s^. 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 ^^^ 
 
 Ui §ii 12.2 
 
 I.I 
 
 !** ii£ 12.0 
 
 IW ' 
 
 1.8 
 
 |l-25 I I 1.4 II I 1.6 
 
 m 
 
 /: 
 
 
 7 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 
 m 
 
 f\ 
 
 <^ 
 
 V 
 
 
 6^ 
 
 ^^V^ 
 
CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
Tachnical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa 
 
 Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat 
 original copy avallabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia 
 copy which may ba bibllographlcally unlqua, 
 which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha 
 raproductlon. or which may aignlflcantly changa 
 tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. 
 
 Q 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 Colourad covara/ 
 Couvartura da coulaur 
 
 I I Covars damagad/ 
 
 Couvartura andommagia 
 
 Covars rastorad and/or iaminatad/ 
 Couvartura rastaurAa at/ou palliculte 
 
 I I Covar titia missing/ 
 
 La titra da couvartura manqua 
 
 I I Colourad maps/ 
 
 Cartas gAographiques an coulaur 
 
 Colourad ink (i.a. other than blua or black)/ 
 Encra da coulaur (I.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) 
 
 I I Colourad platas and/or illustrations/ 
 
 Planchas at/ou illustrations an coulaur 
 
 Bound with othar material/ 
 ReiiA avac d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 La reiiure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion la long de la marge intArieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 11 se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutAes 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans la texte, 
 mais. lorsque ceia Atait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas AtA fiimies. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires supplAmentaires; 
 
 The 
 tot 
 
 L'Inatltut a microfilm* la maillaur axamplaira 
 qu'll lui a At* poaaibia da aa procurer. Lea d*taiis 
 da cat axampljiira qui aont paut-Atra uniquaa du 
 polT^t da vua bibllographlqua, qui pauvant modifier 
 unb image raprodulta. ou qui pauvant axigar una 
 modification dana la mAthoda normala de fiimaga 
 aont indiquAa ci-daaaoua. 
 
 □ Colourad pagaa/ 
 Pagaa de couleur 
 
 □ Pagaa damaged/ 
 Pagaa endommagtes 
 
 □ Pagaa restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pagaa rastaurAes at/ou peiliculAes 
 
 Pagaa discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 Pagaa dAcolorAas, tachatAes ou piquAaa 
 
 □Pages detached/ 
 Pages dAtachAes 
 
 0Showthrough/ 
 Tranaparence 
 
 □ Quality of print variaa/ 
 QuailtA InAgaia de I'impression 
 
 n Includes supplementary material/ 
 Comprend du matAriel supplAmentaire 
 
 I — I Only edition available/ 
 
 D 
 
 The 
 pos 
 of 
 fiiml 
 
 Ori| 
 
 beg 
 
 the 
 
 sior 
 
 oth( 
 
 first 
 
 sion 
 
 or il 
 
 The 
 shal 
 TINI 
 whi( 
 
 Map 
 diffi 
 entii 
 begi 
 right 
 requ 
 metl 
 
 Seule Adition dlsponlbl« 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been ref limed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Lea pages totaiement ou partlallement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, una pelure, 
 etc., ont AtA fiimAes A nouveau de fapon A 
 obtonir la meiileure image possible. 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est fllmA au taux de rAduction indiquA ci-dessous. 
 
 10X 
 
 
 
 
 14X 
 
 
 
 
 18X 
 
 
 
 
 22X 
 
 
 
 
 26X 
 
 
 
 
 30X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ux 
 
 16X 
 
 20X 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 32X 
 
Ira 
 
 JAtails 
 M du 
 modifier 
 •r una 
 filmaga 
 
 The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanics 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 National Library of Canada 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 L'exemplaire filmi f ut reproduit grAce A la 
 gAnirositi de: 
 
 BibliothAque nationals du Canada 
 
 Las images suivantes ont At* reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition at 
 de la nettetA de l'exemplaire filmA, et en 
 conformit6 avec les conditions du contrat da 
 filmage. 
 
 tos 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back C3ver when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprimie sont film6s en commen^ant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second 
 plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la 
 premidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la derniire page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol — ^ (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Un des symboies suivants apparaltra sur la 
 dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbols V signifie "FIN". 
 
 IVIaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre 
 filmte A des taux de reduction diff^rents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre 
 reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir 
 de I'angie supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la mithode. 
 
 errata 
 U to 
 
 pelure, 
 ion A 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 32X 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
,x' 
 
 t>-- 
 
 AITIIOIJ I 
 
 ciTizKX rui 
 

 
 MALCOLM M( I-KOI), 
 
 Al TllOli OF "PKACK lUVKH." " lUllTANNK IS " (>X I'ACIFH' irMl.WAV. 
 
 i:t('.. i:tc. 
 
 O I TAW A : 
 
 CITIZKX riilNTlN(i AND lT)!LISIIIN(i fd.Ml'AXY. COHXHI! SI'AKKS AND .MKTCALIK STI!KKT.<. i 
 
 IBS'O. 
 
 
!Wi|f«»ii;M..!l5!!|l^!<;^^: 
 
 ;:J) 
 
 > W ll 11 1 ■» W< ■ 
 
 ■ i l .y *' . 
 
 ^ "'H* -«■:«■ • 
 
 X;:.f 
 
 PR 
 
 Al TH' 
 
 >in/.i\ rid 
 
 r"A 
 
 lr^-,^,^M.5jjpf^ 
 
 r't'?^*/*! 
 

 Ife'KEl!!""-'*}'"" S^iifyjt k< 
 
 'X;:*c 
 
 9 
 
 / 
 
 'P 
 
 r II K 
 
 PROBLEM OF CANADA, 
 
 nv 
 
 MALCOLM M( LIX)I), 
 
 AITIKM: <il'' •• I'KAfK IlIVKIl'; • 151; ITfA N Ji IS oX l'.\(|FI(: 
 
 liAII.WA^, KTC K'lr 
 
 y » T T A W \ : 
 
 • Mi/iv ri(iNiiN<. vMi n i;i.i,>iiiM^ ( omi' w v. i cii;m i; si'Uds v\h \:ir. vi.ri ^ii.'ii.i- 
 
 1 SMI. 
 
• iiv^gt 
 
 ■'IP^S 
 
 HE X2 /o 
 
 
 scnst? thii 
 
 I't'lfitions 
 
 direction, 
 
 conliclenci 
 
 IV 
 
 l«SUUlt! llli 
 
 itate, as n( 
 intl, perlii 
 lindeiinjj I 
 
 It is t 
 lot — so fai 
 (t is moie 
 leveloped 
 jfcalls for tli^ 
 It as ail eai 
 |li<* work. 
 
 The " 
 jor — to ni_y 
 jingiiliir in 
 olutioii, on 
 
PREFACE 
 
 I li!iV(* InM'ii moved to writn tlicsc few Imriictl pages, under a 
 sense that in the i»re.seiit iuiietiire I niiglil almost say 'v/.n/.s- of the 
 relations of Cunadii to IJiitain, son ctliin^; should 1mi done in this 
 direction, viz : 
 
 First. — To remove that " cloud " of title to the utnjost puhlic 
 fonlldenee which still, it must Ije sjiid, rests in some measure over 
 
 E R J< I TA. 
 
 agv 24, liiH' 29 
 
 lor ' ;.(H). I ii III /,()()(>. 
 
 lo'- •'.!/,' ,!•; til. " \\m\ ,Us(> ,rs to t/ir. 
 
 (or '• x/ir// " ri';i(l .v/vvV/v. 
 
 lor " i'^'oo" read .So. 
 
 tor " 7- 7 •)'"•' "^'^ i"!.';!!! ^^(\(HH>. 
 2.\ U)x '' /^cs.si/i/r" \\-m\ /i,)Ssit'/\. 
 lor '• Ihuisoii Bay" \\m\ J /i/,;. <,>//' s A'tn. \\hcrc\cr it o( ( urs. 
 l-'or '• Hrittaiiiaisy in front pa^c, read Hntiumicii.s. 
 
 ;>o. 
 
 ■ -5 
 
 .s'. 
 
 ' -9 
 
 44- 
 
 
 44. 
 
 ■ 43 
 
 7-1 
 
 ■ -^4 
 
 IKMIIIIC LJiao 11 in \)\j vciiuiiaLO ifijo oiii/i«./ov %.».». 
 
 state, as now somewhat complicated l»y th(; Mundei-s of prcdtH-tissors, 
 ind, perhaps, by agencies, sinister or |in'j\idi(;ial, in son»«i way. 
 linderiug the proper working of the scheme. 
 
 It is to 1)0 remai'ked that the suhject of such a commission was 
 lot — so far as I am aware — mooted in Parliament last .session, and 
 
 It is moie than ))robable that sometliing has since occurred or 
 leveloped itself with lelation to tlu; subject in question, which 
 
 tails for the exercise of such prerogative. Be that as it may, I take 
 
 it as an earnest of the fidelity and zeal of the j>resent (Jovei-nmtmt in 
 
 the work. 
 
 The " Problem," as put, sjx^aks for itself. I call it a " pj-oblem," 
 )r^to my miml at least, and 1 have no reji.sou to consider 1 am 
 lingular in this — the facts and ]>roj>oslt'i involved make it so : Its 
 )lution, one way or ether, is the <iue.stion of th(i hour. 
 
H E 5~2/c 
 
 -^ w 
 
 I li 
 sfuse til 
 relations 
 direction 
 
 Fin 
 
 coiilideiH 
 tli»' matt 
 and sinw 
 
 Sfcc 
 a nee of ?< 
 ill (jiie.sti( 
 
 Thi, 
 I Ml bill' Iti 
 national 
 laws of m 
 
 Four 
 Imperial 
 |«)t" .sound 
 
 Sine* 
 
 ctually |i 
 
 H'ess — ha 
 
 ail way. 
 
 ssunie th 
 
 tate, as n 
 
 land, peril 
 
 linifiering 
 
 It is 1 
 
 lot — so fa 
 it is nioie 
 ieveloped 
 palls for til 
 t as an ea; 
 tile work. 
 
 The " 
 or — to nil 
 3in<,MiIar in 
 solution, oi 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 1 liiivc bcH'ii inovfd to wiitu tlicsc few lnii-iicil |):ii,'<'s, (iimIhj' h 
 M'Uso tljut in tlio |ir«'.s(Mit iMiictmc I iinLjIit almost, say rriuls of tlm 
 relations of (Aiuada to JJiitaiii, soiiH'tliiiiL; sliouM Ixi dont- in this 
 (liicction, viz : 
 
 First. — To remove tliiit " olond " of title to tin; utmost puhlie 
 conlidence which still, it mnst be s;iid, re.sts in some measure over 
 the matttu- of the ("anadian Pacific iJailwav, as taken uu ah initio 
 and since administered by the CJovernntent of Canadu. 
 
 S"Cond. — To iirge tlio (bity and necessity (necessity (<»)• <;ontinii- 
 ance of vo,xus) of the ln»|ierial ( Jovornmcnu to contiihute to the work 
 in (ju(fstion in the measui'c^ of I iti/u'riul interest prr ,sr. 
 
 Thit'il. — To restrict, so far as may l)e j>ossiblc, the disposal of 
 jtublic lands to purely national purposivs, riz, actual setthMiient, 
 national defence, economic development in du • subservience^ to tlie 
 laws of natural growth (gradual) and progr» ss 
 
 Fourf/i. — To I'eliove Canada of the necessity — super-imposcMl by 
 Imperial default m/ //oc — of vi()lating or straining the al)ove principle 
 of sound natioiml polity. 
 
 Since this pamphlc has been put in |>ress, and half or non^was 
 ictually printed, the (iovt'rnment of ('anad.i i learn through the 
 ill-ess — has determined on a " IJoyai ( !oinmissi<)n " as to tin; l*ai;iti(; 
 ■lailway. For what specific purpose does not yet appear, but I 
 ssume that it is to ventilate tiie subject in its past and in its present 
 state, as now somewhat complicated by tin; blunders of prcMhu-essors, 
 and, perhaps, by agencies, sinister or prejudicial, in son»e way. 
 hindering the j»roper working of the scheme. 
 
 It is to l)e remarked that the sul)ject of such a commission was 
 not — so fur as 1 am awai'e — mooted in Piirliament last session, and 
 it is moie than ])robable that something has sitice o<x'urred or 
 d*»veloi»ed itself with relation to tlu; sul)ject in <iue8tion, which 
 calls for the exercise of such prerogative, lie tliac as it may, 1 take 
 it as an earnest of the fidelity and zeal of the pres<!Ut (jlovernmont in 
 the work. 
 
 The '* Problem," as put, speaks for itself. I call it a " problem,' 
 or -to my mind at least, and 1 have no rciison to consider I am 
 lingular in this — the facts and propositi involved make it so : Its 
 solution, one way or ether, is the <pie.stion of the hour. 
 
IV 
 
 I'HKKACK. 
 
 h is nut iifw, l)iit has Ion;,', in tlitl'i-ifUt t'onn.H, fn^!i<4rti tin 
 attention r)f iSritain. 
 
 Tlic work of consoliilaiion of Kni|iirt' lias cvn- been, in tip 
 main, one of some aiixioty on tliti part of tliu Homo (fOV(>i'iiiiuMit. 
 
 Of latf, <listwi'liin<4 ek'iiKMits, internal and external, liave shjum 
 \eiu'(l. ami ht'iice the " |»rol)l(!m,'' on the l)oai'tl, before us. 
 
 The solution, now and forever, rests witli the Imperial (Jovi'm 
 iiient. 
 
 The (piestion is not one of mei-e experimental " drift. " 
 
 It is vital, as one; of luitional existence. 
 
 I unoiemeiit cannot void the fact. 
 
 I speak as one of millions concerned. 
 
 M. -M<'Lkoi>. 
 
 yXvlmer. T.Q.. diinc, jSSO. 
 
 PR( 
 
 I'.iiiri.s 
 
 '' A 111(1 
 'init 15ii(iii 
 
 polKiiial cli 
 i>| 'Oft unity 
 ^iiipirc on V 
 
 p '■" I III' i/rcin 
 -I'lnii/ilihi I 
 
 o-i^ ••'^^* ^^" 
 
 <^ 
 
 "^^'..Sa^'^^-' 
 
 Th 
 
 To I 
 
 le ra 
 >e. or 
 1. In 
 L'. In 
 .r In 
 
 I piu; 
 
 atid third i,' 
 i^oii. and -.u 
 tfe'ii attem 
 <4<' ,i,M-eat 
 *id more p 
 *e j.uhlic e 
 As a 
 
 *i|'. and f<. 
 
 HI it.self. 
 
 'lyth, and 
 
iS'iim^ 
 
 I'M'IHi'fil ill' 
 
 luTll. Ill 111' 
 
 jirmiu'iit. 
 
 , liavc sui>»M' 
 
 s. 
 
 (Mini (lovt'ni 
 
 itt." 
 
 IPROBLEM OF CANa\DA. 
 
 McliKon. 
 
 h'.KiriSH KAILWAN Klto\! ATL\NTI(' T( » I' \( I |.'|« ' ' 
 
 ••A niOIIIClltollS Slllljcct ]•< now lniiimlit [n tin' Ilnlii n| ih.- pi'ii|>|r nl 
 
 ritiit I'litiiili — it (iiiylil Hot to lie iic;;l('ttr(l, until, pii li,i|i> .1 voii t' iVom lifi 
 poioniiil ciiililrcn may no I'ortli iiioclaiiuiiiy • // is iir, l.ii ' — im tlit-ii, lln' 
 opportunity of unitin;;. in iinii ;iiiil iriciullv IioikU of iiiii.)ii, ■ tlii> womiidiiN 
 
 iiiipiro on wliicli tlic soliir orli ntvi r sits, will li.ivo passiil nuay lor t\rr 
 
 1/ i» ihi' iji't'ill link rrqillril In ilnih' in nii' innrrrliil rlfiiii ill, iriiul I'.iiijUsJi rrif-\" 
 -I'liin/'/i/'l III/ Miij'ir I'nlnii C'lniiii'li.i. I ."iioi/i/i, A'. /■'.. I^IM. 
 
 i 
 
 The niptiou is siiggcstfMl In' tin' |ii'ruli;ir facLs ut tlic ims«-. TIio 
 To l)e, oi' not to Ix^" of (';iiia<la ; - 
 
 1. I II relation to itself, in its solidarity as a T'onfeder ition. 
 ■J. In its I'clation to the Kinpire at larj^c. 
 •\. In its international aspeets. 
 
 I |)ni'|)()se to (leal with the i|Uestion |tiinri|iallv 011 tiie second 
 id third yronnds, as havinif Ix'en least tonehed on in |inl>lie diseus- 
 )ii. and ;is fecjuiring, it seems to me, fuller <'\'|tositiou than has yet. 
 ^on attempted, so f;;r iis I know. I don't pretend to he '-(Mpial to 
 ^e great ai'gnm(!nt," lt\it, pcjssilily. what 1 say 'nay he lietter said, 
 id inoi<' [)"tentially iidviincetl liy others in a position to command 
 ke jMihlic ear and evoke effective executive; function. 
 
 As a British suhject, 1 take the standpoint of central citi/cn- 
 iip. and ("riris Ii()in(niiis J speak as it wei't; I'rcm tlie heart of hun- 
 111 itself. Thus, [ take a.s " text," the ahove citations iV )m .Major 
 iiyth, and which may, for the nonce, l>'^ iinpli<.' I i'l the term — 
 
6 
 
 THE PROBLKM OF CANADA. 
 
 THK CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. 
 
 Tliis subject liiis now ))ii3se(l from the limits of speculation to 
 that of obtvisive fact, and it is now l)efore us — the Britisii peo|>lt' 
 (•oncern«'<l — in a form to call for earnest dealing on tlu; [)art of the 
 Imperial authoritie.s, in the liwht of Empiio interest. 
 
 We have loni^ had our ' lutsleni Ditiicuity,' and, it would seem, 
 we niay, possibly, have a W('><terii one before long, if we do not al 
 once see to it, and, in advance, prepare for the worst. 
 
 The Canadian Dominion Parliament has just closed a laborious 
 session (of three months' Htan<ling) in w jach, it may be said, the 
 principal .suliject has been this matter of Pacific Railway — makini- 
 provision for its ]»rosecution with utmost energy without unduly 
 .straining revenue. The debates on the theme have been markedly 
 eai'uest and able — ami the pros aiul co/iy of the (juestion — though, 
 projierly speaking, the subject in its advanced stage, and as a work 
 to which hotli parties are committed, is beyond the domain of exter 
 nal fact — have been discussed witli an ability which does honor to 
 the '• assembled wisdom " of the coiony. V>y a decisive vote of I'Jl 
 to 4U, and on another east on the same subject, viz., particularly^on 
 the forn)ulated policy of the Governmont as to the a})propriation ot 
 wild lands (Crown domain) to the woi-k, l>y a cast of 120 to 10, the 
 House, and, by the House, th(> people of Canada, have emi)hatically 
 declaied themselves as committed to the great work, a? one of urgeu' 
 and immediate necessity. I i>\\y both ])arties are committed to it. I 
 do so on tlie record of the httc (rovernmeiit as well as ot tin; preseni 
 one. 
 
 The anomaly of a east of -!() or 1!) in ;i House of 20(] nuMubci-. 
 <n/<iiitsf if itiiir, itMpiires some e'xph'.nation. I f< iies in tht^ fact : — 
 
 That in Canada, and in the Canadian Parliament, there are. 
 and thert> has ever been, nu)re oi' less, on the part of a few, a !eav(^ii 
 of discontent with imperial ruh', and a disposition to ti-y, prf /'(/.■< am 
 in'.fas, a change of flag. Fortunately, that ■' bad ambition" has ev( i 
 been kept within due bounds by the domin.iting sentiment of loyaltv 
 which evidently jterN ades the Itulk of the C:tnadian peopl(\ Ifow 
 ever, in the House particularly, such spiiils — "Alps" from tru( 
 alli'giance gone — are in the habit of raising tiie cry of " [sarty " when 
 occasion otters, and then, from sheer cohesive force of party — ileat t^ 
 season, l)lind to exigent fact, and reckless of conseipu'uces, weal oi 
 woe to theii- country — they vote as one — as a pack. 
 
 '• Lost to shaiiH", they vilely liarter 
 Honor's name for party's |)lace. 
 Step by step o'er Freediau's clifirter, 
 Lcaviiii;' footprints of displace." 
 
 Tndy, the politics of Canadians are hard to understand. The 
 ei)nstitution as a mixed [)eopIe, with intimate co.ineetions with t! 
 
 neiglil)( 
 and otji 
 I hem ol 
 ance to 
 (htitinla 
 fahrli- : 
 till fii'ii 
 
 :. Tl„. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 ■> 
 
 il'liis. Jiow 
 'lie silici, 
 „ sound its 
 I started. I 
 
 f •ii'<'. and SI 
 I iiaiioiial a 
 
 III 
 a.s the la 
 ^\'ljo, afte 
 sid.je.:-t in 
 fdental) 
 |a(iopteil 
 fTlioiiisoii- 
 fin Jhitish 
 
 ibl-rtiiie 
 
 MWnd.liu^ 
 ■w.ird. M; 
 barrisrer 
 I'artiier (»f 
 'r''r'i'Jiiall\ 
 R.iy I'onip 
 
 i'l'lliphlcts 
 
TlIK E'ROIJLEM OF CANADA. 
 
 ciiliitiou to 
 tinh \>eoi>lt' 
 mvt ut' tlu' 
 
 ,'ouUl seem, 
 do not ivt 
 
 lu'iglilioiing g.eat llopiiMic, :ui«l thcu- status of </>':, ^; iiuU'i»onilfii.T. 
 ;iml oTher cleiuents and factors in tlieir social and political life, rcn Icr 
 tlu'iii of special interest to us— I may say, in view of their iinjiort 
 ..uce to the Empire, render them, in fact, an oliject of jealous regard. 
 i'a/tifihi lost to ns, vioald. b:' us <i coi'iU'V stoin] (/one in t/f iin<//,.h/ 
 la!>rir : the /»r// stone dropt from out our arch of Empire, n'h'n-h sp.i,i-< 
 till fn-ti (jrr'it oceans, yen. s-nrron,t,.i/s th'- i/Zohr ilxifl. 
 
 (t laborious 
 he sai<l, the 
 ly — uiakinu 
 tout unduly 
 Ml markedly 
 0,1 — though, 
 d as a work 
 iiin of exter 
 es honor to 
 > vot(5 of 1 ■') 1 
 iticularly.oii 
 ivopriation ot 
 20 to 10, the 
 emi)hatically 
 
 rUH WORK-ITS CirAliACTEll AND UKAKlNd, 
 
 The iii-st consideration which siti;\'ests itsrlf in taking' 
 sul'i''it. is the ipu'stion — 
 
 now nOKS IT ( ON( KK.V IHK KMIMIU; AT lAIMJi:? 
 
 ni) t III- 
 
 ur 
 
 This, however, involves so largely the examination of tin- detail 
 ihf scjieme, as well as its character and scope, tliat we shall tir.st, to 
 sound its ralsoa d'etre, in(piire as to, How it was inspired, How 
 
 - . . , started. How urged, and What its financial and giMicral i»rosp»'c!s 
 
 one of urgeni | _,,,.,._ .j,„; shall close with a general nn'ifw of its scope lud In-arinu on 
 
 tted to It. 1 \ iiaiiiiiial and international interests. 
 
 >t the preseni f 
 
 2()() nieuilier- 
 \K\ fact : — 
 nt, there art', 
 few, a leaveii 
 y, prr fns uv'' 
 lou " has ev( 1 
 cut of loyalty 
 ■ople. ifow 
 from trui 
 ■ I'.arty " when 
 tarty — *leat t' 
 net's, weal oi 
 
 •stand. Th''i! 
 tions with tl. 
 
 now INSl'lltKP. 
 
 In this connection, cci-tain iiulividuals claim special notice, sucli 
 as the late Major llohert Carmichael 8mytli, of tla; Koyal Kngineer.-^, 
 who, after some service in Canada, wrote an able i»am)>h!et on the 
 subject in 18tl). Lord ]Milton and Dr. Cheadlc, the daring (l)ut acci- 
 <lental) jiioneeis of the true " North-West passage," \ i/ . that now 
 |adopt('d for railway rin. the Yellow Head l*ass and the North 
 nioniRon — tin.' late i\Ii'. Waddington, an enterprising Knglish settler 
 jin J->titish (.'olund»ia. who, fidl of the idea, triecl, at the cost of lii> 
 'ortune and his life, to survey a railway I'oute from Uute Jnlet 
 WaddiuL'ton Hai-!)or) tt) the gold region, Cariboo, and thencii east- 
 ward. Malcolm McLeod, of Ayhner, Quebec, (the writ.<'r), a (Janadian 
 ai lister, son of the late chief ti'ader, John McLeod, si . formerly a 
 lai'tner of tlu Hudson B;iy Company, liorn in, and familiar, l)y e\ 
 ■eptionally extended travel and intimate communication in Huilsoii 
 >ay Company's service over the whole country, writer, under nnm 
 /'.' p^n_nu' " Britannieiis,'' in the Canadian press, in jiapers and 
 ^'amphlets, for many yeai'S past, on the sultject of Pacitic Kail'vay 
 
Illi: l'l'iOHIj;.M Of CANADA. 
 
 iiiiil Noitli-Wcst (l('Vfl()])int'nt ; initlior, also, ol' liouk •• Pi-acc IJivti;" 
 iiiid. most piomiiu'ixtly of all, SiUiU'oid Klciiiiu'^', ('..M.(r., At., tlio 
 Kiiyiiiccr-in Cliict" of tlic work, who aloiio lias shown, and who, 
 |irol>altly, alone has, from his special knowif^dge of tiic I'Duiitrv, and 
 special e.\|»erience in sncli like large and diuicult railway constriic 
 tion, the special al)ility to gi-appU' the scht'inc in all its imnu^nso 
 lietail. 
 
 Mr. Fleming had special <litlicnlties to eonti'nd with at the very 
 outset. jNlo.it of the conntiv to l»i' traversed was an utter w ild. 
 known only to the tni' tiader, and hy him, in self-intcicst, cvei' kept, 
 secret — a '• j)resei'\-e." Anc', worse still, what there wms of Imperial 
 report; as to the (juestion of feasihility of a railway across the iloekv 
 Mountains, was advers ■ ■ -the Hudson l>ay ('dUipany, liy their 
 lueal gnidts, having evidently misled the Palliser Kxpedition nn this 
 point ; at least, that is my lielief. 
 
 This ( 'hief Kngineei- had, as it were, to grupe his way through 
 regions <f uiost laigged r.orthern wild, scai'cely passahle in xime 
 paits, "\ j'ii to the fui" trade. lie, however, seems to have yatle led 
 enough to inspire faith in tiie scheme — its prarticahility, a:.d its 
 iidiereut merits for development of the conutry. 
 
 In his reports, full and exhaustive from ISTl* to 1S80. inclusive- 
 six volumes, with elahorate ma[»s and jduus— we have a recoid ot" 
 matter which ought to ins[)ire e\ cry conti(h'nce. ^Nloreoxer, Mr. 
 Fleming's sinirular success as Engineer-in-Chief in ihe construi-Uou of 
 the lutercoloiiial JJailway, through ahout 7(»0 miles of r(Jck-l)ound, 
 rugged country, second in ditliculty to railway construction, prohaMy, 
 only to tlio (ithants of India, in our Fmpire ; and Ijesides that, his 
 special knowledge and stmly for years hetore of the Canadian North 
 West Territories, as shown by his hrochnre of 1803, in the foiin of 
 ;i memorial to the British Government, ad\'ocating a system ot 
 territorial roads for the development of tlmt vast and plentiful home 
 for our starving n)illions, had won for liini tlu' confidence of th(i 
 ( io\erunu'nt and the people for snch enter|irise. lie has since 
 proved himself ecjual to the occasion. 
 
 I have, carefully. (i)ut without any pretension to critical 
 professional skill), examined his work as presented to us in hlue 
 hook: and I must say Ikj has been most faithful to his task — and 
 that, too, in .spilt; of obstacles of a [)olitieal nature, nttcH-ly beyond 
 his control, and in which, [»erhaps, Ijoth i)i)li!:ical parties, but 
 especially the late Govo'iiment, have made tlu; work too nuich tln' 
 plaything of " })arty." But, evidently, there was this great diti'er 
 ence between the two )>arties in dealing with it, viz., That the Con- 
 servative party, in taking it u[» in 187'J, was perfectly sincei'e in the 
 undertaking ; while, on the other hand, the other party — Orit. 
 [.liberal, Kadical, or Reform, or whatever its jtroper name might be 
 — for the names adoj)ted l»y it are soniewhat pnzzlingly \aiie(|- 
 
 I Tjiat 
 
 I <iiid tiioug 
 
 'f<l'g(," .SCO] 
 
 ' iiicident] 
 I '-Anl 
 
 |''\('iitual ii 
 
 iAiudica.' 
 -Amoi 
 ;^\^'e.sL Teif 
 |>^«'\v Brit; 
 Isolat 
 iliou.sands 
 |>''ttlenient| 
 Vild north 
 flictated l)\j 
 ^'\ely to tjl 
 tolojiy, is l| 
 
 • 1'lierel 
 l|f the far i 
 01 rnion 
 
 ' laiisc 
 OeiiuiieiuviiiJ 
 
. THi: I'KOUM.M OF CANADA. 
 
 . Hiv.rf 
 
 lUtl who, 
 
 lltrv, :iU'l 
 const nu'- 
 'nniurusf 
 
 t thf ^fi'y 
 ittcr wil'U 
 tvfv kt'l"'' 
 it' liiU't-viiil 
 til." Ilockv 
 liy tlit'ir 
 i(>\i nil this 
 
 i,v thv'High 
 ih- in >"ii>'' 
 
 VC ^Mthtl'fil 
 
 ly, ii:.<» it-^ 
 
 iuchi^^ivt'- 
 ;i rci'Drd •»! 
 
 istvvictioii (if 
 im'k-ho\uitl. 
 )n, |)i'()h:il>iy, 
 (It's that, his 
 luUau North 
 
 tlie form of 
 la system of 
 lentiful home 
 llence ut the 
 
 J. has since 
 
 to critical 
 
 I) ns ill I'lii^" 
 
 lis task— antl 
 
 un-\y bey<Mul 
 
 parties, hut 
 
 Itoo much thi- 
 
 great ditl'er- 
 
 Ihat the Coii- 
 
 Isincere in th.' 
 
 party— ^^I'if- 
 
 mie migh.t I)'' 
 
 \<t\\' xai'ied- 
 
 
 
 \ i Ini! 
 
 ■ thilll,^ 
 
 (iiia'^f. 
 
 1 fill 
 
 Cll'i of 
 
 swept tho pol.s under intl;i.'iiccs (eoM-rt at tlie tiinc. !>iit r 
 since) bent on the destruction of tl.e scheme. I loucx .•!■. the 
 as a means of expenditui'c, and as a nn-aiis of |iolirii-a! patr 
 was ton (10(1(1 to ki//, and it (tiif ^ch-nn-l was utih/ 'd ; iitili/ 
 the "party:'' <h^ph'ting th" tn-asiiry. i.iit showiip^ at th-- cii.i ot 
 their teim of othce littU' or notliiii^of piacticai ijno I or \ahir for tli. 
 money expiMided- IJiit, to retin'u to t he iunnediatc ^ull)l•.■r iindiM 
 eonsidei'ation. \i/., As to how tin- nit-rpris" was siigi^.'sti-l oi 
 inspired. 
 
 l*i'ol»ahly it was the ^i^Iit of thr A nirrican ti aiis cont inriital 
 railway as a /('// inri>iii/i/i, runniiii,% an I t'\ ii'icnt Iv with cvfiv pio> 
 ppct ot success, within no ^icat distaiici- of oiii si)!)theiii lioimdarv 
 threatening l>y its niere tbrcc of attrition to (haw in tits' tlir taiis 
 connm'rcp, anti, ultimately, tin' \ cry pi'litical cxistciici- of' our griMt 
 Noi'tliAVcst and British ('olumliia. that staiic^l. in tlii- new 
 ' 'ont'eclcration, tho idea of doing soni'iliiiii^ ti i-onnii'iari .>iici; 
 intliience and to avert sui-h ihsiieMiiin-iinint. iJc thai as it mav. wi> 
 now liik'' up the ne.xt liead. 
 
 IHK INITIATION Of IIIK •( IIKMi:. 
 
 Tliat, wi' take it, is to Ic foinid in tin' creation it^df ot' thi- 
 scheme of Confederation of tlie Urilish Nnrlli Americiii ('iloiiio. 
 b'or ( 'uufederatioti, as a physical necessity -as a liond, and l»ond ot' 
 iiiiicju — a silver conl of national life — si^inr such woik was necessary, 
 ,uid though the oi'ganie Act (Inipei'ial) is sdcnt as to such, it, iti it> 
 large; scope arid p".rview, seems, it may In- saiil to cmliracc snch 
 
 iarg(; scope ariti p".rview, seems, it may iie sani lo i 
 i" incident.'' 'fln^ [>reainble of the Act shows this in t! 
 I '• And wherc^as it is expedient that pro\ ision l>c made for thi 
 
 leventual avlmission into the I'niuii of other parts ot llritish North 
 I America.'" 
 
 I America. 
 
 I Among tliose " othei- parts," afu'i' the ahsorption of the Xorili 
 
 'West TeiM'itories and JvU|)crL"s liind.ciiiic lii-itish < '..lumhia, iln- 
 |N'e\v Britain of tin; Pacitic. 
 
 jolony, is lite. 
 
 Therefore, it was tliat as a .so/-/ (jua uon, this youngest daughtci 
 of the far Mother Isle insisted oa a railway, and thus, in the •• Tcrui^ 
 Ol' I'nion "' i.s the stinulatiou formulated : — 
 
 < lausc II. " The Cfovernmcnt of the litnuinioii nndi'i'tiikc to sccinc ih. 
 <kniiiiifiuciii<.'Ut siiiniltaiico'isly, within two years iroiu tlicdiitc ot I'liinn. ,,• 
 
^■m^ttss 
 
 in 
 
 THK IMIOBI.EM OF TANAl A. 
 
 till- ri.nstriiction of a railway from tlio Pacific towards the llocky Mountain-, 
 iiiid intm such point as niav he solccted cast of the Kockv Mountains, 
 towards the I'acitic, to connect the soaijoard of British C'oiunihia witli tiic 
 railwiiy system of Canada: and further to secure the completiim of surli 
 railway within ten years from thedato of the Union.' 
 
 These tenns of Union, I'arlianuMit, shortly afterwanls, — soon as pos- 
 sible — formally accepted, ami thereon passed the necessary lej^islation 
 to carry them out. 1 sliall hertnifter, under its apjiropriate head, 
 show what that was. 
 
