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u
CANADIAN COPYRIGHT EDITION,
¥
1
,THK
spelling-book: superseded;
/
OB,
A NEW AND EASY METHOD OF TEACHING TH^ SPELLING,
MEANING, PRONUNCIATION, AND ETYMOLOGY
or
AU THE DIFFICULT WORDS IN THE ENGUSfi LAMUAQE
WITH EXERCISES ON VERBAL DISTINCTIONS^
BT
BOBERT SULLIVAN, LL.D., T.C.D,
BARRI8TCB-AT-LAW, BTC.
;, i-vliLi^
1 vl.
•T/f^-
A}-
^J KLrH
■\'x^u
■' %
'ii^CX^
:<tM'^ '::)'fa'AthSf,
fintered for Copyright in the Oi&oe of the Miui^ ,t of Agriculture
Ottawa, 1882.
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MAUWXX, K.8.;
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Jennia
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m
PREFACE.
:t>T
The substance of the Preface to the Pirst Edition of
this little work will be found in the Imtroductort
Observations^ commencing jmge 9. See also page 54.
SECOND EDITION.
In issuing the Second Edition of this little work to
the public, the author is happy to obsetve that it has
been found, upon trial, by several intelligent and expe-
rienced instructors of youth, to answer the purpose
for which he intended it, namely, a short and easy
ROAD TO THE DIFFICULTIES OF ORTHOGRAPHY.
The ]|TYMOLOGiCAL part of the work has, as he ex-
pected, been found novel, interesting, and useful. By
referring to it, the reader wiH find that the (author
has attempted to apply to the English language the
principles which guided him in his dictionary of
DERIVATIONS.
TWENTY-THIRD EDITIOK.
T9B PRESENT EDITION of '< The Spelling-book Super,
seded " has been so much enlarged and improved that
it may now be regarded as almost a new work* To
effect this the Stereotype PkUeSf though in good condi-
:f
01 +
Ti prbface:
tioD, were broken up ; and to render further addi-
tions and improvements more practicable, the type
will in future be kept standing;
This little work will, therefore, be more worthy of
the favour which has been shown to it by the public ;
and as it will continue to be sold at the same price as
heretofore, it will, it is expected, drive out of the
market those spurious editions of ft, which have been
printed and stereotyped in Canada without the permis-
sion af the author. Some of the Canadian Publishers
seem not to know that there is such an Act on the
Statute Book as the 5 & 6 Tiet., cap. 45.
t i
8BVENTIETH EDITION'.
A complete collection of the Latin and Oreek Roots
which have enriched the English Language most has
been added to this Edition, See page 156.
Dublin, Febrwiry, 1861. *«^ ^U^rw^^^i^^^ j.n '
'i4'«»»iHr'..-|5i!
I WtM . r
ONB H0NDBED AND FOBTY-ITEtST
BDmON.
Owing to the unprecedented circiilction of this Book
(719,000 copies having been printed and sold within the
last nine years) tfte Publishers have had the present
Edition 9et up in neto type, and printed on supei'ior paper,
Tl\e work luxs been carefully revised^ wilko^ altering the
paging.
DU9LIV, October, 1970.'
*i ,§iJ i^'lfiii^i'l ^
m^c
CONTENTS.
Introductory Obtervfttions— Opinion of Misi Bdg6«
worth, and other eminent Edueationiste . * . 9
English Verbal Distinetions— Olaw L— Woida Pxo-
nounoed exactly alike, but differing in Spelling and
Signification . 19
Sentences for Dictation . . • . . . 91
Class H.—Wc^ds Pronounced nearly alike, but diifer-
ing in Spelling and Signification • . . . S7
Sentences for Dictation . . . . . .49
Ciass III.— Words frequently confounded by incorrect
speakers, though differing in Pronunciation, SpeUing,
and Meaning • . 43
Sentences for Dictation — Wbrds for Exerdwe , . 45
Ciass IV. — Words simy|ii|||r Spelled, bat d. (<^rently
Pronounced and ApplilNr 46
Sentences for Dictation • • • • . • 68
Class y. — Words Spelled and Pronounced alike, but
differing in Meaning or Application — Extract from
Edgeworth's '* Practical Education*' . . . 64
Words for Exercise 74
Exercises in Orthography — Irregular Sounds— Silent
Letters ^. . . 75
Regular and Irregular Sounds promiscuously arranged
for Exercise 82
Words ending in le and re— Double-sounding Conso-
nants— Exerdses . . , . . . .84
Practical Rules for Spelling — Exercises on each Rule
and the Exceptions to it promiscuously arranged . 87
fe
viii CONTENTS.
PAOB
Sentences for Dicfcation — Words erroneously Spelled . 101
Collection of Word^i of Unsettled Orthography . . 103
Orthoepy, or the Correct Prouuncintion of Words—
Extract from *' Bos well's Life of Johnson ** . . 107
Praciicftl Rale* for ProovnciatioB . . . . 110
Examples of Irish Vulgarisms ..... 118
Examples of English Vulgarisms 120
Difficult and Irregular Words 122
A Collection of the most Difficult Words in the Lan-
guage, la arranged as to afford a Practical Exercise
in Pronunciation aa well as in Spelling . • . 131
Derivation— Affixes and Prefixea— Latin, Greek, and
English or Anglo-Saxon » 143
Latin Boots traced through their English Deriratives 152
A CoUection of the Latin and Greek Boots which have i
enriched the English Language most . » . 156
Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Boots * ^ . . , "if^»|^ •» 203
English Etymologies . . . . ^ . n ^/t r^ 209
Synonymes — Extract from Blair's Lectures . 'H^^^- ' « . 229
Synonymous Terms, collected and arranged . r^l »*''j^- 235
Specimens of what might be called Duplicate Words . 246
On the choice of Prepositions . <' '*i!ti>i*iii<iiT' t 'Wl * . 247
Examples for Exercise • . * '®i« fj^i»V4r .V*^ 248
Latin and Greek Words and Phrases explained , ixfi<ii'- 249
Froich And Foreign Phrases pronounced and explained 255
Abbreviationa 260
Directions for Addressing Persons of every Bank, both
in Writi|i9 ^nd Speaking ..,.,, 263
A|»pendix, containing a Collection of Proverbs »nd
Precepti v » . * 900
'■ ' • • . -iL-
^ t^'i . . ... . . ■
n
IinrRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS
ON THB
NEW AND IMPROVED METHOD
OF
TEACHING OETHOGEAPHT.
The attention of Teachers and Panents is requested
to tlio following observations : —
:>i
ORTHOaRAPHT.
Teachers, instead of occupying the time of their
pupils in tho useless drudgery of committing to
memory the unintei'esting and endless columns of
a dictionary or spelling-book, are strongly recom-
mended to adopr the improved method of teaching
ORTHOGRAPHY, uamelv by dictation. It is simply
this : the teacher reads a sentence from a book, or
dictates one composed by himself, to thB pupils,
who either write it down verbatim, or merely spell
the words as they occur, as if they were writing
them dowu. This practical pi an of teaching
orthography, does not, however, entirely supersede
the use of spelling-books. There should at least
be a TEXT-BOOK on the subject, which the pupil may
be made to consult^ when necessary, and to whid^
A3
10
BXEROIBBS ON ORTHOORAPHT,
even the teacher may occasionally refer with ad-
vantage. This text-hook should contain either in
columns, or in sentences formed for dictation, all
the words in the language which are liable to be
misspelled, such as :
1. Words similarfy pronounced, but differently
spelled. *
2. Words similarly spelled, but differently pro-
nounced and appl ied. > -^r - *
3. Words 8j)elled and pronounced alike, but
differing in signification.
4. Words liable to be misspelled, either from the
silence or unusual sound of one or more letters. ...
5. All words of unsettled orthography. '
6. Practical rules for spelling.
These words, or sentences in which they occur, '
should be dictated to the pupils, who should either
spell, or, if they are competent, write down the
entire sentence on their slates. The latter mode
is preferable, as it is only by writing that a prac-
tical and perfect knowledge of orthography can be
attained.
In the absence^ of a text-book, containing the
difficulties of orthogrxiphy^ the teacher mnst have
recourse to the readin/f books. Let him make his
pupils spell and explain the words at the head of
each lesson, before commencing to read it ; and
after the lesson is over, let him direct them to close
^ And eren in oonnexioa with ww^ a tszt-book this i^ui
ihould be used.
• SlTXOLOaT, AND VKREAL OISTINCnONS. II >
thedr books, and spell any word or sentetice he niay
sekct from it.
The practical superiority of such a plan is obvi*
ous. For the language of letters, and of composi-
tion, in general, oonsists of such combinations of
\rords as occur in the pages of a reading-book —
not of words syllabically and alphabetically ar-
ranged, as we see in the columns of a spelling-book.
Let the reader who may be disposed to dissent,
dictate in the manner recommended, a few familiar
sentences to a young person who has learned
orthography from the columns of his spelling- book
only, and, unless we are greatly mistaken, the in-
feriority of the old plan will be evinced by the
erroneous spelling of some, perhaps of the easiest
and most familiar words. ^ ^
But how, it may be inquired, are children,
without dictionaries or spelling-books, to learn the
MSANZNO of words } By being accustomed to give,
^ The lonnd or pronunciation of a word will itot e nable oa ia
■pell it, beeause, as we have seen, the same sounda are of ten re-
px<esented hv different signs or letters. The words meet^ mett,
and meai, lot example, are spelled differenthr, though the
sound or pronunciation of each is the same. To spell a word
correctly, therefore, we must be well acquainted with it.
We must know its meaning or signification, and the identical
letters which compose it. The tound of it is not sufficient; we
must know how it looks : and this the eye will enable us to
do, for, as has been well said by an American writer, *Hbe eye
in such cases may be said to remember. '* Hence, when we are
in doubt as to which of two ways a word should be spelled, it
is a good rule to writedown both, and the eye will enable us
to decide which is eorreet. Hence, too, persons that write
or even read much are, in general, con-ect spellers ; for their
eyes are so well acquainted with the form or appearance of
the words, that they can at once detect the errors whidli
arise from wrong or omitted letteni.
IS
IZSltOIBBS ON ORTHOORAFBT,
in their; own language, their own ideas of every
unusual and important word which occurs in their
RBADING LBasoNB ; the teacher, of course, correcting
them when wrong, and explaining to tliem, when
necessaffj, the proper meaning of the term in ques-
tion ; ix referring them for this information to their
dictionaries, which should always be .at hand for
this, their legitimate nsa
In confirmation of the recommendations here
made wo subjoin the opinions of the Edgeworths
and of other eminent edueationiGts on the subject
of BPBLLiKO and spslunq-books.
'* Sfbujno comes next to reading. New trials for the
temper ; new perils for the understanding ; positive rules ;
and arbitrary excepf^ons ; endless examples and contradic*
tions ; till at lengtht out of all patience with the stupid do-
cility of his pupil, the tutor perceives the absolute necessity
of making him get by heart with all convenient speed every ,
word in the lai^iage. The formidable columns rise in di'ead
succession. Months and years are devoted to the undertak-
ing ; but after going through a whole gpelUng-book, perhaps
a whole dictionary, till we come triumphantly to spell Zfti^a,
we have forgotten how to spell Abbot, and we must begin
again with Aoaaemeni. Merely the leaiining to spell so many
nnconnected words, without any assistance from reason or
analogy, is nothing compared with the difficulty of leamitig
the explanation of them by rote, and the still greater diffi-
culty of understanding the meaning of the explanation.
When a ohild has got by rote —
Midnight, the depth of night ;
Metaphvsics, the science which treats of immaterial bnngs^
and of forms in general abstracted from matter;
has he aoqiured any very distinct ideas either of midnight or
ol metaphysics ? If a boy had eaten rice-pudding till he
ianded himjielf tolerably weHl aoquaint«d wiUi rioe, would hAi
\
ITTMOLOQT, AND VBRBAL DISTINCTIONS. 13
find hie knowledge much improved by learning from his
ipellicg-book the words
Bioe, a foreign esculent grain ?
yet we are surprised to disoover, that men have so few ac*
curate ideas, and that so many learned disputes originate in
a confused or improper use of words.
" * All this is very true,' sa^s a candid schoolmaster ;
' we see tbs evil, but we cannot new>model the language, or
write aperfectphilosophical dictionary; and in the meantime
we are Wmd to teach children to spell, which we do wiUi
the less reluctance, because, though we allow that it is an
arduous task, we have fo.rd from experience that it can be
accomplished, and that the understandings of many of our
pupils survive all the perils to which yaa think them ex->
posed during the operation.'
"Their understandings may, and do survive the operation;
but why should they be put in unneoessai^danger; and why
should we early disgust children with litetature by the pain
and difficulty of their first lessons ? We are convinced that
the business of learning to speli is made much more lalxr ^ou i
to children than it need to be : it may be useful to give them
five or six words every day to learn by heart, but more only
loads their memory ; and we should at first select Words of
which they know the meaning, and which occur most fre-
quently in reading or conversation. The alphabetical list of
words in a spelling-book contains many which are not in
common use, and the pupil forgets these as fast as he learns
them. We have found it entertaining to children, to ask
them to spell any short sentence as it has been accidentally
spoken. ' Put this book on that table.' Ask a child how he
would spell those words if he were obliged to write them
down, and you intro<luce into his mind the idea that he must
learn to spell before he can make his words and thoughts
understood in writing. It is a good way to make children
write down a few words of their own selection every day, and
correct the spelling ; and also after they have been reading,
whilst the words are yet fresh in their memory, we may ask
them to spell some of the words which they have just seen;^
by these means, and by repeating at different times in th^i
*
11^
iBtBROIiSliS ON ORTHOORAPHT^^iMYTl
dftv th<M^ wordi which are moagb frequently wanted, his voo»« ,
bulary will be pretty well stocked without its having coatf
him many tears. We should observe that children learn to
spell more by the eye than by the ear ; and that the more
they read and write, the more likely they will be to remem-,
her the combination of letters in words which they have con- >
tinually before their eyes, or which they feel it necessary to
represent to others. When young people begin to write, thev
first feel the use of spelling, and it is then that they will
learn it with most ease and precision. Then the greatest care
should be taken to look over their writing, and to make them
correct every word in which they have made a mistake ; be-
cause bad habits of spelling, once contracted, can scarcely be
cured: the understanding has nothing to do with the business;
and when the memory is puzzled between, the rules of spelling
right, and the habits of spellii^^ wrong, it becomes a misfor-
tune tdthe pupil to write even a common letter. The shame
which is annexed to bad spelling excites young people's at-
tention, as soon as they are able to understand that it is con-
sidered as a mark of ignorance and ill- breeding. We have
often observed, that children listen with anxiety to the refn
marki that are made on this subject in their presence, especiil
ally when the letters or notes of grown-up people are criticised.
" Some time ago, a lady who was reading a newspaper,
met with a story of an ignorant magistrate, who gave f (mt
his toast at a public dinner, * The two K*s.* for the King
and Constitution. * How very much ashamed the man must
have felt, when all the people laughed at him for his mistake!
they must all have seen that he did not know how to spell ;
and what a disgrace for a magistrate too ! ' said a boy who
heard the anecdote. It made a serious impression upon him ;
a few months afterwards he was employed by his father in
an occupation which was extremely i^^reeable to him, but
in which he continually felt the neoesaLty of spelling corr.
reotly. He was employed to send messages by a telegraph;
these messages he was obliged to write down hastily in little
journals kept for the purpose ; and as these were seen by
several people when the business of the day came to be
reviewed, the boy had a considerable motive for orthogra-
phical exactness. He became extremely desirous to teach
himself, «nd«oiaeqiMiit^ his suooess was froni that moment
mJh ^ijOOTi AND VERBAL DISTIX0nON& 15
jbertain. At to the r6ft, we refer to Lady Garlide's compre-
hensive maxim, ' Spell well — if you can.* "
The following is from " Wood's Account of the
Edinhurgh Sessional School : " —
'* In the Sesiional School the children are now taught to
«peS from thdr ordinary reading lessonB, employing for this
purpose both the short and the long words as they occur.
Underthe former practice in the school, of selecting merely
what are longer and i^parently more difficult words, we
very frequently found the pupils unable to spell the shorter
and more common ones, which we still find by no means
uncommon in those who come to us from some other schools.
By making the pupil, too, spell the lesson, just as he
would write it, he is less liable to fall in future life into
the oonunon error of substituting the word their for there,
and others of a similar kind. In former times the prac-
tice prevailed of telling a long story ^ibout every word
which was spelt : thus, in spemng the word exemplifica-
tion, for instance, even a child in the higher classes used
to say, *eXfex; em, em, exem, pli, pie, exemple ; ft, fe,
exemplefe ; e a, oa, exemplef eca ; tion, shun, exemplef e-
cariiun ; six syllables, and accented on the penult syllable.'
This, obviously, as a general {Hractioe, was a great waste of
time, and is, we believe, almost universally exploded In
our own school, the pupil, in spelling, merely names the
letters, making a marked pause at the end of each syllable."
The following extract is from "Thayer's Lec-
ture on Spelling and Definitions " (delivered before
the American Institute of Instruction) : ^ —
" I have said nothing of the practice, once so common,
of assigning lessons in spelling and defining from the
columns of a dictionary, sweeping through the whole, from
the letter A to the last word under Z — if the pupil con-
tinued long enough at school to accomplish it, — for I
^iXH .
> Published by Knight in ** The Schoolmaster **
n
SZEBOUES OK ORTHOGRAPHT|MYlrt
'
eannot. luppoM it to have come down to thk day. If it
has, however, I should feel iinpelled-*to pronounce it on«
of the most stupid and useless exercises ever introduced
into a school — compared with wbich^ the ' committing to
memory ' indiscriminately of all the pages of an almanac
would be agreeable, beneficial, and instructive.
" To say that it would be impossible to remember the
definitions thus abstractedly learned, would be to assert
what must be perfectly obvious to every one. And even
if they could be remembered, they would be of little
utility ; for as the right application of a definition must
depend entirely on the situation of the word to be
explained and the office it performs in a sentence, the
repeating of half a score of meanings, as obscure perhaps
as the word itself, conveys no definite thou^t, and serves
rather to darken than illuminate the mind.
" A^ a book of reference a dictionary is useful, although
it must be confessed that, even with the best, one often finds
himself obliged to make his own explanation, in preference
to any furnished by the lexicographer ; and the teacher or
the pupil who relies exclusively on his dictionary, without
the exercise of much discretion, for the'definition of what-
ever words he may find in the course of his studies, will not
unf requeutly fall into ver\ awkward and absurd mistakes.
" Experience and common sense must lend their aid-^
the former to teach us what is practicable ; and the latter,
what is appropriate and usefuL *
The following extracts are from two other excel-
lent American works on Education, the " Teacher's
Manual" and " The School and the Schoolmaster."
" In the old-fashioned school a vast deal of time is spent,
to very little purpose, in the acquisition of spelling ; it being
commonly found, that the most adroit speller in the class
cannot ivrite half a dozen lines without orthographical
blunders. What can be the cause of so signal a failure,
with such an appearance of proficiency ? The subject well
deserves (examination.
"The columns of the spelling-book are committed to
memory ; and, when the student can spell the whole
ETTMOLOOT, AND TRBBiL DZSTmonON& 17
oraUv, he takes it for granted that he is i^ pro6cient in ortho-
graphy. But this by no means follows ; for the number oi
words in the largest spelling-book does not exceed seven
thousand, whereas there are upwards of eighty thousand
words in the English language.
"The words in the spelling-book are selected and
arranged, chiefly with a view to teach the elements of
reading; and it does not contain half the anomalies of
orthography. Indeed, the greatest number of these anoma-
lies occur in the words in most common use, few of which
are to be found in any spelling-book.'*
** It is found, by expenenee, that spelling well orally, and
writing orthographically, are really different acquirements ;
and that a child, very expert in the former, may be very
deficient in the latter. Nothing can show, more strikingly,
the folly of the oral method of teaching spelling, than this
fact, the truth of which is now generally acknowledged.
Of the generation now on the stage of life, whose education
has b^en confined to the district school, sJtbough, at least,
one-third of their time was spent in drilling from the spell-
ing-book, not one in ten can write a letter of even a few
lines without blundering in orth<^^phy.
** An excellent plan of teaching spellino is, to give out
sentences to be written containing the difficult words, cv,
rather, to give out the words, and require the pupil to make
sentences including them. They thus become fixed in the
memory so as never to be erased. The objection that will
be made to this course is the time which it takes. When,
however, it is considered that by this exercise not only is
spelling taught, but writing and composition, and all of
them in the way in which they ought to be taught, that is,
in the way in which they will be used, the objection loses
its weight. As spelling is usually taught, it is of no prac-
tical use ; and every observer must have met with mimy
instances of persons who had been drilled in the columns
of spelling-books and dictionaries for years, who misspelt
the most common words in the language as soon as they
were set to write them."
iN'otwithstandiDg all that has been said and
18
IZEROIBBS ON ORTHOORAFHT, BTa
writteili against the old and absord practice of load-
ing the memory of children, day after day, and
year after year, with heaps of unconnected, and to
them unmeaning words, many teachers, particu-
larly of schools in remote districts, continue to use ^
spelling-books and dictionaries " in the old way."
And even in some schools of a superior class the
practice is persevered in, because, as the teachers
will tell you, the parente of the children like to%^
see them thumbing over their "spellings and
meanings" in the evenings at home. Besides, as
we have heard an intelligent and candid teacher,
who admitted the absurdity of the practice, say,
•* ft is an easy way /or th£ teacher of keeping the
chudren employed." Now this we admit, for how-
ever great the difficulty and drudgery may be to
the children, it is doubtless an easy way /or the
teacher of keeping them employed.
That SPELLINQ may be learned more easily mA
more effectually without spelling-books must be
evident from what we have said and quoted. And ,
that a person may learn to spell withou| ever
having had a spelling-book in his hand, is eitiually
certain; for in teaching Latin, French, or any
other foreign language, there are no spelling-books
used; nor is the want of such a book ever felt.
Nov do we ever hear that the persons who lea^
any of these languages find any difficulty in wilt-
ing, that is, in spelling the worda
// oJf Mh -ri ; ./
#
U:
('19 )
ENGLISH VERBAL DISHNCTIONS.
** It ill a shame for a man to ho so ignorant of this little art, aa
to he perpetually conlouudiiig words of like sound and different
8i(?iiiflcation ; tlio consciousness of which defect makes bome men,
otherwiite of good learning' and understanding, aveme to writing
even a eommou letter. "^-JPmnX'h'n.
CLASS FIRST.
WORDS PBOKOUKCBD EXAiJtLT ALIKE, BUT DIFFEBINO IX
BPELUNG AND SIGNU'ICATION.
[The first word in each case indicates the pronundaiion^l
Adds, does add, joins.
AdUB, a cooper's axe.
Al9, strong beer.
Ail, to feel pain or grief.
Air, the atmosphere.
hjj, a town in Scotland.
Ere, before.
EV, ever.
Heir, one that inherits.
All, the whole, every one.
Awl, an instrument for boring
holes in leatlier.
An, the article.
Ann, a woman's name.
Ant, an emmet, an insect.
Aunt, afatheror mother'ssister.
Anti, against or opposite (aa in
antipathy and antipodes).
Ante, before (as in antecedent).
Are, part of the circumference
of a circle ; an arch.
Ark, a chest or coffer ; the vessel
in which Noah wiis preserved.
Ascent, the act of ascending ;
^ f the rising of a hill.
AsMnt. to agree or comnnt
to.
Ate, did eat.
Eigllt, twice four.
Augllt, any thing.
Ought, what one ahould do.
Bad, ill, wicked, worthlessu^)
Bade, did bid.
Bale, a package of goods.
Ball, surety for another's ap-
pearance in court.
Baiie, a kind of cloth.
Bays, the plui-al of Bay, the
laurel- tree ; a garland.
Ball, anything of a round or
globular form ; an entertain-
ment of dancing.
Bawl, to cry or snoi^ out.
Bate, to abate or leiisen.
Batt, a lure for fishea.
90
ySRBAIk DISTINCTIONS.
Bart, naked ; did bear.
Bear, a wild beast ; to carry ;
to suffer; to produoe as
frait.
Bark, the rind of a tree ; to
peel ; to make a noise like a
dog.
Barqut, a small ship.
Base, the lowest part ; low,
mean.
Bass, a low deep sound in
music.
Bay, a teim in geognipby ; a
tree ; a colour ; to bark.
Bey, a Turkish governor.
Beed^ a kind of tree.
Beaob, the shore, the strand.
Been, participle of Be.
Bean, u kind of pulse.
Beet, a kind of vegetable.
Beat, to stiike ; to throb.
Bow, an instrument to shoot
arrows ; a kind of knot.
Beau, a fashionably -dressed
^person, a fop ; an admirer.
Bee, an insect.
Be, to exist.
Beer, malt liquor.
Bier, a frame fur bearing or
carrying the dead to inter-
ment.
Bell, a hollow sounding vessel.
Belle, a gay or fashionably-
dressed young Indy.
Berry, a small fruit.
Bury, to inter ; to conceaL
Birth, coming into life.
Berth, sleepiug-plaoe in aship.
Blgl|t, a coil or turn of a
rope ; a baiy (as the Biyht
of Benin).
Bite, to seize with the teeth.
Blew, did blow.
Blue, a colour.
Bore, to perforate or make
a hole in; to unuoy; did
bear.
Boar, the male swine. '
ISTough, a branch of a tree. «
Bow, to bend, to stoop ; an act
of reverence or courtesy.
Borne, carried or supporte<|» A
Bourn, a limit or boundary.
Brays, as an ass ; pounds or
bruises, us in a mortar..
Braze, to solder with brass.
Brake, a thicket of brambles.
Break, to })art or burst by
force; toiufringe; to violate.
Bred, brought up.
Bread, food made of corn.
Broach, a spit ; to pierce.
Brooch; an ornamental pin. .
Brews, does brew.
Bruise, to crush ; a contusion.
Brute, a beast.
Bruit, to noise abroad ; a re-
port.
Burrow, rabbit holes.
Borough, a corporate town.
But, except, nevertheless.
Butt, a cask ; a mark to aim
at ; to thrust with the head.
CLASS FIRST.
21
Bvy, to pUFohftM.
Call, to iiaine» to inToke ; to
make a thort vuiit.
Canl, the network of a wig.
Oane, a reed ; a walking-itiek.
Cain, Abel's brother.
Cannon, a great gun.
Canon, a law or rale of the
church ; au eoclesiastio.
Cast, to throw.
Caste, a tribe ; a elais.
Cask, a barreL
Casque, % helmet.
Cereal, pertaining to eom or
grain.
Serial, pertaining to a series.
Ceilinsr, of a room.
Sealing, as with wax.
Cession, a giving up or yUHd'
ing.
Session, a sitting; the time
of sitting.
Chagrin, rexation, ill-hum-
our.
Shagreen, the skin of a kind
of fish, or a si$ecies of
leather made rough in
imitation of it.
Check, to restrain ; checkered
linen or cotton.
Cheque, an order for money.
Ohatr, a movable seat.
Char, to work by the day.
Chews, grinds with the teeth.
Choose, to select ; to prefer.
Cord, a string or rope.
Chord, the string of a musical
instrument.
Chuff, a blunt, clownish i>er-
soii. ' -
Chough, a kind of sea-bird.
Cit, a citizen.
Sit, to be seated.
Cite, to summon.
Site, situation, position.
Sight, the sense of aeeivg^
the thing seen ; a look, a
show.
Clarke, a surname. «
Clerk, a clergyman ; a man of
letters ; an accountant.
Claws, plural of Olaw.
Clause, part of a sentence.
dime, climate, region.
CUmb, to mount or ascend.
Coarse, not fine, gross.
Corse, 1 a dead body.
Course, a running ; career.
Cobble, to mend coarsely.
Coble, a fishing boat.
Cole, cabbage.
Coal, for burning.
^ Corse is a poetic word toe Corpte.
22
VERBAL DIBTINOnONa
OompleniMit, tiie f«il nxim-
ber.
Oompllment,«n act or expres-
sion of civility ; ta flatitSi
Ooquette, a flirt
Ctoquet, to act like a coquette.
Core, ike lienrt or inner pari
Oorpi, a body of soldiers.
Coarser, more ooars&
Conner, a swift horse.
CouBiii, a blood relation.
Cosen,i to cheat. .
Oreek, a narrow bay or inlet.
Creak, to make a straining or
gracing noise.
Crewe, ships' companies.
Cruise, to sail up and down
in quest of an enemy.
Cue, a hint to speak.
Queue, the hair tied behind.
Dam, the mother; a bank to
confine water.
Damn, to condemn.
Day, the time between sun-
rise and sunset.
Dey, a Moorish governor.
Deer, an animal.
Dear, costly ; beloved.
Dane, a native of Denmaric
Deign, to condescend.
Dew, the vapour that falls
after sunset.
Due, what is owing.
Die, J^ expire ; a small etamp
used in coining ; the siiiga«>!
lar of Dice.
Dye, oelour, tinge.
Diioreet, prudent, eautious.
Discrete, not concrete; dis-s
tinct
Doe, the female deer.
DoUjghi, unbaked paste.
Dnn, a dark yellow colour;
to importune for a debt.
Done, performed.
Dust, earth dried to powder.
Dost, thou doest.
Doie, to slumber.
Does, the plural of Doe.
Dram, a glass of spirits.
Draolun, a small weight.
Draft, a bill of exchange.
Draught, a drawiug; a drink.
Dying, expiring.
Dyeing, colouring or ting*
ing.
Fane, a temple.
Fain, desirauM.
Feicn, to dissemble.
Faint, to swoon ; languid.
Feint, a pfeteuce.
Fare, food ; price of pas-
sage.
Fair, handsome : just or right;
a large market.
^ Coeen. — ^This word is nearly obsolete. It seems formed
from the low word choute, to cheat {chfiuien).
Fftte, dMtifij. •
F«te,afettWal.
'0LA88 FIRCrr.
%
•: r
83 .
Faun, A sylynn deity.
Fawn, A joting deer : to flat*
ter meaiil J, to cringe.
Feet, the plurtil of Foot.
Feat, & deed or exploit.
Fellow, an associate; a inatcli.
Felloe, the rim of a wheel.
Feud» a quarrel, a gmilge.
Feod, a freehold.
Fillip, a jerk or blow with
the finger let go from the
thumb.
Philip, a man's name.
Flee, to run away.
Flea, an insect.
Flew, did fly.
Flue, a pipe ; a ohimney.
Fool,anidi(kt; afoolish person.
Full, replete, filled.
Fore, in front.
Four, in number.
Fort, a fortified place.
Forte, what a person knows,
or ean do best.
Forth, forward, out.
Fourth, the ordinal of Four.
Foul, dirty, unfair.
Fowl, a bkd.
Frays, broils, quarrels.
Phrase, an expression or sliort
sentence. «-'*^'
FrteM, to cengeel. ^
Vrlese. a tenn in arohiteo»
tnre ; conrse woollen cloth.
Fungus, a mushroom, a toad-
stool; a spongy excres-
cence.
Fungous, excrescent, spongy.
Furs, skins with soft hair.
Fune, prickly shrubs.
Gage, a pledge or pawn.
Gauge, to measure.
Gall, bile, rancour. i
Gaul, ancient name of F^nott.
Gate, a door or entrance.
Gait, manner of walking.
"•
Gild, to overlay or adorn with
leaf gold.
Guild, a corporation.
Gilt, adorned with gold.
Quilt, crime, wickedness.
Glare, dauling light.
Glair, the white of an egg.
Gore, clotted blood ; to stab
or pierce with horns.
Goar, a slanting piece in-
serted to widen a gar-
ment.
Grate, for holding fire; to
rub against a rough sur-
face ; to act harshly on the
feelings.
dreat, largoi grand.
^/L
TSRBAL DISTmonOlTS.
Oratcr, a raap or rough file.
OlMlttr, oomparative of
Oreat.
Or«6Ce, a country,
arease, melted fat.
Oriflyei, lamenti ; imuMt
grief.
Cbreftyei, armour for tbe legs.
Ctrtnly, •onMwhai graft,
flrillj, hideouMf horrible.
Oroan, to tigh deeply.
Grown, increased in growth.
Orooer, a dealer in tea, kc.
OroiVMr, comparative of
Gross.
Cfrot, A grotto or celL
OrcMlt, fourpence.
BUe, strong, healthy.
Hall, frozen rain ; to salute or
wish health to.
Sare« an animal.
Hair, of the head*
Hall, a large room.
M%tXf to pall or drag.
Hart, a kind of stas .
Hearti, the seat of lifo.
Heel, the hind part of the
foot.
m^nXf to cure; to grow sound.
Hcli., '^ur he will.
Hei«\ hx kin fiu m,
Htax'. ^ I'i^ikoi.
Herd, a coliection ol cattle.
Bearil, did hear*
Hew, to out, to ehop^ > a nl
Hue. a colour, dye.
Hugh, a man's name.
Hie, to go in haste.
mgh. elevated, lofty.
Him, objective case of He.
Hymn, a divine sung.
Horde, a tr'V« ; a band.
Hoard, ii M)wi«tetore.
I, myself.
By6, the organ of sight.
Idle, lazy ; unemployed.
Idol, an image worshipped la
a god.
Idyl, a short pastoral poem.
Isle, an island.
Aisle^ wiug or eide of a
church.
ni,forJ»»W.
In, into.
Inn, a hotel.
Indite, to compose or writa*
Indict, to accuse.
Jam, a conserve of fmli.
Jamb, a leg or supporter.
Jewry, Jndwr^^ , % !>^Mse in a
town whe' ^'; /. aide.
Jury, twei ..en twornto
give a true verdict.
Juat, equitable ; fair.
Jousti, as in a tournament.
Key. for a lock.
Quay, a wharf or dock.
Ktll« to deprive of life*
Xiln, a large atove.
CLASS FIRST.
35
Lae. A kind of gum*
Lack, to wunt ; ntad want.
Laokf, wants, needs.
Laz, loose, vague.
Lade, to load.
Laid, plttoed, deposited.
1 . *o" , to cast as a lance,
lauiiiii, to push into the
sea.
Lane, a narrow passage.
Lain, participle of Lie.
Leaf, of a tree, book, &c.
Lief, wUlingly, gladly.
Led, conducted^
Lead, a metal.
Lee, the sheltered side.
Lea, a meadow, a field.
Leek, a kind of onion.
Leak, to let in or out water.
Levy, to raise, to collect.
Levee, a morning visit.
Umb, a member.
Unm, to paint.
Unki, plural of Link.
Lynx, a wild beast.
Lo, look or behold.
Low, not high, humble.
Lone, alone, solitary.
Loan, anything lent.
Lock, of ^ door.
Loch, a lough or lake.
Made, did make, finished.
Jlllald, u girl or mniden.
, the masculine kind.
Mall, a bag for letten; ar«
muuf*
ICane, the hair oti the neck of
u iiorse, ko.
Main, principal, chief.
Mantel, a cliimney-piect^.
Mantle, a cloak ; a cover.
Maze, an intricate place.
Maiie, Indian cum.
Mark, an impression; to note.
MbiTQue, a licence ; **Letteni
of Murque and KeprisaL" '
Marahal, the highest rank in
the army ; a master of cere-
monies ; to put in order.
Martial, warlike.
Mean, low ; a means or me-
dium to intend or purpose.
Mien, air, look, manner.
Medal, a piece stamped in
honour of some victory or
event.
Meddle, to interpose.
Meed, reward, recompense.
Mede, a native of Media.
Mead, a meadow; a drink
mtule of honey.
Meet, to come together; to
encounter; suitable, fit.
Meat, animal food ; any food.
Mete, to measure.
Meter, a measurer.
Metre, measure, verse.
Mite, a very small insect.
Might, strength, power.
Mity, fullof mites.
Mighty, very powerful.
B
26
VERBAL DISTINCTIONS.
Hoan, to lament.
Mown, mowed, cut down*
t
NoM, the orgAn of imelL
Knows, understand!.
Mote, a very small or minute Ore, unrefined inetaL
particle of matter. | Oar, for. rowing with.
Moat, a deep ditch or treucli. ! O'er, over.
Mule, a kind of ass.
Mewl, to cry as a child.
Mu8(de, a fleshy fibre.
Mussel, a bivulve shellfish.
Muse, to meditate ; one of the
Nine Muses.
Mews, cages or enclosures ;
stabling ; a kind of sea-
birds. mi<^i>^-^wi-f~
Nap, <i short sleep.
Knap, a small protuberance.
Naught, nothing ; worthless.
Nought, not any thing.
-_ . -A-^^i .n-f^ ,a'v ■
Nay, no, not.
Neigh, as a horse. > -^^^t
Nave, the middle part of a
wheel.
Knave, a rogue. ;^
Need, want, necessity.
Xnead, to work dough.
New, novel, fresh.
Knew, did know, v ..i J&
Night, time of darkness.
Knight, a title of honour.
Not, a word of denial. - t
Knot, a tie ; a difficulty.
No, not any. ^. >^
Know, to understand, ^,ht|
None, no one. '
Nun, a religieuse.
Our, belonging to us.
Hour, sixty minutes.
Palate, the roof of the mouth.
Pallet, a small mean be(].>«
Palette, a painter's board.„., r
Pale, white, wan ; a stake ;
«n enclosure. * « t
PaU, a wooden vessel. * ' * "^^'^
^hii£t.
A^^f'.
:iMg^
Pane, a square of glass. ^^ j
Pain, ache ; uneasiness. „"" *;
Pare, to cut thinly. .. .^ *
Pair; a couple. |.^H*f^^
Pears a fruit. '^^^^^<^'^*^}^^
Paul, a man*s name.
Pall, a cloak ; a covering
thrown over the coffin at
funerals ; to clog or become
insipid.
Pannel. a Icind of rustip
saddle. > ,
Panel, a square piece of board ;
a jury-roll. _ , mw
Pause, to stop ; a cessation.
Paws, feet of a beast. ,, . ,^ i.;»i
Peace, quiet, rest. ,Mi*;.,3^.eJ
Piece, a part or portion, oysc ^
Peak, a point ; the top. t^si*?
Pique, to nettle or irritate
with sharp words ; to give
offence ; a grudge or ill
will ; to pride one a self on.
'.' '' .
GLASS FIRST.
27
Peti, rind or Bkin.
Peal, a ring of bellt.
Peer, nn equal, a nobleman.
Pier, a mole or structure of
stones projectiug: into th^
sea j-'w'^t'^ ..f/ti-t^i-.r-ii
Pencil, for writing with.
Pensile, haugiug, suspended.
Place, locality ; ranK.
Plaice, a Hat fisb. .
»-t'*>i'iii-
Plane, a plain surface ; a tool
for making surfaces plain ;
the platanus or ])lane tree.
Plain, smooth ; a level
country. .,,,.:j- i^^i
Plate, a flat piece of metal ;
wrought silver; a small
shallow dish to eat off.
Plait, to fold ; to braid.
Please, to give pleasnre.Uti^
Pleas, pleadings, excuses.
Plum, a fruit ; £100,000.
Plumb, a leaden weight at the
end of a line, used by build-
ers for ascertaining the
perpendicularity of walls.
Pole, a long staff ; a measure
of five yards and a hnlf ;
extremities of the earth's
a:u8.
Poll, the head ; to take the
votes at an election.
Pore, a spiracle or small pas-
sage for perspiration ; to
look closely or intensely
over.
Pour, to empty out liquor.
Practice, the habit of doing
any thing ; a custom.
Practise, to do habitually.
Primmer , comparative of
Prim. t«Tf#-©J>
Primer, a >fr«e book. ^ ^
Pray, to avpplicate. rlMtllf'
Prey, spoil, plunder. '
Prays» does pray ^/:^a^i^
PraUe, applause. Oi.jU^m4,4f
Prize, a reward gained, booty,
to set a price on, to esteem.
Pries, inspects closely and
oiSiciousIy.
Psalter, the book of Pnalms.
Salter, one who salts, or aells
salt **' «■■■ ''-'-^'^i >' "*-"*- -J (?('■''■'" ~ ' ■=,
Quarts, plural of Quart. ^
Quartz, a species of mineral.
Quire, 24 sheets of paper, f-
Choir, a band of singers ; the
place in which they Ring<<
Rain, water from the clouds.
Reigii, to rule as a king.
Rein, part of a bridle; to
check or control.
Raise^ to lift up ; to excite;
Rays, beams of light.
Raze, tb level with the
ground, mmn'^- m^ ti'm^.-f*- "
Rap, to strike quickly. .^r
Wrap, to roll or fold round.
Rapt, enraptured. \:.Z^
Rapped, di^ rap. '^^^^-^
Wrapped, did wrap. ^^ . ^^p^
Reed, a hollow, jointed stalk.
Read, to peruse.
b2 , .""■■^"'^
A-
"188
VERBAL DISTINOnONd.
Bed, a eolonr.
Bead, did read*
Bec|L to care or heed.
Wrim, destruction, rain ; to
^ shatter, to destroy.
Beek, smoke, vapour.
Wres^ to execute vengeance.
Best, quiet, cessation.
Wrest, to twist or wrench vio-
lently from ; to distort.
Bime, hoar frost. '"^ " ^ '■
Bhyme, verses terminating
with similar sounds.
Bing,| a round or circular
figure ; to sound a bell.
if Wring, to twist ; to torture.
Bite, a ceremony or obser-
vance. . ,;;\aji.iy v
BlgrUt, straight ; just. '
Write, to express by letters ;
to compose as an author.
Wrifflit, a workman. ' l
Bode, did ride.' «♦-'* '^ '!J^^5
Bead, a way or route. ''^*'*'5
C Boe, the female of the hart ;
the eggs of a fish.
Bow, a line, a rank ; to impel
by means of oars.
Bood, the cross; the fourth
part of an acre.
Bude, untaught; rough.'* V'^
Boom, space ; an apartment.
Bbeum, catan'h or cold.
Boot, of a tree or plant.
Boate^ road or way; direc-
tion.
Boee, a well-known flower.'
Bows, does row; plural of
Row,
Boes, plural of Koe.
Bote, words committed to
memory, without regard to
the meaning.
Wrote, did write.
Bot, to putef ry.
Wrought, worked, made.
BulT, an article of dress. ^^'^
Bough, rugged, uneven, ^-^
Bung, the past tense of Ring.
Wrung, the past tense of
Wring. • - , .- -
Bye, a kind of corn.
Wry, crooked. |^„, „ MM%
Sale, selling ; the act of sell-
Sail, of a ship ; a ship. )
Sane, sound, healthy. '^
Seine, a river in France.
Satire, a poem censuring vice
and folly; severity of re-
mark. -
Sat3rr, a sylvan deity, m .
Scate, a kind of flat fish.
Skate, a kind of shoe for
sliding on ice. -^ j«>
Seal, a stamp ; the sea-calf.
Cell, to overlay the inner roof
of a building or room.
Seed, that which is sown.
Cede, to yield, to give up.
Seem, to a{>pear.
Seam, the line formed by
sewing.
l-n
CLASS FIRST.
29
Seas, the plaml of Sea.
Sees, beholds.
Seiie, to take by force.
See, to perceive by the eye ;
tlie diocese of a bishop.
Sea, the ocean. ^ w^six;
Seen, beheM, observed.
Scene, a view or prosi)ect.
Seine, a kind of fishing net.
Sell, to give for a price.
Cell, a cellar ; a hermit's hut.
Sent, did send. .^^ *^,)
Scent, a smell ; chase'by smell.
Cent., for cenivm^ a hundred.
Sere or Sear, dry ; withered ;
to parch or diy up ; to cau-
terize.
Cere, to cover with waxt^ii* |
Sheer, pure, unmixed.
Shear, to clip or cut. T^i^^*^'
Sign, a token, a symbol. rr*f
Sine, a line in geometry. a iT
Signet, a small seaL
Cygnet, a young swan, m^
Sink, to descend.
Cinque, old French for cinq^
five. 1^^-»# j^J^i-Kv
Sion, a Scripture mountain.
Scion, a cutting, a sprout, a
twig. -.-
Size, bulk, quantity ; a glu-
tinous substance, .a-.an
Sighs, plural of Sigh. .■^.
Sice, six at dice. '^^^
Skull, the cranium, the head.
Scull, aaroall boat, a small oar.'
Sligllt, weak, small, trivial ;
to think little of, to neglect.
Sleig^ht, a dexterous trick.
Slow, not swift ; dull. ^
Sloe, a small wild plum.
So, thu5i, in this manner*^.
Sow. to sen tier seed. f<^i^f»ia
Sew, to use a needle. .jjj'jT
Sole, the whole ; only ; the
bottom of the foot ; a flat
fish.
Soul, the immortal part of
man ; the sjtirit.
Sore, any thing causing sor-
row or pain ; an injured Qi'
painful part ; an ulcerrr^
Soar, to fly aloft. f^^
Staid, steady, sober^ grave.
Stayed, stopped, obstructed,
or supported, n^.tj^t^^-i:
Stake, a post ; a wager ; a
pledge.
Steak, a slice of broiled beef.
Stare, to gaze on ; a starling.
Stair, a step for ascending.^
Steel, iron refined and har-
dened.
Steal, to take by theft.
Step, a pace ; a proceeding.
Steppe, a barren plain or
waste.
Stile, steps over a fence. ^
Style, manner of writing. ^
Strait, narrow ; a narrow pas«
sage ; a difficulty.
Straight, right, direct.
#
'i
(30
VBRBAL DISTINOTIONS.
Bum, th^ amount or whole of
>. any thing; to add or oast up.
Bomo, a part of any whole.
811% the luminary of the day.
Son, a male child,^^ ,^ ^^^ ;
Sutler, one that follows nn
army and sells provisions.
Subtler, comparative, iof
Subtle. 1^" '' '"
Bware, the old past tense of
Swear. -j'i.f ' it*^ tuitimiMi
Swear, to declare or promise
upon oath.
Sweet, plensing to the senses.
Suite, retinue; a set of rooms.
Tacksl small nails.
Tax, a rate or impost; to
chtirge or accuse.
Tale, a story ; number rec-
.' koned. ^'^'^"
Tall, the hinder or lower part.
Tare, a weed that grows
' among corn ; an allowance
." in weight.
Tear, to rend ; a rent. . „
Tier, a row, a rank.
Tear, water from the eye.
Tease, to annoy, to comb wool.
Teas, plural of Tea.
Teem, to produce plentifully ;
to be full of ; to pour;- "!i'
Team, a yoke of horses or
oxen.
Time, measure of du*'ation ;
a proper season.
Thyme, a kind of plant.
TUere, m that place.
Their, belonging to them.
Threw, did throw.
Through, from one end or side
to tiie other ; by means of.
Throne, a regal seat of state.
Thrown, cast, projected.
Throw, to cast, to fling.
Throe, extreme pain, agony.
To, noting motion towards
addition.
Too, overmuch; also. - ,.^
Two, twice one ; a couple, j,
Toe, of the foot. , /,
Tow, the coarse part of flax ;
to pull along with a rope.
Ton, alar^e cask ; 252 gallons.
Ton, a weight of 20 hundred.
Travail, labour ; to toil.
Trayel, to make a journey or
voyaige.
Tray, a broad shallow trough
of wood or metal.
Trey, three at cards or dice.
Trait, a characteristic or fea-
Use, to make use of. t^^*^"^
Ewes, plural of Ewe. ^ ^^^^^g
Vane, a weathercock. QfttO
Vain, empty, futile ; false.
Vein, a blood-vessel.
- ,«■ .tola
vale, a valley.
Vail, money given to servants;
to lowar ; to yield.
Veil, a cover to conceaik the
face.
. m
Wale, a projecting timber in
a ship's side ; a rising part
on the surface of cloth.
Wail, to lament, to bewail^
0LA88 FIRST.
m:
Wane, to grow less, to decline.
Wain, a wagon.
Waste, to consume uselessly ;
a tract of uncultivated
ground.
Waist, the middle part of the
human body.
Wait, to stay, to tarry.
Weight, heaviness ; impor-
tance.
Ware, merchandise, goods.
Wear, to use, to waste.
Wave, of the sea ; to undulate.
Waive, ^ to beckon ; to omit
mentioning, to defer, to re-
linquish.
Way, a road, course, manner.
Weigh, to try the weight of
any thing ; to ponder.
Weald, a wold or wildf af orest.
Wield, to sway, to govern.
Wean, to deprive of the
breast.
Ween, to think, to imagine*
Weather, state of the air. a
Wether, a sheep. ,||,^, ^
Week, tlie space of seven days.
Weak, feeble, infirm. '-'
Won, did win.
One, in number.
Wood, a forest ; timber.
Would, past tense of Will, t
Yoke, a frame of wood for
coupling oxen ; a couple or
pair ; bondage or slavery.
Yolk, the yellow part of an egg.
You, the plural of Thou^'j^
Yew, a kind of tree. 'y^^
Ewe, the female sheep.
Your, belonging to you, ijf;.
Ewer, a small jug. ^-,,^. ^^,,f
♦
SENTENCES FOR DICTATION.
[The following sentences, and others similarly formed, should be
dictftted to the pupils, who should either spell every word as it
occurs, or, if they are competent, write down the entire sentence on
their slates.]
Does anything ail you 1 My stomach is sick since I
took that draught of ale. Water is preferable. ^ ^ 1 .. .t
The younji; heir has the air, mien, and even gait of
Ids father. I heard this ere my arrival in Ayr ; and if
e'er I return, I hope to find him following his father's
footsteps.
His awl was almost all the poor cobbler possesse^d.'
Tiie ascent to the top is easy. I cannot assent to
that opinion. -
^ Waivef is a different application of the verb wave, and it
should be spelled in the same way. It properly means to
reject or decline by a waving motion of the hand.
32
VBRBAL DISTINCTIONS.
tt
#
If you have au^lit against his character, you ought
to state it before I employ him.
The magistrate committed him to gaol forsmugi,'ling
a bale of tobacco. His character too was so bad that
110 one offered to bail him.
Tlie bear seized him by the bare leg. I could not
bear to look on.
Parallel to the beach ran a row of beech trees.
The carpenter liaving planed the board, bored
several holes through it, ai)d then threw it aside.
John has given up his bow an<l arrows, and all his
boyish amusements, and is beginning to set up for a
beau.
If you buiy that berry it might grow.
The crews of the ship sent to cruise on the coast of
Africa, suffered greatly from sickness. '{
The wind blew away my blue handkerchief. ^..
The storm has made that large bough bow to the
earth. ,■'>-'.,;'. ;:■:" v. "-'•; ^ • 'r^ ■"\^:-i. -f y.:::^:^-.^- ■.^.
At eight o'clock, this morning, I ate a little bread,,,
but nothing since.
Which part of the wig do you call the caul ]
Canon, an ordinance of the church, should be dis-
tinguished from cannon, a piece of ordnance.
He lost caste, and was cast out of his tribe.
He beat me with a large beet-root.
He was borne to that country from whose bourn no
traveller return?, i -'',-'"--\-\ '^ -iT?^r,-wv ,^^. ^ ^ ; .^^.^
The cinnamon when kindled sent forth a most fra-
grant scent. ;^ ■|,,i ..,,1 * I .,i^a
Early in the next session of Parliament, the cessioii"
of territory was agreed upon.
Though I threatened to cite him before a magistrate,
he fixed upon a site, and began to build even in my.
"* sight.
His manners are coarse^ and his conversation is, of
couise, similar, it .fiw ^f- i«
GLASS FIRST.
33
He vroA a captain of a reomanry corps, but he Iiad
a heart no bigger than the cove of an apple.
In running up the creek, the vessel struck the ground
^vith such force that the timhei'» began to creak and
strain.
Ctincciving that the old gentleman with the queue
couM give nie a cue to the matter, I addressed him. I
M The two deer which he bought and sent to me, were
considered too dear. v»«>^^^vHtMS'^uf^''*
When you have done, saddle the dun pony. ' i ^
Did you bind the ewe to the yew tree I
The flue took fire,^ and the sparks fleAV about in all
directions.
The two fore-feet of that horse, and indeed the
whole four, are badly formed.
His gait is very awkward : lie swings like a gate on
its hinges. ; ^i^d iMt^d^l
This shoe has taken the skin off my heel. Well, go
to the apothecary, and he'll give you a plaster, which,
will soon heal it.
This hale old fellow seems to care nothing for rainf,
hail, or snow : let us hail him.
M he fur of a hare is more like hair than down. ^
He thre%v the javelin, and pierced the hart through
the heart
The treasure, which he had taken such pains to amass
and hoard up, was carried off by a horde of iobbers.''L
He made a hole, and put the whole of his money
into it, !_■.. ,■;!.» *' « .?y *-» V , .If * .':#5'^
In the little islestand the ruins of an ancient chui^ch^
the aisle of which is almost entire. *
Walking on the quay to-day, I lost the key of my
watch.
It must have been painful to witness the chagrin of
poor Moses when he round that he had been imposed
upon with regard to the " gross of green spectacles with
}>ilver rims and shagreen cases.''
u - ■--•■ OB 3 -.■-.■
84
VBBBAL DISTINCTIONS.
*
m
Lest they should seize aiul kill him, he concealed
himself iii a limekiln.
You need not knead that dou^h any more.
I saw a naughty boy beutiu*,' a ]joor ass M'itli a
rou<;h knotty 8tic)c.
Lead the pony to the farrier's, and when you have
led him there, buy me some lead.
His time was wholly taken up in holy and devout
contemplations.
I heard at the levee to-day that a new levy, both of
men and money, is intended.
.Has the laundry-maid made up the clothes ?
I sent the old coat of mail bv the mail-coach, in
charge of one of the male passengers.
He seized the pony by tlie mane, and held with all
his might and main.
The Field-Marshal has a very martial appearance.
The flowery mead sends forth its meed of praise.
It is not meet that we should meet again.
Salt meat should be sparingly used, and as if by
met«.
r
■ 'in
JU
neigh.
You might have given your mite. *■
I heard a moan among the new-mown hay.
Just as I was about to say nay, the horse began to
I will give you some of this silver ore, if you take
your oar and row me o'er the ferry. hw«
y Do you see that pale-faced girl climbing over the
pale, with a pail in Jier hand ?
^, The pane cut my hand, and occasions me great pain.
Did you evcf see a person pare an apple or a pear
with a pair of scissors ?
The poor painter threw away his palette, and flung
hiiuself upon his wretched pallet.
Have you not even read of the Peak of Teneriffe ?
J pique myself upon having seen it. Do not pique me
by showing your superior knowledge. * •
u
CLASS FIRS'f.
m
Do you mean pannel, a mean or rustic saddle ; or
panel, a square of parchment, wood, or gloss 1
Tiie carpenter with hia plane, will soon make it
smooth and plain.
The pole of the coach struck against the poll of his
head.
Shall I place the plaice at the head of the table ?
That gentleman standing on the pier is a peer of
the realm. The sun begins to peer.
I was on the rack, expecting every moment the ves-
sel to become a wreck, but he seemed to reck not what
happened.
You are right in saying that rite means an observ-
ance, and that wright means a maker ; as wlieel-wright,
ship- Wright, mill-wdght, and book- wright. Now write
down or spell this sentence.
When the funeral-bell began to ring, she began to
weep and wring her hands.
When I rowed him over the ferr}'-, he mounted a
horse, and rode along the new road.
After sealing the letter, he stuck the wax against
the ceiling of the room. ^Afil (f"il - tt- ^^
So beautiful a scene I have never seen.
So I stayed at home to sew my clothes, but John
went to the field to sow the wheat. k, t^-
He did it by a manoeuvre or sleight of hand. Slight
all such trickery. . . ,
Sole partner of my soul. * ..vtej i , . .
He stares at me, as I ascend the stairs. ^ ' ' ^
Before we reached the Strait of Gibraltar, we were
in a great strait for want of water. On arriving there,
the captain sent a boat straight ashore for some. i-
The fox sat down upon his tail, and thus began his
tale or story. VI ; V .«, , .^ /jr.
He gave two pears to me too.
A vane is not more changeable than that vain young
man. There is, however^ a vein of good humour in him.
. w
36
^ VERBAL DISTINCTIONS.
Is it time to transplant the thyme ?
Don*t waste your money in buying fancy waistcoats.
Wait for a moment till I ascertain the weight of
this article. Unless you weigh it immediately, I must
jnoceed on my way.
He is fftill in a weakly state ; Ids physician visits
him weekly.
iU'K
EXBBOISES ON WOBDS.
1 > • > T
^^, v^i^ifi«.ituf> KEBOISES ON WOBDS. ^,,. ^^^^^^ , ^'
[To vary the exercite the teacher should oecanonalli/ spell and
pronounce one of the words himself^ and then require the pvpils
to give its meaning; and also^ the filing and meaning of any
other word similarly pronounced.]
Arc, ark ; had, bade ; bait, bate ; baize, bays ; base,
bass ; beer, bier ; bell, belle ; bourn, borne ; brake,
break ; burrow, borough. rJv\. ., '4
Cask, casque ; check, cheque ; chord, cord ; chuff,
chouiih ; claws, clau.se ; climb, clime ; close, clothes ;
complement, compliment ; cygnet, signet ; dram,
drachm.
Ewer, your ; fain, fane, feign ; faint, feint ; feat,
feet ; fellow, felloe ; fort, forte ; foul, fowl ; frays,
phrase ; freeze, frieze ; furs, furze ; gage, gauge ; gild,
guild ; gilt, guilt.
Gore, goar ; grater, greater ; grocer, grosser ; grot,
Croat ; hall, haul ; hie, high ; him, hymn ; indict,
1 VT .■ :■*
indite ; jam, jamb ; knave, nave. ' r>
Lanch, launch ; leak, leek ; leaf, lief ; limb, limn ;
loan, lone ; maize, maze ; male, mail ; mane, main ;
mantel, n^antle; marshal, martial; mean, mien; mead,
meed, Mede.
Meet, meat, mete ; meter, metre ; mite, might ; mity,
mighty ; moan, mown ; mote, moat ; mule, mewl ;
muse, mews ; nap, knap ; naught, nought ; nay, neigh.
Nave, knave ; need, knead ; new, knew ; night,
knight ; not, knot ; no, know ; none, nun, &c., &c. m
0U88 BKCONIt.
37
M'^^'U Hi* \Ufmmi
CLASS SECOND,
vf-;
A ^ » ^^. , ti. A h: ^tj'i a
W0BD8 PRONOUNCED NXARLY ALIKB,^ BUT DIFFEBINO IN
SPKLLINa AND SIQNIFICATION.
[In ViU elatt, the dittinctwn hetwun the pronunciation of the
words in each cave should be taught as well a« the difference
of the spelling nnd meaning,]
Abl«, sufllcient, competent.
Abel, « mAu's umne.
Aloud, with a loud voice.
Allowed (allow'd), did allow.
Altar, of a church. .
Alter, to change ; to vary.
Auger, a boiing instrument.
Augur,a80othtiayeror(liviner;
to pi-edict by signs, to fore-
bode.
Bald, without hair.
Bawled (bawl'd), did bawL
Barbary, a country of Africa.
Barberry, a small wild fruit
with barbs or spines.
Board, a plank ; a table.
Bored (bor'd), did bore.
Bold, brave; daring; forward.
Bowled (bowl'd), did bowl.
Boy, a male child.
Buoy, a floating mark.
Braid, to weave or plait ; a
plait.
Brayed (bray'd), did bray.
Brood, offspring ; progeny.
Brewed (brew'd), did brew. .
Bridal, a wedding; nuptiaL
Bridle, for a horse.
Britain, as Great Britain.
Briton, a native of Britaiiu }
Calendar, an almanac
Calender, a hot press for giv-
ing a gloss to linens, cidi-
eues, &c.
Carat, a small weight. - <|
Caret, a mai'k in writing*
Castor, the beaver ; a beaver
hat ; a kind of oil.
Caster, one who casts; that
out of which something ia
cast.
Cellar, a cell ; a wine store.
SelT^r, one who sells any
thing.
Censer, a pan to bum incense
in.
Censor, a corrector of morals ;
a licenser of the press.
^ It is only in colloquial or careless speaking that these
words are pronounced * nearly alike." In almost every case
there is a marked difference between their pronunciations.
These differences and distinctions the learner must not only
know, but also hahituaAe himself to, if he wishes to become
•a correct speaker.
?8
VERBAL DlBTIK0nON&
I' I
OluAer, bile ; anger.
Collar, the neck lomething
worn about the neck.
Oouniel, to advise ; advice ; a
legHl adviser.
Ooonoil, an assembly or body
lor consttlkation. *^ >r>^^^
Counsellor, an adviser; a bar-
rister or lawyer.
COnnoUlor, member of a eoun-
eiL
Culler, one who culls or se-
lects.
Colour, as^laek, white, ke.
Depoiitary, a storekeeper.
Dopoiltory, a store or place in
which things are deposited*
Deviser, one who devises; a
contriver ; an inYentor.
Divisor, a term in arithmetic.
Dire, dreadful ; dismal.
Dyer, one who dyes.
Find, to discover. •^'** -*
Fined (fin'd), did fine. ,^,, j^
Flour, from meal. , V j.
Flower, a blossom. ''''"*
Fur, skin with soft hair.
Fir, a kind of tree.
Ckdloon, a kind of lace.
Calleon, a name given to a
; class of Spanish merchamt
ships.
Gored (gor'd), did gore.
Gourd, a plant like a melon.
Guest, a visitor.
Guessed (guess'd), did gueii.
Hire, wages ; recompense.
Higher, more elevated.
Hole, a hollow ; a cavity, i
Whole, all ; the entire. ,
Holy, sacred ; pure.
Wholly, entirely; completely.
Lair, a wild beast's couch.
Layer, one who lays ; that
which is laid ; a stratum.
Lessen, to make less.
Lesson, a school task ; a pre-
cept.
Liar, one who tells lies.
Lyre, a musical instrument*
t*
Lien, a tie ; a claim. ,, .. ^
Lion, a wild beast.
Load, a burden ; to lade.
Lowed (low'd), did low.
Lore, learning.
Lower, more low ; to let down.
Manner, method or way. '^ •'•
Manor, a domain, a district*
Mare, the female horse.
Mayor, a chief magistrate.
u
Medlar, a kind of fruit.
Meddler, one who meddles.
Metal, as gold, silver, &c, /
Mettle, spirit ; courage.
Miner, a worker in mines. '
Minor, one underage. - 4^
CLASS BBOOND.
39
leif.
stely.
ai. .
th»t
am.
^.
• ^ -,
apr«-
lent.
down.
brict*
Lte.
ViBt« a fog ; aniAll rnin.
Milled (mlfisM), did tniii.
More, in nuinb«r or quantity,
llowtr, oiM that mowi.
Kanffl^ty, worthlets ; wicked.
Knotty, having knots.
Ode, a lyrie poem.
Owed <ow'd), did owe.
Otter, an amphibious animaL
Ottar, oil of roies.
Paot,acontract;anagreement.
Packed (pack'd), did pack.
Pearl, \ gem of great valne.
Peril, danger ; denunciation
Pendant, something wbieh
hangs ; an earring.
Pendent, hanging.
Peter, a man's namei
Petre, nitre, saltpetre.
Pilot, one who steers a ship.
Pilate, a man's name.
Plaintiff, in a lawsuit.
Plaintive, mournful.
President, one that presides
oyer an assembly, &c.
Precedent, something done or
snid before ; nn example or
rule for future times.
Principal, chief ; a chief or
head ; money placed out at
interest
Principle, a maxim ; a funda-
mental truth ; a rule of ac-
tion.
Proflt, gain ; advantage.
Propnet, one wlio proiihesies.
Rabbit, a well-known animal.
Kabbet, a term in carpentry.
Rapt, carried away; trans-
ported.
Wrapped (wrapped), did
wraik
Roar, as a lion, &c.
Rower, one that n»w«. ?'
Rode, did rifle.
Rowed (row'd), did row.
Side, the edge, the margin.
Sighed (ilffh'd), did sigL
Sailer, as a ship. 'f^**^
Sailor, a seaman or raarineiC^
soared (soar'd), did soaia^^
Sword, a weapon. <^^
Sold, did sell.
Soled (eol'd), did sole.
Sower, one who sows seed.
Sewer, one who sews cloth. '
Staid, steady; grave.
Stayed (ftay'd), did stay, v
stationary, remaining in one
place ; not progressive.
Stationery, pens,, paper, &c.
Sncker, a young shoot.
Succour, help ; to relieve.
S3^bol, a type ; a sign.
Cymbal, a musical instru-
ment.
Tact, ready talent; adroitness.
Tacked (tack*d), did tack. ^^
Tide, the flow and ebb of the
sea.
Tied, did tie.
Told, did telL '^
Tolled (toll'd), did toll. \
Tract, a region ; a pamphlet.
Tracked (tracked), did track.
40
Venus, the goddess of beniity .
Venous, pertuiniug to the
VERBAL DISTKrCTIONff.
▼eins.
Vial, a phial, or small bottle.
Viol, a musical instrument*
Wade, to walk through water.
Weighed (weiffli'd), did
weigh.
Ware, goods, merchandise.
Where, in which place.
Weal, happiness ; prosperity.
Wheijl, of a vehicle.
Weigh, to try the weight of.
Whey, th^aeroua part of milk.
Wet, to make wet; to moisten.
Whet, to sharpen; to mak«
Keen. ^,_^ «.*#-v .T«-t^.
WIdcet, a small gat«.
Wicked, sinful ; Yiciousi^i^*-
Wig, for the head. ^^'l^'-
Whig, a political nanne. r v j a
Wight, a iierson ; a bcmg. .<
White, a colour.
Wile, guile ; to beguile.
While^ time ; space uf time;*
Wto,togain. ,,|^^
Whin, gorse, furze.
Wine, jutce of the grape.^^^
Whine, like a dog^, ,,,» liwiO
Wist, to think, to suppose. ^
Whist, a game at cards. ^.
A ■.T^sn
Witch, a sorceress^, t '^mK
Ifhieh, a pronoun, u .-Ui^^ j
Wither, t^tor to d#^^
Whither, to what place. ;^^.t
Wot, to know; to think. sSa^'J
What, that which* ■.. . . . , ?/?MS[ ,
YeaT ves. •*J^^^''^ft*»!^'^ ■» ,^s^^*i.
SENTENCES FOR DICTATION. -^^
I cannot reach to it with my arm ; but with my
cane I shall be able.
"We are not allowed to speak aloud during bnsiness.
He should not be permitted to alter ettber the ap^
])earance or the position of tbe altar.
The ball struck him on tbe ear, and be begnn to
bawl, as if it had been a bullet. In fact, be bawlf«l
fo loud that old Stephen popped bis bald head out of
the window to inquire what was tbe matter.
He bored a hole through tbe l)oard. -4
One of tlie bridal party stepped forward, and caught
my horse by.the brid]e.
K
m
CLASS ftECOND. *'^'' . It
Scotland is called North Britain, and therefore a
Scotsman is a North Briton.
He is a seller of old clothes, and he liresina cellar.
His choier was so vehement that he seized him by
the collar in the presence of the bystanders.
A member of the council suggested that they should
take the opinion of counsel. .n'^'x}
' The dyer said that this was dire news to him, for
that he could no longer live by dyeing.
By referring to the register, I tind that he too was
fined on two oecasious. v fJ^ Ml'
His guest guessed it witfibat difficulty J ^
'} The hire of servants is higher iu this country.
* He made a hole, and put the whole of his monev
111 It.
' His time was wholly spent in holy contemplation.
^ It is a legal lien that I have on nis estate, not an
African lion. :,^M....:.i^.:.:t^^r:t^^
; He asserted that no lord of the manor ever aeted
ill this manner before.
This horse, though made of metal, cannot he d^aid to
be a horse of mettle.
A miner whom we met near the works, told us that
the proprietor of the mines was a minor.
The mist was so thick that I almost missed my way.
I saw a naughty boy beating a poor ass with a rough
knotty stick. ■-;.,, . ^„ .r:'':y.r": ^- w ..^.-f.y.- * -t-^. ^^ -*
^ The cobbler having soled tlie shoes, sold them to a
pedlar for a trifle.
He told the sexton, and the sexton tolled the bell.
As I am not to be stationary liere, I will not encum-
ber myself witli a large supply of stationery.
The principal portion of tli^ meeting approved of
the principle. r^ -
- If an ocTe could have paid the debt which he owed,
the poor poet would have been happy. V
The ship rode at anchor, and the boats from the
shore rowed round her. ^
42
VERBAL M8T1NCTI0NS.
The Bailor said that liis ship was an exeellent sailer.
The president M'oiild not acquiesce in the arrangt:-
ment, lest it might be made a precedent on some future
occasion.
iXBROISES ON WORDS.
[To vary Hie exercise the teacher should occatumaUy spell an«t
pronounce cute of the toords himself^ and then i-equire the
pupils to- give it* meaning ; and also, the spellingy mean-
ing, and exact pronunciation of any othei" word likely to
M confounded with it.)
Able, Abel; aloud, allowed; altar, alter; aii^civ
augur ; bald, bawled ; Barbiiry, barberry ; board,
bored ; bold, bowled ; braid, brayed ; broody brewed ;
bridal, bridle ; Britain, Briton.
Calendar, calender ; carat, caret ; castor, caster ;
cellar, seller ; censer, pensor ; clioler, collar ; counsel,
council ; counsellor, councillor ; culler, colour.
Depositary, depository ; divisor, devisor ; dire, dyer ;
find, fined ; flour, flower ; i'ur, fir ; gored, gourd ;
guest, guessed. % .., w .o..; ^. . . .j jj^. '
Hire, higher; hoie^ ^hoie ; holy, wholly; lair,
layer ; lessen, lesson ; liar, lyre ; lion, lien ; load,
lowed ; lore, lower.
Manner, manor ; mare, mayor ; medlar, meddler ;
netal, mettle; miner, minor; TQist, missed; more,
mower ; naughty, knotty. "* t^^ * *
Ode, owed ; otter, ottar ; pact, packed ; Peter, petre ;
pilot, Pilate; plaintiff, plaintive; president, precedent;
principal, principle ; profit, prophet.
Raboit, rabbet ; rapt, wrapped; roar, rower; rode,
rowed; sailer, sailor; soared, sword; sold, soled;
-sower, sewer; staid, stayed; stationary, stationery;
sucker, succour ; symbol, cymbal.
Tact, tacked ; tide, tied ; told, tolled ; tract, tracked ;
Venus, venous ; vial, viol ; wade, weighed ; ware,
where ; wealj wheel ; weigh^ whey ; wet, whet ;
wieket, wicked ; wi^ wbig^
»-.'■ J. ft -s^4
■J,,-"' & '!.«■•
CLA8S THIRD.
;re ;
ent;
ode,
ed ;
:^:.-,
/
13
(■ str.'^^rat i^-r-r"
■'MU-^l
CLASS THIRD.
WORDS FREQUENTLY CONFOUNDED BT INCORRECT SPEAKFR!^,
. THOUGH differing; in PR0NUNCI<LTI0N, SPELLING, AND
MEANING.
lAfore words of this class will he found at pages 119 ami 129
v/nder Vie head of * * VvXgar Pfotmndationt, "
Accept, to take, to receive.
JBxcept, to take out, to object
,. ;^0 w *f«.»i f ,^'»^f ?«,_«■•; .'si'if ,t7s, ■
Access, approach, admittance.
Sxcess, superfluity. >ii<:;atlr^
Accede, to comply withF^^^
Bzceed^ to go beyond, .^^j^'-
Adherence, attachment to.
Adlierents, followers, parti-
sans.
Addition, something added.
Edition, a publication.
Advice, counsel; instruction.
AdYise, to counsel;, to in-
struct.- '''^^'-*^^"^"^'" - "^
A09Ct, to act upon, to aim at.
Effect, to bring to pass, to
accomplish.
Alley, a walk or passage.
Ally, a confederate.
AUusion, reference to.
niuiion, false show, mockery.
Apposite, fit, appropriate.
Opposite, contrary.
Assistance, help, relief.
Assistants, helpers.
Attendance, the act of wait-
ing on, service.
Atteadante, persons who
Attend, --'^•^-"-v - -r' - • *- '-' "
■■'•ml
Ballad, a simple song.
Ballot, a little balL
Baron, a lord. ^ * ^ t
Barren, sterile, not prolific
Cease, to stop, to leave Qfl(%!,'r
Seise, to lay hold off. ^^^^
Currant, a small berry; '^**^
Current, runniag or pass-
ing.
Decease, d^tt'^'T'^^^ -^*^^^
Disease, u malady.
'.t }
.i&#«t^tl
Decree, to ordain ; an
Degree^ a step, rank. ^:' % ^
Defer, to put off, to post-
pone. itMii^iKiS
DuTer, to disagree.
Deference^ respect, submis-
sion.
Difference, disagreement. !«>
Device, a contrivance. v^<^t^t
Devise, to contrive ; to plan.
Dissent, difference of opinion.
Descent, declivity; lineage.
Divers, several. -««<»»£trs«|
Diverse, different.
Elicit, to draw out of.
Illicit, illegal, not lawful.
Elude, to escape from.
iHlude, to mock, to deoeire.
• T
44
TBRBAi> DisnN:cnctt7&
Bmorir^t to rise out of.
Immerge, to plunge into^
Bmlffrant^ one who migratet
from a country.
Immlgrrant, one who imgratet
into a country.
Eminent, distinguished..
Imminent, impending.
Errand,, a message.
Errant, wandering..
,fM>'-^
Etaptlon,. a brealting ovHl
Zm^E^on^ a breaking into^
Elxtantv snrTiTing.
SxtA&t, space, compass.
Fibres, threads, filaments.
Fibrous, having fibres.
Flsliar, one who ficihes. tot CI
Flssnre, a cleft, a cradE^i 4 1»<
Lose, to suffer loss^ not ta
win.
Loose^ vntied,. slack..
Mtssal, the mass book.
Missile, a weapon thrown bjr
the hand.
Ifonetarj, relating to money.
Monitory, admonishing.
Oradle,.onefamed for wisdom..
Anricle„ an ear» an opening.
Ordinance^ a decreev
Ordnance, canuoo.
.lA.
Gamble,, to practne gaming;.
Qambol,. to frisk; a frolic
Oristly, coasisting of gri-
stle.
Orlzily, sonwwhat gray..
Impostor, one who imposee
upon the public, a elieat.
Iinposture^imposition,fraud.
mgreniOQS^ hayrng irigenwiy.
In£^enuous» caiMiiid» noble.
Least, smallest.
Lest,, for fear that..
Lineament, a feature.
Liniment^ an oiutmont.
Pastor, a shepherd, a clergy-^
man in charge of a flock. ^L
Pasture, gracing » ground;
grass.
Patience, the being patient.
Patients, sick persons.
Presence,, the being present*
Presents,, gifts, donations. ,
Prcposltion, a part of speeoh»
Proposition, a proposal.
Prophecy, a prediction.
Propbesy, to foretell, to pre-
dict. A
Radish, an esewlent root;., ,
Reddish, somewhat red. '"""^
Racer, a mce-horse.
Rasor, for shaving witbw
Ruse, a trick, a stratagem.
Rues, does rue.
^i-^i. ■
Rot, to decay, to putrefy.
Wrouffht„ worked.
K
I; !
CLASS THIRD.
45
statue, HD image or figure.
Statute, an Aot of Parlia-
mcnt.
Tenor, a continued course.
Tenure, the innniier in ^vliicli
tenements are held.
Trao^, ft vestige ; to trace.
Tract, a region, a treatise.
Wary, watchful, cnutious.
Weary, worn out, tired, f
*'.^i
.. it-
s:'
Salary, wages, hire.
Celery, a vegetable.
filnk, to descend ; a sewer.
Zinc, a metal.
8culptor,an artist in sctilptnre
Sculpture, th? ait of carving.
Soar, to fly above.
Sower, one that sows.
Spacious, wide, roomy.
Specious, showy, plausible.
SENTENCES FOR DICTATION.
All your presents I accept, except tlie last.
At this access to his fortune, his joy was in excesR.
Though yoVLt terms exceed my expectations, I will
accede to tfiem.
His adherence to these extreme yiews, cost him
mcTij of his adherents. ^ . :^^. ^
, Niw editions, with additions, are in preparation.
,,, Till he effected his purpose, he affected to be igno-
rant of the whol e ni att er. . . ^, w.
Assistants were assigned to me, but they rendered
me no assistance.
I had to dance attendance upon him, as if I had
been one of his paid attendants.
Baron Humboldt describes the whole region as a
barren waste^
The decree applied to persons of every degree.
With all due deference to you, I think there is a
great difference. ,m»m^0rt:i>-
EXEBOISfiS ON WORDS. J^ • ^
[The diff&enee hehcetn the pronunciation^ spelUnff, and mean'
ing of each pair to be given by the pupila.]
Abolition, ebullition ; acts, axe ; accidence, acci-
dents ; alley, ally ; breath, breadth ; captor, capture ;
censer, censure ; chance, chants ; citron, citrine ; coat,
quote; coffin, coughing ; confidant, confident; corporal,
corporeal j critipi critique ; celery, salary; cease^sei^e.
-i^.-'w,'-' -
46 VERBAL DISTINOTIONS.
^Correspondence, correspondents; dense, dents;
dependence, dependents ; door, doer ; ether, either ;
ewer, hewer : exercise, exorcise ; favour, fever ; for-
merly, formally ; gaol, goal ; idle, idol.
Qenus, genius ; gluttonous, glutinous; gore, goer ;
idle, idol ; incite, insight ; instance, instants ; intense,
intents; jester, gesture; juggler, jugular; legislator,
legislature ; lightening, lightning. "^ .
