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Thb following work is designed 9B a first book of Geography, to be twed in the instruction of children in Families and Schools, as soon as they can spell and read with facility. The Author has endeavoured to render it simple in arrangement, and easy of comprehension. He has also aimed at making the descriptive matter characteristic and concise ; to embody it in short sentences and paragraphs, and in plain English, without being trifling or childish. The Primaet Gioorapht forms the commencement of a Series of School Books^ which, in connexion with Mitcheirs School Geography and Atlas, Geographical Reader, and High School Geography and Atlas, will elucidate the Geography of our own, and the other countries of the earth. The work is divided into eighty-three Lessons, seventy-six of which are devoted to the illustraticm of Geography, and seven relate to Astronomy. A few of the first Lessons are arranged partly in the method of Question and Answer ; and in these, where the Pupils are required to find the answers, the latter are numbered, to agree with each series of questions respectively. In the first three-fourths of the bo 3k, the words of the answers are printed in Italic type ; in the remainder, there is no such distinction, and the pupils are required to ascertain the requisite answers by their own discernment. It will tiius be perceived that the plan oi the Primary Geography is to lead the learner forward by easy and gradual steps, so as to prepare the youthful mind for an introduction into a more advanced study of this important science. The engravings in the Primary Greography are nearly all firom original designs, and have been introduced, more with reference to illustrating re- IT PRBFACB. |i III i 1 4 V markable events, or circumfltances connected with the countriei to which they are attached, than for the purpose of mere ornament Thoae representing the Landing of the Pilgrims, William Penn*s Treaty with the Indians, and Pocahontas saving the life of Captain Smith, will pro- bably impress the mind of the scholar more forcibly with recollections of New England, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, than any description whatever, and, perhaps, in many cases, will produce a permanent impression. The whole of the designs will be found to be of the same illustrative de- scription, and elucidate, it is believed, in nearly all cases, some characteristic incident or event The utility of appropriate engravings, associated with descriptive Geography, is now genenUly admitted ; and their importance in communicating more clear and vivid ideas, requires but little argument The Primary Geography contains Fourteen Maps ; a greater number than is to be found in any similar book hitherto published. These are made plain and distinct; are specially adapted to the text, and, in connexion with the lessons attached to them, will be found to add much to the value of the work. The introduction of moral and religious sentiments into books designed for the instruction of young persons, is calculated to improve^ the heart, and elevate and expand the youthful mind ; accordingly, wherever the subject has admitted of it, such observations have been made as tend to illustrate the excellence of the Christian religion, the advantages of correct moral prin- ciples, and the superiority of enlightened institutions. The Lesscmo on Astronomy, at the close of this little work, may lead the youthful mind to contemplate the universe, of which our earth is but a part, and thus form an easy introduction to a knowledge of the most sublime and imposing science that can be presented to the Pupil. The lessons are plain and easy. They are made as free as possible from abstruse terms, and con- tain descriptions of a few of the roost familiar and striking objects connected with Astronomy. CONTENTS. I. or the Cardinal Pointi 7 9. ortheBarth 8 a. ortheBurfaeeofthaEarth 4. Of the Water on the Earth JO 5. OfRiven 11 A. OftheLand 19 7. Diviiiona of the Land 13 & Of Mountains, tuc 13 9. Shape and Site of the Earth 15 10. Motions of the Earth lA 11. Of Climate, Jbe. 17 19. Productions of the Earth 10 13. Of the People that inhabit the Earth. 91 14. Political Divisions « 15. OfMaps 94 16. Grand Dirisions of the Earth 93 17. OftheOeean 96 18. Map of the Western llemisphere, Ac. 99 10. Map of the Eastern Hemisphere, hc.» 31 90. America 33 91. North America 34 99. United States 36 93. United States (continued) 38 94. Map of the United States. Jte 41 Q.'S. Eastern States 49 96. MiddleStates 44 97. Southern States 47 98. Western States and Territories 49 99. Map of the Eastern States, tan y^ 30. Map of the Middle States, &c OS 31. Map of the Southern States, kjc 57 39. Map of the Western States, Jte. 59 33. Greenland, British America, 4cc 60 34. Texas and Mexico 03 35. Ouatimala and the West Indies.....^ 64 36. Map of North America, dec- 67 37. History of America 68 38. History of North America. ........... 70 39. History of the United States 71 40. History of United Sutes (continaed). 74 41. History of United Butea, Jfee. 76 49. South America... »►.«.»««-.■.■«, «««.,.« 78 431 Map of South America, te.... **«..... 81 u 44. New Ori>nada, Venexnela, ttt K' 45. Chill, BiiPiHNi Ayren, ftc N 46. Hiatnry nf South America H7 47. Europt* N* 48. Map of Europe, k.r M 49. Sweden nnd \orway, Rumin, ttr. i*t 50. Toland, Dfin. >arl(, llollaml, llol^iimi. U7 51. Great Britaiv RuKlnnd, \Val«>« 0^ 59. Scotland, f rp). id. ikr lUI 53. Spain, PortuKiil, and Germany I'M 54. Switzerland and Italy lOn 55. Ionian Kepuldic, Gr<><>ce, and Turkey 109 56. MapofCenlral and Southern Europe. 113 57. History of Europe 114 58. Asia 116 59. Asiatic Rusoia, Turkey, and rfyria. ■ . IIP 60. PalMitine, Arabia, Peraia, Ace )9l 61. Tartary, India, and Ilindooatan 193 69. Birmah, Ac, China, and Japan 196 63. Mapof ADin,^ 19ft 64. History of Asia 130 65. History of Asia, k.t. (continued) 139 66. Aflrica, Barbnry, and Esypt 134 67. Nubia, Senei[(ambin, and Guinea 137 68. Southern AfVica, h,t 140 60. Map of AiVica, Ac 113 70. History of AfVica 144 71. Oceanina 146 79. Polynesia 149 73. Map of Oceanica, 4ke 153 74. ProKress of Society 154 75. Government IHI 76. Religion ItiO ASTRONOMY. 77. Astronomy ...-..« 16:« 78. Solar System........ jS4 70. Of the Moon..... 166 80. Planets .^m.*.. lOR 81. The Planets ....«..^...^.... 160 88. The Planets and CoraaU... .....»«.««■. 171 83. ri xed Stars, 4bc ..- ..•.......»« 1T6 ADDRESS TO THE PUPIL. Mt youno Fribnd: — By studying this little book with attention, you will loarn many things that will please and instruct you ; you will read about the coun- try we live in, and what grows in it, how it is divided, and what rivers and mountains it contains. You will also learn a great deal about other coun- tries, and the people that live in them : you will be taught where tea, coffee, and sugar come from, and what parts of the earth furnish us with oranges, pine-apples, ngs, almonds, and raisins. An account of these things is called Geography, a word which signifies a descnption of the surface of the earth. This kind of knowledge is so necessary, that those who are not acquainted with it are reckoned very ignorant. Little boys and girls, although they may never have been away from home, can, by reading this and other books of the same kind that the Author has published for their instruction, tell about the people, the animals, the mountains and rivers of all the countries in the world. Many young persons are well acquainted with Geo- graphy ; they obtain, in consequence, the respect and esteem of those who arc older than themselves, and are at the same time regarded with pleasure and satisfaction by their parents and friends. (6) PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. LESSON 1. CP THE CARDINAL POINTS. In Studying Geography, the first thing you must learn is, which way * Norths South, East and West Vm : These are called the Cardinal, or principal points of the compass. NORTH WEST EAST SOUTH The sun rises *tn the East, and sets 'm the West. Now if you stretch your arms straight out from your body, and point with your right hand to the East, the West will be * on yowr left hand, the North will be * before you, and the South ^ behind you. These things you must try and understand well ; for unless you are acquainted with the Cardinal [)oints, (1) 8 PRIMARY CBOGRAPHY. you will not be able to tel! in what direction different countries lie from each other. Now answer the following Questions ; you will find them easy, as the words which form the answers arc printed in n different type, and numbered to correspond with the questions. Q. 1. Which are the cardinal, or principal points of the compass? Q^ 2. Where does the sun rise 1 d. 3. Where does the sun set 1 Q. 4. If you point with your right hand to the east, where wut the west be 1 a 5. Where will the north bel d. 6. Where will the south be t i ,i LESSON 2. OF THE EARTH. Question. What do mankind inhabit 1 Answer. The surface of the earth. d. What does the earth form 1 A. A part of the universe. Q. Of what does the universe consist? A. The heavens and the earth. Q. What do the heavens comprise 1 A. The vast space around the earth, which contains the sun, moon, and stars. d. Who made the universe 1 A. God, the Creator of all things. or THB &URFACS (>F TUB BAR Til. 9 ** In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth/*— Cuf. i. 1. Q. By what other names is the earth called 1 A. The World, and the Globe. • LESSON 3. OP THB 8URPACB OP THB BARTH. a What is the earth 1 A. One of the planets. Q. Of what docs the surface of the earth consist 1 A. Land and water. d. How much of the earth*s surface consists of land 1 A. A quarter, or one-fourth part. d. How much more water than land is there 1 A. Three times more water than land. CL What is the chief part of the water on the earth called 1 A. The sea, or ocean. For the purpose of being more easily understood, different parts of the water are called by different names, as you will Icarn in the next lesson. j Q- Are the waters of the sea salt or fresh 1 A. They are salt. d. What part of the waters on the earth is fresh ? A. Lakes and rivers have generally fresh water. There ure a few lakes and rivers whose waters are salt. 10 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. Ill View of the Ocean. ■I ! ^ll ^iiil LESSON 4. OF THE WATER ON THE EARTH. d. What are constantly sailing on the sea? A. Ships, steamboats, and other kinds of vessels. Ships, &c., are used for carrying people and merchandise from one country to another. Many vessels and fishermen are employed on the sea in killing the great whales, and catching the fishes of different kinds that swim in its waters. Q,. By what names are difierent portions of the water on the earth called? A. Oceans, Seas, Bays, Gulfs, and Straits. d. What is an Ocean ? A. The largest extent of water. d. What is a Sea? A. An extent of water smaller than an ocean. OF THE WATER ON THE EARTH. "' 11 Q,. What are Bays and Gulfs? A. They are portions of the sea which extend into the land. a What is a strait) A. A narrow passage, which connects two bodies of water. Q. What is a Lake 1 A. A body of water almost entirely surround LESSON 6. 0FRIVER8. a What is a River? A. A Jarge stream of water. Rivers usually flow /rom Sprtn^^, that rise among hills and moun- tains. Their branches are called Brooks, and Creeks. The branches of rivers are sometimes ffo large that they are also called rivers. The Map above will show the source or head spring of a river, and how rivulets, brooks, creeks, and other branches, flow into rivers. Q. From what Jo rivers usually flow 1 d. What are the various branches of rivers called? d. What is said of the largest branches of some rivers ? Q^ Into what do rivers generally flow, or empty their waters ? A. Into the sea, but some rivers flow into lakes. 12 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. i'i::'l Q^ How are rivers useful 1 A. They water and fertilize the earth. Many steamboats and other vessels navigate rivers, and also lakes : thev are used, as on the sea, in conveying travellers and produce to and from one city or country to another. Q. How is the vast body of water on the earth restrained from overflowing the land 1 A. By the power of the Almighty, who, in the begin- ning, separated the land from Uie water. ** And God said. Let the waters under the heaven be gathered to- gether into one place, and let the dry land appear : and it was so.*' — Gbn. i. 9. m '. :'i V LESSON 6. OF THE LAND. Q. How is the land on the surface of the earth diversified! A. By mountains and valleys, hills and plains. Q. How is the land on the earth divided] A. Into Continents, Peninsulas, Isthmuses, and Islands. d. What is a Continent ? A. The largest extent of land. d. How many Continents are there? A. Two, the Eastern and Western. Q. What does the Eastern Continent contain? A. Europe, Asia, and Africa. d. What does the Western Continent contain ? A. North America and South America. OF MOUNTAINS, Ac. 13 LESSON 7. DIVISIONS OF THE LAND. QL What is the Eastern Continent often called 1 A. The Old World. Q. What is the Western Continent often calledl A. The New World. The Western Continent is called the New World, because it has not been so long known as the Eastern Continent. Q. What is a Peninsula 1 A. A tract of land nearly surrounded by water. Q. What is an Isthmus ? A. A narrow tract of land which joins a Peninsula to a Continent. QL What is an Island ? A. A tract of land entirely surrounded by water. Q. What is an Archipelago ? A. A sea containing many islands. a. What is a Cape? A. A point of land extending into the sea. ;^ LESSON 8. OF MOUNTAINS. &c. Q. WhatisaMountahAl A. A tract of land raised up to a great height. Some mountains are a hundred times higher than the highest house you ever saw, and their summits covered with ice and snow. M PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. . t — i Mnantains, Hills, Volcano, Plains, Valley. d. What is a Volcano ? A. A burning mountain. Volcanoes send forth fire and smoke, and also lava, or melted stones, from an opening at the top called a Crater. Cities and towns are sometimes set on fire and destroyed, by the burning lava. a. WhatisaHilll A. A portion of land raised up, but not so high as a mountain. a What is a Valley? A. A low portion of land, situated between hills or mountains. Q, What is a Plain ! A. A level tract of land. Some plains are fertile and well cultivated ; some arc covered with grass ; others are covered with sand, and are barren. Q. What is a Desert 1 ^v A. A plain covered with sand. The largest desert in the world is in Africa ; it is called tlic Sahara, or the Great Desert. SIIAFU AND 8IZB OF THii GARTH. 15 A Picture of onn side of the Eartli. LESSON y. BIIAP£ AND SIZE OP THE £ARTII. You must now learn something about the shape and size of the earth, and how it moves. By the picture you perceive that ' it is roundj like a ball or an orange. * America is on one side^ and ' Eu- rope, Asia and Africa are on the other side, Q. 1. What is the shape of the Earth? Q. 2. What is said of America 1 Q. 3. What is said of Europe, ^c. ^ A* 16 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. 1 !i I U. What is the circumference of the earth 1 A. About twenty-five thousand miles, Q. What is the diameter of the earth 1 A. Almost eight thousand miles. The enfi^ravine will show you that the circum- ference of a body is around the outside, and the diameter is a line across the centre, or middle part. The extent around the earth is so great, that if a bird were to fly at the rate of a mile in a minute, it would take about seventeen days and nights for the bird to come round to the place from which it started. * The earth is all the time turning round and round ; it never stops, but rolls like an immense ball through the heavens, surrounded on every side ^ by the sky and stars. O. 4. What is said of the earth 1 Q. 5. By what is the earth surrounded on every sidel LESSON 10. MOTIONS OF THB EARTH. Q,. How many motions has the earth, and what are they 1 A. Two ; the daily and the yearly. Q. What is the daily motion of the earth ? A. That by which it turns round once every day. Q. What is the yearly motion of the earth 1 A. That by which it moves round the sun, once every year. 0,. What is produced by the daily motion of the earth 1 A. Day and night. OF THB CLIMATE, Ac. 17 d. What is produced by the yearly motion of the earth 1 A. A change of seasons. Q. What is a change of seasons 1 A. The change from winter to spring, from spring to summer, from summer to autumn, and from autumn to winter again. In winter the earth is covered with ice and snow. Spring is the time when the flowers are in blossom. Summer is the warm season of the year. In autumn, or fall, the flowers and plants decay, and the leaves drop from the trees. LESSON 11. OF CLIMATE, ttc. In some parts of the earth the climate, or weather, is very warm ; in some it is extremely cold, and the ground is all the time covered with ice and snow. In other parts the weather is mild and pleasant. The warmest regions of the earth are ' near the Eguo' tor. The coldest regions are ^near the Poles. The most pleasant, or temperate regions, arc ^within the temperate Zones. Q» 1. Where are the warmest regions of the earth 1 Q. 2. Where are the coldest regions of the earth 1 Q. 3. Where are the most pleasant, or temperate regions 1 On the Map of the World you will learn where the warm, the cold, and the temperate regions of the earth, are situated. Among the principal nations of the earth, nearly all the people are employed in * Agriculture^ Manufactures^ and Commerce. 2 18 PRIMARY GEOGRArilT ,; 1 _ — 1 t "* ,, i ! ■ 1 The farmer is employed in agriculture, or farming he raises * wheats corn, and other kinds of food. The manufacturer makes • cloth, leather, paper, and many otlter articles ; nearly every thing that is made, is the work of manufacturers or mechanics. In commerce, or trade, ' the productions of one coun^ try are exchanged for those of another. Our merchants send their ships laden with cotton, flour, fish, &c., and exchange these articles with the people of other parts of the world, for coflTee, sugar, tea, pepper, &c. 0,. 4. In what are nearly all the people employed 1 Q^ 5. What does the farmer raise 1 Q. 6. What does the manufacturer make ? Q. 7. What is done in commerce, or trade ? ii Here is a picture of a ship coming from a distant country, probably from China, and laden with tea ; or from South America, with coffee ; or perhaps she is from Spain, and brings oranges, raisins, and almonds. You must remember what is said of Agriculture, Manufactures, and commerce, for they are often spolcen of. PRODUCTIONS OF THE EARTH. 19 LESSON 12. PRODUCTIONS OF THE EARTH. The earth is inhabited by many millions of human beings, and also by a vast numl)er of animals of differ- ent kinds, comprising Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles and Insects. 1 he Vegetable and Mineral productions are hkewise various and important* Q. What are Vegetable productions ? A. Flowers, fruit, wheat, com, coffee, tea, and other articles, that grow out of the earth. A Flower. PruiL Wbeat. d. What are Mineral productions? A. The various kinds of stones, with lime, coal, gold, silver, iron, lead, and many other things, that are dug out of the ground. €rold and sliver are called the precious metals, because they are the most valuable : nearly all our money is made of gold and silver lilil 20 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. O. Which are some of the principal Beasts 1 A. The Elephant, Lion, Tiger, Bear, Horse, and Ox. A Beast. A Bird. Horses, Cows, Dogs, and Cats, are met with in nearly all parts of the earth, and are called domestic, or tame animals. The Lion is foun 1 only in Africa, the Tiger in Asia, and the Grisly Bear in Ame- rica. These are wild animals, and are very fierce and danger- ous. Q,. Mention some of the principal Birds. A. The Ostrich, Eagle, Pelican, Turkey, and common Fowl. a. Mention some of the principal Fishes. A. The Shark, Swordfish, Salmon, Cod, and Shad. nihe*. d. Mention some of the principal Reptiles. A. Alligators, Lizards, Snakes, Toads, and Frogs. or TUB PEOPLE THAT INHABIT THE KARTIi, 21 A Reptile. An InMCk U. Mention some of the principal Insects. A. Butterflies, Bees, Spiders, Musquitoes, and Ants. LESSON 13. OP THB PEOPLE THAT INHABIT THE EABTH. d. From whom are the people that inhabit the earth descended 1 A. Our first parents, Adam and Eve. Ct. In whose image was man created 1 A. In the image and after the Ukeness of God. So God created man after his own image.— Qcn. I 27. d. How do the*7arious races of men, or nations, differ 1 A. Some are white, Hke ourselves, and there are others that are yellow, red, brown, and black. €i. In what other respects do nations differ from each other ? A. In the language they speak, the dress they wear, and in the food they eat. The principal nations of white complexion are the * Europeans J and their descendants : the yellow are the 22 PUIMARY GBOiiRAl'HY. ^Chinese, 6ic.: the red arc the ^American Indians : the brown are the ^ Malay Sy and the black are the ^ Negroes. Q. 1 . Which are the principal nations of white and yellow com- plexion 1 Q,. 2. Which are the principal nations of red, brown, and black complexion 1 Native uf Java. Aaliauteu Cliiur. rcmian Woiiuin You perceive by the pictures how differently other nations dress f«*om us, and also from one another. The native of Java has the upper }>firt of his body naked ; the Ashantee chief has but little clothing , while the Persian woman is almost covered up with her dress. LESSON 14. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. Tlie Continents, Oceans, Peninsulas, Islands, &c. that \oii hr.ve b«-*en learning about, are cdled ^Natural Diiiijionc, bet. Lise they were made by the Creator ; but roL'TICAL DITI8I0NI. 23 Empires, Kinpjdoms, Republics, ^c. are called *Politicai Divisions, Tlioy were established I' men for the pur- poses of government Q. 1. What are Continent*. Oceans, PeninnuIaA, dcr., called? Q. 2. What arc Empires, Kingdoms, Republics, dec, trailed ' Q. What is an Empire 1 A. A country governed by an Emperor. . d. What is a Kingdom! A, A country governed by n King. Emperors and Kings are also cal ed Monarchs and Sov^'^gnt. The wife of an Emperor is called an Empress; the wife of a ^ ng is called a Q,uecn. Q. What is a Republic) A. A country whose Chief IVfagistrate, or Presii n% is elected by the people. a. What is a Nation) A. A distinct body of people, as the English nation, the French nation. a What is a City 1 A. A large collection of houses and inhabitants. Q. What are Towns 1 A. Collections of houses and inhabitants ; generally smaller than cities. When a city is the scat of goremment of a country, it is called the CapitaJ. When it contains a greater number of inhabitants than any other in the same country, it is called the chief city, or metro- polis. Washington City is the capital of the United States ; but New York contains ten times more inhabitants, and is the metropolis, or chief cur. . 24 or MAPS, W ' LESSON 15. OF MAPS. To understand the true position of the diiferent coun- tries on the globe, it will be necessary, to study the Maps attentively. A Map is * a picture of the whole, or a part of the earth'' s surface : it represents '^/Ae form or sJiape of Continents^ Oceans, Islands, Lakes, &c., and also shows '^ where Rivers, Mountains, Cities and Towns are situated. a 1. What is a Map 1 Q^ 2. What does a Map represent ? Q,. 3. What does a Map show 1 A Map. The top part of a Map is North, the bottom is South» the right hand side is East, and the left hand side is West. The map before you is a picture of the United States, or the coiui- GRAND DIYISIONS OF THE EARTH. 25 try we live In. You perceive that Oceans, Lakes, Rivers, Mountains, Boundaries, Cities, and Towns, are shown on it. Now point out on the Map, North — South — East — West. Point out the Oceans — the Lakes — the Mountains — the Desert. Point out the Boundaries. The Boundaries are shown by the dotted lines that separate one country from another, as the United States from Mexico. Point out the Capitals — the Cities — the Towns. The lines that cross the map, from one side to tlie other, are called Lines of Latitude, or Parallels, and show the distances, in degrees, north or south of the Equator. The lines that extend from the top to the bottom of the map are lines of Longitude, or Meridians, and show the distances east or west from a first Meridian. When you come to study other maps, you will see how Islands, Gulfs, Bays, Peninsulas, &c., are represented. Hereafter the Pupil will find the Questions at the bottom of the same pages as the Lessons to which they are attached. LESSON 16. GRAND DIVISIONS OF THE EARTH. The earth contains five grand divisions. These are, * America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceanica, America, or the Western Continent, comprises ^North America and South America, It contains nearly a third pirt of the land on the surface of the globe. ^Europe, Asia and Africa are connected with each other, and form the Eastern Continent. These divisions contain three-fifths of the land surface of the earth. Questions. — 1. What are the grand divisions of the earth. 