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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA. 11 est fllmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en has, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. )y errata Bd to int ne pelure, ipon A 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 *f> BIOGRAPHIA NAUriCA: O R, MEMOIRS OF THOSE ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, TO WHOSE INTREPIDITY AND CONDUCT The ^^'^ ^ ^ S I|_^^|j|yM^ E BTVE D. TJm VicTomiJ of their Fleets, the Increase of their Dominions* the Extension of their Commerce, AND THEIR PRE-EMINENCE on the OCEAN. I M TBRtrBE f#b W I T ■ The moft mtterial Circamfttnces of Naval HistorV, from * the Norman Invasion to the Year 1779. Embelliihed with Copper-Plates. , By Dr. J. CAMPBELL, and JOHN KENT, E»q. IN FIVE VOLUMES. ^ VOL. L ZMStAItS I■.^ l4|>0. WI|ICH CAN NI^TKK BB COMBO WMILIT TBB KlMC4 .i:*pi(X«]( ,1cixr'tH}l\]&0MPV((0V QE TBB Sba«. ^4 •••*•' .'. * r. : '.. .• • •'.*;• ', . S;* 5w*tT«» Ralbioh. •• •• ,*. .. . . ^.•. •^::-: • :*; ; ;r ; ' ■\ . D U. B L 1 N: ' Primtid for J. Williams, [No. ao. ] Damb-Strbit. M.DCC.LXXXV. •' t? » ' -•. • < • • • 1 • • < -« 1 ll • • • ^. • • • J , • • > • • ., •• • . • • « • • . • •/ » • • 1 j'<.»« ■•• » ■^•" »*»' T T H E P U B L I C. ■■jT-'^' THE Hiftorian who endeavours to j^« cord the fplendid Succefles, and the commercial Difcoyeries of the Naval Arma- ments of England^ is not under the leal^ Ne^ ceffity of expatiating on the obvious Ufip and Confequence of his ^ittjtts* T^c intrepid F^triotifm, the unreinittin^Zeal, and the atten* tive Policy of Thofe who have at once main- tained the Glory of our Flag, and the Freedoni of our Trade, are Points which mud be inter- efting to every Lover of his CSountry. I will not do the Reader fo much Injuftice as to fup- pofe that any Arguments can be requiiite to sillure his Attention towards Subjeds which fo forcibly demand it. Should He properly feel Ws own Weight as a Member of the Communi- ty, He will be pleafed to countenance a Detail of Fafts glowing with the Public Virtue of his A % Ffliow- 56300 TO THE PUBLIC. fellow-Britons. To thcfc gallant Individuals He will turn with a redoubled Veneration, when ttc rcflcds that the Foundations of the firmed Pillars which, for a long Series of Years, have fupported the magnificent Fabric of our Nation*, al Importance, were laid (if the Exprcffion b^ ^owable) in the Ocean. Yet, however needlefs it may be to dwell on the utility if the Work, I atn bound to inform the Public of thofe Materials which will afliil me in the Profecution of it. The valuable Productions which have hitherto ^ti^a^ed dti this Subjea, h^Ve not ^tzspcA Mf |^6.ti^6, -and will. Hi eVery pHf-op^ OMOfitunky, tiigroTs thy farther AneAti^^ t ihal! ^fti^ fd^ |6w (^hapi, with uti^uid Ste^^,) tht iceti* Tate aii^ difceiliih^ lili^^ U.»^f//; 0n lifiahy oc vcral of the beft Writers of the Age, he hath erred in fome important Particulars, and omit« ted others of equal Gohfequence. I ihall at* tempt to corredthe firft, and introduce the laft« ' In this, iiowever, I make no Claims to Com* snendation. The fole Advantages in my Fa^' ' vour refult from my having the Opportunity of examimng, at a later Period, thofe numerous and refpedable Authorides, to which Mr.Can^- bell was a Stranger* Five and twenty Tears are ^lapied fince the Appearance of tus Work. Dur* ing this Space of Time, fudi Materials relating to my Subjed (although blended with other Points,) have continually ftarted up, that I may . venture to affirm, that the Affiftance which 1 receive from lUm will be^ttksaft equallied by that which I fhall obtain from^keri. Let not this be imputed either to Vanity, or Detraction* I iland at the Bar of the Public, not di(refped« fully prefumptuoUs, but in th^ .. humble Hope '.wluch always is accompanied by Fears; and I difdain the Thought of tearing a fmgle Laurel from the Brow of Him who beft defcrves it* Were I to mention the other Writers whom I (hall occafionally confult, I fhould trefpafi upon the Patience of the Reader* Be it fudi< cient to remark, that I have availed myfelf of A3 foreigtL TO THE PUBLIC. foreign and of domeftic Hiftorians $ of Pr edc- ceflbrs, and of Contemporaries* Exclufive of the Materials which afe in my own Pofleifion, I have had accefs to Public, and to Private Libraries* Amidft thefe, I for- tunately obtained Refources fromLetters^ Jour- nals, fcarce Memoirs, Manufcripts, and State Papers. Such Advantages alone were fufficient to animate me in my Enterprize : But my Ar- dour is augmented by the Certainty that fome Families, to whom I have the Honour to be ;d- lied, will obligingly furniih me with Intelligence relating to thofe amongft their Anceftors, who ferved their Country on the Seas. In the Courfe of this Work it will appear that I have blended with the Biography of our Na- val Heroes all interefling Points of Hiflory, with which they ai^ even diftantly conne^^ed ; yet I have gone nb farther : Every Material ca- pable of giving Light to the Subject is brought forward ; and, not to tire the Reader, rejeded from the Moment that it ceafes to illuftrate. I have alfo taken Care that the Introduction of Fa£t8 (hould be preceded by a cool Compa- rifon of their different Relations : As far as my humble Judgment led me, I have thrown afide whatfoever was the leaft doubtful, and adopted nothing which did not bear the Stamp of Au- thenticity. I have endeavoured to expofe the Falfi- Q TO THE PUBLIC^ Valfities which ^yc too long b^eo^ fiai^ed by inattentive Confidence, and to prod^pe tli« Truth emancipated from arbitrary Influence, Paflbns^ Prejudice, and Private interefi* I fed a Fleafure in acquaunting the Reader that) through an impartial Progrefs, He will perceive that I am more frequently the warm Encomiaft^ than the rigid Cenfon It is highly to th^ Credit of our Countrymen^ that the An- nals of our Naval Hiftory are only flightly ftained with worthlefs Characters. To mark them is a painful but a neccflary Office t ^d, here, I will not tf efpafs on the facred Bounds oi Truth, nor meanly ihun the Road to which fhe may dired mci The juft, and fpirited Example of the Roman Writer fhall be always in my View : Like Him, I cannot dare to circulate a Falfity, nor do I dread a iingle Confequencd which may arife from the Recital of a flubborn Itaft : " Ne quidfalji dicere atideam^ ne quid vert ** non audeam** \ an^ confcious that thefe Du- ties of an Hiftorian, from which no Motives fliall withdraw mcj will Call upon me for Re- marks unpieaiing to fome exalted Individuals who are now alive ; neither am I fcnfible that the gres^t Law of Humanity, by which we arc; forbidden to difturb the Afhes of the Dead, is to be maintained inviolable in every Cafe. Thd bed Apology for the Freedom of Inquiry may A 4 bi tX) THE ft)»LlC. ^^li Mid ^tf«i4y tonvilioes vti^^ihtLt thb jAttipirt^ Irdifioii^f Mblic Rcfiroacb, is due ^ tbie cbitf Incitements to Public Virtue. :yi* in 'JVuii ■<•■ m-.- . '.;.*• o: •T,^. : :ir tj ■ii;^' •xiihi) -.;,.>.,j5i:vUlji Mi^ ■/':fA <•<• K • ; V/ ::V I..... t'n 94 ih TTHE '.'■^/l ■flt'J /. T H B INTRODUCTION. AS (bme learned Antiquarians {a) have unqoeftt- onably eftablUhed the Authenticity of the Britijk Hiftoiy, trahflated by Geoffrey oiMonmoutk, we maj venture to fit the Infancy of our Naval Power at a Period prior to the Expedition of Juliut Ckfir^ It is needlefs to remark that the firft Settlen who came hither, could neither be deftitute of a Marine, nor Strangers to its Oeconomy. Their infular Advan- tages muft alfo have induced them to increaie their little Fleets, and to improve their Knowledge of Matters which related to them. By aiming at Se- curity, they muft have acquired Power ; and this Power, although not formidable enough to maintain an uncontroulable Superiority on their neighbouring Seas, might, at Times, have led them on to ViSory, or augmented (a) Sec the Preface to Geoffrey of Monmouth, by Thomp- foB.— ." Hiftorias Britannicae Defenfio," by Sir John Prife i 4^10. Load. 1573— The EpiftledeBritannica Hiftori&re£l« intelligendft, by Doftor Powel.— And the Pre&ce to the Britifh Lexicon, by Do&ot Davies. lo I N T R O b U C T I O N* augmented the Difficulty of defeating them. The Difcovery {k) on a Mountain of Britain^ of the Main-^ maft.of the hrge Sfiip conftru^ed by tiiero, is a Point which hath been much infUled upon, as a Proof of the Naval, and Commercial Importance of our ear-^ lieft Anceftors. To dwell upon this, is, however, un* neceflary, as an indefatigable Inquirer hath proved (r)^ from the Commentaries o^ Julius Cafar, that the Ma- ritime Equipments of the ancient Britons were far ,from bein,'i:' inconfiderable. Thefe, it. is imagined, were either much difabled, or deftroyed, when they engaged on the lide of the Fleet belonging to the Veneti, The naval Expedition of Brito, or Brute {i), who eftabliflied a Colony in this Uland, is the ^rft up^n Record. G^raldus Cambrels, (Bifhop Ele^ of Saittt Davids* f about the year 1200) ah Author (b often quoted, and referred to by Mr. Camden, as of indifpu- table Credit, hath mentioned this Particular {e), avail- ing himfelf of the Authority of the Saxon Writers. The Story of Belinus, who is, by fome Authors, fup* pofed to have invaded Italy, and returned vi£boricus to his Kingdom oi Britain, is fo vaguely told, and fo weak- ly fupported by Probabilities, that We may venture to rejed it as a Fi6lion. The Roman Writers (/) inform us, that the Veflefe of the Britons were meanly con(Uii£ted with Wicker, over (h) Athenxi Deipnofophifl. (r) Selden : Mare ClaUfum. I. 2. C. li id) A. A. C. 1 195. (r) Caiubris Defcript c< 7. apud Camdeft. An^I. Norman. ttc. if) Cafar de Belle Civil, lib. 1. cap. 54v-^GUm Pftlf- hift. cap. 35.<—<'Lucan« Pharfal. lib. 4. AS INTRODUCTION ii over which they threw a Covering of Hides ; and tdd, that their Commanders, fenfible of their Inability to grapple with the Enemy, had never even given Orders to attempt it. Notwithftanding this Account, there is Reafon to believe that the Fleets with which the Brif J9rtt aflifted the Gauls were well built, and powerfuUy equipped ; and that thefe leathern Veflels were for the Purpofe of fifliing on their own Goads, as to this they were afterwards applied by the Romans, If it be true that the Britons had no Ships of Force at this Period, we muft impute it, not to their having been previoufly deftitute of them from an Ignorance how to conftru& them (g), but to the irreparable LofTes which they fuffered in common with their Allies, the Feneti, In the Relation of the next Circumftances which fall within the Province of a Naval Hiftory, fome No- tice muft be taken of Caius Caraujius, He was hy Birth a Afirmi/im, ignobly defcended, and meanly edu- cated. A natural Intrepidity, which he had frequent^ exerted in the Naval Service of the Romans recom- mended him to Maxtmian, who then reigned over the Weftern Parts of the Empire. The Seas were, at this Period, much infefted by Pirates, and a Fleet being fitted out in order to deflroy them, Caraufius (^) was chofen {g) Selden.-;-Hiftoire du Commerce, ct de la Navig«ttIor. des Anciens, p. 202, See alfo Strait's Compleat Vievr of the Manners, Cuftoms, &c. &c. of the Inhabitants of Eng- land, &c. Vol. I. p. 6. — Of this elaborate Performance, . I Ihall freauently avail myfelf in the Courfe of the follow- ing Memoirs. I am not, by a Multitude, the only Reader who will gather Inftruftion, and Anmfenient from the Re- fearches of this unwearied Antiquary. To fuch Characters a Tribute of Refpe^ is due. W'ithou*: them, the Page of Hidory could not nave been fo muchenlightened av it is. {h) A. D. 388. «« INTRODUCTION* ^cboien to command it. Not to inquire whether the In- finuation that he proved treacherous to lus Employcf, neglecting to take them until they became rich by their Depredations, and then feizing on, and converting their -Ships, and Cargoes, to his own u(e, be juftly tbund* fd, I (hall only obferve, that Maximian, by endea- ^^rouiing to have him privately aflaffinated, either fug- gefted to him, or confirmed him in the Refolution of Jifpiring to the Sovereignty of Britain, The Steps which led to the Execution of his Projeft were thie more eafy, and rapid, as the Policy of his Condu6t, 4ind the engaging Gentlenefs of his Manners, had fnade him at once the Favourite of the Soldiers, and of the Sailors. The Majority of thefe fo effedually fe- iconded his Refiftance to the Oppofition from Maxi' -MMw, that this Prince was driven to the Neceffity of #cknowledging him Emperor in Britain (i). It would be difficult to advance a better Proof of <^ Importance of our Marine, at this remote /Bra, than the Inability of the Romans to defeat the Meafures of Carau/iut. It could have availed but little that the Britons were inclined to receive him as their King, if the ftrong Squad ron with which he crofled over to their Ifland, had not reduced Afaximian to a Submiffion '4)Ut ill agreeing with his Defire of Revenge. f Carau/iutf convinced that the fureft Means of acquir- ing Independency, and Power, would refult firom the Augmentation of his Navy, was unremittingly atten- tive to all the Points which were the moft likely to pro- {{) This is apparent from the Coins of Caraulius, fome of which ftill exift. They repvefent, on one Side, his Head, with this Infcrlption: IMP. • CAR AUSIUS, P. F. AUG. and on the other Side, the two Emperors, joining Hands, in allufion to this Agreement. , I N T K O D U C T I O N. n promoti it. His Subjeds, to whom he had endeared himfelf by the Mildnefs with which he governed, be^ held with Pleafure a Syftem of Operations fo evidently calculated to render the Kingdom equally refpedabhi ftnd fecure. They feemed to feel a Prefage of their future confequence, whilft their Sovereign gave ordert for the fortifying of their Coafts, and entered into ail Alliance with the Franks, and other formidable Nations, feated on the Thraeian Bofpitrui, In one Article of the Treaty, it was ftipulated that they fliould fend a powerful Fleet into the Mediterranean^ which, failing through the Streights of Gibraltar, (hould join his Shi pi in the Britijb Ocean, and, together, attack the Ronume^ ConftaiUiurf and Maximan were not idle Spedaton ef to alarming a Confederacy. They loft no Time ift tiecruiting their Troops, and manning their Navy; With the firft, Confiantiut marched, and laid Siege tb Sntloigne, from whehce Caraufius, having, with a frnal Number of intrepid Followers, forced his Faflage through the Camp of the Enemy, embarked, and fooa afterwards landed in BritaiH. With the laft, confifl- ing of a thou(and Sail, equipped from the Magazines im the Rhine, Maximian proceeded to the Afliftanee ^f his Partner. WhiHl CaroHpus was engaged in fi^ ting out his Ships, his Harbours were blocked up by a tiumeroUs Squadron under the Command of ConJIantiufi and the reft of the Roman Fleet pafling through the Streights of Gibraltar, came up with, and engaged the FratAs, over whom (if the tefthmony of an ancient Au- thor (i() can be relied on) they obtained fo abfolnte a Vidory, that not a fingle Individual remained alive. The brave Ardour of Carau/tut was not to be extiil- gulfhed by Misfortune. He redoubled his Perfeverance in (i) Eutrop. lib. 9. 14 INTRODUCTION. in the Preparation of his Naval Armaments, and had nearly brought it to a Completion, -when AlleHutf aq Officer of exalted Rank in his Service, and his mo(^ intimate Companion, deprived him treacheroufly of his Life. This Afiaflin feized upon his Crown (/), too contemptible an Objed to juftify the Violation of all the Ties of Loyalty and Friendlhip. AUe^us, without any of the Abilities of his Prede- ce0br, contrived to maintain a confiderable Force, as well by Land, as by Sea. He ravaged the Coafts of Gauif and obftruded the Commerce of the Romans, Ckmfiantiut, although burning with Refentment at his Depredations, was fo prudent as to evade an A&ioo with a Fleet from the Superiority of which he had every thing to dread : But, in Procefs of Time, hav* ing increafed the Number of his Ships, he ftood out to Sea, and fteered his courfe towards Britain, AlUc tus, whofe Navy was then lying at the lile of Wightf ikiled, on the firft Notice of this Expedition, in Pur- fuit of the Romans, who, availing themfelves of a thick Fog, pafled by, and afterwards landed in his Domi- nions. Conftantius gave Orders for the burning of his own Fleet, that his Soldiers, feniible of the Impofiibili- ty of efcaping, if defeated, might the more obftinate- ly difpute the Vidory, with their Enemies. AlUSIus, on his return to Britain (i»), haftily drew together an Army unequal in Point of Difcipline to the Veterans ys'ith whom they were to engage, and feeling too in- furmountable an Averfion from their Chief, to rifque their Lives in his Defence. Under thefe^circumftances, it is no wonder that they became an eafy Conqueft to tht Romans, AlUilus, urged on by Temerity, and Defpair, (/) A. D. 294. (m) Eutrop. INTRODUCTION. is Defpair, without waiting for the Arrival of the main Body of his Troops, oppofed himfelf to Jfclepiodotufp (who commanded a Party of the Enemy,) and in a ter- rible Conflid, was (lain (n). After this Epoch, the Romans^ convinced that the moft irrefiftible Part of their Power muft refult from the Superiority of their Marine, were affiduous in build- ing Ships, and eftablilhing Garrifons, at the beft Sea- ports. Amongft thefe were reckoned Otiom, or Haf- tings, in Sujfex ; Dubris, or Dover, Lemmanh, or Hythe^ in Kent ; Regulbium, or Reculver ; Rittupis, or Rittupa, RhhbQrough ; Anderia, Newenden, all in the fame Coun- ty ; Branodunum, Branchejier, in Norfolk, and near tp the Waflies ; Garionmnum, Tarmouth ; and the Port of the Adurm, now Alkrington, or Edrington, not far from Shorekam, in Sujfex (o). When the Power of the Roman Empire was verg- ing to its Decline, the Care of the livry of Britain .became entirely negleded. The Ships were fuffered to rot in the Harbour^ and every Invader found the Ports unable to refiflr him. At length (^) Offa, the eleventh King of the Mercians, introduced a very con- .fiderable Marine Eftablifliment ; a Circumilance whidi not only fecured to him the Friendihip and Alliance of Ckarlemagn^Xg), but rendered him fo fuperior to the ri- val States, that none of them, during a Space of tine Years, were fuccefsiiil in their Invafions. We next perceive Eegbrighf, King of the Weft Saxons ^ Sxtvng Quty on his Acceflion to the Throne of Bngland, a for- («) A. D. 296.— Aurel. Viaor. in Caefarib.— 7. ip) 755. Chron. Sax. p. 59. (^) Gulielm. Malmeib. 1. i. c 5. I^ INfRODUGTlONt fbnnidable Navy, with which he gained a %nal YiGtoif over a Dmijb Squadron, confifting of thirty>five S|up«» near Ckarmock in Darjttfiire. EOelfioH^ wfailft hb Fa-» dier was yet living, commanded a ftrang Fket, and, in an obltinate Engagement, took nfne of the Dmuftt Ships, and compelled the reft to withdraw from f ht Goaft. Yet, fliortly afterwards, the Danes appeared belbre it, with a Squadron of three hundred and fifty fiul, and difembarking with their Troops, firft feized 4» Canterbury f then took Pofleifion of other Places, iknd, at laft, became Mafters of London (r). From this Ara, ■mil the Reign of Alfred the Gfeat, we are not for- niflied, by any abfolute authentic Records, with mate- rial Inftances of an Attention to the Sea-fervice. Thik politic Prince fitted out a large and formidable Fleet (/>, in the Manning of which he felefiked thofe of his Sub- jeds who, by his Orders, had been previoufly inftnid- cd in the Art of Navigation, and the Pradice of En- gaging. His armed Veflfels, properly (btioned rountl the Ifland, (b vigoroufly attacked the t>anesi that their Fle^ were totally delftroyed. The Pirates, alarmed it the Appearance oiFan hundred and twenty Ships, guard- ing the Britijb Coaft, were too pmdeat to riik an Ac- tion, in which it was'probable that Vi<6bry would declare sigainft them. They did not even venture, after tli^s iiA lateiligentfe which they had received^ withiii Si^ht of the Force waiting to defeat them. At length (Ot Nafthpi the Diiff^ Chief, appeared d^ the Coaft of ;i!^, with a Fleet of three hundred and thirty StH. The greater Part of the Enemy, difembarking in the /{o/A«r, took Pofleflion of the Fort oi Apuldore, Hafi- m'i (r) Chron. Sax. A. D. 851. > ! , -i^/ (*) Afler. p.9.— M. Weft. p. 179, ,, , (0 893. . ■ ^ INTRODUCTION. 17 Htigf, with a iSquadron of eighty Shipg. entered the TAamt, and fortifying Milton in AW« from thence marched his Soldiers into the Heart of the Country, and rifled the inhabitants. Their ftrag|;lihg Parties were (bon cut off by fome Troops under the Coiiungnd of Alfred, and their remaining Forces werc,^ in' thc- End, obliged to make a precipitate, Retreat on board their Ships (»). The Recital of a Land Engagement may feem foreign to my Subjed; neither ihould I have introduced it, if it had not naturally led to a Naval Tranfaaion. The Eaft-Jn^lian Datuf, and the NortJiumMaru, perceiving themfelves (by the deaths of. GutArum, Prince of the former, and Guthredy who had been appointed by JUJred^ Governor over the latter,) at loofe from all Authority, and animated by the Sight of fb numerous an Army of their Countrymen, revolted a- gainft their Sovereign, and embarking on board two hundred and forty Veflels, landed ihortly afterwards at Exeter, Thither Alfred, at the Head of a chofen Band of Troops, inunediately marched (x), attacked the Rebels on a fudden, and, with a great Slaughter, purfued thofe who efcaped the Sword to their Ships, in which they failed towards the Coaft of SuJfeXt and, ar- riving at Chichejler, plundered all the neighbouring Country. Here it is that we trace another Naval Vic- tory ; the Infurgents were again repulfed ; many of them fell in the Battle ; moft of their Ships were taken ; and the few who furvived the Adion flood off, with the fhattered Remains of their Fleet, to Sea, nor ever ventured to engage in any other Enterprize. When we cOnHder the naval Skill of Alfred, we can- not be furprized at his having triumphed fo frequently Vol. I. B on \u) Affer. p. 19.— iChron. Sax. p. 93. \x) Chron. Sax. p. 93. X i8 INTRODUCTION. on the Ocean. His Ships were conftraded by lus own 'Direaion: large, ftrong, fwift, excellently manned^ ftored.Mrith Ammunition, and plentifully fiirniflied with all neceflary Provifions, they bore away with eafe tlio Vidory from the VeiTels of the Enemy, which had been fitted out with the Precipitation that diverts the Atten- tion from the material Points of Equipment, and ferves rather to haften a Defeat, than to fupport a Refiftance. Each of the Ships belonging to Alfred held fixty (^) Rowers, and was, in all Refpeds whatfoever, twice as well accommodated as thofe which were, at that Time, built by the neighbouring Powers. It may not, how- ever, be ftridly proper to ftile them Ships, as, in fad, they were Gallies, and not unlike thofe at prefent na- vigated with Oars in the Mediterranean. They could with much facility, as they drew but little Water, make a Defcent upon the Coafts, or run up into Creeks; and by their Oars they had an Advantage over the Ene- my in light Winds, or Calms. As being higher, longer, and fwifter than the Veflels of other Nations, they were particularly ferviceable ; by the Force refulting from the two firft Refpeds, they . generally fucceeded in grappling with a fuperior Number of their Adverfa-^ tics, and on the laft Account, they could bear away, as often as it appeared neceflary. The firft Ddlination of nine of thefe Gallies was towards the Ifle of Wight, and the Coafts of Deom- Aire, at that Time harrafled by Free-booters, under the Command of Sigefert, a Northumbrian {z). The Inftruaions given by Alfred were, that his Fleet fhould endea* INTRODUCTION. t^ tndeavour to preferve their Station between the Ehtmf, and the Shore, as he ftffpeded that thefe Invaders would, if likely to be defeated, attempt to quit their Veflels, and feek a Shelter in the Woods. The Execution of his Orders was fruftrated by the Condod of the Pirates, who ran three of their Ships aground : the remaining three ftood out to Sea, and refolutely engaged the Ertg- UJb Fleet ; a fatal Temerity, as two were taken, and every Man flain ; the other, having loft all the Crew in the Attack, except five, efcaped with difficulty. The Royal Squadron then came to an Adion with the three Ships virhich had run afhore, and killed feiveral of their Men. At the Return of the Tide, the Enemy put off to •Sea, but in fo ihattered and leaky a Condition, that they could fcarcely reach the Coaft of the South Saxons^ or SuJfeXt where the Crew of two of the VelTels difem- barked, and tried to fave themfelves by flight ; the third Vefiiel, although moft of the Hands on board were inuch mounded, had the good fortune to efcape: the Fugi- tives who lurked in the Woods were foon afterwards ap- prehended, and conduced to Winchefteri where^ being tried, they were all found guilty* and inimediately ex- ecuted. On the Southern Coaft alone, ftich were the Succ^fle? of the Englijb Navy that, in the Compafs of the Year (a), twenty Ships belonging to the Enemy were taken, and all the Men on board flaughtered; Alfridt ^ho ^^' knew that the nobleft Pdrpoles of a Fleet are not confined merely to War^ and Vidory, when no longer molefted by Invaders^ turned his thoughts towards the Extenfion of Commerce, and the Difcovery bf remoter Counttie^. We learn from an account (^), B a written {a) 897. Copy of the Saxon veriion of Orofius, extant amoneft tke Manufcripti of Jtinius in the Bodleian Library. This (a» 00 INTRODUCTION. written by thb King, that Ohthr, a native of Hdgi^ land {c)f rich, (killed in Navigation, and much conver- fant with the Northern Trade, had, by his Order, made a Voyage to the Coafts of Noi'way and Lapland, On his Return, he delivered to Alfred an exaS Relation of the natural Produ&ions of that Country, the Man- ners of the Inhabitants, and the Mode of conducing the Whale-fifliery ; prefenting him, at the fame Time, with fome Teeth of the Horfe-whale, Commodities then in higher Eftimation amongft the Englifi, than Ivory. Jlfred foon afterwards fent H^ulfflan, one of his Subjeds, to thofe Parts, whofe Defcription of them agreed perfedly with that given by Ohther. Thefe Adventurers will appear intitled to no little Share of Credit, if we examine the entire Conformity of their Narratives to a Work, on the fame Subjed, compofed by Olaus Magnus (J), and publiihed about the Middle of the fixteenth Century ; but our Admiration .of their Exadnefs, Perfpicuity, and ftrid Adherence to the Truth, will be redoubled, when we difcover, as we cer« tainly may, that they do not differ, in any material Particular, from the moft refpedable Authorities of the laft and prefent Age, relative to thefe Countries. About this Vtrio^t Alfred embraced the Opportunity of throwing a brighter Luftre over the Arts of Com* merce, by making them fubfervient to the Purpofes of Benevolence. The Chriftians of Saint Thomas^ inhabit- ing the Peninfttla of India, being feverely diftrefled, Sigel- (as a noble Author juftly obferyes,) is one of the moft cu- rious, and valuable reqiains of oiur Saxon Antiquities— Ap- pendix to the Latin TnuilIationOf Spelman's Lire of Alfred, publiihed by Walkdr. (c) 669 north latitude. \d) Hiftoriade Gentibus Septentrionalibus. Romae 155$. folio. See alfo the EnglUh Tranflation, in (658. INTRODUCTION. ai Sigetmut, or SuitMm, aPiieft, was fent to their Relief. His Orders were to brihg, on his Return, fuch valuable Articles as he could honourably procure. The Succefs of the Voyage exceeded his moft fanguine Hopes. He delivered to Alfred an immenfe Treafure, confifting of Precious Stones, rich Bales of Goods, Perfumes, and various Curiofities. Many of thefe were immediately prefented to foreign Powers, and the Importer of them rewarded with the Biihopric of Sherburn, in the Ca- thedral of which he depofited Tome fplendid Acquifitions from India^ to ferve as future Teftimonies of his Ex- pedition (e). The next Circumftances of our Naval Hiftory may be traced in the Preparation of a formidable Squadron, confifting of an hundred Sail, fitted out by Edwardf the Son and SuccelTor of Alfred^ and ftationed near the coaft of Kent, to intercept, and attack the Northern Pirates. In the Adion which followed, ieveral of the Ships belonging to the Enemy were driven on Shore. And here enfued a bloody Conteft for the Vidory ; each Party difembarked, and drawing up in Order of Battle, fought, for -fbme Time, with equal Advantage ; at length, the forces of Edward, although much di- miniftied by a dreadful Carnage, entirely defeated the Invaders, and left moft of their chief Captains dead up^ on the Spot. Athelftan, who afcended the Throne (/) at the deceale of his Father, Edward the Elder, maintained a power- ful Fleet, with a grand Divifion of which he laid wafte the Coafts of Scotland, to revenge himfelf on Conflan* tine, who rather than violate the Laws of Hofpitality, B 3 by (r) Gul. Malmeibur. de geftis pontific. Anglprum. p. 247 » 248. (/ ) A. D. 925. 1^ INTRODUCTION. by perfidioufly delivering up Gpdfridf his Gueft, «dvifc4 him to efcape. Wjb arc informed that Confiantinit re? duced to Submiijion, paid Hpnuge to Athelfttm for hi| Kingdom (^). This Circumilance is not iniprobable} but we may doubt the Authenticity of an Addition to the Narrative, which afcribes to the Saxon Prince an Cbfervation, glowing with more tnfe Heroifm than could be expeded fronn One who turned his Arms againft a neighbouring State, merely becaufe the Head of it dif- dained to be a Traitor. It is recorded that Afkelftarif prefled by his Attendants to pu|rfue his Advantage over Conftantine, and feize upon Scotland, replied, ** There ** is more Glory in bejiowing than in conquering Kingr ** doms (/i)." I hope the B>eader will pardon me for having made a fliort Digreflion. although it be foreign to the Purpofe, to remark that a Monarch eithef did utter, or (hould have uttered fuch a Sentiment. To return to my Subjed:: We do no( find any\par- ticuTar Mention of the Bnglijb Navy, from the lail Per ripd, until the obilinately contefted Engagefxient be^ tween the Fleet of Atheljlan, and the united Squadrons of the Scots and Danes (i). Thjp King gained a com- plete Vi£tory, both by Sea and L^pd, five Princes, and feven Damjo Chiefs perifliing in the Afkion. HcnceJForward^ thfc Reign of Athelftan continued unmo- lefted, and he found himfelf at leifiire, amidft his At- tention to Public Affairs, to adminifter a ftrenuou? Sup- port to the Interefls of Commerce : Of this w|c have an Example, difcoyering a Degree of Policy and Refine- ment which fcarcely could have been expe£ked in fo dark an Age. He enabled that a Merchant, making three (g) Hoyeden. p, 423'. {h) W. Malmefb. 1. 2. c. 6.— Anglia Sacra. V. i.^,%\%. (1) A. D. 938. INTRODUCTION. «J three Voyages beyond the Britijb Channel, or the Nar- row Seas, on hii own Account, fliould be raifed to the Dignity of a Thane, or a Gentleman (*). It would with Difficulty be imagined, that the Cuftoms of the eigh- teenth Century could fu(f«r by a Comparifon with the Manners of the tenth ; and yet the Subjeds of a Na- tion which prides itfelf in being more pnUflied than the reft of Europe, are, in this Refped, lefs liberal than Athelftan, who difdained the ridiculous Idea, that Trade was a Blot upon Nobility. Edgar, who fucceeded {k) his brother Edwy, and who manifefted fo inconteftible a Claim to the Veneration of his Subjeds, and of Pofterity, was, through the Courfe of an illuftrious Reign, unwearied in his Zeal for the Advancement of his Marine, and the Profperity of his Commerce. Of the Number of his Shipi, the EngUJb Hiftorians have given widely different Accounts. Where ihall we fix, when Computations fo ill that we find them amounting to four Thoufand Hundred (/) ; or to four Thoufand (m) ; or to three Thoufand ; or to three Thoufand fix Hundred (n) ; or, only to three Hundred (9) ? A Writer (^), whom I muft B 4 con- (*) Et (i Mercator tamen fir, qui ter trans altum Mare per facultates proprias abeat, Ille poftea jure Thani fit dig. nus. Judicia Civitatis Lundonite, p, 7 1 .^--Wilkim Leges Ang^ Saxomcit. (k) A. D. 957. (/) Matthxus Florileg. (m) Chron. Joan. Brompton. p. 869. («) Roger Hoveden. p. 426. (0) W. Thorne. (f») Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. I. p. 65. This Author hath paid too great Deference to the learned Sel- den, who makes the Navy of Edgar amount to the fame Number *. A noble Writer f , who cafts the cleareft Light u^:a ai * Mare Clauf. c. 10. t Lord Littleton. 94 INTRODUCTION. confider gs my moft unerring Guide, in the G>urfe of this Wock, adopts an Idea that the Fleet of Edgar ^onfifted of three Thoufand (ix Hundred Ships : but^ with Submiflion to his Judgment, we have Reafon to imagine, according to the Opinion of a celebrated Hif» torian (jr), that, as the Saxon Chronicle obferves that the Fleet oi fithelrtd was the greateft which had ever been feen in England, and, as it muft have been fiiort of a thoufand Ships; fo the Number mentioned by William TAorne comes the nearefl: to a faithful Lift of the Ships belonging to Edgar, Be this as it may, the King ranged his Fleet into three equal Divifion's, one of which was ftationed off the Eaft, a fecond off the Weft, and a third off the North Coaft of the Ifland. With this powerful Armament, a Terror to his Ene- mies, he annually made the Circuit of his Dominions, In the eaftern Divifion, he fteered weftward, cruizing on the Channel^ and putting in at the different Creeks, and Bays, from the Mouth of the Thameif to the I^and's End in Cornwall, In the weftern Divifion, he (ililed for the fame Purpofes, to the Northward, on the Coafts of England, Scotland, Ireland, and the Hebrides ; then coining up with the Northern Divifion, he pro- ceeded upon every Subje£t which he inveftigates, obferves, that it thefe Ships had been built upon the fame Model as thofe of Alfred, the Number of Rowers aboard of them, allow- ing but one to each Oar, would have exceeded two hundred thoufand, befides the Mariners that were neceffary to manage the Sail^, and the Soldiers for Battle. But fuppofing that three in four of them' were of a much fmaller Size, and carried no more than four and twenty Men each, which was the loweft Complement of any that we read of in thofe Days, the Number is ftill greater than Ensland, not united either with Scotland, or Wales, could pombly furniili, to be kept., as it is faid thefe were, in conftant Employment. iq) Hume's Hiftory of England. Vpl. I. Note C. dred nage that and was lofe ited to INTRODUCTION. 2$ ceeded in it to the Mouth of the Thames {r). Thus wife- ly did he train the Seamen to a perpetual Pradice of their feveral Duties, and fo effedually eftablifli his Na- val Superiority on the furrounding Ocean, that lus Ene- mies, although they beheld its rapid Progrefs with a jealous Eye, were too difpirited to attack him. As for the Pirates, who, until the Reign oi Edgar , had proved the Pefts of almoft every Sea, they were fo violently intimidated, that not a fmgle one had the Refolution, during a Period of iixteen Years, to approach the Ifland. The Danes^ alfo, who were then in England, repreflcd their natural Inclination to civil Tumults; nor hazarded an Infurredion, the Confequences of which, fo firmly rooted was the Power of Edgar, would probably have clofed with their total Extirpation (/). . The Naval Superiority of this Monarch was too boundlefs and exaked, to leave the tributary States the Power of refufing it the mod unconditional Submiflion. So implicitly was it acknowledged, that if we can give Credit to our Hiftorians (/), Kenneth, King of Scotland, Malcolm, King of Cumberland, Maccu/tui, King of Mm, and five petty Sovereigns of Britain, confented to row Edgar in his Barge, along the River Dee, from CheJ^ ter, to the Abbey of Saint John the Baptift, where they folemnly bound themfelves to remain his Vaflals^ and to engage, whenfoever it might be neceflary, m the (r) H. Huntingdon. Hift. I. 5.— Hoveden. Annal. p. 426. 427.— •Alured. Beverlac. Annal. 1. 8. {$) It will fcarcely lelTen our Idea of that almoft perpe- tual domeftic Tranquillity enjoyed by Edear, when we ob^ ferve that, during his Abfence in the North, the Britons ravaged the Weft. On his Return, they were totally fub- dued— V. Ranulph. Higden. in Polychron. I. 6. (0 W. Malmefl). 1. a. c. 8. — ^Hoveden. p. 406. — H. Hunt- ing. 1. 5. p. 356. 26 INTRODUCTION, the Defence of all his Rights, by Land, as well as oil the Ocean. To the Supremacy To amply conceded to him by neighbouring Powers, he, on every Occa- iion, renewed his Claim, introducing his Edi£te with an Afleition that he was Lord of the furrounding Seas (»). From the Death {x) of Et^ar, the Declenfion of the Navy was fo rapid, that, in a fliort Procefs of Time, no Force could be coUeded to oppofe a Squadron of on- ly leven Danijb Ships, which appeared {y) in View of Snaim^m, and landing the Troops, at no great Dif- tance from it, lay waiting their Return from the Com- miffion of the moft mercilefs Depredations. In fix Years afterwards, they arrived again, and, unmolefted, gave a Loofe to the fame Exceflfes. Allured by the Facility with which their Countrymen ranfacked the Weftem Coafts of England, the Danes meditated a third Invafion, and coUeding a powerful Fleet, failed towards the Borders of Effex, on which they made an uninter- rupted Delcent, carrying Fire and Sword throughout all the adjacent Provinces (z). They were bribed to quit the Ifland by the imprudent Payment of an ignomini- ous Tribute («), the natural Confequence of which was a fourth Danijb Invafion, in the following Year, when the eaftem Coaft became a Scene of Slaughter, and Devaftation ; as if thefe fierce Aflailants imagined that the Price of their Departure would rife in Proportion to (m) He ftiles himfelf, in the Preamble of an A£t pafled in the fourteenth Year of his Reign, " Edgarusy totius Albivonit " BafiUus, necnon maritimohtmy/eu infulamrum regum ctrcumha-^ ** ^r/MifKOT."— Gul. Malmefb. de geft. reg. AngU 1. a. c. 8. (*) A. D. 975 (jr) Chron. 8ax. ad A. D. 981. (»j A. D. 991. (a) Amounting to ten thoufand Pounds : from tliis origi* nati^ the Danegeld. INTRODUCTION. af t0 the Barbarity of their Condud {b). I dwell upon thefe Circuipftanc^s as, at length, roufmg Ethehred, and hit Council, from their hitherto difgraceful Inattention, they Qccafioned the Equipment of a Fleet fufficiently power* fill to bear away the Vidory from the Danes (c). Here, then, we trace another formidable Marine Eftabli(h- mcnt. The Plan of Adion was great, and calculated tP wipe out the Shame with which the Nation had ^ep too juftly branded. It imported nothing lefs than the total Deftnidion of the Danijb Ships within their own Harbours. But what the Enemy could fcarcely have prevented, was fruftrated by the Condud of a Traitor. 4lfric Duke of Mercia, (whofe Name ihould ever be pronounced with Execration,) for Reafons all equally unjuftifiable, but needlefs to be enumerated here^ deferted to the Danes, with the whole Squadron under his Command, the Night before the intended Adion, and thus expofed his Country, a defencelefs Prey, to thele ferocious Robbers of the North ( . . - ■ (f) The Hydcs in England wc»e in Number two hundred and forty three Thoufand and fik Hundred. Every eight Hydes were to find a Coat of Mail, and a Helmet* This Armour was worn by the Soldiers who were employed aboard the Fleet, as Marines. (^) ** 0?"^ ®* Aremwicus piratam Saxona tra6tus ** Sperabat, cui ^elle falum fulcare Britaimum ** Ludus> et aflueto glaucum nuire iindere lembo." Sidoniua Apollinaris. INTRODUCTION. a^ iignificant a Mtritime Equipment, we are at a Loft to account for the Succefi attending their Invafions. But as we haye no tradition of their having built any large Ships of War, in that Age, the Reader muft be left to his own Conjectures. The Authority of Vtrftegm {K^ who affirms that nine thoufand Saxont came to England in three bng Veflels, called KeeUx, is too ridiculous to merit our attention. Of the Naval Architedure of the Angh-Stucwns in its more improved State, fome Judgment may be form^ ed from the Defcription of a Ship conftruded (at a left early Period,) with Planks of Wood, and fumiihed with a whole Deck. At its Stern were two Bars which ierved in the Place of a Rudder ; on the Middle, mA near to the Maft, was ereded a Cabbin, for the R^ep* tion of the Paflengers ; the Keel ran from the Stem, in^ creailug gradually in Breadth towards the Head» whieh as gradually decreafed up to a Point, in order the more readily to cut the Water in the Ship's Courfe. Whefi foil laden, it became funk fo low that the Head was at- inoft entirely iftimerged in the Water. Over theHead Was a Projedion, intended, perhaps, either for the con-' venieiit Faftening of the Rigging, or to hold the An^-* chor. In the Plate from which this Defcription (fj is taken, the Sail is reprefented as being foried up, and therefore no clear Idea can be given of the mode of fix- ing, and working it whilft the Ship was under Way ; M ihould feem that it was managed like the Sails of the Nortrumt, which were of very little ufe, except when the Ship went before the Wind. No holes were made for (h) Reftittttion of decayed Intelligence in Antiquities, p^' 126. (0 Strtttt's Navigation of the Saxons. V. I. p. 42. plate 9. % I. pt INTRODUCTION. for the' Reception of Oars, and, therefiife, the Veffel here alluded to, was calculated only for SaiFuig. It is almoft needlefs to add, after a Defcriptioni of one pf their Ships, thilt the Saxons had Boats, and dther fmall Craft. The Boats ufed at the Building of the Mona- ftery of Cropland were called Scaphis, To the Barge in which Edgar was rowed up the River Dee, Matthew of Weflminfter applies the Name Naviculum, . . ,f . la two Years after the Crown had been (eized by Gt- r. mite {k)^ he paid off the greater Part of his Fleet, exad:- ing, for that Purpofe, an enormous Subftdy, or Dane- ^fA^ amounting to eighty three thoufand Pounds, of which eleven thoufand Pounds were delivered in by the City of Lofidon. . Forty Ships only were retained to guard' the Coafts, and the reft failed back to Denmark. It appears that this Navy was foon augmented, at the Expence of his EngUjb Thanes, from the Atcount of his j^jpeditiqn {I) to Norivay, on the Coafts of which ^e difembarked a powerful Army from fifty five of his Ve^lsy and returned vidorious to England, in the fol- lowing Year. Not long afterwards, he fitted out ^ Squadron againft Malcolm, King of ScotUmd, who, re- duced to Submiilion, acknowledged himfelf his Vaf&l, and bound his Heirs to the fame Fealty (m)^. A learned Anti<}uarian (n) hath coUeded indifputable Teftimonies, to prove that he maintained his Dominion on the Ocean, with a Degree of Firmnefs and Perfeverance, at no ^ra exceeded, and but feldom equalled by his Predeceflbrs (o). Wc '"(*) A. D. 1019. Chrtn. Sax. (/) A. D. 1027. Chron. Sax. (m) Alur. Beverl. 1. i. — Gul. Malmefb. de geft. reg. AngL L 2. c. 2.— Higden.»--Chron. Sax. p. 150, 154. •{n) Selden. Mare Claufum. 1. 2. C- 12. (•) It may not be inapplicable to the prefent '^tibi^ct, ihould we obienre that Canute, during a Siege, turned che Courle of the INTRODUCTION. jl We. may reafonably infer that the Northern Trade, firft fet on foot by Alfred the Great,^ was confiderably augmented by Canute, who was the Sovereign of Den- mark and Norway. , Few Naval Events are recorded from the Acceffion of Harold Harefoot {p), to the Demife of Hardicamite (y). The Firft levied a Subfidy, or Dtffie'^e/i/, for the main- tenance of (ixteen Ships of War, allowing eight Marks to each Rower, according to the Allowance fettled by Car ttute. The Second raifed it to fixty two Ships, with the fame Allowance to each Rower (r) ; Yet in the following Year it was fixed <(t thirty two Ships (/). Of thefe a Squadron was lent to the Relief of Swain, King of Nor^ Witf, at that Period, expofed to a formidable Invafion. The moft accurate of the old Hiftoiians (/), hath re- corded a Circnmftance, which appears to lead to a Pif- covery of the Numbers, and Manner of equipping thole Marines whicH, in the Reign of Hm^dicaimte, ienred oa board the Ships of War. When^ Prince Edward ac" cufed Godwin of having murdered Alfred, and demanded Juftice for the Crime, the Earl perfuaded his Sovereig9 to receive from him, ,as a Peace'dffering,' a iplendid Gsd- ley. Its Beak and Stern were profiifely gilded ; Within it, were fiurfci^e Men, of whom each wore around his Arm a golden Bracelet, weighing fixteen Ounces ^ OnJUs 'Head was an Helmet, gilded like the reft of his Armour ; Round the Thamest and carried his Ships above London Bridge.— GuL Malmelb. p. 72. (p) A.i). 1035. (9) A. D. 1 04 1. Saxon. Chron. (r) To defray this Expence, twenty one thoufand and ninety nine Pounds were paid, in the fecond Year of hu Reign. («) This Charge amounted to eleven thoufiuii and iwtf eight Pounds. * (/) Malmelb. de geftis Reg. Ang. 1. a. c. la. 3« INTRODUCTION. Itoimd hh Waijl was girded a Sword, the Hilt of whicA was of majffy Gold i On his left Shoulder he fixed a Datujb Battle Axe, ahd in his Hand carried a Javelin {u) ; He wore a triple Qtat of Mail, wrought in Gold % and Ms Shield (adorned with gilded Nails,) was embejfed with the fame Metal {x). Although the Deceafed was Brother to the King, yet Godwin, (fo pleafing was his Gift,) obtain- ed, by the Royal Mandate, an Acquittal, on the fingle Condition of fwearing that he was not guilty of the Crime laid to his Charge. The Saxons are obferved {y) to have ftudied Magnifi- cence in the Equipment of their Royal Veffeb. The Prow of one prefented to Athelfldn, by Harold, the Sovereign of Norwi^^ was wrought with Gold, this Sails were Purple, and the Deck was fumptuoufly gilded round. The weak and eafy Edward ihtroduced his Reign {a) With the Equipment of a Ffeet of thihy five Ships : But there is Reafon to imagine that he was prevented by inteftine Tumults from maintaining it iii a State of ne- ceflary Defence^ as not the leai^ Oppofition was made to a Squadron, under the united Command of Lothenp and Trling, twp formidable Pirates, and confiding of twepty five Sail, which appearing off Sandwich {b) land- ed their Men, who ranfacked the neighbouring Pro- vinces, and departed with Impunity (c). On their fe- cond Arrival, in the following Year, the King embark- ed on board his Fleet in order to engage them, but re- turned inglorioufly, without having atchieved any thing ': < of (tt) Called kateger. " (x) Matt, Weftm. y.(j) Malmelb.. * (a) A. D. 1041. Chron. Sax. (^) This is mentioned as the firft Sritiflf Haven where Ships were built. — Somner's t»orts, and Fori. (r) A. D. 1046. Cbron. Sax. I N T R O D U C T lO N. 33 the the '''^: of Coofiequenoe L The. next/Nural Pnfttratkms in the Hme of Edwiord vriere made to oppofe Earl Gtdwiny who having bought and hiitd Several Ships from the Ports of Baldwuif Count of. Flaader/y manned.tbet^ widi his Dei* pendants, and all Pirates turhochofe taealer. Thus fup^ l^iedy he proceeded to an ExpiedEtibii, intending to make a Descent upon the Coail near Siadumh ; but when he vratiniormed that the Jleyai Fleet, cbnfifting of fifty Sail was- hailening tow&cds him {it), he changed his Re- ibiution,: and Tuddetaly retarned into the FUmiJb Har- bours {eY LtuUed by this Circumftance into an imagi- nary Seearityy the King piiid off the Seanaea, and fuf- fBfled<4he Navy to decay (/.), mrhilft die politic Earl, too prudent to difarm, was waiting for a £iivourable Oppor- tenity to renew Ins Enterprise. At length, he dire^ed iiis Courfe towards the Ifie pf ^/fir, where he was joined by Harcld with a fonnidable Squadron from he- iattd. The inltgnifkance of the maritime Force of £i tjiis Work. William^ Duke of Normandy, haVing prepared a formidable Armament, bentlusCourre towards £if^i^m/, with aDefign to feize upon the Crown. The Royal Fleet muil, at this ^ra, have been confi- ders^- (A) Norths Ant, V (')Tr^f|W»»»i»ft-^f Norway. = {k) JLmm. £mma. p. i66.--^trtttt'9 3ea Afiajrs of the Danes, V. I. p. 85. ■■ (0 1066. January. ■.-■/■ --s .?• '. INTRODUCTION. 35 detable, finc^, not long before, a Viaory had been gained by it over the King of Norway^ who failed up the Humbert with three hundred Ships, all of which were taken, and (excepting Twenty, returned by Ca- pitulation,) applied to the Increafe of the Marine {m)» ThttNarman Prince had coUeded together three thoufand Veffels of different Sizes ; and this Number, great as it was, but ju(i ferved to tranfport his Army, amount- ing to fifty thoufand Horfe, and ten thoufand Foot (n). The Ship which carried IViHiam had been conftruded at the Expence of his Confort Matilda. Its Prow was or- namented with a carved, and gilded Figure of a Boy, who pointed at England with his Right Hand, and with his L^eft, applied to his Mouth an Ivory Horn (9). The whole Fleet (^), with the Troops on board, aflembled, ' C z in («) Gul.Malmefl). de g«ft. reg. Angl. 2. p. 2.94.-^dironl .Sax, p. 172.— Ingulph. hift. p. 9oo.-^Hoveden, p. -448. («) Piflav. geft. Gul. D. p. 197, 199.— .Orderic. Vii. I. t'. p. 500. — Gemiticen. I. 7. c. 34.---GUI. Malmeib. 1. 3. dfe Qui. h f. $6. fe£t. 50. (0) Taylor's Gavelkind, at the End. — ^probably in the AA of blowing tbe Norman Call to Battle. Thus Harec^ on beine informed that hfa Son was flaln by Grymer King of Swedettt exclaimed : *' Let the Bugle Horn found to Arms/' &c.— North, Antiq. V. 2. p. 257. (f) The following is an Account of the Fleet which came over with WilHam^ from an ancient Manufcript, (in the Bri' 4ijb MufeuMy) judicioudy correded by the late excellent Lord Littleton. — ** Willelmus Dux Normannoruni veniens ** in Angiiam, ob adquirendum regnum jure fibi debitum, *< habuit a Willelmo dapifero, filio Oibemi, fexaginta Nar " ves. Ab Hugone poftea Comite de Ceftria totideni. ** Ab Hugone de Monfort quinquaginta Naves, et fexa- ** ginta Milites. A Romo, vel Rumi elemofinario Fefcan- *• ni, poftea Epifcopo LJncolnienfi, unam Navem cum XX *♦ Militibus. A Nicholao Abbate de Sanfto Audo^eno XX ** Naves cum C Militibus. A Roberto Comite Augi fex' *' agima Nayes. A Fulcone claudo XL Naves. A G«- •• roldo : 50 INT ROD UC TI OK. in the Bq^inning of the Sumriier, at the Mouth nf the Rirer Dive, where they wrere detftitKd by unfavourable Winds. Thefe at laft (hifting, they failed Along the Coaft, until they arrived at Saint Vabri, near the S^mmii on the Eve of the Feaft of Saini Michail, the tutelar Saint of Normandy, and on the next Day, landed, with- out Refiftance, iX Pevenfey, in 4itffetc [q). ' We have been amufed by Hiftorians with extraordi^ nary Inftances of that Prefence of Mind which enabled JVilliam to convert the fuperftitiOtis fears of Soldiers^ f^i all other Refpeds valiant to an l^lreme, into the fimieJI Confidence. When, leaping from his Veflel^ he fe% upon the Shore, improving the Omen, he exclaimed, Tkus doth tke Duke ofNorm^ndy takepojfeffim ^Ehg^ land (r) : When the Attendant who was aitning him, had ** roldo dapifero totidem. A Will. Cpttiite d'Evereux oflo- <* einta Naves. ARogefode Montgoneri fexaginta Naves. <icis fecit eflki Na- ** vem qux vocabatur Mora^ in qua ipfe Dux ve6his eft. ** In prora ejufdem Navis fecit fieri eadem Matildis tafan- '<* tulum de auro, dextro indice monftrantem Angliam, et ** finiilra manu imprimentem comu ebumeum uri. Pro ** quofado DuxconcefliteidemMatildiComitatuiuCantiae." —The noble Lord fuppofes, that by the Words " Pto qu9 *' faSo Dux conceffit eiJem Matil£ Comitatum dmtiit,** the "Writer means that |he afligned her Lands in Kent fat her Power i the Country being given by him to his Brother, O^'Biihop of £^0Mjt'. {q) September 28, 1066. (r) Although the UMhivX H^ilUam of Maltnefimy rtcords thb Circumftance, yet we are not bound implicitly to believe ft. " Teneg te Jfrica^' the Obfervatien ot Ci^ '«*«™ *»« ftum- '/ / INTfROPUCtlON. J7 kaid turned the ^reaft plate uplide down* he drew a iucky Prefage from the Miftake, at which he faw fom^ Officers in his Train ooncerned, and fmilingly obferved: By this l^know tist the Strength of nvf Dukedom will U ^ inverted into the Strength of a Kingdom (/). The laft Anecdote appears more authenticated than the former; t)ut I prefent the Reader with both, as, if true, they are diftinguiihing Strokes in the Charader of a Prince who makes fo confiderable a Figure in the Naval Hifto- ry of England^ . The Normans i removing their Troops and Veflels, took Up their quarters at Hagings. Thither Harold difpatch- ed a MetTenger to IViUiam, with an Offer of a confiderf able Sum, provided that he immediately fubmitted to depart the Kingdom. The Terms were fcornfiilly rer je^ed, the Duke anfwering, that he (hould leave his Opponent no Alternative, but to meet him in the Field, or agree to one of the following PropofaU : a Reference to the Arbitration of the Pope ; an Enjoyment of hi? Crown on the Condition of doing Homage for it ; or a Determination of their Caufe in fingle Combat. Harol4 replied (/), that as the Pope was his bitter Enemy, he ihould not be an Umpire ; that the Crown of England was independent, and ought always to continue fiich ; that \ Challenge muft be refufed, as he was already in Poifeifion of the Diadem, and William had none to (lake againft it ; and that of the reft, the God of Arn»ies alone muft be the Judge. ^ Nothing no^r remained but tojirepare.for Adion : Yet C 3 the -i». ftumbled, and fell at his landing, feems to have given riftf to the Story of the Duke of Uormandy. William of PoiSou^ a cotemporary Writer, makes no mention of it. (jrj Praav. de Geft. Gul. Ducis— Orderic. Vii.— Gul. Mahneib. (/) Ran. Higden.—Gul. Malmcib. \^-' ^8 1 N tk blS tj C T^OK. the Englijb were fo remifs, that they paflTed tf^e Night hi Revelling, whilft the Normans employed it in Prayer aifd the various Solemnities of their Religion (»). The' politic Duke, again working on the Superftiti0n of his Followers, informed them that in his Dream, a Voice cried out, William ! thou haft conquered ; thou, and thy Defcendants Jball reign in England. A Monk alfo, who is recorded to have pradifed the Art of flying, affeded to be infpircd, and prophefied that the Normans flioold gain the ViSory [x). By fuch pious Frauds was the natural Intrepidity of the Troops augmented to a De- gree of Phrenfy, and they refblved to overcome the Enemy, or periih in the Conteft. At Seven in the Morning (jr), the Signal was given by IVilham for his Forces to begin the Battle, when they advanced, and with violent loud Shouts (z), made a defperate Attack upon the Englifb. Harold difcovered great Skill in the Difpofition of his Troops, placing the Kentifttmetf. in the Van, and the Londoners in the , Center, where, with Grithus and Leofric, his two Bro- thers, be fought in Perfon. In Obedience to his Or- ders/the Horfemen had difmounied, and thus all hit Soldiers formed a deep Phalanx of heavy-armed In&n* try. Being advantageoufly poded on a Hill, they fu- rioufly aflailed the Normans, as they afcended it, dif- charging on their Heads Showers of Darts, and pon- derous Stones, from lofty Scaffolds made of Wood. Perceiving this, the Duke brought up his Cavalry, and advancing with thefe, and his Foot in the Wings, reached the Summit of the Hill, where the Englijb in- ftantly engaged his Army, Hand to Hand. After a def- perate 08 («) Qui. Malmelb. p. loi.— DeGeltAng. p. ^32. (*) Gul. Malmelb. — jLan. Higden. — Ord«r. Vitalis. (y) Saturday, October 14, 1066. . ■■, («) Piftav. geft. Gul. Due. p. apa- ,^ 'f /( INTRODUCTION. 30 perate Combat, the Normans Atd i hut JVilUam iin<* mediatery haftening to their Relief^ fo animated them by his Condud* that they retovered their Ranks. Thd Battle being again renewed, the BngUJb were forced to retire, with great Lofs. Yet Harold drawing together the Flower of his Troops, made a vigotoiis Refiftancei and the Normans wouU probably have been totally de-^ feated, had not IViUiamf by a fuccefsful Stratagem, re- duced the Englift) from a Ground on which they fought with fo manifeft a Superiority. He conmianded his Sol- diers to feign a Flight : Their Enemies fuppofed it to be real, and purfued them to the Plain, where the Normani ficed about, and drove the Englijb back to the Hilh The Lofs on the Side of Harold was very great ; and yet the little Remainder of his Men, iinimated by his Prefence, and Intrepidity, preferved their Ranks unbro- ken, and continued the Engagement. In the Courfe of it, Harold and William were equally expofed to Dan-^ ger. The Firft fought on Foot the whole Day, killing feveral of the Normans with his own Hand. The Se^ cond had three Horfes (lain under him. Although the Englijb were fo fiercely aflaulted by the heavy-armed Infantry, and fo perpetually galled by the Arrows of the Normans, they ftill remained immoveable in their Pofts. Thus undecided was the Viftory, until the Clofe of the Evening, vrhen Harold, receiving a Shot from an Archer, fell bravely fighting at the Head of his Troops. With him, perifhed his two Brothers, and a* bove fixty thoufand private Men* Thus ended the Battle of Ha/lings, which, howfocver ftlghtly conneaed it may be with the preceding Naval Expedition, is too memorable to juftify my Silence. The Dccifion of the Fate of a powerful Kingdom, by a Monarch with a Part of whofe Reign this Work will ikpen, is intitled to our Attention ; and where the ma- C 4 ritime, 40 I N T R O D U G T I O N^ ritime, and the military Charader unite io the fame Individual, it might be i;(rrong entirely to divide ihemt I fliall often be obliged to foUow the gallant Seaman to his Vidories upon the Sand. I We are informed by a contemporary Writer {a)i that an Englijb Fleet confifting of ft^en hundred Ships of War, were cruizing neat the Harbours of Pe'denfiy, and HafiingSf where the Navy of the Duke Of Norman^ dy was then (hut tip : a Circumflaoce which (as a cele- brated Hiftorian <(^) hath jufty obferved) rendered it •< very difficuh for that Prince to receive any Rein- " forcements, or Supplies," and might have prevented the Termination of the War, if the Troops of HarvU had not been too divided, and difmayed^ to fix upoki another Leader. t V> t, I fhaU conclude this Introdudion with fome ihort Remarks on the Infancy of our Commerce. Of Aich little Value were the few Poflefiions of the earlier Bri' $oru, that the Greek, Pkenician, and Roman Merchants^ who landed on the Ifland with a defign to Trade, fnv^ no Article of Exchange, bat Tin and Lead, for their Cargoes of Ivory, Earthen-ware, Brafs, and Iron (r). At this ^ra, our Anceftors, neither enjoying, nor co- veting the Refinements of Luxury, were contented with the Fruits of their Labour. Thus, generally bu- fied in Hunting, TillagCy Agriculture, apd the Feeding of their Cattle ( when they invaded Britain, were but lit-> t^e verfed in it. f Arrian. Exped. Alex. Magn. 1. 1 1. t De Bello Gallico. 1. 5. (m) Malmefb.— Ant. Glaften,— Struti's Religious Build- ings of the Anglo-Saxons, V. I. p. 33. (n) A. D. 688. (») A Weight of nearly fourteen Grains. 44 INTRODUCTION. hundred, and (ixty five Pounds of Gold, and two thou- fand, eight hundred, and eighty feven Pounds, and an half of Silver. The Saxons, (like fome Barbarians (^ the prefent Age) dealt in Slaves. During the Reign of Edward the Con* fejQTor, GitA, the Wife of Godwiu, Earl of Kmt, accu- mulated an inamenfe Fortune by her Concerns in thia Traffic. Great Gains were alfo drawn from it by the Merchants of Briftol, Mrho, about the Middle of the eleventh Century, yielding to the benevolent CounfeU oiWulfftan, BiOiop of JVorcefter, ceafed to purfue % Cuftom fo difgraceful to Humanity {p). The Ex- portation of Horfes appears to have been another Branch of the Saxon Commerce, and carried, during the Reign of Athtljian, to fo pernicious an Extreme, that a Law was enaded by this Prince, and his Council, which forbad any Subjed Xo &nd Horfes beyond the Seas, ex-^ cept for Prefents (j). The Arts of Weaving, prepari- ing Furs, and dying Linen of different Colours, were pra^^ifed by the Saxons. It is probable th^t they exi> ported Silk, and doth of their own Manufa£kure. Mr< Campbell, after having juftly obferved (r) that the Cloth- Trade was eftabliflied in this Kingdom, at a very early Period, adds that m Record is extant tojbew when it nuoi introduced. Taking the Words according to their li-^ teral Meaning, he may be right ; but, although there Ihould not appear any Record of the exafl Time of its Introdu£lion, we may conclude that this Branch was carried on within the Ifland, in the feventh Century^ as the Anglo-Saxon Laws (/) valued the Price of Wool at {p) HoHngfhed. \q) Leges -^thelft. (r) Lives of the Admirals, V. I. p. 242. ' \s) Leg. Sax. — Stnitt's Manners, and Cbflonis of the Anglo-Saxons, V. 1. p. 74. 3m« J ex-^ INTRODUCTION. 45 at two fifths of the Price of the whole Sheep. At this ] Period, the Saxons (/) iheered their Flocks in the pro* per Seafon, and drefled the Wool, which was afterwards* fpun, and then woven into Garments. Of Alfred, we have already treated ; yet it is but Juftice to add that, as of every thing which (lamped a Value on Humanity, fo he was the great Encourager of Trade. In his Kingdom, the induftrious Foreigner found a generous Welcome. Inventors, Artifts, Me- chanics, were all courted to repair to it, and none de- parted unrewarded (u). His Navigators were fent to the remoteft Countries ; and his Ships returned from the Mediterranean^ and the Indies, not only laden with the Treafures of Commerce, but with the Elegancies of Life (x). Every Subjea felt the Bieflings of Induftry, and reverenced the Prince who taught him to obtain them. (/) Laws of Ina— Strutt's Husbandry of the Anglo-Saxous, V. I . p. 43. («) Afler. p. 20. {x) Gul. Malmefb. 1. z. c, 4. MEMOIRS :r»ti ':f^n 4i sj MEMOIRS O F ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c- The FIRST PERIOD. From the Com<^e8T, to the Accession OF Henry THE Fourth. IT does not appear that when William took pofTeflt- oh of the Crown, his Naval Armaments were in- confiderable. We are informed by feveral Hiftorians that, having landed on the Coaft of England, he im- mediately gave Orders for the burning of his Fleet, that his Troops, deprived of the Power of retiring, might be the more fenfible how neceflary it was that they (hould conquer. If I miftake not, this Anecdote, (like the other, which was probably copied from the Coipmentaries of Cafar,) feems grafted upon a fimilar Taftkge, in an Author who wrote at a much earlier ^poch than that of which we are now treating {a). The circumftance is inconfiftent with the natural Policy of {a) See the lotroduaion, (page 14) where Conjlantius u •bierved to have purfued the fame meafure. \ 48 MEMOIRSOF of WilUam. Such a Condud, in his Situation, would have been more a Mark of Madnefs, ihaii of Fortttudc ; and, for that Reafon, it is abfurd to think that he purfued it. But we have a better Ground to proceed upon, in this Cafe, than G>nje3ure. Three refpedable Annalifts {b) difprove the fa^ ; the Teftimony of the firft, {JfViUiam of Poi£lou) is incontrovertible, as he at- tended the Duke of Normandy when he landed. From him, as from the others, we learn that William, al- though he did not perceive ^y Preparations to reffft him, judged it prudent t6 a^nce ao fanther, an|d em- ployed his Soldiers during the Space of fifteen Day«, (which was the greateft Part of the Time preceding the appearance of Harold,) in building Forte at Pevenfey, and Hajiings, to cover his Ships, and fecure the poffibi- iity of Re-imbarking, in Cafe of a Defeat. We may, therefore, conclude 4h4t die Navy of William was at leaft^ as coniiderable after the Vi^ory which he had gained, as before (r). Some Authors have made it amount to eight hundred, and ninety^x Ships (i). . Wace, (who, towards the Clofe of die Reign oi Henry the Second, wrote an Hiflorical Poem, in Norman French,) obferves that his Feather bad told him that when the Duke fet Sail from Saint Valori, his Fleet confifled oifeven hundred Ships, wanting four (e) On (h) Pidav. G. Gul. Due. p. 199.— Gemiticcnfis; 1. 7. c. 34, — Orderic. Vitalis, 1. 3. p. 500. (c) And probably not niort: confiderable, the Sons of Ha' rold having carried ofFfeven hundred Ships of War. (i/) Verftegan — Speed, &c. (e) I fear thefe miierably uncouth Rhymes (which, in the eleventh Century, were probably, deemed harmonious^ will not be very pleaHng to the Reader ; but as they illu(- trate the Obfervations in the Context, I take rhe Liberty of inferting them. Wace^ the Compofer, was mt. Je a Prebend- ary ofBajeux, by H§my the Second. Ne ILLUSTRIOUS SEAKfEN, &c. 49 On this Evidence* which comes to us only at fecond Hand, We cannot abfolutcly depend. The Author fecnw more intitled to our Credit when, in another Place, Hp affirms that He had met with a written Account, where the Number of Ships carrying Sails (and empbyed on this Expedition,) was fixed at three Thoufand. In this. He agrees with William oijumieges^ a contemporary Hiftorian (/). But the Norman Fleet appears to have exceeded three thoufand Ships, from the Relation of William oiPoiffou who, although He hath not enumera- ted them, declares that they were morcconfiderable thait VoL.L D th« Ne vos voil mei metre en letre, Ne lone men voil entremetre : Quels Barons et quanz Chevaliers Quans VavaKbrs et quanz Soldeiers Out li Due en fa Compaignie, Quant il out prift tout fon Navie. Mais /o 01 Jire a mon pere^ Bien nun fowoienty tnais *vaflet ere, Sluefept cent Nes, quatre nwnst furent ^ S^ant de Saint Faleri s'efmurent, , ^e Nis, que Batels, que Efqueis, A porter Armes et Hemeit. Et lo at en Efcrit trovi, (NefaisJireiejlFerite:) ^e ilyouttreis mel Nis ^i porterent voiles et tree. A tantes Nds pout Ion favoir : Que mult i pout grant Gent avoin V. Cotton. Libr. Royal. 4. c. 1 1 . f. 17. d. MSS. (/) ** ClaWsm ad tria milium NaviuM {e&inzntetf et be- nd conifarui juflit, et in Pontivo apud Sandum Valericum in Anchoris congrud ftare fecit j IngentemquoqueExerci- tum ex Normannisy et Frandrenfibus, ac Francis, et Bri- tonibus aggregavit, atque preparatam Clalfem tarn valentibus Equis, quam robuftiflimis Hominibus cum Lo- ricis, et Galeis replevit" Gemetic. Ann. Monac. 1. 41. c. 34. «( (< u i< " mur nos Gulielmum Diadema re^ium requififle//iiri^«x. (h) From the firfl of January until the latter end of Au- guft. — Ypodizma Neuilrix. (i) Chron. Sax. — A. D. 1069. HftUf ifentSy |(with- Den- faroU, from Iwards the ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. $1 the H^eft oi England, and landing, (without any Op- pofition from our Navy,) in Somerfetjbire, laid the Country wafte, and put the Inhabitants to the Sword. They were, at length, attacked by Ednoti, at the Head of a powerful Force, and after a bloody Conteft, fled for Refuge on board their Ships, in which they imme- diately returned to Ireland [k). They foon appeared again (/) off Exeter, with a Fleet confifHng of fixty Ships, difembarking from which, they committed the moft violent Depredations, until they were repulfed by Earl Brient, who, with his Troops, engaged them twice in the fame Day. Seven hundred Men, and the chief of the Iri/b Nobles, who fought on the Side of the Invaden, periflied in the ABtion. The few Survivors efcaped with difficulty to their Ships, and failed back to Jrekmd. The Impunity with which the Squadrons of the Ene- my approached the Englijb Coafb, and covered the . Landing of their Forces, convinced the King that it was abfolutely neceflary to augment his Marine. He fitted out a Number of Ships (m) which were fo fuccefsfully employed in preventing Earl Morcar, and his Party in the IJle of Ely, from receiving any Succours, that thefe Revolters judged it fafieft to furrender at Difcretion : a fatal Ignorance of the mercilefs Difpofition oi William ! who ordered the Hands to be cut off, and the Eyes to be put out of many of the Prifoners ; and thus, were they fcattered over the Kingdom, as horrible Examples of his Vengeance. Da la (I) R. Hoveden» p. 450. (/) 1070. (m) By his Orders, the Ifle of Ely was, at the fame Tinie. furrounded with flat-bottomed Boats, and a firm Caufewav of two Miles in Length, made through the Marflies. This facilitated the Entrance of his Troops. 5a M E M O I It S O P t f ^ In the Seventh Yeat of his Reign, amidft hia MiK- tjiry Preparations, He fitted out a Naval Armament againft Malcolm, the Sovereign of Scotland, and attack- ing him by Land, and Sea, at the fame Time, com- pelled him to accept of Peace on any Terms («). The Fleets of William now became a Terror to Invaders, and the Danes with two hundred Ships, under the com- mand of Canutut, tjjie Son oi Swain, precipitately changed their Courie, after they had even entered the Mouth of the Thames, and without committing any Hoftilities, retired to Flandert (a). From this Period, the King renewed his Attention to the Concerns of the Navy, which was fo formidable in the twentieth Year of his Reign, that it may be doubted whether Canutut with his fixteen hundred Sail {p) of Ships could have fucceeded in an Attempt to conquer England ; but He was prevented from making it, by the civil Difturbancet which arofe in Denmark, and deprived him of his Crown, and Life The Danger of an Invailon being removed, William failed in his Fleet to the IJle of Wight, and, {n) Chron. Sax. A. D. 1072. — Alured. BeverK Annal. 1.9. (0) Chron. Sax. p. 183.— Hen. Huptingd. Hift. 1. 7. p. 369- (/) In writing Shipa, I have ftriftly adhered to my Autho- rities * ; yet I muft prefume that fuch ti^\xmhvtx fsi Ships of War could not have been fitted out, in that Age. It ex- ceeds, at leaft, by thirteen hundred, the prefent Navy of Great Britain. It is probable that the greater Part of the Fleet provided bv the Danijb Monarch, and his Ally, /?»- bert Earl oiFlanJersy confiftedof Tranfports for the Troops. In all accounts about this Period, of Marine Eauipments, We may naturally fuppofe that the Hiftorian, when he in- troduces fuch Multitudes, means, in genera), fmall Veflels, for the foie Purpofe of efcorting the Forces. • Malme(b. de W. i. 1. 3. f, 60. — Pontan. Rerum. Da- nic. Hift. I. 5. p. 197. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, ^c. 55 and, after a ihort Stay, proceeded on hit V6yage to Nvrmottiy* We cannot take our Leave of this Prince, withouttbv MentijiMi of the Eftabliflimtnt of the Cmyvir Arf/» Their; cenewed Charters inform us thftt they fitft re- ceived tlaieir Incorporation from Edward the Conf^flor. At this iEra, and during the Reigns of the fu^ceedinf; Sovereigns, they were frequently attended with iingular Advantages ; We cannot wilh for ftronger PrOo& pf the . early Vigour o( our Commerce. By this Inftitution^ WiUiam removed the Difficulties which He felt in pro« viding a Refdurce iot the Support of his Mi^rine^ T^ compenfateior the Abobtion of the Danegfld, thf FrjpF' duc^ of Which had been applied to Naval PurpofeSj he conferred Privileges on feveral Towns qommodioufly placed near. th^ Mouth of the TAanut, and having Harbours in Whidh a Number of Ships could ride with Safety. lo Return to jthcfe Immunities^ the Qrtqui Ar#/ (for (b were the Tow.nl ctUed,) agreed^ on any Emergency^ 'to equip h St|uadron fufficient for the Pro- tcaidn of Ihe Coaft (^)/' And fo \yell did they fulfil their CtntrzStt ihst their Fleets (landing towards the Navy of theJkmet, who then meditated a Defcent upon the Jflanii appeared too 'forinidable to be oppofed. The Enemy judged it prudent to return immediately, without offering the lead Hoftility. This (large. Sums of Money, and the Quantities of Plate in th^Treafury of this Monarch, are indifputable * f . E> 3' Marks (f) In the Red Book 0/ tfie Exe^efuer, We find that the Cinfue Porpt at this Period, were obliged by Tenure to furnifh fifty two Ships, with a Complement of twenty-four Men to Each, for the Space of fifteen Days, at their own Expence, and (whenfoever they might be called upon,) for the Froteftlon of f hifr Coaili. Other Sea-Portt. and fome Inland Places, held by a fimiUr Service. — V. Libr. Rubnim Scaccarii. 54 MEMOIRS OF Marks of the Profperity of G>minerce, during hii Reign. We have already obferved that as in England the Earth produced no Silver, fo the Abundance of it poflefled by the King, and the Chief of his Subje^, vras a Proof of the great Balance of Trade in their Fa- vour (r). Not to mention his Plate, William the Con- queror, at his Death, left, in the Palace of H^nckefter, iixty thouiand Pounds Weight of coined Silver (/). At this Period, a Pound of filver contained about as mucli of the Metal as three Pounds do at prefent. Plate was alfo connmon in the Houfes of^he rich No- bles, and Prelates ; As for the Cathedrals, Chapels, and Convents, they were magnificently ornamented with Shrines, Crucifixes, and Ve(fe|s of Gold, and Silver (/)• > We are at a lofs for particularly diftinguiihin|f Strokes in the Naval Charader of William, who, not- withftanding that He frequently took the Command of the Fleet, had no Opportunity Of engaging the Enemy i but it is probable that the fame heroic Fortitude which no Difficulties could diiinay, the fame cool Judgment, ' vigilant Adivity, and quick Prcfence of Mind, which were never known to have deferted him in the Day of Battle, would have rendered his Enterprizes at Sea as *. fplendid, and fuccefsful, as thole which He conduced on the Land. To view this Prince in any other light muft be foreign to my Subje6b. I am happy that it is' fo : The Reader would turn away with Horror and De- teftation, from the fiiU-length Figure of an accom- pliihed Tyrant, nor be calm enough to feparate the great Qualities of his Mind from the Vjces which d<:- bafed it. Sp (r) Introduction, p. 41. lines 12, 13. (i) Lord Littleton's Second Book of the Hiftory of th« Life of King Henry the Second. (/) Dugdde's Monafticon, and Baronage. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 5$ So (light an Attention was paid to the Concerns of the Navy, by WiUiam the Second, that few Occur- rences of his Reign need be related here. The chief Increafe of his Marine was owing to the Liberty which He granted to hb Subjeds of fitting otit Ships of War, to rid the Sea of the Veflels belonging to his Brother Rokertf which were filled with Troops, defigned to fupport the Pretenfions of that Prince to the Crown (»). Thefe were intercepted by the EngUJb who, gaining the Vidory, killed and drowned a great Number (w) of their Enemies. In the fourth Year of his Reign, IVillitm invaded Normandy by Sea, and Land, and after committing fome Depredations, was perfuaded to con- clude a Treaty of Peace with his Brother, and theli returned (x). His next Armaments were prepared in order to attack Malcolm, King of Scotland^ \yho, avail- ing himfelf of the Abfence of William, in Normandy, had invaded the Kingdom. In this Expedition {y), he was unfortunate ; His Fleets were (hattered by Tem- pers, and moft of his Troops, and Horfes perilhed with Cold, and Hunger. Duke Robert, the Command- er in Chief, yielding to the Intreaties of Edgar Athel- ing, and perhaps more prompted to liften to Terms of Reconciliation by the Confcioufnefs of his own W vinces belonging to William, Earl of Poitiers, and Duke of Guientie, all of which were to have been mortgaged to*him for a large Sum of Money ; But this Intention was defeated by l^udden, and violent Death. An Arrow difcharged at a Stag, by Walter Tyrrel, a Fremh Oentlemin, glanced from a Tree, and (Iriking William, wounded him to the Heart. He eipired tm- medtately without a Gnoan. Henry the Firft, who, gaining over feveral of th^ Nobility, and Clergy {e)y aflumed the Royal Author rity, immediately after the Death of William RufiUp was zealoufly attached to the Naval, and CiMnmercial Intereds of the Kingdom. Underftanding that his Brother Duke RoBert (who had entered Normandy, in Triumph,) was making the necefTary Preparations for recovering the Crown, he augmented his Fleet, and ordered the Super-intendants of the Coaft (f) to exert themfelves in oppoiing the PafTage of the Normans to England(g). Unfortunately for Henry, the Com<* manders of his Ships were fecretly engaged in the Caufe of Robert, sind dcferting with the greater Part of the Royal Navy into the Service of that Prince^ facilitated his Landing, with his Forces, at Port/* mouth {h), Ahhough the two Armies drew up in fight cf («/) A. D. 1 100. {e) Auguft 2, 1 1 00. (h At this Period, thefe Officers were ftiled Butfecarles, or Butfecarll. In the original, the exprelTion fignifies Boat- men.— *y. Seldeni Mare Claufum. M R Hoveden, p. 468, 469.— Florent. Wigom. ad A. L). iioi. (^)A. D. not. 5^ MEMOIRS OP ^ cf each other, they were prevented from beginning the Attack by the Interpofition of Jtt/elm, Archbifliop of Canterbury f and foihe of the moft diftinguiihed Prelates, and Nobles. Thefe prevailed on Henrys and Duke Ribert to accede to Articles of Peace, by which it was fiipulated that the Laft ihoukl wave his Claim to the Throne of England, on Confideration of receiving a Yearly Stipend of three tjMi>ufand Marks ; and that if Bther (hould chance to die without Iflhe, the Survivor Ibould inunediately become the Inheritor of his Realms. The Adherents to each Side were pardoned, and reftored to their forfeited Earldoms, and Baronies, whether in ^gland or in NorntMntfyi whilft the two Brothers •greed never from thenceforward to abet, harbour, or proted the Foes of either Party (/). After having re- fided fix Months at the Court of Henry, apparently fa-» tisfied, Robert departed to his Dukedom ; where. He is recorded to have broken an Article of the Treaty into which he had entered with his Brother, encouraging, and receiving the rebellious Subjeds of England {k). It is however a doubtfiil Point whether the King was not ^ the firft to violate a League of Amity from which he certainly might have reaped the greateft Benefit. Whether Henry had really experienced the Infidelity pf Robert, or whether he glofled over his Defign to feize upon the Dukedom of Normandy with the ftale Preterite of having been provoked, is not abfolutely material to our Purpofe. Certain we are that He equips ped a Fleet, with which, accompanied by a powerful Army, He palTed over to the Dominions of his Brother. He took Pofleflion of the Town, and Caftle of Caen, reduced (0 Chron. Sax. p. 209.— Matt. Paris, p. 98.— W. Mal- mefb. 1. $.— 'Alured. Beverl. Annal. I. 9. (k) Holinflied.-— Matt Paris.~-Ord. Vital. Eadmer. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. $9 reduced Bayeux to Aflies, and then marched to Falaife, where his Troops were bravely repulfed ; this Ctrcum- ftance,. added to the Inclemency of the Weather, forcedl him to raife the Siege, and depart for England (/). la the Year following {m), He confiderably increafed his Navy, and with a great Military Armament, crofled the Seas to Normandy, attended by the Chief of the Englijb Nobles («). The Struggle between the two Brothers was terminated at the Battle of Tenckebray, The Vidory feemed to declare in favour of Robert, whofe Troops, catching the intrepid Fire of their Lead- er, had broken the Ranks of the EngUJb, and thrown all into ConfuHon (0) : But, on a fudden, the Hiameful Flight of Bettejme, deprived the Normans of their Forti- tude ; and the royal Army, to whom they refigned themfelves an eafy Sacrifice, put Numbers to the Sword, and made near ten Thpufand Prifbners. Amongft the laft was the unhappy Duke, and the Fewof thofe illuf- trious Adherents who had furvived the Battle, (p) Henry, having reduced all Normandy, returned into England with Robert, as his Prifoner ; and fuch this Prince con- tinued until his Death, which clofed a melancholy Pe- riod of twenty-eight Years pafTed, or rather con fumed away within the Caftle of Cardiff, in Glamor ganjbire, Fulk, Count of Jnjou, exciting the Inhabitants of the City of Conjiance to an Infurreftion, Henry, in or- der to quell it^ Oiiled with fome Troops to Normandy {q). Having (/) A. D. 1 105. (m) A. D. 1 106. (11) Orderic. ViL — Brompton. — Geniiticenris. — Hunting- don. (0) Matt Paris, p. 43. — H. Hunt. p. 379. — Brompton, p. 1002. (p) Eadmer, p. 90. — Chron. Sax. p. 314. — Order. Viul. p. 821. {q) A. D nil. Sa MEMOIR SOF Having made Peace He returned ; but wras ihortty af« ^rwards obliged to prepare for another Expedition, in Confequence of frefh Dlfturbances, within his foreign Dominions. He accordingly fitted out a Fleet, and proceeding on his Voyage, foon landed with a great Force in Normandy. This Dutchy He totally fubdued, and then departed for England (r). Henry f who, whilft He was profecuting the Conqucft of the Territories belonging to his Brother Robert ^ had Experienced the Advantages refulting from his Naval Armaments, grew anxious to maintain upon the Sea a Dominion which the IjLival Powers might not be able to wreft from him. For this Purpofe, He intrb4uc;ed a for- midable Marine Eftablifhment, without which it is more than probable that he would have fallen a ViSim to the Warlike Preparations of Lewis the Grofs, of France, who, joining the Counts of Jnjou, and of Flanders^ endeavoured to dirpoflefs Henry of Normandy ^ and af- terwards beftow it on WilMam^ the Son of Duke Ror lert. But the Englijb Fleet, (together with the Army levied on the Occafion) was more than fufiiipient for the Defence of the Dutchy. Of this, Lewis had been fe- verely convinced, and th&refore willingly agreed to Terms p( Peace, which, being ratified^, appealed, to fix the Power, and Profperity of Henry upon a firmer Bafis than befoe (/). .:n.j,^ ; -tn.^ Yet jthe Monarfch who in the full CafCCT of Public SucceJOTe" was at once courted, dreaded, envied, and admired, became the melancholy Obje& of Cgmpaflton, and felt how clofely Grandeur may be allied to Woe. Having adjufted all Mkttel-3 to his Satisfadion, Henry fet fail from Barfleur, an^^bent his Courfe towards £i^- ■ land^ (r) A. D. MI 3. (*) A. D. n 19. — Order. Vit. — Matt. P.arw. iSf.l.J- ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 6% Umd{t). His Son ?mce H^illiam, feveral of the Roytl Family, and other dtftinguifliod Perfonages were to ^- low in a new Ship, (u), built on the Occafioin. 7'he(e embarked {w), with favourable Wind and Weather. It is recorded that the Prince, who had direded Liquor to be given to ti^ Crew, propofed that they (hould en- deavour to out-fail the Vedel wbich carried Henry, and promifed that if they fucceeded, they (hould be liberally rewarded. With this Intention, (and perhaps too heed- lefs of Danger, when their Spirits had been raifed by Drinking) they kept fo clorely to the Shore that, at length the Ship ftruck upon a Rock, called La Catteraze (x), near the Norman Coaft, and immediately founder^ ed. The Long-boat was hoifted out to fave the Prince, who, jumping fuddenly into it, ordered the Men to pitf off, and make towards the Land. Thither, the Wind being gentle, and the Sea calm, He fafely approached ; when afFe^ed by the difmal Shrieks of his naturd Sifter, the Countefs of Perche, who, in the firft Eager- jjefs of Self-prefervation, had been forgotten, He retum- f d with Hopes of faving her. By this Time, the Veflel, filled with Water, was on the Point of plunging to the Bottom. (0 A. D. iizo.— Ord. Vital. 1. 12. p. 867, 868, 869.