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Les diagrammes suivants illustrant la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 u CANADIAN COPYRIGHT EDITION, ¥ 1 ,THK spelling-book: superseded; / OB, A NEW AND EASY METHOD OF TEACHING TH^ SPELLING, MEANING, PRONUNCIATION, AND ETYMOLOGY or AU THE DIFFICULT WORDS IN THE ENGUSfi LAMUAQE WITH EXERCISES ON VERBAL DISTINCTIONS^ BT BOBERT SULLIVAN, LL.D., T.C.D, BARRI8TCB-AT-LAW, BTC. ;, i-vliLi^ 1 vl. •T/f^- A}- ^J KLrH ■\'x^u ■' % 'ii^CX^ :T The substance of the Preface to the Pirst Edition of this little work will be found in the Imtroductort Observations^ commencing jmge 9. See also page 54. SECOND EDITION. In issuing the Second Edition of this little work to the public, the author is happy to obsetve that it has been found, upon trial, by several intelligent and expe- rienced instructors of youth, to answer the purpose for which he intended it, namely, a short and easy ROAD TO THE DIFFICULTIES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. The ]|TYMOLOGiCAL part of the work has, as he ex- pected, been found novel, interesting, and useful. By referring to it, the reader wiH find that the (author has attempted to apply to the English language the principles which guided him in his dictionary of DERIVATIONS. TWENTY-THIRD EDITIOK. T9B PRESENT EDITION of '< The Spelling-book Super, seded " has been so much enlarged and improved that it may now be regarded as almost a new work* To effect this the Stereotype PkUeSf though in good condi- :f 01 + Ti prbface: tioD, were broken up ; and to render further addi- tions and improvements more practicable, the type will in future be kept standing; This little work will, therefore, be more worthy of the favour which has been shown to it by the public ; and as it will continue to be sold at the same price as heretofore, it will, it is expected, drive out of the market those spurious editions of ft, which have been printed and stereotyped in Canada without the permis- sion af the author. Some of the Canadian Publishers seem not to know that there is such an Act on the Statute Book as the 5 & 6 Tiet., cap. 45. t i 8BVENTIETH EDITION'. A complete collection of the Latin and Oreek Roots which have enriched the English Language most has been added to this Edition, See page 156. Dublin, Febrwiry, 1861. *«^ ^U^rw^^^i^^^ j.n ' 'i4'«»»iHr'..-|5i! I WtM . r ONB H0NDBED AND FOBTY-ITEtST BDmON. Owing to the unprecedented circiilction of this Book (719,000 copies having been printed and sold within the last nine years) tfte Publishers have had the present Edition 9et up in neto type, and printed on supei'ior paper, Tl\e work luxs been carefully revised^ wilko^ altering the paging. DU9LIV, October, 1970.' *i ,§iJ i^'lfiii^i'l ^ m^c CONTENTS. Introductory Obtervfttions— Opinion of Misi Bdg6« worth, and other eminent Edueationiste . * . 9 English Verbal Distinetions— Olaw L— Woida Pxo- nounoed exactly alike, but differing in Spelling and Signification . 19 Sentences for Dictation . . • . . . 91 Class H.—Wc^ds Pronounced nearly alike, but diifer- ing in Spelling and Signification • . . . S7 Sentences for Dictation . . . . . .49 Ciass III.— Words frequently confounded by incorrect speakers, though differing in Pronunciation, SpeUing, and Meaning • . 43 Sentences for Dictation — Wbrds for Exerdwe , . 45 Ciass IV. — Words simy|ii|||r Spelled, bat d. (<^rently Pronounced and ApplilNr 46 Sentences for Dictation • • • • . • 68 Class y. — Words Spelled and Pronounced alike, but differing in Meaning or Application — Extract from Edgeworth's '* Practical Education*' . . . 64 Words for Exercise 74 Exercises in Orthography — Irregular Sounds— Silent Letters ^. . . 75 Regular and Irregular Sounds promiscuously arranged for Exercise 82 Words ending in le and re— Double-sounding Conso- nants— Exerdses . . , . . . .84 Practical Rules for Spelling — Exercises on each Rule and the Exceptions to it promiscuously arranged . 87 fe viii CONTENTS. PAOB Sentences for Dicfcation — Words erroneously Spelled . 101 Collection of Word^i of Unsettled Orthography . . 103 Orthoepy, or the Correct Prouuncintion of Words— Extract from *' Bos well's Life of Johnson ** . . 107 Praciicftl Rale* for ProovnciatioB . . . . 110 Examples of Irish Vulgarisms ..... 118 Examples of English Vulgarisms 120 Difficult and Irregular Words 122 A Collection of the most Difficult Words in the Lan- guage, la arranged as to afford a Practical Exercise in Pronunciation aa well as in Spelling . • . 131 Derivation— Affixes and Prefixea— Latin, Greek, and English or Anglo-Saxon » 143 Latin Boots traced through their English Deriratives 152 A CoUection of the Latin and Greek Boots which have i enriched the English Language most . » . 156 Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Boots * ^ . . , "if^»|^ •» 203 English Etymologies . . . . ^ . n ^/t r^ 209 Synonymes — Extract from Blair's Lectures . 'H^^^- ' « . 229 Synonymous Terms, collected and arranged . r^l »*''j^- 235 Specimens of what might be called Duplicate Words . 246 On the choice of Prepositions . <' '*i!ti>i*iiii ORTHOaRAPHT. Teachers, instead of occupying the time of their pupils in tho useless drudgery of committing to memory the unintei'esting and endless columns of a dictionary or spelling-book, are strongly recom- mended to adopr the improved method of teaching ORTHOGRAPHY, uamelv by dictation. It is simply this : the teacher reads a sentence from a book, or dictates one composed by himself, to thB pupils, who either write it down verbatim, or merely spell the words as they occur, as if they were writing them dowu. This practical pi an of teaching orthography, does not, however, entirely supersede the use of spelling-books. There should at least be a TEXT-BOOK on the subject, which the pupil may be made to consult^ when necessary, and to whid^ A3 10 BXEROIBBS ON ORTHOORAPHT, even the teacher may occasionally refer with ad- vantage. This text-hook should contain either in columns, or in sentences formed for dictation, all the words in the language which are liable to be misspelled, such as : 1. Words similarfy pronounced, but differently spelled. * 2. Words similarly spelled, but differently pro- nounced and appl ied. > -^r - * 3. Words 8j)elled and pronounced alike, but differing in signification. 4. Words liable to be misspelled, either from the silence or unusual sound of one or more letters. ... 5. All words of unsettled orthography. ' 6. Practical rules for spelling. These words, or sentences in which they occur, ' should be dictated to the pupils, who should either spell, or, if they are competent, write down the entire sentence on their slates. The latter mode is preferable, as it is only by writing that a prac- tical and perfect knowledge of orthography can be attained. In the absence^ of a text-book, containing the difficulties of orthogrxiphy^ the teacher mnst have recourse to the readin/f books. Let him make his pupils spell and explain the words at the head of each lesson, before commencing to read it ; and after the lesson is over, let him direct them to close ^ And eren in oonnexioa with ww^ a tszt-book this i^ui ihould be used. • SlTXOLOaT, AND VKREAL OISTINCnONS. II > thedr books, and spell any word or sentetice he niay sekct from it. The practical superiority of such a plan is obvi* ous. For the language of letters, and of composi- tion, in general, oonsists of such combinations of \rords as occur in the pages of a reading-book — not of words syllabically and alphabetically ar- ranged, as we see in the columns of a spelling-book. Let the reader who may be disposed to dissent, dictate in the manner recommended, a few familiar sentences to a young person who has learned orthography from the columns of his spelling- book only, and, unless we are greatly mistaken, the in- feriority of the old plan will be evinced by the erroneous spelling of some, perhaps of the easiest and most familiar words. ^ ^ But how, it may be inquired, are children, without dictionaries or spelling-books, to learn the MSANZNO of words } By being accustomed to give, ^ The lonnd or pronunciation of a word will itot e nable oa ia ■pell it, beeause, as we have seen, the same sounda are of ten re- pxmodel the language, or write aperfectphilosophical dictionary; and in the meantime we are Wmd to teach children to spell, which we do wiUi the less reluctance, because, though we allow that it is an arduous task, we have fo.rd from experience that it can be accomplished, and that the understandings of many of our pupils survive all the perils to which yaa think them ex-> posed during the operation.' "Their understandings may, and do survive the operation; but why should they be put in unneoessai^danger; and why should we early disgust children with litetature by the pain and difficulty of their first lessons ? We are convinced that the business of learning to speli is made much more lalxr ^ou i to children than it need to be : it may be useful to give them five or six words every day to learn by heart, but more only loads their memory ; and we should at first select Words of which they know the meaning, and which occur most fre- quently in reading or conversation. The alphabetical list of words in a spelling-book contains many which are not in common use, and the pupil forgets these as fast as he learns them. We have found it entertaining to children, to ask them to spell any short sentence as it has been accidentally spoken. ' Put this book on that table.' Ask a child how he would spell those words if he were obliged to write them down, and you intro tinually before their eyes, or which they feel it necessary to represent to others. When young people begin to write, thev first feel the use of spelling, and it is then that they will learn it with most ease and precision. Then the greatest care should be taken to look over their writing, and to make them correct every word in which they have made a mistake ; be- cause bad habits of spelling, once contracted, can scarcely be cured: the understanding has nothing to do with the business; and when the memory is puzzled between, the rules of spelling right, and the habits of spellii^^ wrong, it becomes a misfor- tune tdthe pupil to write even a common letter. The shame which is annexed to bad spelling excites young people's at- tention, as soon as they are able to understand that it is con- sidered as a mark of ignorance and ill- breeding. We have often observed, that children listen with anxiety to the refn marki that are made on this subject in their presence, especiil ally when the letters or notes of grown-up people are criticised. " Some time ago, a lady who was reading a newspaper, met with a story of an ignorant magistrate, who gave f (mt his toast at a public dinner, * The two K*s.* for the King and Constitution. * How very much ashamed the man must have felt, when all the people laughed at him for his mistake! they must all have seen that he did not know how to spell ; and what a disgrace for a magistrate too ! ' said a boy who heard the anecdote. It made a serious impression upon him ; a few months afterwards he was employed by his father in an occupation which was extremely i^^reeable to him, but in which he continually felt the neoesaLty of spelling corr. reotly. He was employed to send messages by a telegraph; these messages he was obliged to write down hastily in little journals kept for the purpose ; and as these were seen by several people when the business of the day came to be reviewed, the boy had a considerable motive for orthogra- phical exactness. He became extremely desirous to teach himself, «nd«oiaeqiMiit^ his suooess was froni that moment mJh ^ijOOTi AND VERBAL DISTIX0nON& 15 jbertain. At to the r6ft, we refer to Lady Garlide's compre- hensive maxim, ' Spell well — if you can.* " The following is from " Wood's Account of the Edinhurgh Sessional School : " — '* In the Sesiional School the children are now taught to «peS from thdr ordinary reading lessonB, employing for this purpose both the short and the long words as they occur. Underthe former practice in the school, of selecting merely what are longer and i^parently more difficult words, we very frequently found the pupils unable to spell the shorter and more common ones, which we still find by no means uncommon in those who come to us from some other schools. By making the pupil, too, spell the lesson, just as he would write it, he is less liable to fall in future life into the oonunon error of substituting the word their for there, and others of a similar kind. In former times the prac- tice prevailed of telling a long story ^ibout every word which was spelt : thus, in spemng the word exemplifica- tion, for instance, even a child in the higher classes used to say, *eXfex; em, em, exem, pli, pie, exemple ; ft, fe, exemplefe ; e a, oa, exemplef eca ; tion, shun, exemplef e- cariiun ; six syllables, and accented on the penult syllable.' This, obviously, as a general {Hractioe, was a great waste of time, and is, we believe, almost universally exploded In our own school, the pupil, in spelling, merely names the letters, making a marked pause at the end of each syllable." The following extract is from "Thayer's Lec- ture on Spelling and Definitions " (delivered before the American Institute of Instruction) : ^ — " I have said nothing of the practice, once so common, of assigning lessons in spelling and defining from the columns of a dictionary, sweeping through the whole, from the letter A to the last word under Z — if the pupil con- tinued long enough at school to accomplish it, — for I ^iXH . > Published by Knight in ** The Schoolmaster ** n SZEBOUES OK ORTHOGRAPHT|MYlrt ' eannot. luppoM it to have come down to thk day. If it has, however, I should feel iinpelled-*to pronounce it on« of the most stupid and useless exercises ever introduced into a school — compared with wbich^ the ' committing to memory ' indiscriminately of all the pages of an almanac would be agreeable, beneficial, and instructive. " To say that it would be impossible to remember the definitions thus abstractedly learned, would be to assert what must be perfectly obvious to every one. And even if they could be remembered, they would be of little utility ; for as the right application of a definition must depend entirely on the situation of the word to be explained and the office it performs in a sentence, the repeating of half a score of meanings, as obscure perhaps as the word itself, conveys no definite thou^t, and serves rather to darken than illuminate the mind. " A^ a book of reference a dictionary is useful, although it must be confessed that, even with the best, one often finds himself obliged to make his own explanation, in preference to any furnished by the lexicographer ; and the teacher or the pupil who relies exclusively on his dictionary, without the exercise of much discretion, for the'definition of what- ever words he may find in the course of his studies, will not unf requeutly fall into ver\ awkward and absurd mistakes. " Experience and common sense must lend their aid-^ the former to teach us what is practicable ; and the latter, what is appropriate and usefuL * The following extracts are from two other excel- lent American works on Education, the " Teacher's Manual" and " The School and the Schoolmaster." " In the old-fashioned school a vast deal of time is spent, to very little purpose, in the acquisition of spelling ; it being commonly found, that the most adroit speller in the class cannot ivrite half a dozen lines without orthographical blunders. What can be the cause of so signal a failure, with such an appearance of proficiency ? The subject well deserves (examination. "The columns of the spelling-book are committed to memory ; and, when the student can spell the whole ETTMOLOOT, AND TRBBiL DZSTmonON& 17 oraUv, he takes it for granted that he is i^ pro6cient in ortho- graphy. But this by no means follows ; for the number oi words in the largest spelling-book does not exceed seven thousand, whereas there are upwards of eighty thousand words in the English language. "The words in the spelling-book are selected and arranged, chiefly with a view to teach the elements of reading; and it does not contain half the anomalies of orthography. Indeed, the greatest number of these anoma- lies occur in the words in most common use, few of which are to be found in any spelling-book.'* ** It is found, by expenenee, that spelling well orally, and writing orthographically, are really different acquirements ; and that a child, very expert in the former, may be very deficient in the latter. Nothing can show, more strikingly, the folly of the oral method of teaching spelling, than this fact, the truth of which is now generally acknowledged. Of the generation now on the stage of life, whose education has b^en confined to the district school, sJtbough, at least, one-third of their time was spent in drilling from the spell- ing-book, not one in ten can write a letter of even a few lines without blundering in orth<^^phy. ** An excellent plan of teaching spellino is, to give out sentences to be written containing the difficult words, cv, rather, to give out the words, and require the pupil to make sentences including them. They thus become fixed in the memory so as never to be erased. The objection that will be made to this course is the time which it takes. When, however, it is considered that by this exercise not only is spelling taught, but writing and composition, and all of them in the way in which they ought to be taught, that is, in the way in which they will be used, the objection loses its weight. As spelling is usually taught, it is of no prac- tical use ; and every observer must have met with mimy instances of persons who had been drilled in the columns of spelling-books and dictionaries for years, who misspelt the most common words in the language as soon as they were set to write them." iN'otwithstandiDg all that has been said and 18 IZEROIBBS ON ORTHOORAFHT, BTa writteili against the old and absord practice of load- ing the memory of children, day after day, and year after year, with heaps of unconnected, and to them unmeaning words, many teachers, particu- larly of schools in remote districts, continue to use ^ spelling-books and dictionaries " in the old way." And even in some schools of a superior class the practice is persevered in, because, as the teachers will tell you, the parente of the children like to%^ see them thumbing over their "spellings and meanings" in the evenings at home. Besides, as we have heard an intelligent and candid teacher, who admitted the absurdity of the practice, say, •* ft is an easy way /or th£ teacher of keeping the chudren employed." Now this we admit, for how- ever great the difficulty and drudgery may be to the children, it is doubtless an easy way /or the teacher of keeping them employed. That SPELLINQ may be learned more easily mA more effectually without spelling-books must be evident from what we have said and quoted. And , that a person may learn to spell withou| ever having had a spelling-book in his hand, is eitiually certain; for in teaching Latin, French, or any other foreign language, there are no spelling-books used; nor is the want of such a book ever felt. Nov do we ever hear that the persons who lea^ any of these languages find any difficulty in wilt- ing, that is, in spelling the worda // oJf Mh -ri ; ./ # U: ('19 ) ENGLISH VERBAL DISHNCTIONS. ** It ill a shame for a man to ho so ignorant of this little art, aa to he perpetually conlouudiiig words of like sound and different 8i(?iiiflcation ; tlio consciousness of which defect makes bome men, otherwiite of good learning' and understanding, aveme to writing even a eommou letter. "^-JPmnX'h'n. CLASS FIRST. WORDS PBOKOUKCBD EXAiJtLT ALIKE, BUT DIFFEBINO IX BPELUNG AND SIGNU'ICATION. [The first word in each case indicates the pronundaiion^l Adds, does add, joins. AdUB, a cooper's axe. Al9, strong beer. Ail, to feel pain or grief. Air, the atmosphere. hjj, a town in Scotland. Ere, before. EV, ever. Heir, one that inherits. All, the whole, every one. Awl, an instrument for boring holes in leatlier. An, the article. Ann, a woman's name. Ant, an emmet, an insect. Aunt, afatheror mother'ssister. Anti, against or opposite (aa in antipathy and antipodes). Ante, before (as in antecedent). Are, part of the circumference of a circle ; an arch. Ark, a chest or coffer ; the vessel in which Noah wiis preserved. Ascent, the act of ascending ; ^ f the rising of a hill. AsMnt. to agree or comnnt to. Ate, did eat. Eigllt, twice four. Augllt, any thing. Ought, what one ahould do. Bad, ill, wicked, worthlessu^) Bade, did bid. Bale, a package of goods. Ball, surety for another's ap- pearance in court. Baiie, a kind of cloth. Bays, the plui-al of Bay, the laurel- tree ; a garland. Ball, anything of a round or globular form ; an entertain- ment of dancing. Bawl, to cry or snoi^ out. Bate, to abate or leiisen. Batt, a lure for fishea. 90 ySRBAIk DISTINCTIONS. Bart, naked ; did bear. Bear, a wild beast ; to carry ; to suffer; to produoe as frait. Bark, the rind of a tree ; to peel ; to make a noise like a dog. Barqut, a small ship. Base, the lowest part ; low, mean. Bass, a low deep sound in music. Bay, a teim in geognipby ; a tree ; a colour ; to bark. Bey, a Turkish governor. Beed^ a kind of tree. Beaob, the shore, the strand. Been, participle of Be. Bean, u kind of pulse. Beet, a kind of vegetable. Beat, to stiike ; to throb. Bow, an instrument to shoot arrows ; a kind of knot. Beau, a fashionably -dressed ^person, a fop ; an admirer. Bee, an insect. Be, to exist. Beer, malt liquor. Bier, a frame fur bearing or carrying the dead to inter- ment. Bell, a hollow sounding vessel. Belle, a gay or fashionably- dressed young Indy. Berry, a small fruit. Bury, to inter ; to conceaL Birth, coming into life. Berth, sleepiug-plaoe in aship. Blgl|t, a coil or turn of a rope ; a baiy (as the Biyht of Benin). Bite, to seize with the teeth. Blew, did blow. Blue, a colour. Bore, to perforate or make a hole in; to unuoy; did bear. Boar, the male swine. ' ISTough, a branch of a tree. « Bow, to bend, to stoop ; an act of reverence or courtesy. Borne, carried or supporte<|» A Bourn, a limit or boundary. Brays, as an ass ; pounds or bruises, us in a mortar.. Braze, to solder with brass. Brake, a thicket of brambles. Break, to })art or burst by force; toiufringe; to violate. Bred, brought up. Bread, food made of corn. Broach, a spit ; to pierce. Brooch; an ornamental pin. . Brews, does brew. Bruise, to crush ; a contusion. Brute, a beast. Bruit, to noise abroad ; a re- port. Burrow, rabbit holes. Borough, a corporate town. But, except, nevertheless. Butt, a cask ; a mark to aim at ; to thrust with the head. CLASS FIRST. 21 Bvy, to pUFohftM. Call, to iiaine» to inToke ; to make a thort vuiit. Canl, the network of a wig. Oane, a reed ; a walking-itiek. Cain, Abel's brother. Cannon, a great gun. Canon, a law or rale of the church ; au eoclesiastio. Cast, to throw. Caste, a tribe ; a elais. Cask, a barreL Casque, % helmet. Cereal, pertaining to eom or grain. Serial, pertaining to a series. Ceilinsr, of a room. Sealing, as with wax. Cession, a giving up or yUHd' ing. Session, a sitting; the time of sitting. Chagrin, rexation, ill-hum- our. Shagreen, the skin of a kind of fish, or a si$ecies of leather made rough in imitation of it. Check, to restrain ; checkered linen or cotton. Cheque, an order for money. Ohatr, a movable seat. Char, to work by the day. Chews, grinds with the teeth. Choose, to select ; to prefer. Cord, a string or rope. Chord, the string of a musical instrument. Chuff, a blunt, clownish i>er- soii. ' - Chough, a kind of sea-bird. Cit, a citizen. Sit, to be seated. Cite, to summon. Site, situation, position. Sight, the sense of aeeivg^ the thing seen ; a look, a show. Clarke, a surname. « Clerk, a clergyman ; a man of letters ; an accountant. Claws, plural of Olaw. Clause, part of a sentence. dime, climate, region. CUmb, to mount or ascend. Coarse, not fine, gross. Corse, 1 a dead body. Course, a running ; career. Cobble, to mend coarsely. Coble, a fishing boat. Cole, cabbage. Coal, for burning. ^ Corse is a poetic word toe Corpte. 22 VERBAL DIBTINOnONa OompleniMit, tiie f«il nxim- ber. Oompllment,«n act or expres- sion of civility ; ta flatitSi Ooquette, a flirt Ctoquet, to act like a coquette. Core, ike lienrt or inner pari Oorpi, a body of soldiers. Coarser, more ooars& Conner, a swift horse. CouBiii, a blood relation. Cosen,i to cheat. . Oreek, a narrow bay or inlet. Creak, to make a straining or gracing noise. Crewe, ships' companies. Cruise, to sail up and down in quest of an enemy. Cue, a hint to speak. Queue, the hair tied behind. Dam, the mother; a bank to confine water. Damn, to condemn. Day, the time between sun- rise and sunset. Dey, a Moorish governor. Deer, an animal. Dear, costly ; beloved. Dane, a native of Denmaric Deign, to condescend. Dew, the vapour that falls after sunset. Due, what is owing. Die, J^ expire ; a small etamp used in coining ; the siiiga«>! lar of Dice. Dye, oelour, tinge. Diioreet, prudent, eautious. Discrete, not concrete; dis-s tinct Doe, the female deer. DoUjghi, unbaked paste. Dnn, a dark yellow colour; to importune for a debt. Done, performed. Dust, earth dried to powder. Dost, thou doest. Doie, to slumber. Does, the plural of Doe. Dram, a glass of spirits. Draolun, a small weight. Draft, a bill of exchange. Draught, a drawiug; a drink. Dying, expiring. Dyeing, colouring or ting* ing. Fane, a temple. Fain, desirauM. Feicn, to dissemble. Faint, to swoon ; languid. Feint, a pfeteuce. Fare, food ; price of pas- sage. Fair, handsome : just or right; a large market. ^ Coeen. — ^This word is nearly obsolete. It seems formed from the low word choute, to cheat {chfiuien). Fftte, dMtifij. • F«te,afettWal. '0LA88 FIRCrr. % •: r 83 . Faun, A sylynn deity. Fawn, A joting deer : to flat* ter meaiil J, to cringe. Feet, the plurtil of Foot. Feat, & deed or exploit. Fellow, an associate; a inatcli. Felloe, the rim of a wheel. Feud» a quarrel, a gmilge. Feod, a freehold. Fillip, a jerk or blow with the finger let go from the thumb. Philip, a man's name. Flee, to run away. Flea, an insect. Flew, did fly. Flue, a pipe ; a ohimney. Fool,anidi(kt; afoolish person. Full, replete, filled. Fore, in front. Four, in number. Fort, a fortified place. Forte, what a person knows, or ean do best. Forth, forward, out. Fourth, the ordinal of Four. Foul, dirty, unfair. Fowl, a bkd. Frays, broils, quarrels. Phrase, an expression or sliort sentence. «-'*^' FrteM, to cengeel. ^ Vrlese. a tenn in arohiteo» tnre ; conrse woollen cloth. Fungus, a mushroom, a toad- stool; a spongy excres- cence. Fungous, excrescent, spongy. Furs, skins with soft hair. Fune, prickly shrubs. Gage, a pledge or pawn. Gauge, to measure. Gall, bile, rancour. i Gaul, ancient name of F^nott. Gate, a door or entrance. Gait, manner of walking. "• Gild, to overlay or adorn with leaf gold. Guild, a corporation. Gilt, adorned with gold. Quilt, crime, wickedness. Glare, dauling light. Glair, the white of an egg. Gore, clotted blood ; to stab or pierce with horns. Goar, a slanting piece in- serted to widen a gar- ment. Grate, for holding fire; to rub against a rough sur- face ; to act harshly on the feelings. dreat, largoi grand. ^/L TSRBAL DISTmonOlTS. Oratcr, a raap or rough file. OlMlttr, oomparative of Oreat. Or«6Ce, a country, arease, melted fat. Oriflyei, lamenti ; imuMt grief. Cbreftyei, armour for tbe legs. Ctrtnly, •onMwhai graft, flrillj, hideouMf horrible. Oroan, to tigh deeply. Grown, increased in growth. Orooer, a dealer in tea, kc. OroiVMr, comparative of Gross. Cfrot, A grotto or celL OrcMlt, fourpence. BUe, strong, healthy. Hall, frozen rain ; to salute or wish health to. Sare« an animal. Hair, of the head* Hall, a large room. M%tXf to pall or drag. Hart, a kind of stas . Hearti, the seat of lifo. Heel, the hind part of the foot. m^nXf to cure; to grow sound. Hcli., '^ur he will. Hei«\ hx kin fiu m, Htax'. ^ I'i^ikoi. Herd, a coliection ol cattle. Bearil, did hear* Hew, to out, to ehop^ > a nl Hue. a colour, dye. Hugh, a man's name. Hie, to go in haste. mgh. elevated, lofty. Him, objective case of He. Hymn, a divine sung. Horde, a tr'V« ; a band. Hoard, ii M)wi«tetore. I, myself. By6, the organ of sight. Idle, lazy ; unemployed. Idol, an image worshipped la a god. Idyl, a short pastoral poem. Isle, an island. Aisle^ wiug or eide of a church. ni,forJ»»W. In, into. Inn, a hotel. Indite, to compose or writa* Indict, to accuse. Jam, a conserve of fmli. Jamb, a leg or supporter. Jewry, Jndwr^^ , % !>^Mse in a town whe' ^'; /. aide. Jury, twei ..en twornto give a true verdict. Juat, equitable ; fair. Jousti, as in a tournament. Key. for a lock. Quay, a wharf or dock. Ktll« to deprive of life* Xiln, a large atove. CLASS FIRST. 35 Lae. A kind of gum* Lack, to wunt ; ntad want. Laokf, wants, needs. Laz, loose, vague. Lade, to load. Laid, plttoed, deposited. 1 . *o" , to cast as a lance, lauiiiii, to push into the sea. Lane, a narrow passage. Lain, participle of Lie. Leaf, of a tree, book, &c. Lief, wUlingly, gladly. Led, conducted^ Lead, a metal. Lee, the sheltered side. Lea, a meadow, a field. Leek, a kind of onion. Leak, to let in or out water. Levy, to raise, to collect. Levee, a morning visit. Umb, a member. Unm, to paint. Unki, plural of Link. Lynx, a wild beast. Lo, look or behold. Low, not high, humble. Lone, alone, solitary. Loan, anything lent. Lock, of ^ door. Loch, a lough or lake. Made, did make, finished. Jlllald, u girl or mniden. , the masculine kind. Mall, a bag for letten; ar« muuf* ICane, the hair oti the neck of u iiorse, ko. Main, principal, chief. Mantel, a cliimney-piect^. Mantle, a cloak ; a cover. Maze, an intricate place. Maiie, Indian cum. Mark, an impression; to note. MbiTQue, a licence ; **Letteni of Murque and KeprisaL" ' Marahal, the highest rank in the army ; a master of cere- monies ; to put in order. Martial, warlike. Mean, low ; a means or me- dium to intend or purpose. Mien, air, look, manner. Medal, a piece stamped in honour of some victory or event. Meddle, to interpose. Meed, reward, recompense. Mede, a native of Media. Mead, a meadow; a drink mtule of honey. Meet, to come together; to encounter; suitable, fit. Meat, animal food ; any food. Mete, to measure. Meter, a measurer. Metre, measure, verse. Mite, a very small insect. Might, strength, power. Mity, fullof mites. Mighty, very powerful. B 26 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. Hoan, to lament. Mown, mowed, cut down* t NoM, the orgAn of imelL Knows, understand!. Mote, a very small or minute Ore, unrefined inetaL particle of matter. | Oar, for. rowing with. Moat, a deep ditch or treucli. ! O'er, over. Mule, a kind of ass. Mewl, to cry as a child. Mu8(de, a fleshy fibre. Mussel, a bivulve shellfish. Muse, to meditate ; one of the Nine Muses. Mews, cages or enclosures ; stabling ; a kind of sea- birds. mi<^i>^-^wi-f~ Nap, -^^^t Nave, the middle part of a wheel. Knave, a rogue. ;^ Need, want, necessity. Xnead, to work dough. New, novel, fresh. Knew, did know, v ..i J& Night, time of darkness. Knight, a title of honour. Not, a word of denial. - t Knot, a tie ; a difficulty. No, not any. ^. >^ Know, to understand, ^,ht| None, no one. ' Nun, a religieuse. Our, belonging to us. Hour, sixty minutes. Palate, the roof of the mouth. Pallet, a small mean be(].>« Palette, a painter's board.„., r Pale, white, wan ; a stake ; «n enclosure. * « t PaU, a wooden vessel. * ' * "^^'^ ^hii£t. A^^f'. :iMg^ Pane, a square of glass. ^^ j Pain, ache ; uneasiness. „"" *; Pare, to cut thinly. .. .^ * Pair; a couple. |.^H*f^^ Pears a fruit. '^^^^^<^'^*^}^^ Paul, a man*s name. Pall, a cloak ; a covering thrown over the coffin at funerals ; to clog or become insipid. Pannel. a Icind of rustip saddle. > , Panel, a square piece of board ; a jury-roll. _ , mw Pause, to stop ; a cessation. Paws, feet of a beast. ,, . ,^ i.;»i Peace, quiet, rest. ,Mi*;.,3^.eJ Piece, a part or portion, oysc ^ Peak, a point ; the top. t^si*? Pique, to nettle or irritate with sharp words ; to give offence ; a grudge or ill will ; to pride one a self on. '.' '' . GLASS FIRST. 27 Peti, rind or Bkin. Peal, a ring of bellt. Peer, nn equal, a nobleman. Pier, a mole or structure of stones projectiug: into th^ sea j-'w'^t'^ ..f/ti-t^i-.r-ii Pencil, for writing with. Pensile, haugiug, suspended. Place, locality ; ranK. Plaice, a Hat fisb. . »-t'*>i'iii- Plane, a plain surface ; a tool for making surfaces plain ; the platanus or ])lane tree. Plain, smooth ; a level country. .,,,.:j- i^^i Plate, a flat piece of metal ; wrought silver; a small shallow dish to eat off. Plait, to fold ; to braid. Please, to give pleasnre.Uti^ Pleas, pleadings, excuses. Plum, a fruit ; £100,000. Plumb, a leaden weight at the end of a line, used by build- ers for ascertaining the perpendicularity of walls. Pole, a long staff ; a measure of five yards and a hnlf ; extremities of the earth's a:u8. Poll, the head ; to take the votes at an election. Pore, a spiracle or small pas- sage for perspiration ; to look closely or intensely over. Pour, to empty out liquor. Practice, the habit of doing any thing ; a custom. Practise, to do habitually. Primmer , comparative of Prim. t«Tf#-©J> Primer, a >fr«e book. ^ ^ Pray, to avpplicate. rlMtllf' Prey, spoil, plunder. ' Prays» does pray ^/:^a^i^ PraUe, applause. Oi.jU^m4,4f Prize, a reward gained, booty, to set a price on, to esteem. Pries, inspects closely and oiSiciousIy. Psalter, the book of Pnalms. Salter, one who salts, or aells salt **' «■■■ ''-'-^'^i >' "*-"*- -J (?('■''■'" ~ ' ■=, Quarts, plural of Quart. ^ Quartz, a species of mineral. Quire, 24 sheets of paper, f- Choir, a band of singers ; the place in which they Ring<< Rain, water from the clouds. Reigii, to rule as a king. Rein, part of a bridle; to check or control. Raise^ to lift up ; to excite; Rays, beams of light. Raze, tb level with the ground, mmn'^- m^ ti'm^.-f*- " Rap, to strike quickly. .^r Wrap, to roll or fold round. Rapt, enraptured. \:.Z^ Rapped, di^ rap. '^^^^-^ Wrapped, did wrap. ^^ . ^^p^ Reed, a hollow, jointed stalk. Read, to peruse. b2 , .""■■^"'^ A- "188 VERBAL DISTINOnONd. Bed, a eolonr. Bead, did read* Bec|L to care or heed. Wrim, destruction, rain ; to ^ shatter, to destroy. Beek, smoke, vapour. Wres^ to execute vengeance. Best, quiet, cessation. Wrest, to twist or wrench vio- lently from ; to distort. Bime, hoar frost. '"^ " ^ '■ Bhyme, verses terminating with similar sounds. Bing,| a round or circular figure ; to sound a bell. if Wring, to twist ; to torture. Bite, a ceremony or obser- vance. . ,;;\aji.iy v BlgrUt, straight ; just. ' Write, to express by letters ; to compose as an author. Wrifflit, a workman. ' l Bode, did ride.' «♦-'* '^ '!J^^5 Bead, a way or route. ''^*'*'5 C Boe, the female of the hart ; the eggs of a fish. Bow, a line, a rank ; to impel by means of oars. Bood, the cross; the fourth part of an acre. Bude, untaught; rough.'* V'^ Boom, space ; an apartment. Bbeum, catan'h or cold. Boot, of a tree or plant. Boate^ road or way; direc- tion. Boee, a well-known flower.' Bows, does row; plural of Row, Boes, plural of Koe. Bote, words committed to memory, without regard to the meaning. Wrote, did write. Bot, to putef ry. Wrought, worked, made. BulT, an article of dress. ^^'^ Bough, rugged, uneven, ^-^ Bung, the past tense of Ring. Wrung, the past tense of Wring. • - , .- - Bye, a kind of corn. Wry, crooked. |^„, „ MM% Sale, selling ; the act of sell- Sail, of a ship ; a ship. ) Sane, sound, healthy. '^ Seine, a river in France. Satire, a poem censuring vice and folly; severity of re- mark. - Sat3rr, a sylvan deity, m . Scate, a kind of flat fish. Skate, a kind of shoe for sliding on ice. -^ j«> Seal, a stamp ; the sea-calf. Cell, to overlay the inner roof of a building or room. Seed, that which is sown. Cede, to yield, to give up. Seem, to a{>pear. Seam, the line formed by sewing. l-n CLASS FIRST. 29 Seas, the plaml of Sea. Sees, beholds. Seiie, to take by force. See, to perceive by the eye ; tlie diocese of a bishop. Sea, the ocean. ^ w^six; Seen, beheM, observed. Scene, a view or prosi)ect. Seine, a kind of fishing net. Sell, to give for a price. Cell, a cellar ; a hermit's hut. Sent, did send. .^^ *^,) Scent, a smell ; chase'by smell. Cent., for cenivm^ a hundred. Sere or Sear, dry ; withered ; to parch or diy up ; to cau- terize. Cere, to cover with waxt^ii* | Sheer, pure, unmixed. Shear, to clip or cut. T^i^^*^' Sign, a token, a symbol. rr*f Sine, a line in geometry. a iT Signet, a small seaL Cygnet, a young swan, m^ Sink, to descend. Cinque, old French for cinq^ five. 1^^-»# j^J^i-Kv Sion, a Scripture mountain. Scion, a cutting, a sprout, a twig. -.- Size, bulk, quantity ; a glu- tinous substance, .a-.an Sighs, plural of Sigh. .■^. Sice, six at dice. '^^^ Skull, the cranium, the head. Scull, aaroall boat, a small oar.' Sligllt, weak, small, trivial ; to think little of, to neglect. Sleig^ht, a dexterous trick. Slow, not swift ; dull. ^ Sloe, a small wild plum. So, thu5i, in this manner*^. Sow. to sen tier seed. f<^i^f»ia Sew, to use a needle. .jjj'jT Sole, the whole ; only ; the bottom of the foot ; a flat fish. Soul, the immortal part of man ; the sjtirit. Sore, any thing causing sor- row or pain ; an injured Qi' painful part ; an ulcerrr^ Soar, to fly aloft. f^^ Staid, steady, sober^ grave. Stayed, stopped, obstructed, or supported, n^.tj^t^^-i: Stake, a post ; a wager ; a pledge. Steak, a slice of broiled beef. Stare, to gaze on ; a starling. Stair, a step for ascending.^ Steel, iron refined and har- dened. Steal, to take by theft. Step, a pace ; a proceeding. Steppe, a barren plain or waste. Stile, steps over a fence. ^ Style, manner of writing. ^ Strait, narrow ; a narrow pas« sage ; a difficulty. Straight, right, direct. # 'i (30 VBRBAL DISTINOTIONS. Bum, th^ amount or whole of >. any thing; to add or oast up. Bomo, a part of any whole. 811% the luminary of the day. Son, a male child,^^ ,^ ^^^ ; Sutler, one that follows nn army and sells provisions. Subtler, comparative, iof Subtle. 1^" '' '" Bware, the old past tense of Swear. -j'i.f ' it*^ tuitimiMi Swear, to declare or promise upon oath. Sweet, plensing to the senses. Suite, retinue; a set of rooms. Tacksl small nails. Tax, a rate or impost; to chtirge or accuse. Tale, a story ; number rec- .' koned. ^'^'^" Tall, the hinder or lower part. Tare, a weed that grows ' among corn ; an allowance ." in weight. Tear, to rend ; a rent. . „ Tier, a row, a rank. Tear, water from the eye. Tease, to annoy, to comb wool. Teas, plural of Tea. Teem, to produce plentifully ; to be full of ; to pour;- "!i' Team, a yoke of horses or oxen. Time, measure of du*'ation ; a proper season. Thyme, a kind of plant. TUere, m that place. Their, belonging to them. Threw, did throw. Through, from one end or side to tiie other ; by means of. Throne, a regal seat of state. Thrown, cast, projected. Throw, to cast, to fling. Throe, extreme pain, agony. To, noting motion towards addition. Too, overmuch; also. - ,.^ Two, twice one ; a couple, j, Toe, of the foot. , /, Tow, the coarse part of flax ; to pull along with a rope. Ton, alar^e cask ; 252 gallons. Ton, a weight of 20 hundred. Travail, labour ; to toil. Trayel, to make a journey or voyaige. Tray, a broad shallow trough of wood or metal. Trey, three at cards or dice. Trait, a characteristic or fea- Use, to make use of. t^^*^"^ Ewes, plural of Ewe. ^ ^^^^^g Vane, a weathercock. QfttO Vain, empty, futile ; false. Vein, a blood-vessel. - ,«■ .tola vale, a valley. Vail, money given to servants; to lowar ; to yield. Veil, a cover to conceaik the face. . m Wale, a projecting timber in a ship's side ; a rising part on the surface of cloth. Wail, to lament, to bewail^ 0LA88 FIRST. m: Wane, to grow less, to decline. Wain, a wagon. Waste, to consume uselessly ; a tract of uncultivated ground. Waist, the middle part of the human body. Wait, to stay, to tarry. Weight, heaviness ; impor- tance. Ware, merchandise, goods. Wear, to use, to waste. Wave, of the sea ; to undulate. Waive, ^ to beckon ; to omit mentioning, to defer, to re- linquish. Way, a road, course, manner. Weigh, to try the weight of any thing ; to ponder. Weald, a wold or wildf af orest. Wield, to sway, to govern. Wean, to deprive of the breast. Ween, to think, to imagine* Weather, state of the air. a Wether, a sheep. ,||,^, ^ Week, tlie space of seven days. Weak, feeble, infirm. '-' Won, did win. One, in number. Wood, a forest ; timber. Would, past tense of Will, t Yoke, a frame of wood for coupling oxen ; a couple or pair ; bondage or slavery. Yolk, the yellow part of an egg. You, the plural of Thou^'j^ Yew, a kind of tree. 'y^^ Ewe, the female sheep. Your, belonging to you, ijf;. Ewer, a small jug. ^-,,^. ^^,,f ♦ SENTENCES FOR DICTATION. [The following sentences, and others similarly formed, should be dictftted to the pupils, who should either spell every word as it occurs, or, if they are competent, write down the entire sentence on their slates.] Does anything ail you 1 My stomach is sick since I took that draught of ale. Water is preferable. ^ ^ 1 .. .t The younji; heir has the air, mien, and even gait of Ids father. I heard this ere my arrival in Ayr ; and if e'er I return, I hope to find him following his father's footsteps. His awl was almost all the poor cobbler possesse^d.' Tiie ascent to the top is easy. I cannot assent to that opinion. - ^ Waivef is a different application of the verb wave, and it should be spelled in the same way. It properly means to reject or decline by a waving motion of the hand. 32 VBRBAL DISTINCTIONS. tt # If you have au^lit against his character, you ought to state it before I employ him. The magistrate committed him to gaol forsmugi,'ling a bale of tobacco. His character too was so bad that 110 one offered to bail him. Tlie bear seized him by the bare leg. I could not bear to look on. Parallel to the beach ran a row of beech trees. The carpenter liaving planed the board, bored several holes through it, ai)d then threw it aside. John has given up his bow an-'.,;'. ;:■:" v. "-'•; ^ • 'r^ ■"\^:-i. -f y.:::^:^-.^- ■.^. At eight o'clock, this morning, I ate a little bread,,, but nothing since. Which part of the wig do you call the caul ] Canon, an ordinance of the church, should be dis- tinguished from cannon, a piece of ordnance. He lost caste, and was cast out of his tribe. He beat me with a large beet-root. He was borne to that country from whose bourn no traveller return?, i -'',-'"--\-\ '^ -iT?^r,-wv ,^^. ^ ^ ; .^^.^ The cinnamon when kindled sent forth a most fra- grant scent. ;^ ■|,,i ..,,1 * I .,i^a Early in the next session of Parliament, the cessioii" of territory was agreed upon. Though I threatened to cite him before a magistrate, he fixed upon a site, and began to build even in my. "* sight. His manners are coarse^ and his conversation is, of couise, similar, it .fiw ^f- i« GLASS FIRST. 33 He vroA a captain of a reomanry corps, but he Iiad a heart no bigger than the cove of an apple. In running up the creek, the vessel struck the ground ^vith such force that the timhei'» began to creak and strain. Ctincciving that the old gentleman with the queue couM give nie a cue to the matter, I addressed him. I M The two deer which he bought and sent to me, were considered too dear. v»«>^^^vHtMS'^uf^''* When you have done, saddle the dun pony. ' i ^ Did you bind the ewe to the yew tree I The flue took fire,^ and the sparks fleAV about in all directions. The two fore-feet of that horse, and indeed the whole four, are badly formed. His gait is very awkward : lie swings like a gate on its hinges. ; ^i^d iMt^d^l This shoe has taken the skin off my heel. Well, go to the apothecary, and he'll give you a plaster, which, will soon heal it. This hale old fellow seems to care nothing for rainf, hail, or snow : let us hail him. M he fur of a hare is more like hair than down. ^ He thre%v the javelin, and pierced the hart through the heart The treasure, which he had taken such pains to amass and hoard up, was carried off by a horde of iobbers.''L He made a hole, and put the whole of his money into it, !_■.. ,■;!.» *' « .?y *-» V , .If * .':#5'^ In the little islestand the ruins of an ancient chui^ch^ the aisle of which is almost entire. * Walking on the quay to-day, I lost the key of my watch. It must have been painful to witness the chagrin of poor Moses when he round that he had been imposed upon with regard to the " gross of green spectacles with }>ilver rims and shagreen cases.'' u - ■--•■ OB 3 -.■-.■ 84 VBBBAL DISTINCTIONS. * m Lest they should seize aiul kill him, he concealed himself iii a limekiln. You need not knead that dou^h any more. I saw a naughty boy beutiu*,' a ]joor ass M'itli a rou<;h knotty 8tic)c. Lead the pony to the farrier's, and when you have led him there, buy me some lead. His time was wholly taken up in holy and devout contemplations. I heard at the levee to-day that a new levy, both of men and money, is intended. .Has the laundry-maid made up the clothes ? I sent the old coat of mail bv the mail-coach, in charge of one of the male passengers. He seized the pony by tlie mane, and held with all his might and main. The Field-Marshal has a very martial appearance. The flowery mead sends forth its meed of praise. It is not meet that we should meet again. Salt meat should be sparingly used, and as if by met«. r ■ 'in JU neigh. You might have given your mite. *■ I heard a moan among the new-mown hay. Just as I was about to say nay, the horse began to I will give you some of this silver ore, if you take your oar and row me o'er the ferry. hw« y Do you see that pale-faced girl climbing over the pale, with a pail in Jier hand ? ^, The pane cut my hand, and occasions me great pain. Did you evcf see a person pare an apple or a pear with a pair of scissors ? The poor painter threw away his palette, and flung hiiuself upon his wretched pallet. Have you not even read of the Peak of Teneriffe ? J pique myself upon having seen it. Do not pique me by showing your superior knowledge. * • u CLASS FIRS'f. m Do you mean pannel, a mean or rustic saddle ; or panel, a square of parchment, wood, or gloss 1 Tiie carpenter with hia plane, will soon make it smooth and plain. The pole of the coach struck against the poll of his head. Shall I place the plaice at the head of the table ? That gentleman standing on the pier is a peer of the realm. The sun begins to peer. I was on the rack, expecting every moment the ves- sel to become a wreck, but he seemed to reck not what happened. You are right in saying that rite means an observ- ance, and that wright means a maker ; as wlieel-wright, ship- Wright, mill-wdght, and book- wright. Now write down or spell this sentence. When the funeral-bell began to ring, she began to weep and wring her hands. When I rowed him over the ferr}'-, he mounted a horse, and rode along the new road. After sealing the letter, he stuck the wax against the ceiling of the room. ^Afil (f"il - tt- ^^ So beautiful a scene I have never seen. So I stayed at home to sew my clothes, but John went to the field to sow the wheat. k, t^- He did it by a manoeuvre or sleight of hand. Slight all such trickery. . . , Sole partner of my soul. * ..vtej i , . . He stares at me, as I ascend the stairs. ^ ' ' ^ Before we reached the Strait of Gibraltar, we were in a great strait for want of water. On arriving there, the captain sent a boat straight ashore for some. i- The fox sat down upon his tail, and thus began his tale or story. VI ; V .