, and even pariiament itself True, the Americans have a greater holiday, because more universal, viz., the cele- bration of Independence day (4th July), but that is of a totaly different character, being one of jubilee and rejoicing. Last year the turf 'appeared to be making a little more headway, and the steam is to be tried to be got up to a point in future, when the " fashion course" of New York is expect- ed some day, to rival that of Doncaster, Epsom, or Goodwood. A popular expressed wish seems to be that some English blood horses should be brought over to try their metal on American soil, in return for the importation into En|;land of " IMoress," and her com- patriots, on the English fields of horse racing. If the Americans cannot boast of such nces as those of England, their trotting matches, and trotting horses, are, in our opinion far ahead of any thing of that kind in Great Britain. To give the British reader an idea of how a horse is yoked, equipped, and driven in a trotting match, we give an illustration of one in full swing at fully " two forty." The machine drawn, is built very light, yet as strong as there is occasion for, with seat only sufficient for the driver. It will be seen that the horse is attired in a very light suit of harness, which, with the machine, or "buggy." presents a very slim appearance Those horses, generally, have a peculiar gait, called " racking," hence they are called " rackers " or " pacing horees." The " racking," or trotting motion of the horse, is not the throwing of the body and legs of the animal straightforward, but a sort of rolling about motion, and, when going slowly, partakes of the appearance of a fast walk and a slow trot combined. It is a peculiar motion, and not a handsome action of the horse, according to our ideas. On the saddle, however, we are told that the motion is particulariy easy for the rider, and that many lady equestrians prefer a good " pacer," or " racker," to any oOier sort of horse, on that account. , It is the ambition of many who keep horses, to be able to boast of how few minu.e. they will take to trot one mile. Those who can trot 1 mile in 2 minutes and 40 seconds are considered up to the mark as " fast" hor..^. From this hns arisen the common renmrk of " 2.40," when applied to any thing which is done fast, llius they have 2.40 men. 2.40 TROITINO MATClIEa— BILLIAUDS AND CIIKSS. 61 womon 2,40 «t..nml.oat«, 2.40 work....... m...... .i. tluro nro 2.40 Uotm'*, .i"'l if we can be- ll«vo o..e C0......O.. iJcu i.i K..!,'l.u..l, it i« tl.at ull A.....ricu. cvory ll.i..gl.i It. an.l wl.lel. l« "^'tLh" tr..t*i«K' ..'.tttoho.. ......Tully, o.m.Utof ....,tch....f ....o. two. or four horic. nn.l ure jurt Bi, exclti..K to tl..> A.....rio«... o. a hor.e race, wh..« .i.l.l.M. I.y jookie*. 1. to an L..Kll«l...mn. The tinio for trotting U»ometi...e«2.31,.u..l '2.32 for 11. lilo. ,,.,,,, Ti... br.H.a of l.orHe* oo..«a.rc.a the l.f«t troltor*. ur., .•all..! the Morgan broed, with big, un«ecn.ly h..«.l«; and «r« larg.vbonod, a.>d lo.,g.li.nbed h..r««.. Th..y trot ..long «t a ear- ful pace and a» th..y pa««, you are apt to exp..nt to «ee tl... whol.. n.aohine fly i..to a thou- sand „i,.,-«.; but no, it whirl* .dong over the ground. a« if it was a feuth.-r at the ta. of the hor«e. the d.-iver see„.i..g to nit on nothing. To our Idea, of driving ho driver will be .oen holding hU nrm» very far out, and .....ch f..rthor th,... Engh.h dnv.r*. we think are aceu«to.ned to do. but we undc.r«t»,.d it i. for the purpose ..f giving then. «« ,„ueh " purchase." or power ov.3r the ho.-.se_so,..o of the Morgan hordes being very hard in the mouth," and strong In the head to guide-when they get exeited i., the ga.ue they are i.laving. A« driver*, we sl.o.dd be u.dined to say, the An.erioan.. an .i people, have „o Buperior if .u.y e.p.al, in the world. AVl.e.. little boys, a,.d .U.le to hold the rein*, hey will be seen Btuek in between the k.^ees of the pnre..t. and driving along w.th gre.it ex- pertnesB. u..til they will be ,net with .done, or. perhaps, two together I" " »'"^'W-. ">"l t^y- Lg the iuetal of their hor.e at " two forty" work, with all the reli«h a..d sk.ll of men, and thus In time, become exeellent hands at handling the reins. Mliny ladies drive regularly, and In Cleveland, and some of the western cities, we saw gome excellent " whips" amongst them. _ _ We may here remark, that in some cities of America, horse exercise is a good deal adopt- ed by ladL. and In o..e part of the e..u,itry a lady teacher advertises as engaged ui giving Ions with many exeellent reasons why it should be more practised by ladies than it is. ^rl^^k^t L not engaged so much In as in England, but " base-ball " and " quoits" are very "'ihe gr X-tinice-as games or amusements-however. are in-doors, and those are the sci- entific games of billiards and chess, but more particularly the former. argt as some of the billiard rooms in London are. they are ^ly a few - --^-; - paratively, which are fitted up in tl.at style of magnificence which characterize the bi 1- Tard o ms of such as New York, Philadelphia. Cincinnati, and Buffalo. In these ctiej t" mi^ber of billiard tables is almost incredible. At night, the lager beer - -ns of t le QcrZs are filled by men playing-and few there are but what has its bilhard table : en he ery meanest-looking places have one. It is the great game with the German neonle uid hence its great enjoyment with them. In billiard rooms in Cincinnati we have people, and '^n«« ^^s g J J ,,t,i,Ushment. whilst the billiard rooms of the eele- eount d 16 18, --\^ Jf'^ >" ^.^^^_^^^ fi^^ed up with 30 magnificent tables, all of :: maS ctu"; o/ y^^^^^^^ largest billiard table makers in America. ; ler^^^^^^^^^^^^ respectably-the game bas extended itself amon^t t . people ad forms one of the greatest enjoyments of city life after ^^^^ ^7;;; ^ reTp taW see and hear of it, throughout the country, it ,s conducted as one of he rejj^tabl ri'r£;~.;;i-i- >—•■•■-••"■•-—'■■ ■■■• Il A '#^ DEGENEKACY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 62 meui .vill be seen parading "^f ^^^^^^ „, ^^ass band, with invariably a coloured part of the -b«rbs-pre d d y - excdl „ _^^_^^^ guests carrying the gold or .ilyer attendantcarry-ngthetaiget n herear ^^^^ bull's eye obtaunng article, as prizes which are to be ^J ^^^ J^ ,, ,, ..^n numbering from fifty prizes respectively for their .kiH }''ll^\Z^^,,^,^,,t or association. In general, they to hundreds, depending upon the "^^ ^'\"'%™'^' , ._,^ith fixed bayonets, shoulder are all neatly dressed in uniform, and w^th '^'''\'''''!''^XoZTlo the r going out on high, present a decidedly military '^VV^^^ll^JZ'^^^^^^^^^ r^Jlr official, and such excursions, they are -gularly ' "■«">■ plea of the Bnt.^i P^P''-"'''" " « ' f "^^^^^^^^^ „f Aberdeenshire, (Scotland,) or .. Tltir L« rullr VrL: rMr»,npl.. o,, nnd «. very per-oniaention of .ohn ■^trf;..ke,.hereforc,thecon,.c™.,a.».. :;;l':tl^;;:; ^."n t;:e»...t«.on ^ but with proper c.re, nnd .voiding the c.u». DEGENERACY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 63 of Buch local diseases, the constitutAon of the European stands as healthy now, under the purer atmosphere of America, than ever it did amid, we think, the stiU more trying eh- mate of Great Britain, wlien taken as a whole. We may be met with the remark, that the American people do not look so fresh and healthy-looking, and so fat as those who enjoy the roast beef of old England, with thcr "stout" and beer after dinner to their hearts' content. . Ar we can say is, that both in Canada, and the northern and western States of Araeri- oa we have found as fresh and healthy-looking, and as strong men as ever we m.'t in hn- tab We will admit, however, that the rosy colour on the cheek is not to be seen to such an ;xtentin America as in the country districts of Great Britain or Ireland, nor that the people, as a whole, are bo fat and stout-looking. But in reality, that does not matter so mudi ^f itself. What is wanted to constitute health and strength, is not by eating enor- m usly. and drinking porter, and being fat. What is wanted in a people is bone and mu. de and we feel convinced that more muscle and real strength, and health, also, is to be md in the wiry frames of the moderately fat-or evu in the thin timbers of an aeUve and healthy eonstitution-than in the extraordinary fat individual, as we presume it w 1 be admitted, that fat forms a very small part in constituting the strength or enduring qiiah- ties of any Animal, but rather an impediment to healthy action It proof is n eded of our remarks, L refer no further than to the agility and strength, and health of the N th American Indian hunters, who, to look at them closely, show none of that superabundan f„r or size we are apt to give them credit for, and yet we will be bound to say. that or ndrinTf^tTgue-hrif shfttered as their constitutions have been during many years witfi he whisky o? the white man-they will equal any average samples of British s rength. We may here observe, that having had an opportunity of meeting with about 40 repre- ItaT/es or chiefs of tribes of North American Indians, last summer, on their way from WaMitngt'n to their territories beyond Minnesota, we remarked, particularly the small but nSle foot and leg of these men, some of them over 60 years of age, but moving al on^with all the agility of men of 20 or 80 years of age. They were, one and all liter- all^tlln muscle ani bone, and in that respect, rather upset our previous notions of what wo ovneeted to find amongst them. . Tl,« ^ t mUtafe. ,v. think, .om, to be, .h.t A»«™.n, »e l.ok.d „p.n ..J.ai n J.«„"«.n .„a sm,gt„, ...ply b.».„. .bey .ro no. .o b o,vn J, ^ ^ ,»- ^ ^^ nicn.ions «» John Bnll nnd his assodntc. »r« rqirc.cnlol to b«. Bill il ex ,utno_, or Ti i.^ and strength, nre .!.« e..enli«l, required, ,ve have no hesitation ,n «,j.ns th. as g™?.r.„,o«n.ot these qu.li.ie. ^-iH be found .brough.ut Amerie., as a ,vl,oio. ns ,n nnr nart cither o( Great Britain, or probably, in the world. , . , ,i,., L'S, t the matter in the aggregate, therefore, ,c think tb.t the very fad. of ,v h^been lone In the e.iin.ry-.he Immense strides it ''" .Tl';;" 1 "^ ,' ' more tiiL theyare in ^'^'; '^ ^■X'::^V:^:ftXt^ X- ,0 perform, .•hetlier that is p.eking a b»le of goods, '^''W"^ "''"';„.;:; V,'» n.l- tilt' hammer overhead, or, above .1, going '"^^ "'j;'; Ti e^ fn^Jiine to do it •7str::d't:i«, this snbieet in some degree, ... would refer totiie e^^^^^^^^^^ kept up by many of the Seoteh portion of the pepulation m keeping up their n.U.uM Q^ DECLARATION OF INTENTIONS. gameB ^vherever practicable, and whoever ^vitnes.ed the Scottish games held ia Jones's wood New York, last September, will say, they never saw the "caber tossed or the " Highland fling" danced, or the "putting of the stone," executed with greater ngihty or strength on the sides of Kiuloch llannoch, or even Braemar It may be that in out-door sports the Americans would be all che better, if they had even more holidays than they have, wliere games and gymnastic exercises were encour- aged and indulged in, so as to improve their physical strength. In that respect, however, we believe they are quite alive to the importance of such. DECLARATION OF INTENTIONS. The emigrant who arrives in the United States with the view of becoming a permanent settler and who wishes to enjoy all the privileges of native-born citizens, must go through the form of what is called the " Declaration of Intentions," as well as be a resident m the country for 5 years. The law requires such, before a vote at elections is extended to for- eianers-and also to entitle them to bequeath real estate property. The intention to be- come a citizen must be notified at least 2 years before the naturalization papers are ob- tained or, in fact, before the applicant becomes a naturalized citizen. The declaration of such intentions can be made before any state court, being a court of record and having a seal and clerk, and common law jurisdiction ; before a circuit court. or district court of the United States ; or before a clerk of either of those courts. In New York the office for declaration of intentions is situated in the City Hall, at the public park. On going there, tlie emigrant will see a board up with " Naturalization Of- fice" painted upon it. On entering the office, and stating that he wishes to declare his inten- tion, he is asked where he comes from, his name, age. etc. All such particulars are en- tered in a book, which states that on a particular day he has declared his intentions of be- coming a citizen of the United States. That book, with sucli declaration, is handed to the applicant to sign. That being done, the clerk makes out a document, of which we give a copy, so that parties from Great Britain and Ireland maybe aware of the terns upon which they are to expect the privilege they ask for. The document referred to reads thus :— (Copy.) STATE OF NEW YOKK. In the Court of Common Pleaajor the City and County of New York : I A B do declare on oath, that it is bona fide my intention to become a citizen of the United St'ates, and do renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign princo, potentate, state, or sovereignty whatever, particularly to tlie Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, of whom I am a subject. Sworn this day of month, 185—. [Signed,] A. B, Signed by C. D., clerk, in the clerk's office, Court of Common Pleas, for the city and county of New York. I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of an original Declaration of Intention remain- ing of record in my office. ^ e ■ \ In witness whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name and affixed the seal of said court, this day of month, 185—. Signed here by C. D., Clerk aforesaid. Previous to obtaining the above document, the applicant has to pay the fee of 25 cents. After the five years has elapsed from the day of the applicant's arrival in the country DECLAKATION OF INTENTIONS. 65 and presuming he has declared his intentions in due form as stated, he must prove by the oath of two citizens of the United States, that he has been resident for live years, and oue year Avithin tlie State where the court is held, before he gets his naturalization papers. We quote the following as what appears to be the law on the subject : — " If he have been a minor, and shall have resided in the United States for three years next before attaining liis majority, he may be admitted without such declaration, on prov- ing by two witnesses that he lias resided five years in the United States, three as a minor and two since he became of age, making the declaration of his intention at the time of his admission, and declaring on oath, and proving to the satisfaction of the court, that for three years next preceding it has been his bona fide intention to become a citizen. " Tlie alien's country must, at the time of his admission, be at peace with the United States. , , , , . , . . " If an alien die after having made his declaration of mtention, and before his admission, his widow and children are citizens. "Tlie minor children of any one duly naturalized, if dwelling in the United States, ara citizens. " A foreign married woman cannot hold property in her own name, unless she be natural- ized, though she may ifter naturalization hold it separate and distinct from her husband." The fee for obtaining the " naturalization papers" is 50 cents, 75 cents, or $1 (2s. 3s. or 4s.) according to the style of the getting up of the document, and ornamental printing of said papers. AVhatever may have been the reason which led to the adoption of such a law, before a foreigner could hold a legal title to real estate, we should suppose that the sooner it is wiped from off the statute book of the United States the better, as, so long as it exists as it is, it presents no additional inducement for settlers to become purchasers of real estate in the country, whilst they are not placed on a footing of equality with other purchasers, simply because they happen not to have been 5 years in the country. We have no doubt this law will be repealed ere long. In fact, the subject is beginning to be " ventilated," from an article we observed in the New York Daily Times of 18th Sep- tember last, in which the editor says: — " The statutes in question are not required by any considerations of public utility, and are founded upon the obsolete maxims of a by-gone age. Why should it be necessary that an alien should file with the Secretary of State a declaration of his intention to be natu- ralized, before lie can be authorized to take and hold real estate ? Until such declaration is filed, he cannot take title to real j>roperty, either by purchase or by will. Any devise to sucli alien is void, and the property passes to the heirs-at-law. Now all such provisions are entirely uncalled for. They cause trouble, and, in some cases, defeat the intentions of testators. The general policy of our law is to make the acquisition of property open and full. If there is danger to our institutions from foreigners amongst us, that danger is cer- tiiiiily lessened, and not increased, by their becoming intere, ted in the soil. We trust the legislature, at its next session, may find time to consider this subject." flw^ 66 AMERICAN HOUSES, AND MODES OF LIVING. AMERICAN HOUSES. Thb interior of tl. houses in the United States resemble, in many respects, the neat. clean, and tidy appearance of a -^-^^^l^^fl^i g-at ir.gnificence, particu- The houses of the upper classes are furni hed lu a le ot ^ eat g i larly as regards furniture-it being universally much chenpet h e e tlm ^^ ill the rooms are. generally speakmg. v-y lofty -d au, lU J ^^_^^^ ^^^^ the Americans is generally on the ^-7->/7,;'^^';„~a,le, the fan.ily retire kitchen. When the meals are annour^ed as <; ^ ^^^tCd apa "^^^ compared .ith down stairs to the ^^■^'^;^^:^^^:^ JZ. .,-Z.. .n^ use the siUing- the other rooms up-stairs. After meal ^'^^y ^f ' j \j,^^j^ j^ is the same after room, parlour, or drawing-room and library, a. "' y/;f ""^; ^^^^^ ^ on the every Leal. In very small houses, even, he mma t^U h . ^^^S^^ ^J^^^^ ^^^ vants. in having no meals and ^'^ '^ ^ZZ^t^ZTZ^^s .s^n Gv.^^r^i^, ^"^:trr;:^::::^rindian corn forms an c^^^^ sponge cake in appearance, is ^:ery substantial, a-d ^"; ^^ ^^j; .^f^^^^ I'ked into " pancakes"-called " Indian corn '^'^^f-J^^'^^^^^^^^^^t consumption there is baked in the same manner, are evidently enjoyed. ^^"^ ^tj^,;""^" M^ate, piping hot. of them, at all breakfast and tea-tables, as they are 7J^J';f;;J, fas possible. A that rein, one does not near rents spoken ^^^:'l^:^^'t2^^^,, a„d al- The houses, for the most part, excepting in the large cities, are i'."^"^ J ' though to a slranger. aecustomo^l to see the substantial stone '^^XtZeTtty^Tu houses in England, the wooden houses may not appear so comfortable, yet they made equally as comfort^.ble as any stoue house. ^^ ^^^^^ The almost universal fuel in America, is wood. Parties supply ^vooq a j AMERICAN HOUSES, AND HOUSEHOLD AFFAIRS. 67 ;8, the neat, ice, particu- •eftt Britain, ng-i'oom of el witli tlie fiiiuily retire miiarc'd with ihii silting- e same after rally, on the \\ tables are nient for ser- 5reat Britain, 2ad, unknown ite bread, like IS. It is also iwheat cakes" iption there is te, piping hot. s possible. A kwheat, or It- narmalade. 12, to 1, V. M. ; ;ls in America, f an American be cold water, jrity of private imblest dinner- cr-tables of the 2en magnificent st seasons, com- umpkins, brani- i assist to make ipper-tublo. slasses, as a gen- irkraen in Great being the ambi- )wn, and where, id flowers. For in Great Britain, of wood, and al- cotland, or brick yet they can be as they do coals, It is supplied generally in logs — cut up — but requiring a man to chop it up into the proper length for use in the almost universal fire-place — the stove — which article acts the part of a kitchen-range as ■well, in very compact form, as with it you can bake, boil, roast, and Btew, all at one time. Stoves are made all sizes, and sold with cooking-dishes, etc., complete. In some of the large cities on the seaboard, such as New York and Piiiladelphia, coal is used to a large extent, and is increasing every year in consumption. It is of a very hard, brittle nature, and comes chiefly from Pennsylvania. There is no smoke from this descrip- tion of coal, nor almost any from the wood used — so that it is one of the things which strikes the stronger, on visiting American cities, to find the atmosphere of all as clear and pure as if there were not a fire burning in a single house. Ratlier a difference this, from the murky atmosphere of such as Shefiield, Birmingham, London, Manchester, and Glas- gow, with an additional supply of " blacks," which now and then ornament the faces, or shirt fronts of the people, as tliey walk along the streets ! We may mention, that in New York, the Scotch system of building houses in floors, or "flats," with one and sometimes two families living on each floor, is carried out to a small extent. Such " lands" are filled, for the most part, with Germans and Irish— tlie Scotch people appearing to prefer the small, " self-contained" house, where they can procure them. The pressure of the times, during the last 18 n.onths, has compelled many to divide theh- houses, by sub-letting the upper portion of them, either furnished or unfurnished. In this way, there are hundreds of cases in New York, where one house contains two families, which was tenanted by only one family previous to the panic of 1857. Regarding the performance of household dutle^, we find that amongst the families of the mercantile classes the daughters of a family are brought up to understand what household work is, and also how to do it; in fact they are necessitated to do it, as that "greates'„ plague in life," a servant, here, is not always the speedy, cleanly, and bidable gentlewoman to be found in England or Scotland. There is so much ignorance and unbecoming habits on the part of the vast proportion of imported servants, that families are obliged to be able to assist themselves when left in the lurch by any sudden whim of temper or taste on the part of their " help." We find that the American ladies are not only good, but quick workers, throwing all that nervous energy of character they are possessed of into their work, to get done with it as speedily as possible; so that whether it be at sweeping out a room, squaring up a bed- room or cooking a meal, we have found them "smart" at their work. It is not in the nature of an American lady, no more than it is in an American gentleman, to do any thing slow No doubt, American ladies can take their ease, and enjoy a rest on a sofa, or on one of their easy rocking chair^particularly on a hot day, with the mercury 100° in the shade-as well as any other lady. Again, in the matter of early rising, the American ladies in our opinion, put many British ladies completely to the blush, in that respect. What would some of our English or Scotch ladies think of getting up at 4 or 5, a m. in the summer season, and going to market then 1 This is necessary both in Canada a. J the United States, as, if delayed much longer, there would be no butcher's meat to be had long after these hours. As we have said, in the families of merchants, manufacturers, etc., the daughters are taught to work in good earnest, and some of the little girls of S and 10 years old will be found quite as smart as the boys of those years are generally acknowledged ^°Ladies who board at hotels are, perhaps, the only exception to what we have stated. The lady who is a permanent boarder at a hotel has, of course, nothing to do with the cares and work of housekeeping, but, ten chances to one, if even she does not know how things ought to be done, although she is not obliged to do them. _ ill families try to do with as fe^v servants as possible, prefernng, in many cases to do without extra assistance, rather than pay high wages for very indifferent and troublesome " We may here mention that many American ladies are to be found engaged in biisinese .uch as tlic medical and literary professions, more particularly in connection with the EXPENSES OF HOUSEKEEPING. 68 n „. «,vUinir for nm^aziiies, periodicaU, etc., whilst the provincial newspaper P--';7*^! ."^ """.^^te ound engag d at particular descriptions Ll™ .h.n appear i» a»y tbi.g <.ppr«chl.6 lo "'i-'^^y g»«-l- EXPENSES OF HOCSEKEEPING. R.„„.,™U.,c.,t.Clivl.g or l,.u..L..pl..g, it mucl, depends up.. «,eloc.li.y.«dth. t„o»Ud«.or,nd,v^u.J..h.^^^^^^^^^^ "i:';'*!"? i;:«ltd'«rof M.ehe., from «5 U, «0-.U depending "P™ .''""^^ yI Xl> wiU give .. Idea of the re«, .ecommodation, ete., U.ere ■- December .a>t. children, »6 (308. stgOamiinth^___ rr,5~Tr^ rw^n^-ET^UNFUKSISUED, TO A FAMILY U* T two respectable persons, the third floor of he nrivatTdweX, "vest Twenty-nintl. street, conslstmg Smree fine rooms, with large pantries, gas, bath and Croton water att^ched^Nlonthly rent $2i(£?3l>J. r¥AO LET WITH ALL THE MODERN IMPROVE- T ments, West Thirty-sixth street, five rooms on tlv^ second floor. Kent $12 (£3 stg.) per month. One family in thejious^. ^ TN BUOOKLYN, THREE MINUTES' WALK FROM T South or Wal street ferry, a front parlour, bed- ;^om and pantry, second floor, comfortably furnished forTwo personV' Price |2U0 (£40 stg.) per annum, gas and fires Included^tendance, etc. xTnf"uRNISHED, at VEST FIFTEENTH STREET, IT kitchen and hre. r.oms, with all conveniences fVhousekeeping; hot .,.,« o.ld water.-nd gas through- out, and bath. J^ent ^M ^£4 stg.) per month. r^^cTLET^O A SMALL FAMILY, IMMEDIATE T possession, the second floor, with attic bedroom n house. Walker street, near Broadway. Rent $800 (£60 stg.). * LOWER PART OP A HOUSE TO LET, TO A A. respectable family ; six rooms, marble mantels, ^ndeliers, gas, biith, range, hot and cold water; rent $31 (£6 4«. stg.) per month. A small famfly m the upper part. A N FLEG YnTfAMILY CUPOLA COTTAC-E TO A let, furnished, in Williamsburg, Brooklyn ; splen- did chandeliers, bathroom, balcony, piazza, carnage- ilou'e location in a most beautiful avenue; stages, etc. Rent $500 (£100 stg.) per annum. THE FOUR STORY BASEMENT BRICK HOUhl., West Twenty -second street, pleasantly situated and replete with modern Improvements. Rent, to a good tenant, $650 (£130 stg.j;_ 4"^THREESfOUY ENGLISH BASEMENT HOUSE, iV fitted with all the modern conveniences. Kent $TuOper annum. "i~VERY COMrOIvr.BLE HIGH FRONT BASE- A ment, occupio^ the last twenty years as a doc- tot^s office unfuaiished, for $10 per month. The house flrst-class, qaiet, and respectable. ^ BOARD- ^ PLEASANT HOME OAN BE SE- cmcl 'or the winter In a flrst-class house near Broadwnv „ a central location. Gentlemen's rooms, with board,,' -1 $5 to $6 ('258. to 30«. stg.), with fire; I^adUinVr >'"' gentlemen A fine parlour w^^^^ bedrooms, or: .'.c^/'i.d floor front, for $6 to $T (-^Os. to SSsstg). DlniK- at o'clock. Reference required. Ho«sesarerentedbythemonth,threen,onths.orlonger-_: I.Hted. When rented by the working classes, the rent is paid, very generally, monthly, in advance. Ca is burned in the houses of the wealthier classes only. A hquid, called "bui^.ng fluW " Is used most extensively. It is somewhat similar t. camphene, and gives a hght equal to 2 good candles, for about 25 cents (or U. stg.) per week. Coal where used Tor fuel, is about 18s. stg. per ton-burns clean, with little waste. Coal, wnere ustu piacps-is sold at so much per " cord. Wood, however, is tie principal fuel i.sert in most pmcH— - The expense is considerably greater than for coaL HOUSEKEEPING, BREAD, ETC. 69 B., whilst the r descriptions lent of assist- i dresses they o, work hard jcality and the c, wheat, vege- e cities. t, taking every Sng.). w York, we an- upon situation, ;, higher. The pal daily news- tions of houses, ise he wants. 1 to let in New lecember last. !E TO LET, TO A 13, marble mantels, t and cold water; A small family in )LA COTTA(iE TO g, Brooklyn ; splen- ly, piazza, carriage- ful avenue; stages, num. [T BulcKlTonsE; pleasantly situated, ements. Kent, to a lASEMENT house; :onvenience9. Kent GH 'FRONT'aASE- enty years as a doc- per month. The ctable. 1ME~0AN~BB SE- irst-class house near Gentlemen's rooms, ,o30«.stg.), with fire; , A fine parlour, with , for $6 to IT («0«. to Reference required. lien rented by the ,, called " burning and gives a light , with little waste, much per " cord.' In eatables we will first notice the great " staff of life," viz. : Bread, etc. Tiie principal kind of bread used in the cities is wheaten, and the same grain forms the larger portion of that consumed throughout the northern States and Canada. Rye and Indian corn is used to a considerable extent, but oatmeal is confined to portions of Canada, and some of the New England States. Every good housewife bakes her own bread, cakes, pies, etc., and the former is raised with yeast obtained in various ways. " Salt risings," " hop yeast," and " yeast cakes," are used in the country, and these with brewers' yeast in cities. The cooking stoves are well adopted for baking. It takes usually some time for some emigrants to relish corn-bread, and this is also the case with rye. Bread made of half rye and h:.'.. corn-meal, is both sweet and nutricious, but the methods of making all these are best learned from some good cook, and the American women are always willing and ready to teach a stranger the mysteries of the kitclien, if properly re- quested to do so. Every American cookery book has a large number of these receipts, but a little practical knowledge is always essential. We find the following remarks published on the subject of Indian Corn Meal, and Indian Corn Bread: "A bushel of Indian com lontnins more nutriment than a bushel of wheat. Indian corn should never be ground fine. 1' .le meal may be eaten when fresh ground, but it will not keep sweet. The broken oil globules become rancid and bitter. " Corn cakes, made of meal and water, with a little salt, mixed into a stitl tlough, very thoroughly, and baked on a board before a hot fire, or in a hot oven, or in little cake.", on a grid- dle, till entirely done, are very sweet, wholesome bread. , ., , , en- "Corn and wheat bread is wholesome and nutricious, and easilvmode— if yon know how. tatir two teocupfuls of white meal in a pint of hot water for each loaf; free it of lumps, and let it stand twenty-four hours. Boil two or three potatoes, peel and slice, and mash in a pint of water, which thick'en with flour until it is stiff batter; and then add half a teacunful of bakers yeast. You will use about one-third as much meal, scalded as above, as you do of (lour; knead the meal and veast, and sponare, and add a little salt with the Hour all together, and work it well and mould in pans to rise moderately, and then bake, at first, in a hot oven. This bread will be moist, and more nutricious, and more healthy than if it were all flour. . * ,i, "Buckwheat cakes are improved bv adding corn meal, prepared lu the same wav, in about the same proportion as for breal. A little wheat flour may be added to advantage. Don t let your batter over-rise and sour, and never use saleratus if it does. , , . , • , -i, i-n „„ " Corn meal pudding may be made of yellow meal, stirred into scalded skimmed milk, till as thick as gruel, and, when cool, add ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg salt, and sweetening to suit tlie taste, and a little fine-cut suet, and some raisins, or dried peaches, or a hne-cut apple. It should bake an hour or more, according to size. You who do not believe any thing made of corn meal can be good, will please try this recipe for a pudding." Bakers are numerous in the cities; but it is poor economy to p'-rchase that kind of bread, for home-made is much healthier and cheaper. The use of alu nd other drugs is as well understood in America as in Britain, although bread, genei 1-y, is made from the best flour. No people consume so many cakes, pies, tarts, preserves, etc., as the Americans, and their tables are always set with an abundance of these. This is probably owing to the ease with which the materials are procured, and the skill of the women in baking, with the facility of cooking afforded by their stoves. An industrious woman may, with ease, set a good table at small expense. Large quantities of " saleratus," or bi-carbonate of soda, is used in baking bread and pas- A description of pic-nio biscuit, called "crackers," are very extensively used, and are sold for from 6 to 8 cents per lb. (3d to id. stg.). We have failed to meet with the "Aber- nethy" or " Wine" biscuits, so well known in Scotland. Wheat flour ia about ^ cents (2ior lb ^Hv'^' Bunip steak, j>er lb » « j- Corued,perlb * » ^^ Roasting pi«-<'«.P,">b Vav'^' Cliiick roast, per lb » ^^- Second-eut chuck, per lb. « « i" Porter-house steuk, per lb 15 a la Mvrro. is, generally .peaking, more akin to .hat may be purchased in Leadenhall ^lar ket, excepting, probably, very choice '< south down." It is sold as follows:— Hind quarters, per lb 8 a 13cts. Fore quarters, per lb * » ? Chops, per lb llalt' Lambs, quarter 75a|l.. 50 Lambs, per lb • • • • Veal sells, hind quarters, per b.. " fore quarters, per lb... " cutlets, per lb 11 a 13ct8. 10 a lU* C a H 14 a 10 Pigeons, squab, ner doz «2.25 a 8 OOcts. Woodcock, per doz 4.00 » »'♦ Snipe, Curlew, and Merlin, per ^ ^^ ^ ^^^ Snipe,' Dowlciier" per doz 1.00 tf 1..^0 Snipe, x-eyes, per doz o r I ^ o on Plover, per doz H?,^?'?,?, Partridge, per pair 1-00 a i.^o V u.„v AND Game -Immense quantities of excellent poultry is sold, although it is not PouLTOY AND Uame. im uiei 1 howevcr. much lower than in BO fat and good as is sometimes desirable. The puces arc, However, Britain. We quote as follows— for Fowls, per pair ''^%a!\ff'- Fowls llucfc's County, per pair. |1.00 a 1.7., Chickens, roasting, per pair. . . 1.00 a. l.-j> Chickens. Spring, per poir. ... oO a 1.00 Spring Duclvs, per pair 7o a lU Spring Geese, each 1-f * ^-^^ Turkeys, per lb ^ 20 Western poultry, per lb -, „ % 25 Pigeons, wild, per doz 1-25 a 2.2o V,™,T. » -Th. pri« ot «g.t.ble. v.,ie. .,n.ide»bly »m. «»...». «n J .1» the ma,,. Jr^raJyV. bcgM. M..y h.„»tep.,. p.r.1,... pota: ,«, for ..ample, per barrel, and save considerably by so doing. Potatoes, new, per bbl Hf^ 2.75cts. Potatoes, new, per bushel 0-ta i.uu Potatoes, new, half-peck ....... li>« ^'^ Sweet potatoes, per half peck. . Green corn, per 100 ears Green corn, per doz • • • Turnips, new, Russian, per bu. Turnips, new, per doz. bunches. Turnips, new, per bunch ...... Carrots, new, per doz. bunches, Carrots, new, per bunch. ..... * a 25(1 37 a 5 a 62*(t a 37 a 10 75 Cabbage, new, per Tomatoes, per bui head, shel basket. 4a SO a 9ct3. 40 37 a 50 5 50 5 6a 18 a 12 a 31a 8 25 18 37 6 87 Tomatoes, per quart 8 a — Beans, per peck ^-^ « Lima Beans, per bushel hJ a Lima Beans, per half peck 12 a Cucumbers, per doz JJ * Parsley, per bunch 2 a Mint, per bunch 1 « Leeks, per bunch Garlic, per bunch 1 Garlic, per doz — « ^-W Egg Plants, each Oa — Salad, per doz. heads 18« Salad, per head 2 a Squashes, per bushel Squashes, each Watermelons, each Mushmelons, each 6a — a 374 75 9 3 10 81a la 6 a la 37 4 37 2 87 6 Beets, new, per doz. bunches Beets, new, per bunch * « Onions, per doz. strings '-^ » Onions, per string... • Onions, new, per half peclc Green Peppers, per doz... Okra.perloO '>'"' Okra, per doz " * Cabbage, new, per doz The melons, in the list of vegetables, form a very cheap and most delicious article for '"ti^-^rrariety of fruit is very great, and in good seasons is exceedingly moderate in price. Last .eason fruit was very dear, in consequence of the small supply. The fol- lowing were the prices then. Peaches, per bast.t ^1.00 a 4.00cts. Peaches, per quart »« l\ Plums, per quart i" « ^^ Citrons, each •• »« Grapes, hot-house, per lb oo a Blackberries. New Rochelle, per _ basket loa 624 18 Blackberries. Lawton, box Blackberries, common, per qt. . Whortleberries, per quart Apples, new. per half peck .... pLrs, new, per basket. $1.00 a 6.00 Pears, nev/, per half peck . . , . . 12 a l.-Jo — a 30 15 a 18 12 a 15 18 a 50 The foregoing are all native growth. DOMESTIC SERVANTS — PROFESSIONAL MEN. 71 :-i 12 rt ITicts U a Vi 4 a 11 adenliall Mar- FoRKioN Fruits sell as follows : — 3.. 11 a IScts. 10 a I'J* Ha H 14 a 10 hough it is not lower than in $2.25 a S.OOcts. 4.00 a 4..')0 75 a 87i 2.50 a 3.00 1.00 a 1..50 87 a 50 2.50 a 3.00 1.00 a 1.25 vould be of no kcril, mackerel, I as in England, d also the mnn- •r example, per 9cts. 40 ia 80 a 3 a 25 a 62 a 12 a 6a 2 a la — 6a — — a 10 — a 1.00 C a 18 a 2a 81a la 6a la 37* 75 9 3 37 4 37 2 87 6 licious article for edingly moderate supply. The fol- — a 30 15 a 18 12 a 15 18 a 50 n .00 a 6.00 12 a 1.25 Lemons, per box $3.00 a 5.50ct8, liCinons*, vvr doz I'JJft 37i Pine Apples, per doz 25 a 1.50 Pint Apples, each 3 a 15 Coiicounuta, per 100 2.00 a 3.25 Coacoanuta, i)er doz 31a 50 Fills, pp'' hox 50 a — Figs, per lb 10 a — Dairy I'nouucE, Eoos, etc., sells as follows: — Cheese, new, per lb Dates, per lb 10 a — cts. Uttiaina, nor lb 10 a 12 Koiains, bunch, per box 2.0O a 2.iiO Currants, per lb 10 a 12 Preserved Ginger, per jar, about Olbs 1.00a — Green Ginger, per lb 25 a — Oranges (flavana) per doz 62* a. $1.00 Rail Egga, seven for 12 a — Fgga, lifteeu for 2.) a — Kgga, sixty-four for $1.00 a — Honey, pure northern, per bottle. 50 a 75 Butter, State, by the tub. per lb. 18 a 24cts. Butter, State, per lb 25 a 25 Butter, Orange Co., per lb 26 a 23 Butter, Orange Co., by the pail, per lb 10 a — Butter, Ohio, per lb 16 a 22 Milk.— Skimmed milk is seldom used by any one. Although a considerable quantity of mill? is sold, known as distillery milk— (obtained from cows fed upon distillery slops)— the very finest milk is retailed through the cities, in ca-ts, at cents (Sc/.) per quart. Sugar, lump, 10 to 12 cents (5d. to 6d.) per lb. Brown, 6 to 9 cents (JiJ. to Aid.) per lb. Coffee, roasted and ground, from 9 to 18 cents, {Aid. to 9d) scg, per lb. Tea.— Tliere being no duty on tea as in Britain, excellent tea can be bought for 50 cents (2.9. stg.) per lb., although it is sold lower and higher than that. The foregoing prices quoted, are the retail prices. For eery cent reckon one-halfpenny. The wages paid for all descriptions of servants are very high, it being one of the great characteristics of the country, that every description of labour is well paid, and even the humble washerwoman shares in the receipt of good pay, compared with what is paid to Buch in Britain. In New York, such women receive 75 cts. to $1 (S.t. to 4s. stg.) per day, with meals, for 10 hours' work. Giving out clothes to be washed costs, on the average, 50 cents, (2.'