 At this jtai'ticiilar time there dees not ap))ear to have heen 
 aiivthinij in ai,'itatiou in (Janada or the Home Isle to suggest the 
 initiation of a Pacific Jiailway across Uritish Amei'iea, though ])0S- 
 silily, as before hinted, the acquisition of the Xorth-West Territories 
 about two years before, ami the completion of a iiorthern trans- 
 <<iHtiMoiital i-ailway liy the United States a few months before, may 
 lia\('. in a sense, " turnislied food for the thought." A sf^ries of 
 letters in the leading Canailian press, under the )>.Oin dn p/ii/iir 
 "I'litannicus," from the present writer, from accidental causes, 
 fatiiiliar with the whole country to be traversetl, ap[»eared in 1801). 
 deliuing in descriptive detail of ]>hysical features, a feasible route 
 fiom ocean to ocean, with estimates of .section distances, heights, A'c. 
 flircughout. which, by sul»se(pient survey, were proved to be wonder- 
 fully correct, but certainly such matter was, of itself, no ground for 
 ( fO\ ciiimental action <jU()((<f hoc, and we have — J repeat — to look, I 
 think, rather to the fe;ir and jealousy of American eflbrt in this 
 direction as the principal moving cause or Canadian action. 
 
 Other considerations nniy have weighed in the initiation of the 
 si-lieiiie, but it is scarcely for the writer to touch on them, and he 
 desires to deal, iu this argument, only with piddic aiid fornndated 
 tact. 
 
 I)Ut this nuich I may venture to advance, viz.. the conclusions 
 which J think may fairly be drawn from the fads ail hon elicited 
 «Mi the Hoyal Commission in the mattei', so called, of the Pacific 
 Hcaiitlal 
 
 Tiiat Commission, broad as po.ssilde iu its scope, ami thorougli 
 as possible iu its scrutiny, was a crucial test, not only of the acts — 
 the *• wrong-doing," (so called) "'crimes," as the virulence of the 
 momeiii crilled them — I)Ut of the niotives of th-.' acci,st'd in tin 
 matter. 
 
 The icsidt. as a historical fact — eudors ■ I l)y tlie m.is-< of tie' 
 electoraie after five years of liitteivst |»rosecutiou and trial— was. 
 that it clt.'ared tlu» (rovernment charge 1. tVom tiu' slightest suspicion 
 of dereliction of Unty to the great public interests involved, ami 
 showed that they wert^ aniu)ated throughout l»y a faithful ami, i' 
 may i»e said, e\en heroic spirit iu the guardianship of tiie momentou^ 
 intei'ests involved, from the imminent dangers ot the hour i\\y 
 lieset them. 
 
 and ( 
 
 medic 
 
 i'e)its 
 
 southf 
 
 priz'» i 
 
 nation 
 
 Ameri 
 
 "^Vejl ;|5 
 
 vital Ji 
 tions ( 
 faiijy \ 
 an<| \\\^ 
 
 <»\V|) fo, 
 
 "f poll 
 ain)s. 
 
 Ffe 
 
 Ifaiiway 
 
 ^"^tates ai 
 
 ^^•"s sta 
 
 Co.) ton 
 
 I'-trtivuh 
 
 specrivc 
 
 J" ' '.iihul 
 
 At 
 
 l"'iMcipal 
 
 'ieM of f| 
 
 I'lOjiosedj 
 
 ^^■ort.'iy ol 
 
 ''iockerl if 
 
 la \\ 
 
 '"-eliidiiitrl 
 
 I l'"l'fS, (.pf 
 
 l^'i'posed J 
 |l'""s ill l[ 
 
 rinpiiaticil 
 
 \ ■ 'I' 1 
 
 i Jo n| 
 
 I''"' time 
 ^'''iiunit tl 
 
 i'lue c.lic.f 
 ■"'"'1 pOj,S([ 
 
 jjii ir.s direj 
 
TMK I'HOHI.EM OF CANADA 
 
 11 
 
 viutaiu-. 
 
 untaiiis. 
 
 ,vith tli«- 
 
 of su< ll 
 
 I as pos- 
 ffislsition 
 
 LVri ^H!»*'^ 
 wcrost tll«" 
 
 'orritovies 
 ni tvivns 
 tore, niiiy 
 L sf--vies of 
 
 al causes, 
 .(I in 1S(»'^ 
 isvl)le route 
 eights, A'*--- 
 V)o wontlei- 
 ifvouml t'oi' 
 —to look, 1 
 iovt iu tins 
 
 )U. 
 
 jvtiou of tlu' 
 
 .KMlK iUltl 1"' 
 
 \ fovuiuhvl*" I 
 
 conclusions 
 /,oc eUt!iteii 
 tiie Pacitic 
 
 Lull tUovougli 
 
 l)f the acts-- 
 
 ^Icnce of tUr 
 
 rusiMl in til- 
 
 UMS-l of til'' 
 
 ll trial— ^va-. 
 Iti'st sus|»icioi' 
 liuvolve.l, iin.i 
 liiiiful ami, r 
 he nu)nnM\to>i- 
 l\„' hour tli:' 
 
 It provod that the statesmou then eliai-red with the y )veiiuiient 
 i>f C'aiiinhi wero fully alive to the attack then niaih; luaile not, onlv 
 on the material interests of Canada, luit, on thti tenui-e of l!iiti-ii 
 )>j\ver itself in North America. 
 
 llie contiguity of these two ureat fields of most active indnstiy 
 jind enterprize (the United States and Canada), and, to apply .i 
 medical term, inosculation (from that accidenlal fact) of their em 
 rents of commercial intercoin-s(», especially on the western and 
 southeAi border of the older Canadi. had coininin<,'led railway eiiter- 
 priz'? in sucli a manner as to extinguish, t) some extent, <listiiicti\e 
 national sentiment — " doliardom," swaying tlie Held and the hour. 
 American life — and when 1 say Americm life, I mean Canada as 
 well as the Cnited States — is, if I may invent or apply the; term — a, 
 vital life — fidi of personal aml)itiuns -in a tiidd, and nnd -r iustitu 
 tions of civil liberty, where lie who //•///, and strongly tries, nav 
 faiily liope to win not only competence Itut wealth ami civii- honors, 
 and wliere, in a sense, every man feels that lie is the architect of his 
 own fortune, and is, thei'efore, apt to ,y;ive ins allegiance to that form 
 ot |)olitical lite which, to liim, s;'i.'uis best calculated to s -rve I, 
 
 i> 
 
 aims. 
 
 H 
 
 enco It was 
 
 that. 
 
 wlirn til" scluMne o 
 
 Xortlierii i'tcid 
 
 Kailway from Lake Superior to the Pacific, tliroui(li the Xoriheni 
 States and Teri'itori(?s Ijordering (ju Canada, west oi' Jiake Superior, 
 was started, the American prouioters of tin* scheme ^Jay Cook A- 
 Co.) tound among the Canadians souu3 leading men iu th-^ir own 
 parti'j\dar line of speculation to favor anil assist the scheme, irre 
 
 immediat ■ etl'ect <ji ti'udcncies tow.inls clianu''' o 
 
 unetime. the (iraudTruuk Itailwiv 
 
 C 
 
 )mi>anv, with it^ 
 
 Uarv ramitications e.xtended fai- into thi; great win 
 
 oi 
 
 th W 
 
 esM'ru >rates. took alarm at the prospect of t 
 
 .idian P.iciHi,- Itailw 
 
 i\ 
 
 le 
 
 and theieiipou. witli u run 
 
 )etter cau.se, opposi 
 
 d tl 
 
 le sc.KMue, and it i;;av 
 
 I, 
 
 ml 
 
 tlie very outset in the Lnudon Money ^Market. 
 
 igains 
 
 tth 
 
 pro.) 
 
 ei. 
 
 ttl 
 
 leri- was acomoineu railwav eaiuf 
 
 roads drawing iVom lieyoud the Mississippi to At hint ir 
 to, if not far e.xceediu<'. )ur national debt, most activeiv 
 
 aiK 
 
 I it 
 
 was its i(jflueiiees. no 
 
 doul 
 
 • C, til tf swept t \\i 
 
 -4 undta' a cry thai the test (if time auil truth ha.^ y.'wi^''- 
 [d'oved U) have b'fMi falst.' and iinwis '. 
 the emei^'ency, and as a step of svjirrun ii>'ri-.is(fi/. ai 
 GovernuH.'nt, supported by i'ariiament. resohtd Im 
 Mumit the work to some responsilth^ company, and thi'ifupou. m 
 
 ^:<lue 
 
 aii-se, a contract; fur construction was inaije, willia 
 
 hod 
 
 V ot 
 
 in "11 iioisess(,'( 
 
 I of means iind trained skill for the work, i presentin; 
 
 in 
 
 its direct<jry, in fair | rupijrtioii. thf ditl'ereiit J 
 
 ro\ niee.s coucerh'''!. 
 
^-^^T^Bs^fe^fefi^f^^^ia 
 
 12 
 
 IIIK l'l!(i|fI,!,M Ol' (. W.ADA. 
 
 I I'ftcr to tilt! (liKMiiiiciif known ms til" AIliMi ; t)iiii!ift, so (^'Ifl 
 iit't'i- tlie gri'iit stc!imslii|i owner. Sii Unuli Alliin. at tin? Ik'.kI ttl tlu- 
 < nni]tnny. 
 
 That contract, at'tcr an onjral ol ci'iiir:;! c\:nnination l»y tlic 
 keenest minds in ilie contest, l»ut ])i-()ve(l to lia\e lieell one most 
 ta tlitiillv <li"iwn ill the |tnlilic interest — so tar as the facts to he 
 dealt Vvith were then known lo the ( Joveinnient, ov could well l»e 
 ascertained. es|)ecially as to the pliysical cliaract'-r of the connti y. 
 where wild and unexplored, to he traxcrsed. Necessarily, in liiaiit- 
 ini^ the ways and nii-ans, they iiad. larifely, to ai't on niei'e ]ti'edicat<', 
 hilt events since has e shown their caution and coii-ecti'.ess of fore- 
 ca^te ill doiiii; so. In lliis, they iu-ted evidently for the l»est, and thev 
 iiad. iuo)eo\cr. the eNam|ile one which i-ould not well he ignored - 
 I't' the ( h)\ ('innient of the I'nited States in this i^ieat matter i>f 
 tr./iis i-ontinental iri.n.soorv route. 
 
 Two foreiL,fii lailw.iys were then acconi]ilish( d facts, s|»ai)",iii^ 
 our deejis, as it were, and a juoxcij success even at the stai t, viz., 
 the Panama lUiilway, and the ('eiitial ]^acitic and I'liiou Pacific 
 ihiihvays (joined), ,i;i\ini;- rail from all Atlantic ports to the Pacitic. 
 and also two other trans-continental railways, viz, the Kans-is 
 (South') PiiciHc and the Noi'thern Pacific Railway were fairly nnlei- 
 way,t]ie whol >, with siihsitliary lines, with a!:i.'regate land grant of 
 al)0Ut L'OO.OOO.OOO (two hundred millions) of acres, averaging $5 the 
 acre in \alue, and large suhsidies hesides in Go\(;rnnient deljentnres, 
 and other forms of national aid. 
 
 Those suhstantial links of the two oceans threatened — and 
 threaten still — to hind and secure to the em]»rise of the Gicat 
 IJepuhlic, the "empire of the seas." We desir(! it not— (iod 
 forbid it .' 
 
 Another considei-ation, more immediate, iicrliaps, pressed on 
 those who liad, at the time, the fate orfutuie of the country in their 
 trust, viz., the ii*'ct'ssifi/ of iidi'nidJ (/('/•''/optnod apace, /tari j>((Sf<N, 
 w itli the giant sti'id.^s in this direction of the jiower aci'oss the way, 
 .tnd to the maintenance of our own, in the race and struggle west- 
 ward, whither, it Would seem, truly, ''empire holds its way." 
 
 I have dwelt on these initiatory ct)nsiderations more at length 
 than 1 purpose to do as to the other hranches of this suliject, hecause 
 I think they ought to weigh with us, al.so in the Home Isle. 
 es])ecially in their hroader national aspects. The battle of empire is 
 not to he delegated to sti-uggling colonists, however loval, Vtrave and 
 trusty, hut nmst he fought from the seat and centre of empire itself ; 
 and there is much in w hat I have touched on that " comes home '" 
 to us — to oui- own proper sense of duty — in this regard. On tliis 
 point I (It fer finther remark tt) another heatl in this writing. 
 
 in-C 
 theji 
 
 ijitei 
 niort 
 to «;v 
 what 
 
 eilgiii 
 
 Mie U 
 
 ] 
 
 siihjec 
 
 ill gfii 
 
 Jllld V; 
 
 botany 
 
 ''<'gion) 
 
 ^'eolog 
 
 'f'gions 
 
 ■'>iiiiie .s; 
 
 and tlu 
 
 'fed Hi 
 
 '" -Mr. 
 
 (" -A/em 
 
 'f the 
 
 11 
 
 •■•'gloii, 
 iind Of' 
 Aj.so, .s,)| 
 
 HmII, ha 
 
 "I his rtJ 
 
 ''•'Mitojij 
 
 I •^'"'•t'l a[ 
 
 '"'<'k,"h<r 
 
 ""siih.se.l 
 
 * 'PI I 
 
 I 'ii" 
 
 I '^<'l»>rf oi 
 •'lily, l.sj 
 ^V'ery ;,gr, 
 
Till 
 
 riuuu.i'.M (){■ ( ana:).\. 
 
 i:'. 
 
 >\ ll»'' 
 most 
 
 to !«' 
 
 lunny. 
 uvunt- 
 
 .(VR-iVtC, 
 
 ,f t'<«r('- 
 
 ni\ t^>«'^' 
 i\ovrt\ - 
 
 iiit. viz., 
 I Pacific 
 e Pivcitic. 
 
 ily \\)\'^*'»' 
 aviUit <>t 
 in^ $') tl>c 
 ebentwvcs. 
 
 the Clrcat 
 uot-*l'>'^ 
 
 pvosseil <^""* 
 , y in tlit'iy 
 
 ^s the >N-'^y> 
 [vi2i?lf' west- 
 
 I'd 
 
 L. at leiii^tli 
 Ject, \>ecvui^e 
 IHome Isl«;. 
 
 lot" eun>'^»"f' ^"^ 
 |l, \>rrtve siud 
 V^Are itself •- 
 Lmes home ' 
 [a. Ou this 
 
 The iit'xt liraiieh of llit- Milijcci I uduM t.ikc u|i is- 
 
 IIOW IT Was STAIlTKIi. 
 
 I liiivr ln'forc me all the reports of |iroo;rfss liy tlir Kii^int'ci'- 
 in-(Miit^f, Mr. Siudfonl K't'iniii;,'. 1 iiave pt-nisrl, and cvcii stiujit'd. 
 them with iiii\ch iiiteicst, as tlicy aiijicart'd, for tlicir •' story " in the 
 tievelopmeiit of the hitlierto hid(h'ii facts of lar>,'(; and heindicial 
 inter«'st, not only to the ('ana(han. lint to the woi'ld at lari,'«', and 
 nioi'Mssju'ciall V to over-e'rowdt'd jhittin, is one- of rivi'tini^ intt'icst 
 to «! very lovrof nature and of Jiis kind. I tiattfr mystdf, froni 
 what little k!K)\\h'dge I havo of the tlicorv, at. least, of railwav 
 eiiixineeriiii;, that J can follow the write), and Leather enoii!;h t«) see 
 (h»; tenoi and scope of his woi k. 
 
 J may add, also, tlut I have supplemented my stndy of the 
 sulijeot liy reading, con ttn/ort', and not ski[t[Mn<;ly, as '' lilne liooks '' 
 in t^eneral ai'e done, and, too often, deserve to he done, the \ei'v aide 
 and valnalile lepoJts — all larye and exhaustive— -of Professors Selwvn 
 ami MacoiUi, the Hrst on the j^eelogical features, and the latter on th*- 
 Itotany of the North West Territories (inclndin<j; tlie Peace lliver 
 region) and P>ritish Columhia. and, also, of Professor P>ell, of the 
 Geological Stall' of Canada, as to Rupert's Land — the Hutlson Bav 
 regions — and the veiy al)le rej)orts of Dr. (J. .M. Dawson, on the 
 same stall", as to the geology and mineralogy of Ih-itish Colnnilii.i 
 and the Saskatclu w'an \vater-slie<l from the iJock)' Mountains to 
 lied Ki\»'r, Manitoha, and j)art (»f the Peace Jiiver region, and, also, 
 in Mr. Fleming's report of l^SO, the v^-ry interesting report 
 (" Menioi-aiidnm," he calls it) of the Pvev. D. M. (Jordon. of Ottawa, 
 of tlie physical featuies and veniarkahle feitility of the Peace Ki\fr 
 region, which, with a survey party, he passed through last snmiiiei — 
 and Of' which, a suu'.Miary appears in "(Jood Words' of Keliruarv, 
 Also, some of the i-ather niultiduilinous literature as to those /,■'/•/•'/ 
 itic<i(/iuf.(i; which, of late yeais, fiom Milton anti t'heaille to l\. llepplc 
 Hall, has appeared on the sul)jecr. 'J'he last-named gives, I perceive, 
 in his r(?allv \.dualde work, inv '• economic ai'cas "' of the North-\\%st 
 
 enitoiies, as given hy me tirst, in '■ l.ovtdl's < !az"tteer of Ihitisl 
 
 Xorth Aineiica,'' ami s'il»se(pientiy in my evidence, icpoited in '-lilue 
 liook," liefore the ('ommit'ei^ on I mmigr itioii and ( 'oloni;: ition,in l.STti. 
 all sult.secpientl V rontirmed iiy olHcial reports, survey iind e,\[tl()ration. 
 
 CO.MMKNCK.MKN r of WOKK. 
 
 eming was his Progress 
 
 The first report \vc had fr.)m Mr. Fl 
 
 Kep')rt of lf<7L\ in which In; tells us that ou the very day CJOth 
 
 [.Inly, 1871) on which the t.erms of I'nion with I5ritish (.'olumlii.i 
 
 [were agreed on, several strongly-eipiipped siii'xeyiuu' parties starteil 
 
***MM/itmiu4iu! *Hi 
 
 '"J *"?£"'-^-*n'- - ' vr_ 
 
 u 
 
 THK I'ltOHLKM Ol' CANADA. 
 
 from Victoiiii (Vancouver Islatid) for tLe " JMoiintains." At the 
 very outset, no less than 22 survc^yiuj^ parties, specially cquippetl, 
 iiud with a lar^o snpploinentary transport corps for the fifteen liun- 
 • lr(Hl niiles of utterly unknown wild eii)L>raeed in the 2,500 miles 
 lictween F^iike Nipissint; and tht^ Pacific to he surveyed, were started. 
 Mr. Fleming's rei)ort (Progrcfhs) of 1872, yives an account of the 
 extraordinary energy and success (in fac? of the ditliculties) of th*' 
 work. 
 
 Within nine months, enough was gathei-ed to give assui-anrf of 
 a practical and coniparatively easy rout(? througlioul. 
 
 Thereupon, on 2nd A])ril. lS7i, the G »\-.'rnin.;iit adopted the 
 \'ellow Head Pass — a low and (m.sv pass, long u.seil l>y the fur trade 
 — as the gateway to tlm I'acitic. 
 
 On the meeting of tlio Jjcgishiture, Parliament passed (on 14t]i 
 June. 187l) their Act ])rojecLing the .scheme. 
 
 It, in ]>rtamble, gives the keynote of the enterprise. ft runs 
 thus, aftei- reciting clause 11 (eleven) of the terms of Union with 
 lUitisli Columbia, and the agreement on the part of tlie (rovernment 
 of British Columbia for land grant to the work. 
 
 "And, whereas theHou.se of Commons of Canada resolved (hiring the 
 said now last Session, that the said railway should he constructed and 
 worked by jmvatc eiiteriirise and not by the Dominion Govornment ; and 
 tiiat tlie public aid to lie given to secure the undertaking^ should consist of 
 such liberal grarnts of land, and such subsidy in mouL-y or other aid, not 
 increasing the present rate of taxation, as the Parliament of Canada should 
 tlit'rcafter determine; and it is expedient to make provi-siou for carrying 
 old the said agreement and resolution ; therefore," etc. 
 
 At tlie same time, two Pacific Kaihvay Co.npanies, each repre- 
 senting capital enough to inspire i-onlidence, were incoi-porated. 
 
 Tlie struggle between th« two companies to get the contract is 
 iu the donniin of internal fact rather, and I need say nothing 
 about it. 
 
 One incident in coiniection with it is, however, noteworthy, 
 vi/., that the disai)point>nent of the company which failed to secure 
 tlie '' prize " .seeuis to have added to the elements of opposition — an 
 op])osition based not on an adverse oinnion as to the scheme, but 
 rather because it was too good to .see it in other hands. 
 
 The contract for the woi-k was given, as I have said, to a 
 private comjjany. And here the question arises. Why so I Why 
 liand over to imUoidual enteri)rise, as it were, a work of such 
 Duignitude 1 
 
 To this (p'estion T have never seen any auihoritativi- 
 answer or explanation from the Government. My own idea is, ;| 
 that fi'om the state of the case — condition of facts to be dealt witii- 
 wilds tmknown and ditiicult to be traver.sed — uncertainty as to tinaii- 1 
 ( ial result, and the absence o^ ihita — positive data — and factors. J 
 such as a Government reipures in that " fierce li>rht," wlii<h evei | 
 
 < 'OV( 
 'llOU; 
 
 for ,1 
 darin 
 
 •V(UtJi ^ 
 
 t!ie '' dc 
 
 'hat, we, 
 
 ;' J'lea.sai 
 
 it conies 
 
 ^•ml Avitj 
 
 TJie 
 
"T^rapirBWH 
 
 TIIK I'UOUI.KM OK < ANAhA. 
 
 i:> 
 
 Vt the 
 il»\»t-'J, 
 i\ ln\u- 
 
 itrtvt(M\. 
 
 of tii'^ 
 
 uv tnitUj 
 
 (on UtU 
 
 It runs 
 inon with 
 ,vevuinent 
 
 anting the 
 rticted and 
 ^ment; ^lA 
 li consist ot 
 hcv aid, w.t 
 luada slionui 
 
 or canyiu!; 
 
 leach repve- 
 
 ivated- 
 coutvact is 
 
 |.,y i\othiui; 
 
 liobesvovthy, 
 ,a to secun' 
 Position — ivn 
 Iseheme, ^'^^t' 
 
 said, to .1 
 
 so 
 
 I Why 
 ■k of f^uch 
 
 loi 
 
 |av\vhovitatiy<' 
 
 Town ith'i^ ^'^• 
 1 dealt with-- 
 ty -as to tiivau- 
 ...vud tactors. 
 [' whi'h c'vcv 
 
 sMiTouuiJs the foot of tht' Thi-ono. as wt-ll as tlic Tliroiit* itself tli-- 
 (lovoniinent of tlu' day, iii the cxcrcisf of a traditiDiial .Million. 
 fhoujjhtit host to limit then- r('S|»oiisil»ility in the form of a '•l.oims," 
 for a work obviously in th ■ nul)lio int«'rost--Ifiiviii.^f to iinliviilnil 
 daring the " cast of tlie dio," 
 
 In this, they had, at least, tlic cxaniiilt' of tlu; rnitfi ^t.it.-; 
 (JovenmnMit, whose policy was toenioura,u;ePuiilic iinilways Ijy lil.rral 
 aid in hmd and nioiu^y to in(U\idual promoteis. Xearlv two Iniii 
 dredniillions of acres of the public domain and government del)e^tl^■e.^. 
 and otiier forms of money aid to large amounts, was wluit tlinl (Jovfrn 
 ment had just given for such woi'ks, and the policy of tin- (Jovcni 
 ment was litei-aily to belt witli steel tl"'; continent with its i\vm 
 oceans. 
 
 In the face of such fact —-inch mcnn'^ •, soiti't/ilit f \vu\ {>, In- 
 done, and done at once, to counteract the centripet^jil force of micIi 
 t'Xpansive energy — for undeniablt; it is, that in the viririn fii-ld <• 
 North Ameri(;a, where, in the main, the F/o;/ hus Imf f(,ll<)\)\'il f,-iiil>\ 
 t!ie " dollar " rules, and [lolitical sentiment is huf sentimenr. iind 
 that, weak and fast becoming fainter. 'I'his phase of the case i> not 
 a pleasant one for us to contemplate, and 1 refer to it now Immhiisc 
 it comes before us in this connection as a stern reality. iJnt tn pin 
 ceed with our narration of facts 
 
 The (rovernment, to meet the emergency , gave, with the 
 contract, a land gi'ant of r)(l,OO(),()0(> (rtfty nullion) acies mihI 
 S30,000,000, payal)le in terms prescrii)ed in the cliartei-. 
 
 Shortly afterwards, in general election, they carried the country 
 with them on the scheuie, in spite of the formidalde special o-»p(j.>itioii 
 of rival and disappointed jyarties. 
 
 With a fair majority they wxcX Parliament. The coiitractois — 
 Sir Hugh Allan k Co. — in the meantime had trieil the London 
 market, but fi-om the counteracting inHueiu-es of the (rrand Trunk 
 Company and An:erican railway bond holders theie, were nnal)le to 
 raise the necessary funds for work. 
 
 In the meantime, also, a sort of cor.spiracy had ijeen got wy. 
 with I'dmifications of a .somewhat e.\traoi'dinary nature, the result of 
 which was that on a certain nudnight vote, the (Jovernnieiit of the 
 day were, in a sense, blown to the fo'.ir winds of heaven by the 
 dynamite of the " Pacific Scandal." On the ruins, the enemy, with 
 an exultant cry (ujainst the scheme, marched into the Trcis-.u'w 
 
 Once in the House, they- the chiefs who had led the move — 
 "und, however, that the general sense of thi^ conntry \Nas in 
 IV or (f it. 
 
 Fi'om necessitij, they adopted it. Imt in modified form, and to 
 ^uit their own peculiar views, viz., to expend money and lamls 
 »srensibly for a raihvay, iioiinm' railway expenditure, ami still h tv 
 
 lo railway 
 
 -an 
 
 Hed them and their work. 
 
 oi-gani/.;'il li\ pociisy, 
 
 as the iii'ess ol t hi' ' mio 
 
\(\ 
 
 nil: I'l ()iu.i:M <>i' < w \|)a. 
 
 A I 
 
 III! c. Illiilrl 
 
 III- ji'iKl 
 
 l('islii|» uf Ml- Mirk 
 
 t'li/.ir, tlic iii'vv 
 
 I'H'hlM'l, tllf SilCJlIlcd " MMclsfll/i'' S(j||"IIH' " U MS ClIllMfiiltcd illlll 
 
 tDiiimliitfil ill (l.< s'litiitf linok. Let MS uliiiK'f iit it : mikI, Id i-oii- 
 tnist, iiImi at till- liist scliciiic, iis l;ii<l in rlif Alliiii ciMi tract. I 
 do sii, Ix'CiiHSc. with iiioditiciitiuiis ilictiitcd liv the iieccssitv of thf 
 (■,{>*•, it is what thi' |ii'»sfiit ( Jos .•riiiii''iit have, \>y way of Icifary, o'l 
 thrir liaiids. and, «io »d oi had, arc haiiid to tMiry out, «'Xc'»'pt on 
 [loints ^lariiiLily |irfj'idirial to tlii' |(iil»lic iiiti-ff^t. Thr Doniinion 
 Statute (of \S~\) di'liiics it thus : 
 
 ■'Sciich 1 --A iiiiluay to lie t alhd tin' • ('aii;i(liaii I'aritii' lliiilway ' 
 slifill 111 made liniii Miini' |ii»iiil m ar to and MHitli ol' Lakr Nipissiiii:, to soiih' 
 piiiiil n\\ liiitisii ( '(iliniii>ia, <>ii tin- I'arilii (inaii, liotli tiir said |)()iiits to In' 
 dfti'i iiiiiHiJ. ami ilic i niii'^i' ami iiiir ol' tiir slid laiiwav to in' approved li\ tlir 
 
 <iii\ ( llior ill L'nilllrll.' 
 
 Srct.ioii "J- Is rather too loin^ fi^r eitation. Ir divides it into 
 four sections vix. : thetirst from linkt; N'.|iissiiii; to the ii|i)it'r or 
 AVestern ' end ' ot' l/d<i Sii|ierioi- ; tiie second, thence to Ked lliver, 
 Manitolia ; tlie tliird. theiic to some point lietssei'ii Port. lOdiiionton 
 and the foot of liie lloky .Mountains, to lie (h-terinined l»y Order 
 ill ('oiincil ; the fourth, thence to some jiuini on the Pacific. 
 
 Section .■} — l'ro\i(h's for i wo luaiiciics. vi/. 
 
 emhina and 
 
 (leoiifiau I'as 
 
 Section t - ' 'onsolidates liraiici'es with the main line. 
 
 Section .*)-- Provides for a lint of eh'ctric teh'gra|»ii, in adxance 
 of const! nction, ahmg tlie whole line, ii/'fi'r f In' /oca /.ion of the line 
 shall lia\e l)cen determined on. 
 
 Section — Prescrilies yaiii^e (1 ft. S.', in.), and provides foi- con 
 St met ion and workiiii^ under ( )rders in ('ouncil. 
 
 Section 7- l>itto, in further detail. 
 
 •The (Jovernoriii ('ouncil niav diviih' tiir 
 
 Section S-- I^Ua'ts 
 
 It till' Works on aiiv section or suo section o 
 
 he .sail 
 
 railway shall not lieuivcu out to any contractor or contractors execp 
 at'ti r lenders shall have lieeii olitaiiied for tlie ^lame. 
 
 •J. Thai the contract foi- any portion of the said work shall iin- 
 lie i:i\eii to any contractors unless siiili contractors i^ive satistactor 
 evidiice liiat they possess a capital of at h'ast four thousand dolhii- 
 per mile iif their contract, and of which twentv-(iv(> per cent, ii 
 money. o;()\ernment or other siilhcitiit securities, appi'oved hv t| 
 (tovernor ill (ouncil, shall have lieeii deposited to the credit of tl 
 licceix er-( Jeneial, ' itc. 
 
 SIUSID\ (MONKV). 
 
 3. That the total sum to be [taid to the cou'ii'iieLors shall 
 s ipnlated in the c >n1ract, and shall he ten thousand dollars foi' i 
 
 |>ayn 
 foini 
 the J] 
 
 a)] ti. 
 
 IIIOIIPJ 
 
 'urtiif 
 ''Ut in 
 y^AVH \ 
 <'ontra( 
 
 illHJI b 
 
 'WKi on 
 ^IM1» uh 
 
 <" stati 
 J-'iiaruiit 
 
 sexeial sections into sul)-sections, and may yise the work on conti'act, J .k], 
 suhjei-t to the following' provisions :- 
 
 ^^''J'lired t\ 
 J"lJar,s, r.it 
 ['"' Provin, 
 H «liouJd, 
 ^t'<<'iver~0 
 
'iiiK ••U()Ijij:m ok ( anai>a. 
 
 V 
 
 in <-'^»»' 
 
 ct. 1 
 
 of tlx' 
 
 /•.icy, «»'i 
 
 i.(.\<t on 
 oin'mion 
 
 Hivilwi>y ' 
 
 ^ to SOMW 
 
 jints to >"• 
 l»>s it into 
 
 Kauiontox 
 \,y OnU'i" 
 
 in :i«\v:iiu-<' 
 of the Vuu' 
 
 i,l.'s fv>r ^••"^■ 
 
 ,v aiviil'' th>' 
 oil conti-iH't. 
 
 la.aors ex«;i'\"l 
 ,'ovk shall U'.'l 
 
 I,. s:vlist'!ivtn\\| 
 
 lusi»u<l (lolli'i- 
 Y^'V iM'Ut. I'i 
 
 l.rovet) Wv tl| 
 tnvdit of tl 
 
 Ictors sluill 
 l\o]luvs for '■ >^l 
 
 njil«} of tlu' H«!t'tion or Hub-s^'ction fontiactcd fi^\\ ami tl.at such sum 
 xhall h«! piud to the contnictor as th»' work piojiiessrH. I»y monfhlv 
 paymcntH, in proportion to the valiu- ot" tho voik thru actually ptM- 
 formod (uncording to the estimat«'s of tli»' <'nt^iiRf rs d«'.sii{mitfd f«)r 
 the jJurpoHe hy the Minister of rulijic; Works), as con>|iared witli the 
 \aliie of tlie whole work contracted for, iiuludinii i-ollinj,' stock and 
 all thinj^sto he done or furnished hy the coniractois ; an<l, excepting.' 
 money arising from the sale of lands, as hereinafter piovuh-d, no 
 further sum of money shall he payalde to the contraiitors, as principal. 
 I»nt interest at the rate of fom- per cent, per ainium for twcnly-tivc 
 years from the coirpletion of the work, on a s\im (to he stated in the 
 contract) lor each mile of the section or suit section contiacteil fur. 
 'ihall be payable to tlje conti-actoi-s, in like maimer and propin-tion. 
 and on like conditions, as jmyments ai-e to be uiade on the |irincipMl 
 sum above mentioned ; and the tend* rs ofthe works shall lie retpiiied 
 tl) state the lowest sum jier mile on which such interest and 
 v'uarantees will be requiicd. 
 
 L.VXDS. 
 
 4. That a (juantity of land, not excoedinij twenty thousind 
 
 acres for each mile of the section or sub section conti'acted for, shall 
 
 lie ap[)ropriatod in alternate sections of twenty squan^ miles etch 
 
 along the line of the said railway, or at a conviiuient distanc* 
 
 therefrom, each section having a frontage of not less than three 
 
 miles, nor more than six miles, and thattwo thii'ds of the (juantity of 
 
 land so approj)riated sh;ill be sold by the (Government, at such prices 
 
 HS n)ay be from time to time agreed upon between the CJovernor in 
 
 Council and the contractors, and the jiroceeds thereof accounted for 
 
 and i»aid half-yearly to the contractors, free from any charge of 
 
 administration or management — the remaining third to be conveyed 
 
 to the contractors. The said lands to bj of fair average (pudity, and 
 
 not to include any land already granted or occupied under any 
 
 patent, license of occupation or j>n etnj>tion light, and when a sufli- 
 
 Icieut, (luantitv cannot be found in the imnuHliate vicinitv of the 
 
 jrailway, then the same ipiantity, or as much as may be recpiired to 
 
 Ivuiiiplete such quantity, shall be a|)[)ropriated at such other places as 
 
 liiiay be determined by the Governor in Council. 
 