— Malmefll). de H. i. f.93. 1. 5. — Chron. Sax. p. 212. — Matt. Paris. — S. Dunelm. Sub. Ann. 112b. — Alured. Beverl. p. 148. — H. Huntingdon. — Hoveden. — firompton. (u) Yet Ordtricut Fitalis, obferyes that Thomas Fttz-Ste'- pheut a Norman Pilo.t, claimed the Privilege of efcorting Henry to England^ in his Veflel named the IFhite Ship, be- caufe his Father carried over fTilliam the Conqueror, on his Expedition againft HaroU, and that the King reftifed, hav- ing ordered another Ship to be made ready for himfelf ; but permitted FitzrSuphen to take over Prince fVilliam. See Lord Littleton's Notes on the Hiftory of the Revolutions of England. (w) November 26. >- (*} Carte's Hiftory. . ; 62 MEMOIRSOF Bottom. In tl^e general Danger, the Crew loft all re- gard either for the Rank, or Sex of their Fellow-Suffer- er, and alarmed for their own Lives, precipitated them- fekes by Crouds into the Long-boat. Thus overladen^ it funk, and every Soul periihed (y). Prince William ; the young Countefs ; RicJiard, (a natural Son of Henry) who had fignalized himfelf in the laft War ; the Coun- tefs of Chejler^ Niece to the King, and Sifter to the Earl of Blois ; Richard Earl of Chefter, her Huft>and ; Other ^ lus Brother, and Governor to the Prince ; a Nephew of the Emperor Henry the V. fixteen Ladies allied either by Blood or Marriage, to Royal Perfonages ; and above an Hundred young Noblemen of the firft Families in £ff^- land and Normandy, were involved, with fifty Mariners, and the Officers of the Ship, in this untimely Fate. Two only had remained on board ; the One a Boy, the Son of Gilbert de Aquila\ the Other, a Butcher of Rouen. Thefe, when the Vefl*el was finking, climbed up the Maft, and being fituated at the Top of it, kept their Heads above the Water, which in that Part was ihallow. The un- happy Youth, whofe tender Frame was not inured to Wet, and Cold, foon loft his Strength, and dropping into the Sea, was drowned. The Butcher more hardy, and warmly clad in Woollen, refifted the Inclemency of the Night, and clung to the Maft until Break of Day, when He was preferved by fome Fiftiermen, who came from Barfleur. It is recorded («), that Fitz-Stephen, the Captain, (to whofe Careleflhefs, and Intoxication, this Accident was owing,) rofe out of the Water after he had funk, and recovering his Senfes, afl^ed the Butcher if the (y) Robert of Gloucefter's Chronicle, p. 438. — The Number of Perfons loft, amounted to more than two hun- dred ; firom Hence, the Reader may form fome Judgment concerning the Bulk, and Burden of tne Ships in that Age^ (z) Orderic. Vital, p. 868. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c 63 ihe Prince was fife ; on being anfwered that he had pe- rifhed. He replied, ** TAen Life would be a Torment U «' me ; I will not furvtve Aim," and plunging underneath the Waves, came up no more (a). The Royal Trea- fure which, probably, confided chiefly of Plate, and Jewels was, with the Remainder of the Cargo, taken out of the Wreck ; but the Divers were unfuccefsfiil in their Search after the dead Bodies; Few were found ; andtheie the Waves had driven afhore to a confiderable Diftanoe from the Rock on which the Veffelftnick ; One, by the Drefs, was known to be the Earl of Chejier. The G>r(e of Prince William was not amongd them, and all Endea- vours to difcover it proved in vain. During three Days, Henry had flattered himfelf that his Son was either detained by contrary Winds, or arrived at adiA> tant Port in England. Hope, for a while repreffed the Uneaflnefs of his Mind } but when the lamentable News was pofitiveiy confirmed, unable to refift the Shocks He loft the Fortitude and Compofure which, till that Moment, had fo ftrongly marked his Chara£ler, and fainted away in the Arms of an Attendant. Such a Burthen of Afflidion was too heavy to be removed ; It broke the natural Chearfulnefs of his Temper, and He never after was obferved to Smile (3.) The other Events during the Reign oi Henry are (with few Exceptions) beyond the Limits of this Work. The Fleet (if we fet afidethe Ships which were either ftation- ed to guard the Coafts, or employed to attend the King on his Voyages to Normandy), remained inaSive, but not {a) A noble Author fhrewdly obferves that there is foine Improbability^ in his holdine thisConverfation if he could not fwun ; and if he could, how happened it that he funk at firft ? — Lord Littleton's Notes on the Hiftory of the Revolu- tions of England. {b) Hoveden, p. 476.— Order. Vital, p. 869. ^ MEMOIRSOF not negleded. The Public Tranquility rendered the Augmentation of Naval Armaments unneceflary, and the Prevention of their Decreafe was found fufficient to ilrike a Terror into the rival Powers, who could only be reftrained from invading England by a Senfe of her Su- periority on the Ocean. Such was the happy Fruits of that indefatigable Zeal with which this Prince attended to the Care of his Marine ; nor was He lefs afliduous in promoting the Interefts of Commerce by the Eftablifli- ment of falutary Laws ; of which one reflets an equal Luilre on his Difcernment, and the warm Feelingsof his Heart : He ordained that every Wreck, having any living Creature on board, (hould continue to be the Pro- perty of the Owners. The merciful Tendency of this Law was to abolifh the ancient, but difgraceful Cuftom which gave to the Lord of the Manor a full Right, and Property in a ftranded Ship, and all its Cargo, unlefs thofe who efcaped ihould return to it within a limited Period (c). Even at this remote ^ra. We meet with Accounts of Voyages undertaken by fome illuftrious Subjeds of England (f) Selden. Jan. Angl. int. oper. Tom. 4. p. 1009.— The Treatment which the unhappy Perfons who are caft away upon our Coaft fo frequently experience from the Barba- rians living near it, is a melancholy Proof either of the Inef- ficacy of the Laws, or the criminal NegleCt of thofe who ihould enforce them. A Motion slowing with Humanity, and calculated to remove the ihockmg Evils which have ari- fen in Cafes of Shipwreck, was, to the Aftonifhment of their Conftiluents, thrown out by the Houfe of Commons. We have been informed that this Proceeding originated from a Miftake. It is a gentle Term. In the courfe of another iSef- fions, we fhall perceive whether it be juji. One Repulfe will not intimidate an illuftrious Senator *, whofe exalted Un- derftandinE hath been accompanied, in its fplendid Progrefs, by public Virtue, and Benevolenpe. * Mr. Edmund Burke. ' ' Illustrious seamen, &c. 65 England, the which as not being abfolutely foreign to our Hiftory, fhall be briefly mentioned to the Reader; Edgar, the Grandfon of Edmund Ironfide, Brother of King Edward the Confejfor, went to the Holy Land («) Gul. Neubrigen, 1. i. c, 13. — Nic. Trivet. Annal. —Robert of Glouceiler's Chronicle. 70 MEMOIRS OF t courfe with foreign Nations, and would have reftored the languifliing State of the Englijb Trade to its wonted Vigour, if the Government had been able to fupply them with Convoys fuflficiently powerful to proted: their VefTels on their PalTage to the different Ports. The greateft Voyager in this Reign was Ribert Ke^ tenen/is, a learned BngUJbman, who pailed through France, Italy, Daimafia, and Greece into Jlfia ; then re- turned by Sea into Spain, and, at length, arrived in his own Country (n). Several EngUftmen alfo accom- panied Lewis the Young, King of France, to the Wan in the Holy Land (o). The next Monarch, Henry the Second, having re- ftored the Public Tranquility, introduced a powerfAiI Naval Eftabliihment, from which He feleded a Fleet,, and proceeded with it to France (p), where He perform- ed his Homage to Lews for the Fiefs which He held of that Crown. Thefe were Normandy, Aqwteune, Anjou^ Mane, and Taur^ine {q). In the following Year, He invaded IValet, and whilft a oumerous Army compoled of all the Militia of England, marched through C&?/&/r^, to Bafingwerk, in FUntJbire, where Owen Gwynneth was encamped, the Fleet, cruizing along theCoafts, in* fefted the open Parts of the Country. About the fame Time, (r) a formidable Squadron failed from the Port of C^ejier, to aflift the military Operations of Henry, is Flintjbire,9,nd from thence proceeded to make aDefcent lipon North- fVales. At length, Owen befought the King tp conclude a Peace, propofing Terms equally fervice- able, (n) A. D. 1143. Hackluvt, Part 2. p. 16. (0) A. D. 1 1 47. Ibid.— ^Gul Neobrig. \p) A. D. II 56. (q) Gerv. Chron. et Diceto fub Ann. 1 1 56.— Hoyeden^ fub. Ann. 1155. ^r} A. p. 1157. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 71 9ble, a|id honourable to EngUmi, Thefe were accept- ed of, and Henry returned, kaving the Lords of the Marches to quell the petty Princes of Wdes (/). In the fifth Year of his Reign (/), He again crofled the Sea to France^ in order to profecute his Claim to the Earl- dom oiThouloufe, and quitted that Kingdom as foon as (through the Mediation of the Pope), he had amicably adjufted his Difpute with Lewis {u). In fehe Year eleven hundred, and fixty-fix, the King made another Voyage to France^ where for Reafons unneceflary to be enumerated in this Place, his Prefence was much want- ed. After a long Abfence he fet ^ail {x) for England^ and was expofed to imminent Dang«r, as he pafled through the Channel. A Fleet of fifty Ships, attend- ing as his Convoy, was feparated, and violently {batter- ed by a fiirious Hurricane which arofe at Midnight. One Veflel funk, and all the PaiTengers periihed. The Number, including Mariners, amounted to above four Hundred ; and anoongft thefe were Radidph de BeUomotft, Phyfician to Henry ; feveral Officers of Rank in the Royal Houfliold ; and Henry de Jgnis, ftUed by a con- temporary Writer (yj the mofi noble of the Barons ofEng- land. In the melancholy Fate of this Lord, hb Wife, and two Children were involved. The Ship which car- ried the King was beating out at Sea, in great Peril, during eight Hours, and, at laft, unexpededly reached the Harbour of Portfmuth (2). Henry, (T)Gerv. Chron.— M. Weftm. Annates de Wavcrlen, fub Anno 1 157. — ^Welth Chron. fub eodem Anno. — Bromp- tonChron. fub Ann. 1158. Lord Littleton's Second Book of the Hiftory of the Life of King Henry the Second. (/) A.D. 1 1 59. («) A. D. H62. (x) A. D. 1 170. March. (yJ V. Benedift. Abb. Tom. I. p. 2, 3. (sr) Lord Littleton's Fourth Book of the Hiftory of th» Life of King Henry the Second. ya MEMOIRS OF Henry, foon after He had taken PofleiTion ofBreiagnt^ prepared to attempt the Conqueft of Ireland ; an En- terprixe which nothing but his Altercation with Becket jcould have fo long deferred. Concerning the Pretences for it, as they are diftant from pur Subjed, it is fulB- ctent to obferve that they teemed with the moft flagrant Abfurdity and Injuftice. The leading Motive was to gratify Ambition, the ruling Paflion of Henry, and to add another Territory to his Dominions. With this View, he artfully advifed Dfermot, Kin^ of Leinjler (a mercilefs Tyrant, driven out by his Subjeds,- and, then foliciting his Afliftance,) to apply rather to fome of the EngUJb Barons, who (hould, on this Occafion, be permitted to arm in his Defence. Accordingly, Ro^- hert Fitz-Stephen, Conftablc of Abertivi, procured a fmall Number of Tranfports, and embarking with his Troops, which confifted of an Hundred and Thirty Knights, fixty Efquires, and three Hundred Archers, brave and well difciplined, landed (hortly afterwards at Wexford, Thither he was immediately followed by Maurice de Prendergajt, accompanied by ten Knights, and fixty Archers ; and Thefe, in conjunftion with the Former, attacked, arid took the Place, {a). Another Reinforcement compofed of t^o Hundred Horfe, and an Hundred Archers, fpeedily arrived (5), under the Command of Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, furnamed Strongbow, who, aflifted by his Confederates, ilormed, and made himfelf Mafter of IVaterford ; from thence, he proceeded to Dublin, VlwA gained it by Af- fault. Henry, alarmed at the good Fortune of thefe Adventurers, the Laft of whom had difobeyed his ex- prefs Orders by going over to Ireland, iflued a Procla- mation which fiddly forbad all Commerce with it, ! fron^ (a) Girald. Cambr. p. 761 » 76a. (^) Auguft25, 1170. • ! V . ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 73 from any Part of his Dominions, and threatened with perpetual Exile, and the Confifcation of their Eftates, fuch of his Subjefks as might neglefk to return before the enfuing Feftival of Eafter (r). This Edia was afterwards repealed, in confequence of a fubmiflive Letter from the Earl, wherein he aflured his Sovereign that " as He owed to his Royal Munifience every Ac- ** quifition in Ireland, fo ihould they ail return to Him, ** and be difpofed of according to his abfolute Will, " and Pleafure () Benedict. Abbas. Hoveden.— Bromptpn, fub Anno 1 1 72. — Lord Littleton's Fourth Book of the Hiftory of the I .ife of Henry the Second. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 75 againft him, and his Dominions laid under a general InterdiS (r). Henry felt the prelfing Neceflity of re- pairing immediately to thefe haughty Legates, and, therefore, commanded his Troops, and Attendants to proceed to Waterford, where the Fleet was then ftation* ed, and to embark diredly. For Himfelf, and a fmall Retinue, He referved only two Ships, with which he failed from Wexford, and arrived the fame Day {k) at Portfimun, in South Wales. His Forces had already landed at Pembroke. From England, the King haftened into Normandy, taking with him Hewy his elded Son. We ihall (lightly pafs over the Circumftances relating to the unnatural Rebellion fomented by Eleanor, and the young Monarch, to whom his Father had not long before imprudently transferred the Crown of England. Richard, Duke of Aquitaine, and Geaffr^, Duke of Bretagne, feduced by the Artifices of tkeir Mother, cou- nted to jbe A3ort in this guilty Scene (/). By fo alarming a Confpiracy, Henry was driven to the pain- ful Ncceflity of making War not only againft the Kings 0f France and Scotland', the Earls of Flanders, Boulogne, and Blots ; but againft the Partner of his Bed, and the Pledges of their mutual Affedion. The Earl of Flanders, with a powerful Army of Flemings, wa« preparing to invade England, when Hen- ry, convinced by the Information of the Biihop of Winchefter, that his Affairs in that Kingdom were daily becoming more defperate, proceeded with great Expe- dition <<•) Girald. Cambrenfis.— Epift. S. T. 88. 1. 5.— Gul. Neubrig. 1. a. c. 27. {k) Lafter Monday, A. D. 11 72. — Lord Littleton's Fourth Book of the Hiftory of the Life of King Henry the Second. (/) Holin/hed — ^Brompton. — Pol. Virgil. — Hovedcn.— Diceto. — ^M. Paris. 7<5 MEMOIRS OF dition to BarJIcur, taking with him thofe Prifoners of Rank whom it might be eafier to detain in fafe Cudody within his Rritijb Dominions, than in France. Thefe (befides others of lefs note,) were the two Queens, Eleanor, and Margaret^ his own, and his Son's Con- fort ; the Earl of Chejier ; and the Earl, and CounteHi of Leicejier. As the Ships were lying ready to efcort them, the King, attended by aH the Reft, embarked immediately (m) with favourable Wind, and Weather. But they had not proceeded far upon the Voyage when fuch a dreadful Storm arofe, that the Mariners Teemed to defpair of Prefervation. At this alarming Moment, Henry with that Chriftian Fervour which refleSed a Luftre upon his Chara£ler, extended his Hands to Hea- and declared it to be his anxious Wilh, that, if vcn, the great Ruler of the Univerfe had ordained that Eng- land ihould be rent afunder by inteftine Tumults, He might never be allowed to land upon its Coaft ; but that if it was mercifully decreed that his Prefence with- this diftra£^ed State fhould introduce that Peace m which He fo paiTionately defired, it then became his humble Prayer that He might be fuflfered to revifit it (n). So excellent a Difpofition was amply gratified. On the Evening of the fame Day, He reached with a Fleet (which was not the leaft damaged by the Violence of the Tempeft,) the Harbour of Southampton; whilft his Son, and the Earl of Flanders were detained at Grave' lines, either Wind-bound, or afraid of venturing out to that agitated Ocean on which Henry, under the Care of Providence, had failed fecurely to the Relief of Englhnd. The '.'74- Hift. col. (m) Julys, A. D. («) Diceto Iinag. Hi'ftT col. 576. — Mat. Paris. — Lord Littleton's Fourth Book of the Hiftory of the Life of King Henry the Second. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 7) The other Particulars are immaterial to our Purpofc. Let it be fufficient to obferve that the young King, and the Earl of Flanders, having heard of the fafe Arrival oiUenry, abandoned all Thoughts of invading Eng- land. A rapid Series of fortunate Events led to the SupprelTion of this Rebellion, and enabled the Con- queror to repair to the Protedion of his foreign Domi- nions. He, therefore, haftened to Portfmouth, from whence he was efcorted by a formidable Navy to Bar- fleur (0). Abroad, He was equally fuccefsful, and hav- ing obliged his Enemies to fue for Peace, He returned, with the fame Fleet, in Triumph, \o England, whtre He arrived upon the ninth of May, in the Year eleven Hundred, and Seventy- five. We muft now proceed to a Circumftance lefs uncon- tieded with the Subjed: of this Hiftory, and look up to Henry in his mod illufirious Point of View, not as the So- vereign of obedient Multitudes, but as the exalted Friend of Human Nature. It hath already been obferved that, in a former Reign, a Law was paflfed for the Reftora- tion of Wrecks to the Owners. Yet no fooner had Stephen afcended the Throne, than the Nobles fet the benevolent Inftitution of his PredeceiTor at Defiance, and began to plunder, with thtir wonted Barbarity, thofe unfortunate Individuals who were cad away on their Eftates. Of this Proceeding a melancholy In- ftancc is recorded in the Chronicle of Rattel-Abbey (p) on one of the Manors of which Place a Ship was brand- ed. Alarmed, and irritated at the Condud of thefe atrocious Savages, Henry the Second revived, and en- forced with fevere Penalties againil Offenders [q), the Law (fl) Auguft7, A. D. H74. \p) Spelman. Codex Leg. Vet. et Stat. Reg. Angl. iq) Gul. Neubrig. 78 MEMOIRSOF Law of his Grandfather. It was at firft declared thae whenfoever any Man efcaped alive to the Shore, from a Veflel wrecked near it, the whole Cargo (hould be preferved for the Advantage of the Owners. The King* afterwards, and during the Interval between the Parlia- ment of Clarendon, and that of Northampton, nnade a falutary Amendment to this EdiGt, declaring that if on the Goads of the Englijb Ocean, or of Pbitou, or of the Ifland of Oleron, or of Gafcony, any Ship (hould be diftrefled, or endangered, and no Man efcape from Thence alive, yet if any Beaji ihould efcape, or be found therein, alive, the Goods (houid be delivered by his Bailiffs, or the Bailiffs of thofe Perfons on whofe Lands the Ship was driven, into the Cuflody of four Men of eflablifhed Charader, in order, that they might be reflored to the Owners, if demanded by them within the Term of three Months. This was publifhed as an kOi of Grace from the Crown, in the Form of a Royal Charter, the which, (r) as materially coinciding with the (r) A. D. 117^. An. 20 Hen. II, L. B. — Henricus Dei gratia Rex Anglix, Dominus Hibernis, Dux Normannix, Aquitanix, Comes Andegaviae, Archiepifcopis, Epifcopis, Abbttibus, Prioribus, Comitibus, Baronibus, Julticiariis, Vicecomitibus, Prxpofitis, Miniftris, et omnibus Ballivis, et Fldelibus fuis, Salutem. Sciatis quod pro Salutz Ani- ms noftrz, et Animarum Anteceflbrum, et Hxredum nof- trorum, et ad malas Confuetudines abolendas,Conce(nmus, et hac Carta noftra Confirmavimus pro Nobis, et Hxredibus noftris in Perpetuum, quotiefcumque de caetero contigerit aliquam Navem periclitari in Poteuate noftra, five in Cofte- ra Maris Anelia:, five in Coftera Pi£tavix, five in Coftera In- ful* Oleronis, five in Coftera Wafi:oniac, et de Navi taliter periclitata aliquis Homo vivus evaferit, et ad Terrani vene- rit, omnia Bona, et Catalla in Navi ilia contenta remaneant, et fint eorum quoruni prius fuerunt, et eis non deperdan- tiir nomine Wrecci. Et fi de Navi taliter periclitata nullo Homine vivo evadente contingat quamque Bediam aliam vi- vam ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 79 the Subje£t of our Memoirs, is introduced to the Read- er. vam evadere, vel in Navi ilia vivam inveniri, tunc Bona, tt Catalla ilia per manus Balliroruni noftrorum, vcl Hsereduin noftroniniy vel per manus Ballivorum ipforum, in quorum Terra Navis fuerit periclitata, liberentur quatuor probis Ho- minibus cuftodienda ufque ad Terminum trium Menfium, ut fi illi, quorum Catalla ilia fiierint, infra Terminum ilium ve- nerint ad exigendum Catalla iUa, et probare poflint ipfa Ca- talla fua efle, eis liberentur qvieta. So vero infra prxdic- tum Terminum nullus Yeniret ad exigendum Catalla ilia, tunc Noftra fint, etHaeredum noflrorum nomine Wreccci, vel Alterius qui libertatem habueritWreccum habendi. Si vero de Navi periclitata taliter nullus Hbmovivus evaferit, nee alia Beftia ficut praedi€tum eft, turn Bona, et Catalla in Navi ilia contenta Noftra fint, et Hzredum noftrorum nomine VVrec- ci, vel alterius ubi Navis fuerit periclitata, qui Libertatem, habuerit Wreccum habendi. Quare Volumus, et firniitcr Praecipimui pro Nobis et Haeredibus noftris, quod, quotief. cunque de csetero contingeret aliquam Navem periclitari, in Poteftate noftra, five in Coflera Maris Angliae, five in Cof- tera Pi£taviae, five in Coftera Infulae Oleronis, five in Cofte- ra Wafconise, et de Navi taliter periclitata aliquis Homo vi- vus evaferit, et ad Terram venerit, omnia Bona et Catalla in Navi ilia contenta remaneant, et fint eorum quorum print fuerint, et eis non deperdantur nomine Wrccci. Et fi de Navi taliter periclitata, nullo Homine vivo evadente, contin- Sat quauicunique Beftiam aliam vivam evadere, vel in Navi la vivam inveniri, tunc Bona, et Catalla ilia per manut Ballivorumnoftrorum.velHaeredum noftrorum, vcl per ma- nus Ballivorum ipforum, in quorum Terra Navis fuerit peri- clitata, liberentur quatuor probis Hominibus cuftodienda uf- que ad Terminum trium Menfium, ut fi illi, quorum Catnlla ilia fuerint, infra Terminum ilium vencrint ad exigendum Catalla ilia, et probare poflint ipfa Catalla fua efle, eis libj< rentur quieta. So vero infra praedidum Terminum Nullus venerit ad exigendum Catalla ilia, tunc Noftra fint et Ha!re- dum noftrorum nomine Wrecci, vel Alterius uui Libertatem habuerit Wreccum habendi. Et fi de Navi ilia taliter peri- clitata nullus Homo vivus evaferit, vel alia Beftia ficut prx- di£lumeft, tunc Bona, et Catalla in Navi ilia contenta, noftra fint et Haeredum noftroium nomineVVrecci, vel Alterius, ubi Navis 8o MEMOIRS OF cr. A noble Author (/) conje6lures that the Reafoit why Veflels ftranded on the Coafts of Normandy^ and Bretagnc, are not mentioned therein, was that Thefc were included within the general Defcription of thi Coajls of the Englijb Seas : or that a Law to this Purpofe had been made before in thofe Countries (/). The Preamble of the Bill informs us that Henry had grant- ed this Boon yor the Salvation of his Soul, and the Souls of his AnceflorSf and Heirs. We mud allow (with the fam« • virtuous, and enlightened Hiftorian,) that this waa a ht Navis flierit periclitata, qui Libertatem habuerit Wreccunl habendi ficut prxdi^um efl. Hiis Teftibus, Ventrabili ratre W. Karleol. Epifcopo. W. Valentin. Eledto, I. Com. Line, ct Conflabular. Ceftri.?!. Pctro de Malo Lacu. Henr. dcTrublevil. tunc Senefcall. Wafconia. Hue Difpcns. Gouetriilo de Sancunib. Amaur de Sandlo Amando. Willelino de Bcel. Galfr. Difpenf. # Galfrido de Cauz. ' Rarth. Pech. Johanne Cuband, et Aliis, Datum per Manum Venerabilis Patris Radulphi Cyceftr. Epifcopi, Canccliar. noftri, apud Mereweli. vicefimo fcxto die Mali, Anno Kegni noftri vicefimo. — Rymer's Fcedera. p. .36. (i) Lord Liltk'ton'.s Fourth Boole of the Hiftory ot the Life of King Henry the Second. (/) This IS more than probable. The Humanity of Hen- ry was certainly extended to every Coaft where He could ex- crcifc a Maritime Jurifdidlion. All the Sea-Prcvinces of France, even to the Mountains which feparate it from Spain, were holden by this King. It is not therefore extraordmary that a /rf»c^ Writer fliould confefs that his Claim to the Em- pire of the Ocean was as iuftly founded, as it was intiepidly fupported. — P. Daniel, Hiftoire de la M\\. Franc. Tom. a« p. 445. lit ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 8^ far more meritorious, and falutary Work than the Pil^ grimage which He undertook j about that Time, to the Tomb of Becket, or the Stripes He endured, or the Oifts He offered there : and that the bed Atonement a King can make for Sin is the doing of Good to Mankind. The few remaining Nayai CircMmftances during the Life of Hettry, are not of Confequence enough to claim our prefent Notice j and We fhall haften to a lliort l)e- fcription of that Period at which, finking under the Weight of Trouble, and Infirmity, He contracted a lingering and fatal Fever. The perfidious Ingratitude of Prince JoAn («), his fecond Son, whom he loved with more Affeftion than He had conceived for all his other Children, was a Stroke which the natural Violence of his Temper could neither enable him to refid, or bear with the lead Degree of Patience. He curled the Hour of his Birth ; poured forth the mod horrid Maledic- ^ions againd his abandoned Offspring ; and perfided, with implacable Severity, in his Refufal to revoke them (x). Thus torn by Rage and Sorrow, He was conduced in a Litter to the Cadic of CAinon^ near Saw tnur. Thither, his natural Son, Geoffrey, Archbilhqp of Tork, and Chancellor of England, hadencd on the fird Notice of his Illnefs. This virtuous Prelate, whilft every other Branch of the Royal Family was breaking out into Rebellion, alone continued unihaken in Affec- tion, and Fidelity {y). Perceiving that his Father, weakened by the Violence of the Fever, was unable lo raifc his Head from the Pillow, he tenderly moved, and Vol. I. f fup, («) Hoveden, p. 654. (x) Ibid. (jr) Girald. Cambrenf. de vita Galf. Archiepifcop. Ebor. Pars a. c. 5. in AngliA Sacrl— Lord Littleton's Fifth Book pf the Hiftory of the Life of King Henry the Second. 4"^ 82 MEMOIRS OF fupported it upon bis own Bofom. Henry turqed hi» languid Eye towards him, and havi^ig with Difficulty retrained thofe heavy Sighs which almoft robbed \i\vfi of the Power of Utterance, He called him \ia% dearejl Child. ** You (cpntinned the dying Monarch)) have ** never, amidft the Viciflitudes of my Fortune, fwerved f < either from the Love, or Duty which you owed me. ** As you have approved yourfelf the beft of Son§, fo " would I, were it the merciful Will of jGod that I " (hould recover from this Sickncfj, become the mod ,f* Affedionate of Parents. |f I live, no Subje^ withT '* in my Territories ihall equal you in Might, or Dig- " nity. Biit if ^his bitter Cup is not to pafs from me, ** it is my earned Prayer that your 61ial Piety may he f* recompenfed by that gracious Power in whofe Hands ** are all the beft Rewards of yirtue.JV*** i^*/ the ** Almighty, (replied his Son,) yet grant your Hiea^th, f* and crown you with Profperity ! I form no Wilh but " for the Sake of you whom moft I love, and honour." A Flood of Tears prevented him from proceeding, and He left the Room. Thither, on being told that the King approached his ^(1 Moments^ He foon returned, but in ^rime only to obtain his Blcifing, accompanied with a Ring of immenfe Value, and an Order for the Receipt of another ftill more precious, which had |)een depofit^d jn bis Treafury. After this Henry funk into the Arms of his Son, and immediately expired (z). The Royal Corfe, attended by Geoffrey, was f;arfti^d from CV/i/ion, to the Nunnery of /dM/^rvrou//, where.it lay in State in the Al)bey-Church. On the Day fol- lowing, (») On the fixth of July, in the Year eleven hundred, and •i^hty-nine. Mr. Campltll, who fecnis to haxe followed Mtitihnv Fnris, obferves ihviX. Hetiry lived (Ixty-threeYeari i wh re .s he died eitlicr in the fifty-feventh, or fifty-eighth Vear of his age. ILLUSTI^IQUS SEAMEN, &c. 83 lowing, Richard^ either ipelted into Penitence, or hy- pocrically feigning to perforn^ ^he laft Honours to the Memory of his injured Father, had the Confidence to approach the ^ier. Whatfoever might have been th« firft Emotions of his Mind, fuch a Spedaple foon rouf* ed him to a State of Horror^ and ][lemorCi^, But the Violence of his Grief exceeded all Bounds^ when, in Confequenceof the Diforder which terminated the Life of Htrury^ the Blood guihed frofn the Mouth and Nof- trils of the dead Body {*). It was then, that oppref- fed by the Pangs of his own Confcience, and yielding to the Superdition of the Times, he exclaimed, f * Bar- " b^rian that I am ! In me, Behold the Murderer ^* of your Sovereign.'' The Attendants to whom He addrefled himfelf, and who before were (hocked to find hii|> prefent, now mingled their Tears with his» nor Teemed difpleafed that the Parricide who brought Henry to an untimely Grave^ O^oulcj aflift in the Ceremonies of his Interment (0). The Circumftances which preceded, and followed the Death of this illuftrious Prpte£tor of the Naval Dignir ly of England^ were too intereiling tp be omitted. An Examination of His exaltecj Charader, in ajjits dilFer- ent Lights, is a Talk on which I ihpuld have entered with that Pleafure which naturally arifes from the Con- ternplation of fuperior Excellence, if the Pencil of a Ma^er (b) had not delineated Henry by Strokes as jud «s they are beautiful. To thefe, I hope it is unnecef- fary to refer the Reader . But, Let him not imagine that I^e can be too converfant with the Hiftory of the Life Qi that Sovereign, who had aimed as few Blemilhes, and as many Virtues and Abilities as are conftilent with F 2 the (f) Bened. Abb. p. 547.- Ir) M. Paris, p. 107. {b\ Lard Littleton. ^Srompton, p. 1151. 84 M E M O I R S O F '^f the Frailty of Humanity. His Anions (if wc except a trifling Number) do more than merit our Applaufe : They abfoiutely command it. Yet it is not amidft the Brilliancy of Succefs, or the arduous Adminiftration of National Concerns, that We have Reafon to admire him. Let us follow the exalted Hero into the milder Paths of Clemency atid Benevolence. * There, We (hall con-' fider him with redoubled Veneration, when informed by the Hiftorian, that He never faw, without Emotion^ the Blood flowing from a Soldier, or a Seaman, Richard, furnamed for his Intrepidity, Coeur de Lion, ) afcended the Throne of Henry immediately after his^ Deceafe, and having formed a Defign of entering with Philip the Second, King of France, into a War for the Relief of the Holy Land, and the Ktcovery oi Je'rufaUm from the Saracens, left no Time in preparing for this important Enterprize (r). By numerous Exactions, which were all glaring Proofs of his Injustice, He raifed confiderable Sums, and applying them without Referve to the Purpofcs of an Expedition fo flattering to his Love of Military Glory, levied a vaft Army, and e- quipped a fortnidable Fleet. * Without inquiring into the Reafon of their Proceed^ inn-s, Let it be fuflficient to obferve that Richard, and Philip rcfolved to efcort their Troops to the Holy Lend by Sea, to furnifli them with a plentiful Stock of Pro- vifions, and to keep, by the Afllftance of their Ships, the Communication open to their own States, and tav the Wcftern Part s of Europe. The two Monarchs met' at the Plain of Vezelay, on the Borders of Burgundy ; and (f) Gul. Neubrig. 1. 4. c. i. — Gnlfrid. de Vino Salvo.— Matt. Kiris, Hiil. Angl. p. 155.— -Nic. Trivet. Annal. v. 1. p. QH kogtr. Hovoden Annal. — Johan. Brompton. — Rad. de Diccio. — Kan, Higden in I'olychron. and - ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. IB5 and aft^r having reviewed their Land Forces, amount- ing to an hundred thoufand Men {d), and bound them- felves by Oath to defend each other, agreed to feparate for a (hort Time, and repair to their Fleets, the Englijb Divifton of which was dircfted to wait in the Harbour oi Marfeilks, and the Fr/wA Divifion in that oi Genoa. The Sea-Commanders appointed by Richardf were theArchbi(hopof>fttjf«Tf ; theBifliopofB >' ^ V > y /y '/ FhotogFaphic ScMices Corporation ^ SJ <> ^ ^*>. >» >. 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WMSTIR.N.Y. 14SM (71«)t7a-4S03 \ ^ >lefhat He would havfc purchafed him at the immenife Siltn of Sixty Thoufahd Marks, if He had not defi^ned to ^ih a more enormous Frice for the Reftoration of his Freedom. After a feverie Confiheinent of fifteen Months, Richard was permitted to treat for his Dif- duun^, and at Length obtained it at the Expence of an fitmdred and l^ifty Thoufand Marks, which were nearly 'Ciliial to three Hundred Thbufand Pounds pf our prefent Money. Of thefe Marks, ian Hiiiidred Thouiand were to be paid down previous to the Grant of his Liberty ; and the Secnrity fof- the Delivery of the Remainder vmk to conllft of Sixty-three Hoftages of diftinguilhed Rakifc^ and Fortune (o). A Part of the Money having been raifed from a Tax of twenty Shillings on the Fee of each knight in £»^- laiBf and the Deficiency fettted by the Liberality of Sub- jeds, who, pitying the ignominious Bondage of their Sovere^n, melted down their Plate, gave a Fourth of their yearly Rent, and contributed a Tenth of the Tyihes, Eleanor, the Qu^cn-Mother, and Walter, Archbifhop of Rouen, proceeded with an Hundred Thou- fand Marks of the Ranfom, and the Sixty-three Hof- ' ii^cs, to Mentz in Germany, where, deliverinjg them np to the Emperor, and the Duke of Juflr fa, they had the Pleaifttre of releafing Richard. Scarcely had He quitted the Prefencie of thefe flagiti- ous Tyrants than Henty, who began to reperit that l)e did not accept the Offer of a Bribe equal to the Ranfom from Philip of France, on the Condition of detaining Richard (o) Mat. Pariii. Hift. Angl. p. 17a, 173, 174.— Nic. Tri- tet. Annal. v. i.p. 117.— Gul. Neubrig. lib. 4. c. Vi* 4i- — ^Ro^er Hovcdeo, Annal. p. 728.-~-Ryaier, v. i. p. 04. I LLUSTRIdtJg SEAME15, &c. ^ ^cidrk in Prifon, diirih^ anotlier iTear* dif^atclied a . ^png, Oiyard to overtake, and arreft him. This Part j came to At^werp, in Time only to learn that the King had juit beJFore embarked with the utmbift Precipitatioh, chuiiilg rather to venture his Life u^on the Seas, amidft contrary Winds, and the Violence of the Temj>e]^y than trqft, a Angle Moment, to the precanofis, liiid jp'Ui> chafed Mercy of his Enemy. After a dangerous Pj^^ fag^, He landed at Sandwid, oh the twentieth of March, in the Year eleven Hundred and Ninety four. The £*»£. liflf received him with a Tranfport of Joy, apjpfaudid^ to the Skies the Hero who had extended the National 01bry to the utmbft Limits of the £afl ; and (what re- fleded a dill brighter Luftre oil his Chaira6i^er,) ftipfj^brt- 'ed the amazing Viciflitiides of Portuiie With that Dig- nity pf Mind which fcarcely ever is poflel^ed by Tho^ who fair 6rom the Pinnacle of Human Gra^d^ur, to tlie Ibepth of Mifery (^). . The Emperor grieved, and irritated at having toll his Prey, direded the Violence of his Refentment ai<» gainil thofe unfortunate Individuals who were ftill with- in its Reach. He gave Orders that the Hoftages (houfd be cad into loathfome Dungeons, and treated with thcf moft implacable Severity. If the covetous and cruel Difpofition of Henry, together with the jpiindual Pay- ment ofthefirfl: Dividend of the Ranfom, were not; ypon Record, it might be imagined, from the Beha- viour of this Tyrant, that the Compad had been "broken by the King of England, and that, therefore, his (p) That Richard now at Liberty was dreaded as much Abroad, as he was beloved at Home, is evident firom a Paf- fage in the Letter which Philip of Franet wrote to hit Ally, ftinct.John : ** Takt cart ofyourfelf: the Devil hath hreken his Cy;4uiu."--«R.02. Hoveden, AnaaJ. p. 749. --'T- -t;.- r.JT^'iX.-i-Ht 9a M E M O I R S O F ' ' his Enemy was rather engaged in the Retatiation, than . the CommifCon of an unpardonable Injury. ^ Having paid a neceflary Attention to the Pt^b^lcA^ fiiirs of his Dominions, JUJchard meditated a War a* ^ gainft bis virulent Adverfary, Philip the Second, King of Frame. He fitted out a Fleet confifting of an Hun- dred Ships, with which, attended by a large Body of Land Forces, He failed to the Relief of Ferpeuil, at that Period befieged by the French. The Particulars of his Vidory are as little deferving of our Notice ^s the Skir- miflies which fucceeded it. Of a Naval Engagement, during a Struggle of five Years between the two Mo- narchSy.We have no memorable Account. A Truce was at length agreed upon for the like Space of Time {q). Yet, inomediately afterwards, each Party, taking frefh Offence, prepared for the Renewal of Hoftilities^ Thefe were, with fome Reludance, fufpended at the Inter- ce£fion of the Cardinal of Saint Mary (r) ( And it is pro- bable that his good Offices would have wrought upoii the Competitors to accede to more durable Articles of Peace,if the fubfequent Death of Richard had not ren- dered it lefs the Intereft of Philip to accommodate his Differences with the Englifb (/). r/^wiar, Vifcount of Limoges, and a Vaflal under Richard, having difcovered aTreafure, prefented to him a Part of it. The King, concealing an infatiable Ava- rice under the Pretence that it was neceflary to main- tain his Claim as the fuperior Lord, exprefsly command- ed him to give up the Whole (/) ; and, without waiting for (f) T. >^alfingham, Ypodigma Neuftria.— Matt. Paris. —Roger Hoveden. (r) Rynier, V. I. p. 109,1 10. (*) A. D. 1 196. (/) Roger Hoveden, p. 791. — ^Krtyghton, p. S43i.-^ A. £>. 1 199. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 9^' for a Reply, befieged him in his Caftle. Vidomar of- fered to furrender \ but Richard, adding the moft favage Barbarity to the FJagrancy of Injuftice, declared that {incene hadtakeii theTrpMbte to march ibfaf, He would enjoy the Pleafure of (lorming the Garrifoti, and hang- i|)g every Soldier on the. Spot. After fuch a Menace, an obftinate Defence was more than juftifiable. On tne foiirth Day of the Siege, as the Kin^ attended by J^arcadie, Conimander of the Mercenarids, was endea- vouring to difcover the ica(l defenlible Part of the Caf- t{^,. Bertrand dt Gour3(^ took fo unerring ^n Aim at him, that He/ fixed an VArrow in his Shoulder. Ri' chard, too heate^ to withdraw, and . peirhs^ps fuppoiing himfelfto be but jjjgl|tly hurt, i-ehewedl ^he Aflault,' whi^l^.was foon foljpWed by the SubmifTion'of the Gar- riAiin to the Mercy of the Conqueror. All, however, except peurdott, were ordered to be hanged ; and the Li^of.^his Man wa$. intended to be : fpaireid iinti| fpmf ,^rea(lfui Method could be devifed for taking 'it a^y-(«)- * r^tt^r'o^^^ ". ' ' ' "... . .'''^^ (The Wound did not at firft appeal* to be in a dah- gerojif State ; but either fuch was the Unikilfulnefs of the Si)i:geon whip extrai^ed the Arrow, or, ,:^ inflamed wa&the Blood of Richard, that a Mortification enfiied, and Death became inevitable ( , r^^■- '(otf) T4iis was probabif.i>wingeen aflei^in^i feft the juflic^^ys' K|cpiyi and, in tjie true Spiirit bf Forgiienefs/^ired^ t^^t Gfur^oif j^oiildnot only be fdt at Liberty/ biit pre"- fented with a'puric of Silverf Thii benevolent 'knicn^ tjoQ Wjfis d((fjeated by the fava^e Villainy of Mafca^L vlio '6'rft fiea^,^0ur)/oii alive; itacltli^h hanged fiiii(>). he^rd'^x^t on tW Siith bf April; jh the Tdith ^c^f if lijs'^?^!!, and the f prt^-fccohd of his Age («)^ Lift. The Surgeons of the Court were called in : and Each acknowledging his Inabilities, declined the Operation. Pur* big thif Exigency, the C^zm^An^ ^^ tippH^d to,' j^ndJilr tHOttgh unlknitd iii the Pra<|iee» ic^iikiiaiKfpd to ftfikr P^ tjie JP'obt of nis Sovereign. \Vith a ilharp Axe,'He^ aij^jr^e Blows, p6rforhi«d Ms Office. Eadeffii^c 1!orcure tJH^w tl^cf Duke iiito a Pever, which baffled all the little! Mtdical Knowledge of that 'Age and fooo deprivetl him of hb-JUiite^ ^Rob. Glof. In vit. Mc. Pri. P.J400. ij) Rogtr Hoyedeii, Annaf. p. ' 791 . ^ Bronlpton^ p^ IZTJ. — Knijrhton, p. 24i3.--^Matt. Paris. Hift. Aagl. p. ji9<.—rNic. Trivet Annal. Vol. I» p. 114. _ , ' \z) A. D. 1199. . ' ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMP:N,&c. 9$ We f^alj conclude our Account of this Prince with a ^ight V^ew of his Military, and Naval CharaSef. In the F^^» l^e was Superior to Misfortune, and Brave ^p a|i^i(ce^ 9 but Fierce^ f^nie], and Vindidive. In t)ie IjoA the fyfne ro^nantic |Ieroi(jn, the fame dete^able ^rbarity, af^d implacable Revenge, were die^^^y (cpnfpicuou9. Tp gratify thefe, He ^rampfed q|i ak tl|e facred Privileges of |Iuxnan Nature as mercijief^ly s^s ^e violated t^e Laws of War. It wi^s folely whep Ht ^ifcerned m Ot|ie» fhofe e^Urpagant FJigbts ^f JR-e^M- tipp M^hiph w,ere the xjiiftipguiihing Marks of \i\s own (Cpnd4|6t, tli^at He checked his naturs^l Ferocity, apd eml)rac^ a ppn by darjng him to be criiej, prp^radejd^ and (if the intjepded Ai^ pf fCl^me?^ bad npjt. been fruftrated by a Traitor,) wpiiid juye efcapf d jthiP PtinilJim^Fit y^hich Subml^ipP migbt 1^$ hajftened. Of the Englijb Cpmmerce He was a fpirited ProteSpr ; and fo firmly did He maintain a per- petual Sm)eriority on the Ocean, that Philip cli Prawe, jeji theCohfequences of it ^oijld have proved fataf to "^iipCelf, ^07)^4 ff^ Alliance wjth Camttus ^f j^fth, K^g pf Btmmark, ivhpfe t^ught:er He efpoufed, pn the Condition of being iumiihed with a Fleet fuffipieiitly powerful tp rdift, if not fubdue, the Naval Jforce of f^chard (a). This intended Expedition vras, ho wevf r, prevented ^o(i Wl^S Pl^^e.by the grpfs A^^'ORv^ tp which i/«m^r^le, be taken, and thereafter deemed good, and lawful Prizes, notwithftanding that on Inquiry it might appear that the Owners of fuch Veflels were the SubjeSs of a - Power at Peace with th^ Kingdom ; and that all Offi- cers,'Mariners, and Others on board thefe Veflels fliould be fentenced as Rebels, to be imprifoned, at the Diicre* tion of their Judges {*).' A more maoifeft Propf of our Superiority on the Ocean is not to be adduced (c) ; and We may reafonably infer from this Pretenfion to it, and the Nature of the Mandate here annexed (^), that Jofhi ' : ■ ■ : ' ' '■ : and u u *f tl ** (t (( « << *€ tt <( €t « (i) A. D, I20Q. . (*) " Encontrant fur la Mer aucunes Ncfs, oji VeiTeauU . charzes ou voides, qui ne veuillent avaler, et abaiiTer leur Triefs, au Comiuandement du LieUteiiftnt du Roy, ou fon Lieutenant, mais cotnbatint encohtre ceiilx de larlot- te, filJB puentetre pris, qu'ils foieiit reputez cooiihe Ene- n ,m,ieft et leurs Nefs, VefTeaulx, et Biens pris, et forfeits, come Biens des Enemies, tout foit que le Maiftres, oi| r Poflefl'qui's d'iceulx voudroient venir apres, e^ alleguer ' mefmes les Nefs, Veffeaulx, et Biens eftte des Amies du .Ray oQtre Seigneur ; Et que la Menye eftant en iceulx foient chaftiez par Emprifoneroent delevr COTPSi Wx leur Rebellet6, par i>i(cretion."— Seldeni Mare Ciauium. to Ibid. ■ , ,^_~;:^.i.-•.,.,^ ^■■ {d) *^ The King to all the Sturemauni K HtfithietH f , and Merchants oi England^ ufin^^tne Sea, Greeting : Know Ye, chat we have fent Jlatutsjwvo of SorhtvnyWtdmr Stmtut^ Finctnt pi HaJiingSy and fy'tnmuJ of IVincAel/ea, with otheni of our Barons oXtht Cinque Ports, &c. Four fiiithful Stu^ remamit and MarintlH, in our Gallies to'arref^, land fafe- ly bring into England all Ships that they can find, with all that ihall be found in them : and Therefore WeCommand " YoH « it rt>mifed << « «c « Yott to be aiding to them in this Bvfinefi, fo tba- Ye be in Et^lMdvrlxh ;fOwr.Ships, and Qoods, fit fuch Porti at' they ihall 'appoint And if Anv Hil^li attempt to re^ "^ them, contrary to our Command, Ye, our liege-Men, are required to aid them With all four Power, as Yott tender Yourfelves, i^id your Chattels, and your Q^iet, and Refidence» #ndihat of all your Kindred, within o|ir Dominions.'* d ..... * Sea-Giptains, and Officers, f Mariners, or 3ea-SoIdiers.««Gen. Treat, of the Do* mioion of the Sea, (e) Matt. ftLtii, Hiil Angl. 98 MEMOIR80F promircd not entirely to rdinqoifliy howroever He might deity the Expeditipny but to employ tiiem at an «aity» «Bd mere favourable Period. According, Hh w the followiog Seafon^ attended by a conTideraMe Squadrooy and fome chofen Troops, proceeded fnm^tfiiukii (/) to RocMU, where He landed, on the Ninth ^Julf, add immediately marchM to Jngen, which He took, «nd reduced to Aflies. Here, onlf. We liehold him M b .ConquerOi'. All hib other Qperati6ni were igMmittf- bus to an Extreme ; of thefe it it fofficient to dbferve thut they terminated in tfaeLofinf meft of hit Tranf- marine ProvincciB^ and reduced him to the Neceffity of Acceding to a Thice which rendiered'him contemptible in the Eyes of all Euttpe {g,) Jwhi, wkofe Cowardice, and inactivity dtfabled him from an Oppofition to a formidable Adverfary, gave Ordert for tibe Levying Of an Amiy, «nd the Eqoip- ment of a Fleet, to a£k in Concert againft the jripf finemiestoo defencticis to difqniet hsm with the Threats aoi a Refflbace. Heiaiied^ with 'five Hu ndred Ships, Jrom Ihnkoke, and famded ztDyMm^ on the Sixth of ytmr, in the Year one Thoufaod, twp Hundred^ and Ten. Immediately after hb Anrival, Hewaaittetby Twenty of the i^Dyaafb, Who, peaceably luhmit- Iting, did Homage for their Territories : But t^ic^ii^- lijb Barons Hugh,, and Waitir de Lacy, dreadbg the "Severity of an Irritated, and vindiiEKvie Sovereign, fled into France, yrli^t^ William de Braaufe^ a NoMeman of diftinguiihed Clliarader, fought an Afylura from his Purfuits, leaving behind, his Wife* and Son, who were afterwards fei^, and by the Qnler of T^Jis, fUtviid to 1>eath, inPrifon (^1.) CafHat, Kliig oiCmiof^kt, (the Ar- t J ^ ticks (/) June ajf A. D. iao6. M Rymer, VoLI. p. i4i.~ii. >'-.''- (A) Matt. Paris.— JIaamcr.—Leland's Hiftory of Ireland, Vol. I. p. 191. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 99 tides of wliore Submii&on had been acQufted ibme Yean before) waited alfo upon the Bnglifi Monarch, and formaUy renewed his Proteftations of Fidelity (/) I mention this Circomftance, becaufe Several of the EngUJb Uiftorians, (and, with them, a Writer (I) who, perhaps, hath placed the CharaAer ofjokn in too £svourable a Point of View,) obfenre that Cttkei was re- duced by Force of Arms. It appears from authentic Records, aU tending to fiippoct the Aflertions of the LrJJb Annalifts, that thu Prince, lb far from meditating « Re6ftance, came peaceably, and took the Oaths of Fealty (/). The martial Atdiievemeots of Jalfi were, asufuai, confined within a variow Gompaft. The Ex* tecmination of feme inconfiderable Septs of Marauders, «nd the Rcdudioo of tlye Garti&ns in J#Aiil, and UiJUr, belonging to the Barons ifiigi fuid H^altv tk Latyp are the only Proofr of the vidoriqfB Progteft of his Arms, in Ireland (as). Even heee, at the Head of a powerful Force, he was unable to flui)u off thd Ti- midity of his Nature ; and when Bu^JCyHaJ, a petty Jrijb Prince, bade Defiance to his Authority, He meanly bore the Infult, and proceeded quietly on hb March through the Territories of a Chief whofe Allegiance had been as (blemnly plighted, as it was daringly loolated (n.) He ibon afterwards returned (o) with Us Fleets and Army to EttgUml, leaving Join dt Grty, Biibop of A/iv>- wici, to ad as his Jufticiary. G a In Ireland, (i) Ann. Innjsf. MSS. ik) CainpbelrsLives of the Admirals, Vol. i. p. 140. Wi^«W'sHiftoryofIreland, VolLp. loa. ((») Nic. Trifct Aimal. Vol. I.— Amal. Hibem. apod Caoid— Matt. Paris. Hift. Angl. Vol. I.— T. Walfinghaoi, Ypodigm. Ncuft.-.Leland's Hift. of Ireland, Vol. I. p. 193. —-Speed— Jfolineihed. (h) .\nn. Innisf. MSS.--Lelaad*f Hiftor/ 9f Ireland, (0 Aug»ft:4cviU9!..t*^f Vll' • 1 « I ' > I * • » ' * . • * 1 I ■ u •' Z^^{,^ybd-- ing his Marine Armaments (vdiicfa were more confider- «ble than «ny poflefled by thtEngliJbf at a preceding iEra,) along die Coafts, rtedyto defend themfelves againft their ezpeded Enemies (q). Yet a Part of theie Troops, and Veilels were afterwards difmified, as their Number was too great to be conveniently main- tained. ? The naval Preparations of PiHip were the earlieft Ef- forts towards the Eftabli(hment of that Marine in 'France^ which, increafed by (low, but powerful De- grees; became, at length, able to contend withEn^ imd for the Empire of the Ocean. During the Reigns of the firft Sovereigns of the third Race who governed that Kingdom, the Sea-ports, and confequently the Shipping were pofleflfed by the great Vailids of the Crown. Amongft.thefe,, the moft fomudable was the King of Finglaiid, who hetd'all the Weftern Coaft from rth& Mouth of the Somme, as far as Spain, znd to pre- fervc (f) Mezeray, Vol. II. p. 6aa. • (9) Matt. Paris. Vol. I. p. a32."r"Ni9. Trirct, Annal. p.157. '■::: :.' '0 ■!> • T^i' r f t , • t ^ ' 1 t l> • ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Arc. loi Icnre the lotcrcoiirfe between his Pro¥ince8, andDomi' nions, wm obliged to introduce a confiderable Marine The Advantages refoking from it were fo apparent to PhiUp, that He conceived a Defign of obtaining a Navy; Several of the Maritime Provinces having revertted to the Crown, and Britatwf being alfo in its Intereft, He availed himfelf of this happy Concurrence ious, ind tmjuft (x). He was immediately driven Irom the C^urt, by Order of the King, who threatened that, of all the Enemies of /Vonrr^He ihould(irft.feel the Violence of Hoftility. . Eager to execute hisPuipofe, He marched immedi- ately, at the Head of a nun^erous Army, into the Domi- > • nions U) Mat(. Paris. Hift. Ang. p. a^y.^x-Nic. Trifet. Anna!. Vol. I. p. 157, 158.— xRobert of Gloucefter's Chronicle, p. <07. (/) Nic. Trivet. Anna). Vol. i. p. 160. in) A. D. I a 13. (jr) M^tt. Pans, p. i66.-*Hiftoire de ta RivaKt^ de hi France, et de rAngletenre, Tom. II. >■ ILLUSTRIOUS SSAM1K» &c. loj llioiii of tlut l4»«l, fabduingC^/, ]^f/| and aH the Coqntrx, as frr- at Bf^u, His Pket^^rbceeded to Qravdiner, and -fiom tkance to tl^ Ha? en of Dam. Here, it was attacked by «he fff^Hf^ Navy, conJTift- ing of five Hundred Sail, under tkeCbmmand of thf ^1 of Sakjbipyr natural Brother to King Join [y). The Aaion pnnred &tal to PMipt Three Hundred of ' his Ships were taken; an lluttroceeded on his Voyage, theie Lords, afliamed of their Defe6bion, would follow with the neceflary Equipments, embarked, attended by an inconiiderable Force, and filled to ^er- fy (r). Here, He waited to no Purpofe, and, at laft returned to EnglMd, dedaring that it w^u his ^rm In- G4 tention /jr) A. D. 1*13. |e) Matt. Paris, p. 166.— ^Chron. Dunft. Vol. I. p. 59. — Nic. Trivet. Annal. Vol. I. P* I57« (a) Hiftoire de la RifaUtd de la Franct , et de rAnaletcnre, Tom. H. . .. ■ his Tents, Baggage, mili- tary Machines, and a Part of his Fpr^ es ,^hp were either cut to Pieces, or drowned («)..4^*>^M^e fame Time, a cJecifive Vidory was obtained by FAifip, at Bovimii over the Emperor Otho, who had invaded Fr^mr^, with an Hundred and fifty Tboufand Gernums, \ On. this Occa- iion, the Provinces of i'0/^otf, and 4ri/dtt declared in Favour of the Conqueror, to whom the faithlefs P^ile^ v/;i/ would probably have delivered, Ja^n, if, by ac- cycling to a diflionourable Truce, He had not preserved his Liberty. When this was concluded. He returned (/) ignominiouOy I i Id) Matt. Paris, p. 167. («) Daniel— Hiftoire de la Mil. Franc— Hiftoire dt; la Rivalitd de la France, et de TAnglcterre, Tom. 11. (/) November, A. D. U14. ILLUSTRIOUS SteAMEl^, &c. 105 ighominiotifly with hia Fleet, and the Remains of his Army to England (g). '-•- This was the lift foreign Expedition undertaken by the King, The Reft of his Reign was one continued Scineof civil War, in which no Naval Circumftance occurs, except the Equipment of a Fleet, confifting of fix Hundred^ and Ten Ships, by his formidable Rivial, Philip: The Phice of Rendezvous was at Ci/jf/, wherci Pritice Lewis oi France, appointed to the Command, arrived, 4nd failed with it for England, He firft defign> ed to land tHe Forces, at Stanhore,in the Ifle ofTAanei ; but not perceiving any Preparation^ to oppofe them. He proceeided to Sandwich, and there difembarking, was immediately joined ^f the Barons, and feveral of the fbreigh iTroops in the 'i*ay of John {h). At this dan- gerous Crifis, the Kihg raifed a cohfiderabie Army, with which He advanced to I'epel the Enemy, and make a final Struggle for his Crown. In his Progrefs from NeirfiUtfVtSLo LincolnJbire,^e was obliged to march abn^ the Sea-fhore ; and here, nfcgleding to . tetire at the Timebf High-water, He was ftitpnttd by theTides^ 'whic^ fwallowed up all his Carriages, Baggage, Trea- fure. Regalia, and a Part of his Forces (1). This aiBiding Stroke, by incrcafing the Violence of a Di& temper under which He then ljd>oured, ibon brought him to the Grate. It was with Difficulty that He reach- ed the Caftle of Newark, where Heexpired in the Forty- iniothVear of his Age,aml the eighteenth of hisReign(l). Whilft ^(g) Chronique AWeed des Rois de France, p. 79.— Me- zeray, T. 2. p. 625^--^iftoire de la |liy«Iite at, u Fiance, lot de PAngleterre, T. a.— Rigord. ' ^ ' ' (h)A. p. iai6. — Nic. Trivet. Annal. Vol. I. p. 165, i66u •^Matt JP«ris» Hilt Angl- p- 281, — Mezeray,Voi. II. p.a6Q. " (0 Matt. Paris; HiftrAngl. p. 287. ' (k) Nic. Trivet. Annal. V. \. p. 166.— Matt. Paris Hlft. Angl. p. 288.— Robert of Glbucefters Chronicle, p. 512. 513.— A. D. 1 2 16. V' 10$ ME M O I R S OF Whifft We abhor the general CoDdud of this flagi- tious Prince, it muft not be denied that the Support oif the JAuwe, . and the Increafe of Comoierce, were the Ir^uent O^tds of his Attention. Here, let us conr chide the Charader :— To inquire iartber is toopainii^ 91 T» upon the F<«Ungs of Humanity (/). The prudent and fpirited Condud of the Eaf 1 of Pemhroh, Mtucefchal of MiigUmd, fecured ^e Throne ibr the young Prince Henry ^ whom H^ietf imme4u^d]f to Glouegper^ where» in the Prefence of Gutk^ the lU^ gate» and a fmall Number of the Peers of the ReaUoy He was Crowned by the Bifliops of fVinehefiir an^ Baihi on the Twenty-eighth qf 0^«3rr, in the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Sixteen («). The fremh, under the Command of the Count of fercJicf ibaving reduced Limottig Peniroh (appcuntol Protedor of the Realm) haftened with a confiderable Force to the. AiStoce of the Royalifts. On bis Art riyal, the Epemy withdrew into the City, and pire- fttred for their Defence (it). Here, th^y were immedt* i^ely attacked by the Befiegers, who^ mounting the *''\h A Naval Hfftorian * who, in the glaringly partial Vthdi^iatioii of Joht^ hath apologixed forhisVicet, and tibribed to him the Virtues which he did not pxafiife, diawB a Parallel bptweea bis ignominious ReMat ti^ the liOe (jf ffigAt, and the neceflary Retirement of . i68.-4iotiiiftie4^T. VOIem.— ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. toy Walls, entered the Place, Sword 'in Hand, Clearing down all O()pofitioti, and, fcircely with any Bloodihed, obtaitoing a cdndpleat Vidory {o)» Only the Qmnt of iVr^Ar, and two Others were killed. The Reft, and, amongft tfaefe, above four Hundred Knights, and O^ ficers t>f Rank fnrrendered at dUicretion {p). The Spoils ieized 1^ the Conquerors were (b Numeroiis and Valuable, that they called the Battle by which they were thus cheaply acquired, Lincoln Fair, We have briefly mentioned this ViSory as it decided the Fate of the Kingdom. Prince Lewi/f on the firft Intelligence of an Event fo alarming to his Hopes, judged it pmdent to raife die Siege of D^wr (where he had been power- fully oppoied by the brave Hubtrtde Burgfi,Qovemor l»f the Caftle) and retreat to London. The News which reached him at this Metropolis convinced him that hisCaafe was Defpehite, and thenceforwafd lie re- fohred to obtain a Peace on any Terms compatible wiili lu^HdiRNir. A Wrtmeh Fleet confifting of Eighty ftrong Ships, and feveral Trenfports appeared off the Coaft of Kent {q)p where fome of the Troops difen.^arked, and reduced Sandiwich to Aflies. In the mean Time, the Qnqne Ptrtf drew together a Naval Force, which, although ■but half equal to that of the Enemy, ventured out to the Attaick, under the joint Command of IMert ie 'BurgX, John Mar/bail, and PMip de Manig. The Englijb, having fortunately gained the Wind of the Prench, bore violently down upon them, and throwing a Quantity of powdered Quick->lime into the Air, took the Advantage of their being blinded by it, to gall them with their ^: (a) Jinie ri., A.l>. 1217. >)Matt^ Paris. Hift. Angl. Mullr. p. 195. (f) A. D. 1217. p> 204, 205.— Chron. de lo8 MEMOIRS OF their Arrows. Forfuing their Snccefs, they, at kngth, lefolutely boarded them, flaying with their Swords, and Lances, Muhitudes of the Soldiers ; and fb intimidating Others that they precipitated themfelTes into the Sea, and were all drowned. Of the Ships, mdft were cithier.funk, or taken ;- aiid amongft the Pjrifoncrs was the famous Eu/laee, (whom we have before mention- ed (r),th this Engagement, a frequent Defertcr from Side to Side. He would have purchafed Life with an enor- mous Sum of Gold ; but Richard, a natural Son of King Jthi, impelled by the favage Ferocityfo peculiar to the Cooquer^NTS in earlier Times,, became hisExecu- tioner^ and cutting off his Head, fent it as a Prefent t» the King of England (i), who gave Orders that it ihould be fixed up<^ a Pde, and carried as a PuUic SpeSacIe of Infamy, throughout the Ifland (l). . • After this Vidory, the Fleet proceeded to the Mouth of the TAmif/, and preventing all Communication be- tween the Army of Lewis, and his Ships, reduced that Frince, already abandoned by the Engltfli Nobles, to the Neceflity of fuing to the Earl of Pembroke for Peace. A celebrated J^rmr^. writer (m) hath obferved that, in this Treaty the Law was dilated, and not received by Liuur. It is like the haughtily prefcribing Conqueror, to fubmit to a Departure from the Kingdom, and, in Return, afk only for an Indemnity to \ii\% Adherents ; the Reftoration of their Eftates, and Honours : toge- ther whh the uninterrupted, and equal ]^joyment of . • thofc • V*C' -tr,. (r) Pageioi. (f)'Matt. Paris. Hift. Angl. p. 2o5.— Annal. Waverl. p. 183. — ^W. Heming, p 563.' — Nic. Trivet. Annal. p. 169.—^. Weftmon. p. 277.— Knyghton, p. 2428.— Thoin. Waliingham. Ypodigm. Neuftr.— Selden MareCUu- fum. (*) Nlc. Trivet. Annal. Vol. I. p. 169. («) EiTais fur Paris. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 109 Uiofe Privileges^ and Liberties, acceded to all the other ^ubjeds of the Crown {x) ? It is more than [ht>bable that ib politic a Regent as Pembroke would have granteil the Amnefty to the rebellious Barons, without the Inter- pofition of Letuis, He would, not compulfively, but of his own Accord, have buried, for the Sake of the pub- lic Tranquility, all AnimoHties in Oblivion : And «mo theConfervation of the Rights claimed by the Englijb,'m genera], and the Citizens of London, in particular, that would have been eflablifhed, although the Prince had even furrendered at Difcretion. Where are We to meet with thofe Articles of Capitulation which (houU prove that in the Scale of Advantages the Balance in- clined to Lewis? Had He acquired the Afcendant, He certainly would have (Upulated either for a Reimburfe- ment of his Expences in profecuting the War, or % Grant of fome Portion of Dominion. Yet of this We have no Record ; and it is yet evident, in fpit^ of Mifr- repreientation (^), that it was equally the Intereft of Lewis to make Peace with Henry, asof Henry to make Peace vdth Lewis. We are informed (z) that the Er^" liih dreaded to take the Prince of France, aknoft ad much as He could have feared being taken ; and were too apprehenfive that fuch a Proceeding would draw down upon them the whole Force of Philip, to put it to the Hazard. Surely, it may be inferred that Lewis, happy to quit the Territories of a Vidorious Ene- my, on any Conditions not abfolutely difgraceful, and thus fecure the Safety of his Perfon, was more intereft- ed (*) Rymer's Fcedera, V. i. p. aai.— Matt. Paris. Hift. Angl. p. ao7.— <^hron. Dunft. Vol. i. p. 83.— Matt Weft- mon. p. 278.— Knyghton, p. 2429. - (jr) Hiftiiire de la Kivalitd de la Firance, et dc TAngle- terre, par M. Galliard, T. a. p. 33l. («) Sid. * 110 MEMOIRS OF cd in the Treaty than Hiwjf at eafe during this Peri- od, and firmly eftablifhcd on the Throne. The pre- ceeding Naval Succefles of the EngKJb againft double the Number of the Frenc/k were evident Demonftrations that no Circumftance, except an inteftine Tumult, ccAild have rendered an Invafion, even fy the whole Forie ^f Philip, of the leaft Avail ; that He and hit Son con- curred in thefe Sentiments is manifeft from their not having attempted to renew the Enterprize. I may, perhaps, appear to wander far from my Subjed ; but when falfe Concluiions are drawn by two Hiftorians who, in other Refpeds, are candid to an Extreme, it is of dangerous Tendency that they (hould pafs un- noticed. In the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Eigh- teen, a Fleet was fitted out by Ramlph, Earl of Chefler ; Saer de ^^fV^^, Eari of JTinchelfea ; mil/am iP Alhiney, Earl of Arundel ; and feveral of the Barons ; who, with a numerous Force, were dire£^ed by Henry to proceed to the Holy LamI, and wage War againft the tnfJels {a) In four Years afterwards, a formidable Armanfient confifting of feven Hundred Sail, commanded by the Earl of Ai/(/^»ry, Uncle to the King, together with his brother Richard, not long before created Earl of Cornwall, appeared off Bourdeaux, where the Troops immediately landed. The warlike Operations of either Party were of little confequence ; and it is lufficieht to remark that thefe Princes, having ftayed two Years, in Guierme, came back to England, The next Naval, and military Crufade {b) Was in- - trufted («) Matt. Paris, p. 303.— Annal. Waverl. p. ]i84.-^T. Walfinffham. Ypodigma Ncvftrias, p. 463.^-Nic. Trivet, Annal. Vol. I. p. 171. {b) A. D. 1 227. ILLULTRIOUS SBAM£N, &C iii tnifted to Feitr du Rteknt BUbop of Winchefter, and William Br^uMr, Bifliop of Exttir, who were attended by fefty thoaiand BngUJbmm, moft of whom are fiip- pofed not to have returned to their native Country <<*)• Anxious to recover the Provinces in fremce^ of which his Father Jikn had been deprived by Philip Au^ut, the King, who could not through Intreaties obtain the Reftoratkm of them from Lewis^ prepared to f*^izc up- on them forcibly. An Army levied for the Purpofe, from EngUmd, IrtUmd, Scvtland and Waletf and more formidable dian had as yet been ieen, alTembled at Fartfimuthf where Htnry was ready to take the Com- mandy and embark. The Naval Equipments, either owing to Negled or Defign, were found, on Incpiiry, too inconfiderable to receive them ; and, therefore, the Enterprize was poftponed until the enfotng Spring (^, when the Sovereign and his troops proceeded to Stutit ■Maloet {0), where, on their landing, they were received by the Earl of Bretagne, who gave up to Henry the Pof- TeffioQ of his Garrifons, and Caftles. This inglorious Monarch, far from purfuing a Cam- paign which opened fo advantageoufly, engaged in the moft expeiiifve Parties of Pleaicire at Nantes ; whilft the Prenchf unrefiiHed, carried their Conquefts into Brr- ^0^11^. The Mormmu and the Poictevins endeavoured* but in vain, to roufe the Inadivity of Henry, and de- clared themfelves inReadinefs to affift his military Oper- ations, from the Moment of lus Appearance to condud them. The King proceeded reludantly to Pbietou, where the Caftle of Mirabean immediately forrendered 10. (r>-Hackl«yt's Voyages, Vol. II. p. 31, 38. //) A. D. laao. It) May 3.— Matt. Paris. Hift. Angl. p. 363.— AiflL Wavcrl.-.-T. Wikcs.-^oUngihcd, VoC 11. p. ai 1.— Tyr. rel. Vol II. p. 867. tit M EM O I RS OF to him. From thence. He marched into. Guiimir,md received the Homage of his Barons. His warlike Ar- dour was now exhaufted, and He returned to the Enjoy- ment of his Diverfions at Nantei, where the Officers, and even the common Soldiers, imitating his Profiifioii» di^fed of their Arms and Horfes, and fquandered away the Money in Feafting, and Debaucher]^. The .French who^ profiting by the Supinenefs of Henrys had added a confiderable Reinforcement to their Troops, approached with, an Intention to attack him. The Pro- bability of a Battle was to the Etiglijb as terrible as the Reality : Th^y fled with Precipitation to their Ships, from which they lataded, amidft the Public Scorn, and Indignation, at PortfmoutA, after a difgracefiil Abfence of five Months, alL paflied in one continued AGt of Cowardice, and Diifipation (/). In the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Thir- ty-one, the Fleet, commanded by Pfter des RicA^s, Biihop of WimAeJIer^ returned from the Hily Land, This Prelate difembarked in great Pomp, and entered, with a folemn ProceiCon, into the Capital of his Dio- cefe(^). >^ ' The earlieft 'Naval PTeparations from this Period, were made (A) by Richard, Earl of Cornwall^ and Jchn, Bari of SaHfiury, the Brother, and the Uncle to the King, together w|th feveral Perfons of Diftindibn. Their great Objea was to aflift the C^i/?iim/ in dieir War againft the Infidtlt in Syria, They were foon re- inforced by a powerful Armament under the joint Com- mand oi Simon de Mont/or t, Eari of Leiccfter, and John, Earl (/) Nic. Trif et. Annal. Vol. i. p. iSj.-i-H. Knfgh- ton, p. ^439. — ^T. Wikes, p. 41.- Tyrfcl, VoL U. p. 870. - . fr) Hackluyt's Voyages, Part II. (fi) A. D. 1246. ' ;^ / .,: ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 113 Bail of Alhmarli, Thm united, their Enterprizet wer^ frequent, and viQorieut (/). Henry, havinf formed^ at the Infligaden of hb Fa- ther-in-law, the Count i& la Match*, a Projed icir reducing Gafcmg to Subjedion, extoited the necefliuy Succours from hit equally opprefled, and difcontented People. The Fleet, tnd a fmall Nomher of Troops ^being ready, he ikikd' with them firom,iV(/M0itfi (1)^ and landed foon afterwards at XdnHngi, where Hie; was joined by his Ally. Here, as ufual,. the Entcrprizet of iifmr^ were marked by Misfortune, andbiigrace. He waa overcome at 7W// fential Service to the Kingdom (m). The Depreda- tions of the Pirates (amongft whom were Sutjeds of great Rank,) had alfo rifen to an alarming Height ; nor was their Infolence to effeduaUy checked as might have been imagined by the Execution of Witliam Mfor* Jbali, their Chief, and of the noble Houfe of Piminh* This daring Adventurer, who had fortified the finall VoL.L H Ifland (f) Holingihed. {k) May 14, A. D. 1341. (/) Matt. Parb. Hift. Angl. p. 393, 394, 398, 399, 405; — W. Hemingf. p. 57^--%lur(m. Pniiil. Vol. I. p. 153. — Nic. Trivet, /^nal. vol. I. p. 194. — Grafton, p. i;^. — Fabian, p. 50, ci. (n) C^mpbeU's Lives of the A^nurab, Vol I. p. i^* 114 MEMOIRS OF Iflaiid citundy, near the Mouth of the Sivern, became fo much a Terror to the adjacent Coafts, that the Inhabit tants implored the King to fend a Squadron to their Af- (iftance. Accordingly, fome Ships were fitted out, by Means of which Marjbail was taken, and conveyed to Lotuhtt, where He was tried; and fentenced to lofe his Life. The Puniihment, notwithftanding the Rank of the Offender, was immediately mflided {n). The pecuniary Grants which Henry had obtained from his Parliament^ although requefted to fupport the Ezpence of a Crufade, were laid out in Preparations to reduce the Gafcont, encouraged in their Rebellion, by if^^on/9. King of Caflile (o). When the Fleet, con- Ming of three Hundred Ships, befides Tranfports (p) Ivas, entirely equipped, Henry repaired to PortfmoutA, and embarking, with his Aitey, on the Sixth oiAuguJi^ in the Ye^r one Thoufand^ two Hundred, and Fifty- three^ arrived, after a Paflfage of nine Days, at Bour" deaux. It is fufficient to remark that, differently from the general Refult of his Meafures, He was not unfuc- cefsfiil : But the prodigious Debt contraded on thisOc" cafion, by Himfelf and his Nobles, ferved only to in- flame their Difcontents^ and expbfe him to a greater IDanger from their Enterpri^s (^)< To avoid a tedious Paffage on the Sea, He dire^ed the Fleet to fail, and wait for his Arrival at Boulogne, To this City, He proceeded, (by the Permtilion of Lewis,) with a nu- merous Retinue, through France ; but^iot until He had been magnificently entertained, during eight Days at Paris, (n) CampbellV Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. i6o.-~ Holineihed, p. zyy. — Matt. Paris. Hift. Angl. p. 584. (0) Matt. Paris. Hift. Angl. — Ann. Burton. — Ann. Wa- verl.— T. Wikes. {p) Holinglhed. (f) Matt. Paris. Hift. Angl. p. 614. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 115 Pgrit (r). He reached EngUmd 00 the Firft of Jamarf, in the following Year (/). The next Event immediitely relating to our Subjeft appears to border upon Fable, and is mentioned by only two Hiftorians, RAlph HoUfif^Jbed, and Matthew (t Benedimm Monk,) of fVeftminfter. We prefent it to the Reader in the Words of the Former : *« About this «« Seafon (/), were certain Ships driven by Force of «• Wind, and Weather, into certain Havens, on the •* North Coafts of England, towards Berwick, which ** Ships were of a very ftrange Form, and Fafliion, « but mighty and ftrong. The Men that were « aboard the fame Ships were of fome far Country, for « their Language was unknown, and not underftand- «< able to any Man that could be brought to talk with '• them. The Freight, and Ballaft of the Ships were " Armour, and Weapons, as Habergeons (u), Hel- '* mets. Spears, Bows, Arrows, Crofs^boWs, and ** Darts, with great Store of Viduals. There lay alfo, *' without the Havens, on the Coafts, diverfe other *< Ships of like Form, Mold, and Fafliion. Thofe^ 'f that were driven into the Havens were ftayed for a *< Time by the Bailiffs of the Ports. But finally when " it could not be known what they were, nor from H a '* whence (r) At a royal Banquet, given by lewis, that Prince would fo have placed Hemy, that the King of France (kould have been feated on the Right, and the King of Navarre on' his Left-hand. But the Engltflf Monarch was determined not to confent to it, and faid to Lewis, ** It belongs to Tou alem ** to occufy a Plact which is to rtgulate the Precedence anwngfi ' ** Kir^s i for Tou are my Lord, and alwens ttudl he fuch.**—' Hiftcdre de la RiTalitd de la France, et de rAngleterre, par Monfieur Galliard, V/3. p. 2. (*) A. D. 1255. (0 A. D. 1254. (tf) The Habergeok was a Body-armour, compoftdtf Lecr: ther, and fenced with Iron, orBrals-oroflets. ti6 M E M O I R S O F ** whence they came^ they were Ucenfed to depart,. ** without Lofsy or Harm, in Body, or Goods.** Few of the ftrcceeding Circumftances of this digrace- fql Reign are within the Province of a Naval Hiftorjf. Amongft tkofe which appear to he the moft material ia the Equipment of a Fleet hy the Qnque Ports {x), who joined the Barons then at War With Henry, and pleaded; in their Vindication that the Exprefllon, in their Ghar- ^^^ 0)» fir tJie Strvke of the King, was to be interpreted {x) A. D. ia6f. -, ' (jf) As the Privileges of the Cin^e Ports were coofiderably augmented by RicAfirdlkt Firft, and Hemy^the Third, in Or- der that they miffbt be the more enabled to incrcafe their Services to the State, it Cannot appear improper to prefent the Reader with a Tranflation of the Latin Cufiumal, or Re- cord of the Town nifSth, as it ftood at this Period.*~~See Hackluyt, Part I. p. 17. - Record of ttV*. Thefe are th^ five Ports of our Sovereign Lord the King, havbg Libcftles which are not enjoyed by any other Ports :- toyivt, Ha/tingtt RomenaJy Hith, Dovfr^ ^.ndSandwic^. . ,1" The Services due by the Same. ttafiing$ fhall find twenty-one Ships » and in every Ship twenty-one Men, and a Boy. The Members of this Port are the Seacd^OEe in ^taforth, Pevefifi>sti% Hffpeny^, Winefiflfea^ Pyty Thamtt Btkefiwrne^ Grenget Northiet and BuiiverAet A. Rommal ihall find five Ships, and the fame Number of Men as are to be found by Haftings. The Members, of this Port are PromheUt Lede, Eajhuejlont, Dengemrys, and Old RfmfHf' Hith ihaU find the faoie Number of Ships, and Men as aie to be found by Rommal. The Member of thjs Port is . thvtr ihall find the fame Number of Ships, and Men as aire to be found by Hayings. The Members of this Port are fMofloM, Ftwrjbamy tindSmM Margar»u, not for the Land, but tor the Goods and Chattels, Smdwich ihall find the fame Numbei' of Ships, and Men, IIS ate to lie found by Rmtnal and Hith. The Members of this ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. iir fir thi Service of tke Kingdom, This, in their Opinion, was beft promoted by deferting the royal Caufe, and j;uarding the Coafts to prevent the Arrival of any fo- reign Armaments for the Support oiHetary. Their Navy amounted to fifty feven Sail, with which the Commanders, fbrgetlul of the great Purjfx^fe of their Enterprize, attempted to feize indifcriminately, on all Ships, whether belonging to Aliens, or to Fellow-Suh- jeds; and thus, the Public Welfare was meanly fa- crificed to the Confiderations of private Intereft. Al- lured by the Profped of Plunder, Simm <2r MotOfart, (who luving furrendered* with other Rebels, at Atf iolme, was pardoned on the Condition of loiving £iy- land,) attached himfelf to the Pirates of the Cimue Paris, imd was chofen to comniaid their Fleet TheM«r^ chantmen of every ^tion were expoTed to their At- tacks, And generally rifled. At length {z)f cmboldea- ed by Succefs, they, to revenge the Deaths of Anne of their Ailbciates who had been hanged, by the Com- mand of Hmry, reduced Por(/M0fi/il to Alhes. Thefe H $ Adventurers Uiis Port tat Fordwich, Reculv&, Serre and Deal i not for Soil, bM lor the Goods. The SfaSps are in Number Fifty-fevea i die Men one Tbonfimd, one Hundred, and Eighty-feven i the Boys Fif- ty-feven. # This Service the Barons of the Cinfiu IV/# do acknow- • t^inftt upon 2)ununons, Yearly, Een,) for the (j^ee of Fifteen i>ays together, at ofts, and Charges, to be reckoned from thePifft Dtty they Uieir«tWB ledge to owe to the King, upon Sununons, Vcarly, (if it hkp- ' ' ' >icec'* ^ foread their Sails to depart for the Place appobted by the King: and to ferve after ithe fifteen Days, at Uie Pleaftirc of theXiag, He oayltig them. A more andtent Record mefftions only five Days Service, . upon forty Days orevious Notice, and that they were to pay the Mafter, and Conftable, fix Pence per Diem each, and tlie Mariners Three^pence.—SeeLediaid^ Nafa} Hiftoiy, Vol. 1. p. 31. (s) Noirembera5, A.p. ia66. i/8 MEMOIRS OP Adventurers were afterwards quelled by Prince Ed" ward {a) whofe Squadron engaged fome Ships belong- ing to the Harbour of l^/fc^^^/^a. In this Adion, Num- bers were either killed, or drowned, and Henry de Pf hune, their chief G>mmander, taken Prifoner {b). The Others, wrought upon by Perfuafions, returned to their Duty, on the Conditions of a general Pardon, and the fiill Ratification of all the former Privileges of the Cin* qui Ports {c). In the Year oneThoufand, two Hundred, and Se- venty, the Navy was fo miferably reduced, that Prince Edward could only cpUe^ thirteen Ships to efcort thQ Troops (on this Accoi|nt, confined to one Thoufand Men,) under his Command, to the holy Wars againft the Saracens {d). Thefe Infidels, unable to wtthftand the Valour of Edward, in the Field, employed an A^* faflin to difpatch hini with a poifoned Knife. The Vil- lain failed in his Atteinpt, (although he wounded the Prince (lightly in the Arm,) and was killed upQn the Spot (f). The Plague, to which the King of France, and one of his Sons had juft before fallen a Sacrifice, began tp rage in the Englijb Army, and fwept away great Numr bers. This Misfortune, added to the Want of the neceflary ♦ . . ■ '^ - ■' . {a) Eod. Ann. . \b) Annal. Waverl. p. 221.— Gul. Riihanger. Contin. Hift. Angl. p. 1004. {c) About this Period, thmas de Moletm was appointed -Captain, and Confervator of the Sea, and Maritime Ports. Id) Nic. Trivet. Anna!. Vtfl.I. p. 229— T. Walfing- ham. Ypodigm. Neuftr. p. 471. -Chronica de Mailrps, pi (r) W. Heming. p. 520.— Matt Pari*, p. 67.^, (J^.^ AnnaL Waverl. p. 225, 226. — GuI. Bifhanger in Coot. Hift, Angl. p. ioo7.<^Nic. Trivet Annal. Vol.1, p. 232.-T HacWuyt, Vol. II. p. 36. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAAIEN, &c. iipi neceflary Supplies for the Continuance of the War pre- vailed on Edward to accept of the. Truce propofed by the Sultan (/); Immediately after the Ratification of it. He embarked with the Remains of his Army, foir Eng- land, and had approached the Coaft pf Sieify, when he received Advice that Hmtj^ was no more. Weighed down by public Cares, and natural. Infirmities, .He had expired at Saint Edmondfimry, in the ^y-fourth Year of his Age, and the Fifty-fixth of his Reign. In the Naval, as in the Military Department, the. Weaknefs, Difjipation, Negligence, and Timidity of, Hmry were fatally, co^fpicuous. At his .Death, the > Maritime Importance of th^ Kingdom drew peaf to its Decline; and might entirely have fallen, if a Prince, l^fsbofd, and vigilant in accpniplUhing its Recovery than Edwatd, had fycceeded to the Throne. Before we enter upon the EngUfi ^ra, it may be ne- ceflary to introduce fome fliort Remarks concerning th«: Navigation, and Trade of the Normans, The largeft of allthe Veflels conftruded, at this Pe- riod, were called Buccas, or Burci'u. CairryinS thre^ Sails, they were more ferviceable than the Others, which are defcribed by the Norman Hiftorians as fiir- niihed only with a fingle Sail. A laborious Antiqua- ry {g) hath not been able, amidft all his Refearches to difcover, either from writen Teftimonies, or any De- lineation whatfoever, the true Form of the Bucca, or' wherein it differed, except in its three Sails, from other large Ships ; neither can He determine whether theft Sails were all on one, or divided on feparate Mafls. The next largeft VefTels were diftinguifhed by the Name of Nfrves Oneraria, or VefTels of Burden. H4 After (/) A. D. 1272. Vo Cg) Strvtt'9 Shipping, Rftd Naval Affairs of the Normans^ \, II. ~ "~ 10. i#> ME te O I R S OP Afto liiefti» nrwc rtdumd tbs dri^, t>r BufUt (li). The Mlirkr were of two Sorts; the One nsvigsted with Saik, and Out ; the Otfaec, with Oarft aloae (i). Aifir dir iHimidlnm in his Defia^tioin of the Lending of JUtkttititt.Ftt&, atCj^frm^ id>&rvcs th»t He qnitted theigreat Ships^ and entered the Boats, and GaDies, which ^me 9Mred to Shore with ^reat Violence (i). The IPiumt ^ Chefe, lipellowing Liniss in an old ||rhere it is recorded of tUchwrd the firft, that ** Were the Maryners gUd, br wrothe, ''netttade^bemfjle, auatow-bodie, ' « Thvt che doth Ike l^owle % the IHtt*'' M.• c* Grandiores Galeis, ab Italieo Galtone \ a GoiSfiwi, ex Glofr, in Matt Paris. ,(^) 8tr6ti%>Sbipmi^,aml Na^ Affairs of the Nomam, V«l.il.p. 19. / ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. m tad property equipped, had never beeo obTerved before. JUdiard, at his Departure from the Harbour of Mgfi- ySw, in Shify^ was attended by an Hnn pofe of more dreadfully wounding the Men, and con** fuming the Rigging of the 'Ships (x), The fmailer Gallies, being ihort, and confequently moved with, greater Eafe, were ufed for the Purpofe of fcattering a Kind of wild-fire amongfl the Enemy. ; The following Particulars, relating to a Sea-fight, near the City of Ftolemais, will furnifh the Reader with ..•'■•■.'■* 'irt'' '■ a com- (/) Galfir. de Vino Salvo.— .Matt. 'Paris/ 15 i .—-Lord Lit- tleton's Second Book of the Hiftoiy of tkeLife of King Hen- ry the Second. (u) Et Phiftlas plenas Calce, Arcubus'per parva HaftihV ftd modum Sagittarum fupcr Hoites .*Jacniandas.-<-Matt, Paris, p. 1091. ^ A'. . 4 .-if; . ., (jr) Miirtmus igitur fuper eos Spieula Igrit0.-^Wv^. — Strutt's Offenfive Weapons of the Normans^. V:*!. p. o'J.-i— See this Work, Page 107. I. To^Mpaat 't'Jti, j» •M "^i/r^nart/e/yim^. 'yJi'/an^e^jCr*r/u'/y» ._.-l ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 125 a competent Idea of the Naval Operations purfued during the Time of Richard the Firft {y). At thd Turkijb and the Chriftian Fleets approached to the En- gagement, the Latter were arranged in the Form <^a Crefcent, in order that the Eneniy, when attempting to pafs the Extremities, might be inclofed within it, and conlequently overpowered. In the Front pf th^ Crefcent were ftationed the ftrongeft of tHe Chriflian Gallies, prepared either vigoroufly to begin, or to repd the Attack. On the upper Deck of each Gilley, the Soldiers, having their Bucklers clofely jointed, were difpofed in a Circle. On the lower Deck thii Rowers fat ail together, to prevent the Men appointed to Hght above from being incommoded during the Adion, which began, on both Sides, by a general Difcharge of Stoiies, and Arrovrs. Immediately afterwards, the ChriJIians rowed fwiftly on, and with the Spurs, or Beaks of their Gallies gave a violent Shock to the Vef- fels of the Turks ; firom this, they proceeded to dofe Fighting ; the oppofite Oars were mixed, and entangled together ; they fattened the Gallies to each other by grappling Irons thrown out on both Sides'^ and fired the Planks with a Species of burning Oil, commonly called Greek WiU^re. Of this Preparation, it is ob- ferved (z) that wiM a ^^nif/ot// Stench, and livid FUmet, it confumet even Flint , and Iron: nor can it be extinguiJheJ • fy Water ; hut by fpr inkling Sand upon it the Violence of it may be abatedi and Finegar poured upon it will put it out {a). This (jr) Galfr. de Vino Salvo.— >Lo^d Littleton's Second Book of the Hillory of the Life of King Henry the Second, (e) Ibid. Ibid. (d) If this Account be true, Mr. Lediard*y the Ingeniotis Author of a Naval Hiftory« moft probably miilakes, when ♦ Vol. L ip. 19. defcribin^ m MICMO I RS OF ,^ This WiU-ftre vas probably the fame ai that ufed by Bithari the iirft, in fan Naval Engagement with the Sdraeem, We learn from Hoieri dt Brune that in die Barges, and GaUies belonging to the King, werft Mills, turned by the Wind, and cafting from the Said, Fire and Stonet, which Uft were procured from the Ehim. *' In Bargeis and Galleis ** He fet Myhes to go, «« The SailesasMen fais ** Som were fabck, and bio. " Som were rede, and grene, ^ *' The Wynde about them blewe^ •« A felly Sight to fene, « Fire the Sailes threwe.*' ' ^ « The Stones were of fyus, ' '* The Noife dredfiille, and grete, <* It affraid the Saraztru *< As Leven the Fireout fche «^ (3).** Other Engines were in Ufe for throwing of Stoned, as riie Mangcneh, TratucXes, and BriceoUa; By fome of thefe even Mill-ftones of two, or three Hundred Weight, were (hot to an incredible Diftance (r). No delcribing the Igtiis Grscut as a Preparation of Sulphur, Pitch, aM other combuftible Matters. Flaming Sulphur and Pitch could not confume either Flint or Iron ; and are, befides, extinguifliable by Water. The. fanne Writer ob- ferves, that during the Engagement off FioUmms^ the hjf- dels threw living Serpents into the Veflels of the Englijb. - (h) Peter Langtott's Chronicle inaproved by Robert de Bruenne.