*. stg.) per dozen, and if ironed or got up, 75 cents to f 1, (3s. to 4s. stg.) per dozen. Domestic servants are paid good wages, and although really good servants are scarce, very ordinary " helps" are paid from £12 to £20 per annum. Servants in America, for the most part, are either Irish or German, and we can assure ladies at home, that the " greatest plagues in life" are as abundant in America as anywhere, as on arrival here, girls who would be very civil and thankful to get £4 per annum in Ireland, will be found not over clever, tidy, or tractable, when receiving $00 to $75 (£12 or £15) per annum. After Irish girls have been in the country for some time, they improve considerably— their ideas of themselves, and the wages they ought to receive, expanding likewise. Servants are employed differently, in some respects, from what they are in Great Britain ; for example, in first-class houses no laundresses are kept. The table and bed linen is washed by the cook, on a particular day. and the body clothes are washed by the maid of all work and housemaid on another day, of the same, or following week. PROFESSIONAL MEN IN AMERICA. Ix the course of our travels through the United States and Canada, we were led to make an inquiry, as to the position which professional men occupied, and the remuneration paid to them. The answer to our first enquiry so surprised us, that, from curiosity— and also to ascer- tain if the answer to our first inquiry was general-we made further notes as we went along, on the same subject. As a few of these may prove interesting to many in Great Britain, we annex them for general information-young men in the learned professions there being, in many cases, as ignorant concerning matters in America, as many of their less educated brethren are. As stated elsewhere, men engaged in some of the professions, find it absolutely necessa- ry to eke out an existence by acting the part of postmaster, reeve, general storekeeper, and magistrate. This applies more particularly to medical men. Fortunately for such, it :« r.ji. 1 -^2 CLEROYMFV IN AMERICA. U .ot consiaored. In Canada, or in country ^i3irlet. in the United State, in/ra .%. f-.r hem to exe 'ro lla.ir ahili.ies out of the re.ulur path of s«rg.-ry. and moduunc. .to tc cTer™ f on^ loir poHition. and the embargo which h«« l>oon hud upon ti.em .n that ?re ilTo xorcL their ability in tholr own partionlar .,.horo. dopcnd.,, for StlLialruponteir t.len, and. to .me extent, upon the honour of the eon^re- ''^'^::::^:;;'al:^'a m.count. m Canada, and no mist..lce." wa« the rornn.^ of a .ontlo- .an-:. o n wemot there-well entitled to .pealc upon the ««l^.ot '' A 1 the y.n.ng n. rr^rourmo •• he added, " nro studying, either for n.edieme, or for the bar Het. are n/ hi.;: and winna din.," .'.nd faets and %ure. moreover, l.ar out the assert.on of our fnend-B observation and experience regarding the pnne.pal profe«.on. " The Clergy Ro.erve," as the grants of land originally appropriated by the P.o .n< ,.1 Gover n,ont for the .up >ort of the clergy of the Established Church of England and >.■. - land as veil as of the iLan Catholic Cluireh, were called, have been eomn.u od that , to avtle lands have been sold, and the proceeds have been invested in lands, the .nt^est Vie ded y hioh is managed and administered by the several churches for the support or ^ ler supplcuent of the' e.orgy connected .ith then,; and of course, -ory ad^ m..^^^ Il X numbers, reduces the general dividend. We cannot, therefore von.h or the exa 1 lend mid to the clergy, either of the Established Churches of England and Scotland or Of'the Toman Cat! olifchurch. The salaries of the Presbyterian ministers, except m larg" iJes" here they rise to £500, range from £100 to £150 stg. As - the paltry p,t^ anee P d to Methodist nnni.ter^unless we are misinformed-£30, n add.tum to h.s board rtXusl of some family where he is temporarily located, is doled out to a young man li hit anv enoumbrances," and £50 to the man who cnvrios, like Peter, ' a w.fe. a «. teJ:- ailng with him in his itinerancy, with the addition of a consideration for every ehdd "FJom S-^«'l '^— *' -« «"<^ ^^"* *^^ ^"*"*' ^'"^ "' clergymen of all denomina- tionst Canada numbers somewhere about 2,270. Composed of as 1 lows •.-l.pi-opal Church 300 ioman Catholic Church, between 700 and 800; Established Church of ^cot- WOO Fr e Church of Scotland, 150 ; United Presbyterian Church. 80 ; ;V -^/T-. New Connexion Fniscopal and Primitive Methodists. 600 ; Congregational, 70 ; Baptist, 18 "^ . T pasSi^l I i« a very brittle one. in Canada, as well as in the Unitcnl States, . a clerical, as well as a common remark. When a congregation hear a popular mimstei. a mtrng i. summoned, a vote taken, and if he offers no objection to the salary, board s provided instanter. and the Presbytery is requested to proceed with his ordina ion o i tr.v duction without delay. The process of dismission is equally summary. I he has d d to attack some social vice, or given offence, no matter how, to the " sovereign people, a r^ee ng is called, the resolution passed that Mr. — 's services are no longer required. Tnd he is accordinglv, nolens volens, cashiered. Greater attention, it ,s true, is paid to ec- clesiastical forms amongst the presbyterians in Canada, but demissions are very frequent, and perpetual change is the law that holds almost universally, ^vhich cannot e.vc.te sur- Se'to'hose who are aware that a congregational " promise to pay' of £100, to tie nnn- Iter on his settlement, very often dwindles down to three-quarters, or one-half o th stipulated sum before the end of the year. "Why don't the clergy remind the people of th ir duty?" an old country clergyman would say. What do our readers suppose won d be the reply when thus appealed to, to remind the "sovereign people" o their duty » Have you the impertinence to tell me to my face, in my own house, that I have not kep „,V word ?" roared out one of their number, to a minister of the gospel, wlien the .ubjoct was complained of by a hard-working minister. " Walk out. sir 1" and suiting the action to the word, he threw open the door. "Walk out, sir! my house is my castle, and I won't submit to be called a liar in my own house. Walk out. sir! you won't ong remain lZ..o.iion with the church. I guess, if you try that tack ! Walk out. sir Wo must confess we were more astonished with the answer the honest minister got, than he was. Talking on ecclesiastical matters one day, a friend said. " Tlie Associate Reformed Congre- PUOFESSIONAL MEN IN AMERICA. 73 ij/rrt dir/, for itu', I'tc, etc. them intlmt ('pending for f the coiigre- t of a pentle- ic young men " Fncit* nre le assertion of he rroviiicial and and Seot- luitc'd ; thiit is s, tlie intvest le f;uppi)rt,or, ry addition to for the exnct d Seotlond, or ers, except in the paltry pit- on to his hoard " a young man " a wife, a sis- for every child all denoniintt- vs : — ICjiiscopnl Church of Scot- VVcrileyan, New ?nptist, 180. ed States," is a iilar minister, a salary, hoard is nation or inlro- If he has dared reign people," a onger required le, is paid to eo- e very frequent, nnot excite sur- 100, to the min- one-half of the nd the people of 9 suppose would " of their duty 'I ; I have not kept when the auhject uiting the action my castle, and I on't long remain , sir !" We must rot, than he was. leformed Congre- gation at wUhed to engage the servieei* of the Uev. Mr. , who had demitted IiIh ciiarge in connection with the United Treshyterian Church, but tliey could not come to terms, and he ultimately left liis own body and accepted the offer of the congregation in coimoetion with the Entahlished Church of Scotland at , where he is still ex- ercising tiie functions of tlie ministry." That was hy no mtiins a singular instaneo of a dissenting clergyman connecting himself either with the fiStahlished Ihnrch of England, or Scotland, both of which hold out the inducement, if not a permanent endowment at least, of the i ait of a tolerable supidement to the stipend offered by the congregation. Again we were gravely assured that you may hid " good bye" to your clerical fiiend, a plain Presbyterian, and shake hands with him on your return, hatted, gowned, and apron- ed, as a pompous Bishop in full canonicals. The story goes that a Scotch clergyman, who iiad undergone the above transformation, met his old friend — another Scotchman — a I'res- byterian worthy, in the street, laid his hand upon the hipel of his coat, and remarked that it was rather bare for a Doctor to wear, upon which the l're9l)yterian took up the corner of the Bishop's apron, and twirling it in his fingers, responded, " Very true, Johnny, mon ; hut I wadna mil in;/ noul for a dadle!" (Scottice for an ajiron). From tiiis it would ap- pear that the new world of Her Majesty's dominions has not escaped tlie tainted touch of degrading simony. Sucii being the ecclesiastical condition of Canada, the legal and medical professions, frequently, hold out tlie fairest prospects of remuneration and sueccs, and sufticiently ac- counts for the fact that numbers of young men who have studied for tlie church, have ul- timately betaken themselves to the study of law, medicine, or the practice of teaching in the common or grammar schools of the province. Barrister's fees are no less in Canada than in Great Britain, and the medical tarift' is prodigiously high ; consequently, med- ical men sometimes realize fortunes. It is said that the people are notorious for suing each other on the most trifling occasions, and if one may judge from the space allotted to piifling quack medicines— all of them, of course, " Infarible Remedies" for " all the ills that flesh is heir to"— in the provincial papers, John Bull, j\ii or, appears to be as gullible as hia portly papa in the old country. Ti>e same remarks apply, in a great measure, with regard to professional men in the United States. It, was only in December last we met with an instance, where a clergyman, in connection with a Presbyterian Church, in Brooklyn, New York, had commenced to 8U0 (for bain ee of salary) the managers of the congregation, who had dismissed him with- out assigning any particular reason. From a statement published some time ogo, it appears that the salarit .i some clergy- men in the United States (such as Rev. H. W. Beccher, and Pev. Dr. Clmpin, of New York,) reach as much as $5000 (£1000 stg.) per annum— and be it observed, on the "voluntary" principle— a proof that clergymen of sterling ability are as much appreciated, and as well paid by the people in the United States, as any other quarter of the globe. Medical men in cities in the States realize largo incomes, from the high fees they charge. We have met several surgeons, who have been practitioners in England and Scotland, and who have great reason to be satisfied in having transferrsd their services to the United States. They are unanimous in announcing— much better fees, and fewer bad debts, than they were accustomed to in Great Britain. 74 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF AMERICA. Look Into the face of every chiM you .noct ^vith fro.u Maine to KK-.l-ln. or fron, Now Y,i^ to S n FmneUco. for aught you know you n.uy he gazing upon .ho proHuiont o, tho U ,e 1 State, in on.bryo. To be «ure. It n.ay he only upon the uture governor of a .ngle ^ 1 e that as it may. the chiUl i. father of the ..an. an.l the An.ericMU. peopU. are u« f nv"e.. lelous of the fact as they are aware that the ai.Vu.io,. of general knowle-lge .s h« de preparative f..r the proper exerei.e of the rights, as well as tho per ormanee of h lutin tizen«hip. Ana Ihoroughly .letern.ine.l a« they are to perpetu.Ue thwr pohUca nXtiL lat.lt posterity, they have resolve.! t., e«.ahli,h a «y«ten of eonun.m kc jool ;:>::. well ealeulLd toieconrpli.h their n.,hle and "'^tU.nal purpose , a .r.e ...oj. of which is all that wec..n,rete.^.«> '::^:in^::^;^-^^^^r::^^^^^^ «ce.>„.n,oa.ion .. ........ !"';« as f the support of the' teachers, the expcse. of which are .lefraye. hy rev... o^ d'r 1 f. om landsa;pr..pri..ted for scho.d pu. poses. and ge..eral tax., on ; and tl- J-. J. t on of e g. neral management up..n a cmmittee of gentlemen elected by the peopl . V can only point o the in.portance attached to the B.-lection ..f a healthy sUe f..r he -h.n>l- om tofhr'ontion paid to ventilation, tempe.ature. a..d lighting; to the w.sdom d.«pla>ed n the e I fi atio . of p,.pils. a..d in their co,.rses of study, as well as in the reg.,la....... ef cllls aTd clmittees.'and n.ust. therefore, refer the reader to the mm.erou. v..lun.,.. repot and blue books profe.edly published to ditluBC general informat.on vegard.ng the manai/ement of the edueatio..al institutions .if America. There s a egular gradation of schools-p.-imary. i..termed5ate, grammar, and h.,h JoorU.ro..rH -l-h the pupil passes during the course of instruction, preUn.mary a..d ^^;Er:^i.;;^T^::"4;r:f:"toanobtainadmissionintothe^ J^:: generally taught y ladie. a class of teaelu^s w.o ^are ^f^^ ^ «.)0 do" ars per annum. If pupils have been detained by sickliness, del.cate health, or bvTe neXn oJ parnts, and other causes, from attendance at the primary seh.n.l. for alniro? time they are sent to the " intermediate" schools, from l.otl. .>f wh.ch they are drafted on terport'of satisfactory progress, at 7 years of age. into the " ,ra,,..ar sd.oo tCe they remaL under the tuition of a master, and a male and fe,nale "-^«tant_ f b. r. r.:>,ln! ..na ,U. ^.y, .0 .he», „ .«p».or t„ a,,y of *f ^P-'-^M f J . J 1 , tv-o vinti nt i/reat cost " " I was surprised to hnd. is the staitmtni oi u Zt BaCr fp ofZdee "that the ma'sters of the Latin and English Ilig IvhooU in Bostc^n. get each $2400 a year, or only $100 less than the Governor of I atl" In New Yof k. also, we have met with gentlemen largely engaged in mercant.le laiufacturinroperations, who prefer sending their children to the common schools of the Iy!!frenithough they are Jeeling convinced of their superiority to any private acade- "?hf :L™sTum"of t!i00.000 sterling has been contributed by volun.ry ^xatioB A he enormo throughout the United States. According to a late account "^^^T^^^^^^^^^^^, -^ - ^-- than 200 universities, with f.OOO Ltullted students, and VOO public libraries, containing 2,500,000 volumes, have been established throughout the Union, KOIJCATION IN THE UNITKI) STATK8 AND ('ANADA. 76 A «trnn(?i'r, on vl»ltin(( ono of tlm pulil\(! hoIiooU In any (if tlic liir^ft- citicH, conudt Imt b« Dtrnck with tin- rxofUi'nco of tlif iirriinncnieiiti) nnJ ity»toin nciurally oili'pt«>(|, In th« oliiKHTooins of Uh'Hi! lMi«tltnti(>iiM will Ih' foiuhl tin- nicst oonipluto uttontion on tin- piirt of nil, the onliT and dfcoruni, in nil tlnlr ni(>v( iiuntu, lifiiij? imjuii! in pi'iui^iou to tluU of a Wfil-clrilli'il rfniniint, as cucli littlu inulo au Hound of llio piano, playod liy anotlicry unp; pupil of H or |() yiar« of «(^e. TInrc, ln»trui'tion Ih niaatehi»l with the .^odus operandi of voting by ballot-or popular elections in he Ne. ^N orld. " Hrs! of all, thfn. we n.ay explain that there is no " nominat on '^::^Z:^^ elections in America-but the formation of what is designated a party I. ket appeal, o be the same sort of proceeding, only earned out differently. The " Ticket eons. ts of a lU t o say, four candllates, who are nominated at a preliminary meeting of some o he Lal'ng men of the p.rty, and decided upon as «' fit and proper persons to represent he part and their principles faithfully in Congress, and are submitted for he support o he Tar V F example: the Republican parly, meet and fix upon their men and hav tCname printed on a small llip of white paper-not much larger than a railroad t.^. !^^ ueThem to all true Republicans to support, and carry the eleciion of one out of he ^r names ehosen. Only one can be elected, but four are submitted for the people. Sio iras alth ugh allReUl-ans, electors may have their predelict.ons m favour of a p rUci m n Jo any of the other three-consequently, the elector takes his choice and To s a cor'ingly. for one man, scoring out the names of the other three, when he goes to Zl Tl e me!t ^g referred to, is ealled-the " primary election"-and the h. o names (which may be two, three, four, or .ix) is termed the " BepuUiean Tukei" or the; D^o- ll'L t!1c as the case may be, the chief men in eaoh party nominating or forming their firtpt in the manner described. ... • e W may here remark, that the party ticket, property speaking, consists of a seri^ of tickets representing the different offices for the Legislature of the State, as well as fo member for the Congress of the United States, and that neariy all such elections take ITe on the same day^so that the names which comprise the Republican ticket or ticket., r a .">o ne ude'the names of different candidates for the different offices m the State I tl'ature, in the same manner as already described for the election of members of Congress An elector, therefore, has to provide himself with a series of -kets^ suitable to eLbl him to vote for the oflicers of State, and, if a Republican m polities, he .ill n 111 proballiHty provide himself with Republican tickets throughout, and vote accordmgly for the man he deems the best for each office to be filled. To implify the matter in illustration of the electoral system we will refer more p r- ticularlyto the election of members for Congress, the principle of election m all other " mentfe ReVuXaa ticket (or list of names) is fixed upon, as already explained the party at once se' to work to secure, by every means in their power, the election o a Re^ pubnern candidate over the Democratic one. The names of the candidates may be seen a w ek or two previous to election day, printed on large, square banners, which are sus- pended from the roofs of houses across the principal thoroughfares in the ei y, as a sort of rndng advertisements of their claims for support; bo that for some time the streets p - slnt ra'.er a novel appearance, from the number and variety of the banners thus ax- ^^^Tltep alive the excitement, and advance the interest of the respective candidates puWic meetin' are held regularly, and in the open air sometimes, in the different wards of the eitj . wh h h t , present a few novel features. In the afternoon or evening, a small hu.tings- :;^^i: of e;rtaining from 50 to 60 persons-is erected in the street-in a square^or va t,hce convenient for the purpose. At about 8. r. m., the meetins assembles. On the h ist.n. £ M nd and supporte' ot the party are to be seen. At one corner, on the platform p'ro chnist is pla'ced. with a good supply of fireworks. In front, five or six lai-ge fh beaux are kept blading. Some do.en or so of ,aper lanterns are hoisted on long poles. ELECTIONS IN AMERICA. 77 eiicli one having printed on their sidea the nnines of the party candidates, in whose inter- est the meeting is held. On the ground, at one end of the hustings, is placed a piece of ordnance, generally about a 12 or 16 pounder, which, with the speakers on the platform, and tlie people i.i front, form the component parts of a political meeting in the City of New York. Thus " fixed up," as the Americans would say, the speakers address the oudience amid the smoke and glare of the burning flambeaux. Should there be disapprobation from any part of the meeting, the services of the pyrotechnist are called into play, who at once sends a few rockets whizzing up into the air. The variegated forms displaced by them as they explode, has the effect of attracting the attention of the audience, and quiet is n"ain restored. B} this means, the speaker proceeds as before, when, after a hearing for some time, another burst of opposition breaks forth— this time aiore powerful than previ- ously the fireworks are once more put in operation, but this time with doubtful effect, when the artilleryman in charge announces a salvo of blank cartridge from his 12 or 16 pounder— the smoke and sound of which, repeated two or three times, at last silences the noise of all opposition, and thus again restores order. By such means the speakers are not kept waiting long until silence is restored. In this way the meeting proceeds, interrupted now and then by the dissentient part of the meeting, with other sundry displays of fire- works, and a little more harmless thunder from the " dog of war" at hand. The excitement and interruptions alluded to, as witnessed by us at a ward open-air meeting in New York, last Novem\)er, were exceedingly mild from what we expected to meet with, and nothing in comparison with the scenes we have witnessed on " nomination" days in England and Scotland. As wc have stated, the hustings were erected in the afternoon or early in the evening, the meeting is held at 8, p. m., and by 10, or 10 30, p. m., it has separated, the hustings are taken down and cleared off, and not a vestige remained of what wos a scene of excite- ment, only one hour before. Each party holds its meetings, in this manner, on different evenings in the several wards of the city, and pays its own expenses. The day of election, however, arrives, and brings with it much of the quiet appearance of a Sunday morning. All the liquor stores are closed-by law— and many other places of business are not opened from choice. Men are not at work Throughout the early part of the day, there is a feeling of dullness in many parts of the city. Towards noon, however, things begin to appear more lively. In the different wards there is a polling booth, about the doors of which are congregated a small, and apparently listless crowd of on-lookers, with, perhaps, a couple of policemen in the midst. Inside the polling booth, are stationed the " Inspectors of Elections." The voter who has obtained his ticket, and scored out the names of the candidates he does not wish to vote for— leaving one name not scored out— proceeds to the polling place, and on entering is asked by the Inspectors of Elections his name, business, and ad- dress all of which is written down in the books, in the possession of the Inspectors, which bein.^ done the voter hands his ticket folded up, to the Inspector, who deposits it in the hallo't box-in the presence of the voter-no one, not even the Inspector, knowing for whom the vote has been given. Thus ends a transaction, which, in the minds of some men, amount to a sort of mysterious bugbear, but which in reality is nothing of the sort, but the performance of a privileged duty executed in an exceedingly quiet and becoming manner. . , i i. j The reason why the inspector deposits the ticket in the ballot-box is, that on election day ♦here are a variety of ballot-boxes in use that day-one for every officer of State, as well as for members for Congress ; so that wh.n the voter gives perhaps six or eight tickets into th. hands of the inspector, he arranges them, and places each one in its proper ba lot-box. He knows which box each ticket is for, as although the tickets are given in all folded up. yet the denomination of the office is printed on th. ouUide of the ticket or slip of paper, whilst the names of the candidates are printed inside, and unseen by him. Thus, herefore. the ticket for member for Congress has " Member for Congress" printed on the outside, see- Hi i^*' 78 ELECTIONS IN AMERICA. , . .1 •*= u in U, nroner box. and so on with the ticket marked f.;:; :!:dLeano«r. If it can be pvoved in the polling-booth that he ha. no nght to vote, he is then probably, handed over to the police .vho are in waiting ^u;eilediati;icinityofthepolling-booths,out.id.al.eereet^^ on the pavement-one belonging to each of the two political parties At ucli places tors are ««PpUed with tickets, if they have not been provided beforeMr . with them The scenes which take place on election days in some of the wards ui the city of ^ew York are dangerous as well as disgraceful. These occur in some o the most rowdy o York are «""ge''° , ^^^ ^^ ;, ^ notorious fact, the Irish largely predominate, and irwtr:': i;:!r;tS „:;; oVtHe .ots which occur, and wmch sometimes terminate ^'whatever may be said, however, of elections in America, and voting by ballot there in .ene ml it s ^ell that we should remember the working of the boasted electoral system !,Xy d by tir-free and independent electors" of Great Britain and Ireland-more par il at in he " pocket boroughs" in England, the manufacture of ''faggot votes nb^- r nd where h'lnesty in open voting in Ireland, is often followed by agrarian de spot.m and outrage And when we hear also of riots, and the free use of revolvers in some of th and outrage An ^i^^oW^^t that these wards, all put ;:;l:it Z^:J::I^,^^-^ of sand on the great electoral shores of the v.t ^t;:drltra:^tn the haMt of measuring their standard of electoral affairs in America commit a .rave error in taking their cue from what passes in the city of ^ ew ^ ork m con- ne trnwi'h such matters, and disgraceful as the scenes are even there we ques.on th are excelled by what passes in manufacturing districts even in England, where the ?bttlg up" system is carrld out occasionally under the auspices of some cotton, woolen, or wo ted lord where his workmen, or those of his committee, are engaged o play the part orilns in se'curing the votes of needy or imbecih voters by the basest of-ans; wher voter« are held as prtsoners in their own homes on the night of nomination day, and there fitd dr nk to ove'rflowing, or forcibly bundled off in cabs to the head-quarters of U.e e e. tioneering camp, where the "bottled-up voters" are congregated hke a herd of hogs e Jy :r 1 bfuchei- and where, between the fumes of tobacco and the immoderate use o into, iling drinks, they are secured, and half poisoned (and sometimes wholly poisoned) w th Cor' and next morning, or election day. driven in cabs to the polling-booths to register 2 r names in favour of a particular candidate, unless it be that they are considered not al- together " good men and true" by the previous night's debauch,_in that case ihey driven off to the country for an airing, in the charge of keepers, till after the polhng-booths ''Ts weti may we, with truth, apply the " bottling" system as applicable to all the elec tions in areat Britain and Ireland, as we may those of brawling and riotous voters in New York to the elections all over America. , With all their faults, we believe that the Americans in general display a spu.t of imle- pendence, and require the protection of the ballot a great deal less than it is required m Great Britain and Ireland, and that they are. in general, above demoraumg influences Buch as the "bottling up" system referred to, and that the American workmen who enjoy the franchise, will not be so easily bought over, by either the bland smiles or the hypocnt- ical despotism of an employer, and who. in the exercise of their electoral privilege, act a ELECTIONS IN AMERICA — THE SHAKERS. 79 the ticket marked lieir proper ballot- 1 doors of the poll- )ppo8ition political presenting a. ticket e inspector of ekc- e; but if it can be be prosecuted for a as no right to vote, o temporary offices ^t such places elec- ' 1 with them, in the city of New the most rowdy or y predominate, and 3metimes terminate ; by ballot there, in ed electoral system Ireland — more par- iggot votes" in Seot- y agrarian despotism alvers in some of the ;hese wards, all put ■al shores of the vnst •al affairs in America of New York in con- there, we question if England, where the some cotton, woolen, aged to play the part sest of means ; where lation day, and there 3-quarters of the elec- a herd of hogs ready noderate use of intox- vhoUy poisoned) with ling-booths to register are considered not al- in that case ihey are fter the polling-booths icable to all the elec- riotous voters in New splay a spirit of inde- than it is required in emoralizing influences, n workmen who enjoy smiles or the hypocrit- Bctoral privilege, act a more manly and independent part compared to shopkeepers in country towns in Britain, who, in tendering their votes, oct only the part of a sort of door-mat, foot-stool, or lackey to the influential lord of the manor, or it may be to the manufacturing lord of the village, wliose chief qualifications for a seat in the House of Commons are frecpiently only a heavy purse and local influence, by means of which alone, such have been known— however un- popular to the people— to succeed in defeating some of the most accomplished, popular, and valued of British statesmen. We selected New York as the place where we should see the system of electing by bal- lot carried out under the most disadvantageous circumstances, and, so far as our experience goes, wo felt somewhat agreeably disappointed that it did not turn out more in accordance with our previous erroneous ideas of the matter, and pleased that it is conducted in a man- ner, npon the whole, vastly superior to the open voting system of Great Britain and Ireland —where bribery and intimidation, in innumerable instances, defeat the ends of honesty and fair play. THE SHAKERS. "Shaker seeds and herbs," and "Shaker flannels," are amongst the multifarious signs exhibited at doors, and in the windows of retail stores throughout the United States— the excellence of these articles, as sold by a section of the Society of Friends in America- gen- erally known as " The Shakers"— having rendered them famous throughout the country. The stranger in America who is desirous of seeing something of one of the " Institutions" peculiar to this country, may easily visit one of the Shaker villages when nt New York, by taking the railroad, or steamboat up the Hudson, to Hudson City, 118 miles from New York, and thence for a few miles per rail to Lebanon Springs, in the County of Columbia, State' of New \'ork. In this trip, the tourist can enjoy the trip up the Hudson- visit Lebanon Springs, and the Quaker Settlement, two miles from there—the Catskill Moun- tains, in the vicinity— noticed elsewhere— and all in the course of a few days, at compar- atively little expense. The Society whose establishment we at present purpose noticing, reside at the Shaker village of New Lebanon, as we have said, two miles from Lebanon Springs, in a beautiful and fertile agricultural district. The village is situated on the face of a hill, and com- mands a fine view of the valley in the vicinity and surrounding country. The village is exclusively tenanted by the members of the Community. The principal building consists of a krge Meeting-IIouse, where the devotional exercises are conducted, and in the summer time, on Sundays, in the presence of vast numbers of strangers who are sojourn- ing at the Springs. The Extract House is another of the chief buildings. In it is the La- boratory, where the herbs, and tinctures from them, are pressed by means of crushing mills vacuum pan, etc., under a skillful chemist, one of themselves. The estimation in which such are held, may be judged of from the fact, that in one year about 14,000 pounds weight have been sold-the extracts of butternut and dandelion forming two of the pnncipa ones sold In another part of the village is the Seed House, formerly the old Meeting-IIouse, near which is the Tannery, Dairy, and workshops where wooden-ware, door-mats, etc are made. The Herb House, with its drying rooms, store rooms, etc., is another portion of the manufacturing premises. There, about 70 tons of herbs and roots-the produce of about 75 acres of their garden land-arc pressed annually, by means of a hydraulic press of 300 tons pressure. In various parts of the building may be seen both men, wonrien, and chil- dren busily engaged in the different processes of manufacturing the articles named, or packing them up ready for market. ■,..,,.. • w <•„.„: The Community at New Lebanon consist of about 500 persons divided into eight fami- lies, as they are called, each family being presided over by two elders and two eldere^^ each of whom have an equal position in the management, and to whose orders the membeis ^''TirmrnlgtmtTonhe temporal affairs of theSociety is entrusted to trustees, who are 80 THE SHAKERS— COSTUME, ETC. 1 11 , ;„ .^naaoaoinn of nil roal estate belonging to the community, ihe tniei uu.i of about 65 yenra of age. ^, . ,. „ „,,UouL'h their views of Christianity arc pecu- The principles they profess are ^'^;^ ""^ ^,,,^ ,especting the.e; but we liar It wouia take up too much of our space to yo niillonnial U briefly say that they ^>e^^;:;:"^— X^^^r ^Ir^i.racter of Chri. ; Church ; that nu»rnage prevents people f.om ^^^ uid-nnent-Jay has begun in their that the wicked are punished only for a .ea.on ^U" ^ J^'^; J ,!„„,„,, ,f heaven. Church being established; and that ^'.'"-^^^^ f/^ ^ . :;;^^,^^^ to have They entertain the doctrines of ^''-f-^X'r ,„^ :;:;;::,:;ast;and that, for instance, had their regular " manifestations of he sp . it f^r "uinj > c p .^ ^.^^ ^^^ the hymns they sing-both words and music-are rev ealed to > devotional exercises on Sunday. , , . ,, „,<■ „„,f io o'clock every Sunday morn- In the Meefrng-llouse they --"-^''*';\" ;'" J ^ vi h the men ani women facing ing. and. Quaker-like, the sexes "-^^^ '^^f.^;; J^^;,^ .,,,rt sleeves. and wearing blue each other ; all the men, --P'^'^ '';:J^ ^^^ ^ . ! ;,, .dockings, and large turned- cotton and woolen trowsers and vest., v^ ith calf ^^ '>^ • ■ > = ^^^ ^^^^ „,,,t down collars, as seen in figure 1 in engraving " "^ ^^^^^^^^ , „,,. u.eir necks costume. SHAKER COSTUME. Ttie a„ove en.a.n. re.esen. .e vaHo. -u^ --'^ -""r " = :! ^"^ of u fiel.l-hibourer, or storekeeper's assistant. Figure 3, an eiuer. »ik ligure 6, a half-Jrcss costums. THE SHAKERS' RELIGIOUS DANCE, 81 of nil real estate rd Fowler, a man istianity nve pecu- ing these ; but we is the niilloiinial arnctor of Clirisl ; las begun in their inning of heaven, nl profess to have 1 that, for instance, •y week in time for irery Sunday morn- and women facing », and wearing blue 8, and large turned- i wear, for the most ad over their necks boots similar in ap- the time when the re 7 in engraving of h at home, anil when from nd wom!\n. Figure 2, that I 5, travelling costume, and ;reme ends of She room ngregation place them- en alternately. Whilst thus standing silently— the women with their eyes looking to the floor— one of the elders in tlie midst of them makes !k few remarks, after which a hymn is sung to u very lively tune, tlio whole of the congregation keeping time with their feet After the hymn the worshippers commence a dance, an illustration of one of the move- ments or steps of which we give. The dance consists of a series of evolutions of different forms, presenting in each all the precision of well-trained pupils, moving os if with only one step. The illustration will give an idea of a backward and forward dance or march, with SHAKERS' RELIGIOUS DANCE. them keeping time to the hymns they sing, at the same time, following the example, as they say, of David, when he danced before the Lord with all his might. After this, and when all' the seats are replaced, and the congregation seated as before, one of the elders delivers n diseoii'sr, . hrr the seats are removed again to give place to another dance of a different style, ft'-i U: ^.r.other hymn. This time the dance is of a more lively character, with the action of the nrms, thrown up and down, and clapping of hands in regular order. In t!ns «-ay are bc v oiul hymns sung and danced to, and addresses delivered ; and however much parties, on reading the accounts of such, may be disposed to smile, no one can wit- ness the devotional exercises of these people, such as they are, without being impressed with feelings of the deepest respect and solemnity ; and however much they may diffei from the Shakers in opinion, they will be ready to give them full credit for thorough consciea- tiousness, and faith in what they believe to be right Occasionally the "spirit manifests itself" by one or more of the congregation gating up and dancing or whirling round and round with extraordinary rapidity, and the parties apprrently being perfectly unconscious of every thing passing around them. In this way will they continue to whirl and dance for nearly an hour without intermission. As niav be well known, all property belonging to the Society is held in common by the members. All who join it do so voluntarily, after perusing the rules and regulations of the Society, which are submitted to all before they join. The Society is divided into three divisions, or classes, viz. : the senior, jimior, and noviciate class. The senior class 1 Is i'HT g2 SHAKER SETTLEMENT, NEW LEBANON. dedicate themselves and all they are poBsessed of " to the serviee of God and the support of the pure gospel, forever," after they have had time for reflection and experience After being til adnitt;d as part, ers iu the Community, the relationslnp .s b.nd.ng forever. T efeeond class of memiers are those who have no families, but who. in ..ouung the bo- dety retain the ownership of any private property they had when they entered it. It is aeeord n. to the laws thit if any one leaves the Conmnmity they eau take nothing wi.h Hem bur what they brought; that they receive no wages for the ^;'^^y^^; performed, and cannot recover .ny property they may have presented to the Community. The noviciates, again, are tlu.e who, on joining the Society, choose to hve by themselve and retain the management of ti>eir temporal affairs in their own hands. Such are recen ed as sifters and brothers so long as they fulfil the requirements of the Society in every other '°' Every one^-male and female-works, from the preacher down to the youngest child who is 4le; and not a moment of the hours of labour is occupied but by the busy and attentive performanc: .'f their dut'os. Throughout their workshops, mecvl.g-houses, dwellings, etc., the utmost order prevails, accompanied by the most scrupulous cleanliness of place and person. Although they have none of the anxieties of life, or that frightful spectre-the fear of v^ant-ever before them and with no personal or private ambition to carry out, yet all are wilhng, diligent, and faithful workers, and all appear to be cheerful, comfortable and happy. The Community at New Lebanon are. from all we can understand, a most intelligent body They pursue the same system of education as that of the common schools of the United States, for although they lead a life of celibacy after they join the body the children of those who come from the "outer world" are regularly taught and brought up in the doctrines and with the ideas af the Community, and from that source, as well as re- ceiving all orphan children who are sent to them, there is a never-failing supply of schol- ars The children are dressed similarly to grown-up members. They possess an excellent library, and rom the newspapers regularly received, the members are kept " posted up" as to whatever is going on iu the wicked world around them. Thoir conduct and character, from all accounts, is of the most exemplary kind, living up. in a high degree, to the principles they profess. In their relations with the world around them their businci-s character for honour and uprightness is most undoubted, whilst the articles they manufacture stand deservedly high in public estimation, the very term " Shaker" being a 8or« of guarantee that the article is genuine. They carry on their botanical and all other operations in the most scientific manner, and have machinery of the most improved description for enabling them to produce the arti- cles manufactured in the best possible manner. We may mention the somewhat singular fact, of this society, having taken root so far back as exactly one hundred years ago. in the City of Manchester (Eng.). In the year 1758 a woman named Ann Stanley, then the wife of a blacksmith, embraced the views of Shak'erism from the disciples of some French religionists who held these, or similar views there but suffering great persecution on account of her belief, she, along with ft few others, emigrated to America, where she founded a Community at Niskayuna, (Watervliet,) near Albany, where the sect still have a Community. Wh^n she arrived in America, she took her maiden name of Lee, and thus the name of Mother Ann Lee is devoutly remem- bered till this day by the sect, they looking upon her, as, they say, the revelation of the female nature of God to man. in the same way as Tfie Christ was manifested in the person of Jesus, as the revelation of the male nature of God to man. During a great revival movement in 1780, large numbers joined Ann Lee's Community, and since then they have spread into different sections of the States— now numbering eighteen Communities— with a total of about 4.000 members, and affording a curious, interesting, and instructive feature in social economics. FURNITURE. 