«, , .^ /jr. He gave two pears to me too. A vane is not more changeable than that vain young man. There is, however^ a vein of good humour in him. . w 36 ^ VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. Is it time to transplant the thyme ? Don*t waste your money in buying fancy waistcoats. Wait for a moment till I ascertain the weight of this article. Unless you weigh it immediately, I must jnoceed on my way. He is fftill in a weakly state ; Ids physician visits him weekly. iU'K EXBBOISES ON WOBDS. 1 > • > T ^^, v^i^ifi«.ituf> KEBOISES ON WOBDS. ^,,. ^^^^^^ , ^' [To vary the exercite the teacher should oecanonalli/ spell and pronounce one of the words himself^ and then require the pvpils to give its meaning; and also^ the filing and meaning of any other word similarly pronounced.] Arc, ark ; had, bade ; bait, bate ; baize, bays ; base, bass ; beer, bier ; bell, belle ; bourn, borne ; brake, break ; burrow, borough. rJv\. ., '4 Cask, casque ; check, cheque ; chord, cord ; chuff, chouiih ; claws, clau.se ; climb, clime ; close, clothes ; complement, compliment ; cygnet, signet ; dram, drachm. Ewer, your ; fain, fane, feign ; faint, feint ; feat, feet ; fellow, felloe ; fort, forte ; foul, fowl ; frays, phrase ; freeze, frieze ; furs, furze ; gage, gauge ; gild, guild ; gilt, guilt. Gore, goar ; grater, greater ; grocer, grosser ; grot, Croat ; hall, haul ; hie, high ; him, hymn ; indict, 1 VT .■ :■* indite ; jam, jamb ; knave, nave. ' r> Lanch, launch ; leak, leek ; leaf, lief ; limb, limn ; loan, lone ; maize, maze ; male, mail ; mane, main ; mantel, n^antle; marshal, martial; mean, mien; mead, meed, Mede. Meet, meat, mete ; meter, metre ; mite, might ; mity, mighty ; moan, mown ; mote, moat ; mule, mewl ; muse, mews ; nap, knap ; naught, nought ; nay, neigh. Nave, knave ; need, knead ; new, knew ; night, knight ; not, knot ; no, know ; none, nun, &c., &c. m 0U88 BKCONIt. 37 M'^^'U Hi* \Ufmmi CLASS SECOND, vf-; A ^ » ^^. , ti. A h: ^tj'i a W0BD8 PRONOUNCED NXARLY ALIKB,^ BUT DIFFEBINO IN SPKLLINa AND SIQNIFICATION. [In ViU elatt, the dittinctwn hetwun the pronunciation of the words in each cave should be taught as well a« the difference of the spelling nnd meaning,] Abl«, sufllcient, competent. Abel, « mAu's umne. Aloud, with a loud voice. Allowed (allow'd), did allow. Altar, of a church. . Alter, to change ; to vary. Auger, a boiing instrument. Augur,a80othtiayeror(liviner; to pi-edict by signs, to fore- bode. Bald, without hair. Bawled (bawl'd), did bawL Barbary, a country of Africa. Barberry, a small wild fruit with barbs or spines. Board, a plank ; a table. Bored (bor'd), did bore. Bold, brave; daring; forward. Bowled (bowl'd), did bowl. Boy, a male child. Buoy, a floating mark. Braid, to weave or plait ; a plait. Brayed (bray'd), did bray. Brood, offspring ; progeny. Brewed (brew'd), did brew. . Bridal, a wedding; nuptiaL Bridle, for a horse. Britain, as Great Britain. Briton, a native of Britaiiu } Calendar, an almanac Calender, a hot press for giv- ing a gloss to linens, cidi- eues, &c. Carat, a small weight. - <| Caret, a mai'k in writing* Castor, the beaver ; a beaver hat ; a kind of oil. Caster, one who casts; that out of which something ia cast. Cellar, a cell ; a wine store. SelT^r, one who sells any thing. Censer, a pan to bum incense in. Censor, a corrector of morals ; a licenser of the press. ^ It is only in colloquial or careless speaking that these words are pronounced * nearly alike." In almost every case there is a marked difference between their pronunciations. These differences and distinctions the learner must not only know, but also hahituaAe himself to, if he wishes to become •a correct speaker. ?8 VERBAL DlBTIK0nON& I' I OluAer, bile ; anger. Collar, the neck lomething worn about the neck. Oouniel, to advise ; advice ; a legHl adviser. Ooonoil, an assembly or body lor consttlkation. *^ >r>^^^ Counsellor, an adviser; a bar- rister or lawyer. COnnoUlor, member of a eoun- eiL Culler, one who culls or se- lects. Colour, as^laek, white, ke. Depoiitary, a storekeeper. Dopoiltory, a store or place in which things are deposited* Deviser, one who devises; a contriver ; an inYentor. Divisor, a term in arithmetic. Dire, dreadful ; dismal. Dyer, one who dyes. Find, to discover. •^'** -* Fined (fin'd), did fine. ,^,, j^ Flour, from meal. , V j. Flower, a blossom. ''''"* Fur, skin with soft hair. Fir, a kind of tree. Ckdloon, a kind of lace. Calleon, a name given to a ; class of Spanish merchamt ships. Gored (gor'd), did gore. Gourd, a plant like a melon. Guest, a visitor. Guessed (guess'd), did gueii. Hire, wages ; recompense. Higher, more elevated. Hole, a hollow ; a cavity, i Whole, all ; the entire. , Holy, sacred ; pure. Wholly, entirely; completely. Lair, a wild beast's couch. Layer, one who lays ; that which is laid ; a stratum. Lessen, to make less. Lesson, a school task ; a pre- cept. Liar, one who tells lies. Lyre, a musical instrument* t* Lien, a tie ; a claim. ,, .. ^ Lion, a wild beast. Load, a burden ; to lade. Lowed (low'd), did low. Lore, learning. Lower, more low ; to let down. Manner, method or way. '^ •'• Manor, a domain, a district* Mare, the female horse. Mayor, a chief magistrate. u Medlar, a kind of fruit. Meddler, one who meddles. Metal, as gold, silver, &c, / Mettle, spirit ; courage. Miner, a worker in mines. ' Minor, one underage. - 4^ CLASS BBOOND. 39 leif. stely. ai. . th»t am. ^. • ^ -, apr«- lent. down. brict* Lte. ViBt« a fog ; aniAll rnin. Milled (mlfisM), did tniii. More, in nuinb«r or quantity, llowtr, oiM that mowi. Kanffl^ty, worthlets ; wicked. Knotty, having knots. Ode, a lyrie poem. Owed ii<:;atlr^ Accede, to comply withF^^^ Bzceed^ to go beyond, .^^j^'- Adherence, attachment to. Adlierents, followers, parti- sans. Addition, something added. Edition, a publication. Advice, counsel; instruction. AdYise, to counsel;, to in- struct.- '''^^'-*^^"^"^'" - "^ A09Ct, to act upon, to aim at. Effect, to bring to pass, to accomplish. Alley, a walk or passage. Ally, a confederate. AUusion, reference to. niuiion, false show, mockery. Apposite, fit, appropriate. Opposite, contrary. Assistance, help, relief. Assistants, helpers. Attendance, the act of wait- ing on, service. Atteadante, persons who Attend, --'^•^-"-v - -r' - • *- '-' " ■■'•ml Ballad, a simple song. Ballot, a little balL Baron, a lord. ^ * ^ t Barren, sterile, not prolific Cease, to stop, to leave Qfl(%!,'r Seise, to lay hold off. ^^^^ Currant, a small berry; '^**^ Current, runniag or pass- ing. Decease, d^tt'^'T'^^^ -^*^^^ Disease, u malady. '.t } .i&#«t^tl Decree, to ordain ; an Degree^ a step, rank. ^:' % ^ Defer, to put off, to post- pone. itMii^iKiS DuTer, to disagree. Deference^ respect, submis- sion. Difference, disagreement. !«> Device, a contrivance. v^<^t^t Devise, to contrive ; to plan. Dissent, difference of opinion. Descent, declivity; lineage. Divers, several. -««<»»£trs«| Diverse, different. Elicit, to draw out of. Illicit, illegal, not lawful. Elude, to escape from. iHlude, to mock, to deoeire. • T 44 TBRBAi> DisnN:cnctt7& Bmorir^t to rise out of. Immerge, to plunge into^ Bmlffrant^ one who migratet from a country. Immlgrrant, one who imgratet into a country. Eminent, distinguished.. Imminent, impending. Errand,, a message. Errant, wandering.. ,fM>'-^ Etaptlon,. a brealting ovHl Zm^E^on^ a breaking into^ Elxtantv snrTiTing. SxtA&t, space, compass. Fibres, threads, filaments. Fibrous, having fibres. Flsliar, one who ficihes. tot CI Flssnre, a cleft, a cradE^i 4 1»< Lose, to suffer loss^ not ta win. Loose^ vntied,. slack.. Mtssal, the mass book. Missile, a weapon thrown bjr the hand. Ifonetarj, relating to money. Monitory, admonishing. Oradle,.onefamed for wisdom.. Anricle„ an ear» an opening. Ordinance^ a decreev Ordnance, canuoo. .lA. Gamble,, to practne gaming;. Qambol,. to frisk; a frolic Oristly, coasisting of gri- stle. Orlzily, sonwwhat gray.. Impostor, one who imposee upon the public, a elieat. Iinposture^imposition,fraud. mgreniOQS^ hayrng irigenwiy. In£^enuous» caiMiiid» noble. Least, smallest. Lest,, for fear that.. Lineament, a feature. Liniment^ an oiutmont. Pastor, a shepherd, a clergy-^ man in charge of a flock. ^L Pasture, gracing » ground; grass. Patience, the being patient. Patients, sick persons. Presence,, the being present* Presents,, gifts, donations. , Prcposltion, a part of speeoh» Proposition, a proposal. Prophecy, a prediction. Propbesy, to foretell, to pre- dict. A Radish, an esewlent root;., , Reddish, somewhat red. '"""^ Racer, a mce-horse. Rasor, for shaving witbw Ruse, a trick, a stratagem. Rues, does rue. ^i-^i. ■ Rot, to decay, to putrefy. Wrouffht„ worked. K I; ! CLASS THIRD. 45 statue, HD image or figure. Statute, an Aot of Parlia- mcnt. Tenor, a continued course. Tenure, the innniier in ^vliicli tenements are held. Trao^, ft vestige ; to trace. Tract, a region, a treatise. Wary, watchful, cnutious. Weary, worn out, tired, f *'.^i .. it- s:' Salary, wages, hire. Celery, a vegetable. filnk, to descend ; a sewer. Zinc, a metal. 8culptor,an artist in sctilptnre Sculpture, th? ait of carving. Soar, to fly above. Sower, one that sows. Spacious, wide, roomy. Specious, showy, plausible. SENTENCES FOR DICTATION. All your presents I accept, except tlie last. At this access to his fortune, his joy was in excesR. Though yoVLt terms exceed my expectations, I will accede to tfiem. His adherence to these extreme yiews, cost him mcTij of his adherents. ^ . :^^. ^ , Niw editions, with additions, are in preparation. ,,, Till he effected his purpose, he affected to be igno- rant of the whol e ni att er. . . ^, w. Assistants were assigned to me, but they rendered me no assistance. I had to dance attendance upon him, as if I had been one of his paid attendants. Baron Humboldt describes the whole region as a barren waste^ The decree applied to persons of every degree. With all due deference to you, I think there is a great difference. ,m»m^0rt:i>- EXEBOISfiS ON WORDS. J^ • ^ [The diff&enee hehcetn the pronunciation^ spelUnff, and mean' ing of each pair to be given by the pupila.] Abolition, ebullition ; acts, axe ; accidence, acci- dents ; alley, ally ; breath, breadth ; captor, capture ; censer, censure ; chance, chants ; citron, citrine ; coat, quote; coffin, coughing ; confidant, confident; corporal, corporeal j critipi critique ; celery, salary; cease^sei^e. -i^.-'w,'-' - 46 VERBAL DISTINOTIONS. ^Correspondence, correspondents; dense, dents; dependence, dependents ; door, doer ; ether, either ; ewer, hewer : exercise, exorcise ; favour, fever ; for- merly, formally ; gaol, goal ; idle, idol. Qenus, genius ; gluttonous, glutinous; gore, goer ; idle, idol ; incite, insight ; instance, instants ; intense, intents; jester, gesture; juggler, jugular; legislator, legislature ; lightening, lightning. "^ . Mattress, jnatrice ; ooze, whose ; patron, pattern ; poplar, popular ; populous, populace ; prefer, proflfer ; preposition, proposition ; proscribe, prescribe. Regimen, regiment ; relic, relict ; senior, seignior ; sewer, shore; shone, shown; surplice, surplus; talents, talons ; tense, tents ; tour, tower ; treatise, treaties. •fi'f^'-V "*:'"' *ri CLASS rOTJRTIL!!:?:^^ «.:m W0BD3 SIMILABLT 8FELLED, BDT DIFFEBBNTLT FBONOUNOED AND APPLIED. Ab'-sent, not present. Ab-sent', to keep away. AV-stract, an abridgment. Ab-8tract', to draw or sepa- rate from ; to abridge. Abuse {abuce)f ill use. Abuse {abme)^ to injure by use; to reproach. Ac'-cent, a peculiar tone in speaking or pronouncing; stress or force given to a particular syllable in a word ; a mark by which the accent is denoted. Ac-cent , to mark the accent ; to give or express the ac* Af -fix, a postfix or termina- tion. Af-fix', to join or unite to. ^ AV-tri-bute, a quality. At-trib'-ute, to assign ta ^ Aug'-ment, an increase*^^/^ . Aug-ment', to increase. Au'-gost, the eighth month. Au-gU8t', great, majestic. Bow (bo)y for shooting arrows. BOW {bou\ an act of courtesy or reverence. Buf -fet, a box or blow with the fist ; to strike. Buf-fet', a shelf; a side table. CLASS FOUBTH. 47 Char {tthar), to turn wood to ohai'coal. Ghar (te^re), to do tnms or jobs of work as a char- woman. Oom'-pact, an agreement. Com.pacV, firm, solid. Col'-lect, a short prayer. Col-lect', to briug together. Com'-ment, an exposition. Oom-ment' (upon), to expound Com^meroe, trade with foreign countries. Com-mer'oe, to hold inter- course with ; to traffic. Com' -pound, a mixture. Com•pound^ to mix; to come to terms of agreement. Con'-cert, a musical en tertain- ment ; agreement ordesign. Con-ceit', to contrive, to plan. Con'oOord, harmony. Con-cord', to agree with^^i^ Con'-duct, behaviour.^' " Con-duct', to lead, to manage. Con'-flne, a boundary. Con-flne', to limit; to im- prison. Con'-fllct,astruggle,acontest. Con-^ct', to oppose. Con-Ju're,i to call upon with the solemnity of an oath ; to entreat in the most earnest manner. Con'>Jure (kun-jur)^ to prac- tise the arts of a conjurer. Con'-Bort, wife or husband ; a companion. Con-sort', to associate with. Con'-test, a dispute, a struggle. Con-t6Bt', to dispute, to con- tend. Con'-tract, a binding agree- ment. Con-tract', to draw together. Con'-traat, opposition of figures. Con-trast', to place in oppo- sition. _ ^ Con'-verse, conversation; the opposite or coutrary. Con-ver'se, to discourse fa- miliarly with. Con'-TOrt, a person converted. Con-TOrt', to change or turn. Con'-Tlct, a person convicted. Coi^-TlcV, to prove guilty. Con'-Toy, an escort or guard. tJon-voy', to escort, to accom- pany as a guard. Coun'-ter-mand, an order to the contrary. Coun-ter-mand', to revoke a former order. Courtesy {kur^-tsey), courtly or elegant manners; civi- lity; nn act of civility. Courtesy (kurt'-se), an act of res])ect or reverence made by females. ■tf * Conjure. — From the Latin conjuro, to swear together, to conspire or plot ; in which sense Milton has used the term : — *♦ Who, in proud rebellious arms .iV&»n^ ?j ijrsfe 'j« Conjured against the Highest." i ** 48 VERBAL DISTIKOTIONS. OrulM^ {kruae), a pre^i lu-sult', to treat with inso- lence. In'-ter-diange, a mutual ex- change; commerce. In-ter-cha'nge, to exchange with. In'-ter-dlot, a prohibition. In-ter-diot', to prohibit. In'-tLmate, inmost, familiar. In'-tlmate,^ to hint ; properly to convey by a hint our : intimate or inmost thoughts or opinions. Invalid {in-val'-id)f weak ; of no force or weighs. Invalid (tn't'a-^««2"),one weak or disabled by sickness or wounds. Lead {leed), to conduct, to guide. Lead {led)f a heavy metal. LlTe(^ir), to exist; to pass life. Llye (iive)t living; put for Mive. Lower {lo'-er),i6hAiigi6ifr, Lover (/ou'*er), to appear dark and gloomy. Mln'-nte, the 60th part of an hour ; a imatl portion of time. ' Ml-nu'te, small, diminished. MlB-oon'-duct, bad behaviour. Mis-con-ducV, to behave badly. j, Konse/a small animal. MouBe {motuBe), to catch mice. Kow (mo)f to cut with the scythe. How (mott), a heap of hay or corn when housed. Notable {no'ta-hi), worthy of note, memorable. N6table {mea-bl), skilled in the scienoeof housekeeping. Object', to make an objection to, to oppose by argument. Oiyject, something seen ; an end or purpose. 1 /nttnta^^. —Though this word, both verb and noun, is accented on the same syllable, yet when used as the former the last syllable is longer dwelt upon. Compare the pro- uuneiations of qepabate, verb and tumn; also modbbate. 50 VERBAL DIBTINOTIONS. I Ordinary (or'<^tf-na-ry), the estubliiihed judge of »n ee- olesiastioal court ; a stated or regular chaplain ; com- mon, mean. Ordinairy {oi'cP-nary)^ a house of entertHinment, whem the meals are given at an ordi- nary or regular price. a-ver-oliarge, too great a charge. O-ver-oliar'gre, to charge too much ; to crowd. C-yer-tlirow, defeat, discom- fiture, destruction. O-ver-thro'w, to defeat, to discomfit, to destroy. Pen'dant, a jewel hanging from the ear. Pendant {pen'ant\ a small flair or streamer. Per'-mlt, a written authority from an excise officer for removing goods. Per-mit', to authorize, to allow. \t^^»£ Pol'.lBli, to sraoothe, to brighten, to refine, iv? > Po'-llsli, pertaining to Poland. or Precedent {preuf-e-deni), previous rule or example. Pi^-ce'-dent,i preceding < going before ; former. Pre'>flz, a particle or preposi- '■ tion prefixed to a word. Pre-flx, to put before. Prel'-ude, something intro- ductory, as to a eon cert. Pre-lu'de, to serve as an intro- duction ; to begin with. Pres'-agrOta prognostic or sign. Pre-sa'ge, to foretell or fore- bode. Pres'-ent, something pre- sen ted, a gift or offering. Pre-ienV, to give formally. Prod'-ttoe, that which is pro- duced, the product or amount. _ Prodn'ce, to bring forth. ^^ ProJ'-eot, a design, a scheme, a contrivance. Pro-JecV, to form in the mind ; to jut out. w^ »' Prot'-est, a solemn declara- tion. Pro-test', to declare solemnly. Provost (p»W-w«<), the head of a college. Provost {pro-vo')t the execu- tioner of an army*, a^^«-«3. Ba4.tty {'i'are-%ty\ a thing val- 4ii.i for its scarceness. Barity (rar^'ity), thinness, subtlety; opposed to den- sity. Read ireed)f to peruse, to read. Read {red), perused, did read. . Reb'-el, one that rebels. Be-bel', to oppose la'vful au- thority, to rise in rebellion. Rec'-Ol-lect", to call to mind. Re'-ool-lect", to collect again.. ^ Precedent is nearly obsolete ; preceding being used instead. i< u- A slave that ia not twentieth part the tythe 01 jour pr4cedeiiU lord." — HavdeU \ CT.ASB FOURTH. tl Reo'-ord, a register, n m^nio- rial. Re-cord', to register. Reruse, wliiit Ik refused MP tiBelesK ; WditlilessreniainH. Refu'ee, to reject. Rep'-rl-mand, a cenfture. Rep-iimand', to censure, to cliido. '- ^, , * - * Re'tail, sale by small qnnnti- ties. Retail', to sell in sipaU qDao- ties. >., . -^ Row (ro)^ a rank or line ; to l»ro|)el with oarw. Row (rotf), a riotous noise, a hiiiwl or scuffle. Fewer (snwer)^ one tliat sews. Sewer {8ovr)y a drain, a sink. Slough {8hu)y a deep miry place. Slougb («Zt//), the cast skin of a snake. Sow {80u)t a female pig. Sow («o), to scatter seed for growth ; to disseminate. Sub'-Jeot, placed under; liable to; one under the dominion of another ; the question or matter under consideration. Sub-Jeot', to place under ; to reduce to submission. Bu'-plne.akind of verbal noun. Sn-pi'ne, lying with the face upwanU ; indolent. Sur'-vey, a view taken. Sur-vey', to take a view. Tar'ry, smeared with far. Tii'ry, to stay, to wait for. Tear {tare)j a rent ; to rend. Tear (/eer), water from the eye. Tor'-ment, torture, vexation. Tor-ment', to {lut to pain ; to torture or vex. Trans'-fer, the act of trans- ferrinjs; delivery; removal. Trans-fer', to assign or make over to another; to remove. Trans'-port, rapture; a veflsel for conveying soldiers her yondsea." "" Tzuns-port', to carry beyond sea as a convict ; to enrap- ture. Un-dregs', to divest of clothes. Un'-dress, a dishabille. Use (uce)y act of using; utility. Use (u2e)y to make use of. Wind, air in motion. Wind, to turn round, to twist. Wound (woond), a hurt given by violence. Wound {wovmd)t participle of the verb to Wind. H In most of the preceding words the accent is regulated by the application. When used as nouns, the accent should be on the first syllable, but when employed as verbs, on the last^ Thus, "Absent, ^ Some words of this class have not as yet come under this ANALOOT ; as Balance, Combat, and Counsel, which are ac- cented alike both as verbs and nouns ; and even with respect to some words in this list, usage is divided ; as Comment^ Commerce, and Frokii, 2 52 TBRBAL DISTINCTIONS. Ill ! not present/' is pronounced il^-sent ; but when used as a verb, the accent must be on the last syllable, viz., Ah'SerU*. This change of aocent in the same word is pro- duced, as Walker well observes, by an instinctive effort in the language to compensate, in some de- gree, for the want of different terminations for these different parts of speech.^ The following words exemplify the same ten- dency, but in a different manner : ^ — Nouns, Verbs, Nouns, Abuse Abuse ' Mouse Close Use Diffuse Qrease Excuse House Close Ditluse % Excuse Verbs, Mouse Use Grease House t ■5^ Grass Glass Brass Price Behoof Proof Reproof Belief Bath Breath Cloth Loath Graze Glaze Braze Prize ' Behoove Prove Reprove Believe Bailie Breatlie Clothe Loathe ■jivil Advice Device Practice Prophecy Grief Thief Life Wife Moutli Sheatli Smooth * Wreath Advise Devise Practise Prophesy Grieve Thieve Live Wive Mouthe Sheathe Smooth Wreathe ^•« ^ Compftre Anfliogy vii., under the head of "Principles of PronunciRtion/' iwge 112. ^ Either by a ohaxige in the pronunciation of thp^ SAine letter (as Abuse is pronounced ahuce as a noun, and auuze as a verb), or by a change or addition of letters (as GVas«, Gla«e; Bath, Bathe). ' Prize, to set a price upon ; to value or es^^em highly. ^ The adjective Smooth is pronounced likr the verb Smooth, ''a of \: €LA8» FOVRTBL SENTENCES FOR DICTATION* 03; It wstn on the twelfth, and not on the eighth of August, that our auguut Monarch died. I wns once as strnij'ht as an arrow, t)iou«;h now obliged, by age and iufirxaitj, to bow like a bow. The dmirtnan said that his wife was a c]iarwonin% and that she sold charcoaL Thougli I acknowledge it to be nothing more than Biy desert, yet I beseech yoii not to desert me in thia desert. Though he suffers the most excruciating pain from the gout, yet he continues to indulge his gout for con.- Tiviality. The incense of flattery must offend and incense the wise and good. As you are hia intimate friend, I will venture to intimate to you n circumstance of which it will be advantageous t him to be apprized. The €Mb»jectioiis to the admission of the invalid into tlie hospital were shown to be invalid and frivolous. We ho)>ed^ but our hope was in vain, that the vein of lead would lead to silver. ^ Lower the sails, the sky begins to lower. A minute is a very minute portion of time. The provost of the corporation wus cruelly consigned to the provoet of the army. Can you wonder that he should refuse to accept the mere refuse? "f- I heard that there was a great row in Pater-noster- low yesterday. We observed at the edge of the slough the slough of a serpent She bursts into tear?, wrings her hands, tears ker ^ hair, and shows every sign of woe. He wound hia handkerchief Abo^t the wound* 51 VERBAL D19TJNCT;0K3^ CLASS FIFTH. WORDS 8PELLZD AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE, BUT DIFFERING IN IfBANING OR APPLICATION. "Wb shall begin this Part with an extract from ** Edgeworth's Practical Education : " — , ^ "Pbre Bourgeois, one of the Chinese missionaries xtttempted to preach a Chinese «ermon to the Chinese. His own account of the business is the best we can give : I *' * Tikiey told me v hou signifies a book, so that I thought whenever the word chmt was pronounced, a book was the subject of discourse ; not at all Chou, the next time I heard it, I found signified a tree. Now I was to recollect that chou was a book and a tree ; but this amounted to nothing. Chou I found also expressed yrea^ heaU. Chou is to rdate. Chou is the^^lnrora. Chou means to he accustomed.. Chou ex- presses the loss of a wager^ &;c. I should never have done were I to enumerate all the meanings of chou. ♦ * ♦ * i recited my sermon at least fifty times to my servant before I spoke it in public, and yet I am told, though he continually corrected me, that of the ten parts of the senron (as the Chinese express themselves) they hardly understood three. Fortuiiately the Chinese are wonderfully patient.* " Children often experience similar difficulties, and their patience deserves equal commendation. Elock^ for instance (according to Dr. Johnson )> signifies a heavy piece of timber; a mass of matter. Block means the wood on which hats are formed. Block means the wood on which criminals are be- headed. Block is a sea term for a pulley. Block is an obstruction, a stop ; aad finally, Uock means a blockhead. Children do not pe:<*ceiye that the metaphoric meanings of this word are all derived from the original Block" is word are all derived from the original Block," like the example just qupted, almost every word 0LAS8 FIFTH. 05 Old in our, and indeed every language, has. iu addition to its original and proper meaning, its consequen- tial and figurative applications. And though in seveml instances the original or primitive meaning has been lost, or is no longer in use, yet, in general, it will be found to pervade and explain what are called the different meanings of the same word. In explaining the following class of words, the author has kept this principle in view. In tdmost every case it will be seen that the primitive or original meaning naturally leads to all the others, though, at first view, some of them may appear to be quite different. And, besides the pleasure which even children take in tracing analogies, it is surely much easier, as well as much more philosophic, to learn the meanings of words in this way, than to get them by rote from the uninteresting and unconnected columns of a dictionary. For even if it were pos- sible for a child to recollect the different meanings of every word in his dictionary (and unless he re- collects all, there is little use in his knowing only a part), how is ho to know, on the spur of the moment, which of the many meanings he is to attach to a word that he meets with in reading, or hears pronounced in conversation ? Hear what a philosopher ^ has said on this subject : — "When I consult Johnson-'s Dictionaity, I find many words of which he has enumerated forty, fifty, or even sixty different significations ; and after all the pains he has taktn to distinguish them from each other, I am frequently at a loss how to avail myself of his definitions. Yet, 'uhen a i*l « v^iit * Dugald Stewart. , , , - v ^ ii^. m YERB1.L DI8TIN0TI0N8. word of thiB kind oceun to me hi a book, or even when I hear it pronounced im the rapidity of viva voce diBOOurse, I at once seleoti without the slightest effort of conscious thought, the precise meaning it was intended to convey. How is this to be explained but by the light thrown upon the pmblematioal term by the general import of the sen- tence ? " This view of the subject is unquestionably just The import of words may often be inferred from the context and meaning of the sentence ; but still it is necessary to know the meanings of each of the words which compoise it ; and the only question is, whether it is betl;er that children should learn the meani^igsof words easily and InteUectuallgy as here ^ Trecommended, or whether they are to undergo the useless drudgery of attempting to leara by rote, from their dictionaries, the meanings of every word in the languaga , . Angle, a corner, a point where two lines meet. Angle, to fidh with a hook and Unei ^>4l#i ^ Arch, something fonned like a bowj as the arch* (aow written arc) of a eircle, the at^ of a bridge. Arch, chiefs as in ^zreAbishop, arey^angel. arc^-wng^ arc/^-rogue, <&c. Arch, mischievously droll, is the same word; which signiticatioii it seems to have Acquired from the frequency of its application to 4 person pre-eminent or chief in drollery and mischief. Notorious,^ which properly means noted or well- y ^ See also Observations on this subject, under the head of ■**Etymology,"p. 143. ^ From the Latin arcus, a bow. ' Notorious. — That the seat of ordinary justice might, be permauent -and notoHout to all the nation, it was made au CLASS FIFTH. 57 ■■■'i Itrunmiy ha? acquired a similar significatioii (that is, it is now generally used in a bad sense). Ashes, the plural of Ash. Ashes, the remains of any thing burnt. il«/*- Wednes- day, the first day of Lent ; so called from the ancient' custom of sprinKling ashes on the head. Bachelcnr, a ytmng man ; an unmarried man. Bachelor^ fimntor graduate, or a student admitted to. the Jirst degree at a uniyeisity ; a knight of the lowest OT first degree. Baity a hit or bite of food put upon a hook to allure fisli ; and hence, a temptation. '^'^Xt, to stop at an inn for the purpose of taking (a bii r bite) a hasty refreshment. < li-^yid t ,§f>g{|f iSait, to set dogs on ; as to hait a bull. ifl Bale^ a rotiitd bundle or package of goods. Bsde, to heave or throw water out of a boat. fSIMUt Basey the loicest part or foundation ; the pedestal of a statue. • •■■■.;'■ .;-.;v^.,^^. .:..^^^ Base, 2ot^, mean, worthless. Base, a /ow, deep sound in music, ^^^^jt^^ei^ ^miil Baty an animal resembling a mouse, tvith wing» skin or leather. , Bat, a kind of club for heating or striking a ball. Bay, a portion of the sea encompassed or surrounded by the land, except at the entrance. Bay, as in the phrase, " to stand at bay." properly re- fers to a stag hayeil in or surrounded by tlie dogs^ and obliged to lace them by an impossibility of escape. ^ ' t'^ Bay-window (usually and perhaps properly Bow- window), a window curving outward, and thereby forming a kind of bai/ or hollow m the room. article of Magna Charta that Common Pleas should no longer follow the King's Court, but be held in some certain place. — Blackstone. * ,:^iJu 58 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. Bay, a species of the laurol tree. Bay, a colour ; as a bay horse. Bay, to I ick, to burk at ; as to " haif the moon." Beaver, an anipliibiotts animal, called also a Castor. Beaver, a hat made of the fur of the beaver or castor, Beaver, the pavt of a helmet that covers the face, , <^ Bill, the beak of a bird. Bill, a kind of axe with a Iwoked point. Bill, a written paper of any kind, as an account of money ; a law presented in writing to Parliament) 'which, when passed, is called an act. Blade, i}\ejlat or cuttinsj part of a knife or weapon. Blade, a spire or leaf of corn or f^niss, from its resem* blance to the bkuh of aii instrument. Blade, the^^ bone of the shoulder ; ijhej^r^fdoT^fit^ part of an oar. Blade, a sharp, keen person. This application of the term is vulgar. , ' x %» 11 V ■■'..<•! C*. a blow with the fist or closed hanci. . > Brace (to embrace, to hold tiglitly), to bind togetlier. Brace, two or a pair ; as a brace ot* partridges. Like the word Couple, 67*ace seems to liave acquired iliis signification from the custom of braci/iig or coupling two dogs, or pieces of game together. '( Baft a sort of leather prepared from the skin of the Buffalo, used for waist belts, pouches, &c. • Baft the colour of itt^ leather, that is, light yellow.' « Butt, a large cask or barrel. Batt, the mark to be aimed at; a person at whom jests are aimed or directed. Butt, to strike with the head. "Case, that which holds or covers something else ; as a book-ca«^, a pillow-ccwc. . ^k J Case, state or condition of things • as a hard case, ' Case, at law ; put for Cause. ^ a* , j, ^ Cashier, the person who has charge of the cas/t, CftShier, to make void ; to dismis.-i from office. ^ Cast, to throw with the liand ; to throw away ; to throw or pour into a mould or form. Cast (the thing moulded or formed), a model, shapo, or form. Compare Mould, p. 69. Chase, to hunt, to pursue, to drive away. '■'' ^^^"^ Chase (put for Enchase), to set in a case or fraiwe, as a precious stone in gold ; to adorn by embossed or raised workw -1' ■ Club, a heavy stick, thicker at one end than the other ; one of the four suits of cards. 60 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. Club, to contribute to a common expense in settled ^ proportions.^ Club, an association or society ; as tlie Yaclit Clink Oomb| an instrument for adjusting the hair. Oomby the crest of a cock ; so called from its fancied resemblance to a cmnb,* Coxnb, the cavities in which bees deposit their honey. Consistencyi uniformity or agreement with self. Consistency, degree of denseness or rarity ; as boiled into the oonsiateiicjg of syrup. Ooni) seeds or grains which g^ow in ears, not in pods ; grain unreaped. Com, to sprinkle or throw grains of salt on meat ; and hence, to salt slightly. Corn, an excrescence on ^iie foot, of a comeow or horny substance. ,,, ,a,. . Count) to reckon or commute; any thing summed up or reckoned, as a count in an indictment. Count, a foreign title ; an earl ; originally the governor or lieutenant of a county. Counter, a bench or table in a shop on which money is counted or received. Counter, a piece of fictitious money used for keeping count or reckoning. Counter, contrary to ; as to counteract. Court, the residence of a king, or of his representative ; the nail or chamber where justice is aaministered. Court, to solicit with courtly attention ; to woo. Court) enclosed space before a house, an enclosure. ^ Club, — " Plums and directorg, Shylook and his wife. Will club their testers now to take thy life.'' —Pope, ' Comb. — "Because it standeth lagged like the teeth of a oombe," says Jlfin^Aeu;.— **Fi*om its pectiDated indentures." — Johnson. W 'Ssu*i»ii,..jMk^.' n CLASS PIPTH. 01 Graft, trade j'^ manual art or handicraft; and hence, art, artitlce, cunning.^ Oraftt a small ship (engaged in craft or trade). Orane, a bird "with a long beak ; also a long bent tube for drawing liquor out of casks. Crane, an engine for raising weij^hts ; so called from its overhanging shape and capacity to pick up objects. Orop, to cut ilwrt or close ; to cut or eat the tops off. Crop, ttiat which has been cropped or cut off : tiie har- vest cut down ; and hence the produce of the field. Crop, the cruw or first stomach oi birds (which serves the same purpose with them as mastication witli usi Cross, a kind of gibbet ; the emblem of the Christian reli«^d<>n ; anything that thwarts or gives annoyance ; a trial of patience. Cross, to lay one body, or draw one line, ticross or athwart another in the form of r cross. To cross the channel is to go across in a straight line ; to cross IX person is to tluvart or cross him in his purpose; and a person disposed to act so, is called cross or :-: PERVERSE. Mi^i^iiipu , Crow, a well-known bird. — " To pluck a cfoi^," would bu to lose our labour for nothing, for crows are not eaten ; and hence the phrase (which is now vulgar) came to signify to lose our time in disputing about a matter of no consequence, even if decided. This kind of disputation was called by the Romans de J l(ina caf)rina, that is, a controversy about goats' uooly or in other words, about nothing. Crow, an iron bar (with a beak like a crow) used as a lever. Compare Crane^ a siphon or tube. 1 Ct'aft. — * * And because he was of the same craft, he abode with them, and wrought." — Acts xviii. 3. '•* Cunning. — " If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning. — Psalm cxxj";:. 5. M VERBAL DI8TIN0TIONS. OroWi M A oook, and honoo to crow or triumph over. Dam, tho mot)icr of nn animal. Dime in anoihor form of thu same word, and was foniioi-ly used in thu same sonso {mother),^ Dam, a bunk to conilno water. Date of a letter, that is, tho time when it was given fi'om under our hands ; the time of any oyent. Date, the fruit of the cfate-trre (a speoies of pulm). Deal, to divide, share, or parcel out ; tis to thai curd^. Deal, a division, «^r«, or quantity ; as a groat deat^ that is, a great sluxre or portion. Deal, tlr or nine planks f perhaps so called from being dml^ or axvided equally fi'om the trunk ; as curds * from the pack). Deal, to trade or traffic ; but propevly to retail or soil in small portione or quantities. Dear, expensive, or costly ; much prized or valued. Darling, formerly dearUng^ means little dear; an gosliiiff means litVe gooae^ &c. Dear, a term of endeannentf implying highly valued or esteemed. Deck, to cover ; to clothe ; to adorn — in the la^t sense perhaps put for decorate. Deck, the floor of a ship (that which covers the hull). Desert, that which one has deserved or merited. (It is formed thus, deserved^ deserv*dy desert.*) » Desert, to forsake or leave desertecL t-iet, an assembly ; as the German Diety Leld for enact- ing laws, and regulating the mode of government. j ■', ■ 1 In Paradise Lost Eve is called " universal Dame.** * "Not my deserts^ hut what I shall desei've*'—Rich, III, CLASS Firm. 63 t)Mt food or regimen reKtilnted Uy the rules of medii cine ;^ and lieiico, food goiieriilly. Draw* to drag or draw along ; as a home does a car. Draw (that is, the brunli or pencil along the paper), to delineate or portray. EngrosSt to take the gros» or whole ; to monopolise.' SngrosSi to copy in fjroMf or large characters ; as in records or law wriiinge.' BzpresSi to p'0M out ; to utter or send out words ; to pronounce or declare. EzpraiS) to tend out or o(T speedily ; a message so sent Fair, a fixed or stated market for buyers and sellers. Fair, pleasing to the eye or mind ; as a/aiV lady, a fair day, /air conduct ; also, favourable ; as a /air vfind^ Fellow, one of the same society ; aA r fellow of college ; and hence, an equals a mate/i ; as one glove is said to be the Jellow oi tho otiier. This word is also used in contempt ; as companion* formerly was. File, a thread of wire on wliich papers are strung to keep them in order ; a catnlogue or roll ; a line or rank of soldiers.—- To file a bill is, to put it on the Jile of the court for trial in due order. File, an iron or steel instrument for rasping, h^tn^"^ File,^ formerly used as Defilk now is. (Now obsolete.) J X. 1 ** To fast like one that takes diet," (that is, to abstain like one confined to a prescr ibcd regimen).— Shakspeare, ' *' All our praises why should lords engross? llise, honest Muse, and sing the man of Koss.'* ' ** A clerk foredoomed \\j0 father's soul to cross, Who pens a stans^^i when he should engross."— Pope. * "Away! sCMwy companion." — Shakspeare. . • "For Banquo's issue have I filed my mind, '*-^ For them the giacious Duncan have I niurdeiGd." 64 VEBBAL DISTINCTIONS. nilet (a little thr€ad\ a slight bandage;^ a chaplet or haTid round the head. Fillet, the thick part of a leg of veal ; so called from being usually trussed with x\ fillet or slight bandage. Flag* the colours or ensign of a ship, &c. Flag, to hang loose ; to droop ; to grow spirilless. Flag, a water plant with a broad drooping leaf. Flag, a broad kind of stone used lor smooth pavemt-^ c Fold, a double or plait. Twenty-/oW means twenty doubled, or twice the number. Hence Taoxiifold, that is, many doubled, or very numerous. Fold, a place in which sheep are (enfolded) enclosed. Foot, as tbe/oof of a man ; the/oo^ of a table ; the/ooT (or lower part) of a mountain. Foot, a measure of twelve inches, such being the sup- posed leugth of the human /ooi.~See JV^ai/, p. 68. , Forge, to beat with the hammer into a particular shape or form ; to make or I'orm. Forge, iojfabricate or counterfeit a writing in imita- tion of the original ; as to forge a note, io forge a signature. Fonnd, to lay the grrowwdf- work or/ownc?ation ; to build or establish ; as io found a city. Found, to form by pouring molten metal into a mould, as in ^ foundrrj {\Ti%tef\A oi founding metals, we now . say casting).^ ■*^iSl^-^,^■fJ^ '■** 'r Fret, to wear away by rubbing ; to wear or eat away ; as " a n\o\\\ fretleth a garment." ■ ■^rt ^ S*jfi jf^^-i* -g- 1 "What yr\t\i jilletB of rosc% ^ndifilleU of real. Things garni with lace, and things garni vrith eel.** Fudge Family, ' "A second multitude, "With wondrous art, founded the massy ore.** — Milton, CLASS FIFTH. i7 e5 ». Fret, to tease, to vex, to irritate or make angry. * f Fret, in architecture, raised and ornamented work^^ Fry, to drePB food in a fryinjif-pan. Fry, a swarm or crowd of young tisbes. Game, speti or amusement of any kind ; as a game or match at lootbaH. Game, to play (as a gamester or gamUer) hij,'h. Game, animals, as partridi^'es and liares, which, by bein^' shot or hunted, are said to afford game or sport to persons who are called sportsmen. Gin, a snare or trap (an ab\)Teviation of Engine), Gin, an abbreviation of Geneva, Grain, a single seed of corn; and lience, any thing very minute or small; as a grain of salt. — See Corn, p. 60. Grain (like scruple, M'ljich originally mennt a little stone), a small weight. The guain of a body means i'^ the patiicles of which it is coniposed ; and hence, the ^exiwre of cloth ; tlie temper orcorw^it/iimiof the mind. Grate, a range of bars, or frame of iron ; as & grate for fire, the grating of a window. Grate, to rub against a rough, uneven surface, as to grate ginger ; to make a hursli, grating sound. Grave, to engrave ; to carve on a hard substance. Grave (a liole graved or scooped ^ out) for the dead. Grave, heavy j berioup, sol emn. • -^'^ - ^^•^'** * t ' ' Graze, to crop or feed on grass. Graze, to take the tops of the hair off in passing, as a bullet from a gun ; to touch the skin slightly in passing. Hence the expressions, the bullet grazed in his whiskerj', the bullet grazed his arm. .t)ti'J>»t^ ^ " He died— and they unlocked his chain, And scooped for him a hollow 6R.\v£." The Prisoner of Chilton, . 66 TKRBAL DISTIN0TI0N8. Hail) droyw of nxn frozen while falling. ' Joil. Hail, to wish healthy to salutr ; to call to. HAijfB, liealthyt and Heal, to mnke /lale or JiealUiy^ are diffei-ent formA of the same word. Hamper^ a large hasket used for package. Hamper, to put obstacles in one's way, to clog or impede, to embarrass. j Hind, the female of the red deor or stag. Hind, a peaBaiit, a rustic, a boor. Hind, as hind legs, hehitid, Hencp, HINDER, to keep he/iDid or back, to obstruct. Compare to Fanoard.^ Jet, a beautiful black fossil. Hence the expression, "as black nfijef.** >j Jet, a B[)0ut or shoot of water ; to jut out or project. Kind, ppecies or sort, as maiiA'Wy manner or way. Kind (fond of one's kind^ or /cm), con^'cnial, benevo- h;nt. Compare Humane^ that is, becoming (or having the feelings of) a human being. ,,^,^,,n , Left (that wliich is leaved, leaved, le/t)^ not taken ; quitted, abandoned. Left, as the left hand, that is, the hand which is (leaved) left or not use»mall apecies of Jemon. h /|u i?y£it:i^ li ,,1 Lime, the linden-iree. Line* a string or cord ; anytningexteiK^ ::(.:. like a line ; .AS the equinoctial /tiie, n line of pootry, a line of , •toldiers, a line of conduct. Hence, albo, outim^, /ineament, iXstlineate, lineal y ^tneage, .;f . Mail-coach or Mail-packet, the' teSi^W'Tfiacket; which carries or conveys the mail ot post bags, \,. Match, a contest ; a game ; also (because the contend- ing parties are su])posed to be equal) one that ii equal or suitable to another ; as John and his wife . are well Mia^c^/eci?; these gloves do not ma^cA^ Hence, »/}a^c/iless, without an equal or match. Match, any thing used for igniting ; as a small chip, of wood dipped in melted sulphur. ' Mean, the middle or medium ; as " the golden mean/* Mean,^ middling (and hence not higii) ; low, base. In the meantime means the mtevmecCiate time. Mean, to purpose or intend ; to signify. ^ , ,;$#i»|^^ Ml5^, l6 coihefHce to face; tW ccVhie togethfrl' ''^-^^^i*^. "M-eeti"^ convenient ; proper, suitable. j*^ ^^*^f;- Minute, a small or winute portion of time. ;, ,i^^;i^ij Minute, a short or brief note. .4U it* joor man that hath under< Btanding, neither is it convenient to magni^ a sinful man.'* — Eccles. X. . tidC Mi J iho in/ .<^/.<'»,GLAS8 FIFTH.' JiCoztMP^ a vestal in whioh things are pounded or brayed together ; and hence mortar, cement used in b.idldiii<,% because the sand, lime, &c., arc mixed and blended together as if in a mortar, o Jilortar, a shorty wide cannon for throwing bombs (so called from having some resemblance in shape to r > (3 £. ! Mould, fine, soft eartlu Hence. MOULDfiR, to turn to * wio^i/d or (iu^t ; to crumble. -^^ ' ^-'--'^'-^ ^ii^^i*^ Mould, a form or shape (usually made ot mould ^ clay) in which things are cast or modelled^ ! '^'^l^}!- Mould, to grow mouldy or musty. Nail, a sharp spike of metal. .n'v^-sv rnO l^'^ ^^i\ivv Nail, of the linger, Hence^ NAIL, a measure (fr(Hn the second joint of the finger to the end of the nail) oi two inches and a quarter. Hand and Foot are ^^also i. : iused to denote measure. — See Foot, p. 6i. Pale, wan, whitish, dmi. * » Fade, a stake ; an enclosure formed by stakes; any enclosure ; a district, jurisdiction, or boundary ; as ** within the /?afe," ^* beyond the pale,^ Palm, the inner part or palm of the hand ; a JuDid or measure of four inches.-^Compare Foot and NaiL Palm, a tree ; so called because its leaves, when ex- t^ pauded, have some I'esemblanoe to the palm or opeti '' iiand ; and because the branches of tnis tree were V iijworn by conquerors, PALM came to signify victory, triumph. .< ••'n.^i;o partial to James, that is, too much disposed to taice his party whether right or wrong. _ „,,; .^ ^a^vi ; * v3f'«' ;■■&• t9Xod,.aineasuie of five yards and a hall t l)^vi.,<> Tndif to light or settle upon a perch or bough. Perch, a kind of fisli, PikOy a lance or spear tised by foot soldiers. Pike, a voracious fisli (perhaps so called from the sharpness of his snout). Pitch, the resin of the pine iusj^issated ; tar. , ^(Sj^ce, the expressiou, "as black as pitcb." ' 'l '^«» Fitch, to fix ; as to pitch the teutx. Pitch, to throrw lieaulong, to throw or cast forward. Pitch, a certain degree of elevation ; as at the highest piti^ of the voice, iijji^ijt %r»^iiL,p M^mm i» akiH POadi, to boil slightly; as to poach e^s/f ,^;^^-^ Poach, to {poke) fiig or steul game. :;^^'H ^^'"^jf Port, a gate or enimiiee ; a liarbour. Port-hole» in a ' ship of war are the apertures flrc/ocu'if through wJ;jich the guu8 are put out. '^"^^ .n^iUim. ,nf>^^ .insiW ViJitt^ beanng^ carriage, mien, demeanour. ^^"^ ^i- M'Brk _ Port (wine), an abbreviation of Oporto, jf^^'^"^^^ Porter, a gate or door keeper. , it r ; • ' Bank, a row or line ; a range of § ubordinaftion |, A 4|- gree ot dignity ; high life. ^ tm,mm.Mm^,Moim Bear, to raise np ; to bring tap^ to bree4 ' ; olba Bear, to rise up on the hind ]egs, as a home. Bear (or Bere)» that which is oehind or backwardsi OS tne rmr rank. Rear (or Rata'! raw underdone.^ ^^^'"^ -"^* 43iiJTO«i J^ |or aare), raw, unaeraone. ^^^^^ ^ .l^n^oS Bock, a vast mass of stone fixed in the earth ; anct be* >vi»cau8e places of defence are usually founded upon a rock, the term, particularly m Scripture, has been : ;' used to denote a defence or protection ; as '* the ro^ '^ of Israel." Bock, to shake, to agitate ; as to rock a cradle, .^^i^^^ 1 - I SablC) a little animal ; the skin of this animal (which is cUtrh and glossy), , ^ty'':,r^:.j^..