 THE MACDONALD-ALLAN CONTRACT 
 
 Kcfjuired that the company should have a capital stock of ten million 
 lollars, r.iteably distributed, according to population, throughout 
 klie Provinces in the B^ederntion, in shares of one hundred dollars, 
 [lul should, in limine, deposit ten per centum into the hands of the 
 Cccciver-fjeneral (Dominion Treasury), and that they should '* within 
 
IS 
 
 TIIK IMU»BI.F.\I OK ( ANAI>A. 
 
 two VHuiM from "JOtli .Inly, 1871, roiumtuuui simuIUiiu-otisly th«» 
 c'onstruciion of the ruih'-ay from tlit! Paui tic Ocean towarils the Kooky 
 Mountains, and from a point in tin* Province t>f Ontario to b«? 
 ilt'ti'rminrd l»v tlif (iovcnimcnt, towards tlic Pacific! Ocoan, to con- 
 ii.rt tho seahoard of iJritisli (::oluml)ia with tho railway systtMn of 
 Canada, viz. : l»y a continuous railway wholly in Canada -tho wholo 
 to he Hnish<>d within ten years from 20th July, 1H71. 
 
 The Hultsidy was thirty millions of dollms, [myanle aocordins; to 
 work done, monthly, on certiticute. 
 
 TllK LAND (iHANT. 
 
 Fifty millit)ns of ac res of land, in blocks alternate, on mch si>fe* 
 (if the railway, of twenty miles in depth and from six to twelve in 
 width, autl where the land " not of fan* avera;;e quality for settle- 
 ment," selection to l>o made eluewhere, cuntifjuoutt* to the land.s 
 •.'rant; (I alonj; the main line. 
 
 The estimate on the land, in the titst contract,, was two dollars 
 iind a half pei aero, and the (rovenuuent bound itself to hold the 
 intermediate blocks at that as an " upset price." In the Mackenzie 
 scheme there was no limit in this regard, and even the valuable coal 
 and other precious mineral lands might, under that refjiine, be had 
 tor a dollar the acre under the Dominion Lauds Act, as amende«l by 
 that " Liberal Governmeni." 
 
 FIN'AXIIAL I'OWERS. 
 
 In tho Allan charter there was a bond power given to the 
 extent of $40,000 per mile — a limit, it .strikes me, which must have 
 'leen fatal to work in British Columbia, where the average cost is , 
 laid at about $G0,000 per mile. In the praiiie and western sections 
 s:enerally, the limit was a fair one. 
 
 Howevei', the charter was not, as is known to the world, p«it to , 
 the test, but we have the evidence of Sir Hugh Allan, when 
 examined on the Koyal Commission, that he found the contract too 
 le.strictive — too " hard " — to i)e practicable. He and the Govern- 
 .•.ent were not "one " in the transaction, and he at once threw it u[il 
 as impracticable, under the circumstances of the case. 
 
 But to return to the current of our narrative. The schenit) 
 being one thus left untrammelled by prior contract, other than that 
 
 • NoTB. — We italicise the above words, as the grant, in this respect, iii| 
 the Slackenzie scheme is not restrictive as to selection, and, moreover, giv«' 
 a railway half of only twenty miles in breadth, whereis the former give j 
 (lituble that — a distribution which, to me, j)resents veiy distinctive featuie> 
 I'Ut cuibono, or cui nur/o, I do not take it upon me to say. 
 
 luidei 
 niodil 
 
 with I 
 
 I 
 
 for th« 
 
 tlian tl 
 
 and w] 
 
 oated » 
 
 Ti 
 
 in brir 
 
 wealtl), 
 
 of the ] 
 
 III 
 
 Fleuiini 
 
 •^t'lf, as 
 
 lfii72, tl 
 
 line of 
 
 fiom Ni 
 
 >^iiccintl3 
 
 Kron 
 
 f'/.> the Ct 
 and c 
 
 " Porabii 
 line; . 
 
 Di 
 
 IntJ 
 'lu.sion 01 
 
 "Th 
 iicro.ss the 
 "Jay, inde 
 found, gei 
 exception 
 'oiite, tall 
 alluded 
 nIiow ligl 
 been neces 
 From 
 published. 
 in;Chief, c 
 •ail way roi 
 fsting rep 
 I'lofessor J!l 
 the great a 
 
 it 
 
■UFTad^, 
 
 sly tim 
 i Uocky 
 , to bo 
 , to cou- 
 stcin of 
 ii> whol«5 
 
 
 twelve in 
 for sottU'- 
 the liuitis 
 
 ivo iloUiiV'^ 
 o hoUl the 
 MrtcktMi/Ae 
 luable cortl 
 lUfl, bf brtd 
 iiieiuUNl by 
 
 \'eu to tl«<' 
 
 must liAve 
 
 •age coHt is 
 
 Rvn sections 
 
 |orld, imt to 
 llan, wheui 
 ;ontract too] 
 the Govern 
 threw it ui'i 
 
 iThe sch'jnit' 
 ]r than that| 
 
 Lis respect, ii 5 
 joreover, giv ■ 
 
 former give '| 
 Ictive featuve- 
 
 THK I'Kom.KM OF- fANADA. 
 
 10 
 
 untler the tcnns of lTnit>n with Hiitisli Colunitiia, as .sub.sfM|iifntly 
 nioditie«l, acoordin;^ to t^lo ('aniarvoii 'IVnns, the new (iovcnmieiit, 
 nolens votenH, as a necessity of tinnr |M>litical life, assunieil to ^o oil 
 with the work. 
 
 Ill the nieai-tihio, Hurvoys in Hiitish Cohnnbia wore proawntej 
 for thepur|M)se (oHtensilily) of Hnclinx— if posniblc— some Kotttn- rout^* 
 t\u{\\ that Hrst found — the very on«' imw, ultitnat^'ly, (ieterinined on, 
 and which the wnt«M\ in his work '■ Peaen Hiver," |»as{o 115, had indi- 
 cated as an alternatire one from the Vellow Head Pass. 
 
 The survey, was, it may Im; .said, ai» exhaustive' oiu* — valuable 
 ill bringing to light the immense undeveloped, yea, undreamt-of, 
 wealth, in those rude tvcreti of the ICmpire. This on the ire.it side 
 of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 In the meantime, in the east, we Hud, also, hy reference to Mi-. 
 Fleming's rej>ort of 1874, that good work was done. He had him- 
 self, as given in his journal " Ocean to Ocean," in the summer of 
 1872, traversed the continent from Halifax to Victoria, along the 
 line of projected route. Winter and summer, the .survey parties 
 from Nipissing to the Pacific, were hud at work, and the result is 
 succintly stated as to leading points in the ea.st, thus : — 
 
 From FortGaiT? to Toronto and Montreal : — 
 
 To ToKHjro 
 Miii;s. 
 Vii) the Canadian I*a<'iftc Railway to XipisHiiiu 
 
 and continuations 1,17:! 
 
 " Pembina, Dul.ith, Ste. Mari« (American 
 line) 
 
 I'o Montreal. 
 Miles. 
 
 I,2!m; 
 
 1,28» 
 
 Difference in tav(H- of Cinadian Pacific 1 2 J 108 
 
 In the same report Mr. Fleming gave the following as hi.s con 
 elusion on work of survey so far as tlien done, viz. : — 
 
 " That the practicability of astablishing a railway comnmnicatiori 
 acro.ss the continent is no loagera matter of doubt, etc." " And it 
 may, indeed, be now accepted as a certainty that a route has been 
 found, genemlly possessing favorable engineering features, with the 
 exception of a short section approaching the Pacific coast ; which 
 loute, taking its entire length, including the exceptional .section 
 alluded to (meaning the Bute Inlet route), will, on the avei-age, 
 sliow lighter work and will require less costly structure, than have 
 been necessary on many of the railways now in opei-ation." 
 
 From 1874 to 1877 no specific report on the work was 
 published. In the latter year we have one from the same Engineer- 
 in-Chief, covering the interval, and giving not only the results for 
 lailway routes, but the exceedingly extended extracts from the inter- 
 esting leports from the Geological Statt' of the Dominion, and of 
 I'rofessor Macoun, botanist, specially detailed for the purpose, as to 
 the great agricultural, mineral and other economic value of Biitisii 
 
20 
 
 THE I'KOBLEM OF ( AXADA. 
 
 Oolumbiii ami that further nortli-wost, called the Peace Rivet 
 Region, wjiereof Major Butler, in his glowini,' hook, " The Wild 
 North Land," pasje 358, says :— "it will yet be found that theve are 
 ten acres of fertile land lying north of the North Saskatchewan for 
 every one acre lying south." 
 
 Valuable extracts are also given fioni the Admii-alty reports 
 (Vancouver's })rincii>ally), as to the coast and harbor facilities of 
 British Columbia. 
 
 Mr. Fleming's report of that year ('77) is large, over 400 pages. 
 elahoratt^ly got up with majjs and plans, and does him an<l his staff' 
 much credit. 
 
 The main ditliculty — ]»ioblem to be solved — was, as I have 
 bofoiv said, that of access, free in every sense, to some eligible point 
 for port, to the Pacific, through the Cascade (the coast) range. 
 
 In .-liliision to this, and i))'obably other I'easons, jierhajjs of a 
 political nature, such as the distracting or disturbing influence of 
 different ])arties, each striving for itself, on the '* frog-in-a-well " 
 principle, and, perhaps, in alhision to military consideia lions, Mr. 
 Fleming, in his report in (juestion, page 88, says :—'* Although 
 several routes from the mountains to the coast are available, it 
 cannot V)e .claimed that any line has been found upon which, in 
 some j)arts of its course, no serious difficulties aie met. Besides 
 i/ifficH.flie,i of (•onstrHctio)i, lin'olving a htrf/c expenditure, the (juestion 
 is complicated h}/ other iuiportant considcrutions, which lie bei/ond the 
 P''ovince of the emjineer. 
 
 '' So far," says he. '• as an engineer can ^■enture to deal with the 
 vai'ious points which call for e.KMininatiou, J have striven faithfully " 
 — and, certainly, his (\\haustivi> reports show the fact — " to ascer- 
 tain the necessary facts, and present them in a clear manner for the 
 considei-ation of the (Jovernment. 
 
 •* To assist in drawing (-(jnclusions reK]>ecting the selection of the 
 t<»r«ninns, 1 have submitted the opinions of distinguifjhed naval 
 otHcers r«.'Si»ecting the harbors and clianuels of the coast. I have, 
 likewise, presented the vitius of other exj>erienced men on tin- 
 mat (eis l»earing on the subject. 
 
 '• The inferences to bti diawu a|)poar to point conclusively to a 
 choice of two distinct courses — the selection of the two routes which 
 Hi-st reach the Pacitic waters at Burrard Inlet and at Bute Inlet, or 
 the postponement of a decision lespecting the terminus until further 
 examination be made on land and water to determine if a mo.-i' 
 eligible rout<; can be obtained l)y the Biver Skeena." 
 
 \\\ the following year (Ls78) aiKJtlier rej»ort was made l>y him, 
 in which (page !') he says : — 
 
 "In my report of Fe})ruiiry 8th. 1877,1 <lescril>ed all the routes 
 projected at that date, f submitted approxiuiate estimates ot cost, as 
 well as naval testimony with respect to hai'bors on th- coast, and I 
 
 ! 
 
 attein] 
 
 lines 
 
 imi»orl 
 
 unobje 
 is nion 
 that it 
 of thes( 
 interioi 
 
 "J 
 availab! 
 
 •' I 
 
 -i 
 liilet. 
 
 Skeena.' 
 
 material 
 lines wei 
 subseque 
 
 cost. 
 
 " Th( 
 imin-essic 
 available 
 tnere is 
 that local 
 
 Tiie 
 
 leport of 
 
 ■ Peace 
 
 confirmee 
 
 Fleming's 
 
 ill height 
 feet — abo 
 American 
 tains i.s a 
 '•'et, while 
 Pag(> 
 Hoithern 
 'onsider j 
 iiiver Piis 
 >^\er 700 
 nibutarv 
 
 " The 
 '■>;aminatit 
 I'loves the 
 I'oint ; bii 
 
River 
 e Wild 
 leve ure 
 wan for 
 
 vei)Ovts 
 lities of 
 
 )0 pages, 
 his staft" 
 
 I have 
 ble point 
 go. 
 
 haps of a 
 inence of 
 n-a-well " 
 ions, Mr. 
 Although 
 vilable, it 
 which, in 
 Besides 
 le fjiu'siion 
 bei/ond the 
 
 THE I'UOMLEM OF CANADA. 
 
 21 
 
 ? 
 
 I with the 
 lithfully " 
 to -Ascer- 
 lier for tlie 
 
 ;tion of the 
 hed naval 
 I have, 
 ni on tin- 
 
 -ively to a 
 utes which 
 e Inlet, or 
 til fvirther 
 if a more 
 
 [,le by him. 
 
 the routes 
 
 ot cost, as 
 
 xist. and I 
 
 atteui[)ted to narrow down the enrjuiry by rejecting all projected 
 lines and proi>oseil termini, exce[)t the most satisfactoi-y and 
 important. 
 
 " I pointed out that there is no harbor on tlij mainland entirely 
 unoVijectionable ; that on the outer coast of Vancouver Island there 
 is more tlian one harbor well suited for the purpose of a terminus ; 
 that it was exceedingly desirable to carry the railway to at l(;ast one 
 of these harbors ; but that they all could be approached from the 
 interior onlt/ at an enormous cost." 
 
 " By this process of eliminations, 1 reduced the number of 
 available routes to three, viz. ; — 
 
 •' Route No. 2, terminus at Rurrard Inlet. 
 
 • iioute No. (), touching tide water of the i^acific first at Biit-e 
 liilet. 
 
 "Route No. 11, terminating near the mouth of the River 
 Skeena." 
 
 " The examinations made during the past .season have not 
 materially changad the circumstances inider which these separate 
 lines were considered, and the trial location survey to Rurrard inlet, 
 subsequently, confirms the general accuracy of the estimates of the 
 cost. 
 
 " The ex[>loration to Pine River Pass is of value in confirming the 
 impression referred to in my^ re[>ort of last year, that a low-lying, 
 available passage exists across the mountains in that latitude ; but 
 tnere is nothing to show that so good a route can be obtained in 
 that locality as by the Fence River Pass.'^ 
 
 The exceptional lowness of this pass was, as Mr. Fleming in his 
 report of 1874, page 1-3, states, indicated by me in my work called 
 • Peace River," published early in 1872, and, as subsequently 
 confirmed by repeated aneroid measurement by Mr. Horetsky, of Mr. 
 Fleming's stafl', and by Professor Selwyn, is only about 1,700 feet 
 in height — my estimate, as tabulated in "Peace River," was 1,750 
 feet — above the level of the sea, while the summit ot tli'' only 
 American Pacific Railway which has yet crossed the Rocky Moun- 
 tains is about five times that height, the precise figures being 8,242 
 feet, while the Peace River Pass is actually under 1,700 feet. 
 
 Page 10. — ''I have, accordingly" — says he — "projected a 
 noithern line of railway through the Peace River Pass, which I 
 rousider preferable."' The difference l)etween the height of the Pine 
 lliver Pass and that of the Peace River Pass is, as since shown, 
 liver 700 feet in favor of the latter. This Pino River is a small 
 tributary of the Peace Kiver. 
 
 " The correspondence," he goes on to say, " respecting the 
 ixaminations at the mouth of the Skeena River by the Admiralty, 
 proves the non-existence of a suitable harV)or immediately at this 
 [Hjint ; but <nir own explorations show that an excellent harbor 
 
O.) 
 
 THE niOBLKM OF ( ANADA. 
 
 ♦'xists at Port Simpson, in tlie neighboi'hood of the Skeena, and that 
 
 there ai-e no irreat obstach'S to lio met in carrving the railway to it. 
 
 (Annnal Kepoi-t Pnblic Wo«-k,s, 1877, page 18 ».) 
 
 I find, jiiso, that Commander Peiider has a ftivorable opinion ot" 
 
 Port Sinijison.' 
 
 ■■(■ * * * # 
 
 The dednctions to be drawn from the naval te.stimony at our 
 command, and from our own examinations, may be thns .sum- 
 marized : — 
 
 1. That theie can be noquestion as to the superiority of certain 
 harbors on the outer coast ot Vancouver's Island. 
 
 '2 Hiat \Vaddini,'ton Harbor is not favorably situated foi- a 
 terminus, and may be viewed as a jn-eliminary and temporary station 
 <MiIy, tin; tiue terminus of a line by Bute Tnlet being Es(piimalt, 
 <ir some other liarlxn' on the outer coast of Vancouver Island. 
 
 .S. That a terminus at Port (Sim])son Mould have the advantage 
 of possibly the best harl»or on the mainland ; and that f)f all the 
 tei-inin;d ])oints projected on tln^ mainland, and on Vanconvei- 
 Island, Poi-t Simpson is most conveniently situated for Asiatic 
 trade. Jbit Poit Siin])son is open to climatic objections, which aie 
 not experienced to tlie same extent at points farther south. 
 
 4. That of all other points i)n the niaiidand, liuirard Inlet is 
 (he least dithcult of approach from the ocean, antl is general! v 
 prc^terred by naval authorities. 
 
 .'». Tliat Jiurrard Inlet, equally with Waddington Harbor, is 
 itpen to the geograj)hical objections meiationed in my last report 
 (page 71). 
 
 The piiiuipal obj(H'tioiis there stated are " that the a[>i)rcaeh 
 k>v the north of Vancouver Island to tlie Strait of Georgia '' 
 (within which both Inlets are) "is hiizardous and olijectional)le." 
 That the apjtroach by the south of Vanciaiver Ishuid is through 
 passages more oi less iiiti'ioate. between, or at no great distance from, 
 islands known as the St. Juan grouji. 
 
 That the most important islands of the St. Juan iri'oup are in 
 tlie territory of :i foreign power, and that from their position, they 
 JK.ld the power of assuming a threatening attifmle towards passin" 
 commerce." 
 
 These considei'ations weighed much, therefore, and sugirested 
 fnrthei' search for better port. Poi't Simjisju had been selected tiftv 
 years b.^fore by the Hudson Ijay Company for their trade as theit 
 principal j>ort in those latitudes and pissages— and had been nscd a- 
 such ever since— having, at all seasons, good access, good ancliorau'e. 
 good shelter, and with ample space for evtn a city. Its latitude i- 
 about 54"' ;UI" about one degree north of that of Liverpool. The 
 writer has the letter from the othcer (a Captain Simpson, of the 
 schooner i'lhlhoro) to the writer's father, dated ISJS. rei»ort'.nLr th- 
 
 select 
 iianiet 
 (.Tovei 
 
 1 
 
 snrve) 
 « 
 
 '*< indJ! 
 J»re.seni 
 be un-'s 
 on proc 
 infornu 
 ^nforniii 
 
 to sug! 
 
 he mad 
 the loca 
 
 Thi 
 
 piiblishe 
 
 • Tilt 
 I'ort Sinij 
 sinooth-w 
 ''lit the re 
 
 break watc 
 'he tide, 
 and tlienc 
 at the For 
 'he na vigil 
 ■mate (|iian 
 ''■hI a iiorti 
 
 Fro,| 
 eastward.! 
 
 The 
 
 <■■••«' ofthd 
 
 " i>aiu 
 
 Knuto 
 
 A ccoj 
 '•r Peace 
 
 In tij 
 
 ^I'OMl Ids i-i 
 
THE rUOBLEM OF CANADA. 
 
 23 
 
 d that 
 ,' to it. 
 
 won 
 
 of 
 
 at our 
 s sum- 
 
 certiviu 
 
 (I t'oi- a 
 r Station 
 juimalt, 
 
 I. 
 
 Ivautaye 
 t all the 
 incouvev 
 Asiatic 
 diich aie 
 
 Inlet is 
 cjenerally 
 
 lai'lior, IS 
 St iei»oi't 
 
 |)prcai.'li 
 Georgia ' 
 tional)le. ' 
 tlirougli 
 we from, 
 
 iji are m 
 tion, they 
 s passing 
 
 suiJL't*^teil 
 ecteti tifcy 
 as their 
 m used a- 
 mchorag*'. 
 atitvule i- 
 ol. Tlu 
 )n. of til'- 
 ort'.U':; th- 
 
 selection of the spot for a harbor, and the reasons for it. It was 
 named Port Simpson in honor of Sir George Simpson, then 
 Governor of the Hudson Bay Company's Territories. 
 
 The route terminating at Port Simpson liad not, however, been 
 surveyed, and thereon Mr. Fleming says : — 
 
 " If, therefore, the northern line is to »)e seriously considered, it 
 is indispensable that a thorough survtjy be made of it. With our 
 l)reHent knowledge" — [id est, w Ant o? kno\v\edg(\ ad hoc) — "it will 
 be unwise to adopt it as the route for the railw.iy, and to determine 
 on proceediag with construction, without obtaining full and complete 
 information regarding it. My own o[)'nion is iti favor of gaining 
 information, and if the Government entertain this view, 1 beg leave 
 to suijgest that, during the [)resent year a continuous exploration 
 be made from Port Simpson easterly to a point of junction with 
 the located line in the neighborhood of Lake Winnipegoosis." 
 
 That suggestion was acted on, and in his report of 1>(S0, (just 
 published), wo have, on page G, this from him : — 
 
 • Tlio examinations made dniinf? the past season have ostiihlished that 
 J'ort Simpson is a commodious, well-slieltoiecl liarl)or. It has a larj^'^e area nt 
 smooth-water anchorage : it is, to some extcai, exposed to south-west winds. 
 Itiit the roll of the ocean is broken on the reefs which here form a natural 
 breakwater. It has good ap]>roaehes, and is easy ofaceess at all conditions ot 
 the tide. A railway can be carried by way of Wark Inlet to the Kiver Skeena. 
 and thence by the valley of that river, a distance of ISO miles, to Hazelton, 
 at the Forks. A trial location of 60 miles of the line has heen made from 
 the navigable waters of Wark Inlet, plans an(i profiles prepared, and approxi- 
 mate <piantit!es computed, with the view of placing a section under coiiiract, 
 iiad a northern route been adopted. " 
 
 From Hazelton several practical results can ba obtained 
 eastward. 
 
 The re|>ort describes three as actually surveyed to the main line 
 cast of the Kocky Mountains, and he tabulates the result thus : — 
 
 Miles. 
 
 '• Lake Superior to Tort Moody, Burrard Inlet 1.045 (measnrt'd) 
 
 •'• '' Simpson, by No. 1 (route) "2,170 (estiniateil^ 
 
 " " " No. '1 '• 2,200 '• 
 
 •« «• « No. 3 ■• 2,13j '• 
 .Route No. 1 is ria Yellow Head Pass. 
 
 •' No. 2 •■ Pine River Pass. 
 
 No. ;> '• Peace River Pass." 
 
 Accordingly, the shortest of the three norilicrn routes is that 
 liv Peace lliver.— So savs Mr. Fleming. 
 
 \n tliis connection we would also give tlie fo' lowing extract 
 trom his report oi' 1877, page GO : — 
 
21 TIIK IMlOliLKM OF CANADA. 
 
 •'Tin- proximity ol' tiic scvfii lifiiboiK' (nnven in (luostion in Itiitisb 
 fnliiinbiii) -to tin- Asiatic roust, stiinds iiitho fullowinir ordi-r, VoUohama. in 
 .liiiiaii, iiciii<r taUrii as tlit; coniinon point : — 
 
 ' ' Miles. 
 
 I'ort Kssin^'ton, nio;iii (iistjincf ;'.,8*;.s 
 
 :'>,w.', 
 
 4,120 
 
 Kanis<piot, Dean Inl.'t 4,079 
 
 IJ.lia Coola 4.080 
 
 North licntincU Arm -l.OKt; 
 
 Enyiisli Bay, Bnnanl Inlet 4,3;!tJ 
 
 I'ort Moodv. do = 4 ?,'>>'> 
 
 Howe Sound 4.372 
 
 AVaddinjiton Harbor, Bute Inlet 4,470" 
 
 t 
 yofe '>>/ W'rit.-r. — 1 vuiderstand the miles to be geographical. 
 
 Port K.ssinutoii is at tlic nioutli of the Skeeiut, ;iboat 3(^ miles 
 cast, ami .ibuiit 40 soutli of Port Simpson. 
 
 While on this sul»jpct of relative di.stance.s, I may also refer to 
 what ]Mr. Fleming gives us on page 11 of the same report 
 ( lf^77). ir«! says : — 
 
 " With icsi)ect to distance, it was estimated that, from Bnrrard Inlet to 
 .Montreal ' (seai>ort), '• would be i;:'.o miles less than Irom Sau Franei.seo to 
 New York. 
 
 " It was. at the same time, estimated that the Canadian route would 
 l>rinu' New York. I'.oston and L'ortland, trom ;;()0 to :>Q0 miles nearer tu the 
 I'acitic (oa.st at Bmrard Inlet, than these cities now are, with San Frauiisco 
 as the terminal jtoint of their line thronj,di the Tnited States. 
 
 "The distance from England to China would be more than ^,000 mile: 
 less by tlie Canadian line than by the line passing through New Voik and 
 Sau Francisco.'' 
 
 A governing fact on the (juestiou of the world's commerce. But 
 to this ath'antage of meie linear distaiice, there is to be added the 
 enormous ditiereuce, in the proportion of at least 4 to 1, in the 
 matter of gradients hetween tht> Ameiican and the Canadian lines, 
 and of which a com[iarative i>lau is given in Mr. Fleming's report. 
 The ditTerent heights along each route are given, and from that, at a 
 glance, the advantage of the latter is to he seen. The former has to 
 rise from Pacific level to a height of 7.016 feet within 70 miles, and 
 thence tor l.oOO niiles runs across mountain ranges, deeply serrated, 
 and across u svstem of canvons at a height varviny from over i-.oOO 
 te^^t to 5>,24'J feet — the height of the summit called " tSherman." — 
 while the height of the Canadian line (Yellow Head Pass) is only 
 o,(J4Ci fee*: above the sea. with exceedingly easy apju'oach on each 
 side, with gradients nowhere exceeding 50 feet to the mile. The 
 rule laid down by enginecis is that a ri.se of I'J feet to the mile is 
 e<|ual, in oiu-iative eipiivalent. to a du[tlication of distance. Makinu' 
 
 a liber; 
 over se 
 road, ai 
 give to 
 •.00 mi 
 of throi 
 On 
 1880, p 
 
 •In 
 tile line 
 
 "I 
 across 1 
 ing acro.> 
 of them i 
 line to B 
 
 Imi 
 son, favc 
 of fertili 
 railway 
 railway, 
 Inlet, vie 
 Fiaser E 
 
 On 
 
 " The 
 awarded o; 
 no longer ; 
 -Many year 
 -Manitoba f 
 I'ility of tl 
 cJiaracter a 
 'I 'he qucstl 
 Should it Ii 
 on the mail 
 that such a 
 
 The c 
 part of th( 
 Cascade n 
 and .sceej)] 
 when doiK 
 legion of 
 
 -and olfe 
 nient. 
 
 In th( 
 
 Mountains 
 J. A 
 
 from Fort; 
 been used ; 
 
i I'.iitisU 
 uumii. ill 
 
 W 
 
 h:'. 
 
 79 
 80 
 
 8i; 
 :u; 
 
 ;.")<; 
 ;72 
 
 l70" 
 
 3(V miles 
 
 I vofer to 
 le report 
 
 (1 ]nl.-t to 
 uui^co to 
 
 lute would 
 
 10 
 
 V to tlic 
 amisro 
 
 000 miles 
 uik and 
 
 I'ce. But 
 ded tliC 
 in the 
 an lines, 
 report, 
 rat, at a 
 n- has to 
 liles, and 
 serrated, 
 L'l t,'>OU 
 man." — 
 is only 
 on each 
 Thi' 
 mile is 
 Mikinij; 
 
 THK l'KOIJL^;.^[ OF t'AXADA. 
 
 25 
 
 a liberal allowance in modification ot the rule, and which worn 
 over seven hundred miles to the operative length of the Amerl';"^''"' 
 load, and to ours considerably less tliaii two hundred, we inii<ht fai'i'^*'*'^ 
 yive to the Canailian line an extra shoitness on this score of fullyy 
 • >()0 miles. 1 shall reft^r again to the subject on the giMieral (juestion ' 
 of through tialKc and financial aspects of the scheme. 
 
 On this subject of aligixment, Mr. Fleming, m his rei)ort of 
 18S0, page 12, concludes: — 
 
 •In former reports I iiave contrasti'd tlie Canadian ra< itic Railway with 
 the line running from New York to San Franeisco, 
 
 "I now be^ leave to submit a comparison with all the lines prnji-tted 
 acro.ss the United States (dia^^ram proiluced). Of the four lines stretdi- 
 im? across the continent, within the limits of the United States, no one 
 of them is marked hy general summits so low or gradients .so moderate as the 
 line to Burrard Inlet.' 
 
 Immediately on the report of the northern routes to Port Simp- 
 son, favorable though it is in some i.nportant resi)ects, such as extent 
 of fertility of region to be traversed, and remarkable facility for 
 railway route, com |;a rati vely, to other transcontinental lines of 
 railway, the Government of tl>*^ lay adopted, tinally, the Burrard 
 Inlet, vid the Yellow Head Pass, and North Thompson and Fiower 
 Fi'aser River route. 
 
 On this point, the report of 1880, page 11, .says : 
 
 "The location of the railway heing now definitely tixed, and contracts 
 awai'ded on the line to Burrard Inlet, in the interest of the railway there i> 
 no longer any necessity for continuing examinations in the northern districts. 
 Many years nuist elai)se before the great areas t>f available lands between 
 -Manitoba and the mountains are fully occupied, and hy this period the capa- 
 l>ility ot the Peace River District will have been tested. Meanwhile, tin- 
 character and extent of railway trattic and its re<|iiirements will be known. 
 'I'he que.stion will then jucsont itself: how this trattic can best be dealt with ? 
 Should it be desirable to con.structa la-anch to Peace Iliver, from some jioint 
 on the main line east or west of Edmonton, the late exatninations have proveil 
 
 J hat such a line is perfectly feasible." 
 The contracts referred to cover 125 miles of the most tlitlicnlt 
 part of the whole work, viz. : through the canyon (rent across the 
 Cascade range to river level) of the Lower Fiaser, and the rugged 
 and steej)ly scarped rock bed of the Lower Thom[)son ; and which, 
 when done, will give aoce.ss to the interior of British Columbia — -a 
 region of vast wealth — -mineral, pastoral, agricultvtral and sylvan 
 -and offering in climate and salubrity s[)ecial attraction to settle- 
 ment. 
 
 EASTERN SECTION'. 
 
 In the east, from Fort William, Lake Sup(nior, to the liocky 
 Mountains, the re[>ort, 187'J, informs us that : — 
 
 1. A telegraph line had been '• put," though very perfunctorily, 
 from Fort William to Kdmonton, 1,200 miles, and that the line had 
 iieen used as far as Battieford — GOO miles. 
 
•J'l 
 
 TUK I'HOULK.M OF CANADA. 
 
 Slniiii,'*' to s'v, tlio work was jLfivcn ont liffore the railway line 
 Has located, and, in this »•< iriinl. was in the Iteth of the Statute — 
 iiioiit'V, over a liiindred thousand chjlhirs, in efl'ect tliiown awav. 
 
 Tlie second snWje<'t tonohcd on is theOeorgian Bay Branch and 
 t'ln' navigation of Frencli River. Kstiniated cost of railway, 
 ' •tI.'JOO.OiIO " — siibs(M|uently abandoned. 
 
 .'i. 'I'he subject of Private; Kailway Bills for Manitoba and the 
 N(Mth-\Vest, until a general railway scheme b« deliberately and 
 •aiefnlly matured, is discussed, and de|)recated. 
 
 •I. The exiieilit'Mcy of laying down a comprehensive scheme of 
 tailwjivs over the \ast wild between the Atlantic atid Pacific, "with 
 a system of main and sulisidiai-y lines for the future,and at the same 
 time, according to the exigencies of the time, is advocated with a 
 fi'ii'c which must, or at h'asr, should, carrv. la 
 Flfuiin'' jsavs on this head : — 
 
 page 1 1, y\\ 
 
 (OMI'KKJIKXSIVi; SCIfK.MK OF RAILWAYS. 
 
 '■ 'J'lie ]»oli< V I'ollowcd Cor wliich sliouhl bo followed) in this matter will, 
 111 no siiijill <lc<(ive, (lelt rniiiir llic nitiuc of tlic vu.st tcnitoiy of ciiltivalib' 
 iiiiKJ wliicli lias R'cciitiy ronu' luidcr thr control of Canada, and it will 
 a!!ci t for f^ood or for evil, millions of liiitish .subjects. 'J'licre arc twn 
 > lasses of men to lie (dusidt i\d — the investor and tlie settler. Naturally, 
 "M iodU U) the ."\b)tlier Country for some <i! its surplus capital to aid in 
 ' --tiililisiiini,^ our uoat continental highways. 
 
 It i^ 
 
 now iiu luulient on us, us far as we can, to make this invest- 
 
 ni 
 
 cut of that caiiital haU' and prolitaiile. Jh/ o/ientn// ti/i t/iix J'erld 
 
 lirilixli .'•■0/7. an outlet for tlio inanv who are crowded 
 
 er 
 
 c; I iitiiji icr f,rt/ciiic, on 
 
 ■ iniid a redundaiit iioj)ulation. We find einployment for tlio.sc wbo suff 
 
 tioin enforci'd idleness, and wo open up the i)ro8poct of prosperity to all 
 
 lio aie willinji' to Avait for the certaii. leward of jiatient toil, frugalit\ 
 
 ihI industry. 'I'liPre wi 
 
 no 
 
 loni;fr lie need tor such to turn to a fort'iun 
 
 lil. liowever liospitalih' il may be. 'J'lie one cha 
 
 nuo necessary wil 
 
 siiii|>ly that of locality. 'J'o the stru,uj,din;; man of the old world, who ha- 
 
 -tieujuth and (Our 
 
 me, we 
 
 ran otler the means of niakimr for In 
 
 mse; 
 
 Imiiu'. 
 
 To all su( h we (itfer land to till that will yield a L'encious rowari 
 
 III iahor /,;// that tail I ts tur iii 
 
 Ih, 
 
 thriiir of the continent. It must fiist 
 
 I c made aecessiltle. and the means provided for conveyiui^ to market wliat 
 
 riic 
 
 soil -will ])ro(lii( 
 
 Jf on the one hand, we feel calleil 
 
 'ipon in the interests ol' liu whole Empire to o])en up the vast territory fn 
 ihc uullions who are to occupy it. «ai the other hand, it is clearly our dut\ 
 to follow the course winch will aciomplish this result in the luost .satist'ac 
 I Mv manner.'' 
 
 The citation is long, but not too mtu'h so, ami 1 give io v. 
 its own unanswerable elo(juence to nu".'t what a[ipears to me to in 
 
 lather 
 
 tl: 
 
 lundiccil ca|>tu)usiu'ss ot tin; one solitai-y gentleman ii 
 
 \\h 
 
 itU 
 
 I he wliole House of '_*( ('. in the Cunnnons of Cat, ad; 
 
 The m>Nt head touched on is the eaily estaldishment of coloniz.t 
 ti'iii lailways in the prairie region — how best to encourage, and tlu'ii 
 juotect setthunent. and under what conditions, in public .safeguard, 
 powers should be giante'd to [ci vate compani"s for branch lines. 
 