83 FURNITURE. FunN'njJiE ond chair-making is in Anipricu what cotton manufacturinfr Is in certain districts in England. The factories are upon an immense scale, equalling in size the Oxford Road Twist Mills, Manchester, or, in fact, any of the mills of Manchester or Preston, or Samuel lligginl'.>tham and Sons' cotton mills at Glosgow (Scotland). Instead of employing girls, however, as in the cotton mills of Britain, oil are men, mostly, who are employed in the furniture ond chair fucrtories in America, ond chiefly Germans. In New York and Cincinnati olone, there are six or eight immense establishments in each, in " full blast," ond whether it is turning a bed-post, or leg of a chair, carving out some exquisite scroll- work for some drawing-room piece of furniture, planing the rough lumber into the smooth table-top, or any of the other numerous matters connected with producing furniture, fit for cither kitchen, bed-room, parlor or drawing-room— the sow, plane, turning lath, and mor ticing machine does oil ; consequently there is not the number of hands employed which one would expect to find in one of these lar-.'e mills. The great wonder is, where all the furniture goes to. Some of these factories turn out nothing but chairs, and whilst you stand looking ot their great proportions, out pops a choir, newly put together on the first floor, with rope ottached, and finding its way outside by pulleys, to the top floor of the mill, to be there finished off ; then another and another follow in quick succession. We do not think that any people in the world beat the Americans in the rich and handsome fur- niture Uiey have in their houses. Mahogany is on overy-day material in the better class of houses. The very doors in their lobbies and out side doors are characterized by great massiveness of expensive wood, with great expense bestowed upon carving the some, giv- ing their door-way (with outer door open and inner one shut) a most palatial appearance with the handles, bell-pull, and name plate oil silver gilt. Wild cherry and block walnut wood ore generally used, although we hare seen very little use mode of the " block birch," (although on American wood,) so much used in fTreot Britain. In connection with furniture making, we havs noticed at several cities a new style of furniture, made exclusively for schools. The youngest to the oldest scholar sits m a seat- in some coses, by himself, or along with onother-with a handsome little desk before lura. All are fixed to the floor, so that all are obliged to keep their seats in their proper places, and there is no shaking of desks when writing, etc. We saw a school m operation, so fitted up, and could not help thinking it was a very great improvement on the old-fash- ioned system of forms and long desks. Places for holding books, pens, ink, etc., are fixed to the desks. Such furniture making is carried on os o seporote business in several of the cities in the United Stotes, ond omongst others, at Buffalo, State of New York, by Messrs. Chase & Son, who have established an agency for its sale in Glasgow, where somples may be seen in tlie worehouse of Messrs. Wylie & Locheod, Buchanan St. 84 EXEMPTION LAWS. EXEMPTION LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, — ™ r :!^;jsr^a;ci; »rtr ,^;^;;i3. Jt =r '" ^*' ALABAMA. The homestea.! law exempts from f^eq,"""" ,""' the limits of any corporate town or city. ARKANSAS. For all .lebts contracted "1"" »,';f r'!'«,';.,^;|';,,V'nn: ifiii iii-res of land, or one town or city lot, wit" an im pe,"onal property, except choses In act.on. CAUFOKMA. The law exempts from forced sale or execution, or nnTotlTeTflnal ,';roces«.from '' -«rt for any debt nr li.ii.liitv mntracteil or luurred after tlie 1st day oi ; ne ^M or 1 contrac-.d or Incnrred at any nne. tton COSXF.CTIC'UT. Certain personal property Is exempt from execu- DELAWAUE. Cert,iln household good, of free white «;|1""" »[f ^-;-\j^^';^'in!pi:^;;e.:;s^?^e'r^^ori:ci!;:^jJy exempted shall not exceed *100 h. value. PISTUICT OF COLUMUIA. There la no ho-iiestead exemption. FLOUIDA. Every actual housekeeper with a family may c'*''" as eNempt such portion of his property as may be e- ces-arv for the support of himself and family, to the V due of «100, waiilV' all right to all other exetnp Urns The defendant must make and sipn a fair »" f l st^ement of all his prope.t.v, veriled '^ afl.daMt, which must accompany the re urn of »' « I "^«?f^ ^„,. A firmer ownliiK 4') acres of land, of wlilti .le cm tivates Tt^ can hold the same exempt, provided the prop ■ tv doet not exceed »*W In value. Every owner o' a dwelling-house in a city, town or village p.o- : dedte actually resides in the house ""d th t t^ does not exceed »*I0 in value, may hold it fiee nom execution, attachment, or distress. GEOUGIA. The law exempts from ^''•^'^f '""' '"L^^^^o Icr" ' citizen of the State, being head of a famllj , .lit acre. of ami, which, including ')-«"'"«"i'";t''";^'"^'l"e,e; 1 menti must not exceed in value |2(I0, also, o acres addi.-iin^U for every chil.l "-'^'^^y'^l^^^'- ^' '" Cltv or town, lot not to exceed »200 m value. The Statute of thi. Stale provides, thai the security on a no e or the endorser, can give notice to sue, and Snles" tV; suit is brought 'in three months after matu- "MercV'ulfrselling goods to persons in Georgia, BhouTd r^Iiuire notfs in every Instance, for open ac- countsbeamointerest^.^^^^^^ Every debtor is entitled to 300 dollars' worth of per- sonal or real pro,.erty exempt from execution, except f.>i- liliourers' aid mechanics hens. ..... , Estates of dov, . are abolished, and in lieu thereof, the widow takes one-third of the real estate in fee slmlde, M ,lefl,t,'ah|e »1, . Such exemption shall continue after the death of suih householder, for the benent of the widow and family Ze one or'more of them continuing to occupy sud, homestead until the youngesf child shall become 2 •ears of age, ami until the death of such widow ; and no "lease c,; waiver of such exemption shall be yalid inless the same shall be in writing, subscribed by such householder, and ackiiowle.lged in the same manner as conveyances of real estate. IOWA. The law exempts from judicial sale out of the prop, ertv of residents, or of any person coming to this Sta e with the intention of remaining, the customary articles necessary to the living of the family, Inc uoing pro visions and fuel for six monllis' use ; also the earn ngs of the debtor for his personal services, or thoie of Ins ?ai ilv or ninety days; and as a homestead any u tit v of land not excelling 40 acres, used foragrl- •ultiirai purposes, the dwelling thereon aiid appur etj- a ce" or ins ead thereof, a lot not exceeding oiie-half of a^, acre, being within a reconled town-lot, city, or vllage, th^ dwelling-house thereon, and the appur- er^ances, owned and occupied by any resident of the State provided that such exempted homestead or to vn-lot, and dwelling-house thereon, shall in no case exceed in value trxiO. This exemption is not to affect any abourers' «.r mechanics' lien «■• "•"••'B»f,^' 'f;^; fully obtained, which shall expressly stipulate that the imestead is liable. A mortgage or conveyance of he ho nestead is void unless joined by both husband a Id wife. The exemption descends to the surviving head of he family, or to their issue. The debtor must select his own homestead, and have 'J '"arkea out nlotted and recorded in the homestead book ; oi the officer having an execution must have it done, and add the expenses to the writ. I KENTUCKY. About «100 worth of household and kitchen furni- ture is exempt from attachment and execution. LOUISIANA. bv the Act of IS.'iO, widows and minor children were allowed $1,000 out of the decedent s estate, if left m necessitous circumstances. , ., . a. .. No homestead exemption laws in this State. MAINE. A few articles of household furniture, tools, pro- EXEMPTION LAWS. 85 :ccution for dibt ,cl» one. 5 real estnte In fee I ftiid tlic Imslmnd's estate lie more limn irtion. This Is 11 Imd llectlnn of debts, In loUars' worth of per- irs, etc. iniiol he sold for less due, where the judu- en Hcoount, or upon fd the cliuise, to wit: Voiii vahiiitlnii or up- iilwavH lie Inserted, iceinptlonorstiiylaws lills of exch»n(,'e and lianA-,) protested for o are jointly liable to o his protest ft cerll- rere didy sent to the -which is, under the piired. nd forced sale, iindei court ,n the State, tha 1 thereon, oceupitd as deiilor, heliitr a house- o the value of ifl,(MUI. after the death of such the widow and family, inuiuK to occupy such child shall become '21 111 of such widow ; and emption shall be valid, Inpr, subscribed by such ;(i la the same manner ial sale out of the prop, son couiing to this State ;, the customary articles ; fiimily, IncluiiinR pro i' use ; also the earnliiKS services, or thoie of his I as a homestead, any ;; 40 acres, used for agrl- j thereon and appurten- '. not exceediii)! one-half corded town lot, city, or lierenn, and the a|)pur- (1 by any resident of the xeiiipted homestead or thereon, shall in no case xemption Is not to alTect lien, or uiorlgaKe, law- pressly stipulate that Ihe Igage' or conveyance of joined by both lms|)and ;scends to the survivinR r issue. The debtor must nd have it marked out, homestead book ; or the must have it done, and CKY. ehold and kitchen furni- lent and execution. ANA. I and minor children were Bcedeut'B estate, if left in laws in this State. SK. lold furniture, tools, jiro- Tlslons, etc., are not liable to be taken on attachment or execution ; also, any one iiniy have real estate to the value of ♦Rdll exempteil, provliled he shall (lie In the registry of deeds. In the county where It Is situate, a certificate for that purpose, ho being a householder in actual possession thereof, MAUYIiAND. The Constitution directs the I.eulslature to pass laws exciniitliiK from judicial sales properly not exceeding |,Mlli, but no Legislature has yet acted upon the sub- ject. MISSISSIPPI. The law exempts furniture, etc., of a head of a family, to the value of i^.VH), the agricultural imple- inenls of a farmer, the tools of a mechanic, the library of an attorney, iihysician, or minister, to the value of |'2,'i(»; also, to the head of a family Ifil) acres of land, with the dwelling and Improvements theriin ; iir, if in a town or city, the residence, not exceeding In value $1,.')IMI. Widows are entitled to the same amount of property out of the deceased husband's estate that is exempt from sale under an execution against an insolvent debtor, which is ^l.'ilM) worth o' household and kitchen furniture, etc., and have as her dower one-third inter- est in all the lands of which her husband died seized and possessed. MASSACI1USETT.S. The homestead of a debtor to the value of |SOrt, wearing ajiparel, certain articles of household furni- ture, in value suy from $100 to ♦blO ; provisions, ♦.50 ; the stock, tools, etc., of a mechanic or handicrafts- man, ti^M ; books, ♦•'iO ; 1 cow, sheep, 1 swine, '2 tons of liay, fuel $10. MICIIUIAN. Household goods, furniture, etc., not exceeding In value I'i.Mi; tools, stock, etc., to enable any one to carry on his occupation or business, not exceeding I'.'.'HI in value; lilirary not exceeding $ir)0 in value, and other minor articles usually enumerated, are ex- empt from sale on execution ; and the debtor cannot waive such exemption. The statute also exempts to householders: a home- stead consisting of any ^^M,'»'>, ihe h"n..-»te«.l. The widow of u •"'"»'''',7' •,■■■' the children durlnK llnlr minority, are entitled to all the heneliU of the exemption. TEXAS. The law exempts from sale on cxocntlon, and en tltl t the widow of decedent to '^(Kl acres of land, or ny town or city lot, or lots, not to exceed In value »"(mO a. the InnuestVad of a fum ly, "'"'isehold and kitchen furniture, not to exceed In value »2(m. All Implements of husl.an.lry, etc., etc. Ity ii/™'^"^ ''«• clslon of the Supreme Court, an ""'»»Y^;';' ' ' entitled to the same exemption, except the f "'';_« of land. Me may retain a town lot and Improve- ments to the value of ♦5tl0. VEUMONT. The Homestead Exemption Law Is for the value of $500. Mechanics have a lien. VIRGINIA. In the case of a husband or parent, a few house- hold articles of furniture and provisions ; and In case of a mechanic, t'.e to.ds and utensils of his tra.le, not to exceed «i6 la value. Family portraits and en- Kravlntrs are expressly exemiiled from distress or lew Slaves ulso, without the .lehlor's consen , when, there ar..- oth.T (joods and chatteU of such debtor suaiclcnt for the purpose. WISCONSIN. The law exempts from force api.urteimnces Ih.re.m, .. be selecle.l I V the "wer the'reof. and not Included I., any r.wn- lo or citv, or village; or i..stead thereof at the tloii of the owner, a lot of land not cxccedlnK one- rter of nn acre being within a recor.le.l town- ! It or cltv, or viUaVe, and the d» .IlInK- h.u.se there- i !;!, ami its appurtenances. This exemption does not I air. ct any l;ib.)urer's or mechanic a lien. The law als.. .■xempts the .IwelllnK-honse nwne.lby any person ai,.l situate on land m.t his own bat wldcl an.l he Is rightfully In p..ssession of by lei.se or ...herwlse, provided he claims such house as his '"owner'of homesteads ...ay rem-.v.. from an.l s-Ol ' the sa ue, an.l s.i, h removal or saK- shall not ren.ler e 'Xestea.l subject t., force.l sale •^■"■^-:;; Jj.' ^ hereufl.r Issued i.i the Stat.' or tnlt.'.l ft Hes C ouH gainst the owner, excpt In ju.lgiuent for f.jre- losu." of morlgag.'s. Tb.' b..meste:i.l to desc.-nd to thni.l."w, who slmll h.,1.1 It .lurluK wldowh..od. COMPARATIVE TIME INDICATOR, «„., «. .^ ., ,. -nag-;/* S1,K,Z!,f~^- --'•' """■- , .,.„,l»r,l .-.ilroaJ .!...« in Am.,l» .. in Or.,.t lirU.i... E»c1, mlrcd com. There is no i pany adopts the time of its own l»'^^n''\^'- , , „nnovance in consoqn.>nce of Bt.ch difference. Travellers are apt to expe..en..er« 11 .V2 London, C. W New York City. Ottawa, C. W { '„'; Paris, C.W \\f.-. Peterborough, C. W } ^0 Port Hope, C.W ]lf Portland, Me {- i * Quebec, C.E ••• \,^^\ p. M. Richmond . . Sarnia, C. W St. Thomas, C. E..... Three Rivers, C.E „ Toronto, C.W ]]^.l Windsor, C.W 11 23 a. M. G " 11 25 a. 12 13 " 12 4 P. At London DIFFERENCF OF TIME BETWEEN EUROPE AND AMERICA. WHEN IT IS NOON AT NEW YOUK, /( will be ,').') P. M. Tiiverpool 2^ Dublin I Edinburgh ? Glasgow 4 44 30 4 43 44 It will be vr /•'.! .... 4 40 P. M. Madrid . ^^^ „ Rome 'r „- >i Hamburg 't ,'' „ Constantinople " '^^ „ Paris r.:- :^ " BUFFALO C^' 'l^HAllfAX.^ 1'^ P.M. 1^ roiNaiv:!! .. av^PHiLAD»ri* M 1 AS IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V ^/M^O / 1 /«V%* /^ h Ux fA ^ 1.0 I.I Jfritt llM ^ K 1112.2 ,'r 1^0 III 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1 1.6 -- - - 6" ► % ^^^/.^N. '> -?•;. C /J Sciences Corporation 2:< WES? MAIN STREET WEBSTER, K.Y. 14580 (716) 8734503 >-vv 88 BUSINESS— PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. BUSINESS-PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. As upon tbe commercial poBitiou cf afFairs generally depends the progress of the country and happiness and comfort of the people, we purpose not.cmg here bnefly. heSing characteristics of the business done in the Unite^ States and Canada d«rn,g the year 1857. comparing its disasters with those of 1858. and ascertain sometlung, ,f pos- 'Tr'o^' sUtiSpublished. we find that in 1857, throughout the entire United State, th re werr . ' Uures, involving an amount of liabilities of $291,750 000, (or about incrc weie t,vuu ,. , «„,j ,i,„t in 1 sfiS there Were 4,'2'25 failures, with ha- if-a Qsnnnn sttr 1 flL'ainst which we lind that in 180» ineic wcio i,— a grand total of f 387,499,662, or within a trifle of seventy-seven rmlhons and a half of 'i;!::::X^^^r. ■., .. we have stated, that this large amount of money .has ace «ed neariy entirely from the panic, as it is well-known that the bona-fide tr de d ne during the year 1858, has been characterized by the greatest caution, and there has been nn liiisiness done of a speculative kind. ^ . , i 1 1 j r . As o e of the pleasing features connected with the panic of 1857. is the undoubted fa c, of an immense amount of debts due by parties with whom compromises were mad.^ n.l t otheragain. to whom time was granted during the pressure-having paid up in full- and ev n now. louses are to be found anticipating the time in paying up riu.r dividend.. and patingin full. Independent of large concern, we believe that amongst the sniall- rcla's' tradesmen the iLourable and independent spirit of paying up every cent f^r he d" la past due. has been largely carried out. and speaks well for the confidence whie LmtluaTly exchanged between partie, which, after all. is more valuable in commercial "°^h"" hrel^^l^-eight. then, may be said to have seen the ^ of the^.at .oinl rlUasters which broke out first in Cincinnati m September. 1857, (in the luU Z7^£^^^^^ company,) and which has extended to very nearly every corner o the earth. No doubt but that in some districts, particulariy in the large cities of Te Tort le n and Western State, a large amount of old outstanding debts are yet to co- Lrt whe possible ; but people now know the extent of the mischief winch has been one, and ar regulating accordingly. The trade of the past year, 1858. has, therefore be n 1^ commenceLnt of another new era in commercial affair, and which will, no doubt, fo Zethrat least, exhibit more caution thanwas shown for .ome years previous to the ^mt the country is already exhibiting signs of reviving health and strength in its manu- f J rinra^cultural and commercial departments is, undoubtedly, a cheering fact, de- p t: t lot c p a^B which now and t'hen appear on the surface, when balancing tSe bo ks of some of the public companie, or fast young cities in the wes^mng Uke thel escence, from an unhealthy body, to get cured, and thereby leaving the great Darent-Bvstem sounder and healthier than before. ^ n soL of the manufacturing concerns of New England, two to three mon hs orde are inTand for goods at present rate, and more orders refused, excepting at the market Tirices when the goods are ready for delivery. 'n commercial drcle, wholesale men are looking forward to doing a moderately large and safe trade throughout the year, a, from the manner in which all classes of store-kee^ "shTve been running down their stocks for the last fifteen month, ^"- «^f ^^ -^^-^^ paraUvely bare of good, so that an ordinary supply must be had; and judging from the BUSINESS — PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTUKE. 89 indications which the spring trade already gives, there is every reason for encouragement for the future. The emigration from Europe during 1858, has fallen off very considerably compared with previous years, no doubt owing to the general stagnation of affairs, together with the in- ducements hitherto held out for emigrating to the Australian colonies ; but as the policy of emigrating even there at present, is questionable, we have no doubt but that in the natural course of events the United States and Canada will be enjoying as large a share of European emigration as ever they have done, as, what with the banks full of idle capital, the recuperative powers of the country, the character of the people, and the favourable commercial prospects for the future, every thing bids fair to see an early revival of tlie time when things will be going " ahead," as usual, in " full blast." We invite attention to the very valuable table of statistics, drawn up by Messrs. B. Douglass & Co., of the Mercantile Agency, given elsewhere, in which will be found sonve interesting particulars in connection with the failures of 1857 and 1858. From it we ex- tract the following statistics, respecting the failures in Canada : — CANADA. TOTAL NUMBEB OF FAILURES FROM IST OF JANUARY TO 25Tn DECEMBER. 2^umher of Failures. 1857. 1858 In Toronto, C. W 25 16 Remainder of Canada West .... 109 211 In Montreal, C. E 15 40 Remainder of Canada East 15 22 Total Liahilitks. Total Liahilitks. 1857. 1858. 12,714,000. [£542,800] I |383,376. [ £76,675] 2,172,000. [£434,400] | 1,305,879. [£261,175] Increase of failures in Canada West in 1858. 93 Increase in Canada East in 1853 32 From the above it will be seen that business has been more healthy in Toronto in 1858 than in 1857, there being a decrease there of 9 failures during the 12 months just ended. Whilst throughout the other portions of Canada West, there has been an increase of 109 failures, during the same period. This maybe accounted for from the fact of many of the failures in Toronto during the panic of the last 3 months of 1857 having occurred before their effects reached the country towns in the province of Canada West. In Montreal again the case is reversed, there having been 25 more ftiilures in 1858 than there were there in 1857, owing probably to the same cause as already alluded to— that the failures, during the panic of 1857-8, were not announced in Montreal until after 1858 came in, and thus have been included in the returns for 1858. In the remainder of the province of Canada East, the number of failures, announced as being 22 in number for 1858, also shows an increase of 7 over the previous year (1857). Although these facts show, in 1858, an increase of failures in Canada West to the extent of sixty-two per cent., and in Canada East of one hundred per cent, over those of 1857, it must be borne in mind that such increase is to be entirely attributed to the effects of the great panic which set in, in October, 1857— and that that increase more properly belongs to the trade of 1857 than that of 1858, as the trade of 1858 has been characterized by extreme caution— and what has been done, has been done safely— to a very great extent. During that time the fraudulent and weak in business have been pretty well weeded out— and had the last wheat crop not proved to a very large extent a failure, things would have been much better throughout Canada for the last six months than they were. Business matters are now, however, upon a sound footing-the principal thing requred being good crops for the next few years in Canada-and more particularly if the crops prove short in Great Britain and Ireland-this, together with an addition to the capital of the country, is what is wanted to render thiugs in Canada as lively and prosperous as ever they were. 90 STATISTICS OF FAILURES. FAILURES IN AMERICA IN 1857 AND 1858. .„ the UnUea -- a„a -^^^^^^^^^ .e „... MercanlUe Agency, ^ew ^ orlc, iron , , j t,,em in possession of. Apari uo. eventful comniercml epoch, interesting niemento of a most eveniiui v. «..™. A« TO KAacn^KnoM^BcJS^mT^T^^ V. Localit'm New York— K Y.°CH7(incl. Brooklyn and W'msburg.). 015 Albany " " " 72 Albany . . 72 Buffalo ; . I 13 Oswego I 31 Rochester 29i •lOf. 147,68") 22 23,943 r)8,667 12,38;-) Syracuse _ 241 Troy ■ ■ . 20 Utica •••••••••• ; 447 Balance of State | Pennsylvania— gSO Philadelphia 28 Pittsburg 226 Bah2 E.S r Dels. r: 27,419 i 23,000 ir.,034':21,500 60,958 '27,857 29,2.50:21,222 15,188 12,693 117,698 91,765 42,250:27,761 135,129,000 838,000 4,224,000 161,000 850,000 430,000 1,607,000 585,000 6,789,000 10,102 40,603 20,433 10,714 11,769 44,530 20,033 26,883 15,000 7,817 9,092 38,812 199 36 108 191 101 63 20 253 280 Chicago Balance of State Iowa— Dubuque Balance of State Wisconsin — Milwaukee Balance of State Minnesota and Teuritories. . . . . . . . . • ■ Delaware and District of Columbia Massachusftts- Boston Balance of State Rhode Island— j gg Providence Balance of State., Connecticut Maine New Hampshire — Vermont New Jersey Louisiana— New Orleans Balance of State. Missouri— St. Louis Balance of State. Maryland— Baltimore Balance of State 10,24014,429 87 305 26 94 21 137 90 46 123 128 56,171 13,900 20,417 12,842 20,000 12,316 27,003 18,050 41,272 16,322 31,733 1 23,3631 14,975 17,779 j 15,170 6,025 32,954,000 1,183,000 2,283,000 8,898,000 013,000 2,357,000 1,636,000 1,514,0001 1,004,000 1 6,572,000 2,766,000 Dols. 17,773,402 345,708 599,940 73,600 345,000' 408,500 278,570 212,220 4,315,620 10,002,385 010,742 4,047,6561 1,345,533 255,000 1,672,838 1,154,684 1,047,924 1,731,480 17 13 89 01 37 40 00 45 18 22 29 76 92 162,095 83,975 11,352 15,189 130,400 22,000 20,250 121,071 18,508124,870 13,087 13,257 8,299 18,279 10,591 10,396 6,968 12,930 735,000 1,333,000 880,000 1,244,000 1,705,000 261,000 41,010,000 2,611,000 4,564,000 105,000 1,129,000 1,060,000 «J2H,000 473,000 1,142,000 108,362177,000 49,200126,300 112,694135,590 14,981 55,275 17,683 21,000 82,140 5,668 6,285,000 246,000 5,522,000 433,000 8,206,000 725,000 3,590,664 4,978,210 825,058 1,190,122 314,475 2,4o5,7a3 1,305,840 277,150 4,178,925] 1,937,792 374,000 273,923 2,213,430 640,051 403,152 278,720 775,800 8,405,000 341,900 782,980 009,000 2,442,040 520,996 STATISTICS OF FAILURES. 91 e occurred Co., of the he niagni- of. le coming, « IS r: 0.5 1^ Dola. 17,773,402 345,708 5«9,940 73,600 845,000 408,500 278,570 212,220 4,315,620 10,002,885 010,742 4,647,056 lO 1,345,533 10 255,000 )0l 1,072,838 )0 1,154,084 30 30 00 00 00 lOO (00 )00 )00 300 300 300 000 000 000 000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 !,000 1,000 1,000 ),000 1,047,924 1,731,480 3,590,664! 4,978,210 825,058 -,196,122 814,475 2,4o5,7a3 1,305,840 277,150 4,178,925 1,937,792 374,000 273,923 2,213,430 640,051 403,152 278,720 775,800 8,405,000 341,900 782,980 609,000 2,442,640 520,996 STATISTICS AS TO FAILUllES FROM DEC. 25, 1857, TO DEC. 26, 1868. [Continued.] Localities. I 3 ^.^ I Kentuckv— Louisville Balance of State . VlIKilNIA— Richmond Balance of State. Geouoia Arkansas Alabama MlSSISSH'PI Tennessee Te? i North Carolina... South Carolina — Charleston Balance of State. Florida Total United t^'^ates Canada West — Toronto Balance Canada West Canada East— Montreal Ba'.ance Canada East Nova Scotia and New Brusnwick. Total United States and British Provinces. 19 81 30 90 32 7 16 11 40 15 62 81 24 7 18 62 .4 25 244 71 17 48 36 103 39,842 30,859 82,48411,000 5 e 4932 25 109 15 15 22 5118 26,033 19,905 10,9111 8,950 28,900119,933 44,143 43,500 18,437|42,474 40,4,55 29,250 17,800|15,505 28 20,200116,094 90 18,887116,600 20 21 6 4225 29,742 28,909 12,708:11,900 85,715 23,740 16 108,560 7.57,000 1,007,000 781,000 982,000 925,000 309,000 295,000 445,000 712,000 393,000 1,171,000 922,000 305,000 25U,000 55,5,462 682,000 499,125 2,1.-<3,800{ 1,415,243 739,!)00 2,038,7,52 1,053,000 1,597,015 407,432 1,499,400 578,180 249,900 142,440 211 40 22 23 45371 23,901 6,189 19,926 34,866' 27,7.51 84,406,28,035 02,500 44,428 291,750,000 2,714,000 2,172,000 .523,003 1,207,000 1,375,000 95,749,662 ' 383,376 1,30,5,879 1,110,040 610,770 1,021,844 209,801,000:i00,187,571 09 . 30 .149 . 39 states in wincu failures increased in 1858. Michigan W Illinois \l Wisconsin ; ;^» Minnesota and Territories. .■•••••. ^^ Delaware and District of Columbia ^6 Connecticut -° Maryland Kentucky Virginia Georgia Arkansas ' , Alabama °i Mississippi ^^ Tennessee ^^ Texas North Carolina 28 Canada West f Canada East . •, ^f Nova Scotia and New Brunswick i STATES i.y wmai failures decreased in 1858. New York City and State 720 Pennsylvania Ohio ■ Indiana Iowa Massachusetts Rhode island ^q Maine „<> New Hampshire ^ Vermont „, New Jersey ''^ Louisiana Missouri South Carolina Florida 171 64 12 24 232 27 14 1 92 FARES AND DISTANCES FROM NEW YORK. DISTANCES AND FARES FROM NEW YORK. In the following tables vill be found the fares and distances-as near as can be ascer- tained-from New York 1. the principal cities and towns, more particularly m the north and north-west districts, i n .1 1 The fares given, are first class, as well as emigrant fares per railroad all the way ; also, per railroad and steamboats, where the latter run. „ „ „ o„„„ k„ Although the fares from New York to the north and west, are ^ro/m.rf;-/ the same by all the different route., yet the railroad companies object to publish emigrant fare., winch renders a compilation of such more than usually difficult The fares as staed however. we believe will be found correct, or any difference there may be, will be trifling. Tlie lummer fares are lower than those now stated. To the north and west, the following are the great leading routes:- ^ ^^ ^ , The New York and Euie RAiLROAD.-(Station, West street, foot of Duane street,) extend- ing to Buffalo and Dunkirk, ™„ „\ . The Hudson River RAiLBOAD.-(Station, corner of Warren street and College Place,) or Line of Steamers to ALBANY-thence the New York Centrai. Railroad, and others, from *^?n'E Pennsylvania Central Railroad, by way of Philadelphia and Pittsburg, one of the best made lines in the country, and throuj^h a beautiful district, now connected right ^'''C^BALTralTiND Ohio Railroad, thro, >t;h the far-famed scenery of the Alleghany Mountains, and one of the finest routes which can be taken by tourists Parties at a loss for amount of fares to any given point, may calculate at Uie rate of 3 cents per mile first class, and one cent a mile for emigrant class. Strangers will observe that the fares are stated in ($) dollars, and (cts.) cents For every dollar count 4». 2d stg., and for every cent, one-halfpenny stg.. which will give travellers from Europe an idea of the fares in British money. . ^ ^ , The fares in the second emigrant column, do not include meals on board the steamers on the Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi rivers. , „ , , „ «, „ oko Emigrants proceeding from New York, are booked at Castle Garden, or at Uie office 252 Canal street, near Washington street. NAME 0? PLACE. DUt. from Flnt cl N.Vork. Fsre« per Ralload. Railrmxl. Auburn iNew York Aurora lUinoW Alton ! " „ • Albany New York Ann Arbour Michigan. Atchison Kansas Territory. Batavia New York Burlington Vermont Booneville Missouri BaHlmore Maryland........ Bogton Massachusetts.... Brunswick iMIssourl Belloit j Wisconsin Bellefontalne Ohio Burlington Iowa. Bloomlngton. Illinois Bufiftlo. New York Brockvllle Canada West. . . . Cincinnati Ohio.... Camden 'Missouri Chariton Iowa. Cayuga JJ^J' ^°''' Crestline |Ohlo. .......... Collingwood Canada W est .. . Chatham „ CobOUi'g LL Miles. 810 961 10N3 144 T16 1605 405 805 1305 188 842 1872 1071 690 1148 1086 442 478 T.^ 1461 1260 829 680 628 680 606 EMIGRANT FARES. t CU. 6 48 25 86 80 26 8 00 17 10 44 00 8 25 7 60 89 00 9 00 8 00 41 00 26 86 18 15 80 00 27 00 9 00 10 90 21 00 41 00 88 10 6 70 16 25 14 82 14 60 18 82 $ cti. 11 00 18 60 1 60 9 00 20 00 6 00 600 6 00 6 00 12 60 8 50 14 00 12 60 6 00 6 60 10 00 4 00 7 75 8 26 T 60 600 t cts. 9 50 12 00 7 00 19 00 2 60 11 00 7 60 12 60 11 00 9 00 6 76 T 60 1 FARES AND DISTANCES FROM NEW YORK. 93 Continuation of the preceding page. be ascer- the north way ; also, e same, by ires, wbich I, however, fting. Tlie et,) extend- ! Place,) or )ther8, from one of the ected right Alleghany he rate of 3 cents. For ih will give ;he steamers he office 252 00 NAMB or PLAOB. Dlit. fVom N Viirk. RHUruiid, Copetown Canada West . CapB Vincent ! New York. ... Canundaigua j " Cleveland jOhto Columbus " ••• Chicago Illinois Cairo I " Council HluUs ; Iowa Dayton , Oliio Detroit Michigan Danville Illinois, Decatur Dunlelth Dl.xon Dundas < anada « est . Iowa . Dubuque Davenport Dunkirk KvansvlUe Krle EddyvlUe 1 Iowa Fort Wayne • Indiana New York Indiana Pennsylvania . Fulton Fond du Lac . . Freeport Falrlield Fort des Mo.nes Flamborough.... Geneva Galesburg Galena Guelph Glencoe Glasgow Illinois , Wisconsin . Illinois Iowa Canada West . New York — Illinois Canada West . Missouri Goderlch i Canada West . Michigan. Canada West , it Wisconsin , Milwaukee Wisconsin , Madison ' ' Muscatine Iowa. Newburg ! Cnnad? \\ est. Naples Illinois ....... Natchez Mississippi. . FInt dau Fares per Kiiilrottil. Grand Itapids Grand Haven Grimsby Ilarrisburg... Iloricon llaniilton Canada \\ est Hannibal ] Missouri Iowa City i Iowa Indiajiapolls , Indiana Janesville '• Wisconsin .... Jeirersonville Indiana Jefferson City Missouri Kalamazoo , Michigan .... Kenosha | Wisconsin ... Kansas City i Kansas Keokuk Iowa Kingston : Canada W est Lexington i Kentucky. . . . Logansport Indiana Lewlston New York . . . Leavenworth City Kansas Lafavette Indiana London i Canada West, Lasalle Illinois La Crosse < Wisconsin . . . Louisville . • • , Kentucky. . . . Montreal Canada East. Mendota Illinois Mount Vernon Ohio Mount Vernon Virginia. . . . Mansfield Ohio ... Michigan City Indiana Macomb Illinois Memphis, via St. Louis . . . , Tennessee }«" " ^'-^'''"•° ■ ■ " ■ 'ill 115fi 1134 401 1(185 1939 Napoleon : Arkansas 16*^ Newark New Jersey Newark Ohio. New Orleans, via St. Louis Louisiana.. " " via Cairo ... 1 " Niagara Falls New York . Miles. fi02 630 856 5S8 6.1!i 908 969 1400 7(15 fii8 9!19 991 1(196 10(10 495 1142 1204 459 995 497 1278 761 1044 1064 1029 1198 1270 499 834 1076 1079 520 596 1337 603 8:» 864 474 509 1044 490 1260 1150 613 999 843 1198 821 943 1480 1193 870 854 8!« 451 1563 860 666 1(K)6 1193 897 401 996 7()5 250 729 906 1115 1480 17 622 2219 1960 447 EMIGRANT FARES. Per Rail- road. $ Cts. 10 65 8 00 7 45 14 00 18 00 24 00 31 00 58 60 19 60 16 00 24 60 26 75 29 60 27 00 10 44 29 85 28 35 10 10 28 50 11 50 35 10 19 75 2S 00 2'> 50 27 60 31 15 89 85 1(» 50 7 00 29 00 29 10 11 40 13 47 40 00 13 S3 20 70 21 50 9 81 10 86 28 25 10 50 32 50 80 60 22 50 27 00 24 25 86 00 20 00 25 65 41 00 32 75 9 10 24 86 22 00 9 50 42 00 23 00 12 75 26 00 82 60 23 00 11 00 26 70 17 40 10 60 16 25 22 00 21 50 40 00 87 00 26 50 28 50 29 90 9 85 29 60 51 00 47 00 00 26 17 26 54 00 51 00 9 00 I cts. 6 26 6 00 4 50 6 50 8 50 10 00 14 50 RiulrcHil i Sti^iiN^r $ Cts. 660 V 60 8 50 13 00 9 50 8 60 8 50 6 00 11 60 9 50 10 (H) 8 50 16 00 13 50 12 05 11 25 6 25 25 00 13 50 18 00 11 50 6 00 13 50 12 50 C 00 9 50 760 13 75 12 25 15 50 14 00 13 50 12 00 16 00 6 25 4 60 13 50 12 00 14 50 13 00 7 00 6 50 18 00 17 00 8 00 10 00 8 50 10 00 850 00 6 76 13 00 12 00 6 25 16 00 14 50 14 00 12 50 10 50 9 50 13 00 11 60 12 00 11 00 17 00 16 00 9 50 8 00 12 00 9 50 20 00 19 00 17 00 15 00 6 00 11 00 10 00 10 60 8 60 5 00 20 00 19 00 10 75 8 75 7 76 10 00 11 50 15 60 17 00 12 00 11 00 6 00 12 00 10 50 8 50 7 60 8 00 10 00 8 60 14 00 12 50 15 00 13 00 13 IK) 12 50 9 50 13 50 12 00 13 75 12 75 7 00 13 50 11 60 15 00 00 13 8 ()5 20 00 17 76 15 00 13 00 5 00 94 FARES AND DI8TANCK8 FHOM NEW YOllK. ContlmaUon afpreoeding page. NAME 01 PLACK. ITATB. DUt. from' Flnt rll N. Yiirk. Krirmiwr lUllroml. llullrowl. gUraRANT rARKS. New York . • • Of j^e?" :::::: cr.n«' via hemptvlUe... " G. T. R. or Steamer " P. and 0. R. from Prescott. . . " 0. S. and H. R. from Toronto. " Steamer or G. T. R 5 25 6 26 8 76 4 25 250 6 78 8 76 4 00 5 00 8 8T 6 la 8 87 5 63 1 8T a 26 4 76 5 60 7 00 2 26 2 60 5 50 6 00 8 00 4 76 4 87 6 76 6 25 6 50 450 4 50 6 60 8 00 8 («) 8 26 4 76 5 76 6 00 4 87 1 6a 75 a 60 4 60 4 76 8 87 " O. W. R. from Hamilton " Railroad from Brockville, nearly opened " G. T. R. or Steamer " C. and P. R. from Cobourg " G. W. R. from Hamilton via Gait. " 0. S. and H. R 2.3«. ns.6d. lis. IGs. 12s. 13s. 26s. 6d. 168. 6d. 10s. 20s. 14s. 188. M. 198. 228. 6(f. 19«. M. 6 76 2 87 2 76 4 00 8 00 8 25 6 72 4 la a 60 6 00 860 8 87 4 75 6 6a 4 87 Continued on mat page. 96 DISTANCES FROM QITEUKC AND KOUTK8 ON BT. LAWRENCE. Continuation nfprtctdlng piige. Emlgrnnt Fare by lUllwuy. Sterling. 4«. 8«. 22«. 26«. 16«. 20«. 21«. Its*. 191. 20*. 11«. Ki.6d. $ cts 1 00 2 00 & &0 6 50 4 00 5 00 5 i» 8T5 4 76 fto 2 T5 T 12 86*. 40«. PLACES IN CANADA. ^1 ROUTKS. 9« 4fi8 I'JO 500 9 00 10 00 Klchmond, E. T Koiiiiinvnie Sherbrooke St. ('alliiirlne'« Sliuki'.iiieiire filiiilford ypeiu'ervUle SImnoiivllle ^^Cllrl)(l^oll^h TOKONI'O Thoinlilll TyiiiiilcimK" Tieiilon Whitby ; ?i' AVooilstock ^^^ '.'.'''.'.''.'.\ 510 By 0. T. R.. I II u From Hamilton by (». W. R. 6V2 Uy G. T. R. from Toronto. m " " 291 " P. and 0. K. from I'reicott. 881 4M^ 500 512 87T 4tH) 4T1 Kmlgrant Fare by Sleiiiner and Itiillway. Sterllni;. | cU. Williamsburg Weston •••• Windsor, (opposite Detroit). . 631 T. K. or Steamer 8. and U. 11. from Toronto. , T. R T. It. or Steamer 20*. 25*. 12«. 17*. 6(/. 22*. 15*. 1(1*. fl ® q « a -3 — S 240 2!«) 254 266 267 272 274 280 286 293 298 »)2 844 368 892 404 416 446 4.56 476 556 K>7 663 0* g T2 TO - — ». — c a c8 -a o " a « "St; M •._>•'•" t^ o ^- ^ ^ - « C tc 2 '"3 ** 2 c --•';; c « C.;2 " - =» S g 4/ is ^ « c o ==0.^1 u ■s o 7. 5 4. E ~ ^-^-z. . »• = H I- — ti 5 <* oj ♦- t-i '3 . •^ ^ K i i C ?! 5 ? 5 2! _ i i: -^ c3 * -g g - - 09 B V a p iui'^ ID S'O - ENCE. Kmlif ant F»r» l).v Sloiiiner mill UitllwHy. Sterllni!. (cU. 2(l«. 5 W) 28». Via. 6 2ft 800 17*. fl(/. 4 87 A 5(1 It!*. fl(/. 8«. 6'' Sheep and wool ' ' Sheriff's sale Squatting on laiul S(iuatting scene in Kansas. . Sugar tree in the baekwood Terms of paying for a farm Vegetabl»>s ■ Warrants, land Weavers, now farmers Whot is the bush ^^ Wheat "'l Wonderful tree in the bush 58 67 52 62 58 61 73 63 63 PAGE British and American Coins 88, 89 Squatting Scene in Kansas . . . M Kniigrnit's Snanty '» Kmlgrint'sllut '^ A Lob House as It 18 '<» 3llustiraUons. r.^r.K A T.OR IIonsL' us it mlglit be.. Vti (1 round I'liiu for l.ng House A Western Cotnige Country ISesldence Eud View. 7T 77 77 7T PAQS Cellar, Firft Floor and Ground I'liins of Country Kesiidcncc iS Farm Yard Itarn '■> (iround I'lan of Ham *» Bee House or Apiary °" PAOI 18 13 74 49 8 43 nd Ireland 44 . 67 . 62 . 63 . 57 ,. 59 , . 58 .. 68 . . 69 .. 72 .. 73 .. 70 65-72 .. 70 .. 52 ., 61 ,..62 ...57 ...64 . 57 .. 70 ...67 . .. 52 ... £2 ...58 ...61 ... 73 , ... 63 . - 63 ... f)7 .... 71 .... 58 lonr and (irminil mntry lU'Siiileiice i» vrn W "f Hurn ™ Apiary S" NOTES CONNECTED WITH EMIGRATION, LAND AND AGMCULTURE. is tM« section of oar .