2. What does America comprise 1 3. What forms the Eastern conti- 26 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. % • Europe is * the smallest of the grand divisions, yet il contains the most powerful nations. The people of Europe are called * Europeans. Asia is ® tJie largest grand division, and contains more than one half of the population of the earth. The inhabitants are called ' Asiatics. Africa is ^the least known division of the earth. The chief part of the inhabitants are black, and are called ^ Africans, or Negroes. Ocean ica consists ^^ entirely of islands, situated in the Pacific Ocean. It was the last discovered division of the world, and has the smallest number of inhabitants. LESSON 17. OF THE OCEAN. The water on the surface of the globe comprises ' the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian, the Northern and the Southern Oceans. These are all connected with each other, and form one vast sea or ocean. The Eastern and Western Continents are sepa- rated from each other ^ hy the Pacific Ocean on the one side, and the Atlantic Ocean on the other. nent ? 4. What is Europe ? 5. What are the people called 1 6. What is Asia ? 7. What are the inhabitants called 1 8. What is Africa 1 9. What are the inhabitants called 1 10. Of what does Oceanica consist 1 CluESTioNs. — I. What does the water on the globe comprise'? 2. How are the Eastern and Western Continents separated "- OF THE OCEAN. 27 The Indian Ocean flows between ' Africa and Aus- tralia. The Northern Ocean occupies * the most north- erly parts of the earth. The Southern Ocean occupies ^the most southerly parts of the earth. • Wildes^ seals^ turtles^ and other marine animals, with numerous Fishes^ are found in the ocean ; a great variety of Plants also grow in its waters, some of which rise from a depth of more than two hundred feet. A Seal. A Turtle. The ocean is preserved pure ''by its saltness and constant motion. When ships are tossed by raging tem- pests on its waters, it exhibits one of the most striking proofs of the weakness of man, and the power of Om- nipotence. By means of the ocean, we are enabled ® to visit foreign countries. If we wish to see any part of Eu- rope, we can be conveyed across the Atlantic Ocean in one of the splendid Steam-ships which sail between the United States and EIngland, in about thirteen days. 3. Between what countries does the Indian Ocean flow ? 4. What does the Northern Ocean occupy J 5. What does the Southern Ocean occupy 1 6. What are found in the seal 7. How is the Ocean preserved pure 1 8. What does the Ocean .enable us to do ] No. 1 — WESTERN HEMISPHERE. m it 'i-. MAP OF THB WESTERN HEMISPHERE. 29 ■«. FP LESSON 18.^ Cs the opposite page is a Map of the Western Iloinisphere. A Henii- liore signifies half of a glohe. The Western Hemisphere contains North America, South America, and part of Ocoanici*. Point out, on the Map, North America — South America — Occanica. The two first divisions form the Western Continent Point out the Pacific Ocean — Atlantic Ocean — Northern Ocean — Southern Ocean, The Pacific Ocean boonds America on the west; the Atlantic Ocean on the east ; the Nortliem Ocean on the north ; and the Southern Ocean on the eoutlu Point out the North Pole — South Pole — Equator. The North Pole is the northern extremity of the earth : the South Pole is the southern extremity. The Eauator is a great circle that passes round the earth, midway between the ^forth and the South Poles. Point out, on the Map, the Arctic Cirde^' Antarctic Circle, All that part of the earth situated between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole, is the North Frigid Zone. That part situated between the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole, is the South Frigid Zone. The Frigid Zones are the coldest parts of the earth : the ground is covered nearly all Uie year with ice and snow. Pomt out, on the Map, the TVopic of Cancer — TVopic of Capricorn. That part of the earth situated between the Tropic of Cancer and tlio Arctic Circle, is the North Temperate Zone. That part situated between the Tn^ic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle, is the South Temperate Zone. In the Temperate Zones the weather is generally mild and pleasant. The North Temperate Zone contains the most important countries, and the most powerful nations in the world. We live in the North Temperate Zone. That part of the earth situated on both sides of the Ekiuator, and between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, is the Torrid Zone. The Torrid Zone is the warmest part of the earth. Here ice and snow are never seen, except on the tops of the highest mountainf. Coffee, pepper, cloves, nutmegs, and many fine fruits, grow in the Torrid 2k)ne. The in- habitants are chiefly black, or of dark complexion. * The Pupil will point out, on the Map, the naroea in the lessoni* that are printed in Italic type, and read with attention the explanations given of them. This courn; will be punuod with all the lemons that are connected with the Maps. Wo. 2.— EASTERN HEMISPHERE. •. ut \\ ' (30) ' f MAP OP THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE. 31 LESSON 19. No. 2 is a Map of the Elastcrn Hemisphere, or eastern half of the eartii. This Hemisphere includes the Eosstern Continent, and part orOccanicu. Point out, on the Map, Europe — Asia — Africa — Oceanica. Tlio throe firdt of these divisions form the Eastern Continent About one-third part of Oceanica belongs to the Eastern Hemisphere, and the rest to the VVciitern. Point out the Atlantic Ocean — Pacific Ocean — Northern Ocean — Southern Ocean — Indian Ocean. All tiiese oceans, except the last, are parts of the oceans of the same name that are in the Western Hemisphere. Point out the North Pole — South Pole. These are the same that are on the Map of the Western Hemisphere. The earth contains but one Nortii Pole, and one South Pole. Point out the Arctic Circle — Antarctic Circle — Tropic of Cancer — Tropic of Capricorn. These are parts of the lines of the aarne names that are on the Map of the Western Hemisphere. They all pass round the earth, and show the boundaries of the Frigid and Temperate Zones ; and also of the Torrid Zone. Point out the lines that cross the Map, from side to side. They are called parallels of latitude^ and are numbered 10, 20, 30, &c. These figures signify degrees. Those between the Equator and the North Pole, are in •North Latitude ; and those between the Equator and the South Pole, are in South Latitude. The different parts of the earth are said to be in north or south la.itude, according as they are situated north or south of the Equator. Point out the British Islands— 'Japan Islands — Madagascar — Austreh lia. The two first are in north latitudci and the two last in south lati- tude. Point out the lines that extend from the top to the bottom of the Map. They are called lines^ or meridians of longitude. The numbers begin on the equator, at the line marked 0, which you will see directly under the vord Guinea. This line is called the First Meridian. The other lines are numbered 10, 20, 30, &c., both east and west of the first meridian. Those parts of the earth that lie eastward of the first mo< ridian, are said to be in east longitude, and those west of it in west longi- tude. Point out, on tlie Map, St. Helena — Java — New Guinea — Philippine Islands. The first is in west longitude; and the others in cast iongi- tude. 32 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY r I LESSON 20.» AMERICA. 1. America, or the V^cstern Continent, comprises North America and South America. It contains the largest riversand lakes in tJw world^and also many high mountains 2. The population of America consists of Indians^ Whites^ and Negroes, The Indians are the native, or first inhabitants. The Whites are the descendants of Europeans. The Negroes, or Blacks, were brought as slaves from Africa. 3. The Indians are of a red, or copper colour. They are tall and straight in person, and can endure great hardship and fati,5ue. American Tndiani. Questions. — 1. What does America contain 1 2. Ofwiiatdocs the population consist ? 3. Of what colour are the Indians! * In the following Lpssnns, the number ot the heipfinninp of ench pnrnfrmph, and that U the beginning of the Quosliun annexed to it, will be mnde to correspond. NORTH AMERICA. 33 largest ntains idians, ivo, or nts of ght as They great at does idians 1 and that 4. These people are divided into a number of small nations, or tribes. Many of them are armed only with hows and arrows, and subsist on the animals they kill in hunting. 5. The Esquimaux [Es-ke-m6] are a race somewhat similar to the Indians, but are not so tall. They live in the most northern parts of North America, Esquimau z Sledges, and Winter Hut. 6. The winter huts of these p60{^e are made of slabs of ice, yet are sufficiently warm to shelter them from the cold. The sledges on which they travel from place to place are drawn by dogs. 7. More than one half of the white inhabitants of America speak tlie English., or the language that wc 4. With what are they armed 7 5. Where do the Esquimaux live 1 6. Of what are their winter huts made! 7. What language do more than one half of the white inhabitants of America speak 1 3 34 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. • use. Mtiny speak the Spanish, some the Portuguese and French, and a few speak the Dutch. LESSON 21. ^ NORTH AMERICA. 1. North America is the largest division of the West' cm Continent, It contains the most powerful nations^ as well as the most populous cities in the Nc:^) World, and twice as mamj inhabitants as South America, 2. Tlic principal rivers are, the Mississippi, Missouri, St. Lawrence, Mackenzie's, Columbia, and Rio del Norte, 3. The largest lakes are, Superior, Michigan, Huron, Win7iipeg, and the Great Slave L^ike, 4. The most important mountains are the Rocky, the Alleghany, and the Mexican Cordilleras, The last con- tain many volcanoes, which send forth great clouds of smoke. Panther. Black Bear. Questions. — 1. What is North America? — What does it contain 1 2. Name the principal rivers. 3. Which are the largest lakes 1 4. Which are tlic most important mountains? 5. Which are among NORTH AMCRICA. Xi 5. The wild beasts of North America are niimrrons ; /inion<^ the larf^cst are the Grisly Bcar^ Black Bcar^ Jht/falo, Musk OjCy Moosc^ Panther^ and Deer, G. Some of the best known of the birds, are the Bald Eagle ^ Wild Turkey^ Canvas-haek Duek^ and II nmmivs;' Bird. In the southern districts Alii gators are nu- merous ; and there are many different kinds of snakes, of which the Rattlesnake is the most dangerous. Wild Turkey. Canvai-back Duck. 7. The principal countries of North America are, the United States, British America, Ilussian America, Grecu' land, Texas, Mexico, Guatimala [Gwa-te-mah'-Ia,] and the West Indies* the largest of the wild beasts 1 6. Which are some of the best known birds 1 — What are numerous in the southern districts 1 — Whicfi is the most dangerous of the snakes? 7. Name the principal countries of North America. 3G PRIMARY GBOGRAHIY. LESSON 22. UNITED 8TATE8. 1. That part of America in which we live, is called i^te United Slates, It is a very large country, aiitl ex- liMuls from the Atlantic to the Pacijix Ocean. The United States includes almost a th»rd part of North America, and more than one half of its inhabitants. 2. Many parts of the United States possess a rich and fertile soil. In the eastern, middle, and western states, cor?i, wheat, and rye, with apples, peaches, pears, &c., are cultivated. In the southern states, cottoti, to- bacco, rice, and sugar, are produced to a great extent. Cotton Plant. Rice. Sugar Cane. . Cotton is a kind of white wool, produced from the Cotton Plant : muslin and calico are manufactured from cotton. The leaves of Tobacco are made into segars, chewing-tobacco, and snuff. GtuESTioNs. — 1. What is that part of America in which we live called 1 — How does it extend 1 2. What are cultivated in the east- ern, middle, and western states ? — What are produced in the southern UNITED HiATRS. 37 Tho Sugar Cane is a plant somewhat like Indian-rnrn ; the stalks contain a s\ve<'t juice, which, being pressctl in u mill, runs out like \vat«T: great «|nantltiesof the juice are boiled in larire pans, until the sugar is made. Uice is a hard, white grain, which forms the chief food of tlie inhabitants in many parts of the earth. You have, no doubt, eaten some of it. , I^ Tron^ coaf, sail^ and Ihne^ abound in many quarters. (*()ld is obtained from the gold mines of Virginia, North Carohna, and Georgia ; and vast auantitics of Icc^ .»' made at the lead mincsorMissouri,\Visconsin,and .^^ 't I«ad Mining. 1. The people oftlie United States are called Amcri' cans, and are nearly all employed m agriculture, manit- faciurcsy and commerce. They are among the most iiitelligent, industrious, and enterprising people in the world. states J 3. What abound in many quarters 1 — What is obtained from the gold mines of Virginia » &c. 1 — What are made at the lead mines of Wisconsin, &c. I 4. What are the people of the United States 38 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. t ;: i M 5. Amorican vessels sail (o all parts of the earth ; and the American flag, the star-spangled banner, is known and respected by every civilized nation. 6. Mai) II American Ships and Sailors are employed in catcliini^ Whales, Seals, Codfish, and Mackerel. The whale ships are often absent two or three years. The oil wo burn in our lamps is made of the fat or blubber of the Whalo. Seals are killed for the sake of their skins, or fur, of which caps, &c., are made. LESSON 23. UNITED STATE 8— Continued. 1. In the United States there is no nobility ; every citizen is equal in civil and political rights. The son of the poorest man in the country, if he attends to his learning, and possesses abilities, may become President. 2. Schools^ Academies^ and Colleges, are established in nearly every part of the United States, and almost every one may acquire a good education ; while in some countries, but few are able to read and write. 3. St ram-boat Sy Canals, and Rail-roads, are numerous in the United States. These all render travelling easy and rapid, and enable us to go from one city to another in V very short space of time. called] — What are they nearly all employed in? 5. Where do American vessels sail 1 6. What are employed in catching whales, dec. Q,UESTioNS. — 1. In what is every citizen equal? 2. What are established, &c. 1 — What may almost every one acquire? 3. What UNITED STATES. 39 merous 4. On the Great Lakes, and on the numerous rivers of this country, steam-vessels are employed in greater numbers than in any other part of the world. Steam- boats were first brought into use hy Robert Fulton^ an ingenious American, and were first employed on the Hudson river ^ in the year 1807. SteiAnboat on m Weitern River. 5. The United States forms a federal republic^ and is often called the Union, because it consists of" a number of states united under one government, 6. There are twenty-six states, six territories, and 07ie district. The states are divided into the Eastern, Mid- dle, Southern, and Western States, are numerous 1 4. By whom were steam-boats first brought Into use ? On what river, and when were they first employed 1 5. What does the United States form 1 — Why is the United States often called the Union ? G. How many states, territories, and districts are there ? — How are the states divided ? No. 3. — MAP OP THE UNITED STATES. » W 07 06 113 SI M m M n «l 79 T7 T6 n Tl « n m:v>Br i;owjpifw<<> tffcK/Wwn tWaXnftow IK le M u (40) MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 41 LESSON 24. No. 3 is a Map of the United States. This division of North America is bounded, on the north, by British America; south, by the Gulf of Mexico, 1'exas, and the Republic of Mexico ; west, by the PaciHc Ocenn. Near the top of the Map, on the right hand, or east side, the scholar will find Maine — New Hampshire — Vermont — Massachusetts — Rhixie Island^ and Connecticut. These six are called the Eastern or New England States. For want of room on tho Map, Massachusetts is put thus, Massa". ; New Hampshire thus, N. Hampshire; and Connecticut thus. Conn*. Point out New York — New Jersey — Pennsylvania^ and Delaware. These four are called the Middle States. Point out Maryland — Virginia — North Carolina — South Carolina — Georgia — Alabama — Mississippi, and Louisiana. These eight are called the Southern States. Point out Florida. This belongs to the Southern States; but it is a Ter- ritory, and not a State. It is the most southern part of the United States. Near the middle of the Map, the scholar will find Ohio; then Kentucky — Tennessee — Indiana — Illinois — Missouri — Michigan — Arkansas. Point then out. These eight are called the Western States. On the left hand, or west side of the Map, will be found Wisconsin Ter- ritory — Iowa Territory, and the Indian Territory. Point them out. Far- ther west, there are Missouri Territory^ and Oregon Territory. The two last are not shown on this Map. These five divisions are called the Western Territories. At the top of the Map are Lake Superior — L. Huron — L. Michigan — L. EriCf and L. Ontario. Point them out. These are called the Great Lakea They separate the United States, in part, from British America. Point out the Mississiopi River. This river has its source in Itasca Lake, and flows into the Gulf or Mexico. Including the Missouri, its largest branch, the Mississippi is the longest river in the world. Point out Itasca Lake — Missouri River — Arkansas R Red JR. — Ohio R. These are the largest branches of the Mississippi River. Point out the Alleghany Mountains — Cumberland M** — > Blue Ridge. These are the principal mountains in the eastern part of the United States. The highest summits of the Blue Ridge are about a mile and a quarter high. Point out Washington — New York — Philadelphia — Baltimore — Bos^ ton — New Orleans. Washington is the capital of the United States: the others are the largest cities. 42 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. * »f. rf i \. m LESSON 25. EASTERN STATES. 1. The territory forming theEASTERN States, was at first called New England, and it is still known by that name. The climate in these states is generally colder in winter, and the soil is, for the most part, less fertile than in the other sections of the Union. 2. Maine is the largest of the Eastern Siates, New Hampshire contains the White Mountains, and Ver- mont the Green Mountains. 3. The population of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, is greater than that of any other region of equal extent in America. SclMol-HouM. Emigrant* to the West. duESTioNs. — I. What was the territo* y forming the Eastern States at tirst called 1 2. What is Maine 1 3. What is the population of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island J 4. For \vh ,t are EASTERN STATES. 43 4. The people of New EnglaDd are remarkable for tlieir industry^ good morals^ and general intelligence, 5. Churches^ Colleges, and Schools, are numerous. The Sabbath is respected, the churches are well at- tended, and there are very few persons to be met with who cannot read a^d ^rite. The inhabitants of these states are often called Yankees, a name supposed to have been first given to them by the Indians, and said to signify EIngUsh. Numbers of these people emigrate every year to other sections of the Union* and in the western states they form u large and important part of the population. 6. The New Englanders employ many vessels in the Whale Fishery, and in catching Codfish, and Mackerel, They manufacture a great variety and amount of Woollen, Cotton, and other kinds of goods. 7. These states possess more Ships and Seamen, than any other section of the Union, and their commerce is very extensive : they send to various parts of the world vast quantities of lumber, fish, oil, and various articles of domestic manufacture. 8. The largest towns ui New England are, Boston, Lowell, Providence, Salem, Portland, New Haven, and Hartford, Boston is noted for the enterprise of its in- habitants, its fine Tmrhotir, and the great number of its J* the inhabitants of New England remarkable ? 5. What are nume- rous? 6. In what do the New Englanders employ many vessels? — Of what do they manufacture a great vari<»ty and amount J 7. What do these states possess? 8. Which are the largest towns in New 44 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. . »i il Moutb Hoaloa. View of Boston. ■uatai's Uilk 1). In Boston the American Revolution first began ; the taxed tea sent from England was destroyed ; and, in the vicinity of the city, the battles of Lexington and Bunker's Hill were fought. LESSON 26. MIDDLE STATES. 1 . Tub Middle States are situated between the East- ern and Southern divisions of the Union. They form the viost populous and wealthy section of the United States^ lid contain the largest cities in America. 2. The climate is more mild, in winter^ than in New England, the cold is less severe, and does not last so long. Enpland ? — For what is Boston noted ? 9, What first began in Boston 1 duESTioNs. — 1. What do the Middle States form? 2. What is the climate, compared with that of New England ! 3. For what are fi MIDDLE STATES. 45 3. These states are noted for their numerous Canals and Rail-roads. The people carry on a flourishing commerce, besides various and extensive manufactures. 4, New York has more inhabitants than any other state in the Union ; Pennsylvania possesses vast quanta lies of Coal and Iron ; New Jersey is well known for fine Fruits and Vegetables; Delaware produces excellent ^Vhcat. New York Harbour, Steam-Ship, dec. 5. The city of New York is the most populous on the Western Continent, Its harbour is deep and commo- dious, and a great multitude of vessels, of all kind^s steam-ships, &c., are to be found at its wharves. 6. New Yr^rk is the metropolis of the United States, these states noted 1 4. What has New York 'i — What does Penn- sylvania possess 1 — For what is New Jersey well known? — What does Delaware produce] 5. What is the city of New York! G. Of what is New York the metropolis 1 7. For what is Philadelphia dis- 4G PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. • • M and is also one of the greatest commercial cities in tlio world. Its merchants carry on a rich and extensive trade with almost every quarter of the globe. 7. Philadelphia is next to New York in the number fjf its inhabitants. It is distinguished for the regularilj/ (>f its streets, as well as the beauty of its public buildings and private dwellings, ^:1 Congren signing tlie Declaration of Indeptitden~-^-~z.--- ^ --i^S ^^ '' < •^O' , Lunaa 1 fi^fni:^' /^■^M:±sm ^^1^^^^::^ r •——■_■•••■-■ . ^■w»f*,.;u:r..-Li:.. ir>-^H^ ■f '". •?•" Hjj^gig a^„.^ •—■•^ ^-'■.'••"^ -.»•'- T«* 9B« ■saks^%#'sna Xii^ «r4=lK&^^!^:^«c i^^3SS^^ -^^ Krss»^sss5^.'^maf^i>,:f(^^'<^apaiMr'^ i?^.r ^ ^¥w§m^^''^^^^ ■'^"^ It 0' > 1' V * n ■ y% •"■-1 t-.r I \ .>, /■ . Cotton Fifc^d. Questions. — 1. What do the Southern States form 1 2. Who were natives of Virginia ? 3. What are many of the people, &c. called ^ H i ■''I til i': i m 48 I'lJI.MAIlY liEOGUAl'IlV. 4. In Vir<4ini;i and Maryland, large quantities of Tobacco arc raised. iVorth and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, are noted for Cotton^ and Louisiana for Sugar and Molasses, Rice is cultivated in South Carolina and Georgia, • 5. The principal cities of the Southern States arc, Baltimore, Washington, Charleston, and New Orleans, lialtimorc is iiotetl for its Battle Monument, and the Monument creeled in memory of General Washington, 6. The city of Washington is the capital of the United States. It is situated in the District of Columbia : here the President resides, and Congress assembler every year. If! TTTT n -» :: TT^V Capitol at Washington. 4. What are raised in Virginia and Mary and? — For what are North and South Carolina, &c., noted 1 — I 'or what is Louisiana noted 1 — Where is rice cultivated? 5. Which are the principal cities? — For what is Baltimore noted? C. Where is the city of WESTERN STATES AND TEitRITORIBS. 40 7. Con<::rrss consists of the McmUra of the Senate, and Ifouse of litprciteritatictn: this body is the legishitiuo of the rnitnl States, and makes laws for the government of the nation. The house in which Con«^ress meets is called the Capitol, and is the largest and linest building in America. 8. Charleston is remarkable for Ific politeness a d hospitality of its inhohitants. New Orleans is noted lor tlic number of Ships and Steam-boats that crowd its icvccy or landing along the river. A vast amount of sugar, molasses, cotton, and tobacco, is sent from this city. LESSON 28. WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. 1. The region composing the Western States and Territories, is often called the Western Country, It is situated to the westward of the Eastern, Middle, and Southern States, 2. The greater part of these states was, but a few years ago, the abode only of Indians and wild beasts ; but they now contain a vast number of white inhabit- ants, and thousands of people are every year emigrat- ing to this land of plenty. 