Mattress, jnatrice ; ooze, whose ; patron, pattern ;
poplar, popular ; populous, populace ; prefer, proflfer ;
preposition, proposition ; proscribe, prescribe.
Regimen, regiment ; relic, relict ; senior, seignior ;
sewer, shore; shone, shown; surplice, surplus; talents,
talons ; tense, tents ; tour, tower ; treatise, treaties.
•fi'f^'-V "*:'"'
*ri
CLASS rOTJRTIL!!:?:^^ «.:m
W0BD3 SIMILABLT 8FELLED, BDT DIFFEBBNTLT FBONOUNOED
AND APPLIED.
Ab'-sent, not present.
Ab-sent', to keep away.
AV-stract, an abridgment.
Ab-8tract', to draw or sepa-
rate from ; to abridge.
Abuse {abuce)f ill use.
Abuse {abme)^ to injure by
use; to reproach.
Ac'-cent, a peculiar tone in
speaking or pronouncing;
stress or force given to a
particular syllable in a
word ; a mark by which
the accent is denoted.
Ac-cent , to mark the accent ;
to give or express the ac*
Af -fix, a postfix or termina-
tion.
Af-fix', to join or unite to. ^
AV-tri-bute, a quality.
At-trib'-ute, to assign ta ^
Aug'-ment, an increase*^^/^ .
Aug-ment', to increase.
Au'-gost, the eighth month.
Au-gU8t', great, majestic.
Bow (bo)y for shooting arrows.
BOW {bou\ an act of courtesy
or reverence.
Buf -fet, a box or blow with
the fist ; to strike.
Buf-fet', a shelf; a side table.
CLASS FOUBTH.
47
Char {tthar), to turn wood to
ohai'coal.
Ghar (te^re), to do tnms or
jobs of work as a char-
woman.
Oom'-pact, an agreement.
Com.pacV, firm, solid.
Col'-lect, a short prayer.
Col-lect', to briug together.
Com'-ment, an exposition.
Oom-ment' (upon), to expound
Com^meroe, trade with
foreign countries.
Com-mer'oe, to hold inter-
course with ; to traffic.
Com' -pound, a mixture.
Com•pound^ to mix; to come
to terms of agreement.
Con'-cert, a musical en tertain-
ment ; agreement ordesign.
Con-ceit', to contrive, to plan.
Con'oOord, harmony.
Con-cord', to agree with^^i^
Con'-duct, behaviour.^' "
Con-duct', to lead, to manage.
Con'-flne, a boundary.
Con-flne', to limit; to im-
prison.
Con'-fllct,astruggle,acontest.
Con-^ct', to oppose.
Con-Ju're,i to call upon with
the solemnity of an oath ;
to entreat in the most
earnest manner.
Con'>Jure (kun-jur)^ to prac-
tise the arts of a conjurer.
Con'-Bort, wife or husband ; a
companion.
Con-sort', to associate with.
Con'-test, a dispute, a
struggle.
Con-t6Bt', to dispute, to con-
tend.
Con'-tract, a binding agree-
ment.
Con-tract', to draw together.
Con'-traat, opposition of
figures.
Con-trast', to place in oppo-
sition. _ ^
Con'-verse, conversation; the
opposite or coutrary.
Con-ver'se, to discourse fa-
miliarly with.
Con'-TOrt, a person converted.
Con-TOrt', to change or turn.
Con'-Tlct, a person convicted.
Coi^-TlcV, to prove guilty.
Con'-Toy, an escort or guard.
tJon-voy', to escort, to accom-
pany as a guard.
Coun'-ter-mand, an order to
the contrary.
Coun-ter-mand', to revoke a
former order.
Courtesy {kur^-tsey), courtly
or elegant manners; civi-
lity; nn act of civility.
Courtesy (kurt'-se), an act of
res])ect or reverence made
by females.
■tf
* Conjure. — From the Latin conjuro, to swear together, to
conspire or plot ; in which sense Milton has used the term : —
*♦ Who, in proud rebellious arms
.iV&»n^ ?j ijrsfe 'j« Conjured against the Highest." i **
48
VERBAL DISTIKOTIONS.
OrulM^ {kruae), a pre<Uiory
voyage; a raiubliiig excur-
sioi).
Cruise 3 {ki'uce)^ a small cup.
Des'-oant, a song ; acUscoune.
Des-oanV, to harangue.
Desert {de-zert'), that which
one deaeit'et; degree of
merit.
Desert [de^-ert), a wilder-
ness ; a deserted place.
De'tall, a minute account.
Detail', to relate particularly.
DUtwie (dif-fu'ce), scattered,
liot concise.
DiflfUse {dif-fu'ze), to scatter,
to spread abroad. -* ''-^
Di'-gest, materials arranged.
Di-gest', to arrange; to dis-
solve.
Dls'-eotmt, abatement for
ready money.
Dls-count', to make an abate-
ment for ready money.
Does, the plural of Doe.
Does (dus), doth.
En'-trance, the act or the
place of entering.
Bn-tran'ce, to put into a
trance of ecstasy. t^tmi
Es'-cort, an armed guard.
Es-corV, to accompany as a
guard.
fii i
Bs'-say, an attempt; a trea-
tise.
Bs-say', to attempt, to try.
Excuse {excu'ce)^ an apology.
Sx-ou'se, to give an excuse
for.
<
Bz'-ile, a person bauished;
banishment.
Ex-ile, to banish.
Ex'-port, a commodi^ e»t
ported.
BX-port', t o carry or ship goodi
out of the country.
Ex'-traot, something ex-
tracted.
Ex-traot', to draw out or
from. ''
OaV-lant, brave (applied to
militaiy men).
Oal-lant', particularly attenr
tive to ladies.
Grease {grtece)^ melted fat.
Orease {grecase)^ to smear, or
anoint with grease.
Ctout, a disease ; a drop. "^
Ctout {goo)t taste, desire. aO
Qill (usually Gills, g Jtard)^
the lungs of a fish.
Oill {g soft), the fourth part of
a pint.
Fer'-ment, a boiling; a
tumult.
Fer-monV, to cause or pro-
duce fermentation.
^Cruise. — Johnson says, **From the original <;rui««r«, who
bore the cross, and plundered only Infidels." But it seems
simply from cruising or crossing, sc, the seas without any cer-
tain course.
^ C}ti(«e.— The more correct spelling of this word is Cruse.
V
CLASS PODR'ra.
<4&
F(tem, iliftpe, ftppeov -o«.
Ffirm, a bench or seat ; a class.
Fre'-quent, often (»ccnrring.
Fre-quenV, to visit often.
Qouse, an abode or residence.
House (houze), to bring or put
into a house.
Xm'-port, any commodity im-
ported ; meaniug ; conse-
quence; tendency.
Ln-port', tobringfrom abroad ;
to mean or signify.
In'-oense, oerfume or fra-
grance exhaled by fire.
In-cen'se, to inflame, to en-
In -creaso, augmentation.
In-cre'ase, to make more or
"* greater.
Jin'-lBY, «omethiiig inlaid or
r inserted. *-. : -.wfr
&'lay', to lay or put in.
In'-Bult, an affront. V':>^i
lu-sult', to treat with inso-
lence.
In'-ter-diange, a mutual ex-
change; commerce.
In-ter-cha'nge, to exchange
with.
In'-ter-dlot, a prohibition.
In-ter-diot', to prohibit.
In'-tLmate, inmost, familiar.
In'-tlmate,^ to hint ; properly
to convey by a hint our
: intimate or inmost thoughts
or opinions.
Invalid {in-val'-id)f weak ; of
no force or weighs.
Invalid (tn't'a-^««2"),one weak
or disabled by sickness or
wounds.
Lead {leed), to conduct, to
guide.
Lead {led)f a heavy metal.
LlTe(^ir), to exist; to pass life.
Llye (iive)t living; put for
Mive.
Lower {lo'-er),i6hAiigi6ifr,
Lover (/ou'*er), to appear dark
and gloomy.
Mln'-nte, the 60th part of an
hour ; a imatl portion of
time. '
Ml-nu'te, small, diminished.
MlB-oon'-duct, bad behaviour.
Mis-con-ducV, to behave
badly. j,
Konse/a small animal.
MouBe {motuBe), to catch mice.
Kow (mo)f to cut with the
scythe.
How (mott), a heap of hay or
corn when housed.
Notable {no'ta-hi), worthy of
note, memorable.
N6table {mea-bl), skilled in
the scienoeof housekeeping.
Object', to make an objection
to, to oppose by argument.
Oiyject, something seen ; an
end or purpose.
1 /nttnta^^. —Though this word, both verb and noun, is
accented on the same syllable, yet when used as the former
the last syllable is longer dwelt upon. Compare the pro-
uuneiations of qepabate, verb and tumn; also modbbate.
50
VERBAL DIBTINOTIONS.
I
Ordinary (or'<^tf-na-ry), the
estubliiihed judge of »n ee-
olesiastioal court ; a stated
or regular chaplain ; com-
mon, mean.
Ordinairy {oi'cP-nary)^ a house
of entertHinment, whem the
meals are given at an ordi-
nary or regular price.
a-ver-oliarge, too great a
charge.
O-ver-oliar'gre, to charge too
much ; to crowd.
C-yer-tlirow, defeat, discom-
fiture, destruction.
O-ver-thro'w, to defeat, to
discomfit, to destroy.
Pen'dant, a jewel hanging
from the ear.
Pendant {pen'ant\ a small
flair or streamer.
Per'-mlt, a written authority
from an excise officer for
removing goods.
Per-mit', to authorize, to
allow. \t^^ȣ
Pol'.lBli, to sraoothe, to
brighten, to refine, iv? >
Po'-llsli, pertaining to Poland.
or
Precedent {preuf-e-deni),
previous rule or example.
Pi^-ce'-dent,i preceding <
going before ; former.
Pre'>flz, a particle or preposi-
'■ tion prefixed to a word.
Pre-flx, to put before.
Prel'-ude, something intro-
ductory, as to a eon cert.
Pre-lu'de, to serve as an intro-
duction ; to begin with.
Pres'-agrOta prognostic or sign.
Pre-sa'ge, to foretell or fore-
bode.
Pres'-ent, something pre-
sen ted, a gift or offering.
Pre-ienV, to give formally.
Prod'-ttoe, that which is pro-
duced, the product or
amount. _
Prodn'ce, to bring forth. ^^
ProJ'-eot, a design, a scheme,
a contrivance.
Pro-JecV, to form in the mind ;
to jut out. w^ »'
Prot'-est, a solemn declara-
tion.
Pro-test', to declare solemnly.
Provost (p»W-w«<), the head
of a college.
Provost {pro-vo')t the execu-
tioner of an army*, a^^«-«3.
Ba4.tty {'i'are-%ty\ a thing val-
4ii.i for its scarceness.
Barity (rar^'ity), thinness,
subtlety; opposed to den-
sity.
Read ireed)f to peruse, to read.
Read {red), perused, did read. .
Reb'-el, one that rebels.
Be-bel', to oppose la'vful au-
thority, to rise in rebellion.
Rec'-Ol-lect", to call to mind.
Re'-ool-lect", to collect again..
^ Precedent is nearly obsolete ; preceding being used instead.
i<
u-
A slave that ia not twentieth part the tythe
01 jour pr4cedeiiU lord." — HavdeU
\
CT.ASB FOURTH.
tl
Reo'-ord, a register, n m^nio-
rial.
Re-cord', to register.
Reruse, wliiit Ik refused MP
tiBelesK ; WditlilessreniainH.
Refu'ee, to reject.
Rep'-rl-mand, a cenfture.
Rep-iimand', to censure, to
cliido. '- ^, ,
* - *
Re'tail, sale by small qnnnti-
ties.
Retail', to sell in sipaU qDao-
ties. >., . -^
Row (ro)^ a rank or line ; to
l»ro|)el with oarw.
Row (rotf), a riotous noise, a
hiiiwl or scuffle.
Fewer (snwer)^ one tliat sews.
Sewer {8ovr)y a drain, a sink.
Slough {8hu)y a deep miry
place.
Slougb («Zt//), the cast skin
of a snake.
Sow {80u)t a female pig.
Sow («o), to scatter seed for
growth ; to disseminate.
Sub'-Jeot, placed under; liable
to; one under the dominion
of another ; the question or
matter under consideration.
Sub-Jeot', to place under ; to
reduce to submission.
Bu'-plne.akind of verbal noun.
Sn-pi'ne, lying with the face
upwanU ; indolent.
Sur'-vey, a view taken.
Sur-vey', to take a view.
Tar'ry, smeared with far.
Tii'ry, to stay, to wait for.
Tear {tare)j a rent ; to rend.
Tear (/eer), water from the eye.
Tor'-ment, torture, vexation.
Tor-ment', to {lut to pain ; to
torture or vex.
Trans'-fer, the act of trans-
ferrinjs; delivery; removal.
Trans-fer', to assign or make
over to another; to remove.
Trans'-port, rapture; a veflsel
for conveying soldiers her
yondsea." ""
Tzuns-port', to carry beyond
sea as a convict ; to enrap-
ture.
Un-dregs', to divest of clothes.
Un'-dress, a dishabille.
Use (uce)y act of using; utility.
Use (u2e)y to make use of.
Wind, air in motion.
Wind, to turn round, to twist.
Wound (woond), a hurt given
by violence.
Wound {wovmd)t participle of
the verb to Wind.
H
In most of the preceding words the accent is
regulated by the application. When used as nouns,
the accent should be on the first syllable, but when
employed as verbs, on the last^ Thus, "Absent,
^ Some words of this class have not as yet come under this
ANALOOT ; as Balance, Combat, and Counsel, which are ac-
cented alike both as verbs and nouns ; and even with respect
to some words in this list, usage is divided ; as Comment^
Commerce, and Frokii,
2
52
TBRBAL DISTINCTIONS.
Ill !
not present/' is pronounced il^-sent ; but when
used as a verb, the accent must be on the last
syllable, viz., Ah'SerU*.
This change of aocent in the same word is pro-
duced, as Walker well observes, by an instinctive
effort in the language to compensate, in some de-
gree, for the want of different terminations for
these different parts of speech.^
The following words exemplify the same ten-
dency, but in a different manner : ^ —
Nouns, Verbs, Nouns,
Abuse Abuse ' Mouse
Close Use
Diffuse Qrease
Excuse House
Close
Ditluse %
Excuse
Verbs,
Mouse
Use
Grease
House
t
■5^
Grass
Glass
Brass
Price
Behoof
Proof
Reproof
Belief
Bath
Breath
Cloth
Loath
Graze
Glaze
Braze
Prize '
Behoove
Prove
Reprove
Believe
Bailie
Breatlie
Clothe
Loathe
■jivil Advice
Device
Practice
Prophecy
Grief
Thief
Life
Wife
Moutli
Sheatli
Smooth *
Wreath
Advise
Devise
Practise
Prophesy
Grieve
Thieve
Live
Wive
Mouthe
Sheathe
Smooth
Wreathe
^•«
^ Compftre Anfliogy vii., under the head of "Principles of
PronunciRtion/' iwge 112.
^ Either by a ohaxige in the pronunciation of thp^ SAine
letter (as Abuse is pronounced ahuce as a noun, and auuze as
a verb), or by a change or addition of letters (as GVas«, Gla«e;
Bath, Bathe).
' Prize, to set a price upon ; to value or es^^em highly.
^ The adjective Smooth is pronounced likr the verb Smooth,
''a
of
\:
€LA8» FOVRTBL
SENTENCES FOR DICTATION*
03;
It wstn on the twelfth, and not on the eighth of
August, that our auguut Monarch died.
I wns once as strnij'ht as an arrow, t)iou«;h
now obliged, by age and iufirxaitj, to bow like a
bow.
The dmirtnan said that his wife was a c]iarwonin%
and that she sold charcoaL
Thougli I acknowledge it to be nothing more than
Biy desert, yet I beseech yoii not to desert me in thia
desert.
Though he suffers the most excruciating pain from
the gout, yet he continues to indulge his gout for con.-
Tiviality.
The incense of flattery must offend and incense the
wise and good.
As you are hia intimate friend, I will venture to
intimate to you n circumstance of which it will be
advantageous t him to be apprized.
The €Mb»jectioiis to the admission of the invalid into
tlie hospital were shown to be invalid and frivolous.
We ho)>ed^ but our hope was in vain, that the vein
of lead would lead to silver. ^
Lower the sails, the sky begins to lower.
A minute is a very minute portion of time.
The provost of the corporation wus cruelly consigned
to the provoet of the army.
Can you wonder that he should refuse to accept
the mere refuse? "f-
I heard that there was a great row in Pater-noster-
low yesterday.
We observed at the edge of the slough the slough of
a serpent
She bursts into tear?, wrings her hands, tears ker ^
hair, and shows every sign of woe.
He wound hia handkerchief Abo^t the wound*
51
VERBAL D19TJNCT;0K3^
CLASS FIFTH.
WORDS 8PELLZD AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE, BUT DIFFERING IN
IfBANING OR APPLICATION.
"Wb shall begin this Part with an extract from
** Edgeworth's Practical Education : " — , ^
"Pbre Bourgeois, one of the Chinese missionaries
xtttempted to preach a Chinese «ermon to the Chinese. His
own account of the business is the best we can give : I
*' * Tikiey told me v hou signifies a book, so that I thought
whenever the word chmt was pronounced, a book was the
subject of discourse ; not at all Chou, the next time I heard
it, I found signified a tree. Now I was to recollect that chou
was a book and a tree ; but this amounted to nothing. Chou
I found also expressed yrea^ heaU. Chou is to rdate. Chou
is the^^lnrora. Chou means to he accustomed.. Chou ex-
presses the loss of a wager^ &;c. I should never have done
were I to enumerate all the meanings of chou. ♦ * ♦ * i
recited my sermon at least fifty times to my servant before
I spoke it in public, and yet I am told, though he continually
corrected me, that of the ten parts of the senron (as the
Chinese express themselves) they hardly understood three.
Fortuiiately the Chinese are wonderfully patient.*
" Children often experience similar difficulties, and their
patience deserves equal commendation. Elock^ for instance
(according to Dr. Johnson )> signifies a heavy piece of timber;
a mass of matter. Block means the wood on which hats are
formed. Block means the wood on which criminals are be-
headed. Block is a sea term for a pulley. Block is an
obstruction, a stop ; aad finally, Uock means a blockhead.
Children do not pe:<*ceiye that the metaphoric meanings of
this word are all derived from the original Block"
is word are all derived from the original Block,"
like the example just qupted, almost every
word
0LAS8 FIFTH.
05
Old
in our, and indeed every language, has. iu addition
to its original and proper meaning, its consequen-
tial and figurative applications. And though in
seveml instances the original or primitive meaning
has been lost, or is no longer in use, yet, in general,
it will be found to pervade and explain what are
called the different meanings of the same word. In
explaining the following class of words, the author
has kept this principle in view. In tdmost every
case it will be seen that the primitive or original
meaning naturally leads to all the others, though,
at first view, some of them may appear to be quite
different. And, besides the pleasure which even
children take in tracing analogies, it is surely much
easier, as well as much more philosophic, to learn
the meanings of words in this way, than to get them
by rote from the uninteresting and unconnected
columns of a dictionary. For even if it were pos-
sible for a child to recollect the different meanings
of every word in his dictionary (and unless he re-
collects all, there is little use in his knowing only
a part), how is ho to know, on the spur of the
moment, which of the many meanings he is to
attach to a word that he meets with in reading, or
hears pronounced in conversation ? Hear what a
philosopher ^ has said on this subject : —
"When I consult Johnson-'s Dictionaity, I find many
words of which he has enumerated forty, fifty, or even sixty
different significations ; and after all the pains he has taktn
to distinguish them from each other, I am frequently at a
loss how to avail myself of his definitions. Yet, 'uhen a
i*l
«
v^iit
* Dugald Stewart. , , , - v ^ ii^.
m
YERB1.L DI8TIN0TI0N8.
word of thiB kind oceun to me hi a book, or even when I
hear it pronounced im the rapidity of viva voce diBOOurse, I
at once seleoti without the slightest effort of conscious
thought, the precise meaning it was intended to convey.
How is this to be explained but by the light thrown upon
the pmblematioal term by the general import of the sen-
tence ? "
This view of the subject is unquestionably just
The import of words may often be inferred from
the context and meaning of the sentence ; but still
it is necessary to know the meanings of each of the
words which compoise it ; and the only question is,
whether it is betl;er that children should learn the
meani^igsof words easily and InteUectuallgy as here ^
Trecommended, or whether they are to undergo the
useless drudgery of attempting to leara by rote,
from their dictionaries, the meanings of every
word in the languaga , .
Angle, a corner, a point where two lines meet.
Angle, to fidh with a hook and Unei ^>4l#i ^
Arch, something fonned like a bowj as the arch* (aow
written arc) of a eircle, the at^ of a bridge.
Arch, chiefs as in ^zreAbishop, arey^angel. arc^-wng^
arc/^-rogue, <&c. Arch, mischievously droll, is the
same word; which signiticatioii it seems to have
Acquired from the frequency of its application to 4
person pre-eminent or chief in drollery and mischief.
Notorious,^ which properly means noted or well-
y
^ See also Observations on this subject, under the head of
■**Etymology,"p. 143.
^ From the Latin arcus, a bow.
' Notorious. — That the seat of ordinary justice might, be
permauent -and notoHout to all the nation, it was made au
CLASS FIFTH.
57
■■■'i
Itrunmiy ha? acquired a similar significatioii (that is, it
is now generally used in a bad sense).
Ashes, the plural of Ash.
Ashes, the remains of any thing burnt. il«/*- Wednes-
day, the first day of Lent ; so called from the ancient'
custom of sprinKling ashes on the head.
Bachelcnr, a ytmng man ; an unmarried man.
Bachelor^ fimntor graduate, or a student admitted to.
the Jirst degree at a uniyeisity ; a knight of the
lowest OT first degree.
Baity a hit or bite of food put upon a hook to allure
fisli ; and hence, a temptation.
'^'^Xt, to stop at an inn for the purpose of taking (a bii
r bite) a hasty refreshment. < li-^yid t ,§f>g{|f
iSait, to set dogs on ; as to hait a bull. ifl
Bale^ a rotiitd bundle or package of goods.
Bsde, to heave or throw water out of a boat. fSIMUt
Basey the loicest part or foundation ; the pedestal of a
statue. • •■■■.;'■ .;-.;v^.,^^. .:..^^^
Base, 2ot^, mean, worthless.
Base, a /ow, deep sound in music, ^^^^jt^^ei^ ^miil
Baty an animal resembling a mouse, tvith wing»
skin or leather. ,
Bat, a kind of club for heating or striking a ball.
Bay, a portion of the sea encompassed or surrounded
by the land, except at the entrance.
Bay, as in the phrase, " to stand at bay." properly re-
fers to a stag hayeil in or surrounded by tlie dogs^
and obliged to lace them by an impossibility of
escape. ^ ' t'^
Bay-window (usually and perhaps properly Bow-
window), a window curving outward, and thereby
forming a kind of bai/ or hollow m the room.
article of Magna Charta that Common Pleas should no longer
follow the King's Court, but be held in some certain place.
— Blackstone. *
,:^iJu
58
VERBAL DISTINCTIONS.
Bay, a species of the laurol tree.
Bay, a colour ; as a bay horse.
Bay, to I ick, to burk at ; as to " haif the moon."
Beaver, an anipliibiotts animal, called also a Castor.
Beaver, a hat made of the fur of the beaver or castor,
Beaver, the pavt of a helmet that covers the face, , <^
Bill, the beak of a bird.
Bill, a kind of axe with a Iwoked point.
Bill, a written paper of any kind, as an account of
money ; a law presented in writing to Parliament)
'which, when passed, is called an act.
Blade, i}\ejlat or cuttinsj part of a knife or weapon.
Blade, a spire or leaf of corn or f^niss, from its resem*
blance to the bkuh of aii instrument.
Blade, the^^ bone of the shoulder ; ijhej^r^fdoT^fit^
part of an oar.
Blade, a sharp, keen person. This application of the
term is vulgar. , ' x %»
11 V ■■'..<•! C*.
<t
Blow, a stroke, a sudden calamity.
Blo<W, to puff like the wind ; to inflate ; to swrll or ])Ut
forth blossoms like a flower.
Board,^ a broad piece of timber ; a table ; the deck or
floor of a ship. To board a person is to entertain
him at our board or table.
Board, a council or commission sittinrr at the sam^
board or table ; as the Board of Education.
Box, a kind of shrub or tree.
Box, a case or coffer made of wood (properly ftox-
. wood) ; a money cliest ; a Christmas present.
1 Board is formed from hroad^ by the metathesis of r ; as
in the following corruptions : Cruh for curbj cruds for curds,
purty for pi'etty, &c.
CLASS FlPTHo
&9
5.r
BoZy ftn encloted or circular seat ; as a toos in a theatre,
the box of a coach, &c.
Boz> a blow with the fist or closed hanci. . >
Brace (to embrace, to hold tiglitly), to bind togetlier.
Brace, two or a pair ; as a brace ot* partridges. Like
the word Couple, 67*ace seems to liave acquired iliis
signification from the custom of braci/iig or coupling
two dogs, or pieces of game together.
'(
Baft a sort of leather prepared from the skin of the
Buffalo, used for waist belts, pouches, &c.
• Baft the colour of itt^ leather, that is, light yellow.'
« Butt, a large cask or barrel.
Batt, the mark to be aimed at; a person at whom
jests are aimed or directed.
Butt, to strike with the head.
"Case, that which holds or covers something else ; as
a book-ca«^, a pillow-ccwc. . ^k
J Case, state or condition of things • as a hard case,
' Case, at law ; put for Cause. ^ a* , j, ^
Cashier, the person who has charge of the cas/t,
CftShier, to make void ; to dismis.-i from office. ^
Cast, to throw with the liand ; to throw away ; to
throw or pour into a mould or form.
Cast (the thing moulded or formed), a model, shapo,
or form. Compare Mould, p. 69.
Chase, to hunt, to pursue, to drive away. '■'' ^^^"^
Chase (put for Enchase), to set in a case or fraiwe, as
a precious stone in gold ; to adorn by embossed or
raised workw -1' ■
Club, a heavy stick, thicker at one end than the other ;
one of the four suits of cards.
60
VERBAL DISTINCTIONS.
Club, to contribute to a common expense in settled
^ proportions.^
Club, an association or society ; as tlie Yaclit Clink
Oomb| an instrument for adjusting the hair.
Oomby the crest of a cock ; so called from its fancied
resemblance to a cmnb,*
Coxnb, the cavities in which bees deposit their honey.
Consistencyi uniformity or agreement with self.
Consistency, degree of denseness or rarity ; as boiled
into the oonsiateiicjg of syrup.
Ooni) seeds or grains which g^ow in ears, not in pods ;
grain unreaped.
Com, to sprinkle or throw grains of salt on meat ; and
hence, to salt slightly.
Corn, an excrescence on ^iie foot, of a comeow or horny
substance. ,,, ,a,. .
Count) to reckon or commute; any thing summed up
or reckoned, as a count in an indictment.
Count, a foreign title ; an earl ; originally the governor
or lieutenant of a county.
Counter, a bench or table in a shop on which money
is counted or received.
Counter, a piece of fictitious money used for keeping
count or reckoning.
Counter, contrary to ; as to counteract.
Court, the residence of a king, or of his representative ;
the nail or chamber where justice is aaministered.
Court, to solicit with courtly attention ; to woo.
Court) enclosed space before a house, an enclosure.
^ Club, — " Plums and directorg, Shylook and his wife.
Will club their testers now to take thy life.''
—Pope,
' Comb. — "Because it standeth lagged like the teeth of a
oombe," says Jlfin^Aeu;.— **Fi*om its pectiDated indentures."
— Johnson.
W 'Ssu*i»ii,..jMk^.'
n
CLASS PIPTH. 01
Graft, trade j'^ manual art or handicraft; and hence,
art, artitlce, cunning.^
Oraftt a small ship (engaged in craft or trade).
Orane, a bird "with a long beak ; also a long bent tube
for drawing liquor out of casks.
Crane, an engine for raising weij^hts ; so called from
its overhanging shape and capacity to pick up objects.
Orop, to cut ilwrt or close ; to cut or eat the tops off.
Crop, ttiat which has been cropped or cut off : tiie har-
vest cut down ; and hence the produce of the field.
Crop, the cruw or first stomach oi birds (which serves
the same purpose with them as mastication witli usi
Cross, a kind of gibbet ; the emblem of the Christian
reli«^d<>n ; anything that thwarts or gives annoyance ;
a trial of patience.
Cross, to lay one body, or draw one line, ticross or
athwart another in the form of r cross. To cross
the channel is to go across in a straight line ; to cross
IX person is to tluvart or cross him in his purpose;
and a person disposed to act so, is called cross or
:-: PERVERSE. Mi^i^iiipu ,
Crow, a well-known bird. — " To pluck a cfoi^," would
bu to lose our labour for nothing, for crows are not
eaten ; and hence the phrase (which is now vulgar)
came to signify to lose our time in disputing about
a matter of no consequence, even if decided. This
kind of disputation was called by the Romans de
J l(ina caf)rina, that is, a controversy about goats' uooly
or in other words, about nothing.
Crow, an iron bar (with a beak like a crow) used as a
lever. Compare Crane^ a siphon or tube.
1 Ct'aft. — * * And because he was of the same craft, he abode
with them, and wrought." — Acts xviii. 3.
'•* Cunning. — " If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right
hand forget her cunning. — Psalm cxxj";:. 5.
M VERBAL DI8TIN0TIONS.
OroWi M A oook, and honoo to crow or triumph over.
Dam, tho mot)icr of nn animal. Dime in anoihor
form of thu same word, and was foniioi-ly used in
thu same sonso {mother),^
Dam, a bunk to conilno water.
Date of a letter, that is, tho time when it was given
fi'om under our hands ; the time of any oyent.
Date, the fruit of the cfate-trre (a speoies of pulm).
Deal, to divide, share, or parcel out ; tis to thai curd^.
Deal, a division, «^r«, or quantity ; as a groat deat^
that is, a great sluxre or portion.
Deal, tlr or nine planks f perhaps so called from being
dml^ or axvided equally fi'om the trunk ; as curds
* from the pack).
Deal, to trade or traffic ; but propevly to retail or soil
in small portione or quantities.
Dear, expensive, or costly ; much prized or valued.
Darling, formerly dearUng^ means little dear; an
gosliiiff means litVe gooae^ &c.
Dear, a term of endeannentf implying highly valued
or esteemed.
Deck, to cover ; to clothe ; to adorn — in the la^t
sense perhaps put for decorate.
Deck, the floor of a ship (that which covers the hull).
Desert, that which one has deserved or merited. (It
is formed thus, deserved^ deserv*dy desert.*) »
Desert, to forsake or leave desertecL
t-iet, an assembly ; as the German Diety Leld for enact-
ing laws, and regulating the mode of government.
j ■', ■
1 In Paradise Lost Eve is called " universal Dame.**
* "Not my deserts^ hut what I shall desei've*'—Rich, III,
CLASS Firm.
63
t)Mt food or regimen reKtilnted Uy the rules of medii
cine ;^ and lieiico, food goiieriilly.
Draw* to drag or draw along ; as a home does a car.
Draw (that is, the brunli or pencil along the paper),
to delineate or portray.
EngrosSt to take the gros» or whole ; to monopolise.'
SngrosSi to copy in fjroMf or large characters ; as in
records or law wriiinge.'
BzpresSi to p'0M out ; to utter or send out words ; to
pronounce or declare.
EzpraiS) to tend out or o(T speedily ; a message so sent
Fair, a fixed or stated market for buyers and sellers.
Fair, pleasing to the eye or mind ; as a/aiV lady, a fair
day, /air conduct ; also, favourable ; as a /air vfind^
Fellow, one of the same society ; aA r fellow of college ;
and hence, an equals a mate/i ; as one glove is said to
be the Jellow oi tho otiier. This word is also used
in contempt ; as companion* formerly was.
File, a thread of wire on wliich papers are strung to
keep them in order ; a catnlogue or roll ; a line or
rank of soldiers.—- To file a bill is, to put it on the
Jile of the court for trial in due order.
File, an iron or steel instrument for rasping, h^tn^"^
File,^ formerly used as Defilk now is. (Now obsolete.)
J X.
1 ** To fast like one that takes diet," (that is, to abstain like
one confined to a prescr ibcd regimen).— Shakspeare,
' *' All our praises why should lords engross?
llise, honest Muse, and sing the man of Koss.'*
' ** A clerk foredoomed \\j0 father's soul to cross,
Who pens a stans^^i when he should engross."— Pope.
* "Away! sCMwy companion." — Shakspeare.
. • "For Banquo's issue have I filed my mind,
'*-^ For them the giacious Duncan have I niurdeiGd."
64
VEBBAL DISTINCTIONS.
nilet (a little thr€ad\ a slight bandage;^ a chaplet
or haTid round the head.
Fillet, the thick part of a leg of veal ; so called from
being usually trussed with x\ fillet or slight bandage.
Flag* the colours or ensign of a ship, &c.
Flag, to hang loose ; to droop ; to grow spirilless.
Flag, a water plant with a broad drooping leaf.
Flag, a broad kind of stone used lor smooth pavemt-^ c
Fold, a double or plait. Twenty-/oW means twenty
doubled, or twice the number. Hence Taoxiifold,
that is, many doubled, or very numerous.
Fold, a place in which sheep are (enfolded) enclosed.
Foot, as tbe/oof of a man ; the/oo^ of a table ; the/ooT
(or lower part) of a mountain.
Foot, a measure of twelve inches, such being the sup-
posed leugth of the human /ooi.~See JV^ai/, p. 68. ,
Forge, to beat with the hammer into a particular shape
or form ; to make or I'orm.
Forge, iojfabricate or counterfeit a writing in imita-
tion of the original ; as to forge a note, io forge a
signature.
Fonnd, to lay the grrowwdf- work or/ownc?ation ; to build
or establish ; as io found a city.
Found, to form by pouring molten metal into a mould,
as in ^ foundrrj {\Ti%tef\A oi founding metals, we now
. say casting).^
■*^iSl^-^,^■fJ^
'■** 'r
Fret, to wear away by rubbing ; to wear or eat away ;
as " a n\o\\\ fretleth a garment."
■ ■^rt ^ S*jfi
jf^^-i* -g-
1 "What yr\t\i jilletB of rosc% ^ndifilleU of real.
Things garni with lace, and things garni vrith eel.**
Fudge Family,
' "A second multitude,
"With wondrous art, founded the massy ore.** — Milton,
CLASS FIFTH.
i7
e5
».
Fret, to tease, to vex, to irritate or make angry. * f
Fret, in architecture, raised and ornamented work^^
Fry, to drePB food in a fryinjif-pan.
Fry, a swarm or crowd of young tisbes.
Game, speti or amusement of any kind ; as a game or
match at lootbaH.
Game, to play (as a gamester or gamUer) hij,'h.
Game, animals, as partridi^'es and liares, which, by
bein^' shot or hunted, are said to afford game or
sport to persons who are called sportsmen.
Gin, a snare or trap (an ab\)Teviation of Engine),
Gin, an abbreviation of Geneva,
Grain, a single seed of corn; and lience, any thing
very minute or small; as a grain of salt. — See
Corn, p. 60.
Grain (like scruple, M'ljich originally mennt a little
stone), a small weight. The guain of a body means
i'^ the patiicles of which it is coniposed ; and hence, the
^exiwre of cloth ; tlie temper orcorw^it/iimiof the mind.
Grate, a range of bars, or frame of iron ; as & grate for
fire, the grating of a window.
Grate, to rub against a rough, uneven surface, as to
grate ginger ; to make a hursli, grating sound.
Grave, to engrave ; to carve on a hard substance.
Grave (a liole graved or scooped ^ out) for the dead.
Grave, heavy j berioup, sol emn. • -^'^ - ^^•^'** * t ' '
Graze, to crop or feed on grass.
Graze, to take the tops of the hair off in passing, as a
bullet from a gun ; to touch the skin slightly in
passing. Hence the expressions, the bullet grazed
in his whiskerj', the bullet grazed his arm.
.t)ti'J>»t^
^ " He died— and they unlocked his chain,
And scooped for him a hollow 6R.\v£."
The Prisoner of Chilton, .
66
TKRBAL DISTIN0TI0N8.
Hail) droyw of nxn frozen while falling. ' Joil.
Hail, to wish healthy to salutr ; to call to. HAijfB,
liealthyt and Heal, to mnke /lale or JiealUiy^ are
diffei-ent formA of the same word.
Hamper^ a large hasket used for package.
Hamper, to put obstacles in one's way, to clog or
impede, to embarrass. j
Hind, the female of the red deor or stag.
Hind, a peaBaiit, a rustic, a boor.
Hind, as hind legs, hehitid, Hencp, HINDER, to keep
he/iDid or back, to obstruct. Compare to Fanoard.^
Jet, a beautiful black fossil. Hence the expression,
"as black nfijef.** >j
Jet, a B[)0ut or shoot of water ; to jut out or project.
Kind, ppecies or sort, as maiiA'Wy manner or way.
Kind (fond of one's kind^ or /cm), con^'cnial, benevo-
h;nt. Compare Humane^ that is, becoming (or having
the feelings of) a human being. ,,^,^,,n ,
Left (that wliich is leaved, leaved, le/t)^ not taken ;
quitted, abandoned.
Left, as the left hand, that is, the hand which is
(leaved) left or not use<i.
Letter, one of the characters of the alphabet.
Letter, an epistle (or message communicated by letters
or written characters). -^
Light, luminous matter, as the light of the sun, the
ligJit of a candle. Hence, light, to kindle ar p^*
duce lighty as to lig/tt the fire.
* Forward (put for /orgward), to bring be/orc or in front,
to advance or promote.
2 Hence, kindlbss, unnatural ; as **kindlest villain," ap-
plied by Hamlet to his uncle, the murderer of his father.
Hence, aliio, kindly, natural ; as ** the kindly fruits of the
earth."
GLASS FIFTH.
67
letters
front,
Xiigllt, not lieayy ; unsteady ; not regular iu conduct.
Light, to come down or settle upon ; as to light from
a carriage ; to light upon one'0 feet.
Li|Kht. to nappen or light upon by chance ; to light as
biias ; to ticfht (or alight) as from a carriage.
Lighten, to make light or Ibrs heavy.
Lighten, to enlighten or illumine ; to flush as lightning.
Lime, vincous or Ptickv matter, aA bird-Zime / mortar
j^ or Cfime/<^ used in building. r'M -m rfo
Lime, u >»mall apecies of Jemon. h /|u i?y£it:i^ li ,,1
Lime, the linden-iree.
Line* a string or cord ; anytningexteiK^ ::(.:. like a line ;
.AS the equinoctial /tiie, n line of pootry, a line of
, •toldiers, a line of conduct. Hence, albo, outim^,
/ineament, iXstlineate, lineal y ^tneage, <bc.
Line, to put lining (properly linen) into clothes. I
Link, a single ring of a chain ; anything connecting;
a link in the evidence ; linking arm and arm.
Link, a torch, a light. Hence ^in/fc-boy. ^ ^
Litter, a portable bed or couc^^ a palanquin. '^^^
Litter, straw, because used fvr i.he bedding of horses
and other animals. «^
Litter, to scatter things caro.lessly about like litter.
Litter, a brood of younu' ; as the litter of a pig, that
is, the number farrowed in the litttr.
Lock, a tuft ; as a lock of wool, a lock of hiAr. ';*
Lock, an instrument composed of springs and holts,
used to fasten, shut up, or confine ; as the lock of a
door, the lock of a canal, the lock of a gun.
f , . ,1 i.j I
Long, as a long journey, a long time.
Long, to desire earnestly ^to think the time ^^ till
we possess the object).
^V'-^)^i^)L'»ii.
68
VBRBAL DISTINCTIONS.
Lot, a die, or anything used in deciding chanceil • as
to caist lotSf to draw lots. '^^^"^
Lot, that whicli comes to any one as his chance;
fortune or state assigned ; as a happy lot^ a hartl lot
Lot, a parcel of goods, as if drawn hy lot.
Lot, a proportion of taxes ; as to pay scot and loL
Mail, a coat of steel network; a bag (properly one
made of meshes, like an angler's casting net, or ^
\ii(\y' s retictde). ■ ,| - . , ,v>.;f .
Mail-coach or Mail-packet, the' teSi^W'Tfiacket;
which carries or conveys the mail ot post bags, \,.
Match, a contest ; a game ; also (because the contend-
ing parties are su])posed to be equal) one that ii
equal or suitable to another ; as John and his wife
. are well Mia^c^/eci?; these gloves do not ma^cA^ Hence,
»/}a^c/iless, without an equal or match.
Match, any thing used for igniting ; as a small chip,
of wood dipped in melted sulphur. '
Mean, the middle or medium ; as " the golden mean/*
Mean,^ middling (and hence not higii) ; low, base.
In the meantime means the mtevmecCiate time.
Mean, to purpose or intend ; to signify. ^ , ,;$#i»|^^
Ml5^, l6 coihefHce to face; tW ccVhie togethfrl' ''^-^^^i*^.
"M-eeti"^ convenient ; proper, suitable. j*^ ^^*^f;-
Minute, a small or winute portion of time. ;, ,i^^;i^ij
Minute, a short or brief note. .4U it* j<i»m;i v^iil ,81 .;. ,
Moor, a mai^li or bog. nr^,.. 'T'■^:f:^:^nt|J,., ^^g'^^^-'
Moor, to fasten by anchors. . ^,, , ^ - . iboJt
Moor, an African, properly a native of JKwocco, , ,^ -
' **And the mean man shall be brought dtnm, and tho
mighty man shall be humbled."— /sataA v. 15. .i^QOii
[^ *' It ?B not rneet to despise the |>oor man that hath under<
Btanding, neither is it convenient to magni^ a sinful man.'*
— Eccles. X. .
tidC
Mi J
iho
in/
.<^/.<'»,GLAS8 FIFTH.'
JiCoztMP^ a vestal in whioh things are pounded or
brayed together ; and hence mortar, cement used
in b.idldiii<,% because the sand, lime, &c., arc mixed
and blended together as if in a mortar, o
Jilortar, a shorty wide cannon for throwing bombs (so
called from having some resemblance in shape to
r > (3 £. !
Mould, fine, soft eartlu Hence. MOULDfiR, to turn to
* wio^i/d or (iu^t ; to crumble. -^^ ' ^-'--'^'-^ ^ii^^i*^
Mould, a form or shape (usually made ot mould ^
clay) in which things are cast or modelled^ ! '^'^l^}!-
Mould, to grow mouldy or musty.
Nail, a sharp spike of metal. .n'v^-sv rnO l^'^ ^^i\ivv
Nail, of the linger, Hence^ NAIL, a measure (fr(Hn the
second joint of the finger to the end of the nail) oi
two inches and a quarter. Hand and Foot are ^^also
i. : iused to denote measure. — See Foot, p. 6i.
Pale, wan, whitish, dmi. * »
Fade, a stake ; an enclosure formed by stakes; any
enclosure ; a district, jurisdiction, or boundary ; as
** within the /?afe," ^* beyond the pale,^
Palm, the inner part or palm of the hand ; a JuDid or
measure of four inches.-^Compare Foot and NaiL
Palm, a tree ; so called because its leaves, when ex-
t^ pauded, have some I'esemblanoe to the palm or opeti
'' iiand ; and because the branches of tnis tree were
V iijworn by conquerors, PALM came to signify victory,
triumph. .< ••'n.^i;<iv Ji. iu. ."•*.» i.*iiiii-,a;o uiJ--M,»*)
Ps^, to conceal in the pdlm of the hand, as jaggletiT;
and hence, to impose upon by fraud. -^iuiy ^t,
Pixtial, pertaining only to a party as a partial
eclipse of the sun. . .^*v*.
Partial, inclined to a particular pcirtj' as John.kt<>o
partial to James, that is, too much disposed to taice
his party whether right or wrong. _ „,,; .^ ^a^vi ; *
v3f'«'
;■■&•
t<e
VERBAL DiSTINCTIONa
IPerehf a lons^^ pole ; a rooet for birds ; a masimiig
i>9Xod,.aineasuie of five yards and a hall t l)^vi.,<>
Tndif to light or settle upon a perch or bough.
Perch, a kind of fisli,
PikOy a lance or spear tised by foot soldiers.
Pike, a voracious fisli (perhaps so called from the
sharpness of his snout).
Pitch, the resin of the pine iusj^issated ; tar. , ^(Sj^ce,
the expressiou, "as black as pitcb." ' 'l '^«»
Fitch, to fix ; as to pitch the teutx.
Pitch, to throrw lieaulong, to throw or cast forward.
Pitch, a certain degree of elevation ; as at the highest
piti^ of the voice, iijji^ijt %r»^iiL,p M^mm i» akiH
POadi, to boil slightly; as to poach e^s/f ,^;^^-^
Poach, to {poke) fiig or steul game. :;^^'H ^^'"^jf
Port, a gate or enimiiee ; a liarbour. Port-hole» in a
' ship of war are the apertures flrc/ocu'if through wJ;jich
the guu8 are put out. '^"^^ .n^iUim. ,nf>^^ .insiW
ViJitt^ beanng^ carriage, mien, demeanour. ^^"^ ^i- M'Brk _
Port (wine), an abbreviation of Oporto, jf^^'^"^^^
Porter, a gate or door keeper. , it r <t
Porter, one who carries loads for hire, -wif aai ,iiiiG i
Potter, strong beer — the favourite drink of porters,
Ponndv a tvei^dt ; and because a pouwl of silver was
formerly coined into twenty shillings, ^^e^tiii^^ shillings
are still called a pou)id^ though they are iiiQW only
about one-third of that weight.
fr!1t*If-:
'jPoimd, to beat or bruise with something weighty, j^^^
Pound, to impound^ as to pomui cattle* •;«)t}0$Mi
JtaMe,to set i^ a rawA; or raw, tp ^i^ppf^ ^ftpjwper
order, to arrange. r ; ■y.U ti m\ ! ;
',JlWlge,tQ7»ve at large, ii-uMh'^i .r,r^KHf!*f
1 ** Pride in his po}*|, deflanc^ in hia eye,^'*^(7o^4wt^.
OLA.SS FIFTE.
71
the
m.
Bank, overgrown, luxuriant, rampant cti^^rr ^n J'i^}^-
Banky strong-scented, rancid. ^:t'-t^ - f > ; • '
Bank, a row or line ; a range of § ubordinaftion |, A 4|-
gree ot dignity ; high life. ^ tm,mm.Mm^,Moim
Bear, to raise np ; to bring tap^ to bree4 ' ; olba
Bear, to rise up on the hind ]egs, as a home.
Bear (or Bere)» that which is oehind or backwardsi
OS tne rmr rank.
Rear (or Rata'! raw underdone.^ ^^^'"^ -"^* 43iiJTO«i
J^ |or aare), raw, unaeraone. ^^^^^ ^ .l^n^oS
Bock, a vast mass of stone fixed in the earth ; anct be*
>vi»cau8e places of defence are usually founded upon a
rock, the term, particularly m Scripture, has been
: ;' used to denote a defence or protection ; as '* the ro^
'^ of Israel."
Bock, to shake, to agitate ; as to rock a cradle, .^^i^^^
1 - I
SablC) a little animal ; the skin of this animal (which
is cUtrh and glossy), , ^ty'':,r^:.j^..},,yiArt «^
Sable, dark, black ; as the «a5/0 nighi— Compare the
figurative applications of Jet and Pitch^^^ ^. mnhm^>
Scale, a ladder; also a figure (so called from having
some resemblance to a ladder) in maps exhibiting
the proportions between the represented and actual
distances. Hence the expressionsi "on a grand
scaley"* "on a small scafe.**- • ^^-^ir _;,^J./ -1.^+5
Scale, to ascend by ladders; as to scale the walls. '^
Scale, as the scale of a fish, the sca>le of a balance. ^
Scale, to pare or peel off in thin particles like scales:
Set, to place ; to place or put in order ; as to set a
watch, to set a razor, to set the house in order.
Set, a number of things {set down together) suited to
each other ; as a set of china, a set of ftrc irons. -^^^
Shaft, an arrow ; any thing long and straight y as the
shaft of a car, the shaft of a weapon.
.tra^
VEira&L distinctions;
Sliafb, a narrow; ihflp; pbrfwjmlicular pit^ or opeifing;
into a mine ; u.s tiic ahaft c»t' a mincv >) .a fiinn.i
Slioiai/i*«^rt//i»»orgmMlbniik. ! ',?; ;'^*'
Shoal) i\ great iiunil)er or bo<ly ; as ji moal of herrings.
Sole, a flat iltfl> I so: cfillied froin its feiimilarit^ to the
sole of the ibotf ov tlie sole of a shoe. ' ^
rSole^ only or etitirte ; as ^*soh partner of my noUl.'"
Sound, any thln.^' audible, a uoisp. . >y v -^
Sound, a^ shallow seii — such as may he toutided'^ with
. ,the pUinimet ; as the Souiid of Denmark. Ilenoe
, ftOUi^b, to tvy, to QXainine; as^Jiave you founded
■ hiiu on>he»ubiect| yl^^lmi^'^m t^v^^'.^iit J.mrj -*'
8o^I^^ healthy, 8ane ; Vise ; uninjured ; as a sound
mind in a sound body ; safe and soimd, ,j*mii^j '\o
Spring, tO'shoiAt up unexpectedly or imperceptiMy\ as
plants ; to spring up suddenly, a& an plastic body
when the presj;ut'e is j*eniov('d ; to sprivg or leap*
upon, a»a wild beast on its prey. .^An*^
Spring, the season in which jplants, <kc., »jmn^ iVp."*^*
Spring, a well of Avater spi-inging up out of the ground.
Stake, a strong stiok or post stiLch or fixed in the ground.
Stake, a wager or pledge — deposited or fixed to await
i *tbe event ; and hence, chance, risk, hazard. ^ >
,, , ' . ' ' ♦'.>.fA ■
^^erh (the steenn^- place), the hind part of a fihip.,^
Stem, aurtere, har^^^ ^^:^^^^^^/j,^^,,^ ^^^^j^^|;
Stidc (a long, slender piece of wood), a staff, « ,^la?>4
Stick, to fasten orpin against; to adhere to. .3ij3t>8
Stock) the trunk or stem of a tree ; so, c<%Lle^()f ^^
being stuck or fixed in the ground, ' , v '/
ttock, a family or face, in allusion to the stem of a tree.
tock^ a stiff band or cravat i^:> which the neck se^ms
to be stuck or fixed.
t'^
ii ■> I
-f**-
^ Sound, — See Acrts xxvii. 28, f or an iliustrntioii.
.^'■
XOCilw&flS FIFTIL
n
rr
as
Stock, fixed quantity or store of Auy thing; as «<oc^ or
capital in trader r>.M;fx i. ' ? Ntiioi
Stock, that partof a musket or gun in which the bar*
mlis stuck OT WxdiX, \^'*
stocks, a place of confinement in which the legs of
otlenders are £tuck.
Stocks, the frame or timber in which ships Are «^iicl;
or tixe«i while buildmg. /i' ..}..} r,},,"! 1*/
Stocks, the public Funds. ' ' -^ '- ^ ^ i:
Strain, t« squeeze or ]»ress ; to press too much of
I violently ; to i'oice or constrain. Hence, to straul
one's ankle; to sirawi a point '>«J*^ 4
Strain, a song or note ; a style or mjanerof speaking. ,
Talent, a weight or sum of money. n^
Talent (from the parable of the l^fknU), ft naj;!!^
^ gift; ^faculty or power. '^i^dt .!W^
Taper, a war candle ; a light. I <- "^'"^ ' J^IM
Taper (formed like a taper), cootical; «lender. ^*'^
Tender, soft, del irate, j^; -- itbustii
Tender (t© exte»d the arm;, to offer- ijj
Tender (i>ut for attender), xt small vessel which «ai^i
tends u^tun tlie fleet, &c. .
11
'di
M>i
.J
iJslier, one wiio stands at the door for tfie purpose or
introdncinf strunj^er*. or visiters. ^ ' ; J
Usher, an imder tp«cher, or one who imJtrod'uee^ i^t'^
iniliatesyoung ficnolars in th.; elements of learning, ^
Titter;, otUiiTy oithvjird, extreme ; as w^^crraost. a^, ,t>4|t<i>
TJtter (to give lOut words), to fjpeak ; (to give out cn»>
circulate ; as to utter base coin,) to publish; to vencu^
^■^H^:
u
Vault, an a/)-ehed cellar.^ "» '* t
Vault,^ to i«ap in an ardhjd or circular direction. ***t ^ .
1 ** The fiery darts in flaming volleys flew,
And, flying, vatUted either host wii,L tiQ.**—MilUm,
n
VERBAL msTMfcnoNa
lii'
WOfcDS FOB BXEKCIBK * 4 I'V
[Thepupih shovff/ he required to (five thr diffennt DUfjnlijn
or appUcaiiong of tach of l^e foltowiwj licrd^.]
Mar^m Brni ' ■^'^' Maca Heat _ ,
Air Dim Maugie ^ Ring ^^^'^..|^^ ,
Apparent EU?er "■'*^ Meahsp^ ";_ Eue I'H^'"^ "-.
Bu.a. ^,- .„. Exact Mole"^^^^^ % Back I"?. -4
Bunk .t^ ,; F^ir^ ^r ^ Must - '• Sago "''''"^*^" ,. ■
Bark . <>i^^<#i,- F? ,ai^&' -•::^4;j Nap Sa»h - ,./■
Baste ■ ,^: Fine, ^al Nervoua Seal •':?'>''"^- ■
Bark . <i^,^,- F ,ai^&' ^^:\^i Nap Sa»h
Baste ,^ Fine, ^al Nervoua Seal
Be6^i>|..:fe(#.. ^^inuh"" *f'i^.«i- Oblige tr-ro Seasc
Become
Beetle
Bill
Billet
Boo*
Bound
Brazier
Brook
Bwj];!e
Calf
Cupe
Oaru
Cataract
Charge
Collation
Corporal
Cl^b
Cricket
Crown
Pie
Oblige tr ro Season ^^x^^
Fit Order , • Bee , ^m
Flock 'f'J^ Ounce "'^^ ^^ed 'i:,i;4
^t- FbiH.^^^^^^^^ PaKe^^^^i '^i Shrub '-^^h]
Founder Pall "' '^^-^-'^ Sisa
Ground Patient Spirit M;i>'i^
■ Habit ,^;^v.a .Peak-. ji„,^rt.,f.i Steep -ciiigal?
Hide Pen 7 " Still . ^^ ^p
Host ,^ Pet -^f! Succeedt^^^i
Jar Pinion ' t ^^ Swallo^^^ *
Kennel Pole ^^^^^ Table *:^^^"^
Kite- • ■ PodtiVir;iy.:«,'Taek-i,i9ife"0'
I^^^P ^H^.rt ■ Prefer ■_ , un-, ■ Tense ^^m. :; *
Xiawn .,^0 •! Prune a lyj Till : .tei!?jlf
Lay fJii^ Puke ^ejinToll a^iiiiiii
League Punch Tone .vv^-
Leftn, Pupil T.^ar'^^t^
j^gj. 4««ui*^v Quarter#^^^*5 -ibler w
L!r Race ^"^^ ^ ortle ^''^
^J=:a
List
Rail
.._ ' -^...
.iwi^'t^'*^^^^
a
■K-aii [| -ice
Rentftiivrrs, ?ard
^je^lrri^^" ^md vH^dm yt^i t^-igtu.^-
•< ' . (
m..
r-W
EXEECIS]|§^ JIT CRT]
^.
< J
^*o^
•'■"v'
The chief difliciilties in orthography arise
the irrepcular sounds of the letters in some ^vordsyv
and their silence in others. ■' *
In the Introduction to the author's Dictionary
the regular and irregular sounds of the letters are
fully explained,^ to which the learner can refer. ^ }"
■'•■■■ •'lniai»4il
IRRBaULAR SOUNDS OP THE VOWELS. friiJaM
A, Cambridge Were-^^<^'" Finale -^^«4
Are^ • ' Thames
Bade ^^^^ Funmce
Have ^»^^*" Palace*
Halve l^*^^^ Image
Salvo ^Wi''-Villngc«
Shall ^^'^i Climate
Mall •^Primate*
PrtllmiiU /^
A*icient ^-. J?».
Angel H' /|.^ ¥.-<^
CliambcT There
Cambric Where
Rationale
Clerk --^^'^^
Sergeant ,.
Derbv - «^^*'* V^md^
Berkley Give ^^f^^^'^
Acme ^^''' Live ^|
Anemone Bird* ^^^
Apostrophe Dirt '^ti^C
Catafitroplie Finit
Epitome Sir
Hyperbole Stir
Recipe Third '^'^^J
Simile ^*^^'^ Thirty '"^f
' Both the regular i^nd irregular sounds of the letteri ar«
given in the I'^ictionaiy under each vowel, diphthong, und
consonant in Alphabetic \1 order. As »n exercise the learner
should be require<l to state what<«v^ouIil be the regular sound
iu each «/ the f«ll&wing casen.
^ And iu all vnacA'.ented syllables ending in ace, age, anil
«<<?. — See page 113, No. 10.
' In words of this class the present tendenqr i<, to gira f
it« own short unaccented Aouncl, instead of «hori ^or i,; m
h. Hif\ mirth^ virtue, girl^ iquirt,
'..::-' y- Jennie ''■'■■m^^^^ '■''"'-
Johnson
'^^emorif
tSr.jjfiKjga^i
iS^>
T6
1BXSRCISB8 tH OtlTItOORAPHT.
Thirst
Fir , . r
Birch
Dirk
Flirt
Squirt
Spirt
Antique
Caprice
Chugriu*
Minion ^
Pinion
Auxiliary
Incendiary
Notice' '•'
Justice ^4^„
Artifice
Benefice *
Fertile
Sfervile*
JiBvenile-
Mercantile^
Famine
E'ngine
I>iscipline
Ctenuine'
Pmctise
P^oinise^
Advertise
I>isrranichiise>
Granite
Respite
Definite r-t^rt
Opposite ' ' '
Motive
Olive »
Primitive
Intuitive '
0,
Above V* ;
Affront firf-i',
Among
Amongst
A t torney
Bomb
Bombard
Borough
Brother
Cocl lineal
Colandetf ^^,
Colour ^^
Come .^:jj.,fj
Cbmelyvts^of
C()mftt,{a;^li;
Comfoi't
Comp«,ny
Compass;
Comrade
Combat
Comfrey
CiMaduit
Conjr None
CoTyure Nothing
Constable One '^
Cevenant Onion
Cover Other
Covert Ovea .rp
Covet PloveF'^'^^
Covey Pomegranate'
Cozen Pomniel
Discomfit . / Shove . :
Done , rnt bShovet .-
Dothr,v| t j,.Sloven
Dost ■ Smother
Dove , ' Some
Dozen ^^-^ Somerset
Dromedary Son
Front f J f^„ j Sovereign
^love ,,.,nn "
Govern
Honey ,^, .
Hover ;,^J!j4i
•Love ^tRj^jil
Lover .
Monday
Money \
Monger
Mongiely.. »,i
Monk wj,!"
Monkey
Month ,
Mother
if?
Sponge i>jja:
Stomach r^ffv
Thorough^, »ai
Tongue Uf^m
Word (f^i^
Wbrlfi^^yf^l/,^
■Wonder?:,i;„tA
World i„y,iA
Worry ,^ff:>
Worse '"^
Worship!
Wort ., :
Worth "^ '
:iif,f ffM ih ^i^tmiM
di.-_i?iijio fiiT<'iaf!«j'"3>
^ SeeuncteB No. 6; page 112, for dther words of this clftss.l*j
* Minion. — In certain situations i takes the sound of inititU,,
y» See under Yin the» Dictionary, p.»ge 13. ^^ ^^ .^^ ^,|
' And in all unaoeantsd syllaMes ending in iee^ t^e^ tne^ *f^ft!
tfe, and ive. — See page 115^ No. 12.. i
II!
9XBR0ISBS IN OIITHOQRAPBT.
W
•'it A
\v
t
Wolf
Woman
Wolsey
Ado
Do
Move *""
Movement
Movable
Prove Bull
Approval Bull finch
Improvable Bullet
Lose Bullion
Who Bulwark
Tomb : Bush
Bosom wf>^. Bushel ^!^'''
7f ! IRREGULAR SOTTKDS
Aphaeresis Aunt ^ .'
Butcher
Cuckoo
Cushion
Full
Pudding
Pull
Pullet
Pulley
Pulpit
Push
Sugar
Brute
Intrude
Prude?)t
Kude
Ruby
True
Bury
Busy
Business
twrf
Diseresis
Csesarea
Daedalus
AI.
Again
Agains^
Said
Saith
Wainscot
Waistcoat
Plaid '.
Railler^
Aisle
Quay
Captain
r* ?taiu
}' . an tain
villain
Britain *
■■.*ro>»{.
L,fi\
J i
Sff
Askaunt
Askaunce
Craunch
Daunt
Haunt ^^.^ J
Gaunt v**"^^'
Gauntlet
Haunch
Jaundice
Jaunt i
Launch
Laundress
Laundry
Maund
Paunch
Saunders
Saunter
Saunterer
Taunt
Laugh
Puss 7'^';2 Burial
Put ''*''^'? Canterbury,
OP THK DIPHTHONGS. ;*'?>^
Draught Dearth ''-"f
Draughts Dread ;' .]
Gauge ' Vi Dreamt
Oauger r:*|^' Viarl
HautboV Eaii/ >-,
Haut^out Earn f ^J^
Cauliflower Earth '^'^^^ig
Laurel Earnest *^^|
Laudanjj^^, Endeavouy^
'f'-^j Feather ,p
i'nnr
Breadth ,.
Breakfast
Breast
Breath
nm
Cleanly
Cleanse
Dead
Dealt
Deaf
Death
V'Ai
^nsi#i. I
.*.q
^.^.tjtirse
Heather
Heaven
Heavy
Instead
Jealous
Jealousy
Lead
Leant
.f*f
s.
^ And all tmaceented syllables ending iu ai».—- See page 114*
a:
.if' ,..' , i.<;!.;i5-(-
■...#
78
liearn
Leather
Leaven
Meadow
Meant /^ /
Measure
Pearl
Peasant
PhcaRant
Pl"T,aant
Pit c Hire
Rer.d
Kea<]y -
Realm,,
Rehearse
Seamstress
Search
Spread ,*^^
Stead '■^'^
Stead V
Stealth
Stealthy
Sweat
Thread
Threat
Threaten
Treacliery
'i'read
Treadle
Trvj^ure
Wealth
Weallhv
AVeapon
Weather
Yearn
Zealot
EXBROISBS is ORTHOGRAPHT.
friii.M
8*5 rj
Zealous
y
Break
Forbear
Forswear
Great
Greater ,,.,,q
Greatest
Pear
Steak
Swear
S wearer t ^r
Tear
Wearv-:^;..;^!
Wearer * r.
Heart ^., •>
Hearten;, a
II *i ur.lL
J I earth ,,, ,l
Hearken
Eif^ht
feign
Feint
F'3i-ht
Heinous
Heir
Heiress ^
Inveij,'h
Rein
Reindeer
Seize
Skeiu
Their ,, r
Veil _ . ^
Wei.v'h jfj^jcf
Weiifhtr, f .. , !•
Height ,',j,,|
Sleiglit ( „rr
eiter
Nonpareil.
Forfeit
Foreign ., ^
Sovereign
eople
Jeopardy
Leopard
Feoif
Puncheon
i
Truncheonf^
Scutcheon
i^
ijJmJ
i j<ru,'>0
linll
..r
'»"'
Feod ;
Yeoman
Yeomanry
George ^
Georjjric t
Leisure r
Noigh
Neighbour
Obeisance
Reign
Sturgeon
B irgeon
Bludgeon
Dudgeon
Gudgeon
Dungeon
Luncheon
K^cutchcoiVf
'geon .,<!
AVidgeon V
Goography r
Geometry v
Theory. ^.^^
EW^ioT
Sew mmodi
Sewer
Shrewsbury
Sewer
Seweragij,,, *^
EY4'*».-5<J
Key -.w^sO
Lev '^>^ljiu»il
Barley i.
Valley
Attorney* A.
Friend .''i':|
Kerchief .^
Handkerchief
Mischief ;k^
l^lischievbti£i
Die '^'n
Lie f'l^
Piebald ■^'^■1
Tie :i
Vie t
Fiery iS
1 And All unaecmted syllables ending in ey.— See page 114, No. 10.
BXntOUUBB IN ORTHOO&APHT.
79
V'
OA.
Groat
Broad
AWroud
Ciipl)Ourd
OE.
Canoe
Shoe
Does (doth)
T)oo ;<;^*i^
Foe v
Hoe
Toe
A^al'oetida
OU.
Althouvjh
Borough
Bourn
Coulter
Mourn
Poultice
Poultry
Poulterer
Pour
Kesource
Shoulder
Smoulder
Soul -i^uiL
Source
Thorough
lliough
Adjourn i
Bourgeon
Chough t»liii
Country s^^iti
Couple 4Hii
Courage
Courtf'ous
Couttiu
Enough
•4
fx^.
Course n;!^!?, < Flourish r
Court V Gournet
Courtier Housewife
Concourse Journal J
Discoui-se Journey
Dough Mg ^ Journeyman
Doughy si^^l^i. Joust imim
Four Nourish libif
Fourteen Bough
Furlough Roughness
Intercourse Scourge
Mould
Sloujzli 1
Mouldy rj^j^. Southern
Moult i'is»u Southerly
Tough
Toughness
Touch
Touchy
Young
Youngster
Youiiker
Accoutre
Auiour
Bouquet
Boase
Bousy
Capouch
Cariouch
Contour
Could
Croup j^ i
Croupier
Gout (goo)
Group
Paramour
Ragout
Kende/.vou8
Rouge
Route s*ifi.
Routine
Should
Soup
Sou, Sous
Surtout
Through
Toupee }
Toupet y
Tour *nr<
Tourist
Tourmaline
Uncouth
You
Your
Youth
Would
AVound
Besought
Bought
Brought
, Fought
Methought
Nought
Ought
Sought
Tijought
i ^Wrought oH
Cough
Trough
Lough
Shough
Below
Bestow
Blow
Bow
Crow
Flow
Flown
Glow
Grow
Grower
Grown
Growth
fiitfO
!i\.
}
iiiusn
1 Slough ; that is, when it means the cast akin of a serpent.
I
w
m
hii
'ill!
1^ ii
m
I
80T
Know
Known
Low
Lower
Lowest
Mow
M«»wer
Owe
Own
Owner
Row
Hower
Sliow
Slow
Sow
Sown
Snow
ssnnczani m onrtiooitAPBT;
Stow
Throw
Thrown
Trow
UA,
Guard
Guanliun
Oiianintee
Quadrille
Piquant
Victuals
Antigua^/''
UE.
Guess
Guerdon Guinea
Conquer Guitar ?;>
Conqueror Build
Coquet Mi)>> Biscuit
Kiiquette Circuit
Masquerade Conduit
Dialo^Mie Harlequin
Demagogue Bruise
Cruise
Fruit -♦ (!
Nuisance
Catalogue
UL
Guide
>• Guidance
Guild
Guile
Guise
Guest qwoiGuilt
Recruit
Juice
Sluice
Suit
Suitable
Pursuit
./ill'-
van 1 / f 1 1, 1 14 (
!)■
EXAMPLES OF SILENT LETTERS.
..;»A
UlUuii
B. Doubtful
Climb Doubtless
Comb ■^♦'^^i Redoubt^v ..
Victuals 1 i J i Deign
Victualler
(Jrunib ^<>1^- Redoubted
Dumb
Jamb
Lamb
Limb
Numb
Thumb
Tomb
Catacombs
Hecatomb
Debt
Debtor
Indebted
Doubt
rr.
CH.
Drachm
'Schedule
Schism J^f'
C.^ -m Yacht
Abscess
??' I Subtle
Subtlety
Feigu
Reigu
Foreign
Sovereign
Sign
Assign
•^"« ^Assignee
Assignment
Abscind^^**'i'i ^' J3fikti5i5i<u5Con6i2n '^i'Ji^' *i
Scene
Scent
Sceptre
Scimitar
Scissors
Indict
Gnat
Gnaw
Gnasbi
Gnarl
Gnome
Gnomon
Indictment Gnostics
Con^gnee >'
Consignment
^Design
Ensign
Resign
Arraign
Oampaign^ -
■zmunsra in ORTHoosAPim
SI
UO'k
ill A
!-.ii>C>,
no- J
fl-
it €•■
Hesign
Btiiii^n
OondigiL
Impugn
Oppugn
Poignant
Poignancy
Seignior
Cognisance ,
Phlegm
A|X)phthegni
Diaphragm
Paradigm
GH,
AghaHt
OhoBt
Gherkin
Burgh
Burgher
Altliougli
Dough
High
Nigh
Neigh
Sigh
Thigli
Inveigh'
Weigh
Though
Through
Borough
i.i^i t
Furlough
Neighbour
Thorough
Plough
Slougli
Straight
Eight
Height
Weight
Blight
Bright
Delight
Fight ig
Flight
FriL'ht. ^
Light
Might
Night
Plight
Right
Sight
Slight
Tight
Wright
Auglit
Caught
Fraught
Naught
Taught
Ought
Bought
Brought
Sought
Fought
Tliought
Wrought
H.
Heir
Heirt'sa ...
lit rbaye
' (Honest
Honesty
iHonor
Honorable
Honorary
Hospital
>Ho8tler
Hour
HumJjle
humbkiiets
Humour
Humorous
Humorsome
Ah
Elijah
Sirrah
SaiiJi
Micuh
Rhapsody
Rhetoric
Rhetorical
Rheum
Rlieuniatic
Rheumatism
' *
Rhinoceros
Rhine
Rhomb
Rhubarb
Rhyme
Rhytliiu
Catarrh
Myrrli
Dishabille
Sheulterd
Diphthong
Triphthong
Aslnma
Naphtha
Isthmus
'i'homas
Thames
• At' ^
Knack ;* .
Knap' u^ ,
Knave
Knav i Y
Knavi ^'
Knead
Knee
Kneel
Knew
Knife
Knight
Knit
Knives ,,
Knob 1
IT
t 1'^
^ In the words printed in Jto/tc, the h is often pronounced
by persons who are considered correct speakers.
d3
82
BXBR0I8EB IS ORTHOORAPHT.
vm
Knock Falcon^ Psalter
Knoll Almond Pseudo
Knot Auln Pahaw
Know Alms Pxycho
Knowledge Balm Coipa
Calm
Palm
Knuckle
ilviij
Could ^*f'»^*'
Would Ji^i
Should %"^'^iil»»sey
Calf «Ji|lt^A ' " ""Qi^mmuii
Halfpenny Aulumu
Behalf
Halve
Salve
Balk
Calk
Ciialk
Stalk
Walk
H. »( '» *
f
Wrap
Wrought
^ _ , Wreath ^'i****
Raspberry Wrench '"fM'^
H>i Sempstress "VV'ren *^''^^^*'^*^
Palmer * ^v t A Ruilemption Wrestle ' H^'^^
Palmy ''S^ttVHeceipt Wrest W-^
Qualm '^fioj Piisaii ^Hrii^Wrcck -^"^''^
Salmon -^^^^'^ Piolemy^i;j'i^ Wretched '^^^
Pronjpt ;:H'i* Wring 'i'''\A
Tenipt ^ J'^^^f' Wrinkle 'P^'*^
Empty ^s^Jf Wriggle '^''^"'^
Symptom Wright , .
Sumptuous Wrist'
Sum[)tuary Writ *^'^*i^?l^-
Write
S. a -I' Writer
'^^^'^^ Aisle ^*^->^ Wrote
ukll
Column '
Condemn
Contemn
Hymn
Linm
A:jmt' _
'W Sd^mn '"'^ Isle -^f^!' Wrong
v-^tr| j^ntu^*>ttiii! igia„a ««'-i^ Wrung
t'fBii^- P. Demesne Wry
Talk ■»^^|'^-^'*^ Psalm ^m*^ Puisne -^''^ Answer
Folk ^^"'^^« Psalmist Viscount Sword . . ,^
Yolk ■>'-'*^ Psalmody Viscountess Towards'H^'"^'
REGULAR AND ..REGULAR SOUNDS PROMISCU-
OUSLY ARRANGED FOR EXERCISE. ^^„„y7
SMrtH
Bare, are ; gave, have ; made, bade ; valve, salve,,
lialve ; tall, shall, wall, mall ; paltry, ])alace ; falcon,
falcated, walnut, Alps, althougli, Albion, Pall-mall ;
blub, swab ; arm, warm, harm, swarm ; that, what.
Mart, thwart ; bard, ward ; harp, w'&iy ran, wan ;
A Temj»l.— Colloquially the p is not pronoitn.. in suoh 'wcrds;.
but ou all grave aud solemn ocoosious it shoulo. io hearcU - - ^ ^
*
.(1
I'lf^
3U-
ve.
11;
n
^^li
BXBROISBfl m ORTflOOBAPHT. S^
match, watch ; barrel, quarrel ; waver, water ; anger,
danf'sr ; anchor, ancient, angle, angel ; clamber, cham-
ber J camphor, cambric, Cambridge ; deface, preface,
Rolacc, gnmnce ; chase, purclinse ; enrage, cotirage ;
ingrate, private, inmate, climate.
Ale, the ; ere, here, there, mere, where ; jerk, Berk-
ley, perk, clerk • serge, sergeant ; lierb, Derby j mile,
simile, tome, epitome, ah*, finale. w k> >w>w wir
Five, give, hive, live, alive, motive ; firm, first, shirt,
dirt, twirl, girl, girth, birth, bird, third ; advice, novice,
caprice, suitice, office, police ; servile, defile, profile ;
grin chagrin ; decline, combine, engine, machine; pro-
mise, premise ^ respite, despite, granite; basin, bom-
basin ; valid, invalid ; basis, glacis.
Cove, dove, love, move ; bomb, tomb, rhomb ; bor-* ;
row, borough; dome, come, cone, done, gone; donkey^'
monkey ; bone, none, one, tone ; drove, prove, shove ;
liovel, shovel ; tome, some ; cord, word ; sorry, worry ;
dope, lose, hose; no, do ; blossom, bosom. ^ ',.:,. v\
Bulk, bulwark, bulge, bullion ; brush, bush; mir^iiu,
bury, burlesque, burial ; bustle, busy, buskin, busi-
ness; fulfil, fulsome, fulness, fulminate ; puddle, pud-
ding J put, putty ; suggest, sugar.
Qain, again, oargain, maintain ; aid. said ; faith,'
saith ; swain, wain, wainscot ; waist, waistcoat ; paid,
plaid ; sailor, rail, raillery, aisle ; fault, aunt, vaunt,
laurel, laugh, gauge, hautboy ; plead, bread ; heath,
heather; ear, bear, earth, hearth. .., _y^..;^- :^^.,^._.^ *
Deceit, forfeit; heinous, heifer, in veigli, inveigle,
neighbour, neither, freight, height, feint, sleight, non-
pareil J people, jeopardy, yeoman, George, geogrnphy,
galleon ; sew, pewer ; prey, key, convey, valley ; tiehi,
fiend, frierd, mischief ; throat, groat, load, broad, cup-
board ; food, flood, brood, bloody poor, door, moor,
floor. ■ . . ■ ":*:n-V<\' '"-•,_ Vfifs-'^" ^«.»'»vvtvf.'^ ■ X\-
Although, bough, chough, dough, enough, furlough,
cough, hiccough, slough, tough, plough, «/ough, roughs,
hough, lough, shougli, tliorough, though. ' ^ ' ^*
#
'A\
1^ 93q$9^Cpai» W ORTHOGRAPHY.
WORDS ENDING IN le. (liiA^ .tb^flrtt
-Words ending in le^ are pronounced as if tliey
ended in el^ and hence there is a disposition to s^)e/^
feiich words as they are pronounced ; as appel for \.,
appky apofitel for apostle.
As a general rule it may be laid down that all
the words of this class now end in Z«, except the
following, and perhaps one or two others.
An.t,'el, ■ ^|-,
Barre
Bevel
Biuliel
timyi
.''^n
Camel
Cancel
Chancel
Chauii.cl
Cliapel
Charnel
ilfit*
Chisel ,^;^
Cudgel
Damsel
Drivel
Flannel
Funnel
Gospel !
Gravel %;;,.
Grovel ,^,^^,
Hazel
Hovel 4 »t> ^ Ravel 4 if|ju^
Kennel; I jjv^f Revel ,iimx
Level r,.OT ; Rowel jnt
liintel [fj/ii Shovel i^infvtf
Model ^Yoi Si»ivel ^ot)
Morsel yjit) I) Swivel f ,vrot
;)rr-
nf\r
Novel
I>anel
Parcel v?«
Pommel
mm
'<
-mff'^ -Mli^f^d
WORDS ENDING IN re.
Tunnel ^(
Trammel
Travel ^f,-^.
Tinsel [uff
" iSiihilar observations apply to words ending iti
re; that is» they arc liable to be * confounded in
spelling with words ending in er.
Except the following, all the woi*ds of this fclSss
now end in er.^ i,> . , \ ^ ■■' „ #».. r
Calibre Livre Mangre .< t"''\
Centre Lucre :^^ Massacre mi
Fibre Lustre ..^^.^l Meagre Imtnq
Accoutre
Autre ' *
^ See t)ie obRervations on the anomalous tenninationg l6
ami 7'e in the Introjluction to the author's Dictionary, page II.