},,yiArt «^ Sable, dark, black ; as the «a5/0 nighi— Compare the figurative applications of Jet and Pitch^^^ ^. mnhm^> Scale, a ladder; also a figure (so called from having some resemblance to a ladder) in maps exhibiting the proportions between the represented and actual distances. Hence the expressionsi "on a grand scaley"* "on a small scafe.**- • ^^-^ir _;,^J./ -1.^+5 Scale, to ascend by ladders; as to scale the walls. '^ Scale, as the scale of a fish, the sca>le of a balance. ^ Scale, to pare or peel off in thin particles like scales: Set, to place ; to place or put in order ; as to set a watch, to set a razor, to set the house in order. Set, a number of things {set down together) suited to each other ; as a set of china, a set of ftrc irons. -^^^ Shaft, an arrow ; any thing long and straight y as the shaft of a car, the shaft of a weapon. .tra^ VEira&L distinctions; Sliafb, a narrow; ihflp; pbrfwjmlicular pit^ or opeifing; into a mine ; u.s tiic ahaft c»t' a mincv >) .a fiinn.i Slioiai/i*«^rt//i»»orgmMlbniik. ! ',?; ;'^*' Shoal) i\ great iiunil)er or bo I so: cfillied froin its feiimilarit^ to the sole of the ibotf ov tlie sole of a shoe. ' ^ rSole^ only or etitirte ; as ^*soh partner of my noUl.'" Sound, any thln.^' audible, a uoisp. . >y v -^ Sound, a^ shallow seii — such as may he toutided'^ with . ,the pUinimet ; as the Souiid of Denmark. Ilenoe , ftOUi^b, to tvy, to QXainine; as^Jiave you founded ■ hiiu on>he»ubiect| yl^^lmi^'^m t^v^^'.^iit J.mrj -*' 8o^I^^ healthy, 8ane ; Vise ; uninjured ; as a sound mind in a sound body ; safe and soimd, ,j*mii^j '\o Spring, tO'shoiAt up unexpectedly or imperceptiMy\ as plants ; to spring up suddenly, a& an plastic body when the presj;ut'e is j*eniov('d ; to sprivg or leap* upon, a»a wild beast on its prey. .^An*^ Spring, the season in which jplants, ,, , ' . ' ' ♦'.>.fA ■ ^^erh (the steenn^- place), the hind part of a fihip.,^ Stem, aurtere, har^^^ ^^:^^^^^^/j,^^,,^ ^^^^j^^|; Stidc (a long, slender piece of wood), a staff, « ,^la?>4 Stick, to fasten orpin against; to adhere to. .3ij3t>8 Stock) the trunk or stem of a tree ; so, c<%Lle^()f ^^ being stuck or fixed in the ground, ' , v '/ ttock, a family or face, in allusion to the stem of a tree. tock^ a stiff band or cravat i^:> which the neck se^ms to be stuck or fixed. t'^ ii ■> I -f**- ^ Sound, — See Acrts xxvii. 28, f or an iliustrntioii. .^'■ XOCilw&flS FIFTIL n rr as Stock, fixed quantity or store of Auy thing; as «.M;fx i. ' ? Ntiioi Stock, that partof a musket or gun in which the bar* mlis stuck OT WxdiX, \^'* stocks, a place of confinement in which the legs of otlenders are £tuck. Stocks, the frame or timber in which ships Are «^iicl; or tixe«i while buildmg. /i' ..}..} r,},,"! 1*/ Stocks, the public Funds. ' ' -^ '- ^ ^ i: Strain, t« squeeze or ]»ress ; to press too much of I violently ; to i'oice or constrain. Hence, to straul one's ankle; to sirawi a point '>«J*^ 4 Strain, a song or note ; a style or mjanerof speaking. , Talent, a weight or sum of money. n^ Talent (from the parable of the l^fknU), ft naj;!!^ ^ gift; ^faculty or power. '^i^dt .!W^ Taper, a war candle ; a light. I <- "^'"^ ' J^IM Taper (formed like a taper), cootical; «lender. ^*'^ Tender, soft, del irate, j^; -- itbustii Tender (t© exte»d the arm;, to offer- ijj Tender (i>ut for attender), xt small vessel which «ai^i tends u^tun tlie fleet, &c. . 11 'di M>i .J iJslier, one wiio stands at the door for tfie purpose or introdncinf strunj^er*. or visiters. ^ ' ; J Usher, an imder tp«cher, or one who imJtrod'uee^ i^t'^ iniliatesyoung ficnolars in th.; elements of learning, ^ Titter;, otUiiTy oithvjird, extreme ; as w^^crraost. a^, ,t>4|t TJtter (to give lOut words), to fjpeak ; (to give out cn»> circulate ; as to utter base coin,) to publish; to vencu^ ^■^H^: u Vault, an a/)-ehed cellar.^ "» '* t Vault,^ to i«ap in an ardhjd or circular direction. ***t ^ . 1 ** The fiery darts in flaming volleys flew, And, flying, vatUted either host wii,L tiQ.**—MilUm, n VERBAL msTMfcnoNa lii' WOfcDS FOB BXEKCIBK * 4 I'V [Thepupih shovff/ he required to (five thr diffennt DUfjnlijn or appUcaiiong of tach of l^e foltowiwj licrd^.] Mar^m Brni ' ■^'^' Maca Heat _ , Air Dim Maugie ^ Ring ^^^'^..|^^ , Apparent EU?er "■'*^ Meahsp^ ";_ Eue I'H^'"^ "-. Bu.a. ^,- .„. Exact Mole"^^^^^ % Back I"?. -4 Bunk .t^ ,; F^ir^ ^r ^ Must - '• Sago "''''"^*^" ,. ■ Bark . <>i^^<#i,- F? ,ai^&' -•::^4;j Nap Sa»h - ,./■ Baste ■ ,^: Fine, ^al Nervoua Seal •':?'>''"^- ■ Bark . |..:fe(#.. ^^inuh"" *f'i^.«i- Oblige tr-ro Seasc Become Beetle Bill Billet Boo* Bound Brazier Brook Bwj];!e Calf Cupe Oaru Cataract Charge Collation Corporal Cl^b Cricket Crown Pie Oblige tr ro Season ^^x^^ Fit Order , • Bee , ^m Flock 'f'J^ Ounce "'^^ ^^ed 'i:,i;4 ^t- FbiH.^^^^^^^^ PaKe^^^^i '^i Shrub '-^^h] Founder Pall "' '^^-^-'^ Sisa Ground Patient Spirit M;i>'i^ ■ Habit ,^;^v.a .Peak-. ji„,^rt.,f.i Steep -ciiigal? Hide Pen 7 " Still . ^^ ^p Host ,^ Pet -^f! Succeedt^^^i Jar Pinion ' t ^^ Swallo^^^ * Kennel Pole ^^^^^ Table *:^^^"^ Kite- • ■ PodtiVir;iy.:«,'Taek-i,i9ife"0' I^^^P ^H^.rt ■ Prefer ■_ , un-, ■ Tense ^^m. :; * Xiawn .,^0 •! Prune a lyj Till : .tei!?jlf Lay fJii^ Puke ^ejinToll a^iiiiiii League Punch Tone .vv^- Leftn, Pupil T.^ar'^^t^ j^gj. 4««ui*^v Quarter#^^^*5 -ibler w L!r Race ^"^^ ^ ortle ^''^ ^J=:a List Rail .._ ' -^... .iwi^'t^'*^^^^ a ■K-aii [| -ice Rentftiivrrs, ?ard ^je^lrri^^" ^md vH^dm yt^i t^-igtu.^- •< ' . ( m.. r-W EXEECIS]|§^ JIT CRT] ^. < J ^*o^ •'■"v' The chief difliciilties in orthography arise the irrepcular sounds of the letters in some ^vordsyv and their silence in others. ■' * In the Introduction to the author's Dictionary the regular and irregular sounds of the letters are fully explained,^ to which the learner can refer. ^ }" ■'•■■■ •'lniai»4il IRRBaULAR SOUNDS OP THE VOWELS. friiJaM A, Cambridge Were-^^<^'" Finale -^^«4 Are^ • ' Thames Bade ^^^^ Funmce Have ^»^^*" Palace* Halve l^*^^^ Image Salvo ^Wi''-Villngc« Shall ^^'^i Climate Mall •^Primate* PrtllmiiU /^ A*icient ^-. J?». Angel H' /|.^ ¥.-<^ CliambcT There Cambric Where Rationale Clerk --^^'^^ Sergeant ,. Derbv - «^^*'* V^md^ Berkley Give ^^f^^^'^ Acme ^^''' Live ^| Anemone Bird* ^^^ Apostrophe Dirt '^ti^C Catafitroplie Finit Epitome Sir Hyperbole Stir Recipe Third '^'^^J Simile ^*^^'^ Thirty '"^f ' Both the regular i^nd irregular sounds of the letteri ar« given in the I'^ictionaiy under each vowel, diphthong, und consonant in Alphabetic \1 order. As »n exercise the learner should be require T6 1BXSRCISB8 tH OtlTItOORAPHT. Thirst Fir , . r Birch Dirk Flirt Squirt Spirt Antique Caprice Chugriu* Minion ^ Pinion Auxiliary Incendiary Notice' '•' Justice ^4^„ Artifice Benefice * Fertile Sfervile* JiBvenile- Mercantile^ Famine E'ngine I>iscipline Ctenuine' Pmctise P^oinise^ Advertise I>isrranichiise> Granite Respite Definite r-t^rt Opposite ' ' ' Motive Olive » Primitive Intuitive ' 0, Above V* ; Affront firf-i', Among Amongst A t torney Bomb Bombard Borough Brother Cocl lineal Colandetf ^^, Colour ^^ Come .^:jj.,fj Cbmelyvts^of C()mftt,{a;^li; Comfoi't Comp«,ny Compass; Comrade Combat Comfrey CiMaduit Conjr None CoTyure Nothing Constable One '^ Cevenant Onion Cover Other Covert Ovea .rp Covet PloveF'^'^^ Covey Pomegranate' Cozen Pomniel Discomfit . / Shove . : Done , rnt bShovet .- Dothr,v| t j,.Sloven Dost ■ Smother Dove , ' Some Dozen ^^-^ Somerset Dromedary Son Front f J f^„ j Sovereign ^love ,,.,nn " Govern Honey ,^, . Hover ;,^J!j4i •Love ^tRj^jil Lover . Monday Money \ Monger Mongiely.. »,i Monk wj,!" Monkey Month , Mother if? Sponge i>jja: Stomach r^ffv Thorough^, »ai Tongue Uf^m Word (f^i^ Wbrlfi^^yf^l/,^ ■Wonder?:,i;„tA World i„y,iA Worry ,^ff:> Worse '"^ Worship! Wort ., : Worth "^ ' :iif,f ffM ih ^i^tmiM di.-_i?iijio fiiT<'iaf!«j'"3> ^ SeeuncteB No. 6; page 112, for dther words of this clftss.l*j * Minion. — In certain situations i takes the sound of inititU,, y» See under Yin the» Dictionary, p.»ge 13. ^^ ^^ .^^ ^,| ' And in all unaoeantsd syllaMes ending in iee^ t^e^ tne^ *f^ft! tfe, and ive. — See page 115^ No. 12.. i II! 9XBR0ISBS IN OIITHOQRAPBT. W •'it A \v t Wolf Woman Wolsey Ado Do Move *"" Movement Movable Prove Bull Approval Bull finch Improvable Bullet Lose Bullion Who Bulwark Tomb : Bush Bosom wf>^. Bushel ^!^''' 7f ! IRREGULAR SOTTKDS Aphaeresis Aunt ^ .' Butcher Cuckoo Cushion Full Pudding Pull Pullet Pulley Pulpit Push Sugar Brute Intrude Prude?)t Kude Ruby True Bury Busy Business twrf Diseresis Csesarea Daedalus AI. Again Agains^ Said Saith Wainscot Waistcoat Plaid '. Railler^ Aisle Quay Captain r* ?taiu }' . an tain villain Britain * ■■.*ro>»{. L,fi\ J i Sff Askaunt Askaunce Craunch Daunt Haunt ^^.^ J Gaunt v**"^^' Gauntlet Haunch Jaundice Jaunt i Launch Laundress Laundry Maund Paunch Saunders Saunter Saunterer Taunt Laugh Puss 7'^';2 Burial Put ''*''^'? Canterbury, OP THK DIPHTHONGS. ;*'?>^ Draught Dearth ''-"f Draughts Dread ;' .] Gauge ' Vi Dreamt Oauger r:*|^' Viarl HautboV Eaii/ >-, Haut^out Earn f ^J^ Cauliflower Earth '^'^^^ig Laurel Earnest *^^| Laudanjj^^, Endeavouy^ 'f'-^j Feather ,p i'nnr Breadth ,. Breakfast Breast Breath nm Cleanly Cleanse Dead Dealt Deaf Death V'Ai ^nsi#i. I .*.q ^.^.tjtirse Heather Heaven Heavy Instead Jealous Jealousy Lead Leant .f*f s. ^ And all tmaceented syllables ending iu ai».—- See page 114* a: .if' ,..' , i.<;!.;i5-(- ■...# 78 liearn Leather Leaven Meadow Meant /^ / Measure Pearl Peasant PhcaRant Pl"T,aant Pit c Hire Rer.d Kea<]y - Realm,, Rehearse Seamstress Search Spread ,*^^ Stead '■^'^ Stead V Stealth Stealthy Sweat Thread Threat Threaten Treacliery 'i'read Treadle Trvj^ure Wealth Weallhv AVeapon Weather Yearn Zealot EXBROISBS is ORTHOGRAPHT. friii.M 8*5 rj Zealous y Break Forbear Forswear Great Greater ,,.,,q Greatest Pear Steak Swear S wearer t ^r Tear Wearv-:^;..;^! Wearer * r. Heart ^., •> Hearten;, a II *i ur.lL J I earth ,,, ,l Hearken Eif^ht feign Feint F'3i-ht Heinous Heir Heiress ^ Inveij,'h Rein Reindeer Seize Skeiu Their ,, r Veil _ . ^ Wei.v'h jfj^jcf Weiifhtr, f .. , !• Height ,',j,,| Sleiglit ( „rr eiter Nonpareil. Forfeit Foreign ., ^ Sovereign eople Jeopardy Leopard Feoif Puncheon i Truncheonf^ Scutcheon i^ ijJmJ i j0 linll ..r '»"' Feod ; Yeoman Yeomanry George ^ Georjjric t Leisure r Noigh Neighbour Obeisance Reign Sturgeon B irgeon Bludgeon Dudgeon Gudgeon Dungeon Luncheon K^cutchcoiVf 'geon .,^ljiu»il Barley i. Valley Attorney* A. Friend .''i':| Kerchief .^ Handkerchief Mischief ;k^ l^lischievbti£i Die '^'n Lie f'l^ Piebald ■^'^■1 Tie :i Vie t Fiery iS 1 And All unaecmted syllables ending in ey.— See page 114, No. 10. BXntOUUBB IN ORTHOO&APHT. 79 V' OA. Groat Broad AWroud Ciipl)Ourd OE. Canoe Shoe Does (doth) T)oo ;<;^*i^ Foe v Hoe Toe A^al'oetida OU. Althouvjh Borough Bourn Coulter Mourn Poultice Poultry Poulterer Pour Kesource Shoulder Smoulder Soul -i^uiL Source Thorough lliough Adjourn i Bourgeon Chough t»liii Country s^^iti Couple 4Hii Courage Courtf'ous Couttiu Enough •4 fx^. Course n;!^!?, < Flourish r Court V Gournet Courtier Housewife Concourse Journal J Discoui-se Journey Dough Mg ^ Journeyman Doughy si^^l^i. Joust imim Four Nourish libif Fourteen Bough Furlough Roughness Intercourse Scourge Mould Sloujzli 1 Mouldy rj^j^. Southern Moult i'is»u Southerly Tough Toughness Touch Touchy Young Youngster Youiiker Accoutre Auiour Bouquet Boase Bousy Capouch Cariouch Contour Could Croup j^ i Croupier Gout (goo) Group Paramour Ragout Kende/.vou8 Rouge Route s*ifi. Routine Should Soup Sou, Sous Surtout Through Toupee } Toupet y Tour *nr< Tourist Tourmaline Uncouth You Your Youth Would AVound Besought Bought Brought , Fought Methought Nought Ought Sought Tijought i ^Wrought oH Cough Trough Lough Shough Below Bestow Blow Bow Crow Flow Flown Glow Grow Grower Grown Growth fiitfO !i\. } iiiusn 1 Slough ; that is, when it means the cast akin of a serpent. I w m hii 'ill! 1^ ii m I 80T Know Known Low Lower Lowest Mow M«»wer Owe Own Owner Row Hower Sliow Slow Sow Sown Snow ssnnczani m onrtiooitAPBT; Stow Throw Thrown Trow UA, Guard Guanliun Oiianintee Quadrille Piquant Victuals Antigua^/'' UE. Guess Guerdon Guinea Conquer Guitar ?;> Conqueror Build Coquet Mi)>> Biscuit Kiiquette Circuit Masquerade Conduit Dialo^Mie Harlequin Demagogue Bruise Cruise Fruit -♦ (! Nuisance Catalogue UL Guide >• Guidance Guild Guile Guise Guest qwoiGuilt Recruit Juice Sluice Suit Suitable Pursuit ./ill'- van 1 / f 1 1, 1 14 ( !)■ EXAMPLES OF SILENT LETTERS. ..;»A UlUuii B. Doubtful Climb Doubtless Comb ■^♦'^^i Redoubt^v .. Victuals 1 i J i Deign Victualler (Jrunib ^<>1^- Redoubted Dumb Jamb Lamb Limb Numb Thumb Tomb Catacombs Hecatomb Debt Debtor Indebted Doubt rr. CH. Drachm 'Schedule Schism J^f' C.^ -m Yacht Abscess ??' I Subtle Subtlety Feigu Reigu Foreign Sovereign Sign Assign •^"« ^Assignee Assignment Abscind^^**'i'i ^' J3fikti5i5i' Consignment ^Design Ensign Resign Arraign Oampaign^ - ■zmunsra in ORTHoosAPim SI UO'k ill A !-.ii>C>, no- J fl- it €•■ Hesign Btiiii^n OondigiL Impugn Oppugn Poignant Poignancy Seignior Cognisance , Phlegm A|X)phthegni Diaphragm Paradigm GH, AghaHt OhoBt Gherkin Burgh Burgher Altliougli Dough High Nigh Neigh Sigh Thigli Inveigh' Weigh Though Through Borough i.i^i t Furlough Neighbour Thorough Plough Slougli Straight Eight Height Weight Blight Bright Delight Fight ig Flight FriL'ht. ^ Light Might Night Plight Right Sight Slight Tight Wright Auglit Caught Fraught Naught Taught Ought Bought Brought Sought Fought Tliought Wrought H. Heir Heirt'sa ... lit rbaye ' (Honest Honesty iHonor Honorable Honorary Hospital >Ho8tler Hour HumJjle humbkiiets Humour Humorous Humorsome Ah Elijah Sirrah SaiiJi Micuh Rhapsody Rhetoric Rhetorical Rheum Rlieuniatic Rheumatism ' * Rhinoceros Rhine Rhomb Rhubarb Rhyme Rhytliiu Catarrh Myrrli Dishabille Sheulterd Diphthong Triphthong Aslnma Naphtha Isthmus 'i'homas Thames • At' ^ Knack ;* . Knap' u^ , Knave Knav i Y Knavi ^' Knead Knee Kneel Knew Knife Knight Knit Knives ,, Knob 1 IT t 1'^ ^ In the words printed in Jto/tc, the h is often pronounced by persons who are considered correct speakers. d3 82 BXBR0I8EB IS ORTHOORAPHT. vm Knock Falcon^ Psalter Knoll Almond Pseudo Knot Auln Pahaw Know Alms Pxycho Knowledge Balm Coipa Calm Palm Knuckle ilviij Could ^*f'»^*' Would Ji^i Should %"^'^iil»»sey Calf «Ji|lt^A ' " ""Qi^mmuii Halfpenny Aulumu Behalf Halve Salve Balk Calk Ciialk Stalk Walk H. »( '» * f Wrap Wrought ^ _ , Wreath ^'i**** Raspberry Wrench '"fM'^ H>i Sempstress "VV'ren *^''^^^*'^*^ Palmer * ^v t A Ruilemption Wrestle ' H^'^^ Palmy ''S^ttVHeceipt Wrest W-^ Qualm '^fioj Piisaii ^Hrii^Wrcck -^"^''^ Salmon -^^^^'^ Piolemy^i;j'i^ Wretched '^^^ Pronjpt ;:H'i* Wring 'i'''\A Tenipt ^ J'^^^f' Wrinkle 'P^'*^ Empty ^s^Jf Wriggle '^''^"'^ Symptom Wright , . Sumptuous Wrist' Sum[)tuary Writ *^'^*i^?l^- Write S. a -I' Writer '^^^'^^ Aisle ^*^->^ Wrote ukll Column ' Condemn Contemn Hymn Linm A:jmt' _ 'W Sd^mn '"'^ Isle -^f^!' Wrong v-^tr| j^ntu^*>ttiii! igia„a ««'-i^ Wrung t'fBii^- P. Demesne Wry Talk ■»^^|'^-^'*^ Psalm ^m*^ Puisne -^''^ Answer Folk ^^"'^^« Psalmist Viscount Sword . . ,^ Yolk ■>'-'*^ Psalmody Viscountess Towards'H^'"^' REGULAR AND ..REGULAR SOUNDS PROMISCU- OUSLY ARRANGED FOR EXERCISE. ^^„„y7 SMrtH Bare, are ; gave, have ; made, bade ; valve, salve,, lialve ; tall, shall, wall, mall ; paltry, ])alace ; falcon, falcated, walnut, Alps, althougli, Albion, Pall-mall ; blub, swab ; arm, warm, harm, swarm ; that, what. Mart, thwart ; bard, ward ; harp, w'&iy ran, wan ; A Temj»l.— Colloquially the p is not pronoitn.. in suoh 'wcrds;. but ou all grave aud solemn ocoosious it shoulo. io hearcU - - ^ ^ * .(1 I'lf^ 3U- ve. 11; n ^^li BXBROISBfl m ORTflOOBAPHT. S^ match, watch ; barrel, quarrel ; waver, water ; anger, danf'sr ; anchor, ancient, angle, angel ; clamber, cham- ber J camphor, cambric, Cambridge ; deface, preface, Rolacc, gnmnce ; chase, purclinse ; enrage, cotirage ; ingrate, private, inmate, climate. Ale, the ; ere, here, there, mere, where ; jerk, Berk- ley, perk, clerk • serge, sergeant ; lierb, Derby j mile, simile, tome, epitome, ah*, finale. w k> >w>w wir Five, give, hive, live, alive, motive ; firm, first, shirt, dirt, twirl, girl, girth, birth, bird, third ; advice, novice, caprice, suitice, office, police ; servile, defile, profile ; grin chagrin ; decline, combine, engine, machine; pro- mise, premise ^ respite, despite, granite; basin, bom- basin ; valid, invalid ; basis, glacis. Cove, dove, love, move ; bomb, tomb, rhomb ; bor-* ; row, borough; dome, come, cone, done, gone; donkey^' monkey ; bone, none, one, tone ; drove, prove, shove ; liovel, shovel ; tome, some ; cord, word ; sorry, worry ; dope, lose, hose; no, do ; blossom, bosom. ^ ',.:,. v\ Bulk, bulwark, bulge, bullion ; brush, bush; mir^iiu, bury, burlesque, burial ; bustle, busy, buskin, busi- ness; fulfil, fulsome, fulness, fulminate ; puddle, pud- ding J put, putty ; suggest, sugar. Qain, again, oargain, maintain ; aid. said ; faith,' saith ; swain, wain, wainscot ; waist, waistcoat ; paid, plaid ; sailor, rail, raillery, aisle ; fault, aunt, vaunt, laurel, laugh, gauge, hautboy ; plead, bread ; heath, heather; ear, bear, earth, hearth. .., _y^..;^- :^^.,^._.^ * Deceit, forfeit; heinous, heifer, in veigli, inveigle, neighbour, neither, freight, height, feint, sleight, non- pareil J people, jeopardy, yeoman, George, geogrnphy, galleon ; sew, pewer ; prey, key, convey, valley ; tiehi, fiend, frierd, mischief ; throat, groat, load, broad, cup- board ; food, flood, brood, bloody poor, door, moor, floor. ■ . . ■ ":*:n-V<\' '"-•,_ Vfifs-'^" ^«.»'»vvtvf.'^ ■ X\- Although, bough, chough, dough, enough, furlough, cough, hiccough, slough, tough, plough, «/ough, roughs, hough, lough, shougli, tliorough, though. ' ^ ' ^* # 'A\ 1^ 93q$9^Cpai» W ORTHOGRAPHY. WORDS ENDING IN le. (liiA^ .tb^flrtt -Words ending in le^ are pronounced as if tliey ended in el^ and hence there is a disposition to s^)e/^ feiich words as they are pronounced ; as appel for \., appky apofitel for apostle. As a general rule it may be laid down that all the words of this class now end in Z«, except the following, and perhaps one or two others. An.t,'el, ■ ^|-, Barre Bevel Biuliel timyi .''^n Camel Cancel Chancel Chauii.cl Cliapel Charnel ilfit* Chisel ,^;^ Cudgel Damsel Drivel Flannel Funnel Gospel ! Gravel %;;,. Grovel ,^,^^, Hazel Hovel 4 »t> ^ Ravel 4 if|ju^ Kennel; I jjv^f Revel ,iimx Level r,.OT ; Rowel jnt liintel [fj/ii Shovel i^infvtf Model ^Yoi Si»ivel ^ot) Morsel yjit) I) Swivel f ,vrot ;)rr- nf\r Novel I>anel Parcel v?« Pommel mm '< -mff'^ -Mli^f^d WORDS ENDING IN re. Tunnel ^( Trammel Travel ^f,-^. Tinsel [uff " iSiihilar observations apply to words ending iti re; that is» they arc liable to be * confounded in spelling with words ending in er. Except the following, all the woi*ds of this fclSss now end in er.^ i,> . , \ ^ ■■' „ #».. r Calibre Livre Mangre .< t"''\ Centre Lucre :^^ Massacre mi Fibre Lustre ..^^.^l Meagre Imtnq Accoutre Autre ' * ^ See t)ie obRervations on the anomalous tenninationg l6 ami 7'e in the Introjluction to the author's Dictionary, page II. ■•* In old authors we find arbUrey diameh^^ duastre^ dis^ ordre, chamhre, chaplre, chartre, monstre^ tigre^ d:c. Milton, and even later autliors, wrote center, scepter^ and sepulcher, f^ope has *^sceptei'vd king.'* — S«»e the observatious referred to iA the preceding note. , it SXBR0ISK8 IN ORTHOORAFRT. m Medioere Ochre Saltpetre Spectre Metre Ogre Sabre , Sepulchre ., Mitre Orcliestre Sombre^' r?r. Theatre '/" ■ '.'V ;:!;j[|»l*ri*!f ■ '■ |&rM50^*M EXERCISES. :^ Abel, ftble ; angle, angel ; grnpple, chnpel ; frizzle, chisel; meclal, mettle ; model, iio«klle ; eager, meagre j enter, centre ; auger, maugre ; sober, sabre. 1- , DOUBLE SOUNDING CONSONANTS. - ■ H In the following and similar words the middle consonant has, from the accent falling upon it, a douhlfi sound,* and hence there is a liability to double it in the spellings, t;»/fij^ ^'-^-^y--:'::mmy Atom , r ^Balance g*^"ish^j,^.^ Barou Bevel Bevy- Bigot ' ' Blemish Bodice Body Botimy Bury Busv Cabin Calico , Camel Canon' iii:fi\t. Cynic Damage Damask Deluge ^^^j^ Desert >' ■( Capital Cavil Cherish Chisel City Civil Civet Claret ^^' Clever,^^/ i Closet j}|/ Colony ^f^ Famine Comet i^^^*: Conic .(oill Copy ,^^t „ Coral ..,4 . Cover .-^./ Covert Covet Granite Credit "^' Gravel ■iti'^'i ' Grovel '*afif^*l Develop Dragon Drivel Elegant, Fauot ■'t-M Wi !■»■ Felon r.ro Flagon yi , Forest .,„,^^^ Frigate aff^r Frolic ,y^^ Gamut Harass - .,>r Havoc Hazard Homai^o Honour Honest Hovel ^^ Hover Lavish Level Levy Limit Linen Lizard Malice Manor t ■ 1 :U!3 ^ S«« Rule II., pnge 89. -r;«j .j; 86 Many Medal Memory Melon Menace Metul Merit Mi mile , Misery MorUf Modft^H *}<"'7f mi Moral Neve? Novel Oven Palace Palate^:'; Parish, ;^^^^^ Pavilion Pelican Peril SXBRCISBS IN ORTHOOllAPHTi lOi/i Pity Pivot Planet Polish ' Prelate Privy Provofi^ Quiver, Ual.id Rapid Ravage Ravel Rebel ^'' RelMi'^''' Revel '^^ River Ri vet RiL'oiir "'" ^■M '^'''' Salary ' "' Schular' nit a ■ ( ! : ' Senate Separate Seraph Sever • uu Shadow Shekel Sheriff t Vi Sirup Sloven Snivel Spavin Spigot Spirt Sterile Stomach Study Swivel Talent Talon Tenant Teuon Tenor ffiw ,.1 iihu vf « Tepid Tonic Topic Travuil Tra^^erse Trak'el Tropic Valance Valid Valet Vapid Venon* Vcnne Veniiiliom^' '* Very ''^* Vigour Id iJ<;b Visit .Jp Vizard fv Wagon* '■'} Widow '^ Wizard-''^ \^ >ii?;r>ri^ I Zenith • IT EXKBCISES. ii/XiiV '■■hhiuii Allow, alum ; ap^intment, apartment ; ' allad, ba« lance; banner, banish; city, dittv ; comn.it, cornet^ dismirisal, commiserate ; maggot, fa;;ot ; fellow, felon ; harrow, haras"* ; linnet, linen; mailer, malice; manner, manor ; meddle, medal ; million, vermilion ; £llen, melon ; noddle, model; pillion, pavilion ; i»ity. pittance; biguer, rigour; g dlery, salary; peniitnt, tenant ; merri- ment, merit ; wherr' , verv, ) * Woffon. — Tliis word is now usually spelled with two p\ bnt erroneously. There is no more reason for doubling the in wagon thBn tliere is in dra/ion, or any slmiUr woid. This \b a proof of the utility of this rwle. V } M tha Old. < 87 ) PRACTICAL RULES FOR SPELLING. )^ 'L As a general rule, ?/, -when its place may be supplied by z, is not to be written except at the end of a word.^ Hence, when y is advanced from that position, by the addition of a letter or syllable, it is chaiij^ed into i. This change is exemplified by the fonnation of tho plural of nouns ; the persons, past tenses, and past participles of verbs ; and tho comparison of adjectives ; as a en/, the cnes ; I cr?/, thou cri-est, ho cr/-es or cn'-eth, crZ-ed; holy, liok'-er, holi-est. It is also exemplified by the addition of the AFFIXES or terminations, er, «/, fiilj fy, h»8, ly^ mettty ness^ abley ancdy ant, onSf^ etc. ; as try, tn'-er^l tn-al; pity, pit2-ful, pitz-less; glory, glortfy, glort-oiis; boly, holi-ncss, hoh'-day ;'- merry, mern- ment; comply, com pi Mince, com pi/- ant; envy, env:- eble, euvi-ous ; many, mani-fold, &c. 'ExceyUmit. I. In such cases y retains its form M'lun it ii jutrt of a diphthont/, which occurs in all words endint^ in yjince ; boy, 1 £xo«pt iu Qreck mid for«ign words, as rj/atnn. tyrant, mtfrrht tilihymy, Ac. In these intitMiic « y \» lukt the representativo of i» hut hi ^ dUfefent letter, iiUTue)y^ tfio Urwck upsilon, or short u. s Xlifl y is ttsually rettiined in itio following wora^, duy, hHv, gLY, ^Imi i,v or HKSH ii i|i1<1ml|taifoid8, piUous, aud plen> t€OUtl. * Zay, pii^, jKiK, at; ! jouncis repay, umay, Uc ^ (oilow the geiieriii fnio trhoii . ; i » ■.) I hi;!, as laid, paid, iaid, wn/jui,/, 'jtnsaidp &c. But (La oxcopti* :; |!iuviiiJ6 In iay«i\pay(i',faf«hlei #0; f I. i'v 88 RCIilES FOR BFSLXjTira. boys, btf^isk ; destr^j/, destrot/s, destroi/etli, d«strei/e(l, destroi/er ; bit//, buys, b/'jfetli, bnifer. 2. For aa obvious reason, i/ retains its form when fol- lowed by the terminations wg^ is/i^ and ist; as in mag- nil'iz-ing, cant^-ing, acconipau/z-ing, baby-ish, cop^-ist. 3. For the sake of distinction, y ie properly used for a in such inuiuis as Taylor, Smyth, &c. ^^ '^ .^ 4 Tu proper names pluralized, y retainfl its fotnt^its the Henrys, Ponfioiil»i/B.i ^^ ^ ;., ^f 4>,; '^ra^ SXEBCX3E8 OX THE RULE ANX> THE EXCHIfTIQKS PfiOMISCUOUSLY AEBANOKD^rr w .^.^ • 1. ,4?i>eU or lereto the plural form «/ €/m;A qf the f^lowimgf w leouai^. Ally, alley, army, abbey, baby, beauty, berry, chim« tiey, body, doukey, copy, essay, dainty, daiiy, jockey, journey, daisy, eddy, kidney, fancy, ferry, turkey. Lamprey, money, fury, hobby, gipsy, jelly, jury, monkey, lady, lily, pulley, puppy, penny, pony, joy, poppy, reply, toy, iTalley, itihy, study, convoy, volley. Ability, attorney, comedy, gallery, galley, academy, effigy, apology, envoy, emljossy, atrocity, turnkey, necessity, villany, propensity, magistracy, incendiary, tourney, seminary, eccentricity, whimsey. 2. Spell or write the second and third persons^ preeent tentt^ and the f>resent and past participle cf each of the follow- * ' ing verb.i, — Or, in other words, join to each example the terminations Eisr, eth, ino^ and ed, making the neoes^ sary efianges. Ally, apply, allay, carry, dry, defy, deny, pray, decay, espy, fancy, fiy, defray, display, pity, convey, pry, ply, obey, essay, annoy, rail}'-, tarry, try, survey, descry, employ, delay, supply, stray, conv-ay, portray, enjoy, ''I The proper name Sicilpy however, foUowg the general rule, as " th« King of the two Sicilies." 3 The learner should note that in all regular vex-bs the pott imse and paat paiiiciple aw aUIbq. .,^^^^^,. ^. ,^ i,. RULES FOB SFBIiLING. 89 iscrv. , pnrvey, vary, deploy, amplify, indemnify, multiply, ,4)ccupy, propliesy, supply, buy, buoy, typify,furx<^.ft<-*t * ^ .^(?M *r**f I y^^iumr^ ,pK^ Beaut)', fancy, mercy, ally, deny, comply, annoy, .'carry, bwry, pity, busy, giddy, enjoy, greedy, ready, rely, convey, bounty, penny, duty, defy, glory, ply, ; play, plenty, vary, merry,' lovely^ silly, »prightly, i Btately, lazy, injury, ugly, study, harmony, employ, ^accompany, victory. 'V II. Monosyllables and wc^rWs' a6feeSte3 ofi ffi^ ' last syllable, ending with a single consonant pre- i ceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant * when they take an additional syllable b^inning with a vowel.2 ■ _. - .->t'This rule is exemplified by the formation of the ' persons and participles of verbs, the comparison of '[ adjectives, and by words formed from verb», nouns^ j:and adjectives by the addition of affixes or termi- ^ Adjectives of two or imore syllables arer generally compared t' hj prefixing the ativerbs more and most^ or It's and least. Ad- ''^■Jectivesof two syllables, however, ending in y or e may be eowi- r pared either ways ; that is, by er and est^ or by more and most ; «>aB BUSY, bnsier, busiest, kc, - • 2 The reason of this rule is obvious. The dii])lication of the -"8nal consonant in such cases preserves the pronunciation of 'the original word. If the 6 were not doubled in rob-bedf for i^example, we would have not only a different proniiDciation tirdhed), but hIso a different word (namely, the past tense of 'the verb robe). Again, ** a good hatter " would to the eye be ** a good hater, ^^ if the t were not doubled. ■^if'TJWt?- 90 RtJLSS FOR SPELLING. pi! r:fl i^y. nations beginning vith a vowel ; as rob, rob-best, rob-6eth, rob-6ed, rob-6ing, rob-6er, rob-oery; siKi sin-nest, sin-7ieth, sin-ned, sin-ning, sin-ner ; rebel, rebel-Zest, rebel-Zeth, rebel-Zed, rebel-Zing, rebel-Zion, rebcl-Zioiis ; commit, commit-tost, commit-^eth, com- niit-ted, commit-fing, cominit-tel, commif.-fee. Big, big-igrer, big-grest ; red, red-rfer, red-rfest, red- rfisb ; SLIM, 8lim-7?ier, slim-?nest; thin, thin-»ier, thin- fiest, tbin-nish ; fat, fat-ier, fat-iest, iat-dah. Beg, beg- r^ Counsel >' t^ Cudgel ^'MHandsel Dial Jewel Dishevel Kennel Drivel Duel Embowel Enamel Equal ^Gambol Gospel •^Gravel r^Grovel Label Laurel Level ^r Libel ' Marshal Marvel Model Panel > '>*! Parcel" '^ Pencil t^*''' Pistol Pommel Qiiarrel Ravel w Travel^ Revel '^<''*; Rival '^''^^^ Rowel "''^ Shovel Shrivel Snivel * . . Tassel "r'*;^ Trammel '<^ Unkeunel « ' I { .1' VA\^' Exceptions. — 2. In the words woollen, woi'shipped, 'd.worshippingy worshipptn'y biassedj unbiassed, equipped^ equipping, humbug qinq, kidnapped, Icidmippiiuj, the final consonant is doubled contrary to the rule, ' ■^n A. L EXERCISES ON TH-. HULK AND THE EXCEPTIONS PKOMISC .o1, wait, wet, abet, abut, batton, begin, complain, repel, repeal, combat, duel, regret, bigot, rivet, remit, limit^ libel, dispel, pocket, coquet, gossip, worship. iaj>ji;i ^^ j^wc.v . xuM, The following list contains almost all tlie Terbs vrhich double the final consonant, in accordance •with tiia i:ule : — Hn-'-^-v- .,*..,.■.;.-■■. •vv-*-'^ Control ,. Dot Coquet J^^^^ Drag' . ,; Cram ' ^^ .! Drip . ^ Jrop ,i^niq ^iDrub . ^ Cup ^^ ^^4 ' K Drug > ^ '; ^ H"\" *Sui'D»n ti/m Chipai jiatl /I Debar > fJiuH Embed '^{^■■■■ Chopn ^Imw. Defer ^ ^tiq^n Emit .«nT*t Clap »T1 rfrf i^ Demur i HuiffEnrol Clog Deter !i»iioEntrap 1 Clot ,^.j,^^ Dig ^^^a,^;^ Equip ^ ;§ Qog >^®^ ^x»^ 1^15* Excel Commit Dip -j.|^ Expel Compel Dispel " Extol " Con .^ ,, Distil Fag Concur ^ Dog Fan Confer Don Fib *^^^ RULES FOR gPBLLINO. Ken Knit Knot Lag Lap Let Lop Man Manumit Map Mur Mat il: Fit Flag Flap Flit Flog ^•"'' Fob Forestal Forget Fret Fuiai^^r^ g:d ^'-^f .... Gag *^^^^-^f Mob Gem l',«''^i--Mop Get M /.Nab Glut jJTet Handsel^"^ ^* Nib Heiu -ff ^ Noel Hop ■'^7' Occu] Hug ''^#,^:"Omit Immit ;^;^^Pat '^f, Impel /!„ vPatroIr ii Inter %f^^>Pen "^ Iiisialt'"^.^ Permit In Intt Intermit Pit Inthral Plan Jam Plat «n^! Japan tifi w j;Plod fo*> Jar Plot Job iiSii h.'Pop -nU i« Jut • ' ' Pot--«w*oi - T "-r Prop Propel Pi. u ^iit ^uit of.?: ap Kebel »^'''- Recur ^iWi Refer ,jjo Refit - Regret Remit':' Repel ^^^ Mjh/'^ Rid Rig Rip Rob Rot Rub *'Run Scan Scar ■W\ i<--. iistiU, V ;^ ^Pm nter Tip .i..^.... •?, |i;^>%»ti m.. Scrub i]f Scud Set Sham Shed Sliip Shop Shrug Sliun -^: «*i Sin Myi^bj^ > Sip Sit ''..>\'yf' o Skin Skip Slam Slap Slip Slit Slur Smut Snap Snip Snub Sob Sop"" Span Spar Spin Spit Split Spot •»u J Spur r Squat Stab Star Stop Strap g*"p ,, St-ut Stub V^^^ ": Stud Stun \;)Mii{ Submit Sum x// i Sun ^*'* »i^ I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 li£|Z8 |iO ■^™ ■» Itt 12.2 ta ^ S?*| 1.1 us 14.0 12.0 Lil||J4 ^ « 6" ► r 0%, ^l^' ^ Sciences Corporat'on 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4SC3 ^^^^ ;r*,'S>-'J J-tM-: '•' n;t '^^ " / _ «- - '■■-■•' ■•'^■-;*'. ■■■".j::?--'-'- k ■ r --. %- .;^,,**tAa-- . ■}r V,.' '■ - ■ ■ ■""^'?'^: -i'" .i s'v' .\:-/"^'":> j/, -.iV&.iX.^:-"^-''-^ l^-^i i^ - ... - .J ' :^ -V, ■ ■. '■*- - /:^-rv?.-> ■.-' • :-:^-'-'':^-M:''^': • - ;. . - ^-^ V ■■',* -- ..■■:k^- . ---^ .- .^;""' -^''Z. i ,i-^^' -'. ' ;/ y.^'- -^^^ H B^UJW FOR BiPELU^Op Sup Swap Swfg Swim Swop Tan Tan Tap Tai- CH tcr Teil . i.ffrrap* . War Thill Trepan Wed Throb Trim .'^i^Wet Thrum Trip Whet Tin Trot Whip Tip Tug Whiz Top , Twit tWin Transftir Wad Wot Transmit Wag Wrap* III. When words ending with double I are eom^ pounded with others, — or when the termination nesSf lesSf ly^ ot/uI is affixed, onel should be omitted; as al-vea^f^ ((?Z-beit, ci/-though, aZ-ipost, aZ-together, witJi-«/, mX'Hl, chil-hi'&ixit dul-ness^ gkil-leBB, fid^jt ful'Gl, toil'ivl ; M-rush, M-fry, e^bow, &c. j ' Exceptiom. — The exceptions co this rnle are nume- rous and contradictory. In Johnson's Dictionary, for example^ we find miscall and lecal, enroll and nnrbl, iw^fare and isivewell, lunvell and welcou^e. Again, we find distf^ and mstil with one I, while foxestcUl and in- stall are'written with tiod. Johnson also omits one of the Z's in the compounds of bell^na helm^iyy belfouudtr,} belmeioXy fte^Wether ; while he retains both in the com^ pounds of fall; as be/a/i, be/om, stillX^i^ ta/Znesi*, down/i?iZ, be/iZ/, bc/eZ/, down/oZ^ watei/a/^, underseZZ, m«ZZ&tone, mt/Zrace, &c. IV. When an affix or termination, beginning with a vawd^ is added to a word ending with t^ the ■II j . (II ■ [ . I I I i | ■ < I ■ ! ■■ I I ! II I I I I 'i I '■ 1 When the two words are not incorporated the twei ill are retained; as (eZZ-meUl, 6eZZ*fottnder, veZZ-belDg, iMttf favoured, &c. IMTLBB F6R SPttU^anM. m iM e 8liouldl)e omifctea; as cur^, eur-Amx ; tenae, fkns- mua ;. love, lov-i'soi, ; eonvime, c&rtvinC'VSi^ ', dam^ 8lav-i^VL\ rogue, rogu-im*, stone, ston-Y ; connive, cpnniV'AmcE ; arrive, arriv-Ah ; desire, desir-ots, Si6» ^xdeption8.—h The «, if preceded by c or ^ soft, must (in ord%r to preserve the prontinciation) be re- ttiined before the postfix, able ; as in peace, p^ace-^^/^/ servicefF BeTyice*able ; charge, cbarge-a6/« / change, change^&^y also in ccnirarfe, courage-oiM; advantage, adviintage-DiM / amtrage, ontrage-otis y umbrage, ^m." brage-oiw,^ &c. ^ Exceptions. ^-% In verbs ending in ie, yt, oflj nnd te, tiie « is retained before ikg ; as hie, hieing ; vie, vising ; dye, dyeing ;^ eye, eyeing ; tHwe, shodng ; hoe, hoeing; see, Reein;( ; m/ree, agreeing: also, in «{n^, ^iingeing ; n(;tfi^e, swingeing.' :t XXEBOISBS ON THE BULB AND TH8 XXCSFTIONS. To the fdllowinff words uviie arty of the ArwiXEB which will exemplify either the I'Ule or the exceptions. Admire, advice, atlore, agree, arrive, bile, brute, ^'carouse, conceive, contrive, deplore, desire, dispose, dye, endure, excuse, eye, fau$e, llee, fuse, grieve, guide, hie, hoe, imagine, impute, kiiave, manage, move, nerve, notice, observe, palate, peace, pore, ])ropose, jiursue, rrreverse, rate, see, &]ioe, singe, swine, swinge, tame, fihieTe, trace, value, white, wise, reconcile. V. When an affix or termination, beginning with a consonant, is added to a word ending wiljb 6, the ' €is retained ; as in palcy psAe-nese; sense, Bense-less; close J closely; peace, peacc-/wZ; allure, ellnTe-ment. 1 Johnson and Walkw retain tho e in nior«-able and moveables, but tihero is no reason for this exception, particnlarly ad ^e ier- iner excludes e from immoveable. * If ihe e were omitted in dynng, tingHm^, and «win$w»Rf7, tltese words would be confounded with difing, ginginff, and twinffing^ M RUZJB9 FOft SPBUiIK^. locf^^ lod^-ment; aacnowledge^ ncknowledg-Hufnt; ar,^. 1 1 To tht foflotvinff worda Join anv of the atwixeb ^fhtehwUl iwmplify either the rucis or t^e epscegtioni, ' w ^ m iiik^, life, wise, due, cnre, engage, rnde, shame, •tAme> ^ true, ^pite, ad ranee, lodge, base, tiaiiie, hom^ whole, waste, encourage, hoarse, shape, mere, wake, awe^ abiidge, induce, judge, entice, acknowledge. * VI Except in monosyllables, as padCf peck^ htUck Relick Satirick Specifick Statittiek Tacticka Terrifick Tonick Tunick Til. As the diphthongs H and te have the samo ijound in the terminations eiveoxid, ieve, the learner is sometimes at a loss to know whether the e or the I should come first As a general rule, it may be laid down that ei in such cases follows c, and ie ^ an J other consonant. BXAICPLIS. Conceive Deceive i^cliieve Belief Believe Conceit Deceit Beceipt CeilinfiJ Lieve Sieve lleprieve Eetrieve Thief Thieve Mischicif Mischi^rons Heceive Perceive Chief Fief Grief Grieve Bee paj;e 78, nnder €t, f or ezoeptioni. VIIL In writing words commencing with the prefiip DIB or mis, mistakes are s(»netimes made, either by the omission or insertion of an s. Xhni may be easily avoided, by considering whether the word to which dis or mis is pi ^fixed^ begins with i, B m BULB8 FOR aPELLIiia Disappbtnt Dissatisfy Disarm Dissect Disease Dissemble llisipcnd^ MisenievouB Misiitate Misttike Misconstrue Misdemeaniaur ) /', If 89, of course the « must be letained ; as in DUh eolvef pw-^pate, UJa-spelL uiB^hapeUf &c : nl^AlCPLES. Dishonest Dissent Disseminate Distinguish Dissuade Dissyllable 3i > BTTHOLOGT USBPUL IN BPBLLING; As BTTHOiiOOT is a safe guide in many cases of doubtful ORTHOGRAPHY, the pupil, even with this yiew, should be made well acqniainted with the Prefixes^ Affixes^ and Boots, which enter 80< largely into the composition of English words. The fol- lowing are examples : — 1. The prefixes de aiid ni are frequently confounded in spelling by persons ignorant 6t heedless of the difference between their meanings. Depend Digest Decease Disease r . EXAMPLES. f Def(rad^f,,.,,,qDespairi Deliver ,^,0 Digit Dilute Dilapidate Descend Delude '^'' ! i)espatch ^ 'Diverge Divide ' ^f \?Dilacerate 2. Words ibeginning witli the prefixes :?Ris or pro are Bomeiimes conjounqed in tiling, and even in prontin- ciation ; as jorecede Md ji7)*0ceed, prisSdrtbe and pro- tMQribe^ j>m)ositio^ and pfoposition. 3uch erroip may be avoided by attending to the distinction between the prefixes j)r«B anid jpro, and the consequent diifference Detween the meanii^g of the wbrds 16 #hich they are prefixed^ — See Pfde and Pfo, and the other Pr^fixet^ Affkte9f and JRootSf commencing at page 145. JtjU^ FOB 8PSLUN0. 99 lay [the bnce are ; |9> In several woidi beginning with the prefix kn, Klff, IN, or IM, usage has not decided whether e or t should be written. In all such cases we should lie guided by tlie stthologt of the word.^ Thus iit^uire f hould be preferred to enquire, becaiise it is immediatehj derived from, the Latin inquiro ; and enclose should be M'ritteh rather than tnclose, because it is derived from the French eaclos, — Or generally, in &11 such cases, en or €9)1 is to be preferred to in or tin, except when the word in question is immediately derived from the Latin, or when it is used in a Uffol or ipecial sense ; ta 'Hhe Ineumhered Estates Court;" '^the Atlas Ituuranee Company i" "to imure one's life.-* EZAMPU^S. lEncage Enchain Enchant Encounter Encroach Encumber Endorse Enroll Enshrine Entangle Entomb Embalm Embark Enxbay l^nibed Embellish Embezzle Embosom Emboss Embrace Embroil Employ Empoverish Embody 4. In some of the affixes or endings of words similar mistakes in' spelling are liable to be made ; as between ABLK and IBLB, ANCE and bnce, ant andBNT, 8I0N and TION. In all such oases a knowledge of the Latin root or AFFIX from which the word is formed, will, generally speaking, enable us to decide whether a or i, a or e, ^ When the OBTHOOBAPHT of a word is doubtful, thnt is, wJiien euBtom or authority is divided, bttmolooy and ANALOGY should decide. Henoe, oompletk, and uot com- PLEAT) 18! the proper orthography, because derived from the Latin e<>M|>^ The authority of Johnson is in favour of ofin His words are — "Someingonious men have endeavoured to deeerre Well of their country, by writing Aonot* aiid746orfer ROiroOBand LABOUR. Of these it may be said, that, as they have done no good, they have done little harm; both because tfaey have innovated little, find because few mtve followed them.** 3 The Freneh f follow our own reoommendation in this respeci. < * In words ai fashioa thi siu&e iralis will \^M, ' Alik«rasiialticiftoone#6roia; ' Be iiol the Uriii bt w%b{)ip. 103 BENTBV0X8 FOB DICTATION. was I omitted to state tbat I visited him several timeiL I regretted to hear sentilinents so Itigoted and be- soitedj and, ni)on expressing my regret, the eyes of all present yf^tp riveted npon nie. ' He proffered me his assistance on the occasion, but I preferred to act for myself. He mounted the piebviltl pony, and galloped away. At the last conference^ the president conferred great honour upon him* Shall X^nvelop it in a cover, or send it withpnt an envelope? / The misf)ortnnes of that dissipate^ and difsolnte young man deserve no comniiserutionf ^ ... ' ' Thoiigh all his friends interceded in hit behalf, he wluSrtfe^ed: V(l I iirilr h6t recede ; on the contrar^i r will proceed. it is al^iost Unnecessary to observe that he was not ^behefiley siich eoiuisels ; nay, he was unfitted by them for his situation. The vessel, having unshipped her rudder, became unmanageable. j«> oiii!! ,, iiM ,, Wp^m iPRBONEOUSLT SPELL^II). [To vary the exercise, the teacher should occasionally exhibit liats of wbrds^SrroneiNisly spelled, to be corrects in writing bythepvpils»siiah'assl:>,i^«;y:^ '«..,.>'u.«^>^ - ,:[' ^''' Attomies^ heavyliefeSj hdlyday, di^t^eM, robery, eom^ mital, unitiU' fhiUness, ilness, abridgement, stoney, aenbleSff, unbiased, amable, havock, baddoo, traffick, trafficing, recieve, beieive, misstake, mistate, portible, indelahle, dispair, delut^^- enquire, inclose, trtiely, wholely, tranc^uility, dipthong, staunch, baulk, gossip- ping, worshiping, &c iii..'a;>V .fS'i !••♦>. '.VW ^ Conf^m^*j--Jn ^bis word the r is not doubled, becauie wotol itAetiib m tw6 &ei isoab wats. lOS )le, dp. A COLLECTION OF WORDS OF TT^BETTLKD ORTHOiiGSAFHY. [In the Iiitrod\iotion to the Writere <*Dfetionary of lb* Engliih Language, ** page ^ ait attemj^ kai been made to •ettle the Qrihognpiij of theie, and other worda of the ■anie elaM, to whicn tne moi-e adtaaoed pupilaoaa refer. The noie uaual orthography ia here pat net.] Abetter lu > ArcbsBolpgf Abettor >. .n Alcoran ^trAneiAOiiy Archaiology Abridgement Almaxiao* Antecljiiuiiber Ardouc* , Abrid^menl^ Almanack Antichasi^l^^ Ardor li •^iUI. Accessary An^yse* Apostasy.. ,.Balk ,. „ ,, Accessory Analyze ^ ./^poslacy^'^'^ . ;Baulk ^j'Jlf ;| Alcbemy Ancient^' 'Apotlienii Banister* " Alehrmy Antient ' ^ Apoph&egm Balustit' rt-~»- ^ AbtMcTy from a6«t.— See the affix or termination br. pege 150, and note ^ iame page. In words direet ftrom tlio Latin. OR is the form ; as actor^ inaiructor^ Ae.; abot in wocda used in a lea€U or c^ficial sense ; as a6ettor, grufUcr^ ko, , ,, 3 Abrullpm0!u,St9 the Mxeepthni to Rnle Y.. page 96. * AQ^oran simply means tM JTonm ; al being the form of the Arabia definite artiele. Compare the al in kali, fjLc « ^^manod. -r-See Ru!^ VI., page 96, aiid the Exe^HUmii also no1»e*, name page. • * ititi'il^'M*— In^ords ending in ms or %h, pronoviieed alike, it is often doubted whether s or < should bo written. The fol- b^Wl^g nilWs #ifl iii iJioi^:cases ehddeM^ io Mcm^^: and apt $ should be written ^kvnM 9^% d0^' ' Gt^ek yei^ endinff in ItW; is !n opbtM aiid: ^ie^: as in jivatw and feMiee- \ l5JJ0i^ f^^ h .WW of prenxee, « and not z should be written, as in iU]jM^rpm ^d entet^Mfi^ Jt sbopld ;be «d<^ed, boweyer, t^at ]^i^<^4,Tpar- iicularly those wnb are employed in newipaip^ pnnt^pg, scarcely ey;^r,W f * '^ ~ ^ " ^^ "* ' ~ sibly imitatihl; t>< in, z in sUcb word! .,«. -^^ ^^^.^^^^^^ ^. ^^^, pedantic, /^otii^ihetiUiding all rules to tb^ ^o^traiy. < ^r(i(>ttr.— For words ending in oicr or ori^ see |hageilOQ and 161, and the notes at foot. -' '. "*■■ 1^ ?|qp>fU)f i|i;^^,nr,T^ Bniiiif , BmiqM Bark Qilk Caulk BarjT^AO^ CiiniouiiU Baritone Oliamoiniift r,,-. Caniphoi^ Camphird Carbine darabine Carbinier Can^Vinier Causeway Caueejr BeU-nan < jSentif»eid Belinate Centipede Bli^mablq^ ■ Olianic^l^oa Blameabm .a€aineleoii Brasiet Cliop Ba«e BtLm Bazaar Bazar Befall /{: BefaV Beh^e Benooc ir ;''i CUemi^t ObymiAt Clieqiie Clieck Clicatnnt CUeanut Cipber Cypher • Clarionet' Clarinet Coif Quoif Connexion Downfall* Connection Downfal Contemporary DrangUt, . j Cotemporary Draft ^ ' ■>■ v y Cinrdoyan l^tasy Cordwain Ecstacy. , - C9r;ielio|i ?:nclo9e^ "^^ Cameliai»,;,j ., Jpcloae . CnuyfMli Cruytish Ccuae Cndde Damson Damascene Delft Delf Demesne Domain Despatch Dispatch t i lit tii i a . nB i<» M i' 'H ' f | i i» i in ^r , 4 > > <* y i> MHi i» -ii. « ii ;u n i .; !,r, '.tM^- Ivrr. ^'^^^^S: {{f Mil ktr trMbs spSLiiSD ni iiro OR vo^ 1^5 Inquire^ Enquire Inquiry Enquiry Judgmei^t Hinderance Judgement' Hostler Joiuit /. Ofltler JuBt Eni^n^ uGtugma Enroll Enroll r Ensure Insure' Entirei ";'^ In tiro Equerry Equery Jelly '• Qelfy Jail Gaol Jailer Gaoler Gipsy Gypsy Head-4c1ie Heudach Hiccough Hiccup Hindmnce Expense. Expence Fleam Fhleme Foretell ForeteJl : i.1 Gray Grey Griffin Grift'on . >r> Foundry Foundery Gaiety Gavetv* , Gaily Gayly^ Holiday, Lavender Holyda^ Lavai^der Immovable^ Leavw. Gulf i'i t♦« 1, The ANALOGIES of the lanfftia^ the ^At^tioRVn^ ot lexicographers, and above al)^ the CUB«:0M of ^he^^ r——r—-— — — :.;,:h .';...',. ■ UU ^ A perfeot alplukl)et would imply that the diffeceni joi^bcIi ; of the human voice had been carefully analyied, and accu- rately ascertained, and that to each pf ihctMip^i^foi^r- taioed, a Bifi;^ or character was. attached wm^ ubviid-^ira- 1 sent that sound and no other* But this is not the «^ Ippni; nor indeed in any alphabet. In some cai^s T« h^y<9 disfinci ^ sounds without proper or |MCii(utr si^io! rej|^:r^JBt ^heii^|^^ nod in others, we have two, or more diffeiveni signsjor ehar-,^^ aotersfor the same sound. Our alpl^abei is, therefore, boi)|., directive and redundant. The yery m»i letter of the alpha^i bet, £or instance, represents^ without alteration, or externa^. change* four different and distinct sounds i! iMoi^l with fe^ar^^^ 108 ORTH^BPYi iOR THS Host correct and elegant speakers, are tLe guides to which we must refer in all eases of difficulty. Nor can these difficulties^ in eirlieii|y di^^l^e'Tesolyed by such references ; for we shall ii >i(.; ^ -j't V JoHN^oif.-^' Why, Sir, consider now inuai easier it il to learn a language by the ear, than by any marks. Sheri- dan*8 dictionary may do veiy Well ; but you cannot always carry it about you ; and wheii von want the word, you have wiib 'the dfcfcioi^iury. It ^ like a man who has a sword that will not draw. It is ^ admirably svirord to be sure ;. biiti wnde your enemy is cutting your- tbroa^, you are Un- able to me it Besides, Sir, what entitles Slieildan to fix the |lCQl^unQ^lt^ of fSiiglish V He has, in the $rst place, tjie iUsaiflyaibta^, of being an Irishman ; and it he says he wil| fis it idt^ t^ ex^ple of the best company, why they differ among themselves. I remember an instance : when I imbllphed, the, ]^an for my dibtionary. Lord Chester- '^ ShetfdSnV <]&Cjtionary was acknowledged, however, even, byWtlkeri 'Ho^gcSneraUy toeV^ry thing that pire- ' ceded 'it. and ^is niethpd of conve3ring the sound of words by Rpelltn^ them as they are proii^ounced, liighly rational siid use- ful!** ' And iT^e'ftster, the American lexicographer, thus speaks ' of his w^ : '^tiis .analysis of the English vdwels is very criti- cal, ai^ ihihig resp^i, there has heen little improvement by later Wlifers,' though I think hone pf them sre i>erfeetly cor- ■ recti Mat in the anpUoation of his principles,, h^f<^iled of his ohject. In genetal, hO^eyer, It may ds asserted thai his noik- ' ti9a does not wattaht a tenth part as many deviations fhum -^ '«'."', -^ CORRECT PB0{7I?NCU11e he Mas considered the most polite speaker of his day ; and in all similar crises, the analogies of tlie language and the opinions of lexicographers must give way to what is considered the usage of the best atid most polite speakers. ■Jfurf^.mi* ^»i»««u • .4i;«;!»ii ,Mi - t;t^ 2. In calces In which ctistdiii of authority isdividad, We should give the preference to the pronunciation which is most in accordance with analogy. The word Home, for instancei should he pronounced rdm$ rather than room; and this is beginning to be the case, though the latter pronunciation was once thought " irrevocably fixed in the language." ^ — — '■' .. ■ . » , .1 I . 