3. Among the early settlers, Daniel Boone^ one of the first white Washington situated ? 7. Of what does Congress consist 1 8. For ^hat is Charleston remarkable 1 — For what is New Orleans noted 1 Questions. — 1. What is the region composing the Western States, &c., often called 1 2. What were the Western States a few years ago ? 3. Who was one of the first white men that lived in Kentucky 1 50 PRIMAKY (:i:OGUAI>IIY. • • mm that over lived In Koiitncky, was nf»to(l for his rDurapo and hardihood: he resided for a considerable time in the solitary wilder- ness, with no companions but his dogs. Daniel Boone. 4. Ohio is the most populous of the Western States^ and is noted for its canals and manufactures. Ken- tucky is noted for its great Caves ^ and Tennessee for Iron Works, 5. Indiana and Michigan contain extensive Plains^ or Prairies: Missouri, Wisconsin, and Iowa, are cele- hrated for their I^nd Minesy and Arkansas for its hot Springs, 6. Cincinnati^ Lmiisville, St. Louis^ Detroit, Nashville, and Chicago^ are the chief cities in the Western States. 4. What iii Ohio ? — For w lat is Kentucky noted 1 — Tennessee 1 5. What do Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois contain 1 — For what are Missour . \ i*consin, and lowi. celebrated 1 Arkansas? 6. Which WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. 51 States^ Keii- (ee for linSy or 5 cele- its hot simile^ States. [inesseel vtrhat are ;. Which 7. Cincinnati was founded in the year 1789, on a spot surrounded by tiiii'k woods. It now contains 40,(X)0 inhabitants, and lius nun>e- rous churches, schools, and other public institutions. 8. Nearly all the Indians in the United States reside in the Western Territories, Some of them have good Houses and Farms, and have been taught to read and write by the missionaries. Others roam over the vast prairies of the Far West, and hunt the Buffalo and other Wild Beasts, The missionaries are good men, who teacli savage nations to read the Bible, worship the true God, and to live like Christians. 9. The first settlers of the Western States were exposed to vuiny dangers ; their houses were often attacked, and their wives and chil- dren murdered by the Indians: these outrages, however, now take place less frequently, and the savages are every year becoming less numerous and formidable. Indians attacking While Settlers. are the chief cities 'f 7. When was Cincinnati founded? 8. Where do nearly all the Indians, & c, reside 1 — What do some of them have ? — What do others hunt ? 9. To what were the first settlers exposed \ No. 4. — EASTERN OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. m MAP OF THE NBW ENGLAND STATES. 53 LESSON 29. „ -. Map No. 4 is a Map of the Eastern, or New England States. This division of the United States comprises six States. It is bounded on the north by Lower Canada; south bv the Atlantic Ocean and Long Inland Sound ; east by New Brunswick and the Atlantic Ocean, and west by the State of New York. Paint out, on the Map, Maine — New Hampshire — Vermont — Massac hit- setts — Connecticut — Rhode Island. These are tiie Eastern States. Maine is the largest Rhode Island is the smallest State, and the smallest in the Union. Massachusetts contains more inhabitants than any of the other Eastern States. Point out Lower Canada — iVeto Brunswick — New York — Atlantic Ocean — Long Island Sound. Point out St. John^s River — St. Croix R. — Penobscot R. — Kennftbeck R. — Androscoggin R. — Merrimack R. — Connecticut R. — Thames R. These are the principal rivers in New England. The St. John's river is partly in Maine, and partly in New Brunswick. Point out the White Mountains — Green Mountains — Mount Katahdin. These are the principal mountains in the Eastern States. Mount Washing- ton is the highest of the White Mountains, and the highest in New England. It is about a mile and a quarter high. The summit is nearly all the time covered with snow. Point out Lake Champlain — Moosehead L. — Grand L. — Winnipiseo- gee L. yWin-ne-pe-so-ge^ Lake Champlain belongs partly to Vermont, and partly to New York. Its waters flow into Sorelle River, and thence into the St. Lawrence. Point out Grand Menan Island — Mount Desert Island — Nantucket Island — Martha's Vineyard — Block Island. The first island belongs to New Brunswick; the second, to Mairc; the third and fourth, to Mas^achU' setts ; and the fifth, to Rhode Island. Nantucket is noted for the number of vessels belonging to it, that are employed in the whale fishery. Point out Augusta — Concord — Montpelier — Boston — Providence — New' port — New Haven — Hartford. These cities are the capitals of the New ' England States. Rhode Island and Connecticut have each two capitals. Point out Portland — Bangor — Portsmouth — Newburyport — Salem — Lowell — New London. These are among the most important cities in tho Eastern States, that are not capitals. Point out Passamaquoddy Bay — Penobscot Bay — Cape Cod. No. 5. — MAP OP THE MIDDLE STATES. • » H I' I] MAP OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 55 9» . LESSON 30. No. 5 is a Map of the Middle States. This section of the Union com prises four States. It is bounded, on the north, by Canada ; east, by New England, and the Atlantic Ocean; bouth, by Maryland and Virginia; and west, by Ohio and Canada. Point out, on the Map, New York — New Jersey — Pennsylvania — Delaware. These are the Middle States. New York is the largest of the Middle States ; Pennsylvania is the se- cond in extent; New Jersey is the third ; Delaware is the smallest. Point out Upper Canada — Lower Canada — Vermont — Massachusetls — Connecticut — Ohio — Virginia — Maryland — Atlantic Ocean. Point out Lake Ontario — Lake Erie — L. Champlain — L. George — i^^ncida L. — Cayuga L. — Seneca L. Lake Ontario, and part of Lake , Tie, separate the Middle States from Upper Canada. Point out the St. Lawrence River — Niagara R. — Hudson R. — Dela- ware R. — Susquehanna R. — Ohio R. — Alleghany R. — Monongulula R. — Juniata R. — Schuylkill R, [Skool'-kil] — Genesee R. — Mo- hawk R. The St. I^awrence river forms part of the boundary between New York and Upper Canada. The Delaware river forms the boundary between tiie States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Point out the Falls qf Niagara. These falls are the most celebrated in the world. They are in the Niiigara river, which forms part of the boundary between New York and Upper Canada. Point out the Alleghany Mountains — Blue Ridge — Highlands. Point out Albany — Trenton —' Harrisburg — Dover. These are the capitals of the Middle States. Point out New York — Brooklyn — TVoy — Rochester^ and Buffalo/m the State of New York ; Newark^ and Brunswick^ in New Jersey ; PhUa- delphia — Lancaster^ and Pittsburg, in Pennsylvania ; Wilmington., in Delaware. These are the principal cities, in the Middle States, that are not capitals. Point out Long Island — Delaware Bay. Long Island forms part of the State of New York. Point out the Erie Canal. This work extends from Albany to Buffalo, It is three hundred and sixty miles in length. Point out the Pennsylvania Canal and Rail-Road. These works extend from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, three hundred and ninety-four miles. No. —MAP OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. • • h (56) MAP OF THE SOUTIIEUN STATES. 57 LESSON 31. Map No. 6, is a Map of the Southern States. This section of the United States comprises eight Slates, one Territory, and one District Point out, on the Map, Maryland — Virginia — North Carolina — Sovth Carolina — Georgia — Alabama — Mississippi — Louisiana. These are the Southern States. Point out Florida. This is called a Territory, because it has not a sufli- ciont number of inhabitants to entitle it to become a State. Point out Washiyigton City. It is situated in the District of Columbia. This District is ten miles square. It lies partly on the north side of the Potomac river, and partly on the south side. You will see the District of Columbia on Map No. 5. Besides Washington City, it contains the cities of Georgetown and Alexandria. The Southern States are bounded on the north by Pennsylvania ; east, by the Atlantic Ocean ; south, by the Gulf of Mexico; and west, by Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Texas. Point out Pennsylvania — Atlantic Ocean — Gulf of Mexico — Keu' tucky — Tennessee — Arkansas — Texas. Point out Annapolis — Richmond — Raleigh — Columbia — Milledge- ville — Tuscaloosa — Jackson — New Orleans — Tallahassee. Tho^e are the capitals of the Southern States. Point out Baltimore — CJinrUston — Savannah — Mobile. These are tlie chief cities in the Southern States that are not capitals. Poi.it out the Potomac River — James R. — Roanoke R. — Ncuse R. — Cape Fear R. — Pedee JR. — Santee R. — Alatamaha R. — St. John's R. These are the principal rivers of the Southern States that flow into the Atlantic Ocean. Point out the Chattahoochee River — Alabama R. — Pearl R. — Missis- sippi R. — Sabine R. These rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico. Tiio lower part of the Chattahoochee river ia also called the Apalachicola. Point out the Red River — Washita R. — Yazoo R. These flow into the Mississippi. Point out the Tennessee R, — Kanawha R. — Monongu- hela R, These flow into the Ohio. Point out Chesapeake Bay — Tampa Bay — Apalachee Bay. Roanoke river flows into Albemarle Sound ; and the Neuse river into Pamlico Sound. Point out the Cumberland Mountains — Alleghany Mountains — Blue Ridge. The Cumberland mountains separate Virginia and Kentucky. The Alleghany mountains separate North Carolina and Tennessee. Point out Cape Hatteras — Cape Cannaveral — Cape Sable. No. 7.— MAP OF :1E WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. « • 1 ' '■ ( i ■« iM '1 ■ « f ■ i; ^i-i Longitude fVurj/rom IftukiTtgton (58) MAP OF THK WESTERN STATES. 59 S8 96 LESSON 32. No, 7 is a Map of the Western States and Territories. This sect ion of tiio TJiiitcd States contains eight States and five Territories. It is hounded, on the north, by British America; south, by the Southern States; east, by the f^tithoni and Middle States ; and west, by the Pacific Ocean. Point ont, on the Map, Ghio — Kentucky — Tennessee — Indiana — llli- tiois — Missouri — Michigan — Arkansas. These are the Western Stat»>. l*oint out Wisconsin Territory — Iowa Territory — Missouri Terrilortj — Indian Trrriiory. Farther west, is Oregon Territory. It is not hhowii on this Map, but may be seen on Map No. 8. It extends along the west, nr Pacific coast of the United States. The Indian, Missouri, and Oregon 'i'erritoriea, are iniiabited by Indians. Point out Lake Superior — L. Huron — L. Michigan — L. Erie — //. St. Clair — Itasca L. — Lake of the Woods. Itasca Lake is the source of the Mississippi River. Point out the Mississippi River — Missouri R. — Ohio R. — Illinois R. — Arkansas R. — Tennessee R. — Wisconsin R. — Iowa R. TiiCfsc rivers have all given names to States or Territories. The Kentucky River, on which Frankfort stands, gave name to the State of Kentucky. Point out St. Peter's River — Des Moines R. — Rock R. — St. Francis' R. — White R. — Platte R. — James R. — Kanzas R. — Osage R. The first five rivers are branches of the Mississippi. The others are tranches of the Missouri. Point out the Cumberland River -^ Wabash R. — Scioto R. These are branches of the Ohio. Point out the Alleghany Mountains — Cumberland Mountains. These mountains separate part oi the Western from the Southern States. Point out the Choctaws — Creeks — Cherokees — Shawnees. These arc tlie mast civilized of the Indian Tribes. Many of the people have been taught to read and write, and to cultivate the ground. Point out the Osages — Kickapoos — Sacsy and Foxes — Pawnees — Riccarees — Assiniboines — Winnebagoes — Chippeways — Sioux [1S002]. These Indians generally live by hunting. Point out Columbus — Frankfort — Nashville — Indian upolis — Spring- field — Jefferson City — Detroit — Little Rock — Mad son City — Bur- lington. These are the capitals of the Western States and Territories. Point out Cincinnati — Louisville — St. Louis — Chicago — Cleveland — Lexington. These arc the principal cities and towns, m the Western States, that arc not capitals. CO PRIMARY GROCIilAPFIY. t • V:|^ LESSON 33. GREENLAND. BRITISH AMERICA, ttc. 1. Greenland is the most northern part of America^Sind lies much nearer to the north pole than any part of the United States. It belongs to Denmark, and is one of the coldest countries in the world. Walruses, or Scu Cows, Seals, and White Bears, abound here. Walruses — White Bean. Greenlander killing a Seal. 2. The inhabitants of Greenland are dexterous in the management of their Canoes, and kill Seals in the way shown in the picture. Some of these people have heei) taught, by the missionaries, to read the Bible, and at- tend Christian worship, V Questions. — 1. What is Greenland 1 2. In what are the inhabi- tants dexterous? — What have some of the people been taught? RUSSIAN AND RRllISH AMERICA. in 3. Russian America, or the Russian Possessions, occupies the most western jxtrt of America. This is a cold, barren region, inhabited by Indians and Esqui- maux, and a few Russians : the latter are engaged in trading with the natives for furs. | 4. British America belongs to Great Britain. It con- tains New Britairiy Upper Canada^ Lower Canada^ New Brunswick^ Nova Scotia j and Newfotindland, 5. It is very cold in these regions in winter, and the summers are shorter than in the United States ; yet, in some parts of the country, good crops of Indian-cornj Wlicatj &c., arc produced. Falls of Niagara. 6. The Cataract, or Falls of Niagara, surpass all otliers in the 3. What does Russian America occupy 1 4. What does British America contain 1 5, What are produced in some parts of the country 1 0. For what do the Falls of Niagara surpass all others ^ 02 IMl I.MARY r.F.OfiRAI'FIY. • * r'^:' world for f*r(ir,(h'ur mul vuts^nifircnrr : tlir wholo n| tlir walor flow- ing' Iroiii tlu* ^lont hikofl, (lescrnds ovrr a rock tliat is much higher fivan the hi«zlirst houses: the roar of tho cataract is hoard for several miles. 7. Qiiohoc, in Lo^vor Canada, is the capital of the Hrilish Possessions. It is the most strotifrly fortified citj/ in Amrrica, and is defended hy forts, which contain many cannon, and several thousand soldiers. 8. New Knmswick has an extensive trade in timl)cr, and Nova Scotia in Piaster of Paris^ Coals^ ^'c. New- foundland is noted for its Cod fisheries, which employ a great many American,, English and French vessels, and fishermen. LESSON 31. TEXAS AND MEXICO. 1. Tfaas is a fine fertile country, settled principally by people from the United States. It formed a part of Mexico, hut the inhahitants declared themselves in- dependent, in the year 1 836. 2. In the same year, an army commanded by tlie President of Mexico, General Santa Anna, invaded Texas; but the Mexicans were defeated at the battle 7. What is Quebec ? 8. fn what has New Brunswick an extensive trade 1 — In wiiat has Nova Scotia 1 — For what is Newfoundland noted 1 — What do they employ ? Questions. — 1. By whom is Texas principally settled? — When did the inhabitants declare themselves independent? 2. Where were the Mexicans defeated 1 3. What was Mexico formerly called *» TBXA8 AND IIBXICO. 63 of San Jacinto, and their general taken prisoner. AtiHtin is the capital of Texas, and Galveston is the chief seaport. 3. Mexico, formerly called New Spain, is an exten- sive country, which belonged to the Spanish govern- ment for almost three hundred years ; but it has been independent of that power since the year 1821. 1. The silver mines of Mexico have been long celebrated, and have yielded immense wenlth. One of the mines is said to extend eight miles unrler ground, and to be a quarter of a mile deep. 5. Indian-rorny Sugar, Coffee, Indigo, and Cochineal, arc the chief products of this country. The juice of the Maguey plant, or American Aloe, furnishes the princi- pal drink of the lower class of the people. 6. The inhabitants of Mexico profess the Catholic religion : they are composed of Whites, Indians, and otlier races : about one half are Indians, who are par- tially civilized, and are, for the most part, farmers and labourers. 7. Mexico, the capital, is one of the finest cities in America : it con- tains many handsome buildings, and is surrounded by lakes and high mountains. 8. On some of the lakes in the vicinity of the city, there arefioat- ing gardens^ that can be moved from place to place : a variety of fine fruits and vegetables are raised on them. — Since what time has it been independent? 4. What have the silver mines yielded 1 5. What are the chief products ? — What fur- nishes the principal drink of the lower class 1 6. What do the inha- bitants profess ? — Of what are they composed 1 7. What is Mexico ^ 8. What are there on some of the lakes 1 84 PRIMARY (iBOGUAI'IIY. • • LESSON 35. CJUATIMALA AND THE WEST INDIES. 1. GuATiMALA, or Central America, occupies Me most southern part of North America. Like Mexico, it wnn long subject to Spain, but is now also indcjKjndent. The soil is fertile, and silver mines arc numerous. 2. Among the mountains of this country there are several volca- noes; one of these occasionally tlirows out vast quantities of water: it is called the Water Volcano. 3. Earthqmikca often occur, by some of which cities have been destroyed. San Salvador is the capital of this republic, but New Guatimala is the principal town. Earthquakes arc violent shakinffs of the earth, in which the ground sometimes opens, and ingulfs large cities : lire, smoke, and even torrents of water, occasionally burst forth from those fearful openings. In our happy country, earthquakes seldom take place, and are never very violent. 4. The West Indies comprise a considerable number of islands, of which Cvba^ Ilayti^ and Jamaica, are the largest. Some of these islands belong to Spain, some to Great Britain, and to other European nations. 5. Hayti, or St, DomingOy is inhabited altogether by negroes, who have become independent, and have a government and president of their own. On this island the Jlrst Spafiish colony in America, was established by Columbus. Q,0ESTi0N8. — 1. What does Guatimala occupy 1 2. What is one of the volcanoes called 1 3. What often occur 1 4. Which are the jargest of the West India islands 1 5. On what island are the ne groes independent ! — What was established here by Columbus 1 THE WEST INDIRH. f).") 6. The climate of llic West Indies is warm, and the soil very fertile. Suirar, Coffee^ Allspice^ Oranrrrs, Pinc' apples^ and Bananas^ arc the chief products. A «^n jit number of vessels trade constantly between the United States and the West Indies. Hurricane in the West Indies. 7. Tremendous hurricanest or storms of wind and rain, sometimes occur, in which great damage is sustained. Houses and trees arc blown down by the force of the wind, and ships are swallowed up by the raging waves of the ocean. 8. These islands are inhaiiu d mostly hynegroes^ about one-fourth of whom are slaves. The wiate inhabitants are chiefly planters and merchants. 9. Havana is the largest city in the West Indies ; Kingston is the largest city in the British islands, and St. Pierre [Peer] in the French. 6. What are the chief products 1 7. What sometimes occur ? — What are blown down 1 — What are swallowed up 1 8. By whom are these islands mostly inhabited 1 — What arc the white inhabitants chiefly 1 1). Which is the largest city in the West Indies? 5 No. 8. — MAP OP NORTH AMERICA. t •. MAF OF NORTH AMERICA. 67 la LESSON 36. No. 8 is a Map of North America. This is the larg^est division of the Western Continent It contains the most important nations, and the chief part of the inhabitants of the New World. The Northern Ocean bounds North America, on the north ; the Pacific Ocean, on the west ; and the Atlantic Ocean, on the east. The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea bound it on the south. Point out, on the Map, the Northern Ocean — Pacific Ocean — Atlantic Ocean — Caribbean Sea — Baffin's Bay — Hudson's Bay — Honduras Bay — Qvif of Mexico — Gvlf of California. rojtit out Bhering*s [Beer^'ings] Strait — Dams' Strait — Hudson^ s StraU — Bellisle [Bel-ile] Strait. Bhering*s Strait ia forty miles wide. It separates North America from Asia, at the part where they approach nearest each other. Point out the Rocky Mountains — Mexican Cordilleras — Alleghany MourUains — Mount St. Elias — Mount Brown. The highest mountain in North America is Mount St Elias. It is more than three miles high. Point out Great Slave Lake — L. Winnipeg — L. Superior — L. Huron — L. Michigan — L. Erie, Point out Mackenzie's Rin&r — Nelson R. — Saskatchawan R. — Missis- sippi R. — Rio del Norte — Columbia R. — St. Lawrence R. The last is the river on which Quebec stands. Point out tho West Indies •— the islands of Cidta — Hayti — Jamaica — Porto Rico — Caribbee Islands — St. StUvador. The latter is the first part of America that was discovered by Columbus. Point out the Peninsula of Alaska — California — Yucatan — Florida — Nova S&Uim. Point out the Russian Possessions — Greenland — United States — Texas — Mexico — Guatimala, or Central America. Point out New Britain — Canada — New Brunswick (this is represented, on the Map, by the letters N. E) — Nova Scotia — Newfoundland. These divisions comprise British America. Point out Boothia — Prince WiUiam^s Land — Labrador — East Main — New Wales. These are districts belonging to New Britain. Point out Quebec — Washington — Austin — Mexico — St. Salvador. These are the capitals of the North American States. Point out New York — Philadelphia — Baltimore — La Puebla — /fa- vana. The first is the largest city in America : the last is the largest in the West Indies. G8 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHYt « » ■iM^ i .= LESSON 37. HISTORY OP AMERICA. Besides the geography of the United States and other parts of America which the scholar has studied, it is necessary that some knowledge of the history of those countries should be acquired. 1 . Geography tells us where a country is situated, and what it contains. By history we are informed what eveiits have taken place in any particular part of the earth in times past. 2. America is often called the New World, because it has not been so long known as Europe, Asia, and Africa. It was discovered in the year 1492, by Chris' tophcr Columbus, an Italian navigator. Columbus leaving Talos. Questions. — I. What does geography tell us 1 — Of what are we informed by history ] 2. When, and by whom, was America dis- HISTORY OF AiMERICA. G9 3. Columbus was a learned and ingenious man : he supposed that by sailing westward from Europe, he would arrive at the East In diesj and be able to bring back with him the gold, diamonds, and rich spices with which that part of the earth was known to abound. 4. After experiencing many delays, Columbus set sail from Palos, a port in Spain, and in a few weeks lie landed on St. Salvador, or Guanahaniy one of the islands now called the West Indies. 5. Columbus found the inhabitants kind and friendly^ but different in form and complexion from any race he had ever before seen. Being persuaded that the islands he had discovered were a part of India, he named the people Indians ; and the term was afterwards applied to all the original inhabitants of America. 6. On the return of Columbus to Spain, he was received with great distinction, and every one rejoiced at the discovery he had made. He afterwards performed three other voyages to America, during which he found other islands, and discovered the Continent. 7. In the year 1499, Americus Vespuccius, also an Italian, visited the New World. On his return to Europe he published the first account ever given of it, and artfully induced many persons to be- lieve that he was the original discoverer : America was, in conse- quence, unjustly named after him, instead of Columbus. 8. Being found to contain great quantities of gold and silver, America was soon visited by many unprincipled Spaniards, who, in their pursuit after wealth, robbed tne natives, and treated them with great cruelty. covered 1 3. At what part of the earth did Columbus suppose he would arrive 1 4. From what port did he set sail 1 — On what island did he land 1 5. What did Columbus find the inhabitants to be 1 — What did he call them 1 6. How was Columbus received, on his re- turn to Spain 1 — What did he afterwards perform 1 7. When did Americus Vespucius visit the New World 1 8. What was America found to contain 1 70 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. i'.,. 'm LESSON 38. IlIBTOFY OF NORTH AMERICA. 1. America, at tho time it was discovered, contained two populous Empires ; Mexico, in North, and Peru, in South America. 2. The inhabitants of these countries were not sa- vages, like many of the other Indians ; they had regu- lar governments, and lived in cities and toums of some extent, one of which, the city of Mexico, was so large, that it was supposed to contain twenty thousand houses. 