■•* In old authors we find arbUrey diameh^^ duastre^ dis^
ordre, chamhre, chaplre, chartre, monstre^ tigre^ d:c. Milton,
and even later autliors, wrote center, scepter^ and sepulcher,
f^ope has *^sceptei'vd king.'* — S«»e the observatious referred to
iA the preceding note. , it
SXBR0ISK8 IN ORTHOORAFRT.
m
Medioere Ochre Saltpetre Spectre
Metre Ogre Sabre , Sepulchre .,
Mitre Orcliestre Sombre^' r?r. Theatre '<U:
Nitre Eeconnoitre Sceptre Vertebra >/"
■ '.'V ;:!;j[|»l*ri*!f ■ '■ |&rM50^*M
EXERCISES. :^
Abel, ftble ; angle, angel ; grnpple, chnpel ; frizzle,
chisel; meclal, mettle ; model, iio«klle ; eager, meagre j
enter, centre ; auger, maugre ; sober, sabre.
1- , DOUBLE SOUNDING CONSONANTS. - ■ H
In the following and similar words the middle
consonant has, from the accent falling upon it, a
douhlfi sound,* and hence there is a liability to
double it in the spellings, t;»/fij^ ^'-^-^y--:'::mmy
Atom , r
^Balance
g*^"ish^j,^.^
Barou
Bevel
Bevy-
Bigot ' '
Blemish
Bodice
Body
Botimy
Bury
Busv
Cabin
Calico
, Camel
Canon'
iii:fi\t.
Cynic
Damage
Damask
Deluge ^^^j^
Desert >' ■(
Capital
Cavil
Cherish
Chisel
City
Civil
Civet
Claret ^^'
Clever,^^/ i
Closet j}|/
Colony ^f^ Famine
Comet i^^^*:
Conic .(oill
Copy ,^^t „
Coral ..,4 .
Cover .-^./
Covert
Covet Granite
Credit "^' Gravel
■iti'^'i '
Grovel
'*afif^*l
Develop
Dragon
Drivel
Elegant,
Fauot
■'t-M
Wi
!■»■
Felon r.ro
Flagon yi ,
Forest .,„,^^^
Frigate aff^r
Frolic ,y^^
Gamut
Harass - .,>r
Havoc
Hazard
Homai^o
Honour
Honest
Hovel ^^
Hover
Lavish
Level
Levy
Limit
Linen
Lizard
Malice
Manor
t ■
1
:U!3
^ S«« Rule II., pnge 89.
-r;«j .j;
86
Many
Medal
Memory
Melon
Menace
Metul
Merit
Mi mile ,
Misery
MorUf
Modft^H
*}<"'7f mi
Moral
Neve?
Novel
Oven
Palace
Palate^:';
Parish, ;^^^^^
Pavilion
Pelican
Peril
SXBRCISBS IN ORTHOOllAPHTi
lOi/i
Pity
Pivot
Planet
Polish '
Prelate
Privy
Provofi^
Quiver,
Ual.id
Rapid
Ravage
Ravel
Rebel ^''
RelMi'^'''
Revel '^^
River
Ri vet
RiL'oiir "'"
^■M '^''''
Salary ' "'
Schular'
nit a
■ ( ! : '
Senate
Separate
Seraph
Sever • uu
Shadow
Shekel
Sheriff t Vi
Sirup
Sloven
Snivel
Spavin
Spigot
Spirt
Sterile
Stomach
Study
Swivel
Talent
Talon
Tenant
Teuon
Tenor
ffiw
,.1
iihu
vf «
Tepid
Tonic
Topic
Travuil
Tra^^erse
Trak'el
Tropic
Valance
Valid
Valet
Vapid
Venon*
Vcnne
Veniiiliom^' '*
Very ''^*
Vigour Id iJ<;b
Visit .Jp
Vizard fv
Wagon* '■'}
Widow '^
Wizard-''^
\^
>ii?;r>ri^
I
Zenith
• IT
EXKBCISES. ii/XiiV
'■■hhiuii
Allow, alum ; ap^intment, apartment ; ' allad, ba«
lance; banner, banish; city, dittv ; comn.it, cornet^
dismirisal, commiserate ; maggot, fa;;ot ; fellow, felon ;
harrow, haras"* ; linnet, linen; mailer, malice; manner,
manor ; meddle, medal ; million, vermilion ; £llen,
melon ; noddle, model; pillion, pavilion ; i»ity. pittance;
biguer, rigour; g dlery, salary; peniitnt, tenant ; merri-
ment, merit ; wherr' , verv, )
* Woffon. — Tliis word is now usually spelled with two p\
bnt erroneously. There is no more reason for doubling the
in wagon thBn tliere is in dra/ion, or any slmiUr woid.
This \b a proof of the utility of this rwle.
V
}
M
tha
Old.
< 87 )
PRACTICAL RULES FOR SPELLING.
)^ 'L As a general rule, ?/, -when its place may be
supplied by z, is not to be written except at the end
of a word.^ Hence, when y is advanced from that
position, by the addition of a letter or syllable, it
is chaiij^ed into i. This change is exemplified by
the fonnation of tho plural of nouns ; the persons,
past tenses, and past participles of verbs ; and tho
comparison of adjectives ; as a en/, the cnes ; I cr?/,
thou cri-est, ho cr/-es or cn'-eth, crZ-ed; holy, liok'-er,
holi-est. It is also exemplified by the addition of
the AFFIXES or terminations, er, «/, fiilj fy, h»8, ly^
mettty ness^ abley ancdy ant, onSf^ etc. ; as try, tn'-er^l
tn-al; pity, pit2-ful, pitz-less; glory, glortfy,
glort-oiis; boly, holi-ncss, hoh'-day ;'- merry, mern-
ment; comply, com pi Mince, com pi/- ant; envy, env:-
eble, euvi-ous ; many, mani-fold, &c.
'ExceyUmit. I. In such cases y retains its form
M'lun it ii jutrt of a diphthont/, which occurs in all
words endint^ in <///,* ey. oy, or uy/ as in day, dai/M ; be-
tray, betrays, h<;Ua//nl, betrayor, betniysil ; atiorne?/,
attoruei/b ; convey, C(;uvq/s, cuuvf^ed, con\>yjince ; boy,
1 £xo«pt iu Qreck mid for«ign words, as rj/atnn. tyrant, mtfrrht
tilihymy, Ac. In these intitMiic « y \» lukt the representativo of i»
hut hi ^ dUfefent letter, iiUTue)y^ tfio Urwck upsilon, or short u.
s Xlifl y is ttsually rettiined in itio following wora^, duy, hHv, gLY,
^Imi i,v or HKSH ii i|i1<1m<I, ftH dtp-ly, **■'" naaa, Ac.
^ |u ihh W4»vu» iiBrtiJiv^, BouNTir, hvi, miscbu-any, riTY, anrt
rLkMTY, y hp \)f)i\ uliaii((t)(l liito tf hafore iho toriniiiHtion oui ; m
heiiuUous, hount^ouB, auiiou^. )ui||i>l|taifoid8, piUous, aud plen>
t€OUtl.
* Zay, pii^, jKiK, at; ! jouncis repay, umay, Uc ^ (oilow
the geiieriii fnio trhoii . ; i » ■.) I hi;!, as laid, paid, iaid, wn/jui,/,
'jtnsaidp &c. But (La oxcopti* :; |!iuviiiJ6 In iay«i\pay(i',faf«hlei #0;
f
I.
i'v
88
RCIilES FOR BFSLXjTira.
boys, btf^isk ; destr^j/, destrot/s, destroi/etli, d«strei/e(l,
destroi/er ; bit//, buys, b/'jfetli, bnifer.
2. For aa obvious reason, i/ retains its form when fol-
lowed by the terminations wg^ is/i^ and ist; as in mag-
nil'iz-ing, cant^-ing, acconipau/z-ing, baby-ish, cop^-ist.
3. For the sake of distinction, y ie properly used for
a in such inuiuis as Taylor, Smyth, &c. ^^ '^ .^
4 Tu proper names pluralized, y retainfl its fotnt^its
the Henrys, Ponfioiil»i/B.i ^^ ^ ;.,
^f
4>,; '^ra^
SXEBCX3E8 OX THE RULE ANX> THE EXCHIfTIQKS
PfiOMISCUOUSLY AEBANOKD^rr w .^.^ •
1. ,4?i>eU or lereto the plural form «/ €/m;A qf the f^lowimgf
w
leouai^.
Ally, alley, army, abbey, baby, beauty, berry, chim«
tiey, body, doukey, copy, essay, dainty, daiiy, jockey,
journey, daisy, eddy, kidney, fancy, ferry, turkey.
Lamprey, money, fury, hobby, gipsy, jelly, jury,
monkey, lady, lily, pulley, puppy, penny, pony, joy,
poppy, reply, toy, iTalley, itihy, study, convoy, volley.
Ability, attorney, comedy, gallery, galley, academy,
effigy, apology, envoy, emljossy, atrocity, turnkey,
necessity, villany, propensity, magistracy, incendiary,
tourney, seminary, eccentricity, whimsey.
2. Spell or write the second and third persons^ preeent tentt^
and the f>resent and past participle cf each of the follow-
* ' ing verb.i, — Or, in other words, join to each example the
terminations Eisr, eth, ino^ and ed, making the neoes^
sary efianges.
Ally, apply, allay, carry, dry, defy, deny, pray, decay,
espy, fancy, fiy, defray, display, pity, convey, pry, ply,
obey, essay, annoy, rail}'-, tarry, try, survey, descry,
employ, delay, supply, stray, conv-ay, portray, enjoy,
''I The proper name Sicilpy however, foUowg the general
rule, as " th« King of the two Sicilies."
3 The learner should note that in all regular vex-bs the pott
imse and paat paiiiciple aw aUIbq. .,^^^^^,. ^. ,^ i,.
RULES FOB SFBIiLING.
89
iscrv.
, pnrvey, vary, deploy, amplify, indemnify, multiply,
,4)ccupy, propliesy, supply, buy, buoy, typify,furx<^.ft<-*t
* ^ .^(?M <ir wife <^ cemparative and tuperlative f^rma of each
' .' ' • ' ' ' '' ' ^f '*< folltnmng ac^ectivei. ^
Busy, easy, giddy, happy, lonely, lovely, merry,
^ leady, greedy, silly, speeay, tidy, rosy, lively, stately,
shady, lucky, uoisy, lofty, lazy, clumsy, ugly, worthy.
4. To the foUowing words add any of the terhinations
.Tsn-tfi mentioned in the rule which are applieabU, making
^7'io<^-( ; the necessary changes, ,ouii<\-<i«)la .Hc>*r**f I y^^iumr^
,pK^ Beaut)', fancy, mercy, ally, deny, comply, annoy,
.'carry, bwry, pity, busy, giddy, enjoy, greedy, ready,
rely, convey, bounty, penny, duty, defy, glory, ply,
; play, plenty, vary, merry,' lovely^ silly, »prightly,
i Btately, lazy, injury, ugly, study, harmony, employ,
^accompany, victory.
'V II. Monosyllables and wc^rWs' a6feeSte3 ofi ffi^
' last syllable, ending with a single consonant pre-
i ceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant *
when they take an additional syllable b^inning
with a vowel.2 ■ _. -
.->t'This rule is exemplified by the formation of the
' persons and participles of verbs, the comparison of
'[ adjectives, and by words formed from verb», nouns^
j:and adjectives by the addition of affixes or termi-
^ Adjectives of two or imore syllables arer generally compared
t' hj prefixing the ativerbs more and most^ or It's and least. Ad-
''^■Jectivesof two syllables, however, ending in y or e may be eowi-
r pared either ways ; that is, by er and est^ or by more and most ;
«>aB BUSY, bnsier, busiest, kc,
- • 2 The reason of this rule is obvious. The dii])lication of the
-"8nal consonant in such cases preserves the pronunciation of
'the original word. If the 6 were not doubled in rob-bedf for
i^example, we would have not only a different proniiDciation
tirdhed), but hIso a different word (namely, the past tense of
'the verb robe). Again, ** a good hatter " would to the eye be
** a good hater, ^^ if the t were not doubled.
■^if'TJWt?-
90
RtJLSS FOR SPELLING.
pi!
r:fl
i^y.
nations beginning vith a vowel ; as rob, rob-best,
rob-6eth, rob-6ed, rob-6ing, rob-6er, rob-oery; siKi
sin-nest, sin-7ieth, sin-ned, sin-ning, sin-ner ; rebel,
rebel-Zest, rebel-Zeth, rebel-Zed, rebel-Zing, rebel-Zion,
rebcl-Zioiis ; commit, commit-tost, commit-^eth, com-
niit-ted, commit-fing, cominit-tel, commif.-fee.
Big, big-igrer, big-grest ; red, red-rfer, red-rfest, red-
rfisb ; SLIM, 8lim-7?ier, slim-?nest; thin, thin-»ier, thin-
fiest, tbin-nish ; fat, fat-ier, fat-iest, iat-dah.
Beg, beg-<jfar, beg-aary, heg-gar\y ; gun, gun-wer,
gun-nery ; stop, stop-7?age, stop-pie ; ^ blip, slip-jjery,
8lip-)9er ; pot, pot-^age, pot-ier, pot-iery ; rub, rub-5er,
ruD-6iab ; GLAD, gla(l-(fen ; sad, sad-rZen ; wiT, wit-<y,
wit-<ier, wit-<iest, wit-^icism, fiuto. //ir i.
Exceptions. — 1. In words ending witb Z ' prisceded by
a single vowel, tbe final consonant is usually doubled
in sucb cases as the abovej though accented on the first
syllable/ as travel, travel Zed, travelZing. travel Zer ;
COUNSEL, counselZed, counselZing, counselZor ; libel,
libelZed, libelZing, libelZous ; model. modelZed, model-
ling, niodelZer ; dukl, duelZing, duelZist, &c. The word
gas does not double the «, as gaseous. rmil,. iiMW .
* The termination le is equivalent to c7, and was formerly bo
written. See Introduction to the Dictionary, page 11, note ||.
% * The "liquid" nature of the letter l^ and the orthography
^ of the French words from which the most of these terms are
* immediately derived, account for, and perhaps sanction, these
^ anomalies ; but there is no such excuse for doubling the p in
i gallopped, gallopping, worshipped, worshipping, worshipper,
f goBsipping, kc,
* In most of the American printed books, it may be observed
t that these exceptions are not admitted. The following are
\ "Webster's observations on the subject : — ' * We observe in all
authors, ballotting, bevelling, levelled, travelled, cancelled,
'i revelling, rivalling, worshipped, worshipper, apparelled, em-
ibowelled, libelling, and many oiuers in which the last con-
^ sonant is doubled, in opposition to one of the oldest and best
* established rules in the language. Nouns formed from such
t verbs should be written with a single consonant, tisjewelerj
/ Hraveler^ worshiper. What should we say to a man who should
yrrite audittory gardennert laborreTf" &c.
Ik
,RULBS FOB 8PBLLIN0.
■m
91
erved
are
in all
lied,
,em-
COD-
best
such
oeler,
onld
WORDS ji;o:DIKO IN I WHICH DOUBLE THE FINAL CON-
^^ SONANT CONTRAKY TO THE RULE.
Apparel
Bevel
tt Bowel
.J Cancel
f!' Carol
ri Cavil ■'^■
,ti Ohaimel <
.1. Chisel ^/>
r^ Counsel >'
t^ Cudgel ^'MHandsel
Dial Jewel
Dishevel Kennel
Drivel
Duel
Embowel
Enamel
Equal
^Gambol
Gospel
•^Gravel
r^Grovel
Label
Laurel
Level ^r
Libel '
Marshal
Marvel
Model
Panel > '>*!
Parcel" '^
Pencil t^*'''
Pistol
Pommel
Qiiarrel
Ravel w
Travel^
Revel '^<''*;
Rival '^''^^^
Rowel "''^
Shovel
Shrivel
Snivel * . .
Tassel "r'*;^
Trammel '<^
Unkeunel
« ' I
{
.1'
VA\^' Exceptions. — 2. In the words woollen, woi'shipped,
'd.worshippingy worshipptn'y biassedj unbiassed, equipped^
equipping, humbug qinq, kidnapped, Icidmippiiuj, the
final consonant is doubled contrary to the rule,
' ■^n A.
L
EXERCISES ON TH-. HULK AND THE EXCEPTIONS
PKOMISC .<?^JtsLY ARRANGED.
1. Spell or write the seco.id and third pei'sons present tense,
and the past and present participles of each of the
, , foUo^oing verbs. — Or, in other words, join to each
' ^' example the terminations est, lth, img, and ed,
making the necissa "y changes. -
Daub, stab, ai»l, nod, brag, rai,'e, drop, droop, seein,
swim, pin, pain, blot, float, mjut, wag, wage, abet, abate,
allot, ballot, compel, counsel, be<,'in, retain, bedim, con-
temn, repel, repeal, libel, annul, annex,i revel, reveal,
demur, murmur, limit, omit, profler, prefer, usui;p, re-
gret, rivet, pocket, coquet, visit. t;Ol » riui^Ki
2. Spell or write the comparative and superlative foi'ms pjeacli
' Ifidxkfc of the following adiectives. .ii«j?«*
Big, large, gla.*, - cud, sad, bold, brief, frail, dim,
deep, dun, green, tL„i, lean, red, black, dear, poor, hot,
stout^ fat, great, prouo /rim, vain, broad, mud, warm.
^ Annex. —Note tha- r in f " 'valent to ttrocoDBenants {k •).
^
«
m
J
x*2
nULBA FOR SPBLLINae
3. To the following mrds unite any of the affixes, which wiU
exemplify either the rule or the exceptions (such as JED,
BN, Eft, EST, ETH, ERY, IMG, I8H, AGE, AL, Y, ko.)
Rub, mad, bag, gau.L;e, bej;, bid, sad, broad, pot, gun,
rook, nun, station, lot, wag, crag, wage, shrub, mud,
bog, stop, st(jup, soot, wit, quit, rid, in, up, cheap, run,
sun, rain, fin, fen, gum, gloom, fun, rheum, dog, log,
cot, cut, snug, fop, sleep, hap, thin, lean, hot, sleep,
scrag, drum, wood, wj>o1, wait, wet, abet, abut, batton,
begin, complain, repel, repeal, combat, duel, regret,
bigot, rivet, remit, limit^ libel, dispel, pocket, coquet,
gossip, worship. iaj>ji;i ^^ j^wc.v . xuM,
The following list contains almost all tlie Terbs
vrhich double the final consonant, in accordance
•with tiia i:ule : — Hn-'-^-v- .,*..,.■.;.-■■. •vv-*-'^
Control ,. Dot
Coquet J^^^^ Drag' . ,;
Cram ' ^^ .! Drip . ^
Jrop ,i^niq ^iDrub . ^
Cup ^^ ^^4 ' K Drug > ^ '; ^
H"\"
*<riV;
Abel
Abhor
Abut
Acquit
Admit
Allot
Annul
Appal
Aver
Bag
Bar iTfrT
Bed iMi;
Bedim
Beg
Begin
Bet ,
Bestir'
Bid
Blah ****'*^*^
slot .
.-fsnVjft
Bob
Bog
Blur
Bragp^ \"'Cril
, Bud „,,|j,y frt Cro
Cabal
Cap .ii^u^ Cut m«*A^ DrunI
Chap4^;:C|^(: Dab 4 J'iiJ ,? Dub iiiU -
Chac w ^fiiAj' Dam ^'ii>Sui'D»n ti/m
Chipai jiatl /I Debar > fJiuH Embed '^{^■■■■
Chopn ^Imw. Defer ^ ^tiq^n Emit .«nT*t
Clap »T1 rfrf i^ Demur i HuiffEnrol
Clog Deter !i»iioEntrap 1
Clot ,^.j,^^ Dig ^^^a,^;^ Equip ^ ;§
Qog >^®^ ^x»^ 1^15* Excel
Commit Dip -j.|^ Expel
Compel Dispel " Extol "
Con .^ ,, Distil Fag
Concur ^ Dog Fan
Confer
Don
Fib *^^^
RULES FOR gPBLLINO.
Ken
Knit
Knot
Lag
Lap
Let
Lop
Man
Manumit
Map
Mur
Mat
il:
Fit
Flag
Flap
Flit
Flog ^•"''
Fob
Forestal
Forget
Fret
Fuiai^^r^
g:d ^'-^f ....
Gag *^^^^-^f Mob
Gem l',«''^i--Mop
Get M /.Nab
Glut jJTet
Handsel^"^ ^* Nib
Heiu -ff ^ Noel
Hop ■'^7' Occu]
Hug ''^#,^:"Omit
Immit ;^;^^Pat '^f,
Impel /!„ vPatroIr ii
Inter %f^^>Pen "^
Iiisialt'"^.^ Permit
In
Intt
Intermit Pit
Inthral Plan
Jam Plat «n^!
Japan tifi w j;Plod fo*>
Jar Plot
Job iiSii h.'Pop -nU i«
Jut • ' ' Pot--«w*oi -
T "-r
Prop
Propel
Pi. u
^iit
^uit
of.?:
ap
Kebel »^'''-
Recur ^iWi
Refer ,jjo
Refit -
Regret
Remit':'
Repel ^^^
Mjh/'^
Rid
Rig
Rip
Rob
Rot
Rub
*'Run
Scan
Scar
■W\
i<--.
iistiU, V ;^ ^Pm
nter Tip .i..^....
•?, |i;^>%»ti
m..
Scrub i]f
Scud
Set
Sham
Shed
Sliip
Shop
Shrug
Sliun -^: «*i
Sin Myi^bj^ >
Sip
Sit ''..>\'yf' o
Skin
Skip
Slam
Slap
Slip
Slit
Slur
Smut
Snap
Snip
Snub
Sob
Sop""
Span
Spar
Spin
Spit
Split
Spot
•»u
J
Spur r
Squat
Stab
Star
Stop
Strap
g*"p ,,
St-ut
Stub V^^^ ":
Stud
Stun \;)Mii{
Submit
Sum x// i
Sun ^*'* »i^
I
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
li£|Z8
|iO ■^™
■» Itt 12.2
ta
^ S?*|
1.1
us
14.0
12.0
Lil||J4 ^
« 6"
►
r
0%,
^l^'
^
Sciences
Corporat'on
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4SC3
^^^^
;r*,'S>-'J
J-tM-: '•'
n;t
'^^
" / _ «-
-
'■■-■•' ■•'^■-;*'. ■■■".j::?--'-'-
k
■ r --.
%-
.;^,,**tAa-- .
■}r V,.' '■ - ■
■ ■""^'?'^: -i'" .i
s'v' .\:-/"^'":>
j/, -.iV&.iX.^:-"^-''-^ l^-^i
i^
- ... - .J ' :^ -V, ■
■. '■*-
- /:^-rv?.-> ■.-'
•
:-:^-'-'':^-M:''^':
• - ;. . - ^-^ V ■■',* --
..■■:k^- . ---^ .-
.^;""' -^''Z. i ,i-^^' -'. '
;/ y.^'- -^^^
H
B^UJW FOR BiPELU^Op
Sup
Swap
Swfg
Swim
Swop
Tan
Tan
Tap
Tai-
CH
tcr
Teil . i.ffrrap* . War
Thill Trepan Wed
Throb Trim .'^i^Wet
Thrum Trip Whet
Tin Trot Whip
Tip Tug Whiz
Top , Twit tWin
Transftir Wad Wot
Transmit Wag Wrap*
III. When words ending with double I are eom^
pounded with others, — or when the termination
nesSf lesSf ly^ ot/uI is affixed, onel should be omitted;
as al-vea^f^ ((?Z-beit, ci/-though, aZ-ipost, aZ-together,
witJi-«/, mX'Hl, chil-hi'&ixit dul-ness^ gkil-leBB, fid^jt
ful'Gl, toil'ivl ; M-rush, M-fry, e^bow, &c. j '
Exceptiom. — The exceptions co this rnle are nume-
rous and contradictory. In Johnson's Dictionary, for
example^ we find miscall and lecal, enroll and nnrbl,
iw^fare and isivewell, lunvell and welcou^e. Again, we
find distf^ and mstil with one I, while foxestcUl and in-
stall are'written with tiod. Johnson also omits one of
the Z's in the compounds of bell^na helm^iyy belfouudtr,}
belmeioXy fte^Wether ; while he retains both in the com^
pounds of fall; as be/a/i, be/<fW, down/flii-', watei^o^^
At present the practice is in favour of the general
rule. In I he following words, however, and a few
others, the two Vb are still retained i o/Zspice, i^xtwell^
vancell^ t^ness, shrUlwe&B^ smallweB^y «^t//pes3, «ti7n>om,
stillX^i^ ta/Znesi*, down/i?iZ, be/iZ/, bc/eZ/, down/oZ^
watei/a/^, underseZZ, m«ZZ&tone, mt/Zrace, &c.
IV. When an affix or termination, beginning
with a vawd^ is added to a word ending with t^ the
■II j . (II ■ [ . I I I i | ■ < I ■ ! ■■ I I ! II I I I I 'i I '■
1 When the two words are not incorporated the twei ill
are retained; as (eZZ-meUl, 6eZZ*fottnder, veZZ-belDg, iMttf
favoured, &c.
IMTLBB F6R SPttU^anM.
m
iM
e 8liouldl)e omifctea; as cur^, eur-Amx ; tenae, fkns-
mua ;. love, lov-i'soi, ; eonvime, c&rtvinC'VSi^ ', dam^
8lav-i^VL\ rogue, rogu-im*, stone, ston-Y ; connive,
cpnniV'AmcE ; arrive, arriv-Ah ; desire, desir-ots, Si6»
^xdeption8.—h The «, if preceded by c or ^ soft,
must (in ord%r to preserve the prontinciation) be re-
ttiined before the postfix, able ; as in peace, p^ace-^^/^/
servicefF BeTyice*able ; charge, cbarge-a6/« / change,
change^&^y also in ccnirarfe, courage-oiM; advantage,
adviintage-DiM / amtrage, ontrage-otis y umbrage, ^m."
brage-oiw,^ &c.
^ Exceptions. ^-% In verbs ending in ie, yt, oflj nnd
te, tiie « is retained before ikg ; as hie, hieing ; vie,
vising ; dye, dyeing ;^ eye, eyeing ; tHwe, shodng ; hoe,
hoeing; see, Reein;( ; m/ree, agreeing: also, in «{n^,
^iingeing ; n(;tfi^e, swingeing.'
:t
XXEBOISBS ON THE BULB AND TH8 XXCSFTIONS.
To the fdllowinff words uviie arty of the ArwiXEB which will
exemplify either the I'Ule or the exceptions.
Admire, advice, atlore, agree, arrive, bile, brute,
^'carouse, conceive, contrive, deplore, desire, dispose,
dye, endure, excuse, eye, fau$e, llee, fuse, grieve, guide,
hie, hoe, imagine, impute, kiiave, manage, move, nerve,
notice, observe, palate, peace, pore, ])ropose, jiursue,
rrreverse, rate, see, &]ioe, singe, swine, swinge, tame,
fihieTe, trace, value, white, wise, reconcile.
V. When an affix or termination, beginning with
a consonant, is added to a word ending wiljb 6, the
' €is retained ; as in palcy psAe-nese; sense, Bense-less;
close J closely; peace, peacc-/wZ; allure, ellnTe-ment.
1 Johnson and Walkw retain tho e in nior«-able and moveables,
but tihero is no reason for this exception, particnlarly ad ^e ier-
iner excludes e from immoveable.
* If ihe e were omitted in dynng, tingHm^, and «win$w»Rf7, tltese
words would be confounded with difing, ginginff, and twinffing^
M
RUZJB9 FOft SPBUiIK^.
locf^^ lod^-ment; aacnowledge^ ncknowledg-Hufnt; ar,^.
1 1
To tht foflotvinff worda Join anv of the atwixeb ^fhtehwUl
iwmplify either the rucis or t^e epscegtioni,
' w ^ m
iiik^, life, wise, due, cnre, engage, rnde, shame, •tAme>
^ true, ^pite, ad ranee, lodge, base, tiaiiie, hom^ whole,
waste, encourage, hoarse, shape, mere, wake, awe^
abiidge, induce, judge, entice, acknowledge.
*
VI Except in monosyllables, as padCf peck^
ht<KJc, the k final is now generally omitted, |^ar1^-
^^ularlj; in words ending in ic. ^mrv
Exceptions, — The h final is retained in the following
words, and perhnps a few others : arracA;, barracA;,
ransacj^, pinchbeclb, hnlTocK, cassocA;, haddoci^, h^mloc!',
hillocX;, paddocA;/ nlso in proper names, as FredericA;,
PatricXr, LimericA;, WurWicit, B^ iwicft, &c It must
also be i-estored in the past tea ie and partioipl*es of
* Terbs ending in ic ; as in frolicAsed and frolicA;ii^ from
frolic; traffioiired and trafficA;ing from trafficykj^.
The following words, and several others of tbe
same class, are, iii Johnson's Dictionary, and even
in Walker's, written with the k fined. In all stl^h
words modem usage has omitted the k final .'^-^
li-j .1 .1 1 J _
■ »v^
I Johnson exeluden e from chatt-neHs, bvt retains it in
ehoiU'ly, Walker excludes e from botbf writing chaat-neMf
ch€wt-}y. Usage, as well as reason, is aga^st these exceptions.
^ Eiven the learning and authority of Johnson are unable
to control custom. He has lidd it down as a principle that
no £inglish word cnn end with the letter c Xn fcnia case
custom is right ; f<Nr A; in such a position is perfectly usdiessy
either as rf^arda the orthography or etymology.
RULBS von fiPBLLmO.
n
the
JtVi
it in
ibhs.
kable
that
lease
leify
Angelick .
Aquaiick
Athletiek
Atlontick
Aiiphaltiek
Conick
Oosmetick
Gritick
CuWclP
])e6potick
Draxnatick
Ecc^ntrick
EcUptick
fiestalkk
Kleetrick
Elastick
ElHptick
Emetick
Epidk
Exttinsick
Fab^ick
Fanatick
Fantastick
Forenflick
Froliek
QigftDtick
Hahuonicik
Hyiterick
IntrtntiQk
Logfck
LtTiek
Magnetiok
Mftjestiek
MeeHonick
Mimick
Mnemonicks
Musick
Narcctick
Optick
Panick
Patiietidk
Bedantiok
Poetick
Prolifick
Froplieiick
Phvnek
Pul>Uck
Relick
Satirick
Specifick
Statittiek
Tacticka
Terrifick
Tonick
Tunick
Til. As the diphthongs H and te have the samo
ijound in the terminations eiveoxid, ieve, the learner
is sometimes at a loss to know whether the e or
the I should come first As a general rule, it may
be laid down that ei in such cases follows c, and ie ^
an J other consonant.
BXAICPLIS.
Conceive
Deceive
i^cliieve
Belief
Believe
Conceit
Deceit
Beceipt
CeilinfiJ
Lieve
Sieve
lleprieve
Eetrieve
Thief
Thieve
Mischicif
Mischi^rons
Heceive
Perceive
Chief
Fief
Grief
Grieve
Bee paj;e 78, nnder €t, f or ezoeptioni.
VIIL In writing words commencing with the
prefiip DIB or mis, mistakes are s(»netimes made,
either by the omission or insertion of an s. Xhni
may be easily avoided, by considering whether the
word to which dis or mis is pi ^fixed^ begins with i,
B
m
BULB8 FOR aPELLIiia
Disappbtnt
Dissatisfy
Disarm
Dissect
Disease
Dissemble
llisipcnd^
MisenievouB
Misiitate
Misttike
Misconstrue
Misdemeaniaur
) /',
If 89, of course the « must be letained ; as in DUh
eolvef pw-^pate, UJa-spelL uiB^hapeUf &c :
nl^AlCPLES.
Dishonest
Dissent
Disseminate
Distinguish
Dissuade
Dissyllable
3i > BTTHOLOGT USBPUL IN BPBLLING;
As BTTHOiiOOT is a safe guide in many cases of
doubtful ORTHOGRAPHY, the pupil, even with this
yiew, should be made well acqniainted with the
Prefixes^ Affixes^ and Boots, which enter 80< largely
into the composition of English words. The fol-
lowing are examples : —
1. The prefixes de aiid ni are frequently confounded
in spelling by persons ignorant 6t heedless of the
difference between their meanings.
Depend
Digest
Decease
Disease
r . EXAMPLES. f
Def(rad^f,,.,,,qDespairi Deliver ,^,0
Digit Dilute Dilapidate
Descend Delude '^'' ! i)espatch
^ 'Diverge Divide ' ^f \?Dilacerate
2. Words ibeginning witli the prefixes :?Ris or pro are
Bomeiimes conjounqed in tiling, and even in prontin-
ciation ; as jorecede Md ji7)*0ceed, prisSdrtbe and pro-
tMQribe^ j>m)ositio^ and pfoposition. 3uch erroip may
be avoided by attending to the distinction between the
prefixes j)r«B anid jpro, and the consequent diifference
Detween the meanii^g of the wbrds 16 #hich they are
prefixed^ — See Pfde and Pfo, and the other Pr^fixet^
Affkte9f and JRootSf commencing at page 145.
JtjU^ FOB 8PSLUN0.
99
lay
[the
bnce
are
; |9> In several woidi beginning with the prefix kn,
Klff, IN, or IM, usage has not decided whether e or t
should be written. In all such cases we should lie
guided by tlie stthologt of the word.^ Thus iit^uire
f hould be preferred to enquire, becaiise it is immediatehj
derived from, the Latin inquiro ; and enclose should be
M'ritteh rather than tnclose, because it is derived from
the French eaclos, — Or generally, in &11 such cases, en or
€9)1 is to be preferred to in or tin, except when the
word in question is immediately derived from the
Latin, or when it is used in a Uffol or ipecial sense ; ta
'Hhe Ineumhered Estates Court;" '^the Atlas Ituuranee
Company i" "to imure one's life.-*
EZAMPU^S.
lEncage
Enchain
Enchant
Encounter
Encroach
Encumber
Endorse
Enroll
Enshrine
Entangle
Entomb
Embalm
Embark
Enxbay
l^nibed
Embellish
Embezzle
Embosom
Emboss
Embrace
Embroil
Employ
Empoverish
Embody
4. In some of the affixes or endings of words similar
mistakes in' spelling are liable to be made ; as between
ABLK and IBLB, ANCE and bnce, ant andBNT, 8I0N and
TION. In all such oases a knowledge of the Latin root
or AFFIX from which the word is formed, will, generally
speaking, enable us to decide whether a or i, a or e,
^ When the OBTHOOBAPHT of a word is doubtful, thnt
is, wJiien euBtom or authority is divided, bttmolooy and
ANALOGY should decide. Henoe, oompletk, and uot com-
PLEAT) 18! the proper orthography, because derived from the
Latin e<>M|>^<itf» or the French oomplett which is confirmed hy
tlie cognate word bbplbtb. And in all such cases the imme-
diate etymology should be preferred to the more remote.
Thus t}ie word eiUite should be spelled with an e, and not with
an i, because we derive itimmedicUdyitom the French entiUrtf
and not fron^ the Latin integer, -^JDictiimary of Derivationt,
* For a similar reason, sueh words aa^fte^ler, fi^ranter, and
Vititer, are i^Ued with or and not er when used in a Ufftil-
sense. ^^^
E 2
ido
RtLBS ton tiB^llUlb.
§ or t nhm\d be #titlen. Tot ^tktA^U, If the Latin
mrcml fi^cym wMch it is formed eiidiin abilii, \Ve i^hotild
wr'it^ dbk atK<\ natiUt; but if in ibttis. the reverse ; da
in mwtable from mntiahiliity ftnd ctedihle froia cmdibiUs,
A<,'^iii, if the Latin word eiids in am or antta^ akt or
anCk ^ dhonld be written ; but if in isnsotmtia^ kmt or
BNCE. In the Sattte \^(i,Y t)ie< and t in the termina-
tions tiion and fion may lie easily distinguished.
EXAMFUW.
Laudable Abundant Arrogance Mission
Prpl)able Tri^mnphaat Yigilancti Decision
Horrible Confident Negligence . Position
Flexible Innocent Impertinence Relation
5. iQf the following class of words some end in or^
some in owr^ ^\\d soiiie are written boik ways. A^coi^-
ing to the riite we have lai4 down, prstiould be wntten
when Ihe word is derived directly from Uie I^tin ; and
(mr wneii it eomes to us through the medium of the
Freucli.'
EXAMPLES OF WOBDB UNDINiO IN or.
Actor Factor
Castor florror
Censor Lai^guor
Doctor .r f|; liic^uor
Donor ' M^or ,,
£lrror Minor
1 Except in lome words wbittfa w«i have adopted from the
French; as oMmrfanoe, aUvndtmt^ eof^Hdami^ &0.
> The authority of Johnson is in favour of ofin His words
are — "Someingonious men have endeavoured to deeerre Well
of their country, by writing Aonot* aiid746orfer ROiroOBand
LABOUR. Of these it may be said, that, as they have done no
good, they have done little harm; both because tfaey have
innovated little, find because few mtve followed them.**
3 The Freneh f<Hrm is eur^ which is another reason for
preferring or to our; lor ovr is neither in acoordanoe with
the French nor the Latin form. In aU AmexieflAl printed
works the Latin form (or) has been adopted.
Pastor
Tenor
Bector
Terror
Sculptor
Torpor
SectoiTrfntfl
u- ^romor
Sponsor
Tutor
Stupor
Victor
I' t
t
For
fth
led
;^rdoar
<!!!andout
•Chuuour
Colour
l^olour
iiAjm im' tii^tm^
m
r
Favour
t'ervour
Plnvour
Honour
Humour
lAbour
Odour
Eigour
Rumour
Savour
Spiiondoiir
Tttxuoiir
Valour
Vapour
Vigour
Colour or
Color
Favour or
Favor
Splendour or
Splisikclor
VigoUifrtK^V
Vjt-<»«rfT
■NDiNQ or 9wr oa «f^
Fervour or Odour or
iFervor Oilor
Honour or Rigour or
fionor Itlf^^r
/ We venture to reoommeiid ^ tlie omipsion of ii in all
tiiese worda, und for the followinjf rea^ouB.— .^t ui^UBv-
1^88 to the orihocriiphy, QppQi<e<T to etympl^Kv/atid
xontmry, rajbher tu«n otherwise, to analogy* jFor ex-
ample, m niost of the words derived from them the u
is omitted ; as in
Honorary Laborious Vaporooi
Humorous Ri<;orous Vigorous
Humorsome Valovt)!;^ Invigorate
SEiJTEKCES FOR DICTATION.
The allien encamped in the valleys belov^
The attorneys mode frequent joutnays down.
As beHtting his exaltau Itaticm ainl (;h#raoler» ha
omitted no opportunity of beiiafiliiig ina|i)(i|^.
After repeated sal lias from ih» lanies and allaysi tha^r
were rt^piilfied and dislodged. ;
He oH'er«^ to mould it in pewter, but I prefaiied offe
of plain lead. iV*([ii
1 It thould be added, however, that we teldom Toni^mre i<>
follow our own reoommendation in this respeci.
< * In words ai fashioa thi siu&e iralis will \^M, '
Alik«rasiialticiftoone#6roia; '
Be iiol the Uriii bt w%<m the hew sar^ %riid^
Kor yet the last W lay the oM Ssidi.'*^l>b{)ip.
103
BENTBV0X8 FOB DICTATION.
was
I omitted to state tbat I visited him several timeiL
I regretted to hear sentilinents so Itigoted and be-
soitedj and, ni)on expressing my regret, the eyes of all
present yf^tp riveted npon nie. '
He proffered me his assistance on the occasion, but
I preferred to act for myself.
He mounted the piebviltl pony, and galloped away.
At the last conference^ the president conferred great
honour upon him*
Shall X^nvelop it in a cover, or send it withpnt an
envelope? /
The misf)ortnnes of that dissipate^ and difsolnte
young man deserve no comniiserutionf ^ ...
' ' Thoiigh all his friends interceded in hit behalf, he
wluSrtfe^ed: V(l
I iirilr h6t recede ; on the contrar^i r will proceed.
it is al^iost Unnecessary to observe that he was not
^behefile<i l>y siich eoiuisels ; nay, he was unfitted by
them for his situation.
The vessel, having unshipped her rudder, became
unmanageable. j«> oiii!! ,, iiM
,, Wp^m iPRBONEOUSLT SPELL^II).
[To vary the exercise, the teacher should occasionally exhibit
liats of wbrds^SrroneiNisly spelled, to be corrects in writing
bythepvpils»siiah'assl:>,i^«;y:^ '«..,.>'u.«^>^ - ,:['
^''' Attomies^ heavyliefeSj hdlyday, di^t^eM, robery, eom^
mital, unitiU' fhiUness, ilness, abridgement, stoney,
aenbleSff, unbiased, amable, havock, baddoo, traffick,
trafficing, recieve, beieive, misstake, mistate, portible,
indelahle, dispair, delut^^- enquire, inclose, trtiely,
wholely, tranc^uility, dipthong, staunch, baulk, gossip-
ping, worshiping, &c
iii..'a;>V .fS'i !••♦>. '.VW
^ Conf^m^*j--Jn ^bis word the r is not doubled, becauie
wotol itAetiib m tw6 &ei isoab wats. lOS
)le,
dp.
A COLLECTION OF WORDS OF TT^BETTLKD
ORTHOiiGSAFHY.
[In the Iiitrod\iotion to the Writere <*Dfetionary of lb*
Engliih Language, ** page ^ ait attemj^ kai been made to
•ettle the Qrihognpiij of theie, and other worda of the
■anie elaM, to whicn tne moi-e adtaaoed pupilaoaa refer.
The noie uaual orthography ia here pat net.]
Abetter lu ><t; Alkori^l,^ , Anemone > ArcbsBolpgf
Abettor >. .n Alcoran ^trAneiAOiiy Archaiology
Abridgement Almaxiao* Antecljiiuiiber Ardouc* ,
Abrid^menl^ Almanack Antichasi^l^^ Ardor
li •^iUI.
Accessary An^yse* Apostasy.. ,.Balk ,. „ ,,
Accessory Analyze ^ ./^poslacy^'^'^ . ;Baulk ^j'Jlf ;|
Alcbemy Ancient^' 'Apotlienii Banister* "
Alehrmy Antient ' ^ Apoph&egm Balustit'
rt-~»-
^ AbtMcTy from a6«t.— See the affix or termination br. pege
150, and note ^ iame page. In words direet ftrom tlio Latin.
OR is the form ; as actor^ inaiructor^ Ae.; abot in wocda used
in a lea€U or c^ficial sense ; as a6ettor, grufUcr^ ko, , ,,
3 Abrullpm0!u,St9 the Mxeepthni to Rnle Y.. page 96.
* AQ^oran simply means tM JTonm ; al being the form of
the Arabia definite artiele. Compare the al in kali, fjLc
« ^^manod. -r-See Ru!^ VI., page 96, aiid the Exe^HUmii
also no1»e*, name page.
• * ititi'il^'M*— In^ords ending in ms or %h, pronoviieed alike,
it is often doubted whether s or < should bo written. The fol-
b^Wl^g nilWs #ifl iii iJioi^:cases ehddeM^ io Mcm^^:
and apt $ should be written ^kvnM 9^% d0^' '
Gt^ek yei^ endinff in ItW; is !n opbtM aiid: ^ie^:
as in jivatw and feMiee- \ l5JJ0i^ f^^ h .WW
of prenxee, « and not z should be written, as in iU]jM^rpm ^d
entet^Mfi^ Jt sbopld ;be «d<^ed, boweyer, t^at ]^i^<^4,Tpar-
iicularly those wnb are employed in newipaip^ pnnt^pg,
scarcely ey;^r,W f * '^ ~ ^ " ^^ "* ' ~
sibly imitatihl; t><
in, z in sUcb word! .,«. -^^ ^^^.^^^^^^ ^. ^^^,
pedantic, /^otii^ihetiUiding all rules to tb^ ^o^traiy.
< ^r(i(>ttr.— For words ending in oicr or ori^ see |hageilOQ
and 161, and the notes at foot. -' '. "*■■
1^ ?|qp>fU)f i|i;^^,nr,T^
Bniiiif ,
BmiqM
Bark
Qilk
Caulk
BarjT^AO^ CiiniouiiU
Baritone Oliamoiniift
r,,-.
Caniphoi^
Camphird
Carbine
darabine
Carbinier
Can^Vinier
Causeway
Caueejr
BeU-nan < jSentif»eid
Belinate Centipede
Bli^mablq^ ■ Olianic^l^oa
Blameabm .a€aineleoii
Brasiet Cliop
Ba«e
BtLm
Bazaar
Bazar
Befall /{:
BefaV
Beh^e
Benooc
ir ;''i
CUemi^t
ObymiAt
Clieqiie
Clieck
Clicatnnt
CUeanut
Cipber
Cypher •
Clarionet'
Clarinet
Coif
Quoif
Connexion Downfall*
Connection Downfal
Contemporary DrangUt, . j
Cotemporary Draft ^ ' ■>■ v y
Cinrdoyan l^tasy
Cordwain Ecstacy. , -
C9r;ielio|i ?:nclo9e^ "^^
Cameliai»,;,j ., Jpcloae .
CnuyfMli
Cruytish
Ccuae
Cndde
Damson
Damascene
Delft
Delf
Demesne
Domain
Despatch
Dispatch
t i lit tii i a . nB i<» M i' 'H ' f | i i» i in ^r , 4 > > <* y i> MHi i» -ii. « ii ;u n i
.; !,r,
'.tM^-
Ivrr.
^'^^^^S:
{{f
Mil
ktr
trMbs spSLiiSD ni iiro OR vo^ 1^5
Inquire^
Enquire
Inquiry
Enquiry
Judgmei^t
Hinderance Judgement'
Hostler Joiuit /.
Ofltler JuBt
Eni^n^
uGtugma
Enroll
Enroll
r
Ensure
Insure'
Entirei ";'^
In tiro
Equerry
Equery
Jelly '•
Qelfy
Jail
Gaol
Jailer
Gaoler
Gipsy
Gypsy
Head-4c1ie
Heudach
Hiccough
Hiccup
Hindmnce
Expense.
Expence
Fleam
Fhleme
Foretell
ForeteJl
: i.1
Gray
Grey
Griffin
Grift'on .
>r>
Foundry
Foundery
Gaiety
Gavetv* ,
Gaily
Gayly^
Holiday, Lavender
Holyda^ Lavai^der
Immovable^ Leavw.
Gulf i'i t<slmbrtte - ' Licence,* 'k,
Enibrue Licen^ 0f^
^InferaWef^' ^^ Licoricb
laferrible : Liquori^
Indite* Lilac
E&dite
:!')
Gulpk
Gunnel
\j Gunwale
Ha11iar<te
Httly4j:d»
L
Harebtfeiricd Endue
Hairbraihed Indue
ULilactet^isniH
Hurquesa
Marquis
v; *^
Haul
Hale
Innuendo Mastic
Inuendu Mastieb'
//
^ i?nro/.~See Rule III., page 94, aiidth« iElsBcep^ioiii^jko it.
-^;f Inturc^ln wordi having * ti^al or tfie^ul meaiuujig, in-
miSiU ilie*i56rrtct ^aitte.~lS^e pige iW, l?d. t /' . rw
< Jn}mo«a6{e.--See Buje IV:, pijse94.
- • /«9ttfl*;-^8leji^e W3^ ^ ■ ^^
» J^*<tyefi*^il— fee tlie te^ij«oii«^^^
s3
Prophecir and PiSpe^; Kbi^j^ia.
.1^01^ monOA SPlSEiUBD IN TWO OR XORB VATS.
Scissors
Scissors
Molasses ^ ! -a Potatoe
Mciieys* . PHmpkiii Sere
Monies ' ' ! Pompion , : Sear
: ,)pi.\'i * nil
Movable Purblind Sergeant
MoVetiU^ Poreblind Serjeant
,1! i.
Spiritons
Spirituoos
Spinach
Spinage
Sponge
Spunge
Negotiate Base . Sempstress Stanch
Negociate ' Raze ' ^ Seamstress Staunch
Olio Rere ^ Show
Ogltotbifa YfiJ Rear <iii»i 'oTT Shew
..a
Strew ^
Strow ^*^"l"if
Palliaste" Rosin Shyness Surname
PaillfUMM.* ^ J Resaat 'fum'i Shinest ' Sirname f^^"^
Pansy ^^^^^^Refled;i6^^ ^Siphotf''^^''''Thra8h« '^'
Pancy ,r y • jReiiexion ..,.. , Syphon . . Thresltts 'if'il
Peddler^ '-^^^^ Rennet ''"''^Sirup '' '•'* 'Translerabtl
Pedl^,j^,,.j^ (Runnet ../i^j tSyrupijaijin. Transfer'riblb
Phiali-ivi'pf^lRiblHm 'Skate«^^ 'Visiter^ ^'^^
^^^ ^ijIrJ^i^a^^^ :JI rt#^^« riiffl/iH^isitor* .,o^
Pincers mifdEotatoryl -^Sceptic ' ' Whoop »*^ \
Plat uifvutUSanitaryn ilSolden'^Ui I' Woe ^i^t^^P
Plot -.-Sanatory Soder , j,Wo ;■ v
PomnaeJi ,,;MSat uliii;*}ji Spa ' UWoful' fjijft
Pummel Sate Spaw Woeful '^^ '
'I itfoneyt.— -This 18 tbe^orreot form. There isnoavtho-
rity whiit^ vcir for m^HI^ ^e the JBxcwtiom No. 1 to Hole
I., page 87 ; and Compare attorne^t, vaUeyty h&, ^ ,; ,l« .
^ When a fish ia meaot^ < coto » now written; aaa ^at$
when it meant to slide on tkfiiet*
' Thi*(uhy when it means to dnib, or b«(at soundly ; but
ihre$h when applied to the beating ^6n t of com from the straw.
^ y^fifOTV when i;ised in an ojn^ial sense, as haTing Vfiifo-
ridt r^kt. See ii<^ |^ ^J^<^ pa^ ^^ *.u„ ^..^ i. » i
/
m:
"tr-f ORTHOEFTi n f. Hj
■ , ■ ■ vd*i(?K ... ^ «t
' Mf^' hffi? ^^ ^*** :■ ' ■ ' Jiri2 ,-7'».x.:
CORRECT PRONUNCUTION OF 1!^<?.RDS.
il l i' i i i-iihii'iii nn 'j;^vu^««
Pronunciation in Just when everjlett^ hus itfproper iioun<i, and
•T«ry Bylkble bM lt« proper aoMUl or qui^Htj^.-^^. MimtOfm^
' !"" i;**i<iiq ??iii fiifJi'iO' ■ t
^%e difficulties of pronuncktiim arise froA the,,
nature of language; the imperfections ^ of alf^a-
bets ; ^ and th^ ignoranoe, carelessness or affecta-
tion of the gener^ijby of speakers. ' ' ' ^^:;'
[: These dimculties are so numerous thai it '^oul(]L^
be impossible to notice tbem all^ even in the mosth
cursory manner, in so smat} a^ork '^^
We shall, however, give a fe^ geiieittl princi-^
pies which will ^ found, tfp/j?m]t»racea^
that is useful in practice,.<iw tr^/,;. j\ -mi «.?>♦«
1, The ANALOGIES of the lanfftia^ the ^At^tioRVn^
ot lexicographers, and above al)^ the CUB«:0M of ^he^^
r——r—-— — — :.;,:h .';...',. ■ UU
^ A perfeot alplukl)et would imply that the diffeceni joi^bcIi ;
of the human voice had been carefully analyied, and accu-
rately ascertained, and that to each pf ihctMip^i^foi^r-
taioed, a Bifi;^ or character was. attached wm^ ubviid-^ira- 1
sent that sound and no other* But this is not the «^ Ippni;
nor indeed in any alphabet. In some cai^s T« h^y<9 disfinci ^
sounds without proper or |MCii(utr si^io! rej|^:r^JBt ^heii^|^^
nod in others, we have two, or more diffeiveni signsjor ehar-,^^
aotersfor the same sound. Our alpl^abei is, therefore, boi)|.,
directive and redundant. The yery m»i letter of the alpha^i
bet, £or instance, represents^ without alteration, or externa^.
change* four different and distinct sounds i! iMoi^l with fe^ar^^^
108
ORTH^BPYi iOR THS
Host correct and elegant speakers, are tLe guides to
which we must refer in all eases of difficulty. Nor can
these difficulties^ in eirlieii|y di^^l^e'Tesolyed by such
references ; for we shall <Nten find analogy opposed to
analogy, authority to aulh'6rity, and custom divided,
evea ^P^o?^ I^e niiost elegant s}^aVerp. The follow-
ing piMsage irom '^BosWell's Life of Johnson" will
Berveas an illustration.
** Boswjux.— ' It may be of use, Sir, to oaye a diefcioiiary
to ascertain the pronunciatifm.*
** JoHN89N.-r* Why, Sir, my dictionary shoijrs you the
accents of wordei, if you can but remember them,*
** BoswifcLL.— 'But, Sir, we want marks to ascertain the
pronunciation of the YOwela» Sheridan, I believe, has fin-
ished Such a work.' /iiifi*^')ir>ii >i(.; ^ -j't
V JoHN^oif.-^' Why, Sir, consider now inuai easier it il
to learn a language by the ear, than by any marks. Sheri-
dan*8 dictionary may do veiy Well ; but you cannot always
carry it about you ; and wheii von want the word, you have
wiib 'the dfcfcioi^iury. It ^ like a man who has a sword
that will not draw. It is ^ admirably svirord to be sure ;.
biiti wnde your enemy is cutting your- tbroa^, you are Un-
able to me it Besides, Sir, what entitles Slieildan to fix the
|lCQl^unQ^lt^ of fSiiglish V He has, in the $rst place, tjie
iUsaiflyaibta^, of being an Irishman ; and it he says he wil|
fis it idt^ t^ ex^ple of the best company, why they
differ among themselves. I remember an instance : when
I imbllphed, the, ]^an for my dibtionary. Lord Chester-
'^ ShetfdSnV <]&Cjtionary was acknowledged, however, even,
byWtlkeri 'Ho^gcSneraUy toeV^ry thing that pire- '
ceded 'it. and ^is niethpd of conve3ring the sound of words by
Rpelltn^ them as they are proii^ounced, liighly rational siid use-
ful!** ' And iT^e'ftster, the American lexicographer, thus speaks '
of his w<!>^ : '^tiis .analysis of the English vdwels is very criti-
cal, ai^ ihihig resp^i, there has heen little improvement by
later Wlifers,' though I think hone pf them sre i>erfeetly cor- ■
recti Mat in the anpUoation of his principles,, h^f<^iled of his
ohject. In genetal, hO^eyer, It may ds asserted thai his noik- '
ti9a does not wattaht a tenth part as many deviations fhum
-^
'«'."',
-^
CORRECT PB0{7I?NCU11<XII QV WORDS. 10{9
field told ne the word great^Bhovl^ be px)|kQiinced'io as tp
rhyme to ifo^ ; knd l^ir William Yonge sent me.wdrd ihi^t
it should be pronotmced so as to th^^me to ieatj and that notxe
but an Irishman would pronounce it grait. Now, here were
two men of the highest rank — the one the best speaker in
the House of Lords, and the othe)» the best speaker in
the House of Gcnnmons, differing entirely.* '*^
In this case the pronnnciation of Lonl Chesterfield
prevailed,' though op]»osed to analogy, becaut>e he Mas
considered the most polite speaker of his day ; and in
all similar crises, the analogies of tlie language and the
opinions of lexicographers must give way to what is
considered the usage of the best atid most polite
speakers. ■Jfurf^.mi* ^»i»««u • .4i;«;!»ii ,Mi -
t;t^ 2. In calces In which ctistdiii of authority isdividad,
We should give the preference to the pronunciation
which is most in accordance with analogy. The word
Home, for instancei should he pronounced rdm$ rather
than room; and this is beginning to be the case,
though the latter pronunciation was once thought
" irrevocably fixed in the language." ^
— — '■' .. ■ . » , .1 I . 1 1 I
1 And on the same subject, the great Doctor observes of
himself — ^*Sir; when people watch me narrowly, and I do
not watch myself, they will find me out to be of a particular
county* In the same manner^ Dunning may be found ont to
be a Devonshire mao. So most Scotch]p)en may be found out. "
' Tlirough the same infiuence the i in the word obtiffe lost
its foteign or Frencli sound. For till tbf pubhcaiion of his
** Letters," in which this pronunciation is proscribed, oblige
WJM usually pronounced mltegt ; as by Pope in the following
well-known lines : —
"Dreading e'en foolf, by flatterers besieged,
" An4 so obliging that he ne'er obliged '' {fibUtfitd\,
3 See Walker on thi^ word. The pun which he quotes from
Shakspeare, as a proof of the pronunciation of the word j^omd
in 14s time —
St " Now it is BmM indeed, and rotmi enough.
Since its wide walls encompass but one man " —
may be answered by another from the same author in favcr
fiio
obthOBPti or THB
)
' ,9. The iht^ great and prevailing errors in pronnnp
efa^on are vuIiOARIxt, psdaktbt, an4 affkotation.
JLgainst each of these faults we should hecoBstaitUy
on our guard ; but most of all against abvbczatiom $
for; it is oy far the most odious.
4. The following excellent observations from D^.
Johnson deserverparticular attention : — i,^ ; nti n i
J
t < : M For pronunotAtion, the best general rule is to cot
tibaM of the most elegant speakers who deviate lea^frbm the
written words. Ol English, as of all livihg tongiies, there is
m double pronunciation, one cursory 'and ooUoqmal, the^ther
regular and solemn. The cursory pronnnoiatioa is always
vague and uncertain, being made different in difiEierent
mouthi by negligence, unski&ulness, and affcot«Mpn.' The
Solemn pronunciation, though by no means immntable and
jberman^t, is always less i^mote from the orthography, and
less liable to capricious innovation. They [lexicographem]
have, however, generally formed their tables according to the
cursory speech of those with ^hom they happen to converse;
and, concluding that the whole nation compines to vitiate
language in one manner^ have often established the jargon
of the lower people as the model of .speech." ^ ,
< f ■1 1 '
of the other prpnunoiation. In the first part of fiii^nr Vti^'
act 3, scene 1, the Bishop of 'Winehe^^rexolilini^: *^Mdm4
shall rimiedy this : " io Which Warwick reiorlii, ^* ii^m
thithctt- then." la'Fope, too, imthbrity for both proniincia-;
tioQs may he found, as in the following couplets :
"From the same foes at last hoth felt their doom ;
And the samS age saw learning fidl and J^pfiie." -l:^ n
" Tims i^en we view some well*preportioned (fouM^
The world's just wonder, and ef^en thine, OJUmtV
If a rule such as is suggested nhove were. followed, these,
and all similar anomalies, would soon disappear.
1 Walker, though he had this caution before his eyes, has
not always prC&ted by it ; for in miuiy^ instanoeahe has given
the colloquial, and even vulgar pronhuieiation, asUie**model
of speech." For instance, he gives e^pum as t|ie wonuaeia";
tiou of apron f iwm of iron, and o-pors^ of apottfie. He also, in
\
-^
CX>ItRBOT yilOWUN^TION 'OF WORDa l|l
y:j Iff, :£v<^ wo^, of ^wo^ at mow ^|]«b}e|i !>«• in pro-
ivuneiAtion a certain acobmt, that ii, a peculiar streif
or force laid upon a particular syllable.
If the accent in any wor<) la misplaced, the prontin-
tiatjipnit injured or destroyed. Compare, for iu8tan<;e,
itie different proBuncjationa of r^u's^ aiid ref'v,8ei
duert* taiCkduftrt/ mintiU and ettn'6t«. Sea also ih^
class of words, page 46. '•:'« M'>t't
' : ill. Sonie tvprds, in addiiioh to the princiroly hkil^ a
SisbdsfDiJhr,* 6i? weaker accent ; as iu ^^,^
Ad«Tmrti"se
AbTsente^'e
Beh^efiic'tor
Oom'pkls«i"«
Con'versa'tioil
6. The general teudeDcy of our language is to accent
the root and not the termination of a word. Hetfce
the natural position of t^e accent lit English wordi^ is
in the first s^Uahte. As a ceneral rule, therefore,
SngjHkb or Saxon words should have the ftceeixt dn the
This general rule is .exemplined not only oy the usipifi}
posi^ifji^ of the appent .in Epislish <^r Saxo^ wprdn,
partkttlarly in susbxiXa^les and 7BiSYLLAB];ja», put
also \^ ^f jt^d^ijcy which w^ ob8er;!^e in our language
f ' t!
■!"T-
largb'dniii^^of wordi, favours affected proniuioiati<^f lllin
^hevord;*'fl^ii^r<y>-iAuf»tv which he Md|s"ui eleipfcat j^-
nunciation of ectucaCioa. ** He gives similar pronunciatioQS to
virtue {verUihu\ orde^t^wut, frontier, tind alt such words.
It shdtild alio be kefiit in niind that ieveral of the Meini» and
vowel S0«ihd1ihaV(elcUain)(ed«iileiB bis time ; «s in^namiteimd
i^i^, kd. Tbeie obsernitioiM araAot in depreciation of th^
f reat iOimiii<ef Walker^ Dic^naiy^ but merely to pnt the
learner on bis guard. :
^ Jfonow^toSfcmay have emphasis, bat, as they oonsist of
tat )^ s^mble^ they esimot haye o^tf^ai;
' In the case of a polvsyllabio word, a Mconctary aoeeni is
often neeesecry for its full enunciation ; and when it* occurs
in words ef three syllables, it seems, generally, to be the
•result of a straggle tor ascendancy between the foreign and
English tendency^,
ili
iUiilUK
OhTIiObPT, OfR TEm
.uui^/}
t^brhi^ words ^t for^igA drigitt und^ ike Eti^lifil^ or
a. The words mfvioir, oott^utfi;^ iidcI refen^ou*. for ^wti^Boe,
have beeii brought under the £ng)i8h icceut, aiid i^pldi9q.idf
haitctmy^ ir^tnUe:, titiiiiLty Mfiiif, aA<^ <nAuy dthoM, aroon th^
way. Hefiice aho the ^pulu^ t>rolkt(A<di€oii of tlie word
fpbA'oeitMiwefy, Tp6*lU\^ Kad^beooHoqvial, bataow reeogntied
I»roiiuneiatiou of hoatiwain (bo'8n\xo^uwuinkPH^Vh)i0^pf
XowijL XctLjMrd'L kn, : Many foreign wordi. ho^ey^, par-
iioularly Freuch, h(tve ttruggled. saocOMuilbr MMinfit the
English tendency ; fti ' ' ^/rrr:
Auliqtt«* ^Critique Bdanquhi
IkMdi Fasciu* Profile
BoDibasin Fatigue Quarantme
Grimace ' v M aebino
, Xnyi^Vl Viirii^o:
PeluHM) Ma({fsi|^^,
Pohce Uandajr^i'
Cat>|ich|n
Oliagi^u
Chemist
Bavitit'
fifwHiitlyo
Repartee
Battilhe
Jamhoiirpi
rontiu!^
Tntque ,
, h, WiUi regard to wor^f of Greek or I^titL origin, it msjr
Be hud down as a general rule, that wneu they i^re adopted
whole or without change the accent or quantity t«ih« piflgi^
iotid wordis tisiiifclly p^rved; as in i ; -
^AtViSnui ^iletoW Diplopia '<^ ^TbrfttMii^ »i
^-Aoa'men Bilh'in^ DeiBO^ntil»I 'U ^tedto'tdtfj^q
t. In tttanybuch: ^rbrdft, hiotw^r, thii Ebj^lUih tifttide^hM
pre vailed -; asm --«*'*' — — — -
Orator Sen'iltor Aud'ttor j^^ |<jPleth'««i r
% 'TitiB' tendency ifl, liowever, eoQnleifactdd to ft
^ettdil extent by i^other nAtutttl te^dettcy ill the
lan«;viage* ^h wptds used a9 veiq^,'t)^e t^ndeucty fc^f the
aeceftt ie tp/tbe l^iroin^tipn* wid n«t to the root.*
Heiiee^ in verjbe of two syllabks, the aceeiit is gene-
ritlly ohi the last, land in verba of Ibree »ylhible% oa
^^ last^ or last but one. 4 no >
' a. 19!ence,the ii^|^tt^ed|K)sltioii oY
words ag.- . :n .h-fow^,.; ' ,ri«Kf « "^i* ^^afi ^\\i
Cbnfiseate Oontetnplate • oBaervate
Ootopteiifiite Denienstraite Eititjifito
i-Zi.
; '•>
■ it It i 'II I » I I II 1 11 ' ii I n
niA
it it ii< ill' li
I See the dan of words, page Vk
ooBBxo* ynommilftkyioir <6r WORDS. 'Hi
Some ftutlioriti^^ follotritigf the ^eii^irftl tend^xnii'f
while others ]iol<l that, as ver))B, it is better to accent
the seeoad syllable, as eompeti^/«.
8. The radical accent is also couioiteracted by the
tendency in compbnnd or derivative words to follow
the accent of theit Primaries i as in
Adini'mr finora adm'/re Begln'iilag from begin'
A\mi^Um „ abet' Commen'ceiuent
Pfoffittlcir ,. prof<
Comioit^tal
commetroe
emniniV
'>£ «. In Eumv cased, liowete^, the radical or general
^nden<^ of tne acoent has prevailed ; as in '*^
rn^Irame from admi -re AdveVtXs^ meat Irom adverii'pa
'<0orti'p&t1&ble ,, oompii're OhM'ttsemeui ,, obssti^ge
i.:.'
1^. In several^ words tlt^^o^^i^ffjk h^M y«t^ undecided,
asm ^ ; (^\ .,\,.y. ;.^v ^ ._ ,,i,:.,-:
Ae'o8pt«bl«or aeeepi^able 1 Bit'pfttable or dispa'table
Ctfm'iadpkdtt^le <^coimii«iid^able ( Gonifteior orvoeafeat'or
^, the tendency in compound or derivative words
to f^i^es^tve tbe accistit of th^ir prixna^ies, is crt'sseit b/
^tiother natnial tehdency^ nainely, the ulspositior iu
cdiupc^and 01^ dMV^tive yoirds to shorten the K>n^
i^iinds or syllables of th^ir pHinaries; as in the foUow-
ing wordst-^
MaiDtteaaee from maiiitam
Sb<(pkerd „ shiepherd
Splteetiev :y
GOsling >
Tkrdttle
Prmitk&tittion
S0fttlkeriy(«) i,
Deprikviiy from4eprftve
Severity •, seipj^re
Divlfniiy ,, , divine >
Consolatory j, ooasolev
Gi-&Dary |» groin
yUUny iof>4znMU»m
J>efp6rate «#< •despair
g«M«
throat
pronoitnoe
io«Ch
^lih iA.€OBNT^ from its very natqire, miist ftffieet ndti
only thaeyll^le tindet rt| btilr alstr this sVllabk jne^t
it; for in proportion as the one is dwelt upoU| tlie
OB^PROSPTy <» TSV
iffO
, ot|her II PMfe4 <iuiiekl7 ov^r. Thii is exempUfted by
. the. uau<4 pTODunpitt^oii^of the m m cc enta d syllablf in
tbe f(>|)owiug words :^-
i»t'
Image .
For'e^gn ({)
8arf9it
M^oaoiB
Palace
Fa'vottr(ia)
Ferrpur 4 1
Humour
I^abonvui
Curate
PrelaU
Private
Fti'moiia {U)
Pioua
Pompottf
MonstroiiB \
Oap'tain (I)
FoaUiaiu
Villain ;
Britain ? ^
Oar'Hage(l)
]iiimage''A
Parliameof
WilliMii <
-In the preceding ii'eftrfi the unaccented syllable Is
rprQn^uced quijckly and indietitictly ; and in tlie ease
ot a diphtjiong, opei pf ytM YjOtfrelftis omiibied altogether
in the proQunmtion. Qompare, for exaniple, the
dil!«drent soande Jof the tca^minatiOh o^/d in ih^ vf;Qr<^
eictffhojli and efigoCgeyjiiitda^ an4 jjffljw'flfi. C9)ip*r«,
also, tlie di£fereut pronCinciatipns of the accenled and
^iiBEcceinteil syllaible^ in the foilowin*; words i-^ ^
Oonta»V(d[) Cap'tato («) Retain' (S) Foun'taln(r)
.4,AJ^ W,, ,ulfun'd<m(«) AM/ (Iko.... TSaiay (1^ A
Peredve'(«e) For'eign (I) SnrTejr'Cd) Sur'f^ (0
iJ i^^v g^^^ It^s t}^fi|t;^|^ co^ikiviiio^ as M» i^ m»
Idf, u>^>oia, iotf«, fpllqwW an ao<»ff^«^^
|>rotiatJ0iati6^, usuii^y 4^wn i^tq Qn«i iBipnad, preylr
labte, thoiij^h cdinpo9e^ |o^,n^^ it^ia^^^ yowel, as in
Ocean {o'xh^n) * iSargeon .(«iir^/tfn)
Luncheon (/«M'<Ai(u)
Penaion {pen'^nY
Mention imm'MMmi
Goi«e<ras W/»)/^^ *^
Ora<Aoai fgHiftih^)
Logician (lo-jiak'Hn)
Soeial W^hm
Partial (DarWtl)^
Conseienee (con'sMtii^ ;
PttkiMit {pa'ikMi'
-H—
^ Thon^ in jiritnitiviB words eontainiBg «uch conbitialions
this roAegenfraUrlields^iMSit is uBnalf^- departed frem-^
the deriratiTes. Thus Partial and Ckriiiwn are pronounceo^^-
^ #ssj]Uahlei,,i|rhile^ir dfitJiTfttif #&« Pmimm ««^d 0!IH«-
V
ooBiuKPr imomntawttOK of words.' fi4
nnthhis, it Jias, 1>y the ^nickniMi^ pf t^ie enuikqi|.tio^i,
nn(( th^ c6Ji8cqt)i^ht bleii<Uiiu, of lit aonni wi^li Ike
Yow^Ltlie force ar «^^ aa in the examples jiuit ^ri'tei^
6. Henoe the lerimnatioBe ^mI, jmI^ and KaJ^ lire
pr<>noiince<i like Mlytm iu commetekiL contatovtrtioL
. c. The terminations ceout^ eunu^ and ^umt Kn pro-
nounced like i^tM/ as in farinaceoui, CApactbi4% and
' d. Tlie terminations jjrebtil' litid fpiouim 'prononnced
]ik^/n«/a8 in coiira^ieotM andTe%t(nML
- '^. The terhiinations sion and tton are pronounced
like ghn'n/in in misMon an4 inventtctny but the tenni-
iidtiou itdn^ preceded by a vowel, is pronounced, like
shUn; as in explonon and confu«u>n; „f^,,f,|,.j
12. Tlie seat of the accent >y lit generallr serve as a
f^iifd'e ih the pronunciation of fiual syllAples in, iob».
Its, ikib: I8B, and^ Itb. Wlien the % is aeieen ted, it is
16n^; and when uhaccented, Jit is usually short ; as in^
the foHoWiiig words : —
OfftM
DoetTrXne ^
Bet'plCtd.- ng
Definite
Sx'quitite
F^'yoiite
Hyp'ocrit*
Inilef'iniif .
In'fiiiite
Oi>ftNMite
Perqmiita
\AdYlce
NQif%M
8«flfoe
,B«TUe
Ser'vfle
Combine
'^Premise
PremlM
Puplle
Av'i^rlce
CUndes'tlne
Jftc'plHfne
lMti^«ftee
Cur'aUihe
Jes'^iunine
Cwnr'nirdice
Dis'dpline
Uh'^tiine
JiiVenlle
Eg^fttittne
Mas'tftiiine
Mer'onntile
Fem'inine
Med'icine
Jhl'erik
O^'ulne
Ne^tarfne
Adaman'tine
Her'oine
Paratin*
Arkaline
Hy'aline
Ap'posCte
A'quiliho
Ima'^ne
Ootnpos'ite
J ,' II y, '".'I
13. Ill such terminations, that is, final syllables in
ICB, ILV, and iTis; the i is sometimes long^ Uiougii not
under the Accent ;^ as in tlie following words :^—
^ Thai ill, the principal aeceiii.~See under No. 6, page HI.
m
•' /.
mTm9lf^J$ OB TWi 'TrrrffAi
G*VaiiiiQe
Cm'talUiie
QeVA4in«
Ineat'iMidiBd
Bat'ttrnin^
Ser^poutine
Turp6titiii«
Ac'oDite
AiifHi^urito
Cur'melito
Ex'p«diU
Er'einlitt
Piir'atiter i
3«t'aUito
'■■f
<t' It fthonld be olJse^yedVliowever^liai in each of
tlie pr^erling ^ord^ the t ia evidently under a sccoudjuy
accent) and therefore inclined to be 1od}|, — See No. 5.
14 As we hare already observed^ a proper accentua«>
tjon of words is essential to tHeir just pronnncia^on ;
and a proper accentuation can only be acquired bgr^
atteiidtiis td the most correct speakejrs, and by co^-r^
suiting the most approved pictionaries; for wonls are
under so many influences ^yitli regard to their aceetn-
tnatioti^ that it; i'* scnrceiy possible to lay down a rule
on the Subject t6 whiph nutie^roi:^ e^^cej lions majf not
be found. Tbe folio \ving| rules, lipwever (i^ addition «
to the General Piiincipi j:s which Y^e h.tve already
explained), will ha found useful to the learner.
15. Woi^ds ending' in' dkU, Halt Hal, ttan, tian, cmt^
iient^ eeotig^ thus, tiou$,9t&n, Hon, txate, l^tave the acc-eut
on the pafee^ing syllable ; as _"
Provin'clAl Phy8i''oian ^H'tieni Confusion.;
Conii'oter'Hi«t Ghris'tinn Gra'eious Muta'tion >
Sttbstan'tial ; An'cieni
Senteu'tioua
Ingm'tiat^;.
16. Words ending in e^y, ity, or ical^ have also thn
accent ou the preceding syllable ; as ";-
Pr<>pri'«t7 Inseiuiibnlty Astronom'iflAl Emphat'ijBiiil
Satiety Spontaneity Categor'ioal Polem'lcail,
17> When the termination ical is abbreviated into
iCf the accent of the original word remains ; as ^
Aitronom'ie Emphafie
Aal^i^iQ Fanat'k
Harmon'ic
Meehan'itt
Polem'io
SpetirU^'
ac
S]
ol
ni
IB
accent in poJ^sgrlUblfi u on tlie ^viinmyUr or J(^t
syUi^li^ l^ut ^YQ. ; but iii maiif^iis^f tlie accent liiu '
DMti Iql^cmd tq tnat po«;tion fronii the, radictfl |uirt
of the wordy for tlie (|7eater harmony and ease of jprOK,
nnnciatioii : at in /
An'nl ,, Angeltttit Sa'ttn
liarmbiiy Harmo'tiioiii Sn'tire
SattrlMd
Yict«^noua
Angeltttit
Harmo'&ici
Ki^W Bhetpr'ical WU^T
IS!^ In ifimtmg tnnple iroToa uto i^ fiomponna, tnete
18 a-te^¥)^^J to, siuiplify the coipponnd aa nmcU aa
IKMMi^ie, by t^i«Qving tne accent pn. ttuit ayUable in
wliicb the Biinple woicU vtiite. Hence^ words with
th,e following terminations have t^e accent, on the
autepeiiult, or laat syllable bat two:r—
•eraejf, at demoo^iqr^
iferout, as »ai(vim%t&iM
"JLu^ip lis. oifemn'ilaenf
«^ikM^, at sttW^upa^
•jPMlA2» a# iia^oiial
-graphy, at gecg'raphjr
-iit^|i^ 4t lo^om'a^y
•mo^y, at polTm'atbj
'ketif, fii MhTm'eter
-jMirotit. M «Tip'ar6ut
•jMi%/M smiiS^iRy
-phoitifi as ewVlMny
tftrqp^i aa eaWtiui^htt
-tompt at aaatlpvy ,
'Votnougf aH igUiV^ii^oaa
•voroiM,,at pmniv'drpua
§, Some words are differently AOCBinxD, according
a^ tiiiiy afei,w|94 W ?spUN8>^ T|iRns.-^f^ page 5Z
20. Of foreign words admitted into 9uv lu^nage,
partiotilarly French^ there is tisnally a ttiMefokl pro-
iinnciattoli. 1. The original or foreign pronnnciation.
2. Tj^c JpfTiglifb pronnnciation. 3. A prontmciafioh
wbicti is heithie'r English nor foreign, Snt between the
twa In this case, the midi^ course is riot the best ;
but it 'is perha).^ right to eneoniage it as astep in ad*
Timce towards a£t nonest English pronnnciation^
/ l|^^t|^ part of thiS; work wiU be found a col-
1.
iJ.iU» )
OKtHOttPTi OR THV
lection of Frisncti And fore^^n ir^olrdil w(ife)x iraWbiB^
iutro<iuce<l into our li^ngUAK® Witliont (ihi^^ft.'
21. Some 0r«pk and Lniin woTclii retain the pro-
nunci'ition of e final, tlioiitfli In tucli a position lb
Eng1i'«1i it is atvrays nilent ; * ttit in
V.