TIIK I'KOIJLK.M OK ( ANADA. 
 
 y Un«' 
 LUte — 
 \y. 
 
 li iind 
 liiwiiy, 
 
 ntl tli«' 
 ly antl 
 
 enie of 
 c, ^v'tll 
 
 W SiUlU' 
 
 witli :> 
 II, Mr. 
 
 itter will. 
 •ultiviiliU' 
 1(1 it will 
 an' tw" 
 Naturally, 
 to aitl ii' 
 
 liis invc'st- 
 thiH Jerhl 
 cvowdc'l 
 who sutlVi 
 ,vity to all 
 , imgalitv 
 
 ) a t'oit'i.s:'! 
 IV will 1"^' 
 Id, who ha- 
 
 luinself a 
 ons vcwan! 
 
 must tirsi 
 arkot what 
 
 feel calle'l 
 (.rritory foi 
 y our (l"t\ 
 
 t !-ati>fa(- 
 
 [trive It VA 
 me to 1"' 
 ItU'umu ill 
 
 if coloin/.;i 
 and tlu'ii 
 safeguuv'l, 
 lines. 
 
 7. TliH Wo.stei-n Terminus and route tlu'ougli liritish rolunil.ia, 
 •as to wliicli I lu've siiid eno ;li in exiilanation. 
 
 8. The establishment of the Trunk Lin;' hetwcfii Lake Su|M'ii<)i 
 an«l Manitoba. 
 
 On this he says : — 
 
 " Om; of the ((Ut'stions wliidi will niidoulittdly tone itsflf on t)iiMi • 
 attention when the rraiiic Rej^ion hofrins to niiKf a siupliis t'or txpoitiition, 
 will lie tluj cheap transportation of products to the east hooUint; to tiii^ 
 view of tlie (juestion, tiio importance of a location whii h will scciui' ihc 
 /i(//ihst gnidiints in on vaxti'vlif dinctioa is manifest. 
 
 • • • • • 
 
 • The information ohtained '' (he is citinji from liis own report of 74) 
 •• suir^e'sts that it will he possihie to secure maxiniMiu tastcrly ascendini; 
 tfiadicnts hetween Manitoba and liake Sunerior. icithin tin limit ot'-H't/ni to '/" 
 mi/c. a maximum not half so great as that wliicli obtains on tlic majority <>!' 
 the railways on the continent. 
 
 " J think the line should he located so as to have tlicln'st possihlc idiuii- 
 iiient, with no heavier gradients than the maximum reterrcd to. i'.nt tin' 
 importance of securing tbe benefits of an unbroken st'.am coniminiitation at 
 tlie earliest possible moment are .so great that I consider tiiat it woulil '"• 
 advisable, in the first instance, to construct the ( beapest line.' 
 
 * i> • • • 
 
 "The whole of the railway hetween Fort William atid S.'lkirk — in len-tli 
 no miles — is now under contract. It is with no little satisfaction that 1 a:ii 
 enaliled to point to a table of tbe gradients whi<h have heeu detinitely e>t.il- 
 lislied in this length (gives tahles) : — 
 
 Ascending easterly. 
 Rise . 10 to .2(1 per cent 
 do .20 to .::ii do 
 do .liii to . to do 
 do .40 to ,:)n do 
 
 Feet per mile. 
 
 .\liout ;") to Ml 
 do in to If, 
 ilo 10 to 21 
 do 21 to 20.4 
 
 Level 
 
 Ascending westerly, 
 .liise . U) to .2 ) per cent . 
 
 do 
 
 ,20 to .:■.<• 
 
 
 <lo 
 
 .:?o to .40 
 
 
 
 .40 to .')0 
 
 
 
 .50 to .00 
 
 
 
 .'in to .70 
 
 
 
 .70 to .8 1 
 
 
 
 .80 to I .on 
 
 
 Feet 1 
 
 er mile. 
 
 Miout 
 
 5 to 10 
 
 tlo 
 
 10 to \i\ 
 
 do 
 
 1 to 2 1 
 
 do 
 
 21 to 20 
 
 do 
 
 20 to I'.J 
 
 d(i 
 
 :i2 to ::7 
 
 <li 1 
 
 .17 to 42 
 
 do 
 
 42 to 52 
 
 \( 
 
 ) ot niilc>. 
 
 
 :;s 52 
 
 17 11 
 
 
 1 1 . 1 1 
 
 
 ;; 1.11 
 
 
 178.71 
 
 
 108, ()i; 
 
 N( 
 
 >. of nulc-. 
 
 
 2S.51 
 
 
 lo.ij'l 
 
 
 ;<.74 
 
 
 \-2.y.', 
 
 
 <i.82 
 
 
 i 0.(15 
 
 
 12.7i; 
 
 
 I'.l.dl 
 
 
 12^1.2' 
 
 Total miles 
 
 11(1.0" 
 
 In (U'terntiniiig the gi-adients. the fule has been laid th>\\-\[ to 
 otji ,te them svith tlie curvature, so that when the shaip curvt-s w. iv 
 caMi'd for by tiie [jhysical features of the country, the inclinations ot 
 the line would in those cases lie |iro[)ortionately reduced. 
 
-> Tin: I'HOIJLKM OF CANADA. 
 
 The practiciil cirfct of ;i .sliar|» ciiivc on ;i luaxlmuiii <j;i'a(»ie:it is. 
 to iiimUc the i,'i'i«li<'iit liciivicf l»v rciluciiii,' the t'lK'-'tivn powcM- of ;i 
 loL'OinotivH iiiiikir.!^ the ascoiit, tluis lucvfiitiiiij t.n' piissiij^e of full 
 loadt'il trains o\ cr I lie liiif. Tlit' ol-jet't lias Ikvii, wliatovei' the 
 tuivaturc, to si-t-nif a (l»«,'it'i' of inclination which in no case wonhi 
 txci'tnl, on taiiyents. 'J(!, J feet per niih,' ascending ejistei-ly, of in the 
 direction of Imari/ tiathc. 'I'he contract proHh's of the lino o\er the 
 no miles from Foit William to Selkirk estaMishes that this oljject 
 lias lieen sniistantiady secured. Only at oiih point (eighteen miles 
 out of Fort VVilliaiii) has the l(Hating engineer neglected to enforje 
 this iide. 1 deeply rei:ret that such is the ca.se, as it will involve an 
 expenditure to remedy tliedefecf greater than would have been called 
 t'nr in the first place, when the e<»st would have heeu comparatively 
 n illiiig. 
 
 With the exception i-eferrc I to. the portion of the I'acitic Rail- 
 way hetweeu Lake Supeiior antl Manitol)a is thus finally established 
 with extretiii'lij Jiit'orahh' engineering features, and it may be claimed' 
 that, when com|)Ii!ted under existing contracts, it will be availaVdo 
 tor conveying the ]»roducts of the soil from the Prairie Kegiou to 
 l^ake Superior, at the cheapest possible rates. 
 
 As this portion of the Pacific Railway must, for a hmg time to 
 tome, form the great outlet of much of the Prairie liegion, the 
 t'avoial)le character for cheap tr<tnsport which has been secured for it 
 cannot be over-rated. Indeed, u)>on this important condition very 
 largely depends the succe.ssful settlement of the vast fertile plains- 
 and the |»ermanent advantage of the future settlers. 
 
 TICK rOST Ob' Tlfi; RAILWAY. 
 
 Ah to w hat now is the state of the work, ■\\i>\ .'hat is being 
 done on it, as aiithoiity, we have the report — ^^just issued- — of Mr. 
 Fleming ; an elaborate and exhaustive work of 3G0 pages. <)n 
 Images yr»4. T) and (>. we find, in answer to a requisition from the 
 Minister of Railways and Canals, then (15th April last) about to- 
 address the House on the subject. 
 
 He savs, addressing the Minister : — • 
 
 " Sir, — T have tlic honor *o sul)niit tin; following,' estimate of expenditure 
 iiecossaiy to jiliK e the L'anu'liau Pacitic in oi»eratiou fVoin Lake Superior to 
 Fort Moody. 
 
 '• Tho.se who made the .surveys and calcuiations inform me that the 
 ijuantitie.s are very t'tili. and that in actual execution they can be lar<i:ely 
 riiluted. I am eonviiieed, moreover, that liy making an extremely careful 
 .study of the liuai location, Ity sharpening the curvature in some places, by 
 nsin^r .ureat jndnmcnt in adjusting- the alignment to the sinuosities and sudden 
 and great irregularities v\ the ground, li\ substituting the cheaper classes of 
 work for the more costly, wherever it can safely be done, and by doing no 
 \vork whatever that is uot aiisolutely luce.ssary. a very marked reduction 
 ( an he made. 
 
gir- Ti iiij,,,,,!, ja-^n)B»wfr>;:"i^5B^W«^jjS;()rffe;^>:' 
 
 ■iu'u'iit is 
 wor c>t" !i 
 Lje of full 
 tever the 
 .se wotilci 
 or in the 
 ^ o\er the 
 Ills object 
 ;eeu miles 
 ;o enforje 
 nvolve an 
 leen called 
 [Kuatively 
 
 citic Rail- 
 stablishecl 
 L)e claimed 
 availaV)lo 
 Region to 
 
 iw time to 
 
 ,egion, 
 
 the 
 
 lived for it 
 ilition very 
 itile plains 
 
 is l)eing 
 ,d— of Mr. 
 •ages. On 
 I from the 
 t) about to. 
 
 icxpentliturn 
 Superior to 
 
 le that tht; 
 |i be larjit'ly 
 
 lely cartful 
 
 le i)lace.s, by 
 I and sudden 
 
 jr classes of 
 Iby dainj;- no 
 \\ reduction 
 
 THE I'ROnLKM OF <ANAI».\. •_'!» 
 
 •' 1 und»MKtan<l the poliiy of the (Juvenunent, with .spti t to tiic niil- 
 wny, to bo : — 
 
 " 1. T«. construct tlie section btstween Lake Superior and hed River with 
 the limited gradients and curves set forth in my reports luid ln-forc Parlia- 
 nient, so as to sectirc clmap tranHportation. anilto provide, liy the time tlie 
 railway shall he ready for openiii},', an equipment of rolling stocluind general 
 accommodation sulticient for the trattie to V>e then looked for. 
 
 " 2, To proceed with the work west of ]{ed Kivcr by ci.nstructiu;; Jom 
 miles on the route recently establislicd. The n.adwnv and works tolw ot 
 the chara(;t«'r detined by the 48th contract and the tcuflcrs for the (iOth con- 
 tract recently received. 
 
 '• To proceed with the construction of ]'ir> miles in I'.ritish Columbia, 
 under the (joth, 61st, r.L'nd atid (J3rd contracts. 'J'jie expenditure on the 12.'. 
 miles to be limited, in accordance with the provisions of f ho eontra( t ami 
 the views set forth in my report of the lilind November last.* 
 
 '• To lu-oceed gradually with the intervening distance. To delay placin- 
 additional s<'ctions under contract in Hritish Columbia until the i_'.". miliN 
 are completed, or well advanced, thus preventing any undue increase in tin- 
 price of labor, 
 
 "To carry construction westward fnmi Manitoba across the Prairie 
 Ilegicm only as sittlement advances. 
 
 " In my re])ort of last year, I placed the cost of the section between 
 Lake Superior and lied Rivcir at §18,oo(i,()(io. Since that date the stejKs taken 
 to keei> down the oxpendittire on the is;, mil(;s between Knglish Kiver and 
 Kecwatin have been so far successful as to reduce the length about ;i:| miles. 
 and the estimated cost fully $500,000. 'J"he rails for these two contracts hav.' 
 likewise been secured at a considerably lower price than the estimate. What- 
 ever an increasing traffic in futinc years may demand in the way of terminul 
 accommodation and rolling stock. 1 am confblent the lin<'can be opened for 
 traffic between Fort William and Selkirk, well e(iuipi)ed for the business 
 which may then be expected, at a cost not exceeding $1 7,()ni),ooo. 
 
 '•West of lied Riv<'r. loo miles have been place! under contract, and 
 tenders have been received for a second lOO miles .section. 'J'hese two .stc- 
 tions are «lesigned to be constructed and etpiipped in the most economical 
 manner, <lispensing with all outlaj' excef)t that necessary to render the 
 railway immediately usefid in the settlement of tlie country. It is intended 
 that the line be |)artly ballasted, to render it availai>b; for ( olonization jHir- 
 poses, full blasting being deferred until the trathc demands hiuh speed. It 
 is intended to provide sufficient rolling stock for immediate wants, postponim: 
 full equipment tmtil the country becomes jiopulaled, and the business (ull> 
 for its increase. 
 
 "On this brtf>is and on the other data furnished, the railway may lie 
 opened from Lake Sujierior to the Pacific Coast within tlic tollowing esti- 
 mate : — 
 
 * Report on the British Columbia Section, 'J'iml November, 18T'J. — 
 Kxtraets — " Tin; total sum of the lowest tenders tor the four sections, a.^ 
 above stated, is $!»,1G7, 040. It will be borne in mind that the character of 
 the contract to be entered into is materially difterent from ordinary contracts. 
 This sum represents the maximum — the cxjienditure is not to exceed tlii.- 
 amount, but it may be very much less (see clauses it. c, and 7.) 
 
30 
 
 TIIK IMtOHI.KM OK (•AXAr>A. 
 
 I'oit Williiiin to Selkirk (lot! tnilo.s) with liylit Kiudi.'iits, 
 iiK ImiIIii^x h liiii' iillowiiii'c of roiling Hto<k and vn- 
 Kiiit'i'iiin; iliiiiDs; conf.tiiK tion $1 7,ih)0,(»(I<* 
 
 Selkirk to JiiHiuT Vall.y ( 1 ,0#0 niilfs) witli ligiit t'(|nip. 
 
 in.,.nt, otc i:!,000,0(i* 
 
 lasp.M Viillcy to Tort Moo.jy f.r.M iiiiifs) with liglit 
 
 (•(Hiiinnont, etc. : — 
 •liisperto Laktf KHiiiloops, XV> at »3.r,<;o.... $15,500,000 
 haki- Kaiuloops to Valf, I'.T) at HO,ooo. . , . 10,000,000 
 Viil.' to I'ort Moodv, 'JO at :rS.HH8 :].r.oii,(M)i» 
 
 .\(M 
 
 'I'otal iniios. l.'.i.")G. 
 
 |i.".»,00().ilOO 
 l.(IOO,0(M» 
 
 30,000,00fT 
 
 $t;o,ooo,o(ut 
 
 '• 'rill- al)ov«' dots not incliKii* cost of exploration ami proliniinary 
 Kuivtys throughout all parts of tho country, north of Lake Nipissing to- 
 .lames Bay in tht; east, and from Eipiimalt to Port Simpson ia the west, 
 lutweeii liatitudes 4'.»° and .^O", not properly chargeable to construction, 
 $:;.! l:i,iJl«, oi tin: cost of the Pcsnihina Branch, $l,7">0.00n, or with othei 
 uuioiiuts with which the I'acitic Railway account is charged, 
 
 ' I have tho hf»nor to he, Sir, 
 
 •• Vour obedient servant, 
 
 ■• SANUKURD l-'LEMING, 
 
 • • Knyiiieer-in-C/i i"/-" 
 
 A I 
 
 Aisu Ms^tln' Eastern Section, lietwecii Thuudei" Bay, Ijtike 
 Siiperior, anil Ka.stt'ni TtTuiiniis, Likii Nipissing, lie gives the 
 folluwiuir ineiuoriintliiin : — 
 
 '■ A most thorout,Mj survey of the whole region, liithcrto totally untouched 
 by survey or even travellers' accoiuit, it may lie said, between Lakes 
 liuron and Superior and the rim of the Hudson ' Bay basin or water.sUed, 
 had been made, and a piac ticable and even comparatively easy line, ia fact 
 tw(j or three lines, hail been found, and were reported on in previous reports." 
 
 Kefen-iug to his last report on the suliject, he says : — 
 
 '• In my report recently laid before l?arlianient, I have referred to tho 
 projected line between Scuth-East Bjiv, Lake Nipissing, and iSauIt Ste. 
 Marie. The explorations of tliis district have established tliat a location can 
 be had north of Lake Nipissing, which would be common for 60 or 70 miles 
 to the St. Mary's branch and the main trunk line to the North-West. As tho 
 (>f . Mary's Branch will, in all probability, be constructed before the through 
 line is undertaken, the length ot the latter will be reduced by the Jengh of 
 the location common to the two lines. The eastern terminus will co«se- 
 (|nently be advanced S' me (iO or 70 miles to the west, beyond the theoretical 
 Ktarting-point at Lake Nipi.ssing. The Icitgth of the eastern section therefore 
 uiMV be assumod not to e.veed 60* miles, 
 

 0,OOO,(l(UT 
 0,000,0<>(» 
 
 preliiniiiiiry 
 NipissiiiK to- 
 
 in the wt'st, 
 LoiiHtrmtioii. 
 ir with (»thei 
 
 i-iU'Cln'/r 
 
 Bay, Ijiike 
 gives the 
 
 y untoiulje<l 
 
 weeu Lakes 
 
 wateiHUed, 
 
 line, in fact 
 ious reports." 
 
 toned to tlio 
 
 i Sault Nte. 
 
 location can 
 
 or 70 miles 
 
 Vest. As the 
 
 the throng li 
 
 the lengU of 
 
 8 will coHse- 
 
 e theoretical 
 
 tion therefoie 
 
 :| 
 
 
 TUB I'llOHLEM OK ( ANAIM. 
 
 »l 
 
 •' It is iini»osHil»lt' to sny what Inltor mid niiitcriiilH may tOMt Home v.-m - 
 li.nce, when the period arrive« lor the eusterri Ke.tioii to h,. niidertaUen . 
 Inking the hasis of present prices and present rontni.ts, and adhering to tli' 
 .(onomic principles of ccmstriiclion set forth in tiio letters of yesterday. I 
 I.el warranted in stating that S'JO.ooO.ooo may be considered a fair e.stimal.- 
 ot the cost of opening the line from Koit William to tiie Kastern Terminii> 
 
 III expliumtioti it is to he ohserve.I, thiit this "Sanit Ste. Marie 
 hninch " never t'onned part or" the oiiginal trunk line as coiittin 
 
 phtteti, the point l«'ingeon.si(leial(ly--:ilK)ut 100 miles, more ov h's,> 
 
 south of any jn-ojected in those meridians. Th(^ nortli (extreme) 
 shore of hake Superior (head of Nepigon Hay) heinj; a rnliii" »»1 
 jf'Ctive ]»oint. and the north side of Lake Nipissing heing found lies- 
 for railway route, to go to Sault Ste. ISfane wouhl l>e a detleoti.m 
 adverse to the special chiiracter and eXceUence of tlie lino, as one 
 straight and level ms possihle, the country inimeiliately north of 
 >>ault Ste. Marie being of rugged rock and very unfavoralde f. 
 railway construction. Besides, on military considerations, there w,<s 
 an object in avoiding American gunneiy at the Sault. 
 
 Uut, in the race for the commeive of the west, private enter 
 prise seeirs bent on trying a branch line to that point (only a'oout 
 180 miles from Ni[)issing Termiinis) and there to connect with a pro- 
 jected line along the .south side of Lake Su|»erior with the Anit-ri 
 can systems of railway drawing from the west, a line from 200 to 'M)(> 
 miles at least shorter than any vid iMiicago, to any Atlantic Port. 
 American or Canadian, but which itself {i.e. the Chicago line) would 
 be longer to Atlantic ports, from JManitoba, or the centre (say, about 
 Hattleford) of the great wheat Held of North America, than th ■ 
 Canadian Grand Trunk Pacific. On this particular point we have, 
 from Mr. Fleming's report, given the relative distances. Howevei, 
 as in the meantime, under the .so-called " Carnarvon Terms," the 
 •' confection " (to use a French word in default of better) of the 
 section between Tiiunder Bay, Lake Superior has been relegated to 
 the "Greek Kalends" — for that, in efiect, would, we feel assured, 
 l)e the result of deferring con.struction till after " 1890" — the Hail 
 way "Interest," American, as well as Canadian, from Boston north 
 ward, seems bent on thus, at once, tapping the west. 
 
 The natural result, as we have so earnestly already indicated, 
 will be a still closer and tinner forging of those links of commerct- 
 which bind a people common in language, common in literatuiv 
 and cognate in thought and life. In this .sense, we consider-, 
 a SauU Ste. Marie connection with American railways a political 
 anomaly ; and further to obviate such mi.schief to Bri*^ish tenure of 
 the Noi'th American wild we would urge that, at once, in Imperial 
 i uteres*"., the Iinperial Government either itself make this Eastern 
 Section — for it carries no land, worth mentioning tit for .settlement — 
 or offer to aid Canada to undertake the work, paripasstt, with tie* 
 British Columbi.i -mA Prairie Sections. 
 
'Vl 
 
 rilK I'HOHLKM OK TAXADA. 
 
 T «l() not think I am siiij^nilar in tlicsr views, lor I gather from 
 th»! rrsishmcr of th«' ('.iMaiian (ioverrinicnt to th»' |>rt*ssuro on them 
 liv their sii|»)K)rtei\s in the House, or hy the many of them who seem 
 lo III' 111 the partiiMilar- interest i liave jnst referred to, that they see 
 the (hmger I speiik of, and, therefore, trne to their trust — as thoy 
 h;ive e\er shown themselves in tiiis j^reat niatt'T, vital to the national 
 lit«- -they will not swer\e from their eourse, us det»;rmino<l on in 
 |S7'J, thou<;h, at the same time, bending to that internal political 
 e\|i('dieney, whi«di, in Amerieia, and peouliarly to AimM'iea witli 
 its instil lit ions of ii/fni freedom demot-racy rampant at times, in 
 lf\t'ied sense of faiuieil right or wrong is apt to mar, at the 
 moment, the p« ace and ordei" of good government. 
 
 Therefore it was, I presume, that Sir (,'has. '1 upper /as Minister of 
 Ijailwiivs, etc.) had, (Ml re(piisition for aid to the work, conceded so 
 r.ir. as to say, that iiiial)le to give other aid, the (Joveriiment would, 
 liowext'i', 1)(? piepared to construct, soon ais may he desired, ho inucii 
 (say ahoiit 70 miles) of the Pacific llailway from Kastern Terminus 
 westNv.od. as niuld lie iitili/ed, l»y luiiiiing privilege, in their wav to 
 Siiiilt Ste. Marie. It is in allusion to this that Mi-. Fleming makes 
 the uiemoi-aiidum in his letter, ])agt!S 35.')-G of Keport of 1880 : — 
 
 •• 'I'hi' istiiimlc siiliiiiittti] is hnscd on tlio data si>t loitli. and on tliat data 
 the wlmii' niain lii.c, rmiii i'ort Moody, on the raiitic cnaist, to the KasttM'n 
 Tti 1101111"^, ill the nriLdilidihood of Lake Ni|»issin«, iiiiiy be constnictcd in the 
 maniifi and under tlif < ii< unistancos rot'iricd to, for niiout $80,000, Odd. But 
 to nifd any of the |iOKsil»lf continuciKit's, to which I liavu nferred " — (viz., 
 in< rrasi' in cost of niatciials and lahor), '• 1 hct; it'ave to rt( onimt'nd tliat iii 
 tdiisidi riiiu tlir subject (if i apital re(|uiic(i for the undertaking, a liberal per- 
 centa;:e he added.' 
 
 IKtU I K«iKI). 
 
 Since the |)res('nt (lovernment came into ^tower, which thev did 
 liy a i-eturn of poll of ovei" two to one, in . fall of 1878, thev 
 have certainly giver, evidence of earnestness i;i taking up the work 
 -such as it was left to them. 
 
 On tlieii- adxcnt (restoration) to |>ower, there had been much — 
 over 81 1.<H»(1, 0(1(1 (eleven millions of dollars) besides, the 
 ■■ '^'5,1 1 l.<>l".l !♦ " for survey— ^;p(Mlt ostensiiily on and alt(nit the 
 work- but there was little to show for it, and t/iaf, all in a bad 
 way ; as if the policy of tin; late CJovei-nment (consistently with that 
 ivowed by its cliieis on their entry) was iu)t only to prevents 
 Pacific Ibiilwav (.n lititish soil, but to take away, by sheer waste in 
 the seeming ellbrt, the rcr// iihuihh for it hereafter. 
 
 On the 17th, Septeir.ber 1878, wluMi a general election turned 
 the tide, tliei-e was not a single foot of Pacific Railway, nor even of 
 the Pembina Branch, laid. During the halcyon days of their five 
 years of enjoyment of the public treasury, the (rovernment did 
 i'(,>ally nothing fur the road. During this period, o»' part of it, Mr. 
 
 [i 
 
 the 
 
 IllOIlSt 
 
 Fleniii 
 
 Isr. mi 
 t nick hi 
 
 t 
 
 iiicludi 
 iiiKh-r ( 
 
 "A 
 >ecarc(I 
 
 <. T 
 h'oiii nu 
 eoutract 
 
 'T 
 sections 
 
 Y 
 
 Ii 
 
I'o on tlifin 
 
 i\ who set'in 
 lilt they sfi' 
 
 st — liH tlH'V 
 
 he luitiomil 
 iiinod on in 
 irtl political 
 n(M'i(ui wit 1 1 
 it times, in 
 
 iniir, at the 
 
 i Minister of 
 eonceiU'tl so 
 iicnit wonM, 
 •0(1, HO nuu'ii 
 u Teiininns 
 
 their wav to 
 •inin^' ntakes 
 f 1880 : — 
 
 1(1 on that data 
 o tl»c Kastorn 
 structcd in tlif 
 ,()00,0(t(). But 
 fened"— (viz.. 
 lunit'nd that in 
 u liberal per- 
 
 lich they tli'l 
 
 )t' 1878,' they 
 
 up the work 
 
 Vteen mnch — 
 Itesides, the 
 lu iil»ont tlie 
 f., all in a bad 
 itly with that 
 to prevent a 
 ,]»€er waste in 
 
 lection turned 
 v. nor even ot 
 s of their five 
 jvernment di<l 
 part of it, Mr. 
 
 Tin: I'ltoni.i.M ok ( anada. :K\ 
 
 Maeken/.ie svenis t ) have i;,'noi«'d thf (Joveniinciit's sole Kn'ineer in 
 Chiel', and, ,^ivin^' him hMXdof jiliseiice in I'lmoite \\iy ■,\ piMtr.ictt il 
 peri(Ml. himself, as Minister of Puhlie WdiUs. iiinlertook to direi-t th*- 
 rt)ail makini; thron;,di the H\Viini|>H mikI rocks of the Kiministiiiuii 
 region, ^oiii*^ with the work '* lie knew not uli-ic," as M i-. Klemiim. 
 on examin.ition hefore t'oiiimitte,- had snlise(|iiciulv to admit. Con 
 tracts yiven out without pioper data — the route nuilctfrmined in 
 faet. Tlie work <j;iven out in ifi( ir/n-J pieces, n-iidcrin^ < oiistniction 
 almost imp(»ssil»le, Imt in the nirantime alhtwiiiL,' to contractors l)V 
 •I system known as the •' Si'hedulc " one, its -if not \icious, hut su^ 
 pectiMe of ahnse — the means of drasviiii; fast and largely fi'oni tin- 
 treasury. The result was that tiie pcitple's nnllions were flirown 
 into the Sei'l)onian \>o<* of fruitless, it not corrupt expenditure 
 riie I'emhina road hed w.is left to melt int ) its original muii. 
 The " three millions' worth of .steel rails " hmiiht nnlcr rirciim 
 stances, which, as reveale(l. hear their own connncnt, wi'ic left in^t 
 inj; here e.nd there, sa\<^ such as hail, in politic. il ra\or. Keen u'^'en to 
 s.)me other road. And in the meantime, also, in sul>>cr\ icncc to tin- 
 .-anu' jiolicy of " organized hypoci isy,' the ( Jovcrnnicnt, irres] ccti\ •• 
 of Parliamt;nt, strained its powers to i,d\t', in cire(;t, a niotiopi jy of 
 the oarrying trade of oiu- North-West to American lailsvays tor 
 twenty years to coriie, and which, of oui'se, woidd I'H'cctii.dly annc\ 
 the c'onntry to the United States. 
 
 Now, since the prostMit .Ministry, with the piini.d promolers of 
 the seheino at its head, have re-i,'raspcd with master-hand the 
 monster dilHcnlty, the tollowing has heen done, as a}»[)(arsliy .Mr. 
 Fleming's report, pages I'D cl no/, lie leports : — 
 
 " III till) spriiii,' of 1H7», tin- line lictwc^cn ]'aiL,'!isli RiviT ami Kccuutih. 
 ISf) inili's, was let in two contracts, No.^^. 11 and 12, tor j^iiidiiiL,', liriilgin.u juiil 
 tr.'ukliiyinj,'. 
 
 "In the summer of 1S7!». a scciien <^i \rt) niilcs west of lleil ];i\ci. 
 iiK'Iiiiliii^r ji branch from the main lino to the City of WinniiMi;, wa.-; piaci'il 
 luider contract. 
 
 " An additional supply of 30,00) tons of steel rails and fastenings was 
 >eeured in 187'J. 
 
 '•The ,t,'rudinf,', hridijfinv:, tracklayint,' and hallastinu in liritish Colnmii'a. 
 from noar Vale te Savonu's Ferry, a distance of C;7 miles, were placed uiiiki 
 lontract towards the close of 1S7'J. 
 
 '•The length of line now muler contract consists of the followini; 
 sections : — 
 
 Fort William to Selkirk (main line) 410 miles 
 
 (This reduced by subsequent survey '.'> or 4 miles.) 
 
 Selkirk to Emerson (Pembina branch) So •' 
 
 West of Rod River (main line ai\d Winnipei,' branch) Idti •• 
 In Britisli Columbia (main line) 1-7 " 
 
 Total under construction ~'2'1 miks. 
 
 3 
 
THE I'lvOBLKM OF CANADA. 
 
 Total undrr construction (caniod forward).. 722 miles." 
 
 Since these figuies were jn-iutod as appear.s, in 
 addition to tlie fir.st v -[lort distributed during session, 
 just closed, there ai)[)rars the follow ini; on page ,3llG : — 
 
 CONTIUCT No. CO. 
 
 Main Line — Second loo miles west of Red Kirer. 
 Date of Contract, iJrd May, 1S80. Date for com- 
 pletion, 1st October, 18812 100 " 
 
 'J'otal under ( ontract &22 miles 
 
 < >n tlie same, pa^e 32G, and following, the schedult! of qiumtities 
 ,ind prices as to the last lUO miles is <jji\en, showing the total amount 
 of tender for the section to h^ only 81:39,914.00 — say about $4,1:00 
 (four thousand four hundred doliai's) ]>ei' mile. Elsewhere in his 
 report he says he estimates that the I'ost of the thousand miles of 
 the Prairie Section can Ix; built at such like average v.o.st, i.e., with 
 trestle-bridges of wood. Add for cost of steel j-ails, stations and 
 rolling stock, .say S5,G00 \)v\- mile, and for 810,000 per mile do we 
 see this last phenomenon in that womlerful energy, hunnm, of our 
 day, which ]>ierces mountains ;ind span.s the [)laiii as if they wore 
 nauglu in our hurrying to and fro in these latter days on earth. 
 
 By way of contrast in the matter of cost, we have, in the re[)ort, 
 ;ds() the details of the lirirish Columbia contracts. 
 
 CoNTIiACT No. ()0 
 
 Main Line, in I'ritish Columliia. extending from Emory's P)ar to JJoston 
 iJar — excavati'iii. t;radiiig, tunnellinu-, liridninu', Iracklayin^ ami balla.-itiiiu:. 
 Length '_'!• miles. Date of Coutniet, "JlUd December, [Hid. Date for|eoin|)le- 
 tion. :ilst Dccemlier. YHSl',. 
 
 'J'ender (on .scliediil<>; S2;727, 300.00 
 
 CONTUACT No. 61. 
 
 Main Li.m., B.C — Prom Boston I>ar to I>ytton. Length 2!i miles- 
 (latr nf Contract, lutb Felniiary. IRSO. Date for eompletiou, iiUth -June. 1SS4- 
 lender 82,."»73,(>-tO 
 
 Contract N'o. fl2. 
 
 Main Link, B.C. — From Lytton to .lumtion Flat. 2S.V miles. Date ot 
 
 t untraet. 2;?rd December. 187',t. Date for ( omiiletion, :'>lst December, l8S.i. 
 
 — ^2,or)G,o:)0.oo 
 
 Tender 
 
 Lengtb 40.1 
 
 CoNTRAt'T No. 6:5. 
 
 Main Li.ve, B ( ' — From Junction Flat to Savona's Ferry. 
 miles. Date of Contrail. l..th December, 187'.'. Dati; ibr completiiai, .jotli. 
 
 .luiie, 1S8k 
 
 Tender Si .740,1 ."jO . oo 
 
 Ml 
 
12 miles." 
 
 22 miles 
 
 of q\iantities 
 total amount 
 about S4,iO<) 
 iwheve. in his 
 sand miles of 
 ost, i.e., with 
 stations and 
 ■ mile do we 
 iinian, of our 
 i if they were 
 )n earth, 
 in the report, 
 
 • liar to r.oston 
 lul Itallasting. 
 te for|c(>m|)l(,'- 
 
 •;[\i 2!l niilos- 
 )tli June. 1HH4- 
 
 mles. Diiti' ot 
 'luber, iss-i. 
 .O.no 
 
 Length 40,', 
 inpletioii. Mtli 
 
 ")0.'i<) 
 
 THE PROBLE.M OF CANADA. J)5 
 
 IvAiL.s Laid — Ea.stem side : — 
 
 Fort William. westward i.io miles. 
 
 Emerson to Cross Lake i (] 1 '• 
 
 Total j()7 « 
 
 As a sumaiary, coiuis'^ :nd eh)(iU!'nt, on thisliead, of what is 
 now iiein-' done in <.his matter, t aive — 
 
 i^XTHACT IRO.M THE SpEECU IN' COMMON'S. OX 15tH Al'UIL, 1880, 
 
 OF Minister of Railways A: Canals (Sir Charles Tlppeu). 
 
 After having addressed himself to other points suggested hy 
 Mr. Blake's motion against the Paeitic Railway, he said : — 
 
 At the end of live years we came luick tf> i)o\vi'r. and what did we find 
 iiad been atcomplisla'd in the meantime? Why, immediately after obtain- 
 in::- ottiee, the late (jiovernment made a contract for the ((instruction of the 
 liranch to I'embina, and of the tir.^t duties that devolved upon the iiresent 
 <iovcinment live years later was to lay tlie rails upon that iiraneh. They 
 tiien undertook the construction of a railway to Siicbandowan, and to carry 
 nut and develop the policy, which the lion, gentleman proposed, of ulitizini,^ 
 'he water-stietches. I say, greatly to the credit of my Lou {iredecessor, that 
 -onietimes he is open to argument ; that -ifter two (jr three years of diseus- 
 siou in this House, we were enabled linally to convince hin\ of the follv of 
 rhe cotu'so he was pursuing, that every dollar spent on tiie road to iSheban- 
 liowan on the east, and to Lake of the Woods on the west, would Iil; wasted, 
 as the Duluth Railway would take all the tratlic, and not a single ton of 
 !reight would go over his watcr-svretches. We tinally convinced the hon . 
 gentleman. 
 