-ovk .vUl be found remarks specially intended for partxes who t,.l„k of visiting the United States or Canada, for the first time, either as tour.sts or as ,„grant settlers. They are given in short paragraphs, for the most part, as a portion o t,.e collected memoranda from our note-hook. whilst travelling through the country, ar- ranged iu .ueh order as is thought to he most convenient for the reader. A portion of what follows may not he new to some parties. The great change, how ver .Lie I the whole continent of America has undergone lately, and smee any .milai work L heen puhlished-the great difference there is in the state of aOairs now. an di. ng th la,t 15 m uths compared with what was in existence previous to October, 18o7-^^ rants : li ;Lther!is.atthepresentmon.nt,asgreatneccssityforrecent_i^^^^^^^^^^^ t,e subject of emigrating to America, as well as regards all matters pertammg to the i,npre..ions made upon our mmd, we tee ^^^.^^^^ perusal, more particularly as they are corroborated by the testimo y parties, who have been long residents in the country ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ TO .eh as feel -^---^^::::::Z:::Z,.. L .. wonderf. re- try, end the inducements it offers foi -^^ J^ .^ , ,f, the thorough euperative powers which such a coun T ^^^l^ ^^^ is at present lying idle. .. go-ahead- character of the people, ^^ ^^^^ ,, ^s manufactur- it cannot, in the nature of things, we think, be long ^^^^^^ i„g. commercial, and agricultural position presents ver, ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^,^ ,„,. do at present; and when the country wil . as in bygo ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ plus of the poorly-paid and struggling artisans, from the ov world. . . ,,1 ,„;*>, the suhiectB noticed, the F,„ i„f.,„,.»U... regarding .ny p»t,c„l.r po.nt """•^^^'^'i "< "- -' »" ,..a,r ■„ referred t. th, -plo«. We. preflxed, .. well « t, th. porU Canada, EMIGKATION. THOSE WHO SHOULD NOT EMIGRATE. homo. Th.oonm,.rdnlclU.,..r...no.K.„W, .7 ..^^.^^^^^^^^ during .l..t .i.ne it Im. I-... mdnnd,„ly 1.. »'"',', J^^^^ „,„,. „„, ,.,,il,lr™- gro.,.,. .,....™.oc of -l.»t filter C„„».l. or the "'f'''''';'! '';;'■,,,,,„„ „„,,. „„t „,,„ ,„ AVc rosr.. to »y, l.ow.ver-In some t.w '~'-;''°f"; ;';,', ,,,,„._.,,o dc^.d l,la„e-h.ving been .k.n.ofnlly .l™"v„l l,y m»l. »''~ ' ^ ^ ''''i,,,„ e„,igr.nt. ,o ,., out tlKir trion,!,, ...n,o «f .l,..m ,msl,t l,»v. T ";.'', vrll. to .ivo up g«,d ,„„,„, in t„o i^-""«;-- ;;::-,^-' ■■; ";":;;: Ci^olii ;;» ».^o ». J. . .. ;:=•:: ~r"vet;;:e,i to nu.tuSeo.U Colun,l,«,. (™,io)-»l.o taZZ:^ 1 , r,:'.! "• .^»i »•». miseries we h.ve not repented, ll.e re.ult .a. tim "' I'oluud.n— huy h»ek the artiele. out on similar nuhicemenU As Ulustr.uive oi ^ ^^^^ ^^ for ^s-l.ioli there i. very little olu.nce of succc.« in tins country, nsc .vUl literary n.en, professional ^^^^.f^;';'^ No douU a fnan of sterling LiTEUAUY Mkn fin 'P "'» ^^ " ,.„.,.,.Uy,in.anypartsofC.,ad^and^^^^^^ to perform the duties of postmaster, reeve, m.igisuu..,. i. LAWYERS AND COMMERCIAL ASSISTANTS. i of the " universal genius" order of intellect, is the most likely innn to get on, and even he litis to " rough it" for some time, before he gets a footing. At the same time, if able to hold out till he gets a practice sufficient to keep him, a properly qualified surgeon— with a diploma— coming either to the States or Canada, will sneoeed, more particularly as such a ,„an as him will always be preferred to any of the host of quacks and half-educated medi- cal men there arc in this country. Properly qualified surgeons in the large cities make irood incomes, more particularly in the State.*. ^ As regards medical men, therefore, we rather leave it as a matter for each one to decide for himself as to the advisability of emigrating. We might suggest, that if doing well at home remain there ; and if desirous of coming here, wait till " times" improve. Lawyers am. Lawvek's Clerks are about the last men who ought to emigrate, as the supply exceeds the demand; besides, the laws here being different from what they have been accustomed to sharpen their wits and experiment upon at home, they would find themselves not sufficiently " posted up," if they undertook a case against a rival who has been " bred and to the manor born." a . x- CoMMERaAL AssisTANm-Under this head we will include countermen of every description -drapery unoeery, hardware, etc., etc. Young men, although clever in any of the whole- sale or r/tail establishments in Great Britain or Ireland-and of however high standing in »heir employers' estimation-make a mistake in supposing they will get on well in Ami>i-.ca. The great reason why they will not get on here is, that the manner in which they have been bred, totally unfits the* for taking a situation in a store here, excepting it may be that of a porter, as a first step. In arriving out here, with nil their information and ex- perience, they will find that a lad of 14 or 16 years of age will command a higher salary, Ld get L situation sooner here than they will ; arising from the fact, that that lad has been bred according to the requirements of a business store here, as we will explain. We will suppose you are a warehouseman, in a silk, woolen, cotton, or other departmen in a wholesale wareiiouse in London, Manchester, or Glasgow ; or that you are quite aufatt Z a tea taster, and can tell a Museavado to the 16th of a farthing per lb., or a hardware man r« 'posted'- in every thing, in reality.from "a needletoan anchor"-you know your ^rlrfirst-rateathome-ctneeiveyourselfupto-H^^^^^^^^ without the fear of a " swap,"-leaving nothing to be desired, in fact, to make jon a U 00^^^^^ eitl'or wholesale or retail. At the risk of offending your vanity bow- er wtiu^t" 1 ou-one great truth-that all your experience and ability will avail you no hirir -and mark, untss you know about all cla.es of good., drapery, g-^^y ^ d :1L all comb^a J^ W^^ u:^"£^^^^^^ ^ — ^ - - ^''^'r '' n T tec 'z rfx:e-i-z^:::::::»^ his boy first of all with a first-rate education-free if he lik s a ei tla , h what i called a commercial college, (see Commercial ^^^^^i^,,, that, he for the counting-house, and every tmg X;;tyt .TJU ^X of goods-he finds him a situn^ion in a general slore-wheie they a ■( ^„,^^^^ ^o make gets acquaints with all these sorts «^f "^^^-^JX^^;^^^^^^^^^^^ they keep one) is an entry in the day-book or ledger, if he regulai ^"^^J^^ ^^ ^ J,^ ^^.j^s and absent^dispatched off in a hurry to Jhe -un^ry ^^^^^ ^,^,,,,„, „f ^he books, or sent on a journey for a month. _ ^^^^ ^^ ^J^ ^, ^ill now business acquirements of the <'7-[- ;;;^;y^„ 'l ^i Ion here, seeing the sort ::;:-'-:i:^.ctrfi^r;c;Stheipc^^^^^^ youfsi ilf. 8 CLERKS, ETC. — WHO OUGHT TO EMIGRATE? No doubt there are many whole^nle stores, who ileal excluBively in one kind of goods — sJiy drapery, for example. But here again your experience is deficient ; ns, if you have heen accustomed to only one class of drapery goods — and know nothing whatever of any other — you will see where you are at a disadvantage — leaving out of sight altogether the eountiiig-house education which we have referred to. If tliere is one chifs of young men — as shop-keepers — better suited than anotlier for emigrating to America, it is those who liave served their apprenticeships in small old-fashioned merchant shops — in the provincial towns — whei-e nearly every thing is sold, from red herring to silk velvet. All such a young man wants, is a little of the " rust" rubbing off him — and witli an acquaintance with dollars and cents, he is the most likely man to get on here — although he, too, ought to recollect, he has got some sharp young fellows to compete against. The modern system of training young men for one departmf-nt only, totally unfits them, from procuring a situa- tion in any other department, even at home — far less in the United States. The case, as regards Canada, is a little different. Young men from shops at liome may do better in Canada than in the Slates; but we would warn, most seriously, any one from going there " on speculation." If your passoge is paid, and a written engagement for some two or three years (long enough) you may go. Not otherwise. In Montreal, for example, a knowledge of the French language is indispensable — from the number of French Canadian wholesale and retail buyers there. Toronto and Hamilton are different in that respect. But let no one think of going to Canada, until things are very much im- proved from what they have been, and are at present. * Commercial travellers, on coming here, will find, if they get an engagement, that a new connection will have to be formed — the facilities for doing so here, being very differ- ent from what they are at home. Like as in Britain, all wholesale assistants here are valued at what they are worth- by what amount of trade they can bring with them to their new employer. Clkkks and Book-keepers. — The same remarks will apply, in a great measure, as in the foregoing. There is no doubt, but that first-class, young, and steady book-keepers — well recommended — having a thorough knowledge of American money — and how to keep ac- counts by it — may get situations. \Vc happen to know some from Great Britain who hold very responsible situations as sueli in the U^nited States. They are, however, the ex- ception, and not the rule. It is all right if yt)U get a Avritten engagement to come out; but to come here on speculation is a very hazardous experimenU WHO OUGHT TO EMIGRATE. It may be asked— Who ought to emigrate to America ? The question might be very briefly answered if we said simply — No one excepting farmers, or those who purpose be- coming so, who have capital. Such is the answer at present, and it applies to both the United States and Canada. There is no branch of trade almost, but what is over supplied with hands at present- arising, as most parties may be aware, from the great depression which there has been, in every department of business, during the last 15 to 18 months. It is true, that the United States have recovered, to a great extent, from the effects of the late panic, and that that country is gradually merging into its usual vitality, and former progressive development ; but there is not, as yet, any inducement for artisans of any de- scription to emigrate thither. The same remarks apply still more strongly with regard to Canada. Had it not been for the causes alluded to, we should, in all probability, have been justi- fied in advising all good workmen to emigrate, with the view of improving their position, but as things are at present, we dare not do so. For agriculturalist?, or all who have means to invest in the purchasing of land, matters present a very different prospect WHEN TO EMIGKATE— LETl'ERS TO BRITAIN. 9 nre worth — At no time, for many years pnst, we believe, has America presented a better opportunity tlinn it does at present, for investing money in tlie purchase of land — either uncleared, partly, or wholly cleared and cultivated. The late pressure of the times has caused great scarcity of money in the hands of landliolders, consequently, large numbers of farms, in all sta"cs of clearing, liave l)eeu brought into the market for sale — whilst with those sold at slicritf 's sale, which have been painfully frequent — properties have been bought for mere trifles, comparatively speaking. The wages of agricultural hands also have been very much reduced lately, and t'rom present appearances, are likely to continue at a low figure, which, together with the low rate of wages paid for clearing, affords additional inducements for farmers with moderately large capital to pureliase, so long as the present state of things exists, as there can be little doubt but that Inml will be bought elieap, if properly selected. The stranger may purchase land dear enough at present, as well as at any otlier time, (B.;e our remarks on purchasing and paying for such, in succeeding articles) ; but if judic- iously selected, sonic very clieap cleared farms are to be picked up in even some of thft best agricultural districts of both the United States and Canada. The farmer witli small means, however, who tliinks of emigrating to America, ought to consider well before taking so important a step— calculate all the expenses, and how much money is requisite to enable him to live during tlie first 12 or 18 months. Tliat all depends upon whether he takes a free grant of land or purchases land, and if he purchases, if any, or liow much of it, is cleared. In another part of this work, the reader will find full in- formation on these points. To tiie agricultural class of settlers, we repeat, that the present time affords very great inducements to emigrate, as, in the case of purchasing land, it may be bought at much less than it has been previous to October, 1857. II 'ill 111 WHEN TO EMIGRATE So far as the season of the year is concerned, the best time partly depends upon the trade vou belong to. .„ v • If an agriculturist, any time between 1st of March and 1st of May-as then you wdl be m time for seed time, and when harvest ope. ti.ms will be going on, and be most likely to get engaged— but the earlier you are out the better. If mechanic, or any handicraft trade, it does not make so much difference, so that any time from 1st of April to 1st of September, will dq. Considering the stnte of the weather merely, the months of July or August are as good as nny-so far as a smootli passage is likely to be ; although September is one of the best months to come in, as you arrive out after the great heat of summer, and have 2 or 3 months of the "In.li.-'., s„mmer"-the finest part of the whole year-before the seventy of winter sets in. , , i- i • „ But each individual must be guided, to a very great extent, by the particular circnm- stanees- -of his own case-as to the best time to emigrate. The next matter we will notice as worthy the attention of parties in Great Britain, Is connected with their correspondence with friends in America. LETTERS FROM BRITAIN. DIUECTED TO FRIENDS IN AMERICA. We have, no doubt, many thousands of letters written in Great Britain or Ireland to friends in tie United States or Canada, which never reach their destination-there being wo great causes for such, and these resting with the writers of such le ers, who, doubtl ^, hive often wondered they never received answers from their friends, whilst the carelessness ignor «:. Ipidity, or bad writing of the senders was the sole cause of the disappointment 10 ADDKESSJNtt LETTERS TO FRIENDS IN AMERICA. to themselves and tlie friends tliey were writing to. The two great causes for letters no reaching their destination — are Ist. Indistinct and badly-written addresses. 2d. The name of the State in which the party resides not being included upon the addresa Parties writing to friends in America often address their letters as if they were writing to some friend in the same country witli themselves, and suppose that the post-office system is the same in America as in Great Britain. As two of the gicat rules — never to be forgot in writing to your friends in America — wc would say — Ist. You cannot write too plain — or write as plain as you can — when addressing your letters. 2d. You cannot write the address too minutely — but more particularly, never forget to put on the name of the County and name of the State in which your friend lives. The first of these rules will appear all the more necessary to enable the post-office sorters — through whose hands it has to pass — to know where it is to be sent. If indistinctly wri^ ten, it may pass the hands of a few who can read any kind of writing almost — the next one he guesses — either right or wrong — what it is, and wliere it is going to — and proliably the last man whose hands it gets into, cannot make it out and — throws it aside. It is tlien sent to the dead letter office at Washington — there kej)t for some time — there opened, and, if nothing valuable is found in it, there burned or destroyed. You will thus see tliat your letter may have got to Washington, and destroyed there, from your own fault at liunie — ■writing so indistinctly that every one could not read the address easily. More letters never reach their destination, however, from the address not being so full as it ought to be — but more particularly, for want of the name of the County and the State. Thus, for example, we will suppose you are writing to a friend in Madison, and you direct your letter "Madison, America." Now, as there are at least a dozen j)laces called Madison, in America, how is it possible the postmaster at New York can know which Madison you mean ? Whether " Madison, New Haven County, State of Connecticut," or "Madison, Jefferson County, State of Iowa," about 1000 miles distant from the other; or, ■which of any of the other iO places there is of the name of " Madison," in all quarters of America ? You ought to recollect, that towns exist in America, of which there are from five to fif- teen places, all of the same name, in different States. You may be writing to a friend at " Washington," and, from the letter having nothing but " Washington, America," uj)on it, the postmaster would very likely forward it to " Wash- ington City, District of Columbia," whilst you intended it to go, perhaps to " Washington, State of Georgia," or " Washington, State of North Caroliiui" — or some of the other 12 " Washingtons" there are in America. Tlie proper way to avoid error or delay, as far as possible, is to address your friend — putting on first. Christian name and surname, in full, Village or town, residing at. Name of countj-, in which that village or town is, Name of State, ending with "United States." If for Canada, the same remarks apply — with equal force. In addressing there you should put Christian name and surname in full. Village or town residing at. Name of township. Name of county, ending with " Canada West," Or if in Canada East — then say " Canada East." 8 for letters no 1 America — wc LETTERS FROM AMERICA AND INTRODUCTION— GOODS TO SELL. 11 If it is too itnipli troulilc for you to write the nnnie of tlu' State in full, — you can ])ut(>n the initials, merely, tlius: instead of writing; "State of New York," just i)Ut " N. Y.," or in- Btcail of "State of lUiiioif"," put "111." That may do; hut the name of the State iu full renders it p<'rfeet — so that there can be \\ci mistake. For "Canada West," you ean write " C. W.," and for " Canada l''ast," write " C. E." As we have said before, you cannot l)e too minute in your direction. If you do not happen to know either the name of County or State — and there happens to be more than one place in America of the sjimc name — ten chances to one if ever your letter will reach its destination. LETTERS FROM AMERICA TO KillKNns TN ErilOl'K, PAiiTifs in America, when writinf; to friends at home, should also be very particular in givinfT their friends their full address — name of village, name of county, and name of State — and tell their friends to address their letters plain, so that any one almost can read it. If they eannt)t write plain themselves, tell them to get some one to address their let- ters for them who can write plain. Considering; you are coming to a strange country, and probably know no one there, a little information on the importance of having letters of introdueti(ui to some one, already in the country, may be useful. from five to fif- ising there you LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION. Letters of introduction in Great Britain, for use there, are very often looked upon, as the Americans would say, as of " not much account" — or as " not amounting to any thing." However true that may be there, it will be found different here — from the fact, if yon, a stranger, in arriving either in New York, Philadelphia, Canada, or any where else, do not know any one in the city, town, or village where you are, you may find it awkward — and the want of a note of introduction to be a serious drawback. Wc will sup])ose you have arrived in New York, or Cincinnati, in search of a sll\iation. You make ap]>lieation, and from what you say, you are in every way qualified, and a likely man to fill the vacancy. But what evidence can you produce of your inteurity, so- briety, and i;eneral abilities and good conduct V You are a stranger, you have nolhing to show but testimonials which any one can get up specially— if so inclined— no fiicnd in the town, or in America to refer to — as a party to whom you have been introduced. The most you can do, is to refer to your last employer in Great Britain, or to some houses there; but before they could be written to and an answer got back from there, the vacancy is filled up most likely. Written testimonials from well-known houses in Great Britain are better than having notliing to show; still we advise all to get hitters of introduction to some respectable parties in this country— if at all possible— more particularly by young men and others, in quest of employment. With parties having goods to sell or samples to sell from, the case is rather difl'erent— as the goods represent themselves, and are a sufficient introduction to the man who is open to buy. Even in such eases, however, a letter of introduction, to some one in the city or town where you are, Avill do you no luinn to have with you. With the working man, the case is different again, as he will on his statement in most cases, be rejected, or engaged on trial, to test his abilitie.s. These are his best letters of introduction, to an employer, if he can be permitted to give evidence of what he can do. and how he can do it,— together with being strictly sober, st.'ady, and respectable. As referring to one of the many mistakes emigrants make in coming either to the States or Canada, we will now refer to the subject of bringing out goods to sell. 12 INFORMATION TO PERSONS EMIGRATING. BRINGING OUT GOODS TO SELL. No bettor evidence, can be u.l.l.u.e.l as to the prevaili.>S i-iiorunce in the n.imk of many in Great Britain regurdin,^' thi. country, and ^vl.at it. want. are. than is shown bv rartie« who bring out all sorts of goods to sell-i.nagining that by bringing them here, they ean sell them to great advantage. It U one of the greatest n,i«tak.s a per«m ci.n make, generally spu-iking. If you should bring with you a large lot of Lngh^h- made woollen eloth-or any other article on which there is a heavy duty in the Lnitcd States-say of perhaps 30 p..- cent-you may fancy, by cheating the government here out of tlie duty payable on such, that you will make money by the transaction. Lv... tlicn. however, the chances are ten to one, that you lose money after all-even al hough you pay no duty ; tir.t. because you, being a stranger, would not know where o s.^U them to advantage-and although you did, you may bring something with you, ^|hich whilst it miglit suit Scotland, England, or Ireland-will not suit America, lake the case of woollen cloths, as stated. If you brought English-made woollen cloths here, you would find them unsaleable, from the fact, that almost every yard of woollen clotli worn in the United States, is either of German, French, or American manufacture-the hne cx- ture of quality of tlie cloth-the manner in whi<.h it is finished-and i(. streng h, when compared with English-made cloths, all combine to shut the English goods of that sort nearly out of this inarkct. In this matter, as well as in many other respects, you being a stranger here, should dabble in nothing, in this country, until you thoroughly understand its wants, the value of commodities here, and wliere you can buy and sell to the best ad^ vantage-which knowledge is only to be gained by living here a considerable length of time-and being thoroughly conversiint witli business in all its ramifications. Even taku.g goods to what is suppose many shirts as will last you for 3 weeks by steamcr-and 6 weeks by sailing vessel Every thing else in proportion. The same quantity for children also. You will find that quite sufficient till you arrive here. The traveller or tourist should also make his trunk as light as possible. At any season of the year-fancy-coloured woollen shirts will be found the most serviceable of any m coming across the Atlantic— or travelling through the country. 14 INFORMATION TO rKHHONS EMIGUATINO. If vou conio awny any fiinc lictwocii the \M. of April (iiid lnt of Sc|itcniln'r, yoii will luive little or no \w for thick or liciivy olotliin^? at »vi\ — till you ii|i|>roii<'li tlic ISaiiks >f Xcw foundliind— wlicrc the tlicrnionifttr fiilli* from ;{(» to .Vi dcKrcfs — from one duy to miotlier. The cold ex|>cricnccd lliere is HometimcH felt, to Im; intense, m that it. is better to have a top-coat at liand for iiJ*in^', when " off the Hanks." After you pass there you are witliin H few days (" steaniint^") of New York, and will tind the weather mild and pleasant — ua- less whcp lilowiiifj hard. Avoid liriii^'iiif; n.\Ts with you, if possil)le. Hoth enii^jrants and tt)urists will find caps or " wide-a-wake" felt hats, Avith hroad hrims — much more a;,'reeal»l8 and pleasant, as well as lieinj; much more useftil for travelliiif^ with. It is of fully nu)re consequence to consider what sort of clothin;^ is necessftry for America — bo we shall now devote a few remarks on the SUITABLE CLOTHING FOR AMERICA. Not only do many bring far too great a stock of clothing with them for use on board sldp — but also for use when they ore travelling through tliis country on pleasure, or busi- ness. Supposing the tourist loaves Great Britain any time during the spring or summer months, for the purpose of making a tour through the States and Canada, he need not burden himself with mu<'h clothing. We would reconnneud him to try a start with a '' wide-a-wako" felt hat — which is nice and soft for the head, and which keeps the rays of the sun off the face. A tliin, small und)rella — for using during the hot weather here, as a shade from the sun, or shield from a temporary shower. As many shirts, socks, and Imndkcrchicfs as you may want till you get here — allowing one shirt, one pair of socks, and one handkerchief to arrive with here, clean. Bring two fancy woollen shirts amongst your supply. Same as regards under-clothing. Bring with you an old coat to wear on board ship, one or two pair of trousers, one vest, and a top-coat, such as you generally wear at home. Have them packed in your jiortman- teau along with your shirts, socks, handkerchiefs, collars, etc. — which is to be in your berth, on the way out. When you get here, you can get, if j'ou wish, two or three dozen of shirts, socks, etc., etc., etc., washed, and done up, in one hour, if you are in a hurry for them. Tlu^ facilities for such at the hotels being great, every thing almost being done by steam and machinery. In ordinary cases in New York, we liave given out washing at 9, a. m., and had it sent up by 11, A. M., all done up. In your travelling througli the country, therefore, if you should have only 3 shirts, as many handkerchiefs and pairs of socks, you could never be ill off for clean clothes. When you get here, you may find the weather warmer than you anticipated ; conse- quently, either bring with you, or provide yourself, when you get liere, with two suits of linen clothing — either white or brown linen drill, or grass cloth. (See our remarks on dress in America.) Provide accordingly, as you will tind yourself eom|)elled to wear clothing here which will not answer for Great Britain, no more than the clothing worn there will answer for wearing here. Have, of course, as few packages as you can. One good-sized American-nuule trunk — is all you want to hold every thing yoii want for a trip for any length of time. If you should run short of any article of clothing, don't imagine that they are not to be had here. We hope that it is unnecessary to say to you. Don't be so foolish as to bring any articles of clothing witli you to sell here as a " spec," unless you wisli to dispose of them at a ruinous loss in some of the auction rooms in the cities or towns you ])ass through. These renuirks do not apply so much in regard to emigrants. They should sell no ar- ticle of clothing, unless such will over weight their luggage. In winter time, they can scarcely have too much or too thick clothing. Tlie cold of winter is very severe — at the INFORMATION TO PERSONS EMTORATINQ. 16 nm« time It l» dry nnd hrnclnj^. Sf'iU, tho wnrnu'st clothing they Imvi', for winttT wiur, ghoiilil bfi brought — lis all h>v\^ of \vot)llon cK ^lilnj? is sxpoimivf. Clotliing for Buinnifr wear — xuitul)!^ for \,orliiii.ii — costn ii iiiero triflo, roinimrutively uppiilting. For pxuniplo — one »uit. consistiiiix of 1 fiuir of trowscrR, bikI oho nliirt mudc in tlic hlmj)(' of II " (iui'riiix'y frocl<" — iiirliidiim tlic iiidiupcnwitilc flannel chirt — oostn ulto- gctlicr atiout^'J, (or 8*i. wfg.), wiiidi if* tlui alinont univiTWil wear of worlting men— and siif- fiiiciit for wcuring on a liot day. As tlie autumn Roanon advances, lu-iivier clothing i» re- quired. How you sliould l)ring your clotliing, and other articles, wo will now advert to. LUGGAGE, OR BAGGAGE, FROM HOME. It is of the utmost importance for the emigrant to bring his baggage properly done up— in trunks or boxes of n proper description. Not attending to tliis before starting, will be found to be regretted afterwards— by probably getting the contents destroyed, and costing a good deal for new boxes, ete., in America. We have seen, (m arrival at New York— whilst the luggage was being passed by the custom-house otticoi-s— that the most tVniisy ond rotten packages have been brought from home. Some trunks, perhaps, whieli have been in the hands of families for generations, and more fit for firewood than for being labelled— bound for California, perhaps— as we have actually seen the case. What is tiie consequence V When they are lifted up by the handles, they break off, perhaps, or before they reach the bottom of the slide from the ship to the small steamer alongside- waiting to take them on shore— the hinges fly oflf, or the lock gives way, perhaps, and the whole contents aro scattered obout, and the box forever rendered useless. Such glaring instances of stupidity— and ignorance of what was necessary for sueh a voyage— we could not have believed, had we not seen it displayed. A good, strong, deol box— with stout rope handles— like a seaman's chest— is as good a sort as any for the emigrant to have. See that it is not more heavily made than there is occasion for— so as to keep your tceu/ht of baggage as light as you can; but better to have a box too strong than too slim— as we have explained. It would be better to have strong hinges — with padlock on it— nnd iron-clasped at the corners. The American-made trunks are amongst th." best we have seen for the purpose of travel- ling. They can be had in many j.laces in (ireal Ihitain, and in any part of Americ.i- all qualities and prices. They are generally known by having large brass or iron knobs stud- ded all over them ; Ihey are set upon castors very often— so as to move about easily— and have two pieces of wood nailed along the length of the bottom, to keep them otf the ground or floor. 15Ei.iiiN(i— such as blankets, sheeting, etc.— which is expensive in America- should be brought in all cases-tiglitly wrapped up in old bed-covers or canva^-and put into as little bulk OS possible. FiiuMTunE-of every description-should be left, or sold oflf, before starting-as it can be bought for half the price in America it can be produced at in Britain. CuocKFuv -China, glass, etc.— which should be brought out-ought to be particularly veil packrd-U> prevent breakage. Such articles are very expensive in America ; there- fore, a saving will be etlVcted by bringing with you what you have-carefully packed. If you arc to have far land-carriage after your arrival, you must recollect tiuit every pound over and above 50 lbs. is charged for-and sometimes tlic carriage for baggage comes to a good deal of money-but still less than tlie ditlerence of the cost of what you bring with you, and what you will pay for such here. The charge for such overweight la about 20 cents (lOd stg.) for 100 lbs. per every 100 miles. 16 INFOUMATION TO PERSONS EMIGUATINO. PORT OF DEPARTURE. WiiKHE you sail from, niid wlmt port you orrivo at In America, tlcpendu upon var'unw eir- cumHtnnccii, as to wliioh moy bo bent. If you (in' mfuntod in tlin Kasffrn Conntleo — or nrar London— that port wUl.nuwt likely, nult your convenlonee bent, if you wi»li to go by a nailing? \vmv\. TImt.- iiru no Htnini r« from London ; but tbo Havre and Ui']j,'lan »tfnnu-r« will for Now York fr< ni Soullianipton, an may be Rccn from tlu'li ndvortiscniontH. Tiic delay in tlie Knf,'lirth ( liuonii U soniutinKt very considerable for miilinx vesseU, before they gel " out to «ea." If living in the Midland Countleg, West of England, or North of England, you will fiiM Liverpool, no doubt, the most eonvenient port of dcimrtiire. From there, vessels of dii.. sort or another are to be found calling daily to jtorts in the United States; so that if bound for the United States, you will take a packet nearest to your destination— the elii. f port being New York— but not alwoya the best for arriving at eertain districts. Steamers Bail regularly for New York, Boston, and (iuebec— with soiling vessels, also, fre(juenlly to there, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans, etc. Passengers from Seotlond may sail, either l)y steamer or sailing vessel, from the Clyde- direct to New York — or by Boiling vessel to ony other port in the States, or Quebec, Canada ; or from Liverpool — as above. If situated in Dundee, Aberdeen, and North of Scotland— and bound for Canada— passen- gers will tind excellent clipper packets from Aberdeen to (iuebcc— which make the passage in about 30 to 86 days. In taking out your passage tickets In firent Britain, you may be asked to book further than the port of your arrival — hence we may notice the subject of SECURING PASSAGE TICKETS. It is in so many cases dangerous to procure tickets In Great Britain for any point further thon the port of arrival in this country, that '■■ ■ i.d . isc all emigrants and tourists to bonk only to the port of arrival in America. No don\ t, the Hir Mgh tickets nf p : h as the (Jraml Trunk Unilwoy Company — issued in P^nglnnd inj ic go., i enough to wlicrever they book; but the emigrant will find means of getting tickets to his destination, when he gets here, equally cheap. When you come here — " booked through" in England — you are neccs- Bitated to proceed by one particular route — and, as you ore booked through, you are not so likely to receive that attention, as when you wish to book from any \w\ui here, on to your destination. Phould you arrive at Quebec, there are more ways than one, most probably of . oceeding to your destination; and on inquiry of Mr. Buchanan, the government emigra tion officer— at the emigration office on the quay there— he will give you particulars of all the routes— what they cost, etc., etc. Then you con please yourself which way to go. Through tickets ore issued in England by parties interested in particular lines of travel; and, once booked through, you are obliged to gc by them — whether they suit you best, or otherwise. Again, you arrive at New York, os an emigrant. At Castle Garden you will get every information respecting the diflferent routes, and get your tickets there for wherever you ore going to. (See Castle Gorden, New York.) In some respects, "through tickets" from England may be of advantage, whilst the swindling practised In selling through tickets there — which are perfectly worthless in this country — mokes us caution every one to be coreful before he pays for a " through ticket," and rather advise him to pay l)is passage only t.n the port on this side which he is to brrive at. TounisTs, in booking from Quebec and New York, should always take out their tickets INKOIIMATIOX TO PKIW)N« KMKIRATING. 17 II variouR uir- nt the liooklnn (iffioc iit the vailroatl Ktntlon, iiiul not, iit uny of tlw loukltig or tloket-ortloei to Ik* foiiiitl iti Miu-lt luiiiilxTH ill ull till! liirf((i clticiw III AiiK ricii it in very (lilT.rciit. in Unit r.'Hpoc't to ('.ivut Hrltniii, where j»m can only got your tirk.t lit tlic niilniii.l depot. II< re, ii Hynioin of tickft iiKfiicy iiii* bi!«n e»t«liluhcil, iiiiiny <'f '1>" tlcki't-otHcci* l)ciiij( iioithtT tiion' nor Iokh thun tloktit swlndlon. S«'i' H<'|mfiit<' artiolo, hiMuh'il " iliiilroiul Tii'kfti*." In ooimiclioii with tlio h-iilijicl of " iMiokiiii^ lliroiinh" tiokotn, even In Anioi'lcn, wo give tlio followinn onfo of vory groiw niiwoiiiliu't, an It upponr* to »*, on tho part of a fomhictor nil «tiu' of till' lin<'!t ill tlic Slate of New York. Wf yivo this cai'i' an u wiinpli' to mIiow, that cviMi ^vll^rl' purlieu piiri'liiiHc their tickets at the proper oflice, in tliis eoiiiitry, ami aro hooked throiii^li ft loii)( (VHtunoo, they do not alwiiya find such tlcketa iivollable, an they profi'»R to he, iu'«'iirdiiii^ to ai;reeiiieiit. We have never met with any mieli eiiK(^n oursi^lven, hut 11(1 one eiiii shut his eyes to the faetn ixn detailed in the following adverlii«eiiient, which iippeiir<'d in the New York 'J'filmtie of 10th Scptenihor las*t:— RAlldtOAl) I'F.TTY FKAUDS, AND (illKAT IMPOSITIONS. On the l.-flh of Aiiciisl last, llirce ^eiitleiiien one u eiti/.on of ('liiea^o piiicliuMi'il at the jiroper ofliee In ('liicu^D tliruo lii'lielH (liiimiili til New York, expressly sti|iiiliilhi)r and ajjieeinn with tlie eompany there, and lliev for all the eoiiipanies on tlie route, that these jreiitlenieii should have the privifetie of trav- olliiiK Midv (lavs, stopping otf niiihls, and also stoi) idfat Saratoga as lon^ us they iiii^ht eliiioHe. Arriving at ItulValo at about 1'.' o'eloek of a Saturday iiijjht, two i){ the company (letid(Ml to iviiinin in IliiHalo over Sunday, and the third went to Cliitteiiun;^o to spend tlii' time with friends. On leavins; Hutralo, one of the gentlemen intpiired of the eondiietor, who came arouml to ex amine and mark or piiiieh the thrkets, wliether siieli jiroeess would kill tlie ticket to Alhaiiy, us he wan desirous of stoppiii^f at Selieneetady, to visit Sariito;{a for a few days. The eoiidiictor rciilied no, hut staled, that when Ihev arrived at Ulica tlie gentleman must net troni the con- duetor Innn Ihal place a slop-over lieket, as was Iheir eiislom. After passing ('hittemiuni), they were rejoined liy Iheir frieinl, who informed them, that in eoiise(pieiice of the conductor havin)^ punched his check, he liad hceii coinpelled, on coinin^t on the cars, by the new conductor, to re- pay his fare, under penalty of heiun put olf the cars if he did not. In (U-der to save a repetition ot this trouble and exjiense, when the eondiietor came around after leaviii|< Utiea, the ({entlo- nuin who proposed to slop at Schenectady civilly stated the circunislunce.