Aomft Cattiitrophe StrophS
Apottroplii Epit<^n4 Ke«i|>l
AnemoipiA Hyp«rboU SiiniM
Ciceroni
FinaU
251. The <1iphtl)bTig ati before n nnd inothet"c/*i^*(|i
nimt^hould be Bounded like \\\p long Italian n^ . in
fatatkiXfather} In sbni^ t^.brds 0f this clii? ^l howeter,
it is pronounced, pMkular)^ bj bersbn^ who are <^ni-
bitjoUs of beilfig thought tb Speak better thaU their
iieichbl^urs/like oiit' in atrir/' IkfAVVT atid vkmuT are
perhaps the otily lirords of this class which should be
considered as exceptions/
iin
or iiaMn wioikBiaita.
23. The tine;laqit<id, and sometinies the edncated
Irish, err in tl^ pronunciation of the following sounds
and letters; mi, 6t, ey, oo, off, a, e, t, o^u; d, t^ /, and r;
as in' the following words : — -idn -
^,,.Laveiotl»av^,;;;;,,„;,'^
Nate „ neat
Flase for please
Desate „ deceit
Relate ,, receipt
r* 'n v'-^e in ;Wn
A If sUly aifeeta-
'^ To employ a fore ;ii word^ wheh *^t
language to exjn-esB the same ideaj i
tion and petfy'i^dantry.
< That li, it dees not eoBstitnie an additional ayUaUe, but
itiiviiallyiBod^ei tl^esoiatiid of the preceding rowel; asia
,^^^d Pv" it i^ bj every one^in aunt^ /stint, jatiiidict, litiUa*
1^'-,. lituph, Scunderty ke. " '
' * kljo «i In ttktj; Vord»(f6r it does not reaQ^ belotiff totheml
mk^i havvtteyi in to represent the' drawliag^nd aifeeteo.
aound of a before fi« as '^i^e :Sei|i^iB«e« beftitpi ^ proeimeia-^
tii>n of ran*t (c^wv^t), $fian.%com^n4, kc, Sta^noh, , tiie
old spelling of Hancht is an addiiional illustiation of this.
ODRRBQr rRONUNClATION OF WORDS. 110
ttt
r
-^.is'
Conveo
Obee ■'
Slmk
Tuk
Fut
Siud
Ooone
Cooiie
Soortc
Kfitch
SiniHre
Sobfune
Pliuty
t»
^^ convey
ihook
toidc ...
foot
stood
ooiiinM) '
coarse
ftdiih^e
gntbdrM
catch
sincere
•obeme
plenty
>t
>»
It
»«
f»
. «•
>>
ft
Twiaty CprtweMar
Oowld
liould
POsh
PGll
CQthion
Loutiber
Broadber
TV'Attber
Beither
Uel'Um
K«itl-am
Ar<um
»»
t>
»t
tt
»»
it
t»
tt
♦»
i»
tt
>f
*i
cold
bold
bush (oo)
pvsh
pull
cusliion
louder*
broader
water
better
helm
realm
arm
barm
; 244 The teariier should collect ai I the ^ordfi in which
such errors are likely to occur.^ au'l habituaie huiiBeU
to It Cji;>rrect prpnimciatiuu of xh»]\\. Also, all such
' p
^ €7(itA(r.~This error (gi^iBg • the short sound of ^ be*
lori^ to the north of Ireland ^d Scotland*. , >
* Z>, like its cognate letter t^ in often mispronounced by
the unoduoated Irish. Tbn/i, |b<mgh' they sound tikie d cor-
rectly in the poutive degr^ of such wofUs.as jiivim/., foW,
broac/, yei in ihe comparative they thicken it by an <ispira-
tion, and proaounce it as if .written <ih ^pnnidktr, louihet^
broadhery The same obsenrfttion applies to t in such cases,
as in fitter {jmhtr\, hotter {hatther), and all words similarly
formed, as waUr^ hviUr^ko, This is a v^ry vulgar pronua*
ciation,ftnd should be avOide4* And it is easy to do so ; for as
they flU^onouAee the d or t properly in lovd, 6)*oa</, fit^ and /tof,
they have oidv to pronounce the firat syllabk distinctly, and
then add without an aspinktion the termiuation er. Hie
affected protianciation 6f lAiese letters, a and i^ in such
words as education and actwUt should be equally avoided. —
See page 20 of the author's English Dictionary.
., f Xl^ digraph. €«» lor instanne, has always tie seund of ff,
except in the words given under the head of ** Irregular
Souuds," page 77. In the word* referred ^ ea has either
the sound of ^, as in met; or of A, as in fmie ; or of a as in
jar, Memee it mu,jf be inferred^ as a ptneral rule, that in all
oVterinwdilikhaathetoundofMAk
. Again, %i iUso has usually the sound of as, ezeept in the
Sords given under the head of M Irregalar Sounds,'* page 78.
leme U map heinferrtd^ that <» oM cMerisonIt u Am lAs
1!20 -^viauw 0Rttr6te'r, -OR OTB
VULGARISMS tts " joiiitaetry,"^jpggraphy,**^lioifflith/*
"lentil/* "Btrenth," ^*bretk" <bre»<ith), « flure "
(floor), ^*readin," " writin,'' "** aljaylir* '' (algSbra), for
the purpose of guarding against theni« \^
! h i
BXAMrLES or BNaLIBH VULQABISMS.
^1
25.' Ttie ptmcipal vulgarisms of the uneducated
English, particularly of the Cockneys or natives of
Loudoiii consist :-
,: iff}! li.-.^i 'Yxwrni'^ ■ ■ '.
L In the mse of w for « and v for w; as, ** Fine, iMal, and
tdnegar^ are ii^rj good toittles, I «k>w("i
2. In aoundiugA^ where it should uot^and in omltiing it
where ii ought to be heard ; as, * * Cive m^ *orse some hoots, "'
3. In introducing the sound of r into some wprcls in which
it has ne plaoe, and in exeluding it from others to whieh it
belongs; as in ideaty winder^ Mariar, feller ; boar for 6oa,*
warm for ma*am^ &am for harm, taud for lord^/iiit tovjirtt^
bust for burtt^ duH for durtt, ke, ' '^ '-" ^ ' , , .., '^%"i
S6. In England the following words are freqtientlj
confounded hy uneduc^t^d and cardtess speakers;*:--
Add
Haft :^f V
Hail ^^,T
Ale'^5^'^rAIter'^:t;dif
Hale V ..» ./ , Halter , \^ ^^
All i^^!f:r
allv.,i;.;f r,
Am
Hum
Hand , „| g«
Arbour ,,|,^j3
Harbour »k
Ardour i
Harder
\
1 It is the tame werthy «i<nen I MpjMse that is i&tro-
4uced in the fellGWing short dialogue : —
Ci^uen.— YiUiaai. I vants «sj vig. ■ -art '\'^Liii4m
Sei'V0,nL—Viiek vigour 1
ji Cttwen*— 'Vy. the vite vig in the wooden vig-Wx, ▼itch I
^orelftstVensday^it the Wastry. ^^^\
^ ** It was %uite tm^eesiUe to witness immoved the im|>res-
•Ive solemnity with whieh he poured forth his soal in * ^y
:?<ir^>in;the 'igMaindt,* w *'W)m hTm4MMokk^*'^JHdeeni.
* As« **She had «. black &oambeut her neek.**
121
Ark
Hark
Amt
Harm
Arra9
Harass
Arrow
Eat
Heat
4
CORRECT PR0!E|t7N€]AfI0W OF WORDK
Ear Ire Owe
Heai. Hire Hoe
His- v,r,i Whale*
'E&ves Islands Ware
Heaves t»r,} Iligblan<J» Where
Eddyri^-tv;:, »,.w ......... V. Way..,, ;'i!^^
*' "■ '""^ Whejr '*'i^«^^i'i i
%
Hit
a>iul^ INS
''%
Arrow ""' • jiiaaj ■ ^'^ • ■
AH -,,i.i Edjre ,Q,i|r. Itch |:^V Wen
Heart 4^mj Hedge ^u-ixo Hi tea ^*,^,j Whea
Heart -m^M-- Hedge ^u-ixt
Eel ivi/ ©alca«. ..r/Wig
Hoax Whig, ^
As ^irfii^ti
Has ,^jjj,,j Heel
Eight
Wight
Hoar ;t*^!; White
Ash „^^
Hash j^i;^„^ ja«t^^ ^j.,^^| xauav ^1^^^^^^ ,f iiici
■■■■"•; 'Elm ^4^- Old ^^'^pWile
Helm^^^^^^^ -|-Whil.
Asp
Hasp
Wot
What
F
4 f ■■
•^
;v
( 122 )
'•»n
A COIXECTION
- itA
OF ALMOST ALL THE DIFFICULT AND IRREGULAB
t jij
WORDS IN THE LANGUAOB.!
^UTi;ii
I. V
rv?;;'^/^
trr
IT ■'
[The PRONUNCIATION and tlie BXPLANAtldNS of each of
these words will, when required, be found in the author's.
DiOTlONART, to which the learner can refer. Many of these
words indeed ^ill appear very; easy to the reader, but that ia
because they are familiar to him. To peifsona unacquainted
with them, such as children and foreigners, the irregular or
unusual soundp of the letters occasion great difficulty. Be^
sides, even the easiest of them will serve to recall the read^^a
attention to the preceding Pbinciples of PbonunoiahoNv]:
7r
Aborigii^es 'Adamantine Alkaline,^* Anathema,* ^
Abroad Adept,* Allegro Anchoret • '
Acacia Adulator Alleluiah Anchorite
Acceptahlc Adulatory Alms Anchovy ^^ ^
Accessary Adult Almoner^' "^Ancient '^ *^
Accomplice Aduat - Aloes Ancillary
Accompt Advertise,* Altercate Angel *fA
Accomptant Advertiser,' Alternate Angelic ^^^^ '
Accoutre Again • Alumine Angle .«
Accrue , i 7/ Aghast -^J^ || Alvine ., Anguish ^1 "
Acetous Agile,^* *^ Amarantiiiiie Anility " **
Achieve t. J v/Agone .^„,|j(n Ambages,* Anise," ^ <
A/»mo r. Amio -Ambergris Anodyne f~
Ambush Anonymouflf^
, Amethystiae Answer , ,
Amiable^;:^ ^ Antalgic *'''^
Amour ' '^' Anthracite ^
Amphibious Antipodes ^
Amphisb»na Antiquary ';
Anachronism Antique
Acme '/ Ague
Acolyte,*' Aisle
Acotyle^QA Albeit
Aconite i 17/ Alchymy
Acoustics Alcohol
Acquiesce Alcoholic
Acre Al(:;uazil
Adamantean Alien
1 The numhers after the words refer to the preceding Prki-
cipUi of Pronunciation.
^Fww..m..Fm!Em.wm^
Antiquity Astlimatie Bombaein
Atitt6 ,,^ Atheist Borougli ,
AnxietJ^'^ Atrociotls,** Bosom "
Anxious,** Atrociiy,* Boudoir,
Aphaeresis Auln
Apocrypha Auspice,**
Apophthegm Autumu
Apostle Autun^nal
Applicability Auxiliary
Apposite,** Avalanche
Apprentice Avoirdupois Brazier - yj
Approval , Avouch- ,, Brazil 'f'r.
''"^^ - "^^, Break '^'^^
Bade ^'"^^ Brec^kfast
Bouilli
Bouillon
Bouq^uet,'
Bourgeon
Bowmie,*«
Bowsprit
•;« I
Apribot
Aquatic
Aqueduct
Aqueous [
Aquiline
Arab^kque;
Archangel
Architect
Architrave
Archives
Area .
Balcony,' Brevet
Balsanl^" Breviet^^^^.^
Balsamic Brigand! '^V^
Baujdana , Brigan tine
Banian^ ^ *^ Britzfifea , .
Banquet ' Btooch;;'
Barouche,*^ Bruise '
Arena
Argil
BattalioU
Bayonet , ^
Becatico ''
Behove^'^H
Argillaceoub Benign
aov)
n
Aroma
Armistice
Artifice
Asafoetida
Asbestine
Asinine,*' ,
Assign *"'"
Benignity
Bequeath
Biscuit
Bissextile
Bitumen
Bivouac
Blaspheme
Brunette*
Brusque '
Bulletin' \^
Bullion^'";^
Buoy '**':|
Buoyant'
Bureau '"'■,i
Burial -f r{
Burlesqttli
Bury
Busmess ^^
Busy'^^>*<^H
, 128
Cabriolet
Gaieput
Calamine
Calcareous
Caldron
Cambric
Camelopard
Campaign '
Canaille
Canine,^;ov
Canoe '^rj
Canorouci
Capillary ,
Caprice '' ']
Capricious ,
Captain .
Capuchin; J
Carabine .
Caries '\^
CarriagQ||,^
Casque ' ,;:: ,
Cassia ^,'^-
Cassino *^f^
Catachresia
Catarrh ''^
Catastrophe
Catechism
Catechist '
Catholicism
Cavalier
Cavatina
Caviare ,,
Cazique''!;";
Centre -'':;
Assignation Blapphemous ^^
Assignee Boatswain Cabal '**^';:^ Centrifugal
Assuage Bombard Cabaret *',::(
Asthma : ' Bombardier Caboose'"^", '
Centripetal
Chagrin --;
1^4 bMKctk.t A^ ifM(ttoti^ii WblftliA.
i'A,\
-;n
tCoDsirue
Cpntagiotts
Contemn
Contemner
Cotitemning
Chklifcy^ ClArion
ChaxiiW Clerk
Chameleon Cliqile
Chamois,'* Clougli
Chamomile Coca<^ii^
Champagne Cochineal
Cliaiiipaign Cockswain,^ Contemplate
Chaos Cocoa Contrary^*
ChapercA Cognieanoe Contrite)^*
Charade Colgno Conversant
Charlatan Colloquy Coppice,"
CharlatanicalColon<el CoqUet
Ctiaxilatanry Coloniiade,* Coquetry,^
Char't ^ Colour , Coc^uette
Chasm *\ Column *rr Cotiaceous,"
Crbkhle^t^
Crosier
Cucumb^i
Cnerpo , -^
Cuirass,**
Cuisse
Cushion
jt%.
k
A.
^\
itl
Cornice
Chasten r ^ Oon^ety
Chastise Comfrey JJr Corollary
Chastisement Coiiimissary Corpsj^
Cheerful,®
Chemise
Chevalier
Chicane
Chivalry
Chlorine
Chocolate
Choir'' '^
Chorister
Chough
Christianity Confidante
Chrysalis
Chrysolite
Chyle
Chyme
Cicatrice
Cinque
Circuit
^'- i,%
Compensate Corsair
Complacent Cortege
Complaisance Cough
Condemn Coulter
Condemned Counterfeit
Condemning Couple
Courage,^**
Courageous
Courier
Courteous
Courtesy
Cousin
Covenant
Covetous
bAttLtA
Daunt
Dearth
Debtor
Decorous
Decorum,®
Defalcation
Definite"
Deign f!. A
Deityr ^^
It
h)
Condi^
Conduit
Confessor
Confidant
Confiscate
Cong^,*®
Conjure
Connoisseur Cowardice
Conquer Cozen
Conquest Cravat
Console - Crevice
Clandestine Consolatory Critique ^
jr \
Delicious,^^
Demagogue
Demesne ^^
Denier
Dentifrice
Dernier -^
Desuetude
Desultory
Detour , 'i
Devastate
Devastation
Devoir
Diachylon
Diaeresis
Dialogue ,^
Diamond
Diaphragm
DiarrhoMit /
^Diastole
\
/k
u*
ViPfltViit AND IRRBOULAR WORDS. 1^5
V
pa
Dicotyledon Duehiift
Dilatory
Diinipsory
Diphthong
Discipline
Dikjcohifit
])i8cretion,^i
Dungeon,
Duress,®
Dynasty
u
Di>enil)ogue
Disfranchise
Dir^hubille
Dishevel
Dispntuble
Disputant,*
Dissolubility
^Dissoluble
Distich
Doci1>1e
Docile,®
Docti^inal
Doctiine
Dog^r® ;a
r Doniiciliel '
Dose
Double ■'-
Doublet
Doubt
Douceur
Dough
Doughty
Draclim
Drachma
Drama
Draught
Drouglit
Ducat,«
Ductile
Dudgeon,^^
ECLAT,20
EclogUe
Egotism
Egotist
Eider
Elicit
Elite
Empiric
Empty
Empyrean
Encore
Endeavour
Enervate
Enfilade
Enfranchise
; Engine,**
' Ennui
Enough
En passant
Ensign
En sign cy
Entomb
Euveh)p
Envelope
Environ
Environs
Epaulet
Epergne
Epilogue
Epiphany
Epitorae,2i
Equal
■«?■
Equable
Equat6r
Equatorial
Eqiuirry
Equinox
Equipaj:e
Equivoque
Ermine,**
Esdakde
Eschalot
Escliew
Escritoire
Escutcheon
Espiilier
Espeeial
Espionage
Etiqutette
Eucnarist
Exaggerate
ExetajJlary
Exeqtiies
Exergue
Exorcise
Explicit
Exptigu
Exquisite
Extinguish
Extirpate,'^
Eyry
20
Fabric
Fa9juk'
Facile
Facetiae
Fac-simile
Factitious
Falcated
Falchion
Falcon
Falconer
Falconet
Falsetto
Familiar
Famine
Fanatic
Farina,®
Farrago
Fascine
Fatiffue
Fealty
Feathei-
Febrile
Feign
Feint
Felloe
Felucca
Feminine
Ferocious
Ferocity
Fertile
Fibre
Fief
Fierce
Fiery
Filial
Finesse
Flaccid
Flageole
Flambeau
Flaunt/^
Flourish
Focile
Foliage
Foreign
,ui
#•■
41
^426
DIFFICULT AND IBRBOULAB WOIUML
Forfeit
Fraca.%* Gimp
Fnigilej^* Gin
Franchise Gingham
Frankincense Giraife
Freight
Frequent
Fricassee
Frigid
Frontier
Fulsome
Funereal
Furlough
Fumnce
Gilljrflower Hauherk
Haunt,"
Hauthoy
Hauteur,*^
Haut-gout
Hecatomb
Hegira
Heifer
Heinous
Hemistich
Glacier
Glacis
Goitre
Gorgeous
Gouge
Gourd
Gout
Governantft Hideous
Import '({
Important >f
Impugn
Incendiary
Inchoate
InchoativOiii
Indecorous
Indefinite m
Indict iU
Indictment^ I
Hemorrhage Indigenous
Heroine,^ Indisputable
Fusil
Grenade
Grisette
Guaiacum
Fusilier ,,|^|:
Futile ,,!; 'J- Guano
Guardian
Qaltot j^.j^ Qiiava
Galleon * ^ ? Guerdon
Galoche Gainea
Qaloches . Guitar ',
Gamboge,^ ^'l Gunwale
Gaol jy| !]%£ Gymnastic Hyena
Hot^shead
Holm
Honey
Hosier
Hostile
Hostlergfiin;
Hongh v| :
Housewife
Huguenot
Humble
? i/fi,i.
Gauntlet , • r W Halcyon
Gauge
Ganger
Gaunt
Genuine
Gewgaw
Gherkin
Gibber
Gibberish
■v*> *. -*
Halfpenny
Hallelujah
Halliard
Halser
Halve
Hygeian
Hymeneal
Hymn
Hymning
Hyphen Isthmus
Hypocrite
Hypotenuse Jacobine
Indissoluble
Indocile ^
Infairtile ^1
Infinite v\
Inimical (,(l
Initial^ ,,ot^'-'
Insignia iiU
IntiJglio ,uU
Interstice tKl
Intestine oif
Intrigue Ml
Invalid >*{
Inveigh-^ qU
Inveigle f
Inventory: Ai'
Iota ^><|
,rr
K
4
Hyssop
Gibbet ^^^j^ Halves
Gibbous ;,'^'Vr Harangue
Gills " ^- -
GUI
Idea
Idiot
-mm*
Harlequin Illicit
Harrier Imbecile
Jaguar
Jalap
Jaundice
Jeopardy
Jessamine
^et-d'eau
mi/:'.
J
J
J
J
n
r
rrf
Ki
hi
le
le
'■^■
f
.A
,a
({
.([ ^;
I
a'
.a -
vamcmt and imomiLAR words. 127
'■4
:i-|!»
I* :<
■Ai
Jocose
Jonquille
Journal
Judaism
JudiciAry
JndiciouB
Jugular
Juvenile
Kerchief
Know
Knowledge
LaOHS ^'i^i/i
Iconic
Lacquer
Laity
Landan
Language
Languia
Laniard^^ i ^
Lattice *^/?
Laudanum
Laughable
Laundress
Laundry
Laurel \,^h
Licentiate
Licorice
Lichen
Lieu
Lieutenant
Lilac
Limekiln
Limn
Maiitua ' 'kilitia ^"^^^^
Limner ; ' • • 'j Marque
Lingual •/ ^ • ' * ' ilarquee
Liquid '^^ ^ Marquess
Liquor . Mar^^netrjr
Lit^uefy l^'^fMarTiage
Li tigioi#<^' [^^ ^'llasculine
Live-long
Livelihood
Longevity
Loquacious
Loquacity
Lose
Marauder Million
Marchioness Mineral,'
Mareschal Miniature
Marine Minion
Maritime Minute,^*:;'
Marline Mirage,**
Marmorean Miscellany
Mischief
vr
Mischievous ,,
Missile '■^' i
Mistletoe' i''f!
Mobile w'^><^ J;
Moccason '|^
Masquerade Money }1
Massacre Moresque'^^* ; ,
Matrice Mortgage ' -^
Matron Mortise [^^
Matronal Mosque "^'^
Maugre }|osquito '
^ Lough -f^yi**' Mausoleum Movable
Lucre >" P^' Medicament Mupcle '
Luncheon Medicinal * Mustache**^ "^^ "^
Lunette Medicinie Myrrh ^'^
'^t-^Ji Mediocre ' ^^i'-^^-f
Macaroni Melange,** NAPH^i T ; ■ [
Machine Melee
«)
Lava ^jmn Machinist Meliorate
League Inion' Magazine Memoir
Legend '^'^ Mahomet Menace
Legendary Malecontent Menagerie
Malign Mercantile
Malignity Messuage
Malmsey Meteor V
Mammillary Mezzo
Mandarin Mezzotinto
Leisure
Leopard
Lethe
Lettuce
Leviathan
Libertine
Manoeuvre Mignonette Niche
{Nation
National V'^ '
Natural ^!''*V!
i^ature '^W^^
Nausea '«''*^^
Nectarine
NeigVibour ''^
Nephew
Nereid
Nicety ^
■«■■» ■
lfK[ Dijmim't iKp ]miTOU]>Aii woima.
Nitre , ; - ^ f ageaotiry
Nonchi^ance t^alaiiiquiDi
Nonpareil Palatine
Nothing,'
Notice ..
Nourish
Nubile,"
Nuisance
Nymph
Oabib
Obduracy
Obdurate;
Obedient
Obeisance
Obey
Oblique
Obloquy
Obsequies
Officiate
Olio
Omega
Once
Onion
tTi:/
PaieUe
palfrey
Pall-MAll
Palmy
Palsy
Paltry
Panacea
Panegjrrip
Para<£ute
parliament
paroqu«et
Pa^OKysm
Parterre
Partial
Paschal
Pasquinade
Pasty
Patent
Patentee
[patrol
[patron
Patronage
Peasant
Opaque
Opposite
Orchestral,, . , pedagogue
Ordeal ,.i, Pelisse
Ordinary ,;u. penguin
Orgies r, ^ ^ pensile,"
Orifice
Orison
Orthoepy
Osier
Pacha
Pageant
Pentateuch
People
Perdue
Peremptory
Perfume
Perquisite
Per^made
Peruke
Peruse
Pewter
Phaeton
Phalanx
Phlegm
PhcDnix
Phosphorus
Phthisic
Phthisis
Physic
Physician
Piety
Pillion
Pinion
pinnace
Picturesque
Piebald
Pigeon
Pioneer
Piquant
Pique
Piquet
Pirouette
Piteous
Pitiable
Plagiarism
Plague
Plnguyi-vr'
Plaintiff
Plebeian
Plethoric
Plethora,«
Plover
Plumber
Plural
Poignant
Polemio -
Police
Polygon
Poniard
Pontine,"
Pontoon
Porcelain
Porpoise
Portmanteaus
Posse rM>?
posy
Poutiee A
Precipice
Prejudice
Premier ^
Premise J
presage ...J
Prescience , !
Prestige - J
Presumption J >
Pristine f(t#*|
Private,><* (Diiil
Privy fy{?r.J
Proceeds Jiff. J
Profile jfriul
Projectile uir J
Prologue ^f*>:^T
Promenade ill
Promise jn^nl
Pronotmce *vT
Prorogue hT ,
Proselyte, «r;KT
Prussian |o«jt;l
f rusflic ' ul
Psalm ;,J;hI
Psalter ■ ' rj
Pseudo fJ
DnmOVLT AND IRRIOVLAR WORPS.
189
nrJ
e- I'-d. '
lit. I
ff, ■
• Ptisan
Rapier •
Pudding
Rapine,*^
PueriloW
Kaspberry
Puisne
Ratio
Puissance
Ration
Puissant
Ra ionnl
Pumice
Ravii»€
Puni]»ioii,*i
Realm
Puncheon
Reason
Purlieu
Receipt
Pui*8uivant
Rece}>tac1e
^Recipe
Quadrille
Recondite
Qualify
Reconnoitre
(Quality
Recruit
Quandary
Recusant
Quantity
Redoubt
Quarantine
Relwarse
Quarrel
Relate
Quarry
Relative
Quartz
Rendezvous
Quash
Repartee
Quaver
Repertory
Quernlous
Reptile
1 Query
Requiem
Iv Question
Requisite
1 Quinine
Rescue
Quoit
Reservoir
Quota
Resign
Quote
Resignation
Quotient
Resin
Respite
Eadius
Retinue
Rajjfiut
Revenue
1 Haillery
Reverie
1 Kaisin
Rhapsody
1 Rancour
Rhetoric
Rhetorical
Sanguine
Rheum
Sapphire
Rliomb
Sarcenet
Rhubarb
Satellite
Rhyme
Satiety
Ri<^d)teons
Satire
Rigid
Satirical.
Risible
Satirist
Rochet
Satirize
Roq^uelaure
Satyr
Rosin
Saunter
Rouge
Sausage
Rouleau
Scallion
JUnit
Scallop
Route
Scene
^'outine
Scenic
Row
Sceptic
Uowel
Sceptre
RoMlock,'^
Schedule
Rudiment
Schism
Rutiian
Schismatic
Ruse
Scimitar
Scirrhus
Sabaoth
Scissors
Sabre
Scourge
Sacniment
Screw
Sacred
Scutcheon
Sacrifice
Scythe
Sagacious
Secret
Sagacity
Secretary
Saline
Seignior
Salique
Senesclial
Saliva
Se'nnight
Salmon <
Sepulchre
Saltpetre
Seraglio
Salve
Sergeant
Salver
Sei-vile
p3
130
DIFFIOULV AND IRRSOULAR WORDS.
Sewer
Sextile
Shoe
Sliough
Siesta
Sieve
Si^n
Signify
Slaughter
Sleight
Slough
Sloven
Sluice
Smoulder
Sbiree,^'
Sojourn
Solace
Solder
Soldier
Solemn
Solemnize
Soliloquy
SoUtice
Sombre
Sonorous
Sortie
Souchong
Sous
Southerly
Sovereign
Spaniel
Special
Species
Specify
Specious
Spectre
Spinach
Springe
Springy
Stalactite,!*
Stalagmite
Steppe
Sterile
Stipend
Stipendiary
Stomach
Sttmacher
Strophe
Sturgeon
Suanive
Subaltern
Sublunar
Sublunary
Subtile,"
Subtle
Successor,®
Sugar
Suggest
Suicide
Suite
Sumach
Sumptuous
Sure
Surfeit,»<>
Surf 'eon
Surplice
Suriout,*>
Sword
Synagogue
Syncope
Synonyme
Tambour
Tambourine
Tapestry
Tapioca
Tapis
Target
Taunt,»
Tenable
Tenacious
Tenacity
Tenor
TeiTace
Tetrarch
Textile
Thames
Theatre
Theologian
Theology
Thorough
Threepence
Tissue
Tontine
Tortoise
Tourniquet
Toward
Tragedian
Tragedy
Trait,«>
Traverse
Travesty
Troubadour
Unguent
Unique
Usquebaugh
Vacillate
Vaccine
Vague
Valet,*
Variegate
Vase
Vaunt
Vehicle
Venison
Verdigris
Vermicelli
Vermilion
Vertebre
Vertigo
Victuals
Victualler
Vignette
Virago
Virtu
Viscount
Visor
Vizier
Volatile
Wackb
Wainscot
Weapon
Widgeon
Wolf
Woman
Women
Wound >
Wrath
Wry
Yacht ^^^^^
Yeoman * ;
Yolk
.Mjt,
Zenith
Zoophyte
I ! i
C 131 f
s
Hi
>ii
3
I
er
r
1
'i>
it
9
■,i,-p».-»
i^y
^
9
9
T
n
^p-
'9^
.
^>
.
'ti.y
.lipi
'"*■ ■'■
if<>
I
te
-^
A COLLECTION OF THE MOST DIFFICULT
WORDS IN THE LANGUAGE,
BO ARBANOKD AS TO AFFORD A PRAOTIOAL ■XIBOXBB Hi ^
PBOKUNOIATION A8 WILL AS IK BFjCLUNQ.
[The following words, in roitAble nnmberi, ilionld be m-
■igned to tbe fmpiU oa aleuou in Prondmoiatiok, Spkllimo,
and Explanation according to the plan recommended in
page 12. Fur the more difficult or unusual worda they
should refer to tlieir Diotionaries previous to the lesson.
^But in most oases it will be fcind that they will be able to
|r expl;iin them, in their own language, with sufficient aoouracy,
particuhtrly if they avail themselves of the assistance derir-
able from the prefixes, affixhs, and roots,* with whieh
they jhould be previously and perfectly acquainted.]
x'
r
.(
Abeyance
Ache
Acre
Ague
Alien
Amiable
Ancient,:,^.
Apron
Aqueous
Arraign
Ascertain
re
'». If,
Champagne
Chaos
f'^Cbarade
I Chasten
Assay
Avijiry
; Bayonet J, J. 3.
iBear ^=.<|''
Bruzier ^'J j ^ Chicane
Brocade .'j Clayey
Brigade ^ » ',ntC^^0""^<^6
Caitiff •' .^Complacent
iCaiipli '^ Contagious
Cambric Convev
Campaign Crayon
Cater ^j .fjCutaneous
Chaise ,/'i 'Dahlia
Chamber! - Danger
'A
Debonair J^
Deign J
Dissuasive t
E'er ^ ^^
Eight ^
Eighth X
Emaciate
Equator
Ere
Fane' ^
Farrago ,|
Feign |
Freight ,^
Gaiety
^f
-•■■• m^y^^f
* Pngc 145 to SOS inclusive.
1 The vowel sounds in the monosyllables, and the aeeenttd sylla-
bles in the other words, have the long slender sound of a, as tn
fate and paper.
a
132
A COLLECTION OF THE MOST
Gaol
Gauge
Great
Gi'eiinde
Halfpenny
lialf pence
Hureoraiued
Heinous
Hiatus
Impair
Inveigh
Knavish
Lair
Hunger
Masquerade
Matroir
Nasal
Nay
Ne'er
Neigh
Neighbour
Obeisance
Obey
Occasion
Opaque
Parterre
Pasty
I'atriaroJi
I'atent
Patron
Pear
Persuatle
Pnneton- '
Plagiarism
Plague
.L'vJ.'i.
Plaguy
Prairie
Purveyor
Quandary
Quaint
Rail
Raiment
Rain
Raisin
Ratio
Reign
Rein
Sabre
Satiate
Scrape
Scarce
Seine
Skein
Weight
Yea
. (2)
Almond
Alnirt
Archives
Are
Aunt
M «■ Barque
Bazaar
Bravo'***
Calf
Calm
Catarrh
Charlatan
Charnel
Chart
Spontaneous Cigar ''
Square Clarion
Suasive Clerk
Subterranean Daunt .'
Oil
Sleigh
There
Their
Thev
Trait
Unfeigned
Vague
Vein
Virago
Wear
Whey
Where
AVeigh
Eclat
Embalm ^
Fabric
Facade
Finance
Flaunt
Gargle
Gauntlet
Guard
Guardian
Guitar
Half
Harlequin
Harpsichord
Haunch
Haunt
Heart
Hearth ,^_,-
Hearken
Hussar '^. ^
Jaundice, i I
..Jaunt istyfa
vxjaunty 1<mi
f Laugh ^
Laughable \\
Launch <f
L'lnndry .jij
Mall b!
Mamma v. ^^
Maitvr
'Marque ...
Palm 7
■Palniv '^^f
;! Parliament ^
Partisan y*
■ Pharmacy ,
•:]>8alm 'f
Psalmist
Psalmody
Qualm '•''
Rather ^f!|:
Salve '*^*^
Saunter ^*f-
Scarf ^W^„
Sergeant
Spa
k
' ^ The long Italiam sound of a, as in far and father. — See
Note 1.
)rd
A
!
>;:.■
■t-
' ••',
= fii
'..'
r
/» '■
/'■■
e ?
>,
J
It
<u<;ii
,-'
^ )
it '
*
«.,
- :A
-
1,
1
r-xK
DIFPI0<7fcf W0II»8 IK tttiS LAKa<t7A0ft. 133
Taunt BatUliiMi HalUard
Undaunted CAiii«1o{Mtrd llarangiie
Abscess
Academy
Acoe88ai:y'
AccesflKMty
Acetic
Acme
Adequate
Aditttaiit
Aguaist
Alchymy
Alcoiiol
Canvass
CaptaJib
Carriage
Oasciue
Catalogue
OatccliHim
Caterpilkr
CliaU^e
Cliainois
Character
Charm
ChttSHi
Have
Harass
Javelin
RiiMck
Knupaack
Laoeralt)
Lamb,.tffjn
Languor
Machinale
Malleable
Mass;acre
Ainalj^am
Anachroni<niCoiifid«iit
Anathema Drachm
Answer sur> Jraught
Aquatic
Chasti semen t XCast iff
Chastity Meckanio
Aqueduct
Aquiline
Ascitic
Aspkaltic
Asihnia
Asthmatic
Avenue
Average
Bachelop
Bade
Balance
Balcony ,,,^^
Biinqnet
Basaltic
Emphatic
Enaitiour
MolussQS
Moras<i
Naphtha
Opacity
Paj;eant ,
Exag.«,'erale Pani])h1ct
Falcated Pamj^iaph
.U
Falconet
Flageolet
Flanibet^U
Flannel
FragUe
Gallery
Gnat
Grandeur.
Graphic
Gymnastic
Halcyon
Raspberry
llhapyody
Illieuii^attC
^Salmon
Salvts ^
Sanguine
Sappkire
Scal|^
Schismatk
Scratek
8{>a8m iH
Stomachiift' >
Suavily
Tacit
Thatck
Tkrash f
Thwack
Tobacco .«j
Vacuum ,jij^
Wrap J Jill!
(4.) ,a
Alder -r
Almanaa :i
'4
Parallel
?HVOi^y#m .
Pertinacity A^^^^iy^
ip'nanta^m App^l , <
Phantoni Al*V^#^1^
■"'acid A%j»&\ut iV-f
aid i^ikwlfi^rt /'I
iienxiji^tk? Jiuqie^o^i;.|
Portijj^antea^ A\^pic^ Yi
Quaff Auti;\m)\ •*
Kaillery Ayir«i
' The short Italian sovind of a, as in faU and marry. — See
Notel.
* Tlie broad German sound of a, as in fall and water. —
See Note 1. - - jifm'tym- i^t m m »i ia miv^ :;^ua
"*' ' . . "Ir
1S4 ,Mm'A OOLLHOTION OF THE MOST
i'jvi.
AwkwiUTil Halt
Awl Halter
Bald Hauberk
Balk Hau
Balsam Haw
Bashaw Haiiglitiness
Basalt *^^?* Hyclraulics
Bauble Instalment
Bedaub intbral^
Bought LaWn ^rv-
Brought Marauder
Caldrou Maugre
Calk Mawkish
Oauglit Memoir
Cauterize Naught
Chalk i^is'f^ Naughty
Crawl f'^'ii NaUseate
Daub aiiii) Nauseous
Daughter Nautical
Dauphin Orchestre i
Defaulter Ordeal v''
Devoir Orgies* •''
Endor-seinentOrphan
Enormous Pacha^^^-*'
Enthral Palsy
Exhaust Paltiy*'^*^
Falchion Palter^*" '>
False Paucity
Falcottt Pawn
Fault '^.^ ^ ' Porphyry
Falter - Psalter
Fraught Saucer
Gaudy Saucine$s
Gnaw '^^f Um^y*^^*^'
Groat "^ Spald
Scrawl ^' "^ Bequeath
Shawl Bier •
Slaughter Blaspheme
Swarm Bohea
Swarthy Bombardier ^^
Tar|»aulin Bombasin ^ ^
Taught"'^'^ Breathe^ *-^^
Thaw H>^*f Breeze ^^^^
Thought Brigadier ^^^
Thraldom Canteen ^^
Thwart Cap-a-pie -j
Vault , Caprice y
Vauut ^^' *• Capuchin ■■'^ '
Walnut Career
Warble Cashier 'f ^
Warm ^*^«^^^ Cassino*^'^^
Water ^'^^ Cavalier ---^
Wrought Cavatina ^^
Yawn % Cazique '{*
Ceiling 'f
(6.) Chagrin
Abstemious Chameleon
Acetous Chandelier
Achieve Cheese ^^ l**-^ •
Achievement Chevalier ^♦^'"
Allegiance Chief i*»^^A
Allegro Chimera ■%
Ambergris CochineaF^j: '
Antique Compeer *';J
Appreciate Conceit * J*
Arena Conceive ^^
Assignee Congeal ^-^^
Austere Contumelious
Beacon^ *'^*^ Corypheus
]gelieye Crease «
; ^f * The long sound of e, as in me and Aen^.— See Note % ^
u.^
DIFnOULT WORDS IN THB LANOUAQBL 135
L ■
K \
ir '^
k
k
I
Critique
Cuirass
Deceit
Deceive
Deitjr
Denier
Depreciate
Deteriorate
Deviate
Devious
Eager
Eagle
Eel
Egregious
Either
Emir
Empyrean
Equal
Era
Ethereal
Facetious
Fascine
Fatigue
Feasible
Fiend ^^^"^
Fiold^j-..
Fierce 4 ,
Financier
Frequent
Fusil
Glacis
Grief
Grenadier
■ j»mi
Grieve
Guillotine
Guarantee
Hyena
Hymeneal
Imbecile
Intrigue
Invalid
Inveifjle
Irretrievable
Knea4
League
Leap ,tj
Leisure
Lever
\IH\ l"\*r.
fi f jit? '
'f^.
Lief fill ■->;:>:
Liege ■-'■'
Machine
Machinery
Machinist
Magazine
Marine
Marquee
Mausoleum
Measles
Mediocre
Meteor
Meter
Metre ^f^^.
Mien
Moreen
Nankin
Neither
Niece
Oblique
Obsequious
Palanquin
PeU88e;4,.4i^
Perceive
People
Piece
Pierce
Pier
Piquant
Pique
Please
Plebeian
Police r%<^xi
Preach
Precedence
Primeyal
Profile
Quarantine
Quay '*)^f^n
Queer
Reason
Receipt
Receive
Recitative
Relief n^
Relieve r,|x,
Relievo •'^
Remediable
Reprieve
Retrieve
Routine
Saltpetre
Scene
Scheme
Screech
Seignior
Seize
Shield
Shriek
Siege
Species
Specious
Spermaceti
Sphere
Squeeze
Subpoena
Suite
Thief t^^:
Thieve
Tierce
Tontine
Tureen
Unwieldy n
Valise
Vehicle
Wield
Wreath
Wreathe
Yield
Zebra
(6.)
Acceptable
Acetic
Acquiesce
Address
Again
Against
Ascetic
* The short e, as ia met and mir.— See Note L
f36 aoA A (^,ibis<!3f i6* m t^B lifosir
f!^
Bagatelle
Beverage
Bevy
Breadih
Breakfast
Brunette
Burial
Burlesque
Bury
Cadet
Cateclietical
Celery
Cenotaph
Centre
Cheerful
Chestnut
Chimerical
Cleanse
Coalesce
Coerce
Condemn'
Contemn
Coquette
Corvette
Crescent
Crevice
Cuerpo
Deaf
Dearth
Decalogue
Debtor
Decimate
Demagogue
Dervis
Desuetude
Develop
DisortEsis
/■f
Dileminia
Discern
Dislieirel
Duenna
Eanrest
Eccentric *
Echo
Eclogue
Eclectic
Ecstasy
Ed|::e
Edible
Edificy'^*^^^
Effervesce
Egotism
Eligible
Enipba^^k
Empty
Eiufeavour
EnsTgn
Envelo}>
Epilogiie
I^sode
Epitaph
Epoch
Etdi ^'*^f[
Etiquette
Exchequer
Ezerescenee
Feather
Felon "
Finesse
Friend
Gazette
Gherkin
Grisctte
Grotesque
Guess
Guest
Head
Heather
Heifer
Prccipic^'^^'^
Quench j.
Cjueruloui^^ '
Bealm
Recipe '**^
Hemisphere Rehearse
Heretne ~^
Jeeii)ardy
Leant
Learn
Leaven *
il-!' i
Ledgei^
•*rT/'
Leopard
Lettuce
Lieutenant
Meado^v
Kescne '^1
Reservoir -^^^
Retinue
Revenue
Rhetoric
Said
Saith
Says ^^, >.,^
Sceptre '*'^i^i
Schedule ^:^
■Mi •
Mechanism Se'imight '^Q
Medley e->*.-i-K«* . » i
Membrane
Menace
Messieurs
Metaphor
' i .« " J ' T
Sepulchre h^
Separate .'*!
Sheriff, -i
Special ^"'^^'}
Spectre ' !
Mignonette > Specimen . i
Necessary Steady '^ *
Necessarily Stiletto
Nephew ^ Suggest
Nonpareil Sweat
Pedagegne Tenant
Pentateuch Tenet ^[^
Peremptorily Terraee *'.*
Pheasant Tetrarch '^§
Phlegm Thames *!^
Phrensy Tread ^
Picturesque Twelfth
Piquet Venison
Plenteous Verdigris
Plethora ^^ermrccUi
■a
BIFFI^:^ WORDS IN TOB LANOVAGB. 13?
Vertebra, / ; Decipher Might
Veterii^ary Decisive Night
Violoncello Diagram Nigh
WainscoJ;, Dialogue Nitre
Weapon/, Diaper Oblij?e
''M
Vie
Viscount
Wight
|Wind
Writhe
Be
Abscmc
^Academician
Wretch ,' . : „# 1 En vi ron ' ., : . ^.Primary
Yes .., ^,i|o ^» >^e f ^^;;^rovi8o ;, j ; >iAcademici
»7.«i.. 17.. ^...j^^Bhjrme^^ij^iAmphibious
Antipodes ,|
Avarice
l^ye TAi «./ Banditti
: BariUa
Zealot \^^'-\ Fie
Zenith \^. J,,. , Flight ;i;j.:3^Ilight^j,,,,
Zephyr ;:j^.^^ Guide ,^, , J^ Bighteous
Guise „„„:, Saliva
A isle . . . I* .f ) Gyves ,,^.j; v. Satiety , • .. , f Biscuit
Ally , Height,;,. .;i.Scyth§^,i^Briiidle
Archives , Hie ^ ."^.-.J^^fiigk i\ . i^BaiU
Assign ;:^^^r^ HoriEon ;^:^|Vi^gm ■ : i^Bniit
?^'g^' fstKi ^»"**® .i^iV^^^*^' ,,jj^Capitulate
' ii:
Bright
B*iy
Oiiina
Choir
Cipher
M
Indict Spright f , ,»/Cedilla
^^^^ Indictment Sprightly 'Centrifugal
iJK^d !"^^^
Island
Isle
Knidbt
Tliym^
,7/ 1 lf^t,|,
Centripetal ^
^;;^Chalybeate J
f,;;y Chemist ., .^.
, Chisel
Climax ,v.,'ii Leviaihaa Title
Condign
Light
Trifle
Chrvsalif
C1ir\-solite
■Tii>
Child ^VH Lilac ijx Tripod ^".,,»j Cinque
Chyle ^f '4 Lyre „ ,f., / Tyrant u.xf Circuit
Die Malign -,„^Type Cluneal
7 The long diphthongal sound of i, as in pint and title.—'
6ee Note 1.
< The short jim^e i, as in j^iit Juid4§tf2c.— Se« Not« L
138
A OOLL^mON OF THS MOST
■SI
Commiserate
Conciliatory
Contiguous
Criticism
Crystal
Cuisse
Cynic
Decision
Delineate
Delirium
Disit
Pilatoriness
Dingy
Diphthong
Dishabille
Dissonant
Dissyllable
Distich
Dynasty
Dysentery
Eclipse
Electricity
Elicit
Explicit
Eznilarate
Fastidious
Gimp
Gist
Giye
Glimpse
Guilt
Guinea
Hiccough
Hideous
Hymn
Hypocrite
Hyssop
Illicit
Implicit
Initial
Initiate
Invidious
Isthmus
Jonquille
Kiln
Liquefy
Lineament
Linguist
LinlYi
Live-long
Lizard '
Lyric
Piteous
Pusillanimity
Quadrille
Quilt
lleminiscence
Rescind
Risible
Schism
Scissors
Sickle
Sieve
Solicit
Soliloquy
Supercilious
Switch
Sycamore
Sycophant
Metaphysics Synagogue
Mezzotint o Syringe
Miniature Ubiquity
Miscellany Victuals
Mischief ' Victualler
Mischjjevous Vicissitude
Mistletoe
Myrrh
Myrtle
Mystic
Niche
Kymph
Vitriol
Vineyard
Widgeon
Witticism
Women
Wring
Opinionative Wrist
panegyrist
Paralytic (9.)
Pavilion Anchovy
Phthisic Apropos
Pigeon Aroma
Beau '
Boatswain
Bourn
Bowl
Bowsprit
Broach
Brogue
Bureau
Cajole
Chorus
Clothes
Cocoa
Cony
Corridor
Corporeal
Corps ^
Coulter ;*
Course
Court ^^-f
Crosier
Decorous :
Diploma ^i
Disembogueti
Door 'm
Dough m
Droli ^^^f J
Encore^'; '^y
Envelope' *
Erroneous \
Floor . ,4
Foe -'%
Folk ^^^
Four '^
Fourth
%:
^ The long o|«li ^ as in no and »ol<^— See Note ll
DIPHOULT W0BD8 BS TH9 LANOUAOB. ISft,
''fn-fi'i )
Ohoflt
Gourd
Hautboy
Hoax
Hoe
Hosier
Schdiium
Scroll
Sew
Sewer
Shewbread
Shoulder
Hydrophobia Sojourn
Knoll
Loath
Loathe
Macaironi
Morone
Mould
Moult
Mourn
am
SoMier
Sombre
Sonorous
Soul
Source
Sword
.^;,TllOUgh
Throe
r jltflA/
Negotiatej..^,Toe
Ocean ^ * * ^''^"
Ochre
Orthoepy
Osier
Own
Parochial
Parole
Patrol
Pony
Porcelain
Poulterer
Poultice .
Pour
Prorogue
iv^ ff
Toward
Towards
W^
Worn
Vogue
Yolk
Yeoman
(10.)
Accoucheur
Accoutre
Accrue
A<lo
Approval
Roe Balloou
Rogue Bassoon
Roguery Blue
Buffoon
Behove
Bruise .
Canoe
Cartoon
Cartouch
Chew
Cocoon
Contour
Crew
Croup
Croupier
Crude
Cruise
Do
Doubloon
Entomb
Festoon
Fruit
Galloon
Gamboge
Gouge
Groove
Group
Hautgout
Imbrue,
Improve-
Intrude
Lose
ManoDUvre
Obtrude
Peruke
Perusal
Pleurisy
Poltiooii ^
Prove
Ragout
Recruit
Removal
Remove
Rheiun
Rheumatism
Rhubarb
Route
Rouge
Rue
Rude
Rule
Ruse
Screw
Shoe
Shrewd
Sluice
Souvenir
Soot
Surtout
Jhrough
our
true
Two
Uncoath
Undo
Who
Woman
Woo
Wound
Your
Youth
ilU
^ The long close o, as in move and tomd.— See Note L
^^'*A dbtiMTibv
Ot Mta HOST
t'iUV'
%
Anomaly
Apoeryphal
Apostro})lie
Autof^rapfa
Calorie '^"^•f
CauUfloilriBir
Cogni2aiic6
Chaotic*' '
Clkocoiat^
Chord
Chorister
Coekswaiifl
Colleague
Collo4u7
Column
Conch
Concoct '
Conquer
Conscience
Construe
CorollaJT"
Corsaiir-^^" ■
Cough ^^^
Crotchet
Daughter
Decaloigiie
Docible
Docile
Doggerel
Dolphin
jbwarf '^^^^=^
Etymology
Exhort
Exotie '
Foreigner
Forfeit
Forfeitnre
Frontier
Oeograplijr
0eometij^
George
Oon6
paughty*
Holm .
Iloniicicle
ilomologous
Hostler .
Hough *" '
Hypocrisy
Hypothesis
.|inpo:>thYiiiie
Knot ^^'''
^nowled^e
Laudanum
Laurel
Logarithm
X»ough
Lozenge '
Mahogany
t r
Mnefiicrhic!}
Mortgage
Mosque
Motley
Obkqwy
Obsequies
diarchy
Orcnestre
Ostrieh
Slabber'"''''^
Solemn
Sophism r
Squab li
Squabble "^iiv
Squad i*
Sqitadroife ^li
Squalid^""^^
FhilauthroticSwab ^*''^'!^
phonic ' SwacWle*^;^^ff
Phraseology Swallow. ' ,*:
Physiognomy Swamps ''"';
PoniarS : Swan^'^'^f
Posthumous Swap ^''"''^
process
proceeds
prognostic
Fpolo<?ne
proselyte
ProToet
Quadrant
Quality
Quantit;)^
Quarrel •
Quart '
Quash
3ausagc
^callop
Symptom ^^ j|
Synonymowy
Synopsis ,. ^
Tortoise Vii
Trod '^
Through ""ll
Wad ■'■'^^^
Waddle|!'^^^4
• ^ Wallet '^^'^-
,Wan \'^'^
''- Wand '^f"^'
• Wandei^^ "^
Want ^'^^^^3
5ViO
__,, ;War
§coicri ^^^11 Warren^'^"":
Shough'-'i^ Wart
I
I
'1 The short broad o, as in n^ and eottaffe. This sound of |
is lengfchetied before r when terminating monosyllables, 6¥l'
when followed by another consonant ; as in for and former.
The short sound of o, it may be observed, is equivalent to .
the broad German sound of a, and also to the diphthong au.
Compare, for example, the pronunciation of the words PM,
Fall,vkdPaut.
i/vDIFFICULT WORDS IN THB LAVQVAQE* 141
H
*vr
fl!f*^0
Was
Wash
Wasp
Wast
Wasail
Watch
Wattle
Wlint
Yaclu
Yawl
Ewer
Exude
Feodal
Feud
Feudal ^
Glutinous
Herculean
Impugn] I
Ir^fo' Jewel
Jewess
Borough
Buffalo
Burgher
Burglary
[Bustle T
Dudgeottvjjr^i
Dungeon
Enough s
^Escutcheon <
YFlourish
Flood
Fulsome
Chough
Clough
f/Colorjel dm it^Furlough
tiol/Cnmbatfro^i^^Goiirnet
,j Come ;i,M;{ 41 Gudgeon
)t
.•ff--.
(12.)
Acumen
Adieu
Beauty
Beauteous
Bedew ikHin
Bitumen
Buj^le ■iiii^;}'
Cerulean
Contiguity
Contumely
Culinary '
Cue • v/^
Cupola
Demure
Dew
Due
D ures.se >r'/.y
Duteous
Endue ;.,,^v
Eschew
Eucharist
Euphony
Juice .mI^ Comely ' ' Gunwale uk^dS
Lieu voK/ Conduit Honey "'■'
Mucous If //Courage „i ..Housewife
i Neuter '^ " / Couple ' ■ •* '' Hurricane
Nuisance Courteous Jouniey 1p^
Pewter v^fj-ilU'ourtesy Love trriE
Pseudo,w<n<! Cousin iii//:i Luncheon jB
Puce s8jioiA>CoveE7iiV/lij|j Lustre iiiuB
Puisne
Puny
'arfol Covetous
iWivl Covey
Sue J-.'/ioiC Cozen
Suit ti^ofi Crumb
Suitor ^ ^^^Cupboard
Sulphiireous Currier :^'
Sure Curvet
Surety Defunct
Tutelary Demur
View : ^^^[fiDirty
(13.)
Affront. *;,
Attorney >
Blood
Bludgeon
Monday
j Mongrel
Monk .;c
Monkey , .fT
Month fOilT
'^^•f'''»None irtyf-
; Nothing ffu?r
'Numb
Onion T
ihf mother T
f^d?'Disc()mfit Oven aw#
Double Plumb
Dove ,,,^, Pommel
Dozen ' Pulse
Dromedary Puncheon
Ducat Purlieu
1' The long diphthongal sound of «, as in tule and Cupid,
•— See Note-.l. ■ -^:usi iifii'l" .^"sj5voA,Vdt:*S' • M'^yi^ft
^^ The short simple u, as in tub and cup,— See Note 1. i
i I
' i ! '
143 MO0T DiFfioni;T words in thb lanouagb.
Pursuivant
Worse
Pulley
Flower
Rough
Word
Pulpit
Push
Gout
Scourge
Work
Grouse
;
Scullion
Worth
Puss
Howl
Scutcheon
Young
Put
Lounge
.
Shovel
Should
Owl
■t
Slough
(14.)
Su^'ar
Plough
i'
Some
Ambush
Wolf
Pouch
•h
Son
Bosom
Would
Powder
4
Southward
Bouquet
Power
^Aftt,
Southerly
Bull
(16.)
Proud ;^
'.'""■"'■If'
Soulhwark
Bullet
Allow
Prowl
Sovereign
Bullion
Avouch
Redound
*
Sponge
Stomach
Bully
Avow
Renown
I..
Bulletin
Bough
Rout
;:3ril
Sturgeon
Subaltern
Bullock
Brow
Scour
^n^S.
Bulrush
Browse* {''
Scout
.>'4.-
Subtile
Bulwark
Carouse
Scowl
r
Subtle
Bush i*«>''-
Couch
Scoundrel C
Surfeit
Bushel
Cowl
Shower
ty:l
Surgeon
Butcher
Crouch
Slough
uO
Thirsty
Could iiiK.
Dowry
Thou
■hM-
Thorough
Cuckoo
Doubt
Towel -i^iiip^l
Ton
Cushion
Doiighty
Tower
4d}
Tongue
Touch
Full
Drought
Trousers
■■''^
Fuller
Drowsy
Trowel
■ r.
Tough
I^udding
Endow "-'
Vouch
v
Trouble
Pull
Espouse
Vow
■iM
Wont
Pullet
\?owl
Vowel s s
1^ The middle or obtuse sound of u, as in hull and pulpit ;
an intermediate Hound between dull and pool^ or wocl and
tooo.— See Note 1.
^^ As the diphthong ot« in count. This is the general sound
of Ott, but it has no less than six others ; as in rough, through,
though, cough, Sihought, and could.
The diphthong ow (another form of ou) is sounded either
M Ott in countf or as ou m though. The former is its general
sound.
( 143 )
ETYMOLOGY.
The difficulties which young persons have to
contend with in learning the meaning of words
have been noticed in a preceding part of this book.^
We shall now merely add, that the easiest and
most effectual method of acquiring a knowledge
of what may be called the difficult words of our'
language, is, to learn the comparatively few roots
from which they are derived, and the prefixes
and AFFIXES which vary and modify their meaning.
In tliis way the pupils learn with greater ease, and
recollect with greater certainty whole famiues of
words, in less time perhaps than it would take them
to learn the meaning of an equal number of single
and unconnected terms; which, as they are not
connected by any principle of association, soon
escape from the memory, even after the labour of
much repetition. In short, under the old way, as
it is called, the pupil fished with a hook, and drew
in, at most, but one word at a time ; but under the
system here recommended, he uses a net, and at ono^
cast draws in a whole multitude of words.
DERIVATION.
Derivation is that part of Etymology which treats
of the origin and primary signification of words.
Words are either Primitive or Derivative. A primi-
TIVB word canuot be reduced or traced to any simple
1 See page 54, alio page 16.
i .-jktf tfl'-i
144
PRBFIXBS AND AFFIXES.
"word in the lan^ua^e ; as manj good, PrimitiTe words,
from >vhicli derivatives are formed, are called roots.
A DERIVATIVE Word can be reduced or traced to
another in the language of greater simplicity ; as
manlify manliness/ goodly^ goodness.
Derivative words are foriiied from their primitives
in three ways. — 1. By the addition of letters or syl-
laUles. 2. Bv the omission of letters or contraction.
3. By the iiiterc)iange of equivalent or kindred letters.
All words having prefixes or affixes, or both, are
examples of the first process. All words which undergo
wliat grammarians call aphaeresis, syncope^ or apocopej^
are examples of the second process of derivation. For
examples of the third process, see the words under the
head of »* Eiij^'lish Etymologies" (page 209).
The meaning of a word is either primary or second-
ary. The primary meaning of a word js that in which
it 'Wiid first or originally applied. .: ,.,./; ^
A word can have but one primary, l>ut it may have
several secondary meanings. Though in several in-
stances the primary meaning of a word has been lost,
or is no longer in u^e, yet in general it will be found
to pervade all its secondary or figurative applications. \
Many words consi«!ered as primitives or roots in-
English, are derivatives fix>m the Latin, Greek, and
other lan.i^uages. To the Latin language, in particular,;
the English is indebted for a large portion of its vo- ,
cahuhiry. In proof of this the reader is referred to
the imthoT'd Dictionary of Detivution 8. ""^
A PRUFix is a significant particle, generally an in-
separable ]>repositian, prefioced to a word to vary or
modify its signification ; as un in unjust, mis in mistake.
An AFFIX or TimMiKATiON IS a significant particle
or syllable added to a word to vary or modify its
meaning ,
as/{^/ in harmfulf less in harmless.
^ Aphneresis takes from the beginning of a word, syneope
froui the middle, and apocope from the end.
PRBnXBS AOT) AmXXSL
145
\
T-
1^
LATIN PREFIXES.
A« ab,^ abl, /rom or away ; as avert, to turn from ; aftsolvef
to free from ; abstain, to hold nr keep from.
Ad, to ; as advert, to turn to ; adverb, (a part of speech
added) to a ret*&»
J^ote.— For the sake of eupliony, the final letter of a
preposition in composition usually aAi&unieg tlie form of
the initial letter of the word to wliioh it is prefixed.
'J'hus AD becomes AC, hs in accede ; /.F, as in a/fix ; AO,
as in aggression ; al, as in a/lude ; ait, a*; in anuounce ;
AP, AS ill apply ; AR, as in arroga\te ; as, as in a«seut ;
aud AT, as In attract. ^^ ^j ., ;^i >
Amb or Ambi, ahovi or around ; as atii5ient, going round
or about. See the Greek Prefix Amphi.
Ante,^ before; as an^edent, going before. See the Greek
Prefix ArUL
Bis, bi, two ; as bisect, to cut or divide into two ; biped, a
, liTo-footed animal. %^y „,, 'tq
Circum, circu, about or around; as ctreiimjacent, lying
around ; circulate, to carry round.
Cis, on thii side; as ct^alpine, on this side the Alps.
CSon, with or together ; as condole, to grieve with; concourse,
a running toyether. , * . v ; ^ : >*
Note. — For the sake of euphony, CON becomes co, as in
coheir ; coo, as in co.viiate ; col, as in collect ; COM, as in
coiitpreiis; and COB, as in co/'respond. See note under Ad.
Contra, against ; as contradict, to speak against, or to the
contrary. Contra sometimes takes the form of Counter,
as in coun^'act, to act or work against.
Be, doum, from, of, or concerning ; as descend, to come
doicn ; deduct, to take from ; depart, to part from ; de-
scribe, to write of or concerning.
Bis, di, asunder, apart, or separated from, (and hence its
negative force) not ; as dt«join, dismember, displease.
E,^ ex, out of, beyond ; as emit, to send out ; eject, to cast
^ oust of ; esetend, to stretch out ; eax;lude, to shut out of ;
exceed, to go beyond.
' 1 ^6 is the original form— fi-om the Greek Prefix Apo {Ap*),
t > Ante.—ln Anticipate the e has been comipted into t.
* ir.— The original iorm is Hx^iriom the Greek Prefix SkorJSx, .
G
^
!;(
146
FBIFIX18 AND AFFUBB.
J!foU,^ln eompoflition, iz if obanged into BO, m in
€ceentrio ; IP, m in e/faoe ; and II4, aa in elli^ae, fike
note under Ad.
lixtra,' oui, beyond; as esr^mordinary, hqf<tiid ordinary.
In, when prefixed to verbs, signifies in or tfito, on or upot^
agaimt ; as tnjeot, to cost in or into ; incident, falling on
or upon; tnoite, to stir up againtt, But when In is pre-
fixed to NOUNS, ADJKOTITBS, or AOYBBBS, it means not or
contrary to; m injustice, mfirm, tngloriously. Compare
the English Prefix Vs.
Note. — For the sake of euphony, IN in eomposition
usually assumes the form of the initial letter of the word
to which it is prefixed ; as in t^oble, H/norance, t/legal,
' itluiiiinate, trnmortal, i/nprison, irregular, irradiate.
Compare the changes of the Prefixes Ad and CoN.
Inter, between ; as tn<«rvene, to come between.
Intro, to within ; as introduce, to lead to within,
Jnzta, nigh to ; as ^'usetoposition, position nigh to,
Ob, in the way of^ againtt ; as odvious, o6stacle, o6ject (to
cast or urge againtt).
Note. — In composition, OB is changed into ob, as in
occur ; or, as in o/fer ; and OF, as in o/ipress. See note
under Ad.
Per, through^ thoroughly ^ or completely; as pervade, to go
through ; perfect, thoroughly made, or complete. i
Poit, after ; as |>o«i8cript, written after.
FnB, before ; as precede, to go before ; |>r0dict, to /oretell.
Pros is auother form of Pro.
Preter, beyond or p<ut ; as pretemsktiiral and preterite.
Tti}, forth OT forward ; also, /or, or instead of; as protrude,
to thrust forward ; pronovLn, for or imiead of a noun.
S«>o the (^reek Prefix Pro.
Se, btuJs or again ; as revert, to turn bach; inform, to form
again, to remodel, to improve.
Betvo, backwat'd ; as retrospect, a looking backward or on
the past.
Se, aside or apart ; as secede, to go apart or withdraw from.
Sine, without ; as sinecure {withmU care or duty).
1 Extra is derived from ax, and the termination (foti) tra, 1
from Ik. Compare, also^ the fwrmation of /i0-« and Supra,
i/n(r«.
PBBnxn AMD AmZM.
147
..^
•*■..
8ab» under ; m Miiwribe, to write under ; fwdiemneMi,
f Wider ground ; m^lunary, under the moon.
Note. — In componition, sUB becomes sue, m in sucettd ;
sor, ni in mffer ; suo, hi in tuf/gest; 8UP, ui in tapprtu ;
and SUB, fin in iusytemi. See note under Ad, Coif , and Ob.
Bnbter, under ; as subterfuge (a flying under or beneath).
Super,* abort or orcr ; as «u/>frnnmerarv, (tbove the number.
Trans, beyond ; as tran«port, to carry beyond.
Ultra, beyond; as uZtramarine and uZtramontane. ■''*
GREEK PllEFIXES.
A,' not or without; as apathy, i9tt^ot(< {pathoe) feeling;
abyss, without a bottom.' *»^\»*
Amphi, about, on both aidet ; as ampAitheatre, a theatre
with seats about or circular ; amj^Atbious, living in both^
that is, either in land or water.
Ana* again or back ; as anabaptism, that is, baptism a^^atn
• or a second time ; analyze, to resolve or loose (into the
^ component parts) again; aiiachvonism (dated ba^k or
Iter than the occurrence), an error in chronology.
Amti, oppoeite to, in opposition to, against ; as iln^arctic,
opposite to the Arctic (circle) ; antagonist, one who con-
tends against another; antidote, something given agaifistt
or to counteract.
Apo, from or away ; as apostle (sent from), a mibsionart ;
apostate, one who stands /rom or abandons his profession
or party ; apology, a word or discourse from^ an excuse
or justification. Before an aspirated vowel, apo becomes
opA ; as in aphelion and ^|>^aeresiR.
Auto, self; as anagraph, self-written (as "an autograph
letter from the Queen '') ; autobiography, a biography or
' history of one's sdf, . .
Cata, down; as cataract, a water /o^. - • ; '
J
■' * Super. — Hence sur (through the French) ; as in xurbase,
above the base ; surtont, over all ; surmount, surpass, ke.
* A. — Before a vowel, a becomes an ; as anarchy, without
government ; anonymous, without a name.
* "The dark, unbottomed, infinite abyss,"— Milton,
02
1 I
'I 'Hi!
U8
FBIFIXSS AND AFW1XSB.
Dia, ihroujgh; m diameter, a, line* passing thrumgfh ihfi
middle ; (diagonal, a line passing through a parallelogram
from one angle to the opposite ; eZtologne, a discourse
(passing from one side to the other) between two.
Ek, eXifiH^n or out of; as «deotio, selected from; ecstasy
(standing out of), transport or rapture.
En (em), in or on; as ^ndemie, in or among the peo 1(5%
emphasis, force or stress laid on a word or words in \ iti^
nunciation. ,
Epi, upon^ ony over, to; sa epidemic, upon the people, or ver3f^
prevalent ; e/'tlogue, a word or speech upon^ or immedi..
ately after, the play ; <;ptstle, a writing sent to, a letter.
Hyper, above ; as A///«eroritica1, over critical.
Hypo, under; as A^pocrite, one who keeps under or conceaUi
his real sentiments ; hyphen, a mark used to bring two
words <>r syllables under or into one, • rn A.
Meta, beyond ; as »ietopbor, a carrying of, or applying, a
word beyond its proper meaning. nt^r^mk^ ^hi mm
Para, beside, from; as jTaragraph, a writing 5e9i(^; paraJS^
beside <me another ; j7arasol, keeping the sun /ro7» / para^
dox, from or ccmtrary to the general opinion ; a seeming
contradiction, but true ui fact. ■ '^^^'•'<
Peri, round abo"t ; as penphery. Compare the derivation.
of QIRCUMPKBRNOK. uw^\^.
Syn, ivUh or together toith'; as in synthesis, a placing io^eiKl'i^/
synods a going together, a convention. , ,. ,, ^^
Note.— In composition, STN^becomes St, ns in ^jiTem ;
BYL, as in tyHable ; and stm, as iu 4ymx>athy (compassion).
>>-*•'
EI9GLISH OR SAXON PREFIXES.
m*t
1 », .-.■♦■+*.{ -
A, at, to, or on; as afield,' that is, at or to the field ; afoot^
on foot ; crboard, on board ; ashwe, on shore. ^.
Be has usually an intensive signification, as 6ewail, 6espread^''^
frehold, 5esprinkle. In ^ecause^ 6efore, 6eside, and a few
other words, it is another form of by. ;».
1 '* How Jocund did they drive their team afield,^
•4:
FfiintlttS MS(t^ AVtlXES*'
I4tf
•>*».
»^ ■' *t f
En, on,' til 6r ini&; tdekrtAy emhhlm ; a||«| to mdb^ uW"
enable, mlarge, embark^ empower. ^'^ifT:
Tatf negmtive or |}m'«tn*e/ as /o»<bid, to bid no# or prohibit ji;^.
fcrgei, ii0< to ^ €m: have in recolIceti(»i. n <lui'inr^ v
Fore, bcyToTB ; as /oresee, /orcwam, /wemost, /ferward. <
Im for in, to make ; as twbitter, impair {to make worvey,
mpoverish, improve (to mdtkAjpvoof of), to make better.
Mis, not, vsnmg or error ; as mistake, misconduct.
Out, beyond, tuperioritp; as out^xe, outrun, t mi,} ['imtnM^
Over, above, beyond ; as overcharge, Dterreach. ^^^ ^^
Uii» n«i#, like the Latin i» ; as unspeakable, ineffable ; utt- ^
willing, inmimitary. Prefixed to tebbs it signifi^.^i^
undo; as in unlock, untie, wibind. ^ .
Up, motion upwards; as upon, upstart ; also;, subversiojQ y
as in upset (to overthrow).
With, /rom, against; as u^iYAdraw, u^YAhoId, un'^Astand.
■^;^. him- ■i^^'mitW ' ' :'MM-'U ilQid■^l:m.'
. -* ' ■ ' » ' ■ ■
[It is impossible in every ease to ascertain the exact force^
or even the general import, of an affix or termiDaiion.
Several of them seem to have different, and even contradict
tory meanings, and in some cases iliey appear to be merely-
paragogic — thai is, they lengthen the word without adding
to tlie meaning. Teachers should recollect this, and noj^ire<»r
quire their pupila to assign a meaning to every affix which
\; occurs.] ^ -^^li^'ja ti -i -.^ ■!■,> Jiv7j<i' ;.«W ^-uj^^iiT^tu ^:l ill
Able, ible, ble, or lie, implies hskxing tSitity ot j^ower to do
what the word to which it ia attached signifies ; as port>{
able, ht cur ai^? to be carried ; defensit^, that which can
~. or ia od^e to ><i defended ; doci^,'-' able or fit to be taught ;;
ducti^, that which may be, or is fit to be led, or drawn out.
AceouB, having the qualities of^ consisting of, resembling ;
as herbaceous, testaceous, crustaccotts. (^;^i'
^ En. — Tn some words en is used both as a prefix and an
affix; as in enlighteN, e/di.ven, and embolden.
^ Jjocile.— In such cases ILB is a contraction of ible, and;
must be distinguished from the adjective termination ILK,
which denotes similitude i as pueri/e,^ like a boy ; iufanti/ei^.
like an infant..
!^i
160
PiaFIXSS AND AfyiXBfl.
Moft im|»liei doing, or the thing doAe ; aIsq, fliate or ooii*
dition ; m oonspirocjf, legacy, oeliboey, preU^y.
Ago, i<ni,idenote the act of doing ; the thing done ; state
or condition; as carri«r/e^ pasaa^, marriage, bond<i^;
aberration^ immersion^ derivation, cohesion^ suiwrdinatioii.
Al, an, oxy, ie, id, ine, lie, denote belonging or p^Maining
to; as natural, ducdil; European, collpgi«n, Christian;
prefatory, introductory; public, theoretic; timiot, lueitl;
alkaline, feminine / infantile, mercantt^. See Art. },
AlUk, denotes sayings or anecdotes o'f; as Walpolianoi^
Jobnsoniana, that is, sayings or anecdotes of WalpoU—-'
* of Joknaon.
Aid, 9iaU cc character; as dotard^ one in a ttate of dotage ;./
sluggard, one who dujs or indulges in sloth ;wizare{, a'
wife ^an or sage. "^^ >tf^
Ary, implies pertaining to, or one who is what the wor4^
to which it is attached signifies ; as military, adversary;
missionary. ^^.^.^
Ary, ery, or ory, implies also a set or collection of ; as
library, aviary ; nursery^ rookery« kna vcry^ cooke;^; re-;
pository, dormitory.
Ate, in some cases, signifies to niahe; as renovate, invigQr->
(Utf al)l>reviate.* rf:?»j«.?f ^ s^lt
Dom, implies <iominion or possession, state or condition f^
as kf ngcfoiH, Christen<{om, martyrdom, freecfom, wiseiom. '
Er* or or, denotes the agent or person acting; as doer,-
Writer, actor, professor, ^ ;
£•, usually denotes the person in a passive stated ^tr as the
object of the action ; as (lessor, the person wh^ lets or
gives a lease) lessee, the person to whom a lease is made ;
patentee,^ trustee, committee (a number of persons to
whom some inquiry or charge is committed).
En, denotes made of ; also, to make ; as wooden, golden,
blacken, brighten. Compare Ft and Ize.
.a.
^ Ate \fi^ in many oases, an integral part of the word, and
not an affix,
s i?r.— In a few words this termination has become eer,'
ster, or ar; as auctioneer, engineer; gamester, spinsier/
liar, beggar.
%'
PRKPIXBS AND AFFIZB8.
151
«
^
'3
EUa, the feminine tertninftti«m of a noun; as prinoeitr
lioneM, duchew, actreu.
FqI, denotes full of, or abounding in ; as hope/ii7, art/u^,
joy/ii/, successful.
Tj, denotes to make ; as magnify, puri/^, beauti/y, not\Af.
SeeENandlzE. 7^'"
Hood Or bfAdt implies state or degree ; as manAooc^, maiden-*
hood or h§ad, priesthood,
Iih, implies belonging to ; like or resembling ; having a
tendency to ; as "BviUthf Irt«A, boytt/i, greenish, thievts^.
liin, denotes sect, party, peculiarity, or idiom ; as Calvin-
itnif Jacobintjiii, Grectsm, vulgarwm.
lit, denotes skilled in or professing; as botant<f, flortif,
art(«t, naturalt«t, lingut<<.
Ite, a descendant or follower of ; as Israelii, Jacobtl«.
Iyo, has usually an active signification ; as motive, defensive,
■ ir offensive, persuasu;^, adhestre.
lat, denotesto make ; as fertilize, generalize, civilize. Com-
pare £n and Fy.
Kilt, a diminutive affix meaning aJnn to, or like ; as lamb-
Uh^ maniiL-in, pipl'in. See Ling,
Ldis, denotes privation, or to be without ; as joy2ef«, cafe
^5, harmless.
Uii?» Olo^elf ev, ock, express diminution, endearment, con-
j tempt; as gofUing {little goose), fonndlinff (a liUle child
I or infant '^ancj or al>andoned). dArling {litUedear)^ under-
; tin^f worldling ; particife, satchel, pocket, hilloeil*.
Like or ly, denotes likeness or imilitude ; as god^ilv or
g6dlif, gentlemanifiX;e or gentleman/^y.
Meirii, implies the act or doing of ; state of ; as aoknow-
ledgAient, contentment.
KesB,^ denotes the prominent or distinguishing qualities ;
f slate or quality of being; as goodnest, gresXneiSi white*
^ ■ new, happiness. ^
Ose, denotes full of ; as verbose, full of Vfords.
> >.
..ynh
} Nett properly means a promontory; ss LangneM, iho
JTaze, &o. The root is the Latin nosus, the nose. : . .^.^^ .^
Iljl
III Hi
1«2
LATIK AND QRBBK SOOTS.
Oni» implies having or conaisting of ; as dungeraut, btiliMM^t
ambitious. See Acsous.
I lok,^ implies rule or jurisdiction ; as bishopricib.
fihip,^ denotes office, state, or condition ; as chancellorfAip,
lordship, fellowship, friendxAijp.
Some, denotes some of, or in tome degree ; as tvoubletoou;
▼entureMnMi, qviairel«om€, Yundsome.
Tide, denotes Hm£ or event ; as nootitide, 'Whltflun^uZe.
Tttde, ity, or ty, implies being or state of being ; as grati-
- tude, mvLliUude, forti^ucfe; ahUity, adversity/ novelty,
anxiety, htmesty, liberty.
'Wardt means turned or in the direction of ; sm toward
(tum«c2to), fori«anI(/oreward), backu-arc^. i
Tire, implies dmng or being ; state or condition ; as manu«
facture, captttre, Scripture', exposure, displeasiire.
T, implies having or abounding ii^ ; as (stone) stony^
\ (wealth) wealthy, (wood) woody.
' LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS,* -^^f
70 8B TBACEB THROUaH DHBIA ENOLISH DBRIVATIVEa.
After the preceding Peistixes and Affixes Hmve
been thoroughly learned by the pupils, they should
be accustomed to point them out as they occur la
their reading lessons till they become quite fami-
liar with their ordinary meanings. They should
also be required to apply them to any root the
teacher may choose to assign. Tlie following boots
I M l I I , ■ ■ I ■ I I ll-i , < t^f
* R%ck» — The root is the Latin r^n, to rule or govern. ^
; rt Ship properly means the shapeor form (as in laudacope, for
iand«Aa^),and hen«e, theproodnentordistinguisbingquHlity;.
3 Latin And Greek words are pronounced like En^ish, that
18, generally speaking, with the accent on the first syllable.
The exceptions from this rule will he noted as they occur;
and it should be kept in mind that e final m Latin and Greek
Words is pronounced, and not silent, as in English ; as in the
words maltt simiU, stt^pM,, ^pdUmi, ice — See pajfe 118.
Limr A'sm ORinslt rootsl
I5S
ivill supply both the teacher and pupils with ample
materials for such exercises, tlie great utility of
-which no peraon can doubt They might, ii^^|%ct^
be called Lessons ON Lanqu AGE.