3. In a short time Cortez^ a Spanish General^ landed in Mexico, and began ihe conquest of that country : his soldiers were supplied with guns, cannon and horses. The Mexicans, though much more numerous, were armed only with bows and arrows, and clubs. 4. The fire and noise of the cannon were by them believed to be lightning and thunder from heaven; and the horses, which they had never before seen, they supposed to be, with their riders, hideotts and cruel nwnsters. The Mexicans were, in consequence, terrified and alarmed, and were finally subdued by the Spani£^*ds. 5. The first settlement or colony established in the country we inhabit, was made by people from England, in the year 1607. The first town they built was James- town, on James river, in Virginia. Questions. — 1. What empires were in America at the time it was discovered ! 2. What had the inhabitants 1 — In what did they live ? 3. Who landed in Mexico 1 4. What did these people believe the fire and noise of the cannon to be 1 — What did they suppose the horses and their riders to be 1 6, By whom was the first settle- ment, &r., made, and in what year ? — What town did they build 1 HISTORy OF NORTH AMERICA. 71 6. The settlers were often attacked bv the natives, and fought many battles with them, in one of which, Captain John Smitf^ a brave and gallant soldier, was talcen prisoner. Focahontas raving the Lire of Captain Smith. 7. Captain Smith was condemned to death ; and» when the savages were about to destroy him with their clubs, Pocahontas^ the daugh- ter of the Indian chief into whose power he had fallen, interceded for him, and induced her father to spare his life. 8. He returned to Jamestown, and was received by his friends with joy and gladness. Pocahontas, his deliverer, was, some time after- wards, married to an Englishman of the name of Rolfe^ who carried her to England, where she was presented to King James I. LESSON 39. HISTORY OP THE UNITEn STATES. 1. At various periods, within seventy or eighty years after the settlement of Virginia, colonies were estab- 6. Who was taken prisoner by the Indians? 7. Who induced her fiither to spare Captain Smith's life? 8. To whom was Pocahontas married? duESTioNs. — 1. Where were colonies established by the English Y D 72 PRIMARY CiFSOGUAPIIY. • • ,\i > 1' lishcd by the Eriglisli, in New England^ Pcnnsyivmiia, Maryland,, and the Carolinas, 2. New York was colonized by the Dutch, but wa :; rjflerwarda con- qiiored by the English. New Jersey was at first .' ettl-td by the Honen , Delaware by the l^wedes and fSnns; and Mlchiirrn, 7ripr^;3, ■'■<<:.. by Hie French. All these colonies became in time British piovin'. ,?,. Landing of the Pilgrimv. 3. The first white inhabitants of New England landed ui Plymouth, in the year 1620, and were called the Pil- grims. They were a religious and moral people, who left their native country, because they were not per- mitted to worship God in the manner they believed to be agreeable to his will. CD 4. The Pil^ims suffered much from the hostilities of the natively and the seventies of the clhnate, but they persevered in their exertions a. What nation colonized New York 1 — Who settled New Jersey ? -Delaware? — Michigan, and Illinois 1 3. Where, and at what t?me, did the first white inhabitants of New England land 1 — What were they called? 4. From what did the Pilgrims suffer! 5. When HISTORY OF TUB UNITED STATES. 7n to sottlc t!>n country. They foundcrl ritios and towns, rhurchrs ami collcfies ; and from a small and feeble band, liave become a numerous and important people. 5. In the year 1682, a nunil)f r of Friends, or Quakers, came with William Pcnn fromEnrrlaiul. Tliey founded the city of Philadelphia, and settled Pennsyl- vania ; which became, in a short time, one of the ino^st flourishing colonies in North America. ■William Penn's Treaty with the Indians, at Philadelphia. 6. William Penn was a good and just man. He ac- quired the friendship of the Indians, formed a treaty with them^ and paid them for the lands that the colonists occupied. 7. He was, in consequence, greatly beloved by these people. They re- spected his memory for many years after his deaths and lived in peace and harmony for a long time with the inhabitants of Pennsylvania. did William Penn come from England ? 6. What was William Penn 1 — What did he do with the Indians? 7. What took place in conse- PRIMARY (iEOGRAPHV. ♦ :' *!!! 8. Canada, and nearly tho whole of what is now British America, was first settled by, and remained for a considerable jwriod in, the possession of the French ; but about eighty yearn ugo^ it was con- quered by the English. 0. At the battle of Quebec, fought between the soldiers of these two nations, the generals of both armies were killed. General Wohi* was the English, and the Marquis Montcalm the French commander. LESSON 40. HISTORY OF THE UNITED ST A TK 3- Tflntin « «rf. 1. The British Colonies, now the United States, though much smaller seventy years ago than at present, were, however, very Jlourishing and prosperous. George III., then king of* Great Britain, unjustly laid a tax upon tea and various other articles that the people were in the Iiabit of obtaining from Europe. 2. The payment of the tax being resisted by the American people, they were, in consequence, called rebels by the British government, andjleeta and armies were sent froL.1 England to fight against them. 3. In order to defend themselves, the inhabitants of this country raised armies, and appointed George Washington to be commander- in-chief, with Generals Greene^ GateSy Wayne^ Futnaw^ and others^ under him. 4. The first battle was fought at Lexington^ and the next at Bun- ker^s Hill. Though the Americans were unaccustomed to war, and badly armed, yet they repulsed many of the bravest soldiers in the king's army, commanded by some of h's best generals. quence? 8. When was Canada conquered by the English? 9. What took place at the battle of Q,ueb€c1 (Questions. — 1. What were the British colonies seventy years ago ? — Upon what did the king of England lay a tax ? 2. What were the Americans called? — What were sent from England to fight against them ? 3. Who was appointed commander-in-chief? — Who were appointed under him? i. Where were liie two first HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Surrender of the Hessianf , at Trenton. 5. General Washington afterwards took the Hessians prisoners at TVentorif and Lord Cornwallis and his army prisoners at Yorktown ; and at length, after a war which lasted eight years, the British armies were driven from the country, 6. This period is called the American Revolution, or the War of the Revolution. In that contest, Great Britain lost^ify thousand soldiers, and spent more than four hundred millions of dollars. 7. On the 4th of July 1776, Congress declared the country free and independent^ under the title of United States of America. It is in remembrance of this great national event, that the 4th of July is celebrated as a holyday, or a day of rejoicing. 8. Besides the gallant patriots who fought to achieve the Indei^en- dence of our country, Franklin, Jefferson, Adams, Hancock, and many others, were highly distinguished for their abilities as writers, orators, and statesmen. battles fought 1 5. What did General Washington dol 6. What is this period called 1 7. What was done on the 4th of July 17761 y. Who distinguished themselves as statesmen, &.c. 76 IMIIMAHY CiKU(lllAI»HV. I'llV LESSON 41. - ♦ IfiaTOIlV OF TllSi l/iVITKD STATES, ^c 1. Ill the year 1789, General Washington was elected tluj first President of tlie United States, lie performed tlie duties of that station for eight year s^ and then retired to his residence, at Mount Vernon^ where, to the regret of the whole nation, he shortly afterwards died. The Wa!>hington Faiaiiy. 2. This grreat man is called the Father of his country^ because, by his skill in war, he secured the Independence of the United States ; and, by the wisdom of his government, gained for his native land the respect of foreign nations. / Questions. — 1. When was General Washington elected presi- dent 1 — How lonfj did lie prrform the duties of that station? — Where did he die J 2. What is he called? 3. Name the presi- HlriiOllV OF TUB UNITED SrrATEH, d;t T7 o. Tlie presidents who huccceclt d Cicncral VV'iuliin^- loii wore, John Adams^ Thomas Jefferson^ James Madi' souy James Monroe^ John Quincy AdamSy Andrew Jack' sonj Martin VafiBiircn^ Wm,ILIfarrison,andJohn Tyler, 4. While James Madison wns president of the United States, uuir was dcrlartd try Conffresn against Great liritain, because that na- tion captured our vessels, and impressed our seamen. 5. This second contest with the British Kmpire was bej;jiin in the year 1812, and lasted two , ears and a half: many battles were fought, and some brilliant victories gained, botli by our army and navy. 6. Perry's victory, on Lake Erie; JSVDonovgh's victory, on Lake Champlain; the capture of Proctor^a army^ in Canada, by General Harrison, and the victory of Neio Orleans^ gained by General Jack- son, were the most striking events of this war. 7. Since the period of the revolution, the United States have become an important and powerful nation ; the States have increased from thirteen to twenty-six^ and the inhabitants are live times more nu- merous than they were sixty years ago. 8. Since the year 1810, the people of Mexico, Guatimala, and all the territories of South America settled by the Spaniards, have be- come free from the control of the Spanish crown, and established Ilepublican governments. 9. These countries were, for almost three hundred years^ subject to Spain, and governed by viceroys, sent from that country. Brazil, which belonged to Portugal, has become an Empire, and is governed by an Emperor. dents that succeeded General Washington. 4. What took place while James Madison was president 1 5. When was this war com mencedl 6. What were the most striking events of this war! 7. How have the States increased! 8. Since what time did tho people of Mexico become free from the control of the Spanish crown ! 9. How long were these countries subject to Spain 1 — What has Urazil become ? 78 PRIMARY GBOORAPHV. • • LESSON 42. SOUTH AMERICA. 1. South America, the southern division of the Western Continent, is an extensive Peninsula^ united to North America by the Isthmus of Darien. 2. It is famous for its large rivers^ high mountains^ and the Abundance of its goldy silver, and diamonds. 3. The Andes is the most extensive range of moun- tains in South America. Sorato is the highest peak of the Andes. Cotopaxi is the most elevated volcano on the globe. 4. The Amazon, La Plata, Orinoco, and St, Francisco, are the chief rivers of this region. The Amazon is, next to the Mississippi, the largest river in the world, and is navigable for three thousand miles. 5. Coffee, Sugar, and the Chocolate-Nut, with Pine-apples, Bana- nas, Oranges, Lemons, and other fruits, are raised in various quar- ters. The Milk-tree, which produces a liquid similar to cows* milk, and the various trees from which the Indian-rubber, or gum-elastic, is obtained, abound in the warmer regions. 6. The principal beasts are, the Jaguar, or American Tiger, the Puma, Tapir, Lama, Great Ant-cater, and Sloth. Serpents are nu- merous, and some are so large as to be able to destroy and swallow deer, and other animals. Q,uESTioN8. — 1. What is South America 1 — By what is it united to North America? 2. For what is it famous 1 3. Which is the most extensive range of mountains 1 — Which is the highest peak ! — The most elevated volcano 1 4. Which are the chiefrivers 1 5. What are raised in various quarters 1 6. Which are the principal idl FDnil A.MKUK A. f) 7. The liltf'd, or Aincrican Ostrich, and thf (\tiul>r, mo tlio Iarj.MV't Amoricnn birds: bosidos thesr iIumo is an almost cndlfss vaiirty ot sinalier kinds ; Tuiicans, ( ^hattrrrr.s &<*. Of the beautiful little Hummlng-Dird, thrro aro near a liMiidred dif- frrcnt species, of which some are hardly bigger than a humble-bee. Toucan. Humniing-Bird. C'iiattrriir. The Rhea is taller than a man, and the wings of the Condor are from nine to twelve feet In extent, from tip to tip. The Condor gen&* rally feeds on carrion ; but, impelled by hunger, a couple of these birds have been known to attack, and destroy, a full-grown ox. 8. The inhabitants of South America comprise Whiles^ Indians^ and Negroes. The latter are most numerous in Brazil, where they are held as slaves. 9. The whites are chiefly descendants of the Span" lards and Portuguese, and speak the language of those nations. 10. South America includes the countries of New Grenada, Vene- zuclay Ecuador^ Guianut Brazil^ Peru^ Bolivia^ Chili^ Buenos AyrtSf Paraguay t Urxiguay^ and the Indian territory of Patagonia, beasts 1 7. Which are the largest birds ? 8. What do the inhabit- ants of South America comprise"? 9. What are the whites cl iofly ^ 10. What countries does South America include 1 No. 9.— MAP OP SOUTH AMERICA. • ' ■■'« (80) MA1» OF SOUTH AMBliiCA. 81 LESSON 43. No. 9 is a Map of South America. This part of the Western Continent is situated to the southward of North America. It is also smaller in exlciit. South America is bounded, on the north, by the Caribbean Sea ; east, by tlie Atlantic Ocean ; and west, by the Pacific Ocean. It ia a great Penin- suiii, surrounded on every side by water, except where the Isthmus of Darion connects it with North America. Point out, on the Map, the Caribbean Sea — Atlantic Ocean — Pacific Ocean — Isthmus of Darien. Point out the Amazon River — R. de la Plata — Orinoco R. — R. St. Francisco. These are the principal rivers of South America. The Amazon is, next to the Mississippi, the longest river in the world. Point out the R, Negro — R Caqueta — Madeira R. — Tapajos R. — Araguay R. — Tocantins R. — Paragutty R. — Parana R. The last is called, in the lower part of its course, the Rio de la Plata. Point out Lake Maracaybo — L. Titicaca. The last is situated among the Andes, at an elevation of more than two miles above the sea. Point out the Andes Mountains — Mount Sorato — Mount Cotojiaxi. The Andes extend four thousand eight hundred miles along the west cou.^t of South America. Mount Sorato is the highest mountain in America. It is almost five miles high. Mount Cotopaxi is the highest volcano in tiic world. It is nearly three miles and a half high. Point out Cape Oallinas — C Horn — C St. Roque [Rohe'] — C Blanco. These are the most northern, southeroi eastern, and western points of South America. Point out the Galapagos Islands — Juan Fernandez Islands '-' I. of Chiloe — Wellington I. — Terra dtl Fuego I. — Falkland /•. — South Georgia I. — St. Catharina I. — Joannes I. Point out Brazil — New Grenada — Venetuela — Ecuador — Peru — Bolivia — Chili [ She'-le^ — Buenos Ayres — Paraguay — Uruguay — P(. - tagonia — Guiana. British Guiana is represented, on the Map, by the lettc r B ; Dutch Guiana by D ; and French Guiana by P. Point out Rio Janeiro — Bogota — Caraccas — Quito [Kf^-to] — Limu [Le'-rna] — Cusco — Chuquisaca — Santiago — Buenos Ayres — Assump- tion — Montevideo. These cities are the capitals of the South American States. Rio Janeiro is the largest city in South America. Point out Georgetown — Paramaribo — Cayenne. These are the capi- tals of British, Dutch, and French Guiana. ii 82 PRIMARY GCOGRAPHY. LESSON 44. NEW GRENADA. VENEZUELA, Ac. 1. For some time previous to the year 1831, New CtRENADA, Venezuela, and Ecuador, formed the Repub- lie of Colombia; but they are now separate stales. 'V\my contain much fertile land, and abound in gold, iiilvcr, and precious stones. 2. Ciuito, Bocrota, and Caraccas, are the capitals of these countries, r'araccas was destroyed by an earthquake, in the year 1S12. Jn this awful visitation, the strongest buildings were overthrown, and the earth opened, and swallowed many of the inhabitants. The city has been since rebuilt. Caraccas destroyed by an Earthquake. 3. Guiana is a fine, fertile region, comprising British Guiana^ Dutch Guiana^ and French Guiana, Sugar, QuEsi IONS. — I. What did New Grenada, Venezuela, and Ecividor form, before 1831? 2. When was Caraccas destro^^ed? 3. VVhul KRAZIL PERU. 83 coflt^c, clove?, and Cayenne pepper, grow here abun- dantly. Georgetown, Paramaribo, and Cayenne, arc tlic cbief towns. 4. Brazil, the largest division of South America^ i-^ one of tbc most fertile countries in tbe world. It oncci belonged to Portugal, but it now forms an independent empire. 5. The Erroator part of tliis country is covered with vast forcsfs, which abouiul in the most vahiahie kinds of wood : Ilio Janciio, Hahia, and Pernambiico, are tiie chief cities. Rio Janeiro is the ca{)ila], and the largest city in South America. Cu Sugar^ Coffee^ Cotton, and many other articles, are produced in abundance. Gold mines are numerous, and diamonds more plentiful than in any other part of the earth. 7. Peru has been long famous for its mines of gold Silver Mine in Peru. does Guiana comprise? 4. What is Brazil? 5. With what is the greater part of this country covered? — What is tiie capital? 6. What arc produced in abundance? — What are numerous and plentiful ? 7. For what has Peru been long famous ? 8. Wl'.at is 84 PRIMARY HKOGRArHY. and silver, which have produced vast wealth ; but they are not so rich at present as they were formerly. 8. On the coast of Peru the climate is hot, and rain is almost un- icnown ; among the mountains, however, the weather is tcmperatr, (ind sometimes cold, while rain is abundant. Peru comprises North Peru, and South Peru. Lima and Cuzco are the capitals. Arequipa is one of the chief cities. 9. Bolivia, formerly called Upper Peru, was named after General Bolivar. It is, for the most part, a highly elevated and temperate region. The people raise wheat, rye, oats, and potatoes. 10. Mount Sorato, the highest mountain in America, is in Bolivia : Chuquisaca is tiie capital. Potos; is one of the chief towns. It stands on a mountain that is famous for the vaH quantities of silver it has produced. '^:ml , i.t; LESSON 45. CHILI, BUENOS AYRES, &c. 1. Chili is a Jine^ fertile country, situated between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. Earthquakes are fre- quent, and volcanoes numerous in this country. 2. Wheat and wine are the chief products. Gold, sil- ver, and copper mines abound. Santiago is the capital of Chili, and ValparaifO the chief commercial city. almost unknown on the coast of Peru 1 — What is the weather, among the mountains'? — What does Peru comprise? 9. After whom was Bolivia named 1 10. On what does Potosi stand ? Questions. "—1. What is Chili? — What are frequent and nume- rous? 2. What are the oJiief products? — What abound? 3. On BUENOS AYRES. 85 n O. .Somo distance westward from C'hili, are the Juan Fernarnhz islaiuls. On one of these, Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor, resided hy himself for several years. This circumstance is suppoaed to have given rise to the well-known story of Robinson Crusoe. Alexander Selkirk. 4. Buenos Ayres is a large, but thinly settled coun- try. It consists, for the most part, of extensive plains^ called Pamjms, on which numerous herds of wild norses and cattle feed. T). The inhabitants catch these animals by skilfully throwing over thoin a lasfto, or leather rope. Beef, without bread or salt, is the chief article of food in this part of South America, and is so cheap, that it is often sold for half a cent a pound. • (3. Horses are exceedingly numerous; and a good one may be bouirht for a very small sum. Almost every person rides on horse- back. Buenos Ayres, the capital, is an important city. The ladies of this place are noted for their beauty. what islands did Alexander Selkirk reside 1 4. Of what does Buenos Ayres consist ? 5. With what do the inhabitants catch these ani- mals ? — What is the chief article of food? 6. What are numerous 1 86 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. 7. Paraguay is a fine, fertile district, situated between the Paraguay and Parana rivers. It is the only South American State that is destitute of a sea-coast. Matt*, or Paraguay Tea, arrows in this country. It is an herb that is used over a great part of South America, in a manner similar to the tea we drink. 8. Uruguay, like Buenos Ayres, contains extensive plains, with large herds of cattle. The latter furnish an abundance of food for the inhabitants. Method of carching Cattle on the Pampas of Buenos Ayrea and Uruguay. 9. Tallow, hides, and horns, are sent in considerable quantities to the United States, a ;i ot- er countries. Montevideo is the capital of Uruguay. It is much less important than it once was, having suffered greatly from the ravages of war. 10. Patagonia, the most southern division of South America, is a cold, barren region. It is inhabited by — For what are the ladies of Buenos Ayres noted 1 7. Where is Paraguay situated ? 8. What does Uruguay contain 1 9. What arc HISTORY OF SOUTH AMERICA. 8' various tribes of savage Indians, who have been lono reported to be generally taller and stouter than the people of other countries. II. Soutli of Patagonia is the island of Terra del Fiiego, or land of Jire. It is inhabited by a few miserable savages, in the lowest state of wretchedness. LESSON 46. niSTORY OF SOUTH AMERICA. 1. South America was discovered by Columbus, in the year 1407, during his third voyage to the New V^orld, and was by him supposed to be a part of the ct^ast of Asia. 2. Peru was, at that time, the most improved of all the Indian >Slatctf. Its kings, called Incas, maintained a regular government, and ruled over their subjects with mildness and justice. The latter adored the Incas, regarded them as a sacred race, and believed them to be descendants of the sun. 3. About thirty years a.'ter the discovery of America, Pizarro, a brave but cruel Spaniard, invaded Peru with a small army, and in a tew years obtained possession of tiie whole country. 4. In order the more readily to conquer the Peruvians, Pizarro in- vited the Inca to a feast, treacherously made him prisoner^ and loaded iiim with chains. sent to the United States, &c.] 10. What is Patagonia 1 — What are the inhabitants of Patagonia reported to bet U, What island lies south of Patagonia ? dcBSTioNS. — 1. When was South America discovered ? — 2. What was Peru ? — What were its kings called 1 3. Who invaded Peru 1 4. What did Pizarro do when he had invited the Inca to a feast 1 ■N I 88 PRIMARY oeOQItAPriY. Pitarro and the laca. 5. To regain his liberty, the Inca offered to fill the room in which he, was conjlned, as high as he coufd reach^ with vessels of gold. This IMzarro accepted ; but instead of releasing his prisoner, he cruelly put hitn to death. G. In a short time Spain took possession of the northern and west- ern parts of South America, and Portugal of the eastern. Atler being badly governed for almost three hundred years, the Spanish colonies, about the year 1810, declared themselves independent ^ and, n 1821, Brazil became independent oi Portugal. 7. To maintain their authority, the Spaniards sent several armies to South America^ which, after fighting many battles with the colo- nists, were finally driven from the country. At the battle of Aya- chuco [Ayd-ku-ko], the Colombians and Peruvians totally defeated the last Spanisli army. 8. Among the eminent men who became celebrated during the contest between Spain and her colonies, Simon BoLivui\ thejirst Pre- 5. What did the Inca offer t 6. What did the Spanish colonists do in the year 1810 ? — Of what power did Brazil become independent * 7. Wliat did the Spaniards do to maintain their authority ] — Where Kuaon:. 81) mtlent of Cotonilnn, cullcil also the Lihrratctr, was the most ronspi- CUOUA. --^'^l*^ i \% -.ft V General BoUvar entering the City of Lima ai Liberator. 9. This distinguished individual has been called the Washii^glon of South America, and seems, for a time, to have almost merited that title; but his attempts, afterwards, to obtain arbitrary power, and to destroy the constitution of his country, place him, in character, fur beneath the pure and virtuous patriot of North America, LESSON 47. EUROPE. ^ 1 . Europe is the smallest of the gravid divisions of the. mrth ; yet it is the most important and thickly settled : thougli only one-fifth the extent of America, it contains more than^re times as many inhabitants. was the last Spanish army defeated 1 8. Who was most conspicuous In this contest ? 9. What has Bolivar been called ? UcBPTioNs. — 1. What is Europe ? — How many more inhabitants €::''f ill $\ ♦ » , ^>i '-!i \' ':^ l\ - ^ ■'"X m 90 PRIMARY GECXiRAPIIV. *- !2. The Alps, Apennines^ Pyrenees^ Carpathian, and Diifrajicld, arc the most noted mountmniL .']. The chief rivers arc, the Volga, Danube, Don, J)nivpcr, Rhine, and Tagiis, The Thames, in England, and the Seine, in France, though both sm: ', are ini- j)ortant and well-known rivers. 4. Wheats Rye^ Barley^ and Oata^ are the principal kinds of grain liiisod in the central parts of Europe ; and indian-corn and Rice In its southern regions : in tlie latter, Grapes^ ^g*>t Orange*, aixd Oliw'i}, grow abundantly. Wine is made from Grapes, and sweet oil from the Olive. Raisins are dried grapes. Great quantities of all those products are brought li oni France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy, into the United States. Orapc'9. Figs. lNive& 5. The wild animals of Europe are not numerous. Boars, Wolves and Wild Boars, are found in some parts, anionsrst tlie mountains does it contain than America 1 2. Name the most noted mountams. 