 Hon.- ]\Ir. IMackknzu". — No. 
 
 Sir CiiARLK.s Tui'i'Ki!--Lut wliile I gav(! the hon. gentleman credit for 
 thai. I cannot absolve him from the error into which that course immediately 
 plunged him. It was to inidertake the construction of a through line, and 
 iet two contracts on it. one running to Lnglisji Kiver (Ui tiie east and the 
 other to Keewatin on the west, without any survey or estimate, or the slight- 
 est means of knowledge either as to what these sections of the railway would 
 ' ost or as to whether there were two ends at all. (Hear, hear.) It can bt; 
 <>tali]ished bej'ond controversy that the hon, gentleman at that moment these 
 eontracts had been made hatl not the nu'ans within his power of knowing 
 whether within any possibility the work could be i arried to completion. The 
 .esult has been the enor;nous cost involved by the preci]iiatc' maimer in which 
 thr work has l>uen undertaken without survey or knowledge of the b.'cation. 
 We came into power, and we found a large amount of public money expended 
 oil these two sc-ctions, the one 228 miles, running from Thunder ]>ay t(> lv(^d 
 Itiver. and the other li;'. miles, running west tiom Lake Superior. We tind 
 tiiat every dollar that was exi»ended on the work was u.jeless for any piirpos(! 
 Ill the world unless tlu' common-sense course was adopted of connecting 
 ;hose two ends by letting tlie ]S."> miles between them. The hon. gentleman 
 |ia-l himself been so convinced, after a little, friendly inteichange of opinion 
 iietweeii the two sides of the House, thut it was utterly indefensible to spend 
 that great amount of money with any advantage to the country unless the 
 uterniediate link was made, that, previous to tlie geneial elections, he placed 
 111 advertisement in the papers (ailing for tenders for the l.^'f) miles. 1 am 
 :iot going to tiiul any fault with that : I gave credit for it when I spoke of 
 
3(; 
 
 Tin: rPtOULEM OF CANADA. 
 
 the siibifct lut'oi'i', Imt I tinist wifhdmw tliiit. for tho rcftson that lie intiiiiiitrd 
 ill tilt; Iluiisf lliu other niulit tliat h.' had iifH \ ct dccieh-d to huild tliat link, 
 tliat 111' had not made up Ids mind whitii'-r lif NJiouid allow that t'lmnuoiis 
 cxpenditnri! on 'JHS mih'S of railway to \>v. ns.'less. The hoii. uentlcman had 
 .'^tati'd. unil on that statement he liased a ureat claim to the confidence of tin- 
 country, that lie was liiiiidiiiL;- the Canada I'acilic Railway at a cost of S'-'4,r.oO 
 |)Ci mile. He knew from inlormation that the moment that interveniim 
 portion was let it would become apjinrent that these contracts had been made 
 uiion mere guess-work, and tliat instead of SJ4,iiih) a mile, there was an 
 enormous incieaM.' in the construction <f 'J2S miles, which would have been 
 immediately disiovered on the letting ol the ]>*'} miles. This expc-nditure to 
 which I havealliided on the Georgian liay branch and the' lino from Tliumlei 
 l!ay to Ked River, had run up. when we cami- into power, to over Si l.nOu.iiOn. 
 find to make that exiieiiditurc ol aii\ value at all involved the completion of 
 these ^vorks, the cost of which could not bi; estimated at less than $2S.Cii0.00n. 
 Ueexiiectto elVect a great rediicticm of the cost in these works. Before I 
 liad been a week in the oflice, I called ujion Mr. Marcus fSmith for a state- 
 ment of the estimate ol the work done upon these 228 n.iles, and a statement 
 of liow much money had been [laid and how much moin-y it would take to 
 con^'>K.te it. I was iierfectly astonishi.'d to discover that the additional ex- 
 peii.'-e had to be counted by millions. I asked if there were any means ot 
 accoimting for this discrepancy ; 1 asked ^Ir. Fleming, and he reiilied that, 
 .so far as Section No. 2,"i was concerned, he could not account for the grept 
 increase in tlie quantities. Of course, he said, there was no location surviy 
 or knowledge of details when the contract was let, and therefore we have no 
 means of accounting fortius gre.it dispropoition between what was supiiosed 
 would be the cost o*^ the work and what it is now evident it will cost. He 
 sent for the engineer in charge of the work, and he was equally unable to 
 gi -e a siitisfactory account as to why .so much money had to be ]iaid for the 
 work. In con.se((Uence of this, careful re-measurement of the work has been 
 made in order to ascertain where the dilUciilty lay, and the best means of 
 remedying;- it, lleferring to Section 1.5, jMr. Fleming stated that we can 
 nccount for the dispropfu-tinii. because the plan has been clianged. The con- 
 tract was originally intended for a substantial road, but when the tenders 
 were received, the amount was so enormous that the J'rimo Minister discovereil 
 he could not let a conti'act at those Hl^uii's. but that he wouhl have to add 
 tifty per cent, to the cost pel mile he was stating lie was compUtting the Ca- 
 nadian Pacilic Railway for. Therefore the contracts were not let. They wen 
 subsequently let on the .system of trestle-work, substituting trestle-work lb) 
 eiiibaiiknients. and a ie[)ort was made to the engineer in charge, that the wood, 
 being of a very inferior descrijit ion, as soon as the road was comiileted. it 
 would in the lirst instance be burned up, as the r(;ail ran tliroi. di a forest 
 countiv. and tires were prevalent, and if not burned, it v.as of such an inferior 
 description thai Iiy the time the line was open for trallic they would have t" 
 commence rebuilding it, Thereloie he advised that embankments should be 
 substituted for trestle-work. 'J'liat rejifirt was shown to Mr. i'deining, and he 
 "iitireiy concurred in the proposition that the work should lie changed from 
 trestle-work to embankment, and he tliscussed that matter with the Ministei 
 of Public Works, who also a^;reed in the propriety of such action, (ireat a> 
 was the increased cost, 1 have no hesitation in saying that the change Avas .i 
 wiseone. I had no hesitation in recommending to tlii' present Government j 
 the adoption of the change, cspei ially when I found the contractors led by 
 the iOngineer-in-Cliief to believe that a chiinge had been made at an expendi- 
 ture of $1()(),000 in a plan which would not have been required if the worKJ 
 had not bc-en changed. We were careful under these circumstfiiices that ii" 
 more contract.s should be let in the loose, invgtilar and improper nminier inj 
 
 ajipeal 
 late Go 
 they cj 
 
 !II\()lvi 
 
 I 2."> mi 
 and ina 
 that it 
 Lord C; 
 as rapii 
 no intei 
 paralle 
 ro the c 
 I ontract 
 from Vi 
 of the 
 iiiti'iitii 
 tile hon 
 ■ircinns 
 ureat (p; 
 taith of 
 liei'ii pu 
 tn thf 
 
THE PHODLEM OF CAXADA. 
 
 
 lie intiiiiiit<«l 
 likl that link. 
 i;it enoniioiis 
 I'litlt'iiiiin had 
 lidonif of thf 
 ost <)fS24,rinO 
 t interviMiinu 
 ad heen iiiadi' 
 there was an 
 uhl havo boon 
 ■xp<!nditmc to 
 from Thinidoi 
 crSl l.iioo.doo. 
 coniplotiou oi 
 ,n S2S.CiiO.O0n. 
 rks. IJcfoif T 
 th for a statr- 
 nd a statrmt-nt 
 wouhl take Xi> 
 additional ex- 
 e any means ot 
 he replied that. 
 at for the tireot 
 location survey 
 ore we have no 
 [ was supposed 
 will cost. He 
 pially miahle to 
 ,.L' paid for the 
 ; work has heen 
 le best means of 
 that we can 
 ^■ed. The con- 
 u the tenders 
 ter diseovered 
 ndd have to add ! 
 pli'tin.y- the Ca- ; 
 ct. Tliey werr i 
 tri'stle-work foi 
 (J, that tin; wool). 
 IS romideted. it ] 
 roi. ch a fores; 
 Mich an inf'-rioi j 
 would have t" 
 incnts should be 
 'lemini;-, and he 
 t; chan.yed fmui 
 ith the Minister 
 iction. Great as 
 le change was m 
 ;ent Government j 
 ntractors led hv 
 e at an expend!- 
 lired if the work 
 istanees that ii" 
 roper manner iii] 
 
 whirh tiny had been let up to (hat time, We re([uired that we should havr 
 
 a lull kno\vlc(lt,fr of the work that was lueded on a section on thu railway 
 
 liefore we would undertake to commit ouisehcs to its couNtruction, and I 
 
 postponed the advertisements the hon. -entleman had himself put in the 
 
 pajiers for the lettin;,' of the 18.") miles, because we were not ready with that 
 
 < aleulation from sur\ jys and examinations which woidd enable us to 
 
 know what the work really was. 1 am happy to Ix; able to tell tin- hon. 
 
 .^•ntleman that I, or rather Mr. (ramshv, the en,i,qneer in c!iar;^c of Seeli(ui H. 
 
 has been able since that contract was let to reduce a distance of 47 miU-s on 
 
 that contract by :^:j miles, thus .savint;- to the c(.'untry ;^3r.),u()0 in the ehan,i,'e 
 
 of work and the amount to be done. The same i)rocess is jioiuj;' on on 
 
 .Section 4'J. 'J'hese two sections will not likely 1 e eompleteil within the time 
 
 ■stated in the contracts, but a reduction of cost under the sum for wlii( h thev 
 
 were taken will he made amountinu' to over luJf a million of dollars. J i;ive 
 
 this to the hon. f;t'ntleman as evidence of the value of h.-iviny- a careful exa- 
 
 miiiatinii of the work before contracts aie let, and li not rusliinj; blindly into 
 
 : oiitiicts in the manner to which I have reverted. Still, what was our jlirst 
 
 duty ? Findinir that this expenditure had been madi', we had no alti'rnative 
 
 iiut to go forward and carry it out. We then had the 5,n-eat resixtnsihjlity of 
 
 ■ lealing with the great cost of the construction of the racific Kailway as a 
 
 whole. We did not liud it left a legacy to us as the hon. gentleman found it 
 
 l<ft to him. It was open to him, in the position in which we leltthe (piestion, 
 
 It he was not ]>repared to adojit the jiolicy of the consrruction of the I'acilii; 
 
 llailway. not to undertake it . He ad pted (piite a dilfereut couise: he not 
 
 only i)rovided for the ccuistruction of the work, but eiitei'i'd into a treaty with 
 
 Lord Carnarvon and I5ritisli Columbia that the work would he completed liy 
 
 18M0. That was the legacy which we inherited from the hon. gentleman ; he 
 
 left us that pledge to carry out. He caused these fresh surveys to be made 
 
 with a view of locating the line, and having .satistied himself that the most 
 
 judicious line to b(! adopted was the line to lUirrard Inlet, the hon. gentleman 
 
 put an adverti.scmcnt in the paper calling tor the construction of i'J,"> miles 
 
 from Kamloeps to Ihirrard Inlet. I heard Avith ama/emeiit the otln r night 
 
 the statement of the hon. gentleman that he had not intended to let that 
 
 section. I am perfectly aware that it is legitimate for a Government, when 
 
 a) ipealing to the country under the great discouragement under wliich the 
 
 late Government M-ent to the country, to ireseiit as attractive a ])rogiamine !is 
 
 tliey can, but to say that the First Minister will deliberately call for tenders 
 
 involving the expenditure of a large sum of money, for the con.struction of 
 
 lJ."i miles ot railway through the canyons of the Fraser lliver, amost dilMcult 
 
 and inaccessible country, leaving it to be inferred on the eve of the i lection 
 
 that it was an evidence of his good faith in carrying out the pledge iiiaile to 
 
 Lord Carnarvon and to British Columbia that this work should be completed 
 
 as rapidly as possible, and then state that in asking for the temlers he had 
 
 uo intention whatever of letting tht contract, is an admission that i annot he 
 
 |iaralleled. I ask the lion, gentleman, if he had not fully made up his mind 
 
 to the construction of a railway from Yale to K.imloops, why did lie make a 
 
 contract involving a ])ayment of S''>2.(»o(i for carrying rails for that road 
 
 trom Victoria to Yale? He was absolutely goins to take out of the i>ockets 
 
 oi rhe people $32,400 to move these rails from \'ictoria to Yale without the 
 
 intention of striking a blow. I say that is a position which 1 am satisfied 
 
 tile hon. gc'ntleman will sec; on reflection is |)urely untenable. Under tlu'se 
 
 ■ircumstances the Government found tluMiiselves brought fact' to lace with the 
 
 ::reat question of the constructionof the Canada I'acilic Railway, with the good 
 
 raith of Canada [iledged to it, and no possi' le escape. The course that has 
 
 lieeii pursued by thelate Finance ^linister, of holding up to alarm the coun- 
 
 t!v the enormous obligations this work was going to incur, of informing con- 
 
38 
 
 TIIK l'H(iI!I,i:.M ()¥ CANADA. 
 
 tractors all ovt-r the world tliat it Nvas a work that would be not only nttt.'r!v 
 rnintms to Canada t') lUKUntakc, hut would lie disastrou-; to nny <outraft(ir td 
 
 touch, iiliiccd till' luiaus ot' dcaliiiL; with this as a couiniercial undcrtakiim in 
 an entirely dilleri'iit position Ironi what it occupiiMl when we, unfortunatelx 
 lor the interests ot the country, had to abandon otlice. Under these cinuui- 
 staiices, we reverted as I'ar as possible to our former policy — that tint hinds ot' 
 the- (ireat North-West ou.uht to build tin; raelHc Railway. What did the Kx- 
 Finance Minister say in the aildress to liis constituents in Sarnla ? He said 
 that it was impossible to attract immigration unless wc liuilt thePaeitie Itail- 
 way, inasmuch as the liieat fertile North-West must remain a barren wiiste 
 until the I'acitic Kailway was constructed. We felt warranted in adoptini; 
 tlie ])olicy we liave ailopted of utili/inir these lands to construct the road. 
 We came down with that polii y, and one would supppose that hon. trentlc- 
 men oiijio-iitc', liavinu' comnutted the country to this question, would ha\ i 
 liuen the lirst to con,!j;ratulate us on tht? jioliiy we have i)ropounded. What 
 did they do '.' They discovered that it was a mistake alto^ethe.-. What wa> 
 the lani^uai,''; of the I 'ader of the Opposition to me 'ast Avinter, when 1 jui'. 
 jiosed this lesohition ? He said the lands were t^ood for nothinii:- 
 
 Hon. Mr. Mackenzik- T did not. 
 
 Sir , 'ifari.es Tltper — The uholo success of oil' scheme depended on nm 
 lieiiit,^ able to convince the world that these lands were of enormous value, 
 ami would really pay persons who would undertake tlieir management ami 
 settlement, ^\'e undertook to show that by the construction of the I'acilie 
 iiailway. by jxiviiin easy access to these lands, the country was the most in- 
 viting,' iield for immi,i:ration on the face of the ^dobu. How did the Imn. 
 gentleman meet us? He met us first with the declaration that it was liad 
 policy to lock up the lands. I showed him wliat he said to the people of 
 (Sanaa, namely, that these lands were useless without the railway. I ask him 
 to reconcile that with the statement that it is bad policy to utilize these lands 
 by taking only a moderate poition to devote to the construction of the 
 railway. What more did the hon. gentleman .<ay ? When the whob 
 success (if c>ur policy rested on oiir success in conviiicinu' tlie world of tin 
 j,'reat value of these lands, the safety of investinu their money in them, an(! 
 thus j^ivini,' the means of huildin<i: a railway without imposing any burden oi. 
 the country, and. besides, furnish the means of lifting from olf the shouldei^ 
 of the people the burdens that now 'ie on them, we find the hon. gentlemaii 
 telling tlie iie<iple of Enuland. from the floor of this House, that wc coub! 
 not get ])eo])le to settle on our lands in Canada even when wc gave then, 
 away for nothing. Not content with sayi'ig that, the hon. gentleman followed 
 us to J'lngland. This House adojtted the policy we i)ropounded and gav' 
 us authority to dispose of l(iO,(JOO.iiOo acres of land for the purpose o ' 
 securing the construe tion of the great work, and they authorized a mission t' 
 England for the pmpose of endeavoring tii see if we could interest capitalist^ 
 aiiroad and the Covernnient in the jn'osecution. of this work The hoi. 
 gentleman not oidy declarcil the wortldessui'ss of these lamls on the floor <•■ 
 this House 
 
 Hon. Mr. Mackenzie — 1 never did so. 
 
 !Sir CiiARLEa Ti iter — He saitl we could not Liet settlers in Canada e\. 
 if we gave them the lands iov notiiing. 
 
 Hon.^Ir. Mackenzie — I did not. 
 
 Sir Cii.MiLES Tfi'i'ER — Will the hon. gentleman read his speech ? d 
 
 Hon. Mr. Mackenzie — Give us the <|uotation. 1 
 
 Sir Cii.vRLES Tci'i'Eii— I will -ive him the ijuotatiou the moment J -• ; 
 down. The hon. gentleman did not stop tiiere. He followed us to Englaii'; 
 he followed tliat ndssion which Parliament authorized to go to England, ai. 
 he lias not contradicted the statement that in oih' of the leading joiunal- 
 
 lion. 
 
not only utterly 
 \ny coiitriK'tnr to 
 l1 uii(l<'iti»kinu ill 
 VQ, uiit'ortuiuitflv 
 Icr tlifsc cinnm- 
 that the Inmls ot 
 iVhat tlitltln- Kx- 
 laniia ? He saiil 
 t the raciiic Itail- 
 n a lianx'u waste 
 ;jit»:(l in adoptin- 
 istruct the road, 
 that hon. trt'ntk'- 
 ition, \v<)m1(1 liavi 
 •pouiuled. What 
 ■the:. What \va> 
 nter, when 1 \n-<<- 
 iiinir. 
 
 I dcpemled on tiui 
 ■ onornious vahu-. 
 
 nianaixeniciit and 
 m of the Facili' 
 Aiis the most iii- 
 low did the ii"ii 
 n that it was Uvl 
 
 to the people "* 
 ihvny. I ask hiin 
 utilize these land- 
 istriutioii of thi 
 When the wlmlt 
 
 the world of tin 
 
 vy in theiu, am! 
 
 ntx any bunlen o\. 
 
 vi'i the shoiddei> 
 hon. iientleman 
 
 L', that we eoidd 
 n W(! ,Li:ave theii: 
 
 ntlemanfolldWiMi 
 
 unded and 'j.n\< 
 the purpose ^ 
 
 i/.eda mission 1' 
 
 nterest capital ist- 
 ork The hot. 
 
 ds im the floor '■ 
 
 s in Canada evi 
 
 . spoeeh ? 
 
 M 
 
 the moment i - 
 I us to Enulau' 
 1 to Ent,dand. ai 
 iidiuLr journal.> ' 
 
 Till-: IMWHLKM (IF ( WADA, 
 
 39 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 Eii'-dand, ho puhlished a letter winch appeared iniiiiodiately mi our arrival, dc - 
 clarin.i: that there was a reaction in this country iiuainst tlie Xalioiial PoIi( \ 
 He declared that the Government had lost theii- popularity, presti-eaud posi- 
 tion, lie followed us step hy step, and used every argiuuent that could he 
 used in order to render abortive the mission in which we were euyaued. 1 
 will now read the (luotalion from the Imn. txentleman's speech, as it has l>eeii 
 kindly handed to me by my ri.uht lion, friend the First Minister :— '• li thi 
 hon. gentleman is proceedin.i; on tln^ hypothesis that in Canada alone is tlnr-- 
 any land available for settlement, he will lind himself j,ncatly mistaken. Ii 
 has been very diliicnlt in Canada to promote settlemtMit even where tin' land 
 Avas j^dven away bv the Covernment. It was still more ditlit iilt to send 
 settlers to ihe far-olf West country, wlieri; they have th(; initial diftieidties >>( 
 a new country to contend with, not less in amount tliout,di dilferent in kind. 
 
 Hon. Mr. Mackenzik — The hon. .uentleman said I stati'd that the land wa^ 
 -ivcii for nothing. 
 
 Sir Charles Tlm'peii — 1 find the authority for this assertion in tlie siati - 
 meiit that yon cannot promote settlement even when you i,Mve the laud a\va\ 
 Not content with saying that in (.'anada you could not even give the land~ 
 away, the hon. gentleman stated that in the Nortli-West it is worse tiian in 
 other parts of Canada, as the diffi( iilties theri; were greater than in the olliei 
 oortions of the country. He went on with this lugubrious iiecouut of tin- 
 cCMiiitry. that there is a long winter, absence of lumber and liuilding niateiiaN, 
 ditticulty of transjiortation, ami that tluret'orc we must make np our inind>. 
 if we are to settle the country, it will be done only at the expense of a larue 
 amount of money inaid of the settlers; therefore. m)t only, according to tlir 
 hon. gentleman, they were giving the lands for nothinu'. but we w<add have 
 to pay the settlers for coming in. Suj>i)osing the mission had failed undei 
 these circumstances, woidd it have been very suriu-ising? As it has bem 
 alreaily ..tated by the First Miidster, the communications with the imperial 
 Cloveinm'nt were confidential communications, liut I may say this, that al'tei 
 the most friendly and frank discussion of the (piestion with the Imperial 
 (iovernment, and especially witli the Colonial ^linisti'r. we camn away sati-- 
 lied that we had deeply interested the Imperial Government, and espei iaily 
 the Colonial Minister, in the building of the Canadian I'uitic Ita'lway, and 
 tor reasons hon. gentleme!! oi)i)osite will appreciate, tin; tinu's, piuliaps, were 
 not propitious for pressing them for adetinite answer, but we came awav with 
 tlie impression that at no distant day we would he in a position to obtain tViuit 
 the Imperial Government all we hadasked in relation to the country. That 
 can be substantifited. That it was a (piestion in which the late Imperial 
 Government felt the keenest interest we had no reason to doulit, but 1 ilari 
 say if the hon, gentlenum was making an appeal to the country as they were, 
 he would not like to he handicap|)ed any more heavily than was necessary. 
 There was another reason why we did not think it necessary to press the Im- 
 perial Government strongly in relation to tin; matter; it was this, that alter 
 discussion, not only with the members of the Imperial Government, but with 
 tile li'st men of the Opposition, now the juesent (iovernment of Kngland. 
 ;ind after having discussed this rpiestion extensively with the first capitalists, 
 We found We wore in a position, without any fear or doubt, to go steaililv 
 lorward in the prosecution of this work, knowing that the funds were pi<i- 
 vided for and available by my hon. friend tlu; Minister of Finance as tar a~ 
 was required, iihlf>i>i litt/f/ nf any (/iiiirnntr'\ I may as well add tliat our 
 iiiissidu was not altogether fruitless from another point of view. If we wen 
 going on with the construction of the railwav it was not undesirable that wi 
 should seize the right moment for the purpose of purchasing a ipiantity ot 
 stet 1 .ails, and I may tell the hon. gentleman that, more fortunute than liim- 
 >elt. we Were there just at the time win n iron and freights bail nai lied tlie 
 
40 
 
 TlIK ritOlJl.KM <»l CANADA. 
 
 lowest point. AVi; wvvr siicicsst'iil M, the .'Xtciit ot' ptinliasiiiff fifty llioiisfiinj 
 tons of St. el rails jit a iiiilliini fiml h ImH (Idiars liss than tlie lion, gentlfiiiaii 
 paid, ami at a million and a half dollars less than thoy conld bo honcrht for 
 to-ila\ . Jt \vc had not 1 c'li on the spot and the ii.irotiation niana^'<'d jtist as 
 it was, wr coiiM not liavc iimchascd a (|iiart<'idf tho qnantity at tin- same 
 I'l-ici'. Tiic instant it was known tliat tlioir was siicii a contract in tlicmaikct, 
 quotations went np at a boimd. and liave never since fallen iiack to tlio price 
 we i)aid. 'J'lie pill (• averai,M'd ,-<2t . 'J4, inspection, frei,i,dit aiul insunmce jiaid, 
 and d(>livcred in Mondial. I may say to some hon. i;-entlemen who seem t<» 
 think that witli the defeat of Lord Beaconsfield's Administration tin; hope 
 of tills Goverimient of ohtainini,'' anything;- from England is gone, that Ave 
 have no reason to mistrust a I, ibeial Administration of England any more 
 tliaii a Conservative Administration. I would ask any person who knoMs 
 anything of tho jwlitical principles proiiomuled by gentlenu-n on this wideof the 
 House, whether there is any man who is likely to sit in the 1-iberal Cabinet 
 in England under .Mr. dladstoni" or Lord (Iranville oi' Lord Hartington more 
 advanced in Liberal principles than the gentlemen on this side of the House? 
 There is r.ndonlitedly a great change in parties in England, but if the Tory 
 party have lost power, it was oidy to bring into power an Admini.stration wluj 
 weie not more committed to Liberal printiides and policy than tlie gentlemen 
 on this side of the House. 1 may tell Hie hon. '.r ntleman that I am not 
 dismayed at the change. I believe the interests of Canada are just a.s safe in 
 the h.urds of Lord C'lrdwell a-s Colonial Minister as they were in the hands of 
 Sir ."\Iichael Ilick.s.Beacii. -Mr. Cardwell was a man who went hea"t and soul 
 into tlii.s great (juei-tion of the Confederation of Jhitish North America : who. 
 uheii he went out of oftice, had followed up in the most energetic manner 
 tile great (luestion, as much in tin? interest.s of the Empire as of Canada. It 
 only ri'maiiied, when he bft oftice, lor his successor to jiuttlio seal of office on 
 the v.ork which had been accompli.shed liy a Conservative Administration. 
 After full discussion on tlie part of tho First IMinister of this G<(vernment 
 with the gentleman who i ■ not unlikely to bold the seals of the Colonial 
 <iltiee, I may say our prospeii.s ot guarantee with I\Ir. Forstor are equallj' as 
 good as they might iiavo been bad there been no change of Administration. 
 I will read an extract from the sjx'ech delivered at the Colonial Institute by 
 -Mr, For.ster. who i.s second to no man in England on his side of politics on a 
 keen and intelligent diseussion of the whole question. Jfr cx/iirsficK t/ir beliij 
 that the iiiij[)Oii<i)irc, /lOircr an I </rea'iiess of Englaihl drpenJ'il /uri/cli/ on the uifcr/rit;/ 
 I'f her Colonial Emiiire. Mr. Forster said that 8ir John A. ISIacdonald came 
 over not very longago to get a guarantee for the Pacific Railway, and lie (Mr. 
 Forster 1 was not sure it was not advisable for the mother country to act with 
 great liberality in this matter, 'i'he lion, gentlemen opposite were too san- 
 guine in the belief that at the fall of Lord Beaconslield all ju'ospects oi 
 (.'anaiia being sustained in this surprise were scattered to the winds. In 
 tb (t country, to whicli we owe allcgianee, are men of siitlicient breadth oi 
 intellect to feel that the great national highway across three thousand mile- 
 of British territory is not unimportant to tiie interests of England. 
 
 WATS AM) .MKANS. 
 
 Under this lioa 1. wo have from tlie IJiorht llonorable Minister, 
 at tho head of tlie Land Deiiartiiit-nt (Dejiartineut of the Interior ), 
 the Premier (Sir Joli.i A. Miie(lonald). a carefully made up statt 
 ment of the e.stinvtte.s of reveiuie from this .source. 
 
 i 
 
 fJH' 
 
 to act 
 l.v tJK 
 liitcri 
 
 I >nlilil 
 
 initial 
 
 '•'J 
 
 Mlelit W 
 ■nil CO 
 
 111' adei 
 ii'ivir t^ 
 
 its COlU 
 
 tinn of 
 iipjiositi 
 Anierici 
 \ a lied. 
 Aiucrici 
 I'rice on 
 tiieiid, 
 (.ovi'rni 
 :iom Ke 
 ' 'rders i: 
 I'luigran 
 present 
 Miidiie b 
 across t 
 liowevei 
 fiie land 
 \v|iether 
 ■ailed al 
 io the 
 •Viu erica 
 iiad not. 
 I'Ut that 
 would 
 than the 
 iiuiuigra 
 to go an 
 lor three 
 lie had t 
 tinned ii 
 tlie worl 
 a new fm 
 imt ealle 
 ill easy 
 see the ^ 
 we offerc 
 gciitlenii 
 la-f year 
 
 «■ !C. tin) 
 
fifty thoii^iind 
 lOii. gentli'iuaii 
 I lio liouicht for 
 iaiiaf,'f(I ju«t as 
 ity at tlif same 
 i in tlu! market, 
 rk to the in-ico 
 insiiiiiiire ]iai<l, 
 I who seem to 
 ition the hoiM- 
 i fifone, that we 
 himl any more 
 on wlio knows 
 1 tliis si<leot'the 
 Liheral Cabinet 
 aitin^^ton more 
 e of the House? 
 mt if the Tory 
 inistration who 
 1 the ficnth'nun 
 tliat I am not 
 e just as safe in 
 in the hands of 
 t hea"t and soul 
 America ; who. 
 iierjjjctic manner 
 \ of Canada. It 
 seal of office on 
 Administration, 
 lis Government 
 of the CoU)nial 
 are equally as 
 Administration, 
 al Institute by 
 of politics ou a 
 l>rc>ises thf helitj 
 Iji on the infi'gritij 
 \iaedonald lame 
 ay, and he (Mr. 
 ntry to act with 
 were too saii- 
 all prospects ot 
 the winds. In 
 ;ient breadth of 
 thousand mile> 
 ;Iand. 
 
 •able ^linistcr. 
 
 the Interior). 
 
 lule \\\) state 
 
 THK l'l{()L!Li;.\l OF TANAHA. 
 
 Sir John A. Macdonuhrs Sp.'o-lt, <;tli April isSi). 
 
 41 
 
 \\\ spcakinv' u^niiist the r('.s()luti(jn, us i>fo|i()S('d hy a iiicnilirr ut' 
 the ( )i>[iosition (.Mr. (Jhiirltou), against lnud Ljrauts or sales, cxccitr 
 to actual settlers, ami deprccaliiii;- tlio system of land .sales adopted 
 l.v the Government, tin; l{iL,dit Jlou. JNIcmher, as .Minister of tin- 
 interior, .specially diarized, departmentally, with the matter oi' 
 hominion J.jinds, after recounting the incidents of the scheme from 
 initiation to date, as elsewhere given liv ns in this writiiiLf, said 
 nifrr-ulliC : — 
 
 '• The present (iovernmeiit l;ad deeidcd to build the work as a (ieverii- 
 
 iiteiit work, as the road I'miu Lake Suiierior to Kcd llivii' was tlinniuh .'i ditli- 
 
 rull country e\)>e!isiv.' tor sur\ eys, and a jioor eMimtrv, which woubl uiak'' 
 
 im ade(piate return for ex|ii'iiditure. It was char that the wurk iVmu 1! 
 
 b'ivir t< the Kocky Mountains ran llirouuha rich i .mntry. whiili would iiialo- 
 
 Its eonstruction easy auti reiiiuneiiUive. The policy be( anie a immble iiuitJi- 
 
 tioii of that of the I'nited States, wiiieh received the euleuy of -cntlciiiri; 
 
 ujiposite. At the same time it should be stated thattliou;;h the plan of tie- 
 
 American Government in railroad builditiL? is tiie same, still, wh(U( vir oui> 
 
 varied.it varied on the side of librrality. In attemptiim to t'ollow tie- 
 
 American .system west of the Ihtl Itiver, it was decided to sell for the liii;liest 
 
 price one block, and to resi-rve the alti'inate one. The policy of his lion. 
 
 nieiid, in f,Mving away the land to actual settlers, was not the policy of the 
 
 (lovermnent, because, when the late (lovermiieut laid out the laud nniniii'.: 
 
 ti'iim lied lliver to Selkirk and north of Lake; ^lanitoba, tliey, by three separate 
 
 Orders in Council, reserved all the lands runuinc aloni," the railway, exdudiu.: 
 
 '■luiLiiants altogether. The policy of the late Government, and that of tie 
 
 I'lesent Government had in view the relief of the country at large from aii\ 
 
 niidue burden of taxation in the construction of the rail|i'ay, and carrying it 
 
 .icros'5 the continent. The system adopted by tlu; present (iovernuient. 
 
 however, was complained of as too liberal, and it was told it was too lavish of 
 
 the lands. He was not able to understand the hon. movtu- of the resolution. 
 
 whether he was in favor of pre-emption or not. The iion. gentleman hail 
 
 < idled attention to the report of a commission in the United States, referritiu 
 
 io the abolition of i)re-emptions. He (Sir .bihii) was not aware that tin- 
 
 .American (iovernmeiit had adopteil that plan; he rather believed that they 
 
 had not. from a telegram received from the Land Deiiartment at Washington, 
 
 Imt Ihat tile system was as much in force as ever. Yet the hon. gentleman 
 
 wiiuld have us adopt a system unfavorable to the immigrant, le.-is t'av<»rable 
 
 than the system in force ir. the l'nite(l States. We were giving to every 
 
 immigrant, every head of a family of 18 years of age and upwarils, whoihos.- 
 
 to go and settle in the North- West, KSO acres of land, ami if the settler staye<l 
 
 icr three years — not live years — he got his deed for that l'!o acres, and then 
 
 lie had the right to imrchase another 100 acres adjoining at the prices men- 
 
 [tioiied in the regulations. He thought this was the greatest inducement in 
 
 jtlie world. He got his IGO acres and tlu; right to ]iiircliase another li'.o acres, 
 
 a new farm alongside of him. He gets his homestead for three years. He is 
 
 hint called on to pay in his pre-emption until the tourth year, and then he pays 
 
 liu easy [irojiortions. These were advantages of which he would not like ti> 
 
 [see the settler deprived. If he were deprived of this chanc( , the charge thai 
 
 I we offered less inducement than the United States would be true. The hon. 
 
 jgentleman said the Government had violatisd the spirit of the resolutions oi 
 
 jla-t year in regard to the I'acilic llaihvay, and said we had sold land at $1 an 
 
 In' ix. tiiough tiie regular minimum price was S'J an acre. The hon. gentle- 
 
•■ii-'iiiiiiiii»iir''ajmi] 
 
 •H 
 
 TIIK I'lii»l!l-i;M Ot' 'ANADA. 
 
 tiiMii sl'oiilil I'livi- rciDonibcnd tlmt tli'' icsdliiliinis «if lust scssiiiii provided 
 ilidt tlif land to lie so di'idt wifli slioidd \<f witliiu u ludt on ciich sifje (»t' tlir 
 line of 'JO niii(;s ; nil tlii' liiiid oiitsidf of (liiit was not railway' land, and liy tli. 
 |ioniiido-i Lanti-^ Act all lands arc sold at .*! ptr acio. Not imc acre of tliosr 
 lands (oiMos '•ithin flic tLiins of the risolutions of last scHsion. Now, tin 
 hon. i^ciithiiian /Mr. Cliarlton) said wc should inakii artiiul occn|)fttioii oni 
 (ondition- Hl; would like to know who would i'uy land he tould not sell 
 Thi la( t of s(llin;,'i(i fee siin|)Ie was consistent only with the idea of inakini: 
 no sucli conditions. We had reserved these lands for houiestcad ptirpose.- 
 and for actual settlement, and for th<' purpose of relievini;- the people oi 
 (anada Ironi taxation, which the work woidd otherwise entail, and hence 
 every second li,l was offered at an n[)set pri( e, .so t/mt tlir roiiil ini'/lit eirntiKilh, 
 Ik hvilt withoii( eiisliii(j till mniilrn u simjh' Jitrthing which woiiiJ not lie recoii/i'J. 
 Ill lirlid'cl the hnvl caul'l he mihle /iruilticlive uihlrr lh> 'jriiis of the resvltiti'.i, , 
 ■(' eonii'ldc titr lehhlr oj I If roul, in o/ieii uj) the irhole iiiiinriixe rauntri/ iiiti] 
 i/iee (I iitaijuiiie: lit ridlivinj Jnmi khi In k'U irithout mcreiisiiii/ the hurdem '■■ 
 /III- peojile or cdnnniij need Jur inrreitm.l tuxntion. 'J liix coii/il lie doin- hij th' 
 siile oJ linhlt held ii.i a xiiered Inifit Jor the fitir/iofie of deJ'n.i/inij the who! 
 '.i-/'euK'- if the niiliriii/. lie could, therefore, disabtisi- tliu minds of lion 
 ucntleuieii of aiiv anxiety as to the Facitic Railway beini;- a burden to th. 
 ' (luntiy or oppressive to the people and discoura;;in,ii- to the future develop-j 
 juent of tlie Dominion. The hon. ;,a'ntleinan (.Mr. Charlton) said onr terni> 
 w ere more j^iwierous in other respec is than those of tJio United States. Tip | 
 survey system was the same in both countries ; every even numlier and sei . 
 tion was kept as a liomestead section and odd numbered sections as railwioi 
 lilts. Here two Mctions were kept for the Hudson 15ay Company, and tW' 
 .-ections for school jiinposes. The lion, gi'iitleman did not like tin; i)icture i 
 the isolation, and not beiny able to have schools and clnirclies in Canada, In; , 
 we saw churches and schools growin^^ in the I'nited States on our principN 
 r>(tter terms AVire offered the settler in the North-West, however, than in tl. 
 L'nitcd States. As lii' ha<l liefore stated, in the United States l?2.;")0 in l•a^ij 
 per acre liad to be paid tor i)re-eni])tion claims, while Canada, even in tl.f 
 
■-,-¥: : 
 
 yt^^iit'*-^tt* -r^UV,!. :4i'AJ)i ^ -iiti 
 
 pcssinii pro. i< led 
 I'luli siilf ol tin- 
 liind, and I'V tli«' 
 one iuit' of tli«j>f 
 sion. Now, the 
 I ocriiiiatiou oiir 
 e could not syll 
 10 idea of inakiir_ 
 iinostciid i)Uii)<'sc.- 
 u<i the i>i;oi>lo oi 
 iitiiil, and lii'iici 
 (,/ mi[/lil nuntn>i/h, 
 id not lie recoui"! 
 ,s of the nsuliitii'i' 
 iiirnne conntiji "«'j 
 ///// //('' hnnlritx ..• 
 ,»/,/ l,r JoiK' I'll tif 
 •'fn.iiiixj Ihf n-lini 
 iio minds of hon 
 X a bnvdcu to tlul 
 he future develop-j 
 [on) said our tern:- 
 lited States. Tli- 
 n uumlior and s." 
 sections as railwa,' 
 Comi'iiny, and tw 
 t like the picture . 
 (lies in Canada, hi. 
 L's on our priniipl' 
 owever, than in tl. 
 itatesS'i.:")') in eii> 
 I'iinada, even in tl 
 he road passing h 
 )raMe locality ; 1 
 ted, whether 2('. 
 pre-emption rat< 
 ill- John) Avould ;i- 
 ,ral)le than our ow 
 Janada. (Checi- 
 ■oing to take up ; 
 ml speculator ha<l 
 t in Canada, he ^^ 
 onld hemorespi' 
 on theTroasurv 
 done. Tarlian. 
 nd shouldbeutili 
 .ct of 1874, thr 1 
 iiis it did not uii'' 
 
 ;• the existing lai 
 
 ri 
 
 ht. The rat 
 tion. It was 1" 
 had announce^l 
 isting obligation- 
 decided that til. 
 