—Strutt's Warlike Inftrumentt of the Englifli, V. >• (r) Ibid. ^Holingihed, p. 8391 ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 12$ No fuch Compofitioii exiila at prcfcnt. The firft Difcoverer of it was Calb'm'au, an Archited, who quit- ted Syria to refide at CtHftanttnople. He imparted the Secret to the Emperor, by whom it was inviolably pre- fervcd until juft before his Death, when He rereall^ it to his intended Succeflbr, witik a (bid Caution not to divulge it. Conflantimt FtrpJiyrtgemtut, in his Treatile concerning the Adminiftration of the Empire, which He dedicated to his Son, exhorts thgt Prince to tell the Barbarians who fliould requeft from htm any of the Greek Fire, that He was not permitted to difpofe of it, becauje dm Angel who gave it to Conftantine the Great, cammmded him to refufe it to all other Nations, Whilft this Counfel was followed, the Wild-fire contributed to the Defence of the Empire ; and feveral of the Fleets fitted out againft ConflatitinopU were burned, and de- ftroyed by it. In the twelfth Century, this Compofi- tion ceafed to be a Secret, being known to many other States, and even to the Mahometaiu, It was alfb ufed |n the Attack, and Defience of Towns, and Caftles (1/). Amidft the Preparations of Richard the Firft for his Expedition againft the JnfideU, ftrong, and lofity wood- en Towers were conftruded, and fixed on board the Veffels. From the Battlements of thefe Mitchincs, the Enemy, either in their Ships below, or in the Towns^ were galled by Stones, and Arrows. An old rhyming Hiftorian oblerves, under this Rdgn, «( c< -a A Caftell I undcrflohd -«- was made of Tymber, yn Englond* '* WitK fexe Stfi^es, and made of Styrelles « Well, and fiouryfched, with gode Kemelles {e):^ Robert (d) Montelqui^u. Caofes de la Grandeur, et Decad. da TEinp. Rom. — Lord Littleton's Second Book of th« WtStotf of the Life of Henry the Second. (r) MSS. apud Bib. Harl. Infig. ;i i \\' 126 M £ M O I R S O F Robert de Brutie, mtniiomnf^ this Tower, built at the Command of the King, adds that '«* InSchipHediditlede, «« To raife up hi the Walle, '* And it him ftode in Nede, «* To cover him with alle (/)." ' According to Caxton {g), it was named by Richard Mate Gryffont^ and fuccefsfiilly ufed, not only in Na- val Engagements, but as the Sieges oi Meffina, and 'Ptelemait, The Naval Strength and Importance of the Kingdom were, (if we except thoReigns of iS'/i^^m, and of Hen- ry the Third, fupported with Vigour, and Difcern- ment, during the Sovereignty of the Norman Line. At that remote ^a, our Ships, as in the prefent Cen- tury, were fuperior to thofe of any other Nation. We may reafonabiy draw fuch an Inference from the Claufe which concluded the Statute, or, AJpze of Armsy (pafled in the twenty-feventh Year of Henry the Second,) and Ibrbad, under heavy Penalties, all Perfons whatfoever no buy, or fell any Ship for the tJfe of Foreigners ; or fe^uce any Mariner into foreign Service. This Injunc- tion was conunanded to be publilhed by the itinerant }«d^es, in the;r feveral Circuits (^). ' ,..; We (/) Ufe of King Richard the F4rft in Peter Langtors Chronicle, improv,^ by Robert de Bruae. (^) Polychronicoii, L. f. c. a6. . ^ , (^3 Ailifa de Armis babend. in Anglia.— Item, Jufticiz praecipiant per omnes Comitatns, per quos iturae funt, quod nullufl, ficut fe ipfum, et omnia fua dilieit, emat, vel vendat aliquam Navem, ad ducendum ab Angha ; nee aliquisdefe- rat, vel deferri facial Maireman. extra Anglia. Et prsece- pit Res quod nuUus reciperetur ad Sacramentum Armorunt nifi ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 127 We (halt, now, prefent the Reader with a (hoit In* quiry , relating to the State of Commerce, during the Monarchy of the Norman Line* As a Proof of its Profperity, it hath already been obferved that iViUitm the Conqueror died poflefled of an immenfe Treafure, in ^ate, and Silver. His Son Henry almoft doubled the Acquifition, and left for Stephen an Hundred Thou- fand Pounds, in ready Money. When Richard the firft afcended the Throne, He ordered the proper Officers to number, and weigh the Treafures of his Father, 'which,according to a Contemporary . Writer (1), amount- ed to more than ninety Thoufand Pounds, in Silver, and Gold ; or (agreeable to the Aflertion of an Hiftorian of the fame Age) (i^), to above an hundred Thoufand Marks. The Coin hath, -with Angular Propriety, been termed the Pulfe of a State : beating high, and even, it difcovers the Health of the Body-politick : Low, and intermitting, it affords a Reafon to be alarmed for the Public Safety. . From this Circumftance, an accurate Inveftigator concludes that the Trade of England was exceedingly augmented during the Reign of Henry the Second, as, in a Space of Time almoft equal to the Number of Years between the Acceflion and I)emife of his Grandfather, He without having Recourfe to any extraordinary Methods, became able to leave, after his enormous Dilburfements for the Purpofe of carrying on the Holy fVar, a Treafure by at kaft a ninth' Part nifi liber Homo. — Benedict. Abbas. Tom. I. p. 365, 368."- Hoveden, ad Ann. 11 81. —Lord Littleton's Second, and Fifth Books of the Hiftory of the Life of King Henry the Se- cond. (f) V. Benedi£t. Abbat. de vit& Ric. i. Tub. Ann. iiSa.. T. 2. p. 553. Edit. Hearne. (k) V. Hoveden. Annal. Pan II. f. 374. — Lord Little- ton's Second Book of the Hiftory of the Lite of King Henry the Second. ' > liB. MEMOIRS OF Part greater than that of f£mry the Firft (/), who wa» cAeemcd the richeft Prince of the Age in which He lived. If it be true that Hubert de Burgh, the chief Judicia- ry of Richard the Firft, remitted over to that Moxiarch, in France^ at different Times, during the Space of two Years, the Sum of one MilJton, and one Hundred Thoufand Marks, (or eleven Millions of our prefent Money) (m) ; and, alfo found Refources for the necefla- ry Expences of Admimftraticn in England, We muft allow that the People (although afterwards impoverifli- ed by the Burden of Taxes,) had been, in this Reign, extremely rich ; or (to write according to our Infer- ences from the Circulation of Money,) engaged in a profperous State of Commerce. But we feem warrant- ed in rejeding, with an elegant Hiftorian (n), this Tradition as incredible, unlefs it could be fuppofed that Richard made a thqrough Dilaj^dation of the Demefnes of the Crown ; an A^ from which He could fcarcely have receixed the kaift Emolument, after his former Refumption of alj the Grants. It hath judicioufly been aiked, whetl;ier a King who po0e0ed fuch a Revenue, vpuld have endured a Captivity Qf fourteen Months, and not have paid to thLora Littleton's Second Book of the Hiftory of the Life of King Henry the Second. ji^ MEM O I*,S OF tages Iik«Iy to jefiilt from the. League, and ptrticulaHy • mentions "jke Sqfety, attd,Freedom of Cvmmaree bttwixt " their refpeHive Kingdiutu" Another $ranch of the Trade (at this Epoch,) with Foreign Nations, was in C^orn, for the Exportation of which firom the Counties of Norfolk , and Suffolk, to the Kingdoms pf Demftofk^ and Nwrwty, a Licence was .granted, in the Twcnty-feventh Year oi Hewry thSe- tond(fi). In the Keiga ofiJ«An, th^ Danijb Merchants were Ubcfrally encouraged to engage in Traffic with the fEngUfit, an4 permitted to have Dealings in every Part jof.the Ifland, on the moderate Condition of giving whenfoever they came into it, an Hawk to the King. During the: Life-time of this Prince, the Trade of Bojhft inLimolHjbireAppei^Ts, from a Comparifpn of the . Cuftoms in^ both Places, to have approached very near- ly to the Trade oi Lotidou$ too imprudently negleded, ..whilft the Royal Attention was confined intirely %o the Out-ports. . The Coinn^ercial lotercourfe between the 4nglo-Norr fnanst and the French^ howfoever infignificant it might iMVie been before that ^ra, was confiderably extended, •during the Keign of Hmry tie Second. One chief Ar- ticle of the Imports confifted of Foreign Wines, which were ufaally brought from France (6). We learn from the Roils that King Jo/in received, in. the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Thirteen, Duties for .^Wines of Jnjou, Auxerre, and Gafcony, exclufive of others entered under the general Term of French Wines. ■Meiition is alfo made, in the fame Account, of the Wines of Saxony, which are imagined by a celebrated Hifto- ^•j^ .: " . ■ ■■ ■ (a) Ibid.— Madox's Hiftory of the Exchequer, c. 15, p. ^ (*)4Md.-^. i8.p. s;i7. red ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 133 Hiftortan (r to have come into Fafhion iimongft tht Englijb, in the Time of Henry the Second; after the Duke of Saxony had married his Daughter. Yet, He would have it obferved that the Limits of that Datchy wete then extended to the KMne ; and therefore thefe Wines may be Rkenijb. A more general Account of the Commerce df this Age is to be found in the Writings oi WilUam of Malmejbury {d), who obferved that " The City of Lm- " don was illuftrious, and eminent for the Wealth of '* its Inhabitants ;** that *< Multitudes of Merchants and ** FaSors, reforted to it from every Nation ; and par- ** ticularly from Germmy ;" and that *< it proved in " Cafes of Dearth, either of Corn, or of other Necef- ** faries of Life, a Store-houfe for the whole Ifland.*' We alfo learn from him that « The Harbour the Third ar^to the fame Purpofe. Yet we trace a Diftindion without a Dif- ference. The Grains of Wheat wpre perceived to vary often in their Weight ; on thofe preferved for the King's Balance, the Changes of Weather had a fenfible Effed. To prevent fuch Inconvenieacies, Twenty-four Pieces of Brafs, equal in Weight to the Thirty-two Grains of Wheat were fubftituted in their Place ;. and thence- forward, the Penpy-weight was faid to contain Twen- ty-four Grains. The Affluence of the Nobility, and Clergy, during the Reign oC Henry the Third, is a Proof, (whatfoever may have been advanced by Hiftorians, to the Contrary,) that the Subjeds of this Prince were not rifled to the iaft Mark. Richard, Earl of Cornwall, laid up nearly two Hundred, and fifty Thoufand Pounds froni the {'rofits of his Bftate, and expended a great Part of then;i " . ..■■'■' tq (f) Camp'beirs Lives of the Admirals, V. i.p. 237. Vi) The. Rudbum. Hiftoria Major. MS. m Bibl. Cott. Lambeth et Bened.— Biihop Kicholfon's Hiftorical Library. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEK, «fc. 135 to fatisfy the Avarice of the German Potentates, hf whom He was ekaed King of the Romans (/). The Revenues of the Italian Clergy in £n^i38 MEMOIRS OF / - Cpfpmiilion of the moil atrocious Ads pf Violence (r). ^U Prpperty was thus rendered uncertain ; and ^very Vpyage, and Journey dangerous : TJie Country, ceaflng to be a ^^laceof Satety, was deferted hy its Inhabitants ; whiUl Houfes, and whole Villages were ranfacked by the jobbers. In the Year one ThoUfand, two (Iundred> ^d J^prty^-n jne, two Merchants of Braituit waiter) on tljie King at Winehefiert. and complained that their Gop4s \i^d been taken from them by Force ; and tha( the Perfons guilty of this Crime were knpwn both tp tbemfelves, and to him, in whofe Court they appear^ ed almoft daily. Too fenfible that the Magiftrates conr niyed at» an4 were firequently acce0bry tP the Out* ffigfis, they added that 9S they could not hope fpr R&- .drefs from the. feeble, and perverted Execution of the ]Law8, \^ ^as their earneft Intrcaty that they might tx^ permitt]|d to fvenge their Caufe in a -Duel with the ^Thieves. Henry gave Orders for the Trial of the Ofr fenders, and twelve Jury-n^en, pf great Property i^ ,|he County oi Southampton^ were fummpned t6 aifift at fit. Having bt^en ^he Confederates oif the Felons, they il^ave a Verdid for their Acquittal; The King, incenfed • at their Behayiouf, cpmmittfid them tP Prifpn, and threatened they nioulcl be mpre feverely punifhed. ' Mean-while, a, new- Jury .was empanelled, whp foun^ . the Criminals guilty, and reportejd to Henry that fever^l Officers pf his JlouHiold, not then proceeded againft, had been either Abettors, or Accomplices in the Rob- bery. Their Vindicjition was that their Sovereign, by not (difcharging their Salaries, had cruelly reduced • them to the Necefiity of plundering Others fpr a Main- tenance (/). This Plea (which, however, was of no avail (♦•) Chronicle of Dunftable, Vol i . p. 1 5 <. {$) « Di£tatis Domino noftro Regi» quod Ipfe noftra Mo^ ** «ft, et Caufa Mortis praecipua, qui nobis btipendia debi- . «• ta 1. t' t/ney (Befides • Bowfprit,) with each a Sail ; and thefe were two Hinder, orMizen-mafts; theMain-maft; and the Fore^^maft* An .ingenious Antiquarian obferves that the Fbre-caftle, .«nd the Cabbin in the Stern, were like two Towers, the Communication of which in the Middle, is as it were the bafe Court to two monftrous Keeps (/). The Bow- fprit was apparently intended to ferve only as an Hold- faft to the Fore-maft. The Ships of this ConftrufHon failed with a fide Wind: an Advantage which the Others of a former ^ra wanted. The laige faiUng jShips were often called Carihs (v). The HuUtes were, probably, Veflels of large Burden,' without Mafts. We are informed by Graftm {x) that lit the Thirteenth Year of the Reign of Henry the Sixth, th^ French funk four great HuUes, full of ponderona Stones cemented together by Lead, within the Harbonr of Cahis, in order to demoKHi it. Having imprudent- ly performed this Bufinefs during the High-Tides, they had the Mortification^^ perceiving that at Low- Water the Hklkes were left dry upon the Shore , aild that the Inhabitants, improving the Opportunity, made a Sally from the Town, and carried the Timber and Stones into it for their own Ufe (j^). Caxton (/) The inner Forts, or laft Reforts of the befieged. Thus the inner Fort of Dover Caftle, conftruded by Hemy the Second, was called the King's Kee|^. (m) Strutt's Marine Affairs, Shipping, &c. of the Engliih, V. 2. p. 74. (x) Grafton's Chronicle, p. 571* (y) Strutt's Marine Affairs, Shipping, ftc. of the Eng- liih, V. a. p. 74. ILLUSTRIOIIS SEAMEN, &c. 141 dy(Mi:(2) takes notice of the GaUyetis vrKichmzy hwe been fmaller Galiiej. The Barges were large, and heavy Boats ; of nfe to traofport Troops jicrofs the Ri-> vers i to form Bridges ; and to hold Sca£Folds, from the Tops of which the Slingers and Bow-men a(&iledihe ^nemy with Stones and Arrows (a). We learn front Robert de Brune, that Edward the Firft availed himfelf of thefe Bridges of Boats, covered with Planks of Wood, to facilitate the Pa(fiige of hts Army at Smwdeni and that " Botes he toke, and Barges the (ides togidere knytte ** Over the Water that large is, fro Banke to Banke rought itte, ** Thei fleked them overthuert, juftly for to ligge, « Over the Water fmerte, was fo ordeyad • Srigge {by n It was fufficiently capacious to receive fixty armed Men inarching in in front (r). An additional Confirmation of this Pradice is in the Woidi of Sti>w{d)i « When King Hmy the Fifth « « camt (s) Addition to the Polychronicon, p. 409. chap. 14. (a) The Force, and Velocity of thefe Weapons are fcarce* I7 credible. Aureliut Ckuta^ ip his Book of Military Difci^ pline, prefers the Arrows of the Englifit for thefe two Ref* pe£ts» to thofe of every other Nation { and Patrithts * affirms that a true Englijb Arrow, flizhtly covered at the Poipt of the Head with M^ax, would pals through any ordinary Corflet. • Patrit. Paral. Parte fccunda, L. 3. fol. 3^.— Seealfo J. Bingham's Notes on the Taftics of iElian, p. 25* a6 : and Strutt's Manners, and Cuftoms of the Eng* lilh, V. 2- p. 40. (A) LangtoiTs Chronicle, Improved by Robert de Brune, p. 241. (f) Holingflied. {d) Stowe's Chronicle, p. 3 $9. HI MEMOIRS or V <* ctme beforie Melun, which Town was lltoated o» att '* Iflaiid between two Arms of the Se^ i« dMr there *< was no coming at it by Land^ but by the Bridge $ *' and by Water no Vcifeb could ccune, becaufe the ** Bed of the River was fo thick fet with ftrong Piles; " Beiidea this, the Town was defended with ftrOng high ** WaKs, and well furnilhed with Men, Ammunition, ** and Provifion. Then the King, when He had well *< confidered the Strength of the Place, mauled his fmall- " er VefTels to approach, and clear the River of the ** Piles, which was at iaft with infinite Labour per- ** formed ; Then, He fafiened all thofe VeflTeb together *< with ftrong Chains of Iron, making a firm, and Tub- << ftantial Bridge, and built thereon ilrong Towers of *• Wood, to aflfauh the Town ; but when thofe within ** faw all thofe Preparations, they capitulated, and the ** Town was yielded up." It appears alfo from Grafton {e) that in the eleventh Year of King Henry the Sixth, the French retired from the Fort under the Teore along a Bridge which they had formed of Tons. The BaUng^r was a fmall Sailing- Veflel. Befides thefe, were Crayers, oi* Fijhing-Boats ; the Ship-Boatt, ftrong, and well compared ; and during the Wars, light Boats conftruded with Wicker, or thin Timber, covered with Iieather(/); in thefe, the Troops were conveyed acrofs thofe Rivers which would otherwife have oppofed their Progrefs. Not unlike fuch Boats were the Naijfelles alluded to by Froijffart, and ufed by Edward the Third, during his Wars, in France. They were made fo artfully of prepared, or boiled Lea- ther *: •■ ■ • ■ I -I («) Orafton, p. 55^.—- Strutt's Manners, and Cuftoms of the Englifh, V. a. p. 47. (/) Ibid. p. 74.— Stowe's Chronicle, p. 356. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 143 ther (g), that each conveniently held three Men. Boats of the fame Conftnifkion were alfo ufed by Henry the Fiifth, during his fecond Expedition againft the French (^). We have already remarked that in the twelfth Ct|J- fury the Method of preparing the Gteek Wild-Fife was known to feveral Nations. It cannot abfoltttely be de- termined whether this identical Compofition was ufed by the Spaniardt, and the Englijbi But it is certain that they aflailed their Enemies, during their Naval En- gagements, with fome combuftible Matter of almoft (if not intirely) the fame Nature* It is obfcrved, by an old Hiftorian (/), of the Spanijb Gallics, during a Sea- fight, in the Reign of Henry the Fifth, that €€ eche Day ther gan us (ynd, •* With, Ores many about us they dyd wind ; *• With Wyld-Fyre oft attackede us Day, and - Night, • <* To brernie our Shippes in that they could, or might." Fi^an defcribes the Naval A^ion againft the FKrm- ings, in the fifteenth Year of Edward the Third ; as having been maintained " with hydous, and fereftil *' dynne, and noife of Gunnes, with terryble flamynge ** of Wylde-fyre (*).»» And Harding obfervcs in his Account of the Warlike Atchievements of Henry the Fifth, that * With « Cuir (g) ** Faittes, et ordonneds fy fqubtillement de boully."— Froiflart, Vol II. (A) He provided '* Boates covered with Leather to paift over Rivers." — ^Holingihed, p. 1171. (t) Harding's Chronicle, ch. ai6. fbl. u. {k) Fabian, Vol. I. 144 ME MO I R S O F *f With his Gunnes caftying, they made the 1\>wim to fal, " And their Bulwerke brent with Shot of Wyldo Fyre (/) Harding's Chronicle, ch. aaa. p. aio.—Strutt's War- like Inilruments of the Enzlifli, V. 2. p. 31. («) Hume's Reign of Edward the Third.— Jean Villani; Ii.ib. 1 2. cap. 66, &c. &c. («) Strutt'i Warlike Inftrutnents of the Englifli,V. a. p. 3a. (0) Ducange. Glofs. in Verb. BomiarJa. (p) Hiftoire de la Querelle de Philippe de Valoi^ et I>'Edouard 3. par M. Galliard, T. i. p. 298. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 145 From hence it may be inferred that Fire-arms were known at lead eight Years before the Battle of Crejfy. The Teftimonies for their fuperior Antiquity are fome- what more equivocal. And yet, We might turn back on the moft plaufible Grounds to the Middle of the thirteenth Century, and difcover the great Bacon (whofe Faculties were as much above the Conception of his own Times, as they furpafled thofe of moft of the later Philofophers,) defcribing the Compofition, and the EfFeds of Powder {q). According to the general Opinion, this Invention proceeded from one Schwartz, (a Monk of Germaf^) in the Year thirteen Hundred^ and Eighty. But this Idea may be eafily reconciled with thofe which are more particular. An elegant Hif- torian (r) obferves with great Juftice, thafe«n an Age fo ignorant of the mechanical Arts, the Pro'^Ts of a new Invention muft have been very flow ; and that the Ar- tillery, firft framed, were fo clumfy, and of fuch diffi- cult Management, that Men were not immediately fcn- fiblc of their Ufe and Efficacy. He prefumes that (as the French were not unprovided with Artillery, at the Time of the Battle of Crejfy,) Philip in his Hurry to overtake the Enemy, had probably left the Cannon Vol. I. K be- (^) In omnem Diftantiam quam volumus poflumus artifi- cialiter componere Ignem comburentem ex fale Petrz, et aliis — Soni velut tonitrus, et Corufcationes pofTunt Beri in Acre ; imo majori Horrore quam ilia quae fiuat per Naturaoi. Nam modica Materia adaptata fcilicet ad Quantitatem uaius Pollicis, Sonum facit horribilem, et Corufcationem oftendit vehementem, et hoc fit muhis Modis, quibui Civitas aut Exercitus deftruatur ad Modum Artificii Gedeonii, qui La- gunculis fraftis, et Lampadibus, Igne exfiliente cum Frago- re ineftimabili, infinitum Madianitarum deftruxit Exercitum cum trecentis Hominibus.-^Roger. Bacon de Secret. Oper. Arc. et Natur. et de NulTitate Maeica:. (r) Hume's Reign of Edward the Third. 146 M E M O I R S O F behind him, which He regarded as an unneceflary In- } cumbfance. It hath been obferved that Roger Baron perceived to what ufes Powder might be applied. The firft Experiments were, probably, incomplete ; as it is natural for the Arts to be flow in their ProgreiTion from a State of Infancy, to Maturity, and Perfedion. That a whole Century fliould have elapfed before the Vfe of Fire-arms was common, and convenient, is no extraordinary Circumftance. Perhaps, the great EffeGt of tViC EngUJh Cannon at CreJJy may be confidered as the Epoch of a material Improvement in this Art ; and Schwartz may, alfo, in Thirty-fix Years afterwards, have brought it to fuch a State of Perfedion as to have acquired the Reputation of having antroduced a new Art, and apra^yed himfelf the original Inventor (0. • Thefe GilB'^ere alfo ufed at the Siege of Calais, in- the Year fucceeding the Battle of Crejfy, as may h^ ga- thered from the Record (/) which takes Notice of the Pay, given, at that Place, to the Gutmarii (i/). At their Brft Introdu&ion, they were loaded with Arrows. We learn from Froijfart (x), that John Bucq, Admiral of the Flemings, was on board a Ship fiirniihed with three Cannons, from which, during the Engagement* Darts or Quarrels (Carrieaux,) were (hot, fo large and heavy, that wherefoever they fell, they did great Exe- cution. A Chronicle (y) written by Dowglafs, a Monk of (s) Hiftoire de la Querelle de Philippe de Valois, et d'EoUard III. par M, Galliard, T. i. p. 299, 300. (t) See Camden's Remains, p. 241. («) Strutt's Warlike Inftruments of the Engliih, V. a. p. 3a — Thefe Gunnarii^ (in the Lift_ of the Army, in an old Englijb Manufcript in the Harleian Library, written about the Year fourteen Hundred, and Twenty-two j and marked 53,)r Ailiftance in any thing whereby the Other may lofe Life, Liuib, Eftate, or Honour. And whereas Mr. Reyner Grimhaltz, Mafter of the Ships of the faid King ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c, 159 of France, who calls himfelf Admiral of the faid Sea, being deputed byiiis Sovereign aforefaid, in his War againft the Flemings, did, (after the abovementioned Alliance was made, and ratified, and againft the Tenor, and Obligation of the faid Alliance, and the Intention of Thofe who made it,) wrongfully aflumc, and ezercife the Office of Admiral in the faid Sea oi England, above the Space of a Year, by Commiffion, from the faid King of France, taking the Subjedis, and Merchants of the Kingdom of England, and of other Countries, pafllng upon the faid Seas, with their Goods, and did caft the Men, fo taken, into the Prifons of his faid Mafter, the King oi France, and by his own Judgment, and Award, did caufe to be delivered their Goods, and Merchandizes to Receivers eftabliflied for that Purpofe, in the Sea-Ports of the faid King, as forfeit, and con- 6fcate to Him ; and his taking, and detaining the faid Men with their faid Ooods, and Merchandizes, and hi» Judgment, and Award on them as forfeit, and confifcate, hath pretended in writing to juftify before You, the Lords Commiflloners, by Authority of the aforefaid Commifllon for the Office of Admiral by Him thu» ufurped, and againft the general Prohibition made by the King oi England, in Places within his Power, ia Purfuance of the third Article of the before-mentioned Alliance, containing the Words above- written, and hath, therefore required, that He may be acquitted, and ab« folved of the fame, to the great Damage, and Preju- dice of the faid King of England, and of the Prelates, Nobles, and Others, before-mentioned: Wherefore, the faid Procurators do, in the Names of their faid Lords, pray You, the Lords Commiffioners before- mentioned, that due, and fpeedy Delivery of the faid Men, Ships, Goods and Merchandizes fo taken, and detained, may be made to the Admiral of the faid King of i6o MEMOIRS OF of England, to whom the Cognizance of this Matter doth rightly appertain, as is abovelgid, that fo, with- out Difturbance from You, or any One clfc, He may take Cognizance thereof, and do what belongs to his aforefaid Office ; and that the aforefaid Mr. Reyner may be condeAmed, and conftrained to make due Sati^- fadion for all the faid Damages, fo far forth as He ihall be able to do the fame ; And in Default thereof, his faid Mafter the King of France, by whom He was deputed to the faid Office, and that after due Satis- fadion (hall be made for the faid Damages, the iaid Mr. Reyner may be fo duly puniihed for the Violation of the laid Allowance, as that the Same may be an Example to Others, for Time to come." The Obfervations made upon this Remonftrance are fo judicious, and condufive, as to render it unneceflary to throw the Subje^ into a clearer Light than that in which it is already placed (/'). Aflenting, therefore, to a refpe^ble Opinion, we ihall inform the Reader, that I. " It appears from the Remonftrance that the Do- minion of the Sea had not only been claimed, but ex- crcifed, and poflefled by theKingsof £n^/0m/, from Time immemorial ; which is fufficient to give fomc Credit to the Fads related from the Britijb Hiftory : For, as to the times finca the Reman Invafion, they were, in an hiftorical Senfe, within Memory." II. «* It is evident from hence that the Dominion of the Sea was a Jurifdidion over the Veffcls of all Nations pafling thereon, for the common Benefit of all, for the Prevention of Piracies, the Protection of Commerce, and the Decifion of unforefeen Difputes." III. (i) Campbeirs Lives of the Admirals, Vol. i. p. 178.-^ Seldcn. Mare Claufum. Lib. a. c. ay, a8.— Coke's inftit. Lib. 4. c. 22. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. itfi III. " It is no lefs tpparent, that this wts an ezclufive }uriliIi£bon, in which no other Potentate had any Share; nHiich muft have been founded either b com- moo Confenty or in Superiority of Strength ; either of which aflforded a good Title.** IV. <* We learn, from this Remonftrance, that the Dominion of the Sea retting in the King of EngUmi» was a point not only known to, but maintained by, the Gemefit Spmiiard/, Genmm, Hollandtrst Dams, and, in ihort, by all the maritime Powers then in Europe: which is fuflkient to evince that Trfde was far from being at a low Ebb \ and that the Prerogative of the Crown of England, in thb Refped, had been hitherto fo ezercifed as to render it a common Advantage.** V. ** We perceive that Foreigners were fo jealous of the affiiming Temper of the FreticA Princes, that they would not admit the Commander in Chief of their Naval Force to bear the t^e of Admiral, which they apprehended to include a title to Jurildidion; and theiefore would have this Reytur GritahaUz ftiled only Mailer of the Ships to the King of Frana,^ VL ** It nnift be obferved that the Commiflioners, to whom this Remonftrance is addrefled, neither had, nor claimed any Naval Jurifdidion whatfoever, but were appointed to hear, and determine whether the Pre- rogative of Edward the Third as Sovereign of the Sea, had been invaded by Riyiur Grimbaltz, in contraventien of the firft Article of the Treaty fubfifting between the Crowns oi England, and Framf, whereby the contrad- ing Parties covenanted to maintain the Prerogatives of each other ; and, confequently, the Frenek King was bound to maintain this Prerogative of Edward, which gave occafion to the Commiifion.** VII. « We owe the knowledge of this whole Affair, not to our Hiftoritas, but to our Records i whence we VoL.I, L may ,K ffi^ MEMOIRSOF may fafely deduce this Confequence, that the want pf Fa& to fupport fuch a JarifdiSion throughout the pre- ceding Reigns, ought not to be urged as a juft Objedi- on, becaufe moft of Thofe who applied themfelvet to writing Hiftory, were very little acquainted with thefe Matters.-' "• • " ' . ** Another Circumftance rdatiVe to this Affiiir, and intitled to our particular Attention, is the Plea put in by Rfyner Grimbaltz, in anfwer to this Reiionilrance. He did not either call in queftion the Sovereignty of the King of England, or pretend that any Power was vefted in himfelf, by Virtue of the Commiifion which He held under the French Monarch. The Point, oik which he infifted was the third Artide of' the above* mentioned Treaty ; By this He underftood that» as Edward had contraded not to give any Aid, or A0> iiftance, or to fufFer any Aid, or Afliftartce to be given to the Enemies oi Philips and alio adnally ifliied out a Prohibition of fuch Pradices; (b, of Courfe, it fo[» lowed that all Perlbns whatever relieving in Defiance of this Prohibition, the Flemings, either with Merchan-r dize, or otherwife, were to be confidered as Enemies ; that He (GrimbaHz,) having leized on the Perfons, and Goods of only fuch Delinquents, was of Opinion that his Condud might be juftified by the faid Prohibition, in which, according to his Interpretation, Edward had iignified that He would not regard it as an Injury done to him, although the Ships of fuch Offenders fliould be taken in his Seas, by the Officers of the King of France. Not to enter intp the Reafonablenefs, or Valit dity of this Defence, it is fufficient to obferve that it contains the cleareft Conceffion, on the Part of France, that can be defired : becaufe Grimbaltz derived the Ler gality of his own Anions, if they were legal, ilot from the Commilhon of the Prince He ferved, but firom the '■^ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. idg( Prohibition of the King of Enghmd : fo that, in reality. He aflerted himfelf to haveaded under the BngH/b Sovereignty, and from thence, expedcd hb Ac^t* tal (*).»' The fi^mm^x are not ezprefsly mentioned in the. fore-, going Remooftrance ; yet they were equally of Opinion '^J with other Nations that the Sovereignty of the Sem waf veiled in the Crown of England. To this Truth, the Ambafladors of the Earl of Flanders appear to have formally aflented in the following Manifefto (/). ** Whereas for the Reformation of certain Injuries, in an amicable Way, done by the SubjeQs of the Eari of Flanders, to the Subjcds of the King of England, and by the Subjeds of the faid Kingdom to thofe of Flanders, Hnce the Time that our faid Lord, the Kin|( undertook the Government of his Kingdom, drc. And whereas the faid Ambafladors had been admitted by oucm laid Lord, the King, to treat anew of this Kind of Injuries, thefe Ambafladors, or other Ambafliulors of the aforefaid Earl, in the aforefaid Treaties did, among ' other Particulars, which they required before all Thingf, . make Supplication that the faid Lord the King would," at bis own Suit, by Virtue of his Royal Authority, caufe Inquiry to be made, and do Juftice about a certain Dei^edation lately committed by the Subjeds oiEng* land (as it is faid,) upon the EngUJb Sea, of Wines, and divers other Merchandizes, belonging to certain Men of Flanders, towards the Parts of Cranden, within the Territory, and Jurifdidion of our faid Lord, the King, aOedging that the aforefaid Wines, and Merchandizes taken from the Flemings, were brought within the Ju- rifdidion, and Reahn of the faid Lord, the King, and L 2 that H) Cambell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 179, 180, — >Selden. Mare Claufum, Lib. 2. c. 27, a8. (/) Rot. P. 14. Ed. i. par. a. Membran. ad 16* MEMOfRS O^ that it bckmged to the King himfelf ib to do, for thai Hb 18 Lord or thi said Sxa (m). Having eiplaiaed the Nature* and Validity of the Oaiin made by the Englijb to the Sovereignty of the •fjaccnt Occaa, We need only add that all Foreign Powers bear Teftimony to the Juftice of it, by an hSt of Homage, b is an Article in the Maritime Ceremo- nial of Sahites^ that when any of the Ships belonging to the Crown of Grttd-Britain (hall meet with any Ship, or Skips, in the Service of any foreign Prince, or State, whhin the Enjfifi Seas, (which extend to Capi Pimfttrre^) it is ezpeded that the faid Foreign Ships do ftrike then- Top^Sail, and take io' their Flag in Acknowledgment of the Sovereignty of Etiglmd, in tholb Seas ; and if any (hall refufe, or offer to n^ft, it is enjoined to all Flag-Officers, and Commanders, to ufe their utmoft Endeavours to compel them thereto ; and riot IkflRsr any Diihonour to be done to the Nation. And it is to be obferved that in the BngUJb Seas, the BugUfi Ships are in no ways to (hike to any ; and that ID other Parts, no Englifi Ship is to (bike her Flag, or Top-Sail to any Foreigner, unlcfs fuch foreign Ship ihaO have firft ftruck, or, at the fame Time, ftrike her Fhg» or Top-Sail to the EngUfi Ship. Thele Honours, received during a Length of Years, and ftiH paid by the Eur^um States, proclaim that our Naval Armaments infpire equal Terror, andRefped. Seldom (if ever,) hath the Siovereignty of the Brittjb Flag been infulted with Impunity. Of this Truth, ivc (haU obferve numerous Examples in the Courle of our Memoirs. Let it be Efficient to mention, for the Prefcnt, a few Inftances of that Submiflion with which the Pre-eminence of the Englifi Fleets hath been ac- knowledged, not only within, but beyond the Limits of the acQacent Seas. Id .(«) Selden» Mare Claufum. IQ ILLULTRIOUS 6EAMEN» tie i6s la the Year one Thoufimd, fix Hundred, and Thir* ly-fiz, the /£^ EHtrma, a Ship belonging to tbs Squadron under die Command of the Ear) of N^tJkm* btrkmd^ (at that time. Lord High Admiral of Mngkmi^ obliged the Spamjb Fket, although failing between G»- knt and Dunkirk^ to take in their Colours. When, in the fame Year, and in the abovemention* ed Ship, Sir Gwg» Cartiret entered the Harbour of Hthoiifluysn having on board the Earl of Arundel^ ap- pointed Ambafl&dor to the States-General, the Dutc^ Admiral, Fea^-Trmp, who was then riding at Anchor, ftnick his Flag, notwith(Unding that Sir Getrge Carttf ret had hoifted none himielf. A Refiifal of this Homage hath always been com- plained of in the mod authoritative Terms ; Perempto* rv Demands were made for inftant Satisia6bioo, and meConccffions formally acknowledged by a Treaty. Thus, in the Year, one Tfaoufand, fix Hundred, and iPifty-three, the tMfteenth Article of the Treaty con* cbdcd between OUiter CrvmwiU, and the Duick declares that « The Ships, and Vcfleb of the faid United /V0- «fw»/, as well Ships of War, and fitted out for re* petting the Force of Enemies, as Others, which fliaU, in the Britijb Seas, meet with any of the Ships of the State of England, fliali ftrike their Flag, and low- er their Top-Sail, in focb Manna*, as hath been ob- ferved in any Time paflTed, or under any former Go- vernment whatfoever." An Infertion of the like Stipulation hath been required in all the fubfequent Treaties with the States General, and by that confirmed in the Year, one Thoufaad, fix Hundred, and Seventy-three, it is exprefsly provided that the Honours due to the EngUfb Flag ihaO be paid from Cbpe Fimfterre, to the middle Point of the Land Van Staten, in Norway, L3 ' At %66 M E M O 1 R S O F At the Detth of Hetay the Third {n), the CooncU of State t6 prevent the Mifchiefs which might have trifen from an apparent Vacancy in the Throne, fum* moned all the Barons to attend at JVeftmmftn', where, in the Prefence of the Clergy and Laity aflembled on the Occafion they proceeded to the high Akar, and fwore Fealty to Edward (o). The People without, to lArhom this Prince had endeared himfelf by his martial Ardor, the Succefles that attended it, and the Modera* tion with which He purfued the Advantages refulting from his Vidories, were overjoyed to acknowledge him for their Sovereign. Even the Malcontents adopted the general Language of the Nation ; and, by an imme* lUate 'Submiflion, reftored to the Government that Tranquility which, during the laft Reign they had fo violently difturbed. The new Monarch was on hia Return to Enghmi, when being informed by Exprefles (from WdterGiffardt Archbiihop of Tork, the Earl of Cornwall^ Son of Richard, King of the Romans, and the Earl of Glm' itfter, appointed Guardians of the Realm) that all in- teftinc Divifions had totally fubfided. He changed hia Courfc, and proceeded to Rome ; from whence, after a ihort Stay, he paffed into Franu and did Homage to Philip for Guienne, and the other Provinces ceded to the Britijb Crown, by the Treaty oi Abbeville, in the Year, one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Fifty-nine. During his Abode in France, jE^^hmt^j adjufted^ at Montreuil, a Difpute with JkCsr^drff, Countefs of Flan- dert, and Heirefs of that Territory {p). As the Par- ticulan of this Event are not unconneded with our X'i Sub- i Yn) A D. 1272. (•) Matt Weftmonaft.— Rymcr, V. a. p. i.—- Nic. Tri- vet. Annal. p. 239.'— Walfingham, p. 43* (/) Rymer, Vol. II. p. 3», 33- . ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 167 Subjed, We (hall briefly lay them before the Reader. It had been cuftomary for the Kings oi England to grant certain Penfions to the Earls of Flandert, that they might be ready to enter with them^ on all neceflary Occafions, into an offenfive League againft France^ When this Power was at Peace with England^ the Pen- fions became ufelefs, and were accordingly withdrawn* Margaret, in refentment for the Lofs, direded her Sub* jeds to feize on the Effeds of thofe Englijb, and Gafcm Merchants who (hould be found within her Dominions. Of every Species of Violence this is the moll abfurd^ as continually drawing after it a Retaliation^ The FlenUJb Merchants, then in England, were plundered^ and imprifoned } whiift a Law forbidding the Exporta- tion of Wool to Flanders, threatened Ruin to the Ma- nufadures of that Country. In fuch a (Ituation, Mar-^ garet felt the NeceiTity of fuing for a Peace ; and ob- tained it on the Condition of making full Amends to the Bnglijb Merchants, for the Outrages to which her im- prudent Orders had expofed them. Having regulated his Affairs in Guienne, Edward proceeded on his Return to England, where Hq landed, with his Ccofort Eleanor, amidft the Acclamations of his Subjeds, on the Twenty-fifth of July, in the Year, one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Seventy-four ; and Was folemnly crowned at ffeflminfter, on the nineteenth of the following Month, by Robert Kirwarby, Cardinal, and Archbifhop of Cantertmry, in the Prefence of Alex" ander the Third, King of Scotland, the Duke of Er^ tagne, and all the Nobles of the Realm {q). From this ^ra, the lirft material Occurrence which, falls within the Province of a Naval Hiftory, may be traced in a violent Contention between the EngUJb, and L4 the (f) Annal. Waverl.— .Rapip. ' i\ikil- i68 MEMOIRS OF the Nwmms near the Port of Baymme, As the circnm- ftantial, and moll probable Account of it in the Wrir tings of H^alter di Hemmgford, hath beep tran(lated4>y the Author (r) of the Lives of the Admirals, We (hall prefent it vnth only few Variations to the Reader. ** In the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred^ anc| Ninety-three, a fatal Quarrel broke out between the EngUJb Seamen belonging to the Cinque Porttf and the Mariners ferving the Fretici King, in Iformantfy, The Particulars are as follpw : An Englijb Ship, putting intp a Normal Port, remained there fome Days. Whilft it lay at Anchor, two of the Crew went to get fireih Water, at a Place not far didant from the Shore^ ^ where they were infulted by fome Nvrm^u of their own ' Profeflion ; fo that, proceeding from Words^ to Blowt, one of the EngUfbrnen was killed, and the Other, efcap- ing to4he Ship, informed his Fellpw-Sailprs of what had happened } adding that the Normans were in Purfuit of them. In Confequence of this Notice, they unmediatc^ ]y fct Sail, and with Difficulty bore away frpm their Adverfaries. The Inhabitants of the Englijb Ports, apr prehenlive of a future Attack, fought AiI|(Unce froni their Neighbours ; whilft the Normans retaining iUll the fame Inveteracy, augmented their Naval Force, and gave Chace to all the EngUJb Ships of which they came in Sight. During a Cruize, they fell in with, and en- gaged fix EngUfb VefTels, two of which they took, and ^^rtcr having kilted the Mariners, hung up their Bodies^ with an equal Number of Dogs, at the Yard Arm. In this Manner, they failed, for fome Time, near the Coaft, as fignifying to All, that they made no fort of piffcrence between an EngUJbman, and a Dog." " When the Inhabitants of the Cinque Forts were told of this Indignity, they immediately prepared to re- venge (r) Mr. Campbell, V. i. p. i65. , r- he of g« ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, ^c. tJS^ fcnge it. Unable to find thilr Enemies on tfie Seat, the entered the Harbour of Swyn, from whence they took away fix Ships $ and at the f$me Time, killed, and drowned. Numbers of the Men. Several Enter- prizes of a like Nature were carried on by both Parties. At Uft, tired of this pyratical War, they fixed on a certain Day, for the Decifion of the Difpute, with their whole Naval Strength. Accordingly, a large empty Ship was ftationed in the Middle, between the Coafts of Biiglmid, and of Normaiuiy, to mark the Place of En- gagement. The Bfiglijb againft (he Time appointed, procured fome Aid from Jnlaml, Holland, and other Owntries ; and the Normans drew to their Afliftance the Fnntky Fkmings, and Gemeft, On the fourteenth of April, the two Fleets approached each other, whilll the fcveral Crews, full of Kefolution, prepared for Bat- He. A*- their Minds were enflamed with Rage, fo a like Spirit feeiped to agitate the Elements, Storms of Snow, and Hail, together with violent Gufts of Wind, were the Preludes of an obftinate Conflid, in which the Victory was, at length obtained by the EngUJb, Many Thoufands of their Enemies were flain ; and Others periflied on board of the lai|;e Number of Ships which were funk in the Courfe of the Adion. The BngUJh, attended by their Prizes, coniifting of two Hundred and forty Sail, returned in Triumph to their Ports." *• When Philip received this News, ahhough his Brother Charles had been the Author of the Battle, yet He fent Ambafladors to the King of En^latul, demand- ing Reparation for the Wrong done to him, by pu* nifliing Such as were concerned, and by the Payment of a vaft Sum for the Lofles which his Merchants had fuftained. To them Edward prudently anfwered that He would fearch into the Matter, and give Notice of his Refo- 170 MEMOIRS OF Refolution, by MelTenfers of his own. Agreeable to this Promife, He fent (/) to requeft the French King, that Time and Place might be fixed for the Commilfi- oners, on both (ides, to meet, and enquire into the Circumftances of the Fad, in order to its being amica- bly adjuftcd : But this, Philip objeded to ; and by the Advice of his Nobility, fumrui^ned the King of England to appear at his Tribunal, on a Day afligned, anJan- fwer for what had pafled. The Day, came, but Edward refufed to attend. A new Citation was iffued for his Prefence, at a more diftant Time under Pain of for- feiting all his Dominions beyond the Seas. The King, before the Expiration of the Summons, fent his Bro- ther, Edmund, Earl of Lancajler, and the Earl of Lei' itflert with Inftrudions for making an End of this Affair : Yet thefe Ambafladors, although they pro- duced proper Credentials, were not heard, or even ad- mitted ; but Judgment was given that Edward fliould lofe Aquitain, and all his tranfmarine Territories, for his Contempt in not appearing (/)." To this Relation, which doth not vary, in any ma- terial Point from the candid Accounts, delivered by the FrrnM Hidorians (u), it may be added, that the Death of the Norman Sailor is obferved to have been occafion- ed by his falling, during the Scuffle, on his ov/n Dag- ger (x) ; That when his Countrymen prefented to Phi- lip, a formal Complaint againft the Englijb, He, with- out attending to the Particulars of it, commanded them to (f) The AmbafTador of EJwardt on this Occadon, was Richard de Gramefendy BiHiop of London. {t) Heniingsford. Hidoria de Rebus geAis Edvard. I. &c: Vol. I. p. 39, 40, 41. (^u) P. Daniel. — Hiftoirc de France, V 4. p. 358.— Hif- totrc de la Kivalitd de la France, et de TAagleterre, par M. Gaillard, V. 3. p. 12a, la^, 124. (*•} Walfinghau), p. 58. was See*. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 171 to purTue the Didates of their Refentment, tnd not trouble him any farther (^)<: That the Nottmm Fleet (the Deftination of which was to the Sout^, (or Wine, and other Articles,) confided of two Hundred Vefleb, which, on their Return home, were intercepted by an Bnglijb Squadron of fixty Sail, and of a force fuperior to theirs : that in the A^ion which followed, no Quar* ter was giyeii;, on either Side : and that the Number of the Killed, among the FrencJi, amounted to fifteen Thoufand Men : Thefc were the Soldiers, proceeding, aboard the Norman Ships on their Voyage, from the SoutA (z). The Tranfaftions which followed this Event, as leading to a War that occafioned the Employment of the Naval Force of England, are worthy of our Notice. It hath been obferved that Edward refufed to obey the Summons which He received from PAilip {a), who, to punlfli him for his Contumacy, fent a Body of Troops (under the Command of RalpA de Neflcy) to feize upon Guienne, The Officer reduced the Province to Sub- miflion, without a Battle : a Circumftance extraordi- nary in its Nature, and for which the two Parties have varioufly accounted. The French alledge that the peaceful Surrender of thi* Territory, into the Hands of PMip, was no more than an Artifice, refulting from the Policy ot Edward^ who, weary of Dependance, laid a Plan for the Extindion of . ., .t i^Miw his ,5tir{« tJ35.? ./ ■'M-..ijl ;:;?., (j) Wairingham, p. $8. (z) Ibid. p. 60. {a) A Fnnc/t Hiftorian, whofe great Abilities are equalled by his Candour, acknowledges that if the Laws of Fealtf could have been rigoroufly enforced aeainft a King of £ff^- land, that Kine muil have proved, ofall Vaflals the molt wretched ; as likely to be compelled bv every frivolous Ci- tation, to crofs the Seas, and negle£t the Care of his Domi- nions. — See Hilloire de la Rivalitd de la France, et dt lAngleierrc, V. 3. p. iz6. iTJt MEM O I R S OF I !■» FeaUy, by ftppearing to fobmtt tp it. He fnficred tlie Lord to levy the Forff iture on his Provuioes, tkat He might ceafe to held them as a Vai&l to Frcmct^ 9Bd» in Time, retake them» ij the AJpfiame ofOni^ «W 9f hit SwonL He bad Battered himfelf that fu^h a Cbnqueft would be eafy, and atchieved either by the Efigiijb Troop8» or thole of his Allies. From thence-^ forward, it was his Determination to poflela his Domi-^ nions, by the Rights of Sovereignty alone {i). On the Contrary, the Relations of our Hiftoriaat mttiuit Fhilfp impofed upon the too eafy Faith of &^ taarJ (r). The Earl of Lancafler^ Brother to the King, during his Abode, on this BuHnefs at Pgrit^ kad a private Conference with Mary of Brabant, th« Qieen Dowager of Frawe, and Jmie of Nmmm, the lYife of the reigning Sovereign. Thefe Perfonagea lecretly Informed him that howfoever exafperated Phil^ aught appear to be at the Violences conmiitted agaiaft ^ Subie€^s, by thofe of the Crown of Btiglsnd, yet He would accept of any Public Reparation, on the Fart oi Edward \ and that Nothing more was neceHary than for this Prince to furrender to him the Hx For* ireflcs of Saintes, Talmoni, Turon, Fitmiril, Pnmit and MofitflanqusH, together with thofe Aggreifers whofe Coodud had been the moft difpleafing to the Frtneh Court. It was added that the whole Proceeding wai intended merely as a Matter of Form, to preferve the Honour oi Philip, who, in the Moment that Stittsfiic- lion fhould have been made, was determined to revoke the {h) Hiftoire de la Rivalitd de la France, et de TAngleterrtf V. 3. p. 128. (f) Rymer's Fadera, V. 2. p. 619, 6ao. — ^Walter Hem- ingford, V. i. p. 42, 43. — T. Waliinghani, p. 61— Nic. Trivci. Annal. Vol. i. p. 276, 277. , 1 ,1,1. k ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 175 tht SanHAons, |o give back the Towrs, to i«t die Per* feiM dcttfercd up at Liberty, and grant a fafeComluA to Ethiuirdt from whom He would receive the seceilarf Homage^ at Ammt. To thefe Terms, the Ead i LamAfiiT, by Virtue of the Commiffion hoai hti Bro- ther, acknowledged bis Readinefs to fubmit, provided that the two <^eens would iiga, and folemnly ratify them upon Oath. This being accordingly complied with, Advices of the Succefsof the Negociation wn difpatched to Edwardf who, rejoiced at the Event, wtJi aiULiouB, when on the Point of waging War againft Scotland, to obtain a folid Peace with France^ relinquifli«. ed more than had been aiked, impowering the Eaci to furrender to FhiUp, all Guietme, on the Condition that in the Prefence of refpeaabte Witoefies, He IhoiAl promife to &lfil the Treaty fig ned by the two Qgeeai. When Application was naade to the Frenck Monarch Spr this Purpofe, He aflembled his Contort, together with Mary of Brabant, Blanch of hLnarrt, the Wife of Ed- mmd. Earl of Laneafttr, the Duke of Burgundy, tlae great Officers of the Court, and the Englijb Ambaffih* dors, before whom He pafled his royal Word for tlK Performance of the Treaty, dire6ling the Bilhop of Orleans to publifh, at the fame Time, the Revocaiioa of the Summons iflued out to Edward. When this Bufmefs was concluded, the Earl fent an Exprefs to Sir Jo/in de Havering, the Senefchal, and Sir Jekn de Saim John, the Deputy-Governor of Guifnne (d), com- manding them to deliver up that Dukedom to the Coa- ft;;ble, RalpA de Nefle, who was chaf|(ed to take pef- feifion ofit, in the Name of the King of France. Pre- vious to a Compliance with this Order, the SeneJcAd objed- (J) The Order was fent from AviV, and dated on the third of February, in the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and ninety-three.— Ryuier's Foedera* Vol. ». p. 619. / m 174 M E M O I R S O P ' objcQcd to a Surrender which He deemed inconfillent with the iecret Articles of the Treaty, as they had been explained to him by the Earl ; but de Neflertftlkd that He was an abfolute Stranger to any private Agreements between the two Powers ; and that as He had* received peittcular DireQions firom hit Sovereign, to feize upon Gwumiet as belonging to the Crown oi France, fo He HkmiM iH)t wafte his Time in liftening to Condi- tion}!. The Senefchd who, akhou^h He had taken the liberty to remonftrate, felt the Neceflity of obeying, gave up the Province, and immediately withdrew to iWir. No fooner were the Terms of the Treaty acceded to* on the Part of EngUmd, than the Earl of Lancafier ap- ffied to the Qyeens, Mary of Brabant, and JaneKjIi Nan^rre, for the promifed Re^litution of Guiemte. He wat anfwered that PMip had not yet fufficiently ififlett.bled for the Advancement nf his Purpofes ; and that He muft exped to receive from that Monarch a public Denial of his Requeft, after which, they had the royal Authority to aflure him that all private Stipu« lations (hould be fcrupuloufly complied with. Duped by thefe Artifices, He was prevailed on to attend the Council, in the Prefence, and with the Applaufe of whom, PMlip haughtily refufed to give back to Ed- ward, the Dukedom ot^Guienne. The Earl oi Lanr cafiiT, inftruded by the Queens, Teemed overwhelmed with Indignation, and Aftonifliment. In this pretend- ed Humour,' He retired to the Anti-chamber, expeCfc- ing the Arrival of the King to gratify the Defires of Edward, by the Performance of a folemn, although a fecret Promife. Here, He waited for fome Time, un- noticed : At length, the Bifhops of Orleans and Tournay were fent to acquaint Him that He was at Liberty to depart, and muft not, thenceforward| prefume to trou- ble • ILLUSTRIOjUS SEAMEN, &c 175 ble PhUip with toy Meflkges on the Subjed (0 : Short- ly afterwards, the Parliament of France was aflembled, and their Sovereign, without deigning to give the Earl oiLancafier the flighted Intimation of his Defign, com- manded that the King of Englmtd ihould be publicly cited to aftpear,' and anfwer to the Charge advanced in the Summons. During this Tranra6Uon, the Earl was abfent from the Coutt } yet the Ambafladors Hugh 4* Vertf and John Ji Lacy demanded, in the Name of £i- ward, an inmiediate Audience, at which, they remon- ftrated, in the feviereft Terms, againft a Proceeding fo contrary to the Articles of the Treaty, and unlawfully extended to the Renewal of a Citation which had not only been annulled in the ufual Forms, but even from the Mouth of Philip,. They were difinifled with an abfolute Refufal of the lead Satisfodion, and their ear- lieft Interceflions that the Court would poftpone, for a Tingle Day, the final Determination of the Matter, in order that tht EsltI oi Lancafter might be again cepar- ture from Cyprus, the Fleet confided of eighteen Hun- dred Veflfels, including the fmall Tranfports {a). The Armaments of ilf^(^/-Afor/«/ were ftill more cpnfider- able {b). During the fucceeding Reigns, the Marine of France became lefs formidable, yet was, by no means, ■failing to Decay. Multitudes of Veflels, the Force of Which hath been already mentioned, were perpetually fitted out, although the Kingdom remained deftitute of a royal Navy. Whenfoever the Trade of the Sea- Ports was interrupted by War, the Merchants lent their Vefleli to the Crown, at the Expence of which they were converted into Ships of Battle. The Sovereigns of France a\(6 concluded Treaties with Maritinie Pow- ers, and with commercial Towns which agreed to (ur- bifli a certain Number of Veflels. Such was the Trea- ty of PMip the Fair with the Commons of Fontarabia^ and of Saint Sebajiian. The Naval Refources of Frawe were, for a confiderable Length of Time, ob- tained from Spain, Pifa, Venice, and Gema, It was not until after the Acceflion of Francis the Firft, that any Marine belonged particularly to the Crown. A Supply of Ships was the chief Objed of the Alliance . formed with Eric, King of Norway : This Potentate agreed (z) Hiftoire de la Rivaludde la France, et de l'Angleterre» par M. Gaillard, V. 3. p. 13^. («) J6ioviIIe^ {b) Hiftoire de laRivalit^de la Fran^, ct de TAngitrtorre^ par M. Gaillard, V. 3. p. 135. / ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, ire. i8i agreed to fiirnifli PAilip with two Hundred GalUes, equipped (as moft of thofe conftniSed in that ^ra were), with Sail^ and Oars; an hundred Tranfports; and fifty Thoufand Soldiers. He did nor, however^ fulfil a Angle Article of the Treaty ; an^ Prance con- tinued without any ferviceable Northern Ally, except the King of Scotland (c). u- Befides the three Squadrons already mentioned as having been appointed by Edward to proted the Coafts^ a Fleet was equipped, confiding of three Hun^^' ^s'*^***^ hinthie Year one Thoufand, tvo'Huadred, an4 Niner ^y-fix, a Fleets equipped at XarmutA, failed tpwards the Coaft oS .NbrMandy, oii^^^hich the Forces landjedji attacked and laundered the Town oiCJierburg, together with its valuia^lip Abbeyj and afterwards retreated to Ifheir^ Ships (i(),iA^ut the ikme iFeriod, the, /Vr^ ynm/4 Squadrpn engaged, and 4ppk fifteen Spa^/bM^f^ IshantrMen, . and brought thefn, vf»tMrepty Ships, and flercciviiig.^hf^,^y of jy^i«^-4rawtt iipi ffl;R»«le Airay f>ri.|h% ajS«i«nt Plwii, Iheyfupppfed that ^he )^lit0ryQp^«t|pn» yi?ere pfttht Pbinfcof being dire^d |iifim«dk(e)y agawft t|ie^Tp«ffi*, an• '-^i ^fe) F.Bahtcl. ^/ ./■ V. I. (A) Nip. Ttiv^. Annal Knyghton, p. 2503, 2504. /^f ttiftoire de la Rlvalitd de la 284, 285.-— Mez«ra^» p.' 78c|.— Walter Heniingford, V. k p. 59-^ .rt. France, et de VAngletenrCj, par M. OalHard, V. 3. p. i44.-T^uilHaunie de Naligis. ^ (i^) Nic. Trivet. Annal. v!^i. p. 284. ' (/) Thorn. Walfmghan?, HiH. Arigl. p. 64. \ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 163 of the Englijb Ships (m) : The Reft efcaped with Dif- ficulty («). The King, having compleated his Preparations for the Invafion of Flanders, failed from JVinchelfea («), with a powerful Squadron, on board of which were one Thoufand, and five Hundred Men at Arms, together with fifty Thoufand Foot, (thirty Thoufand of which were Welch (/), and landed fliortly afterwards in the Neighbourhood of Sluyt {q). Here, a violent Conten- tion arofe between the Mariners belonging to the Ships which had been fitted out by the Qnqui Port/, and the Crews ferving on board the TarmcutJi Divlfion of the Fleet. Edward, remonftrating againft the Criminality and Weaknefs of fomenting a private Qgarrel, in the Moment when they were called upon to aflift in the Defence of their Sovereign, and their Cotintry, endea- voured to reconcile the Parties. From Intreaties He proceeded to Commands ; but both were equally in- effedual. A defperate Adion enfued, in the Courfe of which Twenty-five of the Ships in the tarmoui/k Squadron were bivnt, and naoft of the Sailors drowned. Three of the largeft Men of War in the Royal Navy, (one of which was laden with a Part of the Treafure) ftood out to Sea, and were fortunajtiely preferved (>*)• At this Period, PMip was extending his Conquefts through the Territories of Flanders, Whilft the Eng- lijb Monarch remained at GietU, engaged in compofing M 4 the (m) A. D. 1296. (fi)fH[oling(hed.— rH. Kn^hton, 2512.— Waher Hem- (fi;|Hioiingmed.— vti. i\.n^ttton, p. 2^2.— waiter nem- ingford. Vol. I. p. 90.— 1 horn. Walungham. Hift. Angl. p. 66. ,....v'<.^ -,. ^.^».L,'. (o) Auruft 22, 1297. (p) H. ICnyghton. (if) Auguft 27. ' (r) T. WalfinKham, Hift. Angl— Nic. Trivet. Annal. V. I. p. 304.— -Walter Hemingford, V. i. p. 146. 1^4 M E M O I R S O F • .- ^he Differences which had arifen amongft the Fieming^t He received the News of ^the Surrender of Lifle to the Frmch Troops, after a Siege of three Months, The Capture pf this Place was foon followed !?y |he Reduce, tion pf Douay, and Courtray. From thence, Fhilip proceeded to Brugef, the Citizens of which threw open the Gate to admit hini. Her^, He direded the Count 4e Valois, his Brother, and the Conftable ^ Ne/Je, to re- pair to Dam, and burn the ^hole Englijb Fleet, at that Time, lying at Anchor within the Harbour. The Ex- ecution of this Projed was fruftrated by a Want pf Sc- (precy in the Count de Valois ; and Edward, acquainted with the Defigns of the Eneniy, provided for the Secu- rity of his Ships, by giving orders that they (hould im- mediately fail for England (/). Thither, at the Clofe pf the Winter, He returned with his Army, after hav- ing yielded to the Nece(fity .in which the Trea«;hery of, his Allies involved Him, aiid^ concluded a Truce with ■his Opponent (/). By this, it was ftipulat^d thatfJ- tuard (liOvAd n^arry Margaret, the Sifter to PMif ; and that JpUtella^ th^ Daughter to the Fr^nc^, Mpnarcli ihould b^cpme the Wife of Edward, the Son of the Ring of England. T^is Triice was frequently renewed^ and, at Length (»), fucceeded by the ConcluHon of a Peace (»), the third Article of which exprefsly declared that the two Spyereigns were bound to refufe all aflifl-; aiice wfiatfoever to the Enemies of each Other, and tp prevent them from receiving any Succour from the In- habitants of either Kingdoni, who were forbidden to grant it, on Pa^n of lofing their Lives and Piropcrties. ■■ ' *■ No ■ » r'ti^T '''if'ti.X. (s) Holingihpd's Chronicle, p. 304.— Nic. Trivet. Annal, V. 1. p. 3?S' (/) A. D. 1299.— Rymer's Faedera, V. a. p. 840. (11) Mayao, 1303. ![*) Rymer'sFodera, V. a. |). 925. j^»»/ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 185 No mjEiterial Occurrences conneded with the Sub- ]fiQ. of this Work arofe during the Sequel of the Reign pi Edward, who, in the Bitternefs of Revenge, prepar- ing at the Head of a formidable Army, to enter Scat" Iflfid, and deftroy, as He had threatened, that King- dom, from Sea to Sea ; was (lopped in his Progrefs, by a violent Indifpofition, at Burgh upon the Sands, in Cum" berland, where He expired, in the (ixty-eighth Year of !)is Age, and the thirty-fifth from his Accellion to the Throve. In his lad Moments, He advifed his Son ne- ver to ceafe from the Profecutioi^ of the War, until He had entirely fubdued the People againft whom it was di- reSed : ** And, carry, ^'* (added the vain-glorious Mo- narch,) ** my Bones in the Front of your Army. Thusjball ** Ton befecure of ViSiory. !The Sight of them will intimi' *^ date thofe Emmies whom I have fa often conquered {y).** In the Opinion of fome Hiftorians, thefe Words ex- prefs the feelings of 9 gallant Mind. But the Scots (and iheir Courage i^ acknowledged,) muft have been the mod puHllanimous Race exifting, if this Death-bed Obfervation wasilefs abfurd, than arrogant. The ipartial Charader of Edward bears fome Re-> iemblance to. that of Hichard, Like this Monarch, He was enterpriztng, fagacious, watchful, brave, and per^* fevering ; but fierce, vindidive, and tyrannical. In his Legiflative Capacity, a Point of View at which, (if yre except his Maritime, and Commercial Regulations,) \t is not neceffary to confider Him, the Parallel mnft drop. Be it fufBcient to remark that He acquired, and, in i» great Me^fure, deferved the Title of the Juftitdan of {y) Nic. Trivet Anna!, p. 346, 347.— Walter Heming- ford, V. I, p. 237, 338, 239.-*-Joban. Fordun de Scoti- Chronicon. V. 4. p. 1003.-— T. Walfingham. Hift. Angl. p. 94. — Chron. Godftovian, p. 103 — Thorn. Sproi. Chro- nic, p. iia.-r-R. Fabian, p, 194. — H. I^nyghton, p. ^530. i86 MEMOIRS OF of England (x). The Strength of his Naval Power, and Zeal for the Prefervation of it were equally coofpicuons. Of thefe, the Reader hath been fiimiflied with Examples ; And We fliall only add fome Circtun- flances out of feveral which confirm the Propriety of a former Ohfervation to his unfortunate Succeflbr, He left a numerous, but afterwards negleded Fleet. An inftance of his Determination to fupport the So- vereignty of it, on the Ocean, is evident from the Charge given to his Sea-Commanders, that they (hould ^ efpectally, vindicate, and maintain the Dominion '< which his Anceftors, the Kings of England were '* wont to have in the faid Sea, fo far as coi^cerns the '^ Amendment, Declaration, and Interpretation of the " Laws, by Them made to govern all Manner of ^ Nations, palling through the faid Sea {a),** Ano- ther Proof of the Maritime Power of Edward may be difcdvered in | the Cafe of the Dutch, who, as they were forbidden, did n6t, at any Period, prefume to fifli near the Britijb Coafts, without a Licence (b). Whatfoever refers to our Coin (the Standard of which was firft perfieiElly fixed by Edward (c), is fo clofoly united with Commerce, that (until We approach the . (z) Sir Edward Coke's Inftitntes, p. 156— Sir Matthew Hale's Hiftory of the Engliih Law, p. 1$^. (a) " Eipecialinent a retenir, et maintenir la Sovereignty "que ces Anceftres, Reyes d'Engleterre, foloycnt avoir en **-laditeMierd'Engktcrre, quant a L'Amendement, De- *<^ ^daration, et Interpretations des Lois per eux &itz ago- •♦ verner toutes Maners des Gentz paflanz per la dite Mitr." -^•Fafc. de Superioritate Maris Angliae, in Arce Londinenfi. — Lcdiard's Naval Hiftory, Folio. V. i. p. 35. ($) The Form of this Permiflion is amongft the Records of the Reign of Edward. It begins ; " Pro Hominibus Hol- ♦* landia," &c.— For the Men of Holland, &c. to have Leave to Pifh near Tarmoutfi.r-'ThlAK ('^ 8cc. —See Madox's Hiftory of the Exchequer. (/) Ibid.— 'Evelyn's Numifm,T-Stowe'8 Survey of Lon- don, Chap. Tower.— ^Chamberlain's ISfot. Angl. Edit. i6. p. II, 12-— Statute of jfrticuUfuper Chartas 28, Ed. i. - — -BiihopNichoiron's Enelifh Hiftorical Library ; folio, p. 255. — Rapin's Hiftory of England, 8vo. V. 3. p. 3*8. , ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. i8^ phur (i). The Merchants, to avoid the Search at Dover and Sandwich, concealed the Parcels in Bales of Cloth, and brought them in, by other Ports. To fuch a Length were ihefe fraudulent Proceedings car* ried that the Coin of England was daily finking from its Value {h), A Proclamation was accordingly ifliied which cried down all Money not coined in England^ Ireland, or Scotland. It alfo djreded that Perfbns ar- riving from beyond the Seas (hould (hew the Mon^y which they brought with them to the Officers belong- ing to the King ; that they (hould not hide it in Fardel^ upon Pain of Forfeiture; that the light and dipped .Money (hould be bored through, without Contradic- tion ; that the fame (hould be received, and paid by Weight at a certain Rate ; and that Perfons having fuch Money (hould bring it to the Changers, who, as well as the Mafters of the Mint, had feveral Offices ereded in divers Parts of the Kingdom, at which the Silver of the bad Money was brought in, that the Pol- lards, Crocardt, and other counterfest Coin, might be effedually cried down (/). A Writ was alfo direded to the Sheri(rs, prohibiting the Importation of clipped, or counterfeit Monies, and the Ufe thereof in Mer- chandize, or. other Negociations under fevere Penal- ties, and commanding thofe that had fuch Money to bore it through, and to bring it to the King's Change to be new coined {k). The (^) Coke's Inftitules. — Ibid, — Bifhop Nicholfon's Engli(k Hiftorical Library.-- — Ibid. (A) •* Les queulx Chofes fi elles fui(rent long terns foef- *• ferts, Elles oietteyrent la Monye d'Angliterre a rienk.— V. Libr. Rubr. So. (»■) Que les Pollards, et Cockards, et let autrcs mau?ai(es Moneys contrefaits ferons abaiues. — .bid. (a) ibid. — Rapin. t f 190 MEMOIRS OF' The Pradices of clipping wert the iiioft freqtitiit tmongft the Jews, two Hundred, and Eighty of whom were hanged, at one Time, for this Offence. Fifteen Thoufand were at laft driven out of England. Of Thefe, Numbers embarked on board a Veffcl belong" ing to the Cinque Ports, and, after having been plun- dered by the Captain, and the Mariners, of all their Property, were thrown into the Sea. Many of the B4arbarians who committed thefe Outrages were tried^ condemned, and executed (/). If the Jews had re* prefTed their Ufury, and Adulteration of the Coin, it is probable that the Sentence of Banifhment (m) would never have been enforced againft them : And We may» befides, fuppofe that their Power of purchafing, by immenfe Sums, the Protedion of the Crown, Was al^* mofl exhaufted, as, only from the feventeenth of De- cember , in the fiftieth Year of the Reign of tienry the Third, until the Shrwe-Tttefday in the fecond Year of The Reign of Edward the Firfl, they paid into the royal Treafury, four Hundred, and twenty Thoufand Pounds, fifteen Shillings, and Four4'ence (n). Before We quit this Subjed, it may be proper to obferve that the Dowry which Edward fettled upon the Princefs Margaret, amounted to eighteen Thoufand La^ vres, per Annum, or four Thoufand, five Hundred Pounds Sterling (0), by which it appears that four French Livres were, in that Age worth an EngUjh Pound. A Naval, and Commercial Writer {^) with great Juflice, fuppofes that the Knowledge of this Cir- cumftance (/)T.Wikes.p. laa. (*i) PaiTed January 14, 1296.— T. Wikcs, p. 11 Prybne's Brevia Parliamentaria Rediyiva^ («) Coke's fecond Inftitute, p. 5o6i (•) Rymcr's Foedera, V. a. p. 854. {/) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. t. p. 240, 8.--^ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, dfc. 191 cumftance is of much Confequence in the Exj^anatioa of the Tranfadions relating to a Part of the thirteenth, and fourteenth Centuries. " This comparative Vahie ** of Coin (He adds) is a Subjed hitherto hardly con- <* fidered ; and yet ancient Hiftories are unteUigible* " without Regard being paid to it {q)** The Indulgence granted by Edward to the Mer- chants, are convincing Proofs of his Determination t» advance the Welfare of Conunerce. In the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Eighty-fix, a PermiF> (ion was given for thofe who came from Abroad to rent Houfes, and to buy, and fell their own Commodities, without the Interference of Agents : Until this Period, they hired Lodgings, and their Landlords, who were • appointed the Brokers, difpbfed, in their Name, of the different Articles of their Trade (r). They alfb en- joyed a Charter wherein the Protedion, and Privil^es to which they became intitled were clearly afcertained, and the CuAoms, and Duties to be exaded from them, on Account of their Imports and Exports, precifely let- tied. Juries, confiding Half of Natives, and Half of Foreigners, were allowed them on their Trials ; the Security of their Perfons and Properties, was al(b in- trufted to the Care of a Judiciary in London, and an eafy Method eftablifiied for the Recovery of their Debts (/). Yet thefe Advantages were counterpoifed by a fevere Condition : Every forei|(n Merchant was made anfwerable for the Debts, and even for the Crimes of his Countrymen, trading within the Kingdbm (/). They were likewife fubje^ to an additional Duty of two Shii* s.? (^) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. pi 240. (r) Fabian's Chronicle. (s) Statute of A£ton Burnel, fo called from a Parliament holden at this Place, in Shropihire. (/) Anderfon'sHiftory of Commerce, V. 1. p. 146^ ipa MEMOIRSOF Shillings on each imported Ton of Wine ; and fort/ Pence on each exported Sack of Wool, befides the old puty of half a Mark. .in the twenty-fourth Year of the Reign of Edward, Ine Society of Merchant-Adventurers was firft eftabii(h- td, for the Improvement of the Woollen Manufadure, and the Sale of Cloth, abroad, particularly at Jnt'^ werp (tf). From the Remonftrance drawn up by tiumphfy de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, the Conftable, and Roger Bi^ad, Earl of Norfolk, the MarefcHal of England, and prefented to the Ring at IVinchelfea, when He was preparing to embark for Flanders, We learn that Wool was a Commodity equal in Value to half the Lands in the Nation. If the Complaints of thefe powerful Lords were ju(lly founded, it mud be con- fefled that Edward vizs, at Times, as much the arbi- trary OpprelTor of Trade, as, on fome Occafions, He had approved Himfeif its ftrenuous ProteSor. The forcible Seizure of Leather, Corn, Cattle, but efpe- cia^y of Wool, (the Cuftom of which was raifcd fr6m twenty, to forty ShiUings a Sack,) was not only a daring Violation of the Great Charter, and that of Forefts, but a ftrong Obftacle to the Progrefs of Com- merce (jf). Yet, Be it remembered that this Prince, at length, confcious of the Neceflity of appeafing thofe Subje^s whom He had oppreffed, confirmed at Ghent, en the fifth of November, in the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Nincty-feven, the Charters of King Johnf by an authentic Ad, to which He affixed the Great Seal of England, as alfo the Claufe divefting him of the Power (until that Period, (o wantonly exer- cifed,) (m) Rymer*s Poedera, V. 4. t> 361. This is a Confirma* lion bj' Eekvard the Third of the Charter granted by his Pre-* deceflor, Edward the Pirft. (*•) Anderfon's Hitlory of Commerce, V. 1. p. 137, t -. ILLUST^RiaUS SfeAillEN, &c. igj {nfed",) of impoliri^ arbitrary Taxes Upon the I^eople. ITwo ^iplaria^tioiii in this Statute are Kvidenc^s that th^ FreedcMn of Trade was replaced upbiiai firmer ^afis. The Firfl: enaded that lio Officer b^loiigihg to EiwarJ^ Or his Heirs iht)Qld^ in Future, tkke away the Cbrn^ ProVifions, or akiy bth^Y Goods wliatfoever, withbiit the Confent of the Owner : By the Second, it wa^ provided that Nothing fhduld be th^reaJB^er demanded foranySack of Wool, uhd^i' th^ l^khie, and Pretence of Cuftbihs(^). The fiicceedin^ Events cohneded with the Ratification of this Charter' airie extremely in- tereiling, and pUce the tyrarinicail Dirpofitidn of £^- tvorJi together with the Isludable Aniiety of the £ng- Jijb, fbrthe Prefetvation of their Liberties, in To ftrik'^ itigaPoint of View, that We fhould>ot rigft fatisfied with barely recotK^merJdtiiig the Purfiiit of thi§ Sub- jed'(z) to the Reader, if a farther In(piiry were riot foreign to the Nature of duf Work. As the following Circumftance miift'have afFeded the Progrefs of Commerce, in that iElra, it may be necef- f^y to relate it. In the Year one Thdufarid, th^ee Hundred, "iand three, the Excheqiter is rtientionied to have been robbed of the enormous'Su^ of on^ Hiindfei:^ Thoufand Pounds. The Abbbt, ahd Monkb of ffyi^ ihjn/?^r'Were^ changed w'ith the Fad^ tried, and acquittcdi We are not informed that v Edward v^i eve'r able to find out th^ Crirhinals. To fn^poCt ihztPrefiob^ld, aiiid Yas Phrentiner (of Whom We have already treated,) were the guilty Perfbn's, b/ecaUfe they were in difgrate with the King, immediately after th^ Trarifadion^ is reafohing on too flight a' Ground (a). Vol I. N la (y) T. Walfingham, p. 74.— Walter Hcmingfortl, V. i. p. 143.— Kntghton.— j^olrt'slecond Iftftitetc, p. 532. («) See Hame'sliifljoi^ of England,^ 6aavo> V. 2: p. ) 292, 293, 294, 295. {a) Rymer's Foedera, V. a. p. 930. 194 M £ M O I R S O F In the laft Year of the Reign of Edward, the Nwtcio having received in England large Sums of Money for the P^e, was not fuffered to export it, in Specie, but obliged to refign it for Bills of Exchange (fi). An admired Hiftorian (c) confiders this Incident as " a Proof that Commerce was but ill underllood, at that Time." .-i V The Silver-Mines which had been wrought in the County of Devon produced from the twelfth of Augujif to the thirty-firft oiO£lober, in the Year one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Ninety-four, three Hundred, and feventy Pounds Weight of Silver ; in the next Year, five Hundred, twenty-one Pounds, and a Half; and in the following Year, feven Hundred, and four Pounds. They afterwards yielded more : How much is not mentioned ; neither are We told at what Period they were worn out. The fame Mines were once more opened, in the Reign of Elizabeth, and have been wrought fince ; yet not in fuch a Manner as to anfwer the Coft of Working {d). Of the Courfe of Trade, it is obferved {e) that fome Judgment may be formed from an Inquiry concerning the Sums of Money which Edward borrowed, for the Purpofe of profecuting the War againil the Welch, On this Occafion, the City of London lent eight Thoufand, and the Port of Tarmouth one Thoufand Marks. t An Idea of the Wealth poflefled by fome particular Members of the State, may be gathered from the Ac- count of Fines, impofed by the King, on thofe Judges who had been declared guilty of Corruption. Sir Ralph de Hengham, Chief Jufttce of the Higher Bench» was .(*) Ibid. V. a. p. 109a. rj mj^Hv (ci Hume's Hiftory of England, 8vo. V. a. p. $z$. {J) Campbeirs Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. p. 341 r (0 Ibid. ILLXiS'flllOtiS SEAME^, &c. 195 was fenteticed td pay feveii Thoufand Marks ; Sir John, LvoeM^ }uftice of the Lower Bench, three Thoufand Marks ; Sir WtlHam Bramtoni Juftice, three Thoufand Marks ; Sir S$hmon Rac/iefter, Juftice of the Affizes, four Thoufand Marks ;. Sir Rtciard de Boyland, four Thoufand Marks ; Sir TAomas SeddingteH, two Thou- fand Marks ; Sir JValter Haptm, two Thoufand Marks (/) ; Sir iVilUam de Sakm, three Thoufand Marks ; Robert Littiebury, Miifter of the Rolls, a Thoufand Marks ; Robert Leicefter^ a Thoufand Marks ; Henry de Bray, Efcheator, and Judge for the Je^s, a Thou- fand Marks ; Adam deS tret ton, a Clerk of the Court, thirty-two Thoufand M(urks of new Money, exclufive of Jewels, and Silvcr-Platc {g). By the Cbnhfcation of the Eftates of thefe Offenders, Edward obtained above an Hundred Thoufand Marki. ' About the twentieth Year of the Reign of this Prince, the Compafs, an Inftrument of the utmoft Im- portance to the Purpofes of Navigation, was difcovered by Flavh Gioia, an Inhabitant of Amal/i, on the Coaft of that Part of the Kingdom of Naples called Terra di Lavoro, More than a Century elapfed previous to the Acquiiltion of any Advantages from this extraordinary Invention. How it was received, at what Period firft ufed upon the Sea, and when divulged to other Nations, are Points as yet remaining in Obfcurity {h). The Events during the difgraceftil Reign o^ Edward the Second are fo (lightly conneded with the Subjed of our Work, that We (hall haften, after a Ihort Detail, to an ^ra wherein the Naval Reputation of the Eng' N a lijb if) Thefe laft Fdur were Juftices Itinerant. ig) T. Walfingham.— Ann. Waverl.— V. Wikes.— Chron. de Dunftable, MSB. •• f- (h) Introdu£tion to the Collection of Voyages, V. 6. Fo- lio.— Lediard's Naval Hift. V. I. Polio, p. 35. igS MEMO 1 R a^ OF / . lijbwzs carried. to that iUuffrious Heighti above whtcfe- it hath fo often rUien, and from whence it fell fo. rel-* dom, in fucceeding Tiinesi. The only Period, during the Life-time o£ this Prinqe» at which the Eleet i» re- corded to have been employed, was when J)l&^//« the Qyeen, together with her Son, were; (on thiir ffefuflil to return to England.) procJainied :EDf tmes to the State. On this Occalion, War was declared againft Frai^e (/), and the SheriS of the fevertil Counties^ in Con- f^uence of Orders from their Sovereign, fummoned J^ihnVminrmy. Admirai of! %iiW(»rMi, Nifholts.Kytkt^ Admiral of the Swth Sea^. and Ralph Ba[f(t^.Qi Dr^y^ ton, ConftaWe of 2>ov^r Ca(\le, and. WafdcQ of- the Cinque PortSf to obllru^ the I>anding, of: ait Invadb^^ and to attacW, and eitbftr^ deftfoy, or take fuch Fremi Merchantmen as ihould be fbvod upotiithe Seas (/(). To the Prudence, and^In^repidity of thefe Officers was owing the; Capture of an. Hundred Sail of Nortnan Siiif^s aU of which cWer^ fafely, bought into the £n^///!frHar-; hours (/), ' I/Mia having, concludedf A. Treaty with the Earl- of. Hainault, and betrothed to his Daughter Philippat the young £5.^ was immediately joined by fllpnry, fiiwi 6F Lbtttajiir, and feveral of the NobiUty (♦»). Her Army which, it firft, confifted of two Thoufand, feven Hundred Men. (d), when reinforced by frelh A^erefits, bccartie a Terror to the Royal Party, lind the tnhapt)y Bdwark perceived himfelf intircAy fMrfaken by his Siibjeds. Ut fled with Precipitation int6 J9^ilet^ frbm whence, as the kaft Succour was refufed hinl, the twb Sperkers pro- pofed that He fliould d^pa^t- for Jreland(p), Accord- ingly, He went on boiiird iafnfciflVefly, which after toSing out at Sea, for fome time, was dfivtti, by cok- trary Winds, on the iam at its Beg'inhing, t» an indelible Stain of Infamy, by the Murder of his Father. The Enfi^ns of Royajty were taken from (his mi- ferable Prince, on the twenty-fecond of 'Janmry^ in the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Twenty- feven. The Remainder of his Life was a dreadful Series of Cruelty, and Inf^lt. When the People, to- gether with his Keeper, the Earl of Lancafiety were obferved by the Queeny and Mortimer ^ to fpeak, with Compaflion, of his Situation, they fufpeded a Defign to reftore him to the Throne, and the more effedually to prevent it^ delivered him over to the Lord Berkeley, Sir John Maltravers, and Sir Thomas Gurruy. The Firft, pitying his Misfortunes, would have treated him with Tendemefs, and Refped ; But the Others, mer- tilefs to an Extreihe, tormented him by ev^ry Species of Indignity which they judged likely to accelerate his ^hd. From Kenilworth, He was removed to Gorfe, and afterwards to Brifloh Herein it was difcovered that Some of tlie Citizens had formed a Refolution to aflift him in iriaking his' Efcape, beyond the Seas, and He was inftantly conduced to Bfri|/«'^ Caftle. On his journey thithef, which they forced him to per^rm iq th^ Night, the .<;pld and muddy Water was^aken from an adjoining Ditch, for the Purpofe of (having hiiix. No loriger ai)le to reprefs the Violence of his Grie^ He' bum iiltd a ^Flood of Tears, and, as they bedewed his Cheeks, exclaimed thikt, iii Spite of their Barbarity, lit would be ihaved with clean, and warm Water. Frequent Attempts were alfo made to poifon him, but thefe were rendered iffeffedual by the Vigour of his Conftitutibn. The Ruffiantvtit^ at the ill Succefspf their Enterprizes, wrotie to their unnatural Employers for freih InilruSions, and received>p Order ;(o difptch J,-. .. '.:., ) .. . .:i ,,. ... . ,.^... . v •. ■.... ,_- ... hinij y ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 199 him, at any Rate : In the Letter which indofed it. A- dam de Orleton, Bifliop of Hereford, and the flagitious Minifter of Ifabella, put a Latin Line, wherein, by a contemptible Equivocation, they found themfelves en- couraged (according to the different Mode of Reading' it,) either tc commit the Murder, or to refrain from it ; yet it is more than probable that they were dired- ed, and inclined to accept of the Expreffions in the laft Senfe (/), and that their Condud was far firom being - the Refult of Ignorance : At this Time, the Lord Berk-' ley, in whofe Caftle Ednjbard remained a Prifoner, was prevented by Illnefs, from attending to his Charge («). Gurney, and Maltravert, embraced the Opportunity to execute their horrid Furpofe. They niflied into a Chamber, where they found the depofed King, in Bed, and, prefling him violently down to it with a Table, to hinder him from ftruggling, placed within his Funda- ment a Horn-Pipe, through which they conveyed a burning Iron {x). This execrable Crime was inune- diately difcovered to the Inhabitants of the Caftle, by the loud Shrieks of the tortured Edward, whilft his Bowels were confuming. His Body was fliortly after- wards buried, without any funeral Pomp, at Ghu» cejier (y). Thus periflied this unhappy Prince, more a Martyr to Indolence, Irrefolution, and a Want of Judgment, than to Vices. The Diftradions of his Life prevented him (/) ** Edvardum occidere Nolite timere : Bonum eft. « Edvardum occidere Nolite : Timere bonum eft*" («) Cotton's Abridgment, p. 8. he) September 21, A. D. 1327. \y) Anonymi Hift. p. 838.— 'Adaui Mnrimuth, V. 2. p. 70.— Thorn, de la More Vit. Ed. a. p 60a, 603.-^ Thom. Walfinghami. Yoodigma Neuftriae/p. 509.— ^hron. Godftovian, p. 109.— H. l&yghton, p. 2551.— <7rafton's Chronicle, p. 218, 219. 