3. Which are the cliief rivers ? 4. What arc the principal kinds of grain raised in Central Europe? — In its southern regions' — What EUROPE. 01 nnd forests. The domestic animals, cattle, sheep, aiul horses, are abundant, and are raised in great perfection in England and Hol- land. English Ox. Kiiglittli Siiocp. C. Manufactures and commerce are extensively carried on by the British^ French^ Dutch^ Belgians^ and Priissians. The most impor- tant European States are, Great Jintaui, Prance, Bussiat Austria, and Pruama. These are called tiic five great powers. 7. Nearly all the nations of Europe speak different languajres, and in almost every] European country the inhabitants comprise two classes, the nobility and the common people. 8. The nobility are often very rich, and live in pomp and splendour^ while the common people work very hard, and can obtain only the most indifferent food. The latter enjoy much less comfort than the poorest inhabitants of the United States. 9. Europe contains sixty-one different States, of which some are very small, while others are extensive countries. There are three Empires, sixteen Kingdoms, and nine Republics. The others are Duchies, Principalities, &c. grows abundantly in the latter 1 5. What are the wild animals? — Where are the domestic animals raised in great perfection .' (>. By what nations are manufactures and commerce extensively carried on 1 — Name the most important nations. 7. What two classes do the inhabitants comprise 1 8. How do the nobility live ? — How do the common people worki — What can they obtain 1 9. What does Europe contain ? IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. O ^ >^ ^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 2.5 |2g 1 ■ 2.2 ^ %il 12.0 •Htou 6" o5fe ^^3 'S' Photographic Sciences Corporalion 23 WIST MAIN STillT WiUTER,N.Y. USaO (716) t73-4S03 d^> ^\^ '^' V ^ o^ No. 10.— MAP OF EUROPE J. H. Brif Mijr, M. 7 MAP OF EUROPE. 93 1^ ^ sft -P 45 LESSON 48. No. 10 is a Map of the whole of Europe, with parta of Asia and Africa. Europe is the smallest division of the Eastern Continent. It is bounded, on the north, by the Northern Ocean; south, by the Mediterranean and Black Seas ; cast, by Asia ; and west, by the Atlantic Ocean. Point out the Northern Ocean — Mediterranean Sea — Black Sea — Asia — Atlantic Ocebn. The Atlantic Ocean separates Europe from America ; the Mediterranean Sea separates it from Africa ; and the Black Sea, Don River, and the Ural Mountains, separate it from Asia. Point out the Islands of Great Britain — Ireland — Iceland — Nova Zembla — Majorca — Corsica — Sardinia — Sicily — Candia. Great Britam is the largest island belonging to Europe. Iceland is the most western, and the nearest to America. Nova Zembla is the most north- ern. Candia is the most southern island. Point out the Baltic Sea — White Sea — North Sea — Irish Sea — Sea of Marmora — Sea of Azov. Point out the Volga River — Danube R, — Don R. — Dnieper R, These are the longest rivers in Europe. Point out the Alps — Pyrenees — Carpathian Blountains — Balkan Mountains — Dofrajield Mountains — Unu Mountains. The Apennine Mountains extend through Italy. Point out Norway and Sweden — Spain and Portugal — Italy — M^rea — Crimea, These all form peninsulas. The chief part of Denmark also forms a peninsula, called Jutland: it may be seen on Map No. 11. Point out the Faroe Islands — Loffoden Islands — The Malstrom. The latter is a frightful whirlpool in the sea ; it sometimes engulfs small vessels, and dashes them to pieces. Whales have been also drawn into its vortex. Point out the OtUf of Bothnia — Chtlf of Finland — Bay qf Biscay^ Gulf of Venice, The Gulf of Venice is sometimes called the Adriatic Sea. The Archipelago is a sea that lies to the eastwanl of Greece : it may be seen on Map No. 11. Point out the Strait of Gibraltar. This strait connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Mediterranean Sea. It is fifteen miles wide, and separates Europe from Africa. Point out the Arctic Circle. All tliat part of Europe that is situated to the southward of this circle, is in the North Temperate 2^ne, and the re- mainder is in the North Frigid Zone. VM 94 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. ■ H r 1 h'M il ~v '■] LESSON 49. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. RUSSIA, fce. J 1 . Sweden and Norway form one kingdom^ and are governed by the same king. These countries occupy part of the most northern^ and coldest regions of Europe, J 2. Sweden is noted fo? its mines of iron and copper^ find Norway for its trade in fshy and in hoards j plank, and other timber. Stockholm, in Sweden, is the capital of the kingdom. ^ 3. Norway is inhabited by a hardy and courageous people^ some of whom live to a great age. Many parts of this country contain very high mountains ; other parts are covered with thick forests, in which Bears are numerous : jthese are often killed in the manner shown in the picture. Norwefian killiof a Bear Questions. — 1. What do Norway and Sweden form? — What do they occupy ? 2. For wliat is Sweden noted 1 3. By what i«? LAPLAND RUSSIA. 95 4. Sweden was once an important kingdom, and has produced some eminent men. Gustavus Adolphus, who lived about two hun- dred years ago, was the most distinguished monarch of his time. i 5. Lapland is a cold^ barren region^ inhabited by an ignorant and rude race, called Laplanders. They arc greatly attached to their own country^ and think it tha finest and most pleasant in the world. '^ 6. These people have large herds of rein-deer^ the milk of which forms the chief part of their food ; and of the skins of tliese animals they make their clothing. In winter, the Laplanders travel over the ice and snow in little sledges 4- as you will see in the engraving. Laplaiidtn. *" 7. The Russian Empire is the largest in the worlds though it does not contain so many inhabitants as the Chinese or British empire. Norway inhabited 1 4. What has Sweden produced 1 5. What is Lapland 1 — To what are the Laplanders greaUy attached I 6. What have these people 1 7. What is the Russian empire? 96 I'lUMAIlY GEOGIIAPHY. i V' '« t ;■ ^ 8. Russia in Europe^ and Russia in Asia^ are the chief divisions of the empire. The Russian Possessions in America are of less importance. 9. The people of Russia consist of Russians, Poles^ ^ Tartars, Finns, Cossacks, and other races. The Rus- sian army is larger than that of any other European na- tion. It amounts to almost a million of men. ^ 10. Nearlj ali the Russians are slaves to the great lords, or nobles: they work !iard, and are often ill used by their masters. St. Petcrs- burff is the ca])ital of the Russian empire : it is one of the finest citits in the world. \ Bet real of the French from Moscow. ^ 11. Moscow, the ancient capital, was set on fire in the year \%\% that it might not afford shelter to the army of Napoleon Bonaparte, whose soldiers, in the retreat from Moscow, were nearly all li'ozeii to death by the intense cold. 8. What are the chief divisions of the empire { 9. Of what do the people consist 1 — What is the Russian army 1 10. What are nearly all the Russians ? — What is St. Petersburg? 11. When was Mos- cow set on lire ? ;'*... .^ ^ ag<.fc!>'<£-fc.(««,S»-iS^, '"^nrm^:-^ SCOTLAND, IRELAND, ke. 101 LESSON 52. SCOTLAND. IRELAND, he. Slwpherdea, Highland Piper, 8otdl«r. ^ 1. Scotland is situated to the northward of England, and is divided, by the Grampian Hills, into the High- lands and Lowlands. 2. Like the inhabitants of New England, the Scotch are religiour^ moral and industriov^. The churches are well attended, school?? are numerous, and the people are among the best educated in tlm world. Bruce and Wallace, Bums and Walter Scott, were celebrated Scotchmen: the two first gallantly defended the rights of their coun- try ; the latter distinguished themselves as poets and writers. i/ 3. The Highlands is a rugged^ hilly region : the inhabitants speak a peculiar language, and wear a dress different from that of any QiUESTioNs. — 1. How is Scotland divided? 2. What are the Scotchi — What are the people^ 3. What is the Highlands] — 102 nilMAUY GEOUUAI'HY. » ,', ♦ •« ', I Ih 1 5,; :, m *f other nation. Tho Ilii^hlandors raise manij sheep and cattle. Tlie bagpipes is tiieir favourite musical instrument. )/ 4. The liOwlands is a level and fertile country, and more tiiirkly settled. Jvliiihurj; and Glasgow are the principal cities In Scotland : Kdinhiir;: is noted for its univentity, which is attended hy a greater number of students than any other university In the w rid. \J 5. Ireland is a fmc^ fertile island^ situated to tho wosf- wartl of Great Britain. Tlic country is badly governed^ and the iniiabitants are much oppressed: they often sufler for want of food. J Irieli Eiiiigranta leaving thoir native country for America. G. The people of Ireland are called the Irish : numbers of them leave their native country, and come to the United States, where they form, in many places, a considerable part of the population. Dublin and Cork arc tlic chief cities of Ireland. General Montgomery, who fell at (Quebec, in the cause of American freedom, as well as many other gallant patriots who adopted our What do the Hifrhlanders raise 1 4. What is the Lowlands? — For what is Kdinburg noted J f). What is Ireland ? — What is the coun- try 1 — WJmt arc the iniiabitants 1 G. What do many of the people ;:;? .«r-««M»(«-H*a«ai*is««;T*. ^. m vt m*Ji »im- FKANCU. 10:1 country as their home, wcro natives r»l In'i.ind, or thrir drscrnd. ants. y 7. FiiANCK is a fjrrcat and powerful kin^dom^ sopii rated from Kimland hv the Straits ot Dovrr. 'i'lu; coim try is beautiful and fertile: it is faniou.s for its wines /irandi/j and silk goods. Interior of a French Caf(6, (ColTee-houao.) , 8. The inhabitants of France are called the French. TVieyoi': very ' polite and gay in their manners. Dancing is a favourite amuse iicnt, m which all classes of the people excel. There are many learned men in this country ;| but numbers of the poor can neither read nor write. France is the native land of La Fayette, and other pallant French- men, who assisted the United States, in the war of the llevohition. 9. Paris, the capital, is one of the finest cities in the world: it is much visited by strangers r^nany Americans are always to be found ihereJ Lyons, Marseilles, and Bourdeaux, are important cities. do 1 7. What is France? — For what is it famous 1 8. What is said of the French 1 — What is a favourite amusement ? — Of wiiat class are there manv 1 9. What is Paris ? 104 PRIMARY GBOGRAPHY. / "!' ', ■^'^'■1 LESSON 53. SPAIN. PORTUGAL. AND GEVMANY. ^ 1. Spain is ilic country of the Spamards : though now amongst the weakest, it was once the most important kingdom in Europe, and possessed vast territories in North and South America. V 2. The climate is pleasant, and the soil fertile, but badly cultivated. Oranges^ Jfigs^ and grapes^ grow in great perfection. There are many merino f!hec;p^ from which the finest wool in Europe is obtained. Madrid is the capital : Barcelona and Seville are important cities. Bull Fight. / 3. Bull fights are a favourite amusement in Spain, and are at- tended by all classes of the inhabitants. In these cruel exhibitions, both mm and horses are sometimes killed by the tortured and infu- riated bulls. 1 ! h Q,rESTioN9. — 1. What is Spain 1 2. What grow in perfection I — Of what are there manyl 3. What are a fevourite amusement 1 '^'^nfRSSB PORTUGAL GERMANY. 105 '^ 4. Portugal joins Spain on the west, and is very like that country in its climate and productions. The in- habitants are called the Portuguese. 5. Both these kingdoms are bmUy governed : the greater part of the people are very poor, and much oppressed by the rich. Lisbon is the capital of Portugal: Lisbon wine comes from this city. Oporto is famous for its trade in Port wine. • 6. Germany is inhabited by the Germans: it is an extensive region, including Austria^ Prussia^ Bavaria, Hanover, and other states : these amount, altogether, to thirty-nine in number, and form the Germanic Confede- ration, * 7. The Germans are composed of various nations, yet they all speak the same language. They are an industrious and ingenious people, and were the invent- ors of printing, watches, and globes, ,' 8. Universities, schools, and learned men, are numer- ous throughout Germany, and many of the inhabitants are well educated. Music and dancing are favourite amusements of the people. There are many Germans in the United States, where they arc much respected for their good morals, and industrious habits. The Barons De Kalb and Steuben, who distinguishe^I themsrlvrs in the American army during our revolutionary war, were bot.'i Germans. 4. In what respect is Portugal like Spain? — What are the inhabit- ants called] 5. In what condition are both these kingdoms' — What is Lisbon 1 6. By what people is Germany inhabited] — What does it include ] — What do they form ] 7. Of what were the Germans the inventors ] 8. What are numerous ] 9. What is the >n i i f 1 .)«« ., t^ 106 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHV. ^ 9. The empire of Austria is the largest German state. The people are called Austrians, Prussia is the cmm- try of the Prussians, Here every man is compelled to serve as a soldier for three years. In Prussia, all little boys and girls must go to school aftor thpy Iiive attained a certain age: tliis is the law, and none are allowed to i-i-Ay at home during school hours. 10. Vienna is the capital of Austria, and the largest city in Gcr- vunnj. IJorlin is the capital of Prussia. Hamburg is the chief cow- inerrial city of Germany: it carries on a great trade with England and the United States. K^ LESSON 54. SWITZERLAND AND ITALY. 1. Switzerland, the country of the Swiss, is a re- public, and one of the few European states that is not Avalanche in Switzerland. pmpire of Austria ! — What are the people called 1 — What is Prus- sia 1 — In what capacity is every man compelled to serve 1 10. What is Vienna ? — Berlin ? — Hamburg 1 Questions. — 1. What is Switzerland? — Where is it situated? SWITZ'-.ULAND AM) ITAI.V. 107 povcnici .y an cinpcror, or king : it is sjitiiatcd innon^st the A/jJs, I he highest mountains in Europe. •^ 2. Vtist bodies of snnjp^ callrd Avalanches^ sometimes rush down tho lody sides of the Alps, and bury the towns and villages, with their inhabitants, to the depth of many leet. \] ?}. The Swiss are an honest, bra re, and industrious people. Tlie renowned VViiiiam Tell was a native of Switzerland: he fouiiht bravely against the enemies of his country. 4. IJrrnc, Zurich, and Lucerne, are each, in their turn, for two years at a time, tl'ie capital of Switzerland. Geneva, tiie lai jsest city, is remarkable for the number of watches made in it. Tiie lake un which Geneva is situated, is one of the most celebrated in Kuroj)e. The Swiss have no language of their own : the French is spoken in various parts of the country; the German in some, and the Italian in others. Italians — View in Rome. ^ 5. Italy is the most fertile and pleasant country in Fai rope: it is unsurpassed for the mildness of its ehmate, 2. What sometimes rush down the lofty sides of the Alps? 3. What are the Swiss? 4. What cities arc each, in their turn, the capital of Switzerland ? — For what is Geneva remarkable ? 5. What is Italy ? 108 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. ^i»j ii the grandeur of its mountains, and the beauty of its lakes and plains. v 6. The inhabitants are called Italians, and are distinguished for their skill in music. Many of them are amongst the finest singers in the world. The most celebrated painters, sculptors, and architects, have been natives of Italy. Painting is the art of producing beautiful pictures. The sculptor carves figures, likenesses, and ornaments, out of marble. The archi- tect builds palaces, churches, and other edifices. yj 7. Italy includes the kingdom of Sardi7iiay the king- dom of Lombard^ and Venice^ and the kingdom of Na- ples ; also the states of the Church, and some smaller territories. V 8. Rome is the most celebrated city in Italy ^ and has been renowned in history for more than two thousand years. This city contains many splendid buildings ; one of these, St. Peter's church, is the largest in the world. ^ This vast edifice was one hundred and eleven years in building : it is near five hundred feet high, and about half a mile in circumference. The Vatican is an immense palace, consisting of a number of different buildings, which contain, altogether, between four and five thousand rooms. V 9. Naples is the largest city in Italy, and Milan the most elegant. Venice is built on seventy-two islands: here they have canals in- stead of streets, and boats in place of carriages. V 10. Genoa is the birthplace of Columbus ^ and Florence of Americxts Vespucius. Turin is the mast regularly built of all the Italian cities. 4tk 6. For what are the inhabitants distinguished? — What have the most celebrated painters, sculptors, and architects, been ? 7. What does Italy include 1 8. What is Rome 1 — Which is the largest church in the world 1 9. What is Naples 1 — What is Milan 1 10. Of whom was Genoa the birthplace ? ■— Florence ? — What is Turin? ••^""tm^ [.-. .Ji,immummmmmmmm V.I«!^^^!«S! GREBCB. 109 LESSON 55. ' IONIAN REPUBLIC, GREECE AND TURKEY. , 1 . The Ionian Republic comprises several small^ hut fertile islands^ situated on the west coast of Greece. This little state is under the protection of Great Britain. 2. The inhabitants are chiefly Greeks and Italians: they trade in wine, oil, and currants. Zante and Corfu arc tlie principal towns. ' 3. Greece is inhabited by the Greeks : they are a brave and handsome race of people, and, in ancient times, Avere the most civilized and learned nation in the world, ^ 4. The Greeks were latterly subject to the Turks, for more than three hundred ymra ; but, after fighting many battles, they have become independent^ and are now governed by their own king. BatUe of Navatino. Q,cESTioN8. — 1. What does the Ionian Republic comprise 1 2. What are the inhabitants chiefly 1 3. By whom is Greece in- habited] — What were they in ancient times? 4. How long were they subject to the Turks ) — What have they become ? 5. When I lu- n ; Ji ; , •ail f v-f ,' if !!1 IIU IMUMAIIY GBOOUAFIIY. V 5. Tho battio of Navarino, fought in the year 1827, secured the indepcntlcncr of (ri'ccce. In this conflict, the allied fleet of Englan j, France, and llnssia, destroyed two hundred and fourteen vessela belon^niig io the Turks and Egyptians. 1/ 6. Athens, tlie capital of Greece, is one of the oldeM cities in the world: it was the bhliiplace of many of the most distinguished men of ancient times. The ruins of some of the most celebrated buildings ever erected, are .slill to l)e seen in Atiiens. Napoli andMissolonghi are noted towns. \y 7. Turkey, or the Ottoman Empire, comprises Turkey in Europe^ and Turkey in Asia, The inliabit- ants are called Turks. They are Mahomcdans^ and differ greatly from Christians. \ Turkish Car — Tark«, and Scenery in Turkey. 8. The Turks do not use chairs, but sit cross-legged, on cushioris, or ciirpets : tiicy wear turbans instead of hats, and take their food with tlieir fingers, without knife or fork. Among these people, the was the battle of Navarino fought ? — What did that conflict secure? 6. What is Atliens ! — Of whom was it the birthplace? 7. What does Turkey comprise 1 — What are the Turks 1 8. How do they ■ m„ m '"m '■K» .*j i Bi|t»i i . ^«fflwttf «.WK?/SK TURKEY. Ill rioh are allowed to have several tciveSf none of whom, accordhig to ciLstom, go abroad without being veiled. The poorer class have seldom more than one wife. 9. The Turks were once a powerful nation^ and were dreaded by the adjoining states ; but they are now o/' less importance: some very valuable territories have been lately conquered from them. 10. The Sultan, or Emperor of Turkey, wishes his subjects to ndopt Christian customs and habits. Considerable changes have already taken place in the principles of the government, and in the manners of the higher classes of the Turks. 1 U. Oonstantinople is the capital of the Turkish empire. The liouses in this city are mostly bunt of wood, and extensive Jires some- times take place. The Mahomedan places of worship, or mosques^ are numerous, and some of them are very fine buildings. The most celebrated of these, the mosque of St. Sophia, was once a Christian church. ^ uorcQ MotqQe. sit! — What are the rich allowed to have? 9. What were the Turks oncel — What are they now? 10. What does the Sultan wish his subjects to adopt? 11. What is Constantinople? — What sometimes takes place ? — What are Mahomedan places of worship called? # • B til No. 11 — CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN EUROPE. m ;i^M (119) ■nv/* "»r.'\'M^.Hl ts ■',^~- ■■i-^mm^^:- MAP OF CENTRAL AND SOUTHBRN EUROPE. 113 3PE. 40 102 I) LESSON 60. No. 11 is a Map of Central and Southern Euirpc. Point out England — Scotland — Wales — Ireland. The three fir.st occupy the Island uf Great Britain. The whole forms the united kingduin of Great Britain and Ireland. Point out Austria — Prussia — Bavaria — Hanover — Saxorii/ — Wir- temberg. These, are the principal states of Germany. Point out Denmark — Holland — Belgium — France — Switzerland. These, with Great Britain, the German States, and the western purt of Russia, are the principal countries in Central Europe. Point out Spain — Portugal — Italy — Ionian Islands — Greece — Tur- key. These occupy Southern Europe. Point out St. Petersburg — Stockholm — Copenhagen. These are the capitals of Russia, Sweden and Norway, and Denmark. Point out London — Liverpool — Manchester — Edinburgh [Ed'-in' bur-ro] — Glasgow — Dublin — Cork. These are the principal cities in Great Britain and Ireland. London is the capital. Point out Paris — Lyons — Nantes — Bourdcaux — Marseilles. These are the principal cities m France. Paris is the capilul. Point out Madrid — Lisbon — Barcelona — Seville — Granada — Ca- diz — Oporto. These are the principal cities in Spain and Portu^^al. Point out Vienna — Berlin — Hamburg — Amsterdam — Brussels — Geneva. These are the chief cities in Germany, Holland, Belgium, and Switzerland. Point out Naples — Rome — Florence — Genoa — Turin — Milan — Constantinople — Adrianople — Athens. These are the ciiief cities of I taly , Turkey, and Greece. Point out the Vistula — Oder — Elbe — Rhine — Loire — Douro — Tagus — Dniester [iVees'-fer]. These are the most important of the second- rate rivers of Europe. Point out the Shetland Islands — Orkney Islands — Hebrides^ or WesH' ern Islands. These belong tO Scotland. Point out Cape dear — St. George's Channel —' English Channel. The narrowest -,>art of the English Channel is called the Strait of Dover. It separates England from France. Point out Mont Blanc — Mount Etna. The first is the highest mountain in Europe. It is three miles high. Mount Etna is the most important vol- cano : it is about two miles high. s 114 PEIMARV OBOaaAPHV. ^'M •'III LESSON 67. HISTORY OF EUROPE. ^ 1. Europe, it is supposed, was not settled at so early a period as Asia or Africa: these two divisions con- tained powerful empires and populous cities, while the inhabitants of Europe were still in a state of barbarism. / 2. The Greeks were the ear heat European people of whom we know any thing with certainty. They lived, at first, on roota^ herbtt and acornSf and sheltered themselves in caves and hollow trees. ^ 3. About 3300 years ago^ a colony of Egyptians settled in Greece, ^ who, in a short time, wrought important changes among the rude inhabitants. The latter soon began to live in towns^ and to form regular governments; and at length became a renowned and impor- tant nation. y' V: ': 4. The people of Greece cultivated learnings and the sciences^ and acquired great skill in statuary^ paintings and other arts. They founded beautiful cities^ and erected splendid temples, of which some of the latter remain to the present day. 5. The Romans became, afterwards, the most powerful nation in the world : they extended their dominion over Greece, and many ottier countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa. These renowned people were, iiowever, conquered in their turn, by the Goths, and Vandals, and other barbarous nations, who destroyed nearly every trace of learn- ing and refinement. 6. For several hundred years after the downfall of the Roman empire, the people of Europe were very rude and ignorant, but in Questions. — 1. What did Asia and Africa contain, while Europe was still in a state of barbarism 1 2. What were the Greeks 1^— On what did they live at first! 3. When did the Egyptians settle in Greece 1 — What did the rude inhabitants soon begin to do 1 4. What did the people of Greece cultivate 1 — In what did they acquire great sklin — What did they found an* erect? 5. What did the Romans afterwards become 1 — By whom were they conquered? 6. What xMIBSMWH^a^S^SijNt.fcA-l^ji ■•«■#,, ^.^iin^^A "iqi^airoaa*:* HISTORY OF BUROPB. 