-i, exhibited his ticket, jiraj!;e or shelter. It is barely possible that the strong arm of this nimil and iiifamous railroad corporation is om- iiinotent e'noiijrli in this slate to shield it from le^al punishment for such oiilruKcs. Tiie above is an unvarnished story, and is milv n lu. p" r^d.hough that sometimes is of little use. We would .ny then, sup,j.,.ng you are a^d up sh.k-get from off your stomach, as soon as you can, all that >s hkely to conu.. Keep your be^th for a day or two-lying as flat as yon can on your back-w>th jw head 1 w, and so •' fixed" in your berth, that you will forn, as nmch as possible, apt of the bertl itself, and move with the vessel as she moves, and not be rolhng aoout h .. a Lose lo.. i,> your bed. Don't be in a hurry trying to eat. After you have been w.thou food for^ -h,; or two, we.ther pern.itting, n.akc a desperate etlort^w.th the ass>sta,u.e of the stcward,V necessary-to get up, and master old Neptune with the touch of s.ckness '^k";^ wXrU get on deck without delay-and don't Imger al.ut either .loon, pantry, or anywhere else^ but, getting on deck, seat yourself with your face to the w.a.l. L as to inhaU- the sea air, the iodine and saline particles of which, will be amongst the first thin- to recover the tone and strength of your stomach. 1 you feel thirsty, avoid spirits of all sorts, and malt liquors-although some recom- mend bottled porter. In some cases it may answer. Try what is ca led leuK.n«ae, r board ship and in An.erica-not the effervescing bottled liquor o t^l.at name- ^^t a piece of lemon, well bruised in a tumbler-till you have squeezed all the juice on o it,'a teaspoonful of white sugar, bruised, and fill up with cold water. In in.^ cases we have seen this refreshing drink, relished, when everything else failed to get ' m!!r'.li "^^ek, get a cabin biscuit, and try to eat it. Pursue this course, and next day, or day after, you may be aide to enter the saloon, and partake of the regular mealB whicli are being supplied. , After you are able to enter the cabin, don't sit there too long, but spend as much of vour tim'e as possible on deck, till you are completely youi-self again. Be very careful how you use your stoma.'h in the si,loon-as, although you may neve, have suffered from a bad, or weak stomach in your life before, you will there hud on , perhaps, you have a very delicate member to deal with, and requiring care in its treat- ment towards convalescence. At breakfast, it is possible you may find, at t^rst, that porridge and molasses are mere agreeable to take, than any thing else. That, however, is a matter of taste. The tei which is supplied on board ship, is often boiled, instead of oeing infused-a, .1 boiled as black as can be; and being so strong, is, in many cases, scarcely «"'t«;•• '''^ stomach of a rhinocerous-far less for an emigrant on his first voyage across the Atlantic, and recovcnng from Bca-siekuess. MEALS SUPPLIED — MANAGEMENT OF VESSELS. 19 oml as nuieh of The oortVo, on tlio other hiiiul, ]mn>^ gunernlly roasted onboard ship, is often too much, and often too little, roasted — sailors, in general, being poor coffee-roasters; and when ground, although fresh enough, the aroma of that favourite beverage is no more like tiie fnigranee of pure, properly roasted mocha, than it is of a piece of boiled gutta percha. To stomaehs, recovering from sca-siekness, the tea and coffee very frequently on board pliip is any tiling but ploasant — the flavour of the one, and the sight of the color of the oth«'r, (but. in tliat respect it is diflieult to tell which is which,) being quite enough, with- out tasting eitlier. Vuv that reason, neither are used by many during the whole voyage — but pure cold water, or water and milk, mixed, is preferred ; and that, no doubt, is more congenial to the stomaeli than eitiiev the tea or the coffee above referred to. With these exceptions, tlie 'Tieals on board ship, in the caliin, are, generally, very excellent — in some of the steamers resembling the set-out at a first-class hotel — dinner, particularly, witii its dessert afterwards, as a regular thing. In the steerage end, the emigrant will find our advice, as to sea-sicknesss, equally applicable It appears to us to bo a standing disgrace to .^hip-owners and steamboat proprietors, that, in the matter ot tea and coffee, such shamefully-cooked rubbish should be offered to their passengers, us the tea and coffee which is served out, and more particularly, do we make this remark, on behalt of many ladies, probably with children, in the cabin — and jniiny hundred of respectable and honest women, with their children, in the steerage — to nil of whom a cup of that which " cheers, but not inebriates," would be particularly grateful, during their severe trials on a voyage across the Atlantic, with, perhaps, them- selves dead 4ck, and tlieir helpless little ones, in tiie same condition alongside of them. The cause of this neglect — for it is nothing else — does not arise from any petty feeling to siive so much. We believe quite the reverse. The steward, under-steward, or cooks, are often grossly careless, and extravii'.'ant in the use of these two articles of diet, whilst pre- paring them — and have not the slightest regard, whether they are consumed or not. We .lon't, therefore, charge the ])i'oprietors of vessels with a desire to save these articles — but of the most wanton extravagance on the part of their cooks — the most barefaced favour- itism to some passengers — friends of the ship's servants, or others who bribe them — and a total disregard, in that particular, as to the comfort of tlieir passengers in general. We would iiere remind those gentlemen ship-owners and managers — who sit esconced so comfortably in their easy chairs in their Brussels-carpeted offices — that they have a duty to perform, as well as an interest to pocket — in seeing that their vessels are equipped \\\\\i proper iimi, as well as with projier sailing t.'!"klc. They are the guardians of the weak and the unprotected in the many hours and days of danger and suffering, in crossing the Ailantie. Tliey are bound in honour, as well as in duty, to see that the servants they em- plov are men who will violate no moral, no more than they will a criminal law towards the passenirers, and their jiroperty. They must be reminded that they are not entitled to look up of 12 to 14 days to their second-class passengers, need not suppose these Itt do'notlpply to then. We tell them plai.,ly. that many of then have as great need to reform as' U.eir brethren who sail passenger sailing vessels. AV e could ..a,ne-,f we ^ere disposed-steamers sailing to and f.-om Great Britai.. and An.er.ca where, even ... thai small matter of tea and coffee, the r.,bbish offered even to their cab,., passengers. ,s such, hat if set down to the breakfast of the dainty owners and agents. ... the.r .nv.. ho.nes. would quickly find a place somewhere else, and the careless servant who had prepared ,t. run the risk ofbeing kicked about his business. . w i ,.. f On behalf of helplessly sick first and second-class female passengers, we tr,.st to ha of imp.-ovement in that respect. " O, but," says Mr. t'ontentn.ent-w.tl.-anyth.ng. hey ehould have brought so.ne tea and eotfee of their own, and a tea a.,d coffee-pot-then they would have been all right." Why should .hey, when they have pa.d for these th.ngs, and expected to have them supplied fit to d.-i..k V Besides. ma..y do not expect o be served .n that manner, otherwise, we have no doubt, they would provule aecord..,gly ; but. ,.. the same way, they might be expected, i.. the course of time. t.. prov.de the.r ..wn beef and ""CarJi"^ the meat, also, supplied to second-class passengers in some stea,ncrs. we un- hesitatingly assert that the quantity, quality, a..,l ma,.ner in which ,t .s cooked bchcs the statements of advertisements which state, that steerage passengers are s.j.phed rnth a. nmch provision,, as thcj can eat, all of the best ijnnUt,, and properly cooked, by the scrvan a of the co.npany. Such can only refer to passengers who are the favour.tes of stewanls and cooks on board, who are very differently served from the steerage passengers ,u ^'l1,Tpublie are always assured that " an experienced surgeon" accompanies the ship, but it is just as well that .,o i,retensio,.s are made on account of the doctor's services or v.s.ts to the stee.-a«e.cnd. We could .,a,.,e vessels whce s,.rgeons have no. v.s.ted steerage pas- sengers till some days after sailing, and when they did, treated the.u ,n a very ,.nbceo.n..,g and careless manner; in truth, not sin.ply doing their duty. Ihey know ve.-y well thej dare not treat cabin passengers so. but the «nfortu..ate steerage passengc-s must go with- out medicine for all some doctors either know or care how to treat then.. We are aware that first-class passe.,gcrs, i,. the exuberance of the.r joy "';";•;"«; "'f having cjoved then.selves pretty well under the captai,.-s sn.iles. at the head of the table -in rnanv ^f those flowe.-y congr«t..latory addresses which a.-e p,-ese,.ted to capta.ns on arrival-forget altogether to consult the o.her end of the ship, as to what they have to say on the s.d.iect We suspect if they did. they wou.d find a few amendmcnts-,n consull.ng the opinion of the scond-class passenger^if not a vote of a different sort-or a petition to some quarter on shore. But these individuals look through., not only their own spectacles. i>ut through the eyes of others, and express an ..pinion for others-as if the seeond-c as. passengers were not worth consulting. That is about the truth of it. In fact, that systcn. of toadying captains of vessels by cabin passengers has become so comn,o..,t .at ..i tunes of rea' danger, and when the daring skill and bravery of a captain has been nobly d.splayc.l, one really docs not know wl.ether to believe it-when he reads a truthful eompl.n.ent o that nature-as such honours are so fulsomely expressed, and so easily obtained ; when, it INCIDENTS ON VOYAGE. 21 all the facts were truthfully presented, some such addresses ought to be very differently worded. Another matter, we consider, ought to be looked into, and that is, all the luggage of passengers being under the ship's cnrc — and that if any of it is stolen or destroyed, the owners to be held liable lor such — in the same nmnner that a railroad company is. Why not cheek the baggage across the ocean — from point to point — where there are no changes on the way '! Until tiiat, or some such system, is adopted, the same rascally thieving on board ship will ooiilinue ; more partieularly so long as the system of employing " I'acket- arians" as part of the crew continues, and who sail only for one voyage, and whose real object in going to sen, is to secure as much plunder as possible on the passage, of property belonging to passengers. We observe some (.'anadian papers recommend passengers — in coming to America — to avoid landing at Ni'w York, and advise them to sail direct to Quebec, and by that route pass through Canada into the United States. This may do very well where the passenger is bound for a locality by whioli Quebec would be his nearest or cheapest way; but we have yet to learn tiiat the management of steamers and sailing vessels, to and from Quebec, is so much superior, or that the crews who sail in them are so much more virtuous than the men who sail from the same ports for New York. So far aa that goes, we fear they are pretty nuich all " tarred with one stick." Until the government emigration commissioners adopt some stringent rules, pertaining to officers as well as men on board shiiv— and for the safety of all the luggage— whether " below" or not— we fear little good will be ertected for the latter; although we say that the owners and managers of sl'ips have a great deal in their power— if they would use it We believe, if any company would guarantee their passengers against ill-usage, treat them properly, show no favoritism to some passengers, to the injury of others — aftbrd per.^nal prof^'ction to their feimile passengers, and see to the punishing of offenders, and securing tiie safety of baggage — such a company would have no need to deplore the small dividends, and croak aUmt the shipping trade going to ruin. Parties, having eliil.lren on board ship, should, as far as possible, keep them under their eye, as, in running about, and with the rt)Hing of the vessel, they may get hurt. All pas- sengers ought to avoid sitting on the side rails of the vessel, as they may be pitched over- board before they are aware. Sometimes experienced men lose their lives in that way. One instance may bo mentioned, of the case of the steward of the steamer " New York"— on her last voyage from New York to Glasgow— being drowned, by falling overboard off the rail, whilst sitting and smoking a cigar there. In the cabin as will as steerage-end of the vessel, all passengers ought to endeavour to render the voyage as agreeable and comfortable as possible, by every one evincing a desire to contribute" t<. the enjoyment of the voyage. In the cabin-end, the evenings are fre- .piently dovote.l to siniriiig and instrumental music, dancing on deck, readings, recitations, speeches on humorous subjects, mock trials by judge and jury,— with passengers as counsels and defendanls. In that wav, many an evening is spent very pleasantly, after tlie first 3 or 4 days' experience at sea 1ms passed over, and all the company begin to make their ap- p.anuioe Dmiti" the eaking-distance, there is quite a commotion, in seeing how the code .,f signals between each ship is worked ; how expertly the mate will hoist his ship's number by flags, in answer to, or asking a (piesti..n at, the craft in sight ; how the captain stands, telescope in one hand, and a book in the otiier— containing the name and number of every ship, we suppose, in the world-and on the appearance of those hieroglyphic stripes and crosses on the flags hoisted up by the ship in sight, he can tell through hi. telescope that these signs mean certain numbers, and on referrin-' to his book, can tell also that these numbers arc, probably, No. 0750, and that that is the number of " Th.' Travelling Scotchman," on his way from Liverpool to Boston, but liaving lost his reckoning, is not very sure whether he is on his way there, or to New Zealand, so he telegraphs by another set of flags, and asks the question, " What's your longi- tude?" when last\aken, (it maybe either that day or day before,) as it is quite possible la- may not have been able to take it for several days on account of the cloudy state of \W weather, and no sun to be seen to take it by. He is answered by your captain, according to what it was when last taken, by another set of flags, representing mimbers. After the captain of the other ship has got his information, he hoists another set of flags, to convey the intelligence-" Have lost ru.lder." or it may be, " Short of water," or " Short of pro- visions " or "Very leaky;" in which case, the ships " lieave to," and come within speak- ing-distance through the speaking-trumpet. The captains then consult what is best to he done, and act accordingly. Again, another splendid clipper may be met with-every slit.-h of canvas up-this time it may be one of .Messrs. Halls' unrivalled Aberdeen clippers ..n her way to Quebec, flying along before the wind " like a thing of life," but there is little apparent progress observable. A fine sight, however, it is, to see one of these noble, fnll- sized crafts— with every inch of sail set— careering over the ocean, with not another ves- tige to be seei. but her, between you and tlie boundless sea and horizon, and that inter- rupted only now and then by her bidding defiance to the angry salt water god, as she rides 60 gracefully over the billows. At night, again, when all are comfortably seated at table, hearing some extempore harangue, in imitation of the " stump," or, perhaps, some one who onee could sing, doing his best to contribute to the harmony of the evening by attempting " Auld lang Syne, when a cry gets up on deck, " A sail, oli-a sail, oh." A sail at iiight-in the dark-how is it to be seen V Seen or unseen, the company fly in search of shawls, over-coats, hats, and caps, and scamper away on deck. Sure enough there is a light a long way otV. Uy and by, when you are standing straining your eyes trying to sec what you can, a great wh>: behind you, announces that the captain has sent up a rocket, and there it goes, soann- away, comet-like, up into the sky. The vessel in sight has seen it. and she rei-lies m similar fiery language, and shoots up her voice of the same sort, as much as to say, "We see vou." " All well," or " How do you do?" Again and again the rockets go up. She now comes nearer, but still many miles ofi'. She is going east, whilst you are pointed due west, or, perhaps, N. N. W. She is now better seen. The captain has got his iiractised eye to the night-glass— a clever glass, that, which can discern things in the dark ; but so it is, as he declares it to be a steamer. Yes, so it is. You see her long saloon light. ^d U)., showing off her windows, like so many lighted port-holes. Would that you couhl speak to her— to take word to Liverpool, that you are so far on your way, all well, and havo that chronicled l.-y the miUion-t.mgued press to all parts of the kingdom. ?.ut no. it is too dark, you cannot make out her name, but to give an idea of who she is, she hoists a b uo light' at her bow and another at her stern, and from the day of sailing of all steamers be- ing known, the time out at sea, and the apparent size of the vessel, th.^ eaj-tain can tell you she is a " Cunard" boat. "Yes," says he, " it is the ' Persia,' perhaps; she sailed on such a day from New York— and it must be her"— so down go.rs the entry in the log-bo .k ; "Passed a large steamer, iiroceeding east, at 10, r. m., on the inst." The captain of "off the banks" — FOGS. 2a the steamer you arc on board, returrod his signals of bhie light?, burning fur a fow minutes at eafh end of hiii ship, and thus the eajitain of tlie other steamer knew it to be a steamer also, and would be able to tell, very likely, in the same way what steamer you were on board of, and so, entering it in the same manner in his log-book, you will be reported at Liverpool, after all, '>n his arrival there, as having "passed a steamer proeeedlng west, at in, v. M., on tiio inst. ;" and tims signals are exehanged even at night, although, of eonrse, not so partieularly as they ean be done during the day. In this manner does the voyage proceed every other day, something turning up to interest the passengers, until you begin to hear various talk about, and calculation, how far you are from the " Banks." In your simplicity, you wonder wha, " IJanks" arc meant, and when they will be seen. In a day or two, you are startled by the hoarse steam- whistle blowing its voice as a warning to all ahe^id of it. You are now enveloped in a dense fog, so the whistle continues to blow, alternat^'ly witii the ringing of a huge bell, and thus the bell-ringing and steam-whistle keep uj> a continuous noisy concert, sonietiniea for hours only, but sometimes for days and nights together. This will be the first intimation, perhaps, that you are " off the Banks," You, no doubt, liave an inward desire to keep off them, too ; but let us inform you, that there is no cause for ftlnrni— as the said " Banks" are quietly "located" at the depth of several hundred feet down, and that there will be that depth of water for you to pass over them. Arrived at what is called " the edge of the Banks of Newfoundland," the steamer is stopped, and the lend is dropptil. Tliis is a piece of lead about the size and shape ot a policeman's baton, tied to a rope, which it is to convey to the " bottom of the sea." At the end of the lead, there is a hollow, whicli is tilled up with white tiillow or grease, and sonje extended over the end of it. Thus prepared— and the vessel brought to a stand, or a floating position— the lead is dropped into the sea, and allowed to run down by the rope till it finds the bottom. When it touches the ground, the mate who lets it out knows, and, as the rope is marked by knots, denoting distances, he pulls it up, and by and by the lead is drawn on board. A close inspection of the end of the lead takes place by the captain and officers— to ascertain what description of " bottom" there is. If " green sand," you are on the " Grand Bank" of New- foundland, and with so many fathoms of water below you— so there is no danger of your running aground. Tliat ascertained— and the depth of water there— steam is piit on again, and away you go on your course — but only at half speed, as the fog is getting thicker, and the noise of the steam-whistle and bell, is kept up alternately, at intervals, to warn vessels which may be near— although they cannot be seen, till that they are so close, that the man on the look out has to be very vigilant at his post. Supposing, however, that a light wind has sprung up, it has opened one of those peculiar-looking vistas through the fog— and you see the horizon, clear and beautiful, at the end of it— and thankful you are to see your way out of the nuiize of vapour you have been s<> long enveloped in. Whilst those mists are cleaving otF, you will, probably, observe some peculiarly beautiful phenomena during the process— till at last the steam-whistle has ceased its unearthly noise, the bell has ceased its din, aiid now you are transported into a new world of crystal light— with a cloudless sky overliead, and the sun beaming upon you. You now feel a diff'erent being; and, with the cheering news of a change in the wind in your favour, the spirits of all on board begin to dance as light as corks on the waves below you. " Haul away that main-sail, will ye?" shouts the captain. " Le. go that main-brace," shouts the first officer— when at it the sailors g.., with right good will— and with long pulls, strong pulls, and pulling altogether, they spread out the main-sail. See how they pull ; and singing one of their ditties as they pull, and in that stentorian style, which you have heard several times before on the voyage, at all hours of night and day. " Let go that mizzen top-sail, there, will you ?" shouts the captain again. " Pull up your slack there, boys"— and with an " Aye, aye, sir" of response from the willing .Jacks— vou are now sailing with every bit of canvas up; the whole ship -as viewed froui the stJrn— looking like a perfect mountain of canvas spread out before you ; and so. with all these set square, and filled by "-oreas, and favoured by Neptune keeping the sea quiet, and with the engines working full speed, you are now " going 24 TAKING A PILOT ON BOARD. a-head" at the rattling puce of not less than 13 niilea an hour. You have now got ovpr other 24 huurf, at tliat rate, or about it; so, instead of the log showing 180, 2(Jt), or 210 miles per day, it now springs up to 312 miles; or— if on board a Cunard boat— up as liiii;h as 360 miles— on which there is a shout of " hurra !" in the saloon, as the ollieer hang* up the board, with the distance announced upon it. You are now probal)ly within a few hundred miles of New York; and, when all seated again, in the saloon, at night, you are startled on the sudden running to and fro, on deck, as if there was something troing forward, wlien " A sail ahead" is heard. Again, at nigtit! So upon deck all the jiassengers go, to see wiuit steamer tliis would be, two days on her way out across the Atlantic, lint look! there are two lights— actually two vessels, and both sailing right a-head of you ! Tlie captain gives the word, " I'ort." Ti>e helmsman alters the course a little. Stifl they come on, both pretty near each other, and still eomiiig right ahead, nearly. Who, or what are tliey ? What do they mean ? Don't they see your white light up on tlie foremast, and your green light at one side, and red at the other? Don't they see from that, your vessel is a steamer? The captain and otlieers are puzidcd a little bit. " Port your helm," shouts the captain, a little annoyed, as he cannot make them out. Tliey are sailing craft; that is easy to see. by the pt>sition and movement of their lights on tlie water. One of them is now sheering olf to " leeward." " P«jrt, hard-a- port," shouts the captain, again, with redoubled fury. By tliis time, you and the passen- gers cannot make out what it all means. Even the captain's inscrutable night glasses refuse to do duty, or assist only to make ihe darkness more visible, till at last, the captain, turning round, shouts out once more, and looking not over pleased : " Port your helm, hard a-port, will ye?" " Hard a-port, sir," cries the helmsman. "Stop the engine," cries the captain to the officer on the look-out, amidships— and bang— bang— bang— goes the big sounding bell in the engine room, and the engines are stopped. You all expect " a run into"— but no. Here the lights of the two vessels you have seen come close uj)on y«>u, ami in the dark blackness of tlie moonless night, two small sails come scudding along, and pass ; one of them witliin 2(i yards, and the otlier about 100 yards off. In the wink of an eye almost, when tlie nearest boat reaches opposite your stern, she turns round, h:uds down her sail, and pulling up along-side, shouts out soinctliing or other. Goodness gracious! what's up? some shipwrecked ]iassengers; pirates, (liiiits an old lady near you,) coming on board unasked, and without you being prei)ared to give them a'reeeption of the right sort. What's to be done? You and the passengers are all thronged on the poop of the deck, wondering what is to do. When, in the lull of the wind, you now hear distinctly, " Pilot a-hoy !" Oh, what a deliverance to the said old lady. Thus, it appears that the two boats seen apjiroaehing were no other than tv.o smart Yan- kee pilot boats, belonging to different companies, running a keen night sailing match, as to who should get first on board of your steamer, and take her to New York. So by this time, a pilot is seen crawling up tiie gangway, and jumping on .leek— a i-.'cognition between the captain and the first sample of an Ameriean suaman you may have seen in your life takes place — when there is n cordial shaking hands of each other, instrad of re- volvers at each other— restores the mental equilibrium of all on board, ami, with steam once more put on full speed, you go on a-head, wliilst the pilot boat hoists its sail, once more, to travel over the sea in the darkness of tlie night, and have another race for the next ship that shows its light in sight, and more parti.-ularly if it is a steamer. The idea of tliu " pilot" being on board will, no doubt, have made you feel more safe than ever, more particularly he being an American jiilot, and being near home, you presume that, at least, he ought to know, by headmark, every wave as it turns up, as well as he knows the channel of the North River. You arc not, however, so near New York as you suppose. Tiiesc two pilot boats liave been out six days and six nights, seeking and watching for you, as they knew wlien you ought to be in port, as well as your captain did, and in piekinsr y. i up, that night, they found you 8om« 340 to 400 niles from New York. Going V miles to sea in an open boat, for the sake of piloting a vessel up the river! Well, ii that is not pushing business, you begin to think you don't know what that means. HEADING "THK LATEST NEWS "—LAND IN SIOIIT. 26 Who evi'i' lu'iird of n Soiitliaiii|)ti)n, or Lis'orpool pilnt i^uiiii; :!(i() or 4rin niileH to sou, to lay in wait, for stenmors or Kiiiliii'^' vowols! Hut so it is in ATin'rlctt. Tlieso nn-ii go out upwunls of 4f>0 inili'9 for that purpose. Eiijlit or tfii nnii stiui in one lioat. Wiion n ship is picked up, tlioy put one on lionrd, Tlio piqiliiin nmst ttilio tlu' first who conies. Leav- ing one (luis iin lioard, tlioy jnnccid on their search, till tlicy have only as many left as will taki: the lioat lionu' again. A very hazardous life it is. The arrival of the pilot, therefore, has lieeii a great event in yo\ir voyage, and as he has hrought sonio New York papers, every thing else is thrown aside, and clusters crowd round the solitary newspaper or two which he 1ms brought, when the crush liecoines so great that there is a spontaneous rc([ucst that Mr. Smith, with the spectacles on, should read out the "latest news," for "pro bono piihliro," or for th(! general information of one and all who have not heard whether (ireat Britain still occupied the same position in the middle (if the ocean as she did when you left home, or whether the Leviathan had got hci- steiim u\\ So Mr. Smith reads out the latestnuotnlionsof consuls — that they were J_ worae — that the old lady in Threadncedlo street had put on the discount screw, hy giving it another twist -ith up — that the " Democratic ticket" was going the whole hog, whilst tlie " I'epuhlican ticket" was driving a head at the rate of " two-forty" — but wdiat " ticket" you did not understand — that there was glorious news, such as to set the ears and eyes of all in the cabin agog, till Mr. Smith's breath might well be taken away f.om him almost — the "Cable successfully ]aid" — when all the passengers concluded at once it was an invention of Mr. Smith, to amuse tliem, so, with one accord, they would call out, "Gammon," "Humbug," "Fudge," " A i>ell of the enemy ;" and so it went, till at length the paper was torn in the nndst of tl>e excitement, niid walkehadow of the mighty continent stretched out behind it. You scarcely believe it, till some lime after you arc point.'d to look at the unmistakeublo villas on the beach. Y.'s, certainly, there "th.'V are! You iu)w begin to think yourself near your destination. ' Then begins to crowd upon you the regret there will be .,f parting company with some very anuable friends you have become acquainted with, on the voyage out. You feel inclined, alnn.st, to forget all about the rubbishing tea and coffee served up; you are inclined to forged, ail the tales of misery— and something worse you have heard at the steerage end-but no, you think you are only endeavouring to render others, who hf 26 AUUIVAL OFF STATEN ISLAND— CUSTOMS OFFICEllS. CM.n.e after you. ni.av oo.nfortaM., l-y letting orror. a.ul wrongs be known, that in the future llu.v ^houUi be rectified, when it euu he .lone, most ,.rohahly. ut no extra eo.t to th.. own.ra, an.f who oi,..'h1 to thunk you for h'tting then, know of grievance, which cmhI, wlneh th.y would never hear of, Imt for such m you, . , , , . „„ Sailin.' up the channel, Fire I*lan,l lighthouse is pointe.l out, to you on the nght. about .,() ,„iles n-on, New York, an.l now land on both .hie. run. along each >-hle._ Sa.hng on, you approach towanls Stateu l.lan.l ; if in the evening, the la«t night's danc.ng ,s earrud on with extraordinary spirit. Even ^h.. (irundy has nothing to say, although sh. w..s sadly disappointed at Mr. N.duuly sneaking off with the newspaper before she got a h...k at the births deatl,s, an.l ,narna«es. an.l 1.. see if there wa. «..y trt.th in the horr.. n.unlcr of old Bt,.kun.-s wife by old Hunkun, hin.self. and then his own suicide aft.rwards. >o, .ho vould nev..r forglve'Mr. N.du.dy for that ; h.,wever. she suppo,s,.d th..y had newspaper, .n America, o,at all events, that they g.-t the - (llasgow lleral.l" from ( lasg.,w, am that « e could borrow the loan of it for " tuppcnee," «o as t.. have all " newsof th.. wek t.. h..rs..lf It would occupy t..o nmch of our space to go into the details of all the .ncdents on b..ard Bhit^an.l the n.any scenes of interest and pleasurable excite.nent, as we 1 as danger so.ne- tunes Between what we have atte.npted to nketch. an.l the meals of breakh.st, about 8, .. M. ;■ lunch, at 12, no.,n ; dinner, about =?, .-. M,. and supper, at « to 7,t-. M. the passenger, thoughts are pretty well occupied the whole passage. A voyage across the At aut.e vo take to be oni of the b.-st things in th.. world for a man who has never crossed, o who sees " nothing in it" in any thing a. hon.e. We fancy he w.ll g..t h.s pulse ra.scd occa- sionully, andpcrhaps a little higher than he expected, but none the worse for ,t after all. In eve V voyage al.uost, we should say, that friends are tuade, and ae,,ua,ntanceslnps ate formedlhich last f.,rever an..rwards; an.l, generally sp..aklng, aHer the Inst . or 4 days of the passage, a voyage across the Atlantic is capable of be.ug nuule a delightful trip. AliinVAl. OFF STATEN ISLAND, (JU QUARANTINE GKOUN. Wk will n.,w supp..se you luive arrived safe and w.ll at your desired haven at.d aneh. off Stat.M, Mand. If in'daylight, y..u will be touch pleased (if in sun.mer) w„h the e.v ceeding beauty ..f the scnery all around, and th.. ,uagnific....t bay b..f.,r,. y.,u, win.re as ni'iny a- loo sail sometimes are t.) be seen lying at anelu.r. Y.m will now be thinking about y.u.r luggag.., ..tc. but prcvh.us t.. your starUng up th.. river the r.,it..d Slat..s surge.u. fn,n, the quarantine ..stablishm..nt .,u Maten Inland, will n,ake' his app..arauee on l,oard, as well as the ..ust.un-house ..fficcrs, if th..y hav.. n..t done so the moment you an..h..re.l. The doct.,r will exannne all the steerage passengers and crew, and hear a report fr..n. the captain as to the h..alth of his passenge... Any wh., arc unwell and not abh-, .-r not thought a.lvisable to pn.ceed, are re,n.,ve,l fr..u the vess..l, taken ashore at Statcn Island, and placed in the la.aretto there until th..y ar.. -imte re- ""we'may here allude to the quarantine establishment on Stateu Island having i>een the Bcene of a dis^n-aceful rh.t, on th.. part ..f the inhabitants there, against the quarantine buildings, which they buru.d d..wu last September, being afraid of yellow ever, or re- ported eases ..f such i.eiug iu the la.aretlo th..r.^ They w.'re anxtous to g.'t nd of the Tvhole establishment, and used sword, pistol, and fire to aeeo.uplish thetr y.e.ous purpose. The buikiin-s, however, are to be rebuilt, the State government being dete.-muu ,1 th.-a the ouarantine establishment shall re.nain there, alth.n.gh t.. the amu.yanee of a f..w ind.vuluals. llavin.^ passed quarantin.., y.n. will n..w sail up the river, admiring, lu. d..ubt. the g.^r- geous scenery on each side, and the immense river before you, wh... y.ni arr.v,. off the government emigration depot at Castle Oarden. Ref.vre landin.jr at New Y.)rk, you will have t.) pass un der the review o f the United States custtjui-house gfficers, packages. more particularly as to what you have with you in your •|te^ftB:|j= EXAMINATION OF HACfiAGK. 27 KXAMIXATIOX i'.Y ('I'STOM-IIOUSE OFFICEUS, V.KFDiiK j'liii HI'*' iillii\v"cl to li'iivo thf vos!»('l — ^ii|iii()siii!» jou 1i> (irvivc nt New Ynrk or some oIIkt poi'l ill ill'' UhUlmI StuU'rt — witli tli-* eustoiti house otlieovH on lioiird, the wlmlo of tlm iiiii'i't'iij^fv*' liiii^^^age will he ImuU'il on dcok, each passenger looking after liis own, ami git- ting it all i)liii'(il togiitlicr. When you have got yours all in one phu'c, lie ready with thi! kev9 of your lioxes, s^o a» to o|)eii llioin when your turn eonios, and exhihit tlic interior of them, and l)e ready to sliow that yon have nothing you wish to conceal as being eontni- hand, or liable to duty, tihonld you have any [lieee.-i of eloth, drew-jiieee:', or any thing of tiiat s(U't. the liost way is to show it, or say you have such, and the jmdiahility is, that, hein<' intended to be made up for private use, they will ])ass it, nllhough we bulicve they have a richt to charge duty ujhui sonio sorts of such. We have seen some laugliable case?- in trying to evade the custom laws, and, as a sample, nuiy mention the Inst, wliieh was the case of a young lady, who, being desirous of simiggling in a dress piece of merino, took tho precaution to have it made up into a bustle. The sharp eye of the officer eoifceivcd the hidy to be rather bulky in that part of her person, and the conscfiueneo was, the said young hidy had to go to her cabin, undress, and deliver up what she had there. Her mortification was iiiereused, wlicH the otHcer t(dd her, that if she had told him what she had, and that it was for private us.', he woidd have allowed it U) pass, but in lier attempting to smuggle it into the country, he had no alternative but seize it. It is the worst thing jiossible, to try to evade the customs laws and duties. The otlieers will, generally speaking, be found to be in ('very respect disiioscd to giv<- n9 little troubh« as possilde to emigrants and travellers. We have found them polite, ob- liging, cmmunicative, gentlemanly men. but cpiite up to their business, which is one very niueh'apt to try even tho temper of a saint, seeing the number of stupid people they have to ('-I'al with. , . Ti- 1 r,v no m.'ans liave any of your boxes nailed doiv)i, if yo>i can help it. If you have, see that" they are nailed with snrii' mils, nm\ that you have with you a screw-driver, to un- screw ihViii, so as to have them ready for inspection. Anv thing whieh i- liable t<^ duly-or packages suspected of containing such-is gen- crallv mark'.l !'. S.. meaning that it is to go the Tublie Store for inspection. Any of yours so miirked, \on will in.piir.' of the otlieers where to apply for it. The lu.'.'age of the cabin passenger has to undergo the same process as that belonging to the steern'^e passenger. Aft er the steerage passenger's luggage has been passed, and they, with their lu-a-.', have left the ship for Castle Garden depot, tho vessel, if a steamer, will, most ,>robabhC move up the rivr to her wharf, to discharge her cabin passengers. The instructions uiven regarding the passing of luggage of steerage passengers applies to cabin pas.engers-onlv cabin passengers will get no checks, as their baggage is not put oil from tlu. ....!• na.'.o, .....1 tl..^ ..u....' ..t H..' ^l.il. y,„. .■a....i l.y. Y..,. will «c.o, howovr, tl.o ....porta...... of takii.i,' euro ..1 you.- " ag,K.ij<.. elll•.•k^" ai..l »o« that you «<"»■ ""o f'"* *'^'<'''y l>ai'k"^"-' y" l'"^'"- If V..U are an .-...ig.-ant ...- KtoomK^' p-^^o..;:.-.-, an.l arrive at Now Yo.-k. tl..- l..u'«aK.- w.l I... o:,..v.-vc.gra.,t there. If wesay.that there he is .■.-e.-iv.-d l.y ki...l a,.datte..tive friends, who will see that he is not plundered, either in the establishment or out ..f it, if they ean p.-eve..t it-who will see that he ffots pr.-per ti.-kets t.. his d.-stinati.-n, and pays no n.o.-e for the... than he ou^'t.t t«do?-if siek, assist him int.. a human.- inli.-.i.a.-y, a.id ko.-p hi.u there tV.-e of exp.ms,- till he is better-see that he ^'..os to a hoar.linijd.ouse where himself and prop.-rty will he safe, and who will h-n.l hi... .......ey. even, t.. enable him to jret t.. his d.-sti..atio..-we say iio more than the aetual truth. The .n....ient a ship stops opposite Castle Garden, an offi.-er froni it ;.'..es .... 1...M.-.1, ...h1 there takes cliartre ..f all eniiir.-aiits' ba!.'!j;au;e, t;ivinir the... " ehecks" f..r it. We will supp,.se that you are al,..ut to av.-ive in N.-w Y...-k. Aft.r 1,-avin- the ship, yo.i proeewl in a la.-i,'e ban,'e, or steamei-, to Castle (Jarden laudi..s,'. On lan.li.i- you will he shown the way i..t.. the int.-.-ior of the l,ui!.li..L'. Knb-iv.l it, you i..-...-e.-.l t.. .1 d(-sk, wh.-re the " He.ristrar" f-its, with a b..<.k l.ef..re hi..., ... which he entei-s y.>ur .la.ne, whe.-e y..u are from, and to where you are g..in-. Y.... a.'.- th-n passed ..n to »....! h.-r el.rk at the sa.ne table, to whom you n.e..lion wh.-ro you ar.- LCoi..-. He will the., ijiv.- y... a suiall t..