20O M £ M O I R S O F him ^irom ^itl^er^ppor^iig ^he M^^rine, or ^dv^ci/^g t\ke .Conunerjqe qif the Natipq. Tjh^t l^e w^s incline^ tp extend his Prote£kion to the IjUlj jippeijirs fcom h^ Charter granted fof t^e Eqcomr^eimeqt of t|ie M^^ur fa^uce pf Wool, the ftaple CQna9iodfty of the King- dpm. But t^e yigour of T^a^e w^s confi^er^ly inji- paired by the Fin^inie which r^^d fo y^9J,en,tly during feyeral Xears pf <^is Reign. The Coldpefs of the Wea- ther, ai\d the i^cei&nt Showers by de^rpying tl^e Harr yefis^and c^ufing^ Mortality amongft the Cattle, had raifed the ]Nece0aries of Life to an enormous Price. At this JEra {z), the Parliament drove to Iow,er it. f not fenfible (obferyes a difcerniog Writer {a), that fttch an Attempt w^s impradicajble, and that were it ppiCble to redjiice the Price of Pfpvidons by any Qtheir £xp r^if^ ^he Prices, to pi|t the Peopl<; hy that Means qn ihort Allowance, and pi>)ige tjbem to faye their ]^0od, tij) a irfore plentiful Year. But, in Reality, the Increafe of Prices is a neceflfary Confer* quence of Scarcity ; and Laws, inftead of preventing it, only aggravate the Evil, by cramping, and reftr^ip- ing Coinmerce. The Parliament, accordingly^ in the cnfuing Year, repealed their Ordinance, which they had found ufelefs, and burden{bme(^). The intelligent Reader who can gather from thefe Particulars fome Idea of the Commerce, under the ReignoffiwarJ, the Second, may think it neceflary ' ^ '"• ■ ■' ■ " ' to «i (z) A. D. 131^. («i) Huine'sliiftory of England) Q<£lavo, V. z. p- 364- {h) Thorn. Walfinghami. Vpodigma ^eufori^, p. 407. -y o ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. aoi tp be inibrined of th(B Prices affixed tp various Articles, \)y the Parliament. The beft (lalled Ox was rated at three Pounds, and twelve Shillings, of our prefent Money ; Other Oxen, at two Pounds, and eight Shil- lings } a fat Hog of two Years old, at ten Shillings; a fat Wether unlhom, at ^ Crown ; if ihorn, at three Shillings, and Six- Pence ; a fat Ooofe, at Seven-Pence Half-Penny ; a fat Capon, at Six-Pence ; a fat Hen, at Three-Pence; Two Chickens at Three-Pence; Four Pigeons at Three-Pence ; and two Dozen of Eggs at Three-Pence (r). The Writer (J) of whofe clear Invedigation of thefe SubjeSs, I have more than once availed myfelf, obferves that ** if We confider the fore- going Prices, We (hall find that Butchers Meat, in this Time of great Scarcity, muft ftill have been ibid by the Parliamentary Ordinance, three Times cheaper than our middling Prices at Prefent. Poultry fome- what lower, becaufe being now confidered as a Delica- cy, it has rifen beyond its Proportion. In the Coun- try-Places of Ireland, and Scotland, where Delicacies bear no Price, Poultry is at Prefent as cheap, if not cheaper than Butchers Meat. But the Inference which lie would draw from the Comparifon of Prices is ftili more confiderable : He fuppofes that the Rates affixed by Parliament, were inferior to the ufual Market-Prices in th^fe Years of Famine, and Mortality of Cattle ; and that thefe Commodities, inftead of a Third, had really rifen to Half of the prefent Value. But the Fa- mine, at that Time, was fo confuming {e) that Wheat was (c) Rot. Pari. 7. Edw. 2. n. 35, 36. — T. Walfmghami. Ypodigma Neuftriae, p. 50a. (d) Mr. Hume. (e) Of the Confequences of this Dearth, the Reader will' |ind a particular Relation in the Hiftory pf England, by Ra- fin *. One would hope that fo terrible a Figure of Calamity exceeds Belief. Vol. III. 8vo. p. 349. SOS MEMOIRSOF was Ibmetiines fold for above four Pounds, and ttm Shillings, a Qiiarter (/) ; uAially for three Pounds 5 ig) that is twice our middling Pricef>(^). A certain Proof of the wretched State of Tillage in thofe Ages. We formerly found (adds the fame enlightened Author,) that the middling Price of Corn in that Period was half of the prefent Price ; while the middling Price of Cat- tle was only an eighth Part : We here find the fame immenfe Difproportion in Years of Scarcity. It may thence be inferred with Certainty, that the Railing of Corn was a Species of Manu&dory which Few in that Age could pradife with Advantage : And there is Rea- fon to think that other Manu&dures more refined were fold even beyond their prefent Prices : At lead there is a Demonftration for it in the Reign of Henry the Seventh, from tlie Rates affixed to Scarlet, and other Broad-Qoth, by Ad of Parliament. During all thofe Times, it was ufual for the Princes, and Great Nobility to make Settlements of their velvet Beds, and filken Robes, in the fame Manner as of their Eftates, and Manors (/). In the Lill of Jewels, and Plate, which had belonged to the oftentatious Gaveften, and which the King recovered from the Earl of Laticafler, after the Murder of that Favourite, We findfome embroidered Girdles, flowered Shirts, and filk Waiflcoats (4). It was afterwards one Article of Accufatipn againft that opu» f/J Adam Murimuth, p. 48.— Walfingham (p. 108.) ob* ferves that it rofe to f\x Pounds. {g) T. Walfinghami. Ypodigma Neuftriae, p. 50a. — Nie. Trivet. Annal. Cent. p. i8. (/t) At this tnelancholy Period the Brewing of Beer was wifely Prohibited by the Legtflature, on Pain of Death, that the Corn, ufually expended that Way, might ferve to make Bread. . - . (1) Dugdale,/^«f. (it) Rymer's Foedera, V. 3. p. 388. ! ■ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, 8cc. 203 •pulent, and potent Earl, when tried for his Life, that He had purloine^ fome of that Finery from Gaveftm, The Ignorance of thofe Ages in Manufadufes, and e(^ pecially in Tillage, feems a clear Proof that they were far from being populous.'* " All Trade, and Manufadures were then at a ve- ry low Ebb. The only Country in the Northern Parts of Europe, where they feem to have ri(en to any toler- fible Degree of Improvement, was Flanders. When Robert, Earl of that Country, was applied to by Ed* ward, and was defired to break off Commerce with the l^cots, whom Edward called his Rebels, and reprefented as excommunicated on that Account, by the Church ; the Earl replied that Flanders was always confidered as common, and free, and open to all Nations (/)*'. Another Obftacle to the Progrefs of Commerce was the Frequency of Robberies committed, in all Places, by the former Retainers of the Nobility, difmifled dur- ing the Severity of the Famine. They aflfembled in armed Troops, and over-ran the Kingdom (m). Even two Cardinals, Legates from the Pope, were, in fpite of the Number of their Attendants, ftopped on the Road, and plundered of their Money, Goods, and E- quipagc («). -' Of the Wealth, and alfo of the Hofpitality of the |*fobles^ at^ thb Mn, We may form fome Judgement from a Circumftance mentioned by Stowe,\n his Sur- vey 'of London, and gathered from the Accompts of the (Cofferer, or Steward to Thomas Earl of Lancajier. It appears that the Expences of that Lord during the Year one (/) Rymer's Foedera, V. 3. p. yyo.—Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 2. 8vo. p. 367. («) X^qA: Neuft. p. 5oa.-^Walfing. p. 107. . («) Nfc. Trfvet.'Annal. Cent. p. 22.— Adam Murimuth. ^. 51.— Thom. de la More Vit. Ed. z, p. $94.— Ypodigma Neuftrix, p. 503. ■•• • - ' ao4 MEMOIRS OF one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Thirteen, were, for the Pantry, Buttery, and Kitchen, three Thoufand, four Hundred, and five Pounds. For three Hundred, and Sixty-nine Pipes of red, and two of wUte Wine, one Hundred, and Four Pounds, &c. The Whole was feven Thoufand, three Hundred, and Nine Pounds ; which are nearly twenty-two Thoufand Pounds of our preient Money ; and allowing for the Cheapnefs of Commodities, near an Hundred ThoiiTand Pounds. Whether Edward the Second coined any Money, is uncertain : Relatively to this Matter, our Laws, and Hiftories are filent (0). No Conclufions refpeding the Riches of the State can be drawn from the Allowance of one Hundred Marks a Month, (or eight Hundred Pounds, a Year,) granted to the depofed King, in Pri- fon ip). If the Authority of the Writer who records the Fa^ were not unqueftionable, it might have been imagined that the mercilefs I/abeUa had deprived her Huiband of all Maintenance whatfoever. Yet, in Com- parifon, how fliort doth this fall of the Eftate amount- ing to five Hundred Pounds a Year, and tenderly given by Edward, for the fake of his ^een, to the liady Theophama, (a Native of France) who had been ier Nurfe {q). . We Aiall pafs over the Occurrences which immedi- ately fucceeded the. AcceiTion of Edward the Third to the Crown of which his Father had been deprived, and enter upon a Relation lefs foreign to the Subjed of ouf Work. In the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Thirty-fix, the King having refolvcd to turn his Arms againil France, formed the neceflary Alliances with the Emperor Lewis of Bavaria ; the Duke of ,1 Brakanii ' -.'«■' I (•) BiHiop Nicholfon's Hiilorical Librarr, f6}ip,rtii- to '?^- (r)— Ib1d.^Fr6iflartChron. L. i. c. {s) Ibid. Liv. I. chap. 30. (/) Mr. Hume, 3J- 206 M E M O I R S O F to be refufed ; and D'Arteville at once efpoufed the Caufe of Edward, and preflfed him to pafs over into the Lotu-Countriei, In Confequence of the Invitation, a Parliament was immediately fummoned, in which: the Sovereign affeded to aik their Permifllon to profecute this intended Enterprize, and eafily obtained it (u). At the fame Time, He procured from them a Grant of twenty Thoufand Sacks of Wool (x), a Commodity acceptable to the Flemings , and with the Price of which He hoped to fatisfy the Demandsof the G^rm^nPowers, in his Intereft. The other neceflary Supplies were ob- tained by Loans, by the Pawning of the Crown Jew-> els, and by tyrannically plundering all the Lombards, who exercifing the Trade before monopolized by the Jews, lent out Money at an ufurious Inttnfkfy), The King, previous to his Departure from England, fent a powerful Force abroad, under the Command of the Earl of Derby (z), who fubdued the Ule of Cadfmt. In Confequence of this Succefs, the Chief Cities in Flanders declared for Edward, wbofe Prefence they ea- gerly folicited (a). At Sea, the firft A&. of Hoftility is recorded to have been committed by the French, who under Pretence of fending Succours to the Chriftians at War in the Holy Land, equipped a formidable Fleets and failing for England, fhortly afterwards difembarked at Southampton, which they took, and reduced to Afhes : In («) Cotton's Abridgment. {x) Nearly equal to an Hundred Thoufand Pounds. (jr) Dugdale's Baronage, V. z. p. 146. («) He was defcended from Henry the Third, King of England. His Father and Uncle, were Earls of Lancafttr, The laft was beheaded in the Reign of Edward the Second. —Leland's Coll. V. i . p. 608. («) Froiflart, chap. 30.— T. Walfrngham. Hift. Angl. p. 136.— H. Knyghton, p. 2570.— Paul Emyle, p. 51a, 5»3- ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 007 In their Retreat they were lefs fortunate, three Hundred of their Men, together with their Commander, the Son of the King oi Sicily, being (lain upon the Spot (i). On the fifteenth of July, in the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Thirty-eight ; the King, at the Head of a numerous Army, proceeded to Orwell, in Suf- folk, from whence they embarked on board a Fleet of Five Hundred , Sail, and the Week following, arrived at Anttuerp. Here, as the Allies were not prepared to fecond his Attempts, He remained inadive until the month of September in the following Year, when he marched, with his Forces, towards Cambray, the Bifhop, and Lord of which, under the Protedion of the Em- peror, prepared with his Garrilbn, confiding chiefly of French Troops, to oppofe his Entrance. Having halt- ed, for fome Time, before the Walls of this City, He received Advice that Philip de Valois was advancing to give him Battle, and diredly crofled the Schelde to meet him (r). The two Armies continued encamped near to each other, during a whole Week. Mutual Defi- ances were given, and a Day fixed on for the Engage- ment. At length, they drew up in Order of Battle, made their Obfervations, and retreated. From hence, Edward inmtA back vaxo Cambray, and the Vermandoit, fome Villages of which were plundered by his Troops, and afterwards razed to the Ground. In the mean Time, the French, together with their Allies the Scots, appeared with a (Irong Squadron oflF the Coaft of England. Difembarking at Ha/lings, they burned the Houfes of the Fifliermen, and flew the Inha- bitants 512, " {h) T. Wainnghami. Ypodigma Neuftriae, p. 512. — Fa- bian's Chronicle, p. 2o6-— Dupleix, Hiftoire de France, Tom. II. p. 451.— Le Gendre, Hiftoire de France, Tom. III. p. 449. (f) Froiflart.— T. Walfingham. 2o8 MEMOIRSOF bitants (d). Near to the Harbours of t)evonjbire, and* Cormualt, they took, and deftroyed feveral Veflels, the; Mariners of which were put to the Sword. They next infefted the Port of Briflol ; and failing from thence to Plymouth, reduced the greater Part of that Town to Afli- es {e). Here, they were at length repulfed, with the ' Lofs of five Hundred Men, by a Body of Troops, un- der the Command of the Earl of Deihnjbire, and feve- ral Knights of that County. Sonn afterwards, an Engagement enftied between five Englijb, and thirteen French Ships, the former of which made a gallant Defence, during nine Hours. Two of the largeft Ships, the Edward and the Chrijiopher were taken by the Enemy : The other Three, which were fmall Veflels, efcaped by the Swiftnefs of their Sailing. The Numbers killed on both Sides amounted to nearly fix Hundred Men (f). Towards the Clofe of this Year, the Mariners be- longing to the Cin^e Ports fitted out their fmall Craft, and paHed over to Boulogne^ where, availing themfelves of a thick Fog, they landed, attacked the Lower Town, and burned four large Ships, nineteen Gallies, and twenty Tranfports, then lying in the Harbour. They alfo demolifiied all the Buildings adjoining to the Shore ; ' and amongft thefe, the Arfenal, in which they found Oars, Sails, Armour, and Crofs-Bows fufiicient for the Equipment of nineteen Gallies, and their Conci- panies (^). (J) Robert de A veftury, p. 51. — ^Holingfhed, V. 2. p. 356. — Gio. Villani. L. 11. c. 108. — Paul Emyle, p. 516. ~Chrontque Abregd du Tillet, p. 104. le) A. D. 1339. (/) H. Knyghton, p. 2573. — Fabian's Chronicle, p. 206— -Stowe's Chronicle, p. 235 .— Froiflart, c. 37. folio 21, 23. (g) Holingflied, V. 2. p. 357. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 209 In the Month of FebrtwycX the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Forty, Edward returned to Eng' land, where He affembled the Parliament, ft6m whom,* (in Confideration of his having confirmed the Great Charter, aflentedto falutary Laws, and beftowed many valuable Privileges on the Merchants,) He teceived the necefl&ry Supplies fojr the Expences of the War {A).' Th^ French were equally adive in theii: Preparations : They collefted together a powerful Squadron, and* making Defcents upon . the Coafts, near Bvrtfmauih, and the Ifland oiGuernfeyf reduced moft 6f the Towns* and Villages to Aflies (i). We, now, come to one of the moft important, and glorious Events, in the Naval Hiftory of thefe Times.' After having informed the Reader that £<^ar^ dience to the Commands of jEt/tv/iri, on the fourth Day from this remarkable Engagement. « It happened that on the Saturday fortnight before the Feaft of Saint John the Eaptift, the King was- at Orewelly, where there were forty Ships, or there- abouts, preparing for his Paflfage into Flanders^ where He was going to his Wife, and Children, whom He had left in the City of Ghet^, as well as to Vol. L O "con- • (A) Brady's Appendix, Number 86. — Walter Hemtng» ford, V. 2. p. 318, 319. — Thorn. Walfingham, p. 147. — Cotton's Abridgment of the Records, p. 22. — H^ Knygh- ton, p. 2576. (1) P.Daniel.— Froiflart. {k) June 22, A. D. 1 340. (/) Robert of Avefbury, p. 56. (( « C( (i (C 9IO MEMOIRS OF *f confer with his Allies about the Meafures neceflary to ** be taken for carrying on t|ie War, intending to fail V in two Days Time : But the Archbifliop ci Canter' ** buty (ent 'to give him Intelligence that PhiUp de Valoh, ** his Complftitor for the Crown of Francty having had " Noticis of his intended Paflage, with much Diligence, " and as much Privacy as the Nature of the Thing " would admit, had aflfembled a great Fleet, which lay ^ in the Port of Sluys^ in Order t6 intercept him : 't' Wherefore He advifed ht» Majefty to provide him- *f felf with a better Squadron, left He, and thofe who •* were with him fliould perifli." • ** The King yielding no Belief to his Advice, |in- *• fwered that He was rcfolved to fail at all Events. <' The AKhbiihop quitted^ upon this, hi» Seat in *^ Council, obtaining the King's l^ave to retire, and <^ detiveired ujb to him the Great Seal. His Majefty •* fent, therefore, for Sir Robert de Morley his Admiral, <^ and one Crabbe^ a ikilful Seaman, and gave them ** Orders to inquire into the Truth of this Matter : ** They quickly returned, and brought him the fame ** News He had beared from the Archbiihop : Upon ** which, the King faid : ** Ye have agreed with that '^ Prelate to tell me this Tale, in order to ftop my " Voyage ; But," (added He, angrily,) *« I will go '* without You ; And You, who are afraid, where " there i* no^drround of Fear, may ftay here at Home." The Admirtil, and the Seamen replied that they ** would *< ftake their Heads that if the King perfifted in this *' Refotution, He, and all who went with him would ** certainly be deftroyed : However, they were ready ** to attend him, even to certain Death. The King, ** having heard them, Pent for the Archbifhop of Can- terbury back, and with Abundance of kind Speeches, prevailed upon him to receive the Great Seal again « « « into ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. an <* into his Car« : After this, the King ifltied his Orders <* to all the Ports, both in the North, and Swth, and ** to the Londtmers likewife to fend him Aid ; fo that '* in the Space of ten Days, He had a Navy as large ** as He defired, and fuch unexpeded Reinforcements ** of Archers, and Men at Arms, that He was forced <* to fend many crf'them Home, and with this Equipage •* He arrived at the Haven of Sluys on the Feaft of « Saint John, the Baptijir ** The Englijb perceiving, on their Approach, that *' the French Ships were linked together with Chains, " and that it was tmpoffible for them to break their '* Line of Battle, retired a little, and ftood back to <* Sea. The French deceived by this Feint, broke their ** Order, and pnrfued the Englijb who, they thought, ^ fled before them : But thefe, having gained the " Sun, and Wind, tacked, and fell upon them with " fuch Fury, that they quickly broke, and totally de- ** feated them, ib that upwards of thirty Thoufand •* French were flain, of whom Numbers through Fear "jumped, of their own Accord, into the Sea, and ** were miferably drowned. Two Hundred great Ships " were taken, in one of which, only, there were four •* Hundred dea^ Bodies. The Day after this Vi6iory ** was gained, it was publifhed by the Voice of the ** People, which is faid tobethe Voice of God : But *' although the Rumour thereof, through the Diflance <• of Places, was uncertain, yet on the JVednefday fcl- <* lowing the King's eldeft Son had perfed Intelligence *' thereof, at Waltham, as appears by the authentic " Account (w)." To preferve even the flighteft Particulars of fo me- morable a Naval Event, we (hail fubjoin the Relation O 2 writ- (»i) The Narrative publi/hed by Authority. aia M E M O 1 R S O F written by Froiffart, and rendered into Englijb by Jokn Bourcfiier, Baron Berners («). ** The King of France^ with more than two Hun- dredi and Forty great Ships, btfides Muhitudes of fmaller Craft, and with at leaft Forty Thoufand fight- ing Men, NormanSf Pkardianf, Bretont, and Genoefe, lay at Anchor near Le Slufe, waiting for the EngUJb Fleet, which was to pafs that Way. Jhe King of Eng- land, whofe Fieet confifted of two Hundred Ships, well' armed, being come up with them, caufed all his Veflela to be put in proper Order, placing his largeft, and ftrongefl Ships in the Front, with Archers in all Parta of the Fleet, that is, between every two fmaller Ship^ of Archers was placed a large Ship of clofe-armed Men, and then He arranged another Battle of Archers intirely- on the Side, to fuccour occadonally fuch as (hould (land In Need of their Afliftance.'* <* The Fleet thus ranged in Order, they drew all their Saib the contrary Way, and came on a fide Wind that they might have the Advantage of the Sun which be- fore (hone full in their Faces. When the haughty Nor"^ nunu faw them turning about, they vainly imagined they were preparing for Flight, and faid tauntingly, Ahy ha, Theft are not Warriors bold enough to encounter with us ! But the EngUJb foon to their Co(l, convinced them how much they dared to dp ; for having turned about to the other Side they bore down full upon them^ This when the Normans faw, and found by the royaj Banner that the King oi England vizs there in Perfon, they fet their Ships in Order, for they were hardy Men, and ufed to War. They placed a great Ship called the Chrijiopher (that the foregoing Year had been taken from the EngUJb,) full in the Front, which with great Shout- {tt) Walpole's Royal, and Noble Authors, Vol. I. H.LUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 213 / Shoutings, and the Noife of Pipes, Trumpets, and va- rious other warlike Inftruments, came forward towards the Englijb, and then began the Battle, fiercely, and terrible. From all Sides flew the Death dealing Wea- pons from the long Bows of the Englijb, the Crofs-bows of the Enemies, and the Javelins darted by the Hands of the furious Warriors ; But flill coming dofer, and clofer the Men of Arms began the cruel Combat, Hand to Hand, the which the better to efFed, they had on either Side large iron Cramps fattened with ftrong Chains. Thefc were thrown over the Sides of tlje Vef- r^ls, which were drawn by them clofe up. Side to Side : the Carnage then was horrible, and cruel, for Death^ and Dedru^ion raged on every fide." " Here was retaken the CAr/]^(^^, that great and no- ble VefTel, and all flain who guarded her. With a great Cry, and dreadful Noife, the Englijbmen approached in the mofl hardy Manner ; and having filled this VefTel with Archers of their own, they bore down with her to encounter the Genoefi: fo that in the End the whole ' Flpet of the Frenchiun was overthrown, and full two Hundred VefTels \iirere taken, and thir^ Thoufand of their Soldiers flain. The Pnglifft Anni^ls boafl not of 9 Vidory more worthy n^te than this." The other Particulars relating to this Engagement are that Edward fent the Lord Cqhhatii^ aqd Others, to view the French Fleet. On t^ejr Return, they declared it to b^ numerous, and powerful ; at which the King, more overjoyeB than furprized, exclaimed " For this •< Opportunity, have I long waited: By the Help of God ** mid Saist George, J will now engage them, and ** revenge my Wrongs (»).'* The Line of Battle wa^ formed according to his own Diredions. The Largefl. O 3 and ^) Froiflart, Chap. 50.— Fabian, p. aip, an. ti 214 M £ M O I R S O F and Strongeft Ships were ftationed in the Front ; Thofe at each End of the Une were filled with Archers, the intermediate Ships of every Three excepted ; Thefe were crouded with the Men at Arms. Another Line of Ships was alfo formed oR the Side, as a Body of Re- ferve. On board of Thefe, alfo, were Archers, ready to be drafted off to other Ships, as Occafion might rpcjuirc {p). The Engagement (lo which the GrMChrtJl^phir {q\ was retaken by the Englijbf) kfted, without Inter- miflion, from l^ght in the Morning, until Seven at Night. When it became <)uite dark. Thirty ^remk Ships, which lay by during the Adion, endeavoured to efcape. They were imniedtately attacked by the Divi' fion of the Englijb Fleet, lender the Command of the Earl of Huntingdotf. The JaqHes of Bieppf, a Ship of great Force, was taken, after an Engagement of feveral Hours. Many of the otl^er YeiTels were either funk, or dedroyed. The Superior Dt%teriXy qi the BngUJb in the Manage- ment of their Ships feems to have accelerated their Vidory over the FrefteJi, who were, as yet, but (lightly Verfed in any of the Naval Arts. The Battle was, not- vrithftanding, extremely fiital to both Parties. A large Veflel, together w^th a Galley fitted out from the Port of H«//, were funk by a Volley of Stones, and the itkrhole Crev/ periihed ; So terrible alfo was the Slaughter on board the Ship which carried the Wardrobe belongr ihg to Edward, that only two Men, and a Woman ef- caped it. The Lofs on the Side of the Englijb amount- ed to about four Thoufand. Amongft Thefe were Sir Thomas Monthermer, Sir Thomas Latimer, Sir John • BotcUr, {p) Froiflart, Chap. 50.'— Fabian, p. 2iQ> 91 >• (y) See Page 208. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. aij- B9tiUr, and Sir Tkmus Pgrningsir), To render hit / Vidory indifputable, t\» King remained three Days at . ' Sea, with his whole Fkef j »ad a(terward9, diicmbarking . ^'iti^ the Forces, pro^eed^ tg Ghntt where H^ joined the Confederates (/}. Is this Engagement, th^ Fretifh Ipft two Admirals, \ twenty Thoufand Men, sind nearly their whole Fleet (/). Edward is mentioned to have been woui)ded in thp j Thigh (m). " It appeared/' (obferves a Foreign Wri:* . ter) {it) " as if this Prince bad pafled his whole Life in the Se^-Service. The moft experienced Nayal Ofiicen were ftricken with Admiration at the Dexterity whicl^ He difcovered in gaining the Wind of the Enemy.'*. But, We muft allow (with an Hiftorian of fufierior Per. netration) (jr), that thf true Caufe of theVidory acr. quired by the Englijb refulted from their haying a Na.- tional Marine, commanded by their King ; Whereas the Crews of tbofe Foreign Ships of which the French Fleet was principally compofed, felt a Reludance in obeying the Orden of their Admirals who were at Va- riance with each Other. Thefe were Biwbevere ; KyrUlf fCervel, or ^ieret ; and Behuciit. Barbraert was tbo Admiral of the Genoefe^ who were the ableft Mariners in the Flf(Cty ^d, perhapS| at that Time^ the only good Marin? V'-4 {f) Walter Hemii^ford, V. 2. p. 319, 321.— Froiflart, Chap. 50. f. 30 — T. Walfingnam, p. 148.— H. Knygh- ton, p. asyS.-^u Chefne, L. 15. p. 65 1 .—-Grafton, p. ^42, 243. {$) Chron, Godftovian, p. ii2.~rCont. Nic. Trivet, et Adam I^urifnuth. Annal, V. 2. p. 96.rrT. Otterbourne^ p. 129. ' (/) Hiftoire de la Querelle de Philippe de Valois, ct d'Edouafd ^, parM. Gaillard, T. i. p. 251. (tf) Hiftpire de France* Tom. I. p. 491 . {x) P. D'Orleans. Revolut. d'Anglcterre. (jr) Hiftoire de la Querelle de Fhilippe de Valois^ et d'Edouard 3, parM. Qa)llard» T. i. p. 251, 2l6 MEMOIRS OF Mtriners. Kyriel, and Bikuehtt commtnded the A/ivr- moHf and Picardian Saibn who, at lead, difcovcred much Zeal for the Service. Kyriel was defirous of (bind- ing out to Sea, in order to engage the Englijb % but Bt- • huchet propofed remaining within the Harbour, to be in Readineifs to defend it ; and pei-fifting in this Opinion, detained the Ships fo long that in the End they were blocked up. The Geniaefi Admiral failed towards the Englijb J in the Moment that they approached, difcover- fed great Intrepidity, and Conduft, during the whole Engageitiem, and, whilft a Part of his Squadron was taken by the Enemy, contrived to carry off the Reft. Kyriel was ilain during the Action ; ai\d Behuchet hang- ed at the Yard'Arm of his own Ship (z). The Car- dinal dOJJat exprefles his Aftonifhment that tho An- cient Sovereigns of France were fo inattentive to iheir Marine, notwithftanding that they pofTefled a rich, and powerful Kingdom, flanked as it were by t\n> Seas, from End, to End. The Reafon is that all this King- dom did not abfolutely belong to them ; and that the Majority of the principal Maritime Provinces were holden by the great Vaflab of the Cnovn (a). The Defeat of the French Navy was concealed, during feveral Days, from PMip,. : No Courtier durft venture, to inform him of fo difagreeable a Truth. At length, the Jefter, or Fool, belonging to the Palace, unravelled ■ nil. (z) Mr. (Oamphell ♦, who appears to hav^follow«d Le Gen- dre f , obferves that He was hanged for his ill Cbndufl: This infers that He was executed |n Confequence of an Or^ der from i\it French King. Mr. GaillardXt is of Opinion that He fell a l^acriHce to the Refenunent of the Englijb, *' Bd- ** huchet, qyani iU f>risy fut pendu aa Mit de fpn Vaif- '* feau. Grande Horreur tres commune a la Guerre.!*' I am' at a Lofs to determine which Author is in the Right. * Vol. I. p: 198. t T. III. p. 45^. t T. 1. p.' 2$2. {a) Hiftoire de la Querelle de Philippe de Vafois, et d'Edouard 3. par M< Gaillard, T. i. p. 252. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, 6.c 217 «0. In fl pretendAl Rage, He reproached the EngUfi with the moft abandoned Cowardice. When the King required a Proof of it. He anfwered : ** Theft Dafiarit « wanted tht Spirit to quit their Vefftlt, and jump, iike, " the hrave French, aid Normans, at once, into tie « Ocean (bj." Concerning this Sea-Fight, a French Hiftorian ob- ferves (c}, ** Firft, that no Mention is made (in our Accpunts of it,) either of the Raftrum, (which was, in more Ancient Times, the principal oflFennve Weapon of the Ship,) or of Galiies (d), or of Rowers. With RefpeS to the Mode of working Ships, by which the Comnianders of one Veflel attempted to break th^ Oars of Another, the Writers of the Naval Events of this Reign are equally filent. By the Latins, the Pradice was called Remos detergere. The Ship was brought as near as poflible to that of the Enemy, in a parallel Line ; and then, at a Signal made, driven vidently on, ;^nd (whilft the Oars were either lifted up, or fuddenly withdrawn,) daihed full againd; it, in Confequence of which the Oars of the VelTel belonging to the Enemy were broken : After this, the Ship which had given the firft Ailaulty tacked about, and either gored the Other, with its Roftrum, or proceeded to Grappling." ** Hence it follows that, on this Occafion, th& Eng' lijb ^nd French hsid not only relinquiflied the Cuftom of the Romans who, in their Naval Engagements, al- ways had recourfe to Oars, but thrown afide the beaked Veffels, {h) Vccordes Anglicos — Quia in Mare faltare non funi aufi, ut fecerunt noftri Normanni, et Gallici generofi. — Walfinghain, p. 'i 48. • (f) P. Daniel. Hift. de la Milice Franc. Tom. II. p. 468. ( ry pmbable that their Fleet was arranged much in the fame Manner.*' *' We learn, firft, that the King of England placed all his Ships of the greateft Force in the Front ; Hence it may be concluded that he formed at leaft two Lines. Secondly, the Ships which were placed at the two Ends of the firft Line are mentioned to have been filled with Afchers. This was that they might continually annoy the Enemy with their Arrows (f) : And for this Reaibn, We n)ay infer that Thole in the Center were filled with Men at Arms. It is alfo obferved that he placed a Ship with Men at Arms between every two Ships of Archers ; the Delign of which was probably to be ready for a clofe Fight. Thirdly, We are informed that Ho kept another Squadron at a Diftance, as a Body of Re-> ierve : This, whhout Doubt, had Orders to detach VtC* fels, from Tinie to Time, to the Afliftance of I'hofe »^om They Oiould obferve to be the moil prefled (g).** " What is here remarked concerning the EngUJb |Pleet being ranged in a double Line, ilrengthens our Aflertion that the greateft Part of the Fleet confided of high-decked Veflfeis, and not Dallies : The common Way of ranging Gallies was in the Form of a flalf- Moon, the two Points, or Horns of which, advanced towards the Enemy ; and the two Fleets lay with their Prows, of Head?, facing one another." * ** Thus, as our Gallies, at this Time, have their Guns on their Prows or Fore-Caftles, fo Then, they placed ^\ (jf") Fat/ier Dat:iel U not extremely novel in tips, and feme pf his following Coaclufions. (^) See Page 214. » f 220 * M E M O I R S O F ^ placed their Machines, and chief itftruments of De- fence, there. On the other Hand, in thcfe high-decked Ships, the Archers, ISlingers, and the Baplia (Engines to throw Darts, or Stones) were ranged upon Deck, and they confequently fought Broad-Side, to Broad-Side, in the fame Manner as Now, whether in the Attack or the Defence." 7 •»^ <* In this ^ra, they were generally mpre ready a( Boarding, after having difcharged their Arrpws, than at Prefent. They fought irregularly, not priuch regards ing whether they broke their Line« But as this Flee( was ranged in more than on^^ne, it is natural to ima- gine that the Ships of the fecond L'ine continued in'Qrr der of Battle, while Thofe of the firft Line grappled, and boarded (i).*' Edward, eager to purfue his Advantages, repaired, with a numerous Army to Tournayt which He invefted^ whilft his Confederate, Robert of Artois, befieged Saini Omer, which was defended by his Rival,, the Duke of Burgundy, In a Battle fought under the Walls of the Town, the Vidory was obtained by the French ; and Robert, to whom the Flemings had been of little Service, judged it prudent to raife the Siege (1). i; When Philip de Valois arrived with his Forces to ret lieve TouriMy, He received a Challenge from Edward, who offered to decide the Quarrel, either in fingle Com- bat,- an Engagement of an Hundred againft an equal Number, or a general Battle. The King of France re- plied, that He knew of properer Methods to corred the Infolence of a rebellious Vaflal ; that Nothing on the part of Edward was at Stake, except his Perfon ; that Hi was, on the Contrary, required to ha^rd All, with which Condition He was even defirous to comply, if Ed" {/:; Lediard's Naval Hiftory, V. i. Folio, p. 49. (0 July 26, AD. 1340. 4. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 321 Edward^ at the fame Time, would put the Kingdom of England^ on the Ifliie of the Duel {k). Thus ended thefe Bravadoes that, probably, were not defigned to have beien executed ; and Edward {zhtr a fruttlefs Siege, of three Months, during which He was harraflfed by PAilip, and deferted by his Allies) acceded to a Truce (/), on the Concluiion of which. He embarked, with his Queen, for England, where They landed on the thir» tieth of November, in the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred and Forty (m). Scarcely was the Truce expired, when Edward, en- gaging in the Caufe of Join de Montford, (whom the Nobles had declared Duke oiBreiagne, in OppoHtion to Charles di BUh, Nephew to the King of France,) gave Orders for the Equipment of a confiderable Fleet, which failed, with a large Body of heavy-armed Cavalry, and fix Thoufand Archers, to the Relief of HennAtne, They were, for fome Time, detained by contrary Winds. At len|;th, under the Command of Sir Walter de Manme, one of the moft valiant Captains of the Age, they entered the Harbour, and fo effedually afllfted the Garrifoiiy that the Befiegers were, with great Slangbter* driven from their Ports (n), and compelled to relinquini their Attempts nearly in the very Inftant, when the Place was on the Point of furrendcring by Capitulation. ,ii .'.■''- Not- *>• ■ (k) Robert de Avefbury, p. 60,-61.— Walter Heming- ford, p. 33B5, ^26. — ^T. WaKingham, p. 149. — Du Tillet. Recueil de Traitez. — Nouvelle Hiftoire de France, T. 8, p. 38i» &c. — Hiftoire de la Querelle de Philippe de Valoit, etd'Edouard 3, parM. Gaillard, T. i. p. 254, 255, 256. (I) SeptemlicT 25, 1 540. (m) Contin. Nic. Trifet. Annal. Adam Mnrinrath', V. t. p. 96.— Walter Heminsford, V. 2. p. 324. — Froiflait, Chap. 63, folio 35. — H. Knyghton, p. 2578. — T. Wt\- ^ngnam, p. i $9.!.. 224 M E !tl O i R S p ** I Notwithftanding thefe Suceefles, the Party of CharUt de Bids prevailed : An Event neither founded on Juftice, nor tn the leaft agreeable to the Inclinations of the In* habitants of the Dutchy (o). ^ On the firft Advice of thefe Proceedings, Ed-ward le- vied a. numerous Reinforcement, and beflowing the Command of it on the Earls of Devon/hire, and North" ampton, dire^ed them to fail immediately for Brittatmy, The Objed of this Expedition was foon difcovered to Philip de Valois, who fent Orders to his Admiral, Lewit oi Spain, to proceed with the Fleet, (which confifted of Ships hired from different Nations,) and cruize near the liland of Guernjey^ in Readinefs to intercept the Enghjb Squadron. On this Occafion, the Naval Armaments «f Philip amounted to Thirty-two Sail. Amongft thefe. Nine were Ships of great Force, and Three, powerful Gallies. On board of them wene a Thoufand Men at Arms, and three Thoufand Gemefe, commanded un- der the Admiral, by Ckrolo Grimaldi, and Antonio Do' ria. The Englijb Fleet confided chiefly of Tranfports, in Number about Forty^^fivje, and carrying a Thoufand Archers, together with five Hundred Men at Arms. The French Squadron attacked them, unexpededly, at Sea, near Four in the Afternoon ; and the Engage- ment lafted until Night, when they were feparated by a Storm. The Fr^ffr^andGfno(/^,whofeVe(rels were large, fleered with their four Prizes) off from the Land ; but the Reft of the EngUJb Fleet kept clofe to it, and found an Opportunity to dilembark the Forces (p). Their firft {d) Mezerav, V 3. p. 17. — ^Hiftoire de France, efarite par Ordre de M. de Harley^rr^tnier Prcfident du Parlement de Paris, Vol. 1^.49^.. — Froilfart, Ch. So,8i— H. KnygfatOD^ p. 2$8i. — T. WaHihghami. YpodigmH Neuftriae, p. 51^. {p) HolingHied's Chronicle, V. a. p. 363! — The Continu- ation of Trivet's Annals is there cited in Support of thefe Fafls. \ ■■ '\- ILLUSTRJOUS SEAMEN, &c. 223 firft Military Operations were direflied againft Vatmei, where fylbert of Artoit, who had been created Earl of Richmond, received a mortal Wound. The Death of this unfortunate Prince induced Edward to pafs over with an Army of twelve Thoufand Men into Brlf" fanny. He landed at Morbian, near to Vtmnes, and immediately opened the Campaign with three Sieges, in all of which He proved unfuccefsful. The Duke of Normandy, eWeft Son of Philip de Vahis, furround- ed the Englijb Troops with thirty Thoufand Infan- try, and four Thoufand Cavalry. In fo critical a Si- tuation, Edward availed himfdf of the Mediation of the Pope, who, by his Legates, the Cardinals of Palcf- trine, and Frefcati, obtained a Treaty for a Ceffation of Arms between the two Sovereigns, during three Years. Bdward foon after the Conclufion of it returned with his Forces to England {q). To which of thefe Rival Po- tentates the Infradion of the Truce was owing, is im- material to our Purpofe. Let it be fufficient toobferve that Edward com^airiing(r), but with little fhewof Juftice (/), of the Puni(hment inflifted by PhiUp, on Oliver deC.iJffhnf John de Montauban, and other Nobles of Br/V/4njr,adikt^ed Himlelf to the Parliament for fuch Supplies as might enable Him to renew the War. No ibbner had He ^obtained them, than Heralds were dif- |>atched to PM^, liirho, in the Name of the King of England, informed him that the Treaty was confidered asilrtady broken, and that Hefmuft prepare for hisDe- iFenCr. Fa6b, which yet are not mentioned in that Contiouation publifhed by the Reverend Anthony Hall, at Oxford, ia 1744. — See Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 201. (y) Robert de Aveflbury, p. loz. — Walter Hemingford, V. t. p. 359.--- Contin. Nic. Trivet. Annal. V. 2. p. 97.. — Froiflart, L. 1. c. 95.— T. Walfingham.— CUron. God- ftovian. ^/} £yT'*/T!"'' \- 5- P- 4$3. 454. 459. 466. (t) FroilTard, Liv, i. chap. 96. p. 100. •*■• -*-■< w ' L. 424 M E M O 1 R S ,0 F fence. The Earl of Derby was, at the fame Time, lent with a Body of Troops, into Guienne, vhere He was dire^ed to proceed to Hoftilities. Tbi9, brave, and accompliHied Prince, was vidorious in every Enter- prize, except the Siege of Blaye, f^^om whence, as it was a Place of frhali Importance, He judged it more prudent to retire, than ufelefsly to wafte his Time. Ber- gerac, znd a great Fati pi Perigord, yielded to his Arms.. Near Auberoche. He attacked the French Troops, coni' manded by the Count deLiJle, and amounting to ten Thoufand Men. His own Forces confifted folely o£ a Thoafand Cavalry, and yet He totally fubdued the Enemy, taking the Count, and feveral of the Nobility, Priibners. In this A^ion, the French loft between fe- ven, and eight Thoufand Men (/). He next con- quered Mon/c^ur, VilUfranchet Mot^e/attTonnins, Mire^ mmt, Angouieme, the Fortrefs of Dantaffen, and that oB jtiguillon, deemed impregnable, but loft from the French^ through the Cowardice of the Governor (».). Having ended the Campaign, the Earl oi M^by returned to Battr and galled them fo violently that they retreated, in Difotderi The Genoefg fell back upon the heavy-armed Cavalry of the Count of Alenporij who, fufpe^ing them to be Traitors, commanded his Troops to put them to the Sword. At this Inftant, the Artillery of Edward fe- conded by another VoUfey of- Arrows, wasr fired againft the French who, yielding to the Shock, were overwhelm- ed witlr Terror, and Cdnfufion-. Availing himfelf of this Circumftance, the Pritice of Walis, at the Head of his Line,' advanced gallaiitly to the Charge. On a Sud-^ den, they were furrounded by a large Body of the Fr^nf^' Cavilry, who, partly recovering fi-om their Diforder, and roufed by the Intrepidity of thei:^ Gene- ral, made a vigorous Defehce, and prefled hard on their Aflfaflants. Left the young Edtvard fhould have been overpowered by fuch Niimbers, the Earls oi Arundel^ and Northampton arrived, with their Divifion to his Relief The Vidory was now obftinately contefted by both Parties ; and the Prinoe performed Prodigies of Valour. As He was engaged in a Poft of Danger, and hemmed round by increafing Multitudes,- the Earl of XT^iriv/Vi^ judged it neceflary to difpatch an Officer t<^ the King,- and requeft from Him frefti Succours for the Prince. > Edward inquired if He was wounded, and, being anfwered in the Negative, replied :** TV// my Son that the Honour of the Day is referred for Him : I am certain that He will merit the Knighthotd to which I have advanced Him. ■' He ean conquer without my Af- **ftjlance** When the Prince, and his brave Con- federates were made acquainted with the Meflage, their Ardour was redoubled. They attacked the French with a Violence not to be refifted. A dreadful Slaughter of the Cavalry, commanded by the Count oiAlenfon, (who fell fighting at their Head,) threw all into Confufion ; . . . __ . . . t .., . , . , , ^u^ « « C( ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 231 amd the Welch Infantry, inftruded (as were the Englijb, and Irijb Troops,) to grant no Quarter, rufhed fiercely on the Enen^y, and with their long Knives, cut the Throats of All whom they could feize. PMip de Valoit remained one of the Laft within the Field ; and, ahhough without Hope, appeared deter- mined to periih rather than give up an ineffedual Strug- gle for the Vidory. Two Horfes had been killed un- der Him : Yet neither thefe^Difafters, nor the Wounds in his Neck and Thigh, nor the more alarming Dan- ger of being taken Prifoner, could induce him to re- tire. J^hn of Hainauit, at length, feized the Rein5 of his Bridle, and conduced him, by Force, from the Camp. All his Troops fled with the utmoft Precipita- tion. Until Night, they were purfued andflain with- out Mercy, by the ^nglijb. Edward, on his Return to the Field, embraced the Prince of Wales, and in a Tranfport of Joy, exclaimed ; " My Valiant Son ! Tm ** have, on this glorious Day, acquitted Tourfelf with Ho- " nour. Procted in Tour illujlrious Progre/s / Mofl tru- *' ly do Ton deferve the Crown for which you have contend'- This memorable Battle (which was fought {h) in the Fields between Abbeville, and Crecy, in Picafdy,) lafted from three in the Afternoon, until the Evening. The Morning which fucceeded it was extremely fog- gy ; ;::nd when the Englijb perceived that Numbers of the Enemy had wandered from the|r Road, during the Night, and in the Mift, they had recourfe to a deteft- able Contrivance, in Order to fecure them. Some Fr^fif A Standards, taken in the Battle, were planted on an pminence ; the ftraggling Parties of Philip, fuppof- ing that the Signal had been made for Rallying, came (^) Augjift z6, 134^. , 232 M £ M O I R 8 O F ' eagerly to the Spot, where, againft the Laws of Hu- manity, and even of War, as conduded during a bar- barous ^ra, they were all mafTacreed. On a Multi- tude of OccaHons, the Heroifm of Edward was mixed with Cruelty. The Frftick loft twelve Hundred Knights fourteen Hundred Gentlemen, and four Thoufand Men at Arms, befides about thirty Thoufand of inferior Rank. The Dukes of Lorraine,' znd Bourhni the Earls pf Flanders, Bhis, Faudemont, and AumaU, together with the Kings of Majorca and Bohenua, were left on the Field of Battle. The laft, although deprived of Sight, and finking under Age and Infirmities, expreflfed a Wiih to clofe his Life in the Defence of Frame, Having or- dered the Reins of his Bridle to be tied to the Hor(es of two Knights in his Retinue, He proceeded to the Place of A€tion, where He is mentioned to have fought. Hand to Hand, with the Prince of JValet. His dea^jj Body, and thofe of his Attendants were found amongft the Slain : The two Horfes Aood by them. The Creft of this King, reprefenting three Oftrich Feathers, en- circled with a German Motto, {hh dien. I ferve,) was brought to the Prince of fV^Jex, who, in Memory of the ViSory, made it a Part of his Armorial Bearings. Our Hiftorians obferve that only one Efquire, three Knights, and very Few of inferior Rank were killed on the 3i as probable in itfelf, as it is honourable to^the People ai Calais \ It was not poflible to admire fuch Heroifm, without a wifh to imitate it. Scarcely had Euflace de Saint Pierre declared his Refolution of offering himfelf . a Sacrifice to the Vengeance of jEt/wiirt/, than all his. Fellow Citizens (to borrow the (Imple, but beautiful Expreflion oi Froiffart,) x^iti in pity to adore Him (»). This virtuous Individual, and his Aflbciates, appeared before Edward, bare-footed, in their Shirts, and with Halters hanging from their Necks : They found him, not foftened by their Magnanimity, |>ut fo violently ex- afperated, that when He had taken from them the Keys of Calais, He direfted, in fpite of the Defire of the Prince («) M. de Belloi. (n) Hiftoire de la Querelle de Philippe de V^alois, ec d'Edouard 3. Vol. I. p. laa- (•) " Chacun I'alla adorer de Piti^." ILLUSTRIOUS SEAME>I, &rc. 23^ iH^ince oiWtdes, zxA all the Nobles, that they (honlcl be led inftantly to Execution. When their Fate was judged inevitable, the Qgeen became their Advocate. Her Tears and Intercellions prevailed over the Refolu- tion of Edward. He confented to give them Life, and Liberty. The generous /'M/i^a invited them to her Tent, from whence, after having been treated with neceflary Refrefhments, u^d fupplied with Money, and Apparel, they were conducted in Safety through the Camp(j?). The hiftoric^l Conjefhires of Mt*. Hunter feem gene> rally built on too folid a Foundation to be overthrown' by any Details which are not at once the mod poHtive, and incontrovertible. Having expatiated on the Cir- cumftances relating to the Siege of Calais, We fliall, therefore, not to omit placing before the Reader what- fbever may be likely to afTift his Judgment, infert the Subflance of a Note which hath been written by that admired Author. He obferves that the Story of the Six Burgefles of Cr- lais, like all other extraordinary Stories, is fomewhat to be fufpe^ed i s^nd fo much the more, as Robert de Amef- bury, in the one Hundred, and Sixty-feventh Page of his Work, where He is particular in his Narration x)f- the Surrender of Calais fays nothing of it; but, on^ the .{p) For the Particulars relating to the Siege of Calms, Vonmlt Robert de Avelbury, p. 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141.— Hiftoire de France, V. i. p. 503. — Mezeray, p. 29. — Froilfart.— T. Otterbourne, p. 13a. — H. Knyghtoh, p. a59«. — DupUix, V. a. p. 388. — Eiume's Hilt^ory of Eng- land, Oftavo, V. a. p. 457, 458, 440,441, 442, 443. — Rapin's Hiftory of England, Oflavo, V. 3. p. 461, 46a, 463, 464, 465. — Hirtoire de la Querelle de Philippe de Va- lois, et d'Edouard 3. 'V. 1. p. 31a, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 3ao, 3ai, 3aa, 3ai, 324, 325, 3*6, 327, 3a8, 3a9, 240 UtUOtHLSOT the contraiy, extols, in general, the Lenity, and Ge* nerofity of the King to the Inhabitants. The number<' ]ei8 miftakes of Froijfart, proceeding either from Neg- ligence, Credulity, or Love of the Marvellous, imva^ lidate very much his Teftimony, even although He was a Contemporary, and although his Hiftory wa« dedi-* catedto Queen Philippa herfelf. That Princefs, had ihe carefully perufed the Wo|k> and taken the Pains to corred his Miftakes, could have fet him right in a Hundred other Particulars. For Inftance, Frajftrt makes the Scots, with their King at th«r Head, befiege Salijbury about this Time ; but the Queen could hava told him that they never got farther than Durham^ and that it was near this latter City^ She defeated them, and took their King Prifoner. It is a great Miftake to» imagine that the Patrons of Dedications read the Books, much lefs vouch for all the Contents of them< It is not a flight Teftimony that fliould make us give Credit to a Story fo diihonourable for Edward, efpecially after that Proofof his Humanity in allowing a free Paflage to all the Women, Children, and infirm People, at the Be- ginning of the Siege : At leaft, it is fcarcely to be be- lieved that if the Story has any Foundation, He feriouf- ly meant to execute his Menaces againft the fix Townf- men of Calaii (q). Edward took pofleflion of Calais (r), and obliging all the former Inhabitants to retire, direfted the Eng' lijb to occupy their Houfes. He made the City a Staple of Wool, Leather, Tin, and Lead, the four principal Articles Vendible at the Foreign Markets. Thither, alt the EngUfi were commanded to bring their Commodi- ties, {q) Hume's Hiftory of England, 8vo. V. a. Note H. p. 511. (r) Auguft4, 1347,^ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN^ &c. 241 ties, which were afterwards purchafed by the Merchants of other Nations. Such an !nftitution is, on the Whole, fuppofed to have been advantageous to the Kingdom, as at this Period, the Pofts were not eftabliflied, and the Communication between States was as yet exceedingly imperfed. If any Detriment arofe, ft was probably con- fined to fhe Navigation of £ii^i!iiiu/ (/). Having ad* jufted his Plans of Government, and Commerce, the King returned Home, and fpent the Remainder of the Year in fplendid Triumphs, and Tournaments. We muft allow, with a NiVftl Hiffcorian (/), that a Fleet compofed of fo great a Number of Ships as were made Ufe of for the Blockade of the Harbour of d/oi/, may, at the preJent JEn, when a tenth Part of the Number would be fuppofed to form a large, and power- ful Navy, appear ftrange, and incredible. But the Wonder will ceafe, when We refle^ upon the extreme Difproportion between the Magnitude of the Ships em- ployed in the Maritime Wars of the fourteenth Cen- tury, and of Thofe which now belong to the EngUJb Fleet. To give the Reader a juft Idea of this Difpro- portion, it may be proper to lay before Him a State of the Fleet attending .E<^ar.. Loiulon I " Mittox-e, (Aylesford) — • Hoo, [Mme) *-<-** Maidftone — — Hqpe p— i*w- New Heyrti, (NewAMe) Mai:gate — »- Motme — *- Feyer(han(i «^ Sandwich -^ Dover ' h Wight — ^ Winchelfea -r^^^ Weymouth . ■ »-> Lyme .-— — Seaton ••— — Sydmouth -^-f— ? Exmouth ji Tegmouth •!- Dartmouth tf^ PoFtfmouth — ^- Loo ' Yalm,(ra/KO — Foy, {Fowey) — » as 2 a 2 5 15 2 2 22 21 13 2t 20 4 2 3 10 7 3« 5 20 2 47 Carried over 419 662 24 24 4 19 160 ^3 23 504 336 220 596 264 • ^2 62 193 •120 757 96 325 48 770 tiacMuyt. (jr). Bhipi. mtuvilMi 25 4»9 25 66:1 2 H 2 24 2 . Si 2 S9 5 49 15 160 2 22 2 as ai 504 16 33« 13 220 21 596 >5 263 4 62 2 25 3 62 12 193 7 120 3> 757 5 96 / 20 315 2 47 47 770 0.2 (x) M. S. in Bibl. Cotton. Titus, F. III. 8. {y) Hackluyt, Part 1. p. 118, 244 MEMOIRS OF Cottm Ubr. /fitriAi^r. FunHjbtdhf s%. MtrtMrit Sb^, aUrimru Brought over Briftol — — H 6o8 12 60S Tinmouth — ^ % 25 2 a5 5 96 5 96 Romncy ^-*^ 4 75 4 65 Rye - - 9 156 9 156 Hieth 6 112 6 122 Shoreham — i 26 329 20 3*9 Seaford ■ s 80 5 80 Newnu^uth — *- 2 18 2 18 Hammowle-Hooke *-• 7 117 7 117 Hooke II 208 II 208 Southampton •«• 21 576 21 576 Lymington — 9 159 9 159 Poole — — 4 94 4 94 Wareham » 3 59 3 59 Swanzcy — — I 29 I 29 Ilfra-Combe, {ItAercom) 6 79 6 79 Padftowe, {PatrichStowe) 2 17 2 27 Polerwan — 60 60 Wadworth — 14 14 Cardiffe, {Hendejfe) 5' 51 Bridgewater -— , 15 >5 Caermarthen — 16 16 Cailchefwoi h — 12 12 Mulbrook •— 12 1 • 12 Total ofthe South Fleet 493 9630 493 9630 The ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, arc. . 24s The North Fleet. Xa' " Cotton Ubr. Hackluyt. Ftnl^fy Shift. Mtumuftt Shift, ottnMiti Bamburg ^^ I 9 I 9 Neweaftle *— 17 4'4 17 3H Walwich, (WMricA) I 12 I 12 Hartlepool -*- 5 145 5 HS Hull — 16 466 16 466 York — — I 9 I 9 Ravenfpurg, {Ravenfer) I 28 I a? Woodhoufe — I 12 I 22 Stolkhithe, {Stroke-hithe) I 10 I 10 Barton — • 3 30 3 30 Sunfleet, (Swyne-Flett) I II I < II Saltfleet — % 49 2 49 Grimfby (Gryn-Fleet) II 71 . II 171 Wainfleet — 2 44 2 49 Wrangle — I 8 I 8 Lynn r-» «9 481 16 382 Blackney — a 38 2 38 Scarborough — I 19 I "9 Yarmouth (2) 43 1905 43 I07S Dunwich — 6 102 6 102 Orford — 3 62 3 6z Gofford, (Gofforord) 13 404 13 303 Harwich — H 283 >4 283 Ipfwich — 12 239 12 239 Merfey, {Merten) I 6 I 6 Brickelfea, {Broughtlynfea) 5 61 5 6i Colchefter — 5 170 5 96 Whitbanas — I >7 1 ly Derwen •— r 15 I 15 ■ Carried over w CL3 (s) The Lift in Hackluyt fays 1950, or 1075. 146 y £ M d I It S OF Cotton Lihr, Fumi/htdhj SUf», Mdtimt, Brought over Bofton -*-» i'l 3(^1 Suitihumber r^ i 32 Maiden ' — 2 3a Barton -r- -- 5 gi Total of the North Fleet 217 4^21 Total of the whole En^.FI. 700 14151 Haekluyt. (All MUrtpn^t 3a 91 ?7 I 2 5 217 4521 700 1415^ Foreigners. Cotton Lihr> HacttiOi. Shift, i&ritnr*. Shifr. »Mftrt, 15 439 >S 439 -r 7 184 1 i«4 ' I 25 i 35 14 134 H >33 r- I 24 1 24 FwHt/M tf Bayonhe — • Spain — rr ^feland Flanders Guelderlahd r- Total of the yvhole Fleet 738 14956 738 14956 The Sum Total of the Ships, and Men in the whole l^leet, as well as in the particular Fleets, agree in eaci| Lift, although not in every Article. They are botl^ wrong cad up, yet, as the PifFerence is not great, the Original from whence the Whole js taken hath t)een exadiy copied. Of the enormous $ums expended to fupport the Navy, and Army, the Reader niay form a Judgment, from the following Account. To the prince oUVak(t by the Pay, twenty Shil- lings To r*» ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMAN, &c. 947 To the Bifliop of Dwrham» by th« Pfiy* fiic SlhilUngSy and Eight-Hence. To thirteen E»rk, Each by, tht Pay, fix Shillingy and Eight-Pence. To forty-four Barons, and Bannefets, Eaph b^ tl^^^ Day, four Shillings. To one Thoufand, and Forty-fm: l^ig^tSp Eac^ ^ the Day, two Shillings. r i Tp fiour Thoufand, and TwcfUy-two Ef^uires^ Conftables, Captains, and Leaders, Each by the Day^ one Shilling. To Vintenart (aniVrerable to Seijeants,) that had thf Connmand of Twenty Men, and to five Thoufand, one Honored, and Four Archers on Iforfeback, Each by the Day, Sixpence. To three Hundred, and Fifty-five /Wn^^Mr/, Each by the Day, Sixpence. Tbefe were Foreigners, an<| probably derived their Name, frpm the Saxm^ and Ggrmm Word Maiifz/erHp v^iich ^g4i|^^ a Cpat of To fiye Hundred Bej^Urs, ^h by %lat Day, Six- pence. Thefe, perhaps, were pioneers. The jEzpref- fion Icems to have been taken from the Saxon, and Ger^ mm Verb, JfJoMefi, to plane, or make even. To fifteen Thoufand four Hundred, and eighty Archers, on Foot, Each by the Day, Tkrec-Pence. To diree Hundred, and Fourteen M^ifons, Carpen- ters, Smiths, Engineers, Gunners armed, ?nd Thofe that had the Care pf the Artillery, Some a Shilling, Others Tea-Pence, or SixrPence, or Three-Pence, by the Day. To two Hundred Vintemrt in the WtUh Infantry, Each by the Day, Four-Pence. To the remaining four Thoufand, two Hundred, and Seventy-four fVeljh- mm Each iby the Day, Two-pence. Q-4 *^^^^ a4» M £ M O I R S O F The whole Number of the Men at Arms, exclufive of the Lords, amounte4 tp Thicty^one Thoufand, two Hundred, and Ninety-four! The Mafters, Cap- tains, Mariners, and Boys for feven Hundred Ships, Were in Number, fixteen Thoufand. The Sum Total of the Waf% including the Wages of the Mariners, from the fourth of 'June^ in the twen- tieth Year of Edward the Third, until the the twelfth of O^obeTf on the twenty-firft Year of his Reign, com- prizing the Space of one Year, and a Hundred, and Thirty-one. Days, amounted to one Hundred, and Twenty-feven Thoufand, one Hundred, and one Pounds, two ShilUngs, and Nine-Pence {a), Edward^ on his Departure from Calais^ bad entruft- cd the Government of it to Aimery dt Pome, an Jta- lion Officer of eftabliihed Courage, but mercenary, and perfidious. The Lord de CAarney, (who commanded the Prencli Army, encamped near Saint Omers,) ac- quainted with his Difpofition, undertook to corrupt Him, and ref^ore Calais io Philip, The Bargain was concluded for the Sum of twenty Thoufand Crowns. The Secretary of the Governor, having difcovered his Infidelity, fent Notice of it to Edward, who, imme- diately, on a different Pretcsnce, fummoned Aimery to London, Here, He taxed him with the Crime, but pro- mifcd him a Pardon, on the Condition that He (hould implicitly follow his Diredions, and become the In- (Iniment of deceiving his Employers, by facilitating, in the fame Moment the defigns of Edward, The Governor nbw twice a Traitor, confented, and re- turned to d/orV. On the thirty-firft of December {b), and near to Midnight, (the Time appointed|) De Char' (a) Brady's Append. V. 3. No. 29. L. i. c. 37.— -Lediard's Naval Hiftory, folio. V. 1. p. 55. (b) 1348. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, «:c. 249 Hf, according to agreement, marched fectttK at the Head of a choien Party, to the Gate, where, pay- ing the ftipulated Sum, He was admnteJ by Jlir.^^y^ who informed them that all was ready. On a fnddon^ the Garrifon of the City ruihed torward, anvi .(ticked his Troops. De Chafnej^ furprifcd, but not dlim«vtd, returned the Charge. A Knight belongin.^ to his Train, and named E^^ace de H i ht rnm rn t , diftinguilhed Himfelf, on this Occafion, by fome extraordinary Feats of Valour. He had been engaged, for a con* iiderable Time, in iingle Combat with One who, in Appearance, was a private Soldier, undtr the Standard of Sir H^aJter de M&nie ; Twice had He brought this EngUJbnum to the Grc ind ; but being at length thrown by Him, he was obliged to deliver up his Sword, and yield Himfelf a Prifoner. He was foon afterwards con- duced, together with De Ciamey, and othtt FrencM Officers, into the Hall of the Caftle, where They were magnificently entertained at Supper. When the Repaft was over, 1^ Perfoh advanced towards RibaiamiU, and faid *' Sir Knight I Behold a Soldier who it proud #• bear ** Tejiimony to your Vakur^ and acknowledges thai in eon' ** tending with Taufor the n^ory, He was twice in Dan" " ger. It is perhaps, to good Fortune that I am indebted ** for the Glory of having triumphed aver fo iUuftrimu a ** Warrior » Teu are free. In Return, I folieit ywr *< Efleem, and Friendjbip, As a Token that Ton ara " poffeffed of mine. Receive t Us Gift ', J knomi you to be giy, *' and amorous, and, therefore wijb youjbould acqumnt the « Ladies that it was bejlowedon Tou, by Edward, the So" ** vereign of England.*' As He revealed himfelf. He unbound a String of valuable Pearls from his own Head, and threw it over that of Ribaunmt, The King had arrived unfufpeded, the Night before, at Calais, from Dover, attended by the Prince of fValeif m Md 250 MEMOIRS O F and Sir Walter de Manme, with three Hundred Mei| at Arms, and fix Hundred Archers if% ' ; in the November of the Year one; Thoufand, three Hundred, and Forty-nine, a Spanijh Squadron failed up t\it Garonne^ and in Violation of the Peace, at that Time fubfifting, feized on feveral EngUft Sbips^ within the Harbour of Bourdeaux, freighted with Wine, and after having inhumanly murdered the Mariners, r^ turned Homeward with their Prizes. Edward, mecti^ tating a fevere Revenge, gave Orders for the immedi- ate Equipment of fifty Sail of Ship, with which, at- tended by the Prince of Waki9.th».Bi/^l»pi Lafvi^ert NortiamptM, Warwickt.^^iJBiury, ifutUitigdfm, Arunr delf and CUvucefter, together with feveral Perfons of Diftindion, He proceeded to intercept the ^j^iir/G^ Fleet, near the Port of Siitft, TMt Enemy a|>pear6d in Sight fooner than was expeded, and ftood towards the Coaft of Sufjex. The Englijb bore refolutely down upon them^ and the Signal was diredly given for the Attack. The Spaniards, whofe Fleet confifted of Forty-four large Carracks, defended themfelves to the laft Extremity » and obftinately preferring Death to Bondage, rejeded with Difdain the Quarter that was offered them. Twen- ty-four of their great Ships, laden with Cloth, and other valuable Merchandize, were taken (d), and brought into the Englijb Harbours : The Reft, availing them- felves of the Dark, efcaped with Difficulty. .To perr petuate the Memory of this Vi£lory, Edward caufed Him- (c) Meseray, V. 3. p. 31.-^?. Daniel, V. 4. p. i75.-»- Contin. Nic. Trivet, et Adam Murimuth. Annal. V. 2. p. loi-rFroiffart, V. i. c. 140, 141, 143.— Robert deA- vefbury, p. 181, 182, 183.— •Hiftoire de la Querelle de Phi- lippe de Valoit, et d'Edouard 3. par M. Gaulard) V. 1, p. 340* 34 »» 34a. 343. 344- {d) Auguft29, 1350. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. asf Himfelf to be re^refented on g gold Coin, ftanding, with a drawfi^Sword, in the Midft of a Ship, deeming it an Honour to have his Name tranfmttted to Pofterity^ as (he AvfeNOER of Merchants (r). We have already folbwed Ei^ijuarJ, at once a Navat, and Military Hero, from Sea, to Land. On either Element, the vidorious Succefles of his Rdgn are rplendidly confpicuous. Regarding him as an fEnglifi Admiral^ a Tide acquired by his Engagements with the French, and Spaniards, on the Ocean, it might, perhaps be proper to attend him always to his Battles, on the Shore. But the Triumphs of his Armies, un- der his own Command, and that of the gallant Prince, His Son, are too numerous to be included within the Limits of our Hiftory. It is fufficient that the memo- rable Adion at Qrtcy, and the no leis remarkable Siege of £ier/a/i have been circumftantially related. Even v^ifh Pointers in our View, We muft ceafe, howfoever rehidantly, to wander at a Diftance from our Subjed. * Yet, in Order to fupport the neceflary ConnefiHoo of ^^ents, it muft be obferved that on the Demife of P^mp dif P'tOtih^xn AugaJI of the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Fifty, his Son John fucceeded to the Crown, and, at the Commencement of his Reign, by invefting the Dauphin with the Dukedom oCJquitaint, incurred the Refentment of Edward, who adjudged Ihii Dignity, together with the Territory, to the Pdnce of Walet, and fent Him, at the Head of a chofen body of Veterans, to affert his Title. On the nine- teenth of Stpiemher, in the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Fifty-fix, He gained the celebrated Vic- tory, {e) Contin. Nic. Trivet, et Adam Muriiniit|i. Annal. V. 2. p. foa.— -Robert de Avefimry, p. 184, 185.— T. Wal- finsham, p. 169. — H. Knyghton, p. 2602.— Fabian, p. aaS. — Matth. Villani. L. i.clwp. 99. '252 MEMOIRS OF tor/) Sit Poitiers, taking Prifoners the King of France, his Youngeft Son PAiiip, and the Chief of the Nobi- lity. With I'hefe, He foon afterwards, landed, in Triumph, at Plymouth^ firom whence. He proceeded to Londtn, where Hefiry P/card, the Lord-Mayor, and his Fellow-Citizens, teftified their Refped for Him, by foUciting to be honoured with his Prefence, at a Dinner. What is remarkable. He came accompanied by four Sovereigns : the Kings of England, France, Scotland, tJkd Cyprus if). In the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Fifty-nine, the Truce expired, when Edward prepared for the Continuance of the War. He levied an Army amounting to an Hundred Thoufand Men, and fitted out a Fleet of eleven Hundred Sail, with which, at- tended by the Prince of fValet, Henry, Duke of Lanr eajier, and moft of the Nobles, He crofled the Seas, to Ceiait, With thefe Forces the King ravaged a great Part of Prance, proceeding to the Gates of Paris, Here, He was induced to conclude a Treaty, whichy on the eighth of May following, was fucceeded by the Peace of Bretigny, Edward returned immediately after- wards to Calais, and embarking for England, landed on the eighteenth of the fame Month, at R^e. By a Claufe in the Treaty, it had been ftipulated that the King of France ihould be fet at Liberty ; wherefore a Fleet was equipped, which in July efcorted that Monarch to Calais. He was accompanied by the Prince of ff^ales, the Duke o( Lancajler, and feveral Perfons of DiftinAion. Edward followed in the fecond Squadron, and (/) Continuat. Nic. Trivet, et Adtm Murimuth. Annal. V. a. p. 107,— Robert de Avefbury, p. aio.— 25i.-i-Ano- nrm. Hift. Edward 3. c. $6.— -T. Walfingham, p. 1 72.-— Froirtfcrt, c. 164.— .Paul ^myle, p. 540.— Dvpltfix, V. a. ^ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, «fc. 253 and having folemnized the Peace on the twenty fourth of OH^er, returned loon afterwards to England {g). In the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Sixty-four. JoAi, King of France paid a vifit to £4^ luardf in Order to concert with Him the proper Mea- . fures for the Execution of Ibme particular Terms of the Peace {h). He was lodged in the Savoy^, where He fell lick, and died on the eighth of April. His Son, CharUi the fifth, furnamed the Wife, fucceeded to thfc Crown, and foon relblved to violate a Treaty fo detrimental to the Interefts of his Kingdom (/). The War did not, however, break out until the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Sixty-nine. When Edward received Advice that it had been formally declared againft Him, the Parliament of England was aflembled, and acquunt* ed that their Sovereign would inftantly refume the Pro- fecution of his Claim to the Donunions of Charles. Being anfwered that they were ready to fupport his Pre- kenfions with their Lives, and Fortunes, He gave Or- ders for the Equipment of a formidable Squadron, on board of which the Duke of Lancafter, and the Earl of Warwick, accompanied by a numerous Army, embark- ed for Calaitt and foon afterwards made a Defcent on the adjoining Coaft. At this Period, Jokn had colleded together a prodigious Fleet, and was on the Point of giving Orders that it Ihould fail, with a powerful military Force to invade England, when He heard that the et Ad ) Rymcr's Foedcra, V. p. 2a9.*«Cont. Nic. Trivet. Murimuth. Annal. p. 1 13.— Meaeniy, V. 3. p. Hiniel» V. 5. p. 81.— Froiflart, c. aij— T. Wal- Jinffhami. Ypodigma Neuftrise. p. 524— Fabian, p. 243. (A) Froiuard/L. i.e. 214.-— Hume's Hiftory of England, 8vo, V. 2. p. 471. (t) Paul >£niyle, p. 548, 549.-«Gaguin. Hift. p. i$5. 156.— 'Dupleizy V. 2. p. 536. 254 MEMOIRSOF the Troops of Edward had juft landed in his Kingdom, and were on their March to give Htm Battle. So ter^ rising an Event conftrained Him to reiinquiih his De- lign, and draw together the whdie Body of his Army, the more efiedually to repel the Incurfions of the Ene^ my. Whilft the Earl of Wanuiek was employed in the Military Operations on the Land, the. Duke of Lamafter ftood out to Sea, and advanced with his S(|ua- dron, towards HarfleuTf intending to burn the whole French Fleet, then lying at Anchor, in the Port ; But the Vigilance of the Count de Saint Pol prevented the Execution of his Projed {k). In the Year, one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Seventy-two, the Flemings, in Alliance with prance, were defeated at Sea, by the Earl of Hereford, who took Twenty-five of their Ships, the Crews o^ which were aU either flain, or thrown overboard {l}\ The Lading of this Fleet (commanded by Join Peterfin,) conlffted of Salt, a valuable Conmiodity, brought from RoehtUe, and carried with his Prizes, by the Earl, to Snglottd. Peierfent and his Mariners fell a Sacrifice to their Temerity, having, firft, attacked a Force too powerful to fail of conquering (m). At this /Bra, Henry of Tran/tamare, eleded King of Caftile in the Place of the dethroned Tyrant, Peter, fumamed tAe Cruel, entered into an offenfive, and de- fenfive League with France. By this. He was obliged tomaintain a Fleet at Sea, for the Purpofe of annoying the (4) Cont. Nic. Trivet, et Adam Murimatb, Annal. V. z. p. I a 3.— Anonym. Vit. Edw. 3. c. 59. — Froiffart, c. 269. — T. Walfinffham, p. 183. — Mezeray, V. 3. p. 82, 83.— F. Daniel* v. 5. p. 171. (/) Walfingham. (m) Anonym. Hiftor. Edw. 3. c. 60. — Froiffart, c. 292. f 177 — T. Otterbourne, p. 147. — Jacob. Meyer. Annal. Flan^. L. 13. p. 190. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 955 thtBngiiJb, on the Coafts of Gvimnr, and iVf^ov. A Part of this Armament, fupported by feveral Fretick Ship», proceeded, with a ccnfiderable Military Force, to lay Siege to Rochelle. Edward, informed of their Defigfls, ient a ftrong Squadron to the Relief of the Place, under tht Command of the Earl ofFemhroke, a Young Nobleman of approved Valour, and Fidelity. In preparing for this Enterprize, it was neceflary to be expeditious, and, therefore, the Ships were limited to Forty, and no more Troops employed than could be immediately drawn together (»). The United French, and Caftilian Fleet confifted of forty large Men of War, and thirteen tight Frigates, well fupplied in all Ref- peds, and commanded by four experienced Officers. Thus prepared, they cruized near the Entrance of the Port of Rnchelk, in Order to intercept the EngUJb Fleet (0), On the Eve of the Feftlval of Saint John, in the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Seventy- two, the Earl olPemhroke arrived, with his Squadron, before Rochelle, when Boccanegre, a Genoefe, and the Admiral of the French, and Cajiilian Fleets, made the Signal for the Attack. An obftinate Engagement im- mediately enfued, in which the F^rl of Pembroke loft two Store-Ships. Night coming on. He was l^parated from the Enemy ; but in the Morning, the Battle was continued, and after having lafted during the Space of two Days, ended with the total Defeat of the EngUJb. They were purfued by the Vidorious Squadron, almoft as far as Bourdeaux, where the Earl of Pembroke felt the * (n) Contin. Nlc. Trivet, et Adam Murimuth. Annal. V. a. p. lay, 128. — T. Walfingham, p. 186 — Anonym. Hilh Edw. 3. c. 60. p. 439. (0) PauliEniyle, p. 5$o, $51.— Dupleix, V. 2. p. 665. — Le Gendre, v. 3. p. 547. ■5 as6 MEMOIRS OF «lMMQiltficatiM«rfteiii§ sU&is Ships, either taken, w €nk, and «•• liimftir conveyed a Prifoner into Spain, Ott boAfd oC M Jnf%i Veffel, which went to the BoltQMt iMirt iwtnt/ Thoufand Marks, in ready M«My, inttaded for tlw Payment of the Army, and tiift lUilUig «C Ihft BtceOiry Forces for the Service of H It fOMiked b/ t tirtnch Hiftorian {p) that the Ci^lSSm Fktt confiUfld of the fame Kind of Ships aa TlMtfe deftioycd atw the Harbour of Sluys, in the Year OM TbonfiAd, thrae Hundred, and Forty. They made Ufeof Jlai^#» and other Machines for the Pur- pole of tbfowtng Ban of Iron, and large Stones, in Older to fink the Vefleb of the Enemy. They were aMbanoBed with Cannon \ and this Battle is, by moft Wrilen» imafined to be the firft wherein Mention is made of AitiUiery in our Navies {q). The ingenioiii Author of the Lives of the Admirals (r) oblervea that the Fnmh Hiftorians pretend that the PMple of BmUk were not difpleafed at the Misfortune wbicli afigbted on the BtigUJh : And as a Proof of this, allege that tbey did not engage in their Defence : The Coatfaryof which (He adds,) appears from thofe Wri- ten who ghre us a Lift of the Rachellers who perifhed in tbe Fight (#). With Submiflion to his Judgment, it may be an- fwered that the Lift is no more than a Proof that a Part of tbt RftMkrt were zeatous in the Caufe of EdwarJi, The tp) P. Dtakl Hiftoiredela Milice de France. (f) See Fakoner's UaiverralDiaionary of the Marine, un- der the Article t^ uwfw wir. (r) Mr.OanipbelK V. i. p. 212. (t) T. Walfing ham. Ypodigma Neuftria, p. J29.— Wil- belmi Wyreefter, Annales. p. 437— T. Otterbourjw, p. 147.— >Froiir«rt, c. 198.— Oaguin. Hift. p. i58.-»-Mexeray» V. 3. p. «7, W»— P. DauieU V. $• p- «89. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, ^c. 257 The CircumiUnces which follow nuift coavince at that all the InhabitftBts were not defirout of remaining under the Government of ihtEn^/b. Having obtained the Viaory, the Gf/filrVw Fleet re* timed to Rockelle, in Order to block up the Port, and, at length, reduce thit imp(tftant Place under a Subjedion to the Fremk King. Several of the Towns- men had engaged in a fecret Correfpondencc with the Enemy, and intimated their Readineft to defert the Englijb, In Confequence of this Offer, the neceflary Meafures were immediately adjuftcd, and Jtin Candt^ rietf the Mayor oiRoeAelle, undertook to withdraw the Garriibn from the Citadel. He invited Sir FJUlip Maif fely the Governor, to Dinner, after which He produced a forged Order, declaring that it came from Sdwanl, and appointed an immediate Mufler of the Troope, on ibmc Spot without the Citadel. Manftl, who could not read, was fiktisfied with the Appearance of the Seal, which He did not fufped to have been counterfeited. He drew out the Troops, when the Mayor ihut the Gates of the Citadel, and would riot tuSer them to re* enter.* On a Sudden, they were furrounded by the Enemy, and furrendered at Difcretion. The ToWn immediately capitulated, obtaining Terms fo advan- tageous, that the Exchange of Sovereigns was not coti-* fidered as a Lois. AU former Privileges, and Liberties were confirmed, and even augmented by Chartb*. Their Caftle, indeed, was razed 129.— Anonym. Hift. Edw. ^. c. 60. — Yet, both tbefc risers ebferve that this Expedition was for the Relief of RochelU. — Frpiflart, c. 305;— Argentre Hift. de Bretagne. L. 7. c. a. — Mezeray, V. 3. p. 89. «^, AMI ILLUSTRIOITS SfiAMfeK» &c. 161 Expedient for the Recovery of what He had loft in Frmct% but being ftricken in Yean, and worn by Fatigue, He coiktented bimfelf with fending a formi- of Empire, it hath been feldom given. The Reafon is but too obvious. They fcarcely ever feel the dighteft . Indinati -»n to deferve it. The Parliament attended the Corpfe of this exalted Hero to Qmierhtry, in the Ca- thedral of which City, it was folemnly interred. Even . the King oi France, although relieved from a formida- ble Adverfary, paid a Tribute to his Merit, and aflified at the Celebration of his Obrequies, in the Church of Notre Dame t zt. Paris, All the Firmnefs of Edward was InfufEcient to refift this dreadful Shock. He felt it to the laft Moment of his Life {d), A previous IndifpoHtion, now aggravated by Afflidion, foon brought Him to the Grave. As He approached his End, He fuffered the additional Mor- tification of being deferted by alraoft every Courtier in his Train. His Favourite, Mee Ferrers, left alone to the Indulgence of her boundlefs Avarice, and Ingrati- tude, purloined every Thing of Value which could be found, tore the Rings from his Fingers, and then with- drew. Even the Chaplains had abandoned Him, with- out either informing Him what little Remains of Life were left, or offering to afllft Him in his Preparations for Eternity. At length, a fingle Prieft, who, by Chance, obferved Him forfaken in the laft Agonies, ap- proached the Bed, with the charitable Defign of com- forting Him. To the pious Exhortations of this folita- ry Attendant, the dying Edward endeavoured to reply. But his Voice faultered, and few Words were fufficient- ly articulate to be underftood. Only the Name of ChKiJl {d) Froiflart, L. i.e. 31a. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Arc. 263 CkriJI WIS diftindly pronounced in the Moment that He expired. This Demife happened {e) in the Sixty-fifth Year of his Age, and the Fifty-firfl of his Reign (/). Having already confidered Edward in his Naval, and Military Capacity, fo far as they appear united. We fhall proceed to an Examination of his Commercial Charader, after the Mention of fome Inftances of his Zeal for the Prefervation of the Sovereignty of the Sea. In the Peace concluded between this Monarch, and John, King of France, although the Former abfolutcly renounced his Title to Ncrmandy, jtt He exprcfsly excluded all the Iflands dependent thereupon, that He might preferve intire his Jurifdidion on the Ocean [g.) In his Commiflions to Admirals, and inferior Offi- cers, Edward frequently ftiles himfelf Sovereign of the Englijb Seas ; afTerting that He derived this Title from his Progenitors, and deducing from thence the Grounds of his Inftrudions, and of the Authority committed to them, by thefe Delegations (^1). The Parliaments of Edward alfo take Notice of this Point, in the Preamble to their Bills, obferving that it was a Circumflance well known to Foreign Nations^ that the King of England, in Right of his Crown, was Sovereign of the Seas (/)• In the Prefierring of a certain Bill to Parliament, in the Forty-fixth Year of the Reign of Edward, it is ob- ferved that He was ufually accounted, and ftiled, by all States, King, or Sovereign of the Seas (it). The R 4 Words (#) June 21 > 1.177. — Rynier's Foedera, V. 7. p. 151. (/) Contin. Nic. Trivet, et Adam Murimuth. Annal. V. 2. p. 138. — T. Walfingham, p. 19^. — M. Knyghton, p. 2629^ — ^W. Wyrcefter. Annal, p. 440, {ft) Thorn. Walfingham ad 34. Edvardi III. (h) Rot. Scotix. 10. Ed. HI. Membran. 16. (1) Rot. Pari. 46. Ed. III. Num. 20. {k) Ibid.— Lediard'* Naval Hiflory, folio, V. i. p. 58. 264 M E M O I R S O P Words are <* $jfi XX Anspafftz, H taut Mz a i&voM^ *' \a Navie de St Roialnu tftni m toitz PoriZf it Urns '< VilUt^fur Mier, et fur RiviertfimUe, ttfipUiUinrnfit « fue tmz hs Pais ttmient, et appilUftnt mftr« ammt^t « Seigninir Lt Roy de la Mitr:'* " Th-t the Nwy of ** the faid Kingdom of £ff^i^m/ wasever, in Agei paft» <* fo renowned in all Ports, and Cities, on the Sea, or " on Rivers, that all Nations efteemed, and called our <* King THE Sovereign or the Sea." It moft npt, however, be denied that the Condud of Edward, during the laft Years of his Reign was almoft fatal to the Naval Power of the Kingdom. If at one Time, He permitted his Subjeds to cut down the Timber in the Royal Forefts (/), at another. He gave a defperate Wound to Commerce, by numerous Em- bargoes, and Wan as tedious as they were unjuftifiable. On the Contrary, the King of France was afltdupus in his Endeavours ^o augment, and ftrengthen his Marine; and fo great was his Succefs, that, He proved, during the Reign of Richard the Second, a formidable Enemy %o the EngUJh (m). Edward, by waging fo long a War againft the French, had not only cxhaufted the State^ but impoveriflied Himfelf. To fuch Ncceflities wa» He driven, that thrics He pawned his Crown. Firft| in the feventcenth Year of his Reign, to the Arch- bilhop of Triers for fifty Thoufand Florins ; (») Next, in the twenty-fourth Year, to Sir Jthn Wefenhatn, his Merchant (0) ; and Laftly, in the thirtieth Year, to ^he fame Perfon, in whofe Pofleflion it remained during eight (/) Walfingham.—Rapin's Kift. of England, V.'j. 8vo. p. 45*- ^ (m) Hiftoire de la Milice Franfoife, par P. Daniel, V. 2. ' p. 448. («) Rymer's Focdcra. — Pat. Pari 1. Ann. 17**. Edw. III. (0) Pat. Ann. 24*^. Membran 12. -• ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 26$ eight Yctn, the King beiog unable to redeem it {f). All this tppcm in our Records, end (hould be a Leffim • to Princes, to abate their Ardour for Foreign Expedi- tions, which although fonactimes hooouraUe in Ap- pearance, have been, in Effed, continually ruinous. We fliall have too much Reafon to obferve that, oa fome Occafions, Edward threw Obftacles in the Way of that Commerce, which, at other Times, He vi- goroudy proteded. It was equally impolitic in the Prince who ihould have approved Himfelf continually the Guardian of Navigation, and Trade, to prefs Men, and Ships into the Public Service (^), and to ered Monopolies (r). In the firft Year of Richard, the Second, the Parliament complains that, during the lat- ter End of the preceding Reign, the Ships were fuffered to rot within the Harbours, affirming, likewife, that one Sea-Port formerly contained more Veflels than were then to be found in the whole Kingdom. The Caufe of this National MisfDrtune was imputed to the arbi- trary Seizure of Ships, by Edward, for the Service of his numerous Expeditions (/). The like Complaint had been made by the Parliament, in the forty-fixth Year of the Reign of Edward, the Third. It was alfo renewed in the fifth Year of Richard, the Firft (/). There is extant an Order from Edward, the Third, to the Lord Mayor, and Sheriffs ofLoiuUn, impowering them to take up, and convert into Ships of War, all Veflels of the Burden of forty Tons, and upwards (u). Among ft (p) Clauf. Ann. 30. Edw. III. Com. dc Term. Hil. 38. Edw. III. ex parte rem. Regis, (f) Cotton's Abridgment, p- 47» 79> nj- (r) Ibid. p. $6, 61. laa. (#) Ibid. p. 155, 164. * " (/) Ibid. Can. 3. Ip) Rymcr, V. 4. p. 664. s^ 266 MEMOIRS OF Amongft the Impediments to Commerce, there wat not one more detrimental than the Article of Purvey once. It became (to ufe the Language of the Parlia- ment) an outrageous, and intolerable Grievance, and the Source q{ infinite Damage to the People (x). The Par- liament attempted to annul this Prerogative, by for- bidding all Perfons whatfoever to take Goods, witl^ut the Confent of the Owners ; and alfo, by changing what They term the heimus Name of Purveyors, into that oi Buyers [y). Yet fo arbitrary were the Meafures purfued by Edward, that the Evil foon returned, al- though militating againft the Great Charter, and feveral Statutes of the Realm. An enlightened Author (z), of whofe Remarks I muft again avail my felf, obferves that this Difbrder uriis in a good Meafure derived from the State of the Pub- lic Finances, and of the Kingdom ; and could there- fore the lefs admit of any Remedy. The Prince fre- quently wanted ready Money ; yet his Family muft be fubfifted. He was, therefore, obliged to employ Force, and Violence, for that Purpofe, and to give Tallies, at what Rate He pleafed, to the Owners of the Goods which He laid hold of. The Kingdom alfo aboiinded fo little in Commodities, and the interior Communica- tion was fo imperfed, that, had the Owners been ftri£^ly proteded by Law, they could eafily have exad- ed any Price from the King ; efpecially in his frequent Progrefles, wh?n He tarae to diftant, and poor Places, where the Court did not ufually redde, and where a re- gular Plan for fupplying it, could not eafily be eftab- bfhed. Not only the King, but feveral great Lords infifted (x) 36. Edw. III. &c. ) {y) ?6. Edw. III. Cap. i. \z) M. Hume's Hiftory of England, V. a. 8vo. p. 499^ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, U-. i6n infifted upon this Right of Purveyance, v/ithm certain Diftrias (tf). Of the Condition of the People in that /Era, and whether they were able to engage profperoufly in Com- merce, the Reader may judge from the Mrafures re- curred to, during the Building of ^/Vu^r Caftle. The Workmen were not employed either by Contrads, or Wages } but Edward, as if He had been levying an Army, alTefled every County in England, to fend him a certain Number of Mafons, Tilers, and Car- penters (i). The Frequency of Robberies ftill exifted, an Ob- (lade to the Progrefs of Commerce. We learn, from the fame Hiftorian (c), that t^e Barons, by their Con- federacies with thofe of their own Order, and by fiip- porting, and defending their Retainers, in every Ini- quity (^), were the chief Abettors of Robbers, Mur- derers, and Ruffians of all Kinds ; and no Law could • be executed againft thefe Ciminals. The Nobility were brought to give their Promife, in Parliament, that They would not avow, retain, or fupport any Felon, or Breaker of the Law (e) ; yet this Engage- ment, which We may wonder to fee exaded from Men of their Rank, was never regarded by them. The Commons make continual Complaints of the Multitude of Robberies, Murders, Ravifhment of Women, and other Diforders, which. They fay, were bcoome num- berlefs in every Part of the Kingdom, and which They alsvays afcribe to the Prote^ion that the Criminals re- ceived (a) 7. Rich. II. Cap. 8. (h) Aihmolc's Hiftory of the Garter, p. 1*9. (c) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 2. 