115 time they became improved and civilized, and, with their descend- ants in other quarters, they now comprise the most cnHghttned and powerful nations in existence, 7. All the nations of Europe, with the exception of the Turks, pro- fess the Christian religion : they are better educated, antl enjoy a greater share of freedom^ than the inhabitants of Asia or Africa. 8. To Europe the world is indebted for many of the most useful inventions; of these, the art cf printing, with the mariner^s comjutsff, watches^ telescopes^ and rail-roads, arc some of tlie results of Euro- jiean ingenuity. 9. Many distinguished men have lived in Europe in modern times : some are noted for their learning, some for the useful discoveries they have made, and others for their abilities as statesmen and warriors. 10. Among the latter was Napoleon Bonaparte, a native of Corsica : he became emperor of the French, and king of Italij^ and was tlie greatest general and monarch of his time. Bonaparte at the head of hii army. were the people of Europe after the downfall of the Roman em- pire 1 — What do they now comprise ? 7. What do the nations of Europe profess? — What do they enjoy 1 8. What are some of the results of European ingenuity 1 9. Who have lived in Europe, &C.1 10. What did Napoleon Bonaparte become] 11. What I'RIMARY GB(XiRAI*IIY. 116 11. lionapartj^ raised mif^hty armies, and conqutrrd iihinij nations : ho was at ia?>t, liowfvor, dcrcatril at tho hutlie of Wuti'iioo, nnd was sent as a prisoner /o the inUmd vf St. Jltlena, wljerc lie died in thf year Ib21, after u residence of six years. • • j' LESSON 58. ASIA. y 1. Asia is the largest division of the earthy and con- tains more than one half of its inhabitants. It coni|)rise8 many countries and nations, with extensive ranges of liigh mountains, and numerous rivers. 2. The nations of Asia are often called Oriental nations; and the manners and customs of the people are called Oriental ui.inners and customs. Oriental means eastern. \/ 3. The principal mountains of Asia are the Himma- leh : these are the highest in the world. The others are, the Altay, Thiaii'chan^ Caucasus, and Taurus mountains. 4. The chief rivers are the Kiang, or Yang-tse-kiang, Hoang'Ho, Obe, Lena, Yenesei, Cambodia, Irrawaday, Ganges, Indus, and Euphrates, 5. Asia furnishes tca^ su^ar^ coffee^ indigo^ pepper^ cinnamon^ and cotton y besides other useful products. Gold, and diamonds^ and pre- cious f'Lones of various kinds, are found in this quarter of the world. did he do 1 — Where was he sent as a prisohoi* ? - - V/hen did he diel Q,uj:stion9. — I . What is Asia 1 — What does ii cuntam 1 2. What are the natives of Asia often called 1 — What does oriental meani 3. Whici) are the principal mountains? 4. Which are the principal rivers] 6. Wi;c.t does Asia furnish 1 — What are found 1 d Which ASIA. 117 6. The principal Asiatic animals arr, ulei>fiant^, both tcild and tame, the rhinoceros, tiger^ leopard^ horae^ came!^ and dromedary^ with an- teiopes of different fipfcies. Rhinncerof. Gazelli*. 7. The gazelle is a kind of antelope, mm h admired for the beatr of its eyes. The camel and dromedary aro am mals of the same species the former has two humps on its back, and t le other has but one. Golden Plicaaaiit. 8. The cassowary, cranes of various kinds, some of which are as tall as a man, the wild pea-fowl, parrots in great variety, and the most splendid |)^6a«an^« in the world, are a few of the largest Asiatic birds. a?* tb#» principal Asiatic animals ? 7. For what is the Gazelle ad- mired ' 8. Which are the largest Asiatic birds? 9. Of what do • I » t 1 ♦ » !l k 118 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. 0. The people of Asia differ greatly from thoge of Europe anu America. Many of them make no use of tables^ haves, forks, or plates, at their meals : they sit on the floor, and a whole family will eat their victuals out of a large wooden bowl. 10. They sloop on mats, or carpets, and do not undress when they lie down to rest at night. Many of the inhabitants wear long beards, and shave their heads. The women are generally ignorant, and very few of them can read and write. 11. The principal countries in Asia are, Asiatic Russia^ Turkey^ Arabia, Persia, Tartary, India, China, and Japan, ?;; n im LESSON 59.* ASIATIC RUSSIA, TURKEY, AND SYRIA. WW 1^ j/ 1. Asiatic Russia is an immense territory, compris- ' ing the third part of Asia. It includes Siberia, Circassia, and some otlier countries, and extends from the Ural mountains to the Pacific Ocean. ^ 2. Siberia occupies the most northern part of Asia : it is, for the most part, a cold and sterile region. The inhabitants are composed of Russians, with Tartars, TSmgouses, and other barbarous tribes, many of the people make no usel — On what do they siti 10. On what do thoy sleep 1 — What do many of the inhabitants wear 1 — What are the women generally? 11. Name the principal countries in Asia. Questions. — 1. What does Asiatic Russia comprise? — What does it include] 2. What is Siberia? — What are the inhabitants com * To prepare the Pupils to answer the Questiorm without the assintance hitherto rei>> dered in the text, the use of the Italic type will be gradually discontinued in what follows, and in a few oi the cloMing Ajermom altogether otspemea with. mmmm mm ::.»!' y ^.l ii l-'l fWI ' r^mmtmmm CIRCASSIA TURKEY IN ASIA. 119 3. Those persons who hare displeased the emperor of Russia, or who have committed certain crimes, are exiled to this country, and are never permitted to see tlieir friends ajrain. c/ 4. CiRCAssiA is a country situated on the north side of the Caucasus mountains : the inhabitants are called Circassians : they arc a brave and handsome, but bar- barous race of people. -'"^^'^^i^^' -^ ^- ^*^J^^^^ '^WiUP^ ^^J^^ t ■*•**» ,^ 5. The women are celebrated for their beauty: many of them are sold by their parents to traders, who dispose of them to the Turks, Persians, and other nations. Some of these women become the wives of kings and princes. / 6. Turkey in Asia forms a part of the Ottoman^ or Turkish Empire : it is a fine fertile region, but is badly governed and cultivated. posed ofl 3. Who are exiled to Siberia? 4. Where is Circaa- sia situated 1 5. For what are the women celebrated 1 6. Of what does Turkey in Asia form a part? 7. On what mountain did the 120 PRIMARY CKOfillArHY. V 7. Mount Ararat, on whicli the ark restod, is in this country ; an.) hero Noah and his posterity settled, after the tUjod. This part ()t Asiii is iniiabited Ijy V'ar/t.s*, Arabu, Turcomans, Armenians, and Kurds. ' ' u ••■*- - •«-— /•- ^l^ ...'.ft- [ 8. Smyrna, Bagdad, and Bussorah, are the principal cities. Smyrna is noted for its trade in figs,! of which large quantities are brought to the United States. V 9. Syria long formed a part of the Turkish domin- ions, but it now belongs to Egypt. It was renowned in ancient timesybr its commerce aiid riches, \i 10. Tyre, Baalbec, and Palmyra, were large and splendid cities, of which nothing remains but ruins. Damascus and Aleppo are now the chief cities of Syria: the former is situated in a rich and fertile district. Aleppo, in the year 1822, was nearly all destroyed by an cartljquukc ; but it has since been rebuilt. nrk rest? — I3y whom is this part of Asia inhabited? 8. Which are the principal cities? — For what is Smyrna noted ? 9. Of what did Syria lon^ form a part? — For what was it renowned in ancient times ? 10. What were Tyre, Baalbec, and Palmyra ? — Which are now the chief cities ? — When was Aleppo nearly destroyed ? § PALESTINE, ARABIA, PERSIA, &c. 121 LESSON 60. PALESTINE, ARABIA. PERSIA, tec. ^ 1. Palestine, or the Holy Land, is the most cotc- hrated country in the world : it was long inhabited by the Jews, and was also the residence of our Saviour Jesus Christ, 2. In this part of Asia Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, fed their flocks, and David and Solomon reigned. It was a fertile and populous ter- ritory ; but is now badly governed, and badly cultivated. , 3. Jerusalem, the capital of Palestine, has been renowned for thou- sands of years : it is much inferior to what it was in ancient times. Christians, Jews, and Mahomedans, regard it as a sacred city. j 4. Arabia is a dry, sandy country, poorly supplied with water. The people are called Arabs : they live partly in towns^ and partly in tents. 5. Those who live in tents inhabit the desert, and are called Be- douins [Bed'- wins] : they raise many horses and camels, and often plunder the caravans that travel through their country. The Arabs are supposed to be descended from Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar, of whom we read in the Bible. • > 6. Some parts of Arabia are fertile, and produce the finest coffee in the world. Muscat, Sana, and Mecca, are the principal towns : the latter is visited every year by many thousand pilffrima. Questions. — 1. What is Palestine 1 — Who resided here ? 2. Who fod their flocks 1 — Who reigned 1 3. How long has Jerusalem been renowned 1 — What do Christians, &c. regard it ? 4. What is Ara- bia ? — How do the Arabs live 1 5. What are those who inhabit the desert called 1 — What do the Bedouins often do J G. What do some parts of Arabia produce 1 — By whom is Mecca visited every year 1 122 riUMARY GKOGKAPHY. \J 7. Pkhsia, tlic country of the Persians, is a vcrij ancient and famous empire : it is badly governed, and irf not so flonri.shini; and powerful as it was formerly. In Iho 13iblr» \vn roa/ the Kirguis Tribes, vith Khiva [Ke'-va], Tarcinnuiiia, fireat liu- charia, and Khokan [Ko'-kan]. The cliicf cities are DokJiara, Klio- kan, and Samarcand. 3. The people of Great and Little Biicharia and Khokan inhabit cities and towns; but nearly all the otlier Tartar nations live in tents, and roam from place to place with their camels, horses, and cattle. Turcomans carrying off Persians into slavery. Questions. — 1. What does Tartary comprise 1 2. What does Chi- nese Tartary include ? — What does Independent Tartary include 1 3. What do the people of Great and Little Bucharia, and Khokan, in- habit 7 — What do nearly all the other Tartar nations live in » ^1 i.i '•{r ^I !;i :; •i U i; I •: ¥ ^Ikv m t^^B< 124 PRIMARY GEOGHArHY. 4. The Turcomans, who live on tho rastorn shores of the Caspian Sea, oflrn attack and plunder the towns and villages of the J^craians, and carry off and sell the people for slacen. 5. Many of the Tartars eat horse-flesh, and prefer it to any other: they also use a drink called koomis, which is made of mares' milk. Wild liorses aboiind in various parts of Tartary : they are liunted hy the inhabitants for food. V 6. India is one of the most celebrated countries in the world. It is a very extensive and fertile region. Ilin- doostan^ Birmah, Siam, and Anarn^ are its cliief di- visions. , Tiger Hanting. V 7. This part of Asia has been lonpr noted for Ut diamonds^ spices, and cotton goods. The elephant, rhinoceros, and tiger, are found here : the last-mentioned animal is the most ferocious and cruel the world, and is often hunted and killed by men riding on elephants m 4. What do the Turcomans oflen dol 5. What do many of the Tartars eat ? -- What do they drink 7 G. What is India ! — Name its chief divisions. 7. ¥oy what has this part of Asia been long noted ] — What animals are found here ? 8. To whom is nearly the whole lURMAII, duC., CHINA, AND JAI'AN. 125 ^ 8. HiNDOosTAN is thc country of the Hindoos : it is very populous, and contains many diflcrcnt states : these are nearly all subject to Great Britain, and lorni that division of the British Empire called British India. 0. Tlio inhabitants are of a dark complexion, but have featurrs iiniilar to those of Europeana and Americans. Thc nativ" princes are called Rajahs, and Nabobs: they live luxuriously, while their people often i>erish by thousands, for want of lood. 10. The Hindoos are divided into four classes, or castes, the indi- viduals of which are not allowed to intermarry with one another^ or to tat or sleep together. The missionaries have converted many of the natives to the Christian religion. 1 1. Calcutta is the capital of British India. In this city, the wealthy English inhabitants live in houses that rival palaces in elegance and extent. Madras and Bombay are important cities. The Banyan, or Wonder Tree, grows in Hindoostan. A well- known tree of this species has upwards of three thousand depending branches, that have taken root in the ground. Tho Banyan Tree. of Hindoostan subject 1 9. Of what complexion are the inhabitants ' — To whom are their features fjimilar 1 — What are the native princes called! 10. How are the Hindoos divided! — What are they not allowed to dol — What have the missionaries donel 11. What is Calcutta ? — What do the wealthy inhabitants live in ? feti ■■;t I i il »' il f i ■ >♦ '1 •i' 126 PBIMAKT GBOOBAPIIY. / LESSON 62. DIRMAH, &c., CHINA, AND JAPAN. \/' 1. BiRMAH, SiAM, Anam, and Malacca, are countries which form tlie eastern part of Tndia. These are weil- watered, warm, and fertile regions. 2. The inhabitants are idolaters. Almost every family in these countries, as well as in China and Japan, have images in their houses, which they worship privately. 3. The American missionaries have converted many of the Bir- manSf Karens^ and other racea^ to the faith of the Gospel. The people of Malacca are called Malays, and are mostly pirates. Ava is the capital of Birmah; Bankok, of Siam; and Hue, of Anam. 4. The Empire of China is very extensive ; it con- tains many large cities and towns, and a greater popula- tion than any other empire in the world, \y 5. The inhabitants of this country are called the Chinese : they are a proudy vain people^ and believe all other nations to be much inferior to themselves. 6. In China, very small feet are thought to be the chief beauty of a woman. The poor often suffer from a want of food, and eat dogs, oats, rats, and mice. 7. Besides China Proper, the Chinese Empire comprises Thibet, Little Bucharia, Soongaria, Mongolia, Mantchooria, and Corea. Pekin is the capital of the Chinese Empire. Canton is the chief sea- port : all the tea that we use comes from Canton. duESTioNs. — 1. What do Birmah, &c. formi 2. What are the inhabitants 1 3. What have the American missionaries done 7 — What are the people of Malacca called 1 — What are they mostly ? 4. What does the empire of China contain 1 5. W hat are the Chi- nese ] 6. What is thought to be the chief beauty of the women 1 f , Besides China Proper, what does the Chinese Empire comprise "» ( I 'iim;i:T nili F.MrillK Or JAI'AN*. I J 8. Tlio fJroat Wall, iind the (iraml runal, aiv notcil works. 'lUt Porcelain Tmnr is a rcniarkaliU? huililing. Tua is the itai'uia shiiib that grows principally in this country. Porcelain Tower. Tea riant. ■' 9. Thibet is a cold and mountainous country, situ- ated between India and China. It is remarkable for being the residence of the Grand Lama, 10. This prince is the sovereign pontiff of the Shaman religion. Though but a man, his followers believe that he is God himself, in a human form, and that he never dies. Lassa is the capital of Thibet. V, 11. The Empire OF Japan consists of several large and populous islands, which lie eastward of China : the soil is fertile, and well cultivated. i/ 12. Manufactures of various kinds are carried on by the Japanese. They are very jealous oi other nations, Sind do not allow any but tho people of China, Corea, and the Dutch, to trade with them. Jedo, the capital, is a very large city. 8. For what is China noted] — What is a remarkable buil<'ing? — What is tea ? 9. For what is Thibet remarkable 1 10. What do the followers of the Grand Lama believe him lobe? 11. Ofwhnt does the Empire of Japan consist ? 12. Of whom are the inhabitauls jea- .ous? — Whomdotliey allow to trade with theml J i m 1 .■ 11 ■Hi 1^.| ■^■-f. ■: ili i^^^B ■ ^^^^K 1" ili 'f'M w ^!Oi1l 1 1 K, 1 ' \-^ KJi I ' V 1 |: m :■ l|- ,:• ■;v ft" t« 9'- : mA- IIj, No. 12.— MAP OP ASIA. (128) .,,i,^..,?5,^ ^.i^-Ki^^-JS^.^'.^-^ .;$.' MAI' OF ASIA. LESSON 03. No. 12 is a Map of Asia. This division of the Eastern Continont is hounded, on the north, by the Northern Ocean ; louth, by the Indian Ocean ; eoHt, by the Pacific Ocean ; and west, by Europe and Africa. l*oint out the Northern Ocean — Indian Ocean — Pacific Ocean — Ihi- rope — Africa — North America. Point out tlie Black Sea — Red Sea — Arabian Sea — China Sea — Yellow Sea — Sea of Ochotsk — Caspian Sea — Sea of Aral. Tiic two la^t are interior fcas, and are not connected with the Ocean. Point out the Persian Gulf — Bay of Bengal — Gulf qf Siam. Point out Bhering^s Strait — Strait of Babelinandel — Isthmus of Suez. The first separates Asia and North America ; the second separates Asia and Africa ; the third is the neck of land between the Mediterranean and Red Sea. Point out the Lena River — Yencsei R. — Obe R. — Irtysh R. — V«/^« R. — Euphrates R. — Indus R. — Ganges R. — Cambodia R. — Yang- tse-Kian^ R. — IIoarig-Ho R. — Amoor R. The Yangtse-Kiang is tlic largest river in Asia. Point out the islands of New Siberia — Laccadive F. — MahJive I'. — Ceylon — Hainan — Formosa — Niphon — Jesso — Seghalicn. Tiie tlirue last are the principal islands of Japan. Point out the peninsulas of Malacca — Corea — Kamtschatka. The peninsula of Malacca ia separated from the island of Sumatra by the Strait of Malacca. Point out Mount Ararat — Ural M^'^ Allay M^ — Thian Chan M" — Ilimmaleh M^. The last are the highest mountains in the world. Some of them are more than five miles high. The Caucasus and Taurus M^* may be seen on Map No. 11. Point out Siberia — Circassia — Turkey — Syria — Arabia — Persia — Afghanistan — Beloochiatan — Independent Tartary. Point out India — Hindoostan — birmah — Siam — Anam — Ef/ipire of Japan. The last consists entirely of Islands. Point out China — lAttle Bucharia — Soongaria — Mongolia — Mnnt. chooria — Thibet — Corea. These regions form the Chinese Empire. Point out Pekin — Jedo — Canton — Calcutta — Madras — Bombay — Bankok^ and Ava. These are the principal cities of Asia. Point out Hue — Saigon — Cabul — Lassa — Teheran — Ispahan — Bukhara — Khokan — Jerusalem — Mecca — Medina — Muscat — Astra^ chan — Tobolsk — Irkoutsk — Yakoutsk. 9 . I m ♦ : ill 130 PRIMARY GROGRAPHY. , I, f: ;^^' LESSON 04. INHTOR Y OF A8I A. Tm: history of Asia is iiijrhly interostin^', and worthy of hcinfj sliidicd: in tliis little book wo can only mention a few of the must remarkable occurrences which have taken place in that quarter of the earth. 1. The history of Asia begins with tlie creation of th(» worl.l. This ev«'nt, whi(;h took place near six thousand years ago, is rrrordcd in the Holy Scriptures. There we may also read the account of our lirst parents; of the murder of Abel, by his brotiier Cain; and t)f Noah, who built the ark. 2. The ark was a great ship, in which Snah and hi.t family were saved from thejlood: this was a vast deluge of water, which covered the earth, and destroyed all living creatures, except those who were saved with Noah. The flood occurred near four thousand two hun- dred years ago. Building the Tower of Babel. Questions. — 1. What does the history of Asia begin with ? — When did this event take place 1 — Of what may we also read an account ? 2. What was the ark ? — What was the flood ? — When did the flood HiSTORt OF A.^^l A, i:n 3. Abi»ut .1 liiiinlr*"'! ymrs nftor tlio flcMHl. th^ ^h^§t^^lm!tlH^^ "StmU \tC)i'dn to huild t!ir Towrr of Ikitirl, which thry idtrndrd mIuhiM u'.irh tohr;»v«*n; but tho Ahul«rhty put a stop t.igo, and other countries. The inhabitants, hke all the native Africans, are fond of music and dancing. They play on various rude instruments. Musical InstramenUi of the Negroes. 10. Liberia is an American colony, settled in the year 1821, and designed as an asylum for the free coloured population of tlie United States. It is a fertile country, and contains about 5000 civilized irj- habitants. Monrovia, the chief town, was named after James Mon- roe, late president of the United States. 11. AsHANTEE, and Dahomey, are countries situated near Liberin, the kings of which are so cruel as to sacrifice hundreds of their sub- jects at a time to the spirits of their ancestors. 12. Congo, Angola, and Benguela, are principally under tiie do- minion of Portugal. The inhabitants are very ijrnorant and indolent. The slave trade is carried on extensively from this part of Africa. are the inhabitants fond ofl 10. What is Liberia 1 — In what year was it settled] — What was it designed for? — Who was Monro- via named after? M. What countries are situated near Liberia' 12. Under what domhiion are Conjro, &c. ? If m 1 'if ? "rf '■l!' 'iHIx W'' ! 140 rillMAIlY GLOtiKAI'HY. Hi I 111 St .,(, If i i t r II 1* LESSON 68. SOUTHERN AFRICA, ttc. 1. Southern Africa includes nearly all that part of Africa which lies south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Tlie inhabitants arc partly of white and partly of dark complexion. HottentotB building Huts, and loading an Ox with their Utensils. 2. This region comprises the countries inhabited by the Hottentots and the Boshuanas, with Caffraria and the Cape Colony. The last was once u Dutch, but is now a British colony, 3. Cape Town, the capital, is the largest town in Africa inhabited by Europeans. It is often visited by vessels going to and from the East Indies. 4. Eastern Africa contains Mozambique, Zangue- bar, and Berbora, with several other countries. Questions. — 1. What does Southern Africa include? 2. What I'oes this resfion comprise? 3. Which is the largest town in Africa mliabited by I'.uropcuns? 4. What does Eastern Africa contain? SOl'DAN ATKICAN I.^LANDS. 141 5. Mo7aml)iqiio is govrrnrd by the IVn'tUfrucsc, andZanpurharliy the Arabs. Beibora is inliabited by tlio Soinaiilirs, an iiulustrit)us and active race. Tliey ^e r.lniost black, but are dilForent from tiie negroes. G. Soudan is u fertile and populous region, in i\u) centre of Africa. The principal kingdoms arc Bain- harra, Iloussa, and Bomou. 7. The inhabitants of Hoiissa are called Fellatas. They are th most important people in this quarter, and have conquered several o( the neighbouring countries. Soccatoo, Timbuctoo, and Sego, arc the chief cities. On the map you will find that a number of islands lie on both sides of Africa: some of these are fertile and well settled. 8. The Azores are noted for oranges ; Madeira, for wine ; and the Cape Verde Islands, for salt. The.se all belong to Portugal. The Canary Islands are under the dominion of Spain : they are famous for wine and Canary-birds. 9. St. Helena belongs to Great Britain. Here the emperor of the French, Napoleon Bonaparte, resided as a prisoner for six years. 10. Madagascar, the largest of the African islands, is fruitful and populous. Many of the inhabitants, some years ago, embraced the Christian faith. They have been, of late, greatly persecuted. 11. Bourbon Island belongs to the French, and the Isle of Franco to the British : they both produce much coffee and sugar. The Sey- chelle and Almirante islands also belong to Great Britain. 12. The Comoro islands are governed by their own chiefs. Zan- zibar is noted for sugar. Socotra produces a drug called Aloes. 5. By whom is Mozambique governed 1 — Zanguebar 1 6. What, and where is Soudan ? — Name the principal kingdoms. 7. What are the inhabitants of Houssa called 1 8. What are the Azores noted for J — Madeira 1 — Cape Verde Islands'? — Under what dominion are the Canary islands 1 9. To what power does St. Helena belong'? — Who resided there as a prisoner? 10. What is Madagascar? — What did many of the inhabitants embrace? U. To whom does Bourbon Island belong? — The Isle of France? — 12. By whom are the Comoro Islands governed? — What is Zanzibar noted for? — What does Socotra produce ? I H J?'* m No. 18.— MAP OP AFRICA. (142) MAP OF AFRICA. 143 LESSON 69. Na 13 in a Map of Africa. This division of tho Eastern Continent if bounded, on the north, by the Mediterranean Sea; east, by the Red Sea, and the Indian O^can ; west, by tho Atlantic Ocean. Point out the Mediterranean Sea — Red Sea — Indian Ocean — Atlanti Ocean, Point out the preat Desert — Desert of ChaUahengah. The Great De- sert is three thousand miles long, and a thousand wide. Fexxan — Tuat -^ Agdas — BUmah^ and Tihetty^ are the largest oases, or fertile spots, in the Great Desert. The four last are represent^, on the Map, by the letters T., A., B., T. Tuat lies to the westward of Fezzan. Point out the TtutrickB^ and TihbooM, These are the principal tribes that inhabit the Great Desert Point out Barbary — Egypt — Nubia — Ahynnnia •— Darfur — Soii- dan — Senegambia — Chiinea — Ethiopia — Cape Colony — Caffraria — Mozambique {^Mo-zam-beek''] — Zanguebar — Berbora. These are the principal countries in Africa. i oint out Liberia — Sierra Leone — Athantee — Dahomey — Congo — Angola, Point out the River Nile — Niger R, — Congo R. — Coanza R. — Orange R, — Zambeze R. — Senegal R. — Lake Tchad — L. Maravi. Point out the Atlas Mountains — Kot^ iU^— Mountains of the Moon~^ Snow M^ — Lupata M^', Point out the Azore Islands — Madeira /.