 TIIK rHOHLK.M OK CANADV. 
 
 4:i 
 
 \vii\ shouhl go on as luuidly as it cui-Id without iiirii'ii>inu' Ihr burdens ni t!i'- 
 country by taxation. It was of importance tlmt the ro;ii| should lie built. It 
 was believed from the best infornuitiou wc could get. that ■.'0,0(10 people u.ii! 
 into the Nortu-W'est last year. 
 
 lion. Mr. Ih.AKK — Not more than one-tenth oi th.it uuiuber. 
 Sir John .MAcuoNAf.n said he couM inlorni the lion. LCUtleUKin. iVou, 
 retiu'ns of the Ministe.- of Agriculture, tliat I'_',n(i0 were known to have :,'oiic 
 in. and, from the best information obtiiined, it was leirned that as many tnoiv 
 weut who could not be eotmted, who were not under the uotic/' of the Di'pai t- 
 nittit, but 'fit were allowed that 8,u(iu more went in, that made the 'Jo, 000 
 Trustworthy reports statetl that ,*)().00(i would go into that section of the 
 country this year. In the United States, wherever railways were to be con- 
 structed aiross the coiuitr}', large inlbi.xes of people cotdd always be coiuite'l 
 on. because there was always an increasisig rush towards those lands wiiii 1, 
 are opened up by railways. The Goverunu-ut was told that ,')(),u(i(i would 
 come in. but if the ninnher was put at 2r).o(i(i — but Ik; was told by everyone 
 and he had spoUen to a great iiuudier who had come from the Noitli-\Vc-i 
 and who should have the best op[)oi tuuit\ of judging, t'lat that estimate wa- 
 ahstndly small . 
 
 Hon. Mr. Macke-V/ik — Was it the same pers(in who spoke ti> Lori 
 Beaconst'ield ? 
 
 Sir John ^r'lC-DoXAi.n tiiought it was vciy likely, lb- woiild ask the lui m 
 Ixr (ov Lanib'ion whether ornot he believed that so many would l,^) in. 
 
 Hon. Mr. Mackknzii'; re[)lied in the negative, and said he ilid not bi'lie\. 
 i;e.ii()(i wt!nt in last yea.\ 
 
 Sir John MACDONAi.n said the luui. genlh man was the tirst he hail heai'l 
 js.iy so He had lu^aid that 'J5,uuo was an e.stiniiite altogetluM' too smiUI . Tie 
 pnimliev included the Iiaby as well as the adult -. in fact, tlii^ wiiole po|ndatiot. 
 iniovini; in. In ordinavy cases the t'aniily Uiuidiered tivi- — the head and t'ou: 
 )tliers. In the Western States the family is m)t so large, as young men go in 
 without families, and so the average liecomes three and not five. In the 
 fiitiue so low an estimat(^ cotdd not be counted, as the nundx-r in lamilic- 
 would be larger than now, when many had sent on their sons as pioneers. Aii 
 .'stimati' had been iuade of lour to the fandly : thi.-^ wa.^ a larger average tha:. 
 lad hitherto occurred in Canada or the Western States. ]\'. then, four wa- 
 aken to a family, the estimate was that of I lie J I, urn 1 that went in, :!,o(iO would 
 )e h(;ads (it families occttpyiug honu'steads and lue-i'mption < laims : he -mi 
 lis lot free, and looked forward to having .'in ailditional farm from tin- prc- 
 smpiio!!, and that was one great advaiit.ige of our system over the Ameri< an. 
 riirie iveiy man had to pay cash for his jiri'-emiitioii claim . It was id.^" 
 iptimated that one-foiu-th of the adults, or 1 ."i.oOo, vould liecome purchasers o' 
 railway lands. Men were coming from all parts of the world, and despite 
 je statements of gentlemen opposite, from tlu! I'nited States. There was a 
 rge move about to tidvt! place from Pennsylvania to tlu; Xorth-West. lb' 
 |ad said many would buy the railway lands. Another fourth would \" 
 boring men, with families, but who would not take uji land . Some sai'i 
 lat a mechanic would take up Ins lot and work it in sucli a way as t<i seeiU' 
 title to it, but in making his ca]culati.>n lie had tried to keep well withiii 
 e hounds, so as to nuikc a siati-nicut ratlu 1 under thun over the proliable 
 
 1:ST1MATE«. 
 
 He Cid.ul.ated that 2,'), 000 peoph; would go into the Xorth-West. that 
 
 lun heads ot fanulies would take up free homesteads, that l.,")UO woidd pm- 
 
 ka.-e railway lands, and 1.500 not purchase any. That was a moderate 
 
 |hr.lation. If the estimate was correct, then tiie rest sirrply became a mar- 
 
 |r of tigures. < 'f the railway lands they (.aktdated that the average purchase- 
 
 M# 
 
w^vrrmt 
 
 niin*1 
 
 u 
 
 THi; ru()iir-!:.M <> ■ ( anaua. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ncc ]iri( (• (,r IIk' wholi 
 t' till' railway, to (;(i («» 
 njil (<> till' 1. ,■.()(» |>iiri liasvrs 
 iiiM 'if.r:! an acH'. tlii.- JHiiiL; iindfr tlw avt rayi-. 'I'lir iisiilt woiil,: 1r' that 
 ■It SI. :*'■.' f>n. Si and s:». the avi la^c of S:;, lands would It sold in IHMi to the 
 value i>i Sl.4 H'.'iiin. of w liicli unc-tintli would lie rucrivrd miw ; tlic tecs. 
 
 wonld 111- .'!"Jn aciv's (ov cacli In-ad id' a t'aniilv , Tin' avi 
 liindM'Nti'ndinir I'inin llif S,'. sntion within tivr niih'^ 
 ^'>l mill 
 
 i\\a\, tlif avi'iaui' iiiicc of tlir lands 
 
 "iiiii, 1)0(1, wiiidd 111' H'i (' 
 
 ivrd, nitd<iim' $'Ji» l.iHili in cash. 'I'lirri it was ralriilatid 
 
 ihat as 'jri,(MMi |.ri.|>l(' would ;;<> in this ycdr. to carh year ini^dit lie added an 
 increase or."), (an, mi that :;{i,ito(i nduhr he e\|(ected to ,i,n> in next year. 'riii> 
 was a small percentage ol the result of railway eiiterprisi', ^ In IH'.ioat thi> 
 esiim.ite, 7.>(),0iiu Hettlers lliij;lit he exjiected to go into the Nortli-Wust. 'I'hi^ 
 uas a moderate oliniate, and the revenue in IH'.iO wotiid jirohaldy atuoiint ti. 
 S;!."^"'.'.''''" with simple interest. 'i'liere would also he iill the instalments |m 
 . (inie in after IS!M», so tiiat the land sold in 18:i() would he one-tenth paid fot 
 line yearsat'l<rwards. I'dr each year there would be iin instalment ot' one- 
 •enth |iaid. The aetui! viilue in lSOiioftii<! iire-emption up to that dat. 
 ■;ii;>ai(i uoiild he ;<li),44i>."u(i. Thi- actuid value ot' railway lands sold nji I'l 
 that il;ite would he .S] r,.J72.n(Mi, makint; in all S:!L',7i;!.0()(), Jt' to that total 
 'inpaiil the i;s:',s,i",;i.:,(i(iii to he paid in IH;)ii was added, a grand total !•■■ 
 STl.no."). (Mid was reai he<l. Deduct fiom that the cost of survey.s for the ten 
 \ears. SJ.(J<'(i.(|(hi. and of the land oftices. Sloo.odO, and it was reduced hv 
 S2.4()o.(i(io. so that $i;'.i.(iOn,(JO(i would be had either in money or on <,0)iii| 
 security. 'ihe w hole estimated cost of tlie railway, iiicliidinj;' surveys au'! 
 construi (ion. throimh the diflicult as well as the prairie country, does imt 
 • xceed by the uio>t excessive coinput.'itioii .?"."), iiiK'.doO I'orthe work from Lal- 
 SiipeiiiT to the Pacific Oceaii, probably less would build it. Some said th^ 
 eiiixineer was very extravauant, and so his estimates mif^ht be relied on. I 
 tiie road was iniilt for STr).(Hio,(i()0 in tlie iirst ten years, and only half tin 
 laiids were sold, ubi'ie would be the burden on thejieople? As the rour 
 I'ldspered the annual sales would mori' than be sulti(,'ient to nieot all th' 
 I'lissible cost ot the railway. There would also be a laiwr iiopnlution (wIk 
 would not have to clear the soil of the forest, as in Ontario and Quebec), con. 
 >miiiiiL: dutiable uoods, and contributors to the revenne. In consequence, w^ 
 -liould derive a larye revenue t'rom the country, indeiiondont of tlie lund> 
 Where, then, was there any daii^^er of the country being over-ridden by taxi 
 tion and bein^- op]n'essed '.' Then' was none at all. ruder the scheme of ti~ 
 < iuci'miiif lit till' roiiiitri/ n-fiit / tie siill/d; tlv {iniceids of the Imid xitles icoui 
 •iir'i nil cnjiiijements ti.i tif u'ork proffresynl, inchidiu;/ cldiins for intercf 
 mid lie u'ltx sun- lln' i/ittrest on rdilirui/ rr/nndiliire could easili/ be drfnni 
 'i-itlmut iiddiii;/ /itrllnr to the rxiictioii of the countri/. i have returi:- 
 >howing the iiro,ii're.ss made by some of the "Western States during ditVerd,- 
 periods. In Minnesota, the population in 1850 was 6,077 ; 18G0, 172. uni' 
 lS7o. 4,l."iO,ooo. Iowa, 18."i0, U2.O00 ; ISCO, 674,000; 1870, l,lU4,0ii. 
 -Missomi, 1 850, .")',i4,o(i(i ; i.soo, ] ,067,000 ; 1870,1,721,000, Arkansas, 1 
 
 soonei 
 
 Adv. . 
 
 withii 
 
 jirivih 
 
 iiest pi 
 
 iiave a 
 
 diltini 
 
 « piovin 
 
 ^ I ncDiii 
 
 .liiival 
 
 live mi 
 
 the oiii 
 
 (.ioveii 
 
 ■)nl\- b 
 
 I thin' 
 
 iiceii s 
 li solve 
 
 I'uulat 
 
 I e less 
 
 -Ucceei 
 
 jii.^t an( 
 
 them t 
 
 ri-ht t 
 
 seitlem 
 
 have e.> 
 
 House. 
 
 <?iilcidat 
 
 that we 
 
 those t 
 
 revt'uiio 
 
 ■objects : 
 
 certain I 
 
 (1 
 
 :t.i: 
 
 ,000; 1860, 324,000; ]87o, 484,000. 
 
 Nebraska, 18,j0, ml ; I860, 28, (n 
 1870. 12'J,000. Kan.sas, 181)0, «/7,- 1860,107.000; 1870, ?7.3,o00. Wiscons: 
 18.-J0. ;'.0,"i.(iOO: 1860,775.000; 1870,1.064.000. Illinois, 185d, 861,000 ; 1^. 
 ;. 211, 000; 1870,2.535,000. The rate of progress of those States was hk 
 remarkable, and was due to the liberal policy of the United States Govei:. 
 iiieiit in granting liberal land subsidies to railways. The right hon. gem 
 man then ))ointed to some large ac(.nmulations of American lands in ' 
 ii.iiuls of i"uvi(luals, and declared tliat such could not occur in the ^im: 
 West. These speculators tould not get more than 640jacres together, and ti, 
 were cheehod by the fact that resident settlers -would see that a d 
 resident i.ix was imposed on land. before the Land Act of Upper Ciii, 
 was passeti, si ttlcr.s held large tracts of hiiul for speculative pu;posey, bin ..i; 
 
JiMjL 
 
 'VIW" 
 
 "«*l' '"-"»■' •■*^ 
 
 TIIK PUOIILKM OV CXNAKA. 
 
 l.*» 
 
 ii( (• (.f till' wIidIi 
 railway, to <'.i' to 
 I., "0(1 jmriliiisvrs 
 
 lit woiil.; 1h' tliiit 
 
 ,1(1 ill IKhO to till' 
 
 iidW ; till' It't'S, 
 
 it was <iil( iilati'd 
 
 iulit 1h' a(Klr<l uii 
 
 uxt \ri\r. This 
 
 111 ih;m) at thi> 
 Joitli-Wcst. This 
 iil.altly amount to 
 lio instahneiits to 
 inc-tt'iith paitl for 
 iistuluitnit of onc- 
 1 ui> to tliat date; 
 y huuU solil til> t"i 
 If to tliat total 
 a grand total oi 
 iiivi-ys for the ten 
 t was ri;ductd by 
 loiioy or on gooil 
 uliiiLi' surveys au'l 
 country, does not 
 he work from Lnlo 
 Sonio said tli' 
 
 lie relied on. 1 
 Liid only half tin 
 le? As the roji' 
 t to meot all th 
 '1- iiopulation (wip 
 . mid (jueliee), ron- 
 n tonsequenee, w 
 out of tiio hiiuU 
 vcr-ridden by tax : 
 'er the Kcl.eiiic of '■ 
 he htild xdlex >ri,n. 
 Idims for iiilenf 
 
 Cdsill/ Ite (Irh'dlf 
 
 I iiave returin 
 CK during ditfen n: 
 7; ]H60, IT2.(Mii' 
 
 1H70, 1,11)4,011' 
 Arkansas, is.". 
 7iil ; 1800, 28,0(1' 
 3.O00. Wiscoiisi!. 
 85'!, 81)1,000; W: 
 States was nu- 
 ted States tioveii 
 
 vigiit hou. geiitl-l 
 ■rican lands in ti 
 [>ccm' in the Kon. 
 
 together, and tl- 
 sce that a i. 
 
 t of Upper Can 
 ve purposes, Inr 
 
 sooner was tlie Act passeil than spi ciilators were ohlig.-d to m|| ilicir liiiid-. 
 Advt'ting to the tirst reguhitions icspcc tini; hind sih's, undt r wiiieli Jaii.l- 
 within live miles ofii railway wnc witiidiawn alloL'.tlirr iiom tin- lionirst.'aii 
 jiriviiege, while he thonuiit tlie homestead systmi was tie' roncet one find tli' 
 hest possihh; one for tiie Kettleiiient of neoimtry. no settler <ould expeit t.. 
 Iiave a railway Imilt ^almost to his door for tiothiiiL'. 'J'hiy hhiiuiIhi, d tin- 
 difli ■ulties to he overcome hy the tirst mMI.t, ,,\' (tntaiio and |||<- \i,\\v\ 
 luovinees. Tlie faiiiKT in the .N'oitli-W'.st had no Miiji .iillirulties v. 
 cneoiinter. lie could commence to sow ids crop the next day alti r lij- 
 anival, and wliilc! lie (Sir .John) tliougiit it reaso!iiii)le that s.tthrs witliih 
 live niiles of u railway «i.oii!d not ohtaiii land alis..|utcly tree, yet such \\\~ 
 (he outcrv raised about tliose regulations driving away emiuianis tliat tin 
 Government ciianged tlieni. It was the unpatriotic course |iuisued no' 
 onlv hy lion, gentlemen opposfTe. but by llnir party JoiirnalK. And so. lliouuli 
 I think the tirst regulations were (jiijte just in lliciuselves, if they h.i'l 
 been sustained we would have iiad more niouiy in our n.ileis, biit we 
 resolved tliat that unpatriotic attai k should be foiled. We rendered oui 
 regulations more liberal : we resolvi'd that every one of the < onditions sliouhl 
 be less onerous to the public and more; favoiahle to the settler, ami. Sir, we 
 succeeded. J know that with all wcll-tiiinking men they are accepted a- 
 just and wise, and I can only say this : that we encourage settlers liy otVeriiu 
 them fair ti-rms ; we yive them a free grant of jilij acres of land and iln 
 riuht to pre-empt l<;i» more, with iilenty of time to |iuy. That >ecuie« 
 seltlemcnt. Then, Sir, we want to build the railway, and in tlie manner I 
 have ex[)lained to you on the eslimati^ I have ventincd to lay liejnic tin 
 lloust!, and that is not an estimate madi! liy me, but liy e.\|)crts. 'J'hisc 
 calculations show that we offer such liberal terms to the purchasers of land, 
 that we will, in selling (mr railway lands, whiehan; cheaper and better thiin 
 thoM; of tne United States, secure not only immediate sdtlemeiit, but ;i 
 ri.'venue w!tli which to meet our railway expenditure. We tiius gain twn 
 (ilijects: the settlement of tie; eonntry within a leasonabie jieriod, and tiie 
 ^certainty of raising u fund that will relime this country from the daiigei 
 of heing in a position not to carry out tlie obliuation^ which we haV' 
 l.assumcil. On this matter we rely upon the good sense, tiie candor ami 
 .Icniisideratiou of tins House, ami the country . (Cheers.) These resolu- 
 Itioii-, (niuaning those of the (iovernmcnt) mu-t not he oppo.sed. t)i;i 
 |re^uIations demand and will receive the approval ot' the House and of tin 
 country. (Applause.) Tliey are liberal without being lavisii ; they aii 
 [tvell coiisi(U-red ; they will ein'oiiiag^' (Ih^ jioor man to becoim' rich, ami 
 enable tiie tiovernmeiit to carry out the i;;eat object of developin-- tie 
 Countiv and coniU'cting tlie Atlantic with the Paeitic (Loud ajiplaiisc.) 
 
 1 ha\f, fioni tho Dominion Jiunds r)liici<, OIiuum, kindly fin- 
 liKlicd tne, on rcinu'st, liy the Dcpartniciit, an (dlicial copy of the 
 K'giihition.s of tho J )epai tinont: as to tho ilisj)os;il of tlio Doininioi; 
 I'liids for the Piicific^ luiilway, and find tliat tiiCy arc so coifcctl\ 
 ind fully stated by '^ir .Joliii (the I'mnicr) i-i the aliovu .slati'inont. 
 bhat to i^ive tlioni lici-e would lie Imt fepctition. 
 
 Sini't; tilt! date (14tli Oct., 1S7*J) of tlio Kot^nilations, •uul sine 
 khe speoch above rejajited, the following fcsolution has been pas.sed 
 )y the HcMise, in extension of the aliove [>fo\isions : — 
 
 RisolreJ, — That it is expedient to substitute for the seventh of tii'' 
 leries of r(!soluti(ms relating to the Canadian Tacitic Railroad, adojited 
 ►v this House on the I'Jtliaud llitli of .May last, the following resolutions 
 
 II 
 
Mi 
 
 THK I'HIMUJ;.M OK CANADA. 
 
 IkI. Tluit 1)11.' IiiukIiviI Mi!|lion>^ (>'. n< rrs of laiid in Miinitolwi and tin* 
 Snith- ,V(Mi 'rniitoiv Im- (ipiunhiiiiti'd fur tlm i>m|H»sc of nmslnictiii^' th« 
 
 ( iinadiiiu I'm i I'll ■ liitilwiiy ;' 
 
 •Jiiil. 'I'haf <iir|i laiiils sliall 111- !Voiii tiiiif to t^iiu- scltM h-d and leHcivccI 
 l.\ Old. 1 ot tlic (Jovi-riior in Council as iii'lway laiidn, and hIwiII Uc of iiiir 
 .ivora^'f (|iialilv for sfltk-iu' iit, Iml in no iiisc at a witu of Il-kh llian ^1 
 [HT acii' ; 
 
 :ji'd. Tiiat '<n< li lands shall I'c sold at i. ices to lir li\td \'\<iin tinir to 
 time liv tlif (iovi'iiior in (council ; 
 
 nil. 'IMial til'! |>ro( cfdK of such sales, aftir d.'dnctin'^ the co.-^t of Hinvrv 
 aiid iiiMim.m'iiiaiit.s||iill In- dcvoti'd iNclnsividv ;o tlic pm jiosc o;' dt'trnvi.i;, iln 
 I n>t of till- (onstrnitioii of t!ic t'aiiadiun I'aritii' llailway. 
 
 Tlic icsoliitioiis rcfni'.'d to arc ms toilows. We i^ivc tlu! wliujt 
 ;i> an iKlniiralflr .siinuiiiirv of imc la'.iii ii — tlif fliicf— of our prcsein 
 ,11'1,'iiincMit. 
 
 The i'(soliiti()iis wiTc piis.s tl on ;i <li vision of 115 n;.jiiinst 37. 
 
 KK.SJLl TIO.NS OF I'AliMAMK.ST (DOMIXION oF CAN'AnA) PA.S3ED 12TII 
 .MAY, IST'J, Foil PACIFIC KA'LWAV. 
 
 1. UrMili'r,]^ Thai t'li-ianviiicnts havo been (.'nti'icd into with Ihilinl, 
 I'uhniihin as a condition ol Union with Viiiinhiy ilial a liii<! of railway to connect | 
 the Atliiiitic with the I'liri/ir shall In; constrn<ted with al' pnut icHhle spocd ; 
 
 :.'. h'rKo/i',,/, That tiio I'ariiir llailway would foiii' i\ ;;i(at iniiH'riiiil 
 iiiuhwny acroH.- the continent of ^Im- yvvMiitirely on British soil, and would 
 ;iidvide a now and inipoitant rotilo fiom J'^iii/liiini to Auslrn/in, to Jndi/t, ami 
 to all the drpeiideiK ie.i of (I'rcdt /jn'l((iii, on tho J'lirt'jic, as also to Cliiiut aiiiij 
 
 ■ hijiiiii . 
 
 •',. L'rsoli".!. 'J'hat reports from tl^; iV'otlur.- Countrv set forth au; 
 I'.npi'fcedentod st:itu of en*'<>rced idleness of tl'i- workiiiLr classes, and tli' 
 |i(i.ssiliilitv of .1 scheme of relief on a larue sciile bidiig found indispensalili 
 to alleviate dcstitntion ; 
 
 4. Jkisd/rrJ. That tlio construction of t'le Puciiic Railway wou'o atlnmi 
 ininudiate employuient to jjrcat nunihers of workmen, and would opiij 
 \.ist tracts of fertile land 'or occunation. and this would fo/m a nadvi 
 outlet f'lr tile over-|)opidate(l disi.icts of <lr at JJrilain and oihcr Kiiiu- 
 ] iiiii ( otintries. 
 
 a. It'i'^vfrai, 'I'liat i; is oltvious that it woiiUl bo of jjenenil a 
 \ant!igv totliul an outlet for tlie i-cdnndant [lopnlation of the Motln 
 t oinitiv witliin tho l^ni|tii(', and ihns l)uilcl up llonrisliing colonies » 
 r.iitisli soil instead (if I lireetini; a stream of emigiatioii from EiigliniA 
 to foieiiiii counti'ics. 
 
 (). ]!i'-'ulvi''l, Thiit in xicwof tiio inijKtitance of ki^oping go 
 taiili with Jj'.itish 'Johnn'hla, and completing the consolidation of tl, 
 ( 'unfi'deiatio'i o'" the Piovinces /// I'rllish yorfh J mc'ica, and i 
 the purpose of c.'cttMnting relief to tiio nnem[)loy(;d working class.^^ 
 of ('inif Urltain, and alibi ding them permanent homes on IJriti- 
 .-oil ; iiuil in view of the national character of the undei taking, t; 
 (Government of CdiKuhi is authorized and directed to use its 1"- 
 •tlurts to secure the co-operation of the Imperial Government i 
 this great und»i'iaking, and oiitaiu fiutlieraid, hy gi;arantee or otli' 
 v\ise, in the construction of this great national work. 
 
 ippi. 
 
 ( 
 
 >iid t 
 
 ( 
 
 ''anH( 
 iiijs«ii( 
 Kailw 
 'ity 01 
 oiinti 
 
 (' 
 
 IIIV p( 
 
 -ii' th 
 hind th 
 l>.'(in'i 
 |< "n.stn 
 
 amis 
 llaihv 
 land vv 
 
 II 
 
 h> com 
 >n the 
 
 K 
 M loca 
 li'iver 
 Jiaiieh 
 
 A 
 
 UlLI' li S 
 I^MlllOU 
 I 
 
 |li the 
 
 ?-\.uiiii 
 
 l«',-;est| 
 
 |tiiieli.| 
 
 1: 
 M Ih.ii 
 ];j 
 
 male 
 
 U .S;li(| 
 
 H th.J 
 'li;e. |[ 
 I.Mtl 
 |e pre 
 
gtini-MBtt 
 
 ''["■Wy* 
 
 '^•>ffj« ' h ■Ht\ 
 
 TIIK I'lDUKKXI <)i' CANADA. 
 
 17 
 
 liiiitolm an<l tlie 
 ciistnu'ting the 
 
 t'd and roBcrveil 
 
 )l" loHH thiiii $1 
 
 1,1 I'inin timi' l<» 
 
 lie ru.-t of SIM v.•v 
 l!l): dt'tinyi-'" •« l!<: 
 
 jfivc tlu* wholf' 
 -of our prcHOiii 
 
 I n;:!!iinst 37. 
 
 X) I'ASSKl) I'^TH 
 
 into with liiitid 
 railway to conufctj 
 ivrli<'.U>lc spei'd; 
 rt <ii»at imporiiill 
 sh soil, and woul'i 
 Ml in, to hidid, antl| 
 ; also to Cliiim and 
 
 Urv sot forth iiU; 
 ir (lasses, and tli' 
 ouiid iadisponsalil. 
 
 ilway won'd alVnii 
 
 and would op i 
 
 add lo-.ni a n^i'l 
 
 and oUicf Km- 
 
 )o of goneviil a; 
 on of the Motli- 1 
 ishing colonies u: 
 .011 from Enjl'ii' 
 
 of keeping gO' 
 
 nsolidatiou of tl 
 
 America, and t' 
 
 working clas- 
 lioinos on lUiti- 
 
 undertaking, i 
 
 ,ed to use its 1"- 
 
 il Go verm neat \ 
 
 fi;arantee or oil' 
 
 •k. 
 
 7. Ill' i)l<y"l, T.iiit it is fuilliiM- <'\i:i',li('!it to piovid" ; — 
 
 (it) That 100,0(10,000 a( It's of luiid and all iln- niiiii'ia|.< tinv cnnfaiii Ix' 
 ili).io|iriatrd for the pinpoHo of ronstriictiiiL,' tlm Canadian J'lrifir l;iiih\a\, 
 
 (0) That till! land l<c vested inl'oiiMuissidncis to he tspceially appointed 
 and that the Iniju'rial 'Jovernnienl he represented on M'e Connnisninn 
 
 (r) Thai all the nn','iatited land within twenty mile-.: ol the Iiii<' of Hi- 
 I'aaadian /'ariiir Itailway hilon;,Mii'j: to the DnniJMion he vi>(cd in nui h (.'oni- 
 niiN^ion ; and that wlien the lands alon;; tiu! line of the (.'aiiadian I'uriiir 
 Uailway lUf not of fair avoniKe quality f(a- settlement, a coirespondiiiLC ipiaii- 
 Mty of lands nf lair avera;^e i)uality shall he appropriateil iii other parts of th.. 
 iiiiiitiy, lo the extent, in all, of one hundred millions of ae:cs, 
 
 (./) That said (Joinndshioners lu! authorized to sell, from tiu'e to time, 
 
 '.my |portioiis of such lands, at a price to he fixed hy the (IdVernor ia Coinieil 
 
 1..I1 their reconunendaiion, at u late ot not le>s titan two dollars pei aeie. 
 
 iiim! tliat they hi're(piiied to invest tlie proeet'dsuf .'••iieh sah';s in Government 
 
 >e( nrities, to ho iield e?:c.Iiisively for the pinposi! of de '..lyini;- the eo.st of tie 
 
 ipiistnu tion of the Canadian I'twijir Knilway. 
 
 8. l!nsolval, That the withdiMwal for .sale an 1 .sett h'Uii'Ut <>f t!i.' 
 Il.inds foi* twenty n.ih'soii oac^h side of the h)cated line of .he Pac'iji • 
 lllailwaj' ha.s. in part, )>ad the elluet of throwing scti'.eiiii'iit soMth 
 land w Kt of r.aK(; > anit()I)a. 
 
 U. IiHUolt'cil, I'hat, in the » \isting state (»f thin'4< if '^ dcsii-aljj.^ 
 . eoniliine the lU'oinotioii of ^'ohmiz.itiou with railway cons' i utM ion 
 )p, the (Janadiin Piwilh'. Uailway west if Ted IJiscr. 
 
 10. licxolriil , 'I'hat the ( lovcruniout he anthoii/.i'il and liiicelcd 
 .1 hjcati; a portion of the Canadian /'niujic Uailway from the lletl 
 River we.sterly, rmniiiig to the soutl' of Lake >lanitolja, with a 
 taalieh to Wiuntpfj/. 
 
 And, if they deem il. advisahlo. ;o enter into eontr.ict fo!' o.vpond 
 Iul;' a sum lujt excecdiiiL; SI, 000, 000 in coiuaruetim,' the said iailwa\ 
 Without )ire\io;isly sulunitting the contracts to P.ii'liament. 
 J 11. L'i"<(>h^i:il , Tlnit i. is expedient to .iiake Tin t her e.«plora(ions 
 
 Sn the Pi'jicn L'iirr districts and othei sections of the country not vet 
 ixauiined, in onh'r to ascertain the fcasiliility o." a lino ihronyji the 
 lai^est extent of fertile territory, liefore he;',inning the wo.'k id" con 
 |ti uclion in /Irillsh Co/anwiu. 
 
 \'2. liesolveil, "J'hat, in the; opinion of tliis Ifonse, ihe si'!(>ci.ioii 
 if Ihirrard Inlet was premature. 
 
 13, Jir.iidreil, That it is n:'C(;s>:a''y to koep LCood fiith with 
 friti.^h Colianbia and commence tlie -ail way in t'lat Province as early 
 practicahle. 
 
 1 1. Ji'esolrt'n', That the (l()veriiment he autho.'izcil and direclcil 
 inalce su^h I'liriher explorations as they may deem nejcs.-.iry for 
 ,ie said pnrp<jsc, and so soon as they have; dually .selected and loca- 
 bd th>' line, to iMit(,'r into contracts for constructiuL;' a portion of thy 
 Mi.e, not excecdinij; 125 miles, without further SiUictiou of Parliament 
 that the work of coristruction may, at latest, l)e coutiiuu'd (huiuLr 
 le present s:as;):i, and thereafter he vigorously i).'osecutjd.'' 
 