8vo. p 494. (J) - -- - 1 1. Ed^r Edw. III. Cap (r) Cotton, p. 10. Ill 4- Cap. 14 — 4. Edw. III. Cap. x. — 15. a6S MEMOIRS OF cciv«d from the Great (/). The King of Ofpnu^ who paid a Vifit to EngUaid, during this Reign, wat robbed, and ftripped on the Highway, with hit whole Retinue (g). Edward himfelf contributed to this Dif- folution of Law, by his Facility in granting Pardons to Felons, from the Sollicitation of the Courtiers. Laws were made to retrench this Prerogative {h), and Re- menflrances from the Commons were preiented againft the Abufe of it (i) : But to no Purpofe. The gratify- ing of a powerful Nobleman continued fKU to be of more Importance than the Protedion of the People, The King alio granted many Franchifes, which inter- rupted the Courfe of Juflice, and the Execution of the Laws {k). In the Opinion of this elegant Invefligator (/), Commerce, and Induftry, during the Reign of Edward the Third, were at a low Ebb. He adds that the bad Pwiice of the Country alone aSbrds a fuflicient Reafon. The only Exports were Wool, Skins, Hydes, Leather, Butter, Tin, Lead, and fuch unmanufadured Goods, of which Wool was by far the moft confiderable. Ki^gktm has aflTerted that an hundred Thoufand Sacks of Wool were annually exported, and fold at Twenty Pounds a Sack, Money of that Age. But He is wide- ly miftaken both in the Qyantity exported, and in the Vahie. In the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Forty-nine, the Pariiament remonftrate that the King, by an illegal Impofition of forty Shillings, on each Sack exported, had levied fixty Thoufand Pounds a Year (m) : Which reduces the annual Exports to thirty (/) Cotton, p. 51, 6a, 64, 70, 160. (g) Walfingham, p. 170. (It) 10. Edw. III. Cap. 2.— 27. Edw. III. Cap. a. (1) Cotton, p. 75. (*) Ibid. p. 5^. * (/) Hume s Hiftory of England, V. 2. 8vo. p. 495. in) Cotton, p. 48, 69. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. a^ thirty Thouiknd Sacki. A Sack coautiaed Twcnty4ix Stone, and each Stone Fourteen Pounds (») ; and at a Medium, was not valued at above Five Pounds a Sack (0), that is Fourteen, or Fifteen Pounds of our prefttt Money. KnifghtmCt Computation raifes it to Sistf Pounds, which is nmx four Times the prefent Price of Wool in England. According to this reduced Compo- tation, the Export of Wool, brought into the King* dom about four Hundred, and fifty Thoufand Pounds of our prefent Money, inftead of fix Millions, which it an extravagant Sum. Even the former Sum is Cq high as to afford a Sufpicion of fome Miftake in the Compu- tation of the Parliament, with Regard to the Number c^ Sacks exported. Such Miftakes were very ufual in tiiofe Ages. It muft be admitted that Edward, by patronizing tht Flmi/b Manufii€kurers, encouraged, and extended the Trade of Wool, which was confiderably increafed by the eftabliihment of a Law, forbidding aH Perfons what- foever to wear any Cloth, but of EngUJb Fabric {p% The Parliament prohibited the Exportation of Woottea Goods, an impolitic Meafure 1 Particukriy whilft the Exportation of unwrought Wool was fo much fuffored, and promoted. A Law, equally abfiird, was enaddd to prevent the Exportation of Manufisdnred Iron (q). We learn from a Record in the Exchequer, that in the Year one Thoufimd, three Hundred, and Fifty- four, the Exports of EngUmd amounted to two Hoo- dred, and Ninety^ four Thoufand, one liundred, and Eighty-four Pounds, feventeen Shillings, and two Pence. Tfl) 32. Edw. III. Cap. 5. (0) Cotton, p. ao. If) II. Edw. III. Cap. a, 5. — Rymer, V. 4. p 723 — Mvrimutb, p. 8B. (f) a8 Edw. III. Cap. 5. • a^o M E M 6 I R S O F Pence. The imports came to thirty-eight Thcufanclf nine Hundred; and Seventy Pounds, three ShilUngs, and Sixpence, Money of that Time. This is juftly obfenred to have been a great Balance, confidering that it trofe chiefly from the Exportation of Woollen Goods, or rather of raw Wool, and othe^'rough Materials (r). The Import was chiefly Linen, and fine Cloth, and ibme Wine. England appears to have been extremely drained, at this Time, by Edward's foreign Expedi- tions, and foreign Subfidies, which, probably was the Reafon why the Exportk fo much exceeded the Im- ports (/). The Progrefs of Commerce was alfo confiderably checked by the dreadful Plague, which in the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Forty-fix, breaking out amongft the People of Cathay, in Jfia, fpread through that Quarter, and then pafled into Greece, A- frica, and Europe, raging with great Violence in France, «nd England. During the Courfe of the Year, more than fifty Thoufand of the Inhabitants of London were fwept away by it (/). After this melancholy Event, the Parliament made an ineflPedual Effort to reduce the Price of Labour, and of Pouhry (u). The daily Wages of a Reaper, in the firft Week of Auguft, were two Pence, or near Sixpence of our prefent Money ; in the fecond Week, they were a Third more. A Mailer Carpenter was limited, throughout the whole Year, to three Pence a Day \ a Journeyman Carpenter to two Pence, Money of that Age (x). It is remarkable that, in (r) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. a. 8vo. p. 496. (0 Ibid. (/) Stowe's Annals, p. 246. — Brady. — Rymer's Foedera, SP- 655, 658. (tt) 37. Edw. [II. Cap. 3. ' {x) 25. Edw. III. Cap. 1,3. ,. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 271 in the fame Reign, the Pay of a common Soldier, an Archer, was Sixpence a Day ; which, by the Change, both in Denomination, and Value, would be equivalent to near five Shillings of our prefent Money (y). Sol- diers were then inlifted for a very fliort Time. They lived idle all the Reft of the Year, and commonly aU the Reft of their Lives : One fuccefsful Campaign, by Pay and Plunder, and the Ranfom of Prifoners, was fuppofed to be a fmall Fortune to a Man ; which was a great Allurement to enter into the Service (z). Commodities feem to have rifen fince the Conqueft. Inftead of being ten Times cheaper than at Prefent, they were, in the Age of Edward the Third, only three, or four Times cheaper. This Change appears to have taken Place, in a great Meafure, fince the Reign of Edward tht Firft. The allowance granted by Edward the Third, to the Earl of Murray, then a Pri- foner in Nottingham Caftle, is one Pound a Week ; whereas the Bifliop of Saint Andrews, the Primate of Scotland, had only Sixpence a Day, allowed Him by Edward the Firft {a). The Staple of Wool, Woolfells, Leather, and I^ad, was fixed, by Ad of Parliament, in particular Towns of England (k). Afterwards, it was removed, by Law, to Calaix. But, Edward, who commonly deem- ed his Prerogative above Law, paid little regard to thefe Statutes ; and when the Parliament remonftrated with Him, on Account of thefe Ads of Power, He plainly told them, that He would proceed in that Matter, as he thought proper (r). It is not eafy to ailign the Rea- fon (jr) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 2. 8vo. p, 497. (k) Ibid. (a) Ibid. (*) 27. Edw. III. (f) Cotton, p. 1 17. a7S MEMOIRS OF fon of thb great Anxiety for fixing a Staple ; unle(i| perhapi, it invited Foreigner! to a Maricet, when they knew beforehand, that they Ihould there meet with great Choice of any particular Species of Commodity. This Policy of inviting Foreigners to CaUs was carried fo far, that all Englijb Merchants were prohibited by Law from exporting any En^ijh Goods from the Sta- ple ; which was, in a Manner, the total abandoning of aO foreign Navigation, except that to CaUit (i)> A Contrivance feembgly extraordinary (r). The Bngtijb Navigation was not extended as far as the Bdtic, until the Middle of the fourteenth (/), nor to the AtedHerrMWif until the Middle of the fifteenth Cen- tury (g), A Proof of the exceffive Ignorance of our Aaceflors (under the Reign of Edward,) with regard to Geogra- phical Points, may be coUeded from a Story mention- ed by Robtrt dt Asti/htaj, In the Year one Thonfand, three Hundred, and Forty-four, when Pope Chmtnt the Sixth, created Lewis of Spatn, Prince of the Fmrtu- note IJlandr, by which were meant the Caam'iet, then newly difcovered, the Englijb AmlbafTador at itoair, and his Retinue, were alarmed with the Idea that Lewis had been created King of Engkndf and haflened Home to acquaint £(/«Mr4/ of this important' Circumftance. Yet, lb infatiable was the Rage for Learning, that the Num- ber of Students in the Univerfity of Oxford alone, amounted to thirty Thoufand. It hath been ftrewdly obferved that the Occupation of thefe young Men was to learn very bad Latin, and ftill worfe Logic (i). , •• The {d) yj. Edw. HI. Cap. 7. (e) Hume's Hiftorjr ot England, 8vo. V. 2, p. 498. (/) Anderfon's Hiftory of Commerce, V. 1. p. 151, (ff)Ibid. p. 177. \h) Hume's Hiftory of England, Bvo. V. a. p. 499. our v.. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 273 The following Obfervations concerning the Com- merce of thefe Times are taken from an iiiftniidivd writer (i)y aqd akhough not coincident in fome Pkt^ ticulart with a refpedable Opinion, {k), haVe A Cbitft to our Attention^ *' In the Year one Thoufand, three Mtiiidir^, ind thirty-one, Edward granted a Protedion tb JdAh Kent, a Cloth- Weaver, who came over from Flmdfrx, in Company with feveral Fullers, and Dyers, who had been invited to fettle in the Kingdom (/]. It appear^ probable that the true Reaforts of thcfe Ehcout-agementt were, firft of all, to indrud our owii People^, to the utmoft Perfedion, in fo capital an Art ; and next to draw the Workmen over to England, that as We rofe in that Manufadure, our Neighbours nli^ht alfo gradually de^ cline.»» '* As ^Siuari, a martial Prints, engaged f6 fre^ <]uently in War, fucceifive lihpontions were levied on his Subjefib ; and Thefe aitiotinted to fuch vaft Strnis, as very clearly prove that, at the Beginning of his Reign, ^ngianJ was far richer than in the Times of Arty of his Pr^deceflors.** " Some^ Attempts have beeri mtide to Settle, bjr the Help of the Taxes, in this Rign, the Manner in which they were levied, ahd the Produce of them, the Value of our Wool : And, without Doubt, ibmething very near the Truth may be difcovered. In the Year one Thoufand, three Huhdred, and Thirty-eight, the Laity ^m) granted £> tion, they eftimate our annual Ctportations at a irtrf large Sum. We will ihew, firft, what this is, and tfatn colder whether it be right, or whether the Price ihould not be reduced." " When it is obferved that We know iiot Whtt Qjiantity of Wool the King received by that Oran't, it mnft be underftood that We know it not frMtetheHil'* torians who mention theOrant. But it appears froitt the Recofds, that it amounted to twenty it'boofand Sacks. By fuch a Mode of receiving Titte h 1Sxa6, the Sovereign became, and that to his great Prtffit, « Sort of Merchant. Thofe who made tht Cdnkjiiiitatioii to which We have alluded, compute the ISxpOttation of Wool, that Year, at forty Thoufand Sacks, which amounts to one Million, and fix Hundred Ithoufand Pounds i and the Aid to the King comes to Hailf that Money, which (as well they mignt,) they obfenre to be amazing and prodigious. But, when a Orknt Wfts afterwards made to Edward, of thirty ^houifand Sacks of Wool, We find it eftimated far lOwfer, Iftamdy, at fix Pounds a Sack, the very befl i the Second Sort at five, and the worft Sort at four Pounds a Sack ; which, however, was exclufive of the King's Duty, Or Cuf- tom. This ComputitiOn was certainly very^ lair % and this Grant to Edward, was in the Nature of ta. Lluid- Tax, which is the Reafon klkt the Prodaeoof it #as computed at the Rate of the Sale of Wdol^ lAiti^knd; ^ * llihoulh iLLtJStftlOUS BfeAMEN, &c* 157 kHIi^tigti Ihttt is ho ihianhet of Doiibt, that by etport- ha^, attd l^IUhg it abfoftd* the Ring taidt Mich AibNI of it. We will try, however if It be hot pradicabfe to ektria£t fomething iltiore cef tain, out of the l^adi fhehttiohed by ahcient Authors ; becaiifei if it could be dohe, it would be very fatisfadory.** " A certain Writer has prefenred the State, or Ba- knee of the Engi^ Tkmde, as found upon Record in the Exchequer, \n this twenty-eighth Y«ar bf the tt^ign af ^dwatdXhe*tKit4. Its Authenticity feems unqueA tionable (n). In this, the Export of our Wool h fet S a down (m) <* TliM Account was publiflied in a Treatife mtitled the Circle of Commerce, (p. 11 9, 120.) and printed in the Year one Thottfand, Silt, I^ndred, alid Thlrty->three. Af'' ter drawing firom it the Remarks mentioned in the 'Text, I thought it Would be niacc coafcnlcflif to the Rei^r 1 aad, af the fame Tiilie,, elu^l^Ate my ^^erratbas, if aPlacS were allowed to |!his curious Paper, m the Notes." "iThe Balan O -s*!- <>' *-• t. . V;E X P O « T €. : .:^:^,:;;:; » ■ ' '■ ' "■ ■*' ^4 ■ i.^i. f hirty-one Thbufand, fix Hundwd, and 1 Fifty-one Sacks, and a Half of Wool, at Six > 189^909 e o Pounds Value, each, Jiack, amount to J Three Thoufand, Six Hundred, and €ix- 9 ty-five Pells, at Ftorty Shillings Value each V Hundred j at Six ^core, amount to - - J , Whereof the. Cuftom amounts to - - Po(Ui;teen Laft^ Seventeen Dicker, and} ^jfive Hides of Leather, after Six Pounds > Value the Laft * - - J Whereof the Cuftoni amounts to Pour Thoufand, Seven Hundred, andSe- } irietaiy-ftltlt<:k>As,ahdattaif> alierPdr-}. if mntp Valvte, die Pl6l!h (s " 3 6,073 I 81,614 " 89 t * 61') - » < 9».549 o Carried over 187,251 5 j 276 MEMO IRS OF down at thirtyrpi\e Thoufand, fix Hundred, and Fifty- oijie Sacks, and a Half, valued at fix Pounds ; but thien,*^ the Duty is excluded. It appears likewife, from this Account, that a confiderable Quantity of Cloth, both iin6, and coarfe (and of Worfled, alfo,) was exported. Brought oyer 187,251 5 3 Eight Thouf^jid, and Sixty-one Pieces, 1 and a Half of Worfted, after Six Shillings, > 6,7 1 7 18 4 and Eight Pence the Piece, amount 'Whereof the Cuftom amounts to 211$ iry i\- .,-» Exports 294,184 17 2 ; .>w -jnu^nz .'11 ' I I ■ One Thoufand, Eight Hundr^, and Thirty-two Cloths, after Six Pounds Va lue, the Cloth - - - Whereof the Cuftom amounts to. •I ThreeHundred, Ninety-feven<^intals, l and three Quarters of Wax after the Value > of Forty Shillings, the Hundred,or Quintal j Whereof the Cuftom is - One Thoufand, Eight Hundred, andl Twenty-nine Tons, and a Half of Wine, V after Forty Shillings Value per Ton j . Whereof the Cuftom is Linen Cloth, Mercery, and Grocery! Wares, and all other Manner of Merchan- > 22,943 8 10 dixe - - - 3 Whereof the Cuftom is - - 285 18 3 s. d. 10,992 o b 91 12 o 759 10 o 19 17 o 3»659 o o 182 o o Imports 38.970 13 8 Balance 255,214 13 8 " N. B. The Totals do not anfwer the Particulars eza^r ly : But at this Diftance of Time, it is impoflible to aim at correCtinjg them with any Degree of Certainty." iffvf-. "!» ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 277 We cannot, therefore, doubt, that when the Commons granted to Edward, thirty Thoufand Sacks of Wool, it wias, at leaft, as much as giving Him one Hundred, and fifty Thoufand Pounds, in Money, out of their, Pbckets. But if We are inclined to know what it brought the King, We may, perhaps, find the Means of difcovering it. In the laft Year of his Reign, the Citi^ns of JTork, complained that a German Lord had feized thirty-fix Scruples of their Wool, which they va* lued at one Thoufand, nine Hundred Pounds, for a Debt pretended to be due from j^Jtv^r^^whom He had ferved in the Wars. According to the foregoing Reck- oning, Wool was worth, in that Country, thirteen Pounds a Sack, and fomething more : So that the Aid granted to the King could not produce much lefs ^han four Hundred Thoufand Pounds, which, in that Age, was an enormous Sum. When this Complaint was made, fbme Ships belonging to the - German, were at . . Anchor, and laden with Goods, within our Harbours. , Thefe, the Citizens of Tork defired might be confifcat-^ ed as a Reparation for their Loffes." ** But We mufl not part with tlus Account, without drawing from it fome other Obfervations. We find the whole Imports of that Year computed at fomething lefs than thirty-nine Thoufand Pounds ; Whereas the Ex- ports amounted to above two Hundredj and Ninety- four Thoufand Pounds : So that the clear Balance, in Favour of this Nation, was above two Hundred, and Fifty-five Thoufand Pounds. Yet this is not all. W€ mufi confider that, in this Account, there is no Mention made of Lead, and Tin ; probably, becaufe the Accounts relating to them might not be brought into the Exchequer ; that is, not into the Exchequer at Weflminfter ; which will raife the Account very con- fiderably : Infomuch that there feems good Reafon to S3 . b^ 278 M EM IRS OF believed tb^t, the intiinne Value of (he Coln^ m %l^Qi9- days beiQg compared with Ours, the y^le ^aUncc^ of Trade fell very little, if at all, fliort of nioie Hundred Thoufand Pounds, as our Monty is now reck*, oned » which is indeed, a very large Suni, and fpuch beyond what Thofe who had never looked into thefQ Matters, could poffibly have imagined. Yet the Pro- bability, at leaft, if not the Truth, of thift Computa- tion might be (hewn in another Way i that is, from the Cbnfideration of the inimenfe Sums that wereconfumed by Edward, in foreign Wars, and AQiauces ^ which it is impofiible thi|»Na.tion could ever have furni(hQ^j if the Balance of Trade had fallen any Thin^ ibort of yrhzt it appears to be from the foregoing Computation.** ** That Commerce was much the Objed of the Atr tention ff the King, and P9rliai](ient;, appears folly fpom the many AQs, palTed within the Cpmpafs of hi* Reign, for its Regulation. It is, indeed, true tljiat fe- veral of thefe Laws are cpntra^dory ; that what F^^ eftab|i(hed in one Year, yzs fometimes overturned ifi the Ne^ct ; that frequent Alterations wer? ii^ade in the Staple ; that the Cuftpms were fon^etimes high, ieme- tiines low ; %nd that the Standard of Nd[oiiey wa^^ twice varied. But, notwithilanding all this, the former AiT^rtion will ^ill remain unimpeached ; Hnce there can be Nothing clearer, than that even tbefe Vs^riatioq^ arofe from the Regard that w^s paid to Commerce, and perhaps, the Alteration in the Coin waa nwde neceilary from the Condud, iu that Paitici^lar, of our Heigh- hours. We hkewife, 6nd that toward^ the latter Em) of the Reign of this King, there were great Frauds, and Impofttions committed in obtaining Licenfes (o) for f«) ** An iiuMiifitive Reader may confult the Hiftory of the ReiKn oi£4w0nltk9 Third, written by J^arnes ; Yet the Re- ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Arc. 279 for the Exportation of Goods, and in otlier Refpeds 1 of wHijch Conoplaints were made in Parliament, againft the Lord Latjmfrt Chamberlain to the King, and RJck^ ard,i,jionf, a Merchant Qi London, They werecoi^ vifted* and puniihed." We muft, now, prefent thie Reader with (bme Obr fervations relating to the Coinage. From the following Claiffe, in the Charter-Mint granted to the Abbot of ReatHtig, ijt appears that a Penny was the largeft Piece coined uotili after the twelfth Year of the Reign of EJr ward the Third.— « Rex dile£io fibi Johanni dt Flete " Cufiodi Giimhii mftri Londini. Salutem^^um per ** Cof^twn mffr^mConceJferimusdihffis Nobis in Chrifto-*- " ^hali, 0t ^miachis de Radyng, jnW Ipft^ et Sue- ** ^fffwex in Perpetwim hdteant nmm Monetarium, et <' umm Cuneumt opud df^um Lofum de Radyng, ad *' M Records are fuller, and clearer. It would be of iofinite Service to the Nation were the Fafls which they contain, di- gefted into chronological Order, and publifhed. Thb would efteAualiy refute many groft Miftal^fit, univerl^y I^lieved, and difdofe feveral new Truths." 28o MEMOIRS O^ \ ' «*ii£/^ri xii.»" (^) Whence a' learned Antiquarian (q) infers tliat '* it ihpuld feein, either, that the Abbots^ and other great Men were only permitted to coin fnialler Pieces, ufefiil in common Exchange, in the (kmeMan' ner, as later Kings have been accuftoftl^d tp grant Pa- tents for thp Making of Copper Halfpenqe, and Far- . things ) wherea^ the Sovereign dill referved to Himfelf the fole Power of minting the larger Mon6y ; or»,(as is pbferved above,) that thelrc was not any greater Piece than a Penny coined, until after the' twel§h Y^ar of his Reign." ^ •■ ■■-. ' ■_ ; • * '-^'^^^ ^^^.^'"■t - 'in the eightcjcnth Year bf Bdward, the Standard of Gold Coins was the oldeft Standard, or Sterling of twenty-three Carats, three Grains, and a Half*, fine ; and half a Gr^ini Alfoy. For the filver Coins, the old Sterling was eleven Ounces,^ and two' Pemi/-weights^ fine, and eighteen Pfchpy-weights, in. Al|o'yJ It was the farne in the tweritietjiitwenty-third, tw^nty-feventh, and fpfty-fixth Years pfllis 'Reign. In the eighteenth Yeai-, every Pound Weight of Gold pf this' Standard ^ was' appointed to be tPlnerf into fifty Plo^dp^k)^^ dx Shillltigs each, which'made in Tale fifteen potiod?, or into si proportionable NumVer of half, and f^art^r F/b- 'rences. This was by Indenture between the fCing^ and W^tir de DunflrnxfTt Mi^tt, and Worker. Thefe Flf^rences were fo called frpm the Florihtii^s;iif\it, in the Year one Thoufand, twp Hundred, arid Piffy-twpV firft niinted fiicl^ Pieces ; ib that the Fibi^ihus wzi ge-^ nerilly ufed all over Europe, for the chief gold p6in, as it is now for the beft fihrcr" Fabidn calls *thc Fforrn, a I'enny ; the Half-F/oren, a Halfpenny ; and the Quar- ter,' {/) InTlegift. MS. Monaft.de Reading, olfm^pcheiT. Tanner. ' ' in, or Rofe-Noble of Edward, is fo bfeatitifol, aiid rare as to obtain a Place aihongft the fined Medate: On a Half-NoUe of this Prince, He is reprefented^crawned, and: ftanding in a Ship* With his right Haiid, Hegrafps a Sword, and with his left, a Shield. It mud be obCerved that from thefe (annons Rofe-Nobles, every imaginary Half-Mark was after- wards called a Noble^ the mod early Ufe of the Word in that Senfe being in the French Kings Partk J Ran- fom, in the thirty-fourth Year of the Reign of i^VrvAr/ The f Artier did .not much differ from the Rofe-Nobles in Weight, and whether they differ at all in the \m^ preflidd, is.uii€ertain. ^ In the twentieth Year of the Reign oi Edward, the Third, a Pcurid. Weight of Gold, of the old Standard, xW»»V«vy A hio ')fi • Was {r) ObfervaJtTons on the more ancient Statutes, p. %^<. ad Edit. i 7»(i MEMOIRS O ? i imatonukeby Tale, forty ^tyr<^'Sqbk^,^ ix Shil- Uiig8» and eight Pencil, each; and a Ponod.of SU-^ ^er of the Old Sterling was to make tw^lgf-two Shih liogp, and Sixpence. At this Period, Ptrfiin^ dfi B^eM was Mailer. In the Twenty-fevenJi Year of Edward, %P(Oii|id- >ireight of Gold, of the fiuine Sterling, was to ipak« by Tale, Forty-five, |«Jobles, amonnting to fifte;^ Pounds ; and a PoMnd* Weight of Silyer» of the old Sterling was to naake by Tale, Sev^pty^five Grofle^ (that is Groats) amounting to Twenty«^#. Shillings } CN[ an Hundred, and Fifty Half-Gi^^ at Two- Pence, ^ac^<; or three Hundred Sterlnkgii at a Penny^ «ach. Then, Henry de Bri^l was MaAer^ aq.4 Worker. ; Thefe Groats (fo caUed becaufe theiy urel^ *hf gi^ea^-^ «ft MJonies^ %t that Tinne in Ufe,) were JMl coined ii) the keign of Edward, Before, the fargeft current piecp was the filvcr Pienny. This King, njwwr deb^fed tb|9 Puiiity of the Standard, although (as h^th been obi€(i»red,) He faw Realbn to make it hghtier. It mud ber^miembffed that the Shilling wtS; iflMgtoaiy^ then, «8 .the Bound is, ftiU ; or rather, it was a Denomiivt^ lifHit ofi M^ey, and not a Coin. The Penny, and Hal^penny,(calted foroettmesJWof Ar/,) MdFactfaings were like Thofe of his Pcedeceflbrs, but didingiiiihed by the Name, Edwardus. Thoie of Ire^ itnd'Vi&e Triangular. ■ . It hatli been remarked by Bifhop Tmiftd that the Gold jofi this Reign came neareft to that of the ancient Romans ; or, that our Rofe-Nobles made an Ounce, and iHrere equivalent to the Roman Aarei, both in Weighty and Finenefs. Six Noble-Angels aUb made an. Ounce, anfwerable in all Points to the old Roman So- lidus Aureut. In filver Coins, the old Sterling-Groat wa^ eiqtulyalent! to the Rofuan Denarius ; the Half- Groat ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 283 OrMt 10 the QifimrMs\ the old Sterling-Penny to the S^er/ius Nummusi Seftertium (inihc neuter Gender) 4 thooTand Seflertii, to five Pounds Sterling) when three Shilfings, and Four-Pence went to the Ounces IjMit, now, to feven Pounds, and ten Shillings, ac-* wording to Sir Thomas Smith's Account, when five Shili* lings go to the Ounce. J^diuard likewife, called in the clipped Money, a(i4 prohibited bafe Cpin ; which (in the Opiniom of Mr. Q^mfkeU,) (hews thc^t wh^t lie (|id ia, altering tbff Weight of the Coinage, was for the Convenien^y, apd ^en^fit of his S^ufaje^, w^o, by the Incre^fe of th^if Trade, ftood in Need both of gold Coin, and of kirgff Pieces of Silyerj^ ai|d not with any |nte«,jtig^ to eniich l^Qifelf at their Expence. The Con^^ry >>> howevoT) aJpferted by jui ancient Hiftoriaq, who ckifg es Willim ^iifgton^ Biihop of WinehifieK, and Lord Tre^rurer^ vo^h coiifulting the KiQgs Profit 9pre th^ th^t of tht People, by advifing Him to coin Groats which worn inpt fo heavy, as they ^^d h^v^ b^^* §ince that ^r^ ^ Proportions b«t,ween Gold, and ^v^ h^vf npt iind^rgope any very copfiderablf» Ai^ teratiqu. I^s ^ne ShiM^g ^^as nearly eqpal 10 three «f ours, an Ounce of Qold> then worth Twienty-fiwo Shillings, ^as,. in Fa^d* equal to three Pomdi, ami fifteei? SJiilliiigs,, Qfow Money (/). (j) For the Suibj^ft of the QoiQage. (fie I^eii^er niay ckvIt ihlt Rapin's Hiilory of Eneiaod> ^vo. Vol. 3. p. 53;}, 5^, 534. — Campbell's Knives ot the Admirals, Vi i. 247, 248. — 'Madox's Hjitory of the Exchequer — Nicholfon's Hiftorj- cal Library, folio, p. 256, 257, 258. — Statute of York, Q. Edw. III.— Stat. i8.Edw.in.— Tunftal in Addit.ad Lib. de Arte Supputandi.—- Keltq. Spelm. p. 207. — Coke's Inftit. Pars 3. c ^i. p. 93 — Stat. i8. Edw. HI. c. 6. — 9tat. J^ji Pdw. III. c. 3. Coke's Inftit. Pars 2. p. 1, 78.— Chaucer's' Pre* » t ft84 MEMOIRSOF On this Subjed, which is relinquiflicd for the Pre- fent, the Reader may imagine that We have expa- tiated too fireely. The Apology of a Naval Writer (0 muft be ours. He thought that ^ fuch Obferva- tions could not fail of proving acceptable, in as much as they greatly contribute to the liluftration of the principal Points with which this Species of Hiftory is concerned. Naval Force, and the Sovereignty of the Sea, being the Refult of extenfive Commerce, What- foever contributes to explain the Rife, and Progrefs of That, muft (hew how the Former are to be kept, as well as demonftrate in what Manner, they have been obtained." Either in, or hot long after the Clofe of the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Forty-four, the Ifland of Madera is recorded, in the Writings of the Portuguefitiidonzns, to have been difcovered by an Englifiman, whofe Name was Macham. The Circtim- ftances are as follow : ^- >/ «*i*wi . .>'im-^ u This Adventuner, being enamoured with a Lady of his own Nation, contrived to fteal her from her Pa- rents, who oppofed their Union. He embarked on board a Veflel, with his Prize, and failed for Spain. A Storm arofe, which drove him out to Sea, and, at length, forced Him into this Ifland. The Harbour is, ftill called Machico. He had nb-fooner ventured aihore, attended b'^is fair Companion, and fome Servants, than the drew departed with the Ship, and arrived foon afterguards on the Spamj% Coaft. The Lady fickened, and died. Her afBided Lover ralfed, and confecrated ■w^^: 7it^'-' to Preface to the Monk's Tale.— J. Seld. Jan. Angl. Lib. a. p.^1, 92. — Evelyn's Numifm. p. 85, 86.— Camden's Re- main^. — ^Chap. of Money. — >Lowndes's Eflay, p. 35. — Glofs. D. Du Frefne in Voce Flarenut.rr^Tn. of He 219. — Glofs. D. H. Spelm. in Voce Nobilis. {t) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 251. ion. p. • » ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. a8$ to fome Saint, an humble Chapel, in which he depo- (itcd her Corfe. Having fo)emnized the Obfequiet, He prepared t^ quit the Place ; and cutting down a large Tree, hollowed, and formed it into a kind of Canoe, in this. He pafled over, with his few Aflb- ciates, to the oppofite Shore of Africa. Here, They were made Captives by the Natives, and fent, as Pre- fents, totheKingofC^/7;. On this Account, there is fome Reafon to depend, at it hath been related by Foreigners («), who can fcarce- ly be fuppofed to entertain a Prejudice in our Favour* \ The following Event is. mentioned by John Dn, a learned Antiquarian, and Mathematician, but a credu- lous Enthufiaft (x). With this Charaderof the Man, the Reader is left to his own Conjedures. In the thir- ty-fourth Year of the Reign ol Edward the Third, Ni- cholas de LifiM, a Friar of Oxford, attended by feveral of his Countrymen, failed to the ATorM^n Idands. Here, quitting his Affociates, He travelled alone, taking dowA in writing, an exad Ddcription of the Places which He vifited, and of their furrounding Seas. The Work (intituled Jtiventio Fortuna, or a Difcovery of the North" ern Parts, from the Latitude of fifty-four Degrees, to the Pole,) was prefented, at his Return, to the King.) The more fully to afcertain his Difcoveries, this Ad- veriturer made five Voyages to the fame Country. To give an Air of Probability to this Account, it is ob- ferved by Dee, that from the Haven of Lym, (the Birth Place, and Refidence of the Friar,) to Iceland, it was ufually a fortnight's Sail. He fupports his Af- fertion by a Quotation from a Charter granted by Ed- .ward («) Hackluyt, V. a. Part. a. p. i. from Antonio Gal- vano. {x) Granger's Supplement to the Biographical Hiflonr of England, p. 94, 95, 96. ^ sCRI MEMOIRS OF tMtfWthe Unrd, to the Town ofBlnhruy, inM)^/!^ and ezeinptiiig the Fifherm^n of that Pott from tltdiid^ ing his 5tervfde» 6ii Account «f their Trade to kthati (>). tlib iS) in fonM Meitfufte^ cdnfinhed by th^ tW- ttnofiy of Oetvtd Mt^eitdti (a iki]fui Geographer^) who acknowledgeB himlMf indebted fer his Ddf^ripfittii of the tforihern Countries^ to a Perfon who pwned th*l He had borrowed it from De Ltma, whom He ^laiftly poinb oi^ alrhoto;^h He doth not name Hint. It ttukUt not he denied that> on this Sobjed, L^mlwhrn ekplt- tiates much concerning the Life, and Writings of thi( Friar) is entireiy fitent (£). Bale who o^es Litdhd, in Ibis Patticular, fubjmns a Catalogue of the Wofks of DeLhi/la, yet mak^s no mbntibn oifthe h/tvMh Fut" turn. This, however, will fcarcely prove its hot hav*- inghetfn ebdtant, fince BaU obferves that the FHar was the Anthor of other Performances, which He had never lecn(i). Rkhmnd the Second, a Youth of eleven Years of Ag^, (and th^ Son iai Edward,* th& Black Prince^) fuc- cteM to the Throne at the Demife of his Orandfiither, Mid wiks €h>#ned the Sixteenth of thefoltowing Mohth^ when the Adminiftration of the Public Affaib> dift- volved on his three Uncles, the Dukes of Latctt/l^r, i)tHtf atad Ghneefter {b). The French, immediately •v*iUng themlelves of the Change of Government, in Et^hmd, equipped a formidable Fle^, tokififtihg partly niQiftiJian Ships, which, commanded by the Admif9il> JahHde Vienne, a Nephew to the brave Governor of Gi- kh, appeared off the Codb of Suffex, where the Troops V . difem- {fi Hackluyt, V. a. p. 121. . (xt) Conun^ntar. de Script. Briun. V. t. p. 547. («) Scriptor. Britan. V. i. p. 468. t Ih) Geotio. Nic. Trivet, et Adam Mnrhnnth. Anrtal. V^. 2. ^140, i4i.-i1nkoni. Walfingham, p. 195, 1961 197.— H. iCnyghton, p. 2630. ILLUSTKIOUS SIEAMIN, &c. ftif difemlMirHedy and reduced the T6wn of J^j^ to Afli^ tk {e). 6fl the twenty-firft of A«igilft, they Aiade a l>e- fcent on the j^e of Wigkt, ptondered the Inhabitantii and Mzed the Hoofes in moil^of the Villages. A Birih^ of a ilMufand Pounds indttced them to fpare the Refti FromHence^ paffingahmg the Coaft, they proceedMI firft to Portfmiah^ after#ard8 to Dartmmti^ and ttnii Xo^fynMith^ all Of which Places they deifaroyed. T\^ Invaders wtfre fuccefsiiil m every Enterpritt,^ cxxm^ their Attack againft Southamptoth ^oi^ whence they were driven with great Slaughter, by a ftrong Forot mMher the G>nunand of 5!rr Johm ArwM. Th?y, niext demoliflied the Town of HAjOngt^ and tnmecl their htm^ MpkaXk WincMfiOf which was bravely defended by the Abbot of Battel. At Lewes^ they obtained a Vic^ tory over the Troops, headed by the Prior ; akid har* ing (although not without a confiderable Lois on their Sidoy) killed many Hundred Men, embarked and re^ turned to France (d). To retrieve this National Dtlgrace, a powerful Sii]uk« dron, under the Conunand of the Earl of Bu^ini^JMiii^ attend^ by many Officers of diftinguijhed Valour^ was ordered to proceed to Sea, and intercept the Sptmifii Fleet, on their Voyage to Slwfs, The Execution of this EnterpHze was prevented by violent Storms, and contrary Winds, which forced the Englijb twice back into their own Ports. Here, they were obli^ to nh main, until it Was too late to make a third Attempt (»). At this Period, the Duke of Lamafier obtained a Subfidy from the Parliament, on the Condition that^ during (r) Juljr j9, 1377. ('OF' ''roiflart. Chap. 327— Vita R. Ricardill. a Monarch^ de Evefliam fcript. p. 2. 3. T. Otterbourne, p. 148^ (#) Cotitin. Nic. Trivet, et Adam Muriaittth AnnaL V. a< p. i4i*^T. Wallinghain. p. ao8. 409. \ 288 MEM 01 R S OP / T jr during the Space of the enftiing Year, He fhoijld dcf* fend the Kingdom againft ^11 Enemies whatfoever* How ill He executed his Truft was evident :frojn the Impunity with vhich lone Mercer, the ComiQ^nder of 4 finall Squadron of Scotch Privateers feiz^pd on». aud car- ried off fome VefTels from under the WaJIs of. Scari&' rou^ Caftle. He afterwards became a more fprmida« Ue Enemy, and being reinforced by a. confiderable Number ok French, and Spanijb Ships, took feveral Mer- chant-men,~andj in other Refpeds, greatly interrupted the Trade of England (/) . At fo difgraceful an £ra, the pernicious. Confe- quenccs refuhing from the criminal Negltd of the chief Members of Adnuniflration were, in fi>me mea* Aire, furmounted by ,the Public Virtue of a fpirited In- dividual. ^\v John Philput, z wealthy Knight, ahd Lord-Mayor of Xo/ttftn, fitted out, at his. own Charge, a number of Frigates, with^ which, attended by a thour fand Men at Arms, He failed in Qyeft Qi Mercer, whofe whole Fleet (confiding of his own VeflelSf the ^pamjb Reinforcement of fifteen Ships* and all the Prizes taken mzt.Scarbcrough,)H t4ithe Parliament (r), it was anfwered that the King would not permit Things to be otherwiie than they were before his Time (i), which implied that He would not fuffer his Prerogative to be diminiihed. By thefe Methods, He raifed his Cuftoms in the Poit of London f to a thoufand Marks, /);r Month (/). That this Condud was oppreffiVe, is 'not to be denied, nei- ther would the People have fubmitted to it, under any other Pretence. - .' . . mi , The Neceflity of maintaining a Squadron at Sea, for the Security of the Coafts was obvious to all Par- ties; (n) Rot. Scot. An. a. Ed. II. M. 17. — ^Rot. Scot. An. 12. Ed. II. M. 8.— Rot. Pat. An. 4. Ed. II. Dot's. ClaidB An. 17. Ed. II. M. a. (0) Brady's Hillory.— Molloy de Jure Maritimo, p. 289* (/)Clauf An. 1. Ed. III.— Rot. Scot. Eod. An Xq) Rot. Scot. Ann. 13. E^. HI. M, 15. . , • (r)Rot. Scot. An. 10. Ed, HI. ■ ♦*.(») RbiAlman. An. ^."EA- III; M. z. ' ' . (/) Clauf. An. 5. Ed. III. " * * -iii > u^* iv ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 291 ties ; and, therefore, left the Execution of arbitrary Meafures, during the Minbrity of the JSoVereign, ihould * be attended with dangerous Confequences, a new Or^ dcr was ifliied, equally igreeable to Juftice, and to Reafon, for the Impofition of certaita Duties on all Ships failing in the North Seas, or, from the Mouth of the River Thames^ Northwards. Thefe Duties were tb be levied on Merchants, and Filherhnen, lis well Fo^ reigners, as SubjeSs of England. They (bod rated at Sixpence per Ton ; and the only Ships exerbpted fripstk the Payment Were ihofe either bound fix>m Flahders^ to Lotion, with Merchandize, 6t frbm London, to Cf . lait, with Wobl, and Hide&. Fifliermen, and parti^ cularly fuch as were employed in the Herring Fifliery^ paid, weekly. Sixpence, Tonnage. From other Filh- ermen, it was exaded, every three Weeks } From Perfons engaged in the Coal-Trade to NewcaJiUi oncfc in three Months. Merchants failing to trujjjia, Norw^^ or Sweden, were fubjed to the like Duties, in the col- le£ting of which, fix armed VefTels were conftantly employed. ^ The Authority by Which this Wai carried into Exe* cUtton appears from the followin^^itle of the Record :* ** This is the Ordinance, and Grant, by the Advice bf " the Merchants of Lom/on, and of other Merchants to «* the North, by the Aflent of all the Commons in Par^ <* Itament, the Earl of Northumberland, and the Mayor ** of London, for the Guard, and Tuition of the Sesi- ** Coafts, under the Jurifdi£^ion of the Admiral of the «* North Seas &c. («)." We (hall repeat oUr Obfef- vation that this affords the cleared Proof of the Mari- time Supremacy of the Englsjb. Had any Nation <)ueftioned it^^ the Ordinance would have been difobeyejd ; T 2 . and ■ *' " ■ , . (m) Rot. Parliatn. An. a» Ric. a. Part II. Art. 39. in Schedulft. 391 M E M O I R is O F r •nd thut no Apprehenfions were formed of a Refufal to pty the Tax, it apparent from the fmall Force appoint- ed to colieS it. In the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Se- yvnty-eight, the j^rls of Jrirndti, and Soli/bury failed^ with a powerful Armament, to France, Here, their Attempts were^ in general, fo unfuccefsful, that they judged it prudent to return, and, on their Paf&ge, hotne, were attacked by a Spatujb Squadron. Part of the Englijb Fleet appears not to have engaged, and Pkilip, and Pet^r de Cowrtemy, the Commanders of the Ships whicl^ were in the Heat of the Adion, are cenfured by our Hiftorians for their Temerity. The Intrepidity of their Condud is not to be difputed. J*JUUp, who was much wounded, efcaped from the J^emy. Peter, and feveral of the Crew, whofe Fate is unknown, were taken. In this unfortunate Engage* ment, many Gentlemen from the Counties of Devom^ and Somerfet, were flain (x). The next Expedition was fcarc^ly niore profperous. The Duke of Ltmcafier haftened, about Midfummer, with a formidable Squa- dron, and a large Army, to the Relief of the Duke of • Bretagne. Having Rafted ahnoft a Month, in fruitlefs, *s^id iil-direded Attempts to take Saint Malo, by Af* iault^He returned inglorioufly to England, on the WeJ' Um Coails of which, iht French Troops, difembarking from their Fleet, had committed the moft violent De- predations (;»). In O£iober, of the following Year, the King of Nk- ^MTiv foUcited the ht^^^n^t of Richard, and offered to give , (jf) Contin. Nic. Trivet, et Adam Murimuth. Annal. V. a. -p. i43.*-.Vita R. Ricardi H. p. 6.--^Holingihed, V. ia»-p. 41Q. (jk) T Walfm^ham, p. aia, aij.— Vit. R. Ricardi II. .-%. 7.— iCdntia Nic» Trivet, et Adam Murimuth, Ahiial. V. a. p. 144. ,*.-ia^.i ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 293 give him Poflcffion of CAerhurg, A Supply of Ships, and Men was granted to Hinn, with whtch> although | not caiily. He obtained that Fortrefs, and furrendered it to the EttgKJb, In the cniuing Month, Sir Jo^ Arundel was (hip- wrecked on hi;i Voyage to BreUgne, with a confiderable Reinforcement. One Divifion of his Fleet i lJUgl riven on the Coaft of Ireland \ Another on the WevfKlUlbrt ; and a Third on the Borders of Cornwall, With Him, periihed a Thou(and Men at Arms. A melancholy Lofs t which awakened the Regency from their Inat- tention, and occafioned them to convene a Parliament. Frefh Supplies were fent, in the following Year, to Calaiiy under the Command of the Earl of Buddngham^ Sir Robert Knollys, and Sir Hugk de Caherly. Theft Officers marched afterwards into Bretagne, and were employed by its Duke, in befieging Nantet, a City which refufed to acknowledge Him. Here, fuch was the criminal Negle£t of this Potentate, that they ex* perienced the Want of the common Conveniences'ef Life, and were, at length, fo miferably reduced as to proceed through France, on their Way to England, not like Soldiers in Arms, but Mendicants, happy to ob* tain a poor Subfiftence from the Charity of the Inha*- bitants. Some French Gallies appeared, in the Interim, off the Coaft of Kent where the Troops landed, am) re^ duced Grave/end to Aflies (z). In the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Eighty-three, a different Kind of War broke out, un- important indeed as to its Confequences, yet not abfo- lutely foreign to our Subjed. At this Period, Pope Urban, the Fourth, whofe Title had been acknowledged T3 tt (a) Contin. Nic. Trivet, et Adam Murimuth. Annal. V. a. p. 147.-150 T. Otterbourne, p. 150.— -W. Wyrcefter. Aiyial. p. 441— •Mczeray, V. 3. p. in, 112. • _• l» -V • 294 MEMOIRSOF** at Rmef prpf:laiined a Crufade againft his Antagonift^ Clementf the Seventh, wljo yras received by the People qf Avigno^, The different Powers of Europe, efpoufed the Caufe of that Pontiff, from whofe £{hj>ltihinent they wefe in Hopep of reaping an Advantage. The frencA wup attached to dement ; the Englijb to Urban : This.l|Hponipetitpr, attentive to his Interefts, and eagerMpI^ the Zeal of his Adherents, appointed Hen- rj de Neville, Biftiop of PVincieJler, his General in Eng- land, Invincible Refolutipn, and the Talents of In- trigue, united with exalted Birth, and powerful Con- nexions, had rei^dered this Prelate the fit Leader of fo arduous an Enterpriz^. Senfible that the Flemings (then rifen to oppofe their Sovereign,) were prepoffefled in Fayoiir of the EngUJjb, He determined to open his Mi- litary Campaigns, in that Country. Accordingly, proceeding to dalais. He there, affembled an Army confifting of fifty Thoufand Foot, and two Thoufand Horfe, with which He cut to Pieces a Body of twelve Thoufand Men, in the Service of the Earl ofFlandert, and took' Dunkirk, Graveling, Bourbourg, and Mardike. The Fleet was equally fuccefsful. After having obtain- ed thefe Vidories, the Bifhop appieared with his Forces, hefore Tpref, when the King of Fr-ance marched to at- tack Him, at the Head of a formidable Army. To avoid a Cbntefl, to which he judged himfelf unequal, and the more fo, as He had fufiered by the defe£tion iiiihWWtnttngs, Henry de Neville raifed the Siege, and •even iblMcited from' the Enemy a Permifllon (which was •afterwards granted,) to retire, in Confideration of fur- rendering all the Places which Hie had taken. Thus, firipped of every Mark of Conquefl, He failed with his few remaining Troops to England {a). ^ Cpn- (c) Froiflart . — ^Wainngham . — Knvghton . *• ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 295 Concerning a Naval Engagement during this Expe- dition, the Lord Bernert hath given us the following Account, io his Tranflatton from Froijfart. " The Englijb had feveral Gallies, the which were ** well aro^ed with Bowmen. The firft began the ** Fight, (hooting their Arrows ; yet they did but litr '* tie Damage ; for the Flemings (looping down, were ** en(hrouded by the Borders of the Veflel, and the ** Arrows flew over their Heads, while^ they, keeping '* carefully before the Wind, the Crofs-Bow-Men who '* were on their Side, out of the Risacb of the Englijb ** Arrows, with their Qiarrels advantageoufly (hot ** forth, did great Execution. Then approached the ** Earl of Arundelf and the Bi(hop of Norwich, with <* the large Ships, ftrongly oppofing the FUmijb Fleet ; the French equipped feveral Squadrons, for the Purpofe of infefting the Coajl. For fome Time, (fo (hamefuUy were the Concerns of the Navy facri- ficed, amidft the Violence of inteftine Tumults,) their Enterprizes were fuccefsful ; and they intercepted, and took feveral VefTels, paifing between England T^nA Flan- ders. At length, the Inhabitants of Port/mouth, to convince their Enemies that the martial Spirit of the T4 Na- 296 M E M O I R S O F Nation was not exhaufted, fitted out a Fleet, tl thei r own Expcnce, and engaging the French, with equal Force, feized.on every Ship, 4nd killed all their Crews, excepting nine Perfons {b). ^ very apparent is it (to borrow the Language of a Naval Writer {c) that if our Affairs go wrong, this ought to be afcribed to the Rulers, and not to the People, who are naturally jea- lous of our National Glory, and ever ready enough to lacrificc; as is indeed a Duty, their Perfons, and their Properties, in its Defence. Charles^ the Sixth, King of Frame, having in the Year, one Thoufand, three Hundred, and Eighty- five, (bf mtd the Defign of invading England, in Or^ier to ccnipel Richard to reUnquifh his tranfmarine Pro-. \anees, purchafed Ships, at an inunenfe Charge, from the different Allies, and, at length, drew together a Namber which (according to the Account of a contem- p6r»ry Writer,) amounted to Twelve Hundred, and Eightyt-feven Sail, and might, if necelTary, have form-^ ed a Bridge ftx>m Calais, to JJhrvsr {d). To oppofe this Enterprite, the King of England levied a vaft Army, and equipped ft formidable Fleet. Thefe warlike Pre- [l^rations were of little Confequence. Difputes con- cerning the- Time and Manner of employing them, a^fc t«twcen the Dukes of Berry,, and Burgundy, Un- cles to Charles, the Sixth. It was, at laft, agreed that tb« Expedition (hould be deferred, for that Year (e).' TWs Proceeding is, by one Hiftorian (/), imputed to r'^^'' the (*) T. Walfinghami Ypodigma Neuftriae, p. 535.--.T. Otterbourne, p. 156, 157.— Vit. R. Ricardi H. p. 44, 45. rrpupleixy V. 2. p. 605, 6o5. — rP. Daniel, V. 5. p. 308, 309- (f) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 224. (d) Hittoire de Charles VI. A. D. 1385. (e) Froiflart, V. 3. c. 25. (/) Mezeray , Abregd de I'Hiftqirede France. V. 3. p. 129. I I ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 097 the Dukt cS Burgundy i by Another |;), to the Duke of Berry, In the next Spring, the Attempt againft England was on the Point of being renewed, yet quick- ly dropped in Confequence of the Treachery of the Duke of Bntagm, and the Cowardice of the Admiral^ J»i»i de Vienne, This unworthy Nephew to the intre- pid Governor o{ Calais had been fent, vrith a Fleet con- fifting of Sixty Ships to Scotland, in Order to excite, and enable the Inhabitants of that Kingdom, to nuke a Diverfion, in Favour of the French. Here, his Con- dud was ignominious to the laft Degree. Inftead of giving Battle to the EngHJb, who were wafting, with Impunity, the whole Country, He funk the Soldier in the Lover, and fighed away his Time, at the Feet of a Princefs of the Royal Btood of Scotland. We learn from Mezeray, that her unpolifhed Countrymen were Strangers to the Gallantry of the French, and fo' exafperated at the Liberties afllimed by De Vienne, that they compelled Him inftantly to depart the Kingdom. On his Return, He alarmed his Sovereign by affirming that the Engfijb Army amounted totenThoufand Horfe,' and a Hundred Thoufand Foot. At the fame Time, the Conftable of France, who had been appointed to the Command of the Troops, ready to embark for Er^ land was, for fome flight Offence, thrown intp Prilpn, by the Duke of Bretagne. This Accident, joined to the Reprefentations of the pufiilanimous De Vienne in- duced the Enemy to relinquiih the Profecution of their Dcfign. The Candour of a Frfitr^ Hiftorian {k) hath induced him to acknowledge that it is difficult to determine vvhether the Treachery of the Duke of Bretagne was- moft {g) V. Daniel Hiftoire de la Milice de France, V. z. p, 448- (//) Ibid. ^ MEMOIRS OF moft ferylceable to tht Frenci, or to the EngHJb, as if this Projed had mircarried, the greatcA Part of the Nor luKty of Frame, engaged therein, would certainly have pcriHied. Several Ships belonging to this vaft Fleet, failing from the Haven of Sluyt, were driven on the Et^UJb Coaft, and feized : In the preceding Year, the Earls of ArutuUl, and Nottingham had attacked, and t^ken nipre than an Hundred French, Spamjb, and Ffenfijb Merchant-Mep, together with nu>ft of their Convoy. Such wa^ the Fate of thefe alarming Prepa- rations, by the Mifcarriagc of which the Naval Power of Ftfot^ee became (p violently enfeebled that, thence- Iprward, throughout the Reign pf Qbeaeksf the Seventh, a Space of nearly half a Century, frw pf the Maritime l^terprizes conduced by this State, proved fuccefsfiil ; neither, during the fubfequent Courfe of fifty Years, >rere they attended by any Vidories of Ifnportance (i). : A^ (his Periods V^ united Squadron, fitted out by the. Inhabitants of Port/mufh, and Dartmouth, entering in- to the River Seine, Junk four French Ve/jfels, and took an equal Number, lad^n with Wine, befides a magnir ficent Bfkrk belppgjng tp the Lord of Cliffon, The Ma- rmpnfifCalaif alfp infefted feveral of the Harbours of Eranfe^ during this Year, anc} carried pff iDany of their Ships (*). ' F.ager to pfof^cute a frirolqus Claim to the Crown of Ceftile, the Duke of Lancafier applied to Richard, and the Parliament, for their AiTiftance. Haying obtained it. He began his Preparations, and levying an Army rmftftipg of twenty Thoufand Soldiers, aniongft whom were two Thoufand Men at Arms^ and eight Thou- fand Archers, embarked with them, on board a Fleet, which (i) P. Daiiiel.— Hiftoire de la Milice Fran9Dife, V. a. p. 448. — Stowe. — Holingfhed. — i>peed.—- Brady. — Tyrrel,&c. (*)Holingihed. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 199 nvhich included nearly all the Naval Strength of Bng^ land, in the Month of May, of the Year one Thoufand, three Hundred, tnd Eigbty-fn. 'The Duke took the Command of the Forces, and Sir TA$auf Piercy aded as Admiral. On this Expedition, the Former was attend- ed by his Wife, Conflantia of Caftili, and his two Davghters, PMippdf and Calkarine. His firA Enter- pri^ was before ^r^, where, although with fome Lofs, He compelled the Duke of Beetague, at the Head of the French Tropps, to raife the Siege. From Hence, hav- ing obtained Provifions, jind Recruits, He embarked and failed for Corunna ; at which Port, He arrived, oq the n;nth of Augufl, and fafely landed the Army (/). He fliortly a^erwards took feveral Places in Gallicia, and, at length, reduced Ckmpoftella, where Ht entered into winter Q!i p. 2679. 362 M £ M O I R S O # ception, threw up their Gommtilloii, which was imme-> diately beilowed on the Earl of Nor'tiumBerland {u). A Truce of three Years was fhortly afterwards concltrded between the two Crowns. " Oi Arundel, it is but Juftlce to obferlre that He ne- ver failed to chufe the beft^ and ftouteft Sailors^ to whom He honourably made the full Allowance : the cleared Proof that He defpifed the Pradices of the other Naval Commanders, who permitted fuch as were Stran- gers to the Sea-Service, to enter on board their Ships, and giving them but Half of the allotted Wages, par* loined the Reft (x). -^ The fucceeding Circumftances durihg the Reign of Richard are fo (lightly conne£ted with the chief Subjeds ofour Work, that, without trefpafling any longer on the Reader, We (hall inform Him that this Prince, at his Return from a difgraceful Expedition to Ireland {y), was deferted by his Adherents, and, at length, folemn- ly depofed in Parliament (z). This Event was follow- ed by his Murder (a), in the Prifon belonging to the Caftle of Pomfretf where He was ftarved to Death. It is recorded that He langui(hed, during a whole Fort* night, without the leaft Suftenance. Thus perilhed in the Thirty-fourth Year of his Age, and the twenty- third of his Reign (^), a King who(e ConduCb, although criminal to an Excefs, was not proportioned to his Mis- fortunes. In the Time of Richard, the Second, many Laws Were enaded, relating to Trade } and it appears to have been (m) Walfingham. (x) Ibid. {y) Leland's Hiftory of Ireland, V. i. Book a. C. 6 (e) September a8, 1399. {a) Auguft 15, 1400. {b) T. Walfingham, p. 363.— Vit, R. Ricardi II. p. 169. --T. Otterbourne, p. aa8, a29. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Arc. 303 been a controverted Point, whether Foreign Merchants Ihould, or Should not, be allowed to vend their Com- modities, freely in London, and other Corporation^. The Senfe of the Legiflature was in Favour of the Fo^ reign Merchants; But the Clamour (till contintled, and Parliaments were feldom holden without Petitions for the Redrefs of this, which was called a Grievance. It was alfo requefted that the Staple of Wool might be removed from Calais, to fome Town in England. Oil this Occafion, Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, and Chancellor, (a Nobleman converfant in Trade, b^ which his Family, like many Others of Rank, at this /£ra, had acquired an immenfe Eftate,) declared pub- licly, and in Parliament, that the King's Subfidy on Woob, yielded a Thoufand Marks, a Year, more when the Staple was in England,\hzn when it was fixed at Calais: a full Proof that the Exportation was greater (c). The foreign Wars of this Reign were neither im- portant, nor vigoroufly profecuted •, fo that whatfoever Sums weJte levied upon the People, and in what Manner foever, they were diflipated by an extravagant Prince, yet, this being limited to themfelves, and the Balance of foreign Trade continuing, and, perhi^ps, increafing, the Wealth of the Nation muft confequently have been much augmented/ To this, fome Writers attribute the Difturbances, during the Reign of Richard, in which, if there be any Truth, it muft have been owing to the unequal Diftribution of Property. Thus far n certain ; That the Commons inveighed loudly againft the OpprelFions of the Lords, and of the Lawyers; Whilft, on the other Hand, the Nobility, and Com- •mons were much exafperated at the Clergy whom they accufed of Haughtinefs, and Avarice. The . - Church- (r) Campbell's Lives of the Adnttnds, V; i. p. 249. 304 MEMOIRS OF Churchmen, in their Turn, alleged that the Luxury of the Age had arifen to fo violent a Height, that, not- withftanding their vaft Eftates, the Expences of the Nobility exceeded their Income, and .inclined them to form Cabals, fpr alienating, and dividing amongft them* felves, the Revenues of the Church {d). The Coinage underwent fo few Alterations, during the Time of Richard, the Secpnd, that our Remarks concerning it may be limited within a.narrow Compafs. In the eighteenth Year of his Reign, a Pound-Weight of Gold, of the old Standard, was to make, by Tale, Forty-five Nobles, amounting to fifteen Pounds, or a proportionable Number of Half, or Quarter-Nobles : A Pound Weight of Silver of the old Sterling was to make, by Tale, Seventy-five Grofles, or Groats, amounting to Twenty-five Shillings, or an Hundred, and Fifty Half-GrofTes, at Two-Pence, Each, ot three Hundred Sterlings, at a Penny, Each, or fix Hundred Half-Sterlings. At this Period, Nicholas Malakine, a Flormtine was Mafler, and Worker. The other Coins were the fame as thofe of Edward, the Third. The exceflive Prodigality of this Age had fo viiibly increafed the Importation of Foreign Commodities, that the Parliament judged it necefTary to interfere. Ac** ccurdingly, towards the Clofe of the Reign of Richard, a Law pafTed, whereby it was provided, that every Merchant fhould bring into the Tower of Lotidon, an Ounce of Foreign Gold Coin, for every Sack of Wool exported, or pay thirteen Shillings, and Four-Pence, for his Default ; and alfo give Security for the Per- formance of this, previous to his being fuifered to tranfport the Wool to foreign Parts. Aiuother Law, of this Reign, permitted any Perfon to manufadure Cloth| without Reftraint either as to Length or Breadth : A Proof (d) Canipbeirs Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 249. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, ^fc. 305 Proof that in thofc Days, the EngUJb believed it pofli- ble to encoui^age the Cloth Trade, Without prohibiting the Exportation of Wool ; and this, upon the plain Principle of doing Nothing that might fink the Price of the Staple Commodity which brought in continually fuch vaft Supplies of Buirtt)n ; and which it is likely they knew not how to obtain, in Cafe the Exportation of Wool bad been put under any fevere Reftridion («). Weihall conclude this firft Period, with A List of thofe Perfons who have, either been ad- 4 vanced to the Rank of Lord High Admiral, or enjoyed that Command, under an^ other Title, ^, ; or Denomination, from the Acceflion of Henry '\ Vli to the Demife of Richard II (/). ';■ "8 Hen. III. T^ICHARD de Lucy is faid to have Ma-^ rititnamAnglue, 49 HeQ. III. 7hmds de MoUton was conftituted Capita- neuf, et Cujiot Maris, et Portuum Mari- ' tiffurum, (Captain, and Guardian of the Sea, and of the Maritime Ports.) 15 Edw.L William de Leyburn is ftiled, at the Af- fembly at Bruges, 8 MarcA 15. Edw. I. 1286. Admirallus Maris Anglia, (Admiral of the EngUJb Sea.) 22 Ed'w. I. John de Botefort (or Botetort) Admiral of • ,; . ' the North, for the Coaft oiTarmuth, and that Station. A certain Irijb Knight, Admiral of the Weft, and the Parts thereof (^) . li AD- Vol. L (e) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p 250. (/) Spelman.— Lcdiard's Naval HiftoiV, folio, V. i. p. ig) See Page 179, Note(x). 305 MEMOIRS OF ADMIRALS eT^^ NpRTH. W»8T, Viz, from tke Mautk of Viz. from thi Mouth 9J the Rivpr THAM99 the River Thambs Nvrthmrd. 34 Edw. I. Edward Charkf. 8 Edw. II, JohnBotetort, «P IS liS %% 19 19 ao yoAi Perbrim, or Perbum. fVefiwurd. Gervafe JBlard. fVilliam Cramt. Sir l{0^r/ d^ Leibum. 12 Edw. n. John A' they, yohn Perhnt, Sir Robert de Leihurn, Ad. of the Weft. Ports of England, Wties and Ireland. John Perhurn. Robert Batrail,oi^Bat' ta!, one of the Ba- rons of the Cing Porte. JohndeSturmytPE' Robert Bfndon. turmy or Q/iir- win. Jflhn de Sturmy. Nicholas Kyriel John de Fefton. Walfingham ftiles thefe three the Admirals of the three Coafts oi England, viz. oiTar^ mouth, Portfinauth, and the Weft. And here, we are to obferve,that the SvuthCoaJi iar comprehended in the JVeJi. John de Sturmy. Nicholas Kyriel John de Sturmy. Nicolas Kyrni, JohndeLeyborne, I Ed. Is ILLUSTEIOVS 8EAMBK, arc. 307 j^.IH. JtktPirbiim, 8 J«ki dt Ntnvico, JokiJe Norwico, i Robert tJfford, John4e Root, 1 1 fFalter de Manmt 7 Edw. m. miBam JRtger de Hegham^ or Jiigiam, W$Uer4eSiy,^iQiDr et. JVilUam de Matiiuu la 13 ■ V i8 ^ no 20 .."! h'; i'^ 'V:: B^tMomwdeBurg^ htrpfy Timas de Prgitpn PelerBardus,OT Bard. We fin4 Ibi9 TAomas vcitfitiontd elif* wh^ce, not ts Acinvral^ bot only as Vice-" Adnural to fFaiter de Mmmie. JRoiert deMirl^sB^' JifhriTruffeL jQTkoiHengham, %/^Mw,VL Richard^ theSonofifl!(mitf, "EasXoi ArvndeU mUimClinton, Earl of Huntingdon, MntBaupel, Joift 4* Monte Gonw rieo, . Regin0l4 de Cobiam, ipEdw.m. /Priori/, theSonofiHSmitf, Earl oi Arundel Bif^rd, the Son of 4hnui, Earl of Jrtmdei. ai IS , , "^o MfrtMorley. Robert 4Word» R/iert deiffford, Earlof^ii/^. U 2 22 1/- 24 368! ' ' JUt M d I it' S lO r in 21 "•"^''' Sh-yoih^i^Howarrf. Sir Join deMfnteCS- • Sir Walter de Man- Sir Reginald de Cob- me,BAion,SiS^- ham.. ' ' ■ Robert de Caujhn'^^y; JoMJe BHiI diiAf^,- ' ' ' ' ' {Beauchamp) Knl. - .^A ^^ ^v.^^ ^^ . ••• v}^ of the Noble Or- • ;'^^ dcr of the Garter. Robert de Morlep'^'^^^ ^*' ^ William de Boiun, Henry, Duke ofLan^ ampton, WilUm de Btthuiii '^Thomas de Bella Cam- j ^3 Earl of //orfA- ' ■ >; Sen. Earl of ^ "iithptM. ' • «' • fyartvick. Robert de Morley, John de Bella Campo, "i^ VBkroa oiHen;^' • the Brother of T^' ^tf/w. • mas. '^^ '• Rdbert tfe MorUy. Sir (7»/V/<9 |jg above-njentioncd Jahnde Bello Cam- /^'^Vconmtutcct Hi^h ^^^^^^ as wdF -v.i J .liui/ofthc North, ». of ^the Weft oi England^ on the eighteenth of Jidy. At which Time, .1 ,-J i;^ ^V, lie -tra^ alfoLoS Warden df the Cinqite' Ports. Conftable 4)^ iht T6wer of London, /:,v,..'iu\Jiiandofthe Caftle oi Dover. He died on '^ '10 n^ilief^cond of December, of the fame Year, A^iV.uu^Kluin pJ)fle(f,on of thefe Dignities. ^ r 3 3fij / Sir /?o*^r/Hrt^AdmJrallus omnium FIo- ' tanim utriufqut^Artis: (Admiral of all 'ihe Fleets in every Station.) ILLUSTRIOUS; 5EAMEN, 3?c. 309 33 ^ T V R^ph SpigortiH, Admirallus utriufque Par- "' *'\ ti$. (Admiral In cyery Station.) Sir fiicholas Tarn- Sir Robert Jfton. worth. ...v.,v^.- ' at i*> • N* John Nevil, Baron Sir Guido de Brian. oi Raby. ^. Ralph de Frrra^iif. Sir Robert Afton* : Wtlliam de Nevil. Philip Courtney. William de IJfford, Williatn de Monte a- Earl of Suffolh. euto^ (Mountague.) Sir Mich, de la Poole, Dom. de Wingfield, Brother of Robert de Hales, Prior of the -r . Hofpital of St. John of Jerufalem. 1 "Kiz^i,!!. Thomas deBelloCamp' Richard, the Son of lal" ^*» Junior, Earl Jlanui, EtLtloiA- of Warwick. rundeV Thomas Percy, Bro- Sir Hugh Caherly, Earl 43 44 ^, ,v 4S 46,47,48 50 50 -5" I ai 3-4 8 9 10 ther of the oi Northumberland. Sir William de Elm- ham. Sir William de Elm- ham. Sir Walter, Son of Sir Walter, Dom. de Woodham. Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland. Thomas Percy, Bro- ther of /iriiry. Earl of Northumberland. Sir Philip Darcey. Sir Philip Courtney. Sir Jfl^n Roches, Sir yo^« Roches, or . Rupibus. Edward Courtney, Earl of Devon. John Radington, Pri- or of St. jTo^n of Jerufalem. Sir Thomas Trivet. Richard, the Son of Alanus, Earl of yfrt/n- ar/* fnouth. Here, He was encountered by the Militia, who gained a compleat Vidory;. Of the Enemy, four Hundred were fiain, and two Hundred taken Prifoners. Amongft the Lail, were the Admiral, and feveral Per<- fons of Diftinajpn. The Squadron of D« Cajiel ftill hovered near the EngUfb Coaft, and aifilled by the Flemings, took fevenil Ships, all the Crews of which, they inhumanly executed, in Teftimony of that im- placable Hatred w^ch they bore againft the Subjeds of Henry (m) . In the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Five, the French, regardlefs of the Treaty fubfifting between the two Crowns, invaded the Dukedom of Cuiennef and, at the fame Time| fent to Owen Qlendour, Suc- (/) T. Walfinghami Ypodigma Neuftriae, p. 561.— Stowe, p. 329.-r-Holing(hed, V. 2. p. 524. (w) Rymer's Foedera, V. 8. p. 38a. — ^T. Walfingham, p. 370. — T.Oitetbourh^ p. 247, 248.— Ar^entre, Liv. 10. ^Thap. 5. ^ m M £ M d I H S OF Sticcoan tonfidihg of an Army of iwth/t Tiio«ikiid Men, ind one Handred, and Forty Ships, commanded oy the Marfh^l de Moritmoreney, who difembarked at Mtlford Haven. Here, bis Fleet wi^ attacked bythi Lord Berkley, and Henty Pay, Admirals of the Squa- dron, belonging to the Cinque PbHi, Fourteen of th€ Ptenth SYiips ^ttt tal^en, and fifteen deftroyed. The Reft, dreading the Confeqiiences of this iDefeat, failed tack immediately tb FrMiee (*). Meanwhile, a Fleet commanded by the Earl of Itetdlf Entered the Harbdur of Sluyt, and bnrried four great Ships, which were lying at Anchor. They nelt en- igaged, and took, after a gat^ant RelUlance, thre^ Genoefe Merchant-Men. Proceeding along the Nonnah Coalb, they fearched the different tiarbours; madt Defcents on feveral Places ; reduced Thirty-five Towns to Afhes ; ^nd then, with an immenfe Booty, returned^ iii Triumph, t6 R^i (a). In the fame Year, Rtbert, the third. King of ^coit, embarked on board a Slnp# his Son, Prince James, with a View of fending Him to France. He ^as taken. With the Attendants, on their Paflage, by ibme Mariners belonging to the Port of C/ry, in Not' /oik, and afterwards, c6fiduded to Pflndfor, Where, although Henry Stained Him as a Prifbner, He was treated with the Refped: due to his exalted Rank. The iScotcA Hiftorians conAder this Detention, as a Breach of Faith: 'the French Writers inftru£t us better. They acknowledge that Charles, the Sixth had, not long before, tetttvlrtd his Treaties with the King of Scots, for the Purpofe of maintaining the War, againft the (h) T. WaHingham^ Ypodigma Neuftric, p. 566.— Stowc. " • " Hall, fn) T. WaHinghami Ypodigma Neuftric, p. 566.* >wc^. J33.— Holibgihed, V. a. p. 5^1 . (0) T. OtterfK)ume, p. 253, 254. — Fabian, p. 382.- ill, fol. 24.-- Holingflied, V. a. p. 528. ' ILLUStRlOtS SEAMEN, &c. 315 tht Bi^fi, At fuch i Jondure, the young t'rince ibould hsve been furhiflied with Letters of fafe Con- dii^ ; and tht rather, as He was proceeding on his Voy- age to the Country of an Enemy, whofe Fleets were perpietually committMig Hoftilities agaihft the SubjeQs oif Henry {p), 1t*o aflift the militai^ Operations of Glandour, the I^ing of France diitGttd that a fecond Fleet flioutd pro- ceied to ff^alei. Only Thirty of their Ships reached the Plact of their Deftinatton. The remaining Ejght were taken by the EngUJb ; who foon afterwards, feized on fifteen French Veflels laden with Wax, and Wne. A taoTt important Service was next rendered to the State, by tht intrepid Henry Pay * Admiral of tht Cinque forts , who, with his fmall Squadron, re- inforced by Oiily fourteen Ships, attacked, and took the Rjochelle. Fleet, cohfilling of an Hundred, and Twenty Sail, valuably fi-eighted with Iron, Sdt, Oil, and '\Viht(^). A Naval Writer (r) (by whofe Labours I aiii fo frequently aflified,) obferves that thefe Exploits, in Veifth belonging to Merchants, (hew, that, beyond CbhtrftdiQion, Trade, in thofe Days, was not alto- gether, lb incoufiderable an Objed as, by moft of our Modern Writers, We are taught to believe. The Inhabitahts of Loiu/bn were expofed, in the Year, one Thoufand, fbur Hundred, and Seven, to a terrible Plague, which fwept away fuch Multitudes, that Henrys abrmed for bis fafety, retreated with Precipitation, to Leeds {p\ T. Wa;iringhtBii Ypodigmt Neuftriae, p. $66.^f. Pordun. Sootiehion. Coiitinuatio. p. 1162.——^}. Mtiordie Geftis Scotorum. Lib. 5. fol. 125* 126.— Hi£tor. Boeth. Hift. Scot. Lib. 16. p. 339-^P. Daniel, Tom. 5. p. 404, (fl) T*. Walfingham, p. 376.— Stowc, p. 334.— Holing-' flied, V. a. p. 553. (r) Campbelrs Live) of the Admirals* V. 1. p. a^i. 3i6 MEMOIRS OF Leeds Caftle, in the County of Kent. Having pafled the greater Part of the Sumrher, at this Place, He be- came deHrous of removing into EJfex, and, for that. Purpofe, failed from ^eenborougX, in. the Ifle of Shepcy, with only five Ships. On his Paflage, and ^ wirhin Sight of Land, He was attacked by fome French v Pirates, who had been waiting near the Mouth of the 'Thames, in Readinefs to execute their Defign. After a , fliarp Engagement, They took every Veflel, excepting ^ That which carried the King, and immediately pror ceeded with them, to France, On board of one of the , Prizes was Sir Thomas Ramjion, the Vice-Chamberlain, , and, in his Cudody, ail the Royal Furniture, and Apparel (/). Thus, was Henry convinced, by dear , Experience, of the Neceffity of maintaining a more formidable Fleet at Sea ; and, therefore, gave Or- ders that the Naval Armament, under the Command of^ the Earl of Kent, (hould fail in Queft of thefe Adven- turers. After feveral fuccefsful Actions, He ftood over to the Coaft of Bretagne, and landing, with the Troops, on the little Ifland of Briehac, ftormed, and took Pof- , feflion of a Town (bearing the fame Name) into which C the Enemy had fled for Refuge. Here, He put all the Inhabitants to the Sword ; but, in the Skirmilh received a Wound, which deprived him of his Life (t). In the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and,^ Eleven, an Englijb Squadron, confiding of ten Sail, and commanded by Sir Robert Umfrevilte, Vice Admi- ral of the Fleet, proceeded to the Firth oi Forth, and during fourteen Days, ravaged both Shores, burning all the Ships in the Harbours, and am^ngfl: the Reft, the Glory of the Scotch Marine, called the « Grand Galliot** .«««■ \tii (s) Hall, fol. 26— Grafton, p. 4.31, — Stowc, p. 334. (t) T. Otterbourne, p. 264.— -Chron. Godftovian, p. 134, —Cooper's Chroni<:le, fol. 254.— ^all, fol. 28, lLLUS*^RIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 317 ihBJackneff. Of thcfe Prizes, fourteen were brought to Englknd lo richly laden with Corn, that the Value of that Commodity, until then extremely high, be-i- came, at once. To reafonable, that the Admiral was honoured by the People, with the Appellation of /{of beri Mendmarket («). -^ CharleSf the Sixth, embraced every Opportunity^ during the few tranquil Intervals of his Reign, to fa* ciKtate his Defigns againft the EngUJb. Henry y no led tmtious to provide for his Security, maintained a Cor* tefipbndence with the Chiefs of the two Fadions, thea forming in Pranee -^ and following the Dilates of his iMelreft, by Turrts* relieved thetti all. In the Year; Che Thouiand, four Hundred, and Eleven, He fup^ iplied the "DiAi^^ Btirgundy with a conflderable Body bf Auxiliaries j' vi^hoafterwardb attended Him, during his Triumphant Entry into Paris. So fignal were thci^ Services that- the Malcontents in either Oppofttion, perceived that the Afiiftance of the EngUJh \to\AAf more than any other Expedient, incline the Balance to their Side. Accordingly, the Confederacy, under thi Dukes of Berry and Orleans ,' dilpatched their Emi(ra<^' Hto'tO Lond9n\\'\eit they concluded, with Henry , H Treaty, by which they allowed his Claim to the Duke*^ dom of Guienne, and promifed to fwear Fealty to Him j for the I^nds^ and Caftles which they held, therein* lo Return, the King ftrengthened tlwir Party by li Number of Troops (x) which embarked, in the Month ef i July, in the foUowing Year, under the Command oilTiomas, Duke of Ci^reme, and Son of Henry » 0\xt ..,^iiti;^wi Hifto* (iJ^UOi ^ (ttj Hall, fol. 26— Stowe, p. 338.— Holingflitd, V. 2. P 536. ) X^) Rymer's Fout'era, V. 8. o. 738.~Dupleix. Tom. Ilj g{J699- — ^^. .t)ahiei, Tom. V. p. 500, 501. — T. Olter- tourne, p. a68," 269, . 270. . :.* 3f8 MEMOIRS O F Hiftorians renurk that the EngU/b were^on this Of car iioa, fo elated with Hope^ as tp imag^^ that the £^r pedition would terpni^r in the ^onqued of Franeiif The ^WQ ^ A€coiiii|t3 from Qarpucg informed them of Ijbf ir J^or. This Frince complained that when V^ft landed with the Forces, in Normeft^i^ lie was coolly adfiied to retun^ Home, as the ]E)uKe of Orleam, ^nd ihi? Confederates ha^ concluded a Peace at Bmrges (jr), Clarence offended at his Reception, )^ Wfkfte t^ Ifiwfr lJ»man43> a»4 the Provjuojce ^^J^ti^eiu, Th(e Pebt from the Puke t^Qrleam |o Vi^W^a in ConK^lerr ^tiop of the Succours, amipuBted fo three |I^dre4»m4 twenty Thoufand Qoi^ps of G^ldi whi^ bffing mff% than the former cpidd procure, it beca|D|^ necef&iry thift his Qrothert the Cpmt of AngfinUww ihould attend Clmetice to ^ngh»4» ^ ^n HoiUge for tlie Payment pf ^ Money («). The War ^^'^9ft f^ranfe was i^t flackened by th^ i>f«ciB of the Confederates; and ^r Jpfiff Bpmkrgqfi^ ^jqairal Qf th^ FlAft witlu^ the narrow Seas, took fe? yerai FrencM Slups, latjen with Pr)om(ioi)8. His Ykr tpries endeacfd hiffitp dbe P^|e,ivbi9» i^t a ch^p Rate^ purchafed the Fruit? gf them. The Nobles (as iifuid^) were guilty of the vileft Arts tp wound his Reputation, pf iheff , He had already e^tperienced th^ fevere EffefiU. paving) .on a preceding Occafion, beep appointed to the Command of a Squadron, vitfa w^ich He cleired the 4gea of all the Pirates, He expeded, on his Returii^ to receive the Thanks to which hia Services ivero in* ti^. On the Contrary) fo poweifut wer^ the In^ tfigU!^ of the Courtiers, that He was charged, although with (u) P. ^myle, p. J607.— Gapjin, p. 194.-- MezcHky, Tod). III. p. i8i.-~'HQlingJhed» V. a. p. 540.«-HkU, fol« J"* 32.— P' Daniel, Tom. 5. p. 505. - .;->.) rLLUSTRIQUS SEAMEN, &c. 319 with manifeft Injuftice» of hurinf^ committecl fiich JDepredatioDt, at rendered him eqi^Uy criminal wijth «he Enemies whom He fubdue^* Withdrawing ijroflfi hi9 Perfe^uton, He took Sanduary, at Wtfimi^er^ ao4 /ereding a Tf nt witlfin the Porch of the Church/ re^ lidcd there, until Hflvy, convinced of his Innocencct^ Feilored him to his Rank, and entn^fted Hint with, th^ Command of a Fleet, the forti|i»^te Operations of wht^ jbave been already i|tientione4(«). This was the laft Naval Event whi/ph occurred during the Life oi Henry, who expired (b) of an Apoplexy, ^( H^eftminfter, in the Forty-fi*th Year of his Age, and the fourteenth of bis Reign (<). On his Charader, it as needlefs to eypiale, as the Train of IncidentSy by which We are enabled to form a Judgment of it, wm not conneded with our Subjed. A celebrated Hiftorian (d) is of Opinion (and per* Imps, juftly,) that, as in all the preceding Reignl, (b during this, the Emgkjb were but Kttle verfed inCoflBr merce. The Jealoufy harboured againft the Mereitmt'* Strmgift was carried to Lengths as impolitic, as they wer« violent. It was abfurdly enaded that they ihould expend in EngUfi Manu£a£tures, or ConuBodkies^ all the Money arifing from the Sale of their Goods ; that they fliouM not buy, or fell with one another ; and that all their Merchandize (hould be difpofied of, in three Months after Importation (r). The Parliament, in a ^ort Time, became fenfible of the Inconyenience of the kft Claufe, and prudently repealed it. SkMft («) T. WalAnghami Ypodigm^Nc^ilri^, p. S7i.<^T. Qt- terbounie,p. 271.— ^olinglhed, V. 2. p. 530. (^) March 20— 1 41 2. (c) T. Walfingham, p. 382. — Chron. Godftovian, p. 155. — oV. Wyrcefter. Annales. p. 452. — Stowe, p. 342. , {i) Hume'k Hiftory of England, V. 3. 8vo. p. 84. (r) 4 Hen. IV. Cap. 1 5. and 5 Hen. IV. Cap. 9. ^«» M E M O I R S O P' ' Soon after the Depoiition of Ric^hrd itht SecoiKf, H^nry was cfclired by (he Parliament, to'refumcwhat- fbcver had been prdfufdy thrown away, either during the youthful Prodigality of his Predeccflror, or the in- attentive Dotage of Ediuard the Third. In making this Keqdeft, They i^ere aduated by the laudable lifiotive «f inducing th^ King to confine his Expences wtthth his private Income^ and not perpetually recur to the op^ preffive Mode of laying ImpoAtions on -his Siibjeds^. This excellent Advice appears to have been loft on Hen- ry , who firequ^ntly denianded, and received confider- able Supplies fi^om Parliament. We find .that in the eighth Year of hi^ Reign, a Tait was fo impofed as td prevent the Knowledge of it, or rather, of the Man- ner of raifing it^ finpm defcending to Pofierity. The Houfe of Commons defired that> aft^r the Accounts of fioch as hadrec€;ivedi ity were examined, they ihould be^deftroyed; that ;what they had, on one Occafion^ been> moved to by >iheir Zeal, might not pafs into a Precedent for (ucceedihg. Times. . The great Exportar tioh of Wool, upon, wh^ch confiderable Subfidies were granted, at different Periods, to Henry, muft hav^ made a very large Addition to his Revenue : In this^ Refped:» for Reafons^with which We ar^e unacquainted^ He much flavoured the Italians, allowing theQi to export Wool,; on the Gondrtion of paying no high^aPu^ than that levied fromllis pwn gubjeds {/)..,*. i t/[ The Coinage i0.f::this Reign did. not. undergo the leaft Alteration : But, in the Year one .'T'hoiiff^pd, and foui^ Hundred, the King was obliged to prohibit a kind of bafe Coin, which had gained a Currency, throughout his Dominions, to the great Prej\idite of his Subjeds. Thek'e were brought froin Abroad, chiefly on board the .21 : .q . -.'O .noiiL,.-- ........ Gerio- .-•. . .' (/) CampbeU's, Lives of.the Admirals, Y.. i. p. 284. ' ■ \ .atiH '■ . .; ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, 5fc. $u. Geiuefe Gallics, and were, from thence, called Galley- Halfjpence. In about two Years afterwards^ Henry or'' dered a Coinage of new Money, but precilely after the oM Standard, as well with Refped to Finenefs, as to Weight Or). Henry, the Fifth, furnamed of Monm^iutk, the Place of his Nativity, afcended the Throne, unmolefted^ and even loyally acknowledged by thofe Fadions who had appeared the moft violent in their Oppofition to the Houfe of Lamajler. So firm was the Reliance which thtEngliJb had placed on their new Sovereign, that con" trary to the eftablilhed Cuftom, they offered to take the Oaths of Allegiance, previous to his Coronation. This Teftimony of their Affedion was modeftly refufed, and Eknry ftill ftrengthened his Popularity, by declaring it to be unreafonable that his Subjeds fliould be bound for their Fidelity, until He had firft folemnly fworn to go^^ yern them with Equity, and according to the Law : a Condition with which He could the more chearfulfy comply, as He felt, and fhould indulge the warmeft Inclinations, to promote the Welfare of his People (/(). At this Period, the immenfe Riches, Vanity, Info- lence, and Ambition of the Clergy had exafperated the whole Nation. To avert their Ruin, Hemy Chichely^ Archbifhop of Canterbury endeavoured to fix all the Attention of the King, on the Profecution of the War againft Frmue, to the Crown of which, hi^ Rights were declared to be indifputable (i). Henry ^ the Fourth, had, on his Death-Bed, intreated his Son not to permit the Englijb to remain long in a State of Peace with Fo- VoL. I. X reign r^] r) CaoipbeH's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 284. 0i) Thorn, dc Elmham Vita,et. Gefta HenriciQuinti An- glorum Regis, Cap. 14^. — Tit, .Livius in Vit. Hen. V. p 6. — Chronicon Godftovian, p. 136. (i)Hall.fol.35,36. ^as MEMOIRS OF reign Powers } as it afforded them too many Opportu- nitiea of engaging in domeftic Broils ; but, to employ them in Expeditions the moft honourable to Himfelf, and the beft calculated to attach to his Perfon^ the No- bles who would be pleafed to fliare his Dangers ; toge- ther with that Multitude of re^efs Individuals who catch Chr0n. Godftovian. g. 13$.— •T. WalilQgbanii Ypodigma NeUftri(e,p. 58a. M Hiftoixe do France, Tooi. 5. p. «38. (r) QaoipbeU'a Uvei of the A^uiaTs, V. |. p. a$7. 324 M E M O I R S O F *'- deftroy Us by Means of a dilatory War ; the which, << although troublefome to them, becomes foon infup- ** portable. to Us :.And thus, their Cunning gives them ** Advantages which they never could derive from the *1 Force of their Arms." - The firft warlike Enterprise of Hefiry was direded Af^Ain^Harfleur, a Maritime Town, the Redudion of which was a Point of fingular Importance. This Place, well fortified, and defended by a numerous Gar- rifon, was attacked from ail Quarters, and after a gal- lant Refiftance, furrendered, for want of Succours, to the Englijb. The difficulties attending the Siege, add- ed to a Diforder which raged throughout the Camp, and was occafioned by the unufual Heat of the SeafoA, had iwept away fuch Numbers of the Troops, that Henry afTembling a Council of War, determined to leave only a fmall Force at Harjltur, and proceed with the Remainder of the Army, through Picardy, to d- kus (/). This March appeared extremely dangerous, as the French had not only taken the Field, but were advancing towards their Enemies. According to our Hijdorians, the Englijb Troops, amounted, in the Whole, to nine Thoufand ; but the French Writers affirm that They confided of two Thoufand Men, at Arms, and eleven Thoufand Archers. The Army of Charles more than trebled that of Henry, who anxious to prevent the Effufion of Blood, and, perhaps, fear- ful of ihe Confequences of a Battle, would have ac- gihed, V. a. p. 55a.---Specd, p. 6ji. %( ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, firr. 325 chiife immediately the Time and Place. ,To this Henry anfwered, that as They knew of his intended March to CtdaiSf They might have littacked Him before ; and that if They now choofe to engage, the Appointment of Time and Place was need-^ lefs. As for Himfelf, He had refolved to purfue his Way, and if They ventured to interrupt Him, They fliould find him ready to oppofe Them (/) The Situation of the French Army rendered it im<^ poffible for the Englijb to pafs by, without fighting. Accordingly, They drew up in Battle-Array, on the Plains of jgincourt, where after engaging from ten in the Morning, until almoft five in the Afternoon, the Englijb obtained a compleat Victory (u). Such glori* riousConfequences (to borrow the Exprcifion of a French lliftorian,) refulted from the Bravery of their Troops, and the Prudent Condud of their Officers (x). In this Battle, than which None was ever more fatal to France, or honourable to Enghmd, ten Thoufand were flatn, and fourteen*^ Thoufand taken Prifoners; Amongft the Former, were the Con(^ab\t*D*Aibret, tl|p Count of Neveft, and the Duke of Br^iAon/, Brotj^ert to Che Duke o( Burgundy, the Count of Vimdemont, Brother to the Duke of Lorraine, the Duke of Alenfon, the Duke Qf Barre, the Count of Marie, and the Archbifliop oi Sent. Amongft the Latter, were the Duke of Orleans, and Bourbon, the Counts D'Eu, Vandome, and Richemont, and the Marefchal of Bouci' caut. The Number of the EngUJb who periihed did not exceed Forty, amongft whom the only Perfons of X 3 Note i (rt Tit Liv. p. 1 5.~-Dupleix, Tom. II. p. 71a. - III. e ^ . . _ . Me» xeray, Tom. Speed, p. 631 (m) Odober 25, A. D. 1415 (x) P. Daniel. HiftoiredeF - J* ^ CI — ' . — r /^ --.w- p. 193. — r. Daniel, Tom. V. p. 540.«-- ranee, Tom. V. p, 541, 542. ^atf U E M O I R S O P Note «Tre the Puke of rork^ *nd fhe EmtI of O^ A^ter this Viapry Kfwjf continued Ji» Mafch lo Caim, ff om whence, H^ peffied oiwr into jBi^siim^, with the Prifoners of Rank. Whitft He wm pn the Sraa, a yiplent ^rm arofe, dimng whicH fpnie ef hii Shipt were funk. It was with difficulty that the Vcifej in whicji He failed could reach the Harhour (2). He I«nd9 pd pa the fixteen^, and tnade bis Entry into London, ^idft the Acdamations of his People, on the twenty* ihird of Nmmhett in the Year| one Thoufimd, fioiir hundred, and Fifteen. Tiy a power- ixi Squadron, nndbr the Coiflmandolf tlic Vice A«ftiit^ iptl Be Narhntiey and furraonding fthe P^piit of Httr ybifr^ cntoff oB Conununication widi it, wthifft Hie new Coaftabie jyArmagnuc invefted it by LanA. The Phkce was gaOantly defended hy its ^Q«M«Fnor, 'the £ai4 iif Dorffet, ^ho, ineduced to Extremities, had deter- mitied to eapitiilace, wi^n a Fleet appeared in Sights -oon- (jr) Thorn, de Elmbam, C ^7, 48, ^.-r'-^tli. Liv,p. 1.7, 18, 19, 20.—- f hcBatayllof AginitCorte. — An Ancient WS. inHhime, in the Cotton Library i—'Vhellius, D XIT^ Fed. 414. — Mezeray, Stowe, &c. — Saint Remi, Chap. 62. — T. Walfingham, p. 392. — Le Laboureur, Liy. 35 Chap. 7.— cMpnftrcfet, Chap. 147. — Jean le FeVre, Chap. 64. p. m, 98.~Goo(hnn*s Life trt Henry V. p. 91,92. — r. Baud, ^lift. de Bret. p. 451.— P. de Fenin,^. 461. («) Thorn, de Elmham, Chap. 29.-'— Rgpin's Hiftory of jEngbndj'y. A. 8vo. p. 231. ;g*J4.r.-' ' ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 317 confiftifig of four Hundred Sail, on board of which were . J9kn, Duke of Bedford, Brother to Henrys and a Body . of Troops, amounting to twenty Thoufand Meii| As it was iippoifible to throw any Succours into the Garrifon, until a Paflage had been forced through the French Fleet, the Duke of Bedford made a Signal for engaging, when the Adion became general, and lafted, with great Slaughter, during feveral Hours. At lengthy the French were totally defeated. Five Hundred Vef- fels were either taken or funk ; and amongft Thefe, three of thofe large Carrach, which had been furniflied by the Genoefe, who ridiculoufly imagined that the EngUfb would haVe been too terrified at their appear- ance, to attack Them. The Army, on the Land Side, when informed of the Deftru^ion of their Fleet, de- camped with Precipitation, and left the Earl of Dorfet^ now powerfully reinforced, to continue his Devaftati- ons, through the Towns of Nomumdy {a). It is obfenred by a French Hiftorian(^), that the Carrackt, which he calls unwieldy monfiers, were not known, until this Mm, That He is mtilakeo may be feen from the Relation of the fame Naval Engagements, during the 'I'ime of Eda/ard the Third. After teHing us that They were conftruded by the Spmu'ards, and Gr- it noefe. He vainly adds that They were of fuch Force that the EugUfb durft not appear before them. The cleared Refutation of this Falfity is, the Account of their Defeat ; the which (as it hath been called in Qjef- tion,) We ihall confirm by a remarkable Extrad from a Chronicle, in the Trinity Church oiWincbeJIer (c). X 4 «* Eo- (rt) Thom. de Elmham, Chap. 30.— Tit. Liv. p. a$> 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. — ^T. Waliinghain, p. 394— S. Dupleix, Tom. II. p. 719.— •Mezerey, Tom. III. p. 196. — P. Dt- Tiiel, Tom. V. P- 55i» 55a- {b) P. Daniel. Hiftoire de la Milice dc France. (f) Hackluyt, Part i. p. 185. i < • ' 328. M E M O I R S O F ' ** Eodem Anno quo Vidoria potitus eft, videlicet ••Anno Domini MCCCCXV, et Regni fui Anno ••* tertio, poft Bellum de Agincourt, condudi a irancis^ •f venenint cum multis Navibus recuperati Harfietium. '• Sed Rex Anglic njifit Fratrem fuum, Joharmem, Dut '• cem Bedfordia, et Jndegavitt, qui pugnavit cum Eis, ^' et vicit, et Naves cepit, et Quafdam fubmerfit : '* Cxteri.fugerunt cum H//^^w/ Navibus quivenerant ** cum Eis, Anno Gratiae, MCCCCXVI. Seqtientt '' verp Anno'redierunt Potentiores, et, iterum devidi, f perpetuam Pacem cum Rege compofuerant, et prep- f* ter Eorum Naves fecit Rex fieri Naves quales non f* erant in Mundo. De his fie condudis a Fronds, ita ^' metrice fcribitur. <' Regum belligero trlto celeberrimus Arvo " G^htf Hifpanos, Jano/, devicit, et urget, ** Vaftat ; Turbantur csetera Regna Metu. . " Navali Bello bis flevidi qupque Jani," Henry having agreed to an Interview with the Duke of Burgundy, at Calnis, embarked on the fourth of September, in the Year, one Thoufahd, four Hundred, and Sixteen, frpm Sandwich, in Coit^pany with the Emperor Sigifmond, who had been, during fome Time, in England, and was, now, conVoyed with a Squadron of forty Ships, to Calais. Thither, on the Firft of Oc- tober, came the Duke of Burgundy, to whom Henry had difpatched a fafe Condud, together with his Bro- ther, the Puke of Gloucefter, as an Hoftage. On the following Day, the Treaty of Alliance againft France was concluded ; and the King of England appointed Commiflioners to receive, in his Name, the Oaths of John, Duke of Biurgitndy, and of Philip, Earl of Charelois, his Son. This, however, did ■ not prevent Hen- ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 329 , Henry from entering into a Truce with Frame, to laft until the fecond of the enfuing Month of FebruJMy, He, afterwards, departed for England (d). In the Year one Thoufand, four Hundred, anc| Seventeen, the Earl of Huntingdon, cruifing with a formidable Squadron, came up with, engaged, and de- feated the united Fleets of France, and Genoa, In thfl Force, Size, and Number of their Ships, they greatly exceeded thofe belonging to the Englifb. Amongft tho Prifoners of Rank was the Admiral de Bourdon, Four of the Graoir/^ Ships taken in the Adion were fo ricMy freighted, that a Sum of Money was difcovered fuffi* cient to pay all the Expences of the Navy, , during three Months {e), A Writer (/) who treats of the Naval Wars pf the Genoefe, hath been more particular in his Account of this Engagement .• He obferves that " Fregofe, the Doge ^ Genoa, having, by Virtue of a Treaty majde with France furnifhed the French with eight large Car- racks, as many G allies, and fix Hundred Crofs-Bow- JM^n conunanded by John Grimaldi, the two Fleets ^of England, and France, e^ch confifting of above an Hun-r dred Sfiil, c^me to an Engagement, in the Jkiouth <^ the Seine, The Genoefe fuftained for a long Time, the mod vigorous Attacks of the Enemy, and the Ship conunanjded by Laurence FogUetta defended itfelf again^ feven Englijb Ships, until She was, at length difen-; Imaged by tlj^e Pexterity of a Sailor, who cut tl^e Co^d-r age that held the Stage which the Englijb had tl^rowif over her Deck, from one of their Ships. But, not- withftanding all the Efforts of the Genoefe, the French loft {J) Rymer's Fccdera, Vol. IX. p. 394. \() Thoin. de Elmham, Cap. 36.— -T. Otterbourcf, p. »78.— Stowe, p. 353. — Holingfhed, V. a. p. 558. (/) Mr. Secretary Burchett. $$» MEMOIRS OF loft the Btttle, in which, Jokn de Frtmqumont^ the Son of the Vice-Admiral was flain, and the Baftard of BwrboHf who commanded the Fleet, remained a Prt- ibner to the Engiijb, who, alfo took Foar of the Ge- wtfe Carracks, on board of which was a Sum of Money, for the Payment of three Months Wages, fori the Whok Fleet.'* As all Obflades which might have prevented the fafe Landing of the Englijb Troops in France, appeared to be itttirely removed, Henry began, in the Spring of the Yiear, to prepare for an Expedition, from the Succefs of which He expeded to obtain the Crown, and Terri- tories of France, As this Event is, in fome Meafure conneded with the Dominion of the Sea, whidi is a Part of onr Subjed, We ihall be more particular in the Relation of it. The Army was compofed of Troops, In the Pay tA Henry y and of Forces levied by the Ba- rons. The jfirft amounted to fixteen Thoufand, four Hundred : The Laft to nine Thoufand, one Hundred, ftnd Twenty-feven : Of this Army, a fourth Part was Cavalry. To efcort them from Dvotr, « Fleet was equipped, confifting of fifteen Hundred Ship, of whkh two were remarkably magnificent, Theyap^ pear to have been Admiral Ships. Their Sails were of Purple embroidered with the Arms of England and France. The one was called the King's Chamber: The Other, his Hall. A Proof that He kept his Court it Sea, and confidered his Ships-Royal as a Kind of a Palace. With this Armament, ffenry failed (g) from rertf' nmiht and landed foon afterwards {h) with his Troops, at (4) TiUy 28,1417. (^ Aii^ I.— Thoin. dc Elmhtm. Chap. 38.— Tit. Liv. p. 3». 3»» 33— T. OtteVboume, p. a79.— Fabian, p. 396* -—Hall, fofio 23. b.— Grafton, p. 464. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 3Jt 9t BenilU, in Ntmaitdy. Here, He diTmiM tlit whole Fleet, excepting t Hew fmaU Vefleb, to tnor* port bis ArtiUery. Every Military Operation facccetfp ed. He reduced Cherbourg, Cam, Lizieux, Fddfii ^W€MX, Font dePArehi, Bay ewe, Carentan, 8rc. With- in thefe. He eftabUflied Gan ifons. To all the Fre$ieM who fubmitted^ He extended his Protedion, but f«re the Terriitories of thofe who had been conquered by Forbe, in itnaU Lots, to Englijb Adventuren. Tb«Wy by a flow and regular War, during the Conrfe of two Years^ tiid Henry fubdue the greatteft Part of Frmn^ and, at length, force the tufaappy darks to aik for Peace* on i»ny Terms (/). That the Troubles by whicb bis Kingdom was agitated, contrtboted, in « great 'Meaftire, lo the Succefs of the Engbflj^ is not to be denied ; yet «Hich muft be attnbited to the Operas tioni of tbe Fket, which perpetually aano^ied «f!lit Coalb« wbtlft the Tkoops were lemployed in ravaging (die more diftaat Quarters of the Enemy. By this Tneaty (d(^^ Mrory was adonos^dged i»M the Bjsgent* and Heir ai Fr^atue, which, witii all iie > Rights, and Dominions, was^jieman to his Siipoclfliiri, ^^eirer^ la ^ItdtuTn, the King of England ^ipoufed thePrinoefs CatAarhut, daughter hodmlej, the Sqsfh^ and engaged to kave tbat Pringe, in llbePoilbflion'of the Crown of frmMt;, iduring bis Lifie:(/). Tbe tkm^ ^ilm'was, atfo, adjudged incapalkle lof fuoeeeding to the Thfone ; and, afterwards, on a<2iiiril Pcofecution., oi* ^nted, and cgnvided Car the Murder oof the Duke^ Bur- < t'') P- '£myle, p. 6a7,^i8.-<^again* p- aoo.— Bapteix, y. 2. p. 73S. (k) Concluded, May 21, 1420. (/) Thoai.-de EJmhan, -Cap. 90, 91, 92.>— Tit. Li?, p. 85, et feq. — Mezeray, V. 3. p. ao9;*^Le Oeadre, Tom, III. p. 628. — Rymer's Foedera, V. 9. p. 394.~'towe, pi 360.— HolingOicii, y. a. p. 573. — Speed, p. 641. 33* MEMOIRS OF Burgvuif. By this Procefs, He was rendered incapa- ble of all SucceHions, but more particularly of That to the Crown of France, and fentenced to perpetual Ba- liiihment (m). . '-y^-' When the Marriage was conlummated (n), Hetaryt and Charles f accompanied by their Queens, made their Public Entry xntoParit where, in the Month of De« cemher following, the Treaty was ratified by the States. Henry f thus fortunate in his Negociations, prepared for his Return to England, and pafling. into Normandy, where He convened an Aflembiy of the Province, con- tinued his Journey through Picardy, to Cii/!iif/, firom whence He embarked with his Bride, and landed at Dener, on the Second oi February, in the Year one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Twenty-one (o). Ik deferves to be remarked that tht French Hiftorians in- fer, with great Juftice, that the Departure oi Henry was purely to obtain a frelh Supply of Treafure, and Men, all his Refources having been exhauded by the preceding War (jft); The Command of the Tr-«if*«'ft '-iw^-i .-'a^i^f \ Henry, haying accomplifhed his Ekfigns, and ob* |lliQed,rn6twiih(landing the extreme Poverty of his Sub- jeds, the neceflary Supplies, 4-einforced his Army, and equipping a formidable Fleet, returned to ipurfuc his Ponquefts, leaving the Queen far advanced in her Preg'r nancy. The Daluphin waaftill fupported by a confider^ Hble Party, jand^finreral. fortified Towns, together Avith -^t. '\ fome , ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c, 533 f(Mne extenfive Provinces, continued to efpoufe his In- terefts. In an Adion againft a large Detachment from the Englijb Army, He had gained a fignal, and to the Duke of Clarence, a fatal Vidory, as that Prince, and feveral Perfons of Diftindion were killed upon the Spot. ' This Circumftance determined Henry to redouble his' Adivity in the Profecution of the War, in Order that the whole Kingdom of France might be totally fubdued, and the Dauphin compelled to withdraw, for Safety, into Italy iq). On the fixth o{ December, in the Y«ar, one Thou- fand, four Hundred, and Twenty-two, Queen Ci- therine was delivered of a Prince, at fVindfir. In the Month of May following. She repaired to Henry, at Paris. In this City, which was the Refidence of both Courts, She remained with her Father, whilft the King of England mzTched at the Head of his Troops, to raile the Siege of Cofne, on the Loire, before which the Dau- phin was encamped. On the Expedition, Henry was ieized with a Fiftula, a Malady, to the Cure of which, the Surgeons of that ^ra were unequal. This, and the violent Fever which attended it, proved quickly fi- tal. He died (r) at Vincsnnet, in the thirty-fourth Year of his Age, and after a glorious Reign of nine Years, five Months, and eleven Days (/).. We muft aflfent to the Opinion of a Writer (/), who obierves that He expired with as much Glory as He had {q) Thorn, de Elmham, Cap. 117. et leq — Tit. Liv. p. 9a.^ — T. Wallingham, p. 404.. — P. ^myle, p. 618.— Ga- guin, p. aoi.— Mezeray, Tom. III. p. tiy — P. Daniel, Tom. y. p. 593, 594. (r) Aueuft 31, 142a. {$) T. Walfingham, p. 407. — Thorn, de Elrnham, Cap. 127.— Til. Liv. p. 95 — W. Wyrccfter. Annal. p. 4$5-— Dupleix, Tom. II. p. 754. — Mezeray, Tom. III. p. 214, — Stowe, p. 362. — Speed, p. 648. (/) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. p. 274. 334. MCMOIRSOP had. Uvcd» cmplogrinf his laft Breath in giving diofe Di* rctftioni which werftot cefftry for the Safety of hisKiag* dMBia.. Had his Rulea been invariably purfoed, his Fa* ittiAy migiA have proved as highly indebted to his Wif- dom» for the PreTervatiea of Praia, as they were to his Courage and Conduft, for the PoOeflion of it. From the Excellency of his Genius, and the Solidity of hi» Judgmeiit^ it is but candid to fuppofe that had He lived to tenninate his Wars, He woidd have made the moflk eflTedual Provifion for the Peace and Happinefs of hia Subjeds. Few Sovereigns were more tenacious than Henry of their indubitable Rights to the D«imnioi|of the Sea. In Preambles of Public Ads, we find his Naval Titles* ajul Authority exprefily mentioned (»). To fupport the Laft, and add a Luftre to the Firft» his Squadrons were perpetually ftationed near the Coafts, and 'otei^ cepted the Ships of Foreign Powers, in League with Srmci. The Trade of Fi^«d!rr/, alio, in Confequence of a £rm Alliance with the Duke of Burgundy was, in a great Meafure, engrofled by the Englijk^ Yet, notwithftanding thefe Advantages, the People, tlu'ough the Interruption of foreign Conunerce, and the immenfe Taxes laid upon them for the Support of the War in France, were fo exceffively diftreflfed, thatt in the eighth Year of the Reign of Henry, the Chan- ceUor lamented, in his Prelence, and before the Par- liament, (tt) Of this we have a Proof in the followiag Extrad from the Record of Parliament. ** Itemy priont les Commens que, par lou trds foverain " Seigneur Le Roy^ etfes Nobles ProgenitK't Je teut Temps ent " e/li Seigneurs dei Mer^ et ere, Ac." — //m, The Com- ** mons £ pray that feeing our Sovereign Lord, tAe King emd ** ftts ttohie P^genilors hmte tver betn LtrJs of the SeUf and now, «♦ ace." Rot. Pari. 8 Hen. V. Memb. 3. Art. 6.-~Sce al< fo, Selden's Mare Ctaufiim, Lib. a. c. aj. ILLUSTRIOUS S£AUSN, Arc. 33^ liamcnt, that the Fecblehefs, and Poverty of the King- dom had fo long been treated with Indifference^ and imptored Him (as the only Remedy which could pre* fenre ht» Subjeds from Ruin,) to conclude a fpeedf Peace, and moderate thofe Ezpences which no f Rapin's Hiftory of England, V. 4. 8vo. p. a93, a94. (f) Rynier's Foedera, V. lo. p. 113. \d) Huma's Hiitory of England, therefore, muft have been about an Hundred, and ten Thoniand Pounds, Money of our Times, and, by the Cheapnefs of t^rovifions, was equivalent to more than three Hundred, and thirty Thoufand Pounds (n). We may reafonable infer thai the Vigour of th^ Ehg' ^ Onnmerce was coniiderably impaired by the An- nual Expence of nineteen Thoufand, one Hundred, and nineteen Pounds, with which the Crown was bur- thened for the JPrefervation of Calais (0), a Place, un- ferviceable to the Englijb, in al) Refpfcds, but as a con- venient Opening to the Country of their Enemies. Ireland, alfo, cod two Thoufand Pounds a Year, over, and above its own Revenue, which was certainly very low {p) Y a The (1) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 3. 8vo< p. 121. (it) Froifart, Liv. 4. Chap. 86. (/) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 3. Svo. p. 111. (m) Fleetwood's Chronicon Preciofuni, p. 5JU (n) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 3. 8vo.4>. laa. (0) Rymer'sFadera, V. 10. p. 113. (/) Hume's Hiftory of Eiigland, Y.-^. Svo. p. t ai. 340 MEMOIRS OF The Thronet of England, tnd of Pranct were, now, filled by an Infant, in his Cradle, Henry, the Sixth, of Windf9r, who was proclaimed, firft, at London, and (bon afterwards (q) in Parif, on the Demife of Charles the Sixth ; although the French acknowledged the Dau- phin for tlieir Sovereign, by the Stile of Charles, the Seventh (r). In the Minority of Henry, the Admi- niftration of Affairs devolved on his Uncles, whofe great Abilities were judged equal to the Truft (/). Of Thefej John, Duke of Bedford, (the Regent of France,) was appointed Prote^or, or Guardian of England, and Hush^ey, Duke of Ghtcejfer invcifted with the fame l^igtiity, during the Abfence of the Former (/). Pro- perly to curb the Authority of thefe Princes, the Par- hament eftabliihed a Council; and ei^aded that no Mea- fure of Importance ihould be carried into Ekecution, without their Advice, and Apprdbation (tf). The Vigilance, and Aifiduityof the Duke of Glo»- cejler, who reinforced, and amj>ly provided for the Army in France, gave a favourable Appearance to the Commencement of this Reign. The Duke of Bedford, brave, prudent and experienced,Tou^t every Oppor- tunity of fecuring the Friehdlhip of the Dukes of Bt/r- guntfy and Bretagne, and through their Afliftance, kept PofTefHon of all the Dominions which had been left by Henry the Fifth, to his Succeflbr. So feeble was the Power of Charles the Seventh, when oppofed to thefe formidable Confederates, that nothing but a Diflb- (a) October 21, 1422. (r) Dupltfix, Totti. II. p. 576.*— 215.— Le Gendre, Tom. IV. p. i peed, 0.651. ''t^-'R .*— Mczeray, Tom. III. — Stowc, p. 363.^ (x) Thorn, de Elmham, Cap. 129. — Tit. Li v. 'p. 95.— '* "* ' -T. Walfingham, p. 407. o. p. ,26 1 . Cotton, p. 564. Carou. Godftovtan, p. 145.— T. Walfingham, p. 407. (/) Ryiner's Foedera, V. I (») Cotton, pr 564. ^m ■Iv .^,^. 0' ^tjlH^M^/MtOy K^Ao^S^SnTM'/^, ,M^ 1 ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 341 Diflblutlon of their .Union, could htve proved the kaft detrimental to the Interefts of England, This fatal Cir- cumftance, at length arrived. Glaicefter, the Loid Prote^or, having taken Jaqueline, of Haitumli from her Hu(band, the Duke of Brabant, married her, and, in her Right, claimed extenflve Territories in the Low-. Countries ; and colleding a Fleet, and Army, attempt- ed to get PofTeflion of them, by Force. Thefe Pro^ ceedings war? refented by the Duke oiBnrgundjf, who entered fp violently into the Qyarrel of his Coufin, the Duke of Brabant, that^ from being, at iirft, only dif- affeaed to the Englijk, He, at length, totally d^ferted themU). On the fizth of November, in the Year, one ThoU- fand, four Hundred, and Twenty-nine, Hewj was xrowned in England \ and next, at Parit, in the De- rember of the following Year: But his Afcendency in France was verging to its Decline, and funk irreco- verably, on the Death of the Duke of Bfdffrd (y), whofe Refolution, Sagacity, and Addrcilt, had. (more than any Circumftance whatfoever,) cpntributed (o fup- port it (z). In the fucceeding Year (a) the Regency of prance was given to the Puke oiTork ; but the D^ky in fign- ing his Patent, added to the Oppofitipn whfch a Prince fo little beloved by the Mnglijb was expofed to in colled-, ing the Supplies, proved of Service to the Enemy, who had reduced Paris, previous to his Arrival within the Kingdom. The Duke of Burgundy, alfoi at the Head Y3 of (x) Dupleix. Tom. II. p. 784, 785— Meaemy, Tom. III. p. z^6, 237.— »Le Gendre, Tom. IV. p. 6. (jr)A. D. 1435. (a) Chron. Godftovian, p. i45.^W. Wyrccfter. Annal. f' 445» 446. 457 -'Cooper's Chronicle, p. 158, 359. (<•) A. D. 1456. ^ 342 MEMOIRS OP* of a numerous Army, had invefted Calais {b). To re« lieve this Fortrefs, tne Lord Protedor, with a con- fiderable Body of Troops, and a Fleet of five Hundred Sail, under his Commancj, departed, in Hafte, from England, At his Approach, the Flemings raifed the Siege, and retired into their own territories ; whither They were purfued by the Regent and his Forces, who, after living, for fome Time, in the Country, at Difcretion, returned, with their Chief, to England (c). The Harbour of Calais, in order to prevent the En- trancjB of the EngUfti Ships, had been choaked up with Hulkes, (aden witl^ large fquare Stpqes, joined together by Lead. Thefe, at the Reflux of the TigQ>n» f- 21 7> 2i8.-rr Dupleix, Tom. II. p. 8io» 81 1» Sia.-rPolydore Virgil, ^ib. ai. p. 6iQ» 6ap> (d) MonftreIet» folio 1 3a. (#)May a8, i444.-:Aa. Pub. V. 11. p. 58, (/) April Z2, 1445. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 345 fiderable Fortreflee. Hpwfoever feverel^ They might have felt the Burden of Expcaccs incurred by maintain- ing Them, yet. They could not without RehiCbnce, and Complaints, fubmit tothelofs of Cities, and Pro- vinces, fo dearly purchafed with he Blood, and Trea- fure of their Anceftors {g). The French^ anxious for the more effe£bial Redudion of an Enemy, the Progrefs of whofe Arms had been of late fo fatal tp Them, prepared, even in Time of Peace, to make a Deicent upon the Coafts of EngUmd. The Rtlation of the Circumftances which preceded this Expedition is too intimately conneded with the Subjed of a Naval Hiftory to be omitted. A lefs dif- cerning Prince than CharUt the Seventh muft have per- ceived with equal Jeatoufy, and Vexation, a Foe fo powerful on the Ocean as to fucceed almoft in every Conteft for the ViSory, 6enfi)>le that no Depcndance could be placed folely on his dofneftic Succours, He prudently applied for Aid to foreign States. Cfkriftiem, The Firft,K|Bg o^ Dimnark, was induced under certain lucrathrt Conditions, to enter with him into a If^eaguc , pffenfive, and defonfive, and to fupply Him with a pow? crful Fleet, confifting pf at lead forty Ships of War, t)ie which, tpgetlier wjth an Army of fevtn Thouitmd Men, were tp aft, in Cpncert, with the Frenck againft the Englijb, By the Breach of an Anide in this Trea- ty, the foregoing Agreements, for which alone it was concluded, became entirely cancelled. Charks had en- gaged that the King of Sc9t$ (hould fatisfy the Dantt, fpr the Infults which They pretended to have received from Him. It foqn appeared that He was unable to perfprip this Promife \ apd, therefore, CJiriftiirn refofed Y4 to (ff) Rimer's Foedera, V. 11. p. $9— Stowe, p. 383,- Honnglhed, V. 2. p. 624.— Speed, p. 661. 344 MEf^OIRSOP to fumlfli Him with the ftipulated Succours. In the inean Tiipe, Margaret, of Anjou, the Confort of Hen^ ry, had entered into a fecret Negociation with the Kin^ pf ^cofJW, to fecure whom from the Attempts of the Englijb, and forward her own Defigns, She conceived the Rerdution of encouraging the French Invafion. With this View, She applied to her Relations, at the Court of Charles f who eafily perfuaded Him to embrace the Meafure. Accordingly, a Fleet was equipped in Normafidyt and, proceeding {h) from thence, for Eng- land, appeared off the Coaft of Kent, at the Diftance pf about two Leagues from SanJwtch,vfheTt the Troopa •mounting to eighteen Hundred Men were difembarked, with Orders to attack the Town, whilft the Ships ihould lie before it, in Readinefs to aflift them. A French HiAorian (/), who hath circumftantially related this Event, a9knpwledges, with our own Writers, that the Englijb, although attacked by Surprize, defended thcmfelves with Angular Intrepidity, and that the Spoils^ confiderable a(» they were, together with the Advan-f tage (too inhumanly prized, at that Period,) of having reduced the Town tp Aifaes, did not compenfate for the jSlaughter, on the Side of the Invaders (i). He ob- ferves that thus, a Prince, who, thirty Years before, was, by the Bnglijb, contemptuoufly Ailed the King of Bmrgeif became fufliciently powerful to infult them, in their own Ifland, and to threaten their Country with the fame Calamities which they had, heretofore, brought upon Frame, This Partiality might be lefs ridiculous, bad there been no Difference between the Demolition pf the Town of Sandwich, followed by the immediate Retreat pf the Conquerors ; and the Redu^ion of Parh, {h) Auguft, 1459. , (i) P. Daniel, Tom. VI. p. 292. \k) Fabian, p. 462.'^Hall, fol. 88.— Grafton, p. 650. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Arc. 345 parit, which was, during feveral Years, in the Pof- fe(fion of the Englijb, So ardent is the Zeal of this Hiftorian for the Reputation of his Country. We Aibfcribe to a liberal Opinion [l), in fuppoHng that it may vindicate a greater Error. The French alfo invaded the Coafls oi Cornwall, whilft the Scott were fpreading their Devaftations along the Bordtn {tif). But thefe Enterprizes, far from acce- lerating the Defigns of Margaret, and her Adherents, ferved only to heighten that general DifafFeSion which, PQW, broke violently out, and. was proceeding to the iaft Extremities. The Partizans of the Houfe of Tork were afli^uous to cultivate an Intcreft with the EngUJb Mariners, and the Inhabitants of Ireland. They per- fuaded the former that the Protedion of the Coafts was infidioufly withdrawn, and they infpired the latter, hy the moft alarming Defcription of their impending Huin, with a Determination to be revenged of their Oppreflbrs. The Earl of Warwick, the great Support of this Confederacy, had procured for himfelt, the Oflfice of Lord High Admiral ; and, as an Inftancc of his Zeal for the Advancement of the Naval Reputation of the Kingdom, gave Orders for the immediate Equipment of fome powerful Squadrons, the Command- ers of which were fnrniihed with Inftrudions the moft likely to promote. In their Execution, the Accomplilh- ment of his Defigns. On the Trinity-Sunday of the Year one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Fifty-eight, a Part of this Navy, fell in with the Spmijb Fleet. The EngUjb were firft attacked, and immediately proceeded to HoAilities. In the Adion which lafted with great Slaughter, for a con- fidcrabie (/) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. p. 280. \:n) Dupltiix, Tom. H.-v^JBuchanan. Lib. 11.— Hall| folio 29. b. SH6 MEMOIRSOF fiderable Time, {i% of th« Spanijb Ships, Uden with Iron, and «)ther valuable Merchandise, were taken ; and Twenty-fix were either funk, or driven alhore (n). {Severjil of our Hiftorians confound this Enterprixe with that which follows, and which, in Point of Time was fubfequent to it. Although We cannot exadly fix the Date, yet it unqueftionably appears that they wefo diftind Engagements. In the Fiiift, the Earl oiWar-^ luitk was not prefent : During the Laft, He command- cd in Perfon (0). This braye, and accompjiihed Lord had been ap-4 pointed, by the Parliament, to the Government of Calais^ Margaret, employing Artifice, and<»Flattery, attempted to detain Him at the Court. But, pefpeiving that He was fixed in his Determinatioq to repair to France, She laid a Scheme tp deprive Him of his life. Endeavours were ufedto execute \^, within the Palace; and Warwick, who had efcaped with Difficulty, took Shelter on board a Veflel which belonged to Him, and proceeded inftantly to Calais. Soon after his Arrival, He feleded from ^ powerful Squadron, lying withiii the Harbour, fourteen of the largeft Sh4>s, and cruized near th« Channel, to prevent illar^ar^, olAnjou, fromref ceiving any Succours from frame, and to aflift, if an Opportunity (hould prefent itfelf, the Duke of Teing fwift of Sail, wer? not long within Sight of their ftjenaies (/) (a). Henpe^rward, all Modes of Accommodation were abandoned, and each Party prepared openly for a Decir 4ion of their Difputes, by Force of Arqis. Wlulft the Duke of Tork retreated into Ireland, feveral of the No* jbility pafled over to Cahitf and joined the Earl of /For- wick. \ I (/) Sfowe, p. 404.TrHolingihed| V. 2. p. 648.— ^peed, fi, 668. (a) An Engagement between Richard^ Earl offTartvick, and two large FrencA Carracks, is defcribed (although not ex- plicitly,) in an old Mannfcript, from a Drawins m which, a Plate hath been eperaved for this Work.— Tho Arms of the Earl are quartered on the Sail : The Streamer is alfo or- namented with his Badt^ ; the Bear, and Ragged Staff: The Space between the rorecaftle and Cabin, at the Stem, is filled with Engiijb Archers. The French, likewife, have their Crofs-Bow-Men. In the Galleries, on the Tops of the Mails, are Men appointed to caft down Darts and Stones, upon the Enemy below. On the Forecaftle of fFartvick's Sliip, is an Archer aiming at the Man, who appears in the Gallery, on the Maftdfthe oppofite Ship, whilft the Other, with a Stone in his Hands, u transfixed with an Ar- row. On the Forecaftle of the Front Carrack, is a Man at Arms, with his Spear and Shield, ready to ftrike at the Archers in the Earl's Veflel. The Cannons are pointed over the Side of the Ship, but do not appear to be of Ufe in the plofp Battle. — The Reprefentation may ftill farther explain our Account of' the Naval Architednre, Ind Operations of this i£ra. — Strutt's Compleat View of the Manners, Cuf- toms, &c of the Inhabitants of England, V. 2. p. 76. 348 MEMOIRSOF vfiek. Againft this formidable Chief, now Mafter of t numerous Fleet, and ftrengthened by the Attachment of the EngUfb Mariners^ it was not poifible for Henry to diredthe feeble Naval Armaments which yet remained within his Harbours. The Lords Rivert wasdifpatched by Margaret^ to Sandwich, and direded to fit out, a» the laft Refource, a Squadron which, engaging with the Fleet of H^arwifk, might, if vidorious, aifift Him to deprive that Nobleman pf the Gpvernment of CaUui, No fooner were thefe Ships in Readinefs, than theEail gave Orders that a Divifion of his Fleet ihouM fail, under the Command of Sir John DenAam, who, reach^ ing Sandwich, about Break of Day, furprized the Offi'r cers in their Beds, and carried Them, with all the Vef« fels, and Manners, to Calais (q). The Earl of Riwrs^ and Anthony Woodville, his Son, were detained Prifon* .crs, during fome Time. The Ships which had attend- ed the Duke of Somerftt, to Flanders, likewife, revoked, and went over to the Earl of Warwick (r). On the Side of Henry, Sir Baldwin Fulford undertook to burn the Fleet of his Adverfary, within the Haven of CaJait, A ralh Promife, which* He found it impoflible to exe- cute. The Earl oifVarudek, next, failed with apow- erfijl Armament to Ireland, where, at an Interview with the Duke of Tork, He concerted Meafures for their mutual Defence. On his Return ^^ the Duke of Exeter waited, with the royal Navy, to give Him Battle. Yet when the Fleet of Warwick appeared in View, the Sailors in the Service of Henry, were fo averfe from an Engagement, that the commanding Officers thought proper to decline it. Warwick, equally unwilling to b^in {f) ASt. Pub. V. II. p. 440. (r) Fabian, p. 46«, 466, 467.-r^Hall, folio 91.— Grafr |on, p. 635, 639— Holingihcd, p. 1297. ILLUSTRIOUS S£AM£N, Arc* 349 begin the Conteft, paflfed by, without offering the leaft Hoftility. Soon afr^rwardsy the Earl was invited by the In- habitants of Kmtt to land upon their Coafts. Arriving with his Fleet, near Sandwich, He found Sir Simon Momaford, the Warden of the Cingue PortSf with a ftrong Squadron, in Readinefs to oppofe Him. A Bat- tle immediately enfued, and proved fatal to the Royal- ifts. All the Ships were taken, and MoutUford llain. The Vidorious Party, having plundered the Town, re- turned with their Prizes, to Calais (/). This appears to be the laft Naval Event, in the tu- multuous Reign of Henry, who was. Toon aherwards (/) dethroned, when the eldeft Son of the late Dukeof IVI was proclaimed King of England, under the Title of &^4rJ the Fourth (»). The Reader will naturally imagine that, amrdft the Violence of domeftic Fadion, the Commerce of the Kingdom was haftening to Decay. The Profufion, and Mifmanagement of Henry, were Obftades in its Pro- grefs too difficult to be furmounted. In the twentyr eighth Year of his Reign, He had contraded Debts to the enormous Sum of three Hundred, and feventy-two Thoufand Pounds ; whilft his ordinary Income was funk to five Thoufand Pounds. This occafioned a Re^ fumption, at the Requeft of the Commons. The dune Remedy (if it deferve the Title,) was frequently applied to the fame Diforder. At length, it became incurable, and all Expedients which Poverty, or Defpair could didate, were, in their Turns recurred to. The King mort- (s) Stowe, p. 407. — ^Holing(hed, V. 2. p. 6^a.— ^peed, p. 669. (r) March 5, 1461. (m) Stowe, p. 41 5— Holingihedy p. 661. — ^Hall, folio 101 b — Grafton, p. 656, 657. — Cooper's Chronicle— foly- dore Virgil, Lib. 23. 550 M E M O I R S O r Itaortaged the Cuftoms of landrnj and SoutJiamptoH, to the Cardinal oHVincheJIert and, in Order to render the Security more eligible to that Prelate, had bound Himfelf, by an Indenture, to confine the Trade, as much as poiKible, to thofe Ports* In the thirty-firft Year of his Reign, He feiwd all the tin, at Soutkamptm, and fold it for his own Ufe. He alfo, granted Licences to foreign MerchantS| to tranfport Wool} in Violation of the Statutes {x)i It appears from the Records, that, during the Sove- reignty of the Houfe of Lancajler, fuch extraordinary Privileges were granted to the Hanfe^Trumt, that they were enabled to engrofs (or, as they ftile it, manage a confiderable Part of) our Trade (jr). The Reft was> in a great Meafure, abforbed by Flor'enh'tu/, and other iialiant {z) ; a Circumftance partly owing td the Ne^ ceffities of Henry the Fifth, during his FrencA Wars ; •nd partly, alfo, to the weak Adminiftration under his Son, efpecially towards the Ciofe of his Reign, when, through the Artifices of the Queen, the Intereft of Yo* reigners were conftantly promoted. This occafioned fre- quent Tumults in the City of London, and was one chief Caufe of that extraordinary Revolution, in Fa^ vour of the Houfe of Tork, who (as hath already beert obferved,) paid their Court to the People, by a marked Averlion from Foreigners, and by cherifliing the Seamen of whom little Care had been taken, in this un^- Jiappy Reign. We (hall, in the next Ara, perceive the Englijb refuming the Sovereignty of the Sea, and rifing to Importance by the Frequency of their ViQo- ries, and the Profperity of their Commerce (a). In {x) Campbeirs Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 286. (jr) Molloy de Jure MaritimOy p. 541. («) Fabian, p. 459.— Hall, folio 87. b. — Grafton. Stowe, &c. (a) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 287. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, 5rc. 331 In this Reign, the Parlitment permitted the Exporta- tion of Corn, when it was at low Prices ) Wheat at fim Shillings, and eight Pence, a Qyarter, Money of that Age ; Barley at three Shillings, and four Pence (t). It appears from thefe Prices that Corn ftill remained at near half its prelent Value ; although our Commodi- ties were much cheaper^ In the eighteenth Year of Henry, the inland Commerce of Corn was alfo opened, by allowing any CoUedor of the Cuftoms to grant a Licence to carry it from one Country, to another (r). At the fame Period, A Kind of Navigation A£k was propoied with Regard to all Places within the Streights y but the King rejeded it (J). We next, proceed to the Coinage. In the firft Year of Henry, the Sixth, a Pound-Weight of Cold, of the old Standard, was coined into Forty five Rials of ten Shillings, or a proportional Number of Half- Rials, and Quarter, or Farthing-Rials, at five Shil- lings, and two Shillings, and Sixpence. By the famei Indenture, inAead of Nobles, and Half-Nobles, were coined, Sixty-feven, and a Half to (he Pound, An^ gels, at fix Shillings, and Eight-Pence, or a propor- tionable Number of Angels, at three Shillings, and Fourpence. Confequently, the Pound Troy was coinai into Twenty-two Pounds, ten Shillings, by Tale. The Mint was a while continued at GUair, where the Mafter was obliged to coin Half-No- bles, and Farthings of Gold ; with Groats, Half- Groats, Pence, Halfpence, and Farthings ; that the " Common People might have fmall Gold, and white Mo- •* ney, as They reafonably Jbould need J* And yet, the very Year before, it was enaded that the King's Coun cil {b) Statutes at large, 1 5 Hen. VI. Cap. 2.-23 Hen. VL Cap. 6. (f) Cotton, p. 625. (<0 Ibid. p. 626. $ii MEMOIRS OP cil might order the coining of Money, at Tori, and Briflti, or what other Places They thought fit. The Salut was a FrtrtcA Coin like that of Henry, the Fifth, and very much refembied the filver Groat, which He likewife coined in that Kingdom, faving that the Groats wanted the Angel, and Virgin over the Shield, and inftead of Christus Vincit, had Sit Nomei< Domini Benedictum. By the Indenture of the fame firft Year of Henry, the Sixth, the Silver Money was of the old Standard, one Hundred, and twelve Groats to the Pound, making in Tale, Thirty-feven Shillings, and Sixpence, or a proportionable Number of Half- Groats, Sterlings, Halfpence, and Farthings. Thefe were moftly coined at London, but there were other Mints, befides Thofe already mentioned at Dublin, Canterbury, and Duntuich. Care having been thus faken to fupply Perfons with good Money, it was made Felony, to receive, or pay Blanks, which were a Sort of white Money, coined by Henry, the Fifth, in France, after his Viftory at Agincourt. Sir Edward Coke ob- ferves that thefe Pieces tvere called Blanks from their Colour, and to diftlnguifh them from the Solus of pure Gold, coined at the fame Time ; but the Blanks (He adds,) were only valued at Eight-Pence, and, on Ac- count of their Bafenefs, decried. By Indenture, the fourth of his Reign, the Value of Gold was brought down again to fixteen Pounds^ thirteen Shillings and Four-Pence ; and the Silver to thirty Shillings. By another Indenture of the lad Year of this Reign, it was faifed again to Thirty-feven Shillings, and Sixpence* Thus it continued almoft fifty Years. In the Thirty- feventh of this Reign, Brafs-Money was firft coined in Ireland, of which, however. We have no perfefl Ac- count from any Author, who hath feen it {e). It) Madox's Hillory ofthe Exchequer. — i Hen. VI. Cai olc. — , Weevey I. — 2 Hen. VI. Cap. 6, 9, la. — Cauid. Brit. :a Suffblc. — J. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 353 from the Moment of his Acceflion, the young Ed' ward was compelled, by the Dangers of his Situation, to profecute the War, for the Security of his Crown. At the Battle of Tow/on (/), He gained a Vidory over the Troops of Henry, who, privately retiring from the Field, fled for Refuge into Scotland. His Queen pafled over to France, where She procured fome Naval Suc- cours under the Command . of the Admiral Peter de Brefe, to whom the Condud of a former Expedition (during which He took the Town of ^The Rcafon why Ra/m qpeftioas this Fa£t, it, bo- canie the Frtnch Hiftorians have not taken Notice of it.— The Author of the Liveaofthe Admirals * ohferves that ** ihis feeuis no juft Obje^on, while Bretagnt was («bje£t *' tP its own DuKe." * Campbell's Lives of the Adaiirals, V. i . p. 290. (f) Hall, Falio 191 .— Fraeni. ad Finem Sprotti. (i) Hmne's Hjflory of En^and, 8vo. V. 3. p. 21$. (/) Hall, Folio^ 193.— Fabian, ^Folio 216. — Habington, 'led, J. p. 513— Btc Bvo. V. 5. p. 22, 24, 26 — Hume's Hift, of England, *V. 3. p. 437.— ^olinjjfhed, p, irg. 667. — Grafton, p. 665. — Polyd. . 5 1 3 — fftondf , p. ii.-—Raptn's Hiltory of England, p. a26, 227, 228. — Hiftoirede la Querelle do Philippe de Valois,etd'£douardlII. &c. par. M. Gaillaid, Tom. III. p. 481, 482. laty on* ind, I III. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Arc. 355 Trtktf was concluded ; and Nothing remained hot her Union with the Ring. Thus ht the Negociation ap- peared Tuccefsfal, when lKir>i(;/cl received Intelligence that Edward had, during his Abfence, given his Hand to the Lady EUtabetk^ daughter of Sir Richard t^idt^ vUle, (by Jaquelirie of Luxembourg, Dutchefs of Bed* ford,) and Widow of Sir Jofk Gray, of Groij, Ed- ward, at a fiicceeding Interview with JVanmek, was too haughty to make the lesflft Acknowledgment of his Error, and coilverted a once powerful Adherent, into a danger- ous Enemy, by fuflferiiig Him to depart the Court, in- flamed with Rage, and Indignation. A Naval Writer (m), after ha«jpg obferved that the great Power of the Earl otWarvm arofe from his be- ing Admiral, and Captain of Catcus, proceeds to an In- quiry concerning the Errors which are imagined to have crept into the Accounls of the Caufes of his Defertion, and « the rather, (He adds,) as the Matter is new, and <' not only zfk&H xlitEngUJb, but fome, alfo, of the '< ffloft accurate ahiongft foreign Hiftorians.** We (halt prefent the Reader with the Whole of the Re- marks on this Subjed, and leave Him to his own Con- je<^res : Yet, not Withdiit obferving that there are no Traces in Rymer of the ^bafTy of Warmck (n). Mr. Heartie hath publiihed fome Memoirs of this Reign, writteh by a PerTon who hot only lived therein, but was alfo well acquainted with the King, and the chief Nobler of his Court (0). He vouchea^ the Circumftancfe to be quite otherwif^ } and that this Story was devifed, in after times, to hide the Truth. ^2 <* Accord- c< « « «< (( (m) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. bw aOi, 291. («) Ibid. (•) Printed at the End of ** Thomai Sprotti Chronica." 8vo. — Oxford, 1719. (( « (f 356 M E M O I R S O F According to Him, the Earl of Warwick had noir been in France, before the Kin^'> Marriage, which was on the firft of May, in the Year, one ThouCand, " four Hundred, and Sixty-three ; but four Years af- ** terwards, namely, in the Year, one Thoufand, four <* Hundred, and Stxty-feven, He was fent to treat *' with Lewis, the Eleventh, King of France, with whom He began to hold privately fome Intelligence for the Reftoration of Henry, the Sixth, to whofe Party the French had always been inclined (/). In- deed this feems to be the Truth, and accords much better with Fads, and Dates, than the other Story, fince it is not eafy to conceive how a Man of the Earl of Warwick^UtoXtnt .Temper ihould diflembie his Refentmcnt, fo many Years together (^).*' •* The true Caufe, therefore, of his quitting the King was his immeafurable Ambition, and the Ap- prehenfions He was under that the new Queen's Kin- dred Woi^ld fupplant Him, and his Friends; and this, <'' notwithdanding the great Offices oiT which He was Jioffcfled, and which brought Him in twenty Thou- and Marks, /i^r Annum (»')(/).,. Having declared in F'vour Qf .the Houfe oi Lancajler, Warwick ftrerigtheoed his Party, t>y the Acquidtion of a powerful AHbciate, George, Duke of Clarence, and fecond Brother to Edward, As the valuable. Reward of his Attachme It, the Earl gave this Prince, his eldefl: Daughter, a Coheirefs of imnicnfe Fortune, in Mar- riage (0) \ arid then retired v/ith Htm to Caltus. Here, extra- i (/) Anonymous Chronicle, cited above, p. 297, 298, 299. (f) «4?7- ., . (r) Ibid, B. lOO: (j) CairpDelPs Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 292. (/) W. \^yrctlcfter. Annal, p. 5 ii .— Hail, fol. 200.— Habtngton, p. 439.— Polyd. Virg. p. 515. « C( «< C( (( <( ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMfiN, &c. 357 extraordinary as it nu^y feem. They ftayed during the Commencement of the Rebellion. Soon afterwards, they arrived in EngUnd, made Proteftations of their Loyalty to ^S to ad againft the L-^furgents [y). It was on this Occafion, that they threw off the Mafk, levied Forces in their own Name, and declared againft the Government. Thefe, however, were haftily dif- banded on the News of th6 Defeat of Welles, who was taken Prifoner by the King, and immediately beheaded. A Proclamation was alfo iflued for apprehending War- wick, and Clarence (z), who fled into Devonjbire, and Trom thence embarked for Calais (a), attended by a Squadron of eighty Ships {b). When the Earl approached the Harbour of this Town, He was furprized at receiving a MeflTage from Vauelair, the Lieutenant Governor, who not only rc- fufed him Admittance, but would not fuffer the Duchcfs of Clarence to land, ahhough informed that She had been delivered on Ship-board, but a few Days before, and was extremely weakened by her Illnefs. The only Favour which could be extorted frorti Him was two Flaggons of Wine, for the Service of the Ladicv Z 3 The (a) Rymer'a Fcedera, V . j 1 . p. 647, 649, 650. he) March, 1470. — Hall, fol. 204. — Fabian, fol, 218 — Tiabington, p. 44a' — Holingfhed, p. 674. (jr) Rymer s Fcedera, V. 1 1. p. 65a. \z) Ibid, p. 654. (ine TUmjb Vefiels, which were at Anchor, near the Harbour, iet fail ioxDUpipt, where He (afely landed with his two Paughters, and the Duke of Qaremt* From thence. He departed for Amboife, where, at an Interview with Lews, the Eleventh, He obtained from that Monarch a Froisife of fuch Succours as might be neceO'^ry to facilitate the ^eibrationpflKfiirjr, totheCi:ownofjSi^iM(<0- Whilft the Army was levying Cor the Service of the Earl of ^orwici, a Divifion of his Fleet ftood out to Sea« in Readinefs to commit HoftUilies agaiidift the fUmingSp whoie Sovereign, the Duke pf Jfurffm^Jt efpoufed the CauTe tHEditmi* To retaliate upon his Adverfaries, who had taken fevetal of his Shipi> this Potenute collected a fbnnidabls Navy, and proceeding with it to thf Mouth of the Sdnt, blocked up the Fleet belonging to th« F^i cf Wtnuick, in their Harbour. Towards the Beginning of the Month of Septen^ber, in the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred* and Se- venty-one, the Kingof Fftfivf had furniflied Margaret ^ ofAnjou, the Duke o( Clarence, and the Earl of PVar- nviek, now united in the fame Caufe, with a powerful Naval, (c) Hall. fol. aoj. (J) Memoiret de Philippe de Comines. I..iv. 3. Chap. ±. -o-Dupleix, Tom. III. p. 6a, 6j. — Mezcray, Tom. Ill p. 314.— Holingihed, V. a. p. 674. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 359 Naval^ «nd Militar/ Force, which, bearing down all Refiftance {rom the Fltmngt, ftt fail for England, Soon afterwards (f), the Troops landed, in two Divi- fions ; the One at Plymouth ; and the Other, at Dm- mouth ; whilft Edward, was in the N»rth, attempting to fupprefs a Rebellion, excited by the Lord Pitz-Hugh, Brother-in-Law to tf^anuick if). The Duke of Bur- gundy (whofe Navy, fcattered by a Tempcft, was not in a Condition to purfue the Earl,) (g) had given No- tice to Edward, of htsimpendtng Danger ; and exhort- ed Him to accelerate thofe Meafures which were the mod likely to avert it. But the King, who, although brave to an Extreme, was vain, confident, and ihought- lefs, affeded to confider Warwick as unworthy of his Notice i and, without preparing to refift Him, abfurd- ly anfwered that He wifhed for nothing more than to fee Him difembarked upon the EtigUJb Coaft (h). The Popularity of iVarwick (/ ), joined to the mod fortunate Concurrence of Circum^ances in his Favour, made fuch an Impreflion upon the Englijb that they flocked in Multitudes to his Standard, and, in a few Days, compofed an Army of fixty Thoufand Men. The Earl immediately gave Orders that Henry, the Sixth, fliould be proclaimed King of England, and that his Subjeds (hould alfid in the E.\'puTriDn of an Ufurper (i). Edward, who, on the prefent Occafion, was anxious to avoid a Battle, encamped at Lynn, a fmall maritime Town, in Norfolk ; and retiring within the Caftle, dt> Z 4 rcacd It) September 13, 1471. (/) Fabian, p. 500. — Hall, fol. 17, 18, 19. — S{>?ct1, p 681. — P. de Comines, Tom. I. p. 154. {r) P. de Comines, Liv . 3. Chap. Q,) Ibid.— Hall. fol. ao8. \i) Hall, fol. 205. fh IblJ 5- (0 36o MEMOIRS OF reded the Gates to be (hut, and the Bridge ftrongly guarded. At Midnight, the Army of the Earl of H^qr-. wick approached the Quarters of their Adverfanes, and, with loud Shouts, prepared for Adion (/). Awakened by the Noife, the King ftarted from his Bed, and en- quiring into the Caufe of it, was anfwered by his Chamberlain, the Lord Haftings, that the Enemy were at Hand, and that He had no alternative but to periHi, or fave Himfelf, by Flight. Edward, incapable of ReHftance, withdrew^ immediately, by a private Paf- fage from the Caftle, and leaping on his Horfe, haften- cd with a finall Retinue, to the ' Shore, where, fome Ships being, fortunately, ready. He embarked (m), and, without Delay, fet fail for Flanders. On the Pafiage, his VeOels were defcried, and chafed, by a fmall Squadron, belonging to the Eafter- iingt, or Hanfe Towns, then at War with Frafice, and Lftgland. Frorii thefe Enemies, they cfcaped with Dif- ficulty, and, at low Water, entered the Port of if/c- maer, in Holland, From thence. He proceeded to the Hagu^, where He waited for an Interview with the Duke of Burgundy. His Queen, on the Point of her Delivery, and furrounded by Diftrefs, took Sandua- ry at JVepminJier (»). At this Place, was born {o) Tfince Edward, the Heir, and, afterwards, the unfor- tunate Succeflbr to the Crown {p). When the News of the Succcfs of the Lancajlriam was confirmed to Vauclair, the Lieutenant Governor of Cakit, He deferted the Caufe of Edward i and with every (/) Hall, fol. ao8. (jw) October 3, 1470. * (n) Otlober i, 1470. (0) November 4, 1470'— Sandford, p. 425. if) Grafton, p. 688, 690.— Stowe, p. 422. — Cooper's Chronicle, fol. 267. — P. de Conii les, Liv. a. Chap, 5. Hall, folio 209. "—Holingnied, p. 1324. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 3*1 every Demonftration of Attachment to the Earl of JVkr^ wck, put the whole Garrifon in the l.ivcry of that Lord Iq), and received a Body of four Thoufand droops, which were ordered to wait until a fit Oppor- tunity fhould pre(ent itfelf of joining the Frfntfi, and invading the Provinces in the Low Countries (r). On Notice of the Flight of Edward, IVarwick haft- ened Xq London, and releafed Henry from the^l'ower. ihe Adherents to the Houfe of Tork, and amongft them, Richard Duke of Ghcefier, were attainted. In their flxecutioRS, the vidorious Party difcovered a Degree of Lenity unufual in the Revolutions of intedine War. The only Perfon of Rank who fuffered on this Occa- fion, was theaccomplifhed John Tibetot, Earl olfVor- tefter (/). The Regency was entrufted to JVarwick, and Clarence, until the Majority of Prince Edward, in De- fault of who(^ Iflfue, the Crown was entailed on C/a- reme, and his Heirs (/). All the Attainders of the Lancaftrians, the Dukes of Somerfet, and Exeter, and the Earls of Richmond, Pembroke, Oxford, and Ormond were reverted ; and Whofoever had been deprived either of Dignities, or Eftates, for an Attachment to Henry, was reftored to his PoflcfTtons. ' The Duke of Burgundy, fearful of giving the leaft Offence to the prevailing Party-, and yet defirous of re- lieving Edward, equipped, tn tlie Names of private In* dividual, four large Vcflels, at Terveery a free Port, in Zealand. With equal Secrecy, He hired fourteen Ships (q) Their Habits were ornamented with the Earl's Badge. White Croifes, and ragged Staves, were a Ifo fixed on the Outfide of every Houlc. — Phil, de Comines, Li v. a. Chap. 6. (r) Hall. fol. 212. (*) Hall, fol. 210. — Stowe, p. A42. (/) Fabian, p. 501. — Holingiljcd, V, 2. p. 677.— Speed, p. 68 1 . 563 MEMOIRSOF Shipi from the Eajlerlingt, to attend his Brother-ia- Law to Englmd, and cruize near the Coafts^ during a Fonnight after his Landing, in Order to condud Ham back, if the Failure of his Enterprise ihould make it neceflary. At the fame Time, He prefented Him with fifty Thoufand Ftorins («). Edward, now proceeded on his Voyage, '• thus aaing" (obfcrves a Naval Wri- ter (x), « like an Englijb King, who ought rather, to ** die in the Field, aflening his Right, than dilgrace "Himfeir, and his Subje6ks, by Jiving kmg as an " Exile, in foreign Parts." Scarcely had Edward ^ii'- appeared, than the Duke of Buritmdy iifued a Procla- mation, inhibiting, on Pain of Death, all the Fltmhiit from giv'mg Him the leaft Countenance, or Alfiftanct (y). An Artifice which could deceive neither Airf/ i and might have drawn on him the ftiture Refentment of tJiat which conquered, Edward, whofe whole Military Force did not amount to more than two Thoufand Men (z), intended to have landed in Norfolk, but was prevented by a Sturm, which obliged Him, after beating fome Days, at Sea, to lun, with a fmall Squadron, into the Port of Ravetf Jpur, in Torkjbire («), where, when He perceived that the People, prevented by the Magiftrates, were not in Readinefs to join Him, He ifliied a Declaration (and even ftrengthened it by the Solemnity of an Oath,) that He did not come to challenge the Crown, which He was contented to give up to Hmy \ but only to claim, (u) Phil. deComines, Liv. 3. Chap. 6. {x) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. p. 294. \y) Phil, de Comines, Liv. 3. Chap. 6. — P. d£myle, p. 666.— Habington's Hift. of Ed. IV. in Kennet, V. i. P- 447- (s) Hall, fol. 24. b.-«Stowe, p. 41a -<*Gaguin, Liv. 10. p. 260, 261. {a) March 25, 1471. « I. LlV, ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, fifc. 363 cUim, $$ Dukicof forA, the private (and unjuftly con* fifcaied) Inheritance of hit Family {b). Deceived by thcfe Pretences, his Adherents flocked in Numbers to hit StAodard ; and his AflFsirs became fe profperoos, that, irom a Coafideoce in his Army, He refumed hit Title to the Throne; and then, taking a different Road» pafled the Troops of the Earl of H^tmukk^ un- moleAed on his March to Lmuhn, where the Gates were thrown open to receive Him, and Henry, once more the Sport of Fortune, was delivered up to Him, as a Peace-Offering, by Ge«rge iV!rvfi!l!r,*the £aithlers Bro- ther of the Earl oifVarwiek, and Archbifhop of JTori^. Edward gave Orders that Henry (hould be immediately committed to the Tower (r). The neit Battle, fought at Barnet {d) was decifive in Favour of Kin^ Edward, Warwick, and his Brother, the Marquiit of Montague, were flain, in the thicfceft of the Engagement (#). About four Thouland are fuppofed to have fallen, on both Sides (/). This Vidory was^ follow«| by tho Defeat of Margant, and her Son, the Prince of fyaUs, at Tfwkjbury (g), where the Latter was bafely murder- ed by the Dukes of Ciarenee, and Ckueefter, the Lord Hufiings, and Sir ^kmai Gray (/I). Thus perifiied the Eiarl of Warwick, High Admiral of England, and known, from the Circumftances of his Life, by the Appellation of King-Maker (1). The Naval, {h) Stowe, p. 443. (r) Grafton* p. 702.<-<*HoUn(hed» p. 1332. id) April 14, 1471. \e) P.'de Comines, Liv. 3. Chap. 7. (/) Stowe, p. 423.— We follow the more moderate Ac- counts. Hall (foHo 218) fixes the Number at ten Thoufand. (f) May 4, 1471. (n) Hall, folio 221.-— Habington, folio 4i;3.>— Holing- /hed, p. 6H8.— 'Polyd. Virgil, p 530.— Stowe, p. 424.-- Speed, p. 684. (»■) Fabian, p. 503, C04.— Hall, fol. 28, 29.— Grafton, p. 703, 704, 705. — rolyd. Virgil. Hift. Lib. 24. 3«4 MEMOIRS OF Naval, and Military Bodies, to whom his Bratrery^' Generofiry, Magnificence, and Sincerity had endeared Him, were devoted to hit Interefts. Yet not Thefe f lone, but the Whde People regarded Him with Af- it&ion. SoextenTive was his Hofpitality, that no left than thirty thoufand Peribns were entertained daily, at his Ezpence, within the different Manors, and Caftles which He poflefled in EnglatfJ* By thefe Retaiaers, his WiH was confidered as a Law, and more reverenced than the Orders of the King, o^ the Edids of the Parliament. It is ebitrved {k) that ** He was the great- ** eft, as well as the Lad of thole mighty Barons who *' formerly over-awed the Crown, and rendered the ** People incapable of any regular Syftem of civil Go? " vcrnmcnt.** .- • ■ ■ ' ■ iv , In the mean Time, Thomas Nevilk, fbmamed iht Baftard of Faufonhrjdge, and who had been appointed Vice Admiral of the Channel, during the Adminiftra- lion of ti|r Earl of Warwick y availed himfelf of the Abfence oi Edward irqm the Qipitsil, a^d affeding to hold the Fleet, for Henry, proceeded to the Commiifion of f^yera) A&s of ^jrapy. Having formed a Defign to furprize London, and enrich Himfelf by (the Plunder of it. He failed towards the Mou^itpf .th^ .T^«w<'/» Artd, landing (/) with feyeptcen Thoufand M^n,fnftrched on to Southwark, which Jle reducccj ; jjampleAed. A Part of his Troops were direded to crd(s the River, and force their Paffage through Aldgate, %nd Bijhapfgate. At the Head of the Rehiainder, He a^tteropted to take Pofleflion of the Bridge ; but the ^^tit^ns niade fb gal- lant a Refidance, tHat He was comp^bjled to retreat, after having loft Nymbers of hU ^J^^^ (m)* Inforr ; r i matien {k) Hume's Hiftory pf England, 8vo..V. 3. p. i8ai. (/) May 12, 1 47 1. \m) Hall, folio 33.— Speed, p. 685. ' '' ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 365 mation was now brought to Him that the King was inarching togive^him Battle, whereupon He turned back to Sandwich, and prepared for his Defence. The Royal Army, with Edward at their Head, proceeded to Canterbury, when Fauembridge difpatched a Meflenger to acquaint Him that He was willing, on certain Terms, to fubmit, and refign the Fleet. The King not only granted his Requeft, but knighted, and co/itinued Him Vice-Admiral of the Channel. He did not long enjoy thefe Honours : Frefli Crimes were pioved againft Him, and He was led to Execution (n). Edward, having, in fome Meafure, reftored the Pub- lic Tranquility, and placed the Navy on a refpeSable Eftablifliment, determined to gratify his Refentment, by an Expedition againft the French, whofe Sovereign, Lewis the Eleventh, was then at War with Charier, Duke Qi Burgundy (0). To the AiTtftance of the Lat- ter, He departed from England, with a numerous Ar- my, attended by a Fleet of five Hundred Sail, with which, in July of the Year, one Thoufand, four Hun- dred, and Seventy-five, He entered the Road of Calais, and difembarked the Troops. This Armament affords a Proof that the Marine oi England had not fallen to De- cay, even amidft the Violence of inteftine Tumults ; as it mud have been impoilible, after a general De- (Iru^ion of the Shipping, to equip, within fo fliort a Time, a Naval Force fufBcient for this Enterprize [p). This, probably, was a Part of that Fleet which, dur- ing the Qyarrel between the Houfes of Tork, and Lan- cajier, adhered to the Earl of Warwick. On («) Stowe, p. 424. — ^Holinglhed, p. 1341. (0) Phil, de Comines. Liv. 4. Chap. 5. — P. i£myle, p.* 669. — Ga^uin, Liv. 10. p. 267. (» Fabian, p. 508. — Grafton, p. 719.— Cooper's Chro- nicle, folio 267, b. — Polydore Virgil, Lib. 24, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■tt Itt ■2.2 S? Uo 12.0 U& ||l.25 1 u ij^ < 6" ^ ^1:1^/ Fhotograi^ Sciences Corporation ^ ri>^ V -^^ <^ 23 WKT MAIN STRUT WnSTIR.N.Y. U5M (716)S7a-4S03 ;\ Jp' $€6 MEMOIRS OP On his Arrival til Franee, Edward WM mortified t^ perceive that the Duke o( Burgundy, and the Conftabkf de Saint Pel, the chief Promoters of the War, were not m Readineis to aflift Him ; and therefore, akhough his firft Determination was to attempt the Conqtieft of the Kingdom, He deemed it more prudent to accede t^ Terms of Peace. Thefe were, that L^wit (hould paf to Edward, within a Fortnight, from the Signing of the Treaty, the Sum of feventy-five thoufand Crowns, and from thenceforward, fifty thoufand Crowns^ Yearly, at two Inftallments, during the Lives of the two Kings : That He (hould, alfo, promiie to mairy Ae Dauphin, his Son, to the King's eldeft, or fecoml Daughter ; and allow the Daoghter-is-law iixty Thou- ^md Livres a Year (^). On thefe Conditions, the Em'* badadors were empowered to promife, in the Name of Edward, that he would return to England, with hia Troops (r). > Edward, jufily fenfible of the Advantages refulting from a formidable Marine, applied a confiderable part of his Penfion to its Equipment ; and by maintaining Scpiadrons perpetually at Sea, fo intimidated the King of Franci, that, for the Security of his own Domini- ons, He annually diftributed immenfe Sums amongft the Englijb Privy Council (/). At this Period (/) the Naval, and Military Force of Edward, proceeded, un- der the Command of his Brother, the Duke of GhtUef* ter, on an Expedition againft the King of Scotland, who, alarmed at the Appearance of fb power^ a Fleet, of- fered' (tj) Rymer's Fcedera, V. iz. p. 17. (r) Diipleix, Tom. 3. p. 87. — Mewray, Tom. i p. 347, 328. — P. Daniel, Tom. 6. p. 461, 46a, 463.— rPhil. ^ Comines, Liv. 4.— Gaguin, Liv. 10. (*) Fabian, p. 509. — Hall, fol. 46, 47 — Grafton.— Hp- lingfhed. (/) 1482. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 367 fered to accept of any Propofab of Peace which (hoald bemade tohtm(»). Dnriiig the Abfence of Ghueefter, the Profperity, and with it, the Popularity of Edward, had been diminiih- ed by a Series of anfortnnate, and difgracefii} Circum- fiances. The Duke of Cktrenee had, Yrot without ftreng Sufpicions of Injnftice, been tried, condemned, and executed. The People beheld, alfo, with Dif- pleafure, and Uneafinefs, the Condud of the King, who bad refnfed to fend any Succours to the Plemingr^ the natural Allies of the EngJfJb, ancl from whom they annuaHy gained brge Sums, by the Bahince of Trade. Add to all this, that it became every Day, more and more apparent, that Lewir never intended to fulfil the mod effisntial Conditions of the lad Peace, and in par- ticttlar. That, renting to the Marriage of the Dmipkin, with the Princefs EtizMbeth. At this laft Breach of Faith, Edward was fo irritated, and alarmed, that He refolved t& feize the earfieft Opportunity of waging War againft the French, On this Occafion, He deemed it more prudent to con- fide in the Strength of his Naval Armaments, than in the PVomifes of his Alhes. How little they were en- titled to Dependance, ieemed evident to the difappoint- «d Edward, from the Perfidy of the Emperor Maxim' Ihnt, who, notwithftanding that a powerful Squadron had been fent, under the Command of Sir John Mid- iSftan, to his Affiftance, made a Peace, and entered in- to a dofe Union with Frame, not only againft the Inclinations, but even without the Knowledge of King of England (x>. The Aifiduity with which Edward («) Stowe, p. 43a. — Speed, 689. — Leflzi de Rebus gcf- tis Scotonim, Lib. 8. p. 32i« jaa.— Bnchanan, Lib. 12. P- J99» 400- (x) Grafton, p. 743.— *Stowe, p. 431. — Speed, p. 689, — Corps diplomatique du Droit des Gens, Tom. III. Part II. p. 100. — Rapin, Folio, V. i. p. 62^. 368 MEMOIRSOF Edward prepared for War, and his indefatigable Attend tion to the Concerns of the Marine, proved fo pleafing, to his Subjedsy-that they appeared ready, and even defir- ous to join in the Expences of the War. But when the- Preparations for this important Expedition were on the Point of being concluded, Edward was feized with a Diftemper, of which He expired {y) in the forty-fe-- cond Year of his Age, and the twenty-third of his Reign (z). The French Writers {a) have abfurdly affirmed that He died of Grief, becaufe £//za^//^j his elded D^ogh- ter, whom (after the Ratification of the Treaty of A- miens,) He always (liled the Dauphinefs of France, had not been married to the Son of Lewis the Elevenths We muft, however except an Hiftorian (b) who can- didly acknowledges that the Death of Edward was a great Deliverance to France, and freed Her from the Terror of beholding once again, an EngUJb Army, un« der a vi^orious King, proceeding to the Gates of Pa* ris. It is probable that if the warlike Operations of Ed- ward had been conduSied on the Ocean, We (hould have found Him, as in the Field, brave, yet cruel; and enterprizing, but imprudent. It hath been ob-r Terved that He formed juft ideas of Naval Power, and of the Confequences of an extenfive Commerce (0« He fupported the firft, throughout the whole Courfe of his Reign, and encouraged the Laft with more Zeal than could {y) Apri! 9, 1483. (») Hall, fol. 5^, 60, 61. —Grafton, p. 7$5.— Cdoper's Clironicle, fol. 286. b. — Polydore Virgil, Lib. 24. («) Dupleix, Tom. III. p. 130— P. Daniel, Tom. VI. p. 551, 552. — LeGendie, Tom. IV. p. 106, 107. {If) Mezeray Abrege de THiftoir^ de France, Tom. Ill,, p. 346. (f) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 299. '.),! [e its in M II. i ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMfiK, dfc. j^ could have beeo expedcd from a Prince engaged in civil Tumults, and ftruggling for hit Life and Crown> Hit Treaties with Denmark, Burgundy, the Hanft.TowWp asd with Henry, King ofCafiile {i}, were equally }^ lieficial to the Merchants, and to the People. «:■ Few grievous Taxes were drawn from the Englijh^ during the Reigns of the Monarchs of tbeHoufe of TarJ^, In the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Seventy^four, the Parliament granted to Edwnrd « Tenth of Rentsi or two Shillings in the ^oUnd.^ Thit is remarked to have been very inaccurately levied, fincf it produced only thirty-one Thoufand* four Hundred^ and fixty Pounds (e)» To this Supply was added a whole Fifteenth, and three Quarters of Another (/)» t The Spirit of the People fufficiently difcovered itfelf, on this OccaHon, by a Parliamentary Claufe which cnaded, that the Money levied by the Fifteenth ihould not be paid into the Hands of the King, but kept in religious Houfes, that it might be immediately reftind- ed to the People, in Cafe the Expedition againft France^ for the Purpofes of which it was raifed, ihould not be undertaken (g). Edward, who either perceived that thefe Supplies were infuflScient, or converted them to other Ufes, devifed a new Expedient of obtaining Mo-i Bey, by Benevolence {S)» He addreflfed, in Pcrfon, th# moft opulent of his Subjeds, and, frankty defired thaf they would lend Him as much as they could fpare. Al^ contributed •, fome chearfuily ; Qthers, not until they "Were feduced by the Flattery of the I^tioner ; and the Reft, becaufe they were apprehenfive that a Refufal Vol. L A a might .A--* r<0 1466, and 1467. (ej Hume's Hiftonr of England, 8vo. V. 3. p. t$y C/^ Cotton, p. 696, 700— Hift. Oroyl. Connn. 1. r the Sake of that fweet, andcomeljr *' Face, Youfludthave twenty Pounds." PleaTedwith tUt Teftimony of her Attachment, He kifled his Bene* fii£treis| and She, not left delighted, prefented Him With twice the Slim (i(), . In the third Year of SdwarJ, the Fourth (0» ao Ordinance paflfed, dire€ting that all Bulfion of Gold, and Silver, paid for Merchandize at the Staple, ihould be coined at the Mint of Calais, An accurate, and inde&tigable Hiftorian, whofe Works are defervedly cfteemed, appears to have been miflaken, when He remarked (m) that '* this King caufed a new Coin to be ^ made. whereby He gained much ; for He made an * old Nokle * Royal, which He commanded to go for <^ Ten Shillings. Nevertfaelefs, tothefameiZb^tf/waa ''put. Eight-Pence of Allay ; and fo it weighed the ^ more by Eight-Pence» being fmitten with a new ^ Stamp. He, likewife, made Batf-Aiigebf of fivi ^Shillings : and Farthings of two Shillings, and Siz- ^ pence $ Angdett of fix Shillings, and Eight-Pence; 1$ and Half*Angektt of three ShilUngs, and Four-Pence^ I*:..;: : - • - . «He (i) Habington, p. 461 .—Grafton, p. 719.— Fabian, fol. 421.— Hume's Hiftory of England, Svo. V. 3. 0,96%* \ ihym\^f^.Hi^ . ,>-.,r.a:.-. ...... - r to 5i old Sterling, was to make Thirty-feven Shillings, an^l Sixpence. By other Indentures of the fifth,' eighth, eleventh, fixteenth, and twenty-feoond ^Years of the Reign of Edward, the Fourth, a Pound- Weight of Qold^ of the old Standard, was to make I^orty-five .Nobles, going for ten Shillings, Each, or ninety Half- Nobles^ or one hundred, and eighty Quarter-Nobles, or Sixty-feven, and a half of the Pieces impreflfed with Angels, going for fix Shillings, and Eight^Pence, Each, and confequently were coined into Twenty-two Pounds, and ten Shillings, by Talc : The filver Mo- nies were (horn at Thirty-feven Shillings and Sixpence, the Pound- Weight Troy. Thefe Indentures were made bjetween the ICing, and his Chamberlain, the lAitd Hajlings, Matter, Worker, and Warden of ail his Exchanges, and Outchanges in England^ and Ca- Uus. The Groats of Edward, the Fourth, were more than twenty Grains lighter than thofe of Edward the Third. The Irijb Groats fall fhort of thv En^gUfi Gro«its,"near ten Grains'; artd it was diirvn^ tl¥i^ Pc- rrod'that the firft Difference arofe between the Standards of the Englijb, and frifi Money. The Minis for the A a 2 / Coin- (n) Bifhop NichplfonVHiftoriieal Uhjcary. 'Polio; p. a6a (9) Lowndes's EflTay, 9.49,. 41. 37a .M E M O I R S OF Cointge of the Laft were withdrawn from other Places^ and confined folely to Dublin, Drogheda^, znA tVater- fird, A Difference between the Coins of the two Kingdoms were preierved during the fucceeding Reigns, an Irifi Shilling paffing in Engkmdon\j for Nine-Pence. The Value of the other Coins funk in the fame Propor- tion {p). With Regard to Land, (in the Value of which Com- merce is materially concerned) We find an Inlbnce of its being fold, at this Period, for about ten Years Pur- chafe. In the Proclamation \q) againft the Duke of Ciarencg, and the Earl of ffarwick, Edward offered a Reward of a thoufand Pounds, or a hundred Pounds, a-Year, ito Land, to any Perfons that would feizc them (r). In the Reign of Edwatd, the Fourth, feveral Laws were paffed for the Encouragement of Trade ; andex- tenfive Privileges were confirmed, by Charter, to the Englijb Merchants fettled in the Netherlands (/). By fome of our Hiftorians, the King hath been cenfured for permitting Sheep to be tranfported out of Hereford^ jbiret »n^o Spairtt irom whence (they obfervc,) arofe that Plenty of fine Wool, for which this Country hath been fince renowned. The Aflertion is more vain than juff. That tht Spanijb Wool was, long before this Period, in great Requeft, appears from the Authority, given, in Confequence of their Petition, to the Weavers of (*) Sir John Davis's Reports — ^Cafe of mixed Money.— Seidell. Tit. of Hon. Part i.Chap. 8. p. 135.— Stat 17. Ed. IV. Cap. I.— Bibl. Cotton. MS. Tiberius II. i.— Ma- dox's Hiftory of the Exchequer. — ^Rapin's Hiftory of Eng- land, y. 5. 8vo. p. 1 28, 1 29.— 'Bi/liop Nicholfon's Hifto- rical Library, Folio, p. 260, 26 1> 262. (f) 1470. . (r): Rymer'a Foedera, V. ii:p. 654. {^iuJr '. » Hackluyt. liMifcv'wJ ney.— ,t 17' Eng- Hifto- ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Arc. 373 Lmidon (i), that wherever they could d|R:over Cloth entirely fiibricated of Spmijb Wool, or evtii with « Mixtmt o( Spamjb Woolf they might carry it to the Lord-Mayor, who was to tanleit to be burnt (n) The prevailing Notion amongft the EngUJb of that Aj^e was, that without their Wool, the beft Cloths could not be made : and, indeed, if there had been no Exceltehoe io their Fleece, fome of our Sheep would fcarcely have proved fit Prefents from one Sovereign to Anotl^r \x), A little Treatife (preferved in Htiekluyt (jr),) inti- tuled " DiPolitia Confervativa Maris,** and written iii Rhyme, contains a circumftantial Ac<»unt of the State of Commerce, about the Middle of the fifteenth Century. The Author u unknown ; iilthpugh Men- tion be made of his Patron, the accompliflied Paron of Himgerford (2), who examined, and approved pf the Work. To each Chapter is prefixed ^ particular Ti- tle. That to the Introdudion is 4s follows : '< Here beginneth thie Pn)|ogue pf the Procefle of « the Libd of English Poligik, exhorting allENO- << LAND to keep.the Sea, and aafiieIy,theKARiio wt ** Sea : (hewing what f rpfit Cometh thereof, and alfo « What Worfliip, and Salvation tp England, and tp « ail Englishmen.^ - In this Introduction, the Writeir demonftrates how ufeful, and neceflary it is that Eiigk,id fkovAA preferv^ the Dominion of the Sea. ite adds, that the Emperpr Sigifmond yfrho, in the Year, pne Thpufand fpur Haii- * A * 3 dred, (ij 31 Hen. II. (») Hall's Chronicle, under the Reign of Edward the Fourth, fol. 7. Edit. 1550— Grafton, p. 668. (*) Campbell's Lives of thte Admirals, V. i. p. 399, 310. (jr) Colleaion of Voyages, V. 1. p. 187. (ar) Beheaded at Saliflniry, i46^.»-oing thus : ov; r'i.)*i'. I. .■« J .7 qO'^fi- ■ -; ■rt;: ^pr j foureThuigs our Nob lk iheweth unto Me, .f* iCing, Ship) and Swdrd, and Power of the Sea (a).'* , The fiej^t (Chapter cpnf%int,i| very clear, apd e:^ad Accpui^ oi \li^ <[!ommoi4iMei.of Spain and flanftert^ and of the poinnierce hp^yift^n ^hpTe Countries, .i)e|thlV of which (it i^ repiarked,) could fubTi^ without thff other. The- Writer's inain Ppint, vfldch He urges verjr feniibly^ is tl^t the Spait{ft> Wppl canned be wrought. by the /i'/^m/ff^/. without a Mixtnrp of pngli/b Wool ; and, befides thi^, Xl^t fronf t^fii;<^ituftipn^, ^he Tradf: be- tween ti^e^ .txKp Cpuntrifs fmtk bf s^tpge^her pr^c^^-i- oi^s, if ^t)i >fere not -t^t Peace with Etfgland* The L9w in t^$ !?$^S?* ^^^ Q^M^ of (he CommeFce of iuropi \ and, therefore, while Caiqis, as Y^H as Z^ov^r lyereiq our Hands, that Coininerce could npt be cgr- Hed on,, j|>ut l^y our Perm'iflio^, wj^ich was ezpreiTed by the gQ^if !j^^^j> of J^tfwr Iq ^h|^ 'fifqpnd ChfH>^«r the^jilhpr treats of the Com- modities, and Trade of Porttigaf^ obferving thar its {hhabitants were always our Friends ; and that an ad- vantageous Trade had ever fubfifted. between the two Nations, the Stream of which (He complains,) began tp \te tupefl into fl^fidert. He next mentions the Com- mer99 .l^*r?P' (a) Ompbfirs Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 310. (h) Ibid. p. 511. > ^:.«. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, drc. 37$ mercectrried on by the People ofBretagiu i and thpa, defcribing their Piracies, exclaims icverely at the Qiit- fages Which they were accuftomed to commit on the BngHJb Coaib, and particularly on the Maritime Towns of Norfolk. He concludes this Subjed with the following Relation. The Merchants reprefented to Edward, the Third, that notwithftanding the Peace between Him, and the Duke of Brttagm, their Vefleb were takeii by the Privateers of that Province. When the King remonftrated, by his Ambafladors, againft thefe Hoftilities, He wtfs anlWered that the Privateeti belonged to the Ports of Saint Michael, and Saint Jl£ifo« the which, although within his Dominions, were not under his Obedience^ Win^ inhabited by a fort of Peo- ple, who would do whit theypleafedj Bdward, now, ordered the COmplainsints to avenge themfehres, and permitted the Merchants, and Marinen Of Daiwmthp Ffj^mouii and Fowgy, to fortify their Towns; and^ equppittg Privateen,to crai.^e upon the tkuifts of Bre» tagiu. Tbis Eipedient aafweitd hif Pidfibie v *° ^^^ '^ Cart-Wheek«, »nd Wljecl-Parrowi vrtn$ by the $cQtfk Sbips^ carried Home, in Return ipr their Staple CiMQinoditiet ; From whence, Up infiprs that MngMf bein{( poflcfled of the Sovereignty of the narrow Seai^ and a fuperior Navat Force, may, at any Time, aw« ^ti, and Sntlmlp by the Interruption of that Commerce, without which they could not fubTiil (d)« 111 th9 fifth Qhaptwr, Ife defcribet the Trade of fruH^t Gtrwumy, xht Hm^e Towns, and the inland Countries, dependent uj^n'them. The Articles of Commerce amongft the GtuHfe employ the fizth Ch^p* ter ; whence it appears that, at this ^ra, they traded to Africa. %pA to the MV/, exporting thither, ia farf^e Vfcj}Qp)s, fpaU^d Qfrt^i^, Wool, and woollen Coug^t of them were mere inftruments of fjox^r in thia Chapter tl^e Writer zealoufly en- dtavolirs \g expofe the Advan^ges which Foreigners bad, in Tr^^e, pver the Natives of Bnglaiul, ana the Frauds cpitimiited hy the Italian 3an)(en, apd FaSprs, fe(ideh^%it;hii| t|ie Kin|^dpm (r)r TheTf^de of piofifkn takei^ up the eighth Chapter, wherein gre^t Complaints are m<^de of the Inlblence of sups belonging to the Himfi Tpwnsp and of the Folly pf EngSJb Merchants, who lent their Names to cover ihe Qo^ pf Fprei|ners, imported hither, In the ninth td) Campbeirs Lives of the Adijniraly, V. i . p. 31^, \i) Ibid.^. 313. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 377 ninth Chapter, We find a copious, and ezaft Account of the Commodities, and Commerce of Ireland, except that the Author fpeaks confidently of Gold, and Sihrer being found in that Kingdom ; an Aflertion which Time hath not verified. Towards the Conclufion^ it introduced a Prcjed concerted by the Earl of Ormndp and fuggefting that if the Expence of one Year in the Maintenance of Frnck Wars, were employed in the Redudion of Jrekmd, it would anfwer the Purpofe ef- feaually, and produce a confiderable Profit, annually, to the Engtifi Nation. Yet this, as the Writer com- pbins, was 0ighted from Views of private Profit, to the great PetrifQent of the Public (/). The Trade carried on to Iceland, from Scarborough^ tqd of later Years, firom BrifiQl, to the fame Place, is dcfcribed in the tenth Chapter, at the Clofe of which the Author difcourfes concerning the Importance of Car kdt. In the eleventh Chapter, He defcants on the Na» val Power of Edgar, and the mighty Fleets of Edward the Third, and Henry the Fifth, who OU obferves,) buik larger pa4 (Ironger Ships than any of their Pre- deotffon {g). The twelfth and Ifift Chapter is a concife Recapitu* lation of the principal Matters treated of in the fore- going Parts of the Work, and concludes with a pathe- tic Exhortation to Engl/Jb Statefmen, thoroughly to confider the Importance of thefe Points ; and efpcfcially of that which regards the Maintenance of the Sovereign- ty of the Bm^li/b on the Sea, and muft contribute the rnoft eflentially to the Peace, Pknty, and Profperity aftfaelfland(/i). Wc (f) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. p. 313. [),Jb;i»P-3H Sf^ MEMOIRS OF We fiiall drop the ^ufajed, with the Obicnri^Mk «f: a Naval Writer, (/ ) to whole Kefearchet We are ««• debted for the Account of thit inftmdive Tiratife. ^One cannot kelp wondenng, on the: Pemf^ of this Piece, that no Pains have ever beeif taken to makt ir more ufeful, by re-pubhfhing it^ either ^n modem Mtf^t, or as it now (lands, with Nofte ; fince it is Cfi* dentty Mrritten with equal Science^ and Spirit ; fothat it is not: eafy to fay, whether it give* us a better Uea of the Author's Head* or Heart. Befid^, it is a foil Proof that Trade was^ then, a very eMt«niive, and iiil« portant Concern; which wiH appear mfOre clearly to the Reader, if He confiders th« diffeftdt Vahte of Money, then, and now.'* *< It likewife (hews that the Reafoii^and Gronnd^ of tar Naval Dominiotk were then as th^Toiigidy under*' ftood, and as clearly, and plainly afl^ed as evtr they have been fince t which is the Reafbit thiit Mr. Seidell cites this Book as a retn^i^kable Authority^ both in Pdnt of Argument, and Antiquity {k}. But We ar6 na# coming into brigh|er Times, whereift that Spintof Commerce, which this Author fo earne(Uy wiflied for, began really to appear ; and when there (ibemed to be a Conteft between private Men, and Th6(b in Admi* ni(lration, who (hould ferve the Public mofl: A Spirit to which We owe our prefent Correfpondence with all Parts of the World, our potent, and ftatefy Fleet, and, in particular, our numerouf PlantdliMt, the ekief Sup* fwt of our maritime Strength, aswelfos the moft eonfiJer* §bh Brmieh of our ^radeJUll remaining (/)." The (t) Campbell's IJves of the Admirals, V. i. p. 514. (k) Mare Glaufum, Lib. 2. C. 25. (/) The Likenefs in the latter Part of die Paaute, which was drawn at the Beginning of this Reign, is noWf p«(haps» ir«fc(»> lie ieh ILLtS'fRiaUl 4SEAMEN, &<;. 319 '/ThlB Occurrences, doriii|^ 1^ Reigns of \E). admirals.0//;i« North.. Wist. 2 Hen. IV. R. Gray, Baron Sir TAomat Remftaiu . > ofCoekmre^ *' 5 Hen. irirecoverably loft. Every virtuous Ei^Ujbman mnft be antir . ous fpr the Union oi Americot wi^ his Countiy. The Good of both Parties are truly to be pitied. They Wifh, and They defpair. (m) Campbell, (V. i. ^. 304.) .from Holingihed, V. a. p. 7^5.!— Ajrjrentra Hiftoire de Bretasne, Liv. la.— Me- zeray, Tom. IV. p. 357. — ^P. Daniel, Ton^ VI. p. 601. (ir) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, t. i. p. 304. (g) Ibid. ip) Spelman.— Lediard's Naval Hiftpry , Folio, V. i. p. 1 3 1 . m T 39o^ MEM O I R S OF ^ Heo. IV. TAm,]^iauf9rt,Bto- Tlimu,hd,BeriUyt 7?i':-. i«'^ Mf rqui» of : ,1 ''^^ Admirals «/ E N GL A N P, (?rp, 6 Hen. TV. Tiotmu of Lancajler, the Son of King £&»• ; "• ^ rylV. Viceroy oUreUftd, High Stew-^ ' ti'»W£' grd of Mn^hid\ afterwar(l9 Duke of Clarence, Admirallus titrinrqqe Partis, I (Admiral in every Sation.) ' '. * ' The above-mentioned 70^ B^tftf)^/, iBarl of Somerfit, Admirallus Anglis. (Ad* mM of ^Kgfand.) Edmund J^ttmd^ Earl of iT/n/, Admiral* lusAngiisB. (Admiral of £ffj:iW.) The aboverniientioned Tthmas , Beaufirf, AdfnirallusAngliflB. , (hMrfA 9f Sng' M,) - - • 4 Hen. VI. JcJht of Laneafter, Duke ofMford, Earl oiRUhnumd and CmMe, |Iigh Confta- ble of EngUnd, Son of King Henry IV. .' Admirallus Anf^liflp. (Admiral of £n^* Imtd,) J^ HolUtnd, Duke of Exen, Earl of Huntmgdonf conftituted, together with his Son, Admirals of England, Ireland, %^;^{;^^!^ -^IffV^emMh P^, Marquis and Earl of Sujf§lk, made Admiral of England, Jre» land, and Jquitain, during the Nfinori- ' ty of ffrfirjpj Duke of Exon ; who, with ^ Father, had that Office, 1>y tht King's 8 ?>.ii an ' 14 ^fiJ- ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Arc. 381 King's Grant, ad tenm'tmm l^iUeMnm^ t^c, (for the Term of both their Lives.) 28 Hetay Holland, Duke of Exm, Adminl of England, Ireland, »XiA Aqwttdn. 1 Edw. IV. Richard Nevil, Earl of Warwick and So- lifiury. Admiral oi England, Ireland, and Aquitain, ^ % William Nevil, Earl of Keni, and Baron Falconberg, Admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitain, 2 Edw.IV. Richard, Duke oi Gloucefler', Brother to the King, Admiral of England, Ireland, and Jquitain, 42 Hen. VL Richard Nevil, Earl of Warwick, and So- li^urj. Captain of the Town and Caf* tie of Caiait, Conftable of the Ca(Ue of Dover, and Guardian of the Cinfm Portr, Admiral, as above. tl Edw.IV. Richard, Duke of GlouceJIer, afore&id, conftituted Admiral, as above, t Rtch.ni. 70^1 Howard, Duke of Norfolk, Admi- ral of England, Ireland, and AfuiUutu MEMOIRS .•>•"? n m if IS. :lh?m im^ '.^-^^ m -h^I ,^ • ».■■■ f i r \. '-' .Sv, 'Jii^i.' ,yw^«i|..; n " ? -^ ? ,/ .:r .IH -r J I % ii MEMO I R S n O F ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. The THIRD PERIOD. tt ^ ■FrOMTHB AcCESStOH OfHeKRT THiSEYZMTR^ TO THE Demise of Mart the First. IV THE Battle of Bofiwrth{*) in which the Royat Forces not only Joft their Soirereiga, but :were totally defeated, at once fecarad the advance^ mentof the Earl i^ Richmond to the Throne. The Camp of the Vidorious Army refoiinded, en every Side, with the Acclamations of Long Sve Henry tie Stveiith{b) / At the fiime Moment, Sir William Stanley, having difcovered the Crown of Richerd amongft the l^ils, advanced with it towards tl^e Conqueror, and pUiced it on his Head (c). An Inquuy concerning hie Title («) Augnft 22, i^^. {b) Bacon, V. a. Edit. 1753. p. 268, &c. (r) Hall, fol. 34.— Grafton, p. 85a. — Stowe, p. 470.— Holingflied, V. a. p. 760, 779.