-u.ted filip.fille.l up with all the partieula.-s whieh y.m have t..ld him: and suppos.-, f..r ^nstano.^ that y<.u are iroiii!,' to Chieiitco, you take that p.-i.iled slip to another- desk, where the clerk will furnish you with tiek.-ts which will take y(.u f.) Chicatro. Whilst you have been letristei-ii.t,' you.-self, and g.-fti..i,' your tick-ts, the baL'i.Mi;e has, .n the n.caii tin.e, been taken f.-..n. the stean.er, and safely secured in th.- •' bair-aije d.-part- me.it" of the esUiblishmcnt. If you wish t.. t;et it at onee-..r wh. ...-v.r you do wish to g,,t it— y.m apply at a window, in a....tl.er po.-tion of the building, wlu-rc y..u will <.bsc.-vo " E.iglisi. Lu:;<,'ag.-" pai.ited upo.. it. ( »n the p.-..d.ieti it w.^igh- ed; that is. supposing v ".u are'procceding into the country by rail. Your bnu'irag.' is the.-c weighed, and for every pound weight which you have above .50 lbs.* you will have to pay . The charge for carriage of baRga.KC, over the .50 lbs. wei-rht allowc.I free, is about 20 cents (lOrf. s.g.) per 100 lbs., loi c>.-ry hundred miles. Thus, 100 lbs. weight for 1-200 miles, will cost *-i.40 (or 9«. 8./. stg.). TllK AKllANMJKMKNTS AT CAHTLK (lAUDKN. 29 iMi lidiinl, mill so inucli por I'll! lli^. fi'i' fi'iMLCliI — lilt' rill'' l»inic uocordinic to tlUtiiiii't — llio railway <'c)in- imiiicH iii)t allDwiiij,' any iiiori' tlian &o \\i\ \vi'it,'lil froi- to t'ai'h panttoni;*'!'. Aficr yoii liavc j{ot it w*'ij;lu'(l, yoii ftct iv iiriiitcd oei'titioato, Htatlii^ tlic Wfi>;lit, and liow iiuii'li yi>\i will hiivo to pay — of ovor wtifjlit. TIk- wcii^lniinwtfi' will tlifi\ rcfi'ivf the inoiii'y lor ovor- w«'i>;lit li'oiii yoii, proviili,' you with a priiiU'd flip, statiiij^ that you havo paid so imich, niid liow nmny puokngcu you havf, and the iiunditr upon them — «o that you run no ri:»k what- ever, on your journey, of heing imposed upon in any way — your tieketsf, per rail and sli'iuner, and v<>'"' tiekct ri'speetlntf your huir^iuLto, lieinj,' all you reipiire. Your luj;t,'ai,'e thus in safe keepini; at Castle (inrden— nud your ticket:' in your jioeket— you are ready to he eou- voyed to the railroad Btntion or (»tenndioat wharf. Yourself and iia^'ijaije is taken there free, and thus you are slarled on to your destination — haviui;, thus far, experienced more atti iilion Ihaii you would huvo received from some friends, prolmldy. If you remain in New York any tinu-, see that you do not, in comjiany— probably with other emigrants— get your batrgiige-eheeks mixed with theirs— as is sometinu's done— to the future annoyance of yourself and the authorilies at Cnstle (iarden— wlio •will only deliver up the baggage for the ehei'ks having the e()rn'S|mMding nundiers on them. We may menlion, thai, in Ihe baggage department, there are, somelimes, as many as louo trunks, boxes, and "pieeo" of biiiru'a^re, of one sort or another, and yet all are so methodieally entered ill their books and uund.er.'d off into the bagirage sheds, that any one piece can b.. found at on.'e— its loealily being known by a certain letter and number ujioii it. It fre(piently happens that emigrants arrive with, ])robi.bly, not one penny in their ,,„okets— iVienils who hav.', jterhaps, shipp.d them off, from Europe, not considering or earing how they are lo reaeh their destination— or if " b.»d in •■very I!", lu.t yet refunded. Vntil the money is refunded the ba-a-e is n'taine,!. When the money i^ ndvaneed, somuch is advanced in tiek.ts, t.. desiination-aml >o much in money. We may m.'ntion, that a sum of about ?o(M.() (or £10(M) stg.) is kept continually as a floating debt-in this mannor-in relievin.r the necessities of the poor and unfortunate, in the manner described. Another feature in the establishment, is, taking care of ..hildren. ^vho are sent out alone, by friends-with no imu.ey, or food, and with no other address than " America - as if it was some small village they were sent to. ^ . i, On the occasion of our visit, w were shown a little hoy and his sister-from 8 to 10 years of ago-wlu. had arrived thus from Ireland. T.i no instance is the real phdan- ihropy of the cstaidishment better shown than in such eases. These two interesting little things had travelled fully '.WW miles-to search for their father in a country, some 8.000,000 miles in area, and not a ,.erson to ea re for them on arrival, ^o letters for thein. about them, or will. them. There they were, under the protecting care of the establishment, ^vho was seeing that, at least, they had the necessaries of life and a home. They had called in the assistance of the Catholic priesthood-who render most valuable assistance in all such eases-and by their means, and advertising for the parent, they may find him-and when he is found, these two little children will be forwarded per rad, or ;teanier, probably 1500 miles, with a label fastened round their bodies showing heir de,stination. and to be forwarded, like express parcels, till they reach there. If Buch an 80 CASTI.K CAUDKN— NKW YOKK. o.t«blW.im.ntaia..otl.l««in»r«tJmntlm..i.. .uch cu.oh. it wouKl l.o worfl.y of hU .om- ''''^:mtnmt.»^•ivinK--ex^H.<.th.^' to m.-t, frUMuln, miuI .ll.ai.iM.lnt.Mi-otlui-., ul... .x,,..! l.tfTH U...I uro .il«ii.i...lnU..l-otlu.r«, ^UMnn to writ, to fiion-l.. l.ut wi.o t vvnt.- oIIi.th! wi... .•o.'fiv l.•tt.•.•^ l.iit wl.o oui.not f.i.l tl..i..-ii...l all ^uii. r... ,,rlc.(./ F..n.iru.* ...n th..r.. l.ny their ton niul c.ttoo, un.l cok it for th.......lv..s, ..t the lurt?e cooking' Kt..v.. in tl..' kit..h<.n n.'t aM.l.. for that purp..^.". wh...-.' hot wato.-. hr.' <.t..„ ,.t.... is m.ppli.-l, free of d.a.-j^e, iK-.i.!.'. tl..- ..h.. of wa.hi..g-ro..,..H in anolhor pa.t .,f ti.., iH.il.iiiifi. . • 1 4. K,.>i.M-nnt*, on th.ir arrival at Castl.. Onr.h.n. .....h'.^.. an cxa.n.nat..... hy tly u..v.n,- nu.nt W<.n,to ...■ tln.t mu.e of tho •' la,.,... 1h.. l...h, or li... Mi...!." a.v hi.,.l...^r. .o a. lik..lv to i.<...on,e a pul.lic ol.arK'..-..r ..thc-s wl... ..r. ,.nw.H, a.nl r..qn.r.. to ,f w-nt t., tl.e h.,.,,iUl ..t Wanr. Ish.n.l. .'lo... at ha...l. Cast!., (i.tr.i..., was ..sftMish...! ... tl... yar IH,,.-;, |,V ti... (;..v..r..,n..nt i:...itr..,.ti.... (•.,..,...i.>'ion..rK, «« .i forwanr...f,' ...niL'.at.o.. .l..p.,t, ..n.l w.' .vM.h it to 1... ,.n.k.r.t.,...l, tl.,.t, in the in.perfeet .keteh we have hero niv.'n of it .t ,* i.np.m- Bil.le f..r any one to eoncivo tl... lar^'.. a,...,.int .,f i.'oo.l it has .l.....-a...l is .lo.n^; every aav-to the p.,o,-,the inno.-ant, the no...ly. an.l the h..l,.less .t.-anfie,-, an he ar...v..H.M. the- f.h..r..s Much .iH ..no h.'.irs of tl.e un.louhte.l phihinthropy and henevolenee of K..;;- lan.i-witl. the occasion.il .i.le-win.l...l sn..e..8 whieh a.-e l.-vll-.l hy ^on.e pai-t,..., i,. th..i.. i.rn..,-aneo, nt An.e.'iea, l...r i...titnti..ne., a...l pe..i.le. wl..... th..y l...,.r ..t any tl.,,,.', fn.n. «l.ieh th..v n.ay t..ke u L'sson-it oeeurs t.. u., that Croat IJritain has so,netl....« vet to do, in the way of ..ir..nli,.,!,' son.e sueh p,-..teeti.„. «...! assi^tane.. t.. tl... p....r, .,.;„..■ ;a,.t an.l p..nniless st.-an^^er who lan.ls .... her sl..,res, an.l out ..f the l.....ks ..f CaMl.. <.a.- .len.'in repul.lie.u, New Y..,.k. we think Bhe may take a lenso.. or tw,. witl. ........ a.lNa,,- *"Tf' th..ref..re v..u, an an emi-rant, arrive at C^astle (iarden, yo.i huv.- only t.. ask f..r hi- forniatio.. ..n.l you will t?.'! it. If you live o,.tsi.le of it, for a d.iy ..r two, yo., sh....l.l L.tve vour ha.'Lmge inside, eheckod ; h.ive y.n.r eh.-eks with y.>u-l.ut ..n .... a. u..t wl.at..v...., iive the,,, up to hotol-koep<.rs, l.oardinsi-house keope,-s, or in fact to any one, as, if y..,. do, .1 may he the last y..u will see .•itl...r ..f el...eks or ha-iiaKo-as, hy pn.dueing your haf,'g"h"- el.ceks at Castle Garden, your bofrgage n.ay he jf.)t l.y any one. There are 3 l.oa..di.,LC-hous..s where British en.i-.-ants. and 3 others wh.'re (...rman ..n„- grants ean he r..eo.,.n......h.d to j^o, on applying to tl.e ofhe.-rs .,f C.stle (Jarden, .m.l hotels are also recommended to suit the means of each individual. Castle Gai-den, i.isi.l.., has the app.'aranee of a eireus, with .i s..at..d pilhry, or soit ot amphitheatre ..11 round it-with do..>.s ..penin-,' out ..« a t.-rrae.-, whieh goes round tl.e ,,^,-,Uih.--and from whieh one of tl.e finest views of tl... riv..r and ..pp..site shore is to \ho huildi..5r was used, forn....-ly, as a f..rt at on.' ti„,e-at an.-ther, as a eireus-,.t an..ther, as a theatre-ns well as f.,r p,.l.lie meoti..-s. Now it is a perman.-nt institutu.n, ^]^yntP(\ l,y the Comn!issinT,..,.s ..f Ei.iiL'ration to a most wt.rthy purpose. The superintendent of Castle Garden is Mr. J(.h,. A. K.........ly-to whom we are in- debted for tl.e foregoing information-and who has our thanks for the attention and trou- ble he took to explain all particulars respecting this truly n..l.le i.,s1ituti<.n. Emigrant. CA8TLK (lARI)KN — AKIIIVA[, AT NKW YOUK. 81 onn nonil iik-^wik*'*, or Ifttorn to Mr. Kiiiiuily'H ciiit, ihkI lie will »on tlinn iittiinltil tn, ii'Vfiinlliijr iiiiy |>ii^*<'ii«''r wlm U cxiifftcil liy any jmrll,{\ IcItiTH every diiy — i>ertninini? (<> einliii'iiiitu iiml tiielr iitViiin' — wliieli \\\\\ irlvo Honio Ideii of lti» iinineiiKo jUiMU' utility. After nil, liowever, Castle Cardeii iia* Its eiieiiilen, 111 the riimierf*. 1 iw lioanllntf lioiiseK, ete., out-ill.' of it, ami tlie iiropiielor-tof proiierty In tlh- iieii;lilpoiirliooil, wlioie liieoine* Imve l.eeii lesHeiied l.y tlie iwfMrl.iilH tnule'^ of oiieli " n.wily" e>," l>y tlie estalilir»lllllellt of Clislle (ilirdell, Cantl.' (lanleii !•< Hiipiiorted l.y tlie " li.iid money" of i?'i levi.d on every enilifrant, wUhdi \» i>ni.l by the ship, nnd n j)erccntnKO of 20 per cent tluy derive from the tlekeH they KUl'ply, whieh pereeiitnue the pa«sell^'er does not pay for, It lieini! the nsiiul conimin- tiion nllow.'d l.y the railway and rnrwanlin^' oompanie»», for the wile of lleket« to agents. The ticket* of every convcynnco eonipany are nold within the premises. ARRIVAT. AT NEW YORK. SnTosiMi tliat you are now ahoiit to set foot on Ameriean noil, for the first time, a few hints may he useful, You want, no one but h.m carries it on shori. f..r vou. Seeing it saf.dy, an.l all right, on his eart-hc will drive you up also- or you can walk, following the cart-(bcst to ride with him)-to the I-- >'- f 'I^ ^^ If anv of vour f.'llow passeng.'rs will join you in engaging an express cart, it will ksscn the c'ost to each-depending altogether upon the bargain made. Sometimes omnibuses, from some of the large h..tels, are in attendance, ^ou xv.ll f^oo the n.'ime of the hotel marked on the omnibus. , . «■ v »i, ^^ In case you have made up your mind, to try and get employment m ^ew York, we ^'iil 32 SEARCHING FOR EMPLOYMENT. ,„ay make a few remarks, for your guidance, in looking out for work-supposing that you have no acquainliuiee there. SEAUCIIING FOR EMPLOYMENT. On your arrival in thi. country asau cn.igrant, and at the tow,, wlu-re you purpose set- tling, vou are probably desirous of securing a situation. In -Itting a situation, vou :nay not succeed so soon as y.n. would hke, and iron, he fact of your being a strangcr^vnd never having worked in this country, you will, on tluU ac- count, not succeed so soon as you would otherwise do. The n.ost important advice we can give is, for you to make up your m,nd at once to take the very first situation whiel, offers, no matta- what it is, as, once in employment, you will have weekly wages con.ing in, and be in a position to in.prove upon the situation you have obtained, by keeping your eyes open. In other words, take a situation, however n,e- ,iial it may be considered at home, and make it a stepping-stone to something bette an. more to your mind. No description of labour in this country is considered inen.al, and looked upon in the same light as it is in Britain. You ought to remember, that the man who earns an honest livin,^_for instance, by easting the walking-beam of a steam-engme-.s considered just as good a man (so far as working and respectability goes) as the man who shovels out gold and silver over a bank counter. In fact, if there is any dirterence in he two, the producer of weallh is looked upon as a more valuable man than the mere dis- *"wc will illustrate what we wish to convey to the minds of the working classes who may come here, trying to fuid employment, by giving the case of a moulder, who came out here some 3 ytarl ago. with a wife and young family. He was a irst-rate workman, and a sober man. For ;5 weeks that man searched and re-searehed all over the city of New York in quest of employment as a moulder, but could get no employment. Ills means get- ting low, his ease was a serious one, as may be supposed ; something was vecpured t o be done. He was told, if he asked to fill a vacancy, as a moulder only, he might never get a s.tua- tion, but if he would ask for employment of any description, and be ready to take it where he called at, he might find it. Necessity compelled him to take the advice, and tl,e n..xt day he got a job to pick cinders in a yard at a dollar (4,0 per day. Ihe foundry wheie he called at had no room f,.r a moulder then, but olVered him the situation to pick cinders. Althouu'h inclined inwardly to turn up his nose at the offer, he was g ad to accep it, and for two months did he r. main ,loing nothing else. After that time, he got a situation in the moulding-shop, and from low wages he rose to $1-2 (or 48.0 per wck, and it is now well on for 3 years since he entered that found. y, a very steady workman, under good em- ^^uTill be seen, therefo,-e, that this man had been gv.ing for 3 weeks "on the wrong track" in trying to get employment, and it is that very thing which we wish to in. press upon the minds of nil who wish to get a situation, vi... to take the first which ofters, .f i should even be to drive a ccial-cart, or, like the moulder, to " pick cinders." Once n. a situat.on you will fi.id wavs and means to get another, and a better one. So long as you a.-e out o employment, a.id ..ever having been in any situation he,-e, you may remai.. out forever if yon go upon the wrong plan in tiyi.ig to get it, or too fastidious about the nature ..1 the employment when offered to you. _ We have known of compositors, again, when no place was to be got in a oase-room, take a job at "feeding" a p.-inting-machine, but who were not long at that, before they were up in the case-room at u'ood wages. Our remarks apply to all classes generally : the d.'aper, if he cannot get a s.tuat.on as a salesman, may be glad to take one as a light porter at first, and .o on in other trades a..d professions. Never lose the chance in making a start, in some way or other, when you have it The same remark^ applv, in trying t^. find employment, in any city or town. BAGGAGE CHECKING WHEN TRAVELLING. S3 )09ing thai you Supposing that you are about travelling to a distance, we -will now explain a few neces- sary particulars regarding baggage-checking. u purpose set- d from the fact 11, on that ac- ind at once to iployinent, you e situation you 11, however Hie- ing better and red menial, and •, that the man team-engine — is IS the man who itlVreiiee in the n the mere dis- dasses who may , who came out (■ workman, and the city of New His moans get- lired 1o ho done, ever get a situa- te take it where ce, and the next e foundry where to piek cinders, ad to accept it, ,0 got a situation ik, and it is now , under good ein- " on the wrong 1 to ini|)ress upon jrt'ers, if it should ice in a situation, as you are out of in out forever, if he nature of the a oase-rooni, take before they were et ft situation as a I other trades and other, when you city or town. BAGGAGE AND BAGGAGE-CHECKS. In travelling through America, the stranger from Great Britain will find a most c ^el- lent system in operation for taking care of passengers' luggage, (or haggayc, ns it is univer- sally called here,) and one which relieves the traveller from all further concern or trouble about it after he has taken his passage on board steamer or on the railroad— a system very much superior to any thing that we have ever seen in Great Britain, excepting from Lon- don to Brighton, or London to Paris. When you arrive at a railroad station, and after you have got your ticket, you ap[)ly to have your baggage chocked to your destination. Suppose you wisli to go from New York to Albany, you inform the baggage-master at the station, whom you will see with a lot of leather straps, with two brass tickets on each, hung over his arm. Each of those tickets on the strap has the same number stamped on them. The one ticket is loose, and the other fixed to the strap. You tell him you are going to Albany, and show him what packages vou have. Each package is called a " piece," in America. Suppose you have 3 packages or pieces; he takes one of the straps from off his arm, slips off the loose brass ticket and gives it to you, with, say No. 1000 upon it, the duplicate of that he fixes upon one of your packages with the strap to it. He then gives you another ticket or check, No. KjOI ui,..n it and fixes another strap and check upon it, with same number, upon your second pack- age; and for the third package he gives you check No. 1002 upon it, and fixes a strap, with a check with same number, on it, and so on. After you have thus received your cliecks, your baggage is " checked through ; you have nothing further to do with it, and require to give yourself no more trouble about it, as no one, not even yourself, can get the baggage without delivering up the checks. Arrived at your destination, you deliver up the checks, or, if you give them to a cab- man or omnibus conductor, he will g to hold certain ipic as possible, tation of it, and ou no doubt are ^moricons them- one of the soeial n, therefore, and 28, more particu- ;r, nnd have be- come a c'tizen— have resided five years in the country, nnd become naturalized— and have an interest and stake in the country, then, but not till then, will it be prudent for you to take nnv active part in sucli matters. By calmly listening to both sides of the question when v,m hear it discussed, or reading nnd judging for yourself from what you will see printed regarding it in this country, you will be all the better able to understand that subject, as well tie others of a social and political character, when you are a inituralized citizen of the country, and entitled to express your opinion, and advocate your views, as well as any one. If you have strong feelings upon any particular subjects, such as slavery, you must recollect that Americans have also strong feelings, and although differing from you in opinion, nnd being natives of the country, they are entitled to all respect from you, ft comparative stranger here, and who, consequently, cannot be so well " posted up" m such matters, until, as we have said before, you have been some considerable time in the country Our remarks apply more particularly to cases where you find yourself in the midst of a miscellaneous eompany-wherc the subject is being discussed, and advocated for nnd against If you are in the company of an intelligent and well-bred American alone, vou may if occasion requires it, express your opinion with all freedom; and you wiU find i,V doing so, in a gentlemanly and becoming manner, you will be met in the same spirit. On the other hand, you may meet with abolitionists, with whom you may find your- self at home, and agree with on this much-vexed question. We would have you to bear in mind, also, the fact, that many who have come to this country with very strong anti- slavery ideas and sentiments, have, after a residence of some years, had their preconceiv-ed notions very much modified, and, in some cases, totally changed on the subject, more particu- larly as to the modu. operandi by which slavery is to be abolished. Some clergj-men, even who were red-hot anti-slavery advocates in Great Britain, are now actually holders of «laves-so.ne of them belonging to the sects of religionists who are considered the mos strict-a proof what the change of circumstances, and where self-interest is concerned, will effect in the sentiments of individuals. MONEY OF AMERICA. In the United States, the currency is in dollars and cents. The copper .«-".--' J ?[ a one-cent piece only. It is of two sizes-the newest being about the size of a British rtbin - '.t thicker and with a half silvery appearance. The old cent piece is of cop- .. .nt nnlike a halfnenny The silver coins consist of pieces denominatcd-3 cents, :;^' L: ;^;;: tlf ^^e,) or n, .,. ■, lO cent, (onedime,) 5. stg. ; .5 cj^ts, (about U stg..) :,r i dollar ; 50 cents, (half dollar,) or 2. stg. ; and one dollar or 4.. stg. The gold coins eons-ist of ^1, one dollar, or 4. stg. ; $2.50. or two dollars and half, 10,. St.. (call d i eagle); $3. three dollars, or 12. stg. ; $5, five dollars, or i eag le^ 20,. J io, ten dolL, or one eagle, 40.,. stg. ; ?20, twenty dollars, £4 stg. ; and ,oO. fifty dob " Astxnllined elsewhere, the above is not the value you will get in the St^ites for British mone^las there is the difference of exchange to be deducted, when you come to change Uliere. On^ the foregoing, with the annexed tables, will explain all that is generally necessary to be known, more particularly in Great Britain. _ .,.,.„,„.;„„ .^ ych are 86 BRITISH, AMERICAN, AND CANADIAN CURRENCY. All accounts in banks and government offices are now tainly a change for the hitter. kept there in dollars and cents. To enable you to know, however, the relative value of the three currencies, we append tables whieh, we hope, will i.c found useful, and easily understood. In tlie .,'overnuiout offices, such as post-offiees, etc., no bank bilh are taken as payuieut, and they are very piirticular in refusing defaced coins ; so act accordingly. You will find, "in travelling, that the sundial pieces are very handy— only you require to have them in a bag or something by themselves, otherwise you nuiy lose them, as they are scarcely the size of silver 3(f. piece. Carry no bank notes of one State with you into another State. Bankers do not take, on deposit account, the notes of any bank out of the State they re- side in. You must, therefore, take them to a broker, and &et him to give you gold, or proper notes for them, with as small " a shave" as possible for his trouble. York monev is thus denominated— threepence, stg., is OJ. York ; sixpence, stg., is 1 h. York ; one shillinir, stir., is 2s. York, and so on. When asked the price of any thing in shillings and sixpences, always conclude it is York money which is meant. Penny pieces should not be brouglit to America, as they go oidy for one cent each. Half crowns and crowns should not be brought. Shillings, sixpences, and halfpence are more useful than some— but American coins are the best to bring, if yo'i can get them. Tlu' British shilling is\vorth 22 cents; twenty shillings, stg.. is worth four dollars and eighty-three or four cents. BRITISH AND CANADIAN CURRENCY. In Canada, money is worth as follows : — £1 sterling = to £1 4s. 4(1. currency. KKs-. " ' = to 12.S. 2(/. " 5s. " = to Gs. !(/. 'Is. sterling »= to 2.9. Hid. currency. 1,,. " = to 1.-!. ;i(/. " 6rf. " =to7i0, Double Kaglc— Value, £4 3«. id. stg. 1853^ $10, Eagle— Vftlue, £2 Ix. ^'/. -iir ^.-,, Hair-Eagle— Value, £\ Os. 107. .stg. |r., Tiiree Dollar Piece- Value, I'Js. 6 receives the letter through them pays the 2 cents for the same. No mails travel here on Sundays during the day time. Wlien on their route from a dis- tance, mail trains lay over from Saturday night till early on Monday morning, or start late on Siinday night, so as to make connections with other trains on Monday morning, some 200 or 300 miles off. There are no money order offices, in the United States, similar to what are in Great Britain and in Canada. We annex the present rates of postage. It is of importance to notice, that no inland let- ters will be forwarded to any part of the States, unless pre-paid. RENKVOLENT SOCIETIES. 41 rVITKI) BTATES INI.ANK I'OrtTAOK — l'nt*KNT KATKS OF PORTAOE. Lrttrnt, for onch liiilf r)\iiK'(', tmilcr !<,00(» inilo!», prc-puid, S cents; over r>,000 mUeo, jire- jmiil, lOcmti*. All letters must be jire-jmiil tiy iitiiiiijis, or euolosed in stumped onveloiH'B Of the;/ will riothe forwavdcd. If tlio j)()stnj;e on ii letter is part pnid, niul it is apparent that the deficionoy in the pay- tncnt WHS nnintentional, the letter will he charged with the balance of the postage, and forwarded pursuant to its address ; otherwise it will be sent to the dead letter office. Transient Xeiespnperit, PerimHcnls, Cirnihru, etc., to any part of the United States, not weighinf? over 8 ounces, 1 cent, and 1 cent for each additional ounce. liiwkH, i)rc-paid, not weighing over 4 pounds, 1 cent per ounce. All fractions over the ounce being counted as an additional ounce. The same, not paid, 11 cents per ounce. Newspapers and Periodienh, not exceeding H o\inces in weight, when paid quarterly in ndvanci — Daily, per quarter, 22^^; Six times per week, 19i; Tri-weekly, 9f ; Semi- week- ly, f.^; Weekly, '.\^\ Semi-monthly, U; Monthly, | cent. ' Snuill Newspajjcrs, published monthly, or oftencr, and pamphlets not containing more than 10 octavo pages, in packages of 8 ounces or over, \ cent per ounce. Weekly Xcwsiwpers, within the county where published, free. Quarterly payments, in advance, may be nmde cither where published or received. Forei'jn Postage.— 'U Orcat Britain and Ireland. The Cunard mail packets leave New York and Boston alternately every Wednesday, and the Southampton steamers carry a mail every Saturday. Letter postage, 24 cents— prc-payment optional. Newspapers, two cents each, pre-paid. If too late for the post-office in Nassau Street, New York, letters, pre-paid in money only, at douhle rate of postage, are received at Cuuard's wharf, Jersey City, up till about the sail- ing of the steamer. ^Postwie from Great Britain to the United States, U. sterling. Mail steamer sails every Saturday from I.iverpocd. Postac/e to Canada, by the Canadian mail steamers from Liverpool, U sterling. • NATIONAL BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. In all large cities in the United States and Canada, there are three leading' benevolent institutions connected with Great Bv.taiu an.l Trelnnd-whb'h are calculated to do an im- n.ense deal of good. They are styled-Tlie St. George's, St. Andrew's, and St. Tatncka Societies. i • i i St Geore/e's Soeiety is managed bv Englishmen, and is intended to aul exclusively such who are desirous of obtaining pecuniary assistance, or in procuring employment, oradvico what to do under particular circumstances. St. Andrews Society is managed by Scotchmen, with the same objects as the foregoing- towards Scotchmen only. St. Patrick's Society is managed by Irishmen, with the same objects towards Irishmen ""iLh society is numaged by a board of directors, under a president, or vice-pre.ident, with secretary, treasurer, etc., etc. _ .^ . n „ Any ennirnint, desirous of getting advice, can easily ascertain, m any city or town, the name and address of an officer of the society representing the country he belongs to. Emigrants ought to bear in mind, however, that these gentlemen receive no paymen for their services; and, consequently, whilst desirous of assisting their countrymen all in their power, the recipients of their kindness ought to give no more trouble than .s actually "'™Iyou may, from necessity, be obliged to ask the advice of the philanthropic gen- tlemen alluded to, there arc another class of men, however, whom we would warn jou specially to avoid, and that is, runners. 42 BUNNEKS. RUNNERS. I. thcro i. on. clu... or p-.ts in l.u, form, n.orc nnnoyinjj nn.l ann«.«rou« than „„1 r,to .tran,-..r«. on then- arrival.it i. runnor. Vou .ill hn,l Iwn, .nf.. u„ „l, an.l,.;at wharvt, an.l railway station, al.ont lar,. ..iti... A ru. r . a n.an who. .• sirou« of «H.i.ting you with your ba,Ku«.., who ,..ofo..... lo kn..w « great doa,, and who li.. you to go to a particular hotel, oating-hou.-, or l,..anling-h..u..s w..h wh .1. 1... « connected. In reality, he l.elong. to a eh... of torn.entor., eheat. nn.l nu-ney-jueker.- 1. nnoying, and far n.ore dangerous, than if you were threatened w.th an a.taek >y a . .1. !_ ffered u to tl.c «ting. of a hive of wn.,., or .edueed into the o d. .f e rattle.nak... At no city are they .> numerous, prol.ul.ly. a. at N.-v York, although they are to he found :.:;ywhere_at the ..n.e tin.e it i. perfectly ea.y. if prepared, to w.t l.tand t lu r attacks. On arrival, you will find them, porhap., shouting out the r..n,e. ot the hoteU Ty represent, .erandding for your luggage and, if p..ssil.le, dragging .t a..., your- elf off along with then.. In another for.n they will approach you ,p..etly, hut a..noyn.g. y i.lting that you sho.dd go with then., to tMr ho««c In another fo.-.n and n.... dangerou. of all-in the chan.cter of a fiend-witl. the intentiouB of a hend and o e 0^1 in view, vi., plunder. We M.r, n.ore partieula,.V. to thcr aUaek. ui^.n t ,■ nl«pecting e...igra,.t, wl.o ha., prohahly, ju.t amvod frorn ..ne ag...d ural .1. t n Grea^ Britni,., Ireland, or Gennany, and a. " venlanf a* the InUs he ha. lef . V .th tlu keen eye of hi. .peeie., does thi. profcional rol.l.er atta..k I.e en,ig...nt undev he gu,.e o being fron. tl.'e "old country," and by such artifice ing.-atiate ln..e f n. . ... con t,- deneo. Lortain all about l.i. atlair., what n.oney he ha., where he ha. .t, a,.d at la.t ..,.■• ceed perhap., in decoying him i..to «o,..e boar eenerally have an omnibus also, for passengers, into which you may go-presum.ng you have made up your mind what hotel you are going to. Some have, generally, a badg. on their hat. or' cap-although the ru,.ners we have refen-ed to, have the s..n.e. U..le.. you giv. vour baggage, or cheeks, to an express agent-(see ^^-^P-- ^-^^^--^^-^X Le sight of your baggage till you see it on the omnibus you are going with, and land* d at the hotel you are going to. Runners are frequently the cause of r.dd.eries of person and property-so we presume we have said enough for you to avoid them on all occasion.. They are -^P'^y- ' ^ ;;• " ticket a-ents." to take passengers to secui-e tickets by steamers, ana railroads^^^it part,...- ticketa„tnt. '„ ,J'^„ ,,;„^,,<>_,uch tickets being worthies. Neveraday lar olTices and which arc bugna, or -.MiKut - -uLunn - ^ passes we believe, but some unfortunate passenger is thus cheated. 11.. only resource is- the police-to hunt them up. and get back the money, if possible. RAILUOAI) TICKKTS— WOUKING CLASSES. 48 t>rouit timn ifculiiiij nil 1 who is ill' ), and will) 1 wbii'li 111' y-HUfki'iv — k by a wi'ir uttlcHiiiakc. If uri! to 111' litaiid thinr ■ llio hotiU uiiil your t aiiiioyiiitj!- II, anil inii>) rid and oni' .9 upon till' 1 district, ill , With thf er the guisi- • I lii« coiiti- 1 at hist erne- he paid run- igrant finds •y article he ijciMve a pi'i'- pounco npiiii literally re rists,TO II AVI. ors of assist - n? is only u t of all thoso ; Irish — who who, proba- val, by 901111- reforo, is you lins, but they resuming you ally, fl badge same. Unless lanies) — donl h, and landed wc prcsunit) loyed, also, by ,ds, at partieii- Never a day r resource is- UAILllOAI) TICKETS. Tub tickets iHsucd on mune linen of rail ore good only for the one journey, u« they uni- versally are ill (iroal Hrilaiii (exeeptiiif^ return tiekets). On other lliieit a^ain, thoy hold fj^iHHl for .'{, -l, ('), or 11 d.ays perhaps, allowing tlie holder to spend llial number ot days on his journey if he wlslu'S, to visit other towns on hl» route. Tiekets HJumld be held eoiivenii ntly, as the conductor on the train may wish to sco them ulliT every BtTI11N<1. „, ,1„. |«r,,„. Mn, l,„r,,.. 1 hy .-.nr)"* ■■ -WM i„ «rn,.. f .rl,.|» t. Uo ,.,■ ,»„, o .•.tu.. \'" '' " ^' ' ,,,„,„ ,„ , to ll.c i»fl,.,ni.« ..t that n.il.-lily .Hm..,-.ln,.k. 111.' "-1.. »l»" - ' ,,,„.,„.|,„ul,>,t i\- Af n.o -umo tiiiu' in ouch oitif* «* Ciiioiunuti, an.l many plufr* in tl>o wtat, li>« tin, 00 ; la 1 Bo^e of the vc-y l.ig.u.t ,osUion. a U.. .nunuf,u.,nnn.. cm r -u 1 'a..U.uUuv;i da..., an.l .horovor you ,0, you .ill l.-ar only one op.nu.n . oT tn • ;.nl eon.luet a. citi.-n. ..in, v.ry .oa.ly. in.lus.riou. an.l F-l- • -J aUhou,l> ,.ov..rl,iany fonO of .Irinking " lager beer." (a sort of homo-brewed beer.) they hi^hTun If th-y h ve any fault, it is almost eer.ain to be that of un.tead.ne.s. !;:Sn:S M.^. Many Hr.^.a. .o,.n.en th.e are ^^;^;;-^;-.-:t ^ ^ hero as well a, elsewhere, from this one cause an.l eurse. Iron, all w. I.ave seen ai era we iv . no hesitation in saying, that a ..WSeoteh workn.an at almost any branoh T:X is eertain to get on well in this eountry, if he is ...r. an.l ther.- be a .^. nU. dueement f..r him to emigrate. In the first plaee. the Am.r.ean. hke the Scotch, as a peor n preferenee to eith.-r English. Irish, or Gennans. Why it is so we eannot tel E^t; Zless we have .n.n.l it so through.n.t al, the distriets we l.ve v.Ue^ A,m>.^ t the workin.. elas.es. we find they earn go..d wages, and are e*teeme.l b> then un llov"m.:re parti ulurlv in ir.m foun.lries, n.aehine shops, printing ofhees etc ete. t :;ti::iuses and stores. y..ung u.en n-om Heotland. partieularly if ^ ^'X -;- .ome tune in England as well, till good and responsible sUuat.ons, and vhe e not of the " If rt are e^eemed by their en.ployers. After an intelligent and '' well p..s ed up S.!i!tehml has been in this country for son.c time, he is said to be a nn.leh for the sharpest "'»• workmen and assistants generally, are equally esteemed, and get on equally wd provided they have not too much " b.-unee." ..If-eoneeit. and J..hn lUdl-.m abou rhem Br.,ther'Tonathan has a good deal of boasting in his e.nnpos.t.on, (and m«n> no doubt have,) euqdovers do not like to s..e it exhibited in strange»-s to an mordmate de- gree Employ rs lav; told us they could do .0 go.,d with sou.e Engl.h w.,rknH.n. sun,dy W.SO they vere so conceited as to what they knew, and what thoy thought was or the b for. d ting all the time, that work which u.ight suit for England very wdl, .d no . pe i^lo in A."oriea. Justin the same way as Seotd. workmen, when they go to England have io'learn to do some ki..ds of work very differently, and, perhaps, m some eases more carefully than they have been accustomed to do in beotland. , , , ., , , A 1 British and Irish workmen who come here, are advised to leave the habits connect with tl!; p^t or quart measure, the gill and the mutehkin, bdnnd them, as nothing will sooner lead a man to dishonour and disgrace than the use of them here. CLOTlHNd AND yVHTICLES OF DIIKHB. 46 IWli, oftt'll \* nppnrt'nt ;i) ML'O tliitt jzy eorntT* eocii uboiit t lutu loii|^ l^iven way iinUistrlou*, I'un-loukln^ rU will) arc i>n Sunday, n]i[ii!Ut'aucc IcsiTiptlons f tin- iH>i>u- 10 wiat, th« iiufiu'tunng, opinion as iruiii-nt, and 1 l)tor,) they ly, stand as inst(>adine#9, )d bituationf* lYo aeon and any branoh surtii'ifnt in- Scotch, as a cannot tfU, d. Amongst ly their ein- jcs, etc., etc. ■V have been ro not of the U posted U|)" • thu Aliarpor^t !t on equally nll-isni about II, (and many n ordinate de- •kmcn, simply it was for the well, will not, ;o to England, me cases more bits connected s nothing will OL()TIIIN(} AND AIIT1CI,ES OF DUKSS. A FEW words rigardhit< ll'« clolliing worn in Canada and tliu United States may prove UKcfiil, if not ihti rt'.'.ting, to Intcmlhig emigrants and tol^•ist^ \Vc will rct'cr flrst to Iho spring and Kuinmcr clothing. CJknilkmun'n Wkak. — In sununcr, gentlemen dross as light as they possibly can — light la color, and li^'ht in tcxluri' — from bootH upwards, l.ij^nt straw or woollen fell Imtsarc worn ; the lal tcr pn iVrred. A !• hough dearer at tirst, they arc tiie cheapest in the end. Coats arc mado of cotton duck, linen drill, or unbleached grass-cloth, to fit loose and easy — some white, some drab, some greeni>ii drab, and some unlijeaehed. Sonic arc also made of li^jlit, thin twec J'^^^", , i,„,;,r elothing- With the approach of autumn, care is '---^i';;; ;;':t,n ;7 I^, v in the morning, as what may suit during t^- J-^ o t e a^ w U t u.^.er, _^^ ^„ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ or in the evening, after sundown. JNot, auenuiUa lu i BOW the germs of disease. -w^. *„ f),„t of Oreat Britain, with the use „t heavier ™.tenal. ...l.l old ''»'"' "" '^„j „„„„, ,,„ihing U the. in requM- best adapted for the season on arrival, and provide accordingly. COMMERCIAL TRAVELLERS. dry good., (drapery,) g,-oe.ry, »'■<'»»"•' °^, '„,„,,, ,„,„„„a.l traveUe, U boast of. In Amenen, on aceount of ^ J^^^;;; ^ JJ^^ ,,!,,, f.^ purchasing sup- now. RETAIL STORE-KEEPERS. The great trade seasons, are " Fall," or autumn, and Spring. ''^^^l^Z^ then pfeparcB his list at home, which frequently consists of ^7^^ ^^-^^J j'jn and Cushion, to ^^^^ ^^^U;:: l^rNew VriS^^^^^^ the7e bids for and buys what he likes, on the same torn.s as the Uest house in ^cw ^ o.k, PUSHING TRADE — RETAIL SALESMEN. 47 of little lirt and :i1nesB as iioy look athing — morning, aids, and li the use nd lakes, n requiei- worn by necessity providing lothing is wliolesale es, almost, raveller is lialf a ton Scotland, \ other in Ireland is )f whom — lan merely or London, •iea. Busi- ting up of lence retail us many re- by some of ingdom can om market, uhasing sup- 3-keeper9 in of them do store-keeper •m revolvers irts oflf on a ladelphia, or , or want* a 8 a credit ac- p in his busi- 18, etc.,) and n New York, and as he is probably not over particular as to the very latest novelties in fashion, be may buy goods, intriiiBieally lower in price than they were ever made for. One of the leading " cards" of the storekeepei" — all over — is, " Goods, cheap from auc- tion," or, " Goods at auction prices." These he transfers into dollars and cents as soon as he can, or what is as likely in many places, into pork, flour, or wheat, which three articles are excellent substitutes, and are looked upon as better than some bank bills. These arti cles of produce he can always get market-price for at the next leading market, to which he ships them for cash. The storekeeper, therefore, in America, has to be " posted up" in markets and values of articles which his British prototype has little idea of. However, in either case, it is but a matter of exchange after all, whether it be dry goods or groceries, for a gold piece or two, or for bacon or wheat, only, that the American storekeeper has two chances for profit, by having a profit in selling his dry goods and his produce also, which he is quite wide awake enough to sell to the best advantage. Of course this ap- plies exclusively to country towns in the United States and Canada. In that way large quantities of agricultural produce, dry goods and other articles of domestic consumption are sold, and not a copper of money passes in the transactions. To a stranger, some of the enticing signs up in this trade are peculiar, and different from those in Great Britain. Instead of seeing, as in the leading streets of London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Edinburgh or Dublin, placards of "MESSRS. BUNKUM & GO'S. STOCK, Value £50,000, BOLGHT 33i PER CENT. I'NDER COST PRICE, AND MUST BE CLEARED OUT." Or some " Tremendous Failure," or " Excruciating Sacrifice," on account of somebody or ol her becoming seized with the hard-up fever, and with the tempting window decoy-ducks of a St. Paul's Churchyard or Holborn, and that, too, with the very accommodating t^rmsof- ^^^^ REASONABLE OFFER WILL BE REFUSED." Instead of these, the cash-box of America is filled upon the interesting information of- " GLORIOUS NEWS. JOHN AND JONATHAN JOINED TOGETHER." Or. perhaps, an 8-feet high representation of the Goddess of Liberty, holding a banner in her hand, streaming forth the gratifying intelligence— "NO MORE HARD TIMES," "GOODS TO SUIT THE TIMES," " Goods raoM Auction Cheaper than Ever," and at least, one thousand other such cheering signs, all to assist to turn the dollar to the best advantage. We must, however, in justice, give the palm to some of those truly alarm- ing announcements which now and then shake the nerves almost, of quiet-going people m the large cities of Great Britain, whilst they have the effect of making the sovereigns s,.eedilv chink out of ladies' pockets into the cash-drawers of those who know how to take the public by the ears and lead them along. As yet, also, we have failed to discover m America that organised band of retail drapery goods robbers, such as the " Towzery Gang" of England, where ladies-once caught in their trap, are bullied or threatened with some- thing approaching to " physical force." if they do not purchase some superb specimen of Norwich manufacture, at .