IS 
 
 iiir. iM<(»i;i-i:.\f of caxada. 
 
 'I'Ik! |)-.('tlic'nlc's in tlu- estimate are, we think, warrauteil Uy facts, 
 l.iit ilirre in, and nmst ever be, from the nature of the case, a ilis- 
 tiirlmiLT unceriiiinty as to the realization of necessary fiuius to meet 
 at e\t IV nioiuent th(! e.\ii,'eneies of casli payment. A Governujent 
 cannot \h'<: time for better ti;nes in order to realize in the land 
 market, and if it has oidy the cash proceeds of land sales to go on 
 with, there will, inevitaliiy, now and tlum, be deficit and inconve- 
 iiirni-c and prejudice to ih;' scheme. 
 
 On the other hand, if t1i<^ i^'ciu'i'al levenue be iiolden for the out- 
 inv as rei|ui:'ed in ]»rouress of the work, there will ])e no hitch or jar 
 in its coursi'. and contracts will naturally j'ule lower. 
 
 Wlien I speak of payment out of the general I'evenue I do nor 
 mean, of course, cash ])aymerits, l)ut it may Ije in any proportion or 
 wholl\ i;" bonds or debentures, (d/ /io<;, by the Government. And 
 ,is the w'lik is one in a sense for all time, humanly sjteviking, the 
 lonuei' period tlicy are made to extend over, the better. i;>o genera- 
 tion hereat'tei' would, it may be assumeil, from t!ie supreme mei'its ot 
 the woi'k, complain of such Inirthen. 
 
 On the other hand, il' we, unmindful of o\ir luty to our future 
 ii. the lite of the nation we In-long to, neglect this work in fore us. on 
 uur heads, the memory sad, will rest the l)lame and the ciu'se. 
 
 On this saliject of construction from jjroceeds of laiul sales, v.-e 
 have no I'cason to believe, however, that, as lias been contendeil bv 
 Mr. I'.lake (ilie new leader t)f the ( )p[iosition in the Dominion House 
 {<[' Conimons), Sir John's estimates are too high as to innnigi'ation 
 or value of lands. On the contrary, we find him borne out by the 
 American returns, (ol hoc, which show, not only a rapid increase of 
 innnigrition I'm mi Kurope, but an ini[»i'Oveiiient in tiie class oi 
 imnuurants in the way of means to )>uy lands, and that in the tei; 
 \i'ars la>t recordt'(l wild lands had beoi sold to the amount of seventv 
 Miillion dollars. The fact, though sti iking, is not beyond th(> fori- 
 caste of those. American and C;inadfan, wli(j, in promotion of Paciti' 
 Uailways. lia\e wi-ittcn on the theme, [n 187'>, writing under tli- 
 ,/(.//) (// jihniic i'.iitanuic'us, in newspa[iers and pamphlets on tip 
 subject of ihe < 'auadian Pacific llailway, I ad\ance(l statements and 
 prcMlicales which ha\ (.• since ))een [)roved to have been Wiu-rantablc. 
 I said, etwlei- head. 
 
 FINAXllAl. i'.ASlS. 
 
 NOllTll \Vi:Sr LANDS — VALUE--IMMI(;i!ATI(:)X- -TliAFKlC, ETP. 
 
 The cost of the work in iptestion, say, even 8120,000,000, e>i 
 more, is within the financial )'(>sources, without risk or strain, ei 
 I'anada or r>ritain, and even of Oanada alone, with Britain'^ 
 guarantee, in whole or part, pro forma. 
 
iitecl V>y facts. 
 Ciiso, a tlis- 
 anils to meet 
 Government 
 in the land 
 lies to go on 
 and inconve- 
 
 n for the ont- 
 hitch or jar 
 
 ?nuo I do nor 
 [)roportion or 
 ment. And 
 spe-iking, the 
 i>o gonera- 
 eme merits ot 
 
 to ora- future 
 iH fore us, ou 
 curse. 
 
 laiul sales, we 
 contended Ity 
 minion Housi' 
 ) iuunigratiou 
 \e out by tlic 
 (id increase ut' 
 
 the class of 
 Ihat in the tcii 
 lunt of seventv 
 :ond the fori - 
 Ition of Pacirt' 
 |iig under tli- 
 ijildets on till' 
 Itatemeuts atiu 
 
 \v;u-rautal'lc. 
 
 FK', ETC. 
 
 C0,000,0O<i. H 
 
 or strain. ' : 
 
 ith Britaiii- 
 
 Tlie IMUUi.'.KM O;- CANAl'X. 
 
 I '.I 
 
 How ] it will h,> asked. Thus I answer. 
 
 For basis ot o|»t'ratio!is, Canada, in her N'e.i; h- West TerrifDiies. 
 lud in British Columbia, as \k'V airreement, n / I, or, Ikis futlv lialf ,i 
 milieu of sijuare mih's (33l', 000,01)0) acres of luuds"^ ot" lanje et'^ 
 iiomic value, an area rc(juiriug lait a railway to gi\ c lau'rent, lite arid 
 (iHvelopment to its l)oundless treasures. The uiomeut sui-h hiv'liwav 
 is uiatle, evci-y acre will a\-erage Jive dollars in \aliie. aud in five 
 years after, double that, say .S.j,O0(.,(K)O.noil (three thoiisauil inillinn 
 
 • Value or Lands. — TIu' details ol" my esliiuiitrs ot eediKHiiii an,;is in 
 our Nurtli-West Territories. '' lliipert's Land'' aud liiitisli ( dliiinliia air ::iviii. 
 in p'ooraphic ilesiuiiation, under tiie lieads •• Nortli-WCst 'I'erritorics ;iiiil 
 ' r.ritisli Coluinl)ia, ■ in •• Lovell'.s (iaxetteer of JJrili^li Nortii Aiiicij.a — ,( 
 vviiri; published in 187'''.. Tli" sjiine infornuitioii. l.iit in umre cxiriid,.,! 
 trrnis, and witli al)undaut rot'erenee to the sourcfs ol iniormalion on \\\< 
 snhjeet.'' viz., tlie journals, reports, etc., of luy tatlicr. a'ld othn- jiarln' r> an.i 
 rliief oftii ers of tlie llud-on JJay I'onipany, and eonispo.idi'nii' fVoia all 
 i,uiuters of tlic Hudson i'ay Company's 'J'crritorics willi my i;..tli.'r. uinn ji, 
 ( i.arj^e of central and important posts, is uiveii in the a|ppi.|iili\ of mv worl- 
 <if sprin;;' of 1S7L', '• Peace lUver,' puiilishcd in ftltawa. llfs;(lis all tlii-. i 
 could and do speak from i)er.sonul knowleilLie of most ol thr' v.i>i ii-ion in 
 i[UL'stiou. All exploration a. id report of travel siner in tho.-c -Wild .NoiH, 
 Lands,"" such as tlie rei)ort, full, faithful and exliansive of i'rofrssor Ma'onii. 
 IIk; IJotaiiist (from Belleville) eimaL:('(| hy Mr. Sandtord FleiniiiL; to exiuuiiii 
 imd report ou tlie llora and agricultural resoinces of our Xorlli-West, from tin- 
 shore's of the Lake Superior to the Pacilie prove; this. He and his eompauioii 
 (.Mr. lloretsky) -'speak," as Mr. FleminL,^ states in tin; oflicial repo't of i-T,, 
 in ulowimr terms resiieetini,' the heautv of the countiv, tlir f. itilitv of Op' 
 
 I the saiuliritv of the climate over wide areas on he eastern sid. 
 
 .t 
 
 si)il, am 
 
 the Mountain Zone.'" ^Vhen tiie travellers ^'ot on tin' '.vesteri. -irle winter had 
 set ill, iiiit there was not hi ni; fouml hy them to iudi' ate a les.^ favoraMe Hora, 
 in the same latitudes, on the western side of tlie Kocky Monntains. 
 
 Captain IS'.thr, in his admirahle hook of tiavil, '-'i'lie Wild North l.aiid, 
 
 ')■ •• It will ytt he lound that tl 
 
 ii-i(.' arr /' 
 
 wiitiiiL;' lu IS (3, says (paue 
 
 'if fertih' land lyinu iitn-ili of it." 
 
 • Ml tlii^; suhjeet of t'l'rtillty. extent and iii:iinsi< value of lands oM' I'll ii, 
 ^laiit fi.ir the rail\\a\', there was no iliflimltv in lloatiuL: tin- m lirmr on tin- 
 
 l.eudon .M(aie\' 3Iarket. 1 holdc\;dei 
 
 lee of tJH' laet ill the pruati' ( ojri 
 
 loiidiiii !• tonivself, from that i]uart(,'r, in nferenei; to the .special inloimat 
 ;ivfn in mv \vritiui,^s on that snhivct, and the < oi ri(tnes< ot whirh it was e 
 
 loll 
 
 III tie 
 
 iKlW ( 
 
 r of capitalists in London to < heck, hv leleieiiei- 
 
 tot: 
 
 l(,' o 
 
 ffi.'ii 
 
 iieport.>, ehart.s and other archived internal ini'ormation on the Mihjeei of ti 
 
 ml 
 
 ii 
 
 iiow 
 
 111 Pay Company, in tiieir chief oftiic in Loi 
 
 Hlon. 
 
 'i"liat Compa 
 
 ii\ 
 
 ei an 
 
 |aises ahoiit or over two thousand sior ivJioldi'r~, and piohahl y i m- 
 
 >iaees a veiy larue majority of 
 
 D( 
 
 ■IS ou l.oiidcui CI 
 
 laiiL'f. 
 ii' roail wri i 
 
 that as It 
 ati.-li. li 
 
 iiiav — the men with tin; necessary millioris to make tl 
 
 with the ( onsidciation presented, in tiie Land (iiaiit, inesiieetive ot tiaih 
 
 Kpriiilatioiis. and were ready at once to make the meessuy advaie i - — a- tie 
 
 lien. Mr. Ahbott stated when examine<l on the Keyal Commission. -/ / h<,r. >• 
 
 ['■'■-■ "«,'// owinj,^ to llif Kitdlen ilislrin'l (in.-pired by ap'iieies opjio-ed tfjtlie 
 
 JMerk) as to the ability of the Governuu'iit (Dominion; of the da\ t» eontinuv 
 
 |to hold its political pov.er. in face of tie' eomliinaticai at:aiii-t it — coiiihina- 
 
 ltiiiii< avowedly to dt feat the p:OJeet as dieli laid — thi.t they faii'dto sie i r. il ' 
 
"•(i''^- ;ii ; : ; . i i a i iffTiiiiiii|jj|i gj | |l j| l ^^ ^ 
 
 ;»n 
 
 TIIK I'UOi'.Ml.M OF CANADA. 
 
 .lulhuM. :iii(l more, foi tlit" ' u:\\ iiuMsiircs, \ .ist and good, are l»:'youd 
 rsiiinalr. Sucli Iici-i(ag(' Iiciitr.gc of/'"^"/"' ;>« ^vrll as of tlu' jirt'seut 
 -ciirralion, is i''>y st'it Ifinciit in diu- t-oursc, I>y a itropcr system of 
 iiiiiiiiuratidii uiuler govciiiiiiciital eoiilrol and its iiiuiiediate siiperiu- 
 i.iidfiiri', as ail iiiipoi-tant liiiiriii>ii iuti|ii'i to ear new Dominion. 
 
 (hi iliis land, 1(11' its iiii|ir(i\ fiiitiit. I would ju'opose an ^//y«)//(!^^ 
 ritfitiii tor |ta\iiifnt of I)oiiiiiiion dflicniuros earr^ing <) per cent, 
 interest, and :* per rent, for Miiikiiiu' fund, oer annum, and lunuin^ 
 ;\\eiii\ tl\e \-eais. l''iom what I i^uow. lersonally, of the lautl and 
 i;,s \ahie. 1 fee! assured, that alter '.iie tii^t yeai' ( r two of ilie work 
 land sah's wcuid amply j'ay sueh iiiit'i'est and per eentage uf sinkiii_ 
 
 fumi. 
 
 'The iiujieiial (;o\triiment eould not I'aiily refustMo ^ive i'» 
 '^uiiai.iee, al least in s ni'.e tair measure, to l)oniinion de'.eu' ures fov 
 
 .'!:l('/l ;i \\ O! k . 
 
 (Ma'i'ouit more. iuitlirs; ii>u]'i'lemeiu lo w hat 1 ha\i>al\ancr 
 ;\x lo li\|iotlieiatiou to,' r.iilw.iv dei't. I would, to the laiid^s ( /.■ 
 wheat ami pa-^ture lauiis. wiiii tlu'ir iuvaluahle eoal measures ar., 
 otlna- mimaai wealth i add the /•('/■'"•cv il.selt". from its initiation, ai' 
 .!>, tiiu^hed. Ill -letioi! at'ter seetion, as a suitjeet fof niiirtgau''' ; t:. 
 Wunupeu and Temhiua and Nej>ii:ou or riuuider J'ay liraiieljes ' 
 i.e eoiisiderevl ;i-> inte_;'ial pail-- of the main liu.e. Such seeuri- 
 o\i'4ht lo in- 'iie\ond al' eavil. 
 
 As lo die tiie.e [iroposed for ['aynuait of j>rir.ei[)al. vi/.. twii;-- 
 ti\s- ve;u>'. it has stfuek uu* sia><' wri'.iuu' tli.u. in;!.;>mueh as the n- 
 and til-" tollowiim gen.eratioas wil". Ivneti: mo.s: t'loai ti'.e wi.rk, 
 woul 1 he iuit lUsi CO the {a-' seiu to !e;..ve to sueli i>euetieiaries - 
 pavmeut vi the i<uik i>f sueu laineii al, in so far as thai" eau n*' •! 
 
 i\ lU 
 
 i>i mures runniu;.:,' i'eyoiu' twemy-ti\"e \e:irs. siy tViiin t!iiiTv 
 .rc\' veafs, aiul with, t'f i.oui-5'\ a e rrespoiKliuv:- diaiiuutivni ■ i" 
 
 tuiuv tof siuki' 
 
 I- fuu.l. 
 
 'riie :ui!iual um>.)un.t re«a.uuvL it:" the work lias to hod- 
 
 tie w 
 
 "wnyears*. wotilvl i on oaeh of sueh atuuuil iii^caimeuts, sii[)p. - 
 
 lieiu to nut', be 
 
 oulv aboitt a uulliou and a halt' '^t* dolhvrb per ai 
 
 ■only tluve- times as luueh as the e.'uqvirativelv little, old at 
 
 iiiusttd I'rovinec' of (.^Juei'Oc lias just i-eaiiz:-d out oi her •■ t. 
 
 hands " .unite..' tlie last vear. D.auituoti Crowu Lui I sales tr 
 
 cwo wars after lue coiumeneetneut ot ouv 
 
 aeiie 
 
 iLiil 
 
 wav 
 
 i, 
 
 f"oli 
 
 1 eercaiuiv tive-told — chatamoiUi 
 
 'lit t '. come t'> n\'' 
 
 say. ri' 
 laloiin- I 
 
 jtheiiix' 
 jaiiipj- 
 >f .sue] 
 [aid oil I 
 fands- 
 )f last 
 tway f| 
 lliyhod 
 t)a\' ill! I 
 |H i t ' 1 1 r 
 »!'■ rail I 
 for f'i 
 lil 
 
 IMMItlKAl" v. 
 
 t.Vi this iiead. ttuder the very special cireiuti.-icanees of tL 
 '.r i5> iuipos.siule to advaiiee aiii:bt but predieace — wUieh. ot' . 
 •vi^iit t't ohjeetod to as ruatter for " dnanciai basis." Stii!. w- 
 iM th*- reeerdeU dou- of thi^ ^tilf screaru of humatiitv to •-, 
 
 1 li'i 
 
 VliW 
 
 I. 
 
 lanitol 
 
 ^tl;.' ffl 
 
«»rW4BrffiS893int 
 
 THE I'HOIiLK.M OF (ANAIJA. 
 
 51 
 
 il, are l^'voud 
 of the ini'seut 
 KH- system o^' 
 ai:ito s\ii>eiiu- 
 l)ominion. 
 so :Ul liif/'of/"'- 
 ; () per cent. 
 ] i\nd i\inuinu 
 !' the laud iukI 
 
 of I lie vvoik 
 t;iiVo of sinkiuu 
 
 "use to --iv^' i'- 
 
 ilr^eirVlfrS IHV 
 
 1 ha\e alvanci 
 ) ilu- lauil-s ((.■ 
 ;\1 measure-^ ar.-i 
 s iuitiati"n. ai' 
 
 • inovtga'^c ; t;. 
 
 V\y V>vaueb<'- ' 
 
 Sueli siCUT 
 
 Kil. vi/... tNViU-- 
 iimeli :vs the iv- 
 mi t'e.e vv.'i'k. 
 >euetleiavi>^'> 
 i;r eau <•«;' '» 
 ■ tioin tViirtv 
 iiiuutiou -I 
 
 :-. 'i.<' il.nie V.T- 
 
 •■ut<. >u\>p'-. 
 
 .lai'b p'-i' M^'- 
 ■.-de. old aul 
 
 •t iiev " *-'r. 
 ,u 1 saU^s nr-;- 
 UaiUvay. V.r 
 
 hopeful slioie,^, " souietliing to g-o bv," evou for <' (luaueia.l estitniitc." 
 In tliat way a uiiuiuiuui, or oven a fair in<!<liuni, uiav 1)0 sti uek as 
 to (letermiiu'd results. \)\\t that does not, and cannot in offeet meet 
 o>u' ease — the probh'ui heforo us of an al)noi'nial, and, prohahly, 
 >iil)er-excit(;d niigi-ation of peoples, in considerahle masses, from 
 iMU'ope and Asia. Manit()i)a, ot tlie moniiait. (!ven thougii unroaded, 
 isolated, and to general eungratiou coJiiparativi'ly inaceessiMo, is e\ i- 
 .|(>nee of this. Her AVinnipeg of 1870 a lianilct of ;}(>()- -is now 
 ;i eitv of ."i.Odl). What will the in-poiir of inimigi'ation, ihnii Kast, 
 \V<'>t and South bi; when llio gates of ready aeee^s. liv steam ways, 
 areopent'd? Xo one e;in say with certainty, and sp.'cniation, "on 
 llu' factors and incidents of tlio hoiu' Ix'fon' it. du this tiienic, may 
 w.'ll start at its oami shadow -its own hon<-s( forecast*'. 
 
 It has been calculated that (ivciy innnigrant to North Aincritta, 
 
 i-, on an a\e]'age, worth .'^' I .()()() to the State, whosf revfiiuc and 
 
 i.atural resources and ficncra! national drvi'lopincnt, he contributes t(». 
 
 At that rate, out- yrav's innnigration, afu r o;ii' Tacific liailway shall 
 
 lir faiil\ under way in ciuistruclion, miu'ht. in a snisc, jtae the total 
 
 cash cu^t of the woik. lIowcNcr, it wduIiI. pi'D'iablv. scarcelv Ijc 
 
 ai'ivisable lo assume so noicli in ariimncnt tnr •• iinancial basis." I 
 
 ilo .s(j, rather in sup[ii)rt of \\li it, I ihink. would. niiH m-thj. lait in 
 
 no small nu'asin'e, contribute to ' tinaneiai basis," \ iz., a liber;;! 
 
 apportionment ofi'airly econoniie lands -gooil farming lands, grazing 
 
 and am icuitr;ral — for Frfi Lcail <! rmits. ahmL;; <iur first hiuhwavs 
 
 sav. )'i\"er w:i\>. and nilaml •" ten'iiori;!! roa:!^ ' d'eiitrai), and also 
 
 Idiiu tie.' line of Paeifie lI.aiUsa\' proposed. I'Vee (irantees. to iietter 
 
 hemselves, are ajil. to imy '• sale lands," 'rii.i-i' will. moieo\-er, lie 
 
 uipl" left, tor setthaneni , in re^'ulai' I'ourse. And in the pioce<.'ds 
 
 f such, with that of the \;uion;> city, town and \illa:,fe lots, to ije 
 
 aid oil bv G'jvernnienl. ami in the proceeds from our valuable coal 
 
 ands — which, by the \\;iy. appeal's by one oi' his .\eis of Parliament, 
 
 f last session, the lion. -Mr. ^ilaekenzie s- ems so aii.xious to throw 
 
 wav ft-ir coinpai'atividv notllinL^ to wit. '• one dollar an aeic,' to 
 
 liybodv that will buy them~--there \y\\\, I presume, be abunda.nt to 
 
 av interest and sinking I'und on railway ost. and that, without the 
 
 le or grant of a single acre of the Crown, tin' jieople's (lomain, to 
 
 e railway coni[)aiiy, save the strip, and perhaps .idioining wood lots 
 
 or tu -1, lies, and road maintenance) along their nariow line way (jf 
 
 l'K<isl'i;<'!S. 
 
 auice^ of ^1 
 -which, ot" 
 Stilb ^^ 
 .uitv to ' ■ 
 
 The fact<, on wlueh the sucess of the sclieim- in a (inaiicial point 
 \iiw, are urgeil. are tin; Ibjlowing :--■ 
 
 1. The cajiability, as already e.sfabli>h( il. it may be said, of 
 
 laiiiiol'a .in<l tiie continuous fertile reudoji lieyiaid on the line of i-outo 
 
 tic foot of the Kockv "Mountains ot \ieldiiig enough to *• run the. 
 
52 THE nioBLf.M of caxada. 
 
 i-oivd" paying working expenses, and leave niucli to niargin of con- 
 
 strnctiou account, not only on tlic Prairie Section (al)out 1,000 miles) 
 but much of tlic woodland section, viz., between Ked Kivei' and 
 Lake Supeiior. 
 
 :]. The volume of immense natural resources of the enormous 
 extent of country, vorfh of tlie line of lailway— larger and richer 
 than ten ]'>ritiiiiis— which must, from necessity, take the railway 
 for ■• out-put. ' 
 
 ]. Tiie remarkable facility of trans])ort from gi-eat distances to 
 tlie lailw.iy at certain well chosen objective ])oints, such as the Red 
 River cro.s'siug at Selkirk, at the heiul of Lake Winnipeg navigation, 
 aiul crossings" of the two Saskatchewans, and at Battletord. This 
 facilitv arises from the general levelness of the covintry, and the fact 
 of its' being peuueated by a system of rivers in the main of gentle 
 I'urrent and lacustrine in inany parts, affording easy navigation, 
 while on the other hand the prairie is ever excellent roadway with 
 horse Iced (uatural — gniss, hay and vetches) all along, and woodlaml 
 is a comparatively 0[)en one tra versatile in all directions and at nU 
 tiuies. 
 
 4. liritish Columbia, in hei unexampled natural wealth — land 
 and marin(> — will assuredly nu)re than piiv interest and sinking fuml 
 on the j>resent outlay within her borders, viz.. 82,40O,0(X.) jx-r annuiii. 
 and even on double that when the canyon of the Fraser shall ha\r 
 iicen I'oadeil with rail. 
 
 5. The Pacific Trade, north and south, including the Australian 
 Colonies, with Brit;\in, Eur(j))e and the United States, jiccording Xu 
 record of exitorts and l;uports, may beestimateil at fully one thousaiiM 
 millions of dollars, of which, iJritaiii has over one-half, and the ro; 
 may be assi!,Mied to the I'nited )States and Europe in about cijum, 
 shares, cat-h one-i|uarter. 
 
 On this head, I uive, as most ready jicccossjble. the followin, 
 extract as made up, with some la'oor from the rather ilifl'usive i-epmr- 
 of our lm[)erial Mue book, the whole given in sonie detail and siiiii 
 mari/cd in one of my ])amiililets on this sul)ject of Pacitic Railwav 
 Quoting fri)m Imperial Iveturns i'ov th(> year 1873 — the last then a' 
 han*^ — I ga\t'. aftt'r full ilt^tails as to vnch colony and country, ili. 
 following : — 
 
 >• ti'Dcial sinninaiy of the P.ritish Parific Trade : — 
 
 I'liina, including Wowj: Kcnu and Macao Sl51,r2<"I,07.' 
 
 •lapan 45,S7T,5ihi 
 
 Jishuuis ill tlie Pacitic 801,025 
 
 IStraits Sottlcniiiits :!8,<',8l.5i.ij 
 
 Australian Cclonies and Now Zealand 'MU'j.~:',0'\.*> 
 
 ?.Vi3.'2S7,4nO 
 
maggHi MMwiwatagjitaaMf !^^ 
 
 irgiu of con- 
 
 I'OOO miles) 
 
 \ Kivei' :iiul 
 
 :\ie enovmo\is 
 
 •r iiud violier 
 
 the v;iilw:iy 
 
 t distances to 
 li iis the Red 
 eg navigation, 
 l^tonl. This 
 J, iuul the fact 
 lain of genth' 
 iv navigation. 
 \-oad\vay with 
 ;ind woodhmtl 
 ioiis and at oU 
 
 wealth— h\nd 
 ul sinking f^nul ] 
 000 jti'vannnni. 
 aser shall havf 
 
 the Australii^n 
 
 ^s, iiccovding to 
 
 y one thonsaml 
 
 f, and the veM 
 
 • 1 iibout eiiu:\! 
 
 the follow in.: ! 
 Urt'usive report-' 
 detail and s>iii> 
 >acitie Kailwio 
 -the last then '' 
 d connti'v. II ■ 
 
 45,STT,5nO 
 8G1,<".25 
 
 :',(',o.T:'.'J.T1" 
 
 TiiK PuonLEM OF (;A^^^DA. r»;i 
 
 • United States Trade Iletnrns (187;!-1) Summary : — 
 
 Japanese Free Ports S 5n.:!L'2.Jl7 
 
 China and.lunan (\ote, — '''lieieis noseiiarate ••ntrv 
 nnder head "C'luna,' but tlieie is •• (JliJua and 
 
 Japan,'' besides " Jajianesc Free Ports.") 5 4."221,r)5 1 
 
 Sandwieh Islands j 013.461 
 
 I'ritisli Fast ^ndies and Australia 25.1 4T,<;n7 
 
 Hutch Fai^t Jndies 7 ,-,1 'j oss 
 
 I'ulliiin — China ami Japan l."),u'jr) hsi 
 
 Total Si54,;> ■ 2,4:;>! 
 
 x\dd British Tiade , r,03,287,4()r> 
 
 Total aforesaid in 187,1-4 Sg:.8,1'.i9,84;! 
 
 • And for Europe— France, (Jermany. Spa'n, Portu.ual, Italy, Sweden, 
 N'crv.ity, Denmark, etc' 
 
 The rate of increase of tin Pacific Trade is markedly rapid, .sav 
 at least 50 per cent, in five years as to the AustraliiiU Ccloides, with 
 ^■very j>rcspect of continuance steadily of such increase. 
 
 As to Ch"ia and jM))an, tlic development in extent and character 
 is ]»henomenal, beyond calculation, and assm-edly giving every con- 
 tinued prospect of larger an<l larger increase. 
 
 In this coiinection, I repeat a few remarks of my own as 
 " pji'itannicu.s " which seem to have been confirmed .since by what 
 lias trans[)ired as to the Ame.ican ti-ans- Pacific trade between Sun 
 Fiaucisco and the Jai)anef:e and Chinese poi-ts. Writing in January, 
 \^~'), I said, " At the })resent rate of progress of the Pacific Trade, 
 it w(Mdd, in five years (before which, of course, the riiilway could 
 I scarcely be built) pi'obably rise to a thousand mi'lions of dollar.s. 
 ()ii that, less than one per cent, would ' run' the road ; U ])er cent, 
 may cost; ; and -3 p.er cent, give good dividends on stock, voi-ifyiug 
 [my estimate, ul hoc, in Dritannicus' Letter 8 of 1SG9. 
 
 13ut the best evidence on this head is the result, so far as made 
 [known fo the general puldic- Tor there seems to be a studied effort 
 3f concealment in this regard by vh(! porcies interested in the " li ii)py " 
 peculation — result I say — of the working of the trans-conti.ientid 
 Jr;dl\vay between Omaha and Snn Francisco. 
 
 Notwithstanding the eno;uious cost of the work — th: ee times 
 
 |cr moi'e, mile for mile, what ours is likely to cost — it piovedat once 
 
 Iniliant financial sucjess. In the very first year after completiou, 
 
 MIC half of it, viz., the Cent)-al,Pacific, \^i\'u\ otf over )i?2,000,000 on 
 
 [government deljentures, -md the other, when afterwards pressed h-/ 
 
 hivernment, paid, or at lea.st was ])ressed for, and, we presume, paid 
 
 [n IS7.5, live millions on like account. 
 
 The official re[)ort of the (Government directors {)i re The Union 
 acific Railroad (about half of the loadfiom Omaha westward— Omaha 
 [orrcspouding in distance from the Pacific, with Fort W'lliam, Lake 
 MiO'Tior) rei)orteJ as follows : — 
 
 f0 
 
34 
 
 Till-; lMi01!M:.M <»I' CANAKA. 
 
 "The yioss ieet_'i|>ts lor tlio yoivr eiidini,' 1S75, wero Si 1,52:2. Ol'l: 
 operjvtijit,' ('xponses, Sl,7S8,0;iO ; iciliiction of dcht Jiist yeai- 
 !i^(!78,()(:)0. :iutl ;i totiil of S2,(i(>0,0U0 land yraiit bonds jtaM ott* ;inc(? 
 tl)o coiii|)Irti()U of tlu! road. ' Increase of rovenut',' tlio <iir('cio!-s 
 ("stimated 'could lie run to Sl'O.OOO.COO jicr annum witJiout any 
 increase of its l.onded dtibt.' Finally, they conclude, ' J/a. ro(i<l is a 
 ruHt (trid Ciiiiuthli' proiicrt;/, iixtl fcrid H'liJ ii-vll inmiikt'nu'il aiuJ 
 ciitnilile of rifKrn'uiij lo llie (Jovvi unituf titv ti(Ci::slintiil tt /lan mude 
 then '(11.' " 
 
 As to i.\\v. oilier )i<irtion (jf tlit! '• American Pacific," viz.. that 
 known as the ■' Central Pacific Itoad," its lenj^th from San Fran- 
 cisco to [.oint of junction with the Union Pacific is DUO miles— 
 .I5(!gun in X'^iu), it wasfinislu^d in 1l>7(>. 
 
 I yive also the tVUowintj from the pamphlet of j)romoters of tJie 
 Northern Pacific Pailroad ('onii»any, whose contemplated field the 
 (/anadian Pacific by southern feeders and by its main line is liki'ly to 
 draw from very largely. Their Westei'n Termini are liteially in the 
 same ^veat natural harlior, the Georgian (Julf. 
 
 Fi Tri'.i: lii'sixE.ss oi" thk hoao. 
 
 Tlie Northern Pacific Railroad will centrally traverse and draw- 
 its tralKc from a fertile belt of country 1,80(J miles long and at least 
 700 in vvidth, which is now wholly inisupplied with railroads oi 
 other adecjuat*' means of trjoisportation. For the carrying trade of 
 this vast I'c'gion the Northern Pacific Pailroail will have no rival 
 The existing line to the Pacilic has an ample field for a prosperoio 
 business of its own : and, owing to insurmountable dilHculties of 
 surfice and climate between Lake Sujierior and James' Pay, a trans- 
 continental rfiad through the British Posses'dons, north of tlu 
 Northern Pacific route, will not 1 1^ seriously contemplated by prai 
 tical peo]tle." — So says the American, liut not so he of Canada. 
 
 Will a country of this extent and character furnish a sustaining 
 business to one line of road ] The (jui'stion answers itself. iJut 
 t''e case does not rest on this general inference alone. The States. 
 Tenitories and Provinces dependent u]»on the Noithern Pacific Piaii 
 )oad as their thoroughfare of travel and tratlic are ulreatly j)0})ulaieii 
 to a very C(jnside'able exten*:. and enjoying fully oiganized local gov 
 ernmeuts. The cuuntry directly tributary to the Northern Paciri' 
 Road contains quite as many ]>eople as did the States and Territories 
 traversed by the livst Pacific Road when it was built, while the yw 
 ducing ca[)acity of the Noi-ihern belt is at least five-fold great' 
 than tiiat of the Central. 
 
 It was predicted thai vcars would ehqtse before the Union a:. 
 Central Pacific Roads could reach a i>aying business. look at ;;■ 
 facts : Altlnuirh built by the longest line between the Lakes aul v.: 
 
 .11! tlit 
 
 V\ 
 
 \li\> I'il! 
 
 anil ii,. 
 <liiriii- 
 "ithmi 
 Jiiik's 
 
 II 
 
 ]>reseii 
 tratlic 
 
 the 1)11 
 
 Centi; 
 
 inoArii 
 
 «tiatit 
 
 roaii li 
 
 holly 
 
 isy . 
 
 nd V, 
 
 loved 
 
 .s.sur. 
 
 I^\ 
 
THE IMtOHLKM OK (ANA DA. 
 
 .).) 
 
 ll,52-2.0-21-. 
 liist yi'!»r 
 iiid off ;:inc(? 
 le '.Uvt!Ciors 
 vitJioiit any 
 Ix road is a 
 <,1ain<''l find 
 it hiifi iiiii'lc 
 
 c," viz.. tli!>t 
 
 SiUi Fviiu 
 
 DUO miles - 
 
 motors of tin- 
 iited tioUl thi- 
 ne is liki'ly to 
 iteiiillv in tlu- 
 
 ei'sc ami tlvaw 
 acr iiiid at least 
 ,h i-aili'oads oi 
 n-yiug trade ot 
 liixve no rival 
 )i- !\ |)rosi)erous 
 
 (litHcwlties of I 
 s' Bay, a trans- ! 
 north of tlu 
 dated by l»vai' 
 t' Canada. 
 sh a sustainiuu 
 rs itself. Bi'^ 
 The Statt;>. 
 jrn Pacific Hail 
 .•eady i)opulate'i 
 mixed local gov 
 orthern Paciti. 
 and Territories 
 , ^vhile the piv 
 ive-fold great': 
 
 :; the Union ar. 
 lookattir 
 
 le Lakes an I tl- 
 
 Pacific Ocean, through a hi-it of counuy inucli of \\]\'w]i eannot Kt 
 ()Cciii>ied, and over a mountain rc:^doii |ircscutiiig yrcat clcNatioiis anil 
 most dirticult grades, these two I'oads, which fni- coininercial i>in'|>OM's 
 may )»e regarded as one, earned enough in thi'ir jirst full y.,,,- ,,/ 
 ilii-oiKjh husliicfis, over and ahovc ruiniing cxiicuses, to |iay six imt 
 ci.Tt. interest on a tail' estimate of tlicir eost. J fow inanv roads in 
 any part of tlu; country Ciin makr a I'etler showini,' \ Tlie dtlieial 
 statement of tlio earnings and expenses of th^ Cinlr.d Pacific il<>ad 
 during six vears is as folhjws ; — 
 
 Milosopcr.'itccl. dross Kiirning.-.. Oiicratin.; KxpriHo-:. 
 