— 'Dugdale^s Ba^nage, V. a. p. 248. "Pr. t '# *• S84 MEMOIRS OP Title to the Regal Power is foreign to our Subje£b We (hall only remark that He did not hefitate to accept of it, and proceeded immediately, by (low Journies, towards the Capital. Here, He found the Citizens^ and People, unanimous in their Expreflions of Satisfac- tion, and ^egiance. On the Day following {J)f He folemnly renewed his Oath to marry the Princeft Eliza- beth ; and foon afterwards {e), me Ceremony ,of his Coronation was performed by Thomas Bourchier, a Car- dinal, and Archbifhop of Canterbury (/). The firft material Naval Tranfadion of this Reigii occurs in the Yiear,' one Thoufand, four Hundred, aitd Ninety-two, when a confiderable Fleet was equipped &r the Purpofe of tranfporting to France, the Troops which were to invade that Kingdom. The chief Mo- tive which led Henry to engage in this War arofe from his unbounded Avarice, to the Gratification of which the Parliament, and the Citizens of Lomkn adminifter- ed by liberal Supplies, and Contributions. He crofTed the Seas, and, on the fixth of Odober, arrived at Calais, with an Army amounting to twenty Thoufand Foot, and fixteen Hundred Horfe, the Command of which was given to the Duke of Bedford, and the Eai^ of Oxford. Not to fatigue the Reader by unneteflary Details, We (hall only obferve that Henry, whilft He openly profelTed his Determination to carry oa the War, with Vigour, prevailed fecretly on the Marqnifs of Dorfet, and Twenty-three Perfons of Diftindion, to prefent to him a Petition for fubmitting to an Ac- commodation, with France ; in Confequence of which the Biihop of Exeter, and L7^m^, ILLUS.TRIOUS ?EAM£N, &c. 385 th^ Terms of the Peace. To the Demands of Henry, wliidli were folely applied to tne AcquUition of Moneys the ^ing oH Trance immediately agreed ;. binding Him- i^lf to pay feven hundred* and forty-iiye thoufand Crowns (^), partly as a Reimburfemeht of the Sums advanced Xfx Britamy, arid partly as Arrears of the Penfion ^ue to Ettv/ord^ the Fourth ; and He alio ftipt|)ated to. Henry and his Heirs, an Annuity of twen:* ty-five thoufand Crowns (^). Thus, (to borrow the Language of his Hiftorian (/), ) the King made Profit upon his SubjeSs for the War ; and upon bis Enemies for the Peace. On the feventeenth of December^ Hen* ry nturned to London {k). I9 the fame Year, Maximilian, the Arch'Duke, ap* plied to the King for Aid againft the Count de Rarjenftein, whoj breaking out into Rebellion, had periuaded the Citizens of GJient, and Bruges to rife in his Support. Il^yj^g refJuced the iTowja of Sluys, He equipped a con* fidl^rable Number of Ships, and Barks^ with whichi Mifffling the Seas, He took fuch Veflels as were unable to ceGil^ Him. Not led by a RefpeS for any Nation to w^hhpld; |iis Piracies, He had attacked, and plundered iei^ffal of the Englijb Merchantmen. On this Account alone^ it w:as the Intereft of Henry to arm in the De* kxic.j^oi J^aximilian. A Motive dill more powerful was the Expediency of enabling this Prince to oppofe l^zff^h ; at that Period, the common Enemies of Both. Accordingly^ a Squadron confiding of twelve £hip»* ftipplied with Men, and Ammunition, was or- dered to proceed under the Command of Sir Edward y^^^^y Bb Poyn- ■ ♦ ■ {g) Nearly four hundred thoufand Poundi Sterlrag of our prefent Money, >'{h) Rymer's Poedera, Vol. la. p. 497. (f) Bacon, p. 605. (^)Hall,fol. 12.— Speed, p. 736. J 386 MEMOIRS OF Poynings yXo Sbtyt. On hU Arrival, He was informed; that the If^edor of Sax^ had marched, at the Head of his irmy, to the Abidance of Maximilian, and was prepaiing to inveft the Plate^ by Land. The Military Operations were feconded by Poynings, from the Sea. The chief Strength of Sluyi Cdnfifted in two Caftles ; and, thefe He attacked during the Space Of tWtmy Days, whifft they were gaOantly defended by thie Be-- iieged, Kiinibers of whom periihed in the Anions. At length,' availing Himfelf df the Darkneis of the Night, He iet Fire to a Bridge of Boats, which ferved as a Communication from one of the Caftl^ s, t6 the Other. This Accident fo terrified the Enemy, that they furren-^ dered the Town to the Ele^r, and the CafUes to the EngUfb{i). Muiuvuv At the Clofe of the Year, one Thoufand, and Nltie- ty-fiV'e, the Arch-Duke Philips to whom the Govern- ment of the Low-Countries had been refigned by il^Mir^ mlian, fent AmbafTadors to tienr^, with InffaruQtons to negotiate a Renewal of the Commerce, between England, and the Flemings, The Treaty was concluded in the February following ; and' by one Article, it wat enaded that no VefTels Wrecked oh the Coafts of either of the two Princes, fhould be liable to Confifoation, provided any living Creature whatfoever were to be found on Eoard (w). ''i^^ ^^^^ ^' ' About the fame Period, Herary entered into i^ League with the King of Denmark, whereby He fecured to his Subjeds, and particularly to the Inhabitants of BHJM, the Trade to Iceland, in the Enjoyment of which thtf had, not long before, fuffered fome alarming Inter- ruptions. On this Occafion, it was ftipulated that jhe EnglifitiSiiQvXd, unmolefted by the Danes, be permitted to il) Holinglhed, V. a. p. 78 1 . («) Rymer's Fcedera,V. la. p. 695, 713. ■"-m \ iLLUStRlOU'S SfiAMfe^, i'c. 3§t t6 fupply that liland with all kinds of Provifioii, coaiTe ' Cloth, and other Commottities. Thi^ Was !«tn efpecial * Privilege tiot gratited ro any other Kation ; neither, perhapr, could it hav^ been bbtainied^ if the Trade of Dh^rk had not languiihed under a confiderable De-^ ' creafe. The Care of thefe Tranfaftions proved the Means of introducitig to Henry, Sir JoAn Cabot, who^^ in his Service, firft difcovered the Continent of America^ ^ and that Country which is now czWtd Neivfouttdlmd (n). Of this tclcbrated Fenetian, We Ihall have Occafion to ' fpeak, hereafter. On the Twenty-fecOnd of April, in the Year, one Thoufarid, five HundiFed, and Nine, Henry expired of a donfuHiption, at his Palace of Richmond, after a Reign of Twenty-three Years, and eight Months, and in thef FIfty-fecond Year of his Age^to). On his Dfcath-B^d,'He mentioned, with the bittercft Remoi-re thbfe OpprtiTions to which his Subje^sj the gtiiltlefs" ^ VitQimsof the Rapacity of his Difpofiiion, had been ' perpetually expofed ; ahd, by a Claufe within his Will, direded that the fulleft Reftitution (hculd be made to AH whom He had injured. We now prefent the Reader with a brief Detail of ' thofe Circumftances which may enable him to form a Judgment of the Condud of Henry, fo far as it relates ^■ to the Subjeds of this Work. Avarice, the Maller^Paliion of this King (and not a real Inclination to^romote that Kind of Commerce,'* from the unfettered Profperity of which, the Adv;;ntur-' ' ««jui B b 2 ers («) Foed. ban. 1 1 Hen. VII. Art* 4. quod in Tabulli Legationis MDCII. etiam habeinus.-^Rymer's Fttdera, Vpl. XI i. p. 381— .Seldcni Martf Claufuni. Lib. i. Cap. 32. {0) Dugdale's Baronage, V. 2. p. 232V-Hall, tbl. 60. b. —Grafton, p. <)47, O48 — Stowe.—Hollngflied.— Speed.-<-i Lord Qacoa's Life of Henry, p. 353. ' 388 MEM OI RS OF en in it might reap, and, in Security, poflefs confi- deraUe Profits,) was the Bafis of a Mukitude of Laws which, contrary to their Intention, rather checked, than encouraged, the induilrious Exertions of his Sub- jeds. The Views of Henry were certainly direded the moft towards an Increafe of his Cuftoms, when He commanded Mortorit the ArchbifliopofGrn/^rWy, and Lord Chancellor of England^ to dwell in the Speech, at the Opening of the parliament, on the Neceifity of uk« ing into their ferious Confideration, the Protedion of the Trade, and Manufadures of the Kingdom (/.). That Henry aiCfted the Merchants with the Loan of large Sums, for which He took no Intereft, m Order that they might engage in thofe Enterprizes to which their Property was before unequal, is not to be denied, and refleds a Credit on his Condud, howfoever mixed it. may have been with Plans of private Gain (q). Bu| the exadion of Intereft, (at this Period called Ufury)and even the Profits of Exchange, were forbidden by ieye- ral Laws^rj. ^very evafive Contrad calculated for the Advantage of the Money-Lender was prohibited with equal Stridnefs (t). It is obvious that the Exe- cution of thefe ridiculous, and unjuft Lawsmufi have proved impoilible, or, if poflible, pernicious to the Sub- jeft, in his Courfc of Trade. . ,. r«-,«9^»r The Exportation of Money, Plate, or Bullion, was ftri^ly provided againft, and all foreign Merchants im- porting Commodities into the Kingdom, were obliged to inveiV, in Englijb Commodities, the Money raifed by J J their .(^) A. D. 1487. — Godwini de Pnefiil. AneKx Commen- tar. .Cantab. 1743. Folio, p. 121. — ^Bacon's Hiftory of Hen. ., Vn. p. 289.— -Parliament Hift. V. 2. p. 417, 4^8, 4igb (^)Hall, folio 61.— Polyd. Virgil. Ir) 3 Hen. vn. Cap. 5. (0 7 Hen. Vll.-Cap 8. U* si!a;£s> ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, fire. 389 their Salei, in Order to prevent their conveying it 1- wiy clandeftlnely (t). Thefe Preciutions againft the Exportation are Judicioufly confidered as fenring only to increiie it (u). With equal Abfurdity^ as it difcouraged the Breed, ihd introduced a Scarcity, was it cnaded that no Per- fon ihould carry, or fend any Horfe, or Mare above the Value of fix Shillings, and eight Pence, out of the Realm, on Pain of forfeiting the fame, except it was for their own Ufe ^xj. Inftead of being left free, and Sntrufted to the common courfc of Bufinefr, and Com- merce (y)t the Wages of Labourers were regulated by Law (z) ; and Prices affixed to Woollen Cloth (a)^ and to Caps and Hats (h). It may appear aftonifliing that the Price of a Yard of fcarlet Cloth (hould be li* mited to twenty^lix Shillings, Money of our Age ; that of a Yard of coloured Cloth to eighteen ; the Jirft % higher Price than the Commodity bears at prefent : and that the Wages of a Tradefman, fuch as a Maibn^ Bricklayer, Tiler, &c. ihould be regulated at near ten Pence a-Day ; which is not half inferior to the prefent Wages ghren in fomeParts diingUnid(c). ** La- bour, and Commodities have certainly rifen iince the Difcovery of the H^eft-Indiet, but not fo much, in eve* ry Particular, as is generally imagined. The greater Induftry of the prefent Times has increafed the Number of Tradefmen and Labourers, fo as to keep Wages near- er a Par than could be expefted from the greater In- B b 3 creafe (/) 3 et 4 Hen. VII. Cap. 23, 28. («) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 3. 8vo. p. 401. (x) II Hen. VII. Cap. 13. (j) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 3. 8vo. p. 40a. (z) 1 1 Hen. VII. Cap. 22. («) 4 Hen. VII. Cap. 8. (*) Ibid. Cap. 9. Oi) Hume's Hiftory of England, Svo.V. 3. p. 402. 39Q ' M E MO I R S O F creafe of Gold, and Silver. And. the additional Art, employed in the finer ManufadUres, has eveni made .|ome of thefe Commodities tall below their former Vt^ lue. Not to mention that Merchants, anewtdj&n^' eight Pence a Day for his Journey in Winter, and five Pence in Suitimei*. When he fta^s'in any Place, two Pence a-Day are allowed Him, beilde the Maintenance of his Horfe. Somewhat above a Quarter of Wlieat u allowed for every Month throughout the Year ; and the Wheat is cftimat^d at five Shilltng»j; ari6^ eight Pence, ^a^ Quarter. Two himdred and ftfty Quarters of Mdt are allowed, at foui* Shillings a' Quarter. Two Hogl^ heads are to be-hiadb of a Quarter ; which amounts to' about a Bottle, atfd a Third of Beer to each Perfon (/}. and the Beer will- not be very ftron^; One hundred, and nine fat Beeves, are to be bough^ at Allhalhw Tide, at thirteen Shillings, and four Pence, a Piece : ' And twenty-four lean Beeves to be bought at Saint He- ien\ at eight Shillings, a Piece : Thefe are to be put into the Pafturcs to feed ; and are to ferve from Mid-^- fummer to Michaelmas ; which is confequently the on- ly Time that the Family eat freih Beef : During all the Reft of the Year, they live on falted Meat {i). On« ■;'•;';■ . ^ .hun- (>%)P. IS7, 158,' 159. (0 Page 5- (^)Pages. I ^ M EM I R S O P hupdrtdf and iaty GiUons of Mofbrd arjeanowed in a. Year .; whicE feeiiMj indeed requiiite ipjr the faW Beef.0.^ Six bundiredf and fbrty-feven SGeepare al- lDwed|| at ,twenty-pi^,nce vPi^^ ».ai|^.there feem to be all eaten iaited, except betweep Lammu, and Michael" mat Hjh), Only twenty-five Hqgs me allowed at two Shillings a-Piece ; twenty-eight Vcab at twenty Pence y forty Lambs at ten Penoe, or a Sbilling (n)k Thefe feem to be referved for my Lord's Table, or that of the upper Servants, c^ed the Knight's Table*/ The other Servants, as they ate. ialted Meat ahnoft through the whole Year, and with few^ or no Vegeubles, had a veiy bad, and unhealthy Diet: So that there cannot be any Thing i;nore efroneout thar> the magnificent, Ideas formed of tH Spaji. Beef ^f ^^ England, Wt, ijiiuft entertain i^s, m^an an Idea ojF their Clean* lineis : Only fey^Q^y Ells of Linen, -at fijght Pence an. £jl^ were annu^ly t^low^d for this gr^at Family : No, Sbjeetawereufed,; Ti;^9. Linen was inftdeihlx>»^ Ta- ble-plpths iorxaf. Lord's • iT^^^e, and ' poe Table-Clotl| for the Kniglits («^ T^^i^ laft,^ I AVfo&, was wafhed^ o.nlyon^aMonthf^^p^y foriby iSfl#f gs are allowed; for washing throjughbut the whole Year,. and moft of itf fe^nu expended op> ijx& .Upen belonging to the Chapel. ge Drinking, however was tolerable ; namely, ten ns, and two J:h»g(beads of Gafcony Wine, at the Rate of four Pounds,^ tbirteen. Shillings, and four Pence ,aTioa(^). , Onlyv ninety-rone Dozen of Candles for the whole Year (fX The Family rofe at Six in the Morning, dined at. Ten, and Tupped at Four in the; Afternpon : The;Qates were all fiint at Nine, and no ; ..gVtfbiV^ farther sis (/) Page iil (n) Page 7. (/) Page 6. H Page 5. (0) Page 1 6. {9) i'age 14.. ILLUSrTRiPVS S>£AMEM, ^c 401 farther Ingrcfsi ,pr E;gref» permitted ('r.^. ^ My Lard, and Lady iiave fet on their Tliblc, at Breakfaft, at fe^ ven o^Clock in the Morning, * Quart of ]Peer } as much Wine i two Pieces of /alt Fifli* Tix red Herrings, four white< Herrings^, or a W^ih 0/ Sprats* In flefh Days^ balf a Chine* of Mutton , or a Chine of Beef boiled (t)*> Mars is ordered tabe (aid at fix o'Clo<^> that all my Lord's Servants (fays the Houfhold Book,) may rife eairly (tj» Only twenty-four Fires are allow{edy befidea th^ Kitchen,, and' HaH, and mod of thefe luve only a Peck of Coals a Day allowed them (»). ; After La" dyDtiy^ no Fires permitted Jen the Rooms, except Half- Fires in my Lord's, and Lady*s,.and Lord, .PrVrry'/^ and the Nurfery^x/ It.it to be obferved. th^t my Lord kept Houfe in fari^/r«, where there is certainly much^ cold Weather, ahtr LadyDay. Eighty Chalders of Coaky at four Shillings^ and two Pence, a Chalder fuf^ fices throughout the whole Year} and becaufe Coal will notburri without: Wood, (fays the Houfe-Book,) Hxty-four Loads of great Wood are alfo allowed, at twelve Pence, a Load (yj» This is a Proof that Grates were not then ufed.^ Mere, is an Article. // // devifed thai from, henceforth m Capons to he bought but only for my Lord*t own Mefs^ and that the fnd Canons Pall be bought for two , Pence a piece ^ lean, and fed in the Poultry ; and Ma filer Chamberlain, and the Stewards be fed with Ca-^ ponsf if- there be Strangers Jitting with them (zj. Piga are to be bought at three Pence, or a Groat a Piece : Geefe at the fame Price : Chickens at a Haif^penny s Hens at two Pence, and only for the above-mentioned ' Tables. Here is another Article. Jtem, it it thought », Vol. 1. - Cc good rr) Page 314, 318. (0 Page 170. (*) Page loi. (s)PageiOa. (') Pag* 73. 75- (u) Page 99. Tj^ Page a a. foa " MEMOIRS O P ' ;goodthai m Fleivert h hda^Ht at in Siafin, U^ ditfy'm Chs'AmtHflohdprincipd Fta/lt^ and tny^ Ltrd h Ufirved i^ere^it^i and" ^s Board-Bud, and- tune Other, aiidtahi bought feir a Penny a Piee^, or a PetWf Ihif-fiemrfy ai Mo^/tf/ Woodcocks are* to l»e botight tt )tlefkiA« Price. Partridges ; at tWo Pcilce (b) i Phcaiants^ • Shilling ; Peacocks, the faAie (r). My Loril keeps only t^enty^ven Horfes in his Stabte 4t htt( ow« Char^ : Hi^ upper Servitnts have an AHowancd for maintaining^ their own Horfes (d). Thefe Horftii^ are, fix gentle Hoirfes, as they ^re called, at Hay, and hard Meat rhrongbout the whole Year, four Palfreys, thre* Hobbies, iind Nags, three Sompter-Horfes, fix Horfea for thofe Servant) to whom my Lord fumiihes a Horie, two Sumpter-Horfes more, and three MiU^Hbrfes, Two for carrying the Com^ and One fiM- ^nSnf^ it : Whence We may hifer that Mills, either Water, or WiYid^Milk were then unknown : Befides theie| there are feveii great Trotting^Horfes for the Chiriot; or WaggoH. ' He allows a Peck of Oats, a day, be- Udes Loavbs made of Beans, for his principal Horfes ; the.Okt^ at ty/enty Pence, the Beans at two Shillings^ a Charter. The Load of Hay is at two ShiUhigs, and eight Pence. When my Lord is on a Journey^ He carries thirty-Hx Horfemen along with Him; together ivith Beds, and other Accommodation {e). The Inns, it feems, could afford nothing tolerable. My Lord pafles the Year, in three County Seats, all in Tork- Jbire, WryJfeU Leckingpeld, and Topcfyffe 5 but He has Furniture only for One: He carries every thing along with Him, Bieds, Tables, Chairs, Kitchen Utenfils, aH which We may conclude were fo coarfe that they could not be fpoilt by the Carriage : Yet feventeen Carts, and one TO' (a) Page 103. (0 Page 106. (0 Page 157. (b) Page lOA, 10$. (fO Page laol * ' ILLUSTRIOUS^EAMEN, &c. 40$ one Wag^n fiiAcn faK ibb.W^ole (/Jk t>iie C*rt iyffio«ft^'all hik IGitelMO-y^nAtt, Cooks Bcd^, dfc^ i^. One: nmarkaUfr^ Gvcupsfts^ftce i^ that He ba« ^even Priefts in his Houfi^> befidcss feventee^ Perrons^ Ch^hfcn^ tMufidans^ Arc. bfionging to the Chapel :, YtrHelU8.dDly.tyi9Q.Ceok».fQr a Family of two hun- dred,^ akA tw^y-thrtePerfopsv^). TMcir Meal% wem oettajnly drefled in the (W.venly Manner of a Ship's, GemiNusy,^ lit is ftmufing to ojbferve the pompous, an^ even f^iil Slile obfervcd by this Tartar Chief: He doe^ iMlt>giJire4my Ordeff^ tlMUgh only for tlie right making e€ Mnftard, but it i» introdAK;ed with this Preamble : U fiiuitftik'JgmU^ SoMJrtja/hdtHrfQuncil, If We confider (addSithe>judicioiiSjGon)lilent:aA9r {')> ) the magnificent^ tod ele^antt nianiie^ in which the Venetian^ and other //a//a« Noblcnacn then. lived'* w^th the Progrefs made by didiliiAi^iJt in Lilera)turie;:a0d the ^ne Arts, We (hall nt»t>wonderithat tl^ey:tj>gAtded the Ultramountaine Nai iionti a& barbarous.. Tbe'^/s Pounds, irom trading to the great Marts, in i7am/^/. It is aftonifhing that fo burdenfome a Reflraint on the Freedom of Commerce (hould ever hatve been devifed^ ^ much more carried into Execution^' ' On the ninth of December, tn the Year, one Thout fand, five Hundred^ and Two, ^he King granted a Patent to James Elliot, and Thomas Ajburji, Merchants of Briftol, to John Gonfaiet, and Francis Fernandez, Natives of Portugal, impowering them to proceed with Englijb Colours, on a Voyage for the Difcbvery of unknown Countries, and the Settlement of Colonies, therein! \oJ at thd ^ (7) Rymer's Foedera, V. 13. p. 14a. («) Hall, folio 58. — Bacon, p. 633. (ji) I a Hen. VIl. Cap. 6. ;.»«■.,■•■■ ,Eitr.' J i • nies, reiftt J a. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &ic. 405 thierdn (0). About this Period, alfo, Vafquez de Gama, zPoriuptefe, pafled the Cape of Good Hope, and opened, by failing entirely round the Continent of Africa, a new Courfe to the Eaft'Ifuiief. h was now that Com- merce, and Navigation^ encouraged by Induftry, and the Arts, (hot forth with a redoubled Vigour, increafing with the Times, and at length fpreading to the mod diftant Quarters of the World. The laudable Zeal of Henry for the profperous Efta- blifhment of his Marine may be difcovered from a Mul- titude of Inftances. He built a confiderable Fleet which, when not employed in the Service of Go- vernment, was let out, in fmall Divifions, to the Mer- chants. Some of thefe Ships were of large Burden, but particularly that called The Great Harry (p), on the Conftnidlon of which, the King expended four- teen thoufand Pounds. This may properly be faid to have been the firft Ship of the Royal Navy. In every preceding JBra, the Prince, who had Occafion for a Fleet, was reduced to the Neceflity of applying to the Cinque Ports, and either hiring, or preffing into his Service, the Veffels of the Merchants. The Credit of fufmounting thefe Inconveniencies remained for Henry, who introduced iuch a Naval Force, as was, on all Oc- cafions, the Security, arid the Glory of the Kingdom. So rigid was the legality, and To boundlefs the Ex- tortion of this Prince, that the Treafures, difcovered at his Death within his Coffers, not only furpafTed thofe which were accumulated by former Monarchs, but ; Cc 3 what (fl) Pymer'sFoedera, V. 1^'. p 37. ' (7^ Stawe's Annalsi p., 4^4. -r^By fome Accident, this re- markable Ship was burnt at fFooiivicA, on the Evening of the twenty^ighth of Augi^, ,in. tlie Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Pifty»dS^ree.-^Helingftied's Chrpnicle, V. 11. p. io9q.<^ttyp9's jyi[|Bm9^t«I Pound ; confequently, the pecuniary Acquifitipnis qi Heift'yi,!^-^ cording to the laft Computation ^ weiteQ«arly equal to three Millio^is, Money pf this Age. How: muft; oyr Won4er increafe, when We fearn (/) tha(t l/«iry left behind Him four Millions, and a Half, tn Bullion, ex- clufive of wrought Plate, Jewels, and rtch Furniture ! f hefe Suijis arc not fet, down in Pig%rcs^ ^(a Method likely to introduce Mtft^tkeijl,} : but in Worda, at, ,fiill Length., The Authority for this. Ali&rt'ion i^the^ PWk of Aipigpmpts Hc^pt be|wfeA ;the King, w^A Dudley^ Tlh^ apparent 'InconiCiftency of the two Relationi feem? to clear up, if We fuppofe (as ^r Robert CofttH mentions ronly Dudley'^ Book,) that eight hundred thoufand Pounds Aood on the Accompt of Sir Richard Bmpfm\ in which Cafe, the fum will agree with the Record cited by ^\t BdiAMirdCoki{t)r F'rom this Circumftance, We m%y conceive wh^t Qjiapt'it^es of the Natjonal ■A^n^-E-, . ,, I :.;rrtu-33n^-:v:, , Wealth (y) Coke, ^ Inftit. Cap. 3^. (Jlofe-RoU. Ann, ^3. Hen. (r) Vol. II, of his Works, undeF the Life of Hcfi. VIII. P- 353* • I • (*) Sir Robert Cqtton's Ahfy^er td'the Keafpns foir foreign ^ars, p. 53.— rDaVenant'sGr«^fiti4,aAv|lefump!|on5, p. 2$^. (/) Campbell's Lives of the Adtttlrials, V] iJ ir334. ' i ILLUSTRIQlirS SEAMEN, &c. 407 Wealth h^4 been tyrafinically confircat«d to the Ufe of tifnry,^ It ftems, at leaj^, a Proof that the generality of his Subjeds, how jifnitejd foever their tnco^ies, may have . beenn were in their Turns, compelled to gratify his ^varice ; and it may alfo induce us to entertain a Doubt whether the EngUJb, of that ^ra, were as poor fliS moft Writers have reprefented them. We have already obferved that, to the Detriment of Goiponerce, the Circulation of thefe immenfe Sums became (lopped, .from the Moment that they were feized by Henry, With what Reludance He parted from his Money, even on thofe Occafion^ ^b^n it was neceflary fpi; his own Honour, that He ihould refb-aia bis Avarice, is evident fr^m his Condu^ to his Daugh- ter^ the Princefs Marg/irtt ; and to the Lady Ame, the l^ifter of his Queen. When the Former w^s wedded to the King of Scotland^ her Portion amounted only to thirty thouiand Nobles, or ten thoufand Pounds (») j and He could fcarcely be perfuaded to fettle about an hundred,. and twenty Pounds a- Year upon ^he Latter, when She efpoufed the Lprd Thomas Hovoard (x). ^.( It appears by an Indenture of the ninth Year of the Reign qi Htrry, the Seventh, that a Pound- Weight of Gpid, of the old Standard, was coined into fis many, and the fame Pieces, as in the fifth Year oi Edwar^^ the Fourth (y). The gold Coins of Henry the Seventh, were a Sovereign, a Half Sovereign ; Ryal, Half- Ryal, and Quarter Ryal, Angei, and Half-Angel. His filver Money was Groats, Hatf-GroflTes, or Two penny Pieces, pennies. Halfpence, and Farthings. The old Pennies which bore divers Spurs, or the Mullet jetw^xt ■ ' ^ ;,,.....,;• '.i:U .;j .{ A's " U (w) Rymer's Foedera, V. iv p, 118.' ' "*««'''tA-> Howe's Aiihabi b. 483. ' . •• ^^ ^ (») Page 371 of this Work. 'i''»!'J'» % {y) Pa^e 37 ri%%l g'fli^qmf'J .J f \ 4oS MEMOIRS dF >■ J *i the Barrojf the Crofs were to gd only for Half^Priiiiiei, To avoid Clipping, for the Fti^fe, the King caiifeii ritw Orbats, and Two-pencte^ tp be coined, having « Circle round the outer Paft;' and ordered that the Gold hereafter to be coined, fliould have the whole Scripture, or Infcription, about every Piece (2) (a); The 6rft Shillings were coined in the Reign of thit Princej They were larger fair, and (as forty only were in a Pound of Sihrer,) a full Third heavier thkir' the Shillings of the prefent Tinie. Of the current Va» lue of a Shilling, about ttie Middle of tlie (ixteefttfi Centpry,ihe Reader may form a Judgment;' when He* is told thkt it i^acious Houfe, within the Precin^-of the Court, in Ckannel-RoWf'i,tWeftmnfter,'Vfu let tO' the Comptroller of the Houihold to Edward* the Sixth, for thirty Shillings a Year (*), -^"O The Cbirt ^i Henr^, the Seventh, whethier Gold^ bt' Silver, was, in general, of due Weight, and Finenefs ; Yet, on his Expedition tp Bouhgiu, He either cohiied, or tolerated a baf^ kind of Money, called Dimdy^Ptiaittn but pC what Metat^ Value, or Fafliion, is unknown (r). A Naval Writer (it ff»'.' HO' e 'I * rs rr «ib "■ 'i'Jir.'J ■' ,ilVi:'<5». .Jl' . ■. ' ..i * ' ' ijcfrriaD-. . , ;;•» T' "^. . ■ * . •■Wos ••"* M- E M o I R ' s:i .fj. aij .1W^J55'I'. i'^\ ■ ' . . . ;3r «n^ F .,.n CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. TO this iUuftrlous Voyager {a), every Nation "iil Europe is indebted for thofe remarkaUe Difco^' Verics which, laying open the Treafures of the Wep&n ^Vorid, improved the Arts of Navigation, allured Mah"- Xind to Induftry, by Profpeds of Advantage, and tix** tended, whilft thejr eftabliAied, for Centuries to coAir, the various Blefliiigb which arife fromCommeitt:. Thit this ferviceable Citizen of the World is not a Native df our Ifland, muft be immaterial. The Englifi ftiM reap, in common with other Powers, the Benefits whick have refuhed from his Enterprize : And this Circum^* Oance alone intitles Him to their Attention. Ckrifio^ mU (a) The Materials for tbl&Life aie chiefly taken firom the Hiftory of the fi^efi Indies^ by Amnio de Herrara ; ttie Me- inoirs oiCkriJiopnery by his Son, Fernando Columbus ^ tijrritten in Italian^ and compiled from the Original Papers, and 'Let? ters of his Father j Naval Traits by Sir William Mon/on i die fecond Volume oiChurchilTi Colledion of Voyage* ; jthe f^*: cond Volume of Lord Bacon's Hiftory of Henry the Seventh | the third Volume of Hacklvyt'% Voyages ; the firft Volume of farm's Voyages ; the firll Volume of CitM/^dirs Live^ of the Admirals ; and the 6rft Volume oij^diard's Nayal Hiftory, 412 MEMOIRS OF CkriJIopher, the Son of Domim'ck Columbus, was born at Genoa. His Father (whom Mr. Timial, without quoting his Authority, calls a Wool-Comber (*),) was nobly defcended, but not affluent in his Circumftan- ces. The earlieft Part of the Life t>f Chrijiopher Cofum- bus^9A fpeht at Pawa, wliere He'ftudied^ CoAnogra- phy, Aftrology, and Geometry. Having run over thefc Sciences, He made feme Voyages to the Eajl, and Weft. The Particulars of them were little known to his Son, and, therefore, our Information muft be gathered from his Letters written to the King of Spain. J ,lpt one of thefe (c ), He fays : *« I weik to Sea ver^ young, and have remained a Voyager to this Day. The Art of Navigation infpires thofe who pra6kire it with eameft Wiflies to difcover the Secrets of this WoHti During the Space of .orty Years have I been failing to all the Regions which are now fiequented. I have traded, and converfed with fuch of the Clergy, and Laity, as were eminent for their Wifdom, amongft; the Latins f Greeks, Indians, and Moors, together with feveral other Se^. By the Blefling of Heaven, I have acquired a Knowledge of Navigation, Aftrology, Geo- metry, and Arithmetic. To the Supt-eme Being am I indebted for a Genius, and Hands, fit to delineate the Globe, and on it (Each in its proper Place,) the Ri- vers, Harbours, Iflands, and the Cities, Throughout this Period, I have frequently feen, and always endea- voured to fee, the Books of Cofmography,Hiftory, Phi- lofophy, and other S^ences.— Filled with a Defirc'of failing.to the In^es, I waited on your Highnefs. All who heard of the Undertaking rejeded it with Scorn. In your Royal Breaft, alone. Faith anji Conftancy pi;C' ferved their Scat/* IQ 3£.,;- ««In ■^ <*) Rapin's Hiftof^ 6f Erigkhd, 8vo. V. 5. Note ».. f. 390. -^ . .: . ....■■,;. , - _' (<■) Datedin i«;oi. ,\\-AVM CHRISTOPHER' COLUMBUS. 413 V « In the Month of Febrnary, ia the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, aiid Sixty^'reven, I failed an iuindred Leagues beyond<7iiu/r(i),: the Northern Pait of: which is feventy-three Degrees dift ant from the Equinodial, and not (as ibmeiGjeographers have aflert^ ed,) (ixty-three Degrees. Nor does it Ue upon the Iaa^ vrhere Ptolemy*s Weft begins^c^ much more to the Weftward. The Ettglijb, and .particularly the Mer- chants of Briftoi, trade tp this liland, which is as laige as their Kingdom. During my Abode, here, the Set was not frozen. But the Tides were fo ftrong that in ibme Places they rofe fix, and twenty Fathom ; and fell as much. -' f sHt , i , ** I was in the Fort of Saint George de la Alira, be» longing to the King of Portugal, which lies under the Equinodial ; and (in Contradidion to. the Opinion of ■iQany Writers,) I can truly bes^- Witnefs that it is bft- .biubje." ** I have followed the Sea-$ervice frommy fourteenth Year. Three, and twenty Years was I on this £le^ nunt, without quitting it for any Length of TinM that can deferve Notice. Then, ^faw all the £«/?, and jail the IVeft ; and, I may add, towards the Nor^tJi, or j&v^ land. I have likewife, been at Guinea ; yet never did I behold the Harboiirs fp commodious as thofe of the Weft'Indie^r . From the preceding CircumftanteSj the Reader muft have formed: the mon favourable Ideas of this memcj- rable Adventurer, to the Relation of whofe Difcoveries, it may be neceffary to prefix the, fjarlier. Particulars of hi,sLife. . . ..— .- ■■■■ ^V VI -f ->''■''' "^ The firft Expedition of Cdumbus was with a Sea Commander of his own Name^^nd Family. Their VeflW if:?/?i {d) Iceland. 414 MEMO I R S OF ' iVcir^ (in the Service of the Crown of Portugal,) Was altMked by four lax%t VeiuiiaH Gallies, and, unfor- tuhatelXy took Fire* iq the Midi^of the Engagement. ^he.Ctew, to preieryd their Lives^kaped into the Ocean, and, with Difficulty, gained the Shore. Amongft ^hefcy was Co/iMoifctf,- who repaired io Lijbon, a City «t which. Multitudes of his Countrymen, the Gtrntfi, iKerftaccttftomed torefide. Here, He married theDaugh^ ti^t^^Pttfr Mmez PireftreUo, a celebrated Navigator^ «rhoi With two other Captains, difcovcred JkWrr« and PoH» Santo. We may reafonably infer that the Jouf* •nals, ;and Sea*Charts d PenJfrtUo vrtre, in th^ OpH nion of Columbus, the moft valuable Part of the Por- tion which He received with his Bride. Soon after- wards, He became a Widower ; but fhortly embraced thet Mkrriage State again. The Fruit of his fecond "l^ilikinwas Ferdinand, who appears to have been wttt educated, and who wrote his Father's Life. How fooh €lolitmBui embraced the Opinion that new Worlds niight "be diiboyered ; Whether He was influenced by the ^Example oi Perejireilo \ Whether his Suggeftions arofe ^frc^ a Conflderation of the fpherical Form of this Body of Earth, and Water, belitving that there muft jnei^flarily be fome other great Trad of Land, between \}Cit Wiftern Coafts of Europe, %n6 Africa, and the Eafiern Coafts oiAJia, to counterpoife odrvaft Conti- fitxH ; or Whether (as fome Hiftorians allege, notwith- ftattding that Ferdinand pafles over this Circumftance, in Silence,) He was poiTefled of the Memoirs of an an- cient Mariner, (who had been driven by Strefs of Wea- ther, on the Coafts cH Hifpaniola, and died, fome Time afterwards, at the Houfe of Columbur, in Madera) by which He was aflfured of theExifterice of fome unknown Country to the jVeJiward, are Points which no Writer on the Subjed hath elucidated. Rela- eHRISTOPHteR COLUMBUS. 41$ Rebttvely to the hft Circtrniftance, it is obfenred that a- certain Pilot, a Native, and inhabitant of the ' Town of Guelva, in the County ot NieUg, in iMl^ ; iufia, called Jtonza SancXez- de Hualva, or, according^ to Othtn, Bttxuki, was accuftomed to convey his fAtfi- chandize, in a fmall Veflel, to the Cmar/e/ j Onhil' laft Voyage from thence to Spatr^, a fbrong Levant arofei; ' which, in twenty Dtlys, drove hini towards one of the Iflands of Barlovento, or \ht Windward Iftands, whicli' was fiippofed to be klfpaniola. Here, mod of the Ships Company perifhed for Want, and jflonzo, with the' few Survivors, dreading the fame Fate, ftood out to' Sea, and arrived at it£z» vt4 l^eiiiy periling with Want, th#t M TM long More Hfi could puiiu« the Bufinei^ w^ wh^b He wai ^n^fuA^^* Of the 3uccers qf bit I^kgi^f if^ions^ the tUlMUypiMl be inform^ hen^er. Towerdt the Clp(e ol^ the Year, 906 Thgtifand, foi^ ,^ilildfed, and Eighty-four, CvA/f?^/ {{e|MMted feccctly ft^m Portugal, 09 hit Voyage to JfuUbtzia, and diir ftno^arkiog^ $it ^tfil^f dlr MH^f^t repaired iipn^^iately ty Corji^in, yrherp Ferdinand, and (/a^//^then» kept their Court. His ProppfaU werie fcarcely likened to by any of ^ , Spatuardt, wholrom their j^ank, afid Confe- .quence, were capable of ferving them, except Alonzo dj^ j^titaffilia, the Comptroller of Cajiile, in w^ofe Houfe^ ^e wa^ generoudy entertained, during five Years* This to Columbus was a tedious Period, pa()Vd amidd ^xiety^ Hope, and Fear, in conilant, but unavaif« ihg Sollicitations. Affli^ed, yet not defpairing, HjB went to Sevil, and revealed his Projc<^ to the Dukes of Mtdim SidoaMf and Medina Celt, by whom it was rt.* jceived with fo mortifying an JndifFerence) that Colum^ has, rather than renevv his Applications, found Means of conveying Letters, and Propofals to the King of SraiKi ; and determined, in Cafe of a Refufal from that Quarter, to fail for England, in Search of his Bio* ther Bartkohmew, of whom He had not obtained the .lead Intelligence, (Ince his Departure. This lad Re* folution was, notwithftanding, over-ruled by ibme fligbt Promifes of Encouragement, which induced Him |o fiay three Years more, in Spain. At length, wearie(| by Difappointments, He left the Kingdom^ but, to hU agreeable Surprize, was, foon afterward^ intreated ,to return. His Profpeds now1>eg9n to brighten ; and, in the Year one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Kinety- two, the Court of Spain informed Him that liis Services Ihodld be accepted* '- Vol., I« Dd ^«iw The J 418 ''M E M O I R S OF The Patent, giikited to Ckkmiusy on the feviflth of Ai>ril, in the fame Year, ftipulatea that He fliould be Admiral throughout all thofe Iflands, or Continents, which niight, hereafter, be' dif^overed, and conquered by Him, niear the Ocean td which He propofed to ISul, jfbr the Term of his Life ; and that after his Death, thefe Honours, and Emoluments, together with all their refpe6tive Privileges, and Immunities, (hould defcend, in regiilar Succeflion, to his Heirs, ft>r ever. That he (hould be Viceroy, and Governor General of all the Iflands, or Continents fo difcovered, or con* 4uered, near the faid Seas ; and that He ihould nomi- nate three Perlbns to be Lieutenant Governors of Each. Out of th^fe Three, the King, and Queen of Spain referved the Right of chufing one. "^^ That He fliouId have the Tithe of all Commodities .'whatfoever, whether Pearls, precious Stones, Gold, SiK Ver, Spice, or any other Articles, bought, bartered, found, taken, or ofherwife had within the Limits of the faid Admiralty, (the Charges being firft deduded,) to en- joy, and difpofe of the neat Produd of the faid Tithej at his Pleafure. ^' That He (hould enjoy the Liberty of trying certain Caufes, Arc. either by Himfelf or hU Deputy: And, That He (hould be allowed to contribute an eighth Part of the Charge of every Expedition, and receive the eighth Part of the neat Profit arifmg from every ^Voyage. ^ On the twelfth of May, Columbus proceeded to a fmall Town in Andalufia, x6 the Port of Pahs, from whence He defigned to fail. The King had ftirni(hed ' him with Orders on the Inhabitants for two CaranelUt ' (^), one of which, named La Pittta, was commanded •>J 1.. > "XO A Caravelle is a fmaU fquare-fterned Portifguefe Vef- fel, generally navigated with lateen Sails j and eiteemed very expeditious. CHR18TOFH'¥R COLUMBUS. 4ij|^ by >Marihi 4!0nfc$ Pitm^m, whofe. Brother, Frrnicifcff Martintt Pmnm waa .Maftcr. The Captain, ^ifi^ Matter o£ the othef , was Fimenzi* Xfmfn j^inxan. TJf» CtmeiU, called JU MiM^Was fii^n^flicd with latei^n SAih(fJ, which, afterwards were altered. Thus in- coniiiderable Were the Prepamtipns for this important Rxp^dition, to defray the Charges of which the Court of ^4111 could not be (prevailed on to aHow morethail the- trifling Sum of i^tnothoufand Pounds. !On the third of Auguft, in the "^^r, one Thoufandy four Hiindred, atad Ninety- two^ (Gv/tfm^/, now, in* vefted with the Rank o£ Admiral, and all the Privileges already fpecified, fet f«tU trom Paltsi Thefirftlfland 4t which Ht touched was the Qran Canttrhy from whence, after ha^ng procured the necefiary Ani^l^ for a Year's Voyage,. He embarked {g), in Company ivith ninety Perfoos^ In a few Days« He arrived nea^ 4he Tropic of Canctr^ and under the Torrid Znu, Here the Crew, impatient of Heats, which they had never •'before experienced, and mortified at feeing Nothing but •the vaft Ocean, appeared difpofed to mutiny, and from thenceforward filled the Mind of Columbus with perpetual Apprehenftons. All his Prudence, and Refb- lution were exerted at this important Crifis. He con- cealed his Uneafinefs i and without Teeming to obferve their Murmurs, entered, at one Moment, into private Conferences, with a Part of his Companions ; and, at another, addrefled Himfelf to the whole Body. On thefe Occafions, He laboured to remove their Fears, and comfort them with Hopes } Explaining^ with an D d a Air f ^^ Ji^f) A Lateen is a long, triangular Sail extended by a la- teen Yard, and frequently tifedby Xebecs, Ffolacres, Sfettees, ^aAd other VefTels navigated in the Medlterraoean.— •Fal- coner's Univerfal Ditlionary of the Marine, (jf) September t, 149a. I Air of Coitfitiarice t1i6 Moti*res Which induced Hfin t6 toeye that his Siiccefs w«s ^emib $^ and intreati)i| T1^^ towair, %itl^equal Porttttide^^and PerieverancCy IheliTue of an Eritfci^ze fd t^<^ti^alcuiated.taraift tt(6m to Proi[peri|^,iind Honour. \ ' On the fburt^hth tof Septeinber the Admiral, being iibout two Hundred Leagues to the JV^wmd^ from the Ifland of tkrfh^ obferved tpwirds the Clofe of the Evening, that the Needles varied a Point, Wefiward\ ikid, fomewhat JhSiofe, about Break of Day. As this Variation had never been remarked by any Vc^agepy !t exdted the Ailbniihment of the Crew. In three bays afterii^ards, hiving failed an hundred Leagues far^ tli^r, on the ifanie Courfe, He difcovered that, at Nighty the Needles varied two Rumbt, and, in the Morning, ]pointed exaQly upon the Hwtk%xxf, .\ '' ' On the eleventh of Odober, and, at a Time when 'the Mariners, whofe Patience Was exhaufted, engaged \ti dangerous. Confpiracies againft their Admiral, the ILand was judged to be at no confiderable Diftance. A0 ^neafinefs, and Difgufts were, now turned into Joy, 'and Reconciliation. The Bough of a Thorn, newly cut, and covered with its Berries, fome broken Pieces of Wood, a gr^en Ruih, a Cane^ and a carved Staff, were, at different Hmes, perceived to float upon the Water. The whole Crew looked Out with Eagemefs for the Land^ a^^ yearly Income of Ten thoufand Mk" tthedis {h) haviilg been promifed by the Court of Spain, as a Reward to the Hrft Perfon who (hould behold it. This welcome Difcovery was made by the great Pro- • Jedor of the Expedition, who, fitting on the Poop, at ajbout two Hours before Midnight, obferved, and (hew- ed to fome of his Officers, a tiiftant Light, which at firft. . — ■.».:C„Z^L:^i'. {h) A Spanifh Coin, of which thirty-five amount to about iiXpence of our Money. CHRISTOPHER COLVMBUS. 411 firft, appeared to ihi(t £^Qm its Plape, but on a nearer^ y 1ir^r^n^~that l^tte Ornam^.iit^ 6f Cold wci^e fixed to a ^^ole'whicii They had pii^r^ed through tH^ir Nqj(lrns, He enqu'^red pf them, b^'Srgn&, fjrom W^eticle Tiiey h^cT bhtiaincd (hat Mc^K Thcv sihfwercd', W tlie Tame Manner, that it came' f^^m a Temtory tb tbb Swthwar4t ^hc King of which had. fUch Quantities iof it, that He ei^cl^angedit for other Commodities, With the neighboif ring Idands. Of the Spaniardt, They were fo .'little diftruftfut Mttfity flocM in Multitudes Wthei^ *t^eflys, frequently fwimming,'and; at other Tim^ I detain feven, 6f Them on board the Ships, that, by be- ing taught the i^/a>f(/^ Language, They might ferV^, ^Hereafter, as interpreters. Five were inclined to ftay, the oth^r Two plunged into the Sea« and fwam to Lahd. ^ Cohmh^Sf having learned that more Iflands were at "^lio cpnnderable Pittance, fet fail in Order to difcover them. Shortly afterwards. He came in Sight of Three, 'pn all of v^hich He landed, taking PofTeinon of them, with the fame Form obferved at the Ifland of Saint Sal- vador, from which They did not in the lead differ, ei- ther as to Produ6lions, or the Manners of the Natives. ^e ^alM the Firft Santa Maria de la Corueptione, and dedi- )^ . CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 4*5 dedicated it to the Virgin Mary* The SecoQd» in Com- pliment totheKingoff^'ff, was named F^frnapiiriia ; aiid the Third, Ifaiella, in Honour to the Queen. On the twenty-ninth of Oaobcr, the Admiral- dif- cbvered the Ifland of Cuivi, (called afterwards JtMrnff,) and entered the Port on the Eaft End, named Baracoa, There, the Inhabitants thinking they were defcended from Heaveii, adored The^n, and kifled their Hands, and Feet Here H was that Martin Alonzo Pinzoni hav- ing underi^ood from the Natives, that tt^re was much Iprold zt Beiio, (called <^ter wards Hi/panioh,) feduced l>y Avarice, defert^d the.Adiniral, and ftood out tp Sea (/), in Que{( g£ that Iflanc). Cohtmbu^^ having failed a hundred and ^^ I^^u^s, to i\^ Eajiward, a- long the Coa^ of Cuba, caine to the Eaftermoji Pomt of It, from whence He departed, on the fifth of Decem- ber, for the laft Difcovery which He niadc, during this Vo^a|;e^ wjliich was the Ifland of HifpapiiAa% fixteen I^agu^rfrom Cuba, Eajhvar49 yfk^re jEIe ^nd a great ^^ti^y pf Gold, aqd fome Birds, and Fiihes, like ^Tl^pff pf Europe. The. Natives were more civilized, '^nd profufe, than thofe pf other lilands. Near tp this Sppt, t)^e Adrqiraps Ship wat unfprtunately loft, thrpugh the Negligence of the Helms-Man, who ran her on a Rock, where She was daihed to Pieces (i). Columbus now refolved that this Ifland flipu|d be the ^ft Colony, or Eftablifliment of Spaniards ; and having obtained the Penniflion ofQuacamgari, the Caciqut, or Lord of the place, conftruded a Fort with Earth and Wood, upon the Shore, and called it the Fort of the Nativity. Here, He left thirty-eight Spamards, under the Command of James de Arana, of Cordova, whofe Deputy, and, (in Cafe of Death) intended Succeflbr, was Peter Gutierrez, D d 4 and (i) November, 21, 149a. {k) December, 25, 1492. 424 ^^^^^iAEUm^W^ 6f^ |md^«ct4w Hihi Ro^ierfck Je Bfiwiht to^ctfett With i Bargebii, i feWp^-iSarp^ntfer,^ t^«f, a Giiniicr,'ari4 dft tht fccbnd of jaiiuaty; (h thfe Yca^trtit thbu^ ttod, fdiir Hundred, ^nd Ntneky-tMe, C^diiik/ took l«avc of^fei«biajtfw^, and Hiiihi toUrth, ftiW fo ttj^ BaftwUf'S'. On th* pay forid>frih|r, He caiini^ up with thc^Gw^W/Z^i {rbmfiianded 6y iJl^/i» i^riii'FMm^ \tihxi hMd'dererted Hi'iti, and tbWhdni'He, hoW,Vas ap^ tottitjy reconciledl With this, ^nd kheiitHiif Vitifel. t|ie Adimir^i proceeded bn^i^ Voy^^e, takVu'g yhlr Hi^ "ten Iridian^. forty Pari-ots/' fonie iOdld, fndiail Wheat, and bther Articles, toevitipethe Triith of hib Difcbve^ *ry.« HkVlh^ Kiee^'agaih l^slrated from xhttieratiefte^ (which", kfterWkrds, put Mii^ Ufim^i He It^tt^rndj with 'only One Ship to 5J>aired t^B'arceMa!^ \ii^^ie th^'Cbiirt was then k<^pi mre, ke'foinidilir^cipiisliec^ptloh, wji^ 'f^rmittkU =to fit tri'tle Rt)yai I^refence,' artd tafsW the Ai^tti-^f CafiiU, aUd'I^tfit ; liifd at the^h^e Time, blitii^ih^d a Ratificiiti<>n ofth^ ^ohtrkaf^hichlnid been ihgd^ With bim^ andin which new Privileges were inferte^i'^a- -tijrIA)nbiil^^/, He took with Him lisveral of thefe Animals, to introduce the Breed ; and alfb (^amities of Wheat, Barley, and many^pther European Herbs, and Plants, whereby their Species might be raifed within the newly idifcbvered Cbuntries. When the Admiral left the Hoy- ' ■ ' , • al CHKiSfbplHER Columbus. 42$ iil'Freftncey He was attended to his Apartments, by all ^e t^rt, #kia, tikewift, actompanied Him beyond the Wsiils, when He quitted Bareehna, On the twenty- W\x of 'September; - in the Year one Thoufand, four Hundred, ahd Ninety-three, the Fl li failed from the Bay of CadiZf and k^epiiig near the Line, firft difco- Veired (acJcbhriiig to fbme Accbihits,) the niand, after- Wards called i>//^^tf ; bu^ MtMio de Hfrrera, Md Per- iifu»id Cotumbus bbferve that the firft Land was difcb- Vered on Sunday, the third of KjMrember $ and that, oq this Account, the Admiral named it Domtaca, They jnforn^ Us thit the next was an llland, where He dif- embarked, ^nd took PoffefTion of it, in the Prefence of a Notary, and other' Witnefles, who attefted the Tranf* a)6tion ; and that He called it Mmgtdmte, which was the Najiie of tfie'Ship in whVch He failed. They add that, on the Next Day, He discovered another Ifland, «hd called \lStMa Maria elGuad^upi ; that on the tenth. He pefceivdd a very high Ifland, which He af- Wards named ild^^rk/^ ; !and in the Courfe of his ^Voyage, fevtrat Vtheh, amongft which were Santa idaria Redohdd, S(ttttd Maria el Jntfgiut, St, Martin, and Santa CV/Zz; until He arrived dt the great Ifland, '^origuen, Wh,ich He called Saint John the Baptift, and Svhich is n6iv Sitmt John de Puerto Rico. ' On the twenty-fecond of the fame Kfonth, Columhus 'difcovered ^he firft Land of the liland H//^tfn/oAi, and (bon afterwards reached the Plice, now called Puerto d$ * Plata, in that Ifland, from whence He proceeded to that named Pueirto Real On his Arrival at Htjpaniola, 'He was infolded that the thirty-eight Spaniards, (who jikd alfo quarrelled amongft themfelves,) having at- tempted to force fome of the Indian WomcUf werefet upon by the Natives, and deftroyed. Ac Hi/paniola, and to the Eajlvjord of his former Settlement, Columbus laid r •-, 43^6 ME MO I R jS- P P r ) l»id the Foundation pf ^ City which, in Hooour to lh« Qyeiefi, wa^. called Jfabelhy |}e ,n«xt, ,fc;;it bac)^ to ^ptfinp Antom deTerresy with t^elv^ S^pSf laden with GoM ofC/Mt.^nd thevjirious Pradn^s pf this, aod Qthcr ' Ifland^f. ^p.Dt Torrft ware . alfo intnifte^ ,f h^ Pirpgtches relative to the Expedition. After his De*^ parture^ the Adr^ir^l ftood out tp-3s? yv:it)) two Ships, find three C^<2W/^> in <(^nfequence of h)8>Ordcnto IQaHc^ niore Pircoyfif ies,; He coailed< Cuba^ which H^ fuppofed to be th« Continent, ani^ found other lefTer Iflands, and one large tfl^nd^ whi9]i|]^ called St. Jagfp fif^ Jamaica^ Haying ,»nadc other DiiTcoveri^s, the Admiral returned, on the twenty-ninth of September, in the Year,^ne Thoufand, four.H^ndiret Court. Accordingly, on the thirteenth of February, in the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Eigh- ty-eight, He was introduced to Henry, the Seventh, and after having prefented Him with a Map of the 'World (/), delivered in the Propofals of his Brother, for are (/) On it, were the following inelegant Lhies, which are - qqpted only becanfe they confirm fome Parages in the Me- inoirs of Columbus. "■ - Ttrrarum CHRlStOPHER COLtlWIBUS. 427 f6r the t^ifcb^ery of 'foreign Coontrie^. SbmeHifto- riahs have affirmed thirt the King rejeded them as un»^*' worthy of his Notict ; but Ferdinand Columbus, who \Vrote the Life oi Chrifiopher, his Father, exprefsly ikys that Henry accepted of them with a joyful Counter nfice [m), and defiredthat He would repair immediate- ly to England, But tlie Invitation arrived too late, Bartholomew who was ihtrlifteil to ddivter it to his Bro« ther, having beeYif' detained by a Series of diftrefsful Circumftances, did hbt reach ^'n, until Columbus had Ee^n fhpplied thrbiigh the Intereft of Ifabella, with si fmall Fleet, and carried into Execution this important fiflterprii*.-/ "1 ;:.;(mu;:. .. .i ^l . ■ _,,..; ; A Naval Writer (n) after having obferved that thefe l^iOts cannot be tJiOedin Queftion, as they are recorded fey Ferdimid, the Sbirof Chrifiopher, and the Nephe>* of BtfrMo/ff/n^tu Co/um&i/ ; and as the Map drawn by the Laft was afi^ally extant in the Reign of Queen 'Elizabeth, adds tl^t from our Agreement with the firft Difcoverer of a f aflkge for this new World, our Claim >^st«'' 'ferrailiiii four Hiwdred, and NinMy^igbt The moft probabk Account is, that thi two Shi^s were difpAlched fomc Tioic in the Year,, .one Tboufand, four liundred, and Ninety-leven ; and that G^^ dc« pacted in the Month of May of the foUowiog Year. This will agree with the Time of his Arrival, as men* tioned by bis Brother (f )« That He could not be in S^n, in May of the Year, one Tbouiand, four Hua^ dred, and Ninety-nine, is evident from the Date of a Letter (r) fent to Him, at the Jnliet, from King Fet^ Miuuid^tnd the Queen IfiAella, after Accounts had been rec<"ved of his Arrival. When CeluwUms had made hb third Voyage, icveral private Adventurers fitted out Ships in Sfiain, partico^ larly ^onzo de Ojeda (/), with whom went JSmmatt Vifpufiut, who gave his Name to America, With more Propriety, (as is obferved by Purckas^ might it have been called Cahotht or Sebtftimo, fince, although Co" huiAus dtfcovered foone of the JnuHcM Iflands, befefe^ He did not lee the Continent, until the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Ninety-eight : Where^ as Joimnd Sebaftinn Cabot, difcovercd it in the pref> ceding Year. . ! ; • ^' On his Arrival at Hi/pamola, Cohmhas found the hdiant in Arms, and preparing to attack iht Spamardt^ hy whom They had frequently been defeated. In one Adion, Bartholomew f the Brother of the Admiral, at the Head of a confiderable Force, took Prifoners fifteen o^ their Caciquet, or Kings, and their chief Genera) Guarinoex, all of whom He releafed, on their Promife to live in Subjedton to the King of Spain. Soon after^^ wards the S'^omW/ mutinied, and feparated themfelves from the Reft : A Circumftancemore alarming than the Jofurre£kion of the Natives. The r.-,'! (l) Note a, Page 99. (r) May ai» 1499. {') «499- th0 onfe at re to ftei^ ;lve8 the CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 433 The Condud of Bartholomew had» on feversif Occa- fionSi exafperated the Spaniards^ who drawing up si Memorial of their Grievances, tranfmitted it to the Court. Accordingly, Fraruifco de Bovadilla was direS- ed to fail immediately to Hi/paniola, and furnifhed with Inftru^ions for his Proceedings. He arrived at ^anh Domingo, in Auguft of the Year, one Thoufand, and five Hundred, and having heard the Accufations againft Chrijiopher, and Bartholomew Columbus, g^ve Orders, although They were not convi^ed of any flagrant Crime, that They (hould be put in Irons, and fent to Spain. Here, after a (hort Perfecution, Chrijiopher was reftored to his Rank of Admiral, but^ in Violation of a folemn Contra^, deprived ot his Government of the JVefi'Indies \ yet amufed with PrOmifes that it (hould be reftored to Him. On the Ninth of May, in. the Year one Thoufand, Bve Hundred, and Two, Columbutt and his Brother departed f'bm Spain, on their laft Voyage of .Difcovery, with four Caravellet, and one hundred, and feventy Men. On the twenty-* ninth of June, the Admiral arrived before Santo-Do* mingo, in the Ijland of Hi/paniola ; but was prevented from coming to an Anchor within the Harbour, by Orders from the Governor, Nicholai de Ovando. Thus difappointed. He, on the fourteenth of July, proceed- ed to the JVeflward, and difcovered the I(land of Gnanaja, Northward of Cape Honduras, in nineteen Degrees of North Latitude. Here, He trafficked with the Natives, by whom, when He enquired for Gold, He was directed towards the Eajl. Thither He fteered his Courfe ; and the fird Land at which He arrived Cafmas, on the Continent, in the Province of was Honduras, where his Brother difembArked, and took PofTeflion. Sailing farther to the Eaj}, He came to a great Point j from whence, proceeding along the South Vql. L E c Coiift, 434 M E M O I KL S, &«. Canfk, He touched at Porto Veto, Nombre di Diof, Belen^ and Veragua, Thence, he returned to Cubaf and Januuca\ but, wanting Veflfek, could not con- tinue his Voyage to Santo Domingo, His Crew, now, mutinied, yet were reduced to Subniiifion by Barthf hmew Columbus. The Adnairal, after having expe- rienced a Variety of Misfortunes and Difappointments, went to Hifpamoia, and from thence, returned to Spain, in May of the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Three. Whilft He was preparing, at Vallaiotid, for a fifth Voyage, He fell ill, and expired on the twentieth of May, in the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Six; and at the Age of Sixty-four. His funeral Rite? were, by Order of the King, mag- nificently celebrated ift the Cathedral of Seville ; and, on his Tomb, was engraven the following Epitaph : A Castilla, Y a Lion, Nuevo Mundo dio Colon. To Castilz, and to Leon, CoLViABVB gave a mvt World, ..J •i M ;f A 9* ■ ] ,9vn>ii>-- MEMOIRS t^' r 1 '■' nr < ;: M E M O I R S O F Sir T O H N CABOT. *^"i AT this ^ra, as in the preceding Centuries, the commercial Superiority of the Vetietiant over dl the Powers of Europe, is evident from a Multi- tude of Inftances. Their Harbours were continually crowded with foreign Merchant-men, whilft their Vef- felff proceeded to every trading Port, and returned freighted not only with the Conveniences, but with the Elegancies of Life. Their Fa£^ones were edabliihed within the different Towns, and Cities of the Northern Kingdoms \ and whcrefoever They deemed it advan- tageous to preferve an Intercourle, their Agents were appointed to refide [a). Of Thefe, the greafeft Number had fettled at Lon- don, and at Bri/fol. In the lad Place, lived Jofin Ga- hofot Gabot, or (as our Writers ufually ftile Him) Gi- kit, by Birth, a Venetian; but of whole Family, there are no Accounts on which We can depend : A Circum- .ftance of Uttle Confequence in the Life of any Man ; E e 2 and (rtj Libel of EiKTlirii Politic in keeping the narrows Sea, Chap. ;, 8. 9.— -Sir WilKani Morfon's Naval Traes, p. ^42, 443 — P. Charlevoix. Hilloirc d« la n^uycUe France, Tom p. 4. 43^ MEMOIRS OF and lefs fo, in that of One who fcems fufEciently en- nobled by his Enterprizes. It may reafonably be concluded that 'John Cabot had refided long in England, as his Son Sebajiian, a Native of Briftol, was old enough to accompany Him, on his firft Voyage {b). Being much verfed in the Arti of Navigation, and the Knowledge of Cofmography, (to which alfo. He had trained his Children,) He was in- duced to imagine, from the Succefs of Columbus, that Lands might probably be difcovered to the Nort/i IVefi. Imparting his Conjectures to Henry, the Seventh, that Prince, who feized, by Intuition, on all Occafions which promifed an Increafe of Wealth, direded Him to prepare, immediately, for his Voyage, and, at the fame Time, invefted Him with a Commiflion (r), of which the following is a Tranflation. Henry, by the Grace of God, King of England, and France, and Lord of Ireland, to All to whom thefc Prefents Ihall come, Greeting. j«> Be it known that We have given, and granted ; and, by thefe Prefents, do give, and grant, for Us, and our Heirs, to our well-beloved John Cabot, Citizen of Venice, to Lewit, Sebajiian, and Sanffius, Sons of the faid John, and to their Heirs, and Afiigns, and Every of Them, full, and free Authority, Permiflion, and Power, to fail to all Parts, Countries, and Seas of the Eaji, of the Weft, afnd of the North, under our Ban- ners, and Enfigns, with five Ships, of what Burden, or Quantity foever They be, and as many Mariners,, or Men, as They may deilre to have with them, in, the {b) Petri Martyris ab Angleria de novo Orbe, Dec. 3. f ib. 6— -Lopez de Gomara Hiiloria General de las Indias, I.ib. 2. C. 4.— Navigationi, et Viaggi Raccolti da M. Gio. liutr. Kamufio, 1 om. III. in Proceniio. (f) Kymer's Foedera, V. la. p. 595* — ^Hackluyt's C0I-' Itdion of Voyages, V. 3. p. 4. ""^* .t %. '* '--^ ' SIR JOHN CABOT. 437 the faid Ships, upon their own proper Coafts, and Charges ; to feek out, difcover, and find whatfoever Ifles, Countries, Regions, or Provinces of the Hea- thens, and Infidels, and whatfoever They be, and in what Part of the World foever They be, which before this Time, have been unknown to all Ckriftiam. We have granted to Them, their Heirs, and Aifigns, and to Every of Them, and have given Them Licence to fet up our Banners, and Enfigns, in every Village, Town, Caftle, Ifle, or Main Land, of Them, newly found. And that the aforefaid Jo^n, and his Sons, or their Heirs, and Afllgns may fubdue, occupy, and poflefs, as our Vaflfals, and Lieutenants, getting unto Us the Dominion, Title, and Jurifdidion of the fame Villages, Towns, Caflles, and firm Land fo found, on Condition, however, that the aforefaid 'John^ and his Sons, and Heirs, and their Deputies be bound, and pbiiged.of all the Fruits^ Profits, Gains, and Commo- dities arifing from fuch Navigation, for every their Voyage, a^s often as They (hall arrive at our Port of Br iftol, {to which Port only They ihall always be obliged to return) (all Manner of neceflfary Cods, and Charges, by Them made being firjQk dedu6k- ed,) to pay unto Us, in Wares, or Money, the fifth Part of the capital Gain fo gotten. We giving, and granting unto Them, and to their Heirs, and De- puties, that They fliall be free from all Payment of Cuftoms, of all, and fingular fuch Merchandize, as They (hall bring with Them from thofe Places fo newly found. And, Moreover, We have given and granted to Them, their Heirs, and AiTigns, and every of Th«m, That all the firm Lands, Ifles, Villages, Towns, Cadles, and Places, whatfoever They be, that they Hiall chance to find, may not be frequented, or vifited by any other of our Subje^ks, without the E c 3 * Licence 438 MEMOIRS OF Licence of the aforefaid Johtit and his Sons, and their Afllgns, under the Pain of Forfeiture, as well of their Ships, as of all, and Angular Goods of all Them that fliall prefume to fail to thofe Places {o found : Willing, and moft ftridly comniandtng all, and fingular Oar Subje£ks, as well on Land, as on Sea, to give good Aflidance to the aforefaid John, and hi& Sons, and their Afligns ; and that, as well in armingy and fur- nifhing their Ships, and Veflels^ as in Provifion of Food, and in Buying of ViiSuals for their Money, and all other Things, by them to be provided, necelTary for the faid Navigation, They do give them all their Help, and Favour. Witnefs Ourfelv^s, at Wejiminjier^ tht fifth Day of March, in the eleventh Year of our Reign. We learn from a Record of the Rolls (ly, were the Contemporaries of iS*^- bajiian (b) Pufchas's Pilgrims, V. 3. p. 461, 80^ Sir JOHN CABOT. 441 bajiian Cabtt, ihould have delivered thefe Matters fo ccnftifedly, that later Hiftorians (/) have been induced io doubt, whether Join Ca6ot made any Difcoveries at all. Purehas {k), Stowe {I), and. Speed {m), feem to have afcribed them wholly to Sebaftiin ; and that, with- out any Mention of his Father : Yet, in the Chronicle written by Fabian, who was living at this iBra, We find the following remarkable Pafliiges. <* In the Year one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Ninety-fix, (by Means of one John Cabot, a Venetian, who made Himfelf very expert, and cunning in the Knowledge of the Circuit of the World, and Iflands of the Same, as by a Sea-Card, and other Demonftra- tions, reafonable He (hewed), the King caufed to man, and visual a Ship, at Briftol, to fearch for an llland, which, (He faid) He knew well, was rich, and repien- iftied with great Commodities ; which Ship, thus manned^ ' and vidualled at the King's Coft, divers Merchants of London, ventured, in Her, fmall Stocks, the faid Venetian being' as chief Patron. And in the company of the faid Ship, failed alfo out of Briftol, three or four fiiiall Ships, freighted with flight, and grofs Merchandizes, as coarfe Cloth, Caps, Laces, Points, and other Trifles. And fo depahed from Briftol, in the Beginning of May, of whom in this Mayor's Time returned nO Tidings."' '^ " In the fourteenth Year of the Reign o{ Henry, the Seventh, there were brought unto Him, three Men taken in the New-found Ifland. Thefe were cloathed in B%fts Skins, and did eat raw Fleib, and fpake fucJi Speech that no Man could underfland Them ; and, in their {i) Lediard s Naval Hilloiy, Folio, V, 1 p. mVol.III. p. 602 U) Annals, p. 4S0 \m) Chronicle, jv -44. 86. >442 MEMOIRS OF their Demeanour were like brute Bcaib, whom the ; King kept a Tiracaftjer, of the which, about two Years lifter^ 1 law two apparelled after the Manner of Ei^- Jtjkmen, in fFefiamfi^r Pajacf, w^ich, at that Time, I »/7ar Leigh t by a Mr. fbornty of Bri/oii find tUtSon of '4 Jilerchant (of that City,) who in Cohjuodion with Mr. ZUiot, fitted ont the Cabots ; as, alfo, from the Accounts delivered by Seba/lian Cabot i And from the Relations of Hack- luyt, EiUHt and Purchat. io) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. I. p. 340, 341 . Sir JOHN CABOT. 443 gator of the Sufaje^ {p) obfervet that He, alfo, ihould incline to this Opinion, if it could be clearly reconciled to thofe Authorities which He had confidereid fo atten- tively. Howfoever Accounts may differ, it is beyond a Doubt, that Sir 7«^ Cabot was the original Difco- verer, of which Honour He ought not to be defpoiled, even by his Son ; with whofe Memoin, the Reader fliall be prefented in their proper Place. (f) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 340, 341. MEMOIRS .T ^ » • I \ •'.now dill •• . •'» / jiinr.*i;i:. - '; vl -Tf^'tifH .1 A u'j\{ (!»''' ■ \ / •■•/ , r. » ..' : - .;i .. (" ZSitO'' y A i^MHh ■^M* MEMOIRS O P ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. Naval, Commercial* and Miscellaneous Transactions, during the Reign of Henry the Eighth. T. H C Satisfadion with which a People fo loir^ cxpofed to the Oppreflions of a Tyrant received the News of* his Demife, was increaled by the Idea that Henry the Eighth, in the Flower of his Age, adive, fpirited, generous, accomplifhed, and, to all Appearance, the Reverfe of his Predeceflbr, was born for their Felicity. When with fincere, and univerfal Joy, They welcomed his Acceflion (a), and Corona^* tion {b)f and feemed to give him Eameft for the future Reditude of his Condud, how little did They imagine that He would (hortly prove as mercilefs a Defpot as his Father ! We are happy that an Examination of the worft Qualities of his Heart, and the moft difgraceful Perverfions of his Underftanding appears foreign to our Subjed. In the Review of this execrable Reign, the Feel- (a) April 22, 1 509. (^) June 2S» 1509. 446 M E M O I R.S OF Feelings of the Reader, will not be wounded by unne- ceflaiy Digreflions. Our Inquiries concerning the State of Trade, add Navigation wUI feldctfn lead ris to unfavourablerConchifions againft tA^hai'kaer of H^hry. Here and, perhaps. Here only, it may not be re* proachable. - . The firft Naval Armament was equipped in the Year one Thoufand ^ye Hundred, and Eleven, when four royal' Ships (on board- of which- embarked Sir Tkomat Darcey, at the Head of fifteen hundred Archers) failed from Plymouth, to ferve under Ferdinand, King of Arragm, and Caftih, and Father-in-Law to Henry, on his pretended Expedition a^inft the Moort, The Troops difembarked (<-) without Lofs, in the South of Spain, from whence Ferdinand, who wanted nothing but their Appearance, to bring his Enemies to Ternjis, inftead of employing, difmifled Them, with Tome iii- confiderable Prefents. In the Month of'^Auguft They arrived in England (d), A like Aid was fent, under the Command of Sir Edward Poynings, to the Duke of Burgundy, then at War againft the Duke of Gueldret. Having fucceeded in their Enterprize, They foon after- wards returned home (r). In Auguft of the Year one Thoufand, five Hun-< dred, and Twelve, a remarkable Engagement (which fhall be mentioned, hereafter,) happened between the Englijh, and French Fleets. Another royal Squadron put to Sea, in the Month of March, of the following Year, on the twenty-fifth of April, came to an. tili n^v'V^ jiu-iu^xj er, folio 274. — Rynier's Fcedcra, V. 13 p. 302 — Ha,ll» olio 13, 14. ILLUStRIOU'S SEAMEN. &c. 447 Adion with the French. The Particulars of this will, alfo, be related in another Place. In Auguft. tienry pafled over, with a numerous Army, to France, fome Parts of which He conquered, whilft the Fleet ravaged the Coafts. Alarmed at thefe Succefles. the French King fued for and obtained a Peace, on the Condufton of which He married Mary, the Sifter of Henry , who, with his Queen, conduced Her to Dover. Here, They were detained fome Time, a violent Storm ari- iing, during which a royal Ship called the Luheck, was driven aftiore before Sandgate, and there wrecked, whereby, of fix hundred Men, fcarcely three hundned efcapedf// On the fecond of O6lober in the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Fourteen, the Princefs embarked, attended by the Duke of Norfolk ; the Marquis of Dorfet ; the Earl of Surrey, Admiral ; the Earl of Worcejler ; Sir Andrew Windfor ; and fe- veral Perfons of Diftindion (g). They had not long proceeded on their Voyage, when the Fleet was fevered by a Tempeft ; Some of the Ships fortunately reached Ctdais \ Others were forced on the Coaft of Flandert \ and That, in which the Princefs was, with great Diffi- culty, made the Harbour of Boulogne {h). The Marriage was celebrated at Abbeville, on the ninth of Oaober (/). The Nuptials of Lewit, the Twelfth, were ihortly afterwards followed by his Death, when Francit, tlie Firft, afcended the Throne ; and in the Year, one Thoufand five Hundred, and Twenty, prevailed on Henry, (who had maintained a State of Amity with this » (/) Hall's Chronicle, folio 48. {e) Rjrmer's Fcedera, V. 13. p. 44Q— Hall, foHo 48. («) Hidorical Colleftions of the Family of Windfor — MS. inBibl. Job. Anftis, Garter, Reg. Armor. Not. G. XI. p. 197. (1) Rymcr's Foedera, V. 13. p. 448. 448 MEMOIRS OP . this Prince, and the Emperor, CharleSf the Fifth, \rf alternately aiHfting Each,) to agree to an Interview be-* tween the Towns of Ardres, and Guines. Not to en* , gage in tedious Defcriptions of the Magnificence dif-* played, under the Diredio.i of the oftentatious fFol" fey, in the Field of the Cloth of Gold, let it be fufficient . to remark that Henry having eredcd a fpacious Houfe of Wood, and Canvas, (which had been framed in Londortf and was fet apart for the Purpofe of entertain- ing the French Monarch,) caufed an EngUJb Archer to be embroidered on it, with this Motto : Cut adhereo prajlat ; He with whom I ftde prevails ; Thus, intimating % that he held the Balance of Power amongft the So- vereigns oi Europe } an Advantage which, in the liberal Opinion of a foreign Writer, He maintained during the Remainder of his Life {k). In the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Twenty-two, frefh Differences arofe between Henry, and the King of Frame, which were confidcrably in- flamed by Charles, the Fifth, who, during his Abode in England, perfuaded Henry to fend againft the French a numerous Army, under the Command of Charles Brcndon, Duke of Suffolk, whofe military Operations, afTided by the united Fleets of the Imperialijls, and the Englifb, proved fatal to the French, and their Allies the Scots. When Henry perceived that thefe Succefles ferved only to increafe the Power of Charles^ He pru- dently withdrew his Forces, refolving not to lofe that Superiority which He had before maintained (/). The Peace was concluded between Henry, and Fruncis, on Terms extremely advantageous to the For- mer, in the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Twenty- {k) Abrfg^ de rHifloire de France, par Mezeray, Tom. W' p. 494- (/^Hall. — Herbert. — Godwin. — Dupleix. ^ ;' )" im. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN|'&c. 449. Tweii^-fix. We ihall not, in this Piace,- take tib* • tice of thofe Brents (connect! with otii' SubjeQ,^ %hich aroH^ during the fucceeditlg Period «if eighteen^ Years ; at the Expiration of >^hich, Henry formed an Alliance with the Emperor, agfiind tfaefr^mvi^ and pre-^' pared, alfo, ^p invade Sntlandl Accordingly, Sir Johii' Dudley, VifcouAt Lijlct appointed to the Office ot I.xmi' High Admiral, in the Room of the Earl of Surrey, af-« femb'ledi at Nevjca/ile, two hundred Tranfport Shipsi ©n board of which embarked il>e Earl oF Heyt/ord, • Lieutenant-General of the North, and a conflderable Number of Land-Forces. They failed to Leith, and,' foon after their Arrival, attacked, and took the Place {m)i From thence. They proceeded to Edinburgh, which They won by AfTault, and reduced it, after a Plundet^ pf three Days^ to Afhes. The Citadel made a gallant, and fuccefsful Defence, notwtthdanding that it was Hormed, on all Sides, by the EngUfb Troops, whom the Lord E'vert, Warden of the Marchesj'had joined >vith a powerful Reinforcement. The Earl oi Hcrt- fordj and Lord L//7rv unable to carry theit- Enlerprizq. into Execution, retired to Ltith, which they burned^ Jogether with the Peer of the Haven. From hence^ the Fleet failed to fcdur the Coafts of ScoHand, and having every where taken, or deftroyed all the Ship«i and fmaller VelTels, lying within the Creeks, and Har<<^ bour^. They returned to England The Progrefs of the Army was equally fatal to the Inhabitants of Scot- land, and, to add to their Difgracc, the Earl of Lennox, having concliided a Treaty with Henry, parted ovef thithfir in the Month of Auguft, with a Squadron con-, lifting of fourteen Ships, on board of which cmbarlted Jive Hundred Men, under the Command of fome En^- •* Vot. i. t i lljb. TJ (m) May St «$S*- h ■ i i 450 M E M O I R S O F ' ^ /^Knights. With this inconfiderable Force, He ni* vaged the lilands of Arran, and Butt \ then proceed- ing to the Caftle of Dtmvm, reduced it to Aflies ; and next, fubdued, and ranfacked Kintyn, and the adjacent Phices. From hence, fle failed to Briftol, to wait for freih InftrufiUons (n). In the middle of the Summer^ the Duke oi Suffolk entered the Frttie/k Dominions with s formidable Army, and laid Siege to Buthgm, which yrM blocked up at Sea, by the Admiral Vifcount Liflft who, on the Surrender of the Place, (and previous to the Departure of the King, for England (o), ) was con« ftituted Governor, with full Powers to dired the Oper- ations of the War {j>). In the Year one Thoufand, five Hundred, and For« ty-five, the King of franci, who feve/ely felt the Lofs of Bouhgru, aflembled the Flower of his Troops, and equipped a formidatrfe naval Armament, for th« Recovery of this important Place. The Command of the Fleet, which confifted of one hundred, and fifty large Ships, together with fixty Tranfports (q), was given to C^Amuhaut, Admiral of Frtmee, a Title y^hich, until this^ra, did not imply an Exerdfe of M«val Offices ; and even under the Reign of Frond/, Bomiivitf Brion, and all the Admirals were Land Com- ipanders, amongfl: whom, D'Annebaut entered, only for this Year, into the Sea-Service (r). This Arma- ment in) Stowe, p. C85. —-Speed, p. 782.— Leflaei de Rebus genis Scotorum, Lib. 10. p. 472. — Lediard'3 Naval Hif- tory, Folio, V. i. p. 104.—- Rapin's Hiftory of England, 8vo. V. 6. P-^3«' («) The oails of the Ship in which Henry embarked were of Cloth of Gold. — Herbert, p. 24$. (/) Hall, folio 2^8. b— Holing/lied, V. 2. p. 964 — Godwin's Annals, p. 190.—- Ryiiter's Fcedera, V. 15. p. 52. Iq) P. Daniel.|Hilloire de la MiliceFrancoifc.V. 2. p. 471. \r\ Hiftoire de la Querelle dt Philippe do Valois, et d'Edouard III. &c. par M. Gaillard, V. 4. p. 334, ^}^. is) 0) kere 5z. et ILLl/Sf RIOUS^SEAliltlN, &c. 451' ii6ent was reinforced by ten Shi{)s, hired from the Gi' noefe\ and twenty-five Galliesfrpm the Medit^rantatit urid^r th^ CommanlJ ofPaulin, Baron de la Garde. It was defigned that the fir ft Hoftilities (hould be direded againft the Coafts oitnglandi and that afterwards the whole Fleet Ihould fail for Bouhgtie, and be fo ftation- «d as to intercept the Succours which might be fent to it, by Sea, whilft, on the Land-Side, Ftancis (hould inveft it with his Foi-ces. At the Beginning of this Year, the iVeftem Squa- drons (according to fomc Hiftorians) (/) took> on their Cruizes, above three hundred Frtneh Ships, the Lading of which (Wine, Herrings, and other Fiih,) filjed the Grey Friars Church, and Juftin, and Black Friars, in LondoH, It is added that, in the Month of Jtine, before the French Fleet put to Sea, an BngHJb Sqtiadron, under the Command of the Admiral Vif- count Lijte entered the ^;outh of the Seinef where lay two hundred Ships, and twenty-fix Gailles. Ths EngUJb, withfixty Sail of Ships, judged it mod prudent to avoid a dire€t Attaigk upon the whole Fleet, and only exchanged fome Shot with them, thereby occafioning the Gallies to venture out. A' the Commencement of the Adion, the Advantage, owing to a Calm, was on the Side of the Gallies ; At length, a violent Storm arofe which prevented them from keeping the Sea ; and the EngUJb Ships, to avoid the Flats, ftood off, and failed to Portfrmuth, where Henry then refided, in Or- der to haften by his Prefence, the Naval Operations for the War, with France. We may, however, doubt the Truth of this Relation, as it appears that when the Frtnch Fleet arrived, in the /iicceeding Month, at Saint Helen's, only fixty Ships were in Readinell to oppofe Them (/). F f a Pre- (s) Holingfhed. — Stowe. (/) Lediard'i Naval HiOory, Folio, V. 1. p. 105. 452 M £ M O I R S O F . J'reyious to the Departure of liis Fleet, and at A Time, when/roifc// was preparing to condud the Ladies dn Board to a magnificent Eintcrtainment, theAdmi-. raPs Ship, the Ctirafon took Fire: and, notwith" (landing all Endeavour/ to prevent the Accident, was. burnt to the Water^s Edge. A Prenck Writer («) obferves that She Mounted an hundred large brafs Can-, non. Compared with what are now called fuclv They uiidoubtedly were fmall, the Ship having been only of eight hundred Tons Burden (x). Yet She certainly Was the ftouteft in the French Navy. A Contemporary. Hiftorian ( y) likent.Her to a huge Caftle, and abfiirdly . remarks that She had nothing to fear at Sea, but Fire^ : and Rocks. Qn Board, was the Money for the Pay-, ment of the Troops, which, being faved with Difficul- ty, was removed to another Ship, and nearly 16ft in That, which funk off Saint tieUtCs Point, on the Day after the firft Engagement with the EugUJb Fleet {z\, Whilft HM^y remained at Port/mouth, He was in- , formed that the Squadrons of the Enemy were ap- proaching ; and to oppofe them, iflfued Orders that all the Ships in Readinefs, amounting to about an hundred Sail, Ihould proceed to Spiihead. During this ihort . Pal&ge, the MaryRofi, One of the largeft Ships in the En^lijb Navy, and commanded by Sir Giorge Ca- ri'Uf, was unfortunately funkt A celebrated naval Wri- ter (a) (who will be feen to differ from a contemporary French Hidorian {h) ) obferves that this Lofs was occa- fioned by a little Sway that ovcrfet the Ship, the Ports of which were made within iixteen Inches of the Wa- ter.. (u) Metnoires de Bella/. (*) Ibid. (. [y) Balf de Re Navali. («) Herbert, p 24^. ^ ((t) Secretary Huichett. . (/.) Du Bcllay. t-i \) ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, Arc. 453 ier. The Captsiin, ind ill the Crew perifhed. In their Fate, Henrys who dined on bolird that Day^ might probably have flipred, if He had no^ returned to Land, fome Hpufs before t)ie Accident (r). A Fleet confifting of about fixty Sail engaged the French, uatjl They were feparated by the Darknefs of the Night. *' Fron^ pne Account of the Adion (d). We learn tha^ the French Admiral jyAmubaut, perceiving that the BiHgHJb did not adrance, availed Himfejf of ft Calm, and Attacked them with the Grallies, during the Sjjace of an Hour. Then it was (according to this Relation,) that the Mitry-Rtife was funk, and the Qreat Harry, o|i boaid of whicl^ the Admiral had hoifted his Flag, lb fhattered by the Cannpnading, that She, Ukewife, would have beeil loft, if the EngUJb had not towed Hey out of the Reach of the Enemy. t On the Morrow, the French Troops made a Defcent, tt three Places, in the Ifle oi Wight, but were forced to retire with great Lofs, after having plundered the adjacent Villages. Not intimidated by one Repulfe, They foon effeded a fecond Landing, and were lefs fortunate than before. The French Hiftorians obferve that their Intention was to have ereded Forts upon the Ifland, in Order to fecuce themfelves in the PofleiTion of it. Under thefe Circumftances, (it is added that) They could have compelled the Englijb to abandon their late Conqueft pf Boulogne, and likcwife have cut off their Navigatipn to France, and Spain, That none of thefe Advantages were acquired is imputed to the Pufillanimity of D^Annebaut, who, having wly alarmed the Coafts, returned inglorioufly to France, with a Fleet of fi^y Men of War, fixteen Ships of Burden, F f 3 and (f) Sir William Monfon'» Tradls. {d) P. Daniel. Hiftoirc dc la Milice Francoife, V. a. p. 473- 454 M £ M O I R S O F tod fifteen Gallics. On this Occafion, He (ailed to- wards PmrtetOf a iinaU Cre^»at tU Piftance of liaif a Mile from Boulogne, Having r^pproached the Goaift of Suffix, He lay to, whilK ^!Par| oJtthe Troops madt a Deicenty near BrigitMwf^oiu, .and NewJimfeUf, Crpm whence they were dnvenrbadc, with great Slaughter, to the Ships. A Body of four thoufaod Men difem- barked| afterwards,, at Port it, but were comfMnd^d, aa the Wind changed fuddenly to the Eaftvard, to repair on board the Fleet, which failed, again for the.^fyi^ Coaft. The Admiral VifcoMnt JLiJIg, whofe Anna* ment confifted of an l^undred Sl^ps, having r^ceiv^ Orders from the King to give Battle to the En^my^ ioon came up wi^b, and engagcjd ^hcm. The two Tleets, after a feyere Confli/^, were feparated in thr Ihlight. The FrertcA proceeded to jy^r/ de Grace, \ and thus, ended the moft important Enterprize which They had ever undertaken, qn the Seas. Their Coafts were^ now, viiited in their Turn, by the Mfigl^fif Admiral, who, having dellroyed thirtiy .Ships, within the Jiior bour of Treftorff whilft fiK thpufand .of the Troops were engaged in demoliihing the Town, and Abbey, return* ed, without any con(iderab)e Lofs, to PortfmoutA (e)* As a naval Hiftorian hath only flightly mentioned //j this remarkable Engagement, it may be proper to infert the.moft particular Account of it from .the Me- ^noirs of a contemporary Author ^^^. 9 The Fleet jUTembled on this Occafioo, by the FrencA, confifted of one Hundred, and fifty large Ships of War, ^y TranQports, and twenty^ve Callies. Ail thcfe f. ■ . laiicd, (#) Dupleix, Tom. Ill, — Mezeray, Tom. IV. p. 633.—- Grafton, p. layd.^-Herbert, p. 249.— Rapin's Hiftory of England, V. 6. 8vo. p. 536, K37, <$8. (/) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 106. ( g) Mcmoires du Bella/. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, 8$c, 45s Ciiied, 00 the fixth of July, in the Y^r, one Thou-^ iend, five Hundred, end Forty-five, fr6m the fevtral Ports of Htw* dt OfMct, k Fwffe D'Bufi, Hmfntr^ Har/kur, nnd Dieppe, dirediog their Coiirie. towwdi the Ifle of fi^igkt, end the Htrbour of Ptrtfimah, in which left PUce, Uy the chief Strength of the BfigUJb Nevy. .<«i (r On the eighteenth of the feme Month, the Adminl J^Amuhaut arrived oflF the Ifle oilVight, end difpatched four Galltes, under the Command of the Baron di k Garde, to furvey it as far at Saint Helen** Point, and« at the fame Time to difcover the Force and Situation of the EngUJb Fleet. According to hit Report, the Left amounted to. fixty tall Ships of War, fourteen of which had taken the Opportunity of a Land-Wind to fail from Partfmeuik, with as much Alacrity, good Order, and apparent Unconcern, as if their Defign had been to rifque a Battle with the Enemy. In tht mean Time, the French Admiral advanced with the Gallies, and, foon afterwards, the whole Ei^UJb Fleet proceeded firom the Harbour, and began the Adion* It was bng and fliarply maintained with equal Advan- tages on both Sides ; at left, the Engtijb retreated, un* der Shelter of the Land, to a Place where They were fecured by the Batteries ereded on the Heights which overlooked the Shore, and by the Sands, and Rocks, which traverfing the Road, left only an oblique, and narrow Inlet, but juft fufiicient for a few Ships to paft in Front. This Retreat, and the approaching Night put an End to the Engagement, during which the French Gallics received but little Damage, notwith* ftanding the continual Fire from the Cannon, and fmall Arms of the Enemy. During the Night, the Admiral D^Armebaut fixed on the Order of Battle^ for the following Day. He F f 4 placed 45^ '* M E M O I R S O P ' placed hiK own Ship, fupportcd by thirty feled Vefieb, in the Fpont. The Lord de Btutitrtt commanded a Squadron of thirty-fix. Ships, on the Right ; and the Baron de CiiriM another ol thc^fapie Number, on the Left. The EHgliJh Fleet being adyantagcoiiiLy fta^^ (ioned, it was direfied that the Gallics .flioald, at Day- Break, advance towards Them, as they rode at An*? thor; and by firing furioufly upon Them, provoke Them to an Engagement, in which, if They fucceeded. They were, by retreating, to draw Them out towards the Main Battle. This Order was executed with great. Intrepidity, whilft a Calm (fo favourable to the Gn Board, only thirty-five efcaped. The Admiral-Ship, the Grtat-Harryf was fo diftrefled, that if She had not been relieved by the Ships which were neareft to Hei^ She w(Hild have undergone the fame Fate. Their Dar mage muft have been far greater, if the Weather had not changed in their Favour, and delivered them from this Peril } but a Land-Wind arifing, and the Tide favouring them at the fame Time, They bore down, ;full Sail upon the FrencJi Gallies. So fudd^n was the Change that thefe Lall had fcarcely Time, and Room 19 manage their Oafs, and ta^ck about : Fpr, during the Calm. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 457 Calm» and in the Hcighth of the Battle, Thev had approached (o near to the Enemy, that they mult, in-* jBvif ably, have periflied, by the Bearing down of their Ships upon them, if, aided by the Refolution of their Commanders, and the Alacrity, and Experience of their Mariners and Rowers, they had not fhifted their Prows, and by this Management, with the Help of their Sails, retreated in a few Hours, to the Diftance of a Can* non-ihot. They then accelerated, or flackened their Courfe, as feemed moft conducive to their main De« fign of drawing the EngUJb out of their Cover. The Enemy ufed a Kind of light Veflel or Pin* nace (^), which was longer that ordinary, in Propor- tion to its Breadth, and much narrower than the GaU •lies, but navigated, like them, with Oars, and Sails. This VeiTel, their Mariners could work with fuch Dex«> terity, in the Currents of thofe Seas, that for Swift- nefs, it vied with the G allies ; bearing down upon them with aftoniihing Ipipetuofity, and fo violently gauling their Stems, by a brifli Difcharge of Artillery, that their Deftnifkion appeared inevitaUe. On the Poop, the Gallies were not furnilhed with any Can- non for Defence, and if They had endeavoured to tack about the EngUJb would have been on Board of them, ynder full Sail, and muft certainly have funk them. Neverthelefs, the Prior of Capm, Brother to the Lord Strcjft, bore refolutely down uppn a Veffel be- longing to the Enemy, which had advanced before the Reft, and was at the very Stern- poft of one of our Gallies; but the EngUJb Veflel being (horter, and con- sequently lighter, Ihifted quicker, and foon regained the Fleet, which did not continue (the Purfuit any far- ther. In the mean Time, the Admiral d^Amubaut^ 114 ^ hav- (Ji) It rather refcmbled a Packet-Boat, or Tender, and was called, in French^ Rumbargo. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) {./ .«* ^^# "'.<' % ^ 11.25 ■ttlM 115 itt Itt ■2.2 u lift lit lit { 111 Muu 14.0 2.0 U 116 - 6" Fhotograiiiic ^Sciences Corporalion '^ ^v <^ ^ 1». ^-V 23 WBT MAIN STMIT WnSTIR,N.Y. 14SM (71*)t73-4S03 ;\ I *6 458 MEMOIRS OtF t ll^i^ng ;arrang€td y«' Ships in tht Qr^t $Sm*diy ite^ %ihed, gayc the Signal for the Battle, believing that the EHgtijb would continue their CSouife: JBu| he yi^M iootk undeceived, and ^und that they^ were more dr* comfpeathan He imagined. They had only pntfiiei |he GaHies, as fa^ at $lEirmiih,.the^r/yir/l loft iiime Galley^lavci^ andafmall K^her of private fioldiert^ btft^notonePerfonofDiftinaion. V i • uOn the following' Day, the Fmek\:kim9^f ptr^ cciving that the £i[{g/!^..declined.ai;i> Albion in the open £ea, liefiilved to ^utaek Jhem where Th^v by. To tUi •£nd^ He fummoned a Council of theiPJioM» Captains^, aiul-chi^ Mariners, to . be informed of Jhe Nature, and Ctrcumftances of the Place, and by what means hie ^nightbeft begin the Attack,: amtdft the DilBcnltiet, ,WlBch . Attended ' it^ In tMe tm Spitdt rf .a Pio^kp mitfi Srati$ry if lirtirr fiparatwd fmm QJientatwi, He xefiitefented to Them, how much they were fuperior 4o the £ngltPf.tMt, alone in the Number' o£ShipB» buiin lOihfwgfiJiibleyakur rf. tiar Mmi} and what Advan- iagits: muft acciue to their' King: and iCountry^ from a f^hBukjt whtc^ i He believed, was in their Option. -llseOflioers, and Marinen ezpre{Ieda\ great Willing- aerttto engage; ^bottfae Sea«Commande)rB, and Pilotf idechred it was impradicable, without, an evident Lo6. -Tfa^obTervcd that,iri Order to attack the Englijb, i^t Fleet muft venture into a Channel, where but four -Ships cottU go in Fronts and Thefe might be oppofed (by alike Number: It was added, that as they could not^ fiulin, except with a favourable Wind, and Tide, to in the Moment that the firft Ships were engaged, Thofe which ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 459 which followed would ineyittbly drive upon them, with the Stream^ and flb^tter them to Pieces. They, alfo, g^efented that a» They n»"ft epgage the jBii|;ff/ib, under ^e Cannop of their own Forts, they, would, on that Account, \f& ^pofed to a great Difadvantage. And that, if They ifaioukl attempt to grapple, and board (sheffl* the Force of the Stream would certainly drive them alhore. One upon the Other. It was then propofed to engagcj at .Anchor ; But to this, the Pitets anfwer^ cd» that their Ca|)les ^ght be cut ; and although that OM>iild not be ^theCafe, yet the Danger muft (till re-r main ; Since, if they were ^t Anchor, the Stream^ jvhich carried them in, would naturally oblige them to lye with their Stems, inftead of their Heads, or Broad-fides towards tbe^n^my : Another Difficulty was jtifo, ftarted ; and this was, that when They let fall their Anchors, they mnft veer out the Cables, by Degrees^ and could not pretend to (lop the Ships ihort, becauft the Force of their Run would either fink them, or if their Cables^ (ho^.give Way, and They flioold part 'from their Anchor«,They woiUd then be driven aground» and beaten to Pieces, by the Force of their own Weighf. 4 Thefe Reafons quried fo evident a Gonvidion with them, that there was no Room for oppofing them. Yet the Admiral, ^nd the other Commanders, fearing left the Pilots, who were unanimous in their Opinioo, intght, through Cowardice, rcprefent Matters worfe than in Fa& they > yrere, deemed it neceflary to have the Channel founded, and to czanune into every Circumilance, r«latt9g to the G^lph, that might be of Advantage to thitEngliJb. For thut Purpole, He Tent a Boat, on the foUowvdg Night, with three Pilots, ac- companied by the fame Numbers of Captains, to per- form this CommilTion, for which they had all the Let- fure thjit qoukl have been defned. la the Morning, u their i6o MEM O I R S OF It Iheir Return, Th^y not only cpnfirmcd the former Re^' prefentations of the Pilots^ but obferv^d that the Chano^ ncl was Terpentine, and bearing fo much towards ih^ '^ffgr^^/^* tliat it would be hazardous for a foreign Ship to attempt entering, with a Pilot, eveji akhoagn She had no Enemy to encounter. This Report beidr made, in the Prefence of all the Officers, Thcyj next, debated ^pncerning thofe Meafures which mjght be fooft expedient for the^ Stfrvice of the Kiiig of Fnmce. -' In the mean Time, the Gallies prepared for their Peparture, in the El>«Ding, towards C^/bV, cds^mg along the f/le of Wight y in Order to ftretch over ffotn thence to ^ot/Zo^n^. On the Day following, the whol^ Fleel Aood oBr from the Coaft, the Admiral rem^inin^ in tb^ Rear with the Gillies, tp bear the iirft Shock 'of xhtEngUfii if They (hould venture put of their Har