1 1 I 1 And on the same subject, the great Doctor observes of himself — ^*Sir; when people watch me narrowly, and I do not watch myself, they will find me out to be of a particular county* In the same manner^ Dunning may be found ont to be a Devonshire mao. So most Scotch]p)en may be found out. " ' Tlirough the same infiuence the i in the word obtiffe lost its foteign or Frencli sound. For till tbf pubhcaiion of his ** Letters," in which this pronunciation is proscribed, oblige WJM usually pronounced mltegt ; as by Pope in the following well-known lines : — "Dreading e'en foolf, by flatterers besieged, " An4 so obliging that he ne'er obliged '' {fibUtfitd\, 3 See Walker on thi^ word. The pun which he quotes from Shakspeare, as a proof of the pronunciation of the word j^omd in 14s time — St " Now it is BmM indeed, and rotmi enough. Since its wide walls encompass but one man " — may be answered by another from the same author in favcr fiio obthOBPti or THB ) ' ,9. The iht^ great and prevailing errors in pronnnp efa^on are vuIiOARIxt, psdaktbt, an4 affkotation. JLgainst each of these faults we should hecoBstaitUy on our guard ; but most of all against abvbczatiom $ for; it is oy far the most odious. 4. The following excellent observations from D^. Johnson deserverparticular attention : — i,^ ; nti n i J t < : M For pronunotAtion, the best general rule is to cot tibaM of the most elegant speakers who deviate lea^frbm the written words. Ol English, as of all livihg tongiies, there is m double pronunciation, one cursory 'and ooUoqmal, the^ther regular and solemn. The cursory pronnnoiatioa is always vague and uncertain, being made different in difiEierent mouthi by negligence, unski&ulness, and affcot«Mpn.' The Solemn pronunciation, though by no means immntable and jberman^t, is always less i^mote from the orthography, and less liable to capricious innovation. They [lexicographem] have, however, generally formed their tables according to the cursory speech of those with ^hom they happen to converse; and, concluding that the whole nation compines to vitiate language in one manner^ have often established the jargon of the lower people as the model of .speech." ^ , < f ■1 1 ' of the other prpnunoiation. In the first part of fiii^nr Vti^' act 3, scene 1, the Bishop of 'Winehe^^rexolilini^: *^Mdm4 shall rimiedy this : " io Which Warwick reiorlii, ^* ii^m thithctt- then." la'Fope, too, imthbrity for both proniincia-; tioQs may he found, as in the following couplets : "From the same foes at last hoth felt their doom ; And the samS age saw learning fidl and J^pfiie." -l:^ n " Tims i^en we view some well*preportioned (fouM^ The world's just wonder, and ef^en thine, OJUmtV If a rule such as is suggested nhove were. followed, these, and all similar anomalies, would soon disappear. 1 Walker, though he had this caution before his eyes, has not always prC&ted by it ; for in miuiy^ instanoeahe has given the colloquial, and even vulgar pronhuieiation, asUie**model of speech." For instance, he gives e^pum as t|ie wonuaeia"; tiou of apron f iwm of iron, and o-pors^ of apottfie. He also, in \ -^ CX>ItRBOT yilOWUN^TION 'OF WORDa l|l y:j Iff, :£v<^ wo^, of ^wo^ at mow ^|]«b}e|i !>«• in pro- ivuneiAtion a certain acobmt, that ii, a peculiar streif or force laid upon a particular syllable. If the accent in any wor<) la misplaced, the prontin- tiatjipnit injured or destroyed. Compare, for iu8tan<;e, itie different proBuncjationa of r^u's^ aiid ref'v,8ei duert* taiCkduftrt/ mintiU and ettn'6t«. Sea also ih^ class of words, page 46. '•:'« M'>t't ' : ill. Sonie tvprds, in addiiioh to the princiroly hkil^ a SisbdsfDiJhr,* 6i? weaker accent ; as iu ^^,^ Ad«Tmrti"se AbTsente^'e Beh^efiic'tor Oom'pkls«i"« Con'versa'tioil 6. The general teudeDcy of our language is to accent the root and not the termination of a word. Hetfce the natural position of t^e accent lit English wordi^ is in the first s^Uahte. As a ceneral rule, therefore, SngjHkb or Saxon words should have the ftceeixt dn the This general rule is .exemplined not only oy the usipifi} posi^ifji^ of the appent .in Epislish <^r Saxo^ wprdn, partkttlarly in susbxiXa^les and 7BiSYLLAB];ja», put also \^ ^f jt^d^ijcy which w^ ob8er;!^e in our language f ' t! ■!"T- largb'dniii^^of wordi, favours affected proniuioiati<^f lllin ^hevord;*'fl^ii^r-iAuf»tv which he Md|s"ui eleipfcat j^- nunciation of ectucaCioa. ** He gives similar pronunciatioQS to virtue {verUihu\ orde^t^wut, frontier, tind alt such words. It shdtild alio be kefiit in niind that ieveral of the Meini» and vowel S0«ihd1ihaV(elcUain)(ed«iileiB bis time ; «s in^namiteimd i^i^, kd. Tbeie obsernitioiM araAot in depreciation of th^ f reat iOimiiirolkt(A|ich|n Oliagi^u Chemist Bavitit' fifwHiitlyo Repartee Battilhe Jamhoiirpi rontiu!^ Tntque , , h, WiUi regard to wor^f of Greek or I^titL origin, it msjr Be hud down as a general rule, that wneu they i^re adopted whole or without change the accent or quantity t«ih« piflgi^ iotid wordis tisiiifclly p^rved; as in i ; - ^AtViSnui ^iletoW Diplopia '<^ ^TbrfttMii^ »i ^-Aoa'men Bilh'in^ DeiBO^ntil»I 'U ^tedto'tdtfj^q t. In tttanybuch: ^rbrdft, hiotw^r, thii Ebj^lUih tifttide^hM pre vailed -; asm --«*'*' — — — - Orator Sen'iltor Aud'ttor j^^ | ' a. 19!ence,the ii^|^tt^ed|K)sltioii oY words ag.- . :n .h-fow^,.; ' ,ri«Kf « "^i* ^^afi ^\\i Cbnfiseate Oontetnplate • oBaervate Ootopteiifiite Denienstraite Eititjifito i-Zi. ; '•> ■ it It i 'II I » I I II 1 11 ' ii I n niA it it ii< ill' li I See the dan of words, page Vk ooBBxo* ynommilftkyioir <6r WORDS. 'Hi Some ftutlioriti^^ follotritigf the ^eii^irftl tend^xnii'f while others ]iol£ «. In Eumv cased, liowete^, the radical or general ^nden<^ of tne acoent has prevailed ; as in '*^ rn^Irame from admi -re AdveVtXs^ meat Irom adverii'pa '<0orti'p&t1&ble ,, oompii're OhM'ttsemeui ,, obssti^ge i.:.' 1^. In several^ words tlt^^o^^i^ffjk h^M y«t^ undecided, asm ^ ; (^\ .,\,.y. ;.^v ^ ._ ,,i,:.,-: Ae'o8pt«bl«or aeeepi^able 1 Bit'pfttable or dispa'table Ctfm'iadpkdtt^le <^coimii«iid^able ( Gonifteior orvoeafeat'or ^, the tendency in compound or derivative words to f^i^es^tve tbe accistit of th^ir prixna^ies, is crt'sseit b/ ^tiother natnial tehdency^ nainely, the ulspositior iu cdiupc^and 01^ dMV^tive yoirds to shorten the K>n^ i^iinds or syllables of th^ir pHinaries; as in the foUow- ing wordst-^ MaiDtteaaee from maiiitam Sb<(pkerd „ shiepherd Splteetiev :y GOsling > Tkrdttle Prmitk&tittion S0fttlkeriy(«) i, Deprikviiy from4eprftve Severity •, seipj^re Divlfniiy ,, , divine > Consolatory j, ooasolev Gi-&Dary |» groin yUUny iof>4znMU»m J>efp6rate «#< •despair g«M« throat pronoitnoe io«Ch ^lih iA.€OBNT^ from its very natqire, miist ftffieet ndti only thaeyll^le tindet rt| btilr alstr this sVllabk jne^t it; for in proportion as the one is dwelt upoU| tlie OB^PROSPTy <» TSV iffO , ot|her II PMfe4 |)owiug words :^- i»t' Image . For'e^gn ({) 8arf9it M^oaoiB Palace Fa'vottr(ia) Ferrpur 4 1 Humour I^abonvui Curate PrelaU Private Fti'moiia {U) Pioua Pompottf MonstroiiB \ Oap'tain (I) FoaUiaiu Villain ; Britain ? ^ Oar'Hage(l) ]iiimage''A Parliameof WilliMii < -In the preceding ii'eftrfi the unaccented syllable Is rprQn^uced quijckly and indietitictly ; and in tlie ease ot a diphtjiong, opei pf ytM YjOtfrelftis omiibied altogether in the proQunmtion. Qompare, for exaniple, the dil!«drent soande Jof the tca^minatiOh o^/d in ih^ vf;Qr<^ eictffhojli and efigoCgeyjiiitda^ an4 jjffljw'flfi. C9)ip*r«, also, tlie di£fereut pronCinciatipns of the accenled and ^iiBEcceinteil syllaible^ in the foilowin*; words i-^ ^ Oonta»V(d[) Cap'tato («) Retain' (S) Foun'taln(r) .4,AJ^ W,, ,ulfun'd^>oia, iotf«, fpllqwW an ao<»ff^«^^ |>rotiatJ0iati6^, usuii^y 4^wn i^tq Qn«i iBipnad, preylr labte, thoiij^h cdinpo9e^ |o^,n^^ it^ia^^^ yowel, as in Ocean {o'xh^n) * iSargeon .(«iir^/tfn) Luncheon (/«M'y the ^nickniMi^ pf t^ie enuikqi|.tio^i, nn(( th^ c6Ji8cqt)i^ht bleiinoiincen; „f^,,f,|,.j 12. Tlie seat of the accent >y lit generallr serve as a f^iifd'e ih the pronunciation of fiual syllAples in, iob». Its, ikib: I8B, and^ Itb. Wlien the % is aeieen ted, it is 16n^; and when uhaccented, Jit is usually short ; as in^ the foHoWiiig words : — OfftM DoetTrXne ^ Bet'plCtd.- ng Definite Sx'quitite F^'yoiite Hyp'ocrit* Inilef'iniif . In'fiiiite Oi>ftNMite Perqmiita \AdYlce NQif%M 8«flfoe ,B«TUe Ser'vfle Combine '^Premise PremlM Puplle Av'i^rlce CUndes'tlne Jftc'plHfne lMti^«ftee Cur'aUihe Jes'^iunine Cwnr'nirdice Dis'dpline Uh'^tiine JiiVenlle Eg^fttittne Mas'tftiiine Mer'onntile Fem'inine Med'icine Jhl'erik O^'ulne Ne^tarfne Adaman'tine Her'oine Paratin* Arkaline Hy'aline Ap'posCte A'quiliho Ima'^ne Ootnpos'ite J ,' II y, '".'I 13. Ill such terminations, that is, final syllables in ICB, ILV, and iTis; the i is sometimes long^ Uiougii not under the Accent ;^ as in tlie following words :^— ^ Thai ill, the principal aeceiii.~See under No. 6, page HI. m •' /. mTm9lf^J$ OB TWi 'TrrrffAi G*VaiiiiQe Cm'talUiie QeVA4in« Ineat'iMidiBd Bat'ttrnin^ Ser^poutine Turp6titiii« Ac'oDite AiifHi^urito Cur'melito Ex'p«diU Er'einlitt Piir'atiter i 3«t'aUito '■■f tjon of words is essential to tHeir just pronnncia^on ; and a proper accentuation can only be acquired bgr^ atteiidtiis td the most correct speakejrs, and by co^-r^ suiting the most approved pictionaries; for wonls are under so many influences ^yitli regard to their aceetn- tnatioti^ that it; i'* scnrceiy possible to lay down a rule on the Subject t6 whiph nutie^roi:^ e^^cej lions majf not be found. Tbe folio \ving| rules, lipwever (i^ addition « to the General Piiincipi j:s which Y^e h.tve already explained), will ha found useful to the learner. 15. Woi^ds ending' in' dkU, Halt Hal, ttan, tian, cmt^ iient^ eeotig^ thus, tiou$,9t&n, Hon, txate, l^tave the acc-eut on the pafee^ing syllable ; as _" Provin'clAl Phy8i''oian ^H'tieni Confusion.; Conii'oter'Hi«t Ghris'tinn Gra'eious Muta'tion > Sttbstan'tial ; An'cieni Senteu'tioua Ingm'tiat^;. 16. Words ending in e^y, ity, or ical^ have also thn accent ou the preceding syllable ; as ";- Pr<>pri'«t7 Inseiuiibnlty Astronom'iflAl Emphat'ijBiiil Satiety Spontaneity Categor'ioal Polem'lcail, 17> When the termination ical is abbreviated into iCf the accent of the original word remains ; as ^ Aitronom'ie Emphafie Aal^i^iQ Fanat'k Harmon'ic Meehan'itt Polem'io SpetirU^' ac S] ol ni IB accent in poJ^sgrlUblfi u on tlie ^viinmyUr or J(^t syUi^li^ l^ut ^YQ. ; but iii maiif^iis^f tlie accent liiu ' DMti Iql^cmd tq tnat po«;tion fronii the, radictfl |uirt of the wordy for tlie (|7eater harmony and ease of jprOK, nnnciatioii : at in / An'nl ,, Angeltttit Sa'ttn liarmbiiy Harmo'tiioiii Sn'tire SattrlMd Yict«^noua Angeltttit Harmo'&ici Ki^W Bhetpr'ical WU^T IS!^ In ifimtmg tnnple iroToa uto i^ fiomponna, tnete 18 a-te^¥)^^J to, siuiplify the coipponnd aa nmcU aa IKMMi^ie, by t^i«Qving tne accent pn. ttuit ayUable in wliicb the Biinple woicU vtiite. Hence^ words with th,e following terminations have t^e accent, on the autepeiiult, or laat syllable bat two:r— •eraejf, at demoo^iqr^ iferout, as »ai(vim%t&iM "JLu^ip lis. oifemn'ilaenf «^ikM^, at sttW^upa^ •jPMlA2» a# iia^oiial -graphy, at gecg'raphjr -iit^|i^ 4t lo^om'a^y •mo^y, at polTm'atbj 'ketif, fii MhTm'eter -jMirotit. M «Tip'ar6ut •jMi%/M smiiS^iRy -phoitifi as ewVlMny tftrqp^i aa eaWtiui^htt -tompt at aaatlpvy , 'Votnougf aH igUiV^ii^oaa •voroiM,,at pmniv'drpua §, Some words are differently AOCBinxD, according a^ tiiiiy afei,w|94 W ?spUN8>^ T|iRns.-^f^ page 5Z 20. Of foreign words admitted into 9uv lu^nage, partiotilarly French^ there is tisnally a ttiMefokl pro- iinnciattoli. 1. The original or foreign pronnnciation. 2. Tj^c JpfTiglifb pronnnciation. 3. A prontmciafioh wbicti is heithie'r English nor foreign, Snt between the twa In this case, the midi^ course is riot the best ; but it 'is perha).^ right to eneoniage it as astep in ad* Timce towards a£t nonest English pronnnciation^ / l|^^t|^ part of thiS; work wiU be found a col- 1. iJ.iU» ) OKtHOttPTi OR THV lection of Frisncti And fore^^n ir^olrdil w(ife)x iraWbiB^ iutrol AnemoipiA Hyp«rboU SiiniM Ciceroni FinaU 251. The <1iphtl)bTig ati before n nnd inothet"c/*i^*(|i nimt^hould be Bounded like \\\p long Italian n^ . in fatatkiXfather} In sbni^ t^.brds 0f this clii? ^l howeter, it is pronounced, pMkular)^ bj bersbn^ who are <^ni- bitjoUs of beilfig thought tb Speak better thaU their iieichbl^urs/like oiit' in atrir/' IkfAVVT atid vkmuT are perhaps the otily lirords of this class which should be considered as exceptions/ iin or iiaMn wioikBiaita. 23. The tine;laqitn of ran*t (c^wv^t), $fian.%com^n4, kc, Sta^noh, , tiie old spelling of Hancht is an addiiional illustiation of this. ODRRBQr rRONUNClATION OF WORDS. 110 ttt r -^.is' Conveo Obee ■' Slmk Tuk Fut Siud Ooone Cooiie Soortc Kfitch SiniHre Sobfune Pliuty t» ^^ convey ihook toidc ... foot stood ooiiinM) ' coarse ftdiih^e gntbdrM catch sincere •obeme plenty >t >» It »« f» . «• >> ft Twiaty CprtweMar Oowld liould POsh PGll CQthion Loutiber Broadber TV'Attber Beither Uel'Um K«itl-am Ar »t tt »» it t» tt ♦» i» tt >f *i cold bold bush (oo) pvsh pull cusliion louder* broader water better helm realm arm barm ; 244 The teariier should collect ai I the ^ordfi in which such errors are likely to occur.^ au'l habituaie huiiBeU to It Cji;>rrect prpnimciatiuu of xh»]\\. Also, all such ' p ^ €7(itA(r.~This error (gi^iBg • the short sound of ^ be* lori^ to the north of Ireland ^d Scotland*. , > * Z>, like its cognate letter t^ in often mispronounced by the unoduoated Irish. Tbn/i, |bw("i 2. In aoundiugA^ where it should uot^and in omltiing it where ii ought to be heard ; as, * * Cive m^ *orse some hoots, "' 3. In introducing the sound of r into some wprcls in which it has ne plaoe, and in exeluding it from others to whieh it belongs; as in ideaty winder^ Mariar, feller ; boar for 6oa,* warm for ma*am^ &am for harm, taud for lord^/iiit tovjirtt^ bust for burtt^ duH for durtt, ke, ' '^ '-" ^ ' , , .., '^%"i S6. In England the following words are freqtientlj confounded hy uneduc^t^d and cardtess speakers;*:-- Add Haft :^f V Hail ^^,T Ale'^5^'^rAIter'^:t;dif Hale V ..» ./ , Halter , \^ ^^ All i^^!f:r allv.,i;.;f r, Am Hum Hand , „| g« Arbour ,,|,^j3 Harbour »k Ardour i Harder \ 1 It is the tame werthy «ires- •Ive solemnity with whieh he poured forth his soal in * ^y :?in;the 'igMaindt,* w *'W)m hTm4MMokk^*'^JHdeeni. * As« **She had «. black &oambeut her neek.** 121 Ark Hark Amt Harm Arra9 Harass Arrow Eat Heat 4 CORRECT PR0!E|t7N€]AfI0W OF WORDK Ear Ire Owe Heai. Hire Hoe His- v,r,i Whale* 'E&ves Islands Ware Heaves t»r,} Iligblaniul^ INS ''% Arrow ""' • jiiaaj ■ ^'^ • ■ AH -,,i.i Edjre ,Q,i|r. Itch |:^V Wen Heart 4^mj Hedge ^u-ixo Hi tea ^*,^,j Whea Heart -m^M-- Hedge ^u-ixt Eel ivi/ ©alca«. ..r/Wig Hoax Whig, ^ As ^irfii^ti Has ,^jjj,,j Heel Eight Wight Hoar ;t*^!; White Ash „^^ Hash j^i;^„^ ja«t^^ ^j.,^^| xauav ^1^^^^^^ ,f iiici ■■■■"•; 'Elm ^4^- Old ^^'^pWile Helm^^^^^^^ -|-Whil. Asp Hasp Wot What F 4 f ■■ •^ ;v ( 122 ) '•»n A COIXECTION - itA OF ALMOST ALL THE DIFFICULT AND IRREGULAB t jij WORDS IN THE LANGUAOB.! ^UTi;ii I. V rv?;;'^/^ trr IT ■' [The PRONUNCIATION and tlie BXPLANAtldNS of each of these words will, when required, be found in the author's. DiOTlONART, to which the learner can refer. Many of these words indeed ^ill appear very; easy to the reader, but that ia because they are familiar to him. To peifsona unacquainted with them, such as children and foreigners, the irregular or unusual soundp of the letters occasion great difficulty. Be^ sides, even the easiest of them will serve to recall the read^^a attention to the preceding Pbinciples of PbonunoiahoNv]: 7r Aborigii^es 'Adamantine Alkaline,^* Anathema,* ^ Abroad Adept,* Allegro Anchoret • ' Acacia Adulator Alleluiah Anchorite Acceptahlc Adulatory Alms Anchovy ^^ ^ Accessary Adult Almoner^' "^Ancient '^ *^ Accomplice Aduat - Aloes Ancillary Accompt Advertise,* Altercate Angel *fA Accomptant Advertiser,' Alternate Angelic ^^^^ ' Accoutre Again • Alumine Angle .« Accrue , i 7/ Aghast -^J^ || Alvine ., Anguish ^1 " Acetous Agile,^* *^ Amarantiiiiie Anility " ** Achieve t. J v/Agone .^„,|j(n Ambages,* Anise," ^ < A/»mo r. Amio -Ambergris Anodyne f~ Ambush Anonymouflf^ , Amethystiae Answer , , Amiable^;:^ ^ Antalgic *'''^ Amour ' '^' Anthracite ^ Amphibious Antipodes ^ Amphisb»na Antiquary '; Anachronism Antique Acme '/ Ague Acolyte,*' Aisle Acotyle^QA Albeit Aconite i 17/ Alchymy Acoustics Alcohol Acquiesce Alcoholic Acre Al(:;uazil Adamantean Alien 1 The numhers after the words refer to the preceding Prki- cipUi of Pronunciation. ^Fww..m..Fm!Em.wm^ Antiquity Astlimatie Bombaein Atitt6 ,,^ Atheist Borougli , AnxietJ^'^ Atrociotls,** Bosom " Anxious,** Atrociiy,* Boudoir, Aphaeresis Auln Apocrypha Auspice,** Apophthegm Autumu Apostle Autun^nal Applicability Auxiliary Apposite,** Avalanche Apprentice Avoirdupois Brazier - yj Approval , Avouch- ,, Brazil 'f'r. ''"^^ - "^^, Break '^'^^ Bade ^'"^^ Brec^kfast Bouilli Bouillon Bouq^uet,' Bourgeon Bowmie,*« Bowsprit •;« I Apribot Aquatic Aqueduct Aqueous [ Aquiline Arab^kque; Archangel Architect Architrave Archives Area . Balcony,' Brevet Balsanl^" Breviet^^^^.^ Balsamic Brigand! '^V^ Baujdana , Brigan tine Banian^ ^ *^ Britzfifea , . Banquet ' Btooch;;' Barouche,*^ Bruise ' Arena Argil BattalioU Bayonet , ^ Becatico '' Behove^'^H Argillaceoub Benign aov) n Aroma Armistice Artifice Asafoetida Asbestine Asinine,*' , Assign *"'" Benignity Bequeath Biscuit Bissextile Bitumen Bivouac Blaspheme Brunette* Brusque ' Bulletin' \^ Bullion^'";^ Buoy '**':| Buoyant' Bureau '"'■,i Burial -f r{ Burlesqttli Bury Busmess ^^ Busy'^^>*<^H , 128 Cabriolet Gaieput Calamine Calcareous Caldron Cambric Camelopard Campaign ' Canaille Canine,^;ov Canoe '^rj Canorouci Capillary , Caprice '' '] Capricious , Captain . Capuchin; J Carabine . Caries '\^ CarriagQ||,^ Casque ' ,;:: , Cassia ^,'^- Cassino *^f^ Catachresia Catarrh ''^ Catastrophe Catechism Catechist ' Catholicism Cavalier Cavatina Caviare ,, Cazique''!;"; Centre -'':; Assignation Blapphemous ^^ Assignee Boatswain Cabal '**^';:^ Centrifugal Assuage Bombard Cabaret *',::( Asthma : ' Bombardier Caboose'"^", ' Centripetal Chagrin --; 1^4 bMKctk.t A^ ifM(ttoti^ii WblftliA. i'A,\ -;n tCoDsirue Cpntagiotts Contemn Contemner Cotitemning Chklifcy^ ClArion ChaxiiW Clerk Chameleon Cliqile Chamois,'* Clougli Chamomile Coca<^ii^ Champagne Cochineal Cliaiiipaign Cockswain,^ Contemplate Chaos Cocoa Contrary^* ChapercA Cognieanoe Contrite)^* Charade Colgno Conversant Charlatan Colloquy Coppice," CharlatanicalColonenil)ogue Disfranchise Dir^hubille Dishevel Dispntuble Disputant,* Dissolubility ^Dissoluble Distich Doci1>1e Docile,® Docti^inal Doctiine Dog^r® ;a r Doniiciliel ' Dose Double ■'- Doublet Doubt Douceur Dough Doughty Draclim Drachma Drama Draught Drouglit Ducat,« Ductile Dudgeon,^^ ECLAT,20 EclogUe Egotism Egotist Eider Elicit Elite Empiric Empty Empyrean Encore Endeavour Enervate Enfilade Enfranchise ; Engine,** ' Ennui Enough En passant Ensign En sign cy Entomb Euveh)p Envelope Environ Environs Epaulet Epergne Epilogue Epiphany Epitorae,2i Equal ■«?■ Equable Equat6r Equatorial Eqiuirry Equinox Equipaj:e Equivoque Ermine,** Esdakde Eschalot Escliew Escritoire Escutcheon Espiilier Espeeial Espionage Etiqutette Eucnarist Exaggerate ExetajJlary Exeqtiies Exergue Exorcise Explicit Exptigu Exquisite Extinguish Extirpate,'^ Eyry 20 Fabric Fa9juk' Facile Facetiae Fac-simile Factitious Falcated Falchion Falcon Falconer Falconet Falsetto Familiar Famine Fanatic Farina,® Farrago Fascine Fatiffue Fealty Feathei- Febrile Feign Feint Felloe Felucca Feminine Ferocious Ferocity Fertile Fibre Fief Fierce Fiery Filial Finesse Flaccid Flageole Flambeau Flaunt/^ Flourish Focile Foliage Foreign ,ui #•■ 41 ^426 DIFFICULT AND IBRBOULAB WOIUML Forfeit Fraca.%* Gimp Fnigilej^* Gin Franchise Gingham Frankincense Giraife Freight Frequent Fricassee Frigid Frontier Fulsome Funereal Furlough Fumnce Gilljrflower Hauherk Haunt," Hauthoy Hauteur,*^ Haut-gout Hecatomb Hegira Heifer Heinous Hemistich Glacier Glacis Goitre Gorgeous Gouge Gourd Gout Governantft Hideous Import '({ Important >f Impugn Incendiary Inchoate InchoativOiii Indecorous Indefinite m Indict iU Indictment^ I Hemorrhage Indigenous Heroine,^ Indisputable Fusil Grenade Grisette Guaiacum Fusilier ,,|^|: Futile ,,!; 'J- Guano Guardian Qaltot j^.j^ Qiiava Galleon * ^ ? Guerdon Galoche Gainea Qaloches . Guitar ', Gamboge,^ ^'l Gunwale Gaol jy| !]%£ Gymnastic Hyena Hot^shead Holm Honey Hosier Hostile Hostlergfiin; Hongh v| : Housewife Huguenot Humble ? i/fi,i. Gauntlet , • r W Halcyon Gauge Ganger Gaunt Genuine Gewgaw Gherkin Gibber Gibberish ■v*> *. -* Halfpenny Hallelujah Halliard Halser Halve Hygeian Hymeneal Hymn Hymning Hyphen Isthmus Hypocrite Hypotenuse Jacobine Indissoluble Indocile ^ Infairtile ^1 Infinite v\ Inimical (,(l Initial^ ,,ot^'-' Insignia iiU IntiJglio ,uU Interstice tKl Intestine oif Intrigue Ml Invalid >*{ Inveigh-^ qU Inveigle f Inventory: Ai' Iota ^><| ,rr K 4 Hyssop Gibbet ^^^j^ Halves Gibbous ;,'^'Vr Harangue Gills " ^- - GUI Idea Idiot -mm* Harlequin Illicit Harrier Imbecile Jaguar Jalap Jaundice Jeopardy Jessamine ^et-d'eau mi/:'. J J J J n r rrf Ki hi le le '■^■ f .A ,a ({ .([ ^; I a' .a - vamcmt and imomiLAR words. 127 '■4 :i-|!» I* :< ■Ai Jocose Jonquille Journal Judaism JudiciAry JndiciouB Jugular Juvenile Kerchief Know Knowledge LaOHS ^'i^i/i Iconic Lacquer Laity Landan Language Languia Laniard^^ i ^ Lattice *^/? Laudanum Laughable Laundress Laundry Laurel \,^h Licentiate Licorice Lichen Lieu Lieutenant Lilac Limekiln Limn Maiitua ' 'kilitia ^"^^^^ Limner ; ' • • 'j Marque Lingual •/ ^ • ' * ' ilarquee Liquid '^^ ^ Marquess Liquor . Mar^^netrjr Lit^uefy l^'^fMarTiage Li tigioi#<^' [^^ ^'llasculine Live-long Livelihood Longevity Loquacious Loquacity Lose Marauder Million Marchioness Mineral,' Mareschal Miniature Marine Minion Maritime Minute,^*:;' Marline Mirage,** Marmorean Miscellany Mischief vr Mischievous ,, Missile '■^' i Mistletoe' i''f! Mobile w'^><^ J; Moccason '|^ Masquerade Money }1 Massacre Moresque'^^* ; , Matrice Mortgage ' -^ Matron Mortise [^^ Matronal Mosque "^'^ Maugre }|osquito ' ^ Lough -f^yi**' Mausoleum Movable Lucre >" P^' Medicament Mupcle ' Luncheon Medicinal * Mustache**^ "^^ "^ Lunette Medicinie Myrrh ^'^ '^t-^Ji Mediocre ' ^^i'-^^-f Macaroni Melange,** NAPH^i T ; ■ [ Machine Melee «) Lava ^jmn Machinist Meliorate League Inion' Magazine Memoir Legend '^'^ Mahomet Menace Legendary Malecontent Menagerie Malign Mercantile Malignity Messuage Malmsey Meteor V Mammillary Mezzo Mandarin Mezzotinto Leisure Leopard Lethe Lettuce Leviathan Libertine Manoeuvre Mignonette Niche {Nation National V'^ ' Natural ^!''*V! i^ature '^W^^ Nausea '«''*^^ Nectarine NeigVibour ''^ Nephew Nereid Nicety ^ ■«■■» ■ lfK[ Dijmim't iKp ]miTOU]>Aii woima. Nitre , ; - ^ f ageaotiry Nonchi^ance t^alaiiiquiDi Nonpareil Palatine Nothing,' Notice .. Nourish Nubile," Nuisance Nymph Oabib Obduracy Obdurate; Obedient Obeisance Obey Oblique Obloquy Obsequies Officiate Olio Omega Once Onion tTi:/ PaieUe palfrey Pall-MAll Palmy Palsy Paltry Panacea Panegjrrip Para<£ute parliament paroqu«et Pa^OKysm Parterre Partial Paschal Pasquinade Pasty Patent Patentee [patrol [patron Patronage Peasant Opaque Opposite Orchestral,, . , pedagogue Ordeal ,.i, Pelisse Ordinary ,;u. penguin Orgies r, ^ ^ pensile," Orifice Orison Orthoepy Osier Pacha Pageant Pentateuch People Perdue Peremptory Perfume Perquisite Per^made Peruke Peruse Pewter Phaeton Phalanx Phlegm PhcDnix Phosphorus Phthisic Phthisis Physic Physician Piety Pillion Pinion pinnace Picturesque Piebald Pigeon Pioneer Piquant Pique Piquet Pirouette Piteous Pitiable Plagiarism Plague Plnguyi-vr' Plaintiff Plebeian Plethoric Plethora,« Plover Plumber Plural Poignant Polemio - Police Polygon Poniard Pontine," Pontoon Porcelain Porpoise Portmanteaus Posse rM>? posy Poutiee A Precipice Prejudice Premier ^ Premise J presage ...J Prescience , ! Prestige - J Presumption J > Pristine f(t#*| Private,><* (Diiil Privy fy{?r.J Proceeds Jiff. J Profile jfriul Projectile uir J Prologue ^f*>:^T Promenade ill Promise jn^nl Pronotmce *vT Prorogue hT , Proselyte, «r;KT Prussian |o«jt;l f rusflic ' ul Psalm ;,J;hI Psalter ■ ' rj Pseudo fJ DnmOVLT AND IRRIOVLAR WORPS. 189 nrJ e- I'-d. ' lit. I ff, ■ • Ptisan Rapier • Pudding Rapine,*^ PueriloW Kaspberry Puisne Ratio Puissance Ration Puissant Ra ionnl Pumice Ravii»€ Puni]»ioii,*i Realm Puncheon Reason Purlieu Receipt Pui*8uivant Rece}>tac1e ^Recipe Quadrille Recondite Qualify Reconnoitre (Quality Recruit Quandary Recusant Quantity Redoubt Quarantine Relwarse Quarrel Relate Quarry Relative Quartz Rendezvous Quash Repartee Quaver Repertory Quernlous Reptile 1 Query Requiem Iv Question Requisite 1 Quinine Rescue Quoit Reservoir Quota Resign Quote Resignation Quotient Resin Respite Eadius Retinue Rajjfiut Revenue 1 Haillery Reverie 1 Kaisin Rhapsody 1 Rancour Rhetoric Rhetorical Sanguine Rheum Sapphire Rliomb Sarcenet Rhubarb Satellite Rhyme Satiety Ri<^d)teons Satire Rigid Satirical. Risible Satirist Rochet Satirize Roq^uelaure Satyr Rosin Saunter Rouge Sausage Rouleau Scallion JUnit Scallop Route Scene ^'outine Scenic Row Sceptic Uowel Sceptre RoMlock,'^ Schedule Rudiment Schism Rutiian Schismatic Ruse Scimitar Scirrhus Sabaoth Scissors Sabre Scourge Sacniment Screw Sacred Scutcheon Sacrifice Scythe Sagacious Secret Sagacity Secretary Saline Seignior Salique Senesclial Saliva Se'nnight Salmon < Sepulchre Saltpetre Seraglio Salve Sergeant Salver Sei-vile p3 130 DIFFIOULV AND IRRSOULAR WORDS. Sewer Sextile Shoe Sliough Siesta Sieve Si^n Signify Slaughter Sleight Slough Sloven Sluice Smoulder Sbiree,^' Sojourn Solace Solder Soldier Solemn Solemnize Soliloquy SoUtice Sombre Sonorous Sortie Souchong Sous Southerly Sovereign Spaniel Special Species Specify Specious Spectre Spinach Springe Springy Stalactite,!* Stalagmite Steppe Sterile Stipend Stipendiary Stomach Sttmacher Strophe Sturgeon Suanive Subaltern Sublunar Sublunary Subtile," Subtle Successor,® Sugar Suggest Suicide Suite Sumach Sumptuous Sure Surfeit,»<> Surf 'eon Surplice Suriout,*> Sword Synagogue Syncope Synonyme Tambour Tambourine Tapestry Tapioca Tapis Target Taunt,» Tenable Tenacious Tenacity Tenor TeiTace Tetrarch Textile Thames Theatre Theologian Theology Thorough Threepence Tissue Tontine Tortoise Tourniquet Toward Tragedian Tragedy Trait,«> Traverse Travesty Troubadour Unguent Unique Usquebaugh Vacillate Vaccine Vague Valet,* Variegate Vase Vaunt Vehicle Venison Verdigris Vermicelli Vermilion Vertebre Vertigo Victuals Victualler Vignette Virago Virtu Viscount Visor Vizier Volatile Wackb Wainscot Weapon Widgeon Wolf Woman Women Wound > Wrath Wry Yacht ^^^^^ Yeoman * ; Yolk .Mjt, Zenith Zoophyte I ! i C 131 f s Hi >ii 3 I er r 1 'i> it 9 ■,i,-p».-» i^y ^ 9 9 T n ^p- '9^ . ^> . 'ti.y .lipi '"*■ ■'■ if<> I te -^ A COLLECTION OF THE MOST DIFFICULT WORDS IN THE LANGUAGE, BO ARBANOKD AS TO AFFORD A PRAOTIOAL ■XIBOXBB Hi ^ PBOKUNOIATION A8 WILL AS IK BFjCLUNQ. [The following words, in roitAble nnmberi, ilionld be m- ■igned to tbe fmpiU oa aleuou in Prondmoiatiok, Spkllimo, and Explanation according to the plan recommended in page 12. Fur the more difficult or unusual worda they should refer to tlieir Diotionaries previous to the lesson. ^But in most oases it will be fcind that they will be able to |r expl;iin them, in their own language, with sufficient aoouracy, particuhtrly if they avail themselves of the assistance derir- able from the prefixes, affixhs, and roots,* with whieh they jhould be previously and perfectly acquainted.] x' r .( Abeyance Ache Acre Ague Alien Amiable Ancient,:,^. Apron Aqueous Arraign Ascertain re '». If, Champagne Chaos f'^Cbarade I Chasten Assay Avijiry ; Bayonet J, J. 3. iBear ^=.<|'' Bruzier ^'J j ^ Chicane Brocade .'j Clayey Brigade ^ » ',ntC^^0""^<^6 Caitiff •' .^Complacent iCaiipli '^ Contagious Cambric Convev Campaign Crayon Cater ^j .fjCutaneous Chaise ,/'i 'Dahlia Chamber! - Danger 'A Debonair J^ Deign J Dissuasive t E'er ^ ^^ Eight ^ Eighth X Emaciate Equator Ere Fane' ^ Farrago ,| Feign | Freight ,^ Gaiety ^f -•■■• m^y^^f * Pngc 145 to SOS inclusive. 1 The vowel sounds in the monosyllables, and the aeeenttd sylla- bles in the other words, have the long slender sound of a, as tn fate and paper. a 132 A COLLECTION OF THE MOST Gaol Gauge Great Gi'eiinde Halfpenny lialf pence Hureoraiued Heinous Hiatus Impair Inveigh Knavish Lair Hunger Masquerade Matroir Nasal Nay Ne'er Neigh Neighbour Obeisance Obey Occasion Opaque Parterre Pasty I'atriaroJi I'atent Patron Pear Persuatle Pnneton- ' Plagiarism Plague .L'vJ.'i. Plaguy Prairie Purveyor Quandary Quaint Rail Raiment Rain Raisin Ratio Reign Rein Sabre Satiate Scrape Scarce Seine Skein Weight Yea . (2) Almond Alnirt Archives Are Aunt M «■ Barque Bazaar Bravo'*** Calf Calm Catarrh Charlatan Charnel Chart Spontaneous Cigar '' Square Clarion Suasive Clerk Subterranean Daunt .' Oil Sleigh There Their Thev Trait Unfeigned Vague Vein Virago Wear Whey Where AVeigh Eclat Embalm ^ Fabric Facade Finance Flaunt Gargle Gauntlet Guard Guardian Guitar Half Harlequin Harpsichord Haunch Haunt Heart Hearth ,^_,- Hearken Hussar '^. ^ Jaundice, i I ..Jaunt istyfa vxjaunty 18alm 'f Psalmist Psalmody Qualm '•'' Rather ^f!|: Salve '*^*^ Saunter ^*f- Scarf ^W^„ Sergeant Spa k ' ^ The long Italiam sound of a, as in far and father. — See Note 1. )rd A ! >;:.■ ■t- ' ••', = fii '..' r /» '■ /'■■ e ? >, J It Jraught Aquatic Chasti semen t XCast iff Chastity Meckanio Aqueduct Aquiline Ascitic Aspkaltic Asihnia Asthmatic Avenue Average Bachelop Bade Balance Balcony ,,,^^ Biinqnet Basaltic Emphatic Enaitiour MolussQS Morasa8m iH Stomachiift' > Suavily Tacit Thatck Tkrash f Thwack Tobacco .«j Vacuum ,jij^ Wrap J Jill! (4.) ,a Alder -r Almanaa :i '4 Parallel ?HVOi^y#m . Pertinacity A^^^^iy^ ip'nanta^m App^l , < Phantoni Al*V^#^1^ ■"'acid A%j»&\ut iV-f aid i^ikwlfi^rt /'I iienxiji^tk? Jiuqie^o^i;.| Portijj^antea^ A\^pic^ Yi Quaff Auti;\m)\ •* Kaillery Ayir«i ' The short Italian sovind of a, as in faU and marry. — See Notel. * Tlie broad German sound of a, as in fall and water. — See Note 1. - - jifm'tym- i^t m m »i ia miv^ :;^ua "*' ' . . "Ir 1S4 ,Mm'A OOLLHOTION OF THE MOST i'jvi. AwkwiUTil Halt Awl Halter Bald Hauberk Balk Hau Balsam Haw Bashaw Haiiglitiness Basalt *^^?* Hyclraulics Bauble Instalment Bedaub intbral^ Bought LaWn ^rv- Brought Marauder Caldrou Maugre Calk Mawkish Oauglit Memoir Cauterize Naught Chalk i^is'f^ Naughty Crawl f'^'ii NaUseate Daub aiiii) Nauseous Daughter Nautical Dauphin Orchestre i Defaulter Ordeal v'' Devoir Orgies* •'' Endor-seinentOrphan Enormous Pacha^^^-*' Enthral Palsy Exhaust Paltiy*'^*^ Falchion Palter^*" '> False Paucity Falcottt Pawn Fault '^.^ ^ ' Porphyry Falter - Psalter Fraught Saucer Gaudy Saucine$s Gnaw '^^f Um^y*^^*^' Groat "^ Spald Scrawl ^' "^ Bequeath Shawl Bier • Slaughter Blaspheme Swarm Bohea Swarthy Bombardier ^^ Tar|»aulin Bombasin ^ ^ Taught"'^'^ Breathe^ *-^^ Thaw H>^*f Breeze ^^^^ Thought Brigadier ^^^ Thraldom Canteen ^^ Thwart Cap-a-pie -j Vault , Caprice y Vauut ^^' *• Capuchin ■■'^ ' Walnut Career Warble Cashier 'f ^ Warm ^*^«^^^ Cassino*^'^^ Water ^'^^ Cavalier ---^ Wrought Cavatina ^^ Yawn % Cazique '{* Ceiling 'f (6.) Chagrin Abstemious Chameleon Acetous Chandelier Achieve Cheese ^^ l**-^ • Achievement Chevalier ^♦^'" Allegiance Chief i*»^^A Allegro Chimera ■% Ambergris CochineaF^j: ' Antique Compeer *';J Appreciate Conceit * J* Arena Conceive ^^ Assignee Congeal ^-^^ Austere Contumelious Beacon^ *'^*^ Corypheus ]gelieye Crease « ; ^f * The long sound of e, as in me and Aen^.— See Note % ^ u.^ DIFnOULT WORDS IN THB LANOUAQBL 135 L ■ K \ ir '^ k k I Critique Cuirass Deceit Deceive Deitjr Denier Depreciate Deteriorate Deviate Devious Eager Eagle Eel Egregious Either Emir Empyrean Equal Era Ethereal Facetious Fascine Fatigue Feasible Fiend ^^^"^ Fiold^j-.. Fierce 4 , Financier Frequent Fusil Glacis Grief Grenadier ■ j»mi Grieve Guillotine Guarantee Hyena Hymeneal Imbecile Intrigue Invalid Inveifjle Irretrievable Knea4 League Leap ,tj Leisure Lever \IH\ l"\*r. fi f jit? ' 'f^. Lief fill ■->;:>: Liege ■-'■' Machine Machinery Machinist Magazine Marine Marquee Mausoleum Measles Mediocre Meteor Meter Metre ^f^^. Mien Moreen Nankin Neither Niece Oblique Obsequious Palanquin PeU88e;4,.4i^ Perceive People Piece Pierce Pier Piquant Pique Please Plebeian Police r%<^xi Preach Precedence Primeyal Profile Quarantine Quay '*)^f^n Queer Reason Receipt Receive Recitative Relief n^ Relieve r,|x, Relievo •'^ Remediable Reprieve Retrieve Routine Saltpetre Scene Scheme Screech Seignior Seize Shield Shriek Siege Species Specious Spermaceti Sphere Squeeze Subpoena Suite Thief t^^: Thieve Tierce Tontine Tureen Unwieldy n Valise Vehicle Wield Wreath Wreathe Yield Zebra (6.) Acceptable Acetic Acquiesce Address Again Against Ascetic * The short e, as ia met and mir.— See Note L f36 aoA A (^,ibis Epilogiie I^sode Epitaph Epoch Etdi ^'*^f[ Etiquette Exchequer Ezerescenee Feather Felon " Finesse Friend Gazette Gherkin Grisctte Grotesque Guess Guest Head Heather Heifer Prccipic^'^^'^ Quench j. Cjueruloui^^ ' Bealm Recipe '**^ Hemisphere Rehearse Heretne ~^ Jeeii)ardy Leant Learn Leaven * il-!' i Ledgei^ •*rT/' Leopard Lettuce Lieutenant Meado^v Kescne '^1 Reservoir -^^^ Retinue Revenue Rhetoric Said Saith Says ^^, >.,^ Sceptre '*'^i^i Schedule ^:^ ■Mi • Mechanism Se'imight '^Q Medley e->*.-i-K«* . » i Membrane Menace Messieurs Metaphor ' i .« " J ' T Sepulchre h^ Separate .'*! Sheriff, -i Special ^"'^^'} Spectre ' ! Mignonette > Specimen . i Necessary Steady '^ * Necessarily Stiletto Nephew ^ Suggest Nonpareil Sweat Pedagegne Tenant Pentateuch Tenet ^[^ Peremptorily Terraee *'.* Pheasant Tetrarch '^§ Phlegm Thames *!^ Phrensy Tread ^ Picturesque Twelfth Piquet Venison Plenteous Verdigris Plethora ^^ermrccUi ■a BIFFI^:^ WORDS IN TOB LANOVAGB. 13? Vertebra, / ; Decipher Might Veterii^ary Decisive Night Violoncello Diagram Nigh WainscoJ;, Dialogue Nitre Weapon/, Diaper Oblij?e ''M Vie Viscount Wight |Wind Writhe Be Abscmc ^Academician Wretch ,' . : „# 1 En vi ron ' ., : . ^.Primary Yes .., ^,i|o ^» >^e f ^^;;^rovi8o ;, j ; >iAcademici »7.«i.. 17.. ^...j^^Bhjrme^^ij^iAmphibious Antipodes ,| Avarice l^ye TAi «./ Banditti : BariUa Zealot \^^'-\ Fie Zenith \^. J,,. , Flight ;i;j.:3^Ilight^j,,,, Zephyr ;:j^.^^ Guide ,^, , J^ Bighteous Guise „„„:, Saliva A isle . . . I* .f ) Gyves ,,^.j; v. Satiety , • .. , f Biscuit Ally , Height,;,. .;i.Scyth§^,i^Briiidle Archives , Hie ^ ."^.-.J^^fiigk i\ . i^BaiU Assign ;:^^^r^ HoriEon ;^:^|Vi^gm ■ : i^Bniit ?^'g^' fstKi ^»"**® .i^iV^^^*^' ,,jj^Capitulate ' ii: Bright B*iy Oiiina Choir Cipher M Indict Spright f , ,»/Cedilla ^^^^ Indictment Sprightly 'Centrifugal iJK^d !"^^^ Island Isle Knidbt Tliym^ ,7/ 1 lf^t,|, Centripetal ^ ^;;^Chalybeate J f,;;y Chemist ., .^. , Chisel Climax ,v.,'ii Leviaihaa Title Condign Light Trifle Chrvsalif C1ir\-solite ■Tii> Child ^VH Lilac ijx Tripod ^".,,»j Cinque Chyle ^f '4 Lyre „ ,f., / Tyrant u.xf Circuit Die Malign -,„^Type Cluneal 7 The long diphthongal sound of i, as in pint and title.—' 6ee Note 1. < The short jim^e i, as in j^iit Juid4§tf2c.— Se« Not« L 138 A OOLL^mON OF THS MOST ■SI Commiserate Conciliatory Contiguous Criticism Crystal Cuisse Cynic Decision Delineate Delirium Disit Pilatoriness Dingy Diphthong Dishabille Dissonant Dissyllable Distich Dynasty Dysentery Eclipse Electricity Elicit Explicit Eznilarate Fastidious Gimp Gist Giye Glimpse Guilt Guinea Hiccough Hideous Hymn Hypocrite Hyssop Illicit Implicit Initial Initiate Invidious Isthmus Jonquille Kiln Liquefy Lineament Linguist LinlYi Live-long Lizard ' Lyric Piteous Pusillanimity Quadrille Quilt lleminiscence Rescind Risible Schism Scissors Sickle Sieve Solicit Soliloquy Supercilious Switch Sycamore Sycophant Metaphysics Synagogue Mezzotint o Syringe Miniature Ubiquity Miscellany Victuals Mischief ' Victualler Mischjjevous Vicissitude Mistletoe Myrrh Myrtle Mystic Niche Kymph Vitriol Vineyard Widgeon Witticism Women Wring Opinionative Wrist panegyrist Paralytic (9.) Pavilion Anchovy Phthisic Apropos Pigeon Aroma Beau ' Boatswain Bourn Bowl Bowsprit Broach Brogue Bureau Cajole Chorus Clothes Cocoa Cony Corridor Corporeal Corps ^ Coulter ;* Course Court ^^-f Crosier Decorous : Diploma ^i Disembogueti Door 'm Dough m Droli ^^^f J Encore^'; '^y Envelope' * Erroneous \ Floor . ,4 Foe -'% Folk ^^^ Four '^ Fourth %: ^ The long o|«li ^ as in no and »ol<^— See Note ll DIPHOULT W0BD8 BS TH9 LANOUAOB. ISft, ''fn-fi'i ) Ohoflt Gourd Hautboy Hoax Hoe Hosier Schdiium Scroll Sew Sewer Shewbread Shoulder Hydrophobia Sojourn Knoll Loath Loathe Macaironi Morone Mould Moult Mourn am SoMier Sombre Sonorous Soul Source Sword .^;,TllOUgh Throe r jltflA/ Negotiatej..^,Toe Ocean ^ * * ^''^" Ochre Orthoepy Osier Own Parochial Parole Patrol Pony Porcelain Poulterer Poultice . Pour Prorogue iv^ ff Toward Towards W^ Worn Vogue Yolk Yeoman (10.) Accoucheur Accoutre Accrue AthYiiiie Knot ^^''' ^nowled^e Laudanum Laurel Logarithm X»ough Lozenge ' Mahogany t r Mnefiicrhic!} Mortgage Mosque Motley Obkqwy Obsequies diarchy Orcnestre Ostrieh Slabber'"''''^ Solemn Sophism r Squab li Squabble "^iiv Squad i* Sqitadroife ^li Squalid^""^^ FhilauthroticSwab ^*''^'!^ phonic ' SwacWle*^;^^ff Phraseology Swallow. ' ,*: Physiognomy Swamps ''"'; PoniarS : Swan^'^'^f Posthumous Swap ^''"''^ process proceeds prognostic Fpolor'/.y Duteous Endue ;.,,^v Eschew Eucharist Euphony Juice .mI^ Comely ' ' Gunwale uk^dS Lieu voK/ Conduit Honey "'■' Mucous If //Courage „i ..Housewife i Neuter '^ " / Couple ' ■ •* '' Hurricane Nuisance Courteous Jouniey 1p^ Pewter v^fj-ilU'ourtesy Love trriE Pseudo,wCoveE7iiV/lij|j Lustre iiiuB Puisne Puny 'arfol Covetous iWivl Covey Sue J-.'/ioiC Cozen Suit ti^ofi Crumb Suitor ^ ^^^Cupboard Sulphiireous Currier :^' Sure Curvet Surety Defunct Tutelary Demur View : ^^^[fiDirty (13.) Affront. *;, Attorney > Blood Bludgeon Monday j Mongrel Monk .;c Monkey , .fT Month fOilT '^^•f'''»None irtyf- ; Nothing ffu?r 'Numb Onion T ihf mother T f^d?'Disc()mfit Oven aw# Double Plumb Dove ,,,^, Pommel Dozen ' Pulse Dromedary Puncheon Ducat Purlieu 1' The long diphthongal sound of «, as in tule and Cupid, •— See Note-.l. ■ -^:usi iifii'l" .^"sj5voA,Vdt:*S' • M'^yi^ft ^^ The short simple u, as in tub and cup,— See Note 1. i i I ' i ! ' 143 MO0T DiFfioni;T words in thb lanouagb. Pursuivant Worse Pulley Flower Rough Word Pulpit Push Gout Scourge Work Grouse ; Scullion Worth Puss Howl Scutcheon Young Put Lounge . Shovel Should Owl ■t Slough (14.) Su^'ar Plough i' Some Ambush Wolf Pouch •h Son Bosom Would Powder 4 Southward Bouquet Power ^Aftt, Southerly Bull (16.) Proud ;^ '.'""■"'■If' Soulhwark Bullet Allow Prowl Sovereign Bullion Avouch Redound * Sponge Stomach Bully Avow Renown I.. Bulletin Bough Rout ;:3ril Sturgeon Subaltern Bullock Brow Scour ^n^S. Bulrush Browse* {'' Scout .>'4.- Subtile Bulwark Carouse Scowl r Subtle Bush i*«>''- Couch Scoundrel C Surfeit Bushel Cowl Shower ty:l Surgeon Butcher Crouch Slough uO Thirsty Could iiiK. Dowry Thou ■hM- Thorough Cuckoo Doubt Towel -i^iiip^l Ton Cushion Doiighty Tower 4d} Tongue Touch Full Drought Trousers ■■''^ Fuller Drowsy Trowel ■ r. Tough I^udding Endow "-' Vouch v Trouble Pull Espouse Vow ■iM Wont Pullet \?owl Vowel s s 1^ The middle or obtuse sound of u, as in hull and pulpit ; an intermediate Hound between dull and pool^ or wocl and tooo.— See Note 1. ^^ As the diphthong ot« in count. This is the general sound of Ott, but it has no less than six others ; as in rough, through, though, cough, Sihought, and could. The diphthong ow (another form of ou) is sounded either M Ott in countf or as ou m though. The former is its general sound. ( 143 ) ETYMOLOGY. The difficulties which young persons have to contend with in learning the meaning of words have been noticed in a preceding part of this book.^ We shall now merely add, that the easiest and most effectual method of acquiring a knowledge of what may be called the difficult words of our' language, is, to learn the comparatively few roots from which they are derived, and the prefixes and AFFIXES which vary and modify their meaning. In tliis way the pupils learn with greater ease, and recollect with greater certainty whole famiues of words, in less time perhaps than it would take them to learn the meaning of an equal number of single and unconnected terms; which, as they are not connected by any principle of association, soon escape from the memory, even after the labour of much repetition. In short, under the old way, as it is called, the pupil fished with a hook, and drew in, at most, but one word at a time ; but under the system here recommended, he uses a net, and at ono^ cast draws in a whole multitude of words. DERIVATION. Derivation is that part of Etymology which treats of the origin and primary signification of words. Words are either Primitive or Derivative. A primi- TIVB word canuot be reduced or traced to any simple 1 See page 54, alio page 16. i .-jktf tfl'-i 144 PRBFIXBS AND AFFIXES. "word in the lan^ua^e ; as manj good, PrimitiTe words, from >vhicli derivatives are formed, are called roots. A DERIVATIVE Word can be reduced or traced to another in the language of greater simplicity ; as manlify manliness/ goodly^ goodness. Derivative words are foriiied from their primitives in three ways. — 1. By the addition of letters or syl- laUles. 2. Bv the omission of letters or contraction. 3. By the iiiterc)iange of equivalent or kindred letters. All words having prefixes or affixes, or both, are examples of the first process. All words which undergo wliat grammarians call aphaeresis, syncope^ or apocopej^ are examples of the second process of derivation. For examples of the third process, see the words under the head of »* Eiij^'lish Etymologies" (page 209). The meaning of a word is either primary or second- ary. The primary meaning of a word js that in which it 'Wiid first or originally applied. .: ,.,./; ^ A word can have but one primary, l>ut it may have several secondary meanings. Though in several in- stances the primary meaning of a word has been lost, or is no longer in u^e, yet in general it will be found to pervade all its secondary or figurative applications. \ Many words consi«!ered as primitives or roots in- English, are derivatives fix>m the Latin, Greek, and other lan.i^uages. To the Latin language, in particular,; the English is indebted for a large portion of its vo- , cahuhiry. In proof of this the reader is referred to the imthoT'd Dictionary of Detivution 8. ""^ A PRUFix is a significant particle, generally an in- separable ]>repositian, prefioced to a word to vary or modify its signification ; as un in unjust, mis in mistake. An AFFIX or TimMiKATiON IS a significant particle or syllable added to a word to vary or modify its meaning , as/{^/ in harmfulf less in harmless. ^ Aphneresis takes from the beginning of a word, syneope froui the middle, and apocope from the end. PRBnXBS AOT) AmXXSL 145 \ T- 1^ LATIN PREFIXES. A« ab,^ abl, /rom or away ; as avert, to turn from ; aftsolvef to free from ; abstain, to hold nr keep from. Ad, to ; as advert, to turn to ; adverb, (a part of speech added) to a ret*&» J^ote.— For the sake of eupliony, the final letter of a preposition in composition usually aAi&unieg tlie form of the initial letter of the word to wliioh it is prefixed. 'J'hus AD becomes AC, hs in accede ; /.F, as in a/fix ; AO, as in aggression ; al, as in a/lude ; ait, a*; in anuounce ; AP, AS ill apply ; AR, as in arroga\te ; as, as in a«seut ; aud AT, as In attract. ^^ ^j ., ;^i > Amb or Ambi, ahovi or around ; as atii5ient, going round or about. See the Greek Prefix Amphi. Ante,^ before; as an^edent, going before. See the Greek Prefix ArUL Bis, bi, two ; as bisect, to cut or divide into two ; biped, a , liTo-footed animal. %^y „,, 'tq Circum, circu, about or around; as ctreiimjacent, lying around ; circulate, to carry round. Cis, on thii side; as ct^alpine, on this side the Alps. CSon, with or together ; as condole, to grieve with; concourse, a running toyether. , * . v ; ^ : >* Note. — For the sake of euphony, CON becomes co, as in coheir ; coo, as in co.viiate ; col, as in collect ; COM, as in coiitpreiis; and COB, as in co/'respond. See note under Ad. Contra, against ; as contradict, to speak against, or to the contrary. Contra sometimes takes the form of Counter, as in coun^'act, to act or work against. Be, doum, from, of, or concerning ; as descend, to come doicn ; deduct, to take from ; depart, to part from ; de- scribe, to write of or concerning. Bis, di, asunder, apart, or separated from, (and hence its negative force) not ; as dt«join, dismember, displease. E,^ ex, out of, beyond ; as emit, to send out ; eject, to cast ^ oust of ; esetend, to stretch out ; eax;lude, to shut out of ; exceed, to go beyond. ' 1 ^6 is the original form— fi-om the Greek Prefix Apo {Ap*), t > Ante.—ln Anticipate the e has been comipted into t. * ir.— The original iorm is Hx^iriom the Greek Prefix SkorJSx, . G ^ !;( 146 FBIFIX18 AND AFFUBB. J!foU,^ln eompoflition, iz if obanged into BO, m in €ceentrio ; IP, m in e/faoe ; and II4, aa in elli^ae, fike note under Ad. lixtra,' oui, beyond; as esr^mordinary, hqfo«i8cript, written after. FnB, before ; as precede, to go before ; |>r0dict, to /oretell. Pros is auother form of Pro. Preter, beyond or po the (^reek Prefix Pro. Se, btuJs or again ; as revert, to turn bach; inform, to form again, to remodel, to improve. Betvo, backwat'd ; as retrospect, a looking backward or on the past. Se, aside or apart ; as secede, to go apart or withdraw from. Sine, without ; as sinecure {withmU care or duty). 1 Extra is derived from ax, and the termination (foti) tra, 1 from Ik. Compare, also^ the fwrmation of /i0-« and Supra, i/n(r«. PBBnxn AMD AmZM. 147 ..^ •*■.. 