£12 12,,., worth at least £60. (according to their value,) although according to the Manchester school from whence it sprung, was not worth 60.s. even when fashionable 6 years before. . , . • ]„„ There is one feature, however, in the retail trade here, which is carried on to a consider- able extent sometim.., and that is, when two dealers commence to "run against each other with an article, that is, to sell any particularly well-known ^--'P - J, .oods at a mere shaving of profit-in competition with each other-so that purchaser. 48 KETAIL SALESMEN— APPLYING FOK A SITUATION. may be attracted by the comparative cheapness of the two dealers' goods. W e have heard that nothing delights the dealers better than to carry on a good run for some time, as in so doing they make " a noise in the trade," and whilst selling one particular article at cost, perhaps, take good care to make up the profit on other arliclos they sell at the same tune. The " running" system extends to all classes of goods-to a cargo of soap, or sugar, or cotton cloth. It makes no difference what it is, bo that they can " raise the Bteani" witli it. RETAIL SALESMEN. PRon.iu.Y some may wish to know how things are conducted behind the counter in America As we have stated elsewhere, under the head of " Commercial Assistants, what the necessary qualifications are for being " up to the mark," we need not repeat her. further than relate one anecdote we hoard of, to show how the matter works some- times when John Bull, in looking out for a situation, tries to " come over" Brother .Jonathan, with "any amount of experience." There were some vacancies in a retail store. John applied, with a larj^e amount of politeness, and just as if applying at '.» o'clock in the morn- ing at Swan and Edgar's (London), in going his rounds. Here, however, he was in a dif- ferent atmosphere, where any superfluity of politeness becomes a bore, and a want ot manly independence is at once detected. ICntering the store, therefore, he finds the _" gov- ernor" (" boss" here) conning the morning paper, witli cigar in his mouth, and his feet on the windr w-siU. Instead of politely, and in as few words as possible, stating that ho called to apply for one of the vacancies, he enters as lively as a cricket, with a heavy sail of canvas hoisted about his neck, and making two or three very profound bows, starts otl with "Good morning, sir, I have taken the liberty to call-" "No liberty, sir," says Jonathan, interrupting. John : " I beg pardon, sir." Jonathan : " No occasion, sir.' Jolin by this ame was becoming more polite than before, and with a half-smile on his countenance, muttered out, " Vacancy, sir." Jonathan, by this time was aware of the fellow's want of manliness, and came out with, " I guess it is a situation you want." John was quite relieved, and now began to muster up some pluck, and some of the " cheek" of the craft coming to his assistance, he came out boldly, " Yes, sir. I have called to apply for one of the vacancies you have." Jonathan : " Well, I guess so. Where have you lived T' , John : " My last situation, sir, was with Messrs. Sweater, Premium & Co., of the Borough. .lonathan never having heard of that " location," or if he had, he had forgot, for ho inquired: "Where's that?" John, no doubt surprised at Jonathan's ignorance, replied : " In London, sir. of course. Jonathan: 'Oh. I see. I guess your just from England; you won't suit for what wo want. We want men with experience." John now began to get rather more " plucky" than before, and from his own knowledge of his experience, fancied that he was slightly insulted, so he instantly ejaculated out, " Experience, sir, I have any amount of experience. Experience, sir! why, sir, I have lived in five-and-thirty situations during the last 2 years. What more would you want, sir?" expressed with all the nonchalance possible, and at last felt himself as good a man as the one he was addressing. He had certainly shut him up, as Jonathan coolly replied, with the tail of his eye turned up from off his newspaper. " Why, I calculate you have had too much experience for us," and with that, John bolted right out of the store, highly indig- nant. In this case there was a misunderstanding on the part of both ; on the part of Jona- than, in not knowing but that the applicant had had experience in houses on this side of tlve Atlantic; whereas, John supposed, that having lived in 36 situations in the course of 24 months in London, was such as to entitle him to say he had " any amount of expe- rience," but in his ignorance, not knowing that the greater part of such experience would he of little or no avail here, more particularly as his changes had been rather numerous. The retail assistiints in the drapery stores in the large cities are, of course, similar to those in England, only that in serving their customers, there is not so much of that subserviency of manner, oi which some 1 chases in dra and chatty i; promptly, ar dress — whic! ant to servo cases where and who arc From the thought easj enter a store ner, of wliiel there is per what of the there are no ton, or two c in all parts i Retail asf America, lik " chokers," ( his usual bi whine, aeco assistant he ill a black c he thinks ] that Regeiil ing, or even phero of dr even behiii counting-h^^: sp.^.' "lolinauencies. Cases of young n.en ftdling asleep on tl.e.r egs ^1 in. dad to .nake th-ir bed under the counter sometin.es. rather than go to the.r and being glad f, n.ak. ^^^^^^^^ ^^.^, ,^^^^... ^^,^.^,^ ^,,^ r;" i • n ueh r on> for iu.proven.ent in ,uart ers where the public en,na.e htte dream o It i o dy in newly opened up districts in Atnerica where the reta.l ass.stan boards ,n th an i of the employer, ami there he is received and treated as one of the fanulj S^.. no . .ch a thiiigis boarding young n.en on the wholesale garnson sjstem o^ Lc. - d . u es. Assistants here go to business after breakfast, at fro.n 7 o -'loek, d no wir ley like, and the wholesale stores close at 5 or 6, p. M-in the wmter tune ea her. Tai 10 ke p open to 7, . m., although son.e of them shut at 0, p. m We lu.ve been Tl d ng to the lal-ge dtics in t.e States. In Canada, ^lontreal for exa.nple.) we have he retail stores keeping open till an.l 10, p. m. They generally, however, shut at 8, r M. '! ;^ r h e" i Clnada is much the san.e as in the Stat<.s, and fV.r weeks and nmnths nliy'i" -inter, assistants have nothing to do but toast their toes at the great stoves, which heat up almost every sort of house. , a^ ^-^ ll houdi we have referred more j.artieularly to the dry goods or drapery trade, we hat'Zf sJ merely to illustrate tli systen.s of the two countries. The same remarks MPLOYKR AND EMPLOYED. 51 e suppose — 1 wait, with alcsnmnsliip list the very ■:*U \)et ween iiig a bill, or (tllier. Ill tfi' is IV very is there tlmt for one iimn -ifity re(iuire6 from one in Icr, knowin;j; the Mllis, fii*- iterest, it is a iilil)ly to all trades and all departments of commercial life. Throughout America generally there is a cordiality and harmony of feeling between employer and employed, and nn independence on the ])art of assistants, unknown almost in Great Britain and Ireland, and we have no doubt, where such feelings exist, they have their effect in making the wheels of a concern run more smootliiy along, keep up its pace better with its rivals, and avoid all the "siuigs" and pitfalls on its course, tlian when the "ribhons" are pulled and jerked about too much, and when the whip is applied to those who require none, by those who act so, in attempting to drive their busin'„^ s ..' e man mbdit board will, his nearest neighbour ; but the same is now remiired o a Mngle as "'«'"N"l".Vi'°'FrmiU..l lo rc....ov, from 1.1, own l.„,l, »..l m.t. . p.c-c.nplio.. fi. Hi. s.me '''rVlK.'',rtllS?,' rciuiml to bring Willi l.im lo tl,o L.b.I Olllcc, . .vrilloi. or lirlnlc'! yllci.- ments here mentioned, with the same .set lorth on paper, witli a concsponiiing o.ai "**;T" The m^rSi; i^- Si:'" m:;t bring with l.im to the Land Oilic. duplicates of his 4i? w.!o '^■■^ a^S"r£i!;:rri:K Sy aS:rp=rii^r .mines ..., 'Xlt;;e;-L";;Smr'Io m. a written declaratory statement of his intention to pre-empt before he can proceed with his pre-emption. V„,.,. 1.4 Tlw, C.w. •..,„„irnf1 hv tlie Uei)ris 2d. The settler is required lo nie uwiiiu-u uci,iu...^v...- "— fc'^^ [:;: 't;:::^ SSSl'byX'&c, l^r tilmg a ^eclar^.^ .t.aem.nt, IsSl 2d For granting a pri'emption, the Register '"•'V««'--'''\'-''' ^' "/Z\VI, iSr ' rl For duplicate ot'the map of any township, $1 is required by the Kegistcr. Affidavit required of Pre-empiwn Claimmit. quarter or section, nuinljer -, subject to sale at do solemnly emption Rikdits," approved September 4, 1^41, to tlic of township number , of range ■"""';^\';,-— ^^^''^'^rtre benefit of any 'right of pre swear [or alRrm. as the case inay be] that 1 '" .\^ "„^' f ^ """ ,f ,^^„d in any State or Territory emnti'-n under this act; that I am not the owner of 320 ac es ot Una in y ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^ of the United States, nor have 1 «-1li«J "P«" ""^^ "'Sl^^live u eVr b^^^^^^^^ and that rhavc lation, but in good faith to appropriate it to my own exclusive use oi u 54 not, (liroctly jicrsdii or \ tlie United CLEARED AND UNCLEARED FARMS. ubov ; or indiroctlv, made nnv nRrconicnt or coiitrnct, in im.V wnv or nmnn.T, with iiiiy or'o i"l.a i over, bv wl.i.T, tlu- title wlnei. I ...ay ..c.,„ir.' t.'o.n tl.e (r"v>'.....e..t of StutT«l>""l'l «n«rt., hi wl.ole or in l-uit. to tl.e l.e.jolit ot uny l.ers..n exc .,t myself. C n., nejzistcr, or [E. F., Receiver,] of the lii.id ollice ,'e iilhdiivit was take.i and subscribed before ine, this — [Signed] , do hereby certify that tlio duy of , A. I)., inr)-. C. D., Register, Or, E. F., Receiver. AjfiduvU to he filed i>v Cases {under Act of Uh Septemhcr, fnU'here the Settler Ml have die iiiiinber . ot rantre l.u.iiber , - iiuarter of section number , of township number of rantie i.u.iiber , subiectTo sale at , has never had the benetit of a..y .ijiht o i).e-e...i.t.,... „..,le.' the act, e t'k.d ''au ae to apixopriate the i'.-oceeds of the Sales of the 1 nbl.e ...,.)s. ""'I /" !-' ,1' ,«■ <. , n Ri.'ht^" ai.p.-oved Septe.nber 4, IStl ; that he was not, at the tune ot his -leatl t e v.\ f -'o a'n-s ,!t^ land in af.y State o^ Territory of the United States; that he 'I'-l "<•_ ^f-/' « , no. a 1 imim.ve the above tract of land on speculution, but in s;ood taith o api-iopriate it to w ^"de use aiul benefit; a,.d that be has "->^ ''"■^-•^b" or indnectly inajkMU.y aL^ree- e, t, ■ eontiaet in aiiv wav or n.anner, with any peis(Ui or pei'sons whatsoeve.. Us which the ;;;V; which lie ...iiihtbaVe acquired f.'om'the piveVnment of the United States, should e.iure, in whole or in imrt, to the benetit of any person except himsell. . ■ ■, , „^^„^,ffh. V. uoit. or pui I, u Siuned | A. 11., Executor {or administrator, or one o/ the heim of C. J)., Ill the ('use vuu/ Ik']. I Y V Re.'ister for (}. H., Receiver,] of tho land office at , (lo hereby certify that tha above atiidavit was taken and subscribed before me, this -day ot , a. d., ls.>-. (Signed) K. v., Ueiiister, Or, G. 11., Receiver. Dedaratonj Statement for Own where the Land is not siihject to Private! Entnj. T A H of rheiiio' the head of a familv, or widow, or sinp;le man over the aM of twenU-on'e vears, as the case may bo. a citizen of tbc United States, or liavinfi f. ed niy declara- 10 become a citizen, as re ^d i're.idered Subject to private entry ; and I do hereby declare n.y ...tent.on ?o chim tC.said tract of land as a pre-emption right, under the provisions of said act of 4th September, 1^41. , , iqe Given under my hand, this day of — , a. d. 185-. [Signed] ^- "• In presence of C. D. Form of Declaratory Statement of a Settler on Land suhject to Pre-emption I, A.B., of- ■ county, being a over the ago of twentv-one years, a citizen of the .\. p., iH.')-, settled and improved the , in the district of lands subject United States, have, on the -^^ day of r of section number , in township number , m hk-- v.i.^.im ... ......... ......,,--- ?osalo a tl e hmd ollice at \ State of >linnesota, and containing — acres «' >- ' '"'d ha, been oHere.l at i.ublic sale, and rendered subject to jirivate entry, an, I do heiebs de- clare mv intention to claini the said tract <.f land as a pre-emption r,glit under the provisions o the act entitled " An Act to apnroi.riate the Proceeds of the Sales of Public Lands, and to grant Pre-emption Uiglits," approved 4tli September, ls41. In the presence of , day of , a. p., 185-. Should it so happen that the squatter is umihle to pay for the land, when it is to he sold, as exphiined, then it is put up hy auction to the highest hidder— tlic squatter thv being obliged to leave it, and all the improvements he may have made upon it. We next proceed to explain what is meant by farms " cleared," and " uncleared." FARMS, CLExVRED AND UXCLEAREI). A FARM " cleared," is one, from off which nil the lumber (or timber) has been cut or cleared away, or a farm, on a prairie, on which there never had been any timber, wliich is called sometimes a cleared, and sometimes a prairie, farm. The great majority of tho farms in the western Stales are prairie farms, on some of which there is not a vestige of timber growing, and on others where there may be ptirt timber land and part prairie land. In a good healthy locality, such a farm, as the last mentioned, is most valuable ; as, in that case, there is no lumber or timber to purchase, to fence a farm with, as well as for FARMING IN THK BUSH. 55 fiK'l ; wlierotiH, in some prairie districts, wIkto tlicre is no timi)i'r, timt, is n lieavy neci-s- Btiry itt'in dt" ox|)i'n(litiirt'. On pniii'iu liinds, jiartly tiinliorcd, you can ccunincni'o oporii- tions nl onco, witlidut clearing, nnd Inivo hulVu'icnt, wood for fut'l and fencing iiui'iiusc-'. An " uncloHVod" farm, in ii fiirni composed of forest. In reality, il cannot properly be called a farm, till homio jiortion of it is cleared and converted into a farm. IJnl, iiUliougli ilciiscly covered with fore»t, it is nevertheless called an nnclcarcd farm. Tlie farms in Canada — which exist in a primeval state — nre nearly all uiieleared, ealled "forest lands" hy Home, and " wild hiinls" hy others. Many districts of the United States are of a similar character. " Portially cleared" farms ore those, of course, on which part of the tiiuher is cut down and cleared away, althoui;h it does not always follow that such partially cleared lands are cultivated. Having now given, we hope, some idea of what is meant hy farms l)"ing cleared, un- cleared, Ar partially cleared, we will now proceed to consider the subject of entering upon tt farm uncleared, or, as it is called, " farming in the bush." FARMING TX THE BUSH. In considering the inducements which the States, or Canadas, present to emigrants, we think the bright side of the picture has been far too often presented, and looked at, with- out parties having a proper conception of either the nature of the country, the difticultics to be overcome, and the hardships to bo put up with for some time— thereby leading many in Europe to leave good situations, or comfortable homes, for a life which they were totally unfitted for. Supposing that you are of the agricultural class, and think of coming to try and secure u home in Canada' or any wooded district in the States, we would remind you that such is not to be secured without encountering great labour, self-sacritice, and even ju'ivation— it may be for a time. You may have been in the hal)it of fancying that you have nothing to do but emigrate— buy a piece of land, say 50 to 150 acres— pay a deposit upon it— and that you arc all right for life, or that you have nothing to do but sow, reap, convert your produce into money, and make rich in a few years, and during that interim, even, that you are to lead a romantic sort of life in the woods, with game and fish so abundant, that you have no occasion to work very hard. If such has been your idea of a " life in the bush," or the backwoods, it is high time that you understood the truth, which is somewhat differ- ent from any such picture. There is not a greater mistake can be made, than to have incorrect notions of what a life in the bush is, more particularly if you happen to buy a farm " heavily" or " well timbered" —words which may fall very sweetly upon the ears of some, who have little or no idea what is ,neant-little fancying, perhaps, that a " well timbered" farm is just a dense forest ; nnd when " heavily timbered," the trees are all the larger, and more difficult to chop down, or clear A farm, therefore, in the " bush," " well-timbered" or " uncleared," is just as we have said, a dense forest, without a yard of ground upon which you can grow a few pota- toes, until you have cleared it of some of its trees. On entering, therefore, upon an uncleared farm, you must be prepared not only to work hard yourself, but all your family (if you have any) will have to do the same. By so doing, you will save paying out money for assistance. We iill suppose you have arrived at your " lot." You find no house upon it. Ihe first thing, therefoi.;, is for you to find out your nearest neighbours, l^'\.^'-» ^^^ J^^ "JJ come to settle beside them, and you Avant some help to put up your 'shanty _ Tin they will willingly do-in 4 or 6 days, depending upon tl>e nu.nber employed-being always r y glad To hear of new neighbours settling near them. They erect your house, there- fore a,.d, so far, you have made a start. I'resuming that you have got all your baggage, te brou^^ht up to your house and put aside, you are now about ready to comt^ience opera- ins There you are, with your 100 acres, perhaps, with the dreary sohtude ot a forc.t o. 66 every siiU' "f yi>Ui w FARM 1 NO IN THK BUHII. l,ieli y..u l.Qvc to cU-iir away, cr puit ..f it, and level tl.o now l.lg ' inoiiiireh lis of the forest" with the ground; drai,' them to a road or riverside; Hell tiiiK.'r; in« ke f.iR'ts 111! round your lot with portion of the trees them, if you can find a pun , . .. , . , vou have ehop,.ed down, and erect a I. .n^ for your eatlle, ete. AH the uui.leu.ents you 're-iuire for ihe tir.t 12 months is on axe and a hoe. and, supposing you have proeur.d these, then your tirst step may be said to have eon,n,e„,...d in the formation of your future farm and hon>o, and in the produelion, l.yand-l.y. of n,any of the eon.forts of life. It h m the H,-t iH.riods of your hard and laborious work-ail alone, perhaps-that all your philosophy. coura.'e. together willi indoiuitablo perseveranee. is necessary, to support you «' V""r "X«r- tion. to neeotuplish your .d.jeet. It is then when y,.ur heart v,ny begin to fad .f ever it does so at all. It is then that many, like yourself, have eomc out to tins eoun ry with very erroneous ideas as to what "fanning In the bush" meant, and it is tiu.. tlmt they throw down the nxe in disgust, disheartened, and repenting the day they ,.ver set_fo..t on this soil, p. .-baps, or. at all events, that they bought a fan... The consequenee ts. they give up their undertaking. They have an instalment of the purehase-money eonnng due on the property-it must be paid-and as they have no n.oney to spare, the result is. tl.at they must either tind a purchaser for their farm, who will give them part in cash, or else the sherilF will step in and sell it to the highest bidder, or the party they bought ,t from con.es and elai.ns possession. Such pc.ple had, perhaps, foutul out that they had made a mistake in attempting to clear a farm without the renuisite perseverance or skdl to do it; or it nuiy be. tiuit they had not calctdated sutii.uently all the eost of travelling and other expen-^es neees.ary to enable them to live an.l clear it properly. Supposing that you are in their <.ireu.nstances, that vou are short of funds, and are at o stand-still, all you have to do Is to hire yourself out. and such of your family as can work, fo some of the ncghbounng settlers who will he glad of your assistance, and who will pay you as much as wdl keep you and your family eon.fortable, a.,d enable you to save something besi.les. I?y this means, th..refore, you will, by-and-by, have money to pay your instalment, or interest, pur- chase n-'cessaries for your own farm, an.l then be independent of your neighbours' assistance and hirin-' yourself out. and go on more smoothly and better than before. In addUion to the hard work referred to, of chopping trees, laling all th,. brush-wood together and burning it. ami other necessary work, you may feel yourself solitary, away from the society of fricn.ls. etc.. and you begin to weary. All such fe.-lings however, must at once be checke.l, if vou wish to do any good. You will make new acquaintances where you are, with yr cultivation.' Ha! ha! These are all old country notions, indeed ! Take a forest, whose trees rear their lofty heads CO or 70 foct in height, and tlie girth of numbers of whose stalwart stems cannot be nieasnied by the em- brace of a man's arms. That's the prinu-val forest-' The Hush,' which originally covered the surface of tiie Canadian province. Knn lines through it, as the government surveyor did, at right angles to each other, foi ining square blocks of several hup.dred acres, sub-divide them into lots of 100 acres each, and that's a Hush farm ; the title-deed of which, let us suppose, has been jilaced in the bands of a Scotch settler in Western Cmada. " Did vou ever see a man commence to gather a grain crop by pulling it up stalk by stalk? The verv idea is ridiculous; and vet the Canadian settler attempts a more herculean task with the assistance of the ' Yankee axe.' He fells tree after trce--strips them of their branches and leaves, and in the first place raises a ' sJH,nfy'-->xxi extemporized erection rendered familiar to the eye bv ' navvi-H' during the construction of railroads ; fixes a bed.stead, of the same rough materials, in one end, and a fire-place in the other. 8uch is, generally, tlie primitive abode of the sturdy pioneer of civilization, the home of his thrifty wife and hardy family. Happy man, if he rejoices in the possession of two or three sons who can wield the axe in slashing down ,j,„,, r,;„„stcrs .f the forest that run riot in the fertility of the soil. When a clearance of 10 or 20 acres has been eirected by the process of felling and stripping, the neighbouring farmers hold a 'logging-bee' for his benefit-pile up the logs in heaps, covered with the brushwood, with the 58 TIIK WONUKHFUL TUEE IN TIIK BU8IT. 1 1.. 1 , tl,.,ir il.>v nf imliiHtrv with II l)iilliaiit Ixintlfi' iiiul it- '" "!7P- ''""•" '"lI'wcT Tlli'tte ca» f..l.l h\. luuuU in lUtlen. indolence in exiu-.tution ..f at,- ar..v„ ... t ... »• -7 •;' ',,,;,,,,,,, ' |„i„ „l,|„„g ,.,-,c,i.„i., c„v....-.l .vi.l. ,l,i..„l...- (..ood :;;;u:;:;i,::i';''».rs.:;;::..rt",,,,,.\,,,.....»io^ ,,.„™..r.ca. , ........... "fZr^, CO.... .1 1">. .""1 »'■""■• •" ■>■ i""':"v,""""" ';,"' :'■"''; 7;''.'Zu'.':."n'iJ ■ 1 . .. ...■ K....W .«.. U.l- III'..... ..I' .I..' i..V".....l.l.. "" """'"■» '""" '«''' '" ".I"" :;:::5 ;i;:i,;i:";« I.- u- .. d,,.,.,....., ...,«.■... ....-...-b ,„. ...■ ...i..v...on, btole.ot um.si, .u ,,.,„.„i,, ' savs the old settler, ' excopt lor a big pot to prepiire it, \\ e 1 r tludis- oil t o pitper consistency in the hi,< pot. «nspended. like a ppsy's. npon a r r :r ...S eacL.!d. and ponr it .to .— s ---;;----•,; ^ - T r ' t ^^ I't:::;;;: ti;: ;;;;;;r t « ..u'Ll.:;::;.- • we.,, then, can y.. ,.... the maple tree, al.,o, '1' ■ '« "lu p o ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ .^ ^^^.^ ^.^^^^, j^ "::r;r,t«:r:-i:=--^^^^^^^^^^ .,„-..... „...w,,.v.ro. ^i .1 utm.!.™"". or .,.o4. .1.. :i...l. . »d ... ."»»• b» .o™o,...d .1.1. . vcy l»t.d,o«. p.U» GOOD LIVING AND IIAUU WOKK— THE HKHn.T. 69 wlio cimngt ri'lUli the Icltiico, Uie cueuiiibprii, UioHti-wid iiinil.'snpi.lo-tiiits, iiiut cusluiil^, not to nioiilion Ik fresh lish luiw iin.l thi'ti, and thii milk, okk«, fiiki>«, with mi-Ions, nnil piimpkhm in their Hciison, that crown tlie tftl)h' of the Canadian f.irnier. •'Much a tahh' hctrav!* no syniptnnm of tlu. Miard tUuvn compjaint'd of on every hand. Cer- tuiidy not. 'The eountry lias ln-en draiiiecl of inotiey,' ' .Muney'H not to he liad.'is the gener- al hmientalion. ' Notwithstandinj;, we ha-e plenty to eut and drink," in the comnum appendix to tlie woful Jerciniad. " ' When it rainit, it ponrs,' in proverbial of CttMadhui lifi', as well as eliniate. Flash ! darts the linliluinn acro.ss the thunder ehiuds in suinniei', and ilown hursts a deluj{e that saturates tho 8uil. I'resto! out glares the hui'iiiiin sun to hake the steiiniini^ surface int:) crust. The people Strip to their shirts and pants, and sull'er the perspiration to How from every pore duriuj^ the gluw of their tropical mimmer, and niiilllo themnelves, from top to too, in fur caps, Hmiiillets and Uud'alo rohcs during the hiting cold of these polar countries. " They swallow piiilfnis of water (hiring the intensit_\ of the heat, and diarrliri'a curries them off, without warning, to their long home. They dart in swift cutteis (sleighs) through a tempera- ture of 'JO* below zero, and Jack Frost nips their nose or lutes olf a linger or two. Let them but catch a chill, the cold will not only titillate them into n cough, hut shake them, us doeii the ague, like the aspen that shivers with every passing breeze. I,ast year, .spring burst and bud- ded almost instantancon.sly into summer with a dear and cloudless sky, hut autumn deluged and destroyed the fields (d' llowing grain. This year, winter would not yield to spring; ruin pourccl until ,lune ; scarcely a drop fell in summer ; conseiiuently the wheat, instead of present- ing Xho jiliiDif) iq/jji'iirani'e of u barn-door beauty, shrivelled and shr\ink up like the features of ' uuld grannie.' 'Hard times, sir! Notwithstanding, we have plenty to eat and drink.' Yes; aiul luxuries and royal if(imi\ to boot, let us udd. Why, the ("amidiau farmer has only to shoulder his gun — for every Canadian keeps a gun or ritlo — and supply his table from the flocks of wild pigeons that literally darken the sun in spring furnishing a variety to pork and mutton from the coveys of ]iartriilges that breed in the IJush. Not only so, but a 'lordly disli' of veni- son from the deer that still stray round the vicinity of recent settlements, and even from the wild ducks and wild gee.se which IVeiiuent the lakes, lakelets and rivers. " Could we only recount the talcs which are told by gray-haired patriarchs seated round old winter's blazing liearth, we might convey some idea of the hardships endured by the early set- tlers in the i)roviucc, and id' the C(un])aiutive ease with which a settlement can bo effected in IS.VJ. Well do I remend)er one id' their luunber, declaring, in his own graphic style: 'Here am I, hashed und broken down witli pcrjietual chopping and hard labour; my farm is cleared and fenee (o o.s. stt,.) per r a lu Lh tl ey may be bought a. low a« 50 cents (or 2. .tg.) pc.- acre, m «omc poor W iiS :^lUt Bome parties, in particular localities, would give la.u for -'thmg^rnerdy^ o get it " located." There are so many contingencies to determine he pnce of and he ^d^ffe rent iron, (h-eat Britain and Ireland-that the matter cannot be calculated upon tl same pri ei le Thus, for example, you may have to pay $100 (or £-'0 .tg.) for one acre Tsomc of th States and near large cities, whilst in other localities loO mdes off, you u bu 2 a r s fo^ that sum, a.^d 1000 miles off, you could buy 50 or 100 acre, for h ame sum, and yet the one acre at £20 stg. will pay you probably as wel if not bett r t mr 100 cres will do at the same price, because you will get as niueh, if not more ^.r h produce of that one acre as you could get off the other 100 acres if y-' S« -^ ^^f at I off them. It all depends, therefore, what you can raise ; the price your P-^^"- -' Lh ; the quality of the soil, and the location of it, before a proper value can be placed Tfi™ ;^ ':Z. all cleared and in a good state of cultivation, in the States of Penns^ vania or ^•ew York, is sure to command a much higher price than a farm of -"- ^J in Michigan. Illinois, Minnesota, or northern portions o Canada, simply rom he a of their being near to large cash markets, where much higher prices are obtain d for t c produce than those of the latter. Then, again, there is the condition of -l"' "j; f may have been worked-state of fences, roads, farm buildings, and many other things which go to make up the value of a farm. , n, . pin x „n Partially cleared farms are sold at 5. 10. 15. or 20 to 50 dollars per acre, (£1 to £10.) all depending up'-n the quantity cleared, and other circumstances as before exi,lained. SELECTING A FARM. In the selection of a farm, we will presume you have arrived out, and wish to select one without first servi.ur some time to another farmer in this country. We would here remind vou however, of the great advantage a man possesses by having lived in the country some 'time It enables him to u'et a thorough knowledge of the best lands in the neighbourhood where he may be an assistant, or in neighbourhoods even distant from there lie knows the peeuliarilies of the soil; how the land is held; whether it can be got cheap or not ; what he can get it for ; what terms he can make with the owner for payment of the same that is, how much cash he will have to pay down, if any; what length of time he will tret to pay it, and what interest he will have to pay till it is all paid up. These, and sun- dry other matters, the man who has resided in the country for some time has a knowledge of and. consequently, has a great advantage over the man who has just arrived, and who wishes to go upon the laud at once, on his own account. You arrive out, therefore, and see a farm advertised in a locality you think you would like. _ Amongst other inquiries you make, you ought to he satisfied by a personal inspection of the "location." You ought to buy upon no man's recommendation. (4o and judge for yourself. There may be points connected with it which may please others very well, but which may not please you. When there, ascertain how far distant it is to the nearest town, the names and population of that and other towns; where you can find a cash market for your produce ; what fuel is on the ground, and if none, how far it will be to fetch it. and the cost of doing so; whether the land is a level or "rolling" (hilly) land; whether there is fever and ague in the neighbourhood (the latter inf..rrnation you may have to get corroborated from other quurtc«) ; if there i^- .j-ring water, or can be got by digging for PURCHASING, MEANS, AND TERMS OF PAYMENT. 61 it ; if noiir to any lakes or swamps; liow near to a railroad, or quay on a river where u steamer sails; wliat sort of roads there are to and from such: if it is a partially cleared farm, how much is cleared; walk or ride over it, and, in fact, over the wliola boundaries of the lot. If a man wishes to sell his house, barns, stock and implements, etc., along with a farm, inspect them as to condition and what they are worth. Inquire the nature of the wood on the ground, as wood differs very miieh in value ; if any tanneries, sawmills, or other largo works arc in the neighbourhood ; how near to schools and a medical man ; how far to yo\ir nearest neighbours, and who and what they are. Again, in selecting a eli-ared farm, great care is necessary to see thi:t tlie land has not been impoverished by over-working, a very common practice in some jmrts of Canada and the States, where land is never manured, but worked so long as it will yield, the holder then preferring to locate upon some new Roil, which requires no trouble to manure, and thus otters his oM worn-out soil to whoever is foolish enough to buy it for good rich land, and pay for it accordingly. PURCHASING, AND TERMS OF PAYMENT. Supposing you are satisfied upon all these and other points, which may occur to your- self, your next inquiry is, as to the validity of the title to the property. You may be as- sured it is "O. K." (all correct); but we advise you to go and judge for yourself, at the capital of the county in which the property is, where there is a register kept of ail pro- perties in the said county, with copies of the titles to tliem, and there you will see the copy for yourself; and, if all right to your mind, then you will see if you are dealing with the lawful owner of such property, and after that, if you think proper, make your bargain with him. In the examination of the title-deed, employ the most respectable attorney in the town, to look over tlie title-deed with you, in case there may be some legal informality which might not occur to you. In making your bargain, you may do so, perhaps, for prompt cash down, or you may do it for part cash down, and the remainder to be paid in a certain number of years, so much to be paid annually, and so much percentage charged, till all is paid up. Instances are frequently to be met with, where a family may have purchased a piece of land, but wlio, not having sutticient to stock it, or dear i\, as fast as they would like, do so by degrees, by taking situations where they can be got. Tims, there are many work- men in tiie large cities, who have land in some part of the country. During the winter time, they work at sonte trade in the city, anth a moderate stock of provisions laid in, and with your unp enu..s a d « ockin./ it will not be long before you raise as much as yo„ wl re.pnns .n the wa> o tli nt -u of life; besid'es, you thus pass over the n.ost .lifficult and heart-break, g time the settler has, viz... in commencing to chop the first tree on his farm, before he an e"n get a lie put upon it. and sometimes before he has gone far at that . and before he has rlised one crop, his energies or spirits fail him, and he abandons U m despa.r I. addi ion purchasing a farn. and paying for it in the n.anner we have described you oa if you thini proper, buy what is called a " Land Warrant," of wh.ch you w.l sc no id n all n,oney al.d exchange brokers' windows and offices, haymg upon hem, land W rlts Boughf-others, "Land Warrants for Sale." You will hnd r-'t- ar. what a land u^rrant is. in a separate article. Before purchasing Buch you should, bj a 1 ^o^ns 1 ave reliable inforn.atioi as to where the land is si, uated, and all par. .culars regar. 1- InHt last as much as we have previously advised you, as in buying a land warrant, jou are buj-ing a form, or the title-deed to one. (See Land Warrants.) Aga n, lands are sold or exchanged, very fre.juently, for house property m ct.cs, or v.Hous de...ription of .oods. A store-keeper, in a country v-hu'C. has perhaps more land hie can c Itivate, and as he cannot sell for cash, he will sell it tor any dcscr.ptu.n_o e Uogoods, for domestic use, which he can turn into cash. You n.ay -« - " ^ ^ t^ property nor goods to sell, for country lots or farn.s.but we only n.ent.on the fact, to show that there are various ways of buying property, as well as paytng f^.r .t. LAND WARRANTS — WHAT CAN BE DONE. 63 LAND WARRANTS. A Land WAniiAXTis a title to a certaiu portion of lanJ, given to nioritorious soldiers who have been engaged in tlie war of 1812, and Mexican War, as a pension for services per- formed. They are granted in lots of 40, 80, 1'20, and 100 acres each, of wild, uncleared, or iineultivated lands. The quantity granted depends ujjon the merits of each individual ease. A warrant for lOO acres is equivalent to $200, or $1.25 per acre, that being the price at which government lands are sold. Thus, if a party has gut a land warrant for 40 acres, he hands over his warrant for such to government, when they bring such land into the mar- ket. He then gets a title to his land, in exchange for his warrant. Until he gets such title, he holds ins land warrant, but can sell it for what he likes; hence, land warrants are bought sometimes very cheap from parties who receive them, but who do not care about " locating" on them. Land warrants are thus bought and sold regularly — same as bills, by money brokers, as already mentioned. Frequently very fine tracts of land are thus bought cheap by such means — the title to which is indisputable, once the land warrant is in the hands of th- lioldcr; but it is dangerous to purchase such until you know somelliing of the land they represent. Ijind Warrants are quoted in the " Bank Note Reporters," issued by exchange brokers and bankers. Thus, in September last, we find they are quoted thus: — IfiO acres, buying price, 91 cents per acre; selling price, 94 cents per acre. 120 " '' " 80 " " " " " 83 " " " Q^\ It « i< cf\ " " " " " 94. " " " 4Q « << « 110 « .< " " " 110 " " " " Market firm ; prices advancing." FARMING NOT IN THE WEST. It is an old saying, that numy a one looks at a distance for that which is to be found close at han in. E,iuahlo, froo fron. any thing like fever and ague, no river being near and hi-i, .uUin- h.nd all round. The soil is every thing that can be desired tor growin-r crops. Thev ean sell, at th-'ir own doors, more agrieultural produce, lor cash, th-ui thev ean rai-o, -m account of the demand in neighbouring villages, and nt tanneries in the district. If they should want a eity cash market, they can send their produce to New York which is onlv a few hours distant; but as they caL get a higher price at home they don't 'son.l any tlu.'