urs. At firft, the Wind was fo favourable that the Ships arrived at the Etninence of iPtf{|f^, fourteen Leagues diftant from the Ifle of Wight, \st{ore the Gallies could come up with Them. SooitafterwardiTy it blew violently from the Weflw^rd i ^tvi ih.t Ffeiith Fleet, obliged to (eek a Harbour, ftretched away fo* wards the Goad: of £Ni^/a» without fighting, either to rua their Ships aground, where> of Courle, They would meet Deftrudion, or to pafs the Streights of CaUuSf which could not be accompliihed, without equal Dan** ger, and Diforder. Eeither of thefe Events was naturally to be expe^ed* I^or, if the Prenck waited, without unmooring, till the Englijb came near, the Wind, and Tide^ which would > bring thefe Laft down upon their Adveriaries^ would force ^|||e Firft aihcH-e. On the Contrary, were thO' French to unmoor, the Etiglijb, as They approached, wlbid find them feparated by the Violence of the Tern- pcfk, and on that Account^ proceed to the Attack, with fuperiour Advantages. Again, if. the Fretuk, to obviate aU' thefe Inconveniencies, /hould unmoor for fome Time previous to the Arrivt^l of the Englijb^ the Wind, and Curfents, would drive them upon the Coaft of Flanders ; and were They, once, to pafs the Streight of Dover, it would be cafy for tht^EngliJb to intercept • Them, when They endeavoured to return. Befides, the FrencA might, poffibly, be detained on that Coaft, until the total Expenditure of their Provifions ) and, in^ the mean Time, the Englijb, who would probably wait for Them, 9X Bwhgne, might be a Hinderanceto the Defign which Francis had conceived of railing Fons^ v at this Piace« AH thefe Inconveniencies were foreleen' by WAnnebttut, who was the more anxious to provide againft them, as He had received Information by a< Fleming, who left t|ie Fleet, the Night before, that He might expe^ |he|r Approach, on the fame Day, or the following Njforning^. ^^ The i^rm^ Admiral, laying Rifturely weighed all thefe Circumftances, with tl^e Advice of the K^ft of his I Oificers, 4^ M E lil O 1 k S ' irtarieiitfy. They (hould attempt ttfattaiik the <^alHi^§;' firft. They might not be abl^ to efPedf theifPdlt^ on' A^coant of the Shaillowliersof the Wi(t«r,'%hich in that Situation, would not admit the ApprdacliH^Teh of their finalleft Ships : ^des, as the Interval between the ' OaMtes, and the krge Ships belonging' td the Fr^^ Fleet, would not be wide, it might, pH>babty; happen, that the Enemy, ^flitig by the ChdKeiv might; at the fame Time, be driven, by' the Fo^eeoTtir Current,' beyond the Ships alio. " ''.; Thefe Refolutions havvng beentaken,»f)«e'Fr/#^ire-' aaainejd at Anchor until it wasflif^h Wattr, eitpeC^g ah Alteration of the Weather ; W the Teft^>eft raged with e<|uat Violence, during that Day, and obliged them' to wait for the MorUing-Tide, ' which*^ pMveS ' fo favour* able, not only in Confequence of aCalm, but likeWife^ of a Change in the Wind, that They prepared to de^^ part, and (hape their Courfe towards the Place where- They «^re informed thai They fhonld iind th^ Bnglijb. By Degrees, the Calm hicreafed^and about Noon, feve** ral LLUSTRlOtlfS SE#MlEN, &c. 4«jr rtl Sail appeared in Sight, near to «rhtch the GalKea were dire^cd to row, in Order to difeoirer what thc^f wete. Approaching clofer, They itmndthem' t«y Iki^ Flmingsi and w^e mformed'that xhtEngliJb Pleet wa# not far oflF. The Admiral lyAmektut, hartng received thSi Adrtce^ went on board a large Ship, which He had fixed upon to engage the Englijh Admiral, and commanded the GaHies to advance; and obtain mbrd certain Intelligence, which, by Break of Diy, they dldg hiving arrived within Sight of the E^my. The Ad-' miral« gnd the whole Fleet, followed" theM, with aff poflible Expedition ; But it was foddada Calm, tha^ the Ships fcarcely niade any more Way, than what They were carried by the Currents. The J?n|^/^ having defcried the Ffeticfi GaHies, ufed their utineft Endeavours to gain the Wind, that They might nbt, in the Calm, be iurrounded by Them and the Adverii^ Fleet. , The French Galltes were equally ailidiiout to ppflefs the Weather-gage. In this Manner, They fpent the greateft Part of the Day, rowing, and fail- ing fo near to each other, that They could eafily dticeta' the Number, and the Force of either Fleet. All this while, the EngRfb Ships ftood out to Sei^ and appeared dellirous tOiL engage, yet cautious not to lofct Sight of their Shore. At length, the Frenck perceiving that the Fleet had gained the Weather-gage, and waa- giving Chace, in excellent Oi^er, no longer dif'i' fembled; but, (etting their Sails, fliaped their Courfe^ before the Wind, towards the Me of fVigit. The Baron de la Garde obferving this, in Order, to inter*- cept the Enemy, (and give the French Time to come up,) refolved, clofely; topurftie fome of their rear^inoft Ships, which, being heavy VeiTets, had fallen confider«^ ably a-ftern. This occafioned the Reft of the Englijb jPleet to flacken their Sails -e But the Gale beginning, inime- i. 46;^ MEMOIRS O P . ; nnmediately after^ , to. freiheri, yet not cauHng %itf. Swell of the Sea,, 'I'Hey returned without the leaft. Diforder, excepting only^ that both Fleets engaged for- above two Hours, in fatclofe a l^ight, that They^ with Difficulty, difcharged their Gnns. The FrtncA^ Oallies, being low, were the leaft expofed to the Can<^^ non of the Enemy « The Conflid muft have been fe-f vere, as, on the niext Morning, the French faw a Num-», ber of dead Bodies, and a great deal of Timber, fwim- ming upon the Sur&ce of the Sea : Not lefs than three kundred Pieces of Cannon were fired on both Sides*. During the Engagement, both the Current, and the Wind carried the Englijb Fleet diredly towards their Port, and, the Night coming on, put an End. to the* Combat. At Day-Break, ^hen the French looked out for thmr Adverfaries, They found tiiat Tliey were^ harboured, and in Safety \ the Admiral^ therefore, (l^r- ed his Courfe for Havre de Grace ^ to. take in Refreih" ments, and to put on Shore the Tick Men. Concerning this naval A^ion, a French Hiftorian (i) remarks that We may perceive, at the firft View, an Order of Battle more regular, and lefs confu(ed, than^ iji foqnd in other Relations, and that tlie Attack was well concerted. The Fleet was divided into threO Squadrons. The Admiral D\Annebaut, with thirty Ships', tpok his Station in the Center, having Monfieur; ^B0»/iVir/, with a. Squadron on the Right, apd the. Baron de Curton,, with anbther, on the Left. ^ The Attack was begun by four Rallies, and, with the Advantage of a Cabn, fo fuccefsfully conduced, that the MaryRofe, one of the principal Ships of the, EngUpf Fleet, was funk, with near fix hundred Men on, boar^; and the Gr^ P. iianicl Hift, dc la Miiice Fr. Tom. 11. p. 471. ILLUSTRIOUS SIAMIN; &c. 4^l iijhA^mtal would have Undergone the faifte f atfc, ha4^* it not been timely fuccourcd. "When the Breele fpfanj up* the Bigf»/lt Ships hor^ * down vrijh full Sails, upon the frenek GaHies; a Ctrcumftance which niuft have proved fatal to ^he Laift*, if the Skill, and Intrepidity of all the Commanders Had not been particularly ekerted. On this Occafion, the Prior of Gi^ expofed. his Galley, and freed it frqiti the Danger, with equal Refolution, and De^cti^rity. AH of them returned fafely to the Fleet, whkh lay- waiting, in Order of Battle, for the ^^n^/i/lb,. who re- treated, to avoid thp Fight} or rather to decoy the' French Ships into a Gulph, where They muft ineVi<^ tably haVe been deftroyed. The different Motions of the two Fleets were afterwards well regulated, and the Return of That belonging to the French concerted with gf^eat Prudence. ' ". We learn, alfo, that, during this Mn, the Ships of War were cbnftruded with Port-Holes fpr their Ord- nance. It was not, then, a Cuftom of any Date, pei-* ther can it be traced, 'with Certainty, farther back than the Commencement of the fixteenth Centui^ under the Reigns of fienry, the Seventh, of England^ jind Lewitf the Twelfth, of France, in whofe Time./ the Ship iqalted La Charente carried a gi ..^ter Number of Quns, than could have been (lowed, witho.u Port-Holes. Some Authors (but not even with the Appearance of Probability,) make them amount nearly to two Hun- dred : After the firft Ufe of Artillery in Naval Arma- ments, and until this Period, the Cannon of thofe Ships which mounted any, were placed only upon the Deck, the Prow, and Poop. It appears, alfo, that in this Engagement, neither the French, nor EngUJb Ships were much fupplied with Artillery, fmce M., du Beltay confiders it as an extra- VoL.t Gg erdioary 4$6 MEM ai R S OF { ordiiiaiy Circiimftance that not M than three huncfred Snot were fired oh both Sides, during a Cannonading! of two Hours (i)r Yety with Subhliifioii to bur Au*' t^qr(/)^ itjhay notJiave been the Want of Artillery, but anighoraniceof the Mode ofetercifing it, whicK^ piieveented nearly t^o hundred ^ips firom firing fo ofteif' ai « fmalt Frigate, of the prefcnt, /E.^^ in half the^ Space of Time. J Before We qint this Subjed, it may not be improper. ' to introduce an Obfervation from the fame Writer (m),V a|i(i the raiher, as it is of equal Force with Refped to }. iibe Naval Armaments of France and England. _ The l^eader muft be convinced that the largeft Men of War, in earlier Periods, are not to be comjtared in . ^^ Bulk with Thofe of prefent Times, when He (hall ^■**'"^'*'^iH|M been told that the French Fleets were fitted out in,i HarKolirs where, now Ships of a middling Size hjave / no| a Depth of Water fufficient for their Riding.' fiarpmr was one of the moft capital of thefe Ports. Yet^eep feed where formerly a Navy lay at Anchor. Thr&a hath withdrawn itfelf to more than the Dif- tance of a League ; and it is vifible how iballow the . Vl^ter was, at that ^ra. When Francis, the Firft, had caufed the Town oi Havre de Grace to be built, its ii^rt was the x0nA confiderabie Rendezvous for Shipping within the Kingdom. Brefi was feldoin nfed for thCj^ aftembling.of Fleets, as being judged too diftant.> Fort Lewis n and the Harbour of /tor^r/ were, thenar negleded. Yet Thefe are all tlie Harbours in the Ocean ]. wh^^e the large Fretwh VefTels rode at Anchor. , In the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and ; f^rty-fix, the French, notwithftanding their ill Succefs, engaged* {k) Sec alfo De Langey- ^ (/} F. Daniel Hiftoire de la Milice Franfoife. (w) P. Daniel Hift. de la Milicc Franfoifc, Top. Jlv p*458- .Ni I LLUSTRtOUS SEAMEN, Afc. 467 tngaglid in wailikt Prq>arationi f6r the Siege bf Bbu- lopu\ To fociliute their Defigils, They eode&voured to CM off all CoaanunicAtion with CaUih, by firft rtf dncing, and afterwaids fortifying the Sea-Port of Jm* Ueteufe, Eighteen French Oallies.: attacked, withili Sight of the Place, four Englijb Shtjra of the royat Navy, and an eqtial Number of Pinnaceft. Thefe lad were defended by the Crews with fuch Condtid, and Intrepidity, that the Enemy retreated with Precipita-^ tion, after having toil one Galley, in Which Were an hundred, and eighty Soldiers, together with an hun-^ dred, and forty Rovers (11). On the Land-Side of Bouiognut the Earl of,Hr^(/ored a Body of nine Thoufand Troops, when the French, difcoua raged by the miv^l P.efeat.of their, Confederates, and apprehenfite of the liTue of a Battle, judged it n6oe(3 fary to raife the Siege (d). ..;.;v< ' A noble Atithor {p) \m\i trliirmttteci to us a kela-> lion of the gallant Condud of ^eytsi EngUJhmen, whoy (at this Period,) having been overcome.by a far greatei Number of the Frew^h^ etltered their Ship,! tinder Pre^ fence of efcaping from their own Bark, then, on th^ Point of finkiiig^ Hcf'e, They perceived a Quaritityt of Lime Pots, akid watching their Opportunity^ fHled ibem with Water,v«irhlch They threw; finoiiking, iit the Faces of their Adverfaries, who, beiiig 1>ltnded, fell into the Space between the Decks, as They were mn^ aing from their ^Aflailants, who dofed (he^Ha^chol^ etcr li!hem, and'then brought the Ship to Enfr/W; . v nir* •' .■-.•:'!•■.. " O g a : Od (0) Commetitaire^ de M6ntluc. Toril. T. ^. i37.-^M^ sioiresdtt Bellay, Li v. io.-<^HaIl, Folio 269. — Corpse Di- plomatique, Tom. IV. Part 2. p. 395.— ^Lediard** Naval Hiftp^y, V. I. Folio, p. II J, ~ (/) Lord Herbert, p. ajy^ 4«9 MEMO IRS OF On the feventh of June, in the fame Yetr, • Treity 6f Peace was concluded at Cmnpi, a fmall Place between Ardretf and Guifms^ the principal Conditions of irhich were that Htiai ihould retain BtMkgni daring eighl Years, or until the Payment of a Debt formerly in* tuned by Fr4Meu. It waa fettled at two Millions of Livres, exclofive of a Claim of five hundred thottfnni Uvres, tobe adjufted afterwards. In this Treaty, the FrtmA King had taken care to comprehend ScotknJk Thus, all the Indemnity obtained by Htnry for on^ million, three hundred, and forty thoufand Poundi fterling, (the Ezpences of the War) {q) was a bad, and chargeable Security for a Debt, which was not a ThinI oftheVaUie(r).v;;? i^ !) At the Conchifion of the Peace, jyAtmekikf^Xht Lord High Admiral of frtmetf accompanied \sf feveral Perfons of Diftin^on, and a Retinue of two hundred Gentlemen, proceeded from Dieppe^ with twelve Gal^ ^et, vand a magnificent Ship, called Lb Sacre, in which^ having failed lip the Thames, at fitr as Blackumil^ Ho was vtfited l]^.the Earls of Dirky, and EffeXy who, a& . terwards attended Him to the royal Bftrge, from which Heibnded at Greenwich, and watted on the King^ > The Dayrfollowing^iHe came up with hiaGafliet, and diC* fikibarked>m^t the Tower Wharf, ha^vhigbeen Atlutcd^ during hiftPal^gjfc,uaiid, on hb Arrival, by a great tlteaber^of Guns from the Shore, and the Ships, at iulchot\ in, the River. The Bufinefs of his Embafly was.to fw^ry;ii^>.the Name of hia Soiereign, that'th* Attides of the Peace ihould be performed. The Oath accordingly, adminiftered to Him, with great was. Solemnity, at Hampton-Court, on the .twenty-|9prt|^of Auguft ;, after which. He retucne^f^o ^fifwc^. ,Zr) /I) -^li- C'«.i» ■" ■^^ :i!i .VI Jtijiiirs (f) Ibid.— "Stowe. (r) Hume's Ififtory of Englaii4# Y- 4'=*^-IS»5if» »5^ ILLUSTRIOUS S£AM£N, «rc. ^ In January, of the following Year, the King's Health, which had long been impaired, declined fo »•* pidly, that All who were about his Perlbn obfenred that He approached his End. It was with Difficuhy that anjr Courtier could be found fo bold, and friendly, as fo fpeak of Death, to One who, in the Violence of his Rage, might, probably, hiive inflided on Him the fame Punilhment which had been fuffered by Thofo who had imprudently infinuated that fuch an Event inttilhappen (/). At length. Sir Antkoitf Demy rifqued his own Life, by informing Henry that, in a few Mo- ments, He muft probably, expire ; and that it behoved Him to make his Peac^ with Go d. He anfwered that He was refigned ; and dtreded an Attendant to fend forCnmmer^ who being then at Croydm, did not ar- rive until the King had foft his Speech ; although He ftin retained his Senfes. That Prelate defifed Him to give fome Token that He died in th^ Faith oi€krift, Henry fqueezed his Hand, and immediately expired (/), in the thirty-eighth Year of his Reign, and the fifty- fixth of his Age («). Vft now, proceed to a DttaU of thofe Circumftances which are, in any Wiffc, cbnneQed with the Subje^ ofthisWoik. From a Statute paflfed in the third Year of the Reign ciUenf^s ^^ Eighth, thettr is Reafonto believe that the proiperoiis Condition' of the Kiijigdom had been greatly impaired, fince the Time of Bdward, the Se» jtpndi During tl^at J£.t9i', it had been enaded that no G g 3 Magifi^ • • • ■ '■ '■ ■ . ,--f, ■. '1 i {s) Lanquet's Epitome of Chronicles* ift the Year 1541. -liO JWuaryaS, 1546^7. , hi) Hall, Folio, 263.-rrGrafton,p. 1 282.-«Sfttwe,'p. 595. -^pecd, p. 784.r-rGodwin, p. aoy.^^Bumett's Hiftory of the Reformation, V, 2. p. 350.— Holingfhed, V. a. p. 977- 470 M E M O I R 8 'O P Magidrate in Town, or. Borough, . who, by hi9 OfBct plight to keep ^{Sut, fliould, whiUl He remaiped iftL Commiifion, fell, either in Wholefale, or Retail, any Wine, or Viduals. As the Intention of the Law was to prevent F^aud,, pr private Views in fixing the Af*. iize. We caniiot dpul^t of it9 Equjty, Yet in this Reign it is repealed ; and for fuch a P(Of:edure, the fellowjngiiLeafQnisafligned by P^rUament i that *^ Sin^if ^f the inakii^g of the aforefaid Statute, and Crdinance^i n(l are pot inhabited *f by MerchanUt' and Men pf fuch Subftance, as a^ *.* the Tiu:% of awaking that Statute : For, -at this Day^i *'* the Dwe|le4rs, and Inhabitants of the fame Citiesj^ <* and B are cominonly Bakers, Vin^nerS|^ ** Fishmongers, and other Vi^\ial|ers, ^nd there ret ** main few. Others tp beaf the Offices." Men (ob-. ferve9 the decant Hiftorian {x), of whofe Inveftigationi We again avail purfelv^^j) h?y^ fuch a Propenilty tp exak paft Times above the prefent, that it feems dan-, gcrotts ta credit thb Reafonjng of the Parliament, without further Evidence, tp fuppprt \\, So djflferenv are the Views in which the fame Objed appears, that Some may be inclined tp ^rt^w an oppoHte Inference firom this Fad. In th^ R^ign of- ffgfirj^, the Eighth^ a more regular il?Plice, and. a^ (Iri^^ AdminiAratipn of H^ice* than h^d e^^i^e^ at any former Period, wai judiciouliy eftabliflied, It; w^s ihif iidv^ntage whicl^ induced the Men of landed Prpperty to leave the pro- vincial Towns, and to retire into the Country. Car- dinal Wolfiy, in' a Speech to Parliament, reprefeoted i^ as. a Prpof of the Incresfe of Riches that the Cdf- . \- 5.- ■ - (x) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 4. 8yo. p. 276. :;fK ■<' ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 471 toros had increafed beyond what they were, for- meily (jf). '*■ > --v.. . Yet if there really Was a Decay of Commerce, and Induftry, and Populoufnefs in England, feveral Statutes of this Reign, except by abolifliing Monafteries, and retrenching Holidays, Circumftances of confiderabfe Moment, were not, in other Refpeds, well calculated to remedy the Evil (z). Attempts were made ta file the Wages of Artificers (a) ; Luxury in Appard was prohibited by repeated Statutes {bj, and, probablyf without Effed. The Chancellor, and other Milkers twere impowered to fix the Price cf Poultry, Gheefie, «nd Butter (c). A Statute was even pafled to fix the : Price of Beef, Pork, ^ Mutton, and Veal {d). Beef, and Pork, were ordered to be fold at a Hal^nay « Pound : Mutton, and Veal, at a Halfjpenqy, and half • Farthing, Money of that Age, The Preamble of the Statute obferves that thefe four Species of Butcher's Meat were the Food of the poorer People, ,This A£k was afterwards repealed {e) The Pradice of depopulating tl>e Cpumtry, by abaip* dontng Tillage, and throwing Lands into Pafttprage, ftill continued (/) ; a« appears l^y the new Laws which were ifrom Time, to Time, enaOied againft it. Where* foever any Farm-Hoi^fisi werjc ftiffered to fill to Ruin^ the King was intitled to half the Rents of the Land (f). That no Advantaj^es accrued to the Proprietors froin O) Ibid.^HaU,foHoiio. (s) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 4. 8vo. p. 277. (a) 6 Hen. VIII. C. 3. (*) I Hen. VIII. C 14.— 6 Hen. VIII. C. i.— 7. Hen. VIII. C. 7. T ~ . (c) asHcn-VIII. C.a. (lO 24 Hen. VIII. C.I. (e) 3iHen. VIII. C. II. (/) St^pe, V. I. p. 39a. (g) 6 Hen. VIII. C 5.-7. Hen. VIII. C. i. I :41i M E M O I R S O P irpm Tillage w^s^ peFh£|]>9^ owing to an Ignorance of the Aft of Hufl>andry. The Number of Sheep per-* Hotted to t>e kept in one Flock, Wa9 reftrained to two ^houfand (A),. . The Statute informs us that fometimcs iiwe Proprietpr, gr Farmer, wpuid Heep a Flock of twenr 'jythpiifaad Sheep. It is reniarkable that the Parliaineat ,|kfi;ribe the increafiBg Price of Mutton, to this Inqreafe :f)C Sheep;, and that, becaufe, the €3ommodity having .p^iT^d jntp, fnfr Hands, the Price of it is railed at ^iHcaliir^ ((W It is more prpbahle tl^at the E0e& pro-r .^eded from the daily Increafe of Money. Thftt fuch^a ^p99in)o4ity coiild not be monopohxied appears afanoll ifljpQflible (i). ^-, Jq the Year, pne Thoufandi fivi^ Hundred, arid Fo^y-four, an; Acre of good: L«nd,> iS' Camhrii^Jb^re, tliiras let at a Shilling, qr a^^t fifteen. Penct pfourprt- (ent Money (/) t This was tea Tinaes cheaper than the u^u^l Rent, at Prefent. 3ut CpQQmpdities were not a,l;)ove four Tiqcte^ cheaper ; A 9erfaii| Proof pf the bad Huibandry pf'that Age. ,; ^S-m t!er,i and cauii^^ t^ royal Ground jonHfiunJl^w HfAth to be lealed»and improved. The Breed of Horfes was encouraged, and attended by va- ifip\n Ordjo^ces. Legal Maintenances were aifigned f p the Popr. The M^iilrates; received Orders tp cpto^ pel the Idle 1lx> Labpur, and St^lqtes were enaded re- lating tP Beggars, and Vagabpnds (m). It is judici- ouity pbferved that this is pne pf the Circumftances in (Grpyernment which Hunianity wpuid ipoft ppw^rfuliy . '-i {".', recom- ^..vi (A) acHen. Vlir. C. 13. (1) Ibid. (k) Huipe's Hirtory of England, ■ 8,yo, ,V. 4. p. iyli^ (I) Anderfon's Miftory of Commerce^ V. I. p. 374. H aaHen.Vm.C. u.~2;^«ea. VUl. C S» J^f- <".. ILLUS:TRIOUS SEAMEN, &c 47J recommend tpa benerplent Leji^iiktpr : which feemi^ «t firft Sight, the ipoft eafily adjufted ; apd wMch h yet the moft difficult tp fettle in fuch « Manner, as to^ attain the End, without deftroyinf Induftry (n). The Convents formerly were a Support to the Poor ; bat, at the fame Tinye, tended to encourage Idlenefs, and Beggary (9), The Manner of proceeding agamft Pl^ ^ales was alio fettled ; Watermen w^re regulated ; Peeds of Bargain, arid Sale, direded to be enrolled ; »|id the Security of Property enlarged by A£ts refpedf ing WiUs, and Teftaments {p), > ^ In the Year, one Thbufand, ftre Hundred, and Forty-fijc, a Law was made for fettling the Intereft of Money, at Ten per Cent ; the firft legal Intereft knows in Bngland. Formerly, all Loans of that Nature, were ponddered as Ufurious. The Preamble of this very Law treats the Intereft of Money as illegal, and crimi«- nal : And the Prejudices ftijl remained fo ftrong, that the Law permitting Intereft wm repealed in thefollowi> 4ng Reign (y). - The Adis pafifed during the Time of Henry, in Gra- der to facilitate, and fupport the inland Navigation, clearly denionftrate that the Importance of large Rivers began to be underftopd, and efteemed more than amidft the civil Wara, when public Wel&re gave Way to private Intereft. Th^thamei^ the Ot«/^, xhtExey the Rivers oi Svuthantpton, the Severn, Arc. were fireed from Wears, and other Obftrudions^ On the fame Princi- ple* a Law pafied for rendering the Mednuay deeper, ihftt it might become navigable. The illegal Tolls, and varioifs oppreilive Duties on the Severrif were abo- liflicd. {n) Hume's Hiftory of. England, 8yo. V. z^. p. 278. \o) Ibid. ,' , (p) Canipbelrs Lives" of the Admirals, V. i. p. 351 , \q) Hume's Hillory of England, bvo. V. 4. p. 279. 474 ^ £ M O I R S O F liflici, to pr«ferve the great Communication, by Means of that ample River, as free as poflible. The Manufadure of Cables, and other hempen Commodi- ties, which had been the principal Stay of Bridfort, in Dorfetfbire, was fecured to that Place, by Statute. More than one Law pafled to prevent the Harbours in Dtvimfitirgf and Corttwail, from being injured, and ichoaked up, by the Stream- Works of the Tin-Minett Another Ordinance was aifo iflued in Favour of the Wqn oi Scarborough ', and with Regard to Dover, the Harbour of which was falling to Decay, the King ex- fendfid between itxty, and feventy tboufand Pounds, nut of his own CoStr, in building a new Pier, and sther neceflary Works. The Inhabitants of BooU were, likewife, affifted by Him, with coniiderable tiffins, for the Purpole of repairing their Fort. To Henxyy are We indel^ted for the Foundation of the two Yards of Wooliuich, und Deptfird, together with the Guildt or Fraternity of, the Trinity. He was th« firft Englijb Monarch who began to build a royal Fl^t, Appointed Cbmmiflioners, and. inftituted a Navy-Ofr iBce. From the Norman Invafion to this Period, ther« was not any fixedj and conftant royal Navy, in Eng* land: The Reader hath already feen that, anciently^ the Ports, and maritime Towps of the Kingdom fitted out, upon proper Summons, their JQsota of Ships of War, for the public Service, and mteting at a certain Rendezvous, put Themfehres undt# the Oondud of the King, or his Admiral (r). Many of the above Mear fures proceeded from the Ijegiflatyre r y^t may, with Juftice, be applied to /frury, whofe Pleafure was, on aU (r) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 352.— Lediard's Naval Hiftory, Folio, Vol. 1. p. 93.r-irttblic Ajfts. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, «rc. 475 all Occafions confulted by a Parliament too fervile to The King was equally felicitous to provide for tl^ Siecurity of his Dominions, and, therefore, djreded that his Militia, and Navy (hould always be in Readt- nefs for Service. To facilitate their Arrival from «tif-' ferent Places, He improved the State of the vartoUl Fortrefles, and Havens. Gufnes wgs rendered impr^ nable, for the Protc6kion of Ct/a//, t^nc} BoukgnetdS' ficiently (Irengthened to refifl: all the Pbw^r of France^ Heruy, likewife, conftrpded 9 Caftle on the Ifle of Portland, and at Hurjf, to gu^rd Southampton, and the adjacent Coafts : He built the two Forts called Cbcver for the Defence of the IJle of Wight ; Camhar Ca/tle^ to fecure Winchelfea, and kye ; South-Sea Caftle to guard Port/mouth ; Sandgate, Walmer, Deal, and Saniown Caf- ties, for the Protedion of the Cinque Pbrts, and ^een- horqugh to cover the other Side of Kent, Ndther did He negled the more diftant Parts of the Ifland, as is evident from the ftrong, and coftly Caftles of Penden- mV^ and Saint Maws in Cornwall, Even amidftthdr prefeht Rqins, We may difcern how Serviceable, and hpnourable They once were to* their Founder, his Sue* ceflTors, and their Subjeds (/). in the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Fifteen, the Parliament pafled a Law, by which it was provided, fbr^ the Encouragement of the ManuiFadure| that no unwrotightWool (hbuld be exported out of the ftin^dom. Statutes were alfo, enaded for the Regu- latiqii of Meafures, and to prevtnt thofe Frauds in the Making of Pewt^t', which injured its Sale at foreigfi Markets. A Naval Writer (/) hath obferved that Henry was an Eneipy to lilonoppjies, and to the Opprefljon of incor- porated (*) Campbeirs Lives of t|ie Admirals, V. i. p. 353. (Olbid,^ ' • 47« MEMOIRS OP porated Companies, whom He reftramed from making 3yerLaws, agjainil the AiTent pf the chief Juftices, .Yet We learn frpm a ilili more r^CpeSahle Anthoiity (v), that this Keigni a» well as inany pf the fotr^go- 1D£;, and even fubfequent Reigns abounds with mono^ ipolizing Laws^ confining particular Manufadures to jparticular Towns, or excluding the ope^ Country, iq jgeneral (;c). There remain ftUl too many Traces of iiipilar Abfurdities, In the fubfequent Reign^theCprpo^ jCfitions, which h^d been opened by a former Law, and pbliged to admit Tradefn^^ii of different Kinds, were Ugain fliut up by Ad of Parliament (^), \ and every Per- Ibn was prohibited from exerciiin^ any Trade, who was 4iot of the Corporation^ During this Reign, the Fee9 to be paid at the beginning, and Expiration of Apr prenticefhips, were regulated by a Statute ; and ^ Bonds obtained by Mailers, fro|n their Apprentices^ and intended to prevent the Latter frpi)a entering into Buiinefs, after They had feryed their ^iffte, werie de- .clared invalid. ; , ,, r, • An accurate Inquirer (z) halh ^b^oyed that the Eng' hjb Commerce, at thi% ^ra, extended ttfelf, to a conr fiderable Degree, and, efpeciallyjj toward^ the newly- idifcoyered Lands, in the iVorM, Jp which, % regular Trade was gradually fixed ; and, id ih^J^evfmti encou- .raged by the great Intercourfe b^tveeipi. the I^ing, and Venice, and Gtiua, the two maribnif States of Jiah^ .Thefe Circumftances appear authenticated by cne following Title to a Patent whi<;h fftrnry granted to t^ Girmfty appointed to execute, in the Ifle of CAfo, ihe Office f/ \. («) Hume's Hiftory of ]£ngland, 8vo. V.4.jp. 279 II. (*) a I Hen. VIII. C 12.-25 Hen C. t8.^!s , U. and 4 Ed. VI. C. ao— 5 and 6 Ed. VI.— C. 24. (y) 3 and 4 Ed. VI. Cao. (s) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. p. 35^. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 477 Office of Conful ta the Englijb Nation, The OrigifuJ i$ ftill prefenred in ithe Library of the Society for|}if Propagation of Chriftian Knowledge^ ** Exempl^r^ " Literarum pat : Betarjici Regis Oj^yi fn quibus cotn- << eeflit BeruMoJufiinM Mercatori Gemnifi OffictMiiv "five Locum Magiftri Protedorisy live Confulis, in- "fra Infularo, five Civitatem de S^h, Tefto Rege^ «< %^Chelfmh, ^m^p Die Oapbris, Reg : XXIIL" :WelearQ(add«.tbiB fame Author,) from fuch Stat«; Papers of his Retgn, as have defcended to our qh^ Times, that Hmrjf-aVMled Himfelf of all his foreign Niegotiattons for the Advancement of Trade, to which his Agents, Le^ and JR^rr, the Former employed in Spain, tnd the Latter, a^ Venice, and the i^ttv/ir QuUont, bore a ftrong Attachment. A Pl^n had been concerted by Pace, for the EiMargement of the foreign Trade x>f £ii;Amu/, into the Dominions of Tttfl<7. This was con-, ceated from HMy, through the Arts of Wolfey, who* at firft rejirefented .^^,:as afl^i^ed with Infanlty, andp, at length, by Eagrapt Injuries, reduced Him to it (a)^ , But a Writer (A)»»ot lefs unw^afjed in his RefearciM^ acAl* ]o#ed to purchafe Cloth in England, the Englijb Mer- chants could not buy it from the Clothiers, and the Clothili^ were obliged to difmifs their Workmen, who began to be tumultuous for Want of Bread. The C^inal, ff^olfiy, to appeal^ Them lent for the Mer- chants, and ordered Them to buy Qoth^ a» ufoaf* They anfwered that They could nordifpofe of it^.as ufual; and, notwithftanding his Menaces, He could not obtain from Them a differ^t Reply (ir). ^ Aft'- Agreement was at laft, made to. continue the Coni-> fherce between the States, even daring War (i/>. ^ ' The foreign Artificers were, in general, greatly fu- perior to the £/t^2ry&, in Point Of Deitierity, Indttftry, and Frugality. Hence, arofe that violent Animoftty which the Latter, on feveral Ohe" Prifdhs, where fome Per(bns wc^cbnfincd forififiilt-' ling Fot-eigners. Itliey, next preceded to the Hotiie of one Meuta't,i'Prmhman, whom they held in gr^at' ]D^eieftation, and in whofe Houfe They committed the' moft violent Outrages, plund^iiig hts^ Goods, and killing feveral of his Servants. Neither the Lord- .. . ^. . » ' •• r • ♦ < Mayor, (c) Hay, folio f 744 y : '^ ^o ,- -> r ; I i (tf ) Hume's Hiftory of England! V. \. 8Vo. p. 274/ ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 479 Mayor, noj Sir Thomas Mon, the late Shteriff, and highly reverenced by the Citizens, were able to appeafe Them. Even fFalfiy was threatened with Infuit, and He thought it neceflary to fortify his Houfe, and put ^iln^elf upon his Guard. At length, wearied by ex-* cedes. They difperfed, when the Earls of Shreiujburyi and Surry^ feized on feveral. A Proclamation was ifliied that Women ihould not meet together to babble, and talk, and that all Men ihould keep ther Wives within their Houfes. On the following Day, the Duke of NorfoHf at the Head of thirteen hundred armed Men, entered the City, and made Inquiries concerning the Tumult. Bele, Lincoln, and many Others were com* liaitted to the Tower, and condemned for Treaibn. Lincoln, and thirteen Accomplices were executed. The Reft, to the Number of four Hundred, were brought, before the King, with Ropes about their Necks, and^ falling upon their Knees, implored his Mercy. On thU Occarion,.A: (k) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 4. 8vo. p. 27 St (/)3Hen.VII.C.is. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 481 wtit executed during the Reign of Henry the Eighth, for Theft, and Robbery (m), which would amount nearly to two thoufand in the Year. At the latter End of the Reign of Elizabeth, four hundred were not exe- cuted in the Year. At Prefent, fcarcely Sixty art yearly executed throughout all England, for thefe Crimes (m). If the Fads be juft, a confiderable Im- provement hath been wrought, during the two lad Cen- turies in the Morals, as well as Commerce, of tht Nation {0). That our Trade to the Levant (already (lightly, mentioned,) on Englijb Bottoms, were confiderablo during the Reign of Henry, the Eighth, appears from the following Paflage {p) : " In the Years, one Thou- fand, live Hundred, and Eleven ; one Thoufand, Ave Hundred and Twelve ; and until the Year, on« Thoufand, five Hundred, and Thirty-four, feveral tall Ships of London, with certain other Ships of Souti* ampton, and Brijial, Had an ordinary, and ufual Trade to Sicily, Canadia, Chio, and fometimes to Cyprus ; as, alfo to Tripoli, and Barutti, in Syria, The Commodi- ties which They carried thither were fine Kerfies of divers Colours, coarfe Kerfies, white Weftern Do- zen, Cottons, certain Cloths called Statutes, and otheis called Cardinal Whites, which were well fold in Sicily, &c. The Commodities which They returned back were Silks, Camlets, Rhubarb, Malmefies, Mufcadels, and other Wines, fweet Oils, Cotton- Wool, Turkey Car- pets, Galls, Pepper, Cinnamon, and fome other Spices. Befides the natural Inhabitants of the afore faid places. They had even in thofe Days, Traffick with VoL.L H h Jew, (m) Harrifon. («)Ibid, (0) Heme's Hiftory of England, V. 4. 8vo. p. 276. (^) Hackluyt, Par^^a. p. 96. 482 MEMOIRS OF Jiwtt Turks, and other Foreigners. Neither did cur Merchants only empby their own EngUJb Shipping, but fuhdry Strangers alfo ; as Catiditts, Raguefeans, Sh ciliahs, Gtnoefei, yitutian Galeajftt, Spamjb and Por- tugal Ships ; all which Particulars the Author diligently perufedy and copied out of Leger-Books of the right worfliipful. Sir WiUiam Locke, Mercer of Londcn, Sir IVilliam Bouyer, Alderman of London, Mr. Join Grf Jbam, and Others.*' In the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred and Nineteen, Hernando Cortez difcovered Mexico, and pre- pared to attempt the Conqueft of it ; an Event not fo- reign to our Subje£l, as leading to the Importation of thofe Quantities of Gold, and Silver which contributed to the Eztenfion, and Profperity of Commerce, through all the trading Ports of Europe, We (hall, hereafter, have Occafion to relate the Voy ages of two Ilhiftrious Adventurers {j), round the World. The firft Enterprize of this Nature was un- dertaken by a Foreigner ; and, as the Circumftances which attended it, may throw feme Light upon a fu- ture Part of our Work, the candid Reader will admit the neceflity of introducing them. In the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Nineteen, Ferdinand de Magalhaenst or Magellan, by Nation, a Portuguefe, by Defcent, a Gentleman, and by Profeflion, a Soldier, and Seaman, having ferved his Prince faithfully, both in Africa, and India, find being ill rewarded, renounced his Country, (difnatu- ralizing Himfelf, as the Cuftom, then, was,) and of- fered his Service to the Emperor, Charles the Fifth, at that Period, King of Span (r). Magellan had long be- fore (f) Drake and Cavendifh. (r) See the Introdudion to the Collection of Vo/ages; in fix Vol. Pol. (Purc/uuJ.—Ledizxd's Naval Hiftory, Polio, V. I. p. 96. &c. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 483 fore conceived an Opinion that another G)urfe might be found to Jmiiaf and particularly, to the Molucca Iflandtf befides the common Track by the Cape of G09J Hope, followed by the Portugueff. This He propofed to the Emperor, with fuch Aifurinces of performing what He promifed, that He was appointed to the Com- mand of five Ships, the San Viflvrio, buys de Mendoxa, Captain ; the St, Antonia, Juan de Cart^agena, Captain ; the St. Jago, Juan Serf an ; and the Conceptione, Gaf- par de ^ifexada } Captains. With this Squadron, on Board of which, were two hundred, and fifty Men, He failed from St. Lucar de Barrameda, on the twen- tieth of September, in the fame Year. On his arrival at the River Rio de Janeiro, on the Coaft of Brazil, and near twenty-three Degrees South Latitude, fome Difcontents arofe amongft the Crew, which, owing to the Prudence of Magellan, fo far fubfided, that He was enabled to proceed to the Bay of St, Julian, in forty nine Degrees of SoutA Latitude. During his Winter Reiidence at this Place, a Confpiracy broke out againft Him, and was fomented by three of the Cap- tains, who had perfuaded the greater Part of the Crew, to deprive Him of his Life. On the Difcovery of their Intentions, He endeavoured by lenient Methods to efftOt a general Reconciliation ; but perceiving that all Overtures of this Nature were fcornfolly rejeded by the Ring-Leaders, He ordered two of the Captains, and Luys de Mendoza the Treafurer, to be executed, and fet a third Commander (Jum de Carthagena) to- gether with a Prieft, his Confederate in Guilt, afliore amongft the Savages. By this falutary Severity, the Reft were -fo intimidated that they fubmitted to his Mercy, and were immediately reftored to Favour. Matters being thus amicably adjufted. He ere^ed a Crofs to fignify that He had taken PoflelTion of the H h :^ Ifland^ / 4^4 ME ^0 I R S O F Ifland^ and then, proceeded on his Voyage. On the twenty-6ift of Odober, in the Year, one Thoufand^ five Hundred, and Twenty, having been out more than a Twelvemonth, He difcovered the Cape, on the Feflival of Saint Ur/ula, and the eleven Thoufand Vir- gins and therefore, called it Cabo de las Firginet, or the Cape of the Virgins, There, He turned into the Streight which was the Objed of his Search^ naming it the Streight of Magellan, an Appellation which it ftin retains. It lies in Fifty-two Degrees of South Latitude, is more than a hundred Leagues in Length ; in fome Parts, a League broad ; in many lefs ; and in others, more ; but, in all, narrow, and inclofed on both Sides with high Land, the Eminences of which are covered with Snow, and the Sides either barren, or filled with Woods. Having failed about fifty Leagues along this Streight, Magellan difcovered another Branch of it^ and direded one of his Captains to furvey it. He had no fooner parted from the Fleet, than the Sea- men rofe, and confining Him to his Cabin, (leered their Courfc for Spain, to which Kingdom They re- turned after a Piflage of eight Months. Magellan, having waited for Them, in vain, bei», yond the appointed Time, pafTed through the Streight, where He loft one Ship, the Crew of which were for- tunately faved. The laft Land of the Streight, He called Cabo Defeodo, or the defired Cape, becaufe it was the End of his defired Paflfage to the South-Ses, the Entrance into which He named Mare Pacificum. The Cold being rather intenfe. He judged it neceflary to approach clofer to the Equim£lial, and accordingly, oiis the twenty-eighth of November, in the Vcar, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Twenty, He fleered , Wejl, North-Weft. In this Manner, He proceeded, ' during three Months, and twenty Days, without Sight of ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 485 of Land^ and was, at length, with all the Mariners, reduced to a fKort Allowance of old Leather, (all their natural Provifions being expended^) and corrupted Wa- ter, in this diftrefsful Situation, thirty of the Men became fo enfeebled as to be rendered unfit for fervice, and nineteen periflied under their Sufferings. Having failed fifteen hundred Leagues, Magellan obferved a fmall Ifland, in eighty-eight Degrees of ^ou/^ Latitude ( Two hundred Leagues farther He difcovered another Ifland ; but as Both of Thefe were, in all Refpefls, too inconfiderable to attrafk his Notice, He proceeded on his Courfe, until, in about twelve Degrees of Nort^ Latitude, He arrived at thofe Iflands which He called De Los Ladrones, or of Thieves \ becaufe the Natives hovered about the Ships, in Boats, and took every Opr portunity of coming fecretly on Board, to pilfer. Per- ceiving that his Stay at this Place was of no AdvaUf ^age. He failed again, and difcovering a grelat Number of Iflands tc^ether, named that Sea Archipelago de St, Lasaro, Thefe Iflands are now called the Philippiner, On the twenty-eighth of March, He anchored r»iar the Ifland of Buthuarif and met with a friendly Recep- tion from the Natives, whofe Sovereign prefented him with fome Gold, which had been fifted out of the Earth of the Mines, and was found in Pieces as large as Nuts, and, frequently of the Size of E^gs. He next proceeded to the Ifle of Meffana^ at a fmall Diflance from the Others ; and thence, to the Ifland of Cehu. As only the Difcoveries made by Magellan are material to our Subjed, We onrjit the Particulars of his Recep- tion, and his Succefs in converting all the Inhabitants ^o Chriftianity. The Fleet next flood over to the Ifland of Matan^ where ntioft of the Crew difembarked, and were foon gt Variance with the Natives, who coUct'ling a conr H h 3 fiderable 486 MEMOIRS OF ilderable Force, attacked their InvaderS| and, with poifoned Arrows^ (lew Magellan, and eight of his hU fociates. The Reft fled to their Ships, and immedi- ately, fet Sail, under the Command of Odear^o Bar- hafa, itx the Ifland of Boholj, where, as their Number was too inconfiderable to navigate the whole Fleets They burned La Conceptione, after taking oiit her Can- non, and whatfoever could be of the lead Service. Reduced to two Ships, They now proceeded to the Southward, in Search of the Molucca Iflands, inftead of which, They arrived at the great Ifland of Borneo^^ where, meeting with an hofpitable Reception, They made fome Stay. Yet, previous to their Departure, They wer« aflauUed, on the ninth of July, by the Inhabitants, on Board a Hundred Prows, or Junks, four of which They took, and in One, the Son of the King of Lozon, Departing from thence. They arrived under the Cpndu^ of Indian Pilots, at the Moluccas^ on the eighth of November, in the Year, one Thou- fand, five Hundred, and Twenty one and in the tw;nty-!feventh MontK of their Departure from Spain, They anchored in the Port of Tidare, ppe of the chief of thofe Iflands, and were liberally entertained by the King, who concluded a Peace, and conlirmed by Oath his Determination to live in perpetual Acuity with the Crown of Spain, Here, They traded for Cloyes, ex- changing on their oiyn Terms, the Conimodities which They brought. On the Eve of their Departure, a Ship was'difcovered to be leaky, t^nd unfit for fo long a Voyage. She was, therefore, left at the Ifland of MarCf whilft the other Two, proceeded, on the Day following, for Spain. Steering to the Souti Wtft^ They arrived at the Ifland iliin/va, near that of Timor ^ in eleven Degrees €>f South Latitude, where they flayed, during fome / Time, ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 487 Time, in Order to ftop the Leaks in the Fifforta, commanded by Juan Sebaftiano Cam, and carrying for* ty-fix Spaniards,, »nd thirteen Indians, On the twenty- fifth of January, in the Year, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Twenty-two, They quitted this Place^ lind the Day following, touched at Timor, from whence They did not depart until the eleventh of February^ when they proceeded to the Southward, refolving to leave all IwSa, and the Iflands to the Nortkward, left They (hould n^eet the /V/f/^Mf/>, who were formida- ble in thoie Parts, and might intercept their PaflTage, They ran, therefore, into forty Df grees of South La- titude, before They doubled the C&pe of Good-Hope, and were beating^ during feven Weeks, againft con- trary Winds. In this Situation, their Provifions fail- M.T. Robert Thorne, a Merchant of flrijlol, addrefled himfelf by Letter to Henry, the Eighth, and, after having expatiated on the great Ad- vantages which the Emperor and the King of Portugal drew from their Coloniejf, took t^e Liberty to advife Him to undertake Difcoyeries to the North Pole. The King to whom this Perfon had been recommended as |i6tive, vigilant, and fagacious, direded that two Ships *' ihould ^ (s) Memoires du Bellai.— Rapines Hiftory of England, V. 6> 8vo. p. 184. '^f ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c, 489 fhould be immediately manned, and provided with all Neceflaries for the Expedition. In Thefe, Mr. TAorne^ and his Aflbci^tes, failed on the twentieth of May. When the Ships Jiad proceeded very far North-Weft' ward, one of them was call away, at the Entrance of a dangerous Gulph, near the great Opening between the North Parts of Newfoundland, and the Country called Meta Incognita, The other Ship fortunately ef* caped the Danger, and failed towards Cape Briton, and the Coafts of Aretnbec^ frequently lying to, whild the Mariners difembarked to inquire concerning the State of the different Iflands by which they pafled. In the Beginning of Oftober, in the fame Year, thefe Ad- venturers returned Home, without having difcovercd the NorthrWeft Paffage, notwithftanding their Afli- duity in exerting every Endeavour to fucceed. Two Letters have been written concerning this Voyage ; the One to Henry, the Eighth, by John Rut, and the Other to Cardinal Wolfey, by Albertus de Prato, Mr. fThorne, the chief Proteftor of this Enterprize, was af- terwards Maypr of Briftol. He died at an advanced Age, and, according t6 Weever, was buried in tlve temple Church ; but, according to Fuller, in Saint Chriftopher^s, ntzr the Exchange, London {t). In the Years, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Thirty ; and one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Thir- ty-two, Mr. fVilliam Hawkins, of Plymouth, made three Voyages to Braftl, of which we find the follow- ing Account in Hackluyt (u). "Mr. (/) Purcha?, Part III. p. 809.— Hackluyt's Voyages — V. I. p. 212. — Hall, folio 158. b. — Herbert's Hifi cry of Hen- ry the Eighth, in Kennet, V. 2. p. 85. — Weever's Fune- ral Monuments, p. 443. — Fuller's Worthies, under Brifiol, p. 36*— Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. p. 356. r-Lediard's Naval Hiftory, Folio, V. 1. p. 102. (mJ Pact III. p. ^00. 490 MEMOIKS OF « Mr. William Hawkins, of PfymwtH, a Man for " his Wifdomy Valour, Ei^perience^ and Skill in Sea? '^ Caufes, much ^fteemedy and beloved by King i%n« *' ry^ the Eighth, and being One of the principal Sea^r *' Captains, in the Weft Parts of England^ in his ** Time, not contented with the Voyages, ^mnionly *' then made, only to th« known Coafts of Europe^ *^ arnied out a tall, and goodly Ship of hjs own, of the <* Burden of two Hundred and fifty Tons, called the f* Paul qf Plymouth, wherewith He made fhree long, ^< and famous Voyages unto the Coaft of Brajil, a ^< Thing, in thofe Days, yeiy rare, efpecially to our Na«r *' tion. In the Courfe of thefp Voyages, He touched ** at the River of Seftos, upon th^ Coaft of Guinea, ^< where He traffick^ed witl| the Negroes, and took of 'f them Elephants Teeth, and pther Commodities, '< which that Place yields ; and fo^ arriving on the '* Coafts of Brafil, He ufed there fuch Difcretion, and <^ behaved himfelf fo wifely with thefe favage People, '* that He grew intp great familiarity, and Friendfliip ** with them. Infomuch, that in his fecond Voyage, ** one of the favage Kings of the Country of ^rajil *' was contented to take Ship with him^ and to be tranf- '' ported to England ; to which Mr. Hawkins agreed, ** leaving behind him in the Country, as a Pledge for ** his Safety, and Return ^ain, one H/lartin Ctckram, " of Plynumth, This Brajilian King being arrived, ** was brought up to London, and prefented to King ** Henry VUI. In his Cheeks were Holes, made acr *' cording to the favage Manner, and therein fmall '< Bones were planted, ftanding aii Inch opt froin the ** Holes, which in his Country, was looked pif fis ^ ** great Bravery. He had another Hole in his lower " Lips, wherein was fet a precious Stone abuut the Bignefs of a Pea. All his Apparel^ Behaviour and "Gef- « ILl^USTRIOUS SEAMEN, arc. 49? I* Gefture were very ftrange to the Beholders. Having ^' remaine4 here the Space almoft of a whple Year, Mr. f* Hawkins, according to his Promife, purpofed to car- , f* ry Him again into his Country : But it fell out in the ** Way, that by Change of Air, and Alteration of '* Diet, He died at Sea. It wgs feared this would have " coft the Life of Martin Cqckram^ his Pledge ; never-r ** thelefs the Savages^ being fully perfuaded of the ho- ^' neft Dealing of our Men yrith their Prince, reftored ^* the Pledge, without any Harm to Him, or any Man ^* of his Company \ and the Ship being freighted, an4 ** furniihed with Commodities of the Country, return^ f* to England:* From the fame Author {x) We learn that in the Years, one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Thirty-? four ; and one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Thirty- five, two Merchantmen, the One of an hundred, and fixty ; and the Other of three hundred Tons, failed to Candia, and Chia. In the Accounts of thefe Voyages, |he only memorable Circumftance is, that fuch an Enter- prize was, in that Age, efteemed long, and danger-* pus (>). Lefs fiiccefsful, yet undertaken with greater Hopes, yras the famous Voyage of Mr. Hoare, an opulent Mer- chant of London, Tall, and graceful, in his Perfon, of an infinuating Address, and endued with a cultivated Underftanding, He had the Art to perfuade a Multitude pf Others to embark with Him on a Voyage of Difco- yery, towards the North-Weji P^rts of Amerita (z). Amongft his Aflbciates, were Mr. Tuke^ a Gentleman pi Kent i Mr. Tuck field \ Mr. Thomas Butts, the Son of (x) Hackluvt, Part 11. p. 98. (y) Lediarcl's Naval Hiftcry, V. i. Folio, p. 103. (jb) Ibid. — Hackluyt, Part III. p. 129. — Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 556. Vr. 49^ MEMOIRS OF fl^f Sir fyniiam Butts, of Norfolk i Mr. Hardie ; Mr, VfBiron% Mr. Gir/rr; Mr. Wright \ Mr. /Jfl/? and feveral Others, of antient Fan>ilies» and great Fortunes. All Thefe embarked with Mr. Hoare, in the Admiral Ship, called t^e Tri' pity, of one hundred, and forty Tons. In another Ship, named the Minim, went Mr. At" piigal fVade, afterwards Clerk of the Council to Hettry the Eighth, and Edward the Sixth ; Mr. Olivir Daube- ney, a Merchant of London ; Mr. Joy, afterwards Qenr tleman of the Ch^pe} Royal, and twenty Perfons ; thirty of whom were of confiderable Rank^ and Pro- perty. On the thirtieth of April, in the Year, one Thou- fand, five hundred, and fifty-fix, They departed from Gravefond, and in fome Days afterwards gained the open Sea, and obferved no Land durjng two Months, until they touched at a Part of the tVeft In-' dies, near to Cape Briton. From thence. They fhaped their Courfe North-Eaftwards, until They arrived a^ the Ifland of Pengwin, a rocky, flony Country. Her«, They went on "" Shore, and fpund a prodigious Quan- tity of white^ and grey Birds, as large as Geefe, which, when flead, and dreffed, were delicious Eating. Black, and white Bears were, likewife, in Abundance, (bnie of which were killed, and proved tolerable Food. After their Arrival at Newfoundland, They were fer vera) Days at Anchor, without feeing any of the Na^ tives : At lafl:, fome Savages, were obferved to row to^ wards the Ships : A Boat was i)fianned, in Ofder tp < purfue them : But They immediately retreated, and, gaining the Shore firft, fled to an Ifland, in the Bay. The Englijb followed the Savage5,who, notwithftanding, cfcapcdji ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 493 •fcapedy leaving behind Them a Fire, at which tht * Side of a Bear was roafting on a wooden Spit. In a ihort Time, Mr. Hoare, and his Aflbciates were in want of Provifions, and found no Suftenance, but in the Neft of an 0/prey, which brought thither great Plenty of all Sorts of Fifli, for the Support of her Young ; and in the few raw Herbs, and Roots which They gathered on the Shore. At Length, the Famine became more fevere ; and All were preparing to follow the dreadful Example of fome Mariners be- longing to their own Ship, who, in the Woods, had overpowered their Companions, deftroyed, and eaten Them. It was, now, agreed that, on the following Day, the Lots ihould be caft, that the Perfons to whom they fell might be killed to furniHi Food for the Reft. Immediately afterwards, a FreneJi Ship laden with Pro- vifions, arrived in the fame Part. Of this. They made Themfelves Mafters, and being, now, fupplied with Neceflfaries, fet Sail in it, with an Intention of return^ ing to England, On the Voyage, They had proceeded fo far to the Northward, as to obferve (and that, during the Sum- mer Seafon,) vaft Iflands of Ice. Towards the End of O&ober, They arrived at Satnt Ives, in Cornwall ; but in fo wretched a Condition, although they had not been abfent feven Months, that Sir William Butts, and his Lady^' could not have recclle^ed their own Son, but by an extraordinary Wart on his Knee. In fame Months afterwards, the Frenchmen, whom They had plundered, came to England, and repairing to Court, complained in violent Terms, of the Outrages tjO which They had been expofed. Henry, with a be- coming Generofity, gave Orders that They ihould be indemnified for their Lofs, by the Payment of a conll- iderable Sum, out of the Royal Treafury. On 494 ^EMOtRS OF On the Authenticity of this Account, the tteadef* may depend, as Mr. Hackluyt, ^vho records it, rode two hundred Miles, in Order to take the Particulars from the Mouth of Mr. Butt/, the only Silrfivor of Thofe who had made the Voyage. A Naval Writer {a) hath juftly obferved that the great Motive oi Henry for interfering, with Refped M foreign Affairs^ was to preferve the Independency of the Sovereigns of Europe, and make Himfelf the Urn** pire of their Differences. He adds that it may be ne-^ cefTary to dwell a little on the Confequences which at-* tended his Inter pofition in the Affairs of the Continent^ and the high Price that He paid for the Reputation which, on this Occaflon, He acquired. But, hK us previoufly remark that the Writers who cenfure Him for having frequently changed his Party, (as is evident from the Hi(lory of his Reign,) are too fevere in a- fcrlbing his Behaviour to the Inconftancy of his Tem- per ; (ince (to borrow the Language of a learned An- tequarian,) it ought rather to be placed to the Account of his Allies {b). When the Emperor Maximilian entered into a League with this Monarch, He promifed to affift in Perfon, to recover for Him the Crown of franr^, and to expel the King who wore it. Heliktwife, ilipulated that He would inveft Henry, and his Heirs male, vr^h the Duchy f^ Milan, to be holden as a Fief of the Em- pire, and make over to Him the Reverfion of his im- perial Territories. Yet Maximilian had no fooner fuc- ceeded in his Views than Henry was defeited. The Recolleaion of this Treachery, and Ingratitude, did ^t prevent the Laft from entering into a Treaty with Charhi {a) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 358. (h) Sir Robert Cotton's Difcourfe of Foreign War. Lon- don 1690. 8vo. p. 90. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, fic 495 CJkarUt the Fifth, who amufed Him with the Hopes that when the Conftable of Bourbon fliould be put into Pofleifion of the Kingdom of France^ He fliould do Homage for it to Henry. When, afterwards, through his Afliftance, the Situation of their Affairs became profperous, and the King of France was reduced to the greateft Diftrefs, Face, the Englijb Ambaflador, was inftruded to demand a Renewal of their former Aflur- ances, with which They abfolutely refufed to comply. Thus, it appears that by breaking with fuch Confeder- ates as Thefe, He doth not juftly draw an Imputation on his Charader [c). It feems, however, a Reflection on his Difcemment : He might have known that Maxi- milian, Charles, and the Conftable of Bourbon, would never have made fuch extravagant Concefllons, had They intended to keep their Promifes. The Terms in which He lived, and the Temper of thofe Princes with whom He formed Alliances, may furnifli fome Excufe for his Condu^ : and, perhaps, the fecret Engagements of his Minifters, by the Means of Penlions, or Promifes from foreign Powers, might, were They thoroughly dete^ed, fiiil farther exculpate Henry, by proving that He was mifled in thofe Mea- fures, which induced Him to take fuch Steps for the Maintenance of his Intereft, and Grandeur abroad, as deeply impoveriihed his Subje^ at Home {d). The immenfe Treafures which devolved to Him, on the Death of Henry the Seventh, were rapidly con- fumed in chargeable Expeditions ; in the Tranfport- ation of vaft Armies to the Continent ; in the Support of Them, whether in the Field, or in Garrifons ; and in enormous SubHdies, granted to his Allies. During all this Period, He was employed in waging War for Others, (r) CampbeH's Liv^s of the Admirais, V. i. p. 359. {d) Ibid. 4fif6 MEMOIRSOP Others, and fcarcely made a fingic Conqueft worth pft*- ferving for Himfelf. When this amazing Heap of Mo- ney was expended. He demanded, and received fuch Aififtance From his Parliament, as none of his Prede*^ ^ ceifors had obtained. To Thefe were added that pro- digious Grant of the Eflates of all the religious Houfey in the Realm (t). On this Occafion, Henry fupprefled, at different Times, fix hundred, and forty-five Monafteries. Of which twenty -eight were under the Superintendence of Abbots that enjoyed a Seat in Parliament. Ninety Colleges in different Counties, were demolilhed ; and with Thefe, two thoufand, three hundred, and feventy- four Chantries, and free Chapels ; and a hundred, and ten Hofpitals. 1 he whole Revenue of thefe Eftablifh* ments amounted to one hundred, and fixty-one thou- fand, and five hundred Pounds (/). It muft be re- marked that all the Lands, Pofleifions, and Revenues of England had, not long before this Period, been rated at four Millions a Year, fo that the Revenues of the Monks, even comprehending the lelTer Monafleries, did not exceed the twentieth Part of the national In- come : a Sum vaftly inferior to what i» commonly ap- prehended. The Land belonging to the Convents were ufiially let at a very low Rent ; and the Farmers - who regarded themfelves as a Species of Proprietors^' were careful always to renew their Leafes before they expired d^}. A celebrated Hiftorian (^}, hath pointed out to us a curious Paflfage (/) relating to the Supprefilon of Monaf** • teries. It deferves to b^ tranfcribed : not only becaufe ' the (f) Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 359. (/) Heroert. — Camden. — Speed. \p) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 4, 8vo. p. i82» 1%) Ibid, Note I. p. 457. (t) Inft. 4. Chap. 1. p. 44. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, «fc. 497 the fagacious Reader will draw Condufionsfrom it ma- teria) toourSubjed; but, becaufe it difcQveritouswhat Ideas were formed concerning the Engtijb Government, and even during the Time of Sir Edtvard Coke, wheii He wrote his Inftitutea. It cleaA^ppears that the Peo- ple Had then little Notion of being jealous of their Li- berties, were defirous of making the Crown quite inde- pendent, and wiflied only to remove from Themfelves^ as much as poiTible, the Burthens of Government. A Urge (landing Army, and a fixed Revenue^ would^ oa thefe Conditions^ have been regarded as great BlefTings; and it was owing entirely to the Prodigality of Henry, And to his little Sufpicion that the Power of the Crown could ever fail, that the EngUJb retained their Liber-^ ty. The Title of the Chapter in Coke is. Advice cm* cerning mew, andplaufiile Proje^s, and Offers in Parlia^ ment. He obferves that " When any plaufible Pro* *' jed IS made in Parliament, to draw the Lords and ** Commons to aflent to any Ad, (efpecially in Mat^ " ters of Weight, and Importance,) if both HoufeS do " give upon the Matter projected, and proipifed their *' Confent, it ihall be moft neceflfary, They being ** trufted for the Commonwealth, to have the Matter " proje£ted, and promifed (which moved the Houfes to confent) to be eftabliihed, in the fame hSt, left the Benefit of the A6t be taken, and the Matter pro- *' jeded, and promifed never performed, and fo the " Houfes of Parliament perform not the Tnift repoied ** in Them, as it fell out (takidg one Example for ma-^ ** ny) in the Reign of Henry the Eighth : On the ** King's Behalf, the Members of both Houfei Were '* informed in Parliament that no King, or Kingdom *< was fafe, but where the King had three Abilities ; '* I . To live of his own, and able to defend his King^ «< dom upon any fudden Invafion, or Inliirrcftion. 2. V01.L li **T« « 498 MEMOIRS O p -^*^-^'^- ** To aid his Confederates, other wife They would , I *' never aflift Him. 3. To reward his well deferving ** iServants. Npw, the Projed was that if the Parlia- ** ment would give un]p Him, all the Abbies, Frio- '* ries, Friaries, Nunneries, and other Monafteries, " tliat for ever, in Time then to come. He would ** take Order that the fame, fliould not be converted '' to private Ufes i but fir(V, that his Exchequer for *' the Purpofes aforefaid ihould be enriched ; fecondly,* ** the Kingdom ftrengthentd by a continual Mainte- ** nance of forty thoufand well-trained Soldiers, with " ikilful Captains, and Commanders ; thirdly, for "the Benefit, and Eafe of the Subject, who, neveir, "afterwards, (as was projefked,) in any Time to "come, {hould be charged with Subfidies, Fifteenths, ** Loans for other common Aids y fourthly, left the ** Honour of the Realm ifhould receive any Diminu* " tion of Honour, by the Diflblution of the faid Mo- "nafteries, there being twenty-nine Lords of Parlia- * ^* m?nt of the Abbots, and Priors, . (that held of the . ** Kipg, ptr Baroniam, wherefore more in the next ** Leaf,) that the King would create a Number of No- bbles, which We omit. The faid Monafteries were " given to the King, by Authority from divers A€b •* of Parliament, but no Provifion was therein made ^' for the faidProjeft, or any Purt thereof.*' We have already obferved how fpeediiy the Trea- sures amafled by Henry, the Seventh, were diflipated by his Succeflbr, . whofe Habjts of Expencc reittained^ almoug^ eV^ry Method of, defraying them was nearly Rafted, and his Jlcv^eflueia had proved unequal, not Alone to his tnilitary Eftterprizes, but even to the ordi- nary Charges 6f his Government. In the fourteenth Ye^ of bis Reign, He caufed a general Survey to be made of the Kingdom $ the Numbers of Men ; their Years j . ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 499 Years ; Profeflion ; Stock; and Revenue ; (k). At perufing the Report, He felt, and exprefTed his Joy on the Difcovery of the Affluence of the Nation, and imnnediateiy ifliied Privy-Seals to the moft Weahhy, demanding Loans of particular Sums. The ufuai Mode of borrowing wa& at the Rate of ten per Cent, out of the perfonal Property of fuch of his Subje£ls as were worth from twenty, to three hundred Pounds ; and twenty Marks from Thofe whofe pecuniary pof- fefllons exceeded three thoufand Pounds. Of this Ad: of Power, although equally irregular, and tyrannical, the Kings of England had formerly been guilty, and it was now, unhappily, become familiar to the People. Yet, on the prefent Occafion, Henry carried his Au- thority niuch farther, rfe publiflied an Edi£t for a ge- neral Tax upon his Subjeds which He ftill called a Loan ; and He levied dvc Shillings in the Pound upon the Clergy, and two Shillings upon the Laity. It is pertinently remarked that this pretended Loan, as be- ing more regular, was really more dangerous to the Liberties of the People, and a Precedent for thelmpo- fition of Taxes by the King, without the Confent of Parliament. The latter meanly interpofed, in four Years afterwards, and releaied Henry from the Obliga- tion of pajjing any Part of thefe Debts. It will excit* the Indignation of the Reader, when He is told that in colle&ing this Loan, All were obliged to fwear to the Value of their Eilates, and had no Alternative but to embrace Poverty, or commit Perjury (/). The Progrefs of Commerce was equally retarded, and injured by thofe Invafions of national Privileges to which H^nry was perpetually addided. On the fifteenth I i 2 of (*) Herbert.— 'Sto we, P. 514. (/) Hume's Hiftory of England, V. 4. 8vo. p, 46.— Campbell's Lives of the Admiral*, V. 1 . p. 360. joo M £ M O 1 R S O f of April, in the year one Thoufand, five Hundred, and Fifty-three^ He flimmoned t Parliament, and a G>nv . mer Purity, the Silver would have been raifed to four. (/) Madox's Hiftory of the Exchequer.— St. 14, 15. Hen. VIII. Chap. 12. — Vaughan of Coinage, p. 112.— Coke's Inftimtcs, L. 4. C. 8. — Evelyn. Numifm. p. 12.— Camden's Ren ains. — Stowe's Chronicle, p. 587.— Bifhop Nicholfon's Hifforical Library, Folio p. 263, 264. — Rapins Hiftbry of England. V. 6. 8vo p. 567, 568, 569. (») Campbeirs Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 361. ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, arc. 507 four Shillings, an Ounce ; but added, alfo, two Ounces of bafe Metal in the Pound, inftead of fifteen Penny- Weigjbts, which raifed it nine Pence, and a Half- Penny, in the Ounce. In the thirty-Hxth Year of his Reign, He proceeded to more pernicious Ex- tremes, and coined Money that was but half Silver; and, although the Chronicles of that ^ra inform us that,. by this Method, He raifed it to four Shillings an Ounce, He, in ,Fa6l, brought it up to eight Shil- lings. The laft, and greateft Injury to the Profpe- rity of Commerce arofe in the following Year, by the Coinage of Money that had but four Ounces of Silver, in the Pound-Weight; fo that Silver was, then, at twelve Shillings an Ounce; the Confe- quence of which was that after his Death, the Sil- ver fell to nine Pence, and next to Sixpence, the largeil Sum for which the People would take it (x). It appears that the greateft Part of this Money was coined into Teftoons, which (although not called Shil- lings), palted during his Reign, for twelve Pence. They are faid to have been of Brafs, covered with Sil- ver ;. and Thefe were the Pieces that fell firft to nine Pence, and afterwards to Sixpence. Having been found convenient to change. They were, in fucceed- ing Times, coined at that Rate of good Silver; and from hence came the word Tefter. Henry likewife en- hanced the Gold from forty-five, to forty-eight Shil- lings, an Ounce. In Excufe for this innovation, it was alleged that He defigned by it to prevent the Money from being carried abroad : an Expedient which could not, in any Manner, have anfwered the Purpofe. Thefe illegal, and detrimental Al^^hods of replcniftiing his Exchequer, were the Confequence of his foreign Wars, Sub- (x) Campbell'? Lives of the Admirals, V. 1. p. 361. 5o8 M E M O I R S O P Subiidies, and boundlefs Prodigality. His Predecef- fon were above recurring tothenif even in their fevereft Diftrefles(j^). The pernicious Effeds of this Debafement of the Coin were foon vifible in the Condud of the common People, who, wanting Difcernment, were incapable of afcribing it to its proper Caufe, and led from thence in- to a Variety of Errors, that naturally rendered Them defirous of improper Meafures, which They vainly lioped would aQ as Remedies. All Commodities be- came, on a fudden, extravagantly dear. A Circum- ftance which might reafonably have been expeded. It is not any Power of the Prince which can change the Nature, or even the Value of Things ; neither will his Debafement of the Coin fink the Worth of the Pro- vifions, and Manufadures that are to be purchafed with it. We ftall conclude this Subjed with the Obferva- tlons of a difcerning Writer (2), whofe Labours are the Ground- Work of our own. Such Alterations in the Coin will, at firft, introduce great Confufion, which muft unavoidably be detrimen- tal to private Property : Yet, by Degrees, Men will be taught to oppofe their Natural Rights to the regal Prerogative ; and when They find Money of lefs Va- lue than it (hould be. They will infift on h^^ving more^ To this Cure in their private Dealings,^ They are di- t€&€d by Experience \ yet, as all Men are Buyers as well as Sellers, it is eafy to perceive that, in fuch a Situa- tion of Things, a genersd Clamour will arife againft the Dearnefs of neceflary Commodities ; 'and this may be attributed, as it then was,%> falfe C^uf<^^ * ^n Error which occafioned the Application, not only of inef- fectual. (^) CampbeljI's Lives of the Admirals, V. i. p. 361. {z) Ibid. ¥■' ' ILLUSTRIOUS SEAMEN, &c. 509 fedual, but of injurious Remedies, aggravating the old, and being alfo produdive of frefli Inconveni- encies. To this may be afcribed the Complaints of feveral Hiftorians of thofe Times, and, likewife, many of the Laws that were founded on popular Conceit^ and which, although enaded to give public Satisfadion, were re- pealed in fucceeding Reigns, when They were felt as public Grievances. If (as the Roman Poet obferves,) there be a pleafure in viewing the Storms, and Tem- pefts, whilft We are fafe, and beyond their Reach ; there is, certainly, much greater Satisfaction in con- templating the political foul Weather of former Times, which We are not only exempted from feeling, and which (under the prefent Security of our happy Condi- tution) We, probably, (hall never feel. This Satis- fadion may ftill be heightened by a rational Reflection on the Events of that ^ra, the dangerous Miftakea in Policy, and the falfe Lights in which They were ex- amined by the Individuals whom They aggrieved. The Privileges of making thefe Remark*, and clear- ly inveftigating Subjects even of the niceft Nature, is one of the greateft Advantages which attends on Free- dom. It were uncandid to imagine that, during the former Ages, the popular Opinion was not, with Re- gard to this Subjcd, direded by a Difcernment equal to our own ; but Mankind were under a fatal Necci^ fity of concealing it, as Reafons of State would hav« made that Condud a Crime which was commendable in itfelf, but which, notwithftanding, will be only com* mended, amidft a free People. The Meafures that We have expofed, and cenfured, were Marks of the ezcef* five Power of the Prince by whom They were em- braced. In AiV Idea, it was, perhaps, fuflicient that They anfwered an immediate Purpofe. To look fart thcP »i 5IO MEMOIRS, &c. thcr it not confiftcnt with the Temper of a Tyrant whofe Ambition is infatiable, and Power abfolute. They who live under lefs opprefllve Sovereigns will dif- cerh, from thtfe Hiftories, the Danger to which a People mud always be expofed, who want the Safe- guard of a legal Conflitution. It is this, alone, which can prevent a Fellow-Creature, more exalted, and per- haps, lefs worthy thart the Multitude, from Gripping Them of the Privileges conferred, at firft, by the All- Graciotis Po wer* in wiofe Service there is perfeil Fret' 1C> . MEMOIRS MEMOIRS o r Sir EDWARD HOWARD, Lord High Admiral of Ew gland, and Khight of the Most No elk Order of the Gartrh. ..t .'•iH h.. . . IF there be any Juftlce in the geheftl Opinion that an illuftrious Defcent adds to the Reputation of great Atchievements, then, the Memor)r of this gallant Officer will appear doubly intitled to. oar Re(^ ped. He was the fccond Son of Hie ancient Houfe of Norfolk, and inherited from his Father thofe C^litieft which moil adorn the hi ghe(l Rank ; untainted Loy- alty, and invincible Refolution. It appears that He gratified, at an early Time of Life, his IncKnation for the Sea-Service, having attended Sir Edward Pajmngf^ on the Expedition, in the Year, one Thoufand, four Hundred, and Niriet^-two, when Henry, the Seventh^ aiTifted, with his Ffoet, and a confiderable mififarjr Force, the Duke of Emgundy, againft his Subjeds, the rebellious Flemings {a). At his Return, He was re- warded i (a) Hall, folio 17, aa, b.— Polyd. Virg. p, 584.—— Lord Bacon's Hiftory of Henry the Sevealh. V. 2. p. 304, 405.--Campbeirs Lives of the Admirals, V. i p. 565.— « Firft Volume of this Work, p. 385, 386. .M%- ' -r^li^i' ■■■V?5mbuf- tibles at the Cordelier, which fet Fire to Her, in fuch a Manner that there was no Hope of extinguishing it. The Breton Captain, refolving not to perifli alone, made up to the Englijb Admiral-Ship, and grappled with Her, until She, likewife, took Fire, and they blew up into the Air together. Soon afterwards, the two Fleets feparated, as it were, by Confent. This A6iion redounded much to the Honour of the French, and the Englijb came off with the Lofs of fome Ships. In April, of the Year one Thoufand, five Hundred^ and Thirteen, Henry, preparing to invade France, le- vied a confiderable Army, and equipped a foilnidable Fleet, confifting of forty-two Men of War, befides fmall Veifels, the Command of which was given to the Lord High Admiral, Sir Edward Howard. Under Him, as Captains, and Afliftants, were Walter Dev reux. Lord Ferrrars, Sir Wolfian Browne, Sir Edward hhyngham. Sir Anthony Poyntz, Sir John Wallop, Sir Thomas Wyndham, Sir Stephen Bull, William Fitz- William, Arthur Plantagenet, William Sidney, Efquires, and other Officers of Diftinaion. The King refolving to condufifc, in Perfon, the Operations of the next Campaign, in France, Sir Edward was direftcd to fcour the Channel, for fome Time, and, then, prefent Him- Kk2 felf m 516 MEMOIRSOP felf before Breji. On his Arrival off this Sea Port, He was informed that the French Fleet lay at Anchor within the Harbour, but in Readinefs to fail, and wait- ing only for the Admiral Pregent de Bidoux, with fix Gallies from the Mediterranean. Refolving to attack the French before Thefe could join Them, He imme- diately entered the Harbour, with his whole Fleet. The Enemy for their Security had thrown up feveral Batteries on each Side of the Harbour, and the more effe^ually to fcreen Themfelves from the Cannon of the Englijhf had linked together twenty-four Hulkes, and ranged Them in a Line, at a proper Diftance from their Ships. Thefe were, alfo, intended, on a nearer Approach of their Adverfaries, to be fet on Fire, and turned adrift with the Tide. The Lord High- Admi- ral difpatched towards the Shore, a Number 6f Boats, filled with armed Men, who were direded to make a Ji'eint of Landing. Seduced by this Artifice, more than ten Thoufand of the French aflembled near the Place, to which They imagined their Invaders were repairing. Ip the mean TiAie, Sir Edward advancing farther up the Harbour^, difembarked a Body of the Tropps, oppofite to Breft, in the View of the Caftle of which City, They ravaged, and fet Fire to the Coun- try. The Purfiiit of thefe Succeflfes was, however, ren- dered impradicable by a Want t)f Provifions, and Stores, of which the Lord High-Admiral was in daily £xpeS:ation. Pregent was, now, arritred, with fix Gallies, ac- companied by four Foills, or Pinnaces. Obferving that the Engiijb Fleet was lying within the Harbotir, and being apprehepfive of an Attack from Them, He chofe to make the Bay of Con^u^/, which was the near- eft Place to BreJi, and in his Opinion, the moft fecure. He prudently ftationed his Squadron between two Rocks, on both of which were Bulwarks well fupplied with Sir EDWARD HOWARD. 517 vrith Cannon. Sir Bdward, notwithftandlng the Ad- vantages which Pregent ebtained by being thus fituated, was refolved to hazard an Engagement. Having fmgled out the two Gallies from his Fleet, He went on Board of One, and intruded the Other to the Condud of the Lord Ferrari, He was followed by fome Row-Barges, and Crayers, or fmall Veflels, under the Command of Sir Thomat Cheyney, Sir JoAn fVallop, Sir Henry Shir- burn, and Sir William Sidney. He no fooner came a-breaft of the Galley belonging to Pregent, than He ordered his own to be laflied clofe to Her, and imme- diately leaped on Board of Her, Sword in Hand, at- tended by one Carroz, a Spatujb Cavalier^ and feven- teen EngUJbnun. Meanwhile, the Cable which faften- ed his Galley to that of the Enemy being cut. Sir Ed- ward, and his brave Aflbciates were left to th.e Mercy of the French, who preiled upon Them with fuch a Number of Pikes that, unable to refift their fuperiour Force, They were thruft, without Diftin£Uon of Per- fons into the Ocean. During this Conflict, the Lord Ferrari, with his Galley, arid the fmaller Veflels, was engaged with the other Gallies, until, shaving wafted his Shot, without obtaining any Advantage, and per- ceiving that the Lord High Admiral's Galley fell off. He concluded that his Perfon was at leaft in Safety, and, on that Account, retreated. On Inquiry, Sir £ ■^f # ■M »* •SW 520 MEMOIR S. OP, &ci bitants oi Flandert to deal with Them> againft thei^ Inclinations ; and fending to the Prejudice of the Enf^ bjb Manufaitures, by interrupting the Intercottrfe with Thofe who principally improved Them (^). ' Thus qtialified, it is not ettnioniiiiiry>''thit, even iit the Flower of his Age^ (at which Period He was cut off,) He fhould have attained to fuch exaked Honours. Henry gratified his Ardour, atid Ambition with Titles % conftituting Him Admiral of JSji^iW^ Wdks, Ireland^ Normandy, Oafc9tgke, and Attain far ^ile» and caufin^ Him to be cjiiofen Knight of the Ordier of the Garter; He died, before He could be informed fhtl lie Had been honoured with It by his Sovereign (r), who (>n* cerely lamented his Lofs, and was conde4ed with in & Manner that refleds e^al Credit on the Panegyrift, and the Objed of his Applaufe. The King of Scotland^ in a Letter addre(!ed to Henry^ thie Eighth^ writes thus: «And furely, deareft Brother ! We think **l|K>reLors is to You of ttib I4te Admiral, whode- ^^teafed to bis great Honoii;^ t|)an the Advantage ^ which nright have beet^Hn tHnning all tht Fremh ^ Gallics W(^).'* ; ^4i«r : (q) Lloydlt Sfcate Worthies, p. 141.— Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, V. i, p. 370. (r) Anftiss Regifter of the Garter, V. 2. p. 275. — ^AiK- mole's Order of the Garter, p. 713. (i) Ibid.— Campbell's Lives of the Admirafs, V. i. p< ^%Sir.Edwftrd Howard marnedAlicf, Widow to Si^ liam Parker, ^ni^t, and Daughter to William Lovell, Lord Morley ; by/Who^ He had no Ifliie— Baronagium Anglix, fol. a, ly. MS. late in the Pofleffion of Mr. Camp- belt ' 1^' E N D c F T« B J? J. «; e T; V\QrL U M E. • • , • > « • • ' • 1* * t # !*' #■ f % f 'if*' ■i^ M^ m #