8ab» under ; m Miiwribe, to write under ; fwdiemneMi, f Wider ground ; m^lunary, under the moon. Note. — In componition, sUB becomes sue, m in sucettd ; sor, ni in mffer ; suo, hi in tuf/gest; 8UP, ui in tapprtu ; and SUB, fin in iusytemi. See note under Ad, Coif , and Ob. Bnbter, under ; as subterfuge (a flying under or beneath). Super,* abort or orcr ; as «u/>frnnmerarv, (tbove the number. Trans, beyond ; as tran«port, to carry beyond. Ultra, beyond; as uZtramarine and uZtramontane. ■''* GREEK PllEFIXES. A,' not or without; as apathy, i9tt^ot(< {pathoe) feeling; abyss, without a bottom.' *»^\»* Amphi, about, on both aidet ; as ampAitheatre, a theatre with seats about or circular ; amj^Atbious, living in both^ that is, either in land or water. Ana* again or back ; as anabaptism, that is, baptism a^^atn • or a second time ; analyze, to resolve or loose (into the ^ component parts) again; aiiachvonism (dated ba^k or Iter than the occurrence), an error in chronology. Amti, oppoeite to, in opposition to, against ; as iln^arctic, opposite to the Arctic (circle) ; antagonist, one who con- tends against another; antidote, something given agaifistt or to counteract. Apo, from or away ; as apostle (sent from), a mibsionart ; apostate, one who stands /rom or abandons his profession or party ; apology, a word or discourse from^ an excuse or justification. Before an aspirated vowel, apo becomes opA ; as in aphelion and ^|>^aeresiR. Auto, self; as anagraph, self-written (as "an autograph letter from the Queen '') ; autobiography, a biography or ' history of one's sdf, . . Cata, down; as cataract, a water /o^. - • ; ' J ■' * Super. — Hence sur (through the French) ; as in xurbase, above the base ; surtont, over all ; surmount, surpass, ke. * A. — Before a vowel, a becomes an ; as anarchy, without government ; anonymous, without a name. * "The dark, unbottomed, infinite abyss,"— Milton, 02 1 I 'I 'Hi! U8 FBIFIXSS AND AFW1XSB. Dia, ihroujgh; m diameter, a, line* passing thrumgfh ihfi middle ; (diagonal, a line passing through a parallelogram from one angle to the opposite ; eZtologne, a discourse (passing from one side to the other) between two. Ek, eXifiH^n or out of; as «deotio, selected from; ecstasy (standing out of), transport or rapture. En (em), in or on; as ^ndemie, in or among the peo 1(5% emphasis, force or stress laid on a word or words in \ iti^ nunciation. , Epi, upon^ ony over, to; sa epidemic, upon the people, or ver3f^ prevalent ; e/'tlogue, a word or speech upon^ or immedi.. ately after, the play ; <;ptstle, a writing sent to, a letter. Hyper, above ; as A///«eroritica1, over critical. Hypo, under; as A^pocrite, one who keeps under or conceaUi his real sentiments ; hyphen, a mark used to bring two words <>r syllables under or into one, • rn A. Meta, beyond ; as »ietopbor, a carrying of, or applying, a word beyond its proper meaning. nt^r^mk^ ^hi mm Para, beside, from; as jTaragraph, a writing 5e9i(^; paraJS^ beside athy (compassion). >>-*•' EI9GLISH OR SAXON PREFIXES. m*t 1 », .-.■♦■+*.{ - A, at, to, or on; as afield,' that is, at or to the field ; afoot^ on foot ; crboard, on board ; ashwe, on shore. ^. Be has usually an intensive signification, as 6ewail, 6espread^''^ frehold, 5esprinkle. In ^ecause^ 6efore, 6eside, and a few other words, it is another form of by. ;». 1 '* How Jocund did they drive their team afield,^ •4: FfiintlttS MS(t^ AVtlXES*' I4tf •>*». »^ ■' *t f En, on,' til 6r ini&; tdekrtAy emhhlm ; a||«| to mdb^ uW" enable, mlarge, embark^ empower. ^'^ifT: Tatf negmtive or |}m'«tn*e/ as /o» Jiv7j{ able, ht cur ai^? to be carried ; defensit^, that which can ~. or ia od^e to >tf^ Ary, implies pertaining to, or one who is what the wor4^ to which it is attached signifies ; as military, adversary; missionary. ^^.^.^ Ary, ery, or ory, implies also a set or collection of ; as library, aviary ; nursery^ rookery« kna vcry^ cooke;^; re-; pository, dormitory. Ate, in some cases, signifies to niahe; as renovate, invigQr-> (Utf al)l>reviate.* rf:?»j«.?f ^ s^lt Dom, implies andoned). dArling {litUedear)^ under- ; tin^f worldling ; particife, satchel, pocket, hilloeil*. Like or ly, denotes likeness or imilitude ; as god^ilv or g6dlif, gentlemanifiX;e or gentleman/^y. Meirii, implies the act or doing of ; state of ; as aoknow- ledgAient, contentment. KesB,^ denotes the prominent or distinguishing qualities ; f slate or quality of being; as goodnest, gresXneiSi white* ^ ■ new, happiness. ^ Ose, denotes full of ; as verbose, full of Vfords. > >. ..ynh } Nett properly means a promontory; ss LangneM, iho JTaze, &o. The root is the Latin nosus, the nose. : . .^.^^ .^ Iljl III Hi 1«2 LATIK AND QRBBK SOOTS. Oni» implies having or conaisting of ; as dungeraut, btiliMM^t ambitious. See Acsous. I lok,^ implies rule or jurisdiction ; as bishopricib. fihip,^ denotes office, state, or condition ; as chancellorfAip, lordship, fellowship, friendxAijp. Some, denotes some of, or in tome degree ; as tvoubletoou; ▼entureMnMi, qviairel«om€, Yundsome. Tide, denotes Hm£ or event ; as nootitide, 'Whltflun^uZe. Tttde, ity, or ty, implies being or state of being ; as grati- - tude, mvLliUude, forti^ucfe; ahUity, adversity/ novelty, anxiety, htmesty, liberty. 'Wardt means turned or in the direction of ; sm toward (tum«c2to), fori«anI(/oreward), backu-arc^. i Tire, implies dmng or being ; state or condition ; as manu« facture, captttre, Scripture', exposure, displeasiire. T, implies having or abounding ii^ ; as (stone) stony^ \ (wealth) wealthy, (wood) woody. ' LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS,* -^^f 70 8B TBACEB THROUaH DHBIA ENOLISH DBRIVATIVEa. After the preceding Peistixes and Affixes Hmve been thoroughly learned by the pupils, they should be accustomed to point them out as they occur la their reading lessons till they become quite fami- liar with their ordinary meanings. They should also be required to apply them to any root the teacher may choose to assign. Tlie following boots I M l I I , ■ ■ I ■ I I ll-i , < t^f * R%ck» — The root is the Latin r^n, to rule or govern. ^ ; rt Ship properly means the shapeor form (as in laudacope, for iand«Aa^),and hen«e, theproodnentordistinguisbingquHlity;. 3 Latin And Greek words are pronounced like En^ish, that 18, generally speaking, with the accent on the first syllable. The exceptions from this rule will he noted as they occur; and it should be kept in mind that e final m Latin and Greek Words is pronounced, and not silent, as in English ; as in the words maltt simiU, stt^pM,, ^pdUmi, ice — See pajfe 118. Limr A'sm ORinslt rootsl I5S ivill supply both the teacher and pupils with ample materials for such exercises, tlie great utility of -which no peraon can doubt They might, ii^^|%ct^ be called Lessons ON Lanqu AGE. THE rOLIOWINa BOOTS ABE TRACED AS EXAMPLES. i Cap,i oapt, oepi, eip, to toit-e^ holdy or contain. Henoe^ mpahle^ aMe, int fit to take or hold, equal or adequate to ; incapable, not capable ; eajp&bility, ability w poiver of taJnnff^ adequateness; oapableness; captydmm (that can take or hold much), large ; eoplious (dispoeed to take or start objections to, or to find fault), peevish, morose ; captioasn&x, a disposir tion to be captious; cwpliTe, a person taken or captured in war ; captivity, the state ci a captive; eoptivata (to take captiv€% to subdue by f )lwe,atoj(;in|^, a prize; accept (to take io, tc., one' b^ self), to receive ; ace«pler, the person whoacceptb ; ac€«/>tab)ey fit or worthy of heingaecqjied; acccplableness, acceptability, acc0^ation ; anticipate, to take bt^'anhand ; anticipation ; conceive (through the French); conception; deceive;^ de- ception, deceplive ; except, to tale out of or from ; exi^epbion ; ineepdve, takvng in (aaa> commencement); intercept (to laile between) f to stop or obstruct ; participate, to lake apart tn, to share with : participle, a part of speech participating, sc. ia the qualitiesof bothaverbandanadjective; perception, the act of *' * Cap^ &c.— From CiiKO, to take or hold ; captus, taken. Iii composition, cipio, ceptus. Caf>io literally metKna I take, but it is mncb better to Etigli»h Latin and Greek verbs in a general way (that is, by the ^?^N«tt«te^ moodi), than togive tho exaet translation, which, witb ))er8aiM»ignorantof the learned languages, seems to limit tlieir meRnhig to tke first person singular, pi'eseot tense. Besides it is ridiculous to hear ohil- dren calling out "penc/eo, I hang;" *^'ecedo^ 1 kill," ko., ka, 2 i>eeei{«isdorived, through the French^ fromrfecipi^v which literally roeaus to takefi*onL To trace out and aeoouiiit for tho peculiar force, and (appArentIy)di£ferentmeannigs«')f preposi- tions in composi li4m,oonstitYite& the chief difficu Ity in the Latin language, we must not therefore expect to be able, m everj case, to detect and explain their proper and peculiar force* IM uifiir Axm «BU» ifoom (|i9|»Nii ^rpi^M poroelYiiigs peroi^bkt imp^tfctptm^ reogstade, reckon, receipt; redf«(takethoti); snM^ue (that may bf( taken or subdoed by), sabjeet ttft^. (^ to give lip ; ceiiion, a giving njf^; cetm^im, a giving tif^ pr teating ; etoM^ to s^ve i^ or ftc^ ; acceiie (admfe), (to go or yield ^ «c« a proposalU to comply with ; apce«|i a g^if^ ^t approach or admurion to ; acccttoble (that maybe gbnd to), easy oi aeoeee ; accoiioti, aoeetiairy, acMHoiy igmng io)^ helmng or abetting ; antececleiit, going b^ore; ccmeede (tofo mitkh to'oomply with or agree to ; wncemo^ * g*^iny «^!or irleldinff ; exce0c2, to po above or AbimmM; exceii^ ex<^ye ; anterceae (to^fteeieeea), to mediate; interooMipn rpre^xc^^ g» before; prescient (an example V goin^ brfore; prooeec^ to ^/Mrpirci/proceMion; proeeMi something ^n^onooffci or da ; proeetAiie ; recede^ iogo backi teeeu; Mcede^ po go apart; seMoer, a person who $eeede8 ; wnoeeed^ U^ go up to or afiw, to folkiw (to go up to oar wishes or object), to prosper ; sueis^ sikseewful^ unsueceMful ; sueoeition, sucortaive (following after); demes after ; anceirtor (for antecetiov), one who goei before. PUM,^ daet^ to lead or bring, IhUee, a leader) dukedom, ■the dominion or territory of a dvke ; dueal ; dicca^ (a coin, so oallad because issued by a reigning dnke-^tm olir coin; a sovereign) } d«^ile,/e or cUtU to be led; dmetiJlty '^al^uctida, a leading from or away; adduce, to bring to or forward ; con- j^ee^ to .bring with, to help or promote;^ cpn^tec^ble, cpn- aiidve; conduct, to lead with, to guide; conctuctor; conduit, a' pipe for conducting, te. water — an AQ^toucT ; deduce, to lead or bring from; deduction, dedwdble ; ednpoi io bring out; eilMcatei to lead or bring up; eefueation ; induee^.io bring in or &»; induoflnent, ineCucdon ; introduce, to h^ng to vt^n, hitpodtftf^on ; introductory ; prodiccc; to brinif firth or for- ward ; product, production, pibductive, c^lo produce; ietduCe, ntdtiction, seduce, 8edu i>ttce, duct.— From Dwo, to lead; ductus, led, ir > \ hkiinr aW Q^mt. BOOTS. US "J'f > im^^ to throw or etuL Hence, tAiftei, cast from tr mottjf; •djiwfive, oast to or added $ con/eetore, a casting (oar tbo^ts) together; dejected^ east dmm ; e^, to castoift/ tMffoi^ bur eyeif i ohje^r; a perton objecting ; o5- ^jK^onibl^^ that maif or can be objected to ; unoli/'^ionable, ; bq^0^ye; frqjeet, to caqt or shoot forward; prq^ion f pro- jeetoTf »jMrsp}i projecting or designing; prqiVedle (Hi or d&), that wh4>|i can be ea9t forward, a body pnt in motion ; nje^ rejMion, 'to eaat back or refnse ; Bulyeett tnkijeetUm, oast uii«{er, in the dominion or power of, fto. Port,' to bear or carry. Port, bearing or carriage ; porter, a cf^rUr; portable, fit or aUe to be carried; portmmatetM (for carrying a memitle or o^ool;) ; |)o»'tfolio (for cairrgingi a ^O^io) ; oomporf, coni|»ortoient ; deport, deportment (the fanner of QondHCting or demeaning one's self) ; eaaport, to carry otA; exportation ; import, to carry into, to imply or mean, to-be of imt>orianee, in»;Wtation, important (eorrying tn^)/ of consequence ; purpoi't (to 6car/oncarc{), to in^rt or mean; report, a carrying back, sc of noise (as the report of a gun) or news ; reporter ; support, to carry or bear undtTt to assist or uphold; supporter ; transport, to can^yltyond, «f. the seas, or ourselves ; transportation, &c. FMas, io force or urge. Frees, a frame or case in which elotiies, &c., are kept in presf, or when folded up ; also, the machine used for printing; or impreuing ^o paper with the typea; and figuratively, the term has been applied to prlntiiig, aind in an especial manne. to newspaper printing. Hence the terms, " liberty of the press," '* licentiousness of the prem,''* ** gentlemen of thb pr«M ; " the press-gang (per- sons oonuniff^ned in war times to prcsf or force mariners to serre in the navy). Apreu-bed folds or shuts up in the form of n preHi; etpresf, is to Tpress out or utter our thoughts ; also; to send ont o/nMspeedUy or speciaUy; whence the term ^ •Tect^'— From jacio^ to 6Mt or throw; JECTtJS, cojt, or th-own, * Port.— -From FOBTO, to carry ; portattjb, carried, '" \ •'" I 116 LATIK BQTio the fevr hundred Latin roots contained in this list we 'owe ai larfs portion of tko vocabulary <)€ o«r language. The DsmvATi^sS given here are only a iK»rtion of tlie Sugliidi words whieh «re dexaiifd. iroo^ tbeni.^ < .See the aote mhipk follows. ■. .n.^-*;';n*;..vi-ir;:« >■>>.) ■ .v-'>n uci't ^, Acute. —"Renct acuJtelft^ a^utenesfy ac In. general, only ai;b1i DfiBl7Atrv£8 asare PRiMlTiVBii in our languafl^ are given b^re. iit wiijl be easy for the puplU, under the coirrecttcn of the teacher, to i^i^^ tlve other words Avliich are formed from them by means of PBfflifxiiS and AFFlXgS ; with which they are now supposed to be perfectly faiiiili:ur.--See the observa- iiioBS on this subject^ )iagel53; .>, 4 : Ea4Jf^,rrrV^^]m^ Ob¥iotts derivations are explained in the Ai|^%f»^'a i>M:^«a?J^ o/i^«>'ivfl| c»rdle like.« nipping a^n1r. T>ia lr4«wed f Urill be iggeiied, mngent: ftoetoas, 9,acate^' y, equal, * H I i« II I I, 18 list we %t. The Siiglisli te wliioh rnl, enly Eire (pven ection of led from lich they obterva* ed in tlie sberend Ilia wordj ^nroii\ equality, eqiutliee, equifkioii, ecraktmr, eqmlotld^ i^iit. angular, equidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equltKUi, equfaKKtial, equit«hle» equivakni equivocal, eqtrivwal^, equivocation, equivocator, adequacy, adequate, co-equal, iaacbKiuate, inadequacy. Inequality, tiiiquity, iniquitous unequal, nneuuailed, unequiTiMsal, oe. • m4|^, a field, land. Agrarian, agricultural, agriimltUre, agrieblturist, pevegrinalion, pllgito,^ pil^riinaipe^ &a Ago (actnajk^ to do or act. Agent, agency, i§ih», agill^i act, avsiive, activity^ actor, aotreeg, aetiian, aotioimlJ«VMitbal, aotuavy^ actuate^ cogenit^^ eogei^ey, oounteraiet, €«aet«' «iiaot* ment, exact, exaction, exi^ence/exigency, exigent, inaction, inactive, inactivity, oi^tcntcftyr^'acty'Te^aotion, re-enaql^ trans- act, transaction, &c Also (jfroni its frequentative Agitc^ to^dtive^ to stir up, or excite), agitate, agitation, agitator, cogitate cogitation, &c. Hence, alsQ, navigable,'^ navigate^ naviga^on, navigator, circnmnax igatc^ &c. , A Alius, another : AliSnui^ belonging to another, foreign. Alien, afienable, alienate, alienation, aliquant, &o. ' Alo, to nourish, to grow. Aliment, alimental, aliuientai]r» alimony, aktmnus, coalesce^ coalition, tScc. Alter, another. Alter, alterant, alteration, alterative, altercate,' altercation^ alternate, alternation, alternative, adulteration, subaltern, unalteraUe, Ac. Altua, high, lofty. Altitude, alto-relievo, exfJt,^o. AmbaU>, to wallc, to pace. Amble, amblinKiy, ambu- lance, perambulate, perambulation, perambulator^ 4^c. AlBO ttad or ctmduet. '-'"^ u.r.:-.,,^ -'*,:-: ^ ^ ^ni »■v^,^■^^^tvj' * Altercate i» to asseii {utiwHw^ ktether or a different thing ; and hence to contmdict, to dispute, to wrangle. ^ Enemy f EwwUy,-r-^\\^ pMt eii in these wbrds (which we derive through the French) jrepreseuts the La^ prefix in its nfya£iv« sense. See In, page 146. 1S8 LATIN ROOTB. Am]^i% iMge, wide, full Ample, Amply, amplify, AtnpU- fioftUon, Mnpliiiide, ko. iAfttlvt, a oorner, an angle.' Angle, angnlar, angularity, quadrangle, reotanglc, triangle, 9lc. Apjma, breath, iipirit, life. Animate, animated, anima* v tion, animal, animalcule, inanimate, re-animate, Ae. Allitwui, the mind. Animadvert, animadvenrion, ani- mosity, eauanimity, magnanimity, maffnanimous, puaiUani* mity, punllanimout, unanimity, unanimous, &e. - Aaaxm, a ye&r. Anaak, anniversary, annual, annuity, an- nuitant, biennial, triennial, septennial, perennial,millennium, superannuate, fto. .\ Antlquvf, old, ancient. Antiquary, antiquarian, antl« quated, antique, antiquity, ancient, antic,* ^, Apllli, fit, apt, meet Apt, aptitude, adapt, adaptation, inaptitude, inept, ineptitude, unapt, attitude,'' &o. Aqua, water. Aquatic, aqueous, aquarius, aquafortis, aqua-marina, aqua- vitas, aqueduct, terraqueous, kc Arbiter, an umpire or judge. Arbitrate^ arbitration, arbi* trator, arbitrary^ &o. '^, , Ardeo (arsus), to bum. Ardent, ardently, ardency, ardour, arson, &c. Anna, arms. To arm, arms, army, armour, armorial, armory, armament, armistice, disarm, disarmed, unarmed, alarm,* armada, annadiUo, &c. An (artis),' an art, skill Art, artful, artless, artisan, artist, artifice, artificer, artificial, kc Audio (auditus), to hear. Audible, audience, audit, auditor, auditorship, auditory, inaudible, &;c. Augeo(auctus), to increase. Augment,auction,^auctioneeiv ^ Angle is from the Qreek (a^KvXot) anguhtj curved or bent. The root is (aykiap) angkdnt the SLBOW, that is. the 6010 or bend of the ell (ulna), or arm. ' AUitude is through the Italian aUUvdine^ from the Latin aptitudo. The posture or position best adaji^d to display the beauty or graces of a painting or statue is expressed by this word. * Art (arft«).^See note on Adut, page 157» ^ ^ ^iiceion.~BeoauBe the price goes on inertating till the •ale is effected. LATnv / 159 Mher,* mMtmim, ftuihorfty, MthoriUliT^ noAuthorlsed, BacdWf, tb« god of wine, wfaie^ roToliy. BacoIiada], ImooIimiaIUii, d«bftqeh, dobauoherj, ke, Bailwnii, rude, MV4ge. Barbcuroai, iMurbMriaii, hmt- iMurity, bMrbMrio, biurbAniiii, BMrbAry, Ymrh,* fto. Biiltti, happy, bl«Hed. Boatif j, besliflo, beAtiiiide, Jte. BtlhuiL war. Belligerent, rebel, rebeUion, rebellious, rebellioosiy, Ac BeiM, well, good. Benediction, benefaction, benefactor, benefactrees, benefice, beneficed, beneficial, benefit, bene- Tolenoe, benevolent, beniion, nnbenefioed, ke. MbO, to drink. Bibulous^ imbibe^ wine-bibber, ke. Bis, Bi, twice, two. Biscuit,' bidental, biennial, bifur- cated, bigamy, bilinguous, biped, bisect, bivalve, kc Boavt, good. A KMius, boon,* bounty, bounteous, boun* teously. bountiful, bountifully, &c. Bflfril, short, brief. Brevity, breviary, breve, brevet, brief, abbreviation, abridge, abridgment, kc Bnitm, brute, senseless. Brute, brutalj brutality, bru- taliie, brutify, brutish, Brutus, kc Oado^ (casus), to fall out or happen. Cadence, cadency, cadent, cascade, case, casual, casualty, casuist, casuistieal, casuistry, accidence, accident, accidental, coincide, coinci- dence, coincident, decadence, decay, deciduous, incident, incidental, occasion, occasional, Occident, chance,* kc Ctedo * (csBsus), to cut, to kill. Decide, decision, decisive, concise, conciseness, excise, excision, incision, incisor, inde- cision, precise, precis eness, precision, fratricide, homicide, matricide, parricide, regicide, suicide, suicidal, undecided, undevisive, unexcised, vaticide, kc, Calonltti, a small stone or pebble. Calculate, calcula- tion, incalculable, miscalculate,. causey,* kc * -iirfAor.— Properly, one who inereates, generates, or pro^- duces any thing. 2 Barwry. — Thisname was given by the Romansto the coun- tries along the northern coast of Africa. Barb is properly a J3Ar6ar^ horse : but barb, as of an arrow, is from barba, a beard. 3 BUeuiti that, is, twu^ or double baked. The root is coclus, ^ In composition, oado makes cldo^ as incldo ; but CJSDO, to cuter inUf makes ddo^ and OJSQUB, cim*; as tncfc^ and in^Mki, ^4 a«o JJLftM BCOmi OiOtd^ to U WMrm €ir hot Ckltfj, oiOftf 4elloiL «f|IM| ealidity, c«lorio, incaleaoenoe, ecalH/ BOBohftiMice^^ Aa ; CtempBi, ApUia, ta^ 9^n fi^ld. OMnp, oftoqpiifii^ de- cmnp, decampment, encamp, encampment, ohanpaigiii champagne, Campania,^ ohampiim,' Jtc. vl ' Oandao, to be white, to ehintt, ti> be bright, to be wliitf with heat. Gandent, candid, candour, eandidate»? CMi4!e, candlemas, candy, pandied, chaudler, ^handaliet^rllDc. Cendo (census), to kindle or inflame. Cenaer,* m'ftmm^ incen'se, itioentive, incendiary, kindle, &c M>:'>fi Cano (cantus^^ to sing. Canorous, cant, cantata, oauf tide, canto, eansonet, ohai&t, chantry, chanticleer, charm, f charming, ae'oent, aooenf, accentuate^ des'eant/ des<9Wt', enchant, enohanting, enchantment, incantation, ptjeeentor, recant, recantation, kc Capio (captus), to take, hold, or contain. See page 153 for the derivatives of this word. > Caput (capitis), the head. Cap, cap-h-pie, cape, enfltal, capiiular, capitulate, captain, chaplet, chapter, bioipitoii% occiput, precipice, precipitate, preoipitouay j)eQ«|titiilitey chief,* kerchief,* &c. X r. . ' tnr .,>*•! i - !) Caxo (caniis), flesh. Carnage, carnal, carnival,^ cami* vorous, chamel house, incarnate, incarnation, &a CaatigO^ to punish. Castigate, castigation, chastise, &o. Cania, a cause, a reason. Cause, causal, eaifsaliiy, causation, causative, accuse,' accusation, aoousatoryt, tx- cuse,^ excusable, inexcusable, recusant, &o. ,'.) ■ I " ii . .,11 . . I ' . *' ' ^ '*0r where Campania's pfain fonnkeii lie5i, A drenry wMte expanding to the skies."— fi'oMmif 4. ' Champion.— Owe who takes the field {champ) in defenoe' of any person or caune. 3 Those who canvassed for place or preferment anong the Romans were called candidali, from the white toga which they wore, as emblematic of tbe purity of thfir intentions. ^ In composition, CANO makes eliio, and CAMTUj^, ceTUut, ^ Carnival »^Tke latter part of the word is from vah>t ^ bid fare welL -v .^ah}h'' < Accu$e» — From ffemo, to bring {cavtam) a cause or charge (ad) against a person. ' i51i;et«M.— From exciito» to gei a person {ex) out of {eauta) a cause or charge ; and hence, to free from blame. lahn Roora / 161 Omm (oRutiM), to beware, to aw>idi OaoBon, eiiitiotii, incautious, precaution, preeavtionarf, fto. Cairaf^ hollow. Cave, eavem, owmy, ooncaye, coiicavlty, «fxeavate, oxeavailioB, fte. Oodo (ceam), to go, to go back, to jleld* See page 1 54, for the deriiratiTei of this word. Cenaeo (oeiuus), to think, to judge, to estimate or value. Censor, oenaerial, oeBserious, tenaoriousiieis, censure, oan- svrable, ofMUs, ko. Centrum, the middle point, or oenvre. Centre, central, eentrality, centric, centrifugal, oe itripetal, concentric, eonoentmte, concentration, f iioeiitr>, ftc. Centimi, a hundred. Cent, centage, cei senary, oentury, centennial, centesimal, centigrade, cen'.|t*de, eenturien, cental, Ae. Cerno (cretus), to sift or separ Xt by a sieve, co distin- guish, to perceive, to judge or determine. Concern, con- cerning, decree, decretal, discern, discernment, discernible, disoeming, discreet, discretion, diHcretional, discretionary, discrete, discretive, discriminate, indiscreet, indiscretion, indiscriminate, secret, ' secrecy, sec etary, secrete, secretion, unooneem, undisceming, &c. Certiis, cei-tain, sure. Certain, certainty, certify, certifi- cate, certitude, ascertain, ascertainable, incertitude, un- certain, uncertainty, ko. Otoo (dtus), to «tir up, to call. Cite, citation, excite, excitement, excitltble, e^; lability, exciting, ftc. CirenlVi, a circle, a rm^. Circle, circular, circulate, circulation, circulatiTe, encircle, semicircle, Ac. OMm, m citiaen. Civic, civil, civil-war, civility, civilian, civilize, civilization, incivility, uncivil, imcivilJBed, ftc. Clanid (damStus), to cry or call out. Claim, claimant, clamour, olaii&orons, acclaim, acclamation, declaim, decla- mation, disclaim, exclaim, exclamation, exclamatory, irre- claimable, proclaim, proclamation^ reclaim, reclamation, unclaimed, unreclaimed, &c Clarus, clear, Wight, manifest Clarify, clarion,* clario- ' Secret. — From «e, i&side, or apart, and cretut. separated; BECBETUS, put apart or aoncealed; imd hence, Kcnd, 162 LATIN ROOTS. net, clear, deftrftnoe, declare, dedaration, deelaratoryi chanticleer, clairvoyance, claret,* &o. CUittdo ^ (clauius), to shut, to close. Clause, closer closet, conclude, conclusion, conclusive, disclose, disclosure, enclose, enclosure, exc^nde, exclusion, exclusive, inclusive, inconclu- sive, preclude, preclusion, preclusive, reduse, seclude, seclu- sion, &;c. Clino, to bend, to lean, to lie down. Clinic, clinical, decline, declination, declension, disincline, cdbindination, incline, inclination, indeclinable, redine, &;c. Colo (cultus), to till or cultivate. Colony, colonial, colo- nize, cultivate, culture, agriculture, horticulture, menti- culture, uncultivated, clown,"' occult,' &;c. Goncilio, to unite, to make friends. Conciliate, concilia- tion, conciliatory, reconcile, reconcilement, reconciliation, irreconcilable; unreconciled, &c. Contra, against, opposite to. Contrary, contrariety, con- trast,^ counter, counteract, contraband, * &c. mt^> Coquo (coctus), to boil, to cook. Cook, cookery, concoct, concoction, decoct, decoction, cuisine,* &c. Cor (cordis), the heart. Core, cordial, cordiality, accord, accordance, accordingly, concord, discord, record,unrecorded, courage, courageous, encourage, &;c. ^#}sD Corpua (corpk^ris), a body. Corps, corpse, corporal, cor- porate, corporation, corporeal, corpulence, corpulency, cor- pulent, corpuscle, incorporate, incorporeal, cuerpo,* &c. Credo (credYtus), to believe, to trust. Credence, creden- tial, credible, credibility, credit, creditable, creditor, cre- dulity, credulous, creed, accredited, discredit, discreditable, incredible, incredibility, incredulity, incredulous, miscre- ant,* recreant,* Ac. Creo (creHtus), to make out of nothing. Create, creation, creative, Creator, creature, increate, miscreated, procreate, procreative, recreate, recreation, uncreated, kc a ^ In composition, claudo makes clUdo^ ss inclUdo ; and CLAU8US, cliMUS^ as indusus. ^ Occult. — Literally, ploughed over, or buried, and hence hidden, secret. * Contrast. — The latter part of the word is from STO, to ttancL To contrast is to make to stand or place in opposition for the purpose of comparison. 1/4 \ LATIN ROOTS. 163 jg^Htmet* (cretu8)» to grow, to increase. CreM^nt, orciBoive, accrue, concrete, coii<»«tiout decreMe. decrement, excres- cence, iporea«e, increment, recruit, creRses, &c. Crimen ( criininiH), an accus n tion, a crixr. ^. Crime, crimi- nal, criminality, criminate, recriminate, &o. Ctusta. a crust Crust, crusty, crustily, crustaceous, in- crustation, &C. Crux (crucuf), a cross Crucial, crucify, cruci^x, cruci- fixion, excru^te, crosier, crucible,* cvuKade. cruise, * &c. Cubo or cumbo, to lie down, to recline at table. Cuba- tion, incubus,* incubation, incumbency, incumbent, recum- bent, succumb, superincumbent, ^covey,* &.c. Culpa, a fault, I lame. Culpable, culpability, exculpate, exculpation, exculpatory, &c. CQra, care, cure. Cure, curacy, curate, ourative, curator, curious, curiosity, care, careful, careless, accurate, aeouracy, inaccurate, incurious, insecure, insecurity, procurator or proctor,* procuracy or proxy, procure, procurement, secure,^ security, sinecure, sinecurist, &c. Cvrro (oursus), to run. Current, currency, curricle,* cursitor, cursory, courant, courier, course, courser, cours- ing, concourse, concur, discourse, discursive, excursion) in- cur, occur, precursor, recourse, recur, succour, &c. CurvuB, curved or bent. Curvated, curvature, curve,* curvet,* curvilineal, curvilinear, curb, &o. Cutio (cussus), to shake. Concussion, concussive, dis- cuss, discusidon, discussive, percussion, percutient, &c. Danmum, loss, hurt, harm. Damage, damn, damnable, damnatory, condemn, condemnation, condemnatory, in- demnify, indemnity, undamaged, &c. Decem, ten. December, decemviri, decimal, decimate, decennial, dean,* duodecimo. &c. Decens, becoming, graceful, proper. Decency, decent, indecent, indecency, &;c. : Decor, becomingness, grace, beauty. Decorate, decoration, decorator, decorous, de- corum, indecorous, indecorum, &c. - 1 Secure.— •Vrom sbcukus, whieh ia oompouuded of «e, «t)art, aud cura, care or oouceru. » Kowan people, iril«B)iliey quarrelled with their vulet*s. u»ed to retjje ta Mujant..Aysi»ti|ifB^ the teinn came tQ (i gnify tdctlous proceeoingSi and iosurrectiouary uitempts, ■Hi!; .»n *■ ■ I ■■ - i I „iiil 1^ 166 LATIN BOOT& efficAoy, fffioftoiout, efficiency/ effieient, forfeit, forfeiture; fo^rtiioation, impeifect, indefeaaible, infeot, infectioui) nAag- nificanoe, niAgiiifioent, manufacture, modification, mortifi- cation, munificence, munificent, notification, office,* officer, official, offidate, officious, olfactory; orifice,* ossificatifon, pacification, pacificator, perfect, pexfection, personification, petrifaction, pluperfect, proficiency, proficient, profit, pro- lific, ratification, refection, refectory, refit, sacrifice, sanctifi- cation, satisfaction, satisfactory, sig^nificance, significant, signification, somnific, soporific, specific,* specification, stupefaction, sudorific, suffice, sufficiency, surfeit, terrific, verification, versification, &;c. — To these add wwda ending infy; as fortify, magnify, mollify, &a .iyuitv;i> *,» ,^ li ;> FMiUi, easy to be done ; easy. Facile, faeilityf lacQftatc, lacultjr, difficult, difficulty, kc Fftlto (falsus)r, to deceive, to mistake. JalBble, falli- bility, fallacy, fallacious, false, falsehood, falsify, fiUsifica- tiogoi infalUh^ infallibility, ftil,* kc. ,»um.&sj^ Faauw fame, renown, repute. Fame, famous, defame, defamation, defamatory, infamy, infamous, fable,* kc. \ FmnlUiw a family. Familiar, familiarity, familiarize, kc. : Paterfamilias* the father, or head of a family. Faaum, a shrine, a temple. Fane, fanatic,* fanatical, faoatioism, profane,* profanity, profanation, &c. ,a^t*>A i fW^9% to favour. Favour, favodrite, favouritism, favour- able, unfavourable, kc. Ftbxii) a fever. Febrile, febrifuge, fever,* feverish, feverous, feverishness, |*ebmary,« kc . ftacto (fensusV, to keep off, to strike. Fend, fender, fenoQ, defend, defendant, defence, defensible, defensive, offend, offence, offensive, unoffending, kc ;.« > ^vin F«ra, a wild beast Ferine, ferocious, ferooiously, fero- dousnees, ferocity, fierce,* fiercely, fierceness, kc, Fero (latus), to bear or carry, to suffer. Ferry, fertile, fertility, fertilise, circumference, confer, defer, differ, differ- ent, infer, Lucifer, mammiferous, offer, offertory, pestiferous, jMrefer, proffer, refer, somniferous, soporiferous, suffer, tr^ns? fer, vodferate, vociferous, kc. See Latm. FOFfM, to boil, to grow hot. Fervour, fervent, fervency, fervescent, fervid, effervesce, eflfejfveio^iw^ J^pi^^iit, lui, fermented, kc See Febrit, * ^ - -« • ; :1':l>i # LATIN BOOTS. 167 Tmiinm, a feast, a banquet Feast, festal, festival, tesv tive, festivity, fdte,* festocm,* kc Fetrai, oonfec^. Confess, confessor, oonfessedly, con- fession, confessional, profesa, professedly, profession, pro- fessional, professor, professorial, Ac. FidM, faith. Bondfid^^ confide, confidant, confidence, confident, confidential, diffidence, diffident, infidel^ infi* delity, perfidy, perfidious, fidelity, affiance^ defy,* defiance, kc. FigOra, a shape, an image. Jignre, figurative, dis* figure, disfiguraticm, efilgy, prefigure, ko. Filini, a son : Filia, a daughter. Filial, filiate, filia- ti[ou, filly, affiliate, affiliated, affiliation, &c* '- '""Tilum, a thread. Filaceous, filament, file,^ filigree^* fillet,* filter,* filtratCj enfilade,* profile. &c. ^'^^^ * 4^»«i» Fingo (fictus), to form or fashion. Feign, feint, ffctton, fictitious, unfeigned, ftc. Finis, the end, a limit or boundary. Fine,* finery, final, finish, finite, affinity, confine,* confinement, define, de* finite, definition, infinite, infinitive, infinitude, infinity, re- fine, refinement, superfine, finesse,* finical,* unfinished, ftc Firmus, firm, strong. Firm, firmament, affirm, confirm, infirm, infirmary, infirmity, fta Fiscui, a basket, a bag or purse, the treasury. Fisc^ fiscal, confiscate,* confiscation, confiscatory, k**,. ^ . ^' FixUB, stuck, fixed. Fix, fixity, fixture, affix, crucifix, crucifixion, infix, postfix, pr v x, transfix. Ac. F^amxna, a fiame, a blaze. Flame, flambeau, inihtme^ inflammability, inflammation, inflammatory. &c. Flatus, a puff, or blast of wind. Flatulence, flatulent, inflate, inf^.v t^d. inflation, sufflation, Ac Fleoto (fiexUs), to htJal, to turn, to ch«nge. Flexible, flexibility, flexile, flection, flexion, flexui , Jrcumflect, cir- cumflex, deflect, mflect, reflect, reflex, Ac. Fligo (flictus), to beat, to strike. Affiict affliction, afflictive, conflict, iiiflict, infliction, Ao*'^'^'^ *^^ «- .. FloB(fl6ris), a flower, a blossom. Flora, Florence, florid, florist, flour,* flourish, flower, florin, Ac Flue (fluxus), to flow. Fluent, fluency, fluid, fluxion, flux, affluence, afiSuent, * confluence, confluent, conflux, de- fluxion, effluvium, effluvia, inf!!uence, influential, influx. A-^-'T m li if !3 !;:!-• IS. I W8 liATiy roots; reflujc,^ super nriifcy, Ruperflnous, flusft,* ^o : FluctAiyj, a wave. Fluctviate, fluctuation, fluctnatinj;, <&:ew 1^1^ ^ > , FoUmsi* al^jaf. Fidioceous. |olkg«(, titliate, mlivtion, foliar, Jokio, inierfoliate, partf(l^ tr ?'t»l, h'^ .^ Foxii (fontis), a fouii«».i?];. li unb, i^iiitail, i'tuinf;, lic. ^ ' , Fof]|ia« form cw shiipe, a figture. i'orm, formaji, for* nialkty, fon&atioa^ fomml t, formulary, corif4>nn, conform* able* ocwformity, deforn^, defonmity, ii»forTO.*'n formal,^ informality, misinfcTm, nf'iicotifm irrlst, perform', perform* Mice, i-elt^mui traiiBfonn^ miifoi m, nKiformit; &c. Fcim (tortis), chance, luck. Foitunt;, foKtaiiK>Ucij fortu-. liit*, ij-diforfcur^^te, unfortunate, &c. '♦ Fcf/iy, uinwA'g, valiants Fort, forte,* fortify, fortifica* tioa * >iftxtei'5, fortresa, comfort, comfortable, discomfort, effort,,- force,* forcible, enforce, enfoicement, re-enforcei^^, iMj-^nforoemeist, unfortified, &c. '' Frango (fractiis), to break. Frangible, infringe, frac* tion, fifKstiore, fragile, fragility, fragment, fragmentsury, frikil* infraction, refract, refractory, te fi*^^^^^ FratMV a brother. Fratenial, fraternity, fratriciide^ fraternize^ friar,* confraternity, &c. , Fnuxs (fraudU), fraiid. Fraudulence or. frandulency, jfraudulent, defraud^ defraudmentf &,c. V FfigTSa, ccdd; Frigid, frigidity, freeze, fresco, frc^h, refresh, refrigerate, refrigerator, &c. ^i^ ^^^^^.w^ i^^i^Jv ^ , WxmM (frontis), the forehead. Front, irontier, frontis' piece, frontlet, affront,* c<»ifr(mt, effrontery, &c. Foi^iO (fugitu8\ to flee. Fugitive, centrifugal,, ^fi^iige, refuge, refugee, subterfuge, &c. |v Flimiui, smoke. Fuine, fumid. fumidity, fumigi^ite, fumi- gation, fumy, perfume,* perfumery, ko* ?. ^ki^nf ^ Fluids (fusns^ to pour out, to melt. Found, Imindery br foundry, fuse, fusible, fusion, cr;WBder, foundation, f un- damc', -j» profound, profun* . \ . -srifounded, kc. Gelu, frost, ice. Gela'^in^ arelatinous, gelid, jelly,* l^nged^, congealable, congehv ^ .i ^^a ^ Ckiattv (generis); a race or Imp iv a kind or sort Gen- der^ general, gcmerality, g'^neraJ ^leralissimo, generic^ ^^ ;t^ r*^: . j if «- liA^nf ROOtfiL ie9 m fi I generate, generoul, generosity, genial, genius, genteelyjlMi^,* gentile, gebtility, ^ntle, gentleman, gentry, genuine, con* genial, degenerate, disingenuous, engender, ingenious, inge- nuity, ingenuous, primogeniture, progeny, progcnitor,regene> rati, unregenerate, en^ne, gin, &e. Qero (gestos), to carry, to bear, to bring. Gerund, gest, gestation, gesticulate, geisture, jest,^ belligerent, congeries, congestion, digest, indigestible, indigestkn, mif^est^ vice- gerent, germ/ germen, german,* Ac. OliDria, glory. Glorious, glorify, jnglorieicis, &c .il» Oradior (gressus) , to go step by step, to go. Grade, grada- tion, gradient, gradual, graduate, graduation, aggression, i^n- gresR, d^rade, degree, digress, egress, ingredient, ' ingress, progress, regress, retrograde, retrogression, tranf^ess; unr dergraduate, &c. * '^'' t'-^-''"^*''*"' ^iJ.-/- nj* ■ 'raoki • Gnndis, great, grand, Tbfty. Grioid, grandeur, grandee^ grandiloquence^ grandiloquent, aggrandize, &c. Grannm, a grain of com. Grain, granary, granite, gvini- vorous, granulate, grenade,^ grenadier, ingrained, 2>ctmegca- nate,* com,* gamer,* garnet,* Ac. ^uiiiuB. Gratia, favour, grace, thankfulneBs. Grace, gmoed. grace- ful, graceless, Graces, gracious, grateful, gratify, gvtttis, gratitude, gratuitous, gratuity,di8graoe, mgrate, ingratitude, ingratiate, ungraceful, ungracefully, ungmcefulneeB, ^c Hence, also, agree,* agreeable, agreement, disagreeabk^ disagreement, &c. t'''*^*'**-'^**** \aMumin'i*Kjm oiaqmi Gravis, heavy, weighty. Grave, graveness, gravid, gravi- tate, gravitation, gravity, grief, grieve,* grievance, grievous, aggravate * aggrieve, Ike. Grex (gregis), a flock, a herd. Gregarious, aggregate, ! i, laudanum.* Lavo (lotus), to wash. Lava,* lAvatory, lave, lavish, laundress, laundry,* lotion, lavender,* &c. Laxos, loose. Lax, laxity,* laxness, laxative, prolix, pro- lixity, relax, relaxable, relaxation, kc. Lego (lectus), to gather or select ; also, to re d. legend, legendary, l^ible, legion, lecture, lesson, collect, dialect, eclectic, elect, electioneering, electoral, elegance, elegant, "" eligible, ebgibility, illegibility, predilection, prelection, re- collect, select, elite,* &c. From its compounds, Diligo, come diligence, diligent, ke, ; from Intelligo, intelligence, intel- ligent, kc ; and from Negiip>, n^iigenoe, negligent, ^ gleet,* kc. ml I. 1 1 I 'hi r m LATIN ROOTS. Ufffi f? '\lru»\ lo rftise or lift up. Leav«a.* \evef*. ie\H^,'*' evy, alleviate, elvvate, ineleTaait^* lolevant^ jk>;'Z (legis), a law. Legal, legality, legalize, legisTate^ legitimacy, legitimate, privilege, law,* &c. Libtr, free. Liberal, liberality, liberate, libertine, liber- tiniRm, liberty, de'iv* > T liverance, illiberal, &c. ■ w I*ib«r, a book. Library, librariarj, libel,* &o. Libra, a pound, a balance. Librate, eiiiuilibrium, deliber* ate, deliberation, &c. Uceo^ to be lawf ui. Licence, license, licentiate, Iioentio«i8|t HwentioQsneai, illicit, &e. Ligo, to»btnd„toilie. League,.* K«ble>, liiaMrrty, liege, liga* vent, ITgaturev cMijgatej oblige, leligiMi. &c. LiineB (limVtis), a path, »1)ounclary. Laiit, limited, limi- tUDtion, illfnfeitabie, uaiimited* Linea, aline. line,* lineal, lineament, linear, lineage, curvilinear, delineate, inlerifne, iateilii .ar, cntline, • :oti> linear, underiine, linen,* fte. aki Linqiio (Iiotai\ toleave. Delinquency, delinquent, rt. n- «[ui&b, derelict, dlereliction, relic, relict, &c. Uquo^ to melt, to be liquid. Liquor, liqueur, liquid, Equida4e, lignidation, liquefy, ftc. Lis (litis), strife, a lawsuit. Litigant, litigate, litigation, Ut^'ous, lIUf];iousne»8, A;c. ill IdUix'a, a letter. 1 Mer, lettered, literal, literary, literati^ literature, alliteration, illiterate, obliterate, &c. Locus % place. Local, locality, locate, location, locomov tion, locomodve, allocate, dislocate, ke. / IjOquor (locQtus). to speak. Lequiacity, loquacious, col- Icquy. colloquial ek ttililorandum, memory, memorial, memorialize, commemor- ate, immemorial, remember, remembrance, Ac. IfMida, a spot, a blemish. Mend, amend,* emend, ko. Mens (mentis), the mind. Mental, demented, &c. Mergo ( mersus ). to dip or plunge. Merge, emerge, * emer-^ gency, emersion, immerse, submerge, kc. M«rz (mercisi, merchandise. Mercer, merchant., mer- chantable, mercantile, mercenary, commerce, commercial, market, mart,* amerce,* kc Metior (mensuH), to measure Mete, meter, oommeniur- able, commensurate, dimension, immense, immensity, mea- sure, &;c. See Metron. page 198. Ifigro, to migrate. Migration, migratory, emigrant) emi' grate, immigrant, immigrate, transmigrate, kc. Kild (milXtis;, a soldier. Militant, military, militate,^ militia^ kc - BliUI. a thousand. MiUenarian, milfoil, millennium, mil-. l^>ed, millesimal, mile,* kc. MiBM, to hang over or beyond. Eminence, eminent, imminence, imminent, prominence, prominent, kc '> >l / BUoliitr, a servant. Minister, ministering, ministerial, ministry, administer, administrator, kc Misao (minQtus), to lessen. Minikin, minim, minimum, minion,* minor, minority, minus, minu'te, min'ute, minutite^- diminish, diminutive, mince,* minnow,* &c # BUras, strange, wonderful. Miracle, miraculous, admire, admirable, admiration, marvel,* mirror,* kc MiBceo (mistus or mixtus), to mix. Mix, mixture, com- mix, commixture, intermix, miscellany, miscellaneous, pro- miscuous, unmixed, &c. MiMr, wretobed. Miser/ miserable, misery, coumiseratei; commiseration, kc .'^.i^^A -^u ^k'mpromi8e, demise, dimimsory, dismiss, emit, emissary, eoiission, immissioii,intennit, intermission, manumit, manu- niisiion, omit, permit', per'mit, premi'se, prem'iso, pre- mines/ promise, remit, submit, surmise, transmit, unremit- ting, Ac. , If oins, a measure, a manner, a rule. Mode, modal, mod«l, moderate, modem,* modernize, modest,* modesty, modicum, modify ,modi8b,*mood,modulate,modus, aocommodate, com- modious, commodity, incommode, &c. Moneo (monltus), to put in mind, to warn. Monish, mo- nition, monitor, monument, monumental, admonish, admoni- tory, summon, summons,* &c. Hons (montis), a mountain. Mount, mound,* mountain, mountelxuik, dismount, promontory, remount, surmount, ultramontane, unsurmountable, amount,* &c. Monstro, to show or point out. Monster,* monstrous, muster,* demonstrate, remonstrate, &o. Mors (mortis), death. Mortal, mortality, mortgage, mor- tify, mortmain,* mortuary, murder,* &a ^,. I[os(m0ri8), a manner or custom. Moral ^r.^^wy^ moral- ize, morals, demoralize, morose,* &o. Movoo (motus), to move. Move, mc *n^\. i u> bles, motion, motive, promote, remote, remov j, .-ui'i'h^ir'w/ mo- ment,* momentous, momentum,* mob,* ' ., j. Maltat, many. Multifarious, multiped, multiple, multi- plicity, multiply, multitude, ^ Muniui(mungris), a gift, an office. Municipal, munificence, munificent, common, commonweal, commonwealth, com- mime, communicate, communicant, communion, community, excommunicate, immunity, remunerate, uncommon, uncom- municative, &0, Mate (mutfttus), to change. Mutable, mutability, muta- tion, mutiny, mutineer, commute, commutable, immutable, transmutable, transmutation, &;c. Nascor (natus), to be bom, to spring. Nascent, natal, nation, native, nature, cognate, innate, preternatural, rena- scent, supernatural, unnatural, naive,* naivete, &c. : Navis, a ship. Naval, navy, navigable, navigate, naviga- tion, circumnavigation, circmnnavigator, &o. 176 LATIN ROOTS. Nedo (nexus), to bind, to knit. Connect, oonneetlbiiiror / connexion, annex, ditsoonnect, unconnected, Ac. / Nego (negatus), to den}'. Negation, negative, renege^ renegade,* nay, deny,* denial, undeniable, &c. Neuter, neither of the two. Neuter, neutraii, neutrality, "S neutralise, neutralized, &;c. '4 « »y> r^ Niger, black. Negro, negress, Nigritia, Niger, &d • Noceo, to hurt Nooent, noxious, nuisMice,* inuoeence, innocent, innocuous, noise, annoy,* Sec / ->!? Nomen (nomKnis), a name. Nomenclature, nominal, nomi- ' nate, nominee, noun,* name, denominate, ignominy, pro- nominal, renown,* &c. Norma, a itile or square. Normal, abnormous, enormous,* enormously, enormity, &c. Noico (notus), to know. Notable, notary, note, notice, notify, notion, notorious,* cognizable, precognition, connois- seur, recognise, reconnoitre,* neble,* Ac. <»,.h.. .^,v.>.4.*i Nota, a marie by which a thing can be known. NUe, notable, notice, notorious, annotate, denote, &c. Noym, new. New, news, novel, novelty, novice, novitiate, innovate, renew, renewal, renovate, &c. t T,fiiv&;Hh#m ,yti.J ' Noz (noctis), night. Noctambulist, noctidial, nocturnal, equinox, equinoctial, pemoctfi.tion, &c NulhiB, no one, none. Null, nullify, nullified, nullity, annul, or disannul, ke. Numerufi, a number. Number, numerate, nnmerical, numerous, enumerate, innumerable, supernumerary, &o. NunciuB, a messenger : Nuncio, to tell or declare. Nuncio, announce, announcement, .«.nnunciation, denounce, enunci- ' ate, pronoun'"", renou" <;>, &c. Nutrio, » nourish. Nutriment, nutrition, nutritious, nurse,* nursery, nurture, nourish, nourishment, &c. Octo, eight. Octave, octavo, octennial, October,^ octagon, octagonal, octangular, &c. Oculue, the eye, a bud. Ocular, oculist, binode, binocular, monocular, inoculate,* inoculator, &c. ^ October, — The Boraan year beg»i3 in March, and hence, September^ October, November, w;d ■ samher derive their name. Before the time of JuHvi mci J ^^utitii9 Caesar. Juiif and August were called QuintUU .d SextUi:>^ that is, the /2/iA. and «txtA months. . .^, . ,., ., LATIN ROOTS. 177 ^ Oman (omYnis), a ftign, good or bad. Omen,* ominous, abominate,* abomination, abominable, ftc. I , Omnis, all. Omnium, omnibus, omnific, omnipotence, Omnipotent, omniscience, omnivorous, &c. -^ Opito, to wish. Optative, option, optional, adopt, &;c. .« Opat (op^ris), a work. Opera,* operate,^ operative, opera- • tor, inoperative, nianceuvre,* manure,* &c. Orbis, an orb, a circle. Orb, orbit, exorbitant, ftc. Ordo (ordlnis), order, rank. Ordain,* order, ordinal, ordi- nance, ordnance,* ordinary, ordination, disorder, extra- ordinary, inordinate, insubordinate, &c. >»l*JrI i^ ^iiJ' . Orimr (ortus), to rise. Orient, oriental, abortion, abortive, origin, original, originality, originate, &c. i '>' ,r 7—5**-^'^ Omo (om&tus), to decorate, to adorn. OHtametft^ Fando (pansus), to open, to spread. Expand, expicuis«, expansion, expansive, &c. Pauls, bread. Panada or panado, panri* *f^* Par, equal. Par, parity, pair,* peer,* peerage, peerless, compare,^ comparable, comparison, compeer, disparage,^ disparity, nonpareil,* paragon,* &c. Pareo, to appear. Peer,* appear, apparent, apparition, disappear, transparency, transparent, &c. Pario, to bring forth, to beget. Parent, parental, parent- age, parturient, oviparous, viviparous, &o. '**^^«» ^ Operate. — Compare the original meaning of di'ama with that of opera; also the words actw and act. ' Compare is from compdrOy to make eqtuil with ; to liken to. ' Disparoffe.—'So make unequal to ; 10 ipjure by compari- «on with something of less valttc. "^ ' ' h8 178 LATIN ROOTS. Faro (paratus), to make ready. Parade,* apparatus, ap- parel, prepare, repair, irreparable, pare,* &c. Pan (partial, a part, a share. Part, parboil, partake, par- tial, participate, particle, particular, partisan, partition, part- ner, party, pai^l, parse, portion, apart, apartment, bipartite, com,>artment, counterpart, depart, department, departure, dispart, impart, impartial, impartiality, proportion, tripartite, interpret,* &c. Pasco (pastus), to feed. Pastor, pastoral, pasture, pas- turage, antepaat, repast, pabulum,* &c. Passus, a pace or step. Face, pass, passable, passage, en passant, passenger, passovor, passport, past, pastime, compass, surpass, trespass, passing-bell,* &c. Pater, a father. Paternal, paternity, patriarch, patriarchal, patrician, patrimony, patrimonial, patristic, patron.