— Cape Verde f. — St. Helena, These islands are situated in the Atlantic Ocean. Point out Madagascar — Bourbon I. — Isle of France — Comoro I; — Zfmzibar — Almirante I'. — Seychelle I*, ISy'-shel] — Socotra. These are situated in the Indian Ocean. Point out the hthmus of Suez — Strait of Gibraltar — Strait qf Babel' mandel — Channel of Mozambique* Point out Cairo — Morocco — Algiers — Tunis — TripAi, The four last are the capitals of States that have the same name. Point out New Dongola — Kartoom — Oondat ~- Tirnhnctno — Se^o — Monrovia — St. Salvador — Cape 7\>ton. The last is the largest city in Africa inhabited by Christians. Point out the Cave of Good Hope — C LaguUas — C. Guardqfui [CSfor- dqf'toe^'] — Cape Verde, The three last are, respectively, the most soathen* eastern, and western capes of Africa. i^ m \v :\i :[ ! I' : C yLiKtiilliLHt/ 144 riHMARV GEOGRAPHY. LESSON 70. IIIPTORY OF AFRICA. 1. ArniCA is tho least civillzod of the great divisions of the oaril The chief part of its inhabitants are ignorant of boolcs and learn inp, and destitute of true religion. 2. This quarter of the world is supposed to have been first peoploJ by the descendants of Ham, the son of Noah. About three thousaiul seven hundred years ago, they founded the kingdom of Ethiopia This state existed for many ages, and is spoken of in the Bible. 3. Ancient Egypt was, for a long period, the most renowned coun- try In the world, (or knowledge ami science. From the account given of it by Moses, In the Scriptures, it appears to have been, in his time, a well-regulated and flourishing kingdom. 4. The Bible informs us of varioas circumstances which took place in Egypt; particularly of Joseph and his brethren, and of Moses, who was hidden among the bulrushes, by the side of the river Nile. It is about three thousand three hundred years since Moses lived. lion of Pharaoh and his Army. CluESTioNs. — 1. What is Africa? — What are the greater part of its inhabitants? 2. Who is supposed to have first peopled thi» quarter? — What kingc vn w;is founded by them? 3. What was ancient Egypt ? 4. Wl at does the Bible inform us took place in Egypt ? — Ho\i many years is it '^ince Moses lived ? 5. Of \\ at else HISTORY OF AFIUCA. 115 5. Tho nrcount of the doparturo of tlir Israrlitos from F.pypt, thiir passage throiiph the Red Sea, nm! tho destriirtior. ot Pharaoh and his army hy its waters, are also mentioned in the Scriptmes. 0. Tarthage, before the time of our Saviour, rose, hy its cr)nimerce, to jireat wealth and power. It carried on several wars against the Romans, which, in history, are called Puric M.irs. The city ol Car- thajre was destroyed by the Romans, and has never been rebuilt. 7. Resides Carthage, Egypt, and other parts of northern Africa, were long in the possession of the Romans. These countries were afterwards conquered by the Goths and Vandals, and also by the Saracens. 8. In later times, the Moors, Algerines, and Tripolitans, became notorious pirates, and were long dreaded by the neighbouring ( 'hris- tian nations. Their power is now decayed, and they arc no longei formidable. Battle of Algiera. 0. Algiers, a noted piratical state, was conquered by the Frencl) in the year 1830, when ten millions of dollars in money, many ships, and a large supply of cannon, were captured. have we an account 1 6. What did Carthage rise to 1 — Who de- ?*royed Carthage 1 7. What countries were long in the possession of the Romans 1 — By whom were they afterwards conquered 1 8. What did the Moors, «Scc. become? — What is said of their power' 0. Who conquered Algiers ? — In what vear ? — ^Vhat was captured ? 10 p ■m: 1 •■« i, 146 PRIMARY GBOGRAPHY. 10. Africa, for more than three hundred years past, has furnished slaves to the people of various parts of the earth. Millions of these unhappy beings have been carried away from their country and friends, and doomed to lai)orious servitude in foreign lands. 11. Several of the inland parts of Africa have been visited by Mungo Park, Captain Clapperton, the brothers Landers, and others. 12. These travellers have given to the world some account of tlx* inhabitants, and productions ; still, our knowledge of Africa is im- perfect, and chiefly confined to the countries on the sea coasts. rn] LESSON 71. OCEANICA. 1. OcEANicA is a very extensive region. It comprises the greater part of the Pacific Ocean, with the numer- ous islands that are scattered over its surface. Malay- sia, Australasia, and Polynesia, are the chief divisions. 2. A few of these islands are large and populous: others are small, and have no inhabitants. Some of them contain lofty mountains and numerous volcanoes : the latter often cause dreadful ravages. 3. Malaysia includes the islands of Borneo, Suma- tra, Java, the Philippine, and Mahicca, or Spice Islands. These produce sugar, coffee, rice, pepper, cloves, and nutmegs. Gold and diamonds abound in Borneo. iO. How long has Africa furnished slaves, &-c. ? — What have they been doomed tol 11. Who have visited several of the inland parts of Africa] 12. What have these travellers given some account of 7 — What is our knowledge chiefly confined to ] Questions. — 1. What does Oceanica comprise 1 — Which are its chief divisions. 2. What are a few of those islands 1 — What do some of them contain 1 3. What does Malaysia include 1 — What do AUSTRALASIA. 117 4. Batavia, in Java, and Manilla, in the Philippine Islands, are the chief cities. Java, the Spice Islands, and parts of Sumatra and 13e vage and cruel in their manners. Missionary preachiog to the South Sea Islanderd. Questions. — 1. What is Polynesia? — What islands does it in- clude { — Which are the principal islands ] 2. What furnish the people with the chief part of their food 1 3. What are the inhabitants of 'i»l il 'M 1-' ;f m 150 PRIMARY GBOGRArHY. 4. Some eat the flesh of the prisoners they take In their wars : some destroy many of their female children, and put to death num- bers of their fellow-beings as sacrifices to the idols they worship. 5. The missionaries, both American and Enghsh, within the k i twenty years, have effected great changes among the South Sea Islanders. 6. The people of the Sandwich, Society, Austral, Cook's, ind some other islands, now profess the Christian religion. They have been taught to read and write w^ith facility, and to conduct themselves with much decency and propriety. 7. Honolulu, on one of the Sandwich islands, is the largest town in Polynesia. It contains about five thousand inhabitants, of whom about one hundred are Americans and English, who are chiefly mer- chants. 8. The Ladrone and Caroline islandsbelong to Spain. The people of the Caroline Islands are very skilful in navigation. The Ladrone Islands are inhabited mostly by Spaniards. w.^-s^; -j^x. v^^ Prince Le Boo leaving bis native Island. Polynesia called 1 — What are they in general ? 4. What do some eat 1 — Whom do they put to death 1 5. What have the missionaries effected \ 6. What do the people of the Sandwich Islands, &c. pro- fess?— What have they been taught? 7. W^bich is the largest town in Polynesia ? 8. To what power do the Ladrone and Caro- .-»-..,*«»».,«»,> * 1»0LYNKS1A 151 9. On one of the Pelew islands, many yoiirs nizo, nn Fnjxlish ves.srl was wrecked, and the mariners were kindly treated by the iiih.ihil- ants. On tlie departure of the English, the kin^' ot the island sent his son, Prince Le Bo^, with them, to be educated in Knjjland. He died, however, in a short time after his arrival in that country. 10, Occanica is the latest discovered division of t!io earth. The Portuguese hegan to explore tue >vcstern parts of this region a short time after the discovery of America by Columbus. 11. Magellan, a Portuguese navigator, in the years 1519, 1520, and 1521, made the fhst voyage round the world. He is, ».n consequence, called tlie fiist circumnavigator. 12. By this voyage it was proved that America is separated from Asia. The great extent of the Pacific Ocean was also ascertained. Since that time, m^ny Spanish, Dutch, French, and English navi- gators, have explored various parts of this region. 13. Captain James Cook, an Englishman, was a distinguished navigator. He made more discoveries, and told more about the people, and the different things that grow in the islands of Oceanica, than any other individual. 14. Captain Cook was killed in the year 1779, by the natives of Owhyhee, or Hawaii, one of the Sandwich Islands, in attempting to recover a boat which they had stolen from him. 15. All parts of Oceanica are now better known; and many Ameri- can whale ships, as well as those of other nations, often sail among the islands of Oceanica, and trade with the natives. 1.' I' ■i ,:, ill >■■ ! (i n 'i, lino islands belong 1 9. Who was sent to be educated in England ? 10. What is Oceanica? — When did the Portuguese begin to explore the western part of this region 1 11. When did Magellan begin his first voyage round the world 1 12. What was proved by this voy- age? — What has been done since that time? 13. Who was a dis- tinguished navigator? — What did he do? 14. When was Captain Cook killed ? 1 5. What is said of Oceanica ? ■ i • I ; 'i i:^ < 'I ■ill ; ^f i "Mi I It- I'* I li 152 PKIMAUY ObOGUAFHY No. 14. — MAP OF OCEANICA. 120 l« MO »:« ■rar 140 120 100 rn'f-*Vs^ ' Ilk. \ ' • 20 10 ^■'<^' -^^K^jows;. ..^Slii > \ k'ltL^ 1 ^ iangtiwU Wat from H'aihinificn, 157 177 m 143 123 103 to 43 =^=f ffon. 10 2C LESSON 73. No. 14 is a Map of Oceanica. Near two-thirds of this part of the earth belong to the Western Hemisphere, and the rest to the Eastern. It is the lurgfest division of the globe, and comprises about a third part of its surface. Only the one-fifteenth part, however, of Oceanica, is land ; the rest is water. Oceanica is situated on both sides of the Equator, and nearly midway be- tween the North and South Poles. America lies to tlie east, and Asia to the west. Point out, on the Map, Malaysia. This is the smallest division of Ocea- nica ; but it contains the chief part of the population. Malaysia is named after the Malays, who form a large oroDortion of the inhabitants. MAP OF OCBANICA. 153 Point out Borneo — Sumatra — Java. These are the largest fslandH in Malaysia. They are called the Sunda Isles. The Dutch possess the whole ut Java, and also parts of Borneo and Sumatra. Point out the Philippine Island* — Celebex — Spice hlandi — Timor. The Philippine Islands belong to Spain. The Spice, also called the Molucca Islands, belong to the* Dutch. Point out Manilla — Batavia. These are the principal cities in Malaysia. Manilla is situated on Luzon Island, the largest of the Philippines. Point out Australasia. This division contains the chief part of the land surface of Oceanica. The land is about equal, in extent, to Europe, but the population is very snmll. Point out Australia — Van Diemen^s Land — New Zealand — Norfolk I. — New Guinea — New Ireland — New Hebrides — New Caledonia. Australia is the largest island on the globe. The western part is called New Holland, and the eastern, New South Wales. The whole of the inhabitants of Van Diemen^s Land and Norfolk Island, are of white complexion, and speak the English language. Part of the in- habitants of New South Wales, and a few in New Zealand, are also English. Point out Sydney — Hobart Town — Perth — Albany — Adelaide. The two first are the chief towns in Australasia. Point out Polynesia. It consists entirely of islands, and is the larges* division of Oceanica. It contains, however, a much less extent of land, and a smaller number of inhabitants, than Malaysia, or Australasia. Point out the Sandwich Islands — Society /«. — Ilervey's I". — Austral P. — PitcairrCs I. The people of all these islands profess the Christian religion. Pitcairn*s Island is inhabited by the descendants of the mutineers of the English ship Bounty. They speak the English language. Point out the Pearl /*. — Navigator's /*. — Friendly I'. Some of the inhabitants of these islands have been converted to Christianity. Point out the Ladrone Islands — Caroline I». — Pelew I'. — Mulgrave F. — Central Archipelago — America I'. — Madison^s h The Ladruiie Islands belong to the Spaniards. Point out the Washington P. — Marquesas /». — Easter I. — MagelUnis Archipelago — Anson^s Archipelago, The two last are the most nortiiern islands of Oceanica. Through what islands does the equator passl — Which is the largest island of Oceanica 1 — Which is the most eastern island 1 — Tiie niob^ western 1 Through what large island does the Tropic of Capricorn pass ? Through what Archipelago docs the Tropic of Cancer pass] tl I 11 «! Mi •'.\y t. 154 PRIMARY GEOGRAI'HY. LESSON 74. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY. The manner in which the various races of men live, the way in which thoy are governed, and the reHgion tliey profess, are rimiiii- sfancos of great importance. These exercise a powerful infiuen< o on the condition and happiness of nations, and are worthy of bein^j understood by those who study Geography. 1. Mankind become improved by gradual steps. In their progress from the lower to the higher stages ot* society, nations may be classed into savage, barbarous, half-civilized, civilized, and enlightened. 2. Savages are those who reside in caves, or miser- able huts, and live on the flesh of the wild animals they kill in the chase. Savage Life. — Indians hunting the Buffalo. Qdestions. — 1. What is said of mankind? — How may nations be classed 1 2. Who are savages 1 3. What is said of this class 1 I'll OGRESS OF SOCIKTV. 3. This <'la.ss of m.inklnd have but little clothin;;, and many of Ihrni po quite nak«^(l. They are ignorant of readinjr and writirijr, and are revcnL^pful in dispo:siti()n. Savage tribes are nearly always at war with one another. Home savages devour the enemies tluT kill in battle. 4. A considerable part of the Indians of both North and Sontli Ameriea, the natives of Australia, New Guinea, and other parts of the earth, are savages. 5. JJarbarous nations arc rather more improved than those that are savage. Like them, however, they are often at war with one another, and make slaves of their prisoners. 6. Some barbarous nations live in tents, and others in small, rude huts. Some have many horses and cattle, and others possess nu- merous camels, on the mjlk and liesh of which they subsist. Barbarous Life. — Arab Encampment. 7. Many of these nations cultivate the ground to a limited ex- tent. They make coarse clothing, and practise a few simple arts. 4. What nations are savages 1 5. What are barbarous nations? 6. In what do some barbarous nations live? 7. What do many of these nations cultivate, make, and practise ? — What nations live in a I t t .' ; I i.'f 15G PRIMARY GEOCIIAPHY. Tho Arabs f)f the Desort, tho WandoriuLT Tiirtars, rafTres, and va- rious other African nations, live in a l)arbar(tu.s manner. 8. Tho half-civilized races arc the Turks, Persian?, Moors, Hindoos, Chinese, Birmans, and Jaj)ancsc. 9. These people reside in cities and towns. They cultivate the earth, and carry on certain manufactures with a considerable (!«•- /rree of skill. They arc not utterly destitute of learning,', but are ignorant of true religion, and treat their women as slaves. 10. The most improved races of men are the civil- ized and enlightened. These all profess the Christian religion, and are of white complexion. 11. They are much superior, in learning and the arts, to the other races. They practise the art of printing, and carry on agriculture, manufactures and commerce, to a great extent. 12. The ])rincipal civilized nations are the Austrians, Russians, Spaniards, Portuguese, and the people of South America. Though these nations possess many advantages over those that are less Jmi)roved, yet among them the great body of the people are but imperfectly educated. 13. The principal enlightened nations are the United States, Great Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and Prussia. 14. In these states, colleges and schools are numerous, and almost every person can read and write. Bible and missionary societies abound. The female sex is honoured and respected. All persons may worship God in the way they believe to be agreeable to his \\'ill. barbarous manner? 8. Which are the half-civilized races 1 9. In what do these nations reside 1 — What do they cultivate, and cany on 1 — What is said of their learning, religion, &c. 10. Which aio the most improved races of men? II. In what are they much supe- rior 1 12. Which are the principal civilized nations] — In what state are the great body of the people? 13. Which are the principal en- lightened nations] 14. What are numerous? — What abound? — What is honoured and respected? — AVhat may all persons do? OOVKRNMENT. 157 LESSON 75. GOVERNMCNT. 1. Government is the power by which the laws of a country are made and administered. By the operation of this power, when wisely directed, the jrood and vir- tuous are protected, and the wicked punished. 2. A free and good government tends to make a nation industrious, prosperous, and happy. Under a despotic and bad government, the people become indo- lent, degraded, and miserable. 3. There arc two general forms of government in the world, Monarchy and Democracy. Birman Nobles prostrating themselves before their Sovereign. Questions. — 1. What is government 1 — What is the result of the operation of this power, when wisely directed 1 2. To what does a good government tend 1 — Under a bad government, what will the |)eople become 1 3. What are thfif two general forms of government :i'Mr i f 'ii 'M ' It i' ■m U 111. 158 rUIMARY GBCKJRAPIIY. 4. Tlio propio, under a monarchy, arc governed by an I'lnpcTor, or Kini^. He remains in that station as lonrr as ho hvcs, whether he be a good or a bad man. 5. In sonio rnuntrios tho sovorrigrns nrr dospots and tyrant.s. Horo tho jMopIc, (H'on of tlx* liijjhrst rank, must bow thrir faces to the raith, and crocp on thoir hands and knees, when they come near tie throne where tlie king is sitting. G. Under a Democracy, or Repubhcan government, the laws are administered by a President, who is elected by the people, for a certain number of years. 7. If the president does not act wisely, he need not be elected a se- cond time ; but another person may be chosen in his place. In the United States, none of the presidents have filled that office more than eight years. President of the United States receiving bit Friends. In the world 1 4. What are the people under a monarchy governed by 1 5. In some countries, what must people, even of the highest rank, do 1 6. Under a democracy, who are the laws administered by I 7. If the president does not act wisely, what may be done ? GOVERNMENT. 159 8. The citizens of republicun governments enj -11 u* ■ 1 1' i ■ 1: 160 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. LESSON 76. RELIGION. 1. Religion is that worship and homage which all men owe to God, as their Creator and Preserver. Re- ligion is of two kinds, True and False. 2. True religion consists in worshipping God in the manner taught In the Holy Scriptures. False religion consists in worshipping idols, or images, representing men, beasts, birds, or other things. 3. The Pagan, Christian, Mahomedan, and Jewish, are the forms of religion most prevalent in the world. 4. Some Pagan nations worship idols, or images. Some worship fire. Some adore the sun and moon. Others consider certain rivers, mountains and cities to be holy. The principal Pagan, or heathen nations, are, the Chinese, Hindoos, Birmans, Siamese and Japanese. South Sea klanderi preparing Sacrificei to their idols. Questions. — 1. What is religion 1 2. In what does true religion consist 1 — False religion 1 3. What forms of religion are the most prevalent ? 4. What do some Pagan nations worship 1 — Which are RELIGION. 161 5. In some of the South Sea Islands, men and women, as well as animals, are sacrificed to idols. In Ashantec, and Dahomey, human sacrifices are offered at the graves of the princes and chief men. 6. Christians include all those who lielieve in Christ, the Saviour of sinners. They comprise three great classes, Catholics, Greeks, and Protestants. 7. Christ came to redeem mankind from sin and misery. He taught them to worship God, in spirit and in truth. He instructed them in the practice of faith, meekness, and temperance ; and was constantly employed in doing good. Christ healing the Sick. 8. Our Saviour performed many astonishing miracles. He raised the dead» cured the sick and the lame, and gave sight to the blind. 9. The French, Spaniards, Italians, and many of the Germans, are Catholics. The Russians and Greeks belong to the Greek the principal Pagan nations? 5. What is done in some of the South Sea Islands ! — In Ashantee, &c. ] G. What do Christians include 1 — What do they comprise? 7. What did Christ come to dol 8. What did our Saviour perform 1 9. What nations are Catholics 1 -—Who belong to the Greek church? — What nations are, for tho 11 ■ftrfl i?l !j:i 162 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. churcli. The people of the United States, Great Britain, Holland, and Prussia, are, for the most part, Protestants. 10. The Christian nations are the most enlightened and powerful in the world. Their inhabitants are the only people that enjoy the blessings of free government, and regard women as rational beings. 1 1. The Mahomedans are those who believe in the doctrine of the false prophet Mahomed. The Turks, Moors, Arabs, Persians, and some of the Tartars, profess this faith. Mahomedans, in the Temple, at Mecca, kissing the sacred Stone. 12. Mahomedans are required to pray five times a day; to abstain from food at certain periods ; and to perform a pilgrimage to Mecca. In the temple, at Mecca, there is a black stone, considered sacred, which every pilgrim must touch and kiss seven times. 13. The Jews are the descendants of the ancient people of God, of whom we read m the Bible. They despised and rejected Christ, and put him to a painful death. The Jews still adhere to their origi- nal faith, and do not believe in the Saviour of mankind. most part, Protestants? 10. What are the Christian nations? 11. Who are Mahomedans? — Which are the principal Mahomedan nations? 12. What are Mahomedans required to do? 13. Who are the Jews ? — What did they do? — What is said of the Jews ? ASTRONOMY. 163 LESSON 77. ASTRONOMY. Having, at length, studied so much of the Geography of the earth as is contained in this little book, it will not be amiss for the Scholar to learn something about the sun, moon, and stars. A knowledge of these things may be acquired by studying Astro- nomy. It is .a most important branch of learning, and has excited the attention of mankind from the earliest ages. 1. Astronomy is a description of the heavens. The heavens con- sist of the blue sky, or firmament, that we see above us. The earth is surrounded, on every side, by the heavens. 2. In the sky we see the sun, moon, and stars. The sun gives us light by day, and the moon and stars serve the same purpose by night. 3. These bodies seem to be all the time in motion ; that is, they appear to be sometimes in one place and sometimes in another. In the morning, the sun rises in the east ; at noon, he is directly over our heads ; and, in the evening, he sets in the west. 4. The moon and stars also rise in the east, and set in the west. The moon, besides constantly changing her place in the heavens, exhibits a difference of appearance at different times. Though the stars appear nearly alike, they are of different magnitudes, and of different degrees of brightness. 5. The sun, moon, and stars, are called the heavenly, or celestial bodies. Most of them seem to be mere specks in the sky. They are, however, very large, and are believed to be great worlds, like our own. 6. The immense distances at which the celestial bodies are placed from us, is the reason why they appear so small. If rt were possible for us to go near them, we should, no doubt, find that they contain land and water, and are fitted for the habitation of rational and in- telligent beings. Questions. — 1. What is astronomy 7 — Of what do the heavens consiKf ? 2. What do we see in the sky ? — What gives light by day ? — What by night ? 3. What do these bodies ■eem to be? 4. What do they do? — What does the moon exhibit ? — What is said of the stars? 5. What are the sun, moon, and ■turs, called ? •— What are they believed to be ? 6. Why do the celestial bodies \n f lU li h- -'r-rl ; - ^H ^1 '^i J BJ F' i -1 'A mLV IL 164 PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY. 7. The magnitudes, motions, distances, periods, and order, of the heavenly bodies, are the principal subjects that form the science of Astronomy. 8. The magnitude of a 'eavenly body is its size. The motion means the way in which it moves, or revolves. The periods signify the space of time that is c culled by the heavenly bodies in perform- ing their yearly and daily revolutions. The order of the planets is tlieir system of arrangement in a regular series, as first, second, &c. 9. The celestial bodies may be divided,, according to their nature, into luminous and opaque [o-pa'ke]. 10. Luminous, or shining bodies, are such as give light of them- selves: the sun is a luminous body. Opaque, or dark bodies, are such as do not give light of themselves. They can be seen only by light from some luminous body shining on them. The earth is an opaque body. ^ What belongs to the LESSON 78. ' SOLARSYSTEM. 