THE rOLIOWINa BOOTS ABE TRACED AS EXAMPLES.
i Cap,i oapt, oepi, eip, to toit-e^ holdy or contain. Henoe^
mpahle^ aMe, int fit to take or hold, equal or adequate to ;
incapable, not capable ; eajp&bility, ability w poiver of taJnnff^
adequateness; oapableness; captydmm (that can take or hold
much), large ; eoplious (dispoeed to take or start objections
to, or to find fault), peevish, morose ; captioasn&x, a disposir
tion to be captious; cwpliTe, a person taken or captured in war ;
captivity, the state ci a captive; eoptivata (to take captiv€%
to subdue by f <Mrce ol charms ; coplor, Uie person who taket or
subdues; ca>)lwe,atoj(;in|^, a prize; accept (to take io, tc., one' b^
self), to receive ; ace«pler, the person whoacceptb ; ac€«/>tab)ey
fit or worthy of heingaecqjied; acccplableness, acceptability,
acc0^ation ; anticipate, to take bt^'anhand ; anticipation ;
conceive (through the French); conception; deceive;^ de-
ception, deceplive ; except, to tale out of or from ; exi^epbion ;
ineepdve, takvng in (aaa> commencement); intercept (to laile
between) f to stop or obstruct ; participate, to lake apart tn, to
share with : participle, a part of speech participating, sc. ia the
qualitiesof bothaverbandanadjective; perception, the act of
*' * Cap^ &c.— From CiiKO, to take or hold ; captus, taken. Iii
composition, cipio, ceptus. Caf>io literally metKna I take, but
it is mncb better to Etigli»h Latin and Greek verbs in a
general way (that is, by the ^?^N«tt«te^ moodi), than togive tho
exaet translation, which, witb ))er8aiM»ignorantof the learned
languages, seems to limit tlieir meRnhig to tke first person
singular, pi'eseot tense. Besides it is ridiculous to hear ohil-
dren calling out "penc/eo, I hang;" *^'ecedo^ 1 kill," ko., ka,
2 i>eeei{«isdorived, through the French^ fromrfecipi^v which
literally roeaus to takefi*onL To trace out and aeoouiiit for tho
peculiar force, and (appArentIy)di£ferentmeannigs«')f preposi-
tions in composi li4m,oonstitYite& the chief difficu Ity in the Latin
language, we must not therefore expect to be able, m everj
case, to detect and explain their proper and peculiar force*
IM
uifiir Axm «BU» ifoom
(|i9|»Nii ^rpi^M poroelYiiigs peroi^bkt
imp^tfctptm^ reogstade, reckon, receipt; redf«(takethoti);
snM^ue (that may bf( taken or subdoed by), sabjeet t<H &a
' Otd«^oroMd,to<^tOi^&ad^toy<el^or^t>tft^. (^
to give lip ; ceiiion, a giving njf^; cetm^im, a giving tif^ pr
teating ; etoM^ to s^ve i^ or ftc^ ; acceiie (admfe), (to go or
yield ^ «c« a proposalU to comply with ; apce«|i a g^if^ ^t
approach or admurion to ; acccttoble (that maybe gbnd to),
easy oi aeoeee ; accoiioti, aoeetiairy, acMHoiy igmng io)^
helmng or abetting ; antececleiit, going b^ore; ccmeede (tofo
mitkh to'oomply with or agree to ; wncemo^ * g*^iny «^!or
irleldinff ; exce0c2, to po above or AbimmM; exceii^ ex<^ye ;
anterceae (to^fteeieeea), to mediate; interooMipn rpre^xc^^
g» before; prescient (an example V goin^ brfore; prooeec^ to
^/Mrpirci/proceMion; proeeMi something ^n^onooffci or
da ; proeetAiie ; recede^ iogo backi teeeu; Mcede^ po go apart;
seMoer, a person who $eeede8 ; wnoeeed^ U^ go up to or afiw, to
folkiw (to go up to oar wishes or object), to prosper ; sueis^
sikseewful^ unsueceMful ; sueoeition, sucortaive (following
after); de<Mwe,^fij^/roia, or departuiv, death; predee««for,
the person who goet/rom^ «c a place beforo the «iK!eeMf»f or
person: who ci>mes after ; anceirtor (for antecetiov), one who
goei before.
PUM,^ daet^ to lead or bring, IhUee, a leader) dukedom,
■the dominion or territory of a dvke ; dueal ; dicca^ (a coin, so
oallad because issued by a reigning dnke-^tm olir coin; a
sovereign) } d«^ile,/e or cUtU to be led; dmetiJlty '^al^uctida,
a leading from or away; adduce, to bring to or forward ; con-
j^ee^ to .bring with, to help or promote;^ cpn^tec^ble, cpn-
aiidve; conduct, to lead with, to guide; conctuctor; conduit, a'
pipe for conducting, te. water — an AQ^toucT ; deduce, to lead
or bring from; deduction, dedwdble ; ednpoi io bring out;
eilMcatei to lead or bring up; eefueation ; induee^.io bring in
or &»; induoflnent, ineCucdon ; introduce, to h^ng to vt^n,
hitpodtftf^on ; introductory ; prodiccc; to brinif firth or for-
ward ; product, production, pibductive, c^lo produce;
ietduCe, ntdtiction, seduce, 8edu<Sion, superinduce, traduce, &c.
1 Cede or ceed, and cetf.— From oi)0O, to go, to- go backtio
give up, or yield; cessus, given up.
> i>ttce, duct.— From Dwo, to lead; ductus, led, ir >
\
hkiinr aW Q^mt. BOOTS.
US
"J'f >
im^^ to throw or etuL Hence, tAiftei, cast from tr
mottjf; •djiwfive, oast to or added $ con/eetore, a casting (oar
tbo^ts) together; dejected^ east dmm ; e^, to castoift/
<lfe(;hnent, e^'«e<ion, a casting out; ejector, a perton who
ejbcts ; iiy'crt, to cast in, iiyA^ioo ; intei^/ccdon, a casting
Uttceen (other words and phrases) ; object', to' cast in the
%pay of, or offainet, to op^KJse: oWjeet, something: cast m our
Ibw/; <ife> tMffoi^ bur eyeif i ohje^r; a perton objecting ; o5-
^jK^onibl^^ that maif or can be objected to ; unoli/'^ionable,
; bq^0^ye; frqjeet, to caqt or shoot forward; prq^ion f pro-
jeetoTf »jMrsp}i projecting or designing; prqiVedle (Hi or d&),
that wh4>|i can be ea9t forward, a body pnt in motion ; nje^
rejMion, 'to eaat back or refnse ; Bulyeett tnkijeetUm, oast
uii«{er, in the dominion or power of, fto.
Port,' to bear or carry. Port, bearing or carriage ; porter,
a cf^rUr; portable, fit or aUe to be carried; portmmatetM
(for carrying a memitle or o^ool;) ; |)o»'tfolio (for cairrgingi a
^O^io) ; oomporf, coni|»ortoient ; deport, deportment (the
fanner of QondHCting or demeaning one's self) ; eaaport, to
carry otA; exportation ; import, to carry into, to imply or
mean, to-be of imt>orianee, in»;Wtation, important (eorrying
tn^)/ of consequence ; purpoi't (to 6car/oncarc{), to in^rt or
mean; report, a carrying back, sc of noise (as the report of
a gun) or news ; reporter ; support, to carry or bear undtTt to
assist or uphold; supporter ; transport, to can^yltyond, «f.
the seas, or ourselves ; transportation, &c.
FMas, io force or urge. Frees, a frame or case in which
elotiies, &c., are kept in presf, or when folded up ; also,
the machine used for printing; or impreuing ^o paper with
the typea; and figuratively, the term has been applied to
prlntiiig, aind in an especial manne. to newspaper printing.
Hence the terms, " liberty of the press," '* licentiousness of
the prem,''* ** gentlemen of thb pr«M ; " the press-gang (per-
sons oonuniff^ned in war times to prcsf or force mariners
to serre in the navy). Apreu-bed folds or shuts up in the
form of n preHi; etpresf, is to Tpress out or utter our thoughts ;
also; to send ont o/nMspeedUy or speciaUy; whence the term
^ •Tect^'— From jacio^ to 6Mt or throw; JECTtJS, cojt, or
th-own,
* Port.— -From FOBTO, to carry ; portattjb, carried, '"
\
•'" I
116
LATIK BQ<m»
i0oifmdp» The fA^wp^ \m mhaipk %W» root is tomn^ Are
LATi:i ROOTS EXPLATNRI).^
. ^ tit will icl4om be nooesmry to tcac« 11117 of the boots vitk
puo)i.!^inai(9i^^; nprsbo^U tVpupjili; iu any ^4^ Wr#qaired
iMto tl^Mi ii; tH^t they s^uia lia^ &' tlior^^ A^t f^miHi^t
ItnoWlctfgM of the SOOTS, HOd of th«\^flilltkMftlM^iVFkXi^
i^ioki'iiiodily tb%ir m^anrng ; mml hAvi^g'tkit,' thinrHrill bo
prepared for the SxMtOtsas om tbo dcrttM^ivf) Ai nggoMedy
AoM^ to be ^ sour or iksid: Acer or Acrla^ riiM;p, pttageiits
AperlNuiv aour, bitter^ Aoescent, aoetio, acetify, aoetoas,
«kierbityy aoid, iKiidity, acrid, aerioKivi^jy acrlmoniotts, acate^'
. MqvtoM, even, equal, just. Equabloi equ»bil2tyi eqQal»
' ■'.'*■
' '>Tio the fevr hundred Latin roots contained in this list we
'owe ai larfs portion of tko vocabulary <)€ o«r language. The
DsmvATi^sS given here are only a iK»rtion of tlie Sugliidi
words whieh «re dexaiifd. iroo^ tbeni.^ < .See the aote mhipk
follows. ■. .n.^-*;';n*;..vi-ir;:« >■>>.) ■ .v-'>n uci't
^, Acute. —"Renct acuJtelft^ a^utenesfy ac In. general, only
ai;b1i DfiBl7Atrv£8 asare PRiMlTiVBii in our languafl^ are given
b^re. iit wiijl be easy for the puplU, under the coirrecttcn of
the teacher, to i^i^^ tlve other words Avliich are formed from
them by means of PBfflifxiiS and AFFlXgS ; with which they
are now supposed to be perfectly faiiiili:ur.--See the observa-
iiioBS on this subject^ )iagel53;
.>, 4 : Ea4Jf^,rrrV^^]m^ Ob¥iotts derivations are explained in the
Ai|^%f»^'a i>M:^«a?J^ o/i^«>'iv<M^'y» to whiob the teacber and
t)^e more ,ai|,?anced pupils can refer. For examii^. this wordi
la tbW«'^^pl<unedin it, page 92 : E^oeb is tbrougii tne^l'raAc^,
di^ fyptti tbo IJatin acer, sharp, actd^v keener n^ joUGUAJt nron\
macerJ Thia rooi^ is the Greek aifji (ftkl^)^' 4)^i^,|)p»»^
,^ ^It d^|l»,Pj^M.e1f w>fl| c»rdle like.«<i^er.d'rappfnjp§,i»to «|i^k. **
** It if i> nipping a^n<J{ an, 4a^«r. air. ?-- iSM!(«l,Jeartf. ^
LATIN BOGftm
I 161
mii^ Are
>1r. T>ia
lr4«wed
f Urill be
iggeiied,
mngent:
ftoetoas,
9,acate^'
y, equal,
* H I i« II I I,
18 list we
%t. The
Siiglisli
te wliioh
rnl, enly
Eire (pven
ection of
led from
lich they
obterva*
ed in tlie
sberend
Ilia wordj
^nroii\
equality, eqiutliee, equifkioii, ecraktmr, eqmlotld^ i^iit.
angular, equidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equltKUi,
equfaKKtial, equit«hle» equivakni equivocal, eqtrivwal^,
equivocation, equivocator, adequacy, adequate, co-equal,
iaacbKiuate, inadequacy. Inequality, tiiiquity, iniquitous
unequal, nneuuailed, unequiTiMsal, oe.
• m4|^, a field, land. Agrarian, agricultural, agriimltUre,
agrieblturist, pevegrinalion, pllgito,^ pil^riinaipe^ &a
Ago (actnajk^ to do or act. Agent, agency, i§ih», agill^i
act, avsiive, activity^ actor, aotreeg, aetiian, aotioimlJ«VMitbal,
aotuavy^ actuate^ cogenit^^ eogei^ey, oounteraiet, €«aet«' «iiaot*
ment, exact, exaction, exi^ence/exigency, exigent, inaction,
inactive, inactivity, oi^tcntcftyr^'acty'Te^aotion, re-enaql^ trans-
act, transaction, &c Also (jfroni its frequentative Agitc^
to^dtive^ to stir up, or excite), agitate, agitation, agitator,
cogitate cogitation, &c. Hence, alsQ, navigable,'^ navigate^
naviga^on, navigator, circnmnax igatc^ &c. , A
Alius, another : AliSnui^ belonging to another, foreign.
Alien, afienable, alienate, alienation, aliquant, &o. '
Alo, to nourish, to grow. Aliment, alimental, aliuientai]r»
alimony, aktmnus, coalesce^ coalition, tScc.
Alter, another. Alter, alterant, alteration, alterative,
altercate,' altercation^ alternate, alternation, alternative,
adulteration, subaltern, unalteraUe, Ac.
Altua, high, lofty. Altitude, alto-relievo, exfJt,^o.
AmbaU>, to wallc, to pace. Amble, amblinKiy, ambu-
lance, perambulate, perambulation, perambulator^ 4^c.
AlBO <amatus), to love. Amiable, amiably^ anuiibility,
amour. amorouR, amateur, amatory; enamour^ paramour,
&c. Also (from its derivative Amicus, a friend), amity,
amicable, enemy, ^ enmity, inimical. &c.
"* ■* ^<j<tta— When a wcoird wor<l is gfrei^ in a parenthesis,
itiJB either thi^psst pYvrticJpli' of tlie verV, or the possessive
case of the noun which iirecedes it.
* j^a^igate is fr^m HATIS, athip, and AOQ, in the sense of
U> ttad or ctmduet. '-'"^ u.r.:-.,,^ -'*,:-: ^ ^ ^ni »■v^,^■^^^tvj'
* Altercate i» to asseii {utiwHw^ ktether or a different
thing ; and hence to contmdict, to dispute, to wrangle.
^ Enemy f EwwUy,-r-^\\^ pMt eii in these wbrds (which
we derive through the French) jrepreseuts the La^ prefix
in its nfya£iv« sense. See In, page 146.
1S8
LATIN ROOTB.
Am]^i% iMge, wide, full Ample, Amply, amplify, AtnpU-
fioftUon, Mnpliiiide, ko.
iAfttlvt, a oorner, an angle.' Angle, angnlar, angularity,
quadrangle, reotanglc, triangle, 9lc.
Apjma, breath, iipirit, life. Animate, animated, anima* v
tion, animal, animalcule, inanimate, re-animate, Ae.
Allitwui, the mind. Animadvert, animadvenrion, ani-
mosity, eauanimity, magnanimity, maffnanimous, puaiUani*
mity, punllanimout, unanimity, unanimous, &e. -
Aaaxm, a ye&r. Anaak, anniversary, annual, annuity, an-
nuitant, biennial, triennial, septennial, perennial,millennium,
superannuate, fto. .\
Antlquvf, old, ancient. Antiquary, antiquarian, antl«
quated, antique, antiquity, ancient, antic,* ^,
Apllli, fit, apt, meet Apt, aptitude, adapt, adaptation,
inaptitude, inept, ineptitude, unapt, attitude,'' &o.
Aqua, water. Aquatic, aqueous, aquarius, aquafortis,
aqua-marina, aqua- vitas, aqueduct, terraqueous, kc
Arbiter, an umpire or judge. Arbitrate^ arbitration, arbi*
trator, arbitrary^ &o. '^, ,
Ardeo (arsus), to bum. Ardent, ardently, ardency,
ardour, arson, &c.
Anna, arms. To arm, arms, army, armour, armorial,
armory, armament, armistice, disarm, disarmed, unarmed,
alarm,* armada, annadiUo, &c.
An (artis),' an art, skill Art, artful, artless, artisan,
artist, artifice, artificer, artificial, kc
Audio (auditus), to hear. Audible, audience, audit,
auditor, auditorship, auditory, inaudible, &;c.
Augeo(auctus), to increase. Augment,auction,^auctioneeiv
^ Angle is from the Qreek (a^KvXot) anguhtj curved or
bent. The root is (aykiap) angkdnt the SLBOW, that is. the
6010 or bend of the ell (ulna), or arm.
' AUitude is through the Italian aUUvdine^ from the Latin
aptitudo. The posture or position best adaji^d to display
the beauty or graces of a painting or statue is expressed by
this word.
* Art (arft«).^See note on Adut, page 157» ^
^ ^iiceion.~BeoauBe the price goes on inertating till the
•ale is effected.
LATnv
/ 159
Mher,* mMtmim, ftuihorfty, MthoriUliT^ noAuthorlsed,
BacdWf, tb« god of wine, wfaie^ roToliy. BacoIiada],
ImooIimiaIUii, d«bftqeh, dobauoherj, ke,
Bailwnii, rude, MV4ge. Barbcuroai, iMurbMriaii, hmt-
iMurity, bMrbMrio, biurbAniiii, BMrbAry, Ymrh,* fto.
Biiltti, happy, bl«Hed. Boatif j, besliflo, beAtiiiide, Jte.
BtlhuiL war. Belligerent, rebel, rebeUion, rebellious,
rebellioosiy, Ac
BeiM, well, good. Benediction, benefaction, benefactor,
benefactrees, benefice, beneficed, beneficial, benefit, bene-
Tolenoe, benevolent, beniion, nnbenefioed, ke.
MbO, to drink. Bibulous^ imbibe^ wine-bibber, ke.
Bis, Bi, twice, two. Biscuit,' bidental, biennial, bifur-
cated, bigamy, bilinguous, biped, bisect, bivalve, kc
Boavt, good. A KMius, boon,* bounty, bounteous, boun*
teously. bountiful, bountifully, &c.
Bflfril, short, brief. Brevity, breviary, breve, brevet,
brief, abbreviation, abridge, abridgment, kc
Bnitm, brute, senseless. Brute, brutalj brutality, bru-
taliie, brutify, brutish, Brutus, kc
Oado^ (casus), to fall out or happen. Cadence, cadency,
cadent, cascade, case, casual, casualty, casuist, casuistieal,
casuistry, accidence, accident, accidental, coincide, coinci-
dence, coincident, decadence, decay, deciduous, incident,
incidental, occasion, occasional, Occident, chance,* kc
Ctedo * (csBsus), to cut, to kill. Decide, decision, decisive,
concise, conciseness, excise, excision, incision, incisor, inde-
cision, precise, precis eness, precision, fratricide, homicide,
matricide, parricide, regicide, suicide, suicidal, undecided,
undevisive, unexcised, vaticide, kc,
Calonltti, a small stone or pebble. Calculate, calcula-
tion, incalculable, miscalculate,. causey,* kc
* -iirfAor.— Properly, one who inereates, generates, or pro^-
duces any thing.
2 Barwry. — Thisname was given by the Romansto the coun-
tries along the northern coast of Africa. Barb is properly a
J3Ar6ar^ horse : but barb, as of an arrow, is from barba, a beard.
3 BUeuiti that, is, twu^ or double baked. The root is coclus,
^ In composition, oado makes cldo^ as incldo ; but CJSDO, to
cuter inUf makes ddo^ and OJSQUB, cim*; as tncfc^ and in^Mki,
^4
a«o
JJLftM BCOmi
OiOtd^ to U WMrm €ir hot Ckltfj, oiOftf 4elloiL «f|IM|
ealidity, c«lorio, incaleaoenoe, ecalH/ BOBohftiMice^^ Aa ;
CtempBi, ApUia, ta^ 9^n fi^ld. OMnp, oftoqpiifii^ de-
cmnp, decampment, encamp, encampment, ohanpaigiii
champagne, Campania,^ ohampiim,' Jtc. vl '
Oandao, to be white, to ehintt, ti> be bright, to be wliitf
with heat. Gandent, candid, candour, eandidate»? CMi4!e,
candlemas, candy, pandied, chaudler, ^handaliet^rllDc.
Cendo (census), to kindle or inflame. Cenaer,* m'ftmm^
incen'se, itioentive, incendiary, kindle, &c M>:'>fi
Cano (cantus^^ to sing. Canorous, cant, cantata, oauf
tide, canto, eansonet, ohai&t, chantry, chanticleer, charm, f
charming, ae'oent, aooenf, accentuate^ des'eant/ des<9Wt',
enchant, enohanting, enchantment, incantation, ptjeeentor,
recant, recantation, kc
Capio (captus), to take, hold, or contain. See page 153
for the derivatives of this word. >
Caput (capitis), the head. Cap, cap-h-pie, cape, enfltal,
capiiular, capitulate, captain, chaplet, chapter, bioipitoii%
occiput, precipice, precipitate, preoipitouay j)eQ«|titiilitey
chief,* kerchief,* &c. X r. . ' tnr .,>*•! i - !)
Caxo (caniis), flesh. Carnage, carnal, carnival,^ cami*
vorous, chamel house, incarnate, incarnation, &a
CaatigO^ to punish. Castigate, castigation, chastise, &o.
Cania, a cause, a reason. Cause, causal, eaifsaliiy,
causation, causative, accuse,' accusation, aoousatoryt, tx-
cuse,^ excusable, inexcusable, recusant, &o. ,'.)
■ I " ii . .,11 . . I ' . *' '
^ '*0r where Campania's pfain fonnkeii lie5i,
A drenry wMte expanding to the skies."— fi'oMmif 4.
' Champion.— Owe who takes the field {champ) in defenoe'
of any person or caune.
3 Those who canvassed for place or preferment anong the
Romans were called candidali, from the white toga which
they wore, as emblematic of tbe purity of thfir intentions.
^ In composition, CANO makes eliio, and CAMTUj^, ceTUut,
^ Carnival »^Tke latter part of the word is from vah>t ^
bid fare welL -v .^ah}h''
< Accu$e» — From ffemo, to bring {cavtam) a cause or charge
(ad) against a person.
' i51i;et«M.— From exciito» to gei a person {ex) out of {eauta)
a cause or charge ; and hence, to free from blame.
lahn Roora
/ 161
Omm (oRutiM), to beware, to aw>idi OaoBon, eiiitiotii,
incautious, precaution, preeavtionarf, fto.
Cairaf^ hollow. Cave, eavem, owmy, ooncaye, coiicavlty,
«fxeavate, oxeavailioB, fte.
Oodo (ceam), to go, to go back, to jleld* See page 1 54,
for the deriiratiTei of this word.
Cenaeo (oeiuus), to think, to judge, to estimate or value.
Censor, oenaerial, oeBserious, tenaoriousiieis, censure, oan-
svrable, ofMUs, ko.
Centrum, the middle point, or oenvre. Centre, central,
eentrality, centric, centrifugal, oe itripetal, concentric,
eonoentmte, concentration, f iioeiitr>, ftc.
Centimi, a hundred. Cent, centage, cei senary, oentury,
centennial, centesimal, centigrade, cen'.|t*de, eenturien,
cental, Ae.
Cerno (cretus), to sift or separ Xt by a sieve, co distin-
guish, to perceive, to judge or determine. Concern, con-
cerning, decree, decretal, discern, discernment, discernible,
disoeming, discreet, discretion, diHcretional, discretionary,
discrete, discretive, discriminate, indiscreet, indiscretion,
indiscriminate, secret, ' secrecy, sec etary, secrete, secretion,
unooneem, undisceming, &c.
Certiis, cei-tain, sure. Certain, certainty, certify, certifi-
cate, certitude, ascertain, ascertainable, incertitude, un-
certain, uncertainty, ko.
Otoo (dtus), to «tir up, to call. Cite, citation, excite,
excitement, excitltble, e^; lability, exciting, ftc.
CirenlVi, a circle, a rm^. Circle, circular, circulate,
circulation, circulatiTe, encircle, semicircle, Ac.
OMm, m citiaen. Civic, civil, civil-war, civility, civilian,
civilize, civilization, incivility, uncivil, imcivilJBed, ftc.
Clanid (damStus), to cry or call out. Claim, claimant,
clamour, olaii&orons, acclaim, acclamation, declaim, decla-
mation, disclaim, exclaim, exclamation, exclamatory, irre-
claimable, proclaim, proclamation^ reclaim, reclamation,
unclaimed, unreclaimed, &c
Clarus, clear, Wight, manifest Clarify, clarion,* clario-
' Secret. — From «e, i&side, or apart, and cretut. separated;
BECBETUS, put apart or aoncealed; imd hence, Kcnd,
162
LATIN ROOTS.
net, clear, deftrftnoe, declare, dedaration, deelaratoryi
chanticleer, clairvoyance, claret,* &o.
CUittdo ^ (clauius), to shut, to close. Clause, closer closet,
conclude, conclusion, conclusive, disclose, disclosure, enclose,
enclosure, exc^nde, exclusion, exclusive, inclusive, inconclu-
sive, preclude, preclusion, preclusive, reduse, seclude, seclu-
sion, &;c.
Clino, to bend, to lean, to lie down. Clinic, clinical,
decline, declination, declension, disincline, cdbindination,
incline, inclination, indeclinable, redine, &;c.
Colo (cultus), to till or cultivate. Colony, colonial, colo-
nize, cultivate, culture, agriculture, horticulture, menti-
culture, uncultivated, clown,"' occult,' &;c.
Goncilio, to unite, to make friends. Conciliate, concilia-
tion, conciliatory, reconcile, reconcilement, reconciliation,
irreconcilable; unreconciled, &c.
Contra, against, opposite to. Contrary, contrariety, con-
trast,^ counter, counteract, contraband, * &c. mt^>
Coquo (coctus), to boil, to cook. Cook, cookery, concoct,
concoction, decoct, decoction, cuisine,* &c.
Cor (cordis), the heart. Core, cordial, cordiality, accord,
accordance, accordingly, concord, discord, record,unrecorded,
courage, courageous, encourage, &;c. ^#}sD
Corpua (corpk^ris), a body. Corps, corpse, corporal, cor-
porate, corporation, corporeal, corpulence, corpulency, cor-
pulent, corpuscle, incorporate, incorporeal, cuerpo,* &c.
Credo (credYtus), to believe, to trust. Credence, creden-
tial, credible, credibility, credit, creditable, creditor, cre-
dulity, credulous, creed, accredited, discredit, discreditable,
incredible, incredibility, incredulity, incredulous, miscre-
ant,* recreant,* Ac.
Creo (creHtus), to make out of nothing. Create, creation,
creative, Creator, creature, increate, miscreated, procreate,
procreative, recreate, recreation, uncreated, kc
a
^ In composition, claudo makes clUdo^ ss inclUdo ; and
CLAU8US, cliMUS^ as indusus.
^ Occult. — Literally, ploughed over, or buried, and hence
hidden, secret.
* Contrast. — The latter part of the word is from STO, to
ttancL To contrast is to make to stand or place in opposition
for the purpose of comparison. 1/4
\
LATIN ROOTS.
163
jg^Htmet* (cretu8)» to grow, to increase. CreM^nt, orciBoive,
accrue, concrete, coii<»«tiout decreMe. decrement, excres-
cence, iporea«e, increment, recruit, creRses, &c.
Crimen ( criininiH), an accus n tion, a crixr. ^. Crime, crimi-
nal, criminality, criminate, recriminate, &o.
Ctusta. a crust Crust, crusty, crustily, crustaceous, in-
crustation, &C.
Crux (crucuf), a cross Crucial, crucify, cruci^x, cruci-
fixion, excru^te, crosier, crucible,* cvuKade. cruise, * &c.
Cubo or cumbo, to lie down, to recline at table. Cuba-
tion, incubus,* incubation, incumbency, incumbent, recum-
bent, succumb, superincumbent, ^covey,* &.c.
Culpa, a fault, I lame. Culpable, culpability, exculpate,
exculpation, exculpatory, &c.
CQra, care, cure. Cure, curacy, curate, ourative, curator,
curious, curiosity, care, careful, careless, accurate, aeouracy,
inaccurate, incurious, insecure, insecurity, procurator or
proctor,* procuracy or proxy, procure, procurement, secure,^
security, sinecure, sinecurist, &c.
Cvrro (oursus), to run. Current, currency, curricle,*
cursitor, cursory, courant, courier, course, courser, cours-
ing, concourse, concur, discourse, discursive, excursion) in-
cur, occur, precursor, recourse, recur, succour, &c.
CurvuB, curved or bent. Curvated, curvature, curve,*
curvet,* curvilineal, curvilinear, curb, &o.
Cutio (cussus), to shake. Concussion, concussive, dis-
cuss, discusidon, discussive, percussion, percutient, &c.
Danmum, loss, hurt, harm. Damage, damn, damnable,
damnatory, condemn, condemnation, condemnatory, in-
demnify, indemnity, undamaged, &c.
Decem, ten. December, decemviri, decimal, decimate,
decennial, dean,* duodecimo. &c.
Decens, becoming, graceful, proper. Decency, decent,
indecent, indecency, &;c. : Decor, becomingness, grace,
beauty. Decorate, decoration, decorator, decorous, de-
corum, indecorous, indecorum, &c.
- 1 Secure.— •Vrom sbcukus, whieh ia oompouuded of «e, «t)art,
aud cura, care or oouceru.
<i
Upon my teeure hour thy uncle stole."— JETamM.
164
LATIN ROOT&
m '
llillll 18: I
ilili
'ii:i»ii.i
i!:1
DoUdiB, delieaoies, dainties. Delicious, delicfotfiilie^s/
delicacy, delicate, indelicacy, indelicate, &&
Dens (dentis), a tooth. Dental, dentist, denticulated,
dentifrice, dentition, bidental, indent, indentation, inden-
ture,* dent,* dandelion,* trident,* &o.
Deus, a god, God. Deity, deisfc. deodand, Ac.
Dexter, the right hand. Dexterity, dexterous, ftc.
Dico (dictus), to speak, to say. Diction, dictionary, die-
turn, dictate, dictatorial, ditty,* benedict, benediction,
indict, indictment, interdict, interdiction, jurisdiction,
contradict, predicate, predict, verdict, ditto,* &c.
Dies, a day. Dial, diary, diurnal, meridian, noctidial,
quotidian, joum«d,* &c.
Dignus, worthy. Dignity, dignitary, dignify, deign, con^
dign, disdain, indignity, indignant, &c.
DiTldo (divlsus), to divide. Divide, dividend, division,
divisible^ individual, indivisible, &c. ^*
Do (datus), to give. Date,* data, deodand, add, addeiH-
dum. addition, edit, edition, editor, perdition, superadd,
&c. : Donum, a gift. Donation, donor, donative, condone,
condonation^ Ac. "^ *'' '^'
Doeeo (doctus), to teach. Docible, docibility, docile, db»
cility, doctor, doctrine, doctrinal, document, documentary,
indocirinate, indocile, doctrinaire, &c.
Doleo, to grieve, to be in pain. Dole, doleful, condole,
condolence, dolour, &o.
DOBdniUl, a lord, a master. Domain, dominant, domi-
nation, domineer, dominical, dominion, don,'*' predomi-
nance predominant, duenna,* &c.
Domus, a house, a family. Dome, domestic, domebtt-
cate. domicile, domiciled, domiciliary, &c.
Dormio (dorniltus), to sleep. Dormant, dormar, dor-
mancy, dormitory, dormouse, &c. .nuaamj.
DWBum, the l:mck. Dorsal, indorse or endorse,* &c.
Dttoo (ductus), to bring, to lead. See page 154, for thd
derivatives of this word.
Duo, two. Dual, dualism, duality, duello, duet, duoder
cimo, duplex, duplicate, duplicity, &c.
Dttrns, hard, lasting. Durable, duraUlity, durance,
duration, during, endure, obduracy, obdurate, Ice.
Ens (entis), being: Esse, to be. Entity, essence, es*
dor-
ULTIir ROOTS.. Hi
BenilaX aibsent, absentee, absence, faiterest, dlsintereeted,
nonentity, presence, present, presentinent, prteenfeable,
presentation, omnipresence, omnipresent, quintessence, re-
present, representative, uninteresting, &c.
Eo (itas), to go. Ambient, ambition,^ ambitious, circuit,
circuitous, exit, iuitial,* initiate,* obit, obituary, perish,
postobit, preterite, sedition,^ seditious, trance,* transient,
transit, transition, transitive^ transitory, intransitive, un-
initiated, issue,* &;c.
Erro (erratus), to wander. Err, errant, erratum, errata»
erratic, erroneous, error, aberration, arrant, u»ierring, &c.
Eternal, without beginning or end. £temal, eternity,
eteme, co-etenial, &C. uiioi «ji •. ^^,\iu
^. Ezimen, a balance, a test, or tiiaL Examine, eaiwtt^iery
«;xannnation, unexamined, ioo,
ETftmpImn, a copy or pattern. Example, exemplar, ex-
emplary, maple,* sampler, unexampled, kc.
Extamiui, outside, ootwaid, foreign. Exteriot, exterti,
external, extraneous, extreme, extremity, extrinsic, estrange,
strange,* btranger, exotic, exoteric. &c.
FablUa, something much spoken of, a story, a f&ble.
Fable,* fabled, fabulous, fib, confabulate, atiable, affability,
ineffable, infant,* &a
; Fades, the make, shape, form, outward appear^Tice, face.
Fa9ade,* face, facing, fashion,* fashionable, feaf^ure^* efface,
superficies, superficial, surface, &c.
Faoio (faotus), to make, to do: Fio, to be made, to be-
come. Fact, factor, faction, ftkctioiis, factitious, factory, fao^
simile,* factotum, feasible, feasibility, feat., fit, fin^^m^^ct,
affectation, affection, affectionate, affected, afteotingt artiikw,
artificer, artificial, benefice, beneficent, beneficial, benefit;
confectionary, atunterfeit, defeat, defect, deficient, d^^feit,
disaffected, disaffection, edifice, effect, effective, effectual,
II . !![■ I . • T • • • • '" ^ ^- .. - .-^ -- ■ ^ \
. 1 Atnbition.--Thia word, from simply meaning (itut) the going
(am5i) about of CHU<iid:ites iortlie purpose of ciuiva«sii)g for posts
of liouor nud preferment, cnme tu signify au iuordit•jf^^d^■e^
advancement— a lust of power. ' .* ' ^
'^ Sedition (for te^itip, i< beinsr (;upbefDip). This tbMtf IftbniRjr
means adnff apurt; but boft^uRQ U>» Kowan people, iril«B)iliey
quarrelled with their vulet*s. u»ed to retjje ta Mujant..Aysi»ti|ifB^
the teinn came tQ (i gnify tdctlous proceeoingSi and iosurrectiouary
uitempts,
■Hi!;
.»n
*■ ■ I ■■ - i
I „iiil
1^
166
LATIN BOOT&
efficAoy, fffioftoiout, efficiency/ effieient, forfeit, forfeiture;
fo^rtiioation, impeifect, indefeaaible, infeot, infectioui) nAag-
nificanoe, niAgiiifioent, manufacture, modification, mortifi-
cation, munificence, munificent, notification, office,* officer,
official, offidate, officious, olfactory; orifice,* ossificatifon,
pacification, pacificator, perfect, pexfection, personification,
petrifaction, pluperfect, proficiency, proficient, profit, pro-
lific, ratification, refection, refectory, refit, sacrifice, sanctifi-
cation, satisfaction, satisfactory, sig^nificance, significant,
signification, somnific, soporific, specific,* specification,
stupefaction, sudorific, suffice, sufficiency, surfeit, terrific,
verification, versification, &;c. — To these add wwda ending
infy; as fortify, magnify, mollify, &a .iyuitv;i> *,» ,^ li ;>
FMiUi, easy to be done ; easy. Facile, faeilityf lacQftatc,
lacultjr, difficult, difficulty, kc
Fftlto (falsus)r, to deceive, to mistake. JalBble, falli-
bility, fallacy, fallacious, false, falsehood, falsify, fiUsifica-
tiogoi infalUh^ infallibility, ftil,* kc. ,»um.&sj^
Faauw fame, renown, repute. Fame, famous, defame,
defamation, defamatory, infamy, infamous, fable,* kc. \
FmnlUiw a family. Familiar, familiarity, familiarize, kc. :
Paterfamilias* the father, or head of a family.
Faaum, a shrine, a temple. Fane, fanatic,* fanatical,
faoatioism, profane,* profanity, profanation, &c. ,a^t*>A i
fW^9% to favour. Favour, favodrite, favouritism, favour-
able, unfavourable, kc.
Ftbxii) a fever. Febrile, febrifuge, fever,* feverish,
feverous, feverishness, |*ebmary,« kc
. ftacto (fensusV, to keep off, to strike. Fend, fender,
fenoQ, defend, defendant, defence, defensible, defensive,
offend, offence, offensive, unoffending, kc ;.« > ^vin
F«ra, a wild beast Ferine, ferocious, ferooiously, fero-
dousnees, ferocity, fierce,* fiercely, fierceness, kc,
Fero (latus), to bear or carry, to suffer. Ferry, fertile,
fertility, fertilise, circumference, confer, defer, differ, differ-
ent, infer, Lucifer, mammiferous, offer, offertory, pestiferous,
jMrefer, proffer, refer, somniferous, soporiferous, suffer, tr^ns?
fer, vodferate, vociferous, kc. See Latm.
FOFfM, to boil, to grow hot. Fervour, fervent, fervency,
fervescent, fervid, effervesce, eflfejfveio^iw^ J^pi^^iit, lui,
fermented, kc See Febrit, * ^ - -« • ;
:1':l>i
#
LATIN BOOTS.
167
Tmiinm, a feast, a banquet Feast, festal, festival, tesv
tive, festivity, fdte,* festocm,* kc
Fetrai, oonfec^. Confess, confessor, oonfessedly, con-
fession, confessional, profesa, professedly, profession, pro-
fessional, professor, professorial, Ac.
FidM, faith. Bondfid^^ confide, confidant, confidence,
confident, confidential, diffidence, diffident, infidel^ infi*
delity, perfidy, perfidious, fidelity, affiance^ defy,* defiance,
kc.
FigOra, a shape, an image. Jignre, figurative, dis*
figure, disfiguraticm, efilgy, prefigure, ko.
Filini, a son : Filia, a daughter. Filial, filiate, filia-
ti[ou, filly, affiliate, affiliated, affiliation, &c* '-
'""Tilum, a thread. Filaceous, filament, file,^ filigree^*
fillet,* filter,* filtratCj enfilade,* profile. &c. ^'^^^ * 4^»«i»
Fingo (fictus), to form or fashion. Feign, feint, ffctton,
fictitious, unfeigned, ftc.
Finis, the end, a limit or boundary. Fine,* finery,
final, finish, finite, affinity, confine,* confinement, define, de*
finite, definition, infinite, infinitive, infinitude, infinity, re-
fine, refinement, superfine, finesse,* finical,* unfinished, ftc
Firmus, firm, strong. Firm, firmament, affirm, confirm,
infirm, infirmary, infirmity, fta
Fiscui, a basket, a bag or purse, the treasury. Fisc^
fiscal, confiscate,* confiscation, confiscatory, k**,. ^
. ^' FixUB, stuck, fixed. Fix, fixity, fixture, affix, crucifix,
crucifixion, infix, postfix, pr v x, transfix. Ac.
F^amxna, a fiame, a blaze. Flame, flambeau, inihtme^
inflammability, inflammation, inflammatory. &c.
Flatus, a puff, or blast of wind. Flatulence, flatulent,
inflate, inf^.v t^d. inflation, sufflation, Ac
Fleoto (fiexUs), to htJal, to turn, to ch«nge. Flexible,
flexibility, flexile, flection, flexion, flexui , Jrcumflect, cir-
cumflex, deflect, mflect, reflect, reflex, Ac.
Fligo (flictus), to beat, to strike. Affiict affliction,
afflictive, conflict, iiiflict, infliction, Ao*'^'^'^ *^^ «-
.. FloB(fl6ris), a flower, a blossom. Flora, Florence, florid,
florist, flour,* flourish, flower, florin, Ac
Flue (fluxus), to flow. Fluent, fluency, fluid, fluxion,
flux, affluence, afiSuent, * confluence, confluent, conflux, de-
fluxion, effluvium, effluvia, inf!!uence, influential, influx.
A-^-'T
m
li
if
!3 !;:!-•
IS. I
W8
liATiy roots;
reflujc,^ super nriifcy, Ruperflnous, flusft,* ^o : FluctAiyj, a
wave. Fluctviate, fluctuation, fluctnatinj;, <&:ew 1^1^ ^ > ,
FoUmsi* al^jaf. Fidioceous. |olkg«(, titliate, mlivtion,
foliar, Jokio, inierfoliate, partf(l^ tr ?'t»l, h'^ .^
Foxii (fontis), a fouii«».i?];. li unb, i^iiitail, i'tuinf;, lic. ^ '
, Fof]|ia« form cw shiipe, a figture. i'orm, formaji, for*
nialkty, fon&atioa^ fomml t, formulary, corif4>nn, conform*
able* ocwformity, deforn^, defonmity, ii»forTO.*'n formal,^
informality, misinfcTm, nf'iicotifm irrlst, perform', perform*
Mice, i-elt^mui traiiBfonn^ miifoi m, nKiformit; &c.
Fcim (tortis), chance, luck. Foitunt;, foKtaiiK>Ucij fortu-.
liit*, ij-diforfcur^^te, unfortunate, &c. '♦
Fcf/iy, uinwA'g, valiants Fort, forte,* fortify, fortifica*
tioa * >iftxtei'5, fortresa, comfort, comfortable, discomfort,
effort,,- force,* forcible, enforce, enfoicement, re-enforcei^^,
iMj-^nforoemeist, unfortified, &c.
'' Frango (fractiis), to break. Frangible, infringe, frac*
tion, fifKstiore, fragile, fragility, fragment, fragmentsury,
frikil* infraction, refract, refractory, te fi*^^^^^
FratMV a brother. Fratenial, fraternity, fratriciide^
fraternize^ friar,* confraternity, &c.
, Fnuxs (fraudU), fraiid. Fraudulence or. frandulency,
jfraudulent, defraud^ defraudmentf &,c.
V FfigTSa, ccdd; Frigid, frigidity, freeze, fresco, frc^h,
refresh, refrigerate, refrigerator, &c. ^i^ ^^^^^.w^ i^^i^Jv ^
, WxmM (frontis), the forehead. Front, irontier, frontis'
piece, frontlet, affront,* c<»ifr(mt, effrontery, &c.
Foi^iO (fugitu8\ to flee. Fugitive, centrifugal,, ^fi^iige,
refuge, refugee, subterfuge, &c.
|v Flimiui, smoke. Fuine, fumid. fumidity, fumigi^ite, fumi-
gation, fumy, perfume,* perfumery, ko* ?. ^ki^nf
^ Fluids (fusns^ to pour out, to melt. Found, Imindery
br foundry, fuse, fusible, fusion, cr;<A'rund, confuse, diffuse,
diffusive, effuse, infuse, profuse i^uud, reftise, mMniS,
transfnne, &c. ^ff \,^ ; -
Fur .'s, the bottom. Foi^'-f!; >WBder, foundation, f un-
damc', -j» profound, profun* . \ . -srifounded, kc.
Gelu, frost, ice. Gela'^in^ arelatinous, gelid, jelly,*
l^nged^, congealable, congehv ^ .i ^^a
^ Ckiattv (generis); a race or Imp iv a kind or sort Gen-
der^ general, gcmerality, g'^neraJ ^leralissimo, generic^
^^
;t^
r*^:
. j if «-
liA^nf ROOtfiL
ie9
m
fi
I
generate, generoul, generosity, genial, genius, genteelyjlMi^,*
gentile, gebtility, ^ntle, gentleman, gentry, genuine, con*
genial, degenerate, disingenuous, engender, ingenious, inge-
nuity, ingenuous, primogeniture, progeny, progcnitor,regene>
rati, unregenerate, en^ne, gin, &e.
Qero (gestos), to carry, to bear, to bring. Gerund, gest,
gestation, gesticulate, geisture, jest,^ belligerent, congeries,
congestion, digest, indigestible, indigestkn, mif^est^ vice-
gerent, germ/ germen, german,* Ac.
OliDria, glory. Glorious, glorify, jnglorieicis, &c .il»
Oradior (gressus) , to go step by step, to go. Grade, grada-
tion, gradient, gradual, graduate, graduation, aggression, i^n-
gresR, d^rade, degree, digress, egress, ingredient, ' ingress,
progress, regress, retrograde, retrogression, tranf^ess; unr
dergraduate, &c. * '^'' t'-^-''"^*''*"' ^iJ.-/- nj* ■ 'raoki
• Gnndis, great, grand, Tbfty. Grioid, grandeur, grandee^
grandiloquence^ grandiloquent, aggrandize, &c.
Grannm, a grain of com. Grain, granary, granite, gvini-
vorous, granulate, grenade,^ grenadier, ingrained, 2>ctmegca-
nate,* com,* gamer,* garnet,* Ac. ^uiiiuB.
Gratia, favour, grace, thankfulneBs. Grace, gmoed. grace-
ful, graceless, Graces, gracious, grateful, gratify, gvtttis,
gratitude, gratuitous, gratuity,di8graoe, mgrate, ingratitude,
ingratiate, ungraceful, ungracefully, ungmcefulneeB, ^c
Hence, also, agree,* agreeable, agreement, disagreeabk^
disagreement, &c. t'''*^*'**-'^**** \aMumin'i*Kjm oiaqmi
Gravis, heavy, weighty. Grave, graveness, gravid, gravi-
tate, gravitation, gravity, grief, grieve,* grievance, grievous,
aggravate * aggrieve, Ike.
Grex (gregis), a flock, a herd. Gregarious, aggregate,
<congregate, congregational, egregious,* ftc.
(^ubf^rno, to govem. Governor, governess, govemmenl^
f^^vemmeatal, misgovemment, ungovernable, Ac.
Ciustus, taste, relish. Gust, gusto, gout, '^ disgust, disgust-
ing, ragout, * &a
■4
^ Jest^ an abbreviation of gesture. Ajeat is properljra^et-
ui'e or grimace, to excite mirth.
' Gout, a (jirop, i& from the Latin yu^A; •M^^^fouU- jgt
bloocL Hecce, iJi^o^ ou!? word putler. -i^'^ll-i^i
^ '»' -
IfO
LATIN ROOT&
(hAMtw), to hikve, to hold. HAhiliment, habit»
habitAhley habitatioiii h»bituftte, habitual, cohabit, exhibit*
exhibition, inhabit, inhabitant, inhibit, prohibit, uninhabit-
able, uninhabited^ kc
Hmrto (heaaus), to stick to, to adhere^ Adhere, adherei^e,
adhenHit, cohere, coherence, coherent, cohesion, cohesive,
cohesivenesa, hesitate, incoherence, incoherent, inhere, in-
heienct, inherent, ko.
HwTM (heerSdis), an heir. Heir, heirloom, heritage, here-
ditary, coheir, coheiress^ disinherit, inherit, inheritable,inheri-
tance, inheritor, &c.
Honor, respect, regard. Honor or honour, honorary,
honourable, honesty honesty, dishonour, dishonourable, hono-
larium, unhonoured, &a
Horreo, to be rough as with bristles, to regard with disgust
and dread. Horrent, horrible, horrid, horrific, horror, abhor^
abhorrence, abhwreiit, &c.
- Bmdm (hospXtis), a host, a guest. Host,* hostess, hospi-
table^ hospital, hospitality, hotel,* ostler,* Sic.
Humiui, the ground. Exhume, humble,* humiliate, humir
Uty, inhume, posthumous, human,* humane,* kc.
Imago, an image or picture. Looage, imagery, imagine,*
imaginary, imagination, imaginative, &a
Imitor, to imitate. Imitable, imiti^bility, imitate, imita-
tiMi, imitator, inimitable, inimitability, unimitable, &c.
Impero, to command. Imperative, imperial, imperialist,
imperious, empercHr, empress, empire^ &c.
, InfuuB, below, beneath. Inferior, inferiority, infernal, ko»
Insula, an island. Insular, insulated, isle, islet, island,
isolated, peninsult^ peninsular, kc,
Ixa, anger. Ire, irritate, irritable, irascible, &c.
Iterum, again, a second time. Iteration, xeiteiate, &;c.
Jaceo, to lie. Adjacent circumjacent, interjacent, &o.
%: Jaoio (jeotos), to throw or cast. For the derivatives of
this word see page 155. , '
JocnB, a joke or jest. Jocose, jocular, jocularity, jocund,
joke, juggler,* juggle, &c.
Jftdex (jndycis), a judge. Judge, j\.dgtaent, jndit ^ ure,
judicial, judiciary, judicious, adjudge, f ujudicate, adjudica-
tion, extrajudicial, injudicious, misjudge, prejudge, pre-
judice, prejudicial, unprejudiced, ko.
ke.
ivoid,
pre*
LA*mr Boomi
m
Jngim, a yokt. Conjugal, oonjogtAe, iiibdM^* mahfagaid
Bubjsgatioii, yoka^ yoke-f«low, ke,
Jniigo (junotus), to join. Join, joiner, joint, jmiotioii,
jnMture, junto,* adjoin, adjunct, conjoin, conjoint, ormjuuc-
tion^ conjuncture, disjoin, disjunct, disjunction, disjnnotiTe,
conjoin, injunction, rejoin, rejoinder, subjoin, subjunotive^
unjointed, &c.
Juro, to imrear. Juror, jury, abjure, adjure, onnjn'n^*
con'jnre,* conjurer, nonjuring. penure, perjunr, ftc.
Jus (juris), right, law, justice. Jurist, juridical, jurisdio^
tion, jurisprudence, injure, injury, injurious : Justut, juit,
upright. Just, justice, justify, justifiable, justification, un-
just, &C.
Labor, toil. Labour, labourer, laborious, laboriousness,
elaborate, laboratory, belabour, &c.
Lamenter, to weep or bewail Lament, lamentable, lamen-
tation, unlainented, kc
Langiwo, to be languid, to droop Languid, languidly^
languidness, langt'sh, languor. A;c.
* ^pii (lapVdis), a stone. Dilapidatei^ pi<!ary, fte;
Largns, big, extensive. Liarge, largc;^, enlarge, &o.
Latns, brought or carried. Collate, oollatioti, elate, fHh-
tivc, legislate, legislature, oblate, oblation, prefausy, prelate,
prolate, relate, relation, rdUitive, superlative, translate, di-
late,* ftc. : Latus, carried out, extended, wide. Latitude,
latitudinarian, Ac
Latus (latdris), the side. Lateral, collateral, equilateral,
quadrilateral, trilateral, &c
Lau8 (laudis), praise. Laud, 1&. ^ '>! i, laudanum.*
Lavo (lotus), to wash. Lava,* lAvatory, lave, lavish,
laundress, laundry,* lotion, lavender,* &c.
Laxos, loose. Lax, laxity,* laxness, laxative, prolix, pro-
lixity, relax, relaxable, relaxation, kc.
Lego (lectus), to gather or select ; also, to re d. legend,
legendary, l^ible, legion, lecture, lesson, collect, dialect,
eclectic, elect, electioneering, electoral, elegance, elegant, ""
eligible, ebgibility, illegibility, predilection, prelection, re-
collect, select, elite,* &c. From its compounds, Diligo, come
diligence, diligent, ke, ; from Intelligo, intelligence, intel-
ligent, kc ; and from Negiip>, n^iigenoe, negligent, ^
gleet,* kc.
ml
I. 1 1
I
'hi
r
m
LATIN ROOTS.
Ufffi f? '\lru»\ lo rftise or lift up. Leav«a.*
\evef*. ie\H^,'*' evy, alleviate, elvvate, ineleTaait^* lolevant^
jk>;'Z (legis), a law. Legal, legality, legalize, legisTate^
legitimacy, legitimate, privilege, law,* &c.
Libtr, free. Liberal, liberality, liberate, libertine, liber-
tiniRm, liberty, de'iv* > T liverance, illiberal, &c. ■ w
I*ib«r, a book. Library, librariarj, libel,* &o.
Libra, a pound, a balance. Librate, eiiiuilibrium, deliber*
ate, deliberation, &c.
Uceo^ to be lawf ui. Licence, license, licentiate, Iioentio«i8|t
HwentioQsneai, illicit, &e.
Ligo, to»btnd„toilie. League,.* K«ble>, liiaMrrty, liege, liga*
vent, ITgaturev cMijgatej oblige, leligiMi. &c.
LiineB (limVtis), a path, »1)ounclary. Laiit, limited, limi-
tUDtion, illfnfeitabie, uaiimited*
Linea, aline. line,* lineal, lineament, linear, lineage,
curvilinear, delineate, inlerifne, iateilii .ar, cntline, • :oti>
linear, underiine, linen,* fte. aki
Linqiio (Iiotai\ toleave. Delinquency, delinquent, rt. n-
«[ui&b, derelict, dlereliction, relic, relict, &c.
Uquo^ to melt, to be liquid. Liquor, liqueur, liquid,
Equida4e, lignidation, liquefy, ftc.
Lis (litis), strife, a lawsuit. Litigant, litigate, litigation,
Ut^'ous, lIUf];iousne»8, A;c. ill
IdUix'a, a letter. 1 Mer, lettered, literal, literary, literati^
literature, alliteration, illiterate, obliterate, &c.
Locus % place. Local, locality, locate, location, locomov
tion, locomodve, allocate, dislocate, ke. /
IjOquor (locQtus). to speak. Lequiacity, loquacious, col-
Icquy. colloquial ek tti<m, eloquence^ eloquent, grandilo*
ffiient, obloquy, '>lilo<juy, ventriloquy, &c.
Lacao, to b\ ' . t be dear. Lucent, lucid, lucidness,,'
Lucife^v elucid£'i.e, elucidation, pellucid, &c.
Ludo (lusus), to play, to deceive. Allude, allusion, col-
lude, collusion, delude, delusion, elude, elusive, illude, illu-
sion, illuswy, prelude, ludicrous, &c. u
Lumen, light. Luminary, luminous, illume, illumine,^
illuminate, illumination, relume, limner,* &.c.
Lujia, the moon. Lunacy, lunatic,* lunation, lumur^ lun^i^
lunette, sublunary, &c
.o# *.^na%
LATIN ROOTS.
178
Loo (lukus), to wftfih, to wMh away. Abluent, »bhitlon,
\»IluviaI, diluent, dilute,* dilution, &o.
MaoM, to be lean or thin : Macer, lean. Macerate, meagre,^
meagreness, emaciated, kc.
Maohina, a contr i vance, a machine. Machine, * machinist,
machinery, machinate, machinator, ftc.
Macula, a spot or stain. Maculate, immaculate, mackerel,*
mail,* &c.
Magiater, amaster. Master,* mastery, magistrate, magis-
terial, magistracy, kc.
Magnus, great. Magna Charta, magnitude, magnanimity^
magr vnimous, inagnify, magnificence, magnificent, magnilo-
quence, main,* majesty, majestic, major, majority, mayor,*
maxim,* &c. n . ,j
Malft, bad, ill. Malecontent, malcontent, malapropos, male-
diction, malefactor, malefaction, malevolent, malversation,
malice, malicious, &c.
MalignuB, malignant. Malign, maligner, malignancy, ma-
lignant, malignity, &c.
Malleiw, a hammer. Mall, maul,* mallet, malleable, mal^
leability, iTi..nialleable or immalleable, kc.
Maude, to give in charge, to command. Mandftmus,^ man-
date, command, countermand, demand, remand, commend,
recommend, &c.
Maneo fmansus), to stay, to remain. Manse, mansion,
permanence, permanent, remain, remnant, menial,* kc
ManuB, the h&nd. Manacle, manage, manipulate, manual,
manufacture, manumit, manuscript, emancipate, mismanage,
maintain,* manifest,* ko,
Mard, the sea. Marine, iiitariner, maritime, snbmarine,
tran.^marine, ultramarine, rosemary,^ kc.
Mater, a mother. Matron, matronize, matronly, maternal,
matriculate, matrimony, matrimonial. &c
Materia, matter or stuff, substance. Material,materialism,
materials, mutter, immaterial, &c.
^ Mandamus. — A kind of writ— literally, ict eammand,
2 Ronemarp. — From ro.^, dew ; and marinutf marine. Se
ciklled heoAuse it generally grova on the iea*thore, and appeara
be(/€w;e</ with the spray.
174
LATIN ROOTS.
K Matnre, maturity, immatttre, imniAtiiifty,
premature, prematurity, fto.
Mtdlns, middle. Mediate, mediator, mediocrity, medhim,
immediate, intermediate, mean,* moiety,* &c.
Medeor, to cure or heal. Medical, medicament, medicate^
medicine, medicinal, remedy, remedial, &c.
Moditor, to muse or think upon. Meditate, meditation,
premeditate, premeditation, unpremeditated, &c.
Manor, mindful, keeping in uiind. Memoir, memorable,
memr>randum, memory, memorial, memorialize, commemor-
ate, immemorial, remember, remembrance, Ac.
IfMida, a spot, a blemish. Mend, amend,* emend, ko.
Mens (mentis), the mind. Mental, demented, &c.
Mergo ( mersus ). to dip or plunge. Merge, emerge, * emer-^
gency, emersion, immerse, submerge, kc.
M«rz (mercisi, merchandise. Mercer, merchant., mer-
chantable, mercantile, mercenary, commerce, commercial,
market, mart,* amerce,* kc
Metior (mensuH), to measure Mete, meter, oommeniur-
able, commensurate, dimension, immense, immensity, mea-
sure, &;c. See Metron. page 198.
Ifigro, to migrate. Migration, migratory, emigrant) emi'
grate, immigrant, immigrate, transmigrate, kc.
Kild (milXtis;, a soldier. Militant, military, militate,^
militia^ kc -
BliUI. a thousand. MiUenarian, milfoil, millennium, mil-.
l^>ed, millesimal, mile,* kc.
MiBM, to hang over or beyond. Eminence, eminent,
imminence, imminent, prominence, prominent, kc '> >l /
BUoliitr, a servant. Minister, ministering, ministerial,
ministry, administer, administrator, kc
Misao (minQtus), to lessen. Minikin, minim, minimum,
minion,* minor, minority, minus, minu'te, min'ute, minutite^-
diminish, diminutive, mince,* minnow,* &c #
BUras, strange, wonderful. Miracle, miraculous, admire,
admirable, admiration, marvel,* mirror,* kc
MiBceo (mistus or mixtus), to mix. Mix, mixture, com-
mix, commixture, intermix, miscellany, miscellaneous, pro-
miscuous, unmixed, &c.
MiMr, wretobed. Miser/ miserable, misery, coumiseratei;
commiseration, kc .'^.i^^A -^u ^k'<m^i-,'m:^^-,:.^-Miij
IJITIK ROOT&
176
#
MtMo (miMUi), to Mnd. Mittimui, miaeUe, mission, admit,
Omissible, oommit, committee, oomminfuriat, oommi«uury,
V>mpromi8e, demise, dimimsory, dismiss, emit, emissary,
eoiission, immissioii,intennit, intermission, manumit, manu-
niisiion, omit, permit', per'mit, premi'se, prem'iso, pre-
mines/ promise, remit, submit, surmise, transmit, unremit-
ting, Ac. ,
If oins, a measure, a manner, a rule. Mode, modal, mod«l,
moderate, modem,* modernize, modest,* modesty, modicum,
modify ,modi8b,*mood,modulate,modus, aocommodate, com-
modious, commodity, incommode, &c.
Moneo (monltus), to put in mind, to warn. Monish, mo-
nition, monitor, monument, monumental, admonish, admoni-
tory, summon, summons,* &c.
Hons (montis), a mountain. Mount, mound,* mountain,
mountelxuik, dismount, promontory, remount, surmount,
ultramontane, unsurmountable, amount,* &c.
Monstro, to show or point out. Monster,* monstrous,
muster,* demonstrate, remonstrate, &o.
Mors (mortis), death. Mortal, mortality, mortgage, mor-
tify, mortmain,* mortuary, murder,* &a ^,.
I[os(m0ri8), a manner or custom. Moral ^r.^^wy^ moral-
ize, morals, demoralize, morose,* &o.
Movoo (motus), to move. Move, mc *n^\. i u> bles,
motion, motive, promote, remote, remov j, .-ui'i'h^ir'w/ mo-
ment,* momentous, momentum,* mob,* ' ., j.
Maltat, many. Multifarious, multiped, multiple, multi-
plicity, multiply, multitude, ^
Muniui(mungris), a gift, an office. Municipal, munificence,
munificent, common, commonweal, commonwealth, com-
mime, communicate, communicant, communion, community,
excommunicate, immunity, remunerate, uncommon, uncom-
municative, &0,
Mate (mutfttus), to change. Mutable, mutability, muta-
tion, mutiny, mutineer, commute, commutable, immutable,
transmutable, transmutation, &;c.
Nascor (natus), to be bom, to spring. Nascent, natal,
nation, native, nature, cognate, innate, preternatural, rena-
scent, supernatural, unnatural, naive,* naivete, &c.
: Navis, a ship. Naval, navy, navigable, navigate, naviga-
tion, circumnavigation, circmnnavigator, &o.
176
LATIN ROOTS.
Nedo (nexus), to bind, to knit. Connect, oonneetlbiiiror /
connexion, annex, ditsoonnect, unconnected, Ac. /
Nego (negatus), to den}'. Negation, negative, renege^
renegade,* nay, deny,* denial, undeniable, &c.
Neuter, neither of the two. Neuter, neutraii, neutrality, "S
neutralise, neutralized, &;c. '4 « »y> r^
Niger, black. Negro, negress, Nigritia, Niger, &d •
Noceo, to hurt Nooent, noxious, nuisMice,* inuoeence,
innocent, innocuous, noise, annoy,* Sec / ->!?
Nomen (nomKnis), a name. Nomenclature, nominal, nomi- '
nate, nominee, noun,* name, denominate, ignominy, pro-
nominal, renown,* &c.
Norma, a itile or square. Normal, abnormous, enormous,*
enormously, enormity, &c.
Noico (notus), to know. Notable, notary, note, notice,
notify, notion, notorious,* cognizable, precognition, connois-
seur, recognise, reconnoitre,* neble,* Ac. <»,.h.. .^,v.>.4.*i
Nota, a marie by which a thing can be known. NUe,
notable, notice, notorious, annotate, denote, &c.
Noym, new. New, news, novel, novelty, novice, novitiate,
innovate, renew, renewal, renovate, &c. t T,fiiv&;Hh#m ,yti.J
' Noz (noctis), night. Noctambulist, noctidial, nocturnal,
equinox, equinoctial, pemoctfi.tion, &c
NulhiB, no one, none. Null, nullify, nullified, nullity,
annul, or disannul, ke.
Numerufi, a number. Number, numerate, nnmerical,
numerous, enumerate, innumerable, supernumerary, &o.
NunciuB, a messenger : Nuncio, to tell or declare. Nuncio,
announce, announcement, .«.nnunciation, denounce, enunci- '
ate, pronoun'"", renou" <;>, &c.
Nutrio, » nourish. Nutriment, nutrition, nutritious,
nurse,* nursery, nurture, nourish, nourishment, &c.
Octo, eight. Octave, octavo, octennial, October,^ octagon,
octagonal, octangular, &c.
Oculue, the eye, a bud. Ocular, oculist, binode, binocular,
monocular, inoculate,* inoculator, &c.
^ October, — The Boraan year beg»i3 in March, and hence,
September^ October, November, w;d ■ samher derive their
name. Before the time of JuHvi mci J ^^utitii9 Caesar. Juiif
and August were called QuintUU .d SextUi:>^ that is, the
/2/iA. and «txtA months. . .^, . ,., .,
LATIN ROOTS.
177
^
Oman (omYnis), a ftign, good or bad. Omen,* ominous,
abominate,* abomination, abominable, ftc. I
, Omnis, all. Omnium, omnibus, omnific, omnipotence,
Omnipotent, omniscience, omnivorous, &c.
-^ Opito, to wish. Optative, option, optional, adopt, &;c.
.« Opat (op^ris), a work. Opera,* operate,^ operative, opera- •
tor, inoperative, nianceuvre,* manure,* &c.
Orbis, an orb, a circle. Orb, orbit, exorbitant, ftc.
Ordo (ordlnis), order, rank. Ordain,* order, ordinal, ordi-
nance, ordnance,* ordinary, ordination, disorder, extra-
ordinary, inordinate, insubordinate, &c. >»l*JrI i^ ^iiJ'
. Orimr (ortus), to rise. Orient, oriental, abortion, abortive,
origin, original, originality, originate, &c. i '>' ,r 7—5**-^'^
Omo (om&tus), to decorate, to adorn. OHtametft^ <l^na-
mental, ornate, adorn, suborn, subornation, &c.
Oro (orStus), to speak, to pray, to beseech : Os (Sris), the
mouth. Oracle,* oracular, orison,* oral, orator, oratorio,
orifice,* adore, inexorable, peroration, &c. -^
Os (ossis), a bone. Osseous, ossify, ossified, ossification,
ossiferous, cssivorous, ossuary, ospray * or ossifrage, &c. .-
Ovum, an egg. Oval, ovary, oviparous, &c.
Palatum, the taste, the palate. Palate, palatable, &;c.
Falma, the palm tree ; also, the inner part of the hand.
Palm,* palmer,* palmetto, palmy, palmistry,* &c. -vi.»i>
Fando (pansus), to open, to spread. Expand, expicuis«,
expansion, expansive, &c.
Pauls, bread. Panada or panado, panri<er,* pantry,
pantler, appanage,* &c. >* *f^*
Par, equal. Par, parity, pair,* peer,* peerage, peerless,
compare,^ comparable, comparison, compeer, disparage,^
disparity, nonpareil,* paragon,* &c.
Pareo, to appear. Peer,* appear, apparent, apparition,
disappear, transparency, transparent, &c.
Pario, to bring forth, to beget. Parent, parental, parent-
age, parturient, oviparous, viviparous, &o. '**^^«»
^ Operate. — Compare the original meaning of di'ama with
that of opera; also the words actw and act.
' Compare is from compdrOy to make eqtuil with ; to liken to.
' Disparoffe.—'So make unequal to ; 10 ipjure by compari-
«on with something of less valttc. "^ ' '
h8
178
LATIN ROOTS.
Faro (paratus), to make ready. Parade,* apparatus, ap-
parel, prepare, repair, irreparable, pare,* &c.
Pan (partial, a part, a share. Part, parboil, partake, par-
tial, participate, particle, particular, partisan, partition, part-
ner, party, pai^l, parse, portion, apart, apartment, bipartite,
com,>artment, counterpart, depart, department, departure,
dispart, impart, impartial, impartiality, proportion, tripartite,
interpret,* &c.
Pasco (pastus), to feed. Pastor, pastoral, pasture, pas-
turage, antepaat, repast, pabulum,* &c.
Passus, a pace or step. Face, pass, passable, passage,
en passant, passenger, passovor, passport, past, pastime,
compass, surpass, trespass, passing-bell,* &c.
Pater, a father. Paternal, paternity, patriarch, patriarchal,
patrician, patrimony, patrimonial, patristic, patron.* patron-
age, patronize, patronymic, paterfamilias, parricide. Pater-
noster, pattern,* &c.
Patior ( passus >, to suffer. Patience, patient, passion,
passionate, passive, compassion, compassionate, dispassion-
ate, impatience, impatient, &c. -<»t^ v«f/'ji;H<*i'JiWM ,m'«« ni^- '
Patria, one's country, fatherland. Patriot, patriotism,
patriotic, compatriot, expatriate, &c.
Pauper, poor. Pauper, pauperism, poverty, po<jHr, poorly,
empoverish or impoverish, &c. u?-,/ .«w'f
Pax (pacis), peace. Pacify pacific, pacification, pacifi-
cator, peace, peaceable, peaceful, appease, &c. ;[»i p >
Pecco (peccatus), to sin. Peccable, peccability, p^a-
dillo, peccant, impeccable, impeccability, &c.
Pello (obsolete), to call or name. Appellation, appella-
tory, appeal, appellant, appellative, repeal, &c. irf^it^jK.i
Pello (pulsus), to drive, to thrust. Compel, compulsion,
compulsive, dis^l, expel, impel, impulse, propel, pulse,*
pulsation, repel, repellent, repulse, Ac.
Pendeo, to hang down. Pendant, pendent, pending, pen-
dulum, pendulous, pennant, pensile, append, appendage, ap-
pendix, depend, impend, independence, independent, perpen-
dicular, prepense, propensity, suspend, suspense, vilipend>&c.
Pendo (pensus), to hang weights, to weigh, to pay. Per-
pend, compensate, dispense,* dispensary, expend, expendi-
ture, expense, indispensable, pensive, petision, re,Q9J]n£eBse,
unpensioned, pansy,* &c. i iiJiw Ix^
pas-
liATIN ROOTa
179
/t PMiotl^ to pierce or enter. Penetrilble, p^eiilriibinty,
penetrate, penetration, impenetrable, &c.
Pexiitet, to repent. Penitence, penitent, penitential,
penitentiary, impenitent, innpenitence, repent, repentance,
repentant, unrepenting, &c. * "^
t^ Perior (perltus), to try. Experiment, experimental,
experience, expert, inexperience, inexpert, &c.
Pereona. a mask used by players ; a person. Person,*
personal, personality, personate, personify, impersonal, &c
I Pes (pedis), the foot. I'edal, pedestal,* pedestrian,
pedip^ree,* cap-h-pie, expedient, expedite, impede, biped,
quadruped, impeach,* &c.
PestiB, a plague, pestilence. Pest, pester, pestiferous,
pestilence, pestilent, pestilential, &c.
Peto (petltus), to seek, to ask. Petition, appetency,
appetite, centripetal, compatible,* compete, competency,
*corai3etent, * impetus, impetuous, repeat, repetition, ftc. ,^
Pilo, to pillage, to pilfer. Pilfer, pilferer, pillage, com-
pile. ' compiler, compilation, &c.
Pingo (pictus), to paint. Paint, Picts,* pictorial, pic-
ture, picturesque, pigment, depict, &c. -^i-*^!
Piscis, a fish. Piscatory', Pisces (the twelfth sign of
the zodiac), piscine, piscivorous, porpoise, * &c. -;
PiuB, pious. Piety, picms, impiety, impio'is, Ac.
Placeo (placKtus), to please. Placid, placidity, please,
pleasant, complacent, complaisant, displease, ko,
Placo, to appease. Placable, implacable, &c. "%w*?^!^•H
Plango (planctus), to complain. Plaint, plaintiff, plain-
tive, complain, complainant, complaint, &c.
PlanoB, plain, level, evident. Plain, a plain, plain-deal-
ing, a plane, to plane, explain, explanatory, plan,* &c.
Plaudo (plausus), to praise by clapping the hands.
Plaudit, plausible, applaud, explode, &c. mm^^-^ .ms^^i^f>^-^. ^.
^, P'ecte (plexus), to twist, to knib Complex, complexity,
complexion,^ perpkx, perplexity, &c
* ^ Compile^ to pick out parts or passages from otlier writers.
^ Picts; so called, it is said, from their custom of pat/i<(»{;
their bodies.
* Complexion, primarily meant the whole compticcUion or
comp(wition of the parts — the general appearance ; but it
nuw meaos the hue or colour of the skin. - ' ^ '
180
LATIN R00T8.
PICOUIB, full Plenary, plenipotentiary, plenitude, pl«ritj,
plenteous, plentiful, plenum, replenish, &&
Pleo (pletua), to fill. Pleonasm, pleonastic, acoomplish,
complement, complete, depletion, explotive, implement,*
maniple, replete, supplement, supplv, 'i,c "%
FlUso (plicatus), to fold, to bend. Pliable, pliancy, pliant,
ply,* pliers,* ap^y, applicable, complicate, comply, com-
plicity, display,* double, duplicated, duplicity, explicit,
imply,* implicated, implicit,* inexplicable, misapply,
multiply, quadruple, quintuple, reply,* simple, simpleton,
simplicity, simplify, suppliant, supplicate, triple, treble,
deploy,* employ,* splice,* &c.
Floro (ploratus), to wail, to weep. Deplore, deplorable,
explore,^ implore, unexplored, &c
Plumbum, lead. Plumb, plumber, plummet, plumbago,
plunge,* plump,* &c. mt^iif?#*«4fi«„
Plus (plQris), more. Plural, pluralist, plurality, pluper-
f«r,t, overplus, surplus, surplusage, &c.
Pctna, punishment. Penal, penalty, penance, pain, k':'$
Pondus (pondSris), weight. Ponderous, ponder, pound,*
preponderance, poise,* counterpoise, equipoise, &c.
% Pono ( posltus), to place or put down. Pose, position, prist,*
postage, postpone, posture, apposite, appositio/;, ft])ropoe,*
component, compose, composite, compositor, compost, ^/)m-
posure, compound, dec<Mnpose, deponent, depose, depoaiii,
deposition, depot, dispose, exponont, expose, exposure, ex-
pound, impose,* impost, impostor, indisposition, interpose,
opponent, oppose, preposition, propoitjal propoimd, provost,*
purpose, repose, repository, suppose, t'.inspose, ^w;
Populufl, the people Populace, popular, popularize,
popularity, population, public, pui^Uce^D, publicity, publi4^,
depopulate, people, republic, &a/ *- ■ />*.v-
Porcus. a hog. Pork, porcine, porcupine,* &c. mh^ t
Porto, I/O bear or carry. For the derivatives of t^fs
word see page 1 55.
Fosse, to >« able : Potens (potentis), able, powerfu].
^ Explore^ to search for earnestly ; properly, with ^jvio^-
ing and <car«. ^^j ..^^ ^,fv ».y^*v*
^ A nropofj that is, to the purpogCy seasonably. It is a
French word, and is pronounced a^)ropo. ...» ^^ ,...,_„. li^ii
i
«
LATIN ROOTS.
181
;^-'-ii'
%
I^Dsse^^ pAMililey patent, potency, impotent, impoteney, poten-
tate, potential, omnipotence, omnipotent, plenipotectiaryk;
poissaBioe,* pwbsant, &c.
POBt, u>tiev, behind : Posterns, after. Po8tp<uie, posterior,;
peeteriiy, postern,* preposterous, &c.
FoBtuLo, to demand or ask. Postulant, postulate, postu-
latum,, expostulate, expostulation, &c.
Foto* to drink. Potable, potation, potion, poison,* &c. v
PrsBda, prey, plunder. Predatory, depredati>r, prey.*
Preoar (precStus), to pray or entreat. Precarious,^ depre>
cate, deprecation, imprecate, imprecation, pray,* &c.
Pr6h»ndo(prehen8U8), to take hold of, toseize. Apprehend,
apprehension, apprehensive, apprentice,* apprize, compre-
hend.comprise, enterprise, impregnable,* imprison,prisoner,*
prize,* misi^pprehend, reprehend, reprehension,, reprisal, sur-
Drise, mainprise, &o.
Prwno, to force or press : pressus. forced or pressed. See
page 155 for the derivatives of this word.
Pretium, a price, worth. Precious, price,. prize,* praise,,
appraise, appreciate, depreciate, &c. tPiTrr^ifiiru^
Frimiu, first. Prime, primer, primeval, prriln,* primitive,,
primogeniture, primrose,* primacy, primate, premier, prior,
pristine, impvrmts, Ac. From this root and Capio, comfl
prince, principal, principle, principia, &Ci"r . ^^...\
Privus, ooe'c own, not pwWie. Privacy, private, privateer,,
irivil'^g^, privy, deprive, privative, &c. n,isy
Ptt^tf ^pr(9bnt«iH) , topro ve, to^try . Prebable,, probate, pro**
batiwi, pffibe, prwbfty, preof, prove,* approve, approbation^
impA'/ve, re|)robate, reprove, reproof, &c.
"'^ Propftgd, a shoot or branch, offspring. Propagate, propa^
gator, propagandism. propagandist, &c.
.Prope, fM^ar : Proximus, nearest. Pr«pinqmty, proximate,
proKimity, auppum^h,* propitious.* &c. : Prep.nus, one'is own^
pectkliar, fit l'rf5>er,* propriety, proprietor, appropriate,
improper, ixnpropriiHty, kc.
itattts, '* tlie civil power or flbrce of
^ /'oow, as in **/w*w cmuiU
tlj| count}/, JIB tli«i uonHliilHrimy
f f IB jiM<iitirty appiifid to a tiling tha
ohla uHiliM gj fill tell mihoui p'apera oi eutre ties;
«T" W*f fF^T '»|^ "VTF' rfP'T? ^IfW "'"f -:■ vr*- ?.■'-'■ '^- . ■■ ' s '- tf '--ir^-
at «n»inot be
an.Ihenoe„
182
LATIN ROOTS.
ProptUOb to appease, to atone. Propitiate, propitiator,
propitiation, propitious, unpmpitious, &c.
Pug^na, the fist. Pugilist, pugnacious, pugnacity, expugn,
impugn, oppugn, repugnant, ko.
Pttlvis pulveris), dust. Pulverable, pulverize, pulverin,
pulvtl, powder,* powdery, &c.
Pungo (punctus)^ to point or poncture. Pungent, punctual,
punctilio, punctilious, punctuate, puncture, compunctiQH,
expunge, poignant,* point, poniard,* &c. *.?. r f{|>*»i-t^f f v
Punic (punitus), to punish. Punish, punishment, punish-
able, punitive, punition, impunity, &c. <>
Purge ( purgfttus >, to cleanse, to' piir !fy. Purge, purgatidn,
purgatory, compurgator, expurgated, &c.
IHirus,' pure. Pure, pureness, purity, purist, puritan, puri-
tanical, purify, impure, impurity, &c. ><i<er^i
Puto (putiltus), to lop or prune ; also, to think, to compute.
Putative, amputate,* compute,* depute, deputy, dispute, im-
pute, imputation, repute, disreputable, count, account, dis-
count, recount, &;c.