* patron- age, patronize, patronymic, paterfamilias, parricide. Pater- noster, pattern,* &c. Patior ( passus >, to suffer. Patience, patient, passion, passionate, passive, compassion, compassionate, dispassion- ate, impatience, impatient, &c. -<»t^ v«f/'ji;H<*i'JiWM ,m'«« ni^- ' Patria, one's country, fatherland. Patriot, patriotism, patriotic, compatriot, expatriate, &c. Pauper, poor. Pauper, pauperism, poverty, po Pecco (peccatus), to sin. Peccable, peccability, p^a- dillo, peccant, impeccable, impeccability, &c. Pello (obsolete), to call or name. Appellation, appella- tory, appeal, appellant, appellative, repeal, &c. irf^it^jK.i Pello (pulsus), to drive, to thrust. Compel, compulsion, compulsive, dis^l, expel, impel, impulse, propel, pulse,* pulsation, repel, repellent, repulse, Ac. Pendeo, to hang down. Pendant, pendent, pending, pen- dulum, pendulous, pennant, pensile, append, appendage, ap- pendix, depend, impend, independence, independent, perpen- dicular, prepense, propensity, suspend, suspense, vilipend>&c. Pendo (pensus), to hang weights, to weigh, to pay. Per- pend, compensate, dispense,* dispensary, expend, expendi- ture, expense, indispensable, pensive, petision, re,Q9J]n£eBse, unpensioned, pansy,* &c. i iiJiw Ix^ pas- liATIN ROOTa 179 /t PMiotl^ to pierce or enter. Penetrilble, p^eiilriibinty, penetrate, penetration, impenetrable, &c. Pexiitet, to repent. Penitence, penitent, penitential, penitentiary, impenitent, innpenitence, repent, repentance, repentant, unrepenting, &c. * "^ t^ Perior (perltus), to try. Experiment, experimental, experience, expert, inexperience, inexpert, &c. Pereona. a mask used by players ; a person. Person,* personal, personality, personate, personify, impersonal, &c I Pes (pedis), the foot. I'edal, pedestal,* pedestrian, pedip^ree,* cap-h-pie, expedient, expedite, impede, biped, quadruped, impeach,* &c. PestiB, a plague, pestilence. Pest, pester, pestiferous, pestilence, pestilent, pestilential, &c. Peto (petltus), to seek, to ask. Petition, appetency, appetite, centripetal, compatible,* compete, competency, *corai3etent, * impetus, impetuous, repeat, repetition, ftc. ,^ Pilo, to pillage, to pilfer. Pilfer, pilferer, pillage, com- pile. ' compiler, compilation, &c. Pingo (pictus), to paint. Paint, Picts,* pictorial, pic- ture, picturesque, pigment, depict, &c. -^i-*^! Piscis, a fish. Piscatory', Pisces (the twelfth sign of the zodiac), piscine, piscivorous, porpoise, * &c. -; PiuB, pious. Piety, picms, impiety, impio'is, Ac. Placeo (placKtus), to please. Placid, placidity, please, pleasant, complacent, complaisant, displease, ko, Placo, to appease. Placable, implacable, &c. "%w*?^!^•H Plango (planctus), to complain. Plaint, plaintiff, plain- tive, complain, complainant, complaint, &c. PlanoB, plain, level, evident. Plain, a plain, plain-deal- ing, a plane, to plane, explain, explanatory, plan,* &c. Plaudo (plausus), to praise by clapping the hands. Plaudit, plausible, applaud, explode, &c. mm^^-^ .ms^^i^f>^-^. ^. ^, P'ecte (plexus), to twist, to knib Complex, complexity, complexion,^ perpkx, perplexity, &c * ^ Compile^ to pick out parts or passages from otlier writers. ^ Picts; so called, it is said, from their custom of pat/i<(»{; their bodies. * Complexion, primarily meant the whole compticcUion or comp(wition of the parts — the general appearance ; but it nuw meaos the hue or colour of the skin. - ' ^ ' 180 LATIN R00T8. PICOUIB, full Plenary, plenipotentiary, plenitude, pl«ritj, plenteous, plentiful, plenum, replenish, && Pleo (pletua), to fill. Pleonasm, pleonastic, acoomplish, complement, complete, depletion, explotive, implement,* maniple, replete, supplement, supplv, 'i,c "% FlUso (plicatus), to fold, to bend. Pliable, pliancy, pliant, ply,* pliers,* ap^y, applicable, complicate, comply, com- plicity, display,* double, duplicated, duplicity, explicit, imply,* implicated, implicit,* inexplicable, misapply, multiply, quadruple, quintuple, reply,* simple, simpleton, simplicity, simplify, suppliant, supplicate, triple, treble, deploy,* employ,* splice,* &c. Floro (ploratus), to wail, to weep. Deplore, deplorable, explore,^ implore, unexplored, &c Plumbum, lead. Plumb, plumber, plummet, plumbago, plunge,* plump,* &c. mt^iif?#*«4fi«„ Plus (plQris), more. Plural, pluralist, plurality, pluper- f«r,t, overplus, surplus, surplusage, &c. Pctna, punishment. Penal, penalty, penance, pain, k':'$ Pondus (pondSris), weight. Ponderous, ponder, pound,* preponderance, poise,* counterpoise, equipoise, &c. % Pono ( posltus), to place or put down. Pose, position, prist,* postage, postpone, posture, apposite, appositio/;, ft])ropoe,* component, compose, composite, compositor, compost, ^/)m- posure, compound, dec*.v- Porcus. a hog. Pork, porcine, porcupine,* &c. mh^ t Porto, I/O bear or carry. For the derivatives of t^fs word see page 1 55. Fosse, to >« able : Potens (potentis), able, powerfu]. ^ Explore^ to search for earnestly ; properly, with ^jvio^- ing and tiev, behind : Posterns, after. Po8tpr, prey.* Preoar (precStus), to pray or entreat. Precarious,^ depre> cate, deprecation, imprecate, imprecation, pray,* &c. Pr6h»ndo(prehen8U8), to take hold of, toseize. Apprehend, apprehension, apprehensive, apprentice,* apprize, compre- hend.comprise, enterprise, impregnable,* imprison,prisoner,* prize,* misi^pprehend, reprehend, reprehension,, reprisal, sur- Drise, mainprise, &o. Prwno, to force or press : pressus. forced or pressed. See page 155 for the derivatives of this word. Pretium, a price, worth. Precious, price,. prize,* praise,, appraise, appreciate, depreciate, &c. tPiTrr^ifiiru^ Frimiu, first. Prime, primer, primeval, prriln,* primitive,, primogeniture, primrose,* primacy, primate, premier, prior, pristine, impvrmts, Ac. From this root and Capio, comfl prince, principal, principle, principia, &Ci"r . ^^...\ Privus, ooe'c own, not pwWie. Privacy, private, privateer,, irivil'^g^, privy, deprive, privative, &c. n,isy Ptt^tf ^pr(9bnt«iH) , topro ve, to^try . Prebable,, probate, pro** batiwi, pffibe, prwbfty, preof, prove,* approve, approbation^ impA'/ve, re|)robate, reprove, reproof, &c. "'^ Propftgd, a shoot or branch, offspring. Propagate, propa^ gator, propagandism. propagandist, &c. .Prope, fM^ar : Proximus, nearest. Pr«pinqmty, proximate, proKimity, auppum^h,* propitious.* &c. : Prep.nus, one'is own^ pectkliar, fit l'rf5>er,* propriety, proprietor, appropriate, improper, ixnpropriiHty, kc. itattts, '* tlie civil power or flbrce of ^ /'oow, as in **/w*w cmuiU tlj| count}/, JIB tli«i uonHliilHrimy f f IB jiM*»i-t^f f v Punic (punitus), to punish. Punish, punishment, punish- able, punitive, punition, impunity, &c. <> Purge ( purgfttus >, to cleanse, to' piir !fy. Purge, purgatidn, purgatory, compurgator, expurgated, &c. IHirus,' pure. Pure, pureness, purity, purist, puritan, puri- tanical, purify, impure, impurity, &c. >.> Bego (rectus), to rule or govern ; also, to make straight or right. Regent,regency, regimen, regiment, * region, * regnant, regular, regulate, correct, corrigible, direct, erect, incorrect, incorrigible, misdirect, rectangle, rectify, rectilineal or rec- tilinear, rectitude, rector, rectory, right, righteous, upright, &C. - ' -.^mJi •.Wit.: ■ii,:h:-v-!it!^' Ji«:v4';ii.i--;i»f»MP. Beor (ratus), to think, to judge. Rate, ratable, ratify, ratio, rationale, rational, reason,* overrate, &c. .-i-r^^^ BeS) a thing. Real, reality, realize, rebus,* &c. Bet6, a net. Reticle.* reticule, retina, riddle,* &c. «.Bideo (risns), to laugh, to laugh at. Ridicule, ridiculous, derida derision, risible, rally,* &c. ii ■Mt^miik.^^yMiMi^^^ Bigeo, to be stiff with cold. Rigid, rigidity, rigor, &;c. BiyuB, a Htream, a river. River, nviilet, derive,* deriv- able, derivation, derivative, rival,* &c. g. ilobui* (rob6ri.s), strength. Robust, corroborate, &c. . Bode (rosus), to gnaw. Corrode, corrosion, rostrum.* Bogo (rog&tus), to ask. Rogation, abrogate,* arrogate, arrogant,* derc^ate, interrogate, prerogative, prorc^ue, supererogation, surrogate, &c Rota, a wheel. Rotary or rotatory, rotate, rote,* routine, rotund, roll, rowel,* reel,* roulette, rou^,* ko. Buber, red. Rubicund, rubric,* ruby,* &c. ^*E Rudis, untaught, rough. Rude, rudiment, erudite, kc Bumpo (ruptus), to break, to burst Rupture, ruption, abrupt, bankrupt,* corrupt, corrAiptible, disruption, erup- tion, iiiterrupt, irruption, uncorruptible. &c. Ruo, to rush, to fall down. Rumour, * ruin, &Q. Bur (raris), the country. Rural, rustic, &c. .1 I (4 * .»«0"V'i^i^y».i» 134 LATHI Room 8Mtr» SAored or holy. Sacrament, 8aor«, inconsolable, uncon- soled, &c. 'I'll f*; Ml" Soltti, alone, single. Sole,* solely, solo, solitary, solitude, soliloquy, soliloquize, desolate,* desolation, kc SoIyo (solatus), to loose, to free, to melt. Solve, solvent, solvable, solution, absolve, absolute, absolution, dissolve, dissolute, dissolution, insoluble, insolvent, irresolute, resolve, soluble, unabsolved, undissolved, &c. .\r-mh^ft Sonuiui, sleep. Somnambulist, somnambulism, somnific, * somniferous, somnolence, somnolent, &c. 3o&Ul,a8ound. Sonorous, sonnet,^ sonneteer, consonant,* 'ji^itonant, resonant, sound, unison, &c. '^orbeo (sorptus). to suck in, to drink up Absorb, absorb: ejit, absorbing, absorption, unabsorbed. kc. .xsfr. Sors (sortis), lot, sort, kind. Sort,* sortable, sortie,* assort, assortment, consort, resort,* kc. Sparge (sparsus), to scatter, to bespatter. Span^o* asipei^^^ aspersion, disperse, intersperse, kc. .:-: ; '^ ';i ,xo8 Spatiam, space. Space, 8pauo\\s, expatiate, &;c.-m,c.) Spacio (spectus), to see, to look. .;^|ii9ci6s, special, specific, specify, speciMien, specious, spectacle, spectator, npectre,* speculate, spy,* aspect, auspices,*^ auspicious, circumspect, conspicuous, despicable, despise, despite, especial^ espy, in- spect, irrespective, perspective, perspicuous, prospect, pro- spectus, respect, retrospect, euspect, respite,* spite,* kc. ^ Spero (sperfttus), to hope. Despair, desperate, despera- tion, prosper, prosperity, prosperous, kc Spiro (spiratus), to breathe. Spiracle, spirit, spirited, spiritual, spirituous, spright or sprite,* aspire, a^irate, aKspiration, conspire, conspiracy, dispirit, expire, inspire, perspire, respire, transpire, unaspiring, &;c. ,i^ Splendeo, to shine. Splendid, splendour, kc. - , Spolium, booty, spoil. Spoil, spoliation, despoil,. &c ; » LATin ROOTS. 187 8p«lliUo (sponsua), to promiiie. Sponsor, oonretpoad, de- •pond,'' irrettponfible, .ponsivtt, ipouBe,* espouoe, kc Stemo (stratiiH), to Bpread, to throw dovn or to lay flat. ?^ti iitum, Htrat; street. bubMtratuiii iii. Btilla, a Irop. Stimulus, '*' S' Stinguo (h disbiugv}ii<(habi< , . »jtiiict, Htigma,* ^ ■tratify, consternation, prostrate, itifit: . &c. U, distil, (iistillery, instil, kc. Hpur. Stimulate,^ stimulant, ic. to rnarl:, to distinguish. Distinguisn, ot. extinguish, extinct, indistinct, in* atize, /:c. , Stapo, to Mtuif, to cram. Constipate, costive,* kc. "■"■*' Sto (status), to stand. Stable, a stable, »tabilitj, stamen, staminay stand),* stanchion, stand, standard, stanza,* status, state, statement, statics, station, stationary, stationery, statis- tics, staliie, statute, stay, staid, Htays, stead, steadfast, steady, armistice, arrest, circumstance, constable,* constant, con- ^ stitute, constituent, contract,* destitute, distance, establish, er.taat,instant, instead, in»titute,interaiice,^' obstinacy, rest,* restiff* or restive, restitution, solstice, substance, stall.* kc. Btringo (strictus), to bind. Strain, strict, stricture,* astringent, constiictor, constrahi, ccwstraint, restrain, re- straint, restrict, restriction, strait, kc. Struo (structus), to build. Structure, construe,^ con- struct, destroy,* destructible, destructive, instruct, instru- inent,* instrumental, instrumentality, misconstruction, obstruct, obstruction, substructure, superstruction, kc. Stttdeo, to study< Student, study, studious, kc. Stupeo, to be stu||d, to be lost in wonder. Sttipid, stupidity, stupor, stupendous, stupefy, stupified, kc, ir SuadM (suasus), to persuade. Suasion, suasive, dissuade, dissuasive, persuade, persuasion, persuasive, &c a ^^ Sudo, to sweat. Sudorific, exude or exsude, kc, Bvmma, a sum, the whole or highest amount. Suai,* summary, summit, consummate, consummation, kc. » '%. Sumo (sumptus), to take. Assume, assumption, consum- able, consume, consumptive, presume, presumptive, presump- tuous, resume, unassuming, &c. Surgo (suKrectus), to rise, to lift up. Surge, insurgent, insurrection, insurrectionary. Resurrection, kc. Tabttla, a board or plank, a table. Tablature, table^ tablet, tabular, tabulate, tavern,* entablature, kc v>(f# • I 5.XV^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.25 US "^ 1^ 2.2 IIS ■u u ll£ 12.0 11^ 1^ VQ ^> ? Photographic Sciences CoiporadoR 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 872-4503 183 LATf N HOOTS. Tlafft^tMiira)) to tDuofa. T«ig«iit^ tangiUe^tacib, taieti^a, attaia, attteiaiBeat, contact, contagion, ooatagiotM; contigu- ity, oontiagont, contingency, integer, integrant, integral, in- tegrity, disint^rate, disintegmlion, entfre, &c. Tazdilt, slow, dilatory. Tardy, retard, tardiwen, &c. Tego (teetiiB), to cover. Tegument, tegular, tile,* detect, detection, integument, protect,. protection, ftc. Temiui (temptuB), to despise. Contemn, contempt, ftc; Tempero, to temper, to mix, to moderate. Temper* temperament, temperance, temperate, temperature^ attem* per, distemper, intemperate, tunper, &c. TunpiM (tcmpttris), time. Temporal, temporialities, tem- porary, extOBporary, ooilteDipoivineoai^ 9dc. Ttado(tenttt8ortenrai),t^«tretolijta«trl¥e. Tend,ten- dency^ tender (to offer), tenso, tensiotti, tout;* tetftcir-bbbk, attend^ attention, eotttend, imper- lacions, ^tiime, ictktedf iJQhiii- iHikte, ,ftttri- •m««( LATIM ROOTS. 189 • 4 T«fx«bk to frighten. T«tt6r, tetrible, detef, m/-^''^^ Teitif, a witnem. Test, testament, testamentary, testa- tor, testify, testimonial, testimony, attest, contest,* detect,* intestate, protest, unattested, &c. Tezo, to weave. Text,* texture, pretext, tissue,* &c. Timeo, to fear. Timid, timidity, intimidate, &;c. Tiago (tinctus), to tinge, to stain. Tinge, tincture, tint, taint,* attainder, attaint, mezzotinto,* &c. Titulni, a title, an inscription. Title, titular, &c. Tolero ( toleratus) , to bear or suffer. Tolerable, tolerance, tolerant, tolerate, toleration, intolerable, &c Toxpeo, to be torpid, or void of feeling. Torpedo, torpe- scent, torpid, torpitude, torpidity, torpor, ftc. Totqueo (tortus), to twist. Tort, torso, tortile, tortoise,* torture, torment,* tortuous, contortion, distort, ex ttlti| ex- tortion, extortioner, retort,* &e. '1 TotQi, whole, all. Total, factotum, surtont,* ftec ':[ Trftdo (tradlttus), to deliver, to hand down. Tradltfon, traditional, traditionary, traitor,* treason,* kc. Trmho (tractus), to draw. Trace, traceable, track, tract * tractable, traction, trail, train,* abstract, attract, betray, con- tract, contraction, contractor, detract, distract, extract, por- trait, portray,* protract, retract, trait, subtract, subtrahend, retreat,* tirade,* &c. Tremo, to tremble. Tremor, tremulous, tremble, 8cc. Ttm, three. Triangle, trident, triennial. Trinity, tHo, tri- partite, triple, treble, trisect, trivial,* &e. Tribnc, to contribut<»i Tribute, tributary, attribute; don- tribution, distribute, retribution, &c. ^ ' TribOB, tribe. Tribe,* tribunal, tribune, ftcf. TriosB, hairs or thread used to^nsnare birds. Trick, extri- eato, inextricable, intricacy, intricate,* intHgue, tress,* &c. Trudo (trusus), to thrust. Alr.itrU8e, al^struseness, intrude, intrusion, obtrude, obtrusion, obtrusive, protrude, protru- sion, unobtrusive, &c. Tuber, a swelling or bump. Tuber, tubercle, tubetcular, extuberanoe, protuoerance, protuberant, See, Tneor (tutus), to see, to watch over, to guard, to instruct. Tuition, tutelage^ tutelary, tutor, intuition, intuftiv^, un- tutored, &C -V ^iiJi^«Ji>#i-*i^ j;^iiii~f;;« iOO IffkWa BOOTS. TmiitjBi to«w«Il. T torce*. Urge, tvgenov, urgent^ kc, ^nriaai anunai water. Us^inot urinad^ unaary, kai'uT llfO (iMtus), to bum* Adust, oumbuntioiv oointaitible, Qombiistive, inoombuirtible. &c Uior (usus), to use. Use, usage, usual, UBur>'f^ Qsurp, utensil, utility, utilitarian, inutility, perusal, unusual, abuse, disuse, misuse, peruse, ko. TflMXsa, a cow. Yaocine, vaccinate,* Vaccination, kc Vaco, to be empty, to be at leisure. Vacauc^, vacant, vacate, vacation, vacuum, vacuity, evacu^^e, ko. Vaiio(vMa8),togo. Vade-mecum, evadc^evasifm, invade, invasion, pervade, wade,* waddle, kc. YtLgvuBt wandering. Vague, vagab^d,* vagrant, vacancy, vagary, extravagance, extravagantj kc. rritfrH VaitO, to be well^ to be strong. Valedictlnn. valietlidi- narian, valiant, valid, valour,* value, avail, convalvsoetibe, countervail, equivalent, invalid, invalidate, invaluable, pre- vail, prevalence, unavailaUe, unavailing, ko. ^^noTK '' Vaivn, folding doors. Valve,* valvular, bivalve, &e. Vantis, vain, empty. Vain, vanity, vanish, evanescent. Vapor, an exhalation, steam« Vapi)ur, evaporate^ &0. Vazius, various, diverse. Vary, variable, varianoe, varia- tion, variegate* variety, various^ unvaried, kCk Vaiiii% large, vast. Va«t| yastness, vasty. Vasto^ to lay waste, devastate, deva8tatiQnarch, n^onody, monogamist, monopoly, monas^ry, mqi^ptqi^y, Ac, Horphe, shape^ foray, ^fel^n^prphpse, amorphous^ ko* Ma&bs, a worc^, a fal^e. lifyth, R)y|hplp^, &a Mioiof, ten thoiisand. Myriad, niyvituofuff^me, ko* Mans, a ship : nautes, a sailor. Nausea,* nau8e,%|§, Dftutl* pat nautilus, aeronaut. Argonauts, ko. NekrOB, dead. Necropolis, ko. SoeWanteia. ~Ji # ORBBK IlOOTSf / 199 ( f N«0l, new. Neolo^, neophyttj Naplei, new,^ ke. NeiM, Ml island. Chenonesus, Peloponneiui, kc Vwxcn, ft nerve, Neuritlgift, perve, enervftte, &o. Nomoi, ft Iftw. Deuteronomy, ftstronomy, ke. NoMMi, ft diseftse. Kosology, noeolofficftl, &a Odft, ft Bong. Ode, palinode, oomedy, melody, monody, parody, proeody, psalmody, rhapsody, to. Odoi, ft wfty. Episode, Exodus, method,* period, period!- cal, periodic, synod, kc, OUcot, aliouse. Economy, diocese, parish,* kt, Oligoi, few. Oligarchy, oligarchicfti, kc Onuilot, like, reguliur. Anomalous, ftnomaly, &e. Ononui, ft nftme. Anonymous, synonymous, ftc Optomai, to see. Optic, optics, synopsis, dt«psy,* ke, Orinia, the thing seen, a sight CosmorftOki, diotamai dioramic, panorama, panoramic, ke, Qrganon, an instrument. Organ, organic, organise, ko* prkO!i, ftn oath. Exorcise, exorcism, &c. Omli (omlthos), a bird. Ornithology, ke, OxpluUKMi, bereft of parentft. Orphan, orphanage, ke, OraiOf, straight, right. Orthodox, orthctapraphy, ftc. r Osteta, a bone. Osteology, periosteum, sc. Ofltnikon, a shell. Ostracism, oyster,* ftc Ouranos, heaven. ^ Uranus, ouranography, ke. 0x118, sharp, add. Oxalic, oxyde, paroxysm, ftc. Pais (paidos), a boy : Paideia, instruction. Pedagogue, pedagogy, cyclopeedia, ftc. See Affo. PaJaios, ancient, old. Paleography, paleology, paleon- tology, paleosaurus, paleotherium, ftc. PaplUI, a father. Papa, papal, pi^pacy. Pope, ftc. Pas (pantos), all. Panacea,* pandect, panegyric, pano- ply, panorama, pantheon, pantomine, ftc PaJMiba, the passover. Paschal, pasque-flower, ftc. Pateo,. to tread, to walk about. Peripatetic, patrol,, jpc Pathos, feeling. Pathetic, apathy, antipathy, ftc Peptos, cooked, digested. Dyspepsy, ftc. See Dj^, PetalOB, a leaf. Petal, apetalous, bipetalous, ftp. Petra, a rock. Peter, saltpetre, petrify, ftc. Pha^,toeat. Anthropopiiagi, sarcophagus,* ftc Phaino, to shine, to appear. Phantasm,* fancy,*^ fan* tasy, fantastic, pluuie, epiphany, ftc. ^ 200 CLREEK. BQ0T9. :^0 it. Phumakon,. a drug. Pbarmaoj, phariaocopoeia, $c- Phemi, to sa;^, to speak. Blaspheme, blasphemy, em^ phasis, emphatic, prophet, euphemism, &c. Phero, to carry. Metaphor, paraphernalia,* &c. Phiios, one who loves. I'hilanthropy, philanthropic, phil- ology, pMloBophy, Philadelphia, &c. PhonS, voice. I'honic, euphony, symphony, &a Phita (photos),- l%ht. Phosphonis, pho^horic, phosphu* ret, photogenic, photog:«pfay, photograph, &c Pfaraiii. a phinMQ, a saying. Phrase, antiphrasfs, meta- phrase, paraphrase,, periphrase, &c. -r^ Phreiv the mind. Phrenetic, phrenology, frantic, k&^^ P1itho]i0OS, a- soumf. Diphthong, triphthong, &c PhoUon, a leaf. Aphyllous, monophyllous, &c. Phii^» nature. Phytic, physfcs, metaphysics^ &c* Phtitoii, a plant Zooph^, neophyte, &a Plani, wandering. Planet, planetaiy, &o. PlasBO, to form in clay. Plastic, plaster, &e. Pleo, to fill. Pleon|Mtic, pleonastical, pleonasm^ ||0. Plethos, fulness. Plethora, plethoric, &c. Tn ^ PleiM (plex9)i to strike. Apoplexy, apoplectic, ko. ) v Pnenxha (pneum&to3)» air, breath. Pneumatics, &c, .^^ Poieo, to make. Poem, poet, onomatopoeia, 4e)C. ^Jq P61«mo8» wajv Fblemics, polemical, &c. ^^iii^^D ^ Poleo, to seIT« Mont)poly„* bibliopolist, &c. '\ '.",. Polii, a cit^. Police^* policy, politics,* metropolis,* Acropolis, Helibpolis, Adrianople, Constantinople, &c» ^^ Poiil9, many. Polyanthus, polyglot, Folynesia, &c. , - ||L Pompa, a graticP procession. Pomp, pompous, &c. ' . ^^ Poros, a pore, a passage. Fore, porous, emporium, &<^ '^ ^otamOB, a river. Hippopotamus, Mesopotamia. Pons (pocos), a foot. Antipodes, polypus, tripod, &c. »:^ PralctOB, done : Ptasso^ to do. Practis^ practice, prag- * matic,* praxis, imprapticable. Sec. FrMbutdro^; elder. Presbyter, presbytery, presbyterian, presbyterianism, priest,* ftic Prolbii, first, rrotocol,* protomartyr, prototype, dfcc. Psallo, to sing, to play. Psalm, psalter, Ac. ^ \.1^4^«i. PaeudOB, false. Pseudograph, pseudo-prophH, £c. Ptoitia, a fall. Symptom,* symptomatic, &c. Pur, fire. Pyre,* pyramid, pyrites,, empyrean, &o. »# )» &0. IQllBBR UdOTa m i^X 'Rhapto (rhapBo), to sew or stitch together. Itbapso^. Bheo, to flow. Rhetoric, rheum, rheumy, rheuinatimn, catarrh, diarrhoea, hemorrhage, &c. Rhodon, a rose. Rhododendron. See Dendron. Rhombof, a whirling jnotion ; a rhomb. ,Rhomb, %o. Ruthmoi, measured time, harmony. Rhythm, rhyme. Bars, flesh. Sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus,* &c. banroi, a lizard. Sauroid, ichthyosaurus, j^lesiosa^afos, mcgalosaurus, geosaurus, hylseosaunus, ^e.* Schema, a plan, a design. Scheme, schemer, ^. Schismi^ a division. Schism, schist, schistou«y &c. Sites, com, bread. Parasite,* parasitic, &c. SkandalOB, a stmmbIing-block|«ffeL!C'i,disgrac^. Scandal, scandalous, scandalize, &o. SkenQ, a tent, the lEitage. Bcene, scenic, soebfliy, fte; . Skeptomai, te ^consider, .to dou'bt. Sceptic, sceptical. '- Skia, a shadow. Antiscii, asoii, sciomachy, &c. Skopeo, to view. Scope, kaleidoscope, microscope, tele- scope, episcopacy, bishop,* &;c Sophia, wisdom. Sophist, sophistry, philosophy, &c. Spao, to draw: spasma, a drawing, or contraction. Spasm, spasmodic, antispasmodic, &c. 8penna« seed : speiro, to sow. Sperm, spenm^tic, 'Upermaceti,'* sporadic, spore or sporule, &C. ' * .Sphaira, a globe. Sphere, spheroid, atmo^ere, tftc. . ^^Bplen, the milt or spleen. Spleen, splend^c, &c. - ,~ wiSp(Knsia, a sponge. Spotomy, &o. ^ ^^ ToiUNi, tension or stretching, a tone or sound. Tone, tcoic^ tune, barytone, mcmottttle^ Bemitbne, ftc. TopOB, a place. Topic, topical, topically, topography, topographical, topographer, Utopian,* &c. 1 Theorem,— ^e the "Dictionary of Derivations," page 272. * TAermopytor.— From this root and pyli^ a gate or past-^ in allusion to the hot springs near it. Our word warm is evidently from the same root {tfierme)* GR^ Ik ROOTS. 203 TnifM, » go«l.^ Tragedy, tngediaii, tvaglo, ftte. Ttapen, a t^ble, a quadrilateral figure. Trapezium, trapesed, trapaaoidal, fte. Tropoi, a taming. Trope, tropie, heliotrope, kc. Tnpoi, an impression, a mark, a type. T>-p6, typicid, ^yP^fyt ^ypog^P^Ji prototype, stereotype, &c. TnimiUMMi, a ruler, a Idi^ a despot l^yrant, tjiatinioal, tyrannous, tyranny; tyrannize, ko* Xolon, woNod. Aylogn4>hy, zvlographic, &c. Zelos, ardour, zeal. Zeal, zealoas, zealot, &c. . r» •^-.^a. 28(m, an animal. Zodiac, zodiacal, zoology, zoolo^ctu, zoologist, zootomy, zoophyte, &c '^iDT#i■ «« ':^i^^ '-;t ■■ n..v,ai.' ANGLO-SAXON 1tOOT& Generally speaking, English words 'vrhicli are not derived from Latin or Greek, are from ANGLO-8AX02f' Boots. But as few of these Boots have more tlian one or two DERIVATIVES in English,it is obvious that young persons would cain little or nothing by learuix^thjem. Witji Latin aua Greek Boots it is quite different) for^ by learning them the pupil will, witkout any additional trouble, become acquainted, at least in a general wav,^ with whole families of words. In fact, it may be said that a ^oung person who learns An^lo-Sazon Boots lUhes with a hook, and draws in at most but one word'^ at a time ; but in learning Latin and Greek Boots, he uses a net, and at one cast draws in a whole multitude of words. Hence it is not thought necessary to insert here a collection of Anglo-Saxon Boots ; but sliould the teacher wish to make use of them, lie will find in tlie Author's ** Manual of Etymology," page 126, a Ji:st of all those which have more than two or three DERIVATIVES in our language. ^ Tragoi. — From this root, and 6dS, a song, tragedy is de- rived, which originallj meant a feast in honor of Bacchui, at which a goat was sacrificed with singing and danohig. ♦■ 204 CELTIC AND ANGLO-SAXON BOOTS. PBINOIFALLT THOSE FROM WHICH THE NAMES OF PLACES IK GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND ARE DERIVED. [In the Author '■ Dietionarp of Derivations, under the head of ** Geographic^ Etymologies," these roots, and the names^ of the places derived from them, are more faUy explained.] «A nvf, OBLTIO ROOTS. Ab«r, the mouth of a river ; as Aberdeen^ AhergAV&myi^ "Lbehaher, ftc. See Inver. Mgh, afield; a» Ardo^A,^ Glaro^^ ftc. Alp, high ; as "the Al^" and Slieye-Alp (in Majo). AjA, high ; a height, a promontory ; as Ardaghf Ardtert, Ardglsaa, Avdmoref ke. Ath, |b ford ; as in iit^boy, A^enrjf AtKloae, ^^Aleague, Ath^, See Aug^ Andhter, the summit or top of the height ; as AuekUrtkrder, and Ouisr^terard. f. Angli, a corruption of a^; as ilu^Anacloy, Aughmore, Ao»' ATOn, water, a river ; as the Avom in England, && Bmh, white ; as Kendoan, Stra5ane, kc } Bul, BftU, Ballji a tewnland, a township, a viUage, a town ^ as Bo^briggaii^ SttKinahfll, .6^i%more, &c. ^ v^ Bag» small or little ; as BrMnft^, Ennisft^, ftc. ' ^'^ BM, the mouth of the ford, or the entrance of a river ; a^ Jl^fas<^ ^^mullet, ^nitorbet, fte. '^ Bea, Bbq# a monutaiii, a promontory, or headland $ as Ben- gore, S^more, Pcnmaenmaur, &». t'ti Blair, a plain deared oif woods ; as Btairit Moor, Elair- athol, ArdUatr. Bonis, Bnrris, the Irif^h form of hurgeta or Iwroughi ^orric-in-Ossory, J5orrMokane, ^om«oleigh. Boy, yellow ; as ^o^^anagh, Athftoy, Bawn&oj^,^ ClaneSoy. Brough, a fort or enclosure of earth, like Lis and Ratfu (The old Irish form was hrurfh, which is evidently from Burghf by metathesis.) ^ Ardagh, that is, the> high field. The full explanation of all the words which foUow wiULbe £ouud. in. the " Dictionary ofDerivat^Bfu" j*,>wi w OBLTIO BOOTS. 205 S. KB nr liead ames^ led.] any. Kert, kgue, rder^ ■i P. ; as ^ «*■ of try *» Bon, the mouth or end of a river ; as Biinorana, fundoran, ^unduff, Punratty. Gar, Caer, Cahir, a fort; ai Ozrlisle, Carnarvon, Cahir, CoAtrciveen. Caini, Cam, a conical heap of gtones, generally monu- mental ; also a mountain, properly one with a cairn on the top ; as Catrngaver, Cairngorm. Cam, crooked, bending ; as Camlough, Camolin, Cambui^ kenneth, Camfttmnore. Clar, a board, a table, a level ; as Clare, C7aragh, CSara, Ballyc^rc, &;c. don, a lawn, a meadow, a plain ; as C^onard, CTones, don" gowes, CUmnxel, ClontKtf, &c. Qough, Clogh, a stone, a stone house, a strong or fortified house ; as C^u^Ajordan, Cloghui, Cloffkeen, Cloghna^iltj, Clogher. Craig, Carrick, a rock, a rocky place, a craggy or rocky r hill ; as the Craig of Ailsa, C>'a^ngower, Ccirricit-a-rede, CarricHergus, Ballycrat^, &;c, Croom, Cnun, crooked, or bending; as Croom, Macroom, Crumlin. ' Cnl, the back or hinder part, a recess, an angle or corner ; as CWtra, Cu/more, CWross, Coferaine. Derry, Dare, the oak, an oak wood ; as BalUn(2erry, Lon- donderrgt Kildare, &c. Dhu, black ; as AirdcUtu, DAtdsk, Roderick-DAu, Douglass, i>«&lin, Annac2t^, &c. Brum, a ridge, a back, a hill ; as DrumhOf Drumheg, Drom- ore, Dunc^m, &c. Jhm, a fort, a fort on a hill, a hill, a fortified residence, a place of abode, a town. Hence i>unbar, Dtenblane, Ihmdalk, Dungannon, Dunmore, i>u»keld, iHtnbarton, 2>0Kmpatrick, Clifton Dmons, Cla.rendon, Croydon, Cha- te&ndon, &c. Fer, a man ; as Fermanagh, /Vrmoy, JFWmoyle, &c. Pin, white, fair ; as i^tntona, JFYnvoy, &c. Gall, a stranger or foreigner. This term seems to imply . west or western; as in Ga^l, Gavl, Galwaiyf Cotto way, Wales (Pay de GaUes), Cornwall, See. Inis, Innis, Ennis, Inch, an island, a place nearly or occa- sionally surrounded by water; as Ennis, ifnm>more, Ennisheg, /nntshowcn, Inch, /noAbeg, /iicAmore, /ncA- keith, BallinabincAy KiHinchy, rn^«mock, &c. 206 CBLTIO AND ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS. IftTor, the mouth of a river ; as Inver, Invermoref Inter' ness, Rossinver. Compare Aher. Ken, Kin, the head, a headland or cape; as JTmmore, Ken" mare, Kinross, j^insale, Canty re, &c. Kill, a edit ^ cloister, a church, a chtirch-yard, or burying- plaoe ; as Jr?7kenny, JTtZpatrick, A'i^bride, ATt/more, Kil- mamock, &;c. KuL also means {coHle) a wood^ in many of the names in which it occurs. (Thus, Ballinaiki?^ might be the town of the churchy or of the wood.) K&oo, a hill; as the Knockt iTnocArbreda, ATnocXwaim, Knodk- duff, irnocA;roe, &c. Un, Lyn, a deep pool, particularly one formed b^w a waterfall ; as Camo^in, Crum^m, Dublin, Ros/tn, Lynn- Regis or King*s-Z^nn, GhateauZtit) &c. Hagb, a plain ; as Magher&f Magkerahegj Magherajnovef JMagheraMn, JIfacroom, ilfa^ooth, &c. Moliej, a shrubbery, a brake ; as Moneyhegt Money Ballymonf^, Gammon^;/, &c. Hor, More, great; as ilfoT^ecaim, Arranmor^, Ballyanor^, Benmore, Duninoi*tf, Strathwore, Penmaenmaw, ftc.'^' Moy, another form of magh, a plain ; as ifoycullen, Mpy- cashel, JHfoynalty, &c ^^, Mull, a bald or bare head, a bare headland ; as the 3fuU of Gantyito, the MuU of Cralloway, &c. Mnlleii, a mia; as MvUingM, itfJmtra, &c. Wi» . Rath, an earthen fort or mound ; as Hathheg^ Rathtnorer Ro8, Ross, a promontory or peninsula ; a^ jRom, the Eoaset, i^Mtbeg, JRoMmore, Kinross, Muckross, Melrose, &c Sleivo, a mountain; as /SIftetvbawn, 5?iev«roe, &c. Strath, a long and broad valley, through which a river generally flows ; as iSitra^ven, iSi^ro^^more, Strath^eldBay, nra, a strand ; as jTralee, T/-amore, Ballintm, Gultra. ANGLO-SAXON BOOTS. ^^- Ac, an oak; as ^ttcil;land, Ackworth, ^xholm. Athel, noble ; as Athding, the title of the heir-apparent to the Saxon crown. Hence also Athdney (the island • of nobles), in Somersetshire.^ ft." 1 Where Alfred and his nobles concealed themselves from the Daues. AMOLO-BAJCOM ROOTS. 207 ,¥»■ ■ « « Btry, BnTiTi Burgh, Borooffh, Bury. The Gr. pwsf9§ (a tower, a castle, a fortified cityi a town) seems to be the root of all these words. Compare the Celtic i^Kie. Hence Burgos, Bergen, Prague, Edin^mr^A, &c. Botl, Botle, an abode or dwelling-place ; as KlbotUe, Har- bottle, Nevrbottle. Bume, a stream, a brook, a bourn ; as in Adder^m, Black- burn, Cran6oitrn, ^umham, Brad&um, Murybone, Hol< bum, Tyburn, Burton, &c. - By, Bye, a dwelling or habitation, a village or town ; as in Apple6t/, Der6^, Fen&^, Kirk5^) Rug&^, Denbigh, Carr, a rook, a tew; 9a iSlcarborough, and Skerries (rocky or craggy ialets), f > ^ Ceap, cattle, saleable commodities, sale, bargaining, traffic. Hence, Ceapian, to buy, to traffic ; and our wordis Cheap, Cheapen, Chaprntax, and shop. Hence, also, the names of places remarkable for trade, or where large markets were heM ; as CAcopside, Chippem^^sn, Copenhagen, && Comb, a bellow or low place between hills, a vjdley ; as AXcomh, Chilcom6, StancaZke)tfa» baktSiiM^ FtMikelieAa^, ReiheAa^, ftc I>M is another forttk of dale ; as Arunc^i^, " Dingley^2>ei2." Den, a deep valley, a valley in a plain ; as .D^bigb, Dib* cfen, Tenterden, &c. ',fi^vj? u f r* w Ea, Ey, water, an idand ; as Anglesea, Battersea, Chelseer^ Winchelsea, Bardsey, Ramsey, Shepp€j/, Norderey^, Sou- derey«, Dalkey, Ely, Faroe, Mageroe, &c. Ham, a h<»ne or dweUing, a village, a town ; ZTampshire^ J7a»iburg, JETampton. Hence, also, our diminutive noun, , hamlet, *. i '• v Hurst, a wood, a forest ; as BradAvrst, BrockAttrs^, &c. Ing, Inge, a field or meadow, a pasture ; as Reading, Leamin^on, Whitttn^ham, &;c. Law, a conical hill, a mount, a tract of ground gently rising ; as Broad^zc, BerwidL^t&i &c. m 208 AITGLO-SAXON ROOTS. Mm, ft sea, a lake, a pool, a manh ; a« Mertiey, Mereitm, Merton, Merdon, Morton, &b. The root is the Latin mare, a sea. HinBter, a moncultery ; as Axmintter, KiddetmintUr, York- minder, WeatmimUr, Monaderevtan, &o. Neu, a promontory; as the Ncuse, Blackneit, Caithtien; Dungenen, LangJieM, &c The root k the Latin noMit, the note, Nord, the north ; as i\ ordereys, Nordkjn, NorUm, Nor- way, JNTorrkopping. Nether, downward, lower ; as Netherhy, NetherlAndB, &c. SmlMi, a shrub or bush ; as iSAropshire, iS^rewfbury, &c. Shire, a division, a share, a shibb or county. Shear, to cut off, to divide, is from the same root; also sheer, which pro- perly means that which is divided or separated from every- thing else ; and hence, unmixed, pure, oleab. Hence, Mtrbume and Sherhom, that is, dear burn or stream. Stan, a tk>ne; as Siaines, Stanton or Staunton, Halystone, Ehrenbreit Stede, a stead, a station, a place, a town ; as "Rskvapstead, HoTstead, Christian«ta^t, Williamstociit, &c. i Stock, Stoke, Stow, a place, a dwelling ; as i8l{oeX;bridge, Stoke, Stoke-Foges, Woodstock, Ghepseow, Vadttow, &c. Strat, a street, a way or road; as in the StraHordB in England, and /S^roifbally in Lreland. This root is the Latin stratum. Bad, Sath, south ; as Sudbvaj, StdHAw, Sudereys, Zuyder- Zee,ftc. Thorp, a village ; as Thorp, AMhorp, Bishopt^orp, Altorf^ Dusselcjorf, ke. Wald, Weald, a wood or forest, a wdd or wild, Hence^ Tfo/den, TTa^^ham, ** the Wealds," the Gotswdd Hills, a Wick, Wioh, a town ; also, a bay or bend in a river, &c. ; a harbour. Hence, Alnvrick, BrunsiotciC;, Wanotdb. Nor- oeridi, Sandu^tcA, Dantzic, Slestm'cik. The root is the Latin vicus, a street. Worth, a farm, a village, a town ; as Ajcworth, Glentworf A, K/snTlworthf Twmmth^ Wthoorth, Wenttc^A, &a •^m^^m^'i ( 209 ) ENGLISH ETYMOLOGIES^ The great importance of a knowledge of the Latin and Greek roots, by which the vocabulary of the English language has been so much enriched, is now universally admitted. In almost every spelling- book and grammar now published copious lists of them are given ; while English Etymology, pro- peiiy so called^ is comparatively neglected. It seems to be forgotten that a similar use may bo made of primitive English words. In this little book, from page 56 to 73, and under the head of English Prefixes and Affixes, from page 149 to 152, several hundred words have been etymologi- catty explained by merely tracing them to the primi- tive English words from whictf they are derived. The following are additional examples: — Derivative words are formed from their primi- tives : 1. By the addition of letters or syllablep. 2. By the omission of letters or Billables. 3. By the interchange of equivalent or kindred letters. All wokIs havmg prefixes or postfixes, or both, are examples of the first process. To the examples given from page 145 to 152, inclusive, the following may be added : — ■^ ■ ■■*'■■■'_ ^i■^ ' -'y--"' . .:■: '..''mi--' EXAMPLES OP DERIVATIVE WORDS FORMED FROM THEIR ROOTS BY THE ADDITION OF LETTERS OR SYLLABLES. Crack Cramp Crumb Crackle Crumple Crumble Curd Drip Fond Curdle Dribble Fondle 210 BNGUSn STTMOLOOtES. Shove Shovel Side Sidle Spark Sparkle Stray Strajjgle Stride Straddle Tluoat Tlirottle ' Track Trickle Wade Waddle Whet Whittle Wink Twinkle Wrest Wrestle Wring Wrinkle Wrong Wrangle Verbs of this formation are called frkqukntativbr, beciiuse they imply SLjregnBucy or iteration of small acts. Nouns of this formation are called diminutives, because they imply diminution y as Game Gamble Gripe Hac^ Grapple Hackle Hack Higgle Nesue Nest Nib Nibble Pose Puzzle Prate Prattle Rank Rankle Roam Ramble Rough Ruffle Scribe dcribble Set Settle Bind Gird Hand Lade Nib Round Ruff Bundle Girdle Handle Ladle Nipple Rundle Ruffle Seat Shoot Spin Steep Stop Thumb Tread Saddle Shuttle Spindle Steeple Stopple Thimble Treadle Some FRSQUKNTATIVE v«rbfl ar^ fotmbd by adding er to th9 primitive word I as Beat Batter Gleam Glimmer '^^ Spit Sputter Wend Wander Spit Spatter Long linger Pest Pester Hang Hanker Climb Clamber Whine Whimper The large classes of nouns which are formed from the past participle, and also, from the old form (-elk) of the third person singular of verbs, are examples of the second and third process, that is, of contraction, and interchange of kindred letters. XKOLIBH 1BTTM0L00I1B8. 211 XXAMPLBS OF NOUNS FORMBD PROM THE PABY FARTICIPLEB OF VERBS. Joined Feigned Waned Bended Rended Gilded AVeiglied Frayed Mayed Bnyt'd Cleaved Weaved Thieved Thrived Joint Ffint Want Bent Bent Qilt Weight Fright Might' ' Bight Cleft Weft Theft Thrift Shrived Drived Gived Sieve (Mevfd) Rived Graffed Haved Haved Waved Deserved Held Flowed Flowed Cooled 1 Shrift Drift Gift Sift Rift Gmft Haft Heft Waft Desert Hilt Flood Float Cold EXAMPLES OP NOUNS FORMED BY CONTRACTION FUOM THE OLD THIRD PERBON SINGULAR OF VERBS. Healeth Stealeth AVealeth Grow«th Troweth Troweth Breweth Health Stealth Wealth Growth Troth Truth Broth Bcareth Breathetli Ginleth Dieth Tilleth Smiteth Mooneth Birth Breath Girth Death Tilth Smith •-» Month Some noims have been pimilarlv formed from ad- jectives; as Deep Long Strong Young Merry Depth Wide Length Ihoad Strength Slow Youtli Warm Mirth Dear Width Brea breviationfi, long sounds in simple or primitive words usually become short in compounds and derivatives. In tlie lists of words previously given, several examples may be found ; and the following are additional : Cave Game Vale Shade Insane Nature Prate Grain Vain Explain Vifiain Maintain Br^ak (a) Clean Clean Heal C&vity Gamble Valley Shadow Insanity Natural Prattle GrcKiiary Vanity Explanation Villany Maint^ance Breakfast (^) Cleanse Cleanly Health ^ Steal Weal Breathe Dear Please Please Seam Zeal Legend Secret Deep Sheep Spleen Cr"-ne Prime Stealth W jalth Breath Dearth Pleasant Pleasure Sempstress Zealous Legendary Secretciry ^ Depth Shepherd Splenetic Criminal Primer *H i ,11 w fo of w ti( CO tie IQ( a ^ BecanBe we wish to communicate our ideas with as much quickness m poMilble. ■X. BNOLIBH XTTM0L0GIE8. 2ia *EM, ords ives. plea M '{ Mime Line Vine "Behind Wind Wild Wise Wise Michaol WhiW « ,' Mimie Lineal Vineyard Hinder Windlass Wilderness \7i..ftrd Wh\om Michaelmaa WThitbrend Whitsunday Fore Knov" Holy Import Qoose Coal Foul Sour Boop House South F?^ehead Ktiuwledge Holiday I luportant Goslinij Collier Fulsome Surly Burly Hustin^ Southeny This is an important principle in prokxjnciation, as well as in derivation. We sometimes hear the /ore in /or«head pronounced /owr as in the simple word, instead of for, as it should be in the compound ; also chdstihf with the long sound of a, as m chaste instead of ihdatity^ Compare humane^ humanity ; naiion, na- tional ; serene, serSiiity ; divine, div&iity ;, conspirCj^ conspiracy ; pronounce, pronunciation,. &c. In English, as in all other languages, there are/ami"- tiet of words,, that is, words allied in derivation and meaning; as Basis, base, abase, debase, basement. Beat, batter, battery, bat, baton, beetle. Bind, band, bandage, bond, bound, boundary, bundle. BoW) bow.^n, booth {bowethy or made of hoi^ghs), bay.. C vk) creek, crick, crouch, crotchet, crotchety,. crutch, encroach, encfoachment. DroP) droop, drip, dribble, dripping, driveL Feed, food, fodder. Foot, feet, fetter, fetlock. Head, heed, hood. Heal, health, halt, hail (to \Wsh healthy to salute)..' Slip, slop, slope, slipper, slippery. - > Spiti spittle, spout, sputter, spatter* ^, Sup, supper, sop, soup, sip, &a ,^ ^^^ fern fU^ » I**" 214 EKQLISH BTTMOLOaiES. Mnny of tlie preceding words are etymologieaUy explained in the lollowing list :— » t» i.f i. hiw AbaJiOf to hwer ; to debase or degrade. Abate, to heat down ; to lower ; to lessen or diminislv Bate ^ is another form of the same word. ^/r Acorn (ac-co;7i), the corn or berry of the oahj Compare ^ucA;land, tliat y, OaA;land. After, a comparative from aft^ behind. Aldermail, another form of ddcrmf\.\\. Compare Senator (from the Latin senex, an old man). Aloft, on loft; that is, lifted up, or on high. Alone, aU one ; that is, entirely by one's self. "We sometimes hc^ar " aW " redoubled as "all alone." Hence, also, Lone^ Lonely^ &c. Almost, that is, most all; nearly. Also, that is, 50 aZ/y likewise. '''•^'f ., . ^ Aloof, from all off; that is, entirely off, or away^ from, remote, apart. 1. ' ^ ,.^ ,J , .'w^ Ir >^^' Amass, to bring to thle wuiirFbr Kea^ *' B'accSiffiffite/ Amount, to wount or ascend. " The amount" is what the entire mm ascends or rises to. ^ . Ant, an abbreviation of emmet (emH), ^ ( aii*fTjj?Mtr Appal, to make paU with fear, to terrify. Appease, to bring to peace; to pacifi/, Ai^aise, to set a pnce or value on. | .^ . Arrears, that portion which remains (in the rear) 5e^ina or unpaid. tn Knt* AtoD9,to make to be at one; to reconcile ; to expiate. Bacon, swine's ilesh Imked (haken) or dried by heat. Bandy, to beat to and fro ; to f,dve word for word. From handy, an instrument ?)eni at the bottom, for striking bulls at play. 5a?ui?^-legs, uneven, heni- ing, or croolf-ed legs. |- ■V ,c*s -*. 1 "Abate thy speed and I will bate of mine." — Dryden. ''^ * 4A and a6>a/t are still used at sea. ^ Aft and abaft ENGLISH BTTVOLOQIES. 215 ogieaUy ninish, le oak. mpare ilone." 4; iukte. It" u rear) >iate. leat. ord. ,for mi' ■r-f '*i .'t:« Barricade, Barrier, are so called because made or fortified with hars. Batter, a frequentative of beat. Hence Battery,. Battle, Battle-door, Bat, Com6a^, Delate, Baste, to heat with a hdton'^ or cudgel ; to give tlie bastinado. To haste meat is to heat or rub it witli a slick covered with fat, as was formerly the custom. .Batch, the number of loaves baked at tne same time. Compare the words similarly formed, page 212. Bairn, another form of horenot horn; from the verb to hear. Bairn is a Scotch term for aj^hild. ,^ Bauble, a hahy or child's pla^rthing ; a gewgaw.'" Bayonet, so called, from iiaving been first made in Bayonne, a town in France. Beam* A sun-66am, the beam of a balance, and a beam of timber are evidently different applications .ut of the same word. Compare Rai/ and Radius. Beaver, a hat made of the fur of the heaver or castor. .^^..Bedlam, originally the hospital of St. Mary, Bethle- hem, which was opened in London, in 1545, for the reception of Zi^iia^ics; but the term is nowgenerally extended to all mad-houses or lunatic asylums. Beetle, from the verb to heaty because used for heating or pounding. A beetle is a heavy-looking ^ and clumsy instrument, and hence the terms *^ beetle- headed," that is. with a head as Ihick as a be&ile; "6ee iv. '■'Sk in 1^- Hi Behold, to hold OT keep the eyes fixed: tftidn, «^n(l hence, to look steadfastly on. BeholdeUy tlie xAd form of tlie past participle of tlie verb to halA» Coanpare Bounden, Hound, Ohliged^ and 'Obligated, Behalf, seems to be a corruption of behoofs which means to a person's profit or advantage, c Bereave, from be and reave or rive^ to take away from ; to plunder or rob. . . / * ^: ^r Between, between twainortwo. Bfee'^Timfi.^ '^ Bewilder. To be hemldered is to be puzzled and perplexed, like a person in a wildcrnesSy whoclpes not know which way to turn. See Wild, ' -^ Bib, Bibber, from the same root as imbibe, to drink ^Mn. Bib is properly a cloth tucked under the ckin ! f of a child when it drinks or feeds.' "'^*'^V * Billet, a small bill. To billet soldiers, is to note their names, &c., in a bill, or piece of writing ; and hence to send them to their quarters or lodg' Ings. See Bill, page 68. Boa, a fur tippet ; large and Tound ; so called from its Msembtance to the boa 'constrictor. Bloat, from blowed {blou^d, bloutt, bloat), as float, ftoTXi flowed. Bloated, blxrwn out ^fr injlated; swollen or puffed out • ■-u^^^i^i_^mSkty.:\ Boggle, to hesitate ; to stick as if in a bog, ^^^j| > Bond, that by which a person is bound, ; - >^ *' Booth, from boweth; as broth from 6r««7^7 truth from troweth; &c A booth properly means a house made of boughs ; and hence a temporary house. Bough, from bow, to bend, because it lows or bends from the stem or trunk. Hence bower, an arbour, because made of boughs bent and twined together- Bow, the forepart of a ship ; flo called fnom its Wn^or if, , rounded form. Hence Bowsprit, the spar or boom '; which {sprouts or) projects from the bow of a ship. Henoe also^ Bower, an iinchar caixied at the VSGUBO. BTTMOLOQIES. 217- Bout, from how, to. bend ; to turn (bow^d, bout). An- other bout means another tvrti.^ ^'•^ Bread, from brayed, past participle of brat, to pound or break. Bread properly means brat/ed corn. Brinded, Brindled, other forms of the word brandrd^ , The skin or hide of a brinded catj or brindled cow, is . marked with br^ivm streaks, as if branded in.. Branded •. is another form; of burned. See note ©n Board, p. 58.. Brood, the number bred at one time. ** To brood ox%t\^*^ ^, i»a beautiful metaphor from a bird sitting constantly and anxiously over its eggs, till they are brought to* . maturity. r%^,^,^.. .,,,,.,,._ ..^:^r'^...n,y::f''^^^^.^,y Burly, for boornj, fhat is, like a boor. Compare sxjrlt (for sourly) from sour. See page 213. ^^ Cambric, from Gambrayy because noted for its mami- faeture. Compare Calico, from Calicut; Damasb:, * from Damascus; Diaper^ from dYpres: Dimity, ■ from 2>amw^to, &c. ''"' Casementt a window opening in a mse or frame.''* ^'-^ Cashieir ^ person in a mercantile establishment who*^ has charge of thecas^. ;; : f^^^ >i^ Cavalierly, haughtily ;- like a mvatter, or trooper. Cavalier, cavalry, and chivalry are different forms and applications of the same word. Cess, abbreviated from assess.. Cess i» the amomit of taxes aissessed or rated. Chandler, a maker and seller of candles. Hence, also, ,^ chandelier, a branch for candles, Lut chandler, a general dealer, as ship-chandler and corn-chandlery, is from a different root. ^ ^ .r > t ; >^ ; ;^f^ >* Clamber, a frequentative firom climdi 6(ee page 21 6. Chilblain, from chill Mid blain, A chilblain is a blain or blister produced by cold. Closet, a small or close apartment ;. a private room,*^^; ^ "In notes with mn«y » winding hout Of linked sweetness long drawn, out. ''^—ilft^^^an. K u. 218 ENGLISH BTYMOLOGIBS. Olumsy, from clump (elumpsy) ; and hence heavy, shapeless, awkward. Comely) coming together ; and hence fitting, suitable, decent, graceful. Compare Becomino.' Coop, originally a cask or barrel ; and hence the term ^COOPER, a maker of co^s. The name was also given l^to cages or enclosures for ponltry, &c., and hence, ^tto coop upf came to signify to shut up, or confine. within narrow limits. ^' ^ 4.>oom Countenance, the contents o^ the face — the whole features taken together. ■ " ^^ ' ""' ^ '^" '[^^'^ t[ ' * Craven, one that has craven or craved his life from. his antagonist ^ Crimple, Crumple, frequentatives from cramj?, a con- tifactiou or drawing together. Crlpi)le, from creep, A cripple is sometimes obliged, a s it were, to creep along. Crouch, to crook or bow down. Crutch is another form of crook J and means a staff for crouching or * stooping old men. Crotchet and Crotchety are from the same root. :,,•.;,<:: -'k'^j^^'W Cud, that is, what has been already cEewBcflJc^^ei?). Quid is another form of the same word. Curd, Curdle, from cruder by metathesis of the letter r. See note on Board, page 68. Damson^ f«'r Damafcene^ from Damascus. '*^ '^'- Dawn (i'or c/ay(?n), the beginning or break of day. Deed, any thing that is do-ed or done ; as SEED from sowedf and flood from Jlowed, See page 211. Dismay, from dis, as in a/«arm, and may, to be able. ^^To be deprived of mijgfA^, and hence to be discouraged and terrified. Doff, to do or put off; to lay aside. Doom, that which is deemed or adjudged. Doomsday, the day of judgment. Draughts, a game in which the men are played by being draughted pr drawn along the board. V'?t-. ENGLISH BTTMOLOCnSS. 219 'I ilDrawinf -rooBly an apartment for vnthdramng or re- tiring to after dinner. Drawl, to draw out one's words slowly and affectedly. Pray, a heavy cart, originally without wheels, so f called from oeing drawn or dragged along. Droop, to drop or hang down the head ; to languish. Elder, the comparative of the obsolete word eld, old, ^ Elder ^ Older, and Alder {9a in aldermaji) are the same words differently spelled. Ell, properly means an arm; whence elbow, the how or oend of the arm. The ell English was fixed by the length of the king's arm in 1 10 1 (Henry I.) See 'r^i2, page 69. ■ «^v»V*^ -WA Embark, to go into a hark or ship ; to pnt to sea: and hence to engage in a hazardous undertaking or en- terprise ; to engage in any affair. i xi Embarrass (to oppose a har or obstacle), to obstruct; to perplex or confuse. Embroider> to border or oma/mmt with raised figures of needle- work. For the metathesis of the letter r, see note on Board, page 68.^ Enlist, to enter on a list or roll, the names of persons engaged for military service, wv^? uK,n M%\iti*txfi-, Endeavour, to do one's devoir or duty ; to exert one's self for a particular purpose, rviuu? t^ held. Hbft is another form of the ^ame word| and HILT, that is, heldj is similarly derived. Hammercloth, from hamper and doth. The cloth ' that covers the coach-box. Under the seat of the coachman there was formerly a hamper, for market ' and other purposes, and the cloth that covered or : concealed it was called the hamper cloth j whence HAMMERCLOTH. Hanger, a short sword ; so called because it han^s or is suspended from the side. Harier, now written harrier, a kind of hound for .' hxiniing hares J. i*i j^fi:«*nii Indenture, a deed or covenant, so named, because ^ the counterparts are indented or notched, so as to correspond. Inform, to represent to the mind or conception the ^ form or idea of a thing ; and hence, to convey or impart ideas ; to apprise or instruct. Jest, an abbreviation of gesture. A jest ia properly. jl gestv/re or grimace, to excite mirth. Jovial (born under the influence of the planet Jupiter or Jove\ gay, merry, jolly. Compare saturnine, MERCURIAL, and MARTIAL. ,;xa'3'X.44i Kidnap, to nab or steal children ; hid having lormerly meant a child, Kine, for cowen, the old plural of cow. Compare the formation of swine from sowen. ■; 1 " The name of a huiband, what is it to say ? Of wife aud the AoitMhold the band and the stay."-^ *^ t ((Xhare't kmbanary in heaven, their (^dles ttre all out." .•^iiii*; J' 5fv>- .'jUm ^l Shakiptare. BN0LI8H BTTMOLOOIE& •r 223 Landscape, from land and shape. The shape and ap- pearance of the land, &c., in a picture. Lasa, a contraction of Ladess, the feminine df lad. Compare ma'am for madam ; and last for latest. Last, a contraction oUafest; and lience to be the latest, or most enduring. Hence, lasting, euerlxsting, &c. Laggard, one that /a^5 or keeps behind. See page 150. Laanch or Lanch, to ]inrl a lance; to dart from the hand ; and hence to propel with velocity, as a ship ■^ from the stocks into the sea. Hence, launch, a light boat, and therefore easily launched. ,"^. Left. See pages 66 and 211. _, ^.ll^; List, a nan-ow 8tr