1. The earth is situated in that part of the universe called the Solar System. This system, or order, consists of thesun, moon, planets, and comets. It is called solar, from the sun. sun, is termed solar. 2. The sun is the centre of the Solar System. It gives light to the world, and is the source of heat. It causes the earth to bring forth grass ; the herb to yield seed ; and the fruit-tree to yield fruit after its kind. 3. If the sun were taken away, we should have no light, except appear so small? 7. What are the princi of astronomy 7 8. What is the magnitude of motion mean ? — What do the periods signify ? 9. How may the celestial bodies be divided ? bodies? —VVhat are opaque, or dark bodies ? — Questions. — Where is the eorth situated ? • — From what is it called solar 7 2. What is earth to bring forth 7 3. What would be the subjects that form the science a heavenly body 7 — What does the — What is the order of the planets ? 10. What are luminous, or shining - How can they be seen 7 —What does this system consist of? the sun 7 — What doea it cause the consequence, if the sun were taken ASTRONOMY. 165 the faint glimmering of the stars. There would be no day. The ground would be all the time covered with ice and snow. No plant or tree would flourish. Mankind would perish for want of food. 4. But God has placed the sun in the heavens to give light and heat, not only to this world, but also to a number of other worlds. In the beginning He caused the light to shine out of darkness, and said, " Let there be light ; and there was light." 5. In former times, it was supposed that the sun was a great ball of fire. Many learned men, however, are of opinion, that it is a woiKl like our own, containing continents, oceans, mountains, and p!ain:>. d It is supposed that the rays of light which illumine the Solar System, proceed from an atmosphere, or air, of a peculiar nature, that surrounds the sun. The rays of the sun are called solar rays. 7. When mingled with the atmosphere on the surface of the globe, it is thought that these rays produce the warmth and animation which render the earth habitable. 8. This appears probable, from the fact that the summits of high mountains are always covered with ice and snow, while at their base, and in the valleys, the heat is oppressive. If heat proceeded from the sun, as from a body of fire, the higher we ascend from the sur- face of the earth, the greater the heat would become. 9. The sun is an immense mass of matter. It is believed to be, at least, fourteen hundred thousand times larger timn our globe. Its distance from us is so great, that it would take a cannon-ball, which moves through the air at the rate of five hundred miles an hour, about twenty-two years to reach the sun. 10. The sun appears, to our naked sight, to be perfectly flat and smooth ; but, from the dark moving spots frequently seen on its sur- face, it is rendered almost certain that it is a spherical body, and that it turns round once every twenty-five days. away ? 4. For what purpose has God placed the sun in the heavens ? 5. Whut was formerly thought ? — What is the opinion of many learned men ? 6. What is it supposed the rays of light proceed from ? 7. What is it thought these rays produce ? 8. From what fact does this appear probable 7 — If heat proceeded from the sun, as from a body of fire, what would be the effect ? 9. What is the ■un ? — How large is it believed to be 7 — How long would it take a cannon*baIi o reach the sun 7 10. How does tlio sun appear, to our naked eight 7 — What i» it known to be ? ^ m n •i I X m \^'^ Hi 166 PRIMARY GROGRAI'flY. LESSON 79. OF THE MOON. * 1. Next to the sun, the moon is the largest and mosc fariiiliar ;.;>- ject that wc see in the sky. It is the nearest to the earth of all the heavenly bodies. Though the moon appears almost as large as tlic sun, it is many million times stnaller. 2. The moon is an opaque, or dark body, and, like the other plane*-?, has no light of its own : it shinrs by ligiit that it i«^ceives from the sun. Though less splendid than that luminary, the moon *.? a highly interesting and beautiful object. 3. The mooii goc^ round the earth, from west to east, once in twenty-nine and a lialf days. It has always the same side, or face, turned towards ii3, 4. Nearly all tisc heavenly bodies present the same appearance ; but the moon is constantly changing. Sometimes it is not seen at all ; sometimes only a small edge is bright ; sometimes one half; and at other times, the whole surface is lurninous, or shining. 5. These different forms are called the phases, or changes of the moon. They are the new, the half, the gibbous, the full, and the olo moon. The engraving will show how the phases appear. New. Half. Gibbous. Full. Gibbous. Half. Old. i Bf _^[^^l c 9 6. At the change of the moon, that body is dark, and we see no- y. 1 Questions. — 1. Next to the sun, which is the largest object we see in the sky? 2. What is the moon ? — What does it shine by ? 3. How does the moon go round the earth ? — What has it always ? 4. What do nearly all the heavenly bodies present ? — What is said of the in»K>n ? 5. What aic these changes called ? — What are they ? 6. How does the new moon apjiear ? — How are the ho»ns ASTRONOMY. 167 'e see no- thing of it ; soon afterwards the now moon appears in the form of a crescent, or siclcle without a handle, in the western sky, just above the sun, when he is settingr. Tlie horns, or sharp points of the new moon, are turned to the left hand. 7. In three or four days more it becomes a half moon ; it then gradually assumes the gibbous form, and, in two weeks from the change, the moon becomes full. It has now completed one half of its monthly joui aey. 8. The fulF moon is round and bright, like the sun, but does not dazzle the sight to look at it. It rises in the east, when the sun sets, and sets in the west, when he rises. It shines all night. 9. The full moon rises later and later every night, and, in a s!iort time, assumes the gibbous form. At three weeks after the first change it becomes once more a half moon ; then crescent-shaped, or horned. In this state it is called the old moon. 10. The new moon rises in the evening, and the old in the morn- ing. The horns of the old moon are turned towards the right hand. Finally, at four weeks after her first change, the bright side of the moon is turned fiom us, and she is no longer seen, until the new moon appears again. 11. Thus the moon is constantly performing her stated monthly journeys round the earth, and cheering the inhabitants with her mild radiance, while at the same time she exhibits her wonderful changes, and furnishes one of the most striking displays of divine power and wisdom. 12. Prayers and sacrifices were offered to the moon by many of the ancient heathen nations, and some of the people of China now worship that planet. The Jews observed the time of new moon, as a period of feasting and rejoicing. They reckoned time by the moon. The American Indians also practise the same method. of the new moon turned ? 7. In three or four days more, what does it become 7 — What docs it then gradually assume 7 — What takes place in two weeks from the change ? 8. What is said of the full moon ? — Where does it rise, Sec. 7 9. When does the full moon rise? — In a short time, what does it assume ? — > What does it become, in three weeks after the first change, &c. ? 10. How are the horns of the old moon turned? — What takes place at four weeks after tho first change 7 11. What is the moon constantly performing? — What does she exhibit 7 13. What were offered to the moon 7 — What is said of the people of China 7 — ^The Jews ? — American Indians ? H ^ !'*•' 1F^ 1 08 PRIMARY ti^:Ori^APIIY. I m r'fl m 1 '1 B, H Bli: ^^HF '^'^ ' fln ' jjtS ^ JUb. ^ i^^H t H ■ ! LESSON 80. r L A \ E T S . 1. TuGRB arc two kinds of stars to be soon in the heavens;— (I i(> planots and the fixed stars. The first are called moving, or wander- ing stars, because they alter their positions in the sky. 2. The planets are opaque bodies, and have no lijjht of their own, but sliine by refloctinethe light of the sun, around which they niovr, or revolve. Some of them are many hundred times larger than the earth; but others arc of less size. Comparative hjzc of the Planets. This picture shows that the earth is much smnller than Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. The planets Venus, Mars, Mercury, and the Moon, are still smaller. 3. The planets all appear to be spherical bodies ; that is, they are round, like a ball, or an apple. Each of them, by turning constantly on its own axis, has a regular succession of day and night. 4. The varied appearance which the su Hace of the planets presents, when examined by powerful telescopes, shows that some parts are hiirh, and some are low ; some are bright, and others are dark. The bright parts are supposed to be land, and the dark parts water. QiTKSTioNs. — 1. How many, and what kinds of stars arc there in the heavens ? — What do they form a part of? 2. What are the planets ? — How do they shino ? — What arc some of the planets ? 3. How do the planets appear ? 4. What are the bright and dark parts of the planets supposed to be ? 5. How 11 1 Li I'LANKTS. 161) 5. The planets are twenty-nino in number. They are ilivided into two classes. The first class cnihraees what ar«* called prinj iry planets, because they revolve imniedialely around the sun. (i. The other class cnipriscs the secondary planets, moons, or satellites. They revoh o immediately arour.d their respective prima- ries, and go around the sun in company with thoso bodies. 7. The satellites are much smaller than the planets around whi( !i they move. They give light to those bodies in the same manner tliat the moon cTllightens tiie parts of the earth that arc turned from t!»e .sun. The satellites present the same changes, or phases, that we see in the moon. 8. The primary planets are eleven in number. Their names are, Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Vesta, Juno, Ceres, Pallas, Jupi- ter, Saturn, and Uranus. 9. The secondary planets, or moons, are eighteen in number. Ol' these the earth has one moon, Jupiter four, Saturn seven, and Ura- nus six. 10. Five of the primary planets, viz. Mercury, Venus, Mars, Juj)i- tcr, and Saturn, were known to the ancients before the birth of our Saviour. The other five have been discovered by modern astrono- mers, within the last fifty or sixty years. 11. The planets perform their revolutions around the sun in difler- ent periods of time, and at different distances. Those planets near the sun, perform their revolutions in less time than those that are farther off, because they move faster, and have less distance to go. LESSON 81. THE PLANETS. 1, Mercury is the planet nearest to the sun. It is the most rapid in its motion of any of the planets, and is much smaller than the earth. many planets arc there ? — What is the first class cuMed ? 6. What docs the of licr class comprise? 7. What are the satellites — How do they give light? — VVhiit do the satellites present ? 8. How many primary planets arc there ? — Which arc they? 9. How many secondary planets are there ? 10. Which five of the pri- mary planets were known to the ancients belbre the birth of our Saviour ? 11. How do the planets perform their revolutions round the sun ? — Why do the planets near the Hun perform their revolutions in less time-tnan those that are farther orfT? Questions. — 1. What is Mercury ? — What is said of the motion, &c. of >ii! 170 PRIMARY GEOORAPflY. RiiS 2. Venua is the serond planet from the sun. It is about twice as far off as Mercury, and1s almost the size of the earth. Vonus is tho most beautiful star we see in the heavens. It apjiears iar^'er to us than any of the other planets, because it is nearer. 3. This beautiful planet is seen for a considerable part of the year in the western sky, just after sun-set. It is then called the Evcninjj:- Star. For the rest of the year it may be seen in the east, immediulLiy before sun-rise, and is then called tHe Morning-Star. 4. Tho earth is a planet, like Mercury, or Venus. It is a very hw^o body; yet, it is believed, if we could see it from the planet Jupiter, which is placed about four hundred millions of miles Irom us, it would appear like one of the smallest stars in the sky. 6. The earth is the third planet, in order, from the sun. It moves, or revolves, from west to east round that luminary, once a year, at the distance of ninety-five millions of miles. 6. It revolves in its orbit at the rate of sixty-eight thousand miles an hour; which is? more than one thousand miles in a minute. Though one hundred and thirty-six times swifter than that of a can- non-ball, the motion of the eartn is not much more than half as last as that of the planet Mercury. 7. The movement of the earth round the sun, is called the annual, or yearly revolution. It produces a change of seasons, and also the difference that takes place in the lengths of the days and nights. 8. The earth likewise turns, or revolves on its axis, from west to east, once every twenty-four hours. This is called the daily motion. It makes the sun, moon, and stars, appear to move from east to west over our heads. In this way, also, the different countries in the world have each their succession of day and night. 9. Though the earth is impelled at so swift a rate, we do not feel the motion, because the people, and everything on the surface of the earth, move with it. If we were travelling rapidly in a steam-boat, in Mercury ? 9. Which ia the second planet from the sun ? — What is Venus ? 3. What is Venus called, for a considerable part of the year ? — What is it called the rest of the year ? 4. What is the earth on which we live ? — How would the earth appear, if we could see it from Jupiter? 5. What is the earth? 6. At what rate does it revolve ? 7. What is the movement of the earth round the sun called ? — What does it produce ? 8. Besides its yearly motion, how does the earth also revolve? — What ia this revolution called? 9. Why do we not feel fcr to us TIIR PLANRT8 AND COMETS. 171 smooth water, the houses nnd trees on the shore woiiM appear to go from us, while the stcuin-buI«» sky. 0. At tho same time, tho various asports of tlio srvon moons which revolve around that planot, add infinite variety to Ha cclfstia! scenery. Of these, .some arc seen risinjr, some settin*;, some of them appearing as half moons, and others full. 10. The sublime operations of Providence displayed throu«:hout that spacious plobe, must, should it be peopled i)y rational l)eini(M, l.'^ad them (o look with wonder and admiration on the works of the ('r«ate\ and prompt them to render to the Divine Architect, that praise which is so justly due to his wisdom and omnipotence. 1 1. The Comets are among the most remarkable of the heavenly bodies. They shine like stars, but have generally a tail, or train, of fainter light, bearing some resemblance to a tuft of liair. 12. Some comets have no tail; some have one, two, or three at a time ; and one has been seen with six at once, spreading out like an immense fan. Some of Jliese bodies have had tails of such vast length as to reach over a great part of the heavens. The tail of the comet of 1G!^0 stretched from the zenith, that is, directly over our heads, to the horizon, or edge of the sky. 13. These bodies revolve, like the planets, round the sun, Init retire to a much greater distance from it. We can see theni only during a part of their course, as they approach the sun. The comets remain lost to our view, during the immense journeys which they perf!hofUram«H>»nd*e5^" The Engraving is a view, or Map of the Solar System. The Sun is in the centre. The cifcular lines are the rxacks or orbits of the Planets, in which they revolve or journey round the Sun. Point out the Sun — Mercury — Vennt. The two last are called interior planets, because they move between the Earth and the Sun. Point out the Earth and the Moon — Mars — Vetla — Juno — Ceres — Pallas — Jupi' ter — Saturn — Uranus. The last eight are called exterior planets, because ihey re- volve beyond the orbit of the earth. Tell how many planets there are. All the black spots on the engraving, except the comet, represent planets. How many nxMitis iios the Earth ? How many has Jupiter ? Saturn f Uranus t m FIXED STARS. 175 LESSON 83. FIXED STARS. 1. The Fixed Stars are those celestial bodies which remain nearly always in the same position, with regard to each other. These stars shine with a bright, twinkling light: they appear to bo infinite in number, ancl are placed far beyond the limits of our system. 2. The distance of the fixed stars from the earth, may be reganled as immeasurable. There is no visible alteration in their magnitudfs or situation, when viewed from opposite sides of the '•arth's orbit. That vast space, which is one hundred and ninety millions i)f miles in extent, may, therefore, be regarded as a point, in comparison to the distance of the fixed stars. 3. It has been calculated that Sirius, the nearest fixed star, must be more than two hundred thousand times fartiier from the earth than the latter is from the sun. 4. Light, which reaches us in eight minutes from the sun, would, it is supposed, be about three years in flying from Sirius to o«ir earth. There are, no doubt, myriads of stars at a much greater dis- tance ; and perhaps many whose Jight has never reached our world. 5. The number of the stars is no less surprising than their distance. In a clear night, we may see about a thousand at once, with the naked eye; but, by looking through a telescope, millions may be seen, in a very short time. 6. Some stars, that seem at first to be single, are found to consist of two, some of three, and some more. They are also of diflerent colours, as yellow, red, blue, and green. New stars occasionally appear, and some disappear. Others become brighter and brighter, for a time, and then fade away. Questions. — 1. What are the Fixed Stars? — How do they phiue ? — Where are they placed ? 2. How may the distance of the fixed stars from the earth be regarded? — In what is there no visible alteration 7 — How does the dia. meter of the earth's orbit compare with the distance of the fixed stars ? 3. How much farther is Sirius from the earth, than from the sun ? 4. How long docs it take light to reach us from the sun, and also from Sinus ? 5. How many stars may we see with the naked eye? — By looking through a telescope, what n)ay be seen ? C. What do sonic stars seem, &c,? — What is said of new stars, •Stc. ? I 176 FiUMAUY GliUCiKAI'UV. I. ' I !i ' 'I I 7. We are ignorant of the nature and constitution of tlie lixrd stars; but as these exhibit no chanj^es in their position, as regards one another, they are supposed to be innnense luminaries, like our sun, surrounded by systems of planets, which they enlighten, warm, and cherish. 8. Observation teaches us that the planets are similar, in many respects, to the earth; we may therefore conclude that those, and otiier celestial bodies, are worlds like our own, and peopled with nmnerous living beings, adapted by the all-wise Creator to the abodes which they inhabit. 9. The universe appears to be infinite in extent, and far exceeds the reach of thought. In its wonderful operations, we see the most perfect order and stability, and we may suppose that the same laws embrace all creation ; which thus forms a connected and harmonious whole. In conclusion, we trust that the few Lessons that have been given on Astronomy will render the scholars who use this little work, de- sirous of learning more about that wonderful science. The Author will, perhaps, at some future period, write a book which will enable them to become better acquainted with the subject. Every one should endeavour to acquire a knowledge of the works of creation. The mind is thereby enlarged, and we are led to a more just understanding of the power of God. It erables us also to com- prehend more fully the order and perfection displayed in the struc- ture of the universe. • Besides the interesting information to be gained by the study of Astronomy, it is, no doubt, a Christian duty, to contemplate the per- fections of the Deity, as they are displayed in the starry heavens. We are directed in the Bible, to " Lift up our eyes on high, and consider Him who hath created these orbs ; who bringeth forth their hosts by number, and who guides them, in all their motions, by the greatness of his strength." 7. What arc wo ipfnoranlof? — What are the fixed stars supposed to be ? 8. What does observation teach us ? — What may we therefore conclude ? 9. What docs the universe appear ? — What do we see in its wonderful operations ? THE END. VAUAHLH N( HOOI. HUOKS PUBLISHED BY THOMAS, (MJVVPERTHWAIT & CO., PIIH^AD., AND For S\I,K DY The Dnokscllcrs irfncrnlhj throughout the United Statesf. MITCHELL'S AMERICAN SYSTEM OF STANDARD SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, IN A SERIES: Adapted to the progressively developing capacities of Youth. MITCHELL'S PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY, containing 120 Engravings and 14 Coloured Maps, designed as a first bunk uf Geography for Children. MITCHELL'S SCHOOL GE0(;RAPHY, accompanied with an Atlas, con- taining 18 Mapi, ongraved from Original Drawings, and executed in a clear and distinct manner. MITCHELL'S ATLAS OF OUTLINE MAPS, (an accompaniment to the School Atlas,} possessing all Uie advantages to bo derived from map-drawing, with a great saving of time. MITCHELL'S GEOGRAPHIC^ i READER, designed as a reading-book for Classes using the School Geography, or for pupils further advanced : nn important feature of thin work is. that its introduction into schools can be cfTocted without additional cnst, by dispen.sini; wiih other reading books. Tnis will bring it within the means of the humblest pupilH, and enable our whole population to acquire an accurate knowledge of the science. MITCHELL'S KEY TO THE STUDY OF THE MAPS COMPRIS- ING HIS ATLAS ; in a series of Lessons for beginners in Geography. MITCHELL'S HKJH SCHOOL i^EOGR APHY, WITH AN ATLAS, tin press.) will contain about ftOO pagfg, and comprise a complete system of Mathematical, PhyHiral, 'olitical. Statistical, ond Descriptive Mudern (>-:»rigru|)hy, tui^elher with a compendium of Anciiiu Geoeruphy, and the whole will be illustrn'''d by Viewti, reprcstMitations of rt^markable natural objecii^, Illustrations of Costumes, Architecture, Raceu of Mun^ Animals, Stc. The whole uf the Engravintjs executed by the tint artists of the couutry. The Atlas to nccompany the above wi! contain not less than 30 Maps, constructed pnrticulnrly fur the work, and designed to correspond with und illustrate it in the most precise manner. The Maps will be engraved in the neat and distinct Ktyle for which those of "Mitchell's School Atlns" are ilixun- guished ; they will contain, however, in some respe;:ts. a ureater ntnount of detail, and such addnional particulars as the higher und more advanced grade of tuition fur which they are intended may duiuui.d. FROST'S UNITED STATES. — History of the United Slates ; for the use of Schools and Academics. Hy John Frost. Illu.'«tratcd with forty Engravings. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, FOR THE USE OF COM- MON SCHOOLS. — By John Frost, author of History of the United S'atps liir ilie use of Schools and Academies : condensed from the Author's larger History of the United folates. FROST'S AMERICAN SPEAKER.— The American Speaker, compriHJne a Comprehensive Treatise on Elocution, and nn extensive Seleciinn of Hperimeiis of Amerirnn (iinl K>i- roign Eloquence. Eiiihi'llished witli cnirravi-d Portraits of dislinguibhod American Orutoru, on steel. Ity J. Frost, author of History of (ho I'niled Slates. (177^ 178 VALUABLE .SCHOOL ROOKS. PINiNOCK'S i:\C;LAIVD. — Pinnock'H improve*! wlinoii of Dr. GoldHiniih'* Ilial(ir)r of KiiKtand, from Uio Invoaionuf JuliunCuitar to Uivyviir JCiJi?. illuNtralud with 30 Lngravionii on WuiMt. PIS DOCK'S GRKECK. — Pirinock's improved edilion of Dr. GoldHmilh'H History of (JMHTf; wfiili Uucatiotis for ExttoiiiiaUon ul Uiu tud ol uacli Hvctioii ; with M Eit^ruviiiKa, by Aihvrtuii. PINNOCK'S HOME. — Pinnock'a improved edilio i of Dr. Goldsmith's History (»r Itoiiiu ; Willi Uuuvtitinii fur Kxnminiition at tite t>iid of each Heciion ; wiih 3(1 Kii|iriivint:H, hy Aiiit'iton. SIMSON'S EUCLID. — The Klements of Kuciid, viz. the fir«l Six lJiioiiii>13IAN«8 RUDIMENTS OF THE LATIN TONGUE, new and improved edition, with Notes. By William Mann, A.M. AINSWORTIPS LATIN DICTION ARY.— A tiew abridgment of Aiiis- : worih'ri Dictionary, Kniciish and Latin, for the Ufw* of urammnr iHciinolit By John Dyimick, I.L. I). | A new American edition, with correcli'ms and improvemuntii, by Chiirif" Anthon Jay, Profeiuur of LaiiKuaK** in (Joiuinbia ColleKe, New York, and Hector of the (irnmniu: School. CLARK'S Ci9». iiltlHinilh'fi LngravioKii j'b History ruviiiK». by History ol )y Allit'itoii. H, Ittgelll'T )., I'.ir.t ritiiH ^sefMitioiis llixcti lo ctr- ', new ami t of Aiii*- ..rk. l.l.. I». Frofessur ut il imprt)ved id cuiiiainiiig ELLING b'rench und f an expe- Meiuuiatiuii. ES. ; of Schools, ]g. New edi- ATRICK Chapter, and Buiiuble fur a adapted to Vashington ; g8. apled to the GRKKCK. ILE TALES, -By Charles lUB EiigruviiiK*