Putris, rotten. Putrescence, putrescent, putrefy, putre-
faction, putrid, putridity, olla podrida,* (under OgUo.*)
Quadra, a figure having four sides, a square. Quadrant,
quadratic, quadrangle, quadrilateral, quadrille,* quadroon,
quart, quarter,* quartern, quarto, squadron,* squad, squMre,*^.
quarry,* &;c.
Qu»ro,toseek: (qusesitus) sought. Query, quest, question,
acquire, acquisition, conquer, conquest, exquisite,* inquest,
inquire, inquisition, perquisite, require, request, requisite,
queer,* &c.
Qualu, of what kind, such. Quality, qualify, qualification,
disqualify, disqualification, kc
Qua&tut, how great, as much as : Quantum, quantity :
Quot, how many, so many, or as many as : Quota, quotidian,
quotient, aliquot, &c. » *«s«wj ^
Queror, to complain. Querulous, quarrel, kc.
Quies (quietus), quiet, ease, peace. Quiet, quietus, quiea-^
cent, acquiesce, inquietude, (i'u.it,* quite,* kc.
Qulnque, five. Quinary, quintessence, quintuple, kc.
BadittS, the spoke of a wheel, the semiciiameter of a circle,
a beam or ray of light Radiate, radiatif.^n, radiance, radi-
ancy, radiant, ray,* eradiate, irradiate, Lc
<
I !
iJiTiM Boon.
/ 183
%»i)^
, Badlar (radlcis), a root. Radical, radically, vadUh, eradi-
cate, race,* racy,* &c.
Rado (rasus), to shave, to Bcrape. Rase, raze,* razee, razor,*
rather,* abrade, erase, erasion, erasure, &c.
Bancoo, to be rancid. Rancid, rancidness, rancour, ran-
corous, rank, rankness, rankle, &c.
Bapio (raptus), to snatch or carry away by force. Rape,
rapacious, rapt,* rapture, ?apid, rapine,* ravage,* enrapture,
raven,* ravenous, &c.
Barnt, rare, thin, scarce. Rare, rareneas, rarely, rarefy,
rarefaction, rarity, raree-show, &c. yi^A^^^ ■^wirlW*'** **!>.>
Bego (rectus), to rule or govern ; also, to make straight or
right. Regent,regency, regimen, regiment, * region, * regnant,
regular, regulate, correct, corrigible, direct, erect, incorrect,
incorrigible, misdirect, rectangle, rectify, rectilineal or rec-
tilinear, rectitude, rector, rectory, right, righteous, upright,
&C. - ' -.^mJi •.Wit.: ■ii,:h:-v-!it!^' Ji«:v4';ii.i--;i»f»MP.
Beor (ratus), to think, to judge. Rate, ratable, ratify,
ratio, rationale, rational, reason,* overrate, &c. .-i-r^^^
BeS) a thing. Real, reality, realize, rebus,* &c.
Bet6, a net. Reticle.* reticule, retina, riddle,* &c.
«.Bideo (risns), to laugh, to laugh at. Ridicule, ridiculous,
derida derision, risible, rally,* &c. ii ■Mt^miik.^^yMiMi^^^
Bigeo, to be stiff with cold. Rigid, rigidity, rigor, &;c.
BiyuB, a Htream, a river. River, nviilet, derive,* deriv-
able, derivation, derivative, rival,* &c.
g. ilobui* (rob6ri.s), strength. Robust, corroborate, &c. .
Bode (rosus), to gnaw. Corrode, corrosion, rostrum.*
Bogo (rog&tus), to ask. Rogation, abrogate,* arrogate,
arrogant,* derc^ate, interrogate, prerogative, prorc^ue,
supererogation, surrogate, &c
Rota, a wheel. Rotary or rotatory, rotate, rote,* routine,
rotund, roll, rowel,* reel,* roulette, rou^,* ko.
Buber, red. Rubicund, rubric,* ruby,* &c. ^*E
Rudis, untaught, rough. Rude, rudiment, erudite, kc
Bumpo (ruptus), to break, to burst Rupture, ruption,
abrupt, bankrupt,* corrupt, corrAiptible, disruption, erup-
tion, iiiterrupt, irruption, uncorruptible. &c.
Ruo, to rush, to fall down. Rumour, * ruin, &Q.
Bur (raris), the country. Rural, rustic, &c.
.1
I
(4 *
.»«0"V'i^i^y».i»
134
LATHI Room
8Mtr» SAored or holy. Sacrament, 8aor«<l, taerllice,
tsacrilege, sacerdotal, sacristan, sacristy, consecrate, dese-
crate, execrate,* execrable, &c.
Sal, salt. Saltish, saltcellar,* sal-ammoniac, sal-volattl\
«alad, * salary,* sahuried, saline, &;c.
Salio (srltus), to leap, to jump. Salient, sally,* salmon,*
assail, assault, desultory, exult, exultation, consult,* con-
sultation, insult, result, unassailable, &c.
SalUB (salutis;, safety, health. Salubrity, salubrious,
salutary, salute, salutation, &c. : Salvus, safe. Salve, sal-
vage,* salver, salvo, save,* safe, Ac. ^ *
Saactus, made holy, sacred. Sanctify, sanctimony, sanc-
timonious, sanction, sanctity, sanctuary, saint, &c. ^
Sanguia (sangutnis), blood. Sanguinary, sanguine, coa-
aan^iiiity, cousin,* ensanguine, kc.
Banus, sound in health. Sanitary, sane, insane, &a:
Sano, to heal, to cure. Sanatory, sanative, &c.
Sapio, to savour or taste of, to know, to be wise. Sapi-
ence, sapient, savour, savouiy, insipid, unsavoury, &c.
Satis, enough. Sate, satiate, satiety, satisfy, satisfac-
tion, satisfactory, dissatisfy, insatiable, unsatisfied, &;c
Scando (scansus), to climb, to mount. Ascend, ascent,
ascension, descend, descendant, descent, condescend, tran-
scend, transcendental, &c. '-**
Scindo (scissud), to cut. Abscind, rescind, scissors, *&e.
Scio, to know. Science, scientific, sciolist, conscience,
conscientious, conscious, omniscience, omniscient, prescience,
prescient, unconscious, &c.
Scribo (scriptus), to write. Scribe, scribble, scrip, scrip-
ture, ascribe, circumscribe, conscript, describe, escritoire,
inscribe, manuscript, nondescript, prescribe, prescriptive,
proscribe,* proscription, rescript, subscribe, superscribe,
transcribe, transcript, &c.
Seco sectus), to cut. Secant, sect, sectarian, section,.
segment, bisect, dissect, insect,* intersect, trisect, &c. « "^
.-- Sedeo (sessus), to sit. Sedentary, sediment, sedulous,
netjsion, assess, assiduous, assize,* insidious,^ preside, pre-
sidency, president, reside, residence, resident, residuum, resi-
1 /««i</iOM5.— Properly, Ipifig in wait far; and hence
tjreacheroiiis. : ^n^^ \ ^ 4
LATIN "ROOTS,
l» #
dr f, irabtide, tmbsidize, subflidy,! subsidiary, supersede^
suptirsedeas, siege,* besiege, size,* &c.
Semen, seed. Seminal, seminary, disseminate, ko. L
Senex (senis), an old man : Senior, older. Senescence,
senile, senility, senior, seignior,* senate.
Seiltio (sensns), to think, to feel, to perceive. Senrotion,
sense, sensible, sensibility, sensitive, sensorium, sensual, sen-
tient, sentence, sententions, sentiment, sentinel,* s^itry,
assent, consent, dissent, dissension, dissentient, nonsense^
presentiment, resent,* resentment, &c.
Separo (separatns), to separate, to sever. Separate, sepa-
ration, separable, sever,* several, inseparable, Ac.
'^ Septem, seven. Sept^nber, septennial, septinsular, &c.
See under Octo.
Seqnor (secntns), to follow. Sequence, sequent, seqnel,
^consecutive, consequence, consequent, ensue, execute,* per-
secute, prosecute, pursue, pursuant, pursuit, pursuivant^
pbsequies,* subsequent, sue,* suit, suHor, suitable, &c,
^ Sero (sertus), to connect, to weave, to join in a rank or
row. Assert, assertion, desert,* desertion, dissertation.^^
insert, series, seriatum, sermon,* &c.
Servio, to be ^ slave, to serve. Serve, servfcc, servile^
servitude, serf, V serve, disserve, subservient, desert,* &c.
Ser^'O (servatus), to keep, to save. Conser've, con'serve,
conservative, observe, preserve, reserve, reserveir,* Ac.
Sex, six. Sexennial, sextant, sextile, &c. -«*
Signum, a mark, a sign. Sign . signal, signalize, signature,
signet, signify, signifioance, significancy, significant, assign,
assignee, assigni^uion, consign, design, designate, insignia,
resign,* ensign,^ ^.c.
*^ Silva, a wood. Silvan, Pennsylvania, savage,* &c.
*' SimiUi, like. SimilS, similar, simulate, assimilate, dis-
semble, dissimulr'^ion, seem,* semblance, fac-simile, Ac*,-
Sinfi^luB, one, single. Single, singular, &c.
Sinus, a bay, the bosom. Sinuous, sinuosity, insinuate,
insinuation, &c.
^' Sisto, to make tc stand. Assist, assistance, assistant.
1 Suhsidf/.- Z
pose of aiding.
oiil
?rflllfy, a sitting under or wear, for the pur-
1«-
LATIN ROOTS.
oonsiit, oonsittenoo^ coiuiaten* v ooniittent, dettbi, irr«*
■istible, persist, resist, subsist, subsistence, kc.
Social, a companion, an associate. Sociabl«^ social,
fiooiety, associate, dissociate, unsocial, &c
Sol, the sun. Solar, solstice, solstitial, kc. '^
Solidnt, firm, solid. Solder, * solid, solidity, consols,* con-
solidate, consolidated, insolidity, kc
Sdlor (solfttus), to comfort, to solace. Solace, console,*
consolation, consolatory, di8Consolat<r>, inconsolable, uncon-
soled, &c. 'I'll f*; Ml"
Soltti, alone, single. Sole,* solely, solo, solitary, solitude,
soliloquy, soliloquize, desolate,* desolation, kc
SoIyo (solatus), to loose, to free, to melt. Solve, solvent,
solvable, solution, absolve, absolute, absolution, dissolve,
dissolute, dissolution, insoluble, insolvent, irresolute, resolve,
soluble, unabsolved, undissolved, &c. .\r-mh<iift.-Mffiiht^^>^ft
Sonuiui, sleep. Somnambulist, somnambulism, somnific, *
somniferous, somnolence, somnolent, &c.
3o&Ul,a8ound. Sonorous, sonnet,^ sonneteer, consonant,*
'ji^itonant, resonant, sound, unison, &c.
'^orbeo (sorptus). to suck in, to drink up Absorb, absorb:
ejit, absorbing, absorption, unabsorbed. kc. .xsfr.
Sors (sortis), lot, sort, kind. Sort,* sortable, sortie,*
assort, assortment, consort, resort,* kc.
Sparge (sparsus), to scatter, to bespatter. Span^o* asipei^^^
aspersion, disperse, intersperse, kc. .:-: ; '^ ';i ,xo8
Spatiam, space. Space, 8pauo\\s, expatiate, &;c.-m,c.)
Spacio (spectus), to see, to look. .;^|ii9ci6s, special, specific,
specify, speciMien, specious, spectacle, spectator, npectre,*
speculate, spy,* aspect, auspices,*^ auspicious, circumspect,
conspicuous, despicable, despise, despite, especial^ espy, in-
spect, irrespective, perspective, perspicuous, prospect, pro-
spectus, respect, retrospect, euspect, respite,* spite,* kc. ^
Spero (sperfttus), to hope. Despair, desperate, despera-
tion, prosper, prosperity, prosperous, kc
Spiro (spiratus), to breathe. Spiracle, spirit, spirited,
spiritual, spirituous, spright or sprite,* aspire, a^irate,
aKspiration, conspire, conspiracy, dispirit, expire, inspire,
perspire, respire, transpire, unaspiring, &;c.
,i^ Splendeo, to shine. Splendid, splendour, kc.
- , Spolium, booty, spoil. Spoil, spoliation, despoil,. &c ;
»
LATin ROOTS.
187
8p«lliUo (sponsua), to promiiie. Sponsor, oonretpoad, de-
•pond,'' irrettponfible, .ponsivtt, ipouBe,* espouoe, kc
Stemo (stratiiH), to Bpread, to throw dovn or to lay flat.
?^ti iitum, Htrat; street.
bubMtratuiii iii.
Btilla, a Irop.
Stimulus, '*' S'
Stinguo (h
disbiugv}ii<(habi< , .
»jtiiict, Htigma,* ^
■tratify, consternation, prostrate,
itifit: . &c.
U, distil, (iistillery, instil, kc.
Hpur. Stimulate,^ stimulant, ic.
to rnarl:, to distinguish. Distinguisn,
ot. extinguish, extinct, indistinct, in*
atize, /:c.
, Stapo, to Mtuif, to cram. Constipate, costive,* kc. "■"■*'
Sto (status), to stand. Stable, a stable, »tabilitj, stamen,
staminay stand),* stanchion, stand, standard, stanza,* status,
state, statement, statics, station, stationary, stationery, statis-
tics, staliie, statute, stay, staid, Htays, stead, steadfast, steady,
armistice, arrest, circumstance, constable,* constant, con-
^ stitute, constituent, contract,* destitute, distance, establish,
er.taat,instant, instead, in»titute,interaiice,^' obstinacy, rest,*
restiff* or restive, restitution, solstice, substance, stall.* kc.
Btringo (strictus), to bind. Strain, strict, stricture,*
astringent, constiictor, constrahi, ccwstraint, restrain, re-
straint, restrict, restriction, strait, kc.
Struo (structus), to build. Structure, construe,^ con-
struct, destroy,* destructible, destructive, instruct, instru-
inent,* instrumental, instrumentality, misconstruction,
obstruct, obstruction, substructure, superstruction, kc.
Stttdeo, to study< Student, study, studious, kc.
Stupeo, to be stu||d, to be lost in wonder. Sttipid,
stupidity, stupor, stupendous, stupefy, stupified, kc, ir
SuadM (suasus), to persuade. Suasion, suasive, dissuade,
dissuasive, persuade, persuasion, persuasive, &c a
^^ Sudo, to sweat. Sudorific, exude or exsude, kc,
Bvmma, a sum, the whole or highest amount. Suai,*
summary, summit, consummate, consummation, kc. »
'%. Sumo (sumptus), to take. Assume, assumption, consum-
able, consume, consumptive, presume, presumptive, presump-
tuous, resume, unassuming, &c.
Surgo (suKrectus), to rise, to lift up. Surge, insurgent,
insurrection, insurrectionary. Resurrection, kc.
Tabttla, a board or plank, a table. Tablature, table^
tablet, tabular, tabulate, tavern,* entablature, kc v>(f#
• I
5.XV^,
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
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US "^
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2.2
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u
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VQ
^>
?
Photographic
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CoiporadoR
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0
(716) 872-4503
183
LATf N HOOTS.
Tlafft^tMiira)) to tDuofa. T«ig«iit^ tangiUe^tacib, taieti^a,
attaia, attteiaiBeat, contact, contagion, ooatagiotM; contigu-
ity, oontiagont, contingency, integer, integrant, integral, in-
tegrity, disint^rate, disintegmlion, entfre, &c.
Tazdilt, slow, dilatory. Tardy, retard, tardiwen, &c.
Tego (teetiiB), to cover. Tegument, tegular, tile,* detect,
detection, integument, protect,. protection, ftc.
Temiui (temptuB), to despise. Contemn, contempt, ftc;
Tempero, to temper, to mix, to moderate. Temper*
temperament, temperance, temperate, temperature^ attem*
per, distemper, intemperate, tunper, &c.
TunpiM (tcmpttris), time. Temporal, temporialities, tem-
porary, extOBporary, ooilteDipoivineoai^ 9dc.
Ttado(tenttt8ortenrai),t^«tretolijta«trl¥e. Tend,ten-
dency^ tender (to offer), tenso, tensiotti, tout;* tetftcir-bbbk,
attend^ attention, eotttend, <iotttentio«uf, <fiiHiend, ^tend,
extent. Intend, intense, intent, ostensible, oetentiitioil^ por-
tend, portent,* pretend, pretence, subtend, superintend,
superintendent, &c
TMmo (tentus), to hold. Tenable, tenacious, tenacity,
tenant, tenement, tenet,* tenon,* tenor,* tenure, abstain,
appertain, appurtenance, contain, content, continent, con-
tinue, countenance,^ detain, discontent, entertain, imper-
tinent,* lieutenant, maintain,* obtainj pertain, pertinacious,
pertinent, retain, retainer, retention, retentive, retinue,
sustain, nnsustained, kc
Tfiito, to try, to attempt. Ten|l|, tempter, t^)ii»brtlion,
tentative, attomptj unattempt^c^ &c. * * ' ^ ^ " ' '
Traois, thiti, slender. Tentiity, attenUKte, litlMtibed,
attenuant, extenuate, extenuatioii, &c.
Texmiaat, a limit or bmmdaty. Termhnls, tehn^ l^it^in-
able, terminate, conterminous, det^mine, dd J ^ ri a iitek te,
extermhMtte, predetermine, terminoiogjr, ftc.
T«ro (tritus), to wear by rubbing. IMte, tHturate, attri-
tion, contrite, de^ment, detrition, detritus, kc.
Terra, the earth. Terrace,^ tenrestrisil, terrier,* territory,
inter, disinter, Mediterranean, subterrtLieali; ftcr ^ ' '
:•'»'! in -ttt'
^ ^ CoufHhtante (from eoTUin^}, the conienta
whole features taketi togetiier.
• *
•I •
-«
oontigu-
sgral, in-
* detdct,
remper,
teSi teni*
rndyteh-
^tend,
<«i,por-
rinfeiid,
pnaoity,
ibstftin,
it, oon>
imper-
lacions,
^tiime,
ictktedf
iJQhiii-
iHikte,
,ftttri-
•m««(
LATIM ROOTS.
189
• 4
T«fx«bk to frighten. T«tt6r, tetrible, detef, m/-^''^^
Teitif, a witnem. Test, testament, testamentary, testa-
tor, testify, testimonial, testimony, attest, contest,* detect,*
intestate, protest, unattested, &c.
Tezo, to weave. Text,* texture, pretext, tissue,* &c.
Timeo, to fear. Timid, timidity, intimidate, &;c.
Tiago (tinctus), to tinge, to stain. Tinge, tincture, tint,
taint,* attainder, attaint, mezzotinto,* &c.
Titulni, a title, an inscription. Title, titular, &c.
Tolero ( toleratus) , to bear or suffer. Tolerable, tolerance,
tolerant, tolerate, toleration, intolerable, &c
Toxpeo, to be torpid, or void of feeling. Torpedo, torpe-
scent, torpid, torpitude, torpidity, torpor, ftc.
Totqueo (tortus), to twist. Tort, torso, tortile, tortoise,*
torture, torment,* tortuous, contortion, distort, ex ttlti| ex-
tortion, extortioner, retort,* &e. '1
TotQi, whole, all. Total, factotum, surtont,* ftec ':[
Trftdo (tradlttus), to deliver, to hand down. Tradltfon,
traditional, traditionary, traitor,* treason,* kc.
Trmho (tractus), to draw. Trace, traceable, track, tract *
tractable, traction, trail, train,* abstract, attract, betray, con-
tract, contraction, contractor, detract, distract, extract, por-
trait, portray,* protract, retract, trait, subtract, subtrahend,
retreat,* tirade,* &c.
Tremo, to tremble. Tremor, tremulous, tremble, 8cc.
Ttm, three. Triangle, trident, triennial. Trinity, tHo, tri-
partite, triple, treble, trisect, trivial,* &e.
Tribnc, to contribut<»i Tribute, tributary, attribute; don-
tribution, distribute, retribution, &c. ^ '
TribOB, tribe. Tribe,* tribunal, tribune, ftcf.
TriosB, hairs or thread used to^nsnare birds. Trick, extri-
eato, inextricable, intricacy, intricate,* intHgue, tress,* &c.
Trudo (trusus), to thrust. Alr.itrU8e, al^struseness, intrude,
intrusion, obtrude, obtrusion, obtrusive, protrude, protru-
sion, unobtrusive, &c.
Tuber, a swelling or bump. Tuber, tubercle, tubetcular,
extuberanoe, protuoerance, protuberant, See,
Tneor (tutus), to see, to watch over, to guard, to instruct.
Tuition, tutelage^ tutelary, tutor, intuition, intuftiv^, un-
tutored, &C -V ^iiJi^«Ji>#i-*i^
j;^iiii~f;;«
iOO
IffkWa BOOTS.
TmiitjBi to«w«Il. T<ynid< tninoi*, tiiinii1ul^%iiik)iril,rtQfhul-
Tiiiid« <tiisuM), to beat^ to bruise^ to blunt. Gontusioii,
obtuse, obtuseuefis, kc.
Titrba, a crowd, a disturbauce. Turbid^ turbuleBOd, tur^
buleut, disturb, perturbation), trouble, ko. ^
Turff90, to swell. Turg'ul, turgidity, turgidness, Ac.
UltimUs, last. Ultiinatf^ ultimatum, penultimate. &o.
Umbra, a shaile. Umbrage, umbrella, sombre;* &c.
XTuda, a wave. Un dulate, ab(»und, * abundance, abundant,
inundate, redound,^ redundant, puperabound. &c.
UngUO (unotus), to anoint. Unctioa, unctuous, ftci
UnuM, one, i^one. Union, unique, unison, unit, unite,
mianiinity, unicorn, univalve, umverM, univ«rtity^ 4c(b
. tr^^i^city. Urbane,*, urbanity, s«burb«»&«i
iTigwib to precis, t«> torce*. Urge, tvgenov, urgent^ kc,
^nriaai anunai water. Us^inot urinad^ unaary, kai'uT
llfO (iMtus), to bum* Adust, oumbuntioiv oointaitible,
Qombiistive, inoombuirtible. &c
Uior (usus), to use. Use, usage, usual, UBur>'f^ Qsurp,
utensil, utility, utilitarian, inutility, perusal, unusual, abuse,
disuse, misuse, peruse, ko.
TflMXsa, a cow. Yaocine, vaccinate,* Vaccination, kc
Vaco, to be empty, to be at leisure. Vacauc^, vacant,
vacate, vacation, vacuum, vacuity, evacu^^e, ko.
Vaiio(vMa8),togo. Vade-mecum, evadc^evasifm, invade,
invasion, pervade, wade,* waddle, kc.
YtLgvuBt wandering. Vague, vagab^d,* vagrant, vacancy,
vagary, extravagance, extravagantj kc. rritfrH
VaitO, to be well^ to be strong. Valedictlnn. valietlidi-
narian, valiant, valid, valour,* value, avail, convalvsoetibe,
countervail, equivalent, invalid, invalidate, invaluable, pre-
vail, prevalence, unavailaUe, unavailing, ko. ^^noTK ''
Vaivn, folding doors. Valve,* valvular, bivalve, &e.
Vantis, vain, empty. Vain, vanity, vanish, evanescent.
Vapor, an exhalation, steam« Vapi)ur, evaporate^ &0.
Vazius, various, diverse. Vary, variable, varianoe, varia-
tion, variegate* variety, various^ unvaried, kCk
Vaiiii% large, vast. Va«t| yastness, vasty. Vasto^ to lay
waste, devastate, deva8tati<m, waste,* kc.
ntusioiiy
,lur-
I, 'Ac
bte. &0.
randant,
if unite,
to.-
ilMtible,
* viBiirp,
If abuse,
I V
kc
vacant,
lavade,
gwmcy,
ifetudi-
Nsoetlbe,
le,pre-
kc.
escent.
i, ka.
varia-
, to lay
hkVlS BOOTS.
191
VtlMl (veetiu), tooarry. Vehemence, yehemeat, Tehicle,*
veterinary,* vex,* convex, convey, invective, ke,
Velio (vulnu)^ to pull or pludc. Vellicrate, convulse,
convulsion, convulsive, diveUicate, revulsion, wool,* kc.
Veto, to cover with a veil; to conceal Vail, veil, reveal,*
revelation, Revelation, unveil, fto.
Vena, a vein. Vein, venesection, veneer,* kc,
ViadOb to sell. Visual, vend, vendible, vent,* kc.
Venemun, poison. Venom, venomous, envenom, kc
Veneror, to venerate. Venerate, venerable, kc.
Venio (ventus), to come, to arrive. Vent, venture,*
advent, adventitious, adventure, avenue,* circumvent, con*
trav«ae. convene, convenience, convent, conventicle, con-
vention, conventional, covenant, covin,* event, intervene^
invent, invention, inventive, inventory,* prevent,* preven*
lion, preventive, revenue, supervene, parvenu* kc
Venor, to hunt. Venary, venation, venison,* ft&
Veitter, the belly. Ventral, ventricle, ventriloquism.
Ventus, the wind. Ventilate, vent,*^ ventage, &c.
Vwlnun, a word. Verb, verbal, verbatim, verbiage, ver-
bose, verbosity, adverb, proverb, proverbial. &;c.
Veredr, to stand in awe of. Vereound, revere, reverence,
reverend, reverent, reverential, kc.
Vergo, to tend towards, to verge. Converge, convergence,
convergent, diverge, diveigence, &c.
Venutok a worm. Vermicelli,* vermicular, vemHuge,
vermilion,* vermin, verminous, worm,* kc
Vecie ( versus),totun;i. Versatile, verse, version, vertebreor
vertebra, vertex, vertical, vertigo, advert, adverse, adversary,
advertise, animadvert, animadversion, anniversary, avert,
aversion, controvert^ convert, convertible, con venant.oonver-
sation, conversasioae, converse, conversion, divert, divers^ di-
verse, diversion, diversity, diversify, inadvertent, invert^ in-
verse, inversion, malversation, obverse, pervert, perversa, re-
vert, reverse, subvert, subversive, tergiversation,^ transverse,
traverse, universe, universal, university, divorce, vortex, kc,
Venie, true. Veracity, veracious, verdict,* verify, veri-
similitude, verity, very, verily, aver,* average,* kc
^ Tergivertationt literally a turning of the bade upon.
From tergum, the back, and verto, to turn.
ld3
LATIN ROOT&
TMligiiai, a {ooi^p^ t^ IrtiM. Vestige, inveefciga£e^ &o.
Vettii, » garinent or robe. Yesi, vestment, vestry,*
yei^ire, divest, invest, mvestment, investiture, &c.
Vetni (vetSrisV old. Veteran, inveterate^ Ac.
Via, a way, VJadocV viaticum, deviate, devious, obriate,
obvious, pervious, previous^ trivial^* c^ivoy, Voyage,* v^n*-
deviating, Ate.
Vibr^k to osoillata VibnUbe, vibration, vibratory, kc
VMU^vioS), a^ change or turn, iiisteati of. Viee«versa,
vice-admiral, viceroy, vicegerent^ viscount, vioiisitude,
vicar,* vicarial, vicaricms, &;c. /
Video (visus), to see. VidS, visf^o^,* visard, visible, vision,
visionary, visit, visor,* visual, adverse, advice, evidence,
evident^ invidious, envy, provide, providence, providen*-,
providential provision, provisional, proviso, purvey,* revise,
revisit, si^ierx'isio^, survey,* vedette,* videlicet (viz.), vis-a-
vii,* vista, ko, V
Viduntt empty, bereft. Void, a:»oid, avoidable, devdi'^
widow,*" unavoidable.
Vigil, watchful Vigils, vigilance, vigilant, revel, ko.
Vigor, str^igth, energy. Vigour, vigorous, &o.
ViUs, of no value ; base. VUe, vilify, villain,* kc.
Vinco (vicius), to conquer. Vincible, victim,* victor,
victory, vanquish, convince, convict, conviction, evince,
evict, eviction, province,* provincial, &c.
ViadioOk to revenge. Vengeance, vindicate, vindictive,
avenge, avenger, revenge, ^
ViaiUVWine. Vine, vineyard, vintage,* vintner, vinegar,
vinous^ viny, wine^* vignette,* &c.
TiolOt to injure, to violate. Violate, violation, violator^
fighno^p Ti<^ent» inviolable, inviolate, &e.
iVlr« »;man^ Viiiley virility^ virago, deoem^vir, kc
-frVlridii^gi«en. V«rda»t, verdure, verdigris,* &;o.
M '^?lil«f» bravery ; any exoellent qui^ty . Virtue, virtuous,
vtrtualt vlrtor virtuoso, ke.
Vinvi* noxieos^icQr poison. Virus, virulent, &;o.
Vitinai, vica Vitiate, vitiated, vice, vicious, kc
Vito, to shun, to avoid. Evitable, inevitable, ko,
Vitrom, glass. Vitreous, vitrify, vitriol, ke.
.^..Vt^nffgrt. to blame^ to abuse. Vituperate, fto.
Vivo (victus), to live* Vivacity, vivacious, viva-voce.
vestry,*
obTJ«te,
ge,* Hn^
iwiitude,
B, vision,
ividence,
ovideii*-,
I* revise,
'„)f vis-a-
rclevoi'^
si, &o.
^c. ■ -
* victor,
evince,
idictive,
viiitgar,
iriolfttor,
c.
irtuous,
QBBSK BOOTS.
193
Tivary, vivid, vivify, vivipftrous, viand,* viotna], viobuJs,*
vital, vitalff, vitality, convivial, revive, inrvive, fto.
Yooo, to call, vocal, vocation, vociferate, vodferons,
advocacy, advocate, avocation, convoke, equivocal, equivo-
cate, evoke, invocate, invoke, provoke, revoke, vocabulary,
vouch,* avouch, vouchsafe, vowel,* ftc.
V<d0» to fly. Volatile, volatility, volatilize, volley,* &c.
Voiii]itui, sensuality, pleasure. Voluptuary, voluptuous,
voluptuousness, &c.
Volvo (volfltus), to roll. Voluble, volubility, volume,*
voluminous, volute, volution, oircumvolve, convolve, convol-
vulus, devolve, evolve, involve, revolve, revolt, valve.*
VoiTO. to devour. Voracity, voracious, carnivorous, devour,
graminivorous, granivorous, omnivorous, &c
Vovoo (votus), to vow. Vow, vot&ry, vote, votive, avow,*
devote, devotee, devotion, devotional, devout, &c.
Vnlgill, the common people. Vulgar, vulgarism, vulgarity,
vu^te, diivulge, promulge,* promulgate, &c.
Vulnns (vumfiris), a wound. Vulnerable, iiivuliLerable»
invulnerability, invulnerableness, &c.
GREEK E00TS.1
Aer, the air. Aerial, air, idry, aeriform, airiness, aerify,
aerolite, aeronaut, ko.
Agg9ilo (ang-el-lo), to bring tidings. Angel,* angelic,
evangelist, evangelioal, evangelise, kc
Ago, to drive or leacL Demagogue, paragoge,* ftc.
Agon, a writhing and twisting, as of wrestiers ; a straggle,
a contest. Agony, antagonist, antagonistic, &c.
Agora, a place for puUic assemblies ; an oration. Alle-
gory, allegorical, eatery, categorical, panegyric, &c.
Akono, to hear. Acoustics, diacoustics, otacoustic
Alios, another. Allegory, allegorical, parallel, &c.
AnomoB, the wind. Anemone', anemometer, &c.
ra-vooe,
^ For the pronunciation of Greek words, see note \ page 152.
#
lU
ORBSR ROOTS.
Anthropoi, a man. Misanthropy, philanthropy, fto.
Arohaioi. ancient. ArchaBology, archaic, archives, Uo*
Aroh^,' the beginning; government. Archetype, atiarohy;
hierarchy, monarch, olTgarchv, patriarch, tetrarch.
ArlgtM, the best, the noblest. Aristocracy, aristocrat.
Arithmoi, number. Arithmetic, logarithms, &c. ^
Asiron, a star. Astral, astrology, astronomy, asterisk.
AulOs, a pipe. Hydraulic, hydraulics, &c.
Autos, one s self. Autobiography, autocrat, autograph,
|fe, automaton, autopsy, &;c.
BallO, to cast, l^olt, bolus, emblem,* emblematic, hyper-
bole, parable, parabola, problem,* symbol, &c.
Balnunon, balm. Balsam, balsamic, balm, embalin, &o.
Bapto or BaptiM, to dip, to baptize. Baptize, &c^
BarOfl, weight. Barometer, baryta, barytone, &c.
^BatU, the foot ; the lowest part, the foundation. Base,
basement, baseness, bass, debase, surbase, &6.
BiblOB, a book. Bible, biblical, bibliographer, bibliopole
or bibliopolist. bibliomania, bibliotheke, &;c.
Bioa, life. Biography, amphibious, autobiography, &c
BotanS, an herb. Botany, botanic, botanist, &c.
Bronchos, the windpipe. Bronchial, bronchitis, ko.
Character, a mark. Character, characteristic, &c.
Charis (charYtos), love, grace. Charity, eucharist, &c.
Chair, the hand. Chirurgeou * or surgeon, chiragra, &c.
Choli', bile, anger. Cho&, choleric, melancholy, &c#
Chorda, a gilt, a string. Chord, cord,* cordon, &;c. ^
Chri8toiB,anokited. Christ, Christiim,Cliristianity,Chris|-:
mas, (^rism, unchristian, ^o.
ChroWMi, time. Chronic, chronicle,* chronolqg^^ &o.
Chrosos, gold. Chrysalis, chrysolite, &c.
Chnlos, chyle. Chylous, chylaceous, &;c.
Chumos, juice (from cheOf to melt, or pour). Chyme» che-
mistry, ch^nist, chemical, alchymy, &;c.
DainiOii, a spirit, a demon. Demoniac, pandemonium.
Damao, to tame, to subdue. Adamant, diamond,* &c.
^ Archil, —Am aguide to the pronuDciation,the efinal is marked
short, though it is long in the original (n). Hee note *, p. 152.
iS?"
OBBBK ROOTS.
195
IHat» ten. De«ade, decagon, deoilogae, &o.
Dtmos, the people. Demagogue, democracy, demoorai,
democratic, endemic, epidemic, &c.
Dendron, a tree or shrub. Dendrite, dendrolite, &c.
Despdtef) a maHter, a tyrant. Despot, despotism, &c
DUita, food, regimen. Diet,* dietary, dietetic, ko.
Diploma (literally a duplicate), a letter or writing con-
ferring tome privilege. Diploma, diplomacy, &;c.
Dis, di, twice. Dilemma, diphthong, dimeter, kc.
Dogma, an opinion. Dogma, dogmatic, &c. ; Doxa, an
opinion, belief. Heterodox, orthodox, paradox, &c.
DotOB, given. Dotal, dose,* anecdote,* antidote, &c.
Drama, a play. Drama,* dramatic, dramatist, &o.
Diromps, a race-course. Dromedary, hippodrome, &a
Droi, an oak. Druid, druidical or druidic, dryad, kc
I^iUiainis, power, force. Dynamics, dynamic, dynasty.
Dos, in, difficult. Dysentery, dyspepsyi kc.
Eccleiia, the church. Ecclesiastic, ecdesiastical.
Echeo, to sound, to echo. Echo, catechise, &;c.
Bido, to see : Eidos, a form, figure, or likeness, tdol,
idolater, idolize, idea, cycloid, asteroid, spheroid, kc.
Elao (elaso), to drive, to impel. Elastic, elasticity, kc
Electron, amber. Electric, electricity, &c.
"Eleemosyne, pity. Eleemosynary, ahns, * kc.
Emeo, to vomit. Emetic, emetioal, &c.
Epos, a word. Epic, orthoepy, orUioepist, ^c.
ErimOB, desert, solitary. Eremite, hermit,* ke.
Ergon, a work. Chirurgeon * (surgeon), enwgy, &e.
Etb&OS, a nation. Ethmc, ethnical, heathen,* kc
Ethos, custom, manners. Ethics, ethic, ethical, kc
Etumos, true, lltymon, etymology, etymological, kc
Eu, well. Eucharist, eulogy, euphony, evangelist, &c.
Gkuneo, to marry. Amalgam, amalgamate, bigamy, kc
Gaster, the jatomach. Gastric, gastronomy, &c.
Ge, the earth. Geography, geology, geometry, &c.
Qenea, a race, a descent : Genos, genus, kin. Genealogy,
Genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, hydrogen.
Glotta, or glossa, the tongue. Polyglot, gloss, glossary.
Glupho, to CM*ve or engrave. Glypl^ hieroglyphics, kc
Goxda, a corner, an angle. Diagonal, hexagon, kc.
Grapho, to writ# Graphic, autograph, biography, geo-
i2
196^ GRBSK ROOT&
gnphy, hvdrogi«phy, lithography, orthograjAy, paragirft^
Btenography, telegraph, topography, typoffraphy, so. :
Gramma, a letter. Grammar, anagram, aiagram, epi-
gram, parallelogram, programme, telegram, &c.
Gnni, a woman. Gynarchy, gyneocracy, misogynist.
OfyxvM, a ring, a circle. Gyration, veer,* envh-on,* &c.
Haima, blood. Hematite, hemorrhage, &c.
Haireo, to take, to take up an opinion. Heresy, heretic,
aphseresiSji dieeresis, synseresis, &c.
Htbdomai, a week. Hebdomadal, &c.
Hecaton, a hundred. Hecatomb, &o.
Hedra, a seat, a chair. Cathedral, chair,* &c
Helioa, the sun. Heliacal, aphelion, &c.
HteBm, a di^. Ephemera, ephemeral, ephemerii, ft^
Seminis, half. Hemi, hemiorany, megrim, ko. '^^
•pta, seven. Heptagon, heptachord, heptarachy, fta
Httroi, a hero. Hero^ heroine, heroic, heroism, &c
Heteros, another. Heterodox, heterogeneous, ftb.
Hex, six. Hexagon, hexameter, &c.
Hiwoi, sacred. Hierarch, hierarchy, hieroglyphic, Sbo,
HippoB, a horse. Hippopotamus, hippodrome, &c,
H<d08, the whole. Catholicon, &c.,
Homes, like. Homogeneal, homologous, &;c. ^
Mora, an hour. Horur, horologe, horoscope, ko.
HaroB, a boundary. Horizon, horizontal, aphorism, &,c.
Hudor, water. Hydraulics, hydrogen, hydrophobia,
hydrostatics, dropsy,* hydrodynamics, water,* kc,
HttgTM, moist. Hygrometer, hygroscope, &c.
Hunran, the god of marriage. Hymen, hymeneal, &<V/
HnamoB, a sacred song. Hymnic, hymn, anthem, ko.
IduuM, a footstep, a track. Ichneumon,* ichnography.
Ichtliiia, a fish. Ichthyology, ichthyophagist, kc.
Idea, a mental image. See Eido.
Idioe, peculiar. Idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, &c.
Idolen, an image or idol. See under Eido.
Ikon, an image or picture. Icon, iconoclast, ko.
Isoe, equal. Isosceles, isothermal, ice,* ko.
B^ato, (kauso), to bum. Caustic, cauterize, ko.
KftkOB, bad. Cacodemon, cacoethes, kc.
Kales, beautiful. Caligraphy, kaleidoscope, ko.
Kalapto (kalupso), to cover, to concJn. Apocalypse.
igraph,
. Ac;,
%f epi-
nist.
1,* &0.
leretlc,
c, ftc
hobia,
&0*'
*aphy.
GRBBK KOOTSb
1»7
KanSn, % rale. Canon, canonfeal, eanonlse^ k6.
Kathairo, to cleanse. Oathartle, cikthartical, k^ '*^
Xentron, a goad, a point, the oentre. Centre^ t)eato)oaI«
cento,* ftc. See Centrum, page 161.
KephalC, the head. GepniSic, hydrtee^lialus, k6.
Keras, a horn. Cerastes, nionooerous, rh&iooerosi ^<y.
Slerof, a lot. Cleric^ clergy, clerk,* &o.
KHinaT, a ladder ; a gradual aacent or riahig. Cliaiax,
^climacteric, anticlimax, climale, &;ow
Klino, to bend) to incline. Clinic, clin!cal, kc,
X^bM^ common. CeHobite, cenobitical, epicene, &a
Kolon, a limb^ a ineinber,.a atop ; alao^ the ua^gest of the
intestines. Colon, oolic, &oi
XOmM, a jovial meeting. Oomie, comical, eomecly, kc*
Xfinos, a tone. Oonk^ conical, Ac
XoptO, to cot. Apocnpe, syncope, chop, &e.
IEmiem, order, YHrnament; alto^ the -world. O s wn et i c,
tosmogony, cosmopolitan, cos^nomma, doo.
KttjiUm, the sk«ill. Orantmn, cvaniology, megrim,* kc
Xiftfia, temperament, coastitntion. See nnder Idiot.
Kratos, power. Aristocxoey, democracy, theocracy, &c.
Xrind, to ^fl or sepaiaibe ; to judge : Krites, a judge, a
critic. Critic, critical, criticise, criticism, critique, critcurion,
hypercritical, crisis,* hypocricfy, ko,
KrnptO, to hide. Crypt, cryptogamic, &pocr3^ha, ftc
Knlaos, a circle. . Cycle, Cyclop?(, encyclopedia, kc, .
Xnlindbrot, a roller. Cylinaer, cylindncal, ko.
EnOn, a dog. Cynic, ^nical, cynosure,^ kc.
Lambo (or Lambano), to take. Astrolabe, syllable^ ko,
Laoa, the people. Lay, laity, laic, layman, Ac.
Lataria, service, worship. Idolater, idolatry, ko.
Lego (lexo), to say ; to read ; to gather or select. Lexi-
con, dialect, dialectics, eclectic.
ecl<^t
Leipo (leipso), to leave out. Edipse,' ellipsis, kc.
Logo
^ Cj^nosure.— See the "Dictionary of Derivations.'^pflp268.
3 Eclipse means a leaving out or defioiency* as of lighi; andL
Ellipse is another form of the same word. In m^king^^^pse,
we leave out, as it were, a part of the radius, not gimg the
full sweep of thigpompasses, as in a circle. An elliptical
orbit and an ellip^al sentence have each something l^ out.
#
m
OBBBK ROOT&
Lillil, forgetfoliMM, dMth. L«Ui«, leUwigy, ka.
LltlMMil, A 9^on9, Lithography) lithotomy, Aerolite, Jee.
laOgOi, » word, a diioouriie, reason, iioience. Logi^i Ipga-
rithm, logomachy, analogy, anthology, apology, attroloj^y,
chronology, demonology, dor.olugy, etymology, genealogy^
geology, meteorology, mineralogy, mythology, ornithology,
osteohtgy, pathology, philology, phrenology, physioU^y, tau-
tology, theology, zoology, apologue, caUdogue, de<»dogue,
dialogue, epilogue, prologue, &c.
■%\ Luo (luMo), to loose. Analyse, analysis, analytic, analy-
tical, paralysis, paralyse, palsy,* &c.
IbohA, a battle. Logomaofay, sciomaohy, &;c.
Kailia» madoess. Mania, maniac, bibliomania, &o.
HmfciKi profibe^y dtYination. Neoromaucy, &c.
MAriur, a witness, » martvr. Mmrtyr, martyrdom, &c.
■atlUhnt, learning. Mathematics, mathematician, ko.
Mi|fl|uiian^ to oontrlTe, to invent. Mechanics, mechanic,
maohine,^ lyMM rhaniffnii Jbo*
lililMI (mdan)^ black. li^Iancholy, ftc. See Chole,
Mtfot* a sweet sound, a tune, song. Melody, melodiofus,
melodrama^ philomel, ke. See Ode,
Mirto^^tp, a metaL Metal,* metallingy, metalloid, ^c.
^iHsMra, luminous bodies in the air or sky. Meteor,
meteoric, meteorology, lueteoroic^ical, &,c.
HAtor, a mother. Metropolis,* metropolitan. &c.
jletnui, a measure. Meter, metro, metrical, barometer,
^ chron<Mneter, diameter, gasometer, geometry, micrometer,
symmetry, thermometer, trigonometry, ^a
KUdnm^ small. Microcosm, microscope, omikron, ^C
y^B, an imitator, a buffoon. Mimic, pantomime, &c.
hfttlKK}, Misanthropy, misogamist, &c
'(i)[^xfaQ| mneso), to remind, to remember. Mnemo-
fiic^ mi^en^i^ic, amiiesty, ko.
^HoilbQfy alQi^e. Mqpk,* p[>Qnarch, n^onody, monogamist,
monopoly, monas^ry, mqi^ptqi^y, Ac,
Horphe, shape^ foray, ^fel^n^prphpse, amorphous^ ko*
Ma&bs, a worc^, a fal^e. lifyth, R)y|hplp^, &a
Mioiof, ten thoiisand. Myriad, niyvituofuff^me, ko*
Mans, a ship : nautes, a sailor. Nausea,* nau8e,%|§, Dftutl*
pat nautilus, aeronaut. Argonauts, ko.
NekrOB, dead. Necropolis, ko. SoeWanteia.
~Ji
#
ORBBK IlOOTSf
/
199
( f
N«0l, new. Neolo^, neophyttj Naplei, new,^ ke.
NeiM, Ml island. Chenonesus, Peloponneiui, kc
Vwxcn, ft nerve, Neuritlgift, perve, enervftte, &o.
Nomoi, ft Iftw. Deuteronomy, ftstronomy, ke.
NoMMi, ft diseftse. Kosology, noeolofficftl, &a
Odft, ft Bong. Ode, palinode, oomedy, melody, monody,
parody, proeody, psalmody, rhapsody, to.
Odoi, ft wfty. Episode, Exodus, method,* period, period!-
cal, periodic, synod, kc,
OUcot, aliouse. Economy, diocese, parish,* kt,
Oligoi, few. Oligarchy, oligarchicfti, kc
Onuilot, like, reguliur. Anomalous, ftnomaly, &e.
Ononui, ft nftme. Anonymous, synonymous, ftc
Optomai, to see. Optic, optics, synopsis, dt«psy,* ke,
Orinia, the thing seen, a sight CosmorftOki, diotamai
dioramic, panorama, panoramic, ke,
Qrganon, an instrument. Organ, organic, organise, ko*
prkO!i, ftn oath. Exorcise, exorcism, &c.
Omli (omlthos), a bird. Ornithology, ke,
OxpluUKMi, bereft of parentft. Orphan, orphanage, ke,
OraiOf, straight, right. Orthodox, orthctapraphy, ftc. r
Osteta, a bone. Osteology, periosteum, sc.
Ofltnikon, a shell. Ostracism, oyster,* ftc
Ouranos, heaven. ^ Uranus, ouranography, ke.
0x118, sharp, add. Oxalic, oxyde, paroxysm, ftc.
Pais (paidos), a boy : Paideia, instruction. Pedagogue,
pedagogy, cyclopeedia, ftc. See Affo.
PaJaios, ancient, old. Paleography, paleology, paleon-
tology, paleosaurus, paleotherium, ftc.
PaplUI, a father. Papa, papal, pi^pacy. Pope, ftc.
Pas (pantos), all. Panacea,* pandect, panegyric, pano-
ply, panorama, pantheon, pantomine, ftc
PaJMiba, the passover. Paschal, pasque-flower, ftc.
Pateo,. to tread, to walk about. Peripatetic, patrol,, jpc
Pathos, feeling. Pathetic, apathy, antipathy, ftc
Peptos, cooked, digested. Dyspepsy, ftc. See Dj^,
PetalOB, a leaf. Petal, apetalous, bipetalous, ftp.
Petra, a rock. Peter, saltpetre, petrify, ftc.
Pha^,toeat. Anthropopiiagi, sarcophagus,* ftc
Phaino, to shine, to appear. Phantasm,* fancy,*^ fan*
tasy, fantastic, pluuie, epiphany, ftc.
^
200
CLREEK. BQ0T9.
:^0
it.
Phumakon,. a drug. Pbarmaoj, phariaocopoeia, $c-
Phemi, to sa;^, to speak. Blaspheme, blasphemy, em^
phasis, emphatic, prophet, euphemism, &c.
Phero, to carry. Metaphor, paraphernalia,* &c.
Phiios, one who loves. I'hilanthropy, philanthropic, phil-
ology, pMloBophy, Philadelphia, &c.
PhonS, voice. I'honic, euphony, symphony, &a
Phita (photos),- l%ht. Phosphonis, pho^horic, phosphu*
ret, photogenic, photog:«pfay, photograph, &c
Pfaraiii. a phinMQ, a saying. Phrase, antiphrasfs, meta-
phrase, paraphrase,, periphrase, &c. -r^
Phreiv the mind. Phrenetic, phrenology, frantic, k&^^
P1itho]i0OS, a- soumf. Diphthong, triphthong, &c
PhoUon, a leaf. Aphyllous, monophyllous, &c.
Phii^» nature. Phytic, physfcs, metaphysics^ &c*
Phtitoii, a plant Zooph^, neophyte, &a
Plani, wandering. Planet, planetaiy, &o.
PlasBO, to form in clay. Plastic, plaster, &e.
Pleo, to fill. Pleon|Mtic, pleonastical, pleonasm^ ||0.
Plethos, fulness. Plethora, plethoric, &c. Tn ^
PleiM (plex9)i to strike. Apoplexy, apoplectic, ko. ) v
Pnenxha (pneum&to3)» air, breath. Pneumatics, &c, .^^
Poieo, to make. Poem, poet, onomatopoeia, 4e)C. ^Jq
P61«mo8» wajv Fblemics, polemical, &c. ^^iii^^D ^
Poleo, to seIT« Mont)poly„* bibliopolist, &c. '\ '.",.
Polii, a cit^. Police^* policy, politics,* metropolis,*
Acropolis, Helibpolis, Adrianople, Constantinople, &c» ^^
Poiil9, many. Polyanthus, polyglot, Folynesia, &c. , - ||L
Pompa, a graticP procession. Pomp, pompous, &c. ' . ^^
Poros, a pore, a passage. Fore, porous, emporium, &<^ '^
^otamOB, a river. Hippopotamus, Mesopotamia.
Pons (pocos), a foot. Antipodes, polypus, tripod, &c. »:^
PralctOB, done : Ptasso^ to do. Practis^ practice, prag- *
matic,* praxis, imprapticable. Sec.
FrMbutdro^; elder. Presbyter, presbytery, presbyterian,
presbyterianism, priest,* ftic
Prolbii, first, rrotocol,* protomartyr, prototype, dfcc.
Psallo, to sing, to play. Psalm, psalter, Ac. ^ \.1^4^«i.
PaeudOB, false. Pseudograph, pseudo-prophH, £c.
Ptoitia, a fall. Symptom,* symptomatic, &c.
Pur, fire. Pyre,* pyramid, pyrites,, empyrean, &o.
»#
)»
&0.
IQllBBR UdOTa
m
i^X
'Rhapto (rhapBo), to sew or stitch together. Itbapso^.
Bheo, to flow. Rhetoric, rheum, rheumy, rheuinatimn,
catarrh, diarrhoea, hemorrhage, &c.
Rhodon, a rose. Rhododendron. See Dendron.
Rhombof, a whirling jnotion ; a rhomb. ,Rhomb, %o.
Ruthmoi, measured time, harmony. Rhythm, rhyme.
Bars, flesh. Sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus,* &c.
banroi, a lizard. Sauroid, ichthyosaurus, j^lesiosa^afos,
mcgalosaurus, geosaurus, hylseosaunus, ^e.*
Schema, a plan, a design. Scheme, schemer, ^.
Schismi^ a division. Schism, schist, schistou«y &c.
Sites, com, bread. Parasite,* parasitic, &c.
SkandalOB, a stmmbIing-block|«ffeL!C'i,disgrac^. Scandal,
scandalous, scandalize, &o.
SkenQ, a tent, the lEitage. Bcene, scenic, soebfliy, fte; .
Skeptomai, te ^consider, .to dou'bt. Sceptic, sceptical. '-
Skia, a shadow. Antiscii, asoii, sciomachy, &c.
Skopeo, to view. Scope, kaleidoscope, microscope, tele-
scope, episcopacy, bishop,* &;c
Sophia, wisdom. Sophist, sophistry, philosophy, &c.
Spao, to draw: spasma, a drawing, or contraction.
Spasm, spasmodic, antispasmodic, &c.
8penna« seed : speiro, to sow. Sperm, spenm^tic,
'Upermaceti,'* sporadic, spore or sporule, &C. ' *
.Sphaira, a globe. Sphere, spheroid, atmo^ere, tftc.
. ^^Bplen, the milt or spleen. Spleen, splend^c, &c. - ,~
wiSp(Knsia, a sponge. Sp<wige, spongi<ne, spongy, &»:" * .^
'^'' BtenOB, short, narrow. Stenography, Ac. *"
Stasia, a standing. Statics, statistics, a^stasy, apostate,
ecstasy, hydrostatics, system, Ac.
Stello, to send. Apostle, epistle, peristaltic, &o.
Stereos, firm, solid. Stereography, stereotype, &c.
Stichos, a rank, a line, a verse. Acrostic,"' distich.*
Stigma, a brand or mark of infamy. Stigma,* stig-
matic, stigmatize, stimulus,* &c.
Biiuaj a porch. Stoic,^ stoical, stoicism, &e.
7 'i^'t
•#*
^ Zeno, the founder Of the Stoic philosophy, taught in fb
porch in Athens. Hence '
name.
i3
•
202
GRBSK BOOTS.
9toilia» the stouMoh) tho mouth. Stomachy stomaohio.
StratoBi an army. Stratagekn, statocracy, &c.
Strophi, a turning. Apostrophe, catastrophe, &o.
StulOB, a pillar or column ; a style or sharp-pointed in-
strument for writing with. Style,* stiletto, &c.
Taphos, a tomb. Epitaph, cenotaph, &c. i
TasBO (taxo), to put in order, to arrange. Tactics, tac-
tician, syntax, syntactical, &c.
TautM, the same. Tautology, tautophony, &c.
T^Mdnid, an art. Technical, technology, polytechnic,
Tectoni an artist, a builder. Architect, &c.
Tel^, afar. Telemm, telegraph, telescope, &c. '^
TraaJBO, to out. See under Tome.
Tbanma, a wonder. Thaumaturgy, &c. See Ergon.
Tli»aoMfi<j, to see. Theorem,^ theory, theoretical, theorist,
&o. : ^Theatron, a theatl-^. Theatre, theatrical, &c.
Tkek0, a place where any thing is deposited, a *%<^re.
Apothepaiy, bibliotheke, bibliothecal, &c. ':*
TheoB, God. Theocracy, theolc^, theologian, theologi-
cal, apotheosis, atheism, atheist, atheistical, pantheist, pan-
theon, ^lytheism, Theophilus, Timotheus, &c.
Thenoii, a wild beast. Dinotherium, megatherium, pal-
«otheriiiai, ^q. See Palaios.
Tkuaanibt heat. Thermometerj thermal, isothermal, iso-
therm, ^niermopylse,' &c ^ i--
Tlmulot, a seat. Tlirone, dethrone, enthronement, ao. t
TlthMni, to put or place : Thesis, a placing. Theme, the-
sis, anathema, antithesis, epenthesis, epithet, hypothesis,
metathesis, nomothetic, parenthesis, synthesis, &c.
TQmii, a cutting, a section, a division. Tome, atom,
anatomy, epitome, lithotomy phle1>otomy, &o. ^ ^^
ToiUNi, tension or stretching, a tone or sound. Tone, tcoic^
tune, barytone, mcmottttle^ Bemitbne, ftc.
TopOB, a place. Topic, topical, topically, topography,
topographical, topographer, Utopian,* &c.
1 Theorem,— ^e the "Dictionary of Derivations,"
page 272.
* TAermopytor.— From this root and pyli^ a gate or past-^
in allusion to the hot springs near it. Our word warm is
evidently from the same root {tfierme)*
GR^ Ik ROOTS.
203
TnifM, » go«l.^ Tragedy, tngediaii, tvaglo, ftte.
Ttapen, a t^ble, a quadrilateral figure. Trapezium,
trapesed, trapaaoidal, fte.
Tropoi, a taming. Trope, tropie, heliotrope, kc.
Tnpoi, an impression, a mark, a type. T>-p6, typicid,
^yP^fyt ^ypog^P^Ji prototype, stereotype, &c.
TnimiUMMi, a ruler, a Idi^ a despot l^yrant, tjiatinioal,
tyrannous, tyranny; tyrannize, ko*
Xolon, woNod. Aylogn4>hy, zvlographic, &c.
Zelos, ardour, zeal. Zeal, zealoas, zealot, &c. . r» •^-.^a.
28(m, an animal. Zodiac, zodiacal, zoology, zoolo^ctu,
zoologist, zootomy, zoophyte, &c
'^iDT#i■ ««
':^i^^
'-;t ■■
n..v,ai.'
ANGLO-SAXON 1tOOT&
Generally speaking, English words 'vrhicli are not
derived from Latin or Greek, are from ANGLO-8AX02f'
Boots. But as few of these Boots have more tlian one
or two DERIVATIVES in English,it is obvious that young
persons would cain little or nothing by learuix^thjem.
Witji Latin aua Greek Boots it is quite different) for^
by learning them the pupil will, witkout any additional
trouble, become acquainted, at least in a general wav,^
with whole families of words. In fact, it may be said
that a ^oung person who learns An^lo-Sazon Boots
lUhes with a hook, and draws in at most but one word'^
at a time ; but in learning Latin and Greek Boots, he
uses a net, and at one cast draws in a whole multitude
of words. Hence it is not thought necessary to insert
here a collection of Anglo-Saxon Boots ; but sliould
the teacher wish to make use of them, lie will find in
tlie Author's ** Manual of Etymology," page 126, a
Ji:st of all those which have more than two or three
DERIVATIVES in our language.
^ Tragoi. — From this root, and 6dS, a song, tragedy is de-
rived, which originallj meant a feast in honor of Bacchui,
at which a goat was sacrificed with singing and danohig.
♦■
204
CELTIC AND ANGLO-SAXON BOOTS.
PBINOIFALLT THOSE FROM WHICH THE NAMES OF PLACES IK
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND ARE DERIVED.
[In the Author '■ Dietionarp of Derivations, under the head
of ** Geographic^ Etymologies," these roots, and the names^
of the places derived from them, are more faUy explained.]
«A
nvf,
OBLTIO ROOTS.
Ab«r, the mouth of a river ; as Aberdeen^ AhergAV&myi^
"Lbehaher, ftc. See Inver.
Mgh, afield; a» Ardo^A,^ Glaro^^ ftc.
Alp, high ; as "the Al^" and Slieye-Alp (in Majo).
AjA, high ; a height, a promontory ; as Ardaghf Ardtert,
Ardglsaa, Avdmoref ke.
Ath, |b ford ; as in iit^boy, A^enrjf AtKloae, ^^Aleague,
Ath^, See Aug^
Andhter, the summit or top of the height ; as AuekUrtkrder,
and Ouisr^terard. f.
Angli, a corruption of a^; as ilu^Anacloy, Aughmore, Ao»'
ATOn, water, a river ; as the Avom in England, &&
Bmh, white ; as Kendoan, Stra5ane, kc }
Bul, BftU, Ballji a tewnland, a township, a viUage, a town ^
as Bo^briggaii^ SttKinahfll, .6^i%more, &c. ^ v^
Bag» small or little ; as BrMnft^, Ennisft^, ftc. ' ^'^
BM, the mouth of the ford, or the entrance of a river ; a^
Jl^fas<^ ^^mullet, ^nitorbet, fte. '^
Bea, Bbq# a monutaiii, a promontory, or headland $ as Ben-
gore, S^more, Pcnmaenmaur, &». t'ti
Blair, a plain deared oif woods ; as Btairit Moor, Elair-
athol, ArdUatr.
Bonis, Bnrris, the Irif^h form of hurgeta or Iwroughi
^orric-in-Ossory, J5orrMokane, ^om«oleigh.
Boy, yellow ; as ^o^^anagh, Athftoy, Bawn&oj^,^ ClaneSoy.
Brough, a fort or enclosure of earth, like Lis and Ratfu
(The old Irish form was hrurfh, which is evidently from
Burghf by metathesis.)
^ Ardagh, that is, the> high field. The full explanation of
all the words which foUow wiULbe £ouud. in. the " Dictionary
ofDerivat^Bfu" j*,>wi
w
OBLTIO BOOTS.
205
S.
KB nr
liead
ames^
led.]
any.
Kert,
kgue,
rder^
■i
P.
; as
^
«*■
of
try
*»
Bon, the mouth or end of a river ; as Biinorana, fundoran,
^unduff, Punratty.
Gar, Caer, Cahir, a fort; ai Ozrlisle, Carnarvon, Cahir,
CoAtrciveen.
Caini, Cam, a conical heap of gtones, generally monu-
mental ; also a mountain, properly one with a cairn on
the top ; as Catrngaver, Cairngorm.
Cam, crooked, bending ; as Camlough, Camolin, Cambui^
kenneth, Camfttmnore.
Clar, a board, a table, a level ; as Clare, C7aragh, CSara,
Ballyc^rc, &;c.
don, a lawn, a meadow, a plain ; as C^onard, CTones, don"
gowes, CUmnxel, ClontKtf, &c.
Qough, Clogh, a stone, a stone house, a strong or fortified
house ; as C^u^Ajordan, Cloghui, Cloffkeen, Cloghna^iltj,
Clogher.
Craig, Carrick, a rock, a rocky place, a craggy or rocky
r hill ; as the Craig of Ailsa, C>'a^ngower, Ccirricit-a-rede,
CarricHergus, Ballycrat^, &;c,
Croom, Cnun, crooked, or bending; as Croom, Macroom,
Crumlin.
' Cnl, the back or hinder part, a recess, an angle or corner ;
as CWtra, Cu/more, CWross, Coferaine.
Derry, Dare, the oak, an oak wood ; as BalUn(2erry, Lon-
donderrgt Kildare, &c.
Dhu, black ; as AirdcUtu, DAtdsk, Roderick-DAu, Douglass,
i>«&lin, Annac2t^, &c.
Brum, a ridge, a back, a hill ; as DrumhOf Drumheg, Drom-
ore, Dunc^m, &c.
Jhm, a fort, a fort on a hill, a hill, a fortified residence, a
place of abode, a town. Hence i>unbar, Dtenblane,
Ihmdalk, Dungannon, Dunmore, i>u»keld, iHtnbarton,
2>0Kmpatrick, Clifton Dmons, Cla.rendon, Croydon, Cha-
te&ndon, &c.
Fer, a man ; as Fermanagh, /Vrmoy, JFWmoyle, &c.
Pin, white, fair ; as i^tntona, JFYnvoy, &c.
Gall, a stranger or foreigner. This term seems to imply
. west or western; as in Ga^l, Gavl, Galwaiyf Cotto way,
Wales (Pay de GaUes), Cornwall, See.
Inis, Innis, Ennis, Inch, an island, a place nearly or occa-
sionally surrounded by water; as Ennis, ifnm>more,
Ennisheg, /nntshowcn, Inch, /noAbeg, /iicAmore, /ncA-
keith, BallinabincAy KiHinchy, rn^«mock, &c.
206
CBLTIO AND ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS.
IftTor, the mouth of a river ; as Inver, Invermoref Inter'
ness, Rossinver. Compare Aher.
Ken, Kin, the head, a headland or cape; as JTmmore, Ken"
mare, Kinross, j^insale, Canty re, &c.
Kill, a edit ^ cloister, a church, a chtirch-yard, or burying-
plaoe ; as Jr?7kenny, JTtZpatrick, A'i^bride, ATt/more, Kil-
mamock, &;c. KuL also means {coHle) a wood^ in many of
the names in which it occurs. (Thus, Ballinaiki?^ might
be the town of the churchy or of the wood.)
K&oo, a hill; as the Knockt iTnocArbreda, ATnocXwaim, Knodk-
duff, irnocA;roe, &c.
Un, Lyn, a deep pool, particularly one formed b^w a
waterfall ; as Camo^in, Crum^m, Dublin, Ros/tn, Lynn-
Regis or King*s-Z^nn, GhateauZtit) &c.
Hagb, a plain ; as Magher&f Magkerahegj Magherajnovef
JMagheraMn, JIfacroom, ilfa^ooth, &c.
Moliej, a shrubbery, a brake ; as Moneyhegt Money
Ballymonf^, Gammon^;/, &c.
Hor, More, great; as ilfoT^ecaim, Arranmor^, Ballyanor^,
Benmore, Duninoi*tf, Strathwore, Penmaenmaw, ftc.'^'
Moy, another form of magh, a plain ; as ifoycullen, Mpy-
cashel, JHfoynalty, &c ^^,
Mull, a bald or bare head, a bare headland ; as the 3fuU
of Gantyito, the MuU of Cralloway, &c.
Mnlleii, a mia; as MvUingM, itfJmtra, &c. Wi» .
Rath, an earthen fort or mound ; as Hathheg^ Rathtnorer
Ro8, Ross, a promontory or peninsula ; a^ jRom, the Eoaset,
i^Mtbeg, JRoMmore, Kinross, Muckross, Melrose, &c
Sleivo, a mountain; as /SIftetvbawn, 5?iev«roe, &c.
Strath, a long and broad valley, through which a river
generally flows ; as iSitra^ven, iSi^ro^^more, Strath^eldBay,
nra, a strand ; as jTralee, T/-amore, Ballintm, Gultra.
ANGLO-SAXON BOOTS. ^^-
Ac, an oak; as ^ttcil;land, Ackworth, ^xholm.
Athel, noble ; as Athding, the title of the heir-apparent
to the Saxon crown. Hence also Athdney (the island
• of nobles), in Somersetshire.^ ft."
1 Where Alfred and his nobles concealed themselves from the
Daues.
AMOLO-BAJCOM ROOTS.
207
,¥»■
■ «
«
Btry, BnTiTi Burgh, Borooffh, Bury. The Gr. pwsf9§
(a tower, a castle, a fortified cityi a town) seems to be
the root of all these words. Compare the Celtic i^Kie.
Hence Burgos, Bergen, Prague, Edin^mr^A, &c.
Botl, Botle, an abode or dwelling-place ; as KlbotUe, Har-
bottle, Nevrbottle.
Bume, a stream, a brook, a bourn ; as in Adder^m, Black-
burn, Cran6oitrn, ^umham, Brad&um, Murybone, Hol<
bum, Tyburn, Burton, &c. -
By, Bye, a dwelling or habitation, a village or town ; as in
Apple6t/, Der6^, Fen&^, Kirk5^) Rug&^, Denbigh,
Carr, a rook, a tew; 9a iSlcarborough, and Skerries (rocky or
craggy ialets), f > ^
Ceap, cattle, saleable commodities, sale, bargaining, traffic.
Hence, Ceapian, to buy, to traffic ; and our wordis Cheap,
Cheapen, Chaprntax, and shop. Hence, also, the names
of places remarkable for trade, or where large markets
were heM ; as CAcopside, Chippem^^sn, Copenhagen, &&
Comb, a bellow or low place between hills, a vjdley ; as
AXcomh, Chilcom6, Stanc<mt5, Vfycombe, Yarcom&e, &;c.
Hence, also, Cu?n6erland, that is, t.he land of the i^mhs,
or hollows. In some cases the name of th» owner was
annexed ; as C7om6- Basset, Cbm&-Raleigh. The Welsh
form is ewm; as Ciomneath, Cimnystwith. ^
Cot, CoiiO, a cot or cottage ; as C7oe«wold, Feneo^ Saltcoofo.
Dale, from the Danish dal, or the German thai, a vale ot
^ valley. Hence Avoncfe^or^vebii^b^Olydesiiai^Ke
i>aZke)tfa» baktSiiM^ FtMikelieAa^, ReiheAa^, ftc I>M
is another forttk of dale ; as Arunc^i^, " Dingley^2>ei2."
Den, a deep valley, a valley in a plain ; as .D^bigb, Dib*
cfen, Tenterden, &c. ',fi^vj? u f r* w
Ea, Ey, water, an idand ; as Anglesea, Battersea, Chelseer^
Winchelsea, Bardsey, Ramsey, Shepp€j/, Norderey^, Sou-
derey«, Dalkey, Ely, Faroe, Mageroe, &c.
Ham, a h<»ne or dweUing, a village, a town ; ZTampshire^
J7a»iburg, JETampton. Hence, also, our diminutive noun,
, hamlet, *. i '• v
Hurst, a wood, a forest ; as BradAvrst, BrockAttrs^, &c.
Ing, Inge, a field or meadow, a pasture ; as Reading,
Leamin^on, Whitttn^ham, &;c.
Law, a conical hill, a mount, a tract of ground gently
rising ; as Broad^zc, BerwidL^t&i &c.
m
208
AITGLO-SAXON ROOTS.
Mm, ft sea, a lake, a pool, a manh ; a« Mertiey, Mereitm,
Merton, Merdon, Morton, &b. The root is the Latin
mare, a sea.
HinBter, a moncultery ; as Axmintter, KiddetmintUr, York-
minder, WeatmimUr, Monaderevtan, &o.
Neu, a promontory; as the Ncuse, Blackneit, Caithtien;
Dungenen, LangJieM, &c The root k the Latin noMit,
the note,
Nord, the north ; as i\ ordereys, Nordkjn, NorUm, Nor-
way, JNTorrkopping.
Nether, downward, lower ; as Netherhy, NetherlAndB, &c.
SmlMi, a shrub or bush ; as iSAropshire, iS^rewfbury, &c.
Shire, a division, a share, a shibb or county. Shear, to cut
off, to divide, is from the same root; also sheer, which pro-
perly means that which is divided or separated from every-
thing else ; and hence, unmixed, pure, oleab. Hence,
Mtrbume and Sherhom, that is, dear burn or stream.
Stan, a tk>ne; as Siaines, Stanton or Staunton, Halystone,
Ehrenbreit<fo»n, Frankenttoen, &o. '>
Stede, a stead, a station, a place, a town ; as "Rskvapstead,
HoTstead, Christian«ta^t, Williamstociit, &c. i
Stock, Stoke, Stow, a place, a dwelling ; as i8l{oeX;bridge,
Stoke, Stoke-Foges, Woodstock, Ghepseow, Vadttow, &c.
Strat, a street, a way or road; as in the StraHordB in
England, and /S^roifbally in Lreland. This root is the
Latin stratum.
Bad, Sath, south ; as Sudbvaj, StdHAw, Sudereys, Zuyder-
Zee,ftc.
Thorp, a village ; as Thorp, AMhorp, Bishopt^orp, Altorf^
Dusselcjorf, ke.
Wald, Weald, a wood or forest, a wdd or wild, Hence^
Tfo/den, TTa^^ham, ** the Wealds," the Gotswdd Hills, a
Wick, Wioh, a town ; also, a bay or bend in a river, &c. ;
a harbour. Hence, Alnvrick, BrunsiotciC;, Wanotdb. Nor-
oeridi, Sandu^tcA, Dantzic, Slestm'cik. The root is the
Latin vicus, a street.
Worth, a farm, a village, a town ; as Ajcworth, Glentworf A,
K/snTlworthf Twmmth^ Wthoorth, Wenttc^A, &a
•^m^^m^'i
( 209 )
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES^
The great importance of a knowledge of the Latin
and Greek roots, by which the vocabulary of the
English language has been so much enriched, is now
universally admitted. In almost every spelling-
book and grammar now published copious lists of
them are given ; while English Etymology, pro-
peiiy so called^ is comparatively neglected. It
seems to be forgotten that a similar use may bo
made of primitive English words. In this little
book, from page 56 to 73, and under the head of
English Prefixes and Affixes, from page 149 to
152, several hundred words have been etymologi-
catty explained by merely tracing them to the primi-
tive English words from whictf they are derived.
The following are additional examples: —
Derivative words are formed from their primi-
tives : 1. By the addition of letters or syllablep.
2. By the omission of letters or Billables. 3. By the
interchange of equivalent or kindred letters.
All wokIs havmg prefixes or postfixes, or both,
are examples of the first process. To the examples
given from page 145 to 152, inclusive, the following
may be added : —
■^ ■ ■■*'■■■'_ ^i■^ ' -'y--"' . .:■: '..''mi--'
EXAMPLES OP DERIVATIVE WORDS FORMED FROM THEIR
ROOTS BY THE ADDITION OF LETTERS OR SYLLABLES.
Crack
Cramp
Crumb
Crackle
Crumple
Crumble
Curd
Drip
Fond
Curdle
Dribble
Fondle
210
BNGUSn STTMOLOOtES.
Shove Shovel
Side Sidle
Spark Sparkle
Stray Strajjgle
Stride Straddle
Tluoat Tlirottle '
Track Trickle
Wade Waddle
Whet Whittle
Wink Twinkle
Wrest Wrestle
Wring Wrinkle
Wrong Wrangle
Verbs of this formation are called frkqukntativbr,
beciiuse they imply SLjregnBucy or iteration of small acts.
Nouns of this formation are called diminutives,
because they imply diminution y as
Game
Gamble
Gripe
Hac^
Grapple
Hackle
Hack
Higgle
Nesue
Nest
Nib
Nibble
Pose
Puzzle
Prate
Prattle
Rank
Rankle
Roam
Ramble
Rough
Ruffle
Scribe
dcribble
Set
Settle
Bind
Gird
Hand
Lade
Nib
Round
Ruff
Bundle
Girdle
Handle
Ladle
Nipple
Rundle
Ruffle
Seat
Shoot
Spin
Steep
Stop
Thumb
Tread
Saddle
Shuttle
Spindle
Steeple
Stopple
Thimble
Treadle
Some FRSQUKNTATIVE v«rbfl ar^ fotmbd by adding
er to th9 primitive word I as
Beat Batter Gleam Glimmer '^^
Spit Sputter Wend Wander
Spit Spatter Long linger
Pest Pester Hang Hanker
Climb Clamber Whine Whimper
The large classes of nouns which are formed from the
past participle, and also, from the old form (-elk) of the
third person singular of verbs, are examples of the
second and third process, that is, of contraction, and
interchange of kindred letters.
XKOLIBH 1BTTM0L00I1B8.
211
XXAMPLBS OF NOUNS FORMBD PROM THE PABY
FARTICIPLEB OF VERBS.
Joined
Feigned
Waned
Bended
Rended
Gilded
AVeiglied
Frayed
Mayed
Bnyt'd
Cleaved
Weaved
Thieved
Thrived
Joint
Ffint
Want
Bent
Bent
Qilt
Weight
Fright
Might' '
Bight
Cleft
Weft
Theft
Thrift
Shrived
Drived
Gived
Sieve (Mevfd)
Rived
Graffed
Haved
Haved
Waved
Deserved
Held
Flowed
Flowed
Cooled 1
Shrift
Drift
Gift
Sift
Rift
Gmft
Haft
Heft
Waft
Desert
Hilt
Flood
Float
Cold
EXAMPLES OP NOUNS FORMED BY CONTRACTION FUOM
THE OLD THIRD PERBON SINGULAR OF VERBS.
Healeth
Stealeth
AVealeth
Grow«th
Troweth
Troweth
Breweth
Health
Stealth
Wealth
Growth
Troth
Truth
Broth
Bcareth
Breathetli
Ginleth
Dieth
Tilleth
Smiteth
Mooneth
Birth
Breath
Girth
Death
Tilth
Smith •-»
Month
Some noims have been pimilarlv formed from ad-
jectives; as
Deep
Long
Strong
Young
Merry
Depth
Wide
Length
Ihoad
Strength
Slow
Youtli
Warm
Mirth
Dear
Width
Brea<Uh
Sloth
Warmth
Dearth
^ The ii*i'egular verbs, as tliey are called, are additional
examples of this tendency in the language.
2 *' Whence oometh Smtth, albe he knight or squire.
But from the smith that imUeth at tlie fire." — VertUgan,
212
■NOUP^ BTYM0f.00IB8.
BXAHPLB8 OF THB INTSEuiiANQE OF KINDRED LBTTXRA.
Bake Batch Nick Notch
Wake Watch Nick Niclie
Hack Hatch Stink Stench
Make ' ^i.itch Drink Drench
Break Breach Crook Crouch ^
Speak Speech Mark Marclies
Seek Beseech Stark Starch
Poke Pouch Milk Milch
Dike Ditch Kirk Church
Stick Stitch Lurk Lurch
From the natural * tendency in all languages to nb>
breviationfi, long sounds in simple or primitive words
usually become short in compounds and derivatives.
In tlie lists of words previously given, several examples
may be found ; and the following are additional :
Cave
Game
Vale
Shade
Insane
Nature
Prate
Grain
Vain
Explain
Vifiain
Maintain
Br^ak (a)
Clean
Clean
Heal
C&vity
Gamble
Valley
Shadow
Insanity
Natural
Prattle
GrcKiiary
Vanity
Explanation
Villany
Maint^ance
Breakfast (^)
Cleanse
Cleanly
Health ^
Steal
Weal
Breathe
Dear
Please
Please
Seam
Zeal
Legend
Secret
Deep
Sheep
Spleen
Cr"-ne
Prime
Stealth
W jalth
Breath
Dearth
Pleasant
Pleasure
Sempstress
Zealous
Legendary
Secretciry ^
Depth
Shepherd
Splenetic
Criminal
Primer
*H
i
,11
w
fo
of
w
ti(
CO
tie
IQ(
a
^ BecanBe we wish to communicate our ideas with as much
quickness m poMilble.
■X.
BNOLIBH XTTM0L0GIE8.