Mayer, the chief magistrate in a city. Another form ; and application of major, the proper meaning of which is grrea^er. ^ , , % Meander, from the Medfldeflkir^et in Phrygia, re- markable for its mnding and serpentine course. Mote, a very small particle, seems to be another form of mite, a small insect ; a small coin. »'iis>Mivr * " The very ?w^, the very ufmoaf ftounrf, ' ' ' '**-^*" Of all our fortunes,"— Shaksjpeare^ - 224 ENOUSH ETTVOLOQIES. Mould ii perhaps from meal ^ (mealed^ meaVd^ motUd^ like tiie words in page 211). See Mould, page 69. Mound, another form of mount. Compare the for- mation of Hound from Hunt, ! ' " Naught) a compoimd of ne aught, that is, not anr-^ thing; and hence, worthless ; had ; wicked, \" NeighDOUr, from iiijhy and perhaps boor, Neithsr, from ne or not, and either, one of the two. Ness, a nose or point of land running into the sea ; as the ^aze in Norway ; and Langness in the Isle of Man (i.e., lo7ig nes^ or nose). Net, so called because knitted, ,.:;■'',. *»' y Niggaxd, from nigh, near, and ard. See pa^e 150 for ARD. A niggard is a Ttear, close, or stingy per- son. Nosegay, a bunch of flowers for smell and gay ap- pearance. ,^ Nostril, from nose and thrill, to drill or pierce. v None, ik contraction of no one. Compare neither. Nought, a corruption of naught, but the meaning is now different : nought meaning not any thing ; and -',,, naught, bad or wicked. ; n'l. ^.| r r ' r, . . Nozzle, a frequentative from nose. See page 210. Offal, that wnich (falls off) is cast away as unfit for jfood ; and hence, any thing worthless. Compare REFUSE and rubbish. Offspring, that which springs off, or arises from;.|^ child or children. ,/' Only> from one and ly or like. See like, p. 151. Ought, a contraction of owed, ow^d, ought.' Ought means to owe it as a duty to act so and so. Compare the formation of bought from huyed, ..; l.„t ^^ . »;. Orrery, an astronomical instrument, whicli tne in- . ventor (Rowley) so named in honour of his patron, the Earl of Orrery, kMiUA'' ^f^',^. h /.ci-V^'i^:--if> 1 Meal is from the Latin mola, a mill. * ** The love and duty I long have ought you.' — Spellman, 1 I P P P .^»' 1,^' P P( Pi BNOLiaH BTTM0U)GI]I8. 226 '7 as for )are ■-.i*J4'- iire roii, Ostler, Holrtler, tbe man who takes care of hoTses at a (hostel) hotel or inn. Padlock (a lock for a pad gate), a lock with a staple and hasp. Paduasoy, a kind of silk from Padua. Parboil, to (pari boil) half boil. t Parcel,^ a small part or portion ; a small package. Parse, to resolve or analyse a sentence into its ele- ,. ments or j>aWsof speech. v4f| ,vf«H''i f>f«;x)«^.^r Pattern, a corruption of patron, and hence a mod'd, because dependents follow and try to imitate their patrons. Pelt, contracted from pellet, a small ball. To pelt^ properly means to hit with pellets. Perform, to bring to a foiim or shape ; to ^jerfect ; to achieve or accomplish. Perry, a drink miide from pears. ^^ .f^^.f,cr Peruse, to use {per) througlily or tlioToughhu and hence, to read tnrough and through, or carelully. ?5 Philippic, properly the speeches of Demosthenes .^, against Phihpy king of Maccdon ; but afterwards .J applied to any invective declamation; as the orations of ^icero against Antony. Pike, c* long lance or spear ; a voracious fish — so named from the shmpness of its snout. Pique, to touch to the quick, to offend deeply, is the same word differ- < ently spelled and applied. Hence, piquant, sliarp, pungent, severe. txttt^ Pipkin, a small pipe or vessel. Compare lurnhkin, &c. Pocket, a small poke^ or bag. Pouch and pock (a little bag or pustule) are ditt'erent forms of the same word. Hence also poach, to bag or steal game ; and poacher, a stealer of game. Pucker (to form into small pocks or pQkes)y to wrinkle or ruffle, ^qq Pocket. :..^.„.. ...^ ;. %f?i ^p m. >' '^ Of which by parcels she had somethiDg heard." K 3 ir^c BK0LI8H BTTMOLOOIBS. Quagmire, from quaie, as in eatthquakey and mire, ^ Quick, cUivi or living ; as "the quick and the dead." Hence, be qnidc^ and be alive, arc equivalent expres- sions. Life implies motion; and lience, the expres- sions gM/cA;silver, gwiofcaand, &c. ^ Bally, to re-ally or reunite broken forces. '*/^^ *^'* Reel (a frequentative of roll), to roll or turn, to move quickly round ; to stagger. Begale (to entertain like a king\ to feast sumptu- ously. From regalj kingly. Remnant, a contraction of rejmanent, remainincfl Rest, that which rests or remains behind. Rest, cessation or relaxation, is the same word differently applied. m^w ah. Riddle, an enigma, is a diminutive of read or redt^ to guess. RiDDLTs, a coarse sieve, is from reticle, / ^ Roost, to rest ; the place on which birds perch or rerf for |he night. Satchel (a small 8ack\ a small bag. See page 151 for the terminations wnich express diminution. ' Salver, from save. Salvers were origin all}' used for saving or carrying away the fragments of an enter- tainment. Salvage is a recompence awarded to those who have saved ships from being wrecked. ' ^ Sampler) an example y a copy or model. Hence, also, SAMPLE, a specimen. See Spice. - ;,^ * ^^ Saw, a saying; a proverb ; as, "fuUof Miii^ ^dta^s'Snd modern instanees.'' Scrap, that wliich is scraped off ; and hence, a very small portion of any thing. Compare scuM, that ^ which is shimmed off. Sharper, a sharp, keen person ; a cheat. ' ' -^^^^'^ Sheen, bright or shining; from the verb to sliint^^ ^^ Sheriff, from shirereeve. Compare portreeve, '''^^l' Shuffle, a frequentative from shove. To shove or move cards frequently from one hand to the other ; ' and hence, to keep changing one's ground or posi- tion. Shovel is from the same root. »»aU8n KTTMOLOOIK8. *.,r / 227 fiOdpi^. tnother form of shipper; the masfer oroap- tain ol a trading vessel. Sloven, from alow; a craven, from crave. Slut ih , from the same word idowed, slowed, slut). See similar formations, pa^e 211. Sneer. It is remarkable that most words bef^inniiig with m have reference to the nose ; as snout, sueei', meezey snore, snorty snarl, siivfff ^nv-ffU, sniff, snivel, snqffle, &c. j>.io . Snuff, that which is sniffed, Softk seems to be connected with suck, ^ >; -; Sorrel, a plant of a sour or acid taste. Compare surlt. Spice, a very small quantity — as much as would en- able one to judge of the bpecies or quality. Spe- OIMEN is another form of the some word. Staple, another form of bTABLE ; firm , estahliahed. Starch, another form of stark ; stiff, firm, confirmed, as ^^ stark mad." See Starch, page 212. Steeple, from steep, high. Step, that wbich^nables us to ascend, is also from steep. Stud, another form of stood, a number of horses standing together ; a set of horses ; a nail or but- ton for fixing or keeping things steady ; the haad of a nail or similar ornament set or fixed on any (■ ki,*fT|i \e »-. 1 thing. Tad-pole. See Gad-fly, page 220. Talent, a weight or sum of money ; also (from the parable of the Talents), a natural gift or faculty. Tamper, to try a person's temper, with the view of practising upon it. Tap, to strike or hit with the tip of any thing, as the finger ; to knock gently. Tendril, the young or tender spirals of the vine, w, , Tight, from ited See page 211. .^-«^; TwHight, the waning light hetween day and dark. Twin, from twoen. Twain, twine, and tween, as in between, are different forms of the same word. Twist, that which is ^wJiced. See page 211. sij;, -v / 228 EN0LS3H BTTM0L00IE8. Trice) is from thriae, and means in an instant ; befovd^ you could say thrice. Trifle. It seems another form of triviaL r^ Upholsterer, another form of upholder (upholdstei*, up/ioltterer)f a bearer or supporter at a funeral ; one M'bo undertakes to supply funerals ; and hence, on6 who provides furniture or upholstery for houses.. Compare undertaker ; and see Holster^ page 222. Usher, one that stands at a door for ihe purpose -of introducing strangers or visitors ; and hence, an under teacher — one who introduces or iniiiates young children in the rudiments or elements of learning. ' Utter, for outer, farther out ; and hence, extreme ; as in " utter darkness." &ee Express, "page 63. Vefieer, to inlay with wood, so as to give the appear- ance of t^ei^^s. in ; vj-.s^j J., in iv mU>.>.j 'i-:».t^«.vm. *!^iJ*iJ C4_ ^Waddle, from wade. To walk as if wading; to walk awk^p^dly. Waver, from wave. " For he that wavereth is like a WAVE of the sea, driven with the wind and tossed." Wild, willy willed^ wil'd, wild. Self-willed, or followr ing one's own will. ..^-trnfl v,;tfi*«^44^v= Warn, from the old verb ivare-en, as in heware. Cora- pare LEARN from lear-en; for the old form was lear^ whence lore. To warn is to tell a person to heware, or to be wary. ^.i : Whisk, a quick, sweeping motion ; * a kind of brush for sweeping ; hence whisker, from the resem- blance to a whisk or brush. . .,^^,..^-. ., Wizard. See page 150 for the affix ard. -f ; * f^-- Wrong, from wring, as song from sing. Wrong * means wrung ^ or wrested from the right or correct course of conduct. wtumr '-^m Arihtm^- . ' , . . .. ^ -^ I. u ^vi 1 «« j^Q thought advances but the eddy braitf^^^'^ "^ ;J; IKfe ^*>%i,i»-v TrAi«A;3 it about, and down it goes agam.'^ if iyjtuf.:.' "i'« Hi'j^Ai,^ rr^- #( '-■> ,|,y;&i.«f. 4.-, M^( 229 ) ^:t v4#»'» ' l> SYNONYMES. r- -*it'^ y'ii4. .i^fCW^f In all languages, particularly in those that ate of ;a mixed origin, there are numerous groups of words which have the same general meaning. Such words are called synontmes or synonymous tbrms. In the English language, for example, which derives 60 large a portion of its vocabulary from Latin, Greek, French, and other sources, the number of SYNONYMES is unusually great; and to this circum- stance on© of its principal difficulties mmy be at- tributed. For, in order to have a correct and critical knowledge of the language, we must know not only all the words which are synonymous, but also all the peculiarities by which they are dis- tinguished from each other. For it is only in the expression of one general idea that synonymous words agree ; and to this extent only they should be considered as equivalent in meaning. But it will be found, also, that they have, in addition to the idea which is common to them all, peculiar sig- nifications or appropriate applications of their own; and in these respects they should be considered as quite different words. In employing synonymous words, therefore, great care should be taken to distinguish between their general minings and particular or peculiar applications. If two or more of them be employed to express one and the samo w t 230 STNONTUBS, OR it idea,^ the most objectionable kind of tautology will be produced, namely, the unnecessary repeti- tion of the same idea. And on the other hand, if their peculiar significations and appropriate appli- cations be confounded, ambiguity and error will be the result. In a work of this kind it would be useless to attempt even to enter upon a subject so extensive and 80 important. All that can be done here is, to give a list of the principal or most important 8TN0NTMS» of the language, with a few introductory notes in illnstration of the general subject. Tho leainer is also recommended to refer to a Dictionary for the general meaning and peculiar applications of each of the words here given j and in order that this may be done in our schools, the teacher should, from time to time, assign to the class a suitable number of them 'to be prepared as a LKBSON or exercise.:! ti'-jifiw vArpn^ mU ili^. -rin*^ ion - The following extract from Blair's Lectures will form an excellent introduction to tlie subject : — firu^^The great soiiroe of a loose style, in opposition to precision, is the injudiciovis use of those words termed synonymous. They are called synonymous, because tibey agree in expressing one principal idea ; but for the most part, if not always, they express it with some di- versity in the oircumstMices. They are varied by some « ' "■ " * 1 "There are two occasions on which synonymous words may be used: one is, when an obscurer term, which we cannot avoid, precedes or follows, and needs explanation byonethnt is clearer; the other is, wlten the language of the passions is exhibited. Passion naturally dwells on its objects. The impassioned 8X)eaker always attempts to rise in expression ; ,but when that is impracticable, he recurs to repetition and ■vnonymy, and thereby in some measure produces the same li 8TN0NTM0US TBRMS. 231 n/boekokty idea, which every word introduces, and which forms the distmction between them. Hardly in any language are there two words that convey precisely the same idea ; a per- son thoroughly conversant in the propriety of the language will always be able to observe something that distinguishes them* As they are like different shades of the same colour, an accurate writer can employ them to great advantage, by usin^ them so as to heighten and to finish the picture which he gives us. He supplies by one what was wanting in the other, to the force or to the lustre of the image which he means to exhibit. But in order to this end, he must be extremely attentive to the choice which he makes of thenu For the bulk of writers are very apt to confound them with each other, and to employ them carelessly, merely for the sake of filling up a period, or of roundinfi^ and diversifying the language, as if their signification were exactly the same, while in truth it is not. Hence, a certain mist and indis- tinctness is unwarily thrown over style. ^.^ "As the subject is of importance, I shall give some ex« amples of the difference in meaning among words reputed synonymous. The instances which I am about to give may themselves be of use ; and they will show the necessity m attending with care and strictness to the exact Import af words, if ever we would write with propriety and precision: — Austeritfff severity, rigour. — Austerity relates to the man- ner of living ; severity, of thinking ; rigour, of punishing. To austerity is opposed effeminacy ; to severity, relaxation ; to rigour, plemency. A hermit is austere in his life ; a easulst severe in iiis application of religion or law ; a judge, rigorous in his sentence. ^^ ; ,'au; ..^ Custom, haUt. — Ciistoth- %esp<6fefi Htk action ; haWt, the actor. ]^y custom we mean the frequent repetition of the same act ; by habit, the effect which that repetition produces on the mind or body. By the custom of warning often in the street, one acquires a habit of idleness. 8urprited, astonished, amazed, confounded, — I am sur- prised, with what is new or unexpected ; I am astonished, at what is vast or great ; I am amaeed, with what is incompre- henuble ; I am confounded, by what is shocking or terrible. Desist, renounce, quit, leave off. — E^ch of these words im- plies some pursuit or object relincj^uished, but from different motives. We desist, from the difficulty of accomplishing; we renounce, on account of the disagreeablenets of the object 232r nivroKmvSy or I'li'i or pursxiii ; we quit, for the sake of Bome other thing whioln interests ut more ; and we leave off, because we are weary of the design. A politician desista from his desigosy when he- ' finds they are impracticable > he renounces the court, because he has been affronted hy it ; he quits ambition for study iiv retirement : and leaves off his attendance on the great, as ha becomes old andf wearv of itr ,uwi*J^ ,P>'«rfc, vanity, — JVide mnkes us osteein enrselves; vanity* makes trs desirv the* esteem of others. It is ju»t to say, a» Deav Swift Ra»done, that a man mny be* too proud to be vain.. ^HiMpfttinatt'dimictin. — Haughtiness is* founded u^n tho kighc opinion we* entertain of ourselves ; disdain, on the low opinion we have of othertt To diatinguighf. to sepaixUe.-^'We distinguish what we want not to confound with^ another thing ', we separate what we; want to remove from it.^ Objects are distinguislied from one another by their aunlities. Tbey are separated, by the dis^ tancd of time or place. ■" Towearpt to fafiyje. — The continuance of the same thing wearies us ; labour fatigues us. I am weary with standing ; I am fatigued with walking. A suitm* wearies lu by his pemeverfMice ; fatignes us by hln importunity. To abhor^ ta dtto^t.— To* abhor,- imperts simply strong dis« Kke ; to- detest^ iniport» also stfong disapprobation. On» abhors being in debt; be deteats treacheryr ^ To invent^ to di8cover,---We invent- things that are new ;; we discover what was before hidden. Galileo invented the telescope ; Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood. Only, alone. -'Only t imi^orts that there ijs no other of ther same kind; alone, imports being ^accompanied by no other; Aa only cmleb i» one who has neither brother nor sister ; » child alone is one who ia left by itself. There is a diffi^rence, therefore, in precise laiiguage betwixt these two phrases v * *■ V ir tue onlM makes us happy ; " and ' * Virtue ctlon e makes us ' h«ippy." " Virtue only makes us happy.^'imports thai nothing else can do it. "Virtue alone raakea us happy,'*^ importa that virtue, b:^ itsej^f, or uni^o^panied with ether advan* tages, is sufficient to do it.! V ,. ^*,jEntivej complete, — X thing is entire by wanting none of itsr parta,}^ complete by wanting none of the appendages that belong to^it. A man may have an entire house to himself; and yet not have one complete apartment. l^TranqmllUy, peace, ca^m.— Tranquillity respects a situa* iion free fronr trouUe, considered in itself j peace, the same situation with respect to any causes that mignt interrupt it ; ealmw with regard to n disturbed situation going bofo^ e, or BTNONTHOUfl TBRMS. / 233 f oUowifig U. A good man enjoys irADqaiUilgr in IkimieU, l^eace with otberi, and a calm after a ttorm* A difficuity^ an obstacle.— A difficulty embarrawfs ; .anob- «taole stops us. We remove the one 4 we surmount the other. Generally, the first expresses somewhat arising from tbo nature and ciroiimsdbanoes of the affair ; tlve seoondsoinewhai* Arising from a foreign cause. Philip found difBcuUy ia managing the Atlienians, from the nature -of their disposi- 4iion8 ; but the eloquence of Demosthenes was the greatest •obstAole to hisidesigns. Wisdom^ pr?^rffince. —Wisdom leads ois to -speak ani act what is most proper; prudence prevents our speaMngAud Acting improper]]^. A wise man employa the «()ost proper means for success^ a prudent max\, the safest jneansior^ot ^eing broufi^ inte danger. Eaovgh, 8uJicient—^no»if^ relates to the quantity which one wishes to have of anything ; sufficient relates to the use that is to be made of it. Hence, en oug|h generally imports a greater quantity than sufficient -does, llie covetous man T^eve' hnsenougli, although he haswhat issuffioient for nature. JO avow, to ai;knoviedg€, t^ confets. — Each of these words imports the affirmation of ft fact, but in very different oiroum- stances. To avow, supposes the person to glory in it; to acknowledge, supposes some small degree of faultiuess, which 'the adkuowledgment compensates-; to confess, supposes a Jbigher degree of cridMe. A patriot a«^ows hisof)poiitiQa to« bad minister^ au4 is applauded 4 a gentleman Acknowledges his mistake, and is forgiven ; a prisoner confesses the crime he is accused of, and ts punishefl. • > To remavk, toobseiHfe. — W.e r«jiiark, in the way of attentioUt in order to remember; we observe, in the way of examina- tion, in order to judge. A traveller remarks the most strik- ing objeets he sees ; a generail observes aU the onotiona of ihisenemy^ Equivocal^ amhiffuous. — An equivocal expression is one 'which has one sense open, and designed to be understood^; Another sense •concealeil, and xmderatead .only by the person who uses it. An Ambiguous expression is one which has apparently two senses, and leaves us at a loss whidh of them iio give it. An equivocal expression is used with au intention to deceive ; an ambiguous one, when it is used with design, is, with an intention not to give full inform ation. An honest man will never employ an equivocal expression ; a confused man may often utter ambiguous ones, without any design. 1 shall only. gi«re one instance more. v Withif 2)^.— Both these j>articles express the oonnectiom ^34 ^^fmtovmtM, OR '? i ImMpmh MnM IfttinmMlkit. or meiKni-of eff«oi{ng ftn «iii^, Md the agent wbo employB it ; but with exprefiei a more oloie and immediate eonnexion ; 6^, a more remote one. We kill a man with a sword ; he dies by violence. The criminal is bound tfi^A ropes by the exeetrtioner. The proper distinction fak the nse of ^ose particles is elegantly marked in a passage of Dr. Robertson's History of Seotland. When one of the old Scottish kings Was making nn inquirjinto the tenure by which his nobleti held their lands, they started up and drew their swords. **By these," said they, ^* we acquired our lahcli, and wUhVi^M we will defend tbem.'^ *^*By these we aeauirecl our lands,** signifies the more remote means of ac- quisition by foroe and martiul deed ; and **with these we will defenathem/* signlfiee the immediate, direct iBstra* IDjBiit, tbe sword, which they would employ in their defence. > ,*Vf^d^ are iiii|t|tfice9 of worda in our language, which, b^oareletBS writers, are apt to be employed as perfectly jSy^^yimo^^t. aM yet are not sa Their significations ap- ]^rcwK;b) but arQ not pneci^elv the same. The more the dU- linetion in the meaning of such words is weighed and attendad to^ the mora dearly and forcibly shall we speak pP ■write.**-'''' -.^t^t s4^ ■•*r'->*>>{|-. ,^ .:M': Th^ i^^stration9 in th^ preceding extract will, M we said heicfre, farm an excellent introduction to tljie study of English synonymes. The following LIST will furnish the teacher with materials for exercises or lkssons on the suhject, as recom- lEiended in page 230, and in the subjoined note— for, generally speaking, it will be found that the BTTMOLOOT of a word leads to its true meaning and proper applications. The pupils should, therefore, be required to give, when ascertainable, the etymo^ logy of the synonymes in each of the prescribed lessons; and, also^ instances of their appropriate applications. Btd before the pupils enter upon this iuljQect^thetj.sfhould he quit^ familiar with the general principles of Etymolog^y as (dready given. See pages 54, 98, 143, ^c; and also the author's ** Dictionary of Berivatibns.'^ 8TN0NT1I0CB TBBMB. 2S5 SYNONYMOUS TERM8,> {To he explained at recommended in the preying page*) |. Abandon* Abdicate^ Abettor* Abhor Desert Resign Accessary Abominate Forsake Kelinquish Accomplice Petest , 1 Tliough there are seldom more than two or three wordu synonymous in m&'iuing, yet, in several cases, there are four, five, and sometimes even more. We shall not, however, giv6 more nor less than tiiree. Wher there are more, the teaehor should either elicit them from iihe pupils, or suggest them himself. We have only space for a few intkoDuctobt notes. ^ Abandon is to give up entirely; to give upas lost-. Mari- ners abandon their ship at sea when they have lost all ho|)ea of being able to biing her into poH. Persons lost to virtue abandon themselves to vice and profligacy. Denert properly means to give up or leave a station which it was our duty to de- fend; and hence it implies to give up treacherously or meanly* Soldiers who abscond fron^ their regiments are said to (teaei *^ and are called detertera. Politicians who leave their party when their support is most requiired are also said to aoert. i^or«»A:eetynfiologically means not towcAv or to seek no longer,; aiidh^nce it came to signify to give up or leave through resent* mept or dislike. Like deset't^ it often implies treachery or mtohness— but hot to the same extent— as when we fortdkc that it has been discoveied. In this casei aJbandon would be more appropriate. Wlieu a person leaves his house at the appr propriate applications ; as, to abdicate a throne ; to resign ^n office ; to re^tnguif^ a claim. , ^ i^ a* * 4Mtor, accessary ^ ^utcompUce,—fiiii ahdtor is ^9ii%rtnat abets or inoites unothet to. th^ cosmmfaslon ot a wropg or i|n* lawful ittct. Accessary from the Latin aecido \aecessus\io go to^ to accede io, is one that odvisba iio, MSiiti in^ or ^oneeals 2^ Abjure - Kendim6o> Recant •Abridge Curtail Shurteii AiMidgmevt' Gompeadittiii Epttone AbK>lttte-''^'>^f ArbHi^ry Dei|M»tio' IhrttdNTMiS, Olt 'AlbMtb Swallow up £ingt08t Abstain Forbear Refrain Abetemiottt Tempemte Sober Absurd Preposterous Irrational Address f^^ Account NaniitiYe X^escriptibn ^ n a fIbloitKtms att, and who therefore> partici^tea ih the guili of itJ Aceonq^ice (from the tiatin aa, con, and plica, through tWe' Fteiidh)is a person implicaied^ih. another or others, in the exeoutlpa of aplttt. Aotttors encourage^ o^^itttn'ct aisist, aeobinplid^ execute. The ^bettor and oeceMtatif may be on» and tne same per8on,,but not so the ac^^tfarj^and aecompliceii^^ ^ AbUitv, capacity^ to^eiit-— The ehief distineiion betweefi. MfUp «aa capBiiiiiiy is, th$t the former ti aetivn in it» signi- fioa^iaki,, the liftter^ssiVt. The one imiflies power to d'o or e^flii^Dete ;,tb^bthe]:foWet-tOtilk»ih,oonceWe, 6rfom|)re1i^eu4t' 'tkvik Irettiiglitaay, ' The cixdontioii of thb wbrli; was beyoi^a Ms 11^%-^iJaj'^. 'he'hiid b6t siiil|ciebt capacity 6t in|nd toedin- pi^id ho^iV^fibi^bedbne." \/i^^j^ is eitber iphysical oif mental^ (^Dttetej^ i^ tdWayaminial 2Weii^ prop^rl^f <&e<^ ^ a' Weii^bt 6^ iUtn of' inidiiey : ba% ii^ modb'hi l&agiiages (findfii tUci *l« of the i>ilentt") i^ » usM to signify a natu^ gift^a fa^ty 6r pbwer^ as a talent lor learning &nguageaJ ^^ ^^ Ahrt^ment, (e^.--A|i chri^ment is the redlMtion 9! a ^^tvrifc into^ a stiver compass^ Thus a Work of three>vohime[i has been often abr!%ed into one. An aibr^tgrnent gives all the substance of a work or wriung, but in fewer wordq. A coffip^^itiNum (from con» together, and'jD«n(2t>,toweigh)denotea that whibh is collected from weighing or eonsfderihg several things .^jfire^fter; and hence it came to signify a concise view of any seiencev as a " Compeiidiutn of Logic.'* EpiUme is » Greek word (from epi^ upon, and teiMio, to cut), with much the sime mclahtug as wyridi^ment ; ^ ani **Epitoine of the Histon of mait^itaaAJ^ CSbm^ue the Word cthieite^^iiik epitome^ ^^ Omifiiw la 4ad»Aitmn.ih%IMiKctnMnd,eBuA) (fM&U^), to eut STK0NTM0U8 TERMS. 237 Ao^onnt Reckon iDg Bill Aooouni Sake Keason Aocountnble Kespongible Aiiswerablo Actual Keal Putitive Actuate luduoe Impel Acnte Sharp Keen Accumulate Adage >rtiTire(Ml Appreliend Conceive Imagine Artifice Tri$k Stratagem Artificer Artisan Mechanic Ascribe Attribiltis Impute Assail Assault Attack Assemble Muster Collect Associate Conipaaoion Partner AsRocintion Society Company Assuratioe CoiiiideiMje Effrontery Behavidmr Conduct Demeanour Behead' Dectipitate Ouillotiiie Augmtotatio^ Behold Inoreaae Addition Avarice Covetonsneu Cupidity Baffle lialk Frustrate Banish Exile Expatriate Barbarian Savage Uncivilised Barren Sterile Unfruitful Basis Foundation Groundwork Bear Curry Convey Bear Endure Suffer Beautiful Pretty HandsomA View Observe Binding Obligatory Compulsory Blamable Culpable Boundmiti Limits Confine! Bounty Generosity Liberality Braoe Couple Pair Brave Countgeoui Valiant Brava Dare Reprehensible Defy Bleeding Phlebotomy Venesection Blend Mix Mingle > Brittle Frangibla Prague Building Structure Edifice Blot oui>t'i f'^'Buci Obliterate Gern. nate Erase Bodily Corptoraal Corporal Bog Fen Marsh Border Margin Verge Boundless Unlimited Infinite Bprout Bulk Size Magnitude Burdenioma "Weighty Onerous Bury Inter Entomb Cabal Clique Junto BTNONTlfOU0 TBBVB. f *x.. '■t.h CaUin^ Vocation ProfMaion Carnage Mastacre Slaughter Carriage lieariiig Deportmeni Cast down. Dejected Depressed Celebrated Famous Rtiuowned CliangeaUo Mutable Vanabile Cheat Defraud Triek. Check Tt(! i.r Curbv Control4i«tm /<> Choleric Passionate Irascible Civility ii'oUteiiess Urbanity Clenr Lucid Perspicuous Clonk Piilliute 9oreeu Close Shut Conclude Clothes Gannent* i)res8 Colleague Partner Associate Coloura Ensign Tlttg . Competent Qualified Pitted Complexity Com)>Iioatiou lutrioaey Compound Mixture Medley Conoeit Fancy Imagination Conciliate Propitiate Keconcile Conclusion Inference Deduction Conclusiv.^ Decisive Convincing Concord Harmony Unity Chidfr Rebuk*{*(clij KeprimaAdr Commodioua Confute Convenient Befute Suitable , Pisprove Cherish Nonfial* Foster Childish Boyish Puerii^ Choke Suffooatft Smol^f Common Ordinary Vulgar Console Solace Comfort Communicate Constant Impart Continual Disclose Perpetual Compensation Contemplate Becomp^ense Meditaie Bemunec^kn Ponder Contemptible Despicaole Paltry Contemptuous Disdiiinful Scoiiiful Conversation Colloquy Conference Convivial Jovial Social Contrivance Device Scheme Convention Congress Convocation Model Pattern Crafty Cunning Artful Cross Perverse ^ i , Prowar^ Cross Thwart Obstruct Curious Inquisitive Prying Curse Imprecation . , | Anathema 240 STMONTMn, OR •j"n'> Dang^rom Perifout Hiwwirdous Deiid Jiifolen Inanimate Decline Consumption Dcoeive Ditlude Design PuriM>«e Intent Design Plun Project Effort Exertion Endeavour RlderlY Old Aged Discernment Emblem Discrimination Symbol Penetratibn Type Disembodied Incorporeal Impose upon Spiritual Decency Decorum ' Projiriety Decided Determined Resolute Decree Edict Proclamation Deface Disfigure Deform Disengage Disentangle Extricate Empty Vacant Void Encomium Eulogy Panegyrie Distinguished End Conspicuous Teimination Illustrious Extremity Divide Separate Part Earthly Worldly Terrestrial Defect Ecstasy Imperfection Rapture Blemish Transport Delegate Education Deputy Instruction Representative Tuition Disown Disavoi^ Disclaim Derive Deduee Trace Effect Result End Finish Terminate Endnranee Sufferance Toleration Enlarge Increase Extend Enlighten lUaminate niumine Enmity Animosity Consequence Hostility Effeetnil Effective Efficacious Enthusiast Visionary Fanatic Emulation Rivalry OompetiUom Esssy Dissertation Treatise Essay Try Attempt Esteem Value Prize Estimate Compute Rate ExceM Superfluity Redundano)^ '• Excessive Immoderate Intemperate Exigency Emergency Necessity Extraneous Extrinsic Foreign Face Countenanctt Visage Faithless Perfidious Treacherout « Fame Renown Reputatioa STWONYMOUfl TBRMfl. 341 . J Fame Ke|Kyrt Rumour Fniiciful IniagiuAtive Ideia Farewell Good-bye Adieu ii«>Avi Fearful Timid Timoroui Fearful Formidable Tenible Feign Pi'etend Dissemble Fervour Ardour Zeal Fiction FabrteatioQ Falsehood Final Conclusive Decisive Find out Detect Discover Firm Solid Stable Fit Apt Meet Fit out Equip Prepare Flattei-y Adulation Sycophancy Flexible Pliable Supple Flock Herd DroTe Form Figure SbApo Forbid Prohibit Interdict Force Vigour Energy Forefatl»«rt Anceftiors Progenitors Forerunner Precursor Harbinger Foretel Predict Prognosticate Found Establish Institute Frank Candid Ingenuou* Frolic Prank Gambol Fulness Kepletion Satiety Gentile Heathen Pagan Gift Donatiom Present Grave SeiiottS Solemn Grave Sepulehre Tomb Harsh Kigorous Severe Haste Hurry Precipitancy Hasten Speed Accelerate Error Blunder -.r; Mishap Mischance Casualty Modest r Bashful Diffident Mutual Reciprocal Alternate Name Appellation Necessary Requisite Essential Negligent Careless Heedless New Fresh Recent ,, |, News Tidings IntelligenoQ Notorious Noted Well ''nown Odd Singular ,,, Strangef»rfiiii Offer Propose Tender ' Offering^ "^ Oblation Gift tf* Omen Prognostio Presftgeirimii 'T? Origin ; Beginning Source Overbulance Outweigii Preponderate ; Overbearing Domineering Overturn Overthrow Subject Outside Surface Superficies Outward Exterior External Pace Step Degree Painting Picture Portrait! Pale Pallid Wan Part Portion Share or Title ^ ^ ^ ^ , Impiriou§. :ii Partake Participate Pellucid .|t Transparent^: > Clear .^ii Penetrate Pierce Perforate i^i Penetration Acuteness Sagacity People Populace Mob STNONTMOUS TSBMS* S43 Perceive Discern DistitiguisU Pity CoiiipaRsion Sympathy Polit- Polis. llefiued Polis. X Posiiion Posture Attitude Posseflsor Owner Proprietor Powerful Poteut Mighty Praise =vj', 4' Commend Eulogize Praiseworthy Commendable Laudable Pressii^ Urgent Importunate Presumptive )Ve4uni^)tuou8 Presuming Pretence Pretext £xcuse Predominant Ruling Prevailing Preliminary Preparatory Introductory Primary Primitive Original Privacy Ketireraent Seclusion Production Produce Product Progress Proficiency Bapacioas Ravenous Voracious Rapine Plunder Pillage Rashness Temerity Restitution Reparation ;;<{. Amends Retribution Recompense Requital Revile Vilify Precipitancy Upbraid Ratify Confirm Sanction Recede Retire Improveaient Retreat Prorogue Reckon Adjourn Count PostponOijt .) iij|>Compute Put in order Refuse Arrange Reject Dispose it| > >0/Decline Prudence ^ Relation Foresight > Relative Wisdom j,M>4pKinsman Riches Wealth Opulence Riot Uproar Tumult Robust J , Stout ,«h?*i*i strong j„ 4 »,r Root out Eradicate Extirpate .'^»V*' urm Quack Mountebank Charlatan Querulous Peevish Fretful Question Query llepeat Recite Rehearse Reproach Contumely Obloquy Rest Remainder luterrogation Residue Race liineajro Pedigree Rest Cessation ilot Putrefy [Corrupt Roujid Globular Spherical Sanguinary Bloody Cruel Scatter Disperse Dissipate Secular Temporal ■/HHini Si ^uterniisiaQn Worldly l2 244 ftTVONTMlSS, OR •('>^ SedHilong Asaiduous SepitrAte Sever Disjoin Servant Domestic Menial ^^ Servitude Slavery Bondage Shake * Agitate To*s pihm Shift *''^^'^' Subterfuge Evasion Show- Display Exhibit Show Ostentation Parade ^ Signification Meaning Import Simile Similitude Gomx^arison Simpleton Natural Idiot Sketch Outliod DeliDeation Skin Kind Peel Slow Dilatory Tardy Smell Scent Odout' •*^n-«>-' 'Smooth Level i"«f'" Plain Solitjiry '^^ '" Louely Desolate Solitary ^'^^^- Sole Single ' Special Specific Particullkr l^peech ' Or.ition Haraugtie Stale Term Realm Limit Commouweal^b Boandary Straight Kight Direct Stranger Foreigner Alien Strengthen Fortify Invigorate Surround Encompass Environs M^U^ Sustain Support Maintain 1?ake i *" ^ Keceive Accept -.ywiiji Thick 73ense Compaot Thin Slender Slight V .iiii>H Thoughtful Considerate Deliberate Thrift Frugality Economy fc^ Timely Seasonable ^^| Opportune -m Trade %=*f Commerce«'^MI Traffic % ^alkativenet* Transfigure . 1^ Loquacity Transform Garrulity Metamorphose Speech ^«^^ Tax Language I ni i>08t Tongue Kate Spurious Tease Supposititious Annoy Counterfeit Vex m^ T-fcmbling^-^'^^ ■ Tr*»mor I Trepidation' '^ Stagger J Reel ''''•''' Totter Stain Sully Tarnish Transient Transitory Fleeting Tendency Drift Aim Trial Experiment Test Trivial Trifling Frivolous Trouble Disturb Molest .1 -4- STNOMYMOtm TERMS. 245 ■•'i TnmuTtuouB Tumultuary 7iirb«leiii Turgid Tumid Bombiudfi(! Price Vicinity SuburlMi EnviroiUL UnderstaAdiog Violent Intellqiot Veiiement Mind I?' / ',ou», Unfold Unravel Develop Suffrage: Voice Unimjiortant "Wakeful Insignificant %yatchful Inconsiflerable Vigilant Unoffending Want ii,^,./. Jnolfensive Indigence HarmloBS Necessity Unruly ^Want Ungov^rniibld Lack Kef ractory Need Unspeakable Warn Unutterable Caution Ineffable AdmonisU Unwortliy Worthless Valueless Uprightness B^Dtitttde Integrity Wave Billow Breaker Waver Fluctuate Vacillate ( ( Way lload Route Way Method Mau^^Qf WayWiifii Froward Perverse Weaken Enfeeble Debilitate Wearisome Tiresome Irksome Weariness Lassitude Fatigue Weight Heaviness Gravity Well-being Welfare Prosperity Wilful . Headstvbig' Testy Whim Freak Caprice Whole I'lntire Total Willingly Voluntarily ^f'iO Wise Prudent Diacreel Womanish Effeminate Feminine Wonder Admiration Surpiise Wonder Miracle Marvel Work Labour Toil Wori^ Earth Globe Worth Desert Merit Worthy Estimable. Valuable Worship Adore Venerate* Youthful Juvenile Boyish Zealous Ardent Warm v::n\tih- \ Zone Girdle. ■'f :l Spontaneously Belt m 'iT'i: ,,M'4 346 y SVECiltmh OF WIIAt MIOHT BE CALLfelJi nHi«fi«a<»7rDUPLlCATE WORDS. ^"^^^^f ■ ■t The following PAIRS of words, uhich kre strilcinpflir Bvnouvmous, illustrate the mixed character of the English language. One of the words in each pair is of English or Anglo-Saxon origin, the other is from the Latin. rt Begin Commence Bequeath Devise Binding Ooligatorjr Bitterness Acrimony Bloody Sanguinary Bodily Corpc*-eal fiv; Dark Fulness Obscuralifttis^W Kepletion Expire ^"<^*^^^ Chance Eartlily^^^^^'^Heaveiily Terrestriaf " 'X Celestial i /itw ^•■ _, Hinder J 9 ^'Prevent Tnside Interior •tfm.- . • ^11 Keeping Lucky Fortunate ^-?l^ Yhr-i Milky a MotherlJ^'^^*'^ ''f Maternal '"*■ l^astern Oriental Enough Confineft^j^^^uflBcient ^^^^ Custody Breed Engender Brotherly ^ Fi*aternal Childhood Infiincy Errand ..^Kingly Message ^^^ ^^ Ees^l iSOfiiJ Fellowship Lean Companionship Meagre Odd ,^ Singula^'-*^*^^^ Oi)ening Aperture Overflow ^:.^ Inundatf^^;^ Outlive *^ Survivo'^^^'^^^i Outside ' ^ Exterior ^. Freedom Liberty Likely Probable Outward External 't Sn| O^ Ini Oi .D« Shi Col ^ Hi! ;.; r,{« Jt 1 Brotherly. — Some of the Words considered as olAni(to- ^azou origin may be traced to Latin or Greek roots. ON 'mE OHOICB OF FRBPOBITIOKS. 247 Snrtottt DooUo Overseer Thick Iiispeotor y ^^^^ Dense f itii Owing Due Shepherd Pastor Shock Concusiion Threat Menace Thoiightful PeoBive Timely TTtispenkable Will I sY/ Ineffable Volitioil Unwilling Witness ' Involuntary Testify Woroankift i,t JFeniale . biMiii.- ,i.:Jl. Uprightness Sectitttde Want Seasonable Necessity Shim Time-ierving Waver Aveid ^ Temporiziiig Fluciuatd Step ;,<)|•>v^^HT^^tl^ ,|yoM,A Watery ' Pace Verity, ooib/. Aqueoua Straight Sorrowful^^'^ Weaken Bight 'f ''^ristftsi InvaHdat^ Sweat vy.v *;.Under»tand Weapaas Perspira'i'^<^t4^ Comprehend Arms Tasteless' ^ ^tTnderstandiBgWeep Insipid Intellect Deplore Womanly Effeminate Wonderfvil Marvelloue Sylvau,sd&j;4 ' -.-Wordy^*^^'^-^, -f:frerb<««"^^>'''-^ ■ t'i. •I ■¥h" Worth.. '-utstri Value r Worthless Valueless ■' ■:A-!.trf-* ■ ■». ON THE CHOiC^ OF FREPOSITIONa ' ' Certain words and phrases in English require par- ticular or appropriate prepositions after tjiem ; as— Abstain /»'om« Allude to. Abhorrence of. Astonished at. Accordance wUh, Dependent on. According to. Independent of. Confide «n. Averse ^o.^ Different /»'om. Partake of. >,^,a \,\^eficient in. .!^i* Indifferent to. .at^^^. Comply with, ' ifid ar ,^* ^rcfsc. -^According to etymology, this word should have from after it, and not to ; and Milton has so written it (P. L. riii. 138 ; and ist. 67) ; but the idiom of our language req'oires "averse to." ^^ 248 ON TUB 'CHOiOB OF tTRBBOSITIONI. f We have only space for a few examples ; but in the MTiter^B English Grammar, page 176, the subject is more fully explained. , Abide tn the land. Abide at a place. Abide wUk a person. Abide by an opinion (that is, to miiintaiu it). Abide by a person (tbai is, to stand by, or support him). Abide y(>r^w»U for).i ,; r^' , Accept of the offer ; ^fiui now uaiutUy without the preposi- tion; as ' * I accept the offer. ** Accommodate to (to fit or adapt to) ; as, we ought to ^ aoconvmodate ourselves to our circumstances. Accommodate vnth (to supply or furnish with) ; as, to ac- commodate a person ,mth apartments. >i- Accompanied by his friends. «r' Accompanied with the f oUott- ing conditions (in connej^ion with\. Accord to (to concede to). Accord with^ (to agree with^ Accused o/' a erime. Accused by any one. Admonished &j/ a superior (re- primanded); adnionished of 0> fault committed (reproved for) ; admonished againrt committing a fault (warnedj. Adjourned dt six o'clock. ^ Adjourned to Friday nest, 'i Adjowned for six weeks^ Advantage o/ a good eduoa- tion. Ad^vantage o/«or over a person. Agree toitk * another. ^ A^ree to a proposaL O'r -(rt-Ai'jinl: bUilml EXAMPLES FOR EXERCISE. -:f> Name ttu prepositions which should he used after the JfilJ^toifV^ woi^df. J i , Abound, acc^uiesces, adapt, adequate, affinity, angry, antipathy, tirrive, assent, avert, blush, border, call, coalesce, compare, compatible, concur, confer, con- cerned, conformable, conformity, xjontrast,coiiverst]i^)t, devolve, dwell, emerge, endued^ exasperated, &c. i V A A' ^ AbidCy in a transitive sense, or without a preposition^ means to bear, or endure ; as, I eannotcc&tci^ his impertinence. ^ *' Perad venture he will accept o/me." — Gen. xxxii. 20. ^ Accord. — Witjiioif t a prepps|iiQn, afifp^(2 means to adjust, or make to agree. "*\f'^' ». i,', "'■ ''^"' }.,'''' .^.^f To agree about^ ^po% or for a thing, means to agree vnth Another i)ersou«or persons regarding; it. amuvH - (. V t". nr.*» LATIN AND GREEK WORDS AND PHRASES EXPLAINED. il orat» (knSco) salvrt, Milva- tion from the oross. Ab urbe oondlta, from the building of the «ity. |son. A fortiori, with stronger rea- A mensl^ «it moifo, from bed and boRvdv & divorce. A posteriori, from a posterior reasonr; an uigHineut from the effeot to* the eause, A priori, from a prior reason ; from the-canse Wtbe effeotr Ab Initio, from the* beginning. Ad abBurdum, showing the absQidity of a contrary opinion. ' ^iJ^' rf- AUnaMater, a benign mother; *** a term applied tothe univer- sity where one was edutated. aftriJ jiO'tHiO Anatb'Oma, Or., an ecclesi- astieal euvse. AngUcOr in English. Anno Domini (a.d.), in the year of o«r Lord. Anno mnndi, i» the year of the world. [noon. Ante meridiem fArV.) before Antbropoph'&gl, Ch\t man- eatera; cannibals. Apex, pi. Aploes, the top or angular poimt; the top of atiy thing. Aqna (a'-kwa)i water. Aqua fortis, nitric acid, Iste- rally strong water. Aqua-tlnta, a kind of en- graving imitating drawiiLgs made with Indian ink or ■ bistre, '^-^-i iiAai ^avu umi' Aut CsBsar aut nullus, he will be Csesar or nobody. AqiM. vitiB, eau-de-vie or brandy. Arc&na imperii, state sect-etsi Argumentum ad hom'inem. an argument to the man. '-^ Argnmentum bacullnum, the argument of the cud- gel ; cliftb law. Annlger, one bearing arms; ■ a gentleman. *«kA dpxium» of the dead say nothing ex" oept what is good. De novo, anew ; over again. Deo YOleate (d. v. ), God will^ ing or permitting. DeBidetatum, pi, Deilderata, a thing or things desired or wanted. [wanteds Deeunt catei^a, the rest ia Dexter, the right hand. Diotuni, a positive assertion. DUuvlum, a deposit of super- ficial loam, sand» &c, , caused by a deluge, [ing. Dietringms, a wiit for distrain- Dividd et impi uu ; skityd Duodecimo (du-o«deM'>«onfQ)« applied to a book having twelve leaves to the sheet; Durante bene lOacIto, during pleasure. irA. Durante viti, during life. Ec'ce homo, behold the man. Ec'ce Biff num>behold tho sign. S plurlbus UBum, one from many —motto of the United States. [weight. Equilibrium, equtOity of ErfiTO, therefore. Err&tum, pi. Errftta, a mis- take or mistakes in printing. Est modus in rebus, there is a medium in every thing. Eeto perpetua, may it last for ever. ▲in> PBRABBS KXPLAIKBD. 251 ,1BI dttllnt, nad the reit ; ftb- i . breriiited thus {ke. ) 'dSx eatlMdra, from the chair. Excerpta, extracts from a work. 9 Bx coneeMOy from what has 1<^ been epDceded. [ample. Exempli gratia («.