-o. For their own cmsun.ption their farm produce affords them poultry o<-,, ,„ilk. bu)t<.r, choose, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, and pork. For fresh meat they a"nd tTeir n<.i^d.bours kill now and then, and divide a sheep or an o.x among.t them. Spring water they have at the 'oor ; fuel in abundance, and for nothing, out of their acres of forest behind thorn, which is yet to clear. . . ,, , The stoves adapted for wood fuel, are excellent for cooking with, besides heatmg the house in winter. . , . r ii „ In our visit to that district, we vore much struck with the highland character of the country it being so much so, that doer are to be found in the neighbourhood. The un- ouubted fertility of the soil for dairy produce, is beyond question, as in the immediate noighbourhood-tlu.- far-famed "Orange County"-milk, butter and cheese are produced, and sent to New York city, whore it is prized more highly than that of any other district. What then, is the positi'on of these men now ? After struggling and working hard, some- times for themselves and sometimes for neighbours for payment, thoy are now as indepen- dent as the wealthiest man in Christendom, with few anxieties about the future and .s one of them declared to us. thoy never work n ore than 4 out of the 12 M.onths. A.k.ng them what they di.l the other 8, they simply replied, that they enjoyed themselves, and from all appearance, they certainly appear t.. lead a royal life. On asking the good wite as to how slie got on for company-when in the real vernacular of a " Pai-sley body"-slie said she wasnever ill off for that, as she " had mair folk to gang and see than she had tune for, and gif I dinna gang and see them, they come and see me." Asking her if she did not weary to go back to Scotland. " Aye, she did sonu.times." AsVing her a lust interrogatory, whether she would be as she was now. or as she used to be in Vaisley 15 years ago she shook her head, and sim,.ly said, " T'.ul you maunna (must not) say onythmg aboot th-.t, evidently not relishing tlu- recollection of such days. Truly do those I'aisley weavcr-larnHrs appear amongst the most contented free, and happy beings we have 'seen in Anunca. apparently f.dly reali/.ing the idea, that " rnan war but little here below" to make him enjoy life in somewhat of a rational, healthful, and . .,ipy manner. One of them told us, that now. he wo-ihl -tot take $:K.00 for his fann. (€r,00 st...,) even alth..u.^h only 45 out of the 70 acres were cleared. Original cost of land £17 lO.v. Ihe em..M.rnt in^Huning to this country. w..uld do well to ponder on the foregoing facts and aseemin if he cannot settle nearer home, before plunging away into the backu-o.,, s or far-west districts, of either the State- or Canada, and be careful, as we Imv^' said elsewhere, in choosing his land or " location" on high rolling land, in prefer, nee to tlat swampy s..ils which, however rich thoy may be. are often only the hotbo.ls of mos.iuitoes, fever and ng.ie and all night enliveued with tlu- eternal music from the croaking of myriads ot frogs. FARMINC; WITH CAPITAL. Iv connection with this subject, we subjoin the following extracts from an account of a visit to another far . in th.e State of New York, (but further north than the foregoing,) by the Hon. Horace (iroeloy, of the New York 7V/.';u«c, published in that paper iiSthSeptem- ^^Tld! farm is situated in Genesee County, and owned by Major A. B. Dickinson, who ap- pears to bring scientific farming to his aid, in rendering his properly as productive as pos- sible. Regarding the soil, the writer says:— WHAT CAN BE DONE ON A LARGE SCALE. 65 •'This is mainly a clay loam, of good medium qiinlity, like that which prevails through the groattr iioi-tioii of Chaulauque and other excoUont grazing counties of our State. The timber— mainly beech, maple, hemlock, etc.— was cleared off from 10 to 30 years ago. It lies some 600 to 800 feet a'.)ove the surface of the tributary of the Susquehanna at Corning, to whieli its waters descend, and is not overlooked by any land in its vicinity. For the most part, it slopes moderately to the creek-beds by which it is intersected. There is an abundance of (naturally) quite as good land in our SUite yet covered by the primitive forest, and for sale at $5 to $10 [ler acre." We may here remark, that the above is a similar description of soil to that held by the weavers from I'aisley — as mentioned in the previous notice — and the nature of the country is similar. It will be seen that wild or uncleared land cm be purchased there from £1 to j£2 per acre. llegardirig the products of the farm, the writer remarks: — " Grass, liny, and beef, are, of course, the staple products of such a farm. More than 200 acres of this "homo farm" an- annually mowed, yielding from 2 to 4 tons per acre, and averaging from 2^ to 3 tons. A single stack near the jtrincipal barn contains 120 loads, estinuifed at 80 to 100 tons. Wheat and Indian corn are grown to but a moderate extent; of the latter, one piece, planted Juno IP, (the incessant rains of the last spring forbade an earlier ]ireparation,) will yield ,50 or (io bushels of shelled corn, with 20 wagon loads of pumpkins, per acre; another piece is but fair. Of \)uckwheat, many acres arc growing; it is a good crop, and no more. Turnips the grasshoppers have taken care of (It has been dry here for some weeks previous to t^-d. y, and these cormorants are very abundant.) Of peas, there is a large and thrifty field, sowed late, and just beginning to blossom. Should frost hold off till October, the yield must be large, and, if sent green to New York, they would probably pay well. The kitchen garden shows a greater abundance of beeta, carrots, parsnips, onions, etc., than I ever before saw on so small an urea. The grapes are equally luxuriant." On tiie subject of potato growing, wo recommend the following extract to farmers, in the old world as well as in the new, cx1iil)iting as it does, that otY 85 acres of potatoes, a clear profit of at least £1,000 will be made : — " But the pride of the farm is its display of the potato. Eighty-five acres are covered with the Trisli staple, whereof some thirty acres were planted early, and are now nearly, if not fully, ripe, while the residue were put in from the midillc to the last of Juno, and are now just coming into blossom. Nowhere in America, hardly in Ireland itself, were 8uch fields of potatoes ever seen. They are nniinly of Bermuda stock, one remove from the semi-tropical island, the seed having been grown hero last year, from imported pota- toes of that year's growth. The rows even were half a mile long, and straight as an arrow's flight; there is not a weed to each row, and not a missed hill per acre, and, in one large field, not one to ten acres. Should frost hold off to tho 1st of October, (th- u^iual time on these breezy heights,) the yield cannot fall short of three hundred bushels per acre, and may reach four hundred. Nothing like rot is seen: in fact, a glance at those hardy viaes. so rank, so green, so thrifty, would convince any one that rot is here, all but impostible. Let me give, as well as I may, from what I learned on the spot, some notion of tho means by which such a result has been so nearly attained: — The ground is first ploughed deeply and thoroughly, each land being marked out by the help of guides, and no crooked furrow allowed, whatever the excuse for it. It is then fur- rowed three feet apart, with equal exactness as to regularity. A subsoil plough is then run in the furi-ow, mellowing and pulverizing the soil to as great a depth as the strength of the team will allow. The seed, previously cut, so as to apportion but two eyes to each piece, is dropped on the mellow soil thus pulverized, being zigzagged from side to side of the furrow, so that, though each piece is distant one foot from the preceding, it is eighteen inches from that which lies directly behind it. A broad two-horse plough follows, covering the notAtoes as deeply as possible : then a roller rolls the surface flat and compact, and tJ6 SCIENTIFIC FARMING IN STATE OF NEW YOKK. ploughing between thorn i« con,nH.,uH..1, ...d -'" !"' f ;/";' , "'^.^^.i^nt^ but little Lj«e.a. having W. tUu. Pj^^ ;\:tr;rrS ll^^; we^ tU. .ay have more than two months ui;o. >o hoc is taken nt ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ .^ escaped the harrow and the i-lough. is pu.led ut bj h J a -J. , ^^^ Uttl^ to do. When the erop is ripe, a P^^j- Jlf ;;;;^-l^ . '^X^.i. that this year's us fast as lu n,en ean pick them up, and thu the ^" ^ is Uon ^^^^^^^^ crop, delivered at Corning, will have <=- ,'"^7, '^'^^rifo .«'•">, giving him a clear no uatimely frost bla.t his hopes they will sell there fo. *150 pei aeit fc. b :r of a.^east ,..00, and perhaps ,.X,0 ^^^V^^^^^Ze ^J^^ ^^1^. doinc well The principal, almost the only, ferl.luei appht.l to tnc i t::? J. ).. FepareJ by the process I f "'" "^ ^ ::::^;;^r w.s, but, like most raring and Bnrning.-l have read much of this process in L t ;1 - « ^^^^^ people, 1 had little faith in what 1 was grossly ignorant of. I hc.c .nv it u l . ^ will endeavour to give some idea of it. ^ especially where the Along the sides of the road, there is apt to be ^ V^^^ ^^ ./ ,, i,, , „u,r- soil is clayey and moist, and has not ^2^^^^::^^:. end of U, fed iy apy oughly. and left a few f^^'^^^^^f >' ', 'l^.^^' 'l.ie and, when w<.ll started, the chips, roots, pieces of stumps, etc., wlntU uiaj t.e ^,^^.^^^^^;^ f^m which a whits aryest sods arc piled on, then others, -'^^j!;;; f^^VZ h" rted another; while smoke faintly issues. While this ^vas k.ndhng, ''^^J\^'^^ '^ ^ ^,,,^^, rain aiis is getting hold, he i^-ring ^- ^ ^ , rr:^^;. but, tith a f.w sods would not extinguish one of these pits, ii may ^^^^^ thrown on whenever the fire -f.- ^ ^ P^" " M "l^^^^,^^^^^^^^^ turf has become ashes. The land being T^^'f '*^^\^ " ^ .^;;^"^;;;,: ,,-,11 sutf.ce for an experienced hand will burn 200 bushels per day and ^ -^ ^^ ^ ';^>'^;^ ^^^^ ^.„i„, ,, f^om acre of potatoes. The total cost of the 200 ^^''^^^^ "J^^J/^Vwe^^^^^ P-T'- - -ad former (refuse salt) by the boat-load from Syracuse, a ^ ^^ ^f^ .^ J^^. f,.,, ^ust Z lltborno i. ™nii(rli n. wide ravine, vou come at last to inc uiiipi*. •«'"• ing upward through a wiae rav n* , y „rmiitive wilderness, while several „,l,;il.:;ln;. ..'a j.t, .t ...c ».. «..e. „„•.« po„lb.e to .o.o.pl»i. o. . «n.ll.r scL. proportionate to the means at command. FEVER AND AGUE— SHERIFF'S SALES— LAND MEASURE. 67 FEVER AND AGUE. A 8T0UY is told of a man, out west, being so bad with tbe " shakers," that every tooth rattled so in his head, that you could hoar the noise of them at the far end of a BO-acre farm. Of course, that is an Ameriean yarn, and however uniusing it may be, every one who has even witnessed, far less^ experienced personally, the dreadful sufferings of an attack of fever and ague, or the "chills," will at once admit that tiiey are any thing but a joke — but a disease which seizes the unfortunate sufferer, sunictimes, all in a moment — lasting for days — and in many cases, becomes so fixed in the system, that it is never got rid of, no mut- ter in what part of tiie world he may reside. Fever and ague is brought on by the inhalation of the iniasma or poisonous vapours which rise from tiut, swampy, and river bottom soils, and in fact is often one of the attend- ant consequences upon ''.^ breaking of " virgin soil," wherever situated. Although denied by many parties in different parts of the SUites and Canada, every newly-opened district is more? or less subject to it, unless situated in very hilly districts, where there is a good circulation of air, oiul away from rivers and swamps. In newly-opened soil, in some dis- tricts of the western States, as well as in Canada, this is the greatest scourge the settler has to dread in looking out for a location, and it therefore becomes doubly his interest, in searching for such, to find out correct information on that very point, as he must know that without good liealth, and strength, he will do no good anywhere. In districts wliich have been cleared f some time, it may be completely gone, or rarely to be heard of; still, even in the neighbourhood of all large cities, Avhere there are swampy places, and stagnant water lying about, fever and ague is to be found to this day. Tiiis is one of the many other reasons, wliy settlers from Britain should not be in a hurry fixing upon land, until they ascertain something for certain as to its locality, in this respect, and, if they can manage to procure it, to give preference to land which has been cleared for some time. It is a very difficult matter, for strangers, to get correct information on this subject, as if they inquire in any particular locality regarding it, there are so many parties interested in deceiving them on that point, and who do not like to acknowledge that their locality is one subject of fever and ague, however true it may be. SHERIFF'S SALES. A snF.niFF'.i sale is the result of a man not paying the amount due on his property, for local taxes, or for balance of purchase-money due. For, however small the amount may be, many a poor farmer has been cleaned out of his whole lands, house, etc., who was not able to pay the amount for such, when due. At sheriff's sales, ''arms are sold for mere trifles-that occasibn being taken by mony parties, to purcho 'and cheap, which they undoubtedly do however hard the ease may be for the poor f. -i-ier, who has spent his last dollar, per- haps, in improving the land, and who is then o, , ■ \ to see it pass f om his hands, to pay some trifling sum. Men with small capital frequently, in this way, pick up farms very cheap, and, practising by the experience of the former proprietor, take care to avoid a sheriff's sale, in their own ease. Farms, thus sold, are advertised in the county papers where the land is situated, and during the last 12 months, they have been painfully fre- quent, both in the States and Canada. GENERAL TABLE OF LAND MEASURE. 62.7264 Sq. Inches-= 1 Sq. Link. 144 12110 39204 027204 1508100 6272040 2.2950 20.0011 02.5 10000 25000 100000 9 272.25 4.'?50 1890 43500 1 Sq. Foot. 30.25 484 1210 4840 1 Sq. Yard. 1 Perch. 10 — 1 Sq. Chain. 40 — 2.5 = 1 Rood. 160 =- 10 =- 4 =- 1 Acre. 640 acres make a square mile. Tables for calculating interest, wages, income, etc., will be found in another portion of thiB work. 68 FABM AND DAIUY STOCK. FARM AND DAIRY STOCK, PRODUCE, ETC. FoH the i„.,r.n„tu.n of ..o„der« generally, but n,... „arlioul.rly '^;;'-j;-f-^;;- :;;:: :.r„,... 1„ H.....i..« ,..lc... U m...l l3. Wr,.. 1« .ni..a tl.»t tl.o r'.~ I"' " ' -"• ^ :;;;t;:,:z-;;' lit :;";;. «.' ,„„.„ Mg.,™ ,», .« a.«,-.p..».. or .took .n. p,oaa», ! ill II „. f.r gi.c . «.ncr.l id™ „f tlu- value of ll.c .li.Tccnt ,.c.„i« „n,„,,l. ^\ . " AericiiUural 'roiliiots— Iruits and I'loweis, lias iiL.u.uni ■ y\},iicuiiui.ii iTnitrd Stftti'8 unci ( uiiaila, unil one ^^";:^::S": o:;::;;i Mn. of cattle wMC. a. u... h, an the Stat. an. Canada ar^ brl^d Lc ongn. i. not definitely known, l.u, is doul..!-^ the ve.ult of '^ -'-"«;; Hon. BntiBh.and other vavietio. fn.n. the eontinent of Europe In -en > .b the ,n o tation of i.oiee anin.ab of the Durhan., l>ovon. Hereford, and Ayrshw-e I"- ^-^-^ „n,.o tauon produced a irreat improvement in the general eh .racter of n Br tain may he .een in the States of Kentueky, Ohio, Iowa. Ilhno.« and Uppe, La.u.da i;,dU>c offset of their ero... wi,h the soealled native breed, i. a great unproven.ent ... the nnftlitv of the flesh, and appearance of the aniinnl?. ,, ., . ^vZ brel anim.O. bri-i I high a priee. if not higher, than U.e .an.e .,rt« d., ... Br.ta.n ; „« high a« $1.0..0 (£20.) «.g.) i* .u. unusual thi.,g to p..y for a h,.e '^^^^^^Ly are in OXFN are to be found of all b.reds. but principally the com.non so.t. Ih.> are m .enera use for heavy d.-a„ght work, and are considered better than horsey for a new fa m Si midland i prah^e. I., the older S.ate. they are, to a great exte..t ..pc.rseded b the ho,.c The har,.e.. of «.- >x is of the most primitive ki..d, and consists of .. j okc wit two vo^en bows, (or collars,) one for the neek of each animal; between the bows. . d aZhed t>. the b am, is aa iron ring, to which a chain is f..stene , connecting the Inle wTt the a.tiele drawn. Truces are never used. The price of a yoke of oxen var.e :^::^C^^^^^ WHty .he., bought. F.... ^ so (.£16 stg.) t. $100 (£20 stg.) i. a common pr ce, at the present, for a yoke (pair) wh.ch have been b.-oken. In tlweLrn States, and the newer districts of Canada, the ox is used for logg.ng (drawi g r^in the woods_u„d on the prai.-ies of the " great west" for break.ng new aJ In act oxe.. are the most useful a.umals about a fur,.., particularly in wooded d.. Ss in Canaaa. and some parts of the States. They can d.-aw logs where a horse would 1 rdr him'lf to pieees"_d.lw wagon loads of man.ire, lu.nb..r, etc., and plough over any sort cf ground. They may be slow, but are invaluable on a new farm. fI clm^ rate higher, of course, thu,. oxen ; but their prices are greatly y^fluenced by the rates paid in the great eastern cities, (especially New York,) whose markets are sup- nlied bv Kentucky. Ohio> Indiana, and even as far west as Illinois. 'cows- In the 'dairy regions, good cows are often found-but no breed is exclusive y used Neither the farr .ers of Canada or the States have as yet propagated any part.cidor brred, with an eye to the greater production of milk. Ayrshires and Alderneys are few ""ciood^colrUuig prices proportionate to their milking qualities. From $20 (,£4 stg.) to ft50 (£10 stg.) may be considered the exLremes-$30 (£6 stg.) an every-day price. Mii.K.-The price of milk, in the western cities, is from G to 6 cent, per quart (U to 3(t stg.). DAIIIY PUODUCE—lIOllSES— MULES, ETC. fif» BuTTEH is sold from 10 to 20 Poiits (5,/. to lOt/. stg.) per 11)., uecording to quulity. It is ftlwiiyw UM'd 8lij,'litly wiIIimI— lu'vor (luito fresh, us in Scotliind— except by the Gerinun». CiiKtftK f'lls at from C. to lo cents (arf. to 5■"• "■;';»" -"i; ;^:;r ;:";;: ..'r', »- K„o.l for ...ulton or «ool; but U..' S.mll,.l„»... ...ol '■■"■■«"•""'■'""" „. , „„„,,,, 1 .II,. .1,.. r,.riii,-r niul iimrli pjo." in""oii .iii.l ivn.il i« llo- r..-iill. "»' fr"iii"'. vanit;. :wa; U.., l'e..nuno..n.uy bo bought at *..... ^be .^o. .. bu. • doel not JiilVr much from that of mutton. For ,..vfo..tly now ,...rtu.ns o tbo count.) H rlu t o fix the price ut any thin,, «« it varies wi.b .b. .n,,ply •- .l.nand to a Ich r-ter extent tba'n ever occur, in the sottb.! cli.rict. In general, however, they -'^::^Z::::^:Z:!:::X!^^^^ pi:;... a preference bein. .way. ,ven -r:^rr:'t;;i:7:^' t;:xts;:;'';;:::t of the ^^.^^^^•^■^^^ „; << fall" r.iH.' lenerally ealle.l, th.,V are driven into .be pen., and f.l w..h In nm c..r. 'r .is rk i« good ; but thousand, of bo„. arc fattened every year on .1... lery .lop un thev W le aln>o.t a nu.s. of soft blubber, and great quantities, diseased .n that state, a e Sled .r Id ani packed for exporta.iou. This article i. not bou bt by the western people fo 1 .^ ' itrk. by the caJca.. .ell. during tl. killing season-in l.eeen.ber_at frc.u U^ d a half to L ents per pound, dressed, lla.ns. sn.oked, at fron. seven to twel cent: :' pound during tbo Ihole year. Shoulders two cents le.. No one buys food for the purpose of feeding pigs, but rather buy pigs to eat the corn. PouLTuv.-Breeds as in Britain The chicken-fever, that attacked, a few '^'^ « "=" almost eve y one. has subsided entirely. When at its he.ght. s}nn,,l.u>es were all the rage anTtL fathered population increased at a rapid rate, and bi^ p---^ wore pa.d for i , :i No" dlcn^lLing fbwls n.ay be bought at si.,...c. to a shilling ste. „^ ^h and eggs at 8 to 12 cents (4. _ Fa r w,.J„ sending their produce to market, will do well to attend to the , owmg direetions when sending it to a conunission agent to sell for then.. We ,uoto the f.llow.ng from a circular ofa respectable commission agent:- ' None. TO ('oNS,«NOK.s OK F.M.M l'Ho,..c,.:.-rut up every thing ... neat o de.-. Ma k plai'Lolible directions on evcy package, including weight, wi.h ;<";; -;-^;^;;;;' ^ ^^ of articles Also taek a bill of particulars inside of one package, .narked b.ll, a.ul alwaj send one by .nail, with notice when and how thb.gs a.-e forwarded. ■ CoMM.i.oNS.-For selling berries, fruits, etc., where packages are returned, and on smMll lots of stuff, 10 per cent. Other farm produce, generally, 5 \V'V cent. ' i'ri^u o,dy bri.,is highest ...otations when perfectly n.ade and sweet, m small, neat packages." AOIUCULTURAI. I'UODl'CTS — WHEAT. 71 AGUrCULTl'UAL IMIODUCTS-FUUITS AND FLOWEIiS. WiiKAT.— Tlio nortlurn Htutes and CanaJu arc the j)rlnclpnl wheat-growing portion* of North America. Kentucky and Tcnncgwe produce good wheat, but the q\uuitUy Is not great; these States are, however, well adupte.l to 111. growth of thit* Maple, hut, us free and slave labour eannote(.exi«t in one eonunuuity, and both thrive, their fanning interests RufTer. The labour of slave* will, and always doe», deteriorate the land, iu eoii:*equence of the niii" erable methods of cultivation, and the vant of any incentive to exertion except tho lash Emigration to the south I* at a slund-slill, except to the souUi-westerly State of Missouri, and that State will ere long become a free one. Tiie clay lands of Ohio are w.'ll adapted to wheat culture, and, when first cleared, excel- lent crops are obtained ; but in conse.punce of a want of kMowled:^e as to the proper rota tlon of crops, and an exhausting system of tillage, these naturally fertile fields soon exhibit a marked decrease in b.>th .,uantitv and .piality. A great error seems to have crept into the minds of farmers, that certain soils are inexhaustible; working on tliis hypothesis, they have demonstrated the reverse to their own cost. This is the case, also, in (>nada, and in tlie valley of the (ienesee, in the State of New Yorl;. In the' States west of Lakes Michigan and Huron, white wheat docs not thrive, and ]Medit<.rranean takes its place. In prairie soils the " fall" sown plants are thrown out by the frost unless w.dl c.vered with snow. The s.,il is too loose and porous, being composed, in general, of decaye.l vegetable matters, mixed with fine sand. Alun.ina does not, as a general thing, form' a hirge percentage of such sr.ils, but the reverse. They arc rich-ex- tremely so, but a bad system of culture may. and will, exhaust them. _ There is great ditferJnce in the .pmlity of tl... ditlVrent soils of North Atiicnca, for the ,,rodueti..n of wheat. Some, with the best methods of cultivation, will produce very hght crops, while others, with the poorest tillage, will, for a few years, amply reward the farmer A, a general rule-with connnon cultivation -the number of bu.hels per acre does not emml that of lirilain, with the improved systems of cultivati.m now practised there. n 1858, the average per acre in Ohio, did not exeeed , bushels, but that w.. owing to th peculiarity of the season, and the extreme wet spring; so much ram having '^ 1'"' ^^'j* . lake EriJ, and, in fact, the whole chain of great lakes, the water rose several feet, and he low lands'were flooded, killing the whole crop. This was the case along t'- --- n M>ssis.sippi River also, where several of the cities an.l towns -ere rendered almost uni ^ habitabli for the time, and fairo was near, as well could be, 'oyed. The same cause hindered plantb.g Indian corn (n.«i/.e) until a n.onth after ^''^ "*"«;'"'«; ,^.^.,^ Wheat, in .Nn.erica, is injured greatly by insect enemies The "'^ "/^j^^^/j^^ destnu-tor) and the wheat midge iC tritio.) are very injurious in the old r po tions f th. country. The chinch bug (Micropn. Icucoplcru. is extremely hurtful in the south and ^t;:r;:i !i:;::::u :!: :^::;d:ai.ie extent, and much loss ■. ...... ^.^y. but . J^ :;!Z cileed, and a thorough washing and steeping in t^-— us,;^ ^r tiscd in Britain, with good tillage and under-draining, will almo..t enti.clj pi event development. , wi n-nm- to take into consideration the In selecting a farm in Anu-rica, it is absolutely '>-''■- ^^"^'^ "™^^,^,, j, j^^endcd use to which it is to be put-whether as a gra/.ing or a gram ^""'- " J ' .^^^^.^^owin.^ ,. l.e extensively rais.l then land with ^^^^ ^^^f^r^^^^:^':: ::^.:.. land in Europe should be selected, ,f P^^'^; . \^ ™ quality in (Vnada, the deep snows r--'^;"[^;""J, ''^'^^^'^ ,L souU. of Ihe lakes; the young plant from injury during the wmtci llu= > ^^^'^ ,.„,^,^ ^^^^. for there the snows are seldom deep, and often ''^<^^ ^f'^-^^^ ,„a is occasion- the winter. On the prairie lands of the north-west the snow lies better, ''^^iZulrp.ce of white wheat per ,u.M, in the district between Chicago cminois) and 72 INDIAN COKN AND OAIB. Clov\ii \t. \* nel- (loin 1<»« tlinii that. In lo.-ulitu'« roniovcil fnmi (ho lin.'-* of triiv.'l tlie prico is l.-w. In muny locnliti.'*— onpcoially In Caimdft— Uio furnior* kopt llit'iimolv.!* poor b^, running into debt to tlu! Htor.'k.'< ■p(•l•^ pb'.li^'ini,' tlimiHclvcs to pay in wli.iit. iin.l weiv ihm ut tl.o nihoultl allow liini^rlf to >,'«■( into llu> cliitclic* of mich Iniid-Kliarks a:^ lluwi. CoiiN (Maizk, on Imiian I'oun).— This is one of tin- gr.nt nta|)lf8 of tin; country iioiiih of the lakes, and is iinlvcrcnlly styled "corn." Canada is not well adai)tf Krio U p.'culiarly wdl a.laptf.l to the growth of thU fruit, and almost overy one " sit. und.r his own vine." Citrons jfrow in Lfr.'at alpundiinco, and make n ddh-loun prc-ti'rvo. In Iowa and Northern Wisconsin, the applo does not thrive— the winters l.einjr too severe ; neither docs the peach: that Is the ease nUo in .onie p/.rls of Ciiniida with the hitter fruit.' The vari.'ti.'s of apples, an.l, in.lee.l, of all fruits, include all the famous European sorts, and a host of oth.Ts raise.l in th.. c.untry. The latter are p.n.rally l...Ht. Ameriean appl.^s aro always in deiiian.l for exp.>rtation. Orehar.ls are hoth num. rous an.l Inrjje— a farm with- out one is eonni.l.re.l so nuieh less valuahle. Every old farm has .,ne or more, often con- laininK hun.lr.'.ls of trees, and oeea-i.Mially tluiusarnls. Cider is ma.le ext.'nsively, and is often sold at $1 a harr. 1, of :it !,'all.)ns— .ffj.,^.) is high. N.) p,,'e with farniersi. Vinegar is made from it, of excellent .piality, an.l is mu.'h used for piekling. Apples sell at from 'ifi (In. stt(.) to :>() cents (in. sig.) p.T hush.l, when plenty; hut in scarce ecaaons, the price is douhle.l— an.l often more. Peaches ore gometimes as l.)w as 50 cents (2/;. stsjf.), at others as high as $', an.l $(\ (20.r to 24s. stg.1 per l.ushel. They are grown in the op.ii orchard, on untraiii.ul trees, likt^ apples. We once saw a harrclful sold f.)r 18./. sterling, and a barrel of apples for the same price. Crapes are s.dd at fr.im 5 to 8 cents (2K to 4(/. stg.) per pound— but ere long will he eheafier. Every one who has a spare ro.id of land plants a grape-vine, and in two or three years its purple clusters gla.ldcn his h.-art. The extreme northwest and north-eastern States ore not, however, adapted to the vine; neither is the grettfU.^NTY. ' ' n of Ameri.;i, is very generally the first home of the emigrant. Another style of hoiise is that represented by No. 2, which is a more substantial erection, with, in general, . ne or two windows and a door at the front, which may be called an emigrant's hut. Either of these two styles of homes, and sometimes the following one. No. 3, are erected by tlie neighbors, who are always glad to welcome all new settlers, and render them every ttssistance in their powei'. The " shanty," however, is n-ore properly re]ire- sented in Xos. 1 and 2. The " log house" or "log-cabin," as it is ealK'd Bometinies, is the ne.\t dv- Bcription of house whieli follows — sometime after N so. Illustration No. 3 will give an excellent idea of a " log-abin as ,t is. When it forn.s the first erection, it is put together roughly, but solid; and by plastering with elay, such houses are rendered as warm as any stone Jiouse. The logs, being notched at each end and placed crosswise on the top of each other, are fitted in, and will with- stand the heavies't storm of wind, rain, or snow. There is, however, great room for improvement in the erection and comfort of such houses. The cost of such erec- tions may be set down as nothing, the timber being taken oft' the emigrant's land, or sujiplied along with the labour free, by his nearest neigh- Lours. The illustration No. 3 faithfully represents tlie log-houses in general use in all parts of .\nu'riea ; there being seldom more j^'o. 3. — A Log House as. tt is. than one snuill window and a door at the front, with another small window and the hre- place and chimney at one end of the house. In some few cases, log-houses present a very different apparanee, more like our illustra. tration No. 4, of a "log- house as it might be," with u g veranda in front, and vineu " or other plants creeping up the rustic ]>illars in front, as well as round the doorway and ends of the f ojecting rtfflc |,n; ,4(1 lli'^ jikf No. 4,— A Lo()-11oi;m; as it Mic.irr be. tinu's only oih- iipMinih m we 1,'ivea trroK'nl plan whi'Ve four Mparliii'iil^ might be made wiUi gifUl case. (See illustration No. 5.) After the settler has maile some prog tess, and begun to add to his,n,.ans, h. i^ prol,ai,ly desirous of abandoning th. J'"-' »'<;'•«". or the selllHS uith meuu. at starling, .nay choose to erect a cottage after the style of . lus tration No. (i, which is a style of collage, very generally to be fo.uul in districts which iiliVi* Wm ^H «'*'"■ >'""S '"'"•« rn>'ti''<'l^"'>y in the Western States, It is nn.de of sawn iltuber, for tlie most part, with shingles for tiie roof. WESTERN COTTAGES AND FARM HOUSES. 77 ses, ill gt/nerul, When it forms (vitli cliiy, Buch t each end and low and the fire- like our illustra- . 4, of a "log- mightbe,"\vith a front, imd v'.n«'» ants cve(']iing np >illar» in front, as ind tlie doorway of the ,rojecting nllnir, Hoinctiint'S, f nnul neatness .'otii] 'lite- f one ii|iiu iiiicjlt, jrroK'id plan where Hn.nt^ mis^ht be h iircai case (See [1 No. 5,1 After the I niaiie some prog- iiiiT till lo!f honse, r the ptyli! of iliiis in distriets wiiieli II is made of sawn Sucli cottages, when painted white outside, with porch and out^^ide blin-ls i)ainted green, look exceedingly neat and ckan-looking. The cost of buch cottages ranges from $300 (£60 No. 5. — (iiiorNn Plan Kon Log IIousk. No. 0. — A Wk>te«n Cottage. stg.) to $C00 i'..£120 stg.), all depending upon the size and iiuniher of rooms, whcr.- and how the lumber has been bought, and how nmch paint is used. Tliis style of lionseis very general about many of the country towns. The fanner wlio is pretty well off, erects a still lar- ger and different style of house, and as affording aa idea of such, as well as of a style of country house ill very general use by pri- vate families as well as by farmers, we give the follow- ing illustrations — No. 7 of front elevation, No. 8 end view, with ground plana, No. 7. — Country Rrsidencb or Farm IIousk No9. 9, 10 and 11. Regarding iMK'h style of houses, the author ,i Tiie Garden." and "The I :irm," says; "Tliis design is simple, and re- quires little cTiplanation. A cel- lar under a part of the house, as shown, will be found Buftieient. It is imiile easy of iieeess from the kilejien, and should an outside entrance be required, it may be had at a Ktnall additional expense. Tht) first story has a main and No, 8. — End View of IIouse No. 7. ^g GKOUND PLAN OF FARM HOUSE. .„eU entrance, the fo.wr covered .y a porch ; a parlour, a Uvl„g-roo., a KUchen of good size, and ample closet accomnu.dnt.ons. foundation, and to gain >^'o_ L.\N OK FuisT Floor of No. 1. No. 11.— Pr.AN OF SiToNi) Fi.oon. A flnnr affords t^yo fine bedrooms, with closets, and a useful floor. The nttie, or second rfoor, affords l^yo open garret. , , . , • •, o.^ one chimnev, which answers for all the rooms. .. The peculiar feature of th>s des.gn xs tj^ «- f J^^^ ^^^^^ fireplace is hrought over to the chinu>ey at the ceiling of tl;e intervening closet Ko as to be entirely out of s.ght and with- out taking away any roon.. and the parlour has a blind mantle with a stove-pipe hole, connect ng also with the chimney by passing under the "This cottage can he built for $595 ; or if m- olosed with clear, narrow clap-hoards, for about dbi n tnorc We might give illustrations of still larger farm ' and country houses, but prefer giving what is considered to be an excellent design for barns and outhouses about a '' " '";;:i!;i„ ^ ,. i«o f-t .«ns % ™ '- -■^'•,''" uii in , t« The beams are U feet above the niUe, l^osts ten feet high alK,ve the Mil, <( ./"'I" '' ^,- ^^^^. ,^„,i ^ j^ readily under- whieh is the height of the inner posts, the , ■ I - _ < ^^^ ^^^ contracted to .,ood from the plan. The floor, for a grnu^ <^»- "■ ' - J*"^* ^ ^^ .^ ^^; ..^^ ,,i„i a sta- BARN AND OUTITOUSES. 79 :itchen of good m, and to gain than the main iOll OF No. 7. iet«, and a useful for nil the rooms. ;e is brought over f the intervening )f siglit and with- (he parlour has a J hole, connecting assing under the or $595 ; or if in- i-boards, for about of still larger farm ir giving what is i outhouses about a 13. h larger than is in one which can be jdcl, -we quote from by 50 fe^t wide, the feet above the sills, ,y8 is readily under- lay be conl raeted to ncoupied with a sta- , sucli as threfhing, ven \)y bands from •om the horse-power on the other side ; this shaft being driven by a cog-wheel on the perpendicular shaft round which the horses travel. " A passage four feet wide extends between the bays and the stables, which occupy the two wings. This extends up to the top of the bays, down which the hay is thrown for feeding, which renders this work as easy and convenient as possible. " The floor of the main barn is three feet liigher than tliat of the stables. This will allow a cellar under it, if desired — or a deeper extension of the bays — and it allows stor- age lofts over the cattle, with sufficient slope of roof. A short flight of tteps at the ends of each passage admits easy access from the level of the barn tioor. "The line of mangers is two feet wide. A manure window is placed at every 12 feet The stalls are double ; that is, for two annuals caeli, wliich are held to their places by a A'o. 12. — Persi'ective View of Barn. rope and chain, attached' to a staple and ring at each corner of the stall. This mode is jireferred to seciiring by stanchions. A pole or scantling, placed overtlieir heads, prevents them from climbing so as to get their feet into the mangers, which they are otherwise very apt to do. " Tiie sheds, whicli extend on the three sides of the barn, and toucli it at the rear end, are on a level with the stables. An inclined plane, from the main floor througli tliu inid- StlEOS .1 . — — -^ ID J.— 3> tr> 1<^~" HOftSK ■ m roit£i> m m I- 33 ^'■""„;"" 1 3,j.o3 1 #= HOsrirAL 1 n > -i _^ H lift 1 1 5: 1 > <^\\ 1 dU nl 2 -n CD > It C3 :d , _^ u .-« 1 1 1 IIIIIIIL^, I- ■ m 2 ' ' 1 ?.«.• ^ ■ tn UlCHIHflV L-JI No. 13. — Ground Plan of Barn No. 12. die of the back shed, forms a rear egress for wagons ond carts, descending three feet from the lloor. Tlie two rooms, one on each side of this rear passage, 16 by 34 feet, may be used for houping sick animals cows about to calve, o: any other purpose required. The Bt«bles at the front ends of tlie slieds are convenient for teams of liorses or oxen, or they may be fitted for wagon-houses, tool-houses, or other purposes. The rooms, 16 feet square at the inner corners of the sheds, may be used for weak ewes, lambs, or for a bull-stable. " Racks or mangers way bo fitted up in the open sheds for feeding sheep or young cattle, and yards may be built adjoining, on the rear, siv or eight in number, into which they may run and be kept separate. Barreu partitions may separate the different flocks. Bars may also inclose the ojiening in front, or they may, if required, be boarded up tight. Step-lad- ders are placed at convenient intervals, for ascending the sheds lofta. u 80 BEE-IIOUSE, AND COST OF BUILDING. " A cranary over the mnclnne-room b entered by a flight of stflirs. Poles extending from bay to bay, over the floor, ^^\\\ ndn>it the Btorage of much additionnl hay or grain. A« rtraw can not well be kept when exposed to the weather, and is at the same ti.ne be- con.in.' more valnall., as its uses are better understood, we would suggest that the space on thr^e cro.s poles be reserved for its deposit from the elevator fron. threshing grain, or until space is made for it in one of the bays. "Aone-sid..d roof is given to the sheds (instead ..f a double-sided), to throw all the water on the outside, in order to keep the interior of the yards dry. Kaye-troughs take the water from the roofs to cisterns. The cisterns, if connected by an underground pipe n.ay b. all drawn fron, by a single pump if neees.sary." The whole erection consists ot wood, exclusively. . . i i ,„ . Tlie annexed illustration (No. U) represents a design for a rustle apiary or bcM.house. -of whicli we have se, n several in use in difl-erent parts of the States-with the hives placed in v ood.n boN.s. iMtclin-d wi,l, glass, through which the intereM.nir sight of the j^',,_ 14. — An AriAuv on r,i;i:-ib)USK. manufacturing of honey is seen, whilst the " busy bees" are at work Honey forms one of the many dishes which adorns the table, of intelligent farn.ers. fornnng as >t does an agreeabk variety to the various preserves with which their tables are covered at breakfast and supper time. ' COST OF MATEIUAI-8. It is impossible to give any idea of what housebuilding materials and labour eoBts bo as to be correct in all .listricts. as the price <.f labour and lumber varies somewhat--but more particularly the latter-in different localities. The enngrant who has plenty o trees on Ins plertv L no need to purchase any. If he wishes to build his house of deals, he has only to'send his lo.^s to the nearest snw-mill. and have them cut up and properly planed, whlh does not cost much, and which, in so„>e cases, it is cheaper t<, do than use whole loes where sueh arc valuable. The following prices are what such articles and labour cost 'in New York. Where the expense is greater or less, allowance must be made ,n esti- mating cost of erection. £ ». Timber, per 1000 f'^et 4 Rouffh boards, per 1000 feet 4 Oo Tl hunbcr, yilaned.per lOOO ft. . 4 8 Bricks, per UiOO 1 4 At present (March. 1859) labour Ib considerably lower than that quoted, but as busmeee improves, the prise will advance again. Nails. 'l\(l per U). Cilnss, Ki.i. per box. rarpcuter's work, Ik. per day. Mason's work, 7.t. per day. Comnum labourers, 4.s. per day. olca extending liay or grain, siune tiine bc- :lmt the space ihiiig grain, or throw all the e-troiigiis take iTgroiuul pipe, oil consists of f or bee-house, •with the hivt'8 iiir siglit of tl'.c lov forniB one of I' as it (h)('s an jred at brealcfast iboiir costs, Bo n» what — but more ty of trees on liis of tlcals, lie has properly pinned, (> than use whole ieU's and labour I, be made in c»ti- m t. per day. r day. 4.S. per day. d, but 88 business M-