2ia
*EM,
ords
ives.
plea
M
'{
Mime
Line
Vine
"Behind
Wind
Wild
Wise
Wise
Michaol
WhiW
« ,'
Mimie
Lineal
Vineyard
Hinder
Windlass
Wilderness
\7i..ftrd
Wh\om
Michaelmaa
WThitbrend
Whitsunday
Fore
Knov"
Holy
Import
Qoose
Coal
Foul
Sour
Boop
House
South
F?^ehead
Ktiuwledge
Holiday
I luportant
Goslinij
Collier
Fulsome
Surly
Burly
Hustin^
Southeny
This is an important principle in prokxjnciation, as
well as in derivation. We sometimes hear the /ore in
/or«head pronounced /owr as in the simple word, instead
of for, as it should be in the compound ; also chdstihf
with the long sound of a, as m chaste instead of
ihdatity^ Compare humane^ humanity ; naiion, na-
tional ; serene, serSiiity ; divine, div&iity ;, conspirCj^
conspiracy ; pronounce, pronunciation,. &c.
In English, as in all other languages, there are/ami"-
tiet of words,, that is, words allied in derivation and
meaning; as
Basis, base, abase, debase, basement.
Beat, batter, battery, bat, baton, beetle.
Bind, band, bandage, bond, bound, boundary, bundle.
BoW) bow.^n, booth {bowethy or made of hoi^ghs), bay..
C vk) creek, crick, crouch, crotchet, crotchety,.
crutch, encroach, encfoachment.
DroP) droop, drip, dribble, dripping, driveL
Feed, food, fodder.
Foot, feet, fetter, fetlock.
Head, heed, hood.
Heal, health, halt, hail (to \Wsh healthy to salute)..'
Slip, slop, slope, slipper, slippery. - >
Spiti spittle, spout, sputter, spatter* ^,
Sup, supper, sop, soup, sip, &a ,^ ^^^ fern fU^ »
I**"
214
EKQLISH BTTMOLOaiES.
Mnny of tlie preceding words are etymologieaUy
explained in the lollowing list :—
» t» i.f i.
hiw
AbaJiOf to hwer ; to debase or degrade.
Abate, to heat down ; to lower ; to lessen or diminislv
Bate ^ is another form of the same word. ^/r
Acorn (ac-co;7i), the corn or berry of the oahj
Compare ^ucA;land, tliat y, OaA;land.
After, a comparative from aft^ behind.
Aldermail, another form of ddcrmf\.\\. Compare
Senator (from the Latin senex, an old man).
Aloft, on loft; that is, lifted up, or on high.
Alone, aU one ; that is, entirely by one's self. "We
sometimes hc^ar " aW " redoubled as "all alone."
Hence, also, Lone^ Lonely^ &c.
Almost, that is, most all; nearly.
Also, that is, 50 aZ/y likewise. '''•^'f ., . ^
Aloof, from all off; that is, entirely off, or away^
from, remote, apart. 1. ' ^ ,.^ ,J , .'w^ Ir >^^'
Amass, to bring to thle wuiirFbr Kea^ *' B'accSiffiffite/
Amount, to wount or ascend. " The amount" is
what the entire mm ascends or rises to. ^ .
Ant, an abbreviation of emmet (emH), ^ ( aii*fTjj?Mtr
Appal, to make paU with fear, to terrify.
Appease, to bring to peace; to pacifi/,
Ai^aise, to set a pnce or value on. | .^ .
Arrears, that portion which remains (in the rear)
5e^ina or unpaid. tn Knt*
AtoD9,to make to be at one; to reconcile ; to expiate.
Bacon, swine's ilesh Imked (haken) or dried by heat.
Bandy, to beat to and fro ; to f,dve word for word.
From handy, an instrument ?)eni at the bottom, for
striking bulls at play. 5a?ui?^-legs, uneven, heni-
ing, or croolf-ed legs. |-
■V ,c*s
-*.
1 "Abate thy speed and I will bate of mine." — Dryden. ''^
* 4A and a6>a/t are still used at sea. ^
Aft and abaft
ENGLISH BTTVOLOQIES.
215
ogieaUy
ninish,
le oak.
mpare
ilone."
4;
iukte.
It" u
rear)
>iate.
leat.
ord.
,for
mi'
■r-f
'*i
.'t:«
Barricade, Barrier, are so called because made or
fortified with hars.
Batter, a frequentative of beat. Hence Battery,.
Battle, Battle-door, Bat, Com6a^, Delate,
Baste, to heat with a hdton'^ or cudgel ; to give tlie
bastinado. To haste meat is to heat or rub it witli
a slick covered with fat, as was formerly the custom.
.Batch, the number of loaves baked at tne same time.
Compare the words similarly formed, page 212.
Bairn, another form of horenot horn; from the verb
to hear. Bairn is a Scotch term for aj^hild. ,^
Bauble, a hahy or child's pla^rthing ; a gewgaw.'"
Bayonet, so called, from iiaving been first made in
Bayonne, a town in France.
Beam* A sun-66am, the beam of a balance, and a
beam of timber are evidently different applications
.ut of the same word. Compare Rai/ and Radius.
Beaver, a hat made of the fur of the heaver or castor.
.^^..Bedlam, originally the hospital of St. Mary, Bethle-
hem, which was opened in London, in 1545, for the
reception of Zi^iia^ics; but the term is nowgenerally
extended to all mad-houses or lunatic asylums.
Beetle, from the verb to heaty because used for heating
or pounding. A beetle is a heavy-looking ^ and
clumsy instrument, and hence the terms *^ beetle-
headed," that is. with a head as Ihick as a be&ile;
"6ee<fe- browed, having a brow lieavy and over-
hanging like a beetle. TTiis common household word
hab been also beautifully eitteuded to poetry ; as,
The cliff
That belles o'er his bnse into the sea."'
ti^.
ii
II
-- Where the hawk
■^
't
High in the beetling cliff his aery builds."*
* Bdton, formerly written barton.
* Some beetles were so heavy that it required three men to
^ manage them, as appears by the term " three-man beetle^'* iu
Shakspeare.
^ Shakspeare (^amZeO* * Thomson (Spri?»^).
m
216
E170USH TCTrMOLOGIBS.
if
•cf
^i>
iv.
'■'Sk in
1^-
Hi
Behold, to hold OT keep the eyes fixed: tftidn, «^n(l
hence, to look steadfastly on.
BeholdeUy tlie xAd form of tlie past participle of tlie
verb to halA» Coanpare Bounden, Hound, Ohliged^
and 'Obligated,
Behalf, seems to be a corruption of behoofs which
means to a person's profit or advantage, c
Bereave, from be and reave or rive^ to take away
from ; to plunder or rob. . . / * ^: ^r
Between, between twainortwo. Bfee'^Timfi.^ '^
Bewilder. To be hemldered is to be puzzled and
perplexed, like a person in a wildcrnesSy whoclpes
not know which way to turn. See Wild, ' -^
Bib, Bibber, from the same root as imbibe, to drink
^Mn. Bib is properly a cloth tucked under the ckin
! f of a child when it drinks or feeds.' "'^*'^V *
Billet, a small bill. To billet soldiers, is to note
their names, &c., in a bill, or piece of writing ;
and hence to send them to their quarters or lodg'
Ings. See Bill, page 68.
Boa, a fur tippet ; large and Tound ; so called from
its Msembtance to the boa 'constrictor.
Bloat, from blowed {blou^d, bloutt, bloat), as float,
ftoTXi flowed. Bloated, blxrwn out ^fr injlated;
swollen or puffed out • ■-u^^^i^i_^mSkty.:\
Boggle, to hesitate ; to stick as if in a bog, ^^^j| >
Bond, that by which a person is bound, ; - >^ *'
Booth, from boweth; as broth from 6r««7^7 truth
from troweth; &c A booth properly means a house
made of boughs ; and hence a temporary house.
Bough, from bow, to bend, because it lows or bends
from the stem or trunk. Hence bower, an arbour,
because made of boughs bent and twined together-
Bow, the forepart of a ship ; flo called fnom its Wn^or
if, , rounded form. Hence Bowsprit, the spar or boom
'; which {sprouts or) projects from the bow of a ship.
Henoe also^ Bower, an iinchar caixied at the
VSGUBO. BTTMOLOQIES.
217-
Bout, from how, to. bend ; to turn (bow^d, bout). An-
other bout means another tvrti.^ ^'•^
Bread, from brayed, past participle of brat, to pound
or break. Bread properly means brat/ed corn.
Brinded, Brindled, other forms of the word brandrd^
, The skin or hide of a brinded catj or brindled cow, is
. marked with br^ivm streaks, as if branded in.. Branded
•. is another form; of burned. See note ©n Board, p. 58..
Brood, the number bred at one time. ** To brood ox%t\^*^
^, i»a beautiful metaphor from a bird sitting constantly
and anxiously over its eggs, till they are brought to*
. maturity. r%^,^,^.. .,,,,.,,._ ..^:^r'^...n,y::f''^^^^.^,y
Burly, for boornj, fhat is, like a boor. Compare sxjrlt
(for sourly) from sour. See page 213. ^^
Cambric, from Gambrayy because noted for its mami-
faeture. Compare Calico, from Calicut; Damasb:,
* from Damascus; Diaper^ from dYpres: Dimity,
■ from 2>amw^to, &c. ''"'
Casementt a window opening in a mse or frame.''* ^'-^
Cashieir ^ person in a mercantile establishment who*^
has charge of thecas^. ;; : f^^^ >i^
Cavalierly, haughtily ;- like a mvatter, or trooper.
Cavalier, cavalry, and chivalry are different
forms and applications of the same word.
Cess, abbreviated from assess.. Cess i» the amomit
of taxes aissessed or rated.
Chandler, a maker and seller of candles. Hence, also,
,^ chandelier, a branch for candles, Lut chandler, a
general dealer, as ship-chandler and corn-chandlery,
is from a different root. ^ ^ .r > t ; >^ ; ;^f^ >*
Clamber, a frequentative firom climdi 6(ee page 21 6.
Chilblain, from chill Mid blain, A chilblain is a blain
or blister produced by cold.
Closet, a small or close apartment ;. a private room,*^^;
^ "In notes with mn«y » winding hout
Of linked sweetness long drawn, out. ''^—ilft^^^an.
K
u.
218
ENGLISH BTYMOLOGIBS.
Olumsy, from clump (elumpsy) ; and hence heavy,
shapeless, awkward.
Comely) coming together ; and hence fitting, suitable,
decent, graceful. Compare Becomino.'
Coop, originally a cask or barrel ; and hence the term
^COOPER, a maker of co^s. The name was also given
l^to cages or enclosures for ponltry, &c., and hence,
^tto coop upf came to signify to shut up, or confine.
within narrow limits. ^' ^ 4.>oom
Countenance, the contents o^ the face — the whole
features taken together. ■ " ^^ ' ""' ^ '^" '[^^'^ t[ ' *
Craven, one that has craven or craved his life from.
his antagonist ^
Crimple, Crumple, frequentatives from cramj?, a con-
tifactiou or drawing together.
Crlpi)le, from creep, A cripple is sometimes obliged,
a s it were, to creep along.
Crouch, to crook or bow down. Crutch is another
form of crook J and means a staff for crouching or
* stooping old men. Crotchet and Crotchety are
from the same root. :,,•.;,<:: -'k'^j^^'W
Cud, that is, what has been already cEewBcflJc^^ei?).
Quid is another form of the same word.
Curd, Curdle, from cruder by metathesis of the letter
r. See note on Board, page 68.
Damson^ f«'r Damafcene^ from Damascus. '*^ '^'-
Dawn (i'or c/ay(?n), the beginning or break of day.
Deed, any thing that is do-ed or done ; as SEED from
sowedf and flood from Jlowed, See page 211.
Dismay, from dis, as in a/«arm, and may, to be able.
^^To be deprived of mijgfA^, and hence to be discouraged
and terrified.
Doff, to do or put off; to lay aside.
Doom, that which is deemed or adjudged. Doomsday,
the day of judgment.
Draughts, a game in which the men are played by
being draughted pr drawn along the board.
V'?t-.
ENGLISH BTTMOLOCnSS.
219
'I
ilDrawinf -rooBly an apartment for vnthdramng or re-
tiring to after dinner.
Drawl, to draw out one's words slowly and affectedly.
Pray, a heavy cart, originally without wheels, so
f called from oeing drawn or dragged along.
Droop, to drop or hang down the head ; to languish.
Elder, the comparative of the obsolete word eld, old,
^ Elder ^ Older, and Alder {9a in aldermaji) are the same
words differently spelled.
Ell, properly means an arm; whence elbow, the how
or oend of the arm. The ell English was fixed by
the length of the king's arm in 1 10 1 (Henry I.) See
'r^i2, page 69.
■ «^v»V*^
-WA
Embark, to go into a hark or ship ; to pnt to sea: and
hence to engage in a hazardous undertaking or en-
terprise ; to engage in any affair. i xi
Embarrass (to oppose a har or obstacle), to obstruct;
to perplex or confuse.
Embroider> to border or oma/mmt with raised figures
of needle- work. For the metathesis of the letter r,
see note on Board, page 68.^
Enlist, to enter on a list or roll, the names of persons
engaged for military service, wv^? uK,n M%\iti*txfi-,
Endeavour, to do one's devoir or duty ; to exert one's
self for a particular purpose, rviuu? t^<u .ui^^n-i^i x^
Fag, one that does the coarse or heavy work; a dtndg^.
To be fagged, is to be weary from over- work ; and
the/o^-end is the coarse or inferior end.
Fancy, from phantasy; as frenzy, iiom phren£sy;
PALST from paralysis; and proxy from ^'ocuracy.
Fallow, a yellowish-red; and hence the term has been
applied to fallow deer, and fallow ground, that is,
ground turned up by the plough and left unsown.
Hence, to lie faUoto is to be unoccupied.
Farthing, hom. fourthing, a division into four parts, r
^ " Among the thiok-woven Arbovets and flowers,
Embordered on each bank— the work of Eve." — MUUm.
k2
220
BNOLISH BTYMOLOGIBS.
PestoOBy originally a garland worn lit tk f«Ml; but
now an ornament in architecture, in the form of a
wreath or garland of flowers. -i-^
Fetlock, from foot and lock; which means either the
joint that locks or fastens the foot to the leg ; or
the lock of hair that grows behind the pastern of a
horse.
Fetter, properly chains or shackles for the feetj as
MANACLES for the hands.
Fifteen, from five and ten. Compare txoenty {twain
ten)j thirty {three ten)y &c. ■ -^di P^ km<xi^i
First, the superlative of fore (as in be/o/*«, and forr-.
head). Fore, forer, forest, fors't, first. Compare
worey noorer, toorestj worst, ,;*.,......-.
tlesk, perhaps ham flee; from its agility in escaping.
Fodder, to feed or give food to.
Foible, & failing or weakness; another form of frbble.
Forestal, to buy up provisions hefore they reach the
stall or market ; and hence to anticipate or hiiiider
by preoccupation or prevention. Hi^f*;'/ ^; ^
Forssike, not to seek; and hence to leave or desert.
See page 149, for the prefix for. ' v.i ,M«Mitui
Fortnight, from fourteen and night; as be*Nnight is
for sevennjcfht, .„ , .^,^ .,,. ^
Forward. See under ward, page 152. ' ^
Fribble, ayrivoZoiw or trifling person; a fop. Compare
DRIVEL, from dribble^
Trow&Tdj turned from or perverse. Compare TOWARD.
Fulsome, horn foul and some, ^%^v»x««vA;^ Mi^it -^vprn^i
Fume, to smoke ; to be hot with rage ; to vapour.
Gad-fly, from goad and fly, as tad-pole is for toad-
pole, that is, a young toad. Compare hornet with
gad-fLy,
Gang, a number of persons ganging or going together,
as "the press-granit/y " a ^^ gang of robbers," &c.
Gangway, the way by which persons gamg or go.
Gamer, from granary, by metathesis of r. See note;
on Boardy page 68 ; also Orain, page 65. t ^^fis^
..,&
C
I
1
£
,'.1
£
I
I
BNOLIBH BTTMOLOOIE&
/
221
Qingerlnread, a kind of sweet bread or cake, so called
from being spiced or flavoured with ginger.
(Gosling, from goos3 and Ing, See page 161.
Grocer, Irom gross, a large quantity ; a grocer^ origf-
nally signifying a dealer that sells by the orobs or
wholesale,
Guinea, so called because first coined from the gold
brou«(ht from Guinea, in Africa.
Gunnel, properly gunwaZe, from gun and wale, a ridge,
' a streak ; a rising or projecting ]dank in the sides
of a ship, through which the guns, when there are
any, are pointed.' * --** ...-*,,. ^^v **
Grotesque. This term was originally applied to
figures found in the ancient grottos in Italy.
Haft, is haved, h(vo% haft. The haft of a knife or
poniard is the haved part ; the part by which it is
^> held. Hbft is another form of the ^ame word|
and HILT, that is, heldj is similarly derived.
Hammercloth, from hamper and doth. The cloth
' that covers the coach-box. Under the seat of the
coachman there was formerly a hamper, for market
' and other purposes, and the cloth that covered or
: concealed it was called the hamper cloth j whence
HAMMERCLOTH.
Hanger, a short sword ; so called because it han^s or
is suspended from the side.
Harier, now written harrier, a kind of hound for
.' hxiniing hares J. <ii^^^ .uia}. //-i-iiJiu .vni; ,c^^ft\» k»;::
Hare-brained, wild, unsettled. Compare the adage,
"As mad as a March harey" also the phrase harum-
scarum. This word is usually, but erroneously,
spelled ^ir-brained. , ^ -
Heed, to give one's head or mind to.
Higgle, probably another frequentative from hack,
and meaning to cut as with a blunt instrument, and
therefore, to be long about a thing. Compare the
word DECIDE, which means to cut off at once.
. M
222
BNQUSH STTHOLQOIBSL
Holster, another form of holder. CoropaTe rhymer
and rhymester j' spinner and epinetery singer and
songster y &c. See Upholsterer.
Hood) a P'lrb of the dress wliich covers the head.
Hound, u dog for hunting with. See Mound,
Huswife, from house and wife.
Husband, probably from house and bane/, as being
tbe stay or support of the family.^ Hence, hus-
bandman, a farmer or tiller of the ground ; and
HUSBANDRY, tillage or cultivation ; thrifty manage-
ment or economy.*'^
Ill, a contraction of evil. Ail is another form of ill.
IlXUtgine, to form an image or likeness of any thing iu
the mind ; to fancy or conceive that a thing is so.
Impertinent, not pertaining or relating to i mi b9D^
t unfit ; unbecoming ; intrusive. • ' ' - ; - *
Incense, perfume exhaled by fire, Henoe, Incen'se^
i to infiawA with anger. Jr.>i*i j^fi:«*nii
Indenture, a deed or covenant, so named, because
^ the counterparts are indented or notched, so as to
correspond.
Inform, to represent to the mind or conception the
^ form or idea of a thing ; and hence, to convey or
impart ideas ; to apprise or instruct.
Jest, an abbreviation of gesture. A jest ia properly. jl
gestv/re or grimace, to excite mirth.
Jovial (born under the influence of the planet Jupiter
or Jove\ gay, merry, jolly. Compare saturnine,
MERCURIAL, and MARTIAL. ,;xa'3'X.44i
Kidnap, to nab or steal children ; hid having lormerly
meant a child,
Kine, for cowen, the old plural of cow. Compare the
formation of swine from sowen.
■; 1 " The name of a huiband, what is it to say ?
Of wife aud the AoitMhold the band and the stay."-^
*^ t ((Xhare't kmbanary in heaven, their (^dles ttre all out."
.•^iiii*;
J' 5fv>-
.'jUm ^l Shakiptare.
BN0LI8H BTTMOLOOIE&
•r
223
Landscape, from land and shape. The shape and ap-
pearance of the land, &c., in a picture.
Lasa, a contraction of Ladess, the feminine df lad.
Compare ma'am for madam ; and last for latest.
Last, a contraction oUafest; and lience to be the latest,
or most enduring. Hence, lasting, euerlxsting, &c.
Laggard, one that /a^5 or keeps behind. See page 150.
Laanch or Lanch, to ]inrl a lance; to dart from the
hand ; and hence to propel with velocity, as a ship
■^ from the stocks into the sea. Hence, launch, a
light boat, and therefore easily launched. ,"^.
Left. See pages 66 and 211. _, ^.ll^;
List, a nan-ow 8tr<p of ])aper on which tiaiiies fo en-
rolled ; a border on cloth ; the space enclosed for
combatants.^ See Enlist.
Locket, the diminutive of LOCK. A small lock oi*
catch used for fastening n necklace or other ornan.
nient. Compare pocket from j9oA;e. ,. -.ti^vn.
Loiter, to be later y to be slow or dilatory.
Luggage, properly, baggage, so heavy that it requires
to be lugged (XT pulled along, Hence, also, luggkb,
a vessel whioU sails heavily, and as if draggiugly
along. ^
Lumber, probably from lump ; things lying in con**
fused lumps or heaps.
Manacles, chains for the hands. Compare fetters.
Manual, a book that may be carried iu the handy and
hence, a small book ^ .^^^i .npi* ,*^ *.^.*.,>
Mayer, the chief magistrate in a city. Another form
; and application of major, the proper meaning of
which is grrea^er. ^ , , %
Meander, from the Medfldeflkir^et in Phrygia, re-
markable for its mnding and serpentine course.
Mote, a very small particle, seems to be another form
of mite, a small insect ; a small coin.
»'iis>Mivr * " The very ?w^, the very ufmoaf ftounrf,
' ' ' '**-^*" Of all our fortunes,"— Shaksjpeare^ -
224
ENOUSH ETTVOLOQIES.
Mould ii perhaps from meal ^ (mealed^ meaVd^ motUd^
like tiie words in page 211). See Mould, page 69.
Mound, another form of mount. Compare the for-
mation of Hound from Hunt, ! ' "
Naught) a compoimd of ne aught, that is, not anr-^
thing; and hence, worthless ; had ; wicked, \"
NeighDOUr, from iiijhy and perhaps boor,
Neithsr, from ne or not, and either, one of the two.
Ness, a nose or point of land running into the sea ; as
the ^aze in Norway ; and Langness in the Isle of
Man (i.e., lo7ig nes^ or nose).
Net, so called because knitted, ,.:;■'',. *»' y
Niggaxd, from nigh, near, and ard. See pa^e 150 for
ARD. A niggard is a Ttear, close, or stingy per-
son.
Nosegay, a bunch of flowers for smell and gay ap-
pearance. ,^
Nostril, from nose and thrill, to drill or pierce. v
None, ik contraction of no one. Compare neither.
Nought, a corruption of naught, but the meaning is
now different : nought meaning not any thing ; and
-',,, naught, bad or wicked. ; n'l. ^.| r r ' r, . .
Nozzle, a frequentative from nose. See page 210.
Offal, that wnich (falls off) is cast away as unfit for
jfood ; and hence, any thing worthless. Compare
REFUSE and rubbish.
Offspring, that which springs off, or arises from;.|^
child or children. ,/'
Only> from one and ly or like. See like, p. 151.
Ought, a contraction of owed, ow^d, ought.' Ought
means to owe it as a duty to act so and so. Compare
the formation of bought from huyed, ..; l.„t ^^ . »;.
Orrery, an astronomical instrument, whicli tne in-
. ventor (Rowley) so named in honour of his patron,
the Earl of Orrery,
kMiUA''
^f^',^. h /.ci-V^'i^:--if>
1 Meal is from the Latin mola, a mill.
* ** The love and duty I long have ought you.' — Spellman,
1
I
P
P
P
.^»'
1,^'
P
P(
Pi
BNOLiaH BTTM0U)GI]I8.
226
'7
as
for
)are
■-.i*J4'-
iire
roii,
Ostler, Holrtler, tbe man who takes care of hoTses at
a (hostel) hotel or inn.
Padlock (a lock for a pad gate), a lock with a staple
and hasp.
Paduasoy, a kind of silk from Padua.
Parboil, to (pari boil) half boil. t
Parcel,^ a small part or portion ; a small package.
Parse, to resolve or analyse a sentence into its ele-
,. ments or j>aWsof speech. v4f| ,vf«H''i f>f«;x)«^.^r
Pattern, a corruption of patron, and hence a mod'd,
because dependents follow and try to imitate their
patrons.
Pelt, contracted from pellet, a small ball. To pelt^
properly means to hit with pellets.
Perform, to bring to a foiim or shape ; to ^jerfect ; to
achieve or accomplish.
Perry, a drink miide from pears. ^^ .f^^.f,cr
Peruse, to use {per) througlily or tlioToughhu and
hence, to read tnrough and through, or carelully. ?5
Philippic, properly the speeches of Demosthenes
.^, against Phihpy king of Maccdon ; but afterwards
.J applied to any invective declamation; as the orations
of ^icero against Antony.
Pike, c* long lance or spear ; a voracious fish — so named
from the shmpness of its snout. Pique, to touch to
the quick, to offend deeply, is the same word differ-
< ently spelled and applied. Hence, piquant, sliarp,
pungent, severe. txttt^
Pipkin, a small pipe or vessel. Compare lurnhkin, &c.
Pocket, a small poke^ or bag. Pouch and pock (a
little bag or pustule) are ditt'erent forms of the same
word. Hence also poach, to bag or steal game ;
and poacher, a stealer of game.
Pucker (to form into small pocks or pQkes)y to wrinkle
or ruffle, ^qq Pocket. :..^.„.. ...^ ;. %f?i
^p
m.
>' '^ Of which by parcels she had somethiDg heard."
K 3
ir^c
BK0LI8H BTTMOLOOIBS.
Quagmire, from quaie, as in eatthquakey and mire, ^
Quick, cUivi or living ; as "the quick and the dead."
Hence, be qnidc^ and be alive, arc equivalent expres-
sions. Life implies motion; and lience, the expres-
sions gM/cA;silver, gwiofcaand, &c. ^
Bally, to re-ally or reunite broken forces. '*/^^ *^'*
Reel (a frequentative of roll), to roll or turn, to
move quickly round ; to stagger.
Begale (to entertain like a king\ to feast sumptu-
ously. From regalj kingly.
Remnant, a contraction of rejmanent, remainincfl
Rest, that which rests or remains behind. Rest,
cessation or relaxation, is the same word differently
applied. m^w ah.
Riddle, an enigma, is a diminutive of read or redt^ to
guess. RiDDLTs, a coarse sieve, is from reticle, / ^
Roost, to rest ; the place on which birds perch or rerf
for |he night.
Satchel (a small 8ack\ a small bag. See page 151 for
the terminations wnich express diminution. '
Salver, from save. Salvers were origin all}' used for
saving or carrying away the fragments of an enter-
tainment. Salvage is a recompence awarded to
those who have saved ships from being wrecked. ' ^
Sampler) an example y a copy or model. Hence, also,
SAMPLE, a specimen. See Spice. - ;,^ * ^^
Saw, a saying; a proverb ; as, "fuUof Miii^ ^dta^s'Snd
modern instanees.''
Scrap, that wliich is scraped off ; and hence, a very
small portion of any thing. Compare scuM, that
^ which is shimmed off.
Sharper, a sharp, keen person ; a cheat. ' ' -^^^^'^
Sheen, bright or shining; from the verb to sliint^^ ^^
Sheriff, from shirereeve. Compare portreeve, '''^^l'
Shuffle, a frequentative from shove. To shove or
move cards frequently from one hand to the other ;
' and hence, to keep changing one's ground or posi-
tion. Shovel is from the same root.
»»aU8n KTTMOLOOIK8.
*.,r
/
227
fiOdpi^. tnother form of shipper; the masfer oroap-
tain ol a trading vessel.
Sloven, from alow; a craven, from crave. Slut ih
, from the same word idowed, slowed, slut). See
similar formations, pa^e 211.
Sneer. It is remarkable that most words bef^inniiig
with m have reference to the nose ; as snout, sueei',
meezey snore, snorty snarl, siivfff ^nv-ffU, sniff, snivel,
snqffle, &c. j>.io .
Snuff, that which is sniffed,
Softk seems to be connected with suck, ^ >; -;
Sorrel, a plant of a sour or acid taste. Compare surlt.
Spice, a very small quantity — as much as would en-
able one to judge of the bpecies or quality. Spe-
OIMEN is another form of the some word.
Staple, another form of bTABLE ; firm , estahliahed.
Starch, another form of stark ; stiff, firm, confirmed,
as ^^ stark mad." See Starch, page 212.
Steeple, from steep, high. Step, that wbich^nables
us to ascend, is also from steep.
Stud, another form of stood, a number of horses
standing together ; a set of horses ; a nail or but-
ton for fixing or keeping things steady ; the haad of
a nail or similar ornament set or fixed on any
(■ ki,*fT|i
\e »-.
1
thing.
Tad-pole. See Gad-fly, page 220.
Talent, a weight or sum of money ; also (from the
parable of the Talents), a natural gift or faculty.
Tamper, to try a person's temper, with the view of
practising upon it.
Tap, to strike or hit with the tip of any thing, as the
finger ; to knock gently.
Tendril, the young or tender spirals of the vine, w, ,
Tight, from ited See page 211. .^-«^;
TwHight, the waning light hetween day and dark.
Twin, from twoen. Twain, twine, and tween, as
in between, are different forms of the same word.
Twist, that which is ^wJiced. See page 211. sij;, -v /
228
EN0LS3H BTTM0L00IE8.
Trice) is from thriae, and means in an instant ; befovd^
you could say thrice.
Trifle. It seems another form of triviaL r^
Upholsterer, another form of upholder (upholdstei*,
up/ioltterer)f a bearer or supporter at a funeral ; one
M'bo undertakes to supply funerals ; and hence, on6
who provides furniture or upholstery for houses..
Compare undertaker ; and see Holster^ page 222.
Usher, one that stands at a door for ihe purpose -of
introducing strangers or visitors ; and hence, an
under teacher — one who introduces or iniiiates young
children in the rudiments or elements of learning. '
Utter, for outer, farther out ; and hence, extreme ; as
in " utter darkness." &ee Express, "page 63.
Vefieer, to inlay with wood, so as to give the appear-
ance of t^ei^^s. in ; vj-.s^j J., in iv mU>.>.j 'i-:».t^«.vm. *!^iJ*iJ C4_
^Waddle, from wade. To walk as if wading; to walk
awk^p^dly.
Waver, from wave. " For he that wavereth is like a
WAVE of the sea, driven with the wind and tossed."
Wild, willy willed^ wil'd, wild. Self-willed, or followr
ing one's own will. ..^-trnfl v,;tfi*«^44^v=
Warn, from the old verb ivare-en, as in heware. Cora-
pare LEARN from lear-en; for the old form was lear^
whence lore. To warn is to tell a person to heware,
or to be wary. ^.i :
Whisk, a quick, sweeping motion ; * a kind of brush
for sweeping ; hence whisker, from the resem-
blance to a whisk or brush. . .,^^,..^-. .,
Wizard. See page 150 for the affix ard. -f ; * f^--
Wrong, from wring, as song from sing. Wrong
* means wrung ^ or wrested from the right or correct
course of conduct. wtumr '-^m Arihtm^-
. ' , . . .. ^ -^ I.
u ^vi 1 «« j^Q thought advances but the eddy braitf^^^'^ "^ ;J;
IKfe ^*>%i,i»-v TrAi«A;3 it about, and down it goes agam.'^
if iyjtuf.:.' "i'« Hi'j^Ai,^ rr^- #(
'-■> ,|,y;&i.«f. 4.-,
M^( 229 )
^:t
v4#»'» '
l>
SYNONYMES.
r- -*it'^
y'ii4.
.i^fCW^f
In all languages, particularly in those that ate of ;a
mixed origin, there are numerous groups of words
which have the same general meaning. Such words
are called synontmes or synonymous tbrms. In
the English language, for example, which derives
60 large a portion of its vocabulary from Latin,
Greek, French, and other sources, the number of
SYNONYMES is unusually great; and to this circum-
stance on© of its principal difficulties mmy be at-
tributed. For, in order to have a correct and
critical knowledge of the language, we must know
not only all the words which are synonymous, but
also all the peculiarities by which they are dis-
tinguished from each other. For it is only in the
expression of one general idea that synonymous
words agree ; and to this extent only they should
be considered as equivalent in meaning. But it
will be found, also, that they have, in addition to
the idea which is common to them all, peculiar sig-
nifications or appropriate applications of their own;
and in these respects they should be considered as
quite different words. In employing synonymous
words, therefore, great care should be taken to
distinguish between their general minings and
particular or peculiar applications. If two or more
of them be employed to express one and the samo
w
t
230
STNONTUBS, OR
it
idea,^ the most objectionable kind of tautology
will be produced, namely, the unnecessary repeti-
tion of the same idea. And on the other hand, if
their peculiar significations and appropriate appli-
cations be confounded, ambiguity and error will
be the result.
In a work of this kind it would be useless to
attempt even to enter upon a subject so extensive
and 80 important. All that can be done here is,
to give a list of the principal or most important
8TN0NTMS» of the language, with a few introductory
notes in illnstration of the general subject. Tho
leainer is also recommended to refer to a Dictionary
for the general meaning and peculiar applications
of each of the words here given j and in order that
this may be done in our schools, the teacher
should, from time to time, assign to the class a
suitable number of them 'to be prepared as a
LKBSON or exercise.:! ti'-jifiw vArpn^ mU ili^. -rin*^ ion
- The following extract from Blair's Lectures will
form an excellent introduction to tlie subject : —
firu^^The great soiiroe of a loose style, in opposition to
precision, is the injudiciovis use of those words termed
synonymous. They are called synonymous, because
tibey agree in expressing one principal idea ; but for the
most part, if not always, they express it with some di-
versity in the oircumstMices. They are varied by some
« ' "■ "
* 1 "There are two occasions on which synonymous words
may be used: one is, when an obscurer term, which we cannot
avoid, precedes or follows, and needs explanation byonethnt
is clearer; the other is, wlten the language of the passions is
exhibited. Passion naturally dwells on its objects. The
impassioned 8X)eaker always attempts to rise in expression ;
,but when that is impracticable, he recurs to repetition and
■vnonymy, and thereby in some measure produces the same
li
8TN0NTM0US TBRMS.
231
n/boekokty idea, which every word introduces, and which forms
the distmction between them. Hardly in any language are
there two words that convey precisely the same idea ; a per-
son thoroughly conversant in the propriety of the language
will always be able to observe something that distinguishes
them* As they are like different shades of the same colour,
an accurate writer can employ them to great advantage, by
usin^ them so as to heighten and to finish the picture which
he gives us. He supplies by one what was wanting in the
other, to the force or to the lustre of the image which he
means to exhibit. But in order to this end, he must be
extremely attentive to the choice which he makes of thenu
For the bulk of writers are very apt to confound them with
each other, and to employ them carelessly, merely for the
sake of filling up a period, or of roundinfi^ and diversifying
the language, as if their signification were exactly the same,
while in truth it is not. Hence, a certain mist and indis-
tinctness is unwarily thrown over style. ^.^
"As the subject is of importance, I shall give some ex«
amples of the difference in meaning among words reputed
synonymous. The instances which I am about to give may
themselves be of use ; and they will show the necessity m
attending with care and strictness to the exact Import af
words, if ever we would write with propriety and precision: —
Austeritfff severity, rigour. — Austerity relates to the man-
ner of living ; severity, of thinking ; rigour, of punishing. To
austerity is opposed effeminacy ; to severity, relaxation ; to
rigour, plemency. A hermit is austere in his life ; a easulst
severe in iiis application of religion or law ; a judge, rigorous
in his sentence. ^^ ; ,'au; ..^
Custom, haUt. — Ciistoth- %esp<6fefi Htk action ; haWt, the
actor. ]^y custom we mean the frequent repetition of the
same act ; by habit, the effect which that repetition produces
on the mind or body. By the custom of warning often in the
street, one acquires a habit of idleness.
8urprited, astonished, amazed, confounded, — I am sur-
prised, with what is new or unexpected ; I am astonished, at
what is vast or great ; I am amaeed, with what is incompre-
henuble ; I am confounded, by what is shocking or terrible.
Desist, renounce, quit, leave off. — E^ch of these words im-
plies some pursuit or object relincj^uished, but from different
motives. We desist, from the difficulty of accomplishing;
we renounce, on account of the disagreeablenets of the object
232r
nivroKmvSy or
I'li'i
or pursxiii ; we quit, for the sake of Bome other thing whioln
interests ut more ; and we leave off, because we are weary of
the design. A politician desista from his desigosy when he- '
finds they are impracticable > he renounces the court, because
he has been affronted hy it ; he quits ambition for study iiv
retirement : and leaves off his attendance on the great, as ha
becomes old andf wearv of itr ,uwi*J^
,P>'«rfc, vanity, — JVide mnkes us osteein enrselves; vanity*
makes trs desirv the* esteem of others. It is ju»t to say, a»
Deav Swift Ra»done, that a man mny be* too proud to be vain..
^HiMpfttinatt'dimictin. — Haughtiness is* founded u^n tho
kighc opinion we* entertain of ourselves ; disdain, on the low
opinion we have of othertt
To diatinguighf. to sepaixUe.-^'We distinguish what we want
not to confound with^ another thing ', we separate what we;
want to remove from it.^ Objects are distinguislied from one
another by their aunlities. Tbey are separated, by the dis^
tancd of time or place.
■" Towearpt to fafiyje. — The continuance of the same thing
wearies us ; labour fatigues us. I am weary with standing ;
I am fatigued with walking. A suitm* wearies lu by his
pemeverfMice ; fatignes us by hln importunity.
To abhor^ ta dtto^t.— To* abhor,- imperts simply strong dis«
Kke ; to- detest^ iniport» also stfong disapprobation. On»
abhors being in debt; be deteats treacheryr
^ To invent^ to di8cover,---We invent- things that are new ;;
we discover what was before hidden. Galileo invented the
telescope ; Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood.
Only, alone. -'Only t imi^orts that there ijs no other of ther
same kind; alone, imports being ^accompanied by no other;
Aa only cmleb i» one who has neither brother nor sister ; »
child alone is one who ia left by itself. There is a diffi^rence,
therefore, in precise laiiguage betwixt these two phrases v
* *■ V ir tue onlM makes us happy ; " and ' * Virtue ctlon e makes us '
h«ippy." " Virtue only makes us happy.^'imports thai nothing
else can do it. "Virtue alone raakea us happy,'*^ importa
that virtue, b:^ itsej^f, or uni^o^panied with ether advan*
tages, is sufficient to do it.! V ,.
^*,jEntivej complete, — X thing is entire by wanting none of itsr
parta,}^ complete by wanting none of the appendages that
belong to^it. A man may have an entire house to himself;
and yet not have one complete apartment.
l^TranqmllUy, peace, ca^m.— Tranquillity respects a situa*
iion free fronr trouUe, considered in itself j peace, the same
situation with respect to any causes that mignt interrupt it ;
ealmw with regard to n disturbed situation going bofo^ e, or
BTNONTHOUfl TBRMS.
/
233
f oUowifig U. A good man enjoys irADqaiUilgr in IkimieU,
l^eace with otberi, and a calm after a ttorm*
A difficuity^ an obstacle.— A difficulty embarrawfs ; .anob-
«taole stops us. We remove the one 4 we surmount the other.
Generally, the first expresses somewhat arising from tbo
nature and ciroiimsdbanoes of the affair ; tlve seoondsoinewhai*
Arising from a foreign cause. Philip found difBcuUy ia
managing the Atlienians, from the nature -of their disposi-
4iion8 ; but the eloquence of Demosthenes was the greatest
•obstAole to hisidesigns.
Wisdom^ pr?^rffince. —Wisdom leads ois to -speak ani act
what is most proper; prudence prevents our speaMngAud
Acting improper]]^. A wise man employa the «()ost proper
means for success^ a prudent max\, the safest jneansior^ot
^eing broufi^ inte danger.
Eaovgh, 8uJicient—^no»if^ relates to the quantity which
one wishes to have of anything ; sufficient relates to the use
that is to be made of it. Hence, en oug|h generally imports
a greater quantity than sufficient -does, llie covetous man
T^eve' hnsenougli, although he haswhat issuffioient for nature.
JO avow, to ai;knoviedg€, t^ confets. — Each of these words
imports the affirmation of ft fact, but in very different oiroum-
stances. To avow, supposes the person to glory in it; to
acknowledge, supposes some small degree of faultiuess, which
'the adkuowledgment compensates-; to confess, supposes a
Jbigher degree of cridMe. A patriot a«^ows hisof)poiitiQa to«
bad minister^ au4 is applauded 4 a gentleman Acknowledges
his mistake, and is forgiven ; a prisoner confesses the crime
he is accused of, and ts punishefl. • >
To remavk, toobseiHfe. — W.e r«jiiark, in the way of attentioUt
in order to remember; we observe, in the way of examina-
tion, in order to judge. A traveller remarks the most strik-
ing objeets he sees ; a generail observes aU the onotiona of
ihisenemy^
Equivocal^ amhiffuous. — An equivocal expression is one
'which has one sense open, and designed to be understood^;
Another sense •concealeil, and xmderatead .only by the person
who uses it. An Ambiguous expression is one which has
apparently two senses, and leaves us at a loss whidh of them
iio give it. An equivocal expression is used with au intention
to deceive ; an ambiguous one, when it is used with design,
is, with an intention not to give full inform ation. An honest
man will never employ an equivocal expression ; a confused
man may often utter ambiguous ones, without any design.
1 shall only. gi«re one instance more. v
Withif 2)^.— Both these j>articles express the oonnectiom
^34
^^fmtovmtM, OR '?
i
ImMpmh MnM IfttinmMlkit. or meiKni-of eff«oi{ng ftn «iii^, Md
the agent wbo employB it ; but with exprefiei a more oloie
and immediate eonnexion ; 6^, a more remote one. We kill
a man with a sword ; he dies by violence. The criminal is
bound tfi^A ropes by the exeetrtioner. The proper distinction
fak the nse of ^ose particles is elegantly marked in a passage
of Dr. Robertson's History of Seotland. When one of the
old Scottish kings Was making nn inquirjinto the tenure by
which his nobleti held their lands, they started up and drew
their swords. **By these," said they, ^* we acquired our
lahcli, and wUhVi^M we will defend tbem.'^ *^*By these we
aeauirecl our lands,** signifies the more remote means of ac-
quisition by foroe and martiul deed ; and **with these we
will defenathem/* signlfiee the immediate, direct iBstra*
IDjBiit, tbe sword, which they would employ in their defence.
> ,*Vf^d^ are iiii|t|tfice9 of worda in our language, which,
b^oareletBS writers, are apt to be employed as perfectly
jSy^^yimo^^t. aM yet are not sa Their significations ap-
]^rcwK;b) but arQ not pneci^elv the same. The more the dU-
linetion in the meaning of such words is weighed and
attendad to^ the mora dearly and forcibly shall we speak
pP ■write.**-'''' -.^t^t s4^ ■•*r'->*>>{|-. ,^ .:M':
Th^ i^^stration9 in th^ preceding extract will,
M we said heicfre, farm an excellent introduction to
tljie study of English synonymes. The following
LIST will furnish the teacher with materials for
exercises or lkssons on the suhject, as recom-
lEiended in page 230, and in the subjoined note—
for, generally speaking, it will be found that the
BTTMOLOOT of a word leads to its true meaning and
proper applications. The pupils should, therefore,
be required to give, when ascertainable, the etymo^
logy of the synonymes in each of the prescribed
lessons; and, also^ instances of their appropriate
applications. Btd before the pupils enter upon this
iuljQect^thetj.sfhould he quit^ familiar with the general
principles of Etymolog^y as (dready given. See
pages 54, 98, 143, ^c; and also the author's
** Dictionary of Berivatibns.'^
8TN0NT1I0CB TBBMB.
2S5
SYNONYMOUS TERM8,>
{To he explained at recommended in the preying page*) |.
Abandon* Abdicate^ Abettor* Abhor
Desert Resign Accessary Abominate
Forsake Kelinquish Accomplice Petest ,
1 Tliough there are seldom more than two or three wordu
synonymous in m&'iuing, yet, in several cases, there are four,
five, and sometimes even more. We shall not, however, giv6
more nor less than tiiree. Wher there are more, the teaehor
should either elicit them from iihe pupils, or suggest them
himself. We have only space for a few intkoDuctobt notes.
^ Abandon is to give up entirely; to give upas lost-. Mari-
ners abandon their ship at sea when they have lost all ho|)ea
of being able to biing her into poH. Persons lost to virtue
abandon themselves to vice and profligacy. Denert properly
means to give up or leave a station which it was our duty to de-
fend; and hence it implies to give up treacherously or meanly*
Soldiers who abscond fron^ their regiments are said to (teaei *^
and are called detertera. Politicians who leave their party
when their support is most requiired are also said to aoert.
i^or«»A:eetynfiologically means not towcAv or to seek no longer,;
aiidh^nce it came to signify to give up or leave through resent*
mept or dislike. Like deset't^ it often implies treachery or
mtohness— but hot to the same extent— as when we fortdkc
that it has been discoveied. In this casei aJbandon would be
more appropriate. Wlieu a person leaves his house at the
appr<Mch of a victorious enemy, he is said to a^onelbn, niot to
fu^$fike it, or desert it. It should also be observed \htki<Mandon
is often an hiyoluntary or necessary act ; and In sucuh cases it
is, consequently, free from blame. But, on the contrary, desert
tindfortoke are voluntary or optional acts, afid are therefore
censurable. The meaning common to each of these words in,
to give up or leave.
^ Abdioatef reei^rnf relinquish, — Tlie general meaning of
these words is the same, namely, to give up; but, as is the
case with most synonymes, they have each peculiar atid ap>
propriate applications ; as, to abdicate a throne ; to resign ^n
office ; to re^tnguif^ a claim. , ^ i^ a*
* 4Mtor, accessary ^ ^utcompUce,—fiiii ahdtor is ^9ii%rtnat
abets or inoites unothet to. th^ cosmmfaslon ot a wropg or i|n*
lawful ittct. Accessary from the Latin aecido \aecessus\io go
to^ to accede io, is one that odvisba iio, MSiiti in^ or ^oneeals
2^
Abjure -
Kendim6o>
Recant
•Abridge
Curtail
Shurteii
AiMidgmevt'
Gompeadittiii
Epttone
AbK>lttte-''^'>^f
ArbHi^ry
Dei|M»tio'
IhrttdNTMiS, Olt
'AlbMtb
Swallow up
£ingt08t
Abstain
Forbear
Refrain
Abetemiottt
Tempemte
Sober
Absurd
Preposterous
Irrational
<AbU8^ ' ; </
Beptoaph
Re^e
Abutlv4'^<^^
Reproachful
Sourriluus
Accedo
Comply
Acquiesce
Aooelerate
Quicken
Hasten
Accident
Cbanee
OiUUAlty
Aedidentftt
Casual !f . ;
FortuitduW
'/i
ft •
■ 'iiil
■*i4-
•mmodatft
Adjust
Suit
Accomplish
Fulfil
Complete
Aooomi^ished
Finished
Completed
Accost
Salute>
Address f^^
Account
NaniitiYe
X^escriptibn ^
n
a fIbloitKtms att, and who therefore> partici^tea ih the guili
of itJ Aceonq^ice (from the tiatin aa, con, and plica, through
tWe' Fteiidh)is a person implicaied^ih. another or others, in
the exeoutlpa of aplttt. Aotttors encourage^ o^^itttn'ct aisist,
aeobinplid^ execute. The ^bettor and oeceMtatif may be on»
and tne same per8on,,but not so the ac^^tfarj^and aecompliceii^^
^ AbUitv, capacity^ to^eiit-— The ehief distineiion betweefi.
MfUp «aa capBiiiiiiy is, th$t the former ti aetivn in it» signi-
fioa^iaki,, the liftter^ssiVt. The one imiflies power to d'o or
e^flii^Dete ;,tb^bthe]:foWet-tOtilk»ih,oonceWe, 6rfom|)re1i^eu4t'
'tkvik Irettiiglitaay, ' The cixdontioii of thb wbrli; was beyoi^a
Ms 11^%-^iJaj'^. 'he'hiid b6t siiil|ciebt capacity 6t in|nd toedin-
pi^id ho^iV^fibi^bedbne." \/i^^j^ is eitber iphysical
oif mental^ (^Dttetej^ i^ tdWayaminial 2Weii^ prop^rl^f <&e<^ ^
a' Weii^bt 6^ iUtn of' inidiiey : ba% ii^ modb'hi l&agiiages (findfii
tUci *<Tirin!>l« of the i>ilentt") i^ » usM to signify a natu^
gift^a fa^ty 6r pbwer^ as a talent lor learning &nguageaJ ^^
^^ Ahrt^ment, (e^.--A|i chri^ment is the redlMtion 9! a
^^tvrifc into^ a stiver compass^ Thus a Work of three>vohime[i
has been often abr!%ed into one. An aibr^tgrnent gives all
the substance of a work or wriung, but in fewer wordq. A
coffip^^itiNum (from con» together, and'jD«n(2t>,toweigh)denotea
that whibh is collected from weighing or eonsfderihg several
things .^jfire^fter; and hence it came to signify a concise view
of any seiencev as a " Compeiidiutn of Logic.'* EpiUme is »
Greek word (from epi^ upon, and teiMio, to cut), with much the
sime mclahtug as wyridi^ment ; ^ ani **Epitoine of the Histon
of mait^itaaAJ^ CSbm^ue the Word cthieite^^iiik epitome^
^^ Omifiiw la 4ad»Aitmn.ih%IMiKctnMnd,eBuA) (fM&U^), to eut
STK0NTM0U8 TERMS.
237
Ao^onnt
Reckon iDg
Bill
Aooouni
Sake
Keason
Aocountnble
Kespongible
Aiiswerablo
Actual
Keal
Putitive
Actuate
luduoe
Impel
Acnte
Sharp
Keen
Accumulate Adage >rtiTi<i;
Heap up II rth') Proverb
Amass
Accurate
Exact
Precise
Achieve
Accompiiih
Perform
Aehievemeni
Exploit
Feat
Acid hv.
Sour ..fT.M'
Tart
Acquire
Obtaiu
Gain
Aphoribm
Add 'iritif.
Join
Uuite
Address
Direction
Adjoiwr
Prorogue
Postpone
Admit
AUov
Grant
Admission
Admittance
Access
Adorn
Decorate
Beautify
Adroit
Dexterous
Clever
Advantageous
Beneficial
Superscription Profitable
Address
Adroitness
Dexterity
Adversary
Opponent
Antagonist
Adduce Affinity
Bring forwai'd Consanguinity
Advance Kelatiouahip
Adequate Affirm
Com mensurate Assert
Sufficient Aver
Acrimony '
Bitterness
HartihneM5!
Act
Action
Deed civ
Active
Quick
Kimble
r ^Adhere
Stick
3 H* Cleave to
Adherent
Follower
jift^Partisan
Adjacent
Adjoining
Contiguous
Affix
Attach
Annex
Agreement
Contract
Covenant
Air
Mien
Look
Alleviate
Mitigate
Relieve
Allot
Apportion
Assign
Alter
Change
Vary
Ambassador
Envoy
Plenipotentiary
Ample
Plentiful
Abundant
Ancient
Antiquated
Antique
Animate
Enliven
Inspire
Annals '^''
Chronicles
Records 'fmi
Announce
Proclaim
Declare
Answer
Reply
Response
Aim Anxiety
View V Perplexity
Design ^^u^iui. Solicitude
STNONTMIB, OR
Apparition '
S»eotre
I'hautom
Apathy
Iiisensibilitf
.1 ndiffeirauM
Appear
Look
Soeia
Apprehend
Seize
Outoh
Apprehend
Fear
I>re(Ml
Appreliend
Conceive
Imagine
Artifice
Tri$k
Stratagem
Artificer
Artisan
Mechanic
Ascribe
Attribiltis
Impute
Assail
Assault
Attack
Assemble
Muster
Collect
Associate
Conipaaoion
Partner
AsRocintion
Society
Company
Assuratioe
CoiiiideiMje
Effrontery
Behavidmr
Conduct
Demeanour
Behead'
Dectipitate
Ouillotiiie
Augmtotatio^ Behold
Inoreaae
Addition
Avarice
Covetonsneu
Cupidity
Baffle
lialk
Frustrate
Banish
Exile
Expatriate
Barbarian
Savage
Uncivilised
Barren
Sterile
Unfruitful
Basis
Foundation
Groundwork
Bear
Curry
Convey
Bear
Endure
Suffer
Beautiful
Pretty
HandsomA
View
Observe
Binding
Obligatory
Compulsory
Blamable
Culpable
Boundmiti
Limits
Confine!
Bounty
Generosity
Liberality
Braoe
Couple
Pair
Brave
Countgeoui
Valiant
Brava
Dare
Reprehensible Defy
Bleeding
Phlebotomy
Venesection
Blend
Mix
Mingle >
Brittle
Frangibla
Prague
Building
Structure
Edifice
Blot oui>t'i f'^'Buci
Obliterate Gern. nate
Erase
Bodily
Corptoraal
Corporal
Bog
Fen
Marsh
Border
Margin
Verge
Boundless
Unlimited
Infinite
Bprout
Bulk
Size
Magnitude
Burdenioma
"Weighty
Onerous
Bury
Inter
Entomb
Cabal
Clique
Junto
BTNONTlfOU0 TBBVB.
f
*x..
'■t.h
CaUin^
Vocation
ProfMaion
Carnage
Mastacre
Slaughter
Carriage
lieariiig
Deportmeni
Cast down.
Dejected
Depressed
Celebrated
Famous
Rtiuowned
CliangeaUo
Mutable
Vanabile
Cheat
Defraud
Triek.
Check Tt(! i.r
Curbv
Control4i«tm /<>
Choleric
Passionate
Irascible
Civility
ii'oUteiiess
Urbanity
Clenr
Lucid
Perspicuous
Clonk
Piilliute
9oreeu
Close
Shut
Conclude
Clothes
Gannent*
i)res8
Colleague
Partner
Associate
Coloura
Ensign
Tlttg .
Competent
Qualified
Pitted
Complexity
Com)>Iioatiou
lutrioaey
Compound
Mixture
Medley
Conoeit
Fancy
Imagination
Conciliate
Propitiate
Keconcile
Conclusion
Inference
Deduction
Conclusiv.^
Decisive
Convincing
Concord
Harmony
Unity
Chidfr
Rebuk*{*(clij
KeprimaAdr
Commodioua Confute
Convenient Befute
Suitable , Pisprove
Cherish
Nonfial*
Foster
Childish
Boyish
Puerii^
Choke
Suffooatft
Smol^f
Common
Ordinary
Vulgar
Console
Solace
Comfort
Communicate Constant
Impart Continual
Disclose Perpetual
Compensation Contemplate
Becomp^ense Meditaie
Bemunec^kn Ponder
Contemptible
Despicaole
Paltry
Contemptuous
Disdiiinful
Scoiiiful
Conversation
Colloquy
Conference
Convivial
Jovial
Social
Contrivance
Device
Scheme
Convention
Congress
Convocation
Model
Pattern
Crafty
Cunning
Artful
Cross
Perverse ^ i
, Prowar^
Cross
Thwart
Obstruct
Curious
Inquisitive
Prying
Curse
Imprecation . , |
Anathema
240
STMONTMn, OR
•j"n'>
Dang^rom
Perifout
Hiwwirdous
Deiid
Jiifolen
Inanimate
Decline
Consumption
Dcoeive
Ditlude
Design
PuriM>«e
Intent
Design
Plun
Project
Effort
Exertion
Endeavour
RlderlY
Old
Aged
Discernment Emblem
Discrimination Symbol
Penetratibn Type
Disembodied
Incorporeal
Impose upon Spiritual
Decency
Decorum '
Projiriety
Decided
Determined
Resolute
Decree
Edict
Proclamation
Deface
Disfigure
Deform
Disengage
Disentangle
Extricate
Empty
Vacant
Void
Encomium
Eulogy
Panegyrie
Distinguished End
Conspicuous Teimination
Illustrious Extremity
Divide
Separate
Part
Earthly
Worldly
Terrestrial
Defect Ecstasy
Imperfection Rapture
Blemish Transport
Delegate Education
Deputy Instruction
Representative Tuition
Disown
Disavoi^
Disclaim
Derive
Deduee
Trace
Effect
Result
End
Finish
Terminate
Endnranee
Sufferance
Toleration
Enlarge
Increase
Extend
Enlighten
lUaminate
niumine
Enmity
Animosity
Consequence Hostility
Effeetnil
Effective
Efficacious
Enthusiast
Visionary
Fanatic
Emulation
Rivalry
OompetiUom
Esssy
Dissertation
Treatise
Essay
Try
Attempt
Esteem
Value
Prize
Estimate
Compute
Rate
ExceM
Superfluity
Redundano)^ '•
Excessive
Immoderate
Intemperate
Exigency
Emergency
Necessity
Extraneous
Extrinsic
Foreign
Face
Countenanctt
Visage
Faithless
Perfidious
Treacherout «
Fame
Renown
Reputatioa
STWONYMOUfl TBRMfl.
341
. J
Fame
Ke|Kyrt
Rumour
Fniiciful
IniagiuAtive
Ideia
Farewell
Good-bye
Adieu ii«>Avi
Fearful
Timid
Timoroui
Fearful
Formidable
Tenible
Feign
Pi'etend
Dissemble
Fervour
Ardour
Zeal
Fiction
FabrteatioQ
Falsehood
Final
Conclusive
Decisive
Find out
Detect
Discover
Firm
Solid
Stable
Fit
Apt
Meet
Fit out
Equip
Prepare
Flattei-y
Adulation
Sycophancy
Flexible
Pliable
Supple
Flock
Herd
DroTe
Form
Figure
SbApo
Forbid
Prohibit
Interdict
Force
Vigour
Energy
Forefatl»«rt
Anceftiors
Progenitors
Forerunner
Precursor
Harbinger
Foretel
Predict
Prognosticate
Found
Establish
Institute
Frank
Candid
Ingenuou*
Frolic
Prank
Gambol
Fulness
Kepletion
Satiety
Gentile
Heathen
Pagan
Gift
Donatiom
Present
Grave
SeiiottS
Solemn
Grave
Sepulehre
Tomb
Harsh
Kigorous
Severe
Haste
Hurry
Precipitancy
Hasten
Speed
Accelerate <f-
Ha^trd
Risk
Ventcwe
Head
Chief
Principal
Healthy
Salubrious . a
Wholesome ?
Greatness Heavy
Grandeur Ponderous
Magni^nce Weighty
Guess Hide
Conjecture ^ Conceid
Surmise ufUI Secrete
,T
Guide
Lead
Conduct
Happiness
Felicity
Bliss
Hardened
Obdurate
Unfeeling
Harass
Distress
Pei-plex
Hint
IntimatioK
Suggestion
Hire
Salary
Wages
Hopeless
Desperate
Forlorn
Huge
Vast
Enormoiui^
242
T%ilTN0NTMf8^ OR
Idea
Notion J lif-i;;
Couception
Immiuent
Impending
Tiireatening
Importflnce
Consequence
Moment
Inconsistent
Incongruous
Incohecent
Inborn h*hL * i
Innate ^ '^
Iniierent
Ineffectual
Fioiitless
Vain 4n,r//
Infringement
Infmotion
Violation
Interpose
Interfere
Intermeddle^
Justice hijU
Kquity :fririu'
Kight dg^ff^
Kingly
Regal
Royal , 4,jj^ V
Kind
Sort
Species
Last
Final
Ultimate
Lean
Meagre
Thin
Lean
Incline
Bend
Learning
Erudition
Literature
Leave
Liberty
Permission
Liveliness
Animation
Vivacity
Madness
Insanity
Phrenzy
Martial
Warlike
Military
Mistake ^ < >
Error
Blunder
-.r;
Mishap
Mischance
Casualty
Modest r
Bashful
Diffident
Mutual
Reciprocal
Alternate
Name
Appellation
Necessary
Requisite
Essential
Negligent
Careless
Heedless
New
Fresh
Recent ,, |,
News
Tidings
IntelligenoQ
Notorious
Noted
Well ''nown
Odd
Singular ,,,
Strangef»rfiiii
Offer
Propose
Tender
' Offering^ "^
Oblation
Gift
tf* Omen
Prognostio
Presftgeirimii
'T? Origin
; Beginning
Source
Overbulance
Outweigii
Preponderate
; Overbearing
Domineering
Overturn
Overthrow
Subject
Outside
Surface
Superficies
Outward
Exterior
External
Pace
Step
Degree
Painting
Picture
Portrait!
Pale
Pallid
Wan
Part
Portion
Share
or
Title ^ ^ ^ ^ , Impiriou§.
:ii
Partake
Participate
Pellucid .|t
Transparent^: >
Clear .^ii
Penetrate
Pierce
Perforate i^i
Penetration
Acuteness
Sagacity
People
Populace
Mob
STNONTMOUS TSBMS*
S43
Perceive
Discern
DistitiguisU
Pity
CoiiipaRsion
Sympathy
Polit-
Polis.
llefiued
Polis. X
Posiiion
Posture
Attitude
Posseflsor
Owner
Proprietor
Powerful
Poteut
Mighty
Praise =vj', 4'
Commend
Eulogize
Praiseworthy
Commendable
Laudable
Pressii^
Urgent
Importunate
Presumptive
)Ve4uni^)tuou8
Presuming
Pretence
Pretext
£xcuse
Predominant
Ruling
Prevailing
Preliminary
Preparatory
Introductory
Primary
Primitive
Original
Privacy
Ketireraent
Seclusion
Production
Produce
Product
Progress
Proficiency
Bapacioas
Ravenous
Voracious
Rapine
Plunder
Pillage
Rashness
Temerity
Restitution
Reparation ;;<{.
Amends
Retribution
Recompense
Requital
Revile
Vilify
Precipitancy Upbraid
Ratify
Confirm
Sanction
Recede
Retire
Improveaient Retreat
Prorogue Reckon
Adjourn Count
PostponOijt .) iij|>Compute
Put in order Refuse
Arrange Reject
Dispose it| > >0/Decline
Prudence ^ Relation
Foresight > Relative
Wisdom j,M>4pKinsman
Riches
Wealth
Opulence
Riot
Uproar
Tumult
Robust J ,
Stout ,«h?*i*i
strong j„ 4 »,r
Root out
Eradicate
Extirpate
.'^»V*'
urm
Quack
Mountebank
Charlatan
Querulous
Peevish
Fretful
Question
Query
llepeat
Recite
Rehearse
Reproach
Contumely
Obloquy
Rest
Remainder
luterrogation Residue
Race
liineajro
Pedigree
Rest
Cessation
ilot
Putrefy
[Corrupt
Roujid
Globular
Spherical
Sanguinary
Bloody
Cruel
Scatter
Disperse
Dissipate
Secular
Temporal
■/HHini
Si
^uterniisiaQn Worldly
l2
244
ftTVONTMlSS, OR
•('>^
SedHilong
Asaiduous
SepitrAte
Sever
Disjoin
Servant
Domestic
Menial ^^
Servitude
Slavery
Bondage
Shake *
Agitate
To*s pihm
Shift *''^^'^'
Subterfuge
Evasion
Show-
Display
Exhibit
Show
Ostentation
Parade ^
Signification
Meaning
Import
Simile
Similitude
Gomx^arison
Simpleton
Natural
Idiot
Sketch
Outliod
DeliDeation
Skin
Kind
Peel
Slow
Dilatory
Tardy
Smell
Scent
Odout' •*^n-«>-'
'Smooth
Level i"«f'"
Plain
Solitjiry '^^ '"
Louely
Desolate
Solitary ^'^^^-
Sole
Single '
Special
Specific
Particullkr
l^peech '
Or.ition
Haraugtie
Stale Term
Realm Limit
Commouweal^b Boandary
Straight
Kight
Direct
Stranger
Foreigner
Alien
Strengthen
Fortify
Invigorate
Surround
Encompass
Environs M^U^
Sustain
Support
Maintain
1?ake i *" ^
Keceive
Accept -.ywiiji
Thick
73ense
Compaot
Thin
Slender
Slight
V
.iiii>H
Thoughtful
Considerate
Deliberate
Thrift
Frugality
Economy fc^
Timely
Seasonable ^^|
Opportune -m
Trade %=*f
Commerce«'^MI
Traffic %
^alkativenet* Transfigure . 1^
Loquacity Transform
Garrulity Metamorphose
Speech ^«^^ Tax
Language I ni i>08t
Tongue Kate
Spurious Tease
Supposititious Annoy
Counterfeit Vex
m^ T-fcmbling^-^'^^
■ Tr*»mor I
Trepidation' '^
Stagger J
Reel ''''•'''
Totter
Stain
Sully
Tarnish
Transient
Transitory
Fleeting
Tendency
Drift
Aim
Trial
Experiment
Test
Trivial
Trifling
Frivolous
Trouble
Disturb
Molest
.1
-4-
STNOMYMOtm TERMS.
245
■•'i
TnmuTtuouB
Tumultuary
7iirb«leiii
Turgid
Tumid
Bombiudfi<x
XUnlieHef
Incredulity
Iufid«lity
Undervalnjs
Disparage
Depreciata
Utter
Articulate
I^ronounce
Valuable
Precious
Costly
Talue
Worth
>(! Price
Vicinity
SuburlMi
EnviroiUL
UnderstaAdiog Violent
Intellqiot Veiiement
Mind I?' / ',ou»,
Unfold
Unravel
Develop
Suffrage:
Voice
Unimjiortant "Wakeful
Insignificant %yatchful
Inconsiflerable Vigilant
Unoffending Want ii,^,./.
Jnolfensive Indigence
HarmloBS Necessity
Unruly ^Want
Ungov^rniibld Lack
Kef ractory Need
Unspeakable Warn
Unutterable Caution
Ineffable AdmonisU
Unwortliy
Worthless
Valueless
Uprightness
B^Dtitttde
Integrity
Wave
Billow
Breaker
Waver
Fluctuate
Vacillate
( (
Way
lload
Route
Way
Method
Mau^^Qf
WayWiifii
Froward
Perverse
Weaken
Enfeeble
Debilitate
Wearisome
Tiresome
Irksome
Weariness
Lassitude
Fatigue
Weight
Heaviness
Gravity
Well-being
Welfare
Prosperity
Wilful .
Headstvbig'
Testy
Whim
Freak
Caprice
Whole
I'lntire
Total
Willingly
Voluntarily
^f'iO
Wise
Prudent
Diacreel
Womanish
Effeminate
Feminine
Wonder
Admiration
Surpiise
Wonder
Miracle
Marvel
Work
Labour
Toil
Wori^
Earth
Globe
Worth
Desert
Merit
Worthy
Estimable.
Valuable
Worship
Adore
Venerate*
Youthful
Juvenile
Boyish
Zealous
Ardent
Warm v::n\tih- \
Zone
Girdle.
■'f
:l
Spontaneously Belt
m
'iT'i:
,,M'4 346 y
SVECiltmh OF WIIAt MIOHT BE CALLfelJi
nHi«fi«a<»7rDUPLlCATE WORDS. ^"^^^^f
■ ■t
The following PAIRS of words, uhich kre strilcinpflir
Bvnouvmous, illustrate the mixed character of the
English language. One of the words in each pair is
of English or Anglo-Saxon origin, the other is from
the Latin.
rt
Begin
Commence
Bequeath
Devise
Binding
Ooligatorjr
Bitterness
Acrimony
Bloody
Sanguinary
Bodily
Corpc*-eal
fi<ri
Choice
Option
Comer
Angle
Friendly
Amicable
Fulness
Plenitu«l6
Live
Bxist
Lively
Animated
i
(1
'I
Boyish ,;;i|,j,vEnliveii
Puerile Animate
Boundai
k'i->v;
Dark Fulness
Obscuralifttis^W Kepletion
Expire ^"<^*^^^ Chance
Eartlily^^^^^'^Heaveiily
Terrestriaf " 'X Celestial
i /itw ^•■
_, Hinder
J 9 ^'Prevent
Tnside
Interior
•tfm.- . •
^11 Keeping
Lucky
Fortunate ^-?l^
Yhr-i
Milky
a
MotherlJ^'^^*'^ ''f
Maternal '"*■
l^astern
Oriental
Enough
Confineft^j^^^uflBcient ^^^^ Custody
Breed
Engender
Brotherly ^
Fi*aternal
Childhood
Infiincy
Errand ..^Kingly
Message ^^^ ^^ Ees^l
iSOfiiJ
Fellowship Lean
Companionship Meagre
Odd ,^
Singula^'-*^*^^^
Oi)ening
Aperture
Overflow ^:.^
Inundatf^^;^
Outlive *^
Survivo'^^^'^^^i
Outside ' ^
Exterior ^.
Freedom
Liberty
Likely
Probable
Outward
External
't
Sn|
O^
Ini
Oi
.D«
Shi
Col
^ Hi! ;.; r,{« Jt
1 Brotherly. — Some of the Words considered as olAni(to-
^azou origin may be traced to Latin or Greek roots.
ON 'mE OHOICB OF FRBPOBITIOKS.
247
Snrtottt
DooUo
Overseer Thick
Iiispeotor y ^^^^ Dense
f itii
Owing
Due
Shepherd
Pastor
Shock
Concusiion
Threat
Menace
Thoiightful
PeoBive
Timely
TTtispenkable Will I sY/
Ineffable Volitioil <li-fr
Unutterable Will
Inexpressible Testament, ^^, >
Unwilling Witness '
Involuntary Testify
Woroankift i,t
JFeniale . biMiii.-
,i.:Jl.
Uprightness
Sectitttde
Want
Seasonable Necessity
Shim Time-ierving Waver
Aveid ^ Temporiziiig Fluciuatd
Step ;,<)|•>v^^HT^^tl^ ,|yoM,A Watery '
Pace Verity, ooib/. Aqueoua
Straight Sorrowful^^'^ Weaken
Bight 'f ''^ristftsi InvaHdat^
Sweat vy.v *;.Under»tand Weapaas
Perspira'i'^<^t4^ Comprehend Arms
Tasteless' ^ ^tTnderstandiBgWeep
Insipid Intellect Deplore
Womanly
Effeminate
Wonderfvil
Marvelloue
Sylvau,sd&j;4 '
-.-Wordy^*^^'^-^,
-f:frerb<««"^^>'''-^
■ t'i.
•I ■¥h"
Worth.. '-utstri
Value
r
Worthless
Valueless
■' ■:A-!.trf-* ■ ■».
ON THE CHOiC^ OF FREPOSITIONa
' ' Certain words and phrases in English require par-
ticular or appropriate prepositions after tjiem ; as—
Abstain /»'om«
Allude to.
Abhorrence of. Astonished at.
Accordance wUh, Dependent on.
According to. Independent of.
Confide «n. Averse ^o.^ Different /»'om.
Partake of. >,^,a \,\^eficient in. .!^i* Indifferent to. .at^^^.
Comply with,
' ifid
ar
,^* ^rcfsc. -^According to etymology, this word should have
from after it, and not to ; and Milton has so written it (P. L.
riii. 138 ; and ist. 67) ; but the idiom of our language req'oires
"averse to." ^^
248
ON TUB 'CHOiOB OF tTRBBOSITIONI.
f
We have only space for a few examples ; but in the
MTiter^B English Grammar, page 176, the subject is
more fully explained. ,
Abide tn the land.
Abide at a place.
Abide wUk a person.
Abide by an opinion (that is,
to miiintaiu it).
Abide by a person (tbai is, to
stand by, or support him).
Abide y(>r^w»U for).i ,; r^' ,
Accept of the offer ; ^fiui now
uaiutUy without the preposi-
tion; as ' * I accept the offer. **
Accommodate to (to fit or
adapt to) ; as, we ought to
^ aoconvmodate ourselves to
our circumstances.
Accommodate vnth (to supply
or furnish with) ; as, to ac-
commodate a person ,mth
apartments. >i-
Accompanied by his friends.
«r'
Accompanied with the f oUott-
ing conditions (in connej^ion
with\.
Accord to (to concede to).
Accord with^ (to agree with^
Accused o/' a erime.
Accused by any one.
Admonished &j/ a superior (re-
primanded); adnionished of
0> fault committed (reproved
for) ; admonished againrt
committing a fault (warnedj.
Adjourned dt six o'clock. ^
Adjourned to Friday nest, 'i
Adjowned for six weeks^
Advantage o/ a good eduoa-
tion.
Ad^vantage o/«or over a person.
Agree toitk * another. ^
A^ree to a proposaL
O'r
-(rt-Ai'jinl:
bUilml
EXAMPLES FOR EXERCISE.
-:f>
Name ttu prepositions which should he used after the
JfilJ^toifV^ woi^df.
J i ,
Abound, acc^uiesces, adapt, adequate, affinity, angry,
antipathy, tirrive, assent, avert, blush, border, call,
coalesce, compare, compatible, concur, confer, con-
cerned, conformable, conformity, xjontrast,coiiverst]i^)t,
devolve, dwell, emerge, endued^ exasperated, &c. i V
A
A'
^ AbidCy in a transitive sense, or without a preposition^
means to bear, or endure ; as, I eannotcc&tci^ his impertinence.
^ *' Perad venture he will accept o/me." — Gen. xxxii. 20.
^ Accord. — Witjiioif t a prepps|iiQn, afifp^(2 means to adjust,
or make to agree. "*\f'^' ». i,', "'■ ''^"' }.,''''
.^.^f To agree about^ ^po% or for a thing, means to agree vnth
Another i)ersou«or persons regarding; it.
amuvH -
(. V t".
nr.*»
LATIN AND GREEK WORDS AND PHRASES
EXPLAINED.
il orat» (knSco) salvrt, Milva-
tion from the oross.
Ab urbe oondlta, from the
building of the «ity. |son.
A fortiori, with stronger rea-
A mensl^ «it moifo, from bed
and boRvdv & divorce.
A posteriori, from a posterior
reasonr; an uigHineut from
the effeot to* the eause,
A priori, from a prior reason ;
from the-canse Wtbe effeotr
Ab Initio, from the* beginning.
Ad abBurdum, showing the
absQidity of a contrary
opinion. ' ^iJ<l aj 'H ^7;/ n-j^
IKd arbit'rlina, at wiTI.
Ad captan'dum yoI^iu, to
eatcb or attract* the rabble,
Adden'dum, pi, Addeada, to
-be' added ^ additions to a
book ; an appendix.
Ad eundem (e-un'-dem), to
; the same ; to a like degree.
Ad Inftnltumr to infinity ;
without end.
Ad GraaoaB kalendas, never
— tb&Greeksbaviug no kal-
ends.
Ad libitum, at pleasure.
Ad referen'dTmi, to be refer-
red tO' or eon sirred again.
Ad TalOrem, in proportion to
the Value.
Affl&tus, Divine inspiration.
Ag^n'ds., things to be done.
Alias, otherwise. ...
'AUtol, elsewhere, ^■^f^■<>^' rf-
AUnaMater, a benign mother;
*** a term applied tothe univer-
sity where one was edutated.
aftriJ jiO'tHiO
Anatb'Oma, Or., an ecclesi-
astieal euvse.
AngUcOr in English.
Anno Domini (a.d.), in the
year of o«r Lord.
Anno mnndi, i» the year of
the world. [noon.
Ante meridiem fArV.) before
Antbropoph'&gl, Ch\t man-
eatera; cannibals.
Apex, pi. Aploes, the top or
angular poimt; the top of
atiy thing.
Aqna (a'-kwa)i water.
Aqua fortis, nitric acid, Iste-
rally strong water.
Aqua-tlnta, a kind of en-
graving imitating drawiiLgs
made with Indian ink or
■ bistre, '^-^-i iiAai ^avu umi'
Aut CsBsar aut nullus, he
will be Csesar or nobody.
AqiM. vitiB, eau-de-vie or
brandy.
Arc&na imperii, state sect-etsi
Argumentum ad hom'inem.
an argument to the man. '-^
Argnmentum bacullnum,
the argument of the cud-
gel ; cliftb law.
Annlger, one bearing arms;
■ a gentleman. *«kA d<MWj^^
AsafoeUda, a fetid gum-resin
brought from the East
Indies.
Andl alteram partem, hefrr
the other party.
Bona fldS, in good faith.
in
nr
BOrOas, the north wind. '-
Brutum folmen, a harmless
thunderbeltr
l3
250
LATIN AND QREB!^ WORDS
Onterlf paribus, the rest be-
ing alike; other circum-
stances being equal.
Cao'tte^thes lOribendl (a bad
habit), an itoh for writing.
Cac'6e"theB loquen'di, an
itoh for speaking.
Camfira obsotlra, nn optical
machine by whioh, ah in a
I darkened chamber, external
objects are exhibited.
Capias, a writ of execution ;
literally, taJee thou.
Caput morttkum, the worth-
less remains.
Caret, this mftrk(A), to denote
^ tliat something ha4B been
f omitted or is uuntiitg.
Cavfiat, a kind of process in
law to stop proceedings ; a
cAuiion.
Clilrasrra( ki-ra'-gra), Or, , gout
in the hand.
CosrnOmen, a surname, a
family name.
Com'pos men'tis, of sound
mind. r -
Con'tra, against ; contrary to.
Gor'nuco'pia, the horn of
plenty.
CorrUTBn'da, things or wards
._,:. to be corrected, t ^iirii a tA
Cul bono? to what good or
benefit will it tend? [lege.
Cum pilvilSgio, with privi-
Curren'tli cal&mo, with a
ruQiimg pen.
Cu^ito itulo'rum, keeper of
■ \ V or --c»;ordB.
Da. , 'J.U ^:t granted, t^w
De facW, in fact or reality.
Deficit, a want or deficiency.
Del £:rati&| by the grace of
' :■ God.- uV-fii:..^ '-bJl Mii}^
De jTi re, in law or right.
D81A, blot out or erasea
Delta, the Greek letter A ; a
triangular tract of land to-
wards the mouth of a river.