^. ), for ex- Exeunt onmei , they all go off. lExlt, he goes off ; departure. Bx Blhllo nihil lit, from no- •i thing nothing can come. » Ex oflleio, offioiall^r. Ex parte, on one side only. i Es poit fktfOtO, from some- thing done afterwards — as a law applied to an offence which was committed be- fore the law was made. Ex t«mp6r«, without preme- ditation, off-hand. Exnvits, cast skins of animals. Faceti8B(fa-ce'-she-ey), humo- rous compositions, witti- cisms, [exact copy. t Fac simile (fack-sim'-e-ly ), an j Felo de ee, a murderer of one's self, self-murder. , flat ezperimentnm in oor- p5re Till, let the experi- ment be made on a worth- less body. Fiat juBtitia mat coelum, let 1'ustice be done though the leavens should fall, [death. - FidSUs ad umam, faithful to Fieri facias (fi'-e-ri-fa"-she- ass), a writ to the sheriff to levy debt or damages. FInem resplce, look to the end. Flagrante bello, during hos- ^ tiiities. ***-^.v* v Flagrante delicto, during the commission of the crime. Fortiter in re, with firmness in a-^ting. ^'- -^'^ Oenera, the plural of Genus. Habeas corpus, a writ direct- ing a gaoler to have or pro- duce the body of a pnsoner before the co\irfc, nnd to cer- tify thccnuse of hisdetuiner* Haud passibus sequis, not with equal steps. Hinc illse lachryma), hence those tears. Hortus siccus (a dry garden), a collection of specimens of plants diied and preserved. Hum&num est errftre, it is human to err. - Ibidem, in the same place.. Idem, the same. Id est (i.e.), that is. Ignis fatiius, will-o'-the- wisp; literally, a delusive fire. [mcnt. Imperium in imperlo, a gov- ernment within a govern- ment. Imprlm&tnr, let it be printed. Imprimis, in the first place. iLipromptu, without preme- ditation, off-hand. Index expurgatorius (a puri- fying index), a list of pro- hibited books. >'=^ y In esse, in actual existence. In forma pauperis, as a pauper. In foro conscientise, before the tribunal of conscience. Infira dignitatem, beneath one's dignity. In limine, at the outset. In posse, in possible existence. In propria persfina, in per- son, [ness of. Id. re, in the matter or busi- histante?, instantly. Instar omnium, an example which may suffice for all. t* Intdxlm, in tho meantime. £52 UkTIN AND ORBBK WOBDS Inttrregnimi, the period be- tween two reigni. In terrArem, as a warning. In toto, entirely ; wiioUy:. In traniltu, on the passage. In vino Veritas, there is trnth iu wine. Invltft Minerva (Minerva be- „^ ing unwilling), without the nid of geniua. Ipse dixit, mere assertion. Ipso facto, by the fact itself. Item, also ; an article in a bill or account. Jurft divino, by divine riglit. JvaH hum&no, by human law. Jus gentium, the law of na- tions. Labor omnia vlndt, labor overcomes every thing. Labor ipse voluptas, the labor itself is a pleasure. Lapsus linguse, a slip of the tongue. Laud&tor temp6ris aoti, a praiser of old times. Laus Deo, praise be to God. Lextallonis, thelawofretali- atioD, like for like, [zodiac. Libra, a balance; a sign of the Ligrnum vitse (literally, the wood of life), Guaiacum, a very har^ place of another; a lieutenan t or deputy. ^^t'6ra scriptamanet, what is written remains. Litera'tim, letter by letter ; literally. ^Lusus natftra, a freak of na- ture ; an anomalous or de- formed offspring. at «fl Magna Charta (karta), ine great charter. Malum prohibitum, a thing ^ evil because forbidden. '^ yalum in mo, ati evil hi ttself. Manda'mus, in law. a writ from a superior conrt ; lite- rally, wt command, ii Mtees, departed spirits. Materia med'lca, subetance used in the preparation of medicine. d Maximum, the greatest. MaxXmus in minimis, great in smull things. [deatli. Memento morl, remember Memorabilia, things to be remembered. Mens conscia recti, a mind oonsoious of rectitude. Mens Sana in oorpdro sano, a sound mind in a sound body. Meum et tuum, mine and Minimum, the least, [thine. Mit'tlmus (we send), a war- rant for committing to prison. > ri ' Modus operandi, the mode or manner of operating, [little. Multum in parvo, much in Necro'sis, (?r., mortification or deadness. Nee temtoe neo timldo, neither rashly nor timidly. Nemlne contradicentd (nem. con.), none opposing. Ne plus ultra, no farther, the utmost point. Ne quid nimis, too much of one thing is good, for no- thing. Ne sutor ultra orepldam, the shoemaker should not go beyond his last; persons should attend to their own business. : ^r=ff'T'-"nr»' Ne exeat regno, let him not leave the Iwngdom. , , Nisi prius (unless before), a writ beginnuig with these words. ;v; i m N< N< N< N( N( N( AND PHRASES BXPLAINBD. 263 KolMM ▼Olmi, witling or not. Koll me tangere, toucli me not. Non eit Inventui, he is not found ; a return to a writ. Hon oonitati it does not ap- pear. Kon oompoi mentis, out of one's senses, not of sane mind. Non obstanti, notwitlistand- inganythingtotheoontrary. NoB'oltur ex socils, one is known by his associates. Nosce telpeum, know thyself. Nota l)end (n.b.), mark well or attentively. [never. Nunc aut nunqnam, now or Obiter dictum, an incidental or casual remark. Omnibus, for all. / ^iU Onus proband!, the burden of proof. Ord tenus, so far as the mouth. Otlum cum dignitate, leisure or retirement with dignity. Far noblle fratrum, u noble pair of brothers (ironically). Faraselend, 6V., a mock moon, that which is beside or near the moon. Pari passu, with an equal pace. Parvum panra decent, little things become little men. Passim, everywhere. Pccca'vl, I have sinned. Pendente Utd, while the suit is pending. [hundred. Per cent (for centum)^ by the Per saltum, by a leap. Per fas et nefas, through right and wrong. Per se, by itself, ^^ff tf* it Plnzit, painted it. Posse comlta'tus, the civil force of the county. . Post meriiUom (p.m.), after mid-^day. PosttUa'ta, things required. Prima facie, at the first view or appearance. PrimlUa (pri-mish'-«-e), the first fruits which were offered to the gods. Primum mobile, the firat mover. Primus inter pares, the first or chief among equals. Prlnoip'ia, first principles. Prinoipiis obsta, oj.pose be- ginnings, or the first at- tempt. Pro re nata, according to exi- gencies or circumstances. ' Pro aris et focis, for our altars and firesides. Prob&tum est, it has been proved. Pro bono pub'Uoo, for tfa^ public good. Pro et con (contra), for and against. Pro forma, for form's sake. ^ Pro hac vicA, for the occasion. Pro tempdre, for this time. FUnica fides, Punic or Cartha- ginian faith, the Roman name for treachery. Quadragesima, Lent — so called because it contains fortif days. [pleasing. Quantum libet, as much as is Quantum sufilcit, as much as is sufficient. Quantum valeat, as much as it may be worth. Quid nunc? (what now?) a newsmonger. Quid pro quo, someihiog for something ; tit for tat. <- Quod erat demonstrandum or Q.E.D., that which was to be proved. - - .— ..^- 254 LATIN PHRASES EXPLAINED. I- QuondtBlt foNMrly, former. RtOipe (reM'-«-py), the ftrtt word of a phjakian't pre- •oription, an* I henoe the preioription itself. Take thou is the literal meaniag. Re InfeotAi without aooom- plishing the nitxtter. Reqnlaioat in pa'oA, may he rest in peace. [end. RMple* mitiii» look to the Rtiurgam, I shall rise again. Boimdalwm maffnUmn, sean- dal against the nobility. ^oUloei (to»), to wit, namely. Sol'rd ftioias, cause it to be known, or show cause. Seoundttm axtom, according I to art or professional skill. Semper Idem, always the same. Serla'tim, in regular order. 81e patslm, so everywhere. SUent leffOB inter arma, laws ^ are silent in the mid»t of arms. [day. Stnd did, without fixing a 3Uie qua non, without which not ; an indispensable oon- '. dition. Statu quo, in the same state in which it was. Sua cuique voluptas, every ;■ one has his own pleasure. Suavlter in mode, eed fortl- f_ ter in re, gentle in manner, but firm in acting. Sub poena, under a penalty. Sub silentio, in silence. Sui gendrie, the only one of the kind; singular. Summum bonum, the chief or supreme good. nru\ Suum cuique, let every one have his own. TabtUa rasa, a smooth tablet ; a mere blank. TMdlnm Jitm, wearineie of life. Te Deum, a hymn of thanks- giving ; so called from the two fimt wonU. TempOra mutaatvr, Umes are changed. Totldem yerbii, in just so many wonls. Totiei quoties, as often as. TotO ooilo, l)v the whole hea- vens; as far as the poles asunder. Tria junota in uno, threo joined in one. Ultima ratio reffum, the last reason of kings; that is, war. Vltimui 6-zhoo), a jewel or fcrinket. [love letter. BlUet dottX (bil-le-dooO, a Bivouac (biv'-oo-&ck), to pass the ^aght underarms, [tic. Bizarre (be-z&r), odd, fantas- Blanc mangrer (blo-mon'je), a confected white jelly. Bonjour (bon-zhftr), good day. Bon mot (bong'-mo), a witty saying. Bonne-bouclie (bun-boonh), a delicious morsel ; a titbit. Bon ton (bobn-i&ng), in high fashion. Bo? vlvant (bohn- veev'-ahn), li high liver; a choice spirit. Boudoir (boo-dwor'), a small : ornamental room. Bougie (bo6-zhe),a wax taper. Bouillon (bool'-ydng), a kihd ■•'-.of broth. *'f :".:■:: ^:*'^::-T" B6U(luet (bo6-kay), a nos^ay. Bout^eols (boor'-zhwaw), a ^ burgess or citizen y citizen- Bravura (bra-V^V-tk), i-sb^g of difficult execution ; diffi-> j^^cult; brilliant. BuUetUl (bool'e-teen), a short official account of news. Bureau (bu-r6), a cliest of drawers with a writing * board; an office. • -^-'•- - Ifturletta, It. , a musical tfiltte. Cabaret (cab'-a-ray), a tavern. Cabriolet (cab'-re-o-lay"), a Citeliet (kah-shay) ; a seHl ; i private or secretstate letter, Caden'za, It., in music, the fall or modulation of the voice. Qa Ira (s&-ee-r&), (it shall go on, that is, the Kerolution), «• the burden of a republican ^ or revolutionary song* -; Caique (ca-eek'), the skiff of a galley. Calibre (ca-lee'bi), the eapa- city or contpass cf the mind or intellect. Cantata, It., a po«m set to music. [dinn riibber. Caoutchouc (coo'-chook), In- Cap-a*pie (cap-ah-peS), tiom iieadtofoot. :,^:,.:,;^:^^ Capncdo (ca-pree-cho), It, a loose, irregular species of musical composition. Cap'rlGlS, It., a leap without advancing, piooded friar. Capuchin (cap^-u-sheen"), a Carte blanche (cart-bldngsh^, permission to name our own terms. Cartonche (car-toosh'), a case to hold powder and balls. Chamade (sha-mad'), the beat of a drum denoting a, desire to parley or snn-ender. Champ6tre (shan - pay tr'), rural. :<;^.r^Z''.':^^~ Champignon (sn am • pin'- yon), a small species of mushroom. [song. Chanson (chawng-soang), a Chapeau (shap'-po), a hat. Chaperon (sliap'-er-ong), a gentleman who attends up- on or protects a lady in a public assembly. Charge d'aifaires (shar'-jay- daf-fair), an ambassador of second rank. ^ ^ Charivari (shar-e-va-re^),' ' a mock serenade' of discord- ant music. [quack. Charlatan (shar^-Ia-tan), a Chateau (shah-t6), a castle. Chef d'cmrrre (shay-doovr), a masterpieoeo Chevaux-de-Mse (shev'-o-de- freeze),a kind of spiked fence PRONOUNCED AND EXPLAINED, 25r a ChliUro - OBCuro (ke-ai^-o-os- coo'-ro), It J lightft and shiuies in painting. Cicerone (tchee-tchfti-ro-ny), It.f a guide or conductor; , one who orator izes in his descriptions. ClclBbeo (tche-tchisbay^-o), It., a gallnnt tending a lady. Ci-devant (see-de-vang), for- merly, former. [gang. Clique (cleek), a party or Cognac (cone-yilck)y brandy, properly from the town so called. Comme 11 faut (com-ee-fo'), as it should be; quite the thing, [with all one's heart. Con am(n:<, It., with love; Confir6 d'^lire (con-jay-dai- leer), permission to elect. ConnoiBseiir (oon-a-sehr), a skilful judge. Contour (con-toorO, the out- line of n figure. Corps diplomatique (core dip-lo-ma-teek'), the body of ambassadors. Corregridor (cor-red'-je-dor), Sp. f the chief magistrate in a Spanish town. Cotillon (co-til'-yoang), a brisk, lively dance. Coup de grace (eoo-deh- grass'), the finishing blow. Ooup d'tftat (coo^eh-tah), a . bold measure on the part of the state ; a master-stroke of poliey. Coup de main (coo-deh- mfthng), a sudden or bold en- terprise, [glance of the eye. Coup d'oeil (coo-deuhl'), a Couteau (koo-to^), a kind of knife, a hanger. Codte que coAte (coot-ke- coot), cost what it will. Cuiaine (kwe-zeen'), the kit- chen, the cooking depart- ment. Cul de 8ao (literally, ihe bot- tom of a sack ur bag), si street closed at one end. Da capo, It, again, or repeat from the beginning. Debouch (de-boosh'), to issue or march out of t>. narrow place or defile. Debris ((le-br6e), broken re- mains; ruins. [ance. Debut (cle-l>o6), first appear-^ Dejeuner j. la fourchette (de-zheu-ne - ah-lah -foor- shayt), a breakfast with meats, fowls, &c. ; a public breakfast. [magazine. Depot (deh-p6), a store or Denouement (de-noo-mdng'), the winding up ; an expla- nation. Dernier ressort (daim-yair* res-sor), the last shift or resource. Dieu et mon droit (dieu-ai- mon-drwau), God and my right. DUettan'te (pi. Dilettanti), one who delights in promot- ing the fine arts, Dolce (dol'-che), It, sweetly and softly. Doldro'so, /](., in music, soft and pathetic. [abode. Domicile (dom- c -seel), an Douole entendre (doo'-bl-dng- tdng"-dr), a phrase with a double meaning. Eclaircissement (ec-Iair'-cis- mong), a clearing up or ex- planation of an affair. Edat (e-olaw'), splendour, a burst of applause. El^ve (ai-lave), one brought up by another ; a pupil. 358 FRENCH AND FOREIGN PHRASES Embonpoint (aim • bon - pwawn), in good condition. Encore (uhn-c6re), .again. Ennui (5ng-wee'), wearisome- ness, lassitude. En passant (on pas'song), in ]»ut8ing, by the way. [road. En route (ang-roof), on the Entree (dng*tray), entrance. Entremets (dng'-tr-may), one of the small dishes set be- tween the principal ones at dinner, [tween ourselves. Entre nous (dng'-tr-noo), be- Entrepot (6ng*tr-po')y a ware- house or magazine. Equivoque (a'-ke-voke'^* an > equivocation. &iprit de corps (es-pree-deh- cdre), the spirit of the body or party. Expos^ (ecks-po'-zy), an expo- sition or formal statement. Famille (fa-meel'), family; * * en famille, " in the family way. Fantocdnnl (fan'-to-tche''- ne), It.t puppets. [step. Fauz-pas (fo-pah), a false Femme couverte (fam-coo- vairt), a protected or mar- ried woman. Femme sole, a single woman. Fdte (fate), a feast or festival. Feu de Joie (fe(i-de-zhwaw), h discharge of firearms; a re- joicing, [coach. Fiacre (fe-ah'kr), a hackney FiUe-de-chambre (feel - de - sham-br), a chamber-maid. Finale (feo-nah'-ly), 7^, the end ; the close. Fleur-de-lis (flehr-deh-lee), the flower of the lily. Flracas (fra-ci), a noisy quar- rel, [dresser. Friseur (fre^?ur'), a hair- Oaucberie (gdsh-re), left- handedness, awkwardness. Gendarmes (jaug-darm), sol- diers, police. Gout (goo), taste. Grisette (gree-zef), literally, a young woman dressed in f/ray, that is, homely stuff; a tradesman's wife or daugh- ter ; a shop-girl. Gusto, It., the relish of any thing; liking. [ragout. Harico (Iiar'-e-co), a kind of Honi soit qui mal y pense (ho - ne - s wa w- kee - raahl - e- pahns), evil to him that evil thinks. Hors de combat (hdr-dch- cohn-bah), disalded. tit) H6tel-Dieu (otel'-deuh), an hospital. Ich di n (ik-deen), I serve. ot> Inc6gnitO (incog.), in disguise. In petto, in the brea&N of mind ; in reserve. Je ne sais quo! (je-ne-say- kwaw'), I know not what. Jet d'eau (zhai-do'), an orna- mental water - siK>ut or fountain, [play upon words. Jeu de mots (zheu-de-mo'), Jeu d'esprit (zheu-des-pre6), play of wit ; a witticism. Juste milieu (zhust-mil-yd), the exact or just middle. Ley^e(lev-ay), amorhtngvisit. Liqueur (le-quehr), a cordial. Mademois^ie (mad'-em-wa- zel"), a young lady ; Miss. Maitre d*liotel (maytr-do« tel'), hotel keej^er or man- ager. Mai-apropos (mal-ap-ro-po'), out of time ; unseasonable. Malaria, 7^., noxious vapours or exhalations. i :;i*i«>>.i Malieho (m&l-it-cho), the cor- PBONOUNOED AND EXPLAINED. 259 cor- ruption of a Spanigh word sij^uifying mischief. Mauvalae lioiite (mo-vais- hont), false modesty. Melee (ma,y-ljiy'), a confused fight ; a scuffle. [agerie. 'Manage (men-azh'), a men- ; Jffessieurfl (meHs-}'ers),gentle- /■ men ; the plural of Mr. Monsieur (mo'-seu), Sir, Mr., a gentleman. Naivete (nah-eev-tay'), ia- genuousness, simplicity. Niaiserle (hee-ais-ree), silli- ness. Hom -de - guerre (nong • deh- gair'), an assumed name. Nonclialaiice (uohn - shah- lahnce), coolness, indiffer- ence. Noyau (no-yo), a liqueur. On dit (ohn-de^), a flying re- port. Outr6 (oo-tray'), extraordi- nary, eccentric, [honour. Parole (par-61e), word of Pas (pah), a step ; precedence. Patois (pat-waw), provincial- ism. 'Penchant (pan-shahn), a lean- ing or inclination towards. Pettt-maltre (pet'ty may'tr), a litt^' master; a fop. Prot^t, (prot^gee,/e»i.),(pro- tay-jay ), one that is patron- ized and protected. Qui va li? (kee-vah-la), who goes there ? Qui Vive? (kee-veev'), who goes there ? on the alert. Ragout (rah-g6o), a highly- seasoned dish. Rencontre (rahn-contr'), an unexpected meeting; an encounter. Restaurateur (re-stor-ah- tehr'), a tavern keeper. Rouge (rooge), red paint. Ruse de guerre (roos-deli- gair'), a trick or stratagem of war. Riant (ree'-ang), smiling. Sangfroid (sahn-frwnw), cool- ness ; literally, cold blood. ^. Sans (sang), without. Sans-culottes (sang-cu-lof), the tag-rag ; the rubble. Savant (sav'-ang), a learned man. [nickiiiime. Sobriquet (so-bre- kay), a Soi-disant (swaw-dee-zang), self-styled, pretended. Soiree (swaw'ry), an evening party. [.'nembrance. Souvenir (soov-neer'), re- Table-d'hote (tabl-dote), an ordinary at which the mas-, ter of the hotel presides, .v T6te-&-t6te (tait-ah-tait),head to head; a private conversa- tion between two persons. Tirade (tee-rad'), a long in- vective speech. Ton (tong), the full fashion. Torso, lU, the trunk of a statue. Tour (tooi*), a journey, .* Tout ensemble (too-tahnt sahnbl), the whole taken together. *4 Valet - ae - chambre (vale -q y deh-shambr), a footman. Vetturino (vet-too-ree'n-o), It.y the owner or driver of an Italian travelling car- riage. Vis-i-vis (veez-ah-vee), face to face ; a small carriage for two persons, with S'^ats opposite. Vive la bagatelle (veev-la- bng-a-tel')i success to trifles. Vive le roi (veev - ler - waw), long livo the king. I 1 » ( 260 ) ABBREVIATIONS. f^:t *f'. LATIN. A.B. Artiuni Baccalaureus, A.C. Ante Oliristum, P ? A.M. Artium M.ngister, A.M. Anno Mundi, A.U.O. Ab Urbe Condita,^' , p B.D. Baccalaureiis Divinitatis. B.M. BHcciilaureust Medicinae, C. Cent. Centum, 01k. Clericus, Cap. Capitulum, C.P.S. CustoB Privati SigilU, O^R. Custos Rotulorum, as. Custos SigUli, ^; D.D. Doctor Divinitatii, ' . D.V. DeoVolente, e.g. Exempli Gratia, «« Ibid. Ibidem, r^^* Id. Idem, '"■ i.e. Id est, >^. Incog. Incognito, _*'"^**^,i J. H. S. Jesus Homihum Salvator, LL.D. Legum Doctor, L.S. Locus Sigilli, L.S.D. Librae, Solidi, Denarii, Lib. Liber, M.D. Medicinse Doctor, M.S. Memorise Sacrum, N.B. NotaBene, v.! Nem. con. Nemine Contradicente, PerCe.'-r- Per Centum, S. 0, Senatus Consulti, S. T. D. SacrsB Theologiae Doctor, P.M. Post Meridiem, Prox. Proximo, „ P.S. PostScriptum, * Q.E.D. Quod erat demonstrandum Se. Scilicet, Ult. Ultimo, V.R. Victoria Regina, Vid. Vide, Viz. Videlicet, -* kQ» Etcastera, M 'mt^y '>'!■ Bachelor of Arts. : Before the Christian era. Master of Arts. In the vear of the world. From the building of the city. Bachelor of Divinity* .^ Bachelor of Medicine. A hundred. .,^ Clergyman. ' ,, ];^U Chapter. Keeper of the Privy SeaL Keeper of the Rolls. Keeper of the Seal. Doctor of Divinity,^ God willing. For example. In the same place. The same (author^-^^ That IS. Unknown, concealed. ^ Jesus the Saviour of men. Doctor of Laws. .^ The place of the Seal.^ " Pounds, Shilling8,Peuce. Book. Doctor of Medicine. Sacred to the Memory. Note well ; take notice. No one opposing it. By the hundred. A decree of the Senatfu. Doctor of Divinity. "^ In the afternoon. j^ Next (month or term). Postscript (written after) , "Which was to be proved* To wit ; understood, ^jj In the last (month). Queen Victoria. See thou ; refer to. To wit : namely, [forth. And the rest; and so i/.i^.j. ABBBBTIATIONS. .aUt // 261 iNQLiafll ^^tC3 [K-- A. AnlH r; Answer. ' K.P. ltin(f^ofSt.l^rick Adm". Administratoiv, K.T. Knightof theThistle Lord Chief JusUce. Abp. Archbishop. L.C.J. Acct. Account. hw^k'- Lieut. Lieutenant. Anon. Aiionymous. M.A. Master of Art8» B.A. Bachelor of Arts. Messrs. Gentlemen. Bart. Baronet. M.P. Member of l^arlia- Bp. Bishop. M^r V, 4^^v Mr. Master. [rnent-. Brig. Brigautine. Mrs. Mistress. Capt. Captain. [Bath. Compa'iion of tho M. B. I. A. Member of the Royal C.B. Irish Academy. C.P. Common Pleas. MS. Manuscript. ■^i,f< Chapter. County or Company^ MSSv N.Sv Manusetipts. New Style (178^ Col. Colonel. No. Number. Com'. Commissioner. ""^ *f N.L. North Latitude. ^ Cr. Creditor. N.T. New Testament* D.C.L. Doctor of Civil Lair. N. North. D.L. Deputy Lieutenant. Debtor or Doctor. O.S. Old Style. Dr. 8vo. Octavo. Do*, Ditto ; the same. O.T. Old Testament. EfT*> East. oz. Ounce. B.L. East Longitude. Prof. Professor. Excb. Exchequer. P.S. Postseript. Esq. Esquire. [Society. Fellow of the Royal Q. Question. F.R.S. Q.R Queen's Bench. F.S.A. Fellow of the Anti- Q.C. Queen's CounseL ; quarian Society. 4to. Quarto. F.T. CD. Fellow of Trinity Q^. Query. College, DuUiu. Rev. Reverend. Gent. Gentleman Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. Gen. Genera? '*^v^'^ w;^ R A. Royal Artillery. Hhd. Hogshead. R.E Royal Engineers. H'Jmu Her or His Majesty. R.M. Royal Marines. Inst. Instant ; present R.M. Resider' ^CagistratO* month. R.N. Royal Navy. .T.P. Justice of the Peace. Sec. Secretary. Knt. Knight. S. South. KG. Knightof theGarter. S.L. South Latitude* K.B. Knight of the Bath. St. Saint. K.C.B. Knight Commauder U.S. United States. of the Bath. w. West. K. G. 0. B. Knight Grand Cross W.L. West Longitude. .4:' of the Bath. ^^^ X™". Christmas. ..^ #iv K.U. \nSfc^WBM^« \i # ■^v 262 DIREOnOHS FOB ADDRESSING DIRECTIONS - . JQR ADDRESSING PJERSONS OF EVERY RANK, i >, iTc^iBOTH IN WRITING AND SPEAKING. t5. ';V, Jf ROTAL FAMILY. .5.-..:.,.. .f^i^i.. KmG(ki^'Bis.*'^Snperacription---To the King's fdr Qu*!tA*s) Most Excellent Majesty. f- CinnmencemePt.—Bhe (or Madam). ^"^^'^y • ^'"^ '^1 ^^^ Conclusion. -I remaiu, [vu s *. .{^^ . „ ,. /^. / With profound venerfd ion, ' ; M'*^^*^>^-^ i »- Sire (or Madam), ' ' j^tm^^0M.. i - 4 , Yow Majesty's most faithful Subject ''m^'-^^f^^^' ^ , ^nd dntiful Servant. \ : ; Addreuif^tpeliHnff ^c*,- Kili . {or M?idam); Your Majesty; or, May it pier.so your li'ilestj. Prinobb aijd PBSK0ES3X5S oi the Blood Royal.^ 'on. — To Bh (or Her) Royal Highness, &c. <(7o}nm£ncei»^<). - Sir (or Madam).{bi') J*^ feis^^^l .j * > C^incZimofi. — I remain, ,<{ mi Ja ii;5i;.Tl!> Sir (or Madam), * > ' ."u; !i J Your Royal Highnes -'s most dutiful and most obedient humble Servant* Addrets in tpeuking to. — Sir (or Madam) ; Your Royal Highn0fti. ^ or, May it please your Royal Highness. NOBILITY AND GENTRY. DuK?!3 ;ind DucHESSEa.— 5t*2)e)'5cripf ion— To His (or Her) Grace the Duke (or Duchess) of -. Commencement — My Lord Duke-^or Madam), r K . CoiiclU9ifm^—l iave the honour to be, J u .: » . ■ ,, ., :.u- i i; ., ^. My Lord Duke (or Madam ),2 l^.w^mxim^:i^i;M-\ Your Grace's moat devoted ^i-^-i^itir'A Li* /n apeakhff to. — Your Grace ; or, May it please your Grace; or, My Loi^d (or Mi^dam).^ 1 Biood JiQy«?.— That is, the sc. and daughters, brotlu « n, sister's, nnoles and annts of the K (or Queen Regnant). L' -t ' Princes and Priacesses of the J?r • , Ji^at is, the nephews, r.j« and cousins of the King (or Queen ^eg^ii^nt) are styled Hif/. . merely. 3 Madam. — Persoi ^^ of inferior condition, as tradesmen and » vflnts, should use the words, " My Lady," or *' May it please y < Ladyship^" instead of " Madam," when addressing ladies i title >W%mm. !V' FBB80N8 OF EVERT RANK^un/' 263 1 / lU .f--v. Marquesses and Marohionesses.— iSuperAcrep^ioifr— To the Most Uouorable, The Marquess (or Marchioness) of . •', Commencement. — My Lord Marquess (or Madum).^ > ' '/\m^lii9Mn,—l have the honor to be, it^rfli ^ My ].iord Marquess (or Madam), I - xour Lordship t (or Ladyship's) most^badient and most humble Servant. In speaking to.— "My Lord (or Madam ^) ; or, May it please your Lordship (or Ladyship). .■u'iM(\ I Barls and CoqNTEsass.— iSu/xrfcri/T^tOR— To the Right Honorable the Earl (or Countess) of . Cow. — My Lord (or liJadam^). Con. — I have the honor to be, my Lord (or Madam ^)« Your Lonlship'a (or Ladyship's) most obedient and very humble Servant. In speaking to.— My Lord (or Madam) ; or. Tour Lordship (or Ladyship). Viscounts and Viscountesses— Barons and Baronesses. — The form of supersctiption and address the same as to Earls and Countesses ; as, To the Right Honorable the Viscount i-fi'*^ ■ '• ' f-^- ^iM^'. ii^«4-:f // ; r APPENDIX. ,• ;, Mr. r.i PEOVEEBS AND PEECEPTS. r.«^*«V' vi-** ■i-rt'^f. ■■..a: f'dimi' \^mmmv>4^*jt,. Teachers fare a*eoamiiieii(kd bjr the autlioa* Oif lihts little ho»k te use the i^lloiviing Prombrbb and Precepts as additional *' Dictation (Eicercises/' both in WRITING and spelling ; the more advanced pupils to write down the sentenoe dictated, either on paper or slates, smd the kss advanoed to spell it ■Nvord for word, as if they were wriliii^ it -down. They shoidd also be used 4is esencises in parsing. The imi^ortaiice »i^M J ** A use fo^ ery thing, and every thimji to its propel' use. '-*■-■ ■ r- ^,„ A place for every things and every thing in its proper place, ,^; >^ -^^ "^ > -^^ »'v. Mb PROySllBS AND PRKOSFTa 267 A vjririkled purm^ a wrinkled face, Wlieii one's money bag is nearly empty, and so full of wrinkles, care is apt to bring wrinkles into his face. As the fool thinkethy so the hell dinketh. When a weak man is strongly biassed in favour of any opinion, scheme, &c., everything seems to confirm ii ; the very bells seem to suy the words that his head u full of. A hiave w one knave, hu' a fool is many, - '^ A weak man in a place of authority will often do more mischief than a bad man. For an intelligent but dishonest man will do only as much hurt as serves his own purpose ; but a weak man is likely to be made the *ool of several dishonest men. A lion only kills as raa^ ■' as wil' supply him with food ; but ahorse, if riduv a by several wavlike liorseffen, may prove the death < fmore than ten lions would kill, A lie has o legs. ^^^ ^'^>^ WfiM.^^^.\k'''- ' " hP^ A fabricated tale cannot stand of itself, but requires other lies to be coined to support it; and th«se again need others to support them ; and so on without end. Hence it is said that *' liars need good memories.'* . ii.4 stitch in time saves nine.^''>^ ■*^'-^'^^- ^^ 3^is ^ ^^ A man tcill never change his mind, if he has no mind to change, v^.^,,,^,:^.,'.'.-.!?. ^<- ,-.t.v^-,\ %}cJmm\%.- .:■ A good when lost is valued most^ A penny saved is a penny gained, » » -.■ ■-' u-^' --f..'.'A.' i ,tT*^ •.i>4tf! fit -lit .#' "^ The French say Bieu perdu, biai counu. u2 m 2ML PB0VBIIB8 AND PmOIPTS. A little more ht*e<»k4t a horse^s back; 1 t dr, The last straw Weaks a horse's hack. When a man is loaded with as m\ich work, or as much injury, as be can bear, a very trifling addition (in itseli trifling) will be just as much beyond what he can bear. ![ A fool may easily find more faults in any thing than a toise man can easily mend. •t,i V. I? m 14 liar is daring towards God, and a cmoard to- wards man. i m5m.x^.'>w jR juu.i fta«'cnim «ifa -«^»> IPitAt is, when he tells a lie^ as is often the case, to i^^reen hifiAself from blii«io or punishments This ift to 4read man J^^f^e than Qods ^ glutiion lives ttx eat; moss^ .;.,!<' This is applied to people who keep themselves poor hj coQitiniitany changing their employment, or place of lesiidences A stone* gets coxered witk moss o«ly when i^ Mes still a long time. A straight tree may have crooked roots. ^^^ Some actions, which appear to the world very noble, and instances of exalted virtue, may in reality spring from base and selflsh motives, which are unseen, like the crooked roots^ of a tre^ that are concealed by the Caiktlx -•i^-**uX ^.^- ;^-,V-' PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 269 A fooVa holt 18 soon shot A bolt is an old word for an arrow, such as was shot from a cross-bow. A careless person was apt to shoot very quickly, without deliberate aim, and he generally missed the mark. So, a tliouglitless and ignorant man will often hastily make up his mind on any point, and deliver liis opinion on it, without taking time for con- sideration and inquiry ; and he will generally miss the truth. c-' J9fl old when young, that you may he young when old — or, Old young, and old long. Those who take great liberties with their constitution Tfhile young, and do not husband their health and strength, are likely to break down early and rapidly ; while those who, in their younger days, practise some of the caution of tlie old, are likely to live the longer, and have a better chance of a vigorous and comfortiible old age. ,, y^. . - ,i , Better to wear out shoes than sheets. That is, to go about your business actively, than to lie a-bed. Some say, " Better loear out than rust out,'* A knife, or other iron tool, will wear out by constant use ; but if laid by useless, the rust will consume it. Better is an ass that speaks well, than a prophet that speaks ill.^ Better is an ass that Cannes you, than a hoi'se that throivs yoti. ^ -'^ •' "-" '^' ' ^' A friend who serves you faithfully, though he may be in humble circumstances, is much more valuable than a powerful patron, who is apt to desert or ill treat his friends. . .h> > *^V':-:>..'' "■;* :a- •-v-^'. • v-y.r:-. ... . ; .,.: ■: ■ j#^^ ^^ 1 This refers to Balaam and his i^s. >x^ 270 PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. ii< '^^^* Bdchdor^ xoives and maidena' children are well trained. An unmarried man will sometimes boast how well he could rule a wife; and single >> omen will fancy they could manage a family of cliikken niucli better than some of their neiglibours do. And it is the same in many other matters also. ^Many people are apt to draw fine pictures of what they would do, if they were in such and such a person's place ; but if the experiment is tried, they find difficulties in practice which ihey had not dreamed of! -.,:,^l"l ■ ■■.r%'^^'^^^,.j^^. ^||^- nBend the twig^ and lend the tree, ^xM\-M^-mV A young sapling is easily bent or straiglitened, and the tree will remain so. You should therefore learn what is right while young. To wait till you grow old, is like waiting to straighten a tree till it is full grown. Befoi'e you marrij^ he sure of a home wherein to 0^ Between two stools ice come to the ground. dV This applies to those who do not take a decided course on.e way or the other, but aim partly at one object and partly at another, so as to miss both. Coveiousness hursts the hag. 5^ m^^'-^^*^^w>'^ He who is too intent on makinjif an unrp*^, onable profit, will often fail of all ; e -* as a bag that is crammed till it burst, will let out everything. Children and fools should 7wt see a work that is half done. They have not the sense to guess what the artist is designing. Tlie whole of this world that we see is a vmrk half done; and thence fools are apt to find fault with Providence.- ---+^-*^*^-*-"-; -v. .i^^*-yi,^4.- rx ', iik- PnOVBRBS AND PRBOEPTS. 271 OJiildren and fooh should not handle edge tools. That is, they should not be trusted with power. Cleave the log according to the grain. Address each man whom you M^ould persuade or in- struct, according to his I 'articular disposition and habits of thought. Tlie same method may be very effectual with one man, and utterly fail with another. ^!)^ Clouds afar took black or gag ; Closely seeuj theij all are gray. It is just so with many a public man, who will be found by those immediately around him neither so de- testable nor so admirable as perhaps he is thought by opposite parties.! F- ^ ': Deht is the worst kind of poveftHy, ■ . ;^ '2T3 T' Frost and fraud both end in foul -^MMr^^ A frost, while it lasts, disguises tlie appearance of tljiiigs, making muddy roads dry, and shaking bogs firm, &c. ; but a tiiavv is sure to come, aitd then the roads are fouler than ever. And even so, falsehood ami ariitice of every kind, generally, when detected, bring more difficulty and disgrace that what they were originally devised to avoid. I ^ ifri S ih ^ Fo7* a mischievous dog a heavy cleg. ' ''■^Vir^ift The French say, " He must be tied short." (A me- chant chierif court lien.) A man of a character not fully to be trusted, must sometimes be employed ; and in that case you should have him so tied up by restrictions, and so superintended, that he may do no mischief. r Good words are good, hut good deeds are better. He that pays beforehand^ has his work behind- hand. * He thafs convinced against his loill, '' *' ' Is of his own opinion still. 7 ilfiV'T He that is truly tcise and great^ ^ - v Lives both too early and too late, A man who is very superior in wisdom and virtue to those around him, will often appear, in some respects, to have come into the world too latej that is, we often see how well he would have made use of some o]»portanity which is now lost for ever ; and how effectually he could have prevented some evils that are now past remedy, For instance, he would perhaps, by tinieiy prudence, have prevented a quarrel between two persons, or two nations, who can never be thoroughly reconciled now. But again, such a person will also often appear, in some respects, to have come into the world too earfi/ ; that ip, he will often be not so well understood, or so highly m3 274 PBOVBRBS AND PRECEPTS. .,!»-. i"j- ''Sjr- valued by those around him, as he would have been by a later generation more advanced in civilization. If, iu tlie midst of a lialf- barbarian nation, some one man arises, of such a genius as to equal an ordinary man of the educated classes in the most enlightened parts ot* Europe, he is in danger of being reckoned by his coun- trymen a fool or a madman, if he attempt to expose all their mistakes, and to remove all their prejudices, and to impart to them all his own notions. Thus, iu two ways, a very eniinent man is prevented from doing all the good he might have done. He comes too late for some purposes, mtd too early for others. Honesty u the ^f^d policy ; hut he who ads on that p'lnciple in not an honest man. > r- >,. , .. .,/ He only is an honpst man who does I hat which isright because it is right, and not from motives of policy ; and then, he is rewarded by findijig afterwards that the honest course he has pursue^s m^iCi ^^ x^i^ : A piece of rope in the twilight is likely to be mis- taken for a snake. Those who have suflered severely ill any way, at-e apt to have unreasonable jipprehen- sions of sufferiiis the like again. . ,,, f'i He that has hut one eye sees the better for it «^^ ^'' So»>ie say, ** Half a loaf is better than no bread." An imperfect good is better than none. i?ib;r! > t^rrt .^i 'iijj He that buys a house ready-wrought, ' ' . h aih matiy a pin and nail for nought. ' '^^ A house rarely sells for so inucli as it cost i?i build- ing. Hence some say, " Fools buiUl houses, and wise juen live in them." Ht' whjt glncp; way io anger, punishes hinihelf for thefauLiofawfther. He who thin/id only of serving himself is the slave of a slave. ^ ' ...,..' ^j.-s.* ir<; .h»Mi;uMt ' A selfish r.ian is the basest of slaves, because he is the slave of his own low and contemptible desires. Hard upon hard malces a Unl utone 2vaU, Hut soft iipon soft maJi'es none at ulL Two people who are cnoli of n.n unyiiilding ifuiper ■will not act w«dl toiretlnn } iIImI jM'opiu who wi all of tliem oi a. very yielding (imimk;!' will be likely to re- solve on nothing ; juwt as sldnes wil)Hj|j[; jjlMj'Mi}' |pk9 a looss wall, and moittjj.' fljiilHi |:;| ' t[||i " " ""^'^ •#«--■ 276 PROVERBS AND PRBCBPTS. * i- lligh icinds blow on liigh hills. - ^ '*^* '^^ Tiiose ill the most elevated stations have to enconn- ter jUTt'at o])popition,prat dangers, great troubles, and every thing that calls for great firmness. Him that nothing will satisfy ^ let him have nothing, ^^ f^ti^ ^^ - :;mv ,, Half a leap is a fall into the ditch. iV-r- •vii;ii. ,/. "^J If yoj. 'will not take pains, pains mil take you. «r If things were done twice, all would he- %Dise, :,^^^\:,' Wt often perceive, after 'we have taken some step, how 1. ach better we could have ])roceeded if it were to come o aj^ain. To reflect carefully on your past errors, may enable you to learn wisdom from them in future. If the little birds did not hatch young cuckopsy they would not have to worry the old ones. . ' "• * You may often see little birds hunting and perse- cuting a cuckoo ; but every cuckoo has \)een liatched and reared in a little bird's nest. And thus men very often raise up some troublesome person into import- ance, and afterwards try in vain to get rid of them ; or give encouragement to " me dangerous principle or practice, in order to serve a present purpose, and then nnd it turned against themselves. If you carUt turn the wind^ you must turn the millsails.i ' - -^^^^^ ^---^^^-- ■•- ■.-- : That is, when the circumstances in which you are placed undergo a change, you must change your mea- sures accordingly. I 4«tt LTL^ >l >T-llHyl, p2% 1 That is, as a miller does. PROTBRBS AND PRECEPTS. ' / 377 ^ If every one toould meiid one, all would he mended, , ,w3>m»^x 4 Some say, ." If each woxdd sweep lefore his own door^ we should have a clean street,** Many a man talks and thinks much about reforms, without thinking of the reform wliich is most iu his power — the reform of himiself. Ill doers are ill deemers. Te la- ^ Most nlen are inclined, more or less, to judge of another by themselves. But this is chiefly the case with had men ; because good men know that there are men who are 7iot good ; but bad men are apt to deem all others as bad as themselves. When, therefore, a man takes for granted, without any good reason, that Ins neighbour is acting from base and selfish motives, or is practising deceit, tnis is a strong presumption that he is judging from himself. So, also, many a man who is laised nigh by ability, or rank, or wealth, is considered by others as proud, merely from their feeling that they themselves would be proud if they were in his place. It i» too late to spwre when all is spent. ''»••- -^ ^\V I wm not wiUingly offmd, ^^^ '^ X^^^^^ ^f^-- Nor he soon offended ; • '^ ^ v Wliafs amis^ Fll strive to mend, - And hem* what cant he mended, :,. It is a foTlf to ic&rli at the pttnnp, and leave the leak open. That is, to let the cnuse of an evil continue, and labour to remedy the elfects, , It is good to hegin well. Out hetter to end welL ^7$ PR0VBRB8 AND PRBOBFTB. It IB too late to lock the stable-door when the steed is stolen. People are apt to put off taking precautions against some aan;^'er, till the evil has actually happened. Kindle the dry sticks^ and *he green ones wilt catch. If you begin by attempting to reform and to instruct those who need reformation and instruction the most, vou will often find them unwilling to listen to you. Like green slicks, they will not catch fire. But if you begin with the most teacliable and best disposed, when vou have succeeded in improving these, they will be a Iielp to you in improving the others. ^,^,^ rufiif. '»*>' I."," Keep your shop, and your shop loUl keep yoit, .^'^ Little dogs start the hare^ hut great ones catch it. Obscure persons will sometimes be the chief devisers, originally, of simie plan or institution, which more powertul ones follow up, and gain all the credit and advantage. Lose an hour in the morning ^ and you wiU he all the day hunting it»\. ■' . .^ ^ v^ ir you are beiiindhand with the first piece of busi- ness you have to do, this will generally throw you be- hiiidhaud with the next ; and so on with all the rest. LjQve icithout end has no end. ■ \\'\ A!;J'5\ This is a quibble on the word " encV* Friendship is apt to come to an end, wht>n a man is your friend, not ^ so murh for your own sake, as for some end or object he * Las in vIqw. v^ .1 PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 279 Little strokes fell great oaks, ^»tv ^'t y>»^^ii?vv ^jH^*^ Look befo7'e you h'p, - r, .:y.y.\^ Leave is light. A person \rill sometimes quit his post, and o;o abroad, or tate something tliat does not belong to liim, plead- ing as an excuse, that he had no doubt pennissiou would have been grunted. " Then, if so, you mav answer, *-why did you not ask ? permission would have ■. VA I- V .:•/? been no burden to you.'* Leave y wjest tchen iVs at the best. ' "'/ Jokes are very apt to degenerate into earnest. Tho best way is, when all parties are in higli good humour, and before the je^t either grows tiresome, or a cause of irritation, to stop short, and leave it otf. misgive, that you may not mistake, ^ MaiTy in haste, and repont at leisure. Many things grow in the ganlt) that were never sown there. For weeds are apt to come up, and will spread if not well looked after. It would bo a great mistake to ex- pect that a child at school is sure toleani notliing but what the master leaches. They oft:5u learn evil from one another; "'' >;'•';-' i" ' ? ♦!. «.j*uit .r ^^iii Mettle is dangerous in a Hind horse, ' • * ^/ - When a man is commended for V ing very active, enterprising, and daring, you should inquire whetlier he has discretion enough to make these qualities ser- viceable, whicli, without it, will only render him the more mischievous. ,M."f' ■i'Uf Man proposes^ hut God disj. ,cj>. ^ 280 FR0TEBB8 AVD PRBCEFTflL t L ' • » .1 No painc^ no gahis, .xn^U Ope year'' s seeding^ ■ • ' Js nine years' iceeding. "^ * » If weeds are let to stand till thev have filled their seeds, you will have very long and great labour in clearing the land afterwards. And bo it is with bad practices when not checked early. One man may lead a horse to the pond's brink ; • Bvt twenty men ^mi never make him drink. ' We often talk of racking a horse drink ; that is, leading him to tlie water. But unless the horse it ivilling to drink, it is all in vain. So we nmy teack people their duty ; that is, offer them instru-stion and advice : but if they are not Milling to receive it^ and act upon it, we can never make them good. '^ Of small account is a fly, ' Till it ^jets into the eye. ■ , , ,^, A thing that is very trifling and insignificant in it- self, may in some partii:ular cases be of vast import- ance. Thus the omission of one or two small words in a will, may make it void, and cause a large property to fall into other hands. A ml a navigator, if, in makin^- a calculation, he puts down a single figure wrong, may mistake the situation of the place where he is, and may perhaps lose his ship in consequence. Again, a man of very contemptible abilities, incapable of doing any great good, may sometimes cause great trouble and mischief (like a fly in one's eye), by contriving to interfere in some important business. Out of debt, Old of danger. i^ti Oflice will shoio the man. Ji.r f^X. '■■■.vf. 1 , 7' Apxa TOP avdpa Setfec. This is a Greek proverb, ami A very j ust vone. Some persons of great promise when ■m:: PROVERBS AND PRECEPTS. 281 IS. raised to high office, either nre puflFed up with srlf-Puffi- ciency, or daunted by ihe " high \\ indd that blow on high hills," or in some way or other disa ^ /.iit expec- tation. And others again show talents and coura«.'e,, and other qualifications, when tl m are called forth by high office, beyond what atyo ^ave i-hem credit cted to be in .*o judge how otnc«, till the J! tJ for l)efore, and beyond what ihty themselves, Itisunhappily ver a man will conduct himself in trial lias been nuide. , , Praise a fair day af nigJiU Solon, the Athenian sage, gave great offence to Croe- sus, the rich and powerlulkingof Lydia, because, when asked to s;iy whom he thought the happiest man, he mentioned first one, and then another, who were dead;: declaring that till the end of life, there was no saying what reverses a man might undergo. Crcesus was after- wards defeated and taken captive by Cyrus, king ©f Persia, and the Lydian empire subdued. Promises may get friends, but it is 'performance that keeps them, ,;,\ v , - ; v ^^ ..S*V Ships dread fire more than water. The perils of the sea are great, and ships are* con- Btantly exposed to them ; but ihey are constructed for the purpose. But being built ol wood, fire is the most forinidaole danger to them. And that is the greatest danger to each petson or thing, not which is greatest in itself, but which each is least ealcTilated to meet. . Sin IS si7if though it he not seen. There is no virtue in being merely ashamed of a thing fowid out, A good man is ashamed of doing what is wrong ; not merely of others knowing it.. And lie will remember that there is On£ who sees what is hidden from man, .hdiv ,*. j i»'>i>;tM;tVij>H u.i ^i>tfif *■!,> # .« IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 IttlM 125 ^ Uii 122 ^ 1^ i2.0 1^ IM m *" PhotDgKijinc Sciences Corporation """^^^J^ n WIST MAIN STRIET WnSTIR,N.Y. 14590 (716) 872-4503 ■^ -Sb^ \ ^ ^ 282 PROVBRBS AND FRBOBUnS^ The t^ighter the inoon shines, the more Vie^doga howh Some say, ** Tlic moon doe? not regard the barking of dogs." It is a curious propen^ty its most dogs to howl at the moon, espeeially when shining brightest* In the same manner it may be olmerved, that any eminent person who is striving to enlighten the world, is sure to be assailed liy the farious clamour and abuse of the bigoted and entious^ This is a thing disgusting in it- self (as the howling of dogs is an unpleasant sound) ; but it is a sign and uccompaniment of a man's success in doing service to the public. And if he is a truly wise man, he will tjike no more notice of it than the moon do6s of the howling of the dogs. Her only answer to them is, '^ to shine on." Bmall leaks sink great ships. Strike the iron while it is hot, ''-■■• It is in vain to think of what might have been done at such and such a time, when the opportunity is lost forever. Smooth loater runs deep. There is many a slip bettueen the cup and the lip. This was originally a Grecian proverb, which is said to have originated thus :— The owner of a. vineyard having overworked his slaves in digging and dressing it, one of them expressed a hope that, his master might never taste the produce. The vintage cauie, and the wine was made; and the master having a cup full of it in his hand, taunted the slave ; who replied in the words which afterwards became a provero. The master, before he haerouB periods afford the smallest amount of materials for the historian. Those who cannot have what they like, rmtd learn to Wee what they have. ^ Tlie mill cannot gnnd wil ^he water thai is past Si. It is in tain to think of what might have been done at such and such a time, when the opportunity is lost forever. Thy secret is thy servaivt till thou reveal it, and then thou art its servant When you have let out something that ought to have been concealed, you will often be exposed to much care and anxiety. Wlien an impertinent person presses you to betrav something that has been confided to you, ask him, ** Can yon keep a secret ? " and when he answers " Yes,** do you reply, ** Well, so can I.** PBOTBBBB AND VBMCVPTB, The tongue breaketh hone though itself hath none, Thiatle-aeeds fly. The downy seeds of the thistle are easily carfie The French say^^ -IQaand il fait beau, porte ton manieau ; Quand il pleut, fais ce que tu veux." That is, " When the weather is fine, take your