De mor'ttUi nil nisi !>pxium»
of the dead say nothing ex"
oept what is good.
De novo, anew ; over again.
Deo YOleate (d. v. ), God will^
ing or permitting.
DeBidetatum, pi, Deilderata,
a thing or things desired or
wanted. [wanteds
Deeunt catei^a, the rest ia
Dexter, the right hand.
Diotuni, a positive assertion.
DUuvlum, a deposit of super-
ficial loam, sand» &c, , caused
by a deluge, [ing.
Dietringms, a wiit for distrain-
Dividd et imp<l^, divide and
govern. .iiiifiy^ukciM kM-
Dram&tis penOnn, the char-
acters in a play.
Dulia, Or,t aniaferiorl^ind of
worship, mill) it.6^q fia b.(\
DwaoL spiro, epero, whilst I
breatho, I hope.
D~ao, two ; a song for two pier-
formers..ff 'jf{«i>i uu ; skityd
Duodecimo (du-o«deM'>«onfQ)«
applied to a book having
twelve leaves to the sheet;
Durante bene lOacIto, during
pleasure. irA.
Durante viti, during life.
Ec'ce homo, behold the man.
Ec'ce Biff num>behold tho sign.
S plurlbus UBum, one from
many —motto of the United
States. [weight.
Equilibrium, equtOity of
ErfiTO, therefore.
Err&tum, pi. Errftta, a mis-
take or mistakes in printing.
Est modus in rebus, there is
a medium in every thing.
Eeto perpetua, may it last
for ever.
▲in> PBRABBS KXPLAIKBD.
251
,1BI dttllnt, nad the reit ; ftb-
i . breriiited thus {ke. )
'dSx eatlMdra, from the chair.
Excerpta, extracts from a
work.
9 Bx coneeMOy from what has
1<^ been epDceded. [ample.
Exempli gratia («.^. ), for ex-
Exeunt onmei , they all go off.
lExlt, he goes off ; departure.
Bx Blhllo nihil lit, from no-
•i thing nothing can come.
» Ex oflleio, offioiall^r.
Ex parte, on one side only.
i Es poit fktfOtO, from some-
thing done afterwards — as
a law applied to an offence
which was committed be-
fore the law was made.
Ex t«mp6r«, without preme-
ditation, off-hand.
Exnvits, cast skins of animals.
Faceti8B(fa-ce'-she-ey), humo-
rous compositions, witti-
cisms, [exact copy.
t Fac simile (fack-sim'-e-ly ), an
j Felo de ee, a murderer of
one's self, self-murder.
, flat ezperimentnm in oor-
p5re Till, let the experi-
ment be made on a worth-
less body.
Fiat juBtitia mat coelum, let
1'ustice be done though the
leavens should fall, [death.
- FidSUs ad umam, faithful to
Fieri facias (fi'-e-ri-fa"-she-
ass), a writ to the sheriff to
levy debt or damages.
FInem resplce, look to the
end.
Flagrante bello, during hos-
^ tiiities. ***-^.v* v
Flagrante delicto, during the
commission of the crime.
Fortiter in re, with firmness
in a-^ting. ^'- -^'^
Oenera, the plural of Genus.
Habeas corpus, a writ direct-
ing a gaoler to have or pro-
duce the body of a pnsoner
before the co\irfc, nnd to cer-
tify thccnuse of hisdetuiner*
Haud passibus sequis, not
with equal steps.
Hinc illse lachryma), hence
those tears.
Hortus siccus (a dry garden),
a collection of specimens of
plants diied and preserved.
Hum&num est errftre, it is
human to err. -
Ibidem, in the same place..
Idem, the same.
Id est (i.e.), that is.
Ignis fatiius, will-o'-the-
wisp; literally, a delusive
fire. [mcnt.
Imperium in imperlo, a gov-
ernment within a govern-
ment.
Imprlm&tnr, let it be printed.
Imprimis, in the first place.
iLipromptu, without preme-
ditation, off-hand.
Index expurgatorius (a puri-
fying index), a list of pro-
hibited books. >'=^ y
In esse, in actual existence.
In forma pauperis, as a
pauper.
In foro conscientise, before
the tribunal of conscience.
Infira dignitatem, beneath
one's dignity.
In limine, at the outset.
In posse, in possible existence.
In propria persfina, in per-
son, [ness of.
Id. re, in the matter or busi-
histante?, instantly.
Instar omnium, an example
which may suffice for all. t*
Intdxlm, in tho meantime.
£52
UkTIN AND ORBBK WOBDS
Inttrregnimi, the period be-
tween two reigni.
In terrArem, as a warning.
In toto, entirely ; wiioUy:.
In traniltu, on the passage.
In vino Veritas, there is
trnth iu wine.
Invltft Minerva (Minerva be-
„^ ing unwilling), without the
nid of geniua.
Ipse dixit, mere assertion.
Ipso facto, by the fact itself.
Item, also ; an article in a bill
or account.
Jurft divino, by divine riglit.
JvaH hum&no, by human law.
Jus gentium, the law of na-
tions.
Labor omnia vlndt, labor
overcomes every thing.
Labor ipse voluptas, the
labor itself is a pleasure.
Lapsus linguse, a slip of the
tongue.
Laud&tor temp6ris aoti, a
praiser of old times.
Laus Deo, praise be to God.
Lextallonis, thelawofretali-
atioD, like for like, [zodiac.
Libra, a balance; a sign of the
Ligrnum vitse (literally, the
wood of life), Guaiacum, a
very har<l wood.
Locum tenens, holding the
>^ place of another; a lieutenan t
or deputy.
^^t'6ra scriptamanet, what is
written remains.
Litera'tim, letter by letter ;
literally.
^Lusus natftra, a freak of na-
ture ; an anomalous or de-
formed offspring. at «fl
Magna Charta (karta), ine
great charter.
Malum prohibitum, a thing
^ evil because forbidden.
'^
yalum in mo, ati evil hi ttself.
Manda'mus, in law. a writ
from a superior conrt ; lite-
rally, wt command, ii
Mtees, departed spirits.
Materia med'lca, subetance
used in the preparation of
medicine. d
Maximum, the greatest.
MaxXmus in minimis, great
in smull things. [deatli.
Memento morl, remember
Memorabilia, things to be
remembered.
Mens conscia recti, a mind
oonsoious of rectitude.
Mens Sana in oorpdro sano, a
sound mind in a sound body.
Meum et tuum, mine and
Minimum, the least, [thine.
Mit'tlmus (we send), a war-
rant for committing to
prison. > ri '
Modus operandi, the mode or
manner of operating, [little.
Multum in parvo, much in
Necro'sis, (?r., mortification
or deadness.
Nee temtoe neo timldo,
neither rashly nor timidly.
Nemlne contradicentd (nem.
con.), none opposing.
Ne plus ultra, no farther, the
utmost point.
Ne quid nimis, too much of
one thing is good, for no-
thing.
Ne sutor ultra orepldam, the
shoemaker should not go
beyond his last; persons
should attend to their own
business. : ^r=ff'T'-"nr»'
Ne exeat regno, let him not
leave the Iwngdom. , ,
Nisi prius (unless before), a
writ beginnuig with these
words. ;v; i
m
N<
N<
N<
N(
N(
N(
AND PHRASES BXPLAINBD.
263
KolMM ▼Olmi, witling or not.
Koll me tangere, toucli me
not.
Non eit Inventui, he is not
found ; a return to a writ.
Hon oonitati it does not ap-
pear.
Kon oompoi mentis, out of
one's senses, not of sane
mind.
Non obstanti, notwitlistand-
inganythingtotheoontrary.
NoB'oltur ex socils, one is
known by his associates.
Nosce telpeum, know thyself.
Nota l)end (n.b.), mark well
or attentively. [never.
Nunc aut nunqnam, now or
Obiter dictum, an incidental
or casual remark.
Omnibus, for all. / ^iU
Onus proband!, the burden of
proof.
Ord tenus, so far as the mouth.
Otlum cum dignitate, leisure
or retirement with dignity.
Far noblle fratrum, u noble
pair of brothers (ironically).
Faraselend, 6V., a mock
moon, that which is beside
or near the moon.
Pari passu, with an equal
pace.
Parvum panra decent, little
things become little men.
Passim, everywhere.
Pccca'vl, I have sinned.
Pendente Utd, while the suit
is pending. [hundred.
Per cent (for centum)^ by the
Per saltum, by a leap.
Per fas et nefas, through
right and wrong.
Per se, by itself, ^^ff tf* it
Plnzit, painted it.
Posse comlta'tus, the civil
force of the county. .
Post meriiUom (p.m.), after
mid-^day.
PosttUa'ta, things required.
Prima facie, at the first view
or appearance.
PrimlUa (pri-mish'-«-e), the
first fruits which were
offered to the gods.
Primum mobile, the firat
mover.
Primus inter pares, the first
or chief among equals.
Prlnoip'ia, first principles.
Prinoipiis obsta, oj.pose be-
ginnings, or the first at-
tempt.
Pro re nata, according to exi-
gencies or circumstances. '
Pro aris et focis, for our altars
and firesides.
Prob&tum est, it has been
proved.
Pro bono pub'Uoo, for tfa^
public good.
Pro et con (contra), for and
against.
Pro forma, for form's sake. ^
Pro hac vicA, for the occasion.
Pro tempdre, for this time.
FUnica fides, Punic or Cartha-
ginian faith, the Roman
name for treachery.
Quadragesima, Lent — so
called because it contains
fortif days. [pleasing.
Quantum libet, as much as is
Quantum sufilcit, as much as
is sufficient.
Quantum valeat, as much as
it may be worth.
Quid nunc? (what now?) a
newsmonger.
Quid pro quo, someihiog for
something ; tit for tat. <-
Quod erat demonstrandum
or Q.E.D., that which was
to be proved. - - .— ..^-
254
LATIN PHRASES EXPLAINED.
I-
QuondtBlt foNMrly, former.
RtOipe (reM'-«-py), the ftrtt
word of a phjakian't pre-
•oription, an* I henoe the
preioription itself. Take
thou is the literal meaniag.
Re InfeotAi without aooom-
plishing the nitxtter.
Reqnlaioat in pa'oA, may he
rest in peace. [end.
RMple* mitiii» look to the
Rtiurgam, I shall rise again.
Boimdalwm maffnUmn, sean-
dal against the nobility.
^oUloei (to»), to wit, namely.
Sol'rd ftioias, cause it to be
known, or show cause.
Seoundttm axtom, according
I to art or professional skill.
Semper Idem, always the
same.
Serla'tim, in regular order.
81e patslm, so everywhere.
SUent leffOB inter arma, laws
^ are silent in the mid»t of
arms. [day.
Stnd did, without fixing a
3Uie qua non, without which
not ; an indispensable oon-
'. dition.
Statu quo, in the same state
in which it was.
Sua cuique voluptas, every
;■ one has his own pleasure.
Suavlter in mode, eed fortl-
f_ ter in re, gentle in manner,
but firm in acting.
Sub poena, under a penalty.
Sub silentio, in silence.
Sui gendrie, the only one of
the kind; singular.
Summum bonum, the chief
or supreme good. nru\
Suum cuique, let every one
have his own.
TabtUa rasa, a smooth tablet ;
a mere blank.
TMdlnm Jitm, wearineie of
life.
Te Deum, a hymn of thanks-
giving ; so called from the
two fimt wonU.
TempOra mutaatvr, Umes
are changed.
Totldem yerbii, in just so
many wonls.
Totiei quoties, as often as.
TotO ooilo, l)v the whole hea-
vens; as far as the poles
asunder.
Tria junota in uno, threo
joined in one.
Ultima ratio reffum, the last
reason of kings; that is, war.
Vltimui <ult.), the last.
Una Yooe, with one voice.
Utile duld, the useful with
the agreeable.
Vacuum, an empty space.
Vade mecum, come with me ;
a companion. [quished !
VflB Victil ! alns for the van*
VariArum, with notes of
various commentators.
Venienti occurrlte morbo,
meet the disease in the
beginning.
Verbatim, word for word.
Versus, in law, against.
Veto {I forbid)^ a prohibition.
Via, by the way of.
Vied, in the stead or room of.
Vice versa, the reverse.
Vid6, see ; refer to.
Vi et armis, by main force.
Vis InertiSB, the force or pro-
perty of inanimate matter.
Viva voce, orally ; by word
of mouth.
Viz. (videlicet), to wit.
Vox et prsaterea nibil, voice
(or sound) and nothingmore.
YiVAT Keoina! Long live
THE Queen.
of
•'*Jl,4il *
( 265 )
//
vjt,*:
FRENCH AND FOREIGN PHRASES PRO-
NOUNCED i AND EXPLAINED.
threo
Abattoir (a-bnt-t war'), a gene-
ral or public Hlaiij^Titer-
houte. [eoclesiastio.
Abto^ (iib-bey), au abbot ; an
Aooouchament (&o-cooBh'-
mong), a lying-in.
Aoooudieur (&c-coo-Bh&re), a
man midwife.
Al(le-(!le*camp(nid'-deli-c5ng),
a military officer attending
a general.
A-la-mode (ah-1a-mode), in
the full fashion.
AlguaiU (&r-ga-ztiel), a Span-
ish officer of justice; a con-
stable.
AUemande (&Md-mand'), a
kind of German dance ; a
figure in dancing.
Alto relievo. It,, high relief
(in sculpture). .,'t
Amateur (ahm-at-elir), alover
of any art or science, not a
jirofessor ; a virtuoso.
Amende (a-m6ngd'), a fine by
, way of recompense ; amenda
jnade in any way.
Andante^ It,, moderately
slow. [old-fashioned.
Antique (an-teek'). ancient ;
Apropos (a-pro-po'), to the
purpose ; by-the-bye.
Asslguat (as'-sing-ya), paper
money issued during the
Revolution.
Attach^ (at-ta-sh^), one at-
tached to the suite of au
anibassudor.
Au fait (u fay), up to a thing,
master of the subject.
Au plB aller (5-pec-znh'-lai),
at the worst.
Auto de Ht S o. , an act of faith .
Avocat (av'-o-ca), a lawyer.
Badlnagre (bad"-e-nazh';,light
or playful discourse.
Bagatelle (ba-ga tel'), a trifle.
Ballet(b&l-lc), an oi)eradance
Banquette (ban^-ket'),
small bank behind a para •
pet, to stand on when firing.
Bateau (ba-to'), a loUt;, light
boat ; a vessel. [oluU
Baton (ba-tong'), a staff or
Beau (bo), a gaily-dressed
person ; an admirer.
Beaux esprits (boz-es-pree'),
men of wit.
Beau-ld^al (bo-ee-day'-al),
the ideal excellence exist*
iog only in the r *;/;:iinaifcion.
Beau monde (bo-i^ond), the
gay or fashionable world.
Bella-don'sa, It., the deadly
nightshade ; literally, fair
faay- so called, it is said,
because its juioe is used as
a cosmetic by Italian ladies.
Belle (bell), a fine or fashion-
ably dressed lady.
Belles-lettres (bell-let tr), po-
lite literature.
/: } It is very difficult, and in some cases impossible, to give,
Vf\th the sounds of our letters, the true French pronunciation.
The pronunciations given here, therefore, are in some cases to
he considered as mere approximations.— See No. 20, page 117.
256
FRENCH AND fOREION PHRASES
„h'
ii
I
B^OU (b'>6-zhoo), a jewel or
fcrinket. [love letter.
BlUet dottX (bil-le-dooO, a
Bivouac (biv'-oo-&ck), to pass
the ^aght underarms, [tic.
Bizarre (be-z&r), odd, fantas-
Blanc mangrer (blo-mon'je),
a confected white jelly.
Bonjour (bon-zhftr), good day.
Bon mot (bong'-mo), a witty
saying.
Bonne-bouclie (bun-boonh), a
delicious morsel ; a titbit.
Bon ton (bobn-i&ng), in high
fashion.
Bo? vlvant (bohn- veev'-ahn),
li high liver; a choice spirit.
Boudoir (boo-dwor'), a small
: ornamental room.
Bougie (bo6-zhe),a wax taper.
Bouillon (bool'-ydng), a kihd
■•'-.of broth. *'f :".:■:: ^:*'^::-T"
B6U(luet (bo6-kay), a nos^ay.
Bout^eols (boor'-zhwaw), a
^ burgess or citizen y citizen-
Bravura (bra-V^V-tk), i-sb^g
of difficult execution ; diffi->
j^^cult; brilliant.
BuUetUl (bool'e-teen), a short
official account of news.
Bureau (bu-r6), a cliest of
drawers with a writing
* board; an office. • -^-'•- -
Ifturletta, It. , a musical tfiltte.
Cabaret (cab'-a-ray), a tavern.
Cabriolet (cab'-re-o-lay"), a
Citeliet (kah-shay) ; a seHl ; i
private or secretstate letter,
Caden'za, It., in music, the
fall or modulation of the
voice.
Qa Ira (s&-ee-r&), (it shall go
on, that is, the Kerolution),
«• the burden of a republican
^ or revolutionary song* -;
Caique (ca-eek'), the skiff of
a galley.
Calibre (ca-lee'bi), the eapa-
city or contpass cf the mind
or intellect.
Cantata, It., a po«m set to
music. [dinn riibber.
Caoutchouc (coo'-chook), In-
Cap-a*pie (cap-ah-peS), tiom
iieadtofoot. :,^:,.:,;^:^^
Capncdo (ca-pree-cho), It,
a loose, irregular species of
musical composition.
Cap'rlGlS, It., a leap without
advancing, piooded friar.
Capuchin (cap^-u-sheen"), a
Carte blanche (cart-bldngsh^,
permission to name our own
terms.
Cartonche (car-toosh'), a case
to hold powder and balls.
Chamade (sha-mad'), the beat
of a drum denoting a, desire
to parley or snn-ender.
Champ6tre (shan - pay tr'),
rural. :<;^.r^Z''.':^^~
Champignon (sn am • pin'-
yon), a small species of
mushroom. [song.
Chanson (chawng-soang), a
Chapeau (shap'-po), a hat.
Chaperon (sliap'-er-ong), a
gentleman who attends up-
on or protects a lady in a
public assembly.
Charge d'aifaires (shar'-jay-
daf-fair), an ambassador of
second rank. ^ ^
Charivari (shar-e-va-re^),' ' a
mock serenade' of discord-
ant music. [quack.
Charlatan (shar^-Ia-tan), a
Chateau (shah-t6), a castle.
Chef d'cmrrre (shay-doovr), a
masterpieoeo
Chevaux-de-Mse (shev'-o-de-
freeze),a kind of spiked fence
PRONOUNCED AND EXPLAINED,
25r
a
ChliUro - OBCuro (ke-ai^-o-os-
coo'-ro), It J lightft and
shiuies in painting.
Cicerone (tchee-tchfti-ro-ny),
It.f a guide or conductor;
, one who orator izes in his
descriptions.
ClclBbeo (tche-tchisbay^-o),
It., a gallnnt tending a lady.
Ci-devant (see-de-vang), for-
merly, former. [gang.
Clique (cleek), a party or
Cognac (cone-yilck)y brandy,
properly from the town so
called.
Comme 11 faut (com-ee-fo'),
as it should be; quite the
thing, [with all one's heart.
Con am(n:<, It., with love;
Confir6 d'^lire (con-jay-dai-
leer), permission to elect.
ConnoiBseiir (oon-a-sehr), a
skilful judge.
Contour (con-toorO, the out-
line of n figure.
Corps diplomatique (core
dip-lo-ma-teek'), the body
of ambassadors.
Corregridor (cor-red'-je-dor),
Sp. f the chief magistrate in
a Spanish town.
Cotillon (co-til'-yoang), a
brisk, lively dance.
Coup de grace (eoo-deh-
grass'), the finishing blow.
Ooup d'tftat (coo^eh-tah), a
. bold measure on the part of
the state ; a master-stroke
of poliey.
Coup de main (coo-deh-
mfthng), a sudden or bold en-
terprise, [glance of the eye.
Coup d'oeil (coo-deuhl'), a
Couteau (koo-to^), a kind of
knife, a hanger.
Codte que coAte (coot-ke-
coot), cost what it will.
Cuiaine (kwe-zeen'), the kit-
chen, the cooking depart-
ment.
Cul de 8ao (literally, ihe bot-
tom of a sack ur bag), si
street closed at one end.
Da capo, It, again, or repeat
from the beginning.
Debouch (de-boosh'), to issue
or march out of t>. narrow
place or defile.
Debris ((le-br6e), broken re-
mains; ruins. [ance.
Debut (cle-l>o6), first appear-^
Dejeuner j. la fourchette
(de-zheu-ne - ah-lah -foor-
shayt), a breakfast with
meats, fowls, &c. ; a public
breakfast. [magazine.
Depot (deh-p6), a store or
Denouement (de-noo-mdng'),
the winding up ; an expla-
nation.
Dernier ressort (daim-yair*
res-sor), the last shift or
resource.
Dieu et mon droit (dieu-ai-
mon-drwau), God and my
right.
DUettan'te (pi. Dilettanti),
one who delights in promot-
ing the fine arts,
Dolce (dol'-che), It, sweetly
and softly.
Doldro'so, /](., in music, soft
and pathetic. [abode.
Domicile (dom- c -seel), an
Douole entendre (doo'-bl-dng-
tdng"-dr), a phrase with a
double meaning.
Eclaircissement (ec-Iair'-cis-
mong), a clearing up or ex-
planation of an affair.
Edat (e-olaw'), splendour, a
burst of applause.
El^ve (ai-lave), one brought
up by another ; a pupil.
358
FRENCH AND FOREIGN PHRASES
Embonpoint (aim • bon -
pwawn), in good condition.
Encore (uhn-c6re), .again.
Ennui (5ng-wee'), wearisome-
ness, lassitude.
En passant (on pas'song), in
]»ut8ing, by the way. [road.
En route (ang-roof), on the
Entree (dng*tray), entrance.
Entremets (dng'-tr-may), one
of the small dishes set be-
tween the principal ones at
dinner, [tween ourselves.
Entre nous (dng'-tr-noo), be-
Entrepot (6ng*tr-po')y a ware-
house or magazine.
Equivoque (a'-ke-voke'^* an
> equivocation.
&iprit de corps (es-pree-deh-
cdre), the spirit of the body
or party.
Expos^ (ecks-po'-zy), an expo-
sition or formal statement.
Famille (fa-meel'), family;
* * en famille, " in the family
way.
Fantocdnnl (fan'-to-tche''-
ne), It.t puppets. [step.
Fauz-pas (fo-pah), a false
Femme couverte (fam-coo-
vairt), a protected or mar-
ried woman.
Femme sole, a single woman.
Fdte (fate), a feast or festival.
Feu de Joie (fe(i-de-zhwaw), h
discharge of firearms; a re-
joicing, [coach.
Fiacre (fe-ah'kr), a hackney
FiUe-de-chambre (feel - de -
sham-br), a chamber-maid.
Finale (feo-nah'-ly), 7^, the
end ; the close.
Fleur-de-lis (flehr-deh-lee),
the flower of the lily.
Flracas (fra-ci), a noisy quar-
rel, [dresser.
Friseur (fre^?ur'), a hair-
Oaucberie (gdsh-re), left-
handedness, awkwardness.
Gendarmes (jaug-darm), sol-
diers, police.
Gout (goo), taste.
Grisette (gree-zef), literally,
a young woman dressed in
f/ray, that is, homely stuff; a
tradesman's wife or daugh-
ter ; a shop-girl.
Gusto, It., the relish of any
thing; liking. [ragout.
Harico (Iiar'-e-co), a kind of
Honi soit qui mal y pense
(ho - ne - s wa w- kee - raahl - e-
pahns), evil to him that
evil thinks.
Hors de combat (hdr-dch-
cohn-bah), disalded. tit)
H6tel-Dieu (otel'-deuh), an
hospital.
Ich di n (ik-deen), I serve. ot>
Inc6gnitO (incog.), in disguise.
In petto, in the brea&N of
mind ; in reserve.
Je ne sais quo! (je-ne-say-
kwaw'), I know not what.
Jet d'eau (zhai-do'), an orna-
mental water - siK>ut or
fountain, [play upon words.
Jeu de mots (zheu-de-mo'),
Jeu d'esprit (zheu-des-pre6),
play of wit ; a witticism.
Juste milieu (zhust-mil-yd),
the exact or just middle.
Ley^e(lev-ay), amorhtngvisit.
Liqueur (le-quehr), a cordial.
Mademois^ie (mad'-em-wa-
zel"), a young lady ; Miss.
Maitre d*liotel (maytr-do«
tel'), hotel keej^er or man-
ager.
Mai-apropos (mal-ap-ro-po'),
out of time ; unseasonable.
Malaria, 7^., noxious vapours
or exhalations. i :;i*i«>>.i
Malieho (m&l-it-cho), the cor-
PBONOUNOED AND EXPLAINED.
259
cor-
ruption of a Spanigh word
sij^uifying mischief.
Mauvalae lioiite (mo-vais-
hont), false modesty.
Melee (ma,y-ljiy'), a confused
fight ; a scuffle. [agerie.
'Manage (men-azh'), a men-
; Jffessieurfl (meHs-}'ers),gentle-
/■ men ; the plural of Mr.
Monsieur (mo'-seu), Sir, Mr.,
a gentleman.
Naivete (nah-eev-tay'), ia-
genuousness, simplicity.
Niaiserle (hee-ais-ree), silli-
ness.
Hom -de - guerre (nong • deh-
gair'), an assumed name.
Nonclialaiice (uohn - shah-
lahnce), coolness, indiffer-
ence.
Noyau (no-yo), a liqueur.
On dit (ohn-de^), a flying re-
port.
Outr6 (oo-tray'), extraordi-
nary, eccentric, [honour.
Parole (par-61e), word of
Pas (pah), a step ; precedence.
Patois (pat-waw), provincial-
ism.
'Penchant (pan-shahn), a lean-
ing or inclination towards.
Pettt-maltre (pet'ty may'tr),
a litt^' master; a fop.
Prot^t, (prot^gee,/e»i.),(pro-
tay-jay ), one that is patron-
ized and protected.
Qui va li? (kee-vah-la), who
goes there ?
Qui Vive? (kee-veev'), who
goes there ? on the alert.
Ragout (rah-g6o), a highly-
seasoned dish.
Rencontre (rahn-contr'), an
unexpected meeting; an
encounter.
Restaurateur (re-stor-ah-
tehr'), a tavern keeper.
Rouge (rooge), red paint.
Ruse de guerre (roos-deli-
gair'), a trick or stratagem
of war.
Riant (ree'-ang), smiling.
Sangfroid (sahn-frwnw), cool-
ness ; literally, cold blood. ^.
Sans (sang), without.
Sans-culottes (sang-cu-lof),
the tag-rag ; the rubble.
Savant (sav'-ang), a learned
man. [nickiiiime.
Sobriquet (so-bre- kay), a
Soi-disant (swaw-dee-zang),
self-styled, pretended.
Soiree (swaw'ry), an evening
party. [.'nembrance.
Souvenir (soov-neer'), re-
Table-d'hote (tabl-dote), an
ordinary at which the mas-,
ter of the hotel presides, .v
T6te-&-t6te (tait-ah-tait),head
to head; a private conversa-
tion between two persons.
Tirade (tee-rad'), a long in-
vective speech.
Ton (tong), the full fashion.
Torso, lU, the trunk of a
statue.
Tour (tooi*), a journey, .*
Tout ensemble (too-tahnt
sahnbl), the whole taken
together. *4
Valet - ae - chambre (vale -q y
deh-shambr), a footman.
Vetturino (vet-too-ree'n-o),
It.y the owner or driver of
an Italian travelling car-
riage.
Vis-i-vis (veez-ah-vee), face
to face ; a small carriage
for two persons, with S'^ats
opposite.
Vive la bagatelle (veev-la-
bng-a-tel')i success to trifles.
Vive le roi (veev - ler - waw),
long livo the king.
I
1
»
( 260 )
ABBREVIATIONS.
f^:t
*f'.
LATIN.
A.B. Artiuni Baccalaureus,
A.C. Ante Oliristum, P ?
A.M. Artium M.ngister,
A.M. Anno Mundi,
A.U.O. Ab Urbe Condita,^' , p
B.D. Baccalaureiis Divinitatis.
B.M. BHcciilaureust Medicinae,
C. Cent. Centum,
01k. Clericus,
Cap. Capitulum,
C.P.S. CustoB Privati SigilU,
O^R. Custos Rotulorum,
as. Custos SigUli, ^;
D.D. Doctor Divinitatii, ' .
D.V. DeoVolente,
e.g. Exempli Gratia, ««
Ibid. Ibidem, r^^*
Id. Idem, '"■
i.e. Id est, >^.
Incog. Incognito, _*'"^**^,i
J. H. S. Jesus Homihum Salvator,
LL.D. Legum Doctor,
L.S. Locus Sigilli,
L.S.D. Librae, Solidi, Denarii,
Lib. Liber,
M.D. Medicinse Doctor,
M.S. Memorise Sacrum,
N.B. NotaBene, v.!
Nem. con. Nemine Contradicente,
PerCe.'-r- Per Centum,
S. 0, Senatus Consulti,
S. T. D. SacrsB Theologiae Doctor,
P.M. Post Meridiem,
Prox. Proximo, „
P.S. PostScriptum, *
Q.E.D. Quod erat demonstrandum
Se. Scilicet,
Ult. Ultimo,
V.R. Victoria Regina,
Vid. Vide,
Viz. Videlicet, -*
kQ» Etcastera,
M
'mt^y
'>'!■
Bachelor of Arts. :
Before the Christian era.
Master of Arts.
In the vear of the world.
From the building of the
city.
Bachelor of Divinity* .^
Bachelor of Medicine.
A hundred. .,^
Clergyman. ' ,, ];^U
Chapter.
Keeper of the Privy SeaL
Keeper of the Rolls.
Keeper of the Seal.
Doctor of Divinity,^
God willing.
For example.
In the same place.
The same (author^-^^
That IS.
Unknown, concealed. ^
Jesus the Saviour of men.
Doctor of Laws. .^
The place of the Seal.^ "
Pounds, Shilling8,Peuce.
Book.
Doctor of Medicine.
Sacred to the Memory.
Note well ; take notice.
No one opposing it.
By the hundred.
A decree of the Senatfu.
Doctor of Divinity. "^
In the afternoon. j^
Next (month or term).
Postscript (written after)
, "Which was to be proved*
To wit ; understood, ^jj
In the last (month).
Queen Victoria.
See thou ; refer to.
To wit : namely, [forth.
And the rest; and so
i/.i^.j. ABBBBTIATIONS. .aUt
//
261
iNQLiafll ^^tC3
[K--
A. AnlH
r; Answer. '
K.P.
ltin(f^ofSt.l^rick
Adm".
Administratoiv,
K.T.
Knightof theThistle
Lord Chief JusUce.
Abp.
Archbishop.
L.C.J.
Acct.
Account. hw^k'-
Lieut.
Lieutenant.
Anon.
Aiionymous.
M.A.
Master of Art8»
B.A.
Bachelor of Arts.
Messrs.
Gentlemen.
Bart.
Baronet.
M.P.
Member of l^arlia-
Bp.
Bishop. M^r V, 4^^v
Mr.
Master. [rnent-.
Brig.
Brigautine.
Mrs.
Mistress.
Capt.
Captain. [Bath.
Compa'iion of tho
M. B. I. A. Member of the Royal
C.B.
Irish Academy.
C.P.
Common Pleas.
MS.
Manuscript.
■^i,f<
Chapter.
County or Company^
MSSv
N.Sv
Manusetipts.
New Style (178^
Col.
Colonel.
No.
Number.
Com'.
Commissioner. ""^ *f
N.L.
North Latitude. ^
Cr.
Creditor.
N.T.
New Testament*
D.C.L.
Doctor of Civil Lair.
N.
North.
D.L.
Deputy Lieutenant.
Debtor or Doctor.
O.S.
Old Style.
Dr.
8vo.
Octavo.
Do*,
Ditto ; the same.
O.T.
Old Testament.
EfT*>
East.
oz.
Ounce.
B.L.
East Longitude.
Prof.
Professor.
Excb.
Exchequer.
P.S.
Postseript.
Esq.
Esquire. [Society.
Fellow of the Royal
Q.
Question.
F.R.S.
Q.R
Queen's Bench.
F.S.A.
Fellow of the Anti-
Q.C.
Queen's CounseL ;
quarian Society.
4to.
Quarto.
F.T. CD. Fellow of Trinity
Q^.
Query.
College, DuUiu.
Rev.
Reverend.
Gent.
Gentleman
Rt. Hon. Right Honorable.
Gen.
Genera? '*^v^'^ w;^
R A.
Royal Artillery.
Hhd.
Hogshead.
R.E
Royal Engineers.
H'Jmu
Her or His Majesty.
R.M.
Royal Marines.
Inst.
Instant ; present
R.M.
Resider' ^CagistratO*
month.
R.N.
Royal Navy.
.T.P.
Justice of the Peace.
Sec.
Secretary.
Knt.
Knight.
S.
South.
KG.
Knightof theGarter.
S.L.
South Latitude*
K.B.
Knight of the Bath.
St.
Saint.
K.C.B.
Knight Commauder
U.S.
United States.
of the Bath.
w.
West.
K. G. 0. B. Knight Grand Cross
W.L.
West Longitude.
.4:'
of the Bath. ^^^
X™".
Christmas. ..^
#iv
K.U. \nSfc^WBM^«
\i
#
■^v
262
DIREOnOHS FOB ADDRESSING
DIRECTIONS -
. JQR ADDRESSING PJERSONS OF EVERY RANK,
i >, iTc^iBOTH IN WRITING AND SPEAKING.
t5.
';V, Jf
ROTAL FAMILY. .5.-..:.,.. .f^i^i..
KmG(ki^'Bis.*'^Snperacription---To the King's fdr Qu*!tA*s)
Most Excellent Majesty.
f- CinnmencemePt.—Bhe (or Madam). ^"^^'^y • ^'"^ '^1
^^^ Conclusion. -I remaiu, [vu s *. .{^^
. „ ,. /^. / With profound venerfd ion, ' ;
M'*^^*^>^-^ i »- Sire (or Madam), ' '
j^tm^^0M.. i - 4 , Yow Majesty's most faithful Subject
''m^'-^^f^^^' ^ , ^nd dntiful Servant. \ : ;
Addreuif^tpeliHnff ^c*,- Kili . {or M?idam); Your Majesty;
or, May it pier.so your li'ilestj.
Prinobb aijd PBSK0ES3X5S oi the Blood Royal.^
<Suj)€r<mjM >'on. — To Bh (or Her) Royal Highness, &c.
<(7o}nm£ncei»^<). - Sir (or Madam).{bi') J*^ feis^^^l .j * >
C^incZimofi. — I remain, ,<{ mi
Ja ii;5i;.Tl!> Sir (or Madam), * > '
."u; !i J Your Royal Highnes -'s most dutiful
and most obedient humble Servant*
Addrets in tpeuking to. — Sir (or Madam) ; Your Royal
Highn0fti. ^ or, May it please your Royal Highness.
NOBILITY AND GENTRY.
DuK?!3 ;ind DucHESSEa.— 5t*2)e)'5cripf ion— To His (or Her)
Grace the Duke (or Duchess) of -.
Commencement — My Lord Duke-^or Madam), r K
. CoiiclU9ifm^—l iave the honour to be, J u .: »
. ■ ,, ., :.u- i i; ., ^. My Lord Duke (or Madam ),2
l^.w^mxim^:i^i;M-\ Your Grace's moat devoted
^i-^-i^itir'A Li*<siii' , M j^ ;v,^lif-*i^" and obedient Servant.
^> /n apeakhff to. — Your Grace ; or, May it please your Grace;
or, My Loi^d (or Mi^dam).^
1 Biood JiQy«?.— That is, the sc. and daughters, brotlu « n,
sister's, nnoles and annts of the K (or Queen Regnant). L' -t '
Princes and Priacesses of the J?r • , Ji^at is, the nephews, r.j«
and cousins of the King (or Queen ^eg^ii^nt) are styled Hif/. .
merely.
3 Madam. — Persoi ^^ of inferior condition, as tradesmen and »
vflnts, should use the words, " My Lady," or *' May it please y <
Ladyship^" instead of " Madam," when addressing ladies i title
>W%mm.
!V'
FBB80N8 OF EVERT RANK^un/'
263
1 /
lU
.f--v.
Marquesses and Marohionesses.— iSuperAcrep^ioifr— To the
Most Uouorable,
The Marquess (or Marchioness) of . •',
Commencement. — My Lord Marquess (or Madum).^ > '
'/\m^lii9Mn,—l have the honor to be, it^rfli
^ My ].iord Marquess (or Madam), I -
xour Lordship t (or Ladyship's) most^badient
and most humble Servant.
In speaking to.— "My Lord (or Madam ^) ; or, May it please
your Lordship (or Ladyship). .■u'iM(\ I
Barls and CoqNTEsass.— iSu/xrfcri/T^tOR— To the Right
Honorable the Earl (or Countess) of . Cow. — My
Lord (or liJadam^). Con. — I have the honor to be, my
Lord (or Madam ^)« Your Lonlship'a (or Ladyship's) most
obedient and very humble Servant.
In speaking to.— My Lord (or Madam) ; or. Tour Lordship
(or Ladyship).
Viscounts and Viscountesses— Barons and Baronesses.
— The form of supersctiption and address the same as to
Earls and Countesses ; as, To the Right Honorable the
Viscount <or Viscountess, or Baron or Baroness) .
Baronets and KmauTs,— Superscriptwn— To Sir , (and
in the case of a Baronet 3) Bart,
"Wives of Baronets and Knights.— To Lady . Madam. ^
Esquires. — The persona legally entitled to this title are— L
The eldest sons of Knights, and their eldest sons in per- '
petual succession. 2. The eldest sons of the younger sons
of Peers, and their eldest sons iu like succession. 3.
Esquires by virtirs of their office, as Justices of the Peaeew
4. Esqui^eti \.l Knights of the Bath« each of whom consti-
tutes three at his installation. 5. All who are styled
*' Esquires" by the King (or Queen) in their commissions
and appointments. Thua Captains in the army are Es^
quires, because they are so styled in their Commission,
whii h is signed by the Xing ; but O&ptains ia the Navy,
though of hi' \r niilitajj. rank, are not legally entitled
to this titlr', <.aoause th^ir commlssiona are signed, not
by ^lie K' a, but by the Lc 'ds of the Admiralty.
This title is, howeve**, Jiow given to ^ very man of respect-
ability, and to persons who are entitled bo superior con-
sideration, &c. &c. &c should be added.
TiT.,iss BY Court wfiT. — The sons of Dukes, Marquesses, and
the el(j('est fiona of Earls are called Lords, ai*^ their daughters
Ladies. When there are other peerages iu the family, the
5 Madam.— See «r
^ III tliH case of &
formal documento.
..9«fe 262.
•a;.is'<i} is U
usual to add the iitla, except in legal or
264 DiRE^cnoKs for addrbssing, &a
eldest ion in luoh OAses takes the title next In dignity.
Thus the eldest son of the Duke of Leinster is styled tho
Marquess of Kildare ; and the eldest son of the Duke of
Norfolk is called the Earl of Surrey.
BiOHT Honorable.— The title of Right Honorable is given
— 1. To the sons and daughters of Dukes and Marquesses, .
4 and to the daughters and the €^(^e9^ sods of Earls. 2. To
all the members of Her Majesty's Most Honorable Piivy
f' Odundil. 3. To the Speaker of the House of Commons.
4. To the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Chief Justices, and
i the Lord Chief Baron. 5. To the Lord Mayor of London,
%, Dublin, York, and to the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, dur*
^ ing the time they are in office.^
HoNOjRABUl.— The title of Honorable is given to the ymtnper
sons of Earls, and all the sons and daughters of Yisconnts
4 and Barons; also, to the Puisne Judges, and the Barona
* of the Excheouer. ^
iBlxcELLENOT. — This title is given to all Ambassadors, Pleni-
« potentiaries, the Lord Lieutenant and Lord Justices of
V. Ireland, the Governor of Canada, &e.
Archbishop.— To His Grace the Lord Archbishop of .
i My Lord Archbishop. — In tpeaking to — Your Grace ; or.
My Lord. 3 ? ^
Bishops.— To the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of j-^-^.
My Lord Bishop. — In speakmg to — My Lordj pr, y^ur
'Lordship. ' '^ ^^ "'-■'" ^'^^^"^^ ''^"^-"'■' '
Dbans.— To the Very Reverend the Dean of ; Mr.
Dean ; Reverend Sir.
Arohdkaoon.— To the Venerable the Archdeacon of — --,
' Mr. Archdeacon ; or, Reverend Sir. ^t i^ * *^*
Clbroyman.— To the Reverend John (or whatever the Chris-
tian name may be) . Reverend Sir.
Bight Worshipful and "Worshipfdl.- To the Sheriffs, Al-
, dermen, and Recorder of tlie City of London, the title of
. Right Worshipful is given ; and that of Worshipful to the
Aldermen andf Recorders of other Corporations. Justices of
the Peace are also entitled to Worshipful ;, and Xou|r Wpr-
1 The Lords Commissioner of tlte Treasury nnd Admiralty are usually ad-
dressed 6y courtesy with tlie title of Right Honomble.
2 Commissioners of Goremnient Boards or DepHrtments, and eren the Direc-
tors of the Bank of England, East India Comp^nyi Ac., are often styled " Honor-
flble," but It Is only by inferior peHons.
s The wives of Archbishops and Bishops, Chancellors and Jud^ss, Generals
and Admirals, are addressed merely as "Mrs." and "Madam." unless tbcy
iwtssess a title in thsir own right, or Cbronffb their husband, independent of his
cJReialrank.
■4 if-a^ ^^ii^^-!^'^^^ A
*
<«W"6 IKk
■It *.t.('^"J*H
^^w^ i^-J*>i-fi'*^ ■ '• ' f-^- ^iM^'. ii^«4-:f
//
; r APPENDIX. ,• ;,
Mr.
r.i
PEOVEEBS AND PEECEPTS.
r.«^*«V' vi-** ■i-rt'^f.
■■..a: f'dimi'
\^mmmv>4^*jt,.
Teachers fare a*eoamiiieii(kd bjr the autlioa* Oif lihts
little ho»k te use the i^lloiviing Prombrbb and
Precepts as additional *' Dictation (Eicercises/'
both in WRITING and spelling ; the more advanced
pupils to write down the sentenoe dictated, either
on paper or slates, smd the kss advanoed to spell it
■Nvord for word, as if they were wriliii^ it -down.
They shoidd also be used 4is esencises in parsing.
The imi^ortaiice <o£ having precepts, so full of prac-
tical wisdom, impiesaed upon tlie young mind, is
^' A proverb is ilie wisdom o^ many and the ivii of
^ When«everal wise men hare drawn some coiiclusion
fToiii experience and observation, a man of wit con-
denses it into a short pithy Baying, which obtains cur-
rency as a proverb. ' -J* • i'J » ' f • n > »i^M J **
A use fo^ ery thing, and every thimji to its
propel' use.
'-*■-■ ■ r-
^,„ A place for every things and every thing in its
proper place, ,^; >^ -^^ <u.^V uii*^% vimi i^l mti m
''#-
IB
266
PROVBRBS AND PRBCEFT8.
A time for every thinrj, and every thing in its
proper time, / | { \/}^*^^
As you hreiVj yon miinf hake. : i ...
He who brews unekilmlly will have bad yeast ; and
bftd yeast will make bad bread. The ill consequences
of one imprudent step will be felt in \\v<..i^ an aiter ^lep.
A slow fire tnakes sweet malt, ^■t-^rmmmmi
It is observed riiat a fierce fire half bums the malt,
and destroys nost of its sweetness. And in like man-
ner, every thin^ that is done with impetuous violence
and hurry^ is the worse done.
A straw besi shotvs hoio the wind blows, j^, ,
Occurrences that are trifling in themnelveB^andthings
said carelessly, will often serve as a s gn of what kind
of disposition men ai'e in. The most ordinary and un-
important actions of a man's life will often show more
of his natural character and his hrbii';, than more im-
portant actions, which are done delihefiately, and some-
times (ugai'mt his natural raclir'ttions. And again,
what is said or done by very inferior persons, who sel-
dom think for themselves, or fl^ct resolutely on their
own judgment; is the best hij^n of wha.. is commonly
said or done in the place and time in which they live.
A man of resolute character, and of an ori^. i»al turn of
thought, is less likely to be led by ti e around him,
and therefore does not furnish so ^ichjA .i «. in of what
are the prevailing opinions and customs.
An idle man tempts the devil.
■"*■*■:
When a man is unemployed there is a double chance
of his being led into some folly or vice. ^^*>"^ > -^^ »'v.
Mb
PROySllBS AND PRKOSFTa 267
A vjririkled purm^ a wrinkled face,
Wlieii one's money bag is nearly empty, and so full
of wrinkles, care is apt to bring wrinkles into his face.
As the fool thinkethy so the hell dinketh.
When a weak man is strongly biassed in favour of
any opinion, scheme, &c., everything seems to confirm
ii ; the very bells seem to suy the words that his head
u full of.
A hiave w one knave, hu' a fool is many, - '^
A weak man in a place of authority will often do
more mischief than a bad man. For an intelligent
but dishonest man will do only as much hurt as serves
his own purpose ; but a weak man is likely to be made
the *ool of several dishonest men. A lion only kills as
raa^ ■' as wil' supply him with food ; but ahorse, if
riduv a by several wavlike liorseffen, may prove the
death < fmore than ten lions would kill,
A lie has o legs. ^^^ ^'^>^ WfiM.^^^.\k'''- ' " hP^
A fabricated tale cannot stand of itself, but requires
other lies to be coined to support it; and th«se again
need others to support them ; and so on without end.
Hence it is said that *' liars need good memories.'* .
ii.4 stitch in time saves nine.^''>^ ■*^'-^'^^- ^^ 3^is ^ ^^
A man tcill never change his mind, if he has no
mind to change, v^.^,,,^,:^.,'.'.-.!?. ^<- ,-.t.v^-,\ %}cJmm\%.- .:■
A good when lost is valued most^
A penny saved is a penny gained, »
» -.■ ■-' u-^'
--f..'.'A.'
i ,tT*^ •.i>4tf! fit
-lit
.#'
"^ The French say Bieu perdu, biai counu.
u2
m
2ML PB0VBIIB8 AND PmOIPTS.
A little more ht*e<»k4t a horse^s back;
1 t
dr,
The last straw Weaks a horse's hack.
When a man is loaded with as m\ich work, or as
much injury, as be can bear, a very trifling addition
(in itseli trifling) will be just as much beyond what he
can bear.
![
A fool may easily find more faults in any thing
than a toise man can easily mend.
•t,i
V. I?
m
14 liar is daring towards God, and a cmoard to-
wards man. i m5m.x^.'>w jR juu.i fta«'cnim «ifa -«^»>
IPitAt is, when he tells a lie^ as is often the case, to
i^^reen hifiAself from blii«io or punishments This ift to
4read man J^^f^e than Qods
^ glutiion lives ttx eat; <i^ wise man emts to Uvck
A rolling stone gathers no> moss^
.;.,!<'
This is applied to people who keep themselves poor
hj coQitiniitany changing their employment, or place of
lesiidences A stone* gets coxered witk moss o«ly when
i^ Mes still a long time.
A straight tree may have crooked roots. ^^^
Some actions, which appear to the world very noble,
and instances of exalted virtue, may in reality spring
from base and selflsh motives, which are unseen, like
the crooked roots^ of a tre^ that are concealed by the
Caiktlx -•i^-**uX ^.^- ;^-,V-'
PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS.
269
A fooVa holt 18 soon shot
A bolt is an old word for an arrow, such as was shot
from a cross-bow. A careless person was apt to shoot
very quickly, without deliberate aim, and he generally
missed the mark. So, a tliouglitless and ignorant man
will often hastily make up his mind on any point, and
deliver liis opinion on it, without taking time for con-
sideration and inquiry ; and he will generally miss the
truth.
c-' J9fl old when young, that you may he young
when old — or, Old young, and old long.
Those who take great liberties with their constitution
Tfhile young, and do not husband their health and
strength, are likely to break down early and rapidly ;
while those who, in their younger days, practise some
of the caution of tlie old, are likely to live the longer,
and have a better chance of a vigorous and comfortiible
old age. ,, y^. . - ,i ,
Better to wear out shoes than sheets.
That is, to go about your business actively, than to
lie a-bed. Some say, " Better loear out than rust out,'*
A knife, or other iron tool, will wear out by constant
use ; but if laid by useless, the rust will consume it.
Better is an ass that speaks well, than a prophet
that speaks ill.^
Better is an ass that Cannes you, than a hoi'se
that throivs yoti. ^ -'^ •' "-" '^' '
^' A friend who serves you faithfully, though he may
be in humble circumstances, is much more valuable
than a powerful patron, who is apt to desert or ill treat
his friends. . .h> > *^V':-:>..'' "■;* :a- •-v-^'. • v-y.r:-. ... . ; .,.: ■: ■ j#^^
^^
1 This refers to Balaam and his i^s. >x^
270
PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS.
ii<
'^^^*
Bdchdor^ xoives and maidena' children are well
trained.
An unmarried man will sometimes boast how well
he could rule a wife; and single >> omen will fancy they
could manage a family of cliikken niucli better than
some of their neiglibours do. And it is the same in
many other matters also. ^Many people are apt to draw
fine pictures of what they would do, if they were in
such and such a person's place ; but if the experiment
is tried, they find difficulties in practice which ihey
had not dreamed of! -.,:,^l"l ■ ■■.r%'^^'^^^,.j^^. ^||^-
nBend the twig^ and lend the tree, ^xM\-M^-mV
A young sapling is easily bent or straiglitened, and
the tree will remain so. You should therefore learn
what is right while young. To wait till you grow old,
is like waiting to straighten a tree till it is full grown.
Befoi'e you marrij^ he sure of a home wherein to
0^ Between two stools ice come to the ground. dV
This applies to those who do not take a decided
course on.e way or the other, but aim partly at one
object and partly at another, so as to miss both.
Coveiousness hursts the hag. 5^ m^^'-^^*^^w>'^
He who is too intent on makinjif an unrp*^, onable
profit, will often fail of all ; e -* as a bag that is
crammed till it burst, will let out everything.
Children and fools should 7wt see a work that
is half done.
They have not the sense to guess what the artist is
designing. Tlie whole of this world that we see is a
vmrk half done; and thence fools are apt to find fault
with Providence.- ---+^-*^*^-*-"-; -v. .i^^*-yi,^4.-
rx
', iik-
PnOVBRBS AND PRBOEPTS. 271
OJiildren and fooh should not handle edge tools.
That is, they should not be trusted with power.
Cleave the log according to the grain.
Address each man whom you M^ould persuade or in-
struct, according to his I 'articular disposition and habits
of thought. Tlie same method may be very effectual
with one man, and utterly fail with another.
^!)^ Clouds afar took black or gag ;
Closely seeuj theij all are gray.
It is just so with many a public man, who will be
found by those immediately around him neither so de-
testable nor so admirable as perhaps he is thought by
opposite parties.! F- ^ ':
Deht is the worst kind of poveftHy, ■ . ;^<r : ^ %
Dost thou love life ? Then waste not time, for
time is the stuff life is made of ,,*-,, ^ .,.,. , . , , , ,.
V Do not ride a free horse to death, mrvitj; at vn*i#
When anyone is willing to be of service, and to exert
himself, like a free-going horse, it is too common an
injustice to impose on his good nature, by making him
do and bear more than his fair share.
1 The man hia pa^rty deem a hero ;
His foes, a Judas or a Nero ;
Patriot of superhuman worth,
Or vilest wretch that cumbers eartb„ ,
Derives his bright and murky hues
From distant and from party viewj.
Seen clone, nor bright nor black are they
But every one a sober gray.
6J._ -*
:*^
272
PROVERBS AND PAECBPTS.
#
Empty vessels make most sound, ■* <
People who have the least knowledge, and the least
merit, are apt to be yreiit talkers and boasters.
Fain would the cat fish eat.
But ^he is loth to wet her feet. * ^
Those who cannot bring themselves to do or bear an v
thing unpleasant, must often go without that they wish
for; like a cat which is fond of fisb, but dreads water.
Fools learn nothing from wise men ; but wise men
learn much from fools, ., ,
That is, they learn to avoid their errors.
For want of a nail the shoe loas lost ; for want of a
shoe the hors^ was lost ; for wcint of a horse the rider
was lost.
A neglect of something that appears very trifling, may
lead to the most disastrous results. i
'Fortune favours fools, \ . nv^ s Cs ; muN ^'/^
It is said that fortune favours fools, because they trust
all to fortune. When a fool escapes any danger, or suc-
ceeds in any luidertaking, it is said th&tfortnne Javours
him ; while a wise man is considered to prosper by his
own prudence and foresight. For instance, if a fool who
does not bar his door escapes being robbed, it is ascribed
to his luck ; but the prudent man, having taken precau-
tions, is not called lortunate. A wise man is, in fact,
more likely to meet with good fortune than a ioolish
one : because he })uts himself in the way of it. If he is
sending off a ship, he has a better chance of obtaining a
favourable wind, because he chooses the place and sea-
, son in which such winds prevail as will be favourable
' to hinu If the fool's ship arrives in safety, it is by
good luck alone; while both must be in some degree
indebted to fortuue for success.
■»' *iJi» »
iHi
^»'.
V:'
PROVERBS AND PRBOBPl*. /> '2T3
T' Frost and fraud both end in foul -^MMr^^
A frost, while it lasts, disguises tlie appearance of
tljiiigs, making muddy roads dry, and shaking bogs
firm, &c. ; but a tiiavv is sure to come, aitd then the
roads are fouler than ever. And even so, falsehood
ami ariitice of every kind, generally, when detected,
bring more difficulty and disgrace that what they were
originally devised to avoid. I ^ ifri S ih ^
Fo7* a mischievous dog a heavy cleg. ' ''■^Vir^ift
The French say, " He must be tied short." (A me-
chant chierif court lien.) A man of a character not fully
to be trusted, must sometimes be employed ; and in that
case you should have him so tied up by restrictions,
and so superintended, that he may do no mischief.
r
Good words are good, hut good deeds are better.
He that pays beforehand^ has his work behind-
hand. *
He thafs convinced against his loill,
'' *' ' Is of his own opinion still.
7 ilfiV'T
He that is truly tcise and great^ ^ - v
Lives both too early and too late,
A man who is very superior in wisdom and virtue to
those around him, will often appear, in some respects, to
have come into the world too latej that is, we often see
how well he would have made use of some o]»portanity
which is now lost for ever ; and how effectually he could
have prevented some evils that are now past remedy,
For instance, he would perhaps, by tinieiy prudence,
have prevented a quarrel between two persons, or two
nations, who can never be thoroughly reconciled now.
But again, such a person will also often appear, in some
respects, to have come into the world too earfi/ ; that ip,
he will often be not so well understood, or so highly
m3
274
PBOVBRBS AND PRECEPTS.
.,!»-.
i"j-
''Sjr-
valued by those around him, as he would have been by
a later generation more advanced in civilization. If, iu
tlie midst of a lialf- barbarian nation, some one man
arises, of such a genius as to equal an ordinary man of
the educated classes in the most enlightened parts ot*
Europe, he is in danger of being reckoned by his coun-
trymen a fool or a madman, if he attempt to expose
all their mistakes, and to remove all their prejudices,
and to impart to them all his own notions. Thus, iu
two ways, a very eniinent man is prevented from doing
all the good he might have done. He comes too late
for some purposes, mtd too early for others.
Honesty u the ^f^d policy ; hut he who ads on
that p'lnciple in not an honest man. > r- >,. , .. .,/
He only is an honpst man who does I hat which isright
because it is right, and not from motives of policy ; and
then, he is rewarded by findijig afterwards that the
honest course he has pursue<i was in reality the most
politic. But a cunning rogue seldom finds out, till it is
too late, that he is involved in difficulties raised by his
own craft, which an honest course would have escaped.
lie that goes a hmTOioing goes a sorrowing.
He buys honey dear who licJcs it from thorns.
Gain or pleasure may be too dearly bought, if it cost
much disquiet or contention. »" ^^v*^^*-.^^^ n^^^i^^^
He laughs hest who laughs last, f . •
A person who takest the wisest course may often be
derided for a tiine, by persons who enjoy a temporary
triumph, but find in tlie end that tLey have completely
failed.
f He sups ill who eats all at dinner* ^^ ' ,
*^t, If 3'^ou spend everything as fast as you get it, while
young and strong, you will be likely to become desti-
tute in old age. ...„.,,, ._ ^ W,. -^i .. .■u.,. 4,*:/ ^,,
PROVERBS AND PRBCEPTS.
7/
275
lie that hcis a wish for his supper, may go to
hfdhumjry. .
It 18 a folly to waste one's time ami tnoiigiits iii fram-
ing wishes. It i3 the best to set about doiwj the beit
you can.
He that has been stung by a serpent is afraid of
a rope. ^^.^ ..vv',u.,v \\.;\ .v. >^s m^iCi ^^ x^i^ :
A piece of rope in the twilight is likely to be mis-
taken for a snake. Those who have suflered severely
ill any way, at-e apt to have unreasonable jipprehen-
sions of sufferiiis the like again. . ,,,
f'i He that has hut one eye sees the better for it «^^
^'' So»>ie say, ** Half a loaf is better than no bread." An
imperfect good is better than none. i?ib;r! > t^rrt .^i 'iijj
He that buys a house ready-wrought, ' ' .
h aih matiy a pin and nail for nought. ' '^^
A house rarely sells for so inucli as it cost i?i build-
ing. Hence some say, " Fools buiUl houses, and wise
juen live in them."
Ht' whjt glncp; way io anger, punishes hinihelf for
thefauLiofawfther.
He who thin/id only of serving himself is the
slave of a slave. ^ ' ...,..' ^j.-s.* ir<; .h»Mi;uMt
' A selfish r.ian is the basest of slaves, because he is
the slave of his own low and contemptible desires.
Hard upon hard malces a Unl utone 2vaU,
Hut soft iipon soft maJi'es none at ulL
Two people who are cnoli of n.n unyiiilding ifuiper
■will not act w«dl toiretlnn } iIImI jM'opiu who wi all of
tliem oi a. very yielding (imimk;!' will be likely to re-
solve on nothing ; juwt as sldnes wil)Hj|j[; jjlMj'Mi}' |pk9
a looss wall, and moittjj.' fljiilHi |:;| ' t[||i " " ""^'^
•#«--■
276 PROVERBS AND PRBCBPTS. * i-
lligh icinds blow on liigh hills. - ^ '*^* '^^
Tiiose ill the most elevated stations have to enconn-
ter jUTt'at o])popition,prat dangers, great troubles, and
every thing that calls for great firmness.
Him that nothing will satisfy ^ let him have
nothing, ^^ f^ti^ ^^ - :;mv
,, Half a leap is a fall into the ditch.
iV-r-
•vii;ii.
,/.
"^J If yoj. 'will not take pains, pains mil take you.
«r If things were done twice, all would he- %Dise, :,^^^\:,'
Wt often perceive, after 'we have taken some step,
how 1. ach better we could have ])roceeded if it were
to come o aj^ain. To reflect carefully on your past
errors, may enable you to learn wisdom from them in
future.
If the little birds did not hatch young cuckopsy
they would not have to worry the old ones. . ' "•
* You may often see little birds hunting and perse-
cuting a cuckoo ; but every cuckoo has \)een liatched
and reared in a little bird's nest. And thus men very
often raise up some troublesome person into import-
ance, and afterwards try in vain to get rid of them ;
or give encouragement to " me dangerous principle or
practice, in order to serve a present purpose, and then
nnd it turned against themselves.
If you carUt turn the wind^ you must turn the
millsails.i ' - -^^^^^ ^---^^^-- ■•- ■.-- :
That is, when the circumstances in which you are
placed undergo a change, you must change your mea-
sures accordingly.
I 4«tt LTL^ >l >T-llHyl,
p2%
1 That is, as a miller does.
PROTBRBS AND PRECEPTS.
' /
377
^ If every one toould meiid one, all would he
mended, , ,w3>m»^x
4 Some say, ." If each woxdd sweep lefore his own door^
we should have a clean street,** Many a man talks and
thinks much about reforms, without thinking of the
reform wliich is most iu his power — the reform of
himiself.
Ill doers are ill deemers.
Te
la-
^ Most nlen are inclined, more or less, to judge of
another by themselves. But this is chiefly the case with
had men ; because good men know that there are men
who are 7iot good ; but bad men are apt to deem all
others as bad as themselves. When, therefore, a man
takes for granted, without any good reason, that Ins
neighbour is acting from base and selfish motives, or is
practising deceit, tnis is a strong presumption that he
is judging from himself. So, also, many a man who is
laised nigh by ability, or rank, or wealth, is considered
by others as proud, merely from their feeling that they
themselves would be proud if they were in his place.
It i» too late to spwre when all is spent. ''»••-
-^ ^\V I wm not wiUingly offmd, ^^^ '^ X^^^^^ ^f^--
Nor he soon offended ; • '^ ^ v
Wliafs amis^ Fll strive to mend, -
And hem* what cant he mended, :,.
It is a foTlf to ic&rli at the pttnnp, and leave the
leak open.
That is, to let the cnuse of an evil continue, and
labour to remedy the elfects, ,
It is good to hegin well. Out hetter to end welL
^7$ PR0VBRB8 AND PRBOBFTB.
It IB too late to lock the stable-door when the
steed is stolen.
People are apt to put off taking precautions against
some aan;^'er, till the evil has actually happened.
Kindle the dry sticks^ and *he green ones wilt
catch.
If you begin by attempting to reform and to instruct
those who need reformation and instruction the most,
vou will often find them unwilling to listen to you.
Like green slicks, they will not catch fire. But if you
begin with the most teacliable and best disposed, when
vou have succeeded in improving these, they will be a
Iielp to you in improving the others. ^,^,^
rufiif. '»*>'
I.","
Keep your shop, and your shop loUl keep yoit, .^'^
Little dogs start the hare^ hut great ones catch it.
Obscure persons will sometimes be the chief devisers,
originally, of simie plan or institution, which more
powertul ones follow up, and gain all the credit and
advantage.
Lose an hour in the morning ^ and you wiU he
all the day hunting it»\. ■' . .^ ^ v^
ir you are beiiindhand with the first piece of busi-
ness you have to do, this will generally throw you be-
hiiidhaud with the next ; and so on with all the rest.
LjQve icithout end has no end.
■ \\'\ A!;J'5\
This is a quibble on the word " encV* Friendship is
apt to come to an end, wht>n a man is your friend, not ^
so murh for your own sake, as for some end or object he *
Las in vIqw.
v^ .1 PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 279
Little strokes fell great oaks, ^»tv ^'t y>»^^ii?vv ^jH^*^
Look befo7'e you h'p, - r, .:y.y.\^
Leave is light.
A person \rill sometimes quit his post, and o;o abroad,
or tate something tliat does not belong to liim, plead-
ing as an excuse, that he had no doubt pennissiou
would have been grunted. " Then, if so, you mav
answer, *-why did you not ask ? permission would have
■. VA I- V
.:•/?
been no burden to you.'*
Leave y wjest tchen iVs at the best. ' "'/
Jokes are very apt to degenerate into earnest. Tho
best way is, when all parties are in higli good humour,
and before the je^t either grows tiresome, or a cause of
irritation, to stop short, and leave it otf.
misgive, that you may not mistake, ^
MaiTy in haste, and repont at leisure.
Many things grow in the ganlt) that were never
sown there.
For weeds are apt to come up, and will spread if not
well looked after. It would bo a great mistake to ex-
pect that a child at school is sure toleani notliing but
what the master leaches. They oft:5u learn evil from
one another; "'' >;'•';-' i" ' ? ♦!. «.j*uit .r ^^iii
Mettle is dangerous in a Hind horse, ' • * ^/ -
When a man is commended for V ing very active,
enterprising, and daring, you should inquire whetlier
he has discretion enough to make these qualities ser-
viceable, whicli, without it, will only render him the
more mischievous.
,M."f'
■i'Uf
Man proposes^ hut God disj. ,cj>. ^
280
FR0TEBB8 AVD PRBCEFTflL
t L ' • »
.1
No painc^ no gahis, .xn^U
Ope year'' s seeding^ ■
• ' Js nine years' iceeding. "^ * »
If weeds are let to stand till thev have filled their
seeds, you will have very long and great labour in
clearing the land afterwards. And bo it is with bad
practices when not checked early.
One man may lead a horse to the pond's brink ; •
Bvt twenty men ^mi never make him drink. '
We often talk of racking a horse drink ; that is,
leading him to tlie water. But unless the horse it
ivilling to drink, it is all in vain. So we nmy teack
people their duty ; that is, offer them instru-stion and
advice : but if they are not Milling to receive it^ and
act upon it, we can never make them good. '^
Of small account is a fly, '
Till it ^jets into the eye. ■ , , ,^,
A thing that is very trifling and insignificant in it-
self, may in some partii:ular cases be of vast import-
ance. Thus the omission of one or two small words in
a will, may make it void, and cause a large property
to fall into other hands. A ml a navigator, if, in makin^-
a calculation, he puts down a single figure wrong, may
mistake the situation of the place where he is, and
may perhaps lose his ship in consequence. Again, a
man of very contemptible abilities, incapable of doing
any great good, may sometimes cause great trouble
and mischief (like a fly in one's eye), by contriving to
interfere in some important business.
Out of debt, Old of danger.
i^ti
Oflice will shoio the man.
Ji.r
f^X.
'■■■.vf.
1 , 7'
Apxa TOP avdpa Setfec. This is a Greek proverb, ami
A very j ust vone. Some persons of great promise when
■m::
PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS.
281
IS.
raised to high office, either nre puflFed up with srlf-Puffi-
ciency, or daunted by ihe " high \\ indd that blow on
high hills," or in some way or other disa ^ /.iit expec-
tation. And others again show talents and coura«.'e,,
and other qualifications, when tl m are called forth
by high office, beyond what atyo ^ave i-hem credit
cted to be in
.*o judge how
otnc«, till the
J! tJ
for l)efore, and beyond what ihty
themselves, Itisunhappily ver
a man will conduct himself in
trial lias been nuide. ,
, Praise a fair day af nigJiU
Solon, the Athenian sage, gave great offence to Croe-
sus, the rich and powerlulkingof Lydia, because, when
asked to s;iy whom he thought the happiest man, he
mentioned first one, and then another, who were dead;:
declaring that till the end of life, there was no saying
what reverses a man might undergo. Crcesus was after-
wards defeated and taken captive by Cyrus, king ©f
Persia, and the Lydian empire subdued.
Promises may get friends, but it is 'performance
that keeps them, ,;,\ v , - ; v ^^
..S*V
Ships dread fire more than water.
The perils of the sea are great, and ships are* con-
Btantly exposed to them ; but ihey are constructed for
the purpose. But being built ol wood, fire is the most
forinidaole danger to them. And that is the greatest
danger to each petson or thing, not which is greatest
in itself, but which each is least ealcTilated to meet.
. Sin IS si7if though it he not seen.
There is no virtue in being merely ashamed of a
thing fowid out, A good man is ashamed of doing
what is wrong ; not merely of others knowing it.. And
lie will remember that there is On£ who sees what is
hidden from man, .hdiv ,*. j i»'>i>;tM;tVij>H u.i ^i>tfif
*■!,>
#
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282
PROVBRBS AND FRBOBUnS^
The t^ighter the inoon shines, the more Vie^doga
howh
Some say, ** Tlic moon doe? not regard the barking of
dogs." It is a curious propen^ty its most dogs to howl
at the moon, espeeially when shining brightest* In the
same manner it may be olmerved, that any eminent
person who is striving to enlighten the world, is sure
to be assailed liy the farious clamour and abuse of the
bigoted and entious^ This is a thing disgusting in it-
self (as the howling of dogs is an unpleasant sound) ;
but it is a sign and uccompaniment of a man's success
in doing service to the public. And if he is a truly
wise man, he will tjike no more notice of it than the
moon do6s of the howling of the dogs. Her only
answer to them is, '^ to shine on."
Bmall leaks sink great ships.
Strike the iron while it is hot,
''-■■•
It is in vain to think of what might have been done
at such and such a time, when the opportunity is lost
forever.
Smooth loater runs deep.
There is many a slip bettueen the cup and the lip.
This was originally a Grecian proverb, which is said
to have originated thus :— The owner of a. vineyard
having overworked his slaves in digging and dressing
it, one of them expressed a hope that, his master might
never taste the produce. The vintage cauie, and the
wine was made; and the master having a cup full
of it in his hand, taunted the slave ; who replied in
the words which afterwards became a provero. The
master, before he ha<l tasted the wine, wa'' told sud-
denly of a wild boar which liad burst into the vine-
yard, and was rooting it up. He ran out to drive away
the beast, which turned on him and killed him ; so
that he never tasted the wine.
TBOYEBBB AND PRBOBFTB.
^83
There is vo shafne in refimng him thai hS» no
shame in (tsking; or, a shmneless ^^ pray "a thume-
less ^* nay "
It is natural to many people to feel ashamed of re-
fusing anyone a request ; and this is vtry ri^ht "wlien
he requests only something that is reasonable. But
he who is impudent and importunate in asking nvhut
is unreasonable, ought to be met by a^ stout denial.
77ie weaker goes to the wall.
This pi'OYterb is geneially misunderstood. The mean-
ing of it is, that, as in a fray the party who \ti conscious
of ueing overmatched, generally seeks the protection of
a wall in the rere or some other adrantage of position ;
so, in any dispute, it is a sign ot conscious weakness to
endeuvonr to suppress the arguments of the op))osite
party, or to resort to the aid of the J aw, or of brute force.
To confess that you have changed your mind, is
to confess yourself wiser to-day than yesterday.
The horse has not qiiite escaped that drags his
halter.
When a horse has broken loose, but carries with
bim the halter round hisnc :ik, we may oft«n catuh him
again by getting hold of this. This proverb applies to
anyone vmo has escaped some kind of servitude, but
still retains something by which ht may be brought
back to it. If, for i nstance, you have left oflf any vicious
course of life, but still remain in the same neighbour-
hood, and keep up your acquaintance with your for-
mer bad companions, there will always be a likelihood
of your being drawn back into your former vices.
The best throw with the dies is, to throw them
away.
mOYKBBB AND PRSOBPTB.
* ,'.
♦
■¥^
To upend, or to lend, or to ffive in,
*Tw a very good world that toe live in ;
But to borrow, or Ixtg, or get one* 8 oton^ -
^Tis tfie very worst world that ever was known.
The wheel thafs weak is apt to creak.
When matteif go on smoothly, like a wheel that is in
good order, we^ldom hear much of it. But when any
thing goes wrong, complaints are made. A few persons
who are suffeiiug misfortunes excite much more atten*
tion than a great numb^ who are thriving. And it
Is the same with nations ; from which cause it iii, that
their histoiies are chiefly filled with accounts of wars
and tumnlts, earthquakes, famines, and other <liBasters ;
and that pemeeful and pros[>erouB periods afford the
smallest amount of materials for the historian.
Those who cannot have what they like, rmtd
learn to Wee what they have. ^
Tlie mill cannot gnnd wil ^he water thai is
past
Si.
It is in tain to think of what might have been done
at such and such a time, when the opportunity is lost
forever.
Thy secret is thy servaivt till thou reveal it, and
then thou art its servant
When you have let out something that ought to
have been concealed, you will often be exposed to
much care and anxiety. Wlien an impertinent person
presses you to betrav something that has been confided
to you, ask him, ** Can yon keep a secret ? " and when
he answers " Yes,** do you reply, ** Well, so can I.**
PBOTBBBB AND VBMCVPTB,
The tongue breaketh hone though itself hath none,
Thiatle-aeeds fly.
The downy seeds of the thistle are easily carfie<l
about by the winds, so as to cover the land with
weed». Soy slanderous tales and mischievous exam-
ples are more easily spread than good instruction.
The older the crab tree the more crabs it hears.
Some people fancy that a man f|row8 good by
growing old, without taking any particular pains
about it. The vices and follies of youth he will per-
haps outgrow ; but; other vicesj and even worse, will
come in their stead. For it is the character of '^the
natural man" (as the Apostle Paul expres&^es it), to be-
come worse as he grows older, unless a correct ing prin-
ciple be engrafted. If a wildinj? ti*ee be grafted, when
young, with a good fruit Iree, then the older it is, if it
be kept well pruned, the more good fruit it will bear.
Thei*e is no nhore dust in the sunbeam than in
the rest of the room.
When the sun shines into tt dusky room, you see
the motes of dust that ai« in the sunbeam, and little or
nothing of the rest. So, when crimes or accidents are
recorded in newspapeirs more than formerly, some
people fancy that tney happen more than** formerly.
And in many ways men are accustomed to mistake
the increased knoibledge of something that exists, for
au increase of the thing itself.
The cai^s one shift is worth all the fox's.
The cat ran up a tree and escaped the houndp, when
the fox, after all hi,s tricks, was caught. One effectual
security is worth a number of doubtful expedients.
The inaster*8 eye makes the horse thrive.
The man who has an interest in seeing a thing well
done, sees quicker than anyone eke, luid keeps others
to their duty. *
^ %
SB6 PBomoa and prbci^ts.
• 'IY« the thunder thaifrightg,
But the lightning that smites.
All the damage that ia done in what is called a ih\m-
dentormf is by the lightning ; the thunder being only
the iibise made by the lighftiiing ; yet many persona
.are more terrified by the sound ot' the thunder than by
any thing else. In like manner, in many other cases
also, miBU are ^t to be more alarmed by what sounds
terrific, but i.-* m reality harmless (blustering speeches,
for instance), than by what is really dangerous.
, Two things yoit^ll 9iot fret at ifyouWe a wise aan,
. The thing you can't help, and the thing which
^you can.
Throw not good money rfter had.
Some persons, when they have spent much money
or pains in an un\^e scheme, will spend as much
more to bring it to a completion ; or will go to as
great expense to recoyev»a bad debt as would pay the
^ debt twice over, and fail perhaps after all.
* - #-.
Tfiat man's with wisdam truly hleet.
Who of himself can Judge what's best,
And scan with penetraiing eye,
* Whales M$ in dark futurity.
That man may also be deemed wise,
Who with good counsellors complies,
^Brd he wJio can't perceive what's right.
And won't be rightly taught.
That man is in a hopeless plight, * .
1^ # And wholly good for nought,^
1 ftrom the Greek of Hesiod.
i
FROVSBBS AND PRBOXPT& 287
Too far east is west.
If a man travels verv far to the eastward of any
bpot, he will in time find himself to the west of it, and
at length will arrive at the very spot he set out from.
Thus men, in their extreme anxiety to avoid some evil,
will sometimes fall into that very evil. For instance,
the French, at tlie time of the Revolution, in their ex-
cessive abhorrence of the tyranny of the ancient hidn-
archy, gave themselves up so completely to the leaders
of the revolution which overthrew that monarchy, that
they suffered them to exercise a far greater tyranny.
..^ Ths tree roots mor»fa«l^
That has stood a tough blast.
This is literally true : for it is always found ^hat
winds which do not blow a tree down make it rpot
the better. It is also found, figuratively, that a rebel-
lion, when put down, strengthens a f;overnnient ; and
that any violent attacks made oii<«nyone, and repelled,
fix his credit the finner.
Wide vjill toear, hut tight will tear, V
As a dress that is too tight will be ap| to burst, so
as to afford no coverjing at all ; po, laws and regula-
tions which too closely fetter men's actions, are apt to
be broken through in practice, and thus lead to com-
Elete disorder ; while more moderate restrictions WQuld
ave been strictly enforced.
Wlien the weatJier is fair,
' 'Of your cloak take care*
> The French say^^
-IQaand il fait beau, porte ton manieau ;
Quand il pleut, fais ce que tu veux."
That is, " When the weather is fine, take your <iloak;
when it rains, do as you will." N» one need6 to be
-*, i *
*
288 PBOVBRBS AND PRBG1BPT&
iramed to guard a^ainit a danger when it is evidently
jii!<t at hand ; but it is sometimes too lat^ tlieu to Vvke
Srecautions. A wise man takes precautions against
angers that are not apparently at hand.
When your neighhoufr^s house is on fire^ take
tare of your oton, ; ^
Some persons are not only so selfish, but so stupid
also, as to thii^k little or notliing of some evil their
ne^^hbours are suffering, even when it is likely to
spread to themaelvee. Thus it has often happened
tnat several small States have been subdued, one by
one, by some conqueror ; each faueying itself safe till
its turn came*
^ When there is a toUl there is a way.
PeQple readily satisfy themselves with ezcu|e8 for
not doing something which they are not really intent
upon.
Willows are toeak^ hit they hind other wood.
A person of no great ability in conducting affairs,
may sometimes have the power of holding together
others^ and inducing them to act togetlier, when they
would npt do so without him ; and when a fngot i»
untied, each single stick may be easily broken.
Wise and gOo^imen malfe the lawSy hut it was
fooU and rogues that put them upon it, ^^
If all men were wise and good, there would be no
need of laws to compel them to act rightly, because
they would do so of their own accord*
[ T
m
^idently
Ltot^ke
Agaihftt
% take
. ■ "■* . .'' '•<■
y stupid
'il tiieiir
kely to
ippened
, one by
safe till
ojies fot
y intent
9od,
1^ affairs,
together
len they
fagot i»
1.
f it wa9
Id he no
becauae