 I'^O.") ;ji t'> 5i; .-«;4ni,94i tij 8i2l,';i;n 5:1 
 
 I8OG ji; (() ;)! s';4,rti7."M 'Jnojio .31 
 
 I8i!7 ','ttoi;!7 1,470,1;.-^:', .-,(, ;!?,o,!ii:! :i:i 
 
 IH6.S ]:!7t()4';s 2,;;oo,7(;7 17 S4;!,i(3i; ,n 
 
 186!i 4(18 to 742 :),i;7n,S-Jl! 2*. 2.9:i i,:.'.'.", l:i 
 
 i87M 7r_'to'jiio 7, :i20,7la :'.'.• i,"i;o,:,t;i ;i-. 
 
 Total SlSjC'Jo.si;; ;•/( ^^8.oJ:»,5tS 1.*. 
 
 Dm'ing the sanio period of six years the net earnings, the iulerest 
 on hondeil deht, and sur|>hi.> of net e.irniugs over interest liahilitie^ 
 weie as follows : — 
 
 X'.'t oarninu-.s SlO,<i7;t,2";r) 24 
 
 fiiterestou Ijoudeil debt 4,1 S |, '_>•_' l irO 
 
 SiM-plus of net iainiin;-.s over interc-^t S5,s;i.-.,044 .' t 
 
 The financial representatives of the Tcoad make this coniuini! 
 on tiie above figures : — ■ 
 
 I'l'oiti tlic foregoinu tables it will 1k' s(?on tlint the C'cutval Pacilic Railroad 
 has earned, in six years, more tiian SlO,oO(),i)(m X>J over opcratiu'-'' expense^, 
 and nearly !?i),.000,uOO ovr Ofie/atiny ix/n-nses mil iiit-i-n't on. iia lliinh; wliilc 
 <luriiiL;' yb(/r ?/^«//-.y mil a //(/f/'of tliat time, tlie road was uiide'r eoii^tnietioi,. 
 witbnut tiu'oiinli bu.siness, and, t'(a' the lirst three years, witli less tiiau Inn 
 miles in operation. 
 
 It would have Ijcen ditneiUt, before t' e constineiion of the 
 hiresent Pacific lioad, to say of what would consist the enoruiou.- 
 ti'Mfhe it at onct; obtained and now enjoys, yet sagacious nien kueu 
 the business was awaiting the road. The laiilders id' tht^ rniouaui'i. 
 k'entnd J'acitic Koads deser\ e mucli credit as the pioneers of a great 
 jiiKjvenH'nt. Ti ey took the risk of a vast experiment^ and tlieir demon 
 Ifttiation of the feasibility and profitableness of a trans-continental 
 iroaii iiy a most ditlicult route, has rendered comparatively easy ami 
 pvholly safe the construction of a second road, on a short line, with 
 easy grades, and tlirough a couutry of singular mildness, fei'tility 
 and variety of r(\sotu'ces. The success of the first Ijcing already 
 Hoved, the success of the second, under the circumstances, is doubly 
 iis.su rtd. 
 
5G 
 
 Tin: i'itoiJij:.M oi- < anada. 
 
 To ciiiiiiKMiiti- soiiH' of thr soiiiL-cs (){ t'iiliiL' wliicli uow aw.iith 
 llif compli'tioii of the Noi'thcrn J\n;iti<.; luiilniiul : — 
 
 1. Till- lload Nvill coimi.auil 'lit' \ast. iiitc-ioi' trade tliut, mow 
 supports niiitlrt'ii stcaiiicrs of tin' Orciion Strain Navigation (.'oin- 
 paiiv. wliic'i nasiuatf' llic lower roliiniljia. (lie upper (Jo;utiil)ia, 
 Claik's Fork, the Snake IJivci', Lakr ]\'iu\ d'Orcillo and Fngct 
 Sound, 'i'lif dimensions of tli'stratllc in ( )ivi,'on, Ididio, Washington 
 and Montana may Ik- judged liv its piutitai)Ier.css. ['he Company 
 was organized in ' I S^d. with a ca) itid of only 8172, lOO V\> to 
 .Inm.-, ISCD, it had expended ovci' .<J,<)(M),(liiO in the eonstrnctiou of 
 steamers, laili-uads around tlio Da'les and CascacU's, wliarves, etc., 
 and [»aid its stockholders, liesides, ovei' a ndllion of ilolla s in gold 
 as dividends. 
 
 2. Of the- existing Lumlier trade of Piigef Sound, westward 
 hv sea, we have Lriven a glimpse. The Uailroad will create a itro- 
 portionate trade eastward. The shi|)nu'nts of lumhei, hy ve.ssel, 
 from Pnget Sound in 1870 e(pialled IS, 000 ear loads, or 900 ti-ains 
 of L'O ears each. And this tralHc is yet in its iidancy. Wliat must 
 it conn-il \ite to the l)U.siness of the Nortiiern raeitic Uailroad ( 
 
 3. Jt will take the hulk of the lai-ge busine.ss uow done all ovei' 
 the North-West l»y iiack-animals and wagr^ou-trains. It will perfoi'm 
 the most protitahie part of the mail service of ti\e States and Terri- 
 tories, and will ultimately cari-y the Chinesi; and Jai),uiese niails. 
 
 4. Whei-o the Koad crosses tiie 1( 'd IJiver of the North it taps 
 1,5'''0 Uiilesofiidand navigation, down the Eed Eiver, through Lake 
 Winnipeg, and u|> the Saskatchewan to the loot hills of tlie Rocky 
 .Mountains. iJght draft steamers have long navigated this route. 
 Among the greater part of this water-way tho soil is good, thecHniate 
 like that of Minnesota, and the settlements nuuun-ous. The trade of 
 this vast region hi-yond tiaMiational hoinidary, including the trans- 
 portation of sui)]>lies for the Hudson J;>ay Company, will at once 
 and permanent' V Ibiin part of the l)usiness of the Northern I'acilic 
 Koad. 
 
 The Hudson Bay (.'onii>any and VVinni[)eg settlers have liitherto 
 s!ii)i)ied their supplies o\er the St. Paul branch ot the Noj'therii 
 Pacific Ptoad to its ])re.sent terminus, and thence transported them 
 with teams 150 miles to the nearest steandjoat lauding on the Ped 
 River. 
 
 ."). The tideof emigratit>n, ali'cady pouring into the country now 
 opening to settlement, with the thousand needs of uew and thriviiii: 
 communities, will contribute a large revenue to the Road."' Fur 
 
 * A hto iituiiliLT of the St. Paul Pinncir. sp(>akin,L;' of the tide of popula- 
 liUioii already jiouihigto the line of tlie Northern I'aeifie Kailroiul, .says: — 
 
 " 'J'ho lloiids leading to the Ked llivcr N'alley arc .itcrary covered with 
 iiniLiiaut waggons, witli their usual aeconipaniiueiit of families, furnituiv 
 and >tuck of all kinds, The waggon roads from Sauk Coutro to St. Pet . 
 
 |i"^\" dai 
 Jerilicn 
 n'St 
 
 fWtJ Jjiill 
 
 1.1 tli, 
 
 Uiirc ,1 
 Jiisclicl 
 M etiii 
 rei:t\ t 
 |lili-ad 
 
>ii«it>i»uiUiHJim;;>rt.t>nIl9rj,i^{i|Q]S!BijgH3ffi2M';:SU 
 
 TIIK IMtOI'.LKM (tl- t AN.JiA. 
 
 • »< 
 
 now ilWiUth 
 
 lo that now 
 iifiitioii (-'oiu- 
 
 iuid Pu}j;<'t 
 Wiisluii.uton 
 I'lie ComiMuy 
 100 Ui> to 
 )nsti>u.'lion of 
 vliaivcs, etc., 
 lla s in 'Jjokl 
 
 11(1, westward 
 
 ci-eate a \)i"0- 
 
 1, \>y vessel, 
 
 or 1)00 trains 
 
 What must 
 
 ilailroad I 
 
 ' (lone all over 
 
 t will iH'rforni 
 
 iites aiul Terri- 
 
 .neso nniils, 
 
 e North it taps 
 
 , through Lake 
 
 of the Fvocky 
 
 fited this route. 
 
 joil, the climate 
 
 The trade of 
 
 ding the trans- 
 
 y, will at once 
 
 "ortheiu Pacitic 
 
 s have hitherto 
 t the Northern 
 lUisported them 
 iuir on the lU'd 
 
 ,he country now 
 c\v and thriving 
 Le Koad."' For 
 
 ic tide of i»opula- 
 laUroad, says :— 
 •ary covered with 
 imilies. funiituiv 
 loutve to St. IV't 
 
 Kiiiny yoars iho nMhS|i()rLati()ii of sclLJeis, t'mir faiiiiiit's. ifoods and 
 .iijiplii's (thougli done at low rates) to all parts of the Fertile \\r\i 
 tijjacent to the Northern I'aeitiu 'inc. will form acoiistantlv incicasini; 
 >Murce of incoiiie of tlie ('ou'punv. As a roulf Wu- tourists thr 
 Xurtheru Pacitic must always he popular. Tlif suurn i plcisinr 
 rravel over tin- lint^ wMl he increasingly ur.'at. 
 
 It. The shijiUient »if eattle over tlir Northciii Pacitic lloa 1 
 |.i'oniist'S to e(pial that upon any line in Anicrii-i. The <<ra/inii lands 
 nt' the Fertile Pelt are admittedly unsui pissed in character and 
 •■\tcnt. The *' hunch g -ass " covtns valleys and mountains. It is 
 ^rass in summer and cured hay in winter. No drouth kills it no 
 iieat diminishes its nutritive (pialities ; wherever it grows cittlt- 
 rei|uire no other food throughout the year, and thriv(> without shelief. 
 Stock- raising will continue to he, as it now is. one of tli" most hicra- 
 ti\-e l)ianches of laisiness in th • Xortli-West, an I wii li t uis liivai 
 thoroughfare furnishing (jtuck transpjrtation to a ready market, this 
 i'ltercst eannot l)Ut reach enormous proportions, 'i'he e.Nperieiu'e oi' 
 tlic Kansas Pacitic and Union Pacific Jujails, in suddenly developinu' 
 ,e.i extensive trade i a cattle from the south-western plains furnishes 
 |a suggestion of what may he expected hy the Nortlieiii i'acillc lload, 
 
 7. The grain-pro:liu.'in:', capacity oi' Minnesota is well Isiiown 
 iTlie Northern Pacitic Jioad ami its liranches will drain two-thiids ot" 
 jtlie wheat lands of Moniesota, and the trmdc line wi'l traverse, on 
 jits way to the Pacitic, many million acres of eijnally good soil. 
 
 Indeei', the Ivoad nviy he said to ti avers ', and open ttj t!i.' world'.^ 
 knarkets, tluit region which, at a very eaily date, is to fuiiush the 
 iiulk of the surplus wheat crop of the United States. How mudi 
 rmsiness nnist tluj grain-product of the North-West, present and 
 FuttU'e, fui-nish to the Northern Pacilic Road { With one-.ittieth 
 Lart of her h.nds inider cultivation, Miiuiesota aloiu; expoi'ie I grain 
 }nuugh in 1870 to load 2,500 trains of 20 cms each. 
 
 8. The many navigahle rivers crossed and recrossed at con\e- 
 |nent intervals liy the Northerir Pacitic Pailivjad, will contrihutc to 
 
 a large trathc by hi'Miging in the tra(i(,' of the country for m;\ny 
 kiiles on both flank.s. For example, on the Pacitic slope, the waters of 
 'uLCet Sound, the Cowlitz river, the Willamette, the lower and up[»ei' 
 
 Jiiiu- daily accession;} to theciiravau woiKliiiii,' its way to tlie fertile roLdons et 
 
 fortlicni Minnesota. Tiie extent of tlie ur<;at inconiiu'^- tide of iunuunity i an 
 licst estimated on tiie main road fmni A!c.\aii(hia to J'onunc de Tern' 
 
 Iwci hundred waggons jier day pass over this peition of tlie route iiortli-\vc<t, 
 the camp liich are seldom allowed to go out — a iVesli train of eiiugraiits 
 
 ^rivc almost as soon as its predecessor has resumed its march. A notiecalile 
 Ume ef this year's emigration is itsqnality — the waggons come loaded with 
 )ii.stli(pld goods and farming implements, and are followed by herds of c atth- 
 id other stock which in cpiality would do credit to any conntiy. i''iill\ 
 Vci:ty thousand settlers have locate(l on the line of the Northern racjli' 
 lih'ud in western Minnesota during the tust half of 1871." 
 
.')8 
 
 'llli; I'liitllM.M or CWAI'A. 
 
 Coliiiiiliiii, tli<' Snake, tin- ('lark iiiul Laki' rcinl <r( )r('il!i' — all will 
 s»'r\c as ti't'Wcis and (iiitlcts tni- tlif coiu-ciitralinii aiid liistiiltutioij ot 
 fVcijiiit.H !)))<( |tasH('iiLr<'is niM)ii ami from tin' ,';ieat c( iitial tlioiouglitaif, 
 ilic l.'aili'oad. From tlir lead of iia\ ii^aticii oil tlic C'ohiiiil)ia's 
 Uniiiclics it is only 2:i<> li.llt-s across tlio niountaiii coiintiv to tin 
 na\ iixalilc waters of I li<! .Missouri on till' cast. This sircaiii ami tlu 
 N'cllow stone drain laru'e ira«.ts of teitilc country, and lioth will l>riii^ 
 their trihate of trade' to ihe l.'ailroad where rail and rivtr iutcrspcr 
 III Dakota. 'I'wo iiumlred miles further east, tiic naviu'alih! l{ed 
 l;i\er is crossed. I>i inyiiij,' to tlie Head, as elscwlicr(! slated, the tiadi 
 of l.odO miles of \alley lands. At tlieir eastern teriniiii, the twu 
 arms <if the Xorlhi'iii J'acitic Jilaili-oad conneet, with tlio commerce 
 of the .Mississi|i|ii at St. Paul, and the commerce of tlu; ureat Lake- 
 ami the St. Lawrelice at huluth on Lake Sujierior. 
 
 This lake and river system of the Feitile Delt is ob\!ously a; 
 iiii|iortaiit element in the asMired succi-ss i>( tho Koad, !.,'i\ Iiil; it tiic 
 |iractical ad\'aiitaire c f eight or ten sid(! branch lines, without tlif 
 expense of 'mildiny them. Hut the (.'eiitral and Union Pacilic Eoati 
 has proved a Imsiness succt'ss without liaxiii'^ a single naviuahji 
 r-tream tiiluitary to it lietwceii Sacramento and Omaha — 1,775 mile- 
 
 '.I. file Mining intcr(>st of Montana. Idaho and Washington 
 will at once furnish a huge share of trailic to the Northern Paciti' 
 iJoad (the same may he said of JJriiish Columbia as a gold n^gion 
 and. with cheap transportation and tlie introduction of impvo\ci 
 machinery, this branch of liusiness will steadily increas(\ Tho fact 
 "Isewhcre noticed, that the jirodiK-r, of the Montana, Idaho aii'ii 
 Washington mines was over tw.Mity million dollars in 1870 indicar>- 
 the I'ithness of ihe leposits and the permanent nature of this industry 
 The shipment of sujiplies for the mining iiopulatioii, and tlii' trai.- 
 ]iortation of tiieir ])i-oduct eastward, will in all probability render tlr 
 mountain section of the route more protitable co tin; IJoad than a!i\i 
 e(|ual exteiii of agriculliiral country. 
 
 What tlie coal tratiic is to many e;;stein roads, the t ranspoi tatii : 
 of ores promises to be t(; the Northern Pacific. Already the I'nii. 
 and Central Pacilie line derixcs a very considerable revenue fin;: 
 lliis trade— rarrx Jig the ores of the ]>recious metals from the mil:- 
 to the smelting works at San F'ancisco and on the Altantic seaboai' 
 T<n thousand tons of ores, assaying from .S-00 to 81,200 per ton, lu - 
 jiass over tlie Central and I'niun J'aciKc IJoads nuHithly. Ti, 
 authorities cf these roads estimate that ^\lien the smelting works a! 
 eiilarged to tlie pro|»er c !))acity. not less than 1.000 tons of ore |' 
 day will be sliij»ped over their line. The well-known richness a; 
 •xtent of the miae.s adjacent to the roc.te of the Northern Pacir. 
 Ivoad give assurance that it will derive as great a tratiic as the Cciir. 
 from this source. 
 
 ihroiii 
 i'\p( ri 
 rcliaii 
 future 
 and it 
 sure o 
 spiciio 
 iheP, 
 and, o 
 of the 
 
 llie p( 
 
 Franci 
 line of 
 
 T 
 
 sill' e, J 
 resourt 
 lieyond 
 
 Tl 
 1S71, 
 tliroiiij) 
 " (o be 
 merits 
 natura 
 progre.'- 
 
 K( 
 
 Francis 
 trans 1 
 dollars, 
 the con 
 I'toii, il I 
 •giess, 1 
 
 Th 
 i a ti'Onv 
 has disc 
 Klie woi 
 liu thos( 
 [long, to 
 I it siiou 
 
 1. 
 |t.^'., Hal 
 
 iCIiina, 
 (•^ 'rn Si 
 charts. : 
 
 Itlie No, 
 
,,il!,._all will 
 ilistiiliution ot 
 tlionniylit'ari', 
 he C'olunibiix's 
 countiy to tin 
 I'cnm and tin 
 lotli will lirinu 
 livfr intcrspct 
 navi'^nViJi! Ucil 
 atcil, i]\v tv.uli- 
 
 I'lllilli, llu' tWn 
 
 tlio coiniiit'ivi' 
 ho <j;rc'at Lak'"- 
 
 ; obviously a! 
 1, t;iviii!j; it tlir 
 I'S, without till 
 )u Piiciliu Ko.ui 
 iiiL;le navitraltl' 
 a — 1,775 mill- 
 
 1(1 Washinv'toh 
 
 ortht'iu Vi\v\\\' 
 
 a gold ivi;i()ii 
 
 )U of imiuovci 
 
 3ase. The far: 
 
 na, T<laho aiiu 
 
 lS7n iiiilicat'- 
 
 f tliisimUistiv 
 
 ■Aud the trai,> 
 
 )i!ity rciiilcr tl- 
 
 Itoad than ,ii:' 
 
 tvans|)Mrtaii' ; 
 ady th<^ Uiiii' 
 
 It'Vl'UUO t'ldll. 
 
 from the mil'.- 
 taiitic seahoar 
 
 lO per ton, in - 
 
 nicjuthly. 'I'l/ 
 
 el ting works ;i: 
 
 tons of ore ]■ 
 wn richness n. 
 i^orthei-n Pacir 
 ic as the Ceir. 
 
 'I'm: rituiii,i;.\i oi' ( a.\ai>.\. 
 
 .V.> 
 
 10. 'run much importiiMce is nn: ;it!;icliid lu tin- matiiT -it 
 throuiih Ijiisiness Ixtween the |)()rts of A>ia and niir Allaiilii" ('oasr. 
 ex]t( rience havini; shown tliat Local TratVii- iinist nlwavs lie tlie main 
 reliance of all great (horoiighi'ari'-^. I'.iit, whatever sinll li" tlii- 
 filturo voIiMue (if the Asiatie tiade li\ rail aciosstlds ((lutiiieiit — 
 and it will nn(|nestiona')iy he large — ('le Northern I'aeillc lioad i> 
 sure (jf its full share. Its advantages in this regard are as eon 
 s|ii(Mions MS in others. It s|»ans tla^ continent from the yreat l.akes ii. 
 tlie Pacific by a lino ;")()() miles shorter than t lie |ii cseiit tinislied ;oad 
 and, owing to the less distance* and the prevailing winds and current- 
 of the Pacitic Ocean, the sailing time between J*ug"t Snniid aiio 
 tlie ports of ('himi is four to seven days less than l»el\veeii Saii 
 Francisco and China. 'I'ho Nortlnin I'acihi- l!ailroa<l is in ilie iiir"ii 
 line of the •' highway of nations." 
 
 That was written in I.S71 or "J. Tlie ficts have imi cliaiig.Mi 
 sill' e, ami what has been there advaiued as to the immense natural 
 I'csources of tiie regions in (jnestion, and tin; tra h' of the ocean 
 lieyond, has been since; fidly contirmed. 
 
 The entcr[)ris(; of the Northern I'aeilie l.'aiJroad. chartered ii, 
 1S71, has, however, not Iicmmi fully carried mit. and its fate as a 
 throuj/i route, at least for some time to come, depends nr.icii on the 
 '' (o be or not to be" of the Canadian li'H-, wli(-se over-shadowing 
 merits in advantage, in shortm-ss, aliginnent, field iA' I'oute. auo 
 iiatiu'al res(jnrces for maint(manc(; and W(jrkiiig seem to hav. stain 
 pr(jgross on the part of its wouhl-lic rival. 
 
 KevfM'ling to the otiier road, viz., the one reririiiialiiig at San 
 Krancisco, it has, wt^ find, done rids \i/,., (leated ujthin live yeai> i 
 transpacific Stear.is'iip liine, at a cost of some tweiilN' milli'H, 
 tlollars, and that its profits were so larire, that betVac live years, 
 the company had to s))are, and spend in meie lol)l)\ing in W'ashiiu 
 ton, a million of (Idlars — a fact that, escaping the arcana of ('mi 
 giess, has fbtnid wings in the [U'css, and tells its own tale. 
 
 This nratter of Pacific Trade, as now being dcNcIopeih is too rii li 
 a tronvtiiUe for the American, who, i)y his astuteness and eiicerpi is". 
 has discovered and utilized it, to say more than iieeil he about it u< 
 'the world. That t.'ade lias already en ale 1 for it a merchant marine 
 in those now world waters, before whii-li IJritain may have, lietui. 
 'hjng, to lower her "Jack " there. JJiU ther(>are special reasons \vli\ 
 lit should not be so, viz. : 
 
 1. The i)hvsical facts are I'oallv in her favor. The " hiuhwav, " 
 i.e., natural 'highway of the seas," between North AiiKaica and 
 [China, is that great gulf stream, known to Japaiu'se nomenclature as 
 K '.ro Siiro (the great Pdack River) which, as laiil down in .Maury\s 
 iharts. slowly rises in mid-ocean from i(mnd the " Saigasso Sea," of 
 Itlu' Northern Pacific, somewhere in the lower latitiides, and thence 
 
<)<» 
 
 rm; I'lioiit.iM ni' cwad.x. 
 
 -\\rc|,iii^ ii'ii- lisv.ii.l aii'l cii.V Wiii'l uitli AWiS, iifiii^' site- 1, alouir i)i(. 
 
 .'OMHtH (if .lii|»;iii. mill |>;issih<,' iicfoss tin- nortlimi lilitiitlcs, sti'lvcn tliw 
 I'liitisli sliui'i's i)t°(iiir ( 'i)liiiiilii:i. 
 
 'I'Im- Iiih' (^lioilfit iiihi ImsI) h liliiii; miv f'iDiii ^^>l<olliml!^, the 
 II. w ciniH.iiiiii <•!' tlif Ivist, (Ip. .'5') «l('.u'- -IW mill.) tn the AiiU'ricHii 
 . iHitiiM'iil , is to ViiiiiouMi' IsImikI. 
 
 \';iiHini\cr Isliiiid is ilsifll" til' ^iMiiclcsl Iihi'Im)!- of liMi'Itors. 
 riirjicc tit r.iiriMnl Inlet, itself ,i <;..u I li;iil)i)r. is a short frrrv of some 
 '.<i miles. histmice fioiii N'okoliaiiiii to r.iuiMrd Inlet, 4,."{."i<) inik'.s. 
 
 ( H' tile vvli'tie I'iieilic coast, from IJeliriiiy Sti'ait to 'Wnvn dol 
 I'm 'j;o (ilie " Hoi II "i Itritisli < 'oliiiiiljia otfeis tlui Ix'st liiirliora<re 
 e\re|»l |'iiu;e, Sound, liiit uliiv.li last we shait; ill soin<! uieasun'. 
 
 •J. 'I'lie otiier niiiiii pliysieal fact is that Jiiitaiii and Jifitisli 
 ( '.iliiiiiliia aie in tin; M.ime latitudes, and thai, in tiio Atlantic also, a 
 lilse ( iiilf stream, as a fivi-r, fivjin west I > east, ei-osst»s that ocean. 
 
 That lietweeii those two ocean hi^hwa\s, the Canadian Pacilir 
 IS a eoi.neciiii^ link, /»m/V/.y in linr, atid the shortest and easiest. 
 iiid In e\ei\' wav liest possil)!.' for inter-oijuiinunicatioii. as already 
 
 •<llOWII. 
 
 15. That I'lirther, we hold the com aianding points for the worldV 
 felenrai>hv across the i;re..t waters in the path of general commerce. 
 
 On this head .Mr. Fleminf''H repoi't I'lve.s the facts in such urrav 
 as to carry conviction. 
 
 We i.i\c his wends and also ]Mr (iis'torno's memorandum. On 
 this sultject the-e is no hi<.dier aiiihoiity than ]\lr. (JislioriK;, atul \\U 
 \icws, expressed from matured experience, and withont any bia> 
 ii'itainly commend tln.'mselves to our special regard. 
 
 Tin: rACll'lC RAILWAY TELKORATir. 
 
 The trl('i;rapli lias hei niiu' n iiO( essity in tlie woikiii'j: of railway.s, .ii 
 ^^lu'll. uvcMtiially, tin' raiitk; llailway sliiill have been constructed, tlie iidii 
 tion ot'tlio telc;;iii|ili wuiiM lull ow as a matter of course. But, under tl 
 I in iiinstaiiffs wljidi obtain in tbe ]a-eseiit inst.ance, it appears tome essiaiti 
 that tiic censtrMctioii ol the telegraph should precede the railway. From ti 
 vast distances whiili intervene between tiie .seat of (loveriunent and the pdiii; 
 \vlii le railway expenditure is to be made tht; t(;legraph may be viewed as ii;. 
 <i! the main aiixiliaiies in controlling tlie o.jtluy. Even under this o: 
 aspiT , apart tVom the other liciietits which it would confer, the comph li : 
 ol the telegraph siiould not, in my Judgment, be long j)ostponed. 
 
 The coiistMictioii of the railway in British Columbia, some of tho heavii-j 
 sictieus ofwliicii ari' now under contract, and the many questions which i* 
 ' inistautiy arise during the |irogress of the wta'k, will make frequent t' 
 u'lapbic communication Ix'tween the I'aci.ic coast and Ottawa a nece>> • 
 The non-completion ol the telegraph in Canadian territory, will, thent' : 
 I ause incoiiveiiieiue and serious exi>eiise. All telegrams will liave iv 
 ^eiit by California. Foreign companies will reap the benefit of the tiaii 
 «liih' the portion (four own line in operation to ivlmonton will remain 
 tiic most jiart uiicinpioycd and umeiinnierative, as the merely local train || 
 limited and insuHicient to meet the exi»cn.ses of operating ami maintenan 
 
 Iitclllli 
 
 If 
 
 11)1.' Wiir 
 miiy u 
 
 t'iin< a' 
 
 ■Jile 
 
 a |iiM 
 loile c.i 
 
 A n 
 
 ll.W^ tli 
 
 llllop,. 
 
 )ll U I, if 
 
 Ki.r.. 
 
 n-ni I' 
 
 ^r<'M-li J 
 
 Siniaii\ . 
 
 II]o\V> tJi 
 tlie, ..it 
 
 Ji^iiizili^ 
 
 Iteiid.MJ 
 a|M,i, 
 
Tllli I'llOltl.KM or CANADX. 
 
 ...1. •ilony I In* 
 
 •S, Htl'Ul'H tlie 
 
 uk')1iiiin;i. tli< 
 ,li(! Auu'iic-iin 
 
 !• ot' liarUors. 
 tVr»y of H(jin( 
 
 to Ttnra (l"l 
 est lmi'^)or;v<,'t.' 
 inoasui'c. 
 u and liritisli 
 Uliintic iilso, .1 
 
 that oct'iUi. 
 miuUivu Pacilir 
 st and easiest, 
 ion. aH already 
 
 i foi- tlie NvovM's| 
 n-iil conniu'rcc. 
 ts in such ari'ay 
 
 loranduni. ^m 
 isl»orn«!, and liUj 
 thout any bias 
 
 m of vaiUvays, iiii 
 ?tni<toil, tlu" mill'- 
 But, iimUn' tl, 
 Liis tome essi'iitii 
 liilwiiy. Fromtl. 
 Mcntand thupiiiii'- 
 [y Ijo viewed cas oi. i 
 In inider this oi 
 fer, the eoniphti '- 
 loned. 
 
 ome of the heavu- 
 tiestions which \^; 
 lake fre(iueut t' 
 3ttawa a necc^- 
 ,ry, will, then 1 
 lus will have n 
 Inefit of tlie tva:: 
 Jon will veiiuuii' 
 fovely local ti"itii 
 aial maiuteiuii. 
 
 I'liere jut, (liertifore, Htnui;^ rciiHons for the coniiertiun ni ijir ii|ii;iii|ili ,ii 
 Kiliiioiitoii with tin; system in opt'iation in ihitihli ('(ilninliia In it> |ii< h, m 
 iiii iiin|i!t'te ciiiiihlion. tlic (apital m) lar t'\|ii'ii(l<'i| jn \t> coiiNti ii' ijnii rniiaiii- 
 iinprodintivc, and hiiiii^'s no prnpurtionatt' licnctit. i)ev(.do|)i'i| uiid plai i >l 
 (ipi'ti a propiT basis, ilic line would lu' of !;real pnhlir scivii r. With th' 
 ( nniK'ttions to vviiich I sliall presently iflrr, I lielirve tlml it uniiM nlli- 
 lllillely lieeonie hi^illv renilHKTal i ve. 
 
 J liave discussed in fornnT rejiorts the (lilfennt modes ot e>tiilili>liiiiu 
 i(|ei,Maphie counuiiuitation lietwcen Fort William, LaUc Suneiior and tie- 
 Mat of lioveiiiinetit. 
 
 One method is to siiliiiierui'. north of the Counties ot (ire\ ,irid Iline.-, 
 
 rubles across LaUes SiipeiicM' and Huron to Tol)ermoray in the Indian 
 
 peninsula, with intermediate land lines ai ross the jieidnsula at Snult Sti, 
 
 Marie. an<l over Manitouliii Jshmd: a land connection from 'I'lihcinioras 
 
 leiiu' made with Southampton or (iweii Scjiind. 
 
 Another plan is to estahli>h tin; line Ibr the lailuay Irom tin' nm lli -\'\- 
 lit hake Superior to Lake Ni|iis>in>,;, and to c. instruct a land ti-jeicraph on tli;it 
 iliin'. makinu a ccnnectioa at Luk'- Nipissin-. bv tjje extcudeij ( iih;nla < .•n- 
 tial Kailway from < 'ttawa. 
 
 Anotln'r menus of obtaining' cnutinucus te|i'ui,i|i|iii coninniniiatioii 
 U\itiniut passiuL,' tliroti^di a fiireiL;u countiy, is albirdcil in coimei lion with tin 
 hiriijei ted railwav to Sault Ste. Marie. Tlie teb-rapli mav Im; carrieii alon- iji, 
 |riiiite of this railway to the eastern end of Laki; >npiriiii', witlia >iibmi.i-. i 
 lineaiross the lake to the teU';;raph at 'I'hunder I'ay. 
 
 In my report of last year, I submitt'd tor consideration two tiioH.-. 
 [i\ wliioh the I'ai ilic tele;.'raiih line miL:lit l^e co ;.|ib-tiil and icinlei,i| 
 |li-cful : — 
 
 1 , To complete It as a ( b)vernm"nt wialx. and op •rate it chiii l!\ nndi i .i 
 department, as in tin-at Ihitain, France and (hIjiw co!iiitrie,| uiiii nniionn 
 (iw Males ot' I harues. 
 
 J. To transfer the 1,'JOO miles <-oir>tructed to ,-ome ( umpajv wiiii ii 
 
 Ivnidd undeitakc tn couipleti' and operate the winib' liinj on coiKlitinns t 
 
 •termiin'(l. ^ 
 
 If it be deemed expidicut that tin- Ooveiniinnt -houbl lie reJi.'Viil -r. 
 \hr wurk, there would possibly be but little dith' uliv in oiLrani/iii/ a <oni- 
 
 V winch would assume the ta>k of completiiiL'' t 
 
 mil 
 
 frni< ae( 
 
 n- i|' «ir. 
 
 eptablc to the [lUblii. 
 
 slhmarim; i-.XTKNsio.v TO as: A. 
 
 'I'he telcLrrajdi ci>mpb-te(| and in op-ration from oi eaii t 
 
 mi tnni ''ii 
 
 o ocian. opi-n- 
 
 ||j a pni>|)rct ot extended u^elulue^s, and promise,-, udvanta.:"- wlii' ii do not 
 
 iiie concern < a.iada. 
 
 A map of the World, settinir furtli theL'ie-at tele^riaph line< in op'Mation. 
 
 juws that Canada is situated midway lietwceii the iiiassi;>. n! population in 
 
 lliriipe and Asia, and establisiies the jic uliarly ii.nportant ltcol'; ajiliii al jio-i- 
 
 )u which the Canadian I'acilie t<deu'rapli lin-- will oi.t upy. 
 
 Kuriipe i> cnniiected with A.sia by luin main teieurajih lines. One 1,\ 
 ly of I'urtu-al. Spain. Malta. KL^\pt and tie- Ib-d Sea. A -<- onrl pa^-in:; 
 ^roUL;h Fran( e. Italy and Creece, al.-n Inllow.- tin; Ib-d S<a. A thiid travel «. > 
 rniany. Austria, Turkey and i'er.-ia. A fourth p.-n-ses tl)ion;.h Jlii~.-ia. aiid 
 lliiw-> the Itivor Annior t^ the Sea ijf < »kliot>k. 'J he two tii-t touch at Ai\<u 
 itln- i-ntrani-e to tin- Urd Sea. trot^a which jioint a ~ubmaiinc- line c-xt.-ncj- 
 jZinzibai. Natal and tlie Cape Colonies. From Aden the main line* ai. 
 Ittiided t" India. From India two separate lims bavi- b'-i ri cariie-d to 
 i::iil"ire. l-'ri'in S:n,i:aiMiie connectioir-! ari- e>taiili>lied ?ioilli-e'(-tei h t" 
 »1j. Ki'ij- and -l 
 
 tpan. a!el .-;'. uMi-ea-ti. 
 
 rl\' to A'l tralia aiid N'. w Zealand. 
 
THi: i'|{01!Lp:m '»i' ("anada. 
 
 'Jlic liipiilitx witli uliich the tclcgrai/li caMcs ncross the Altatitic have 
 1h, 11 iniilli|.liea! and tlie tuii-inietion of iimn; than 40n,i)nfi miles of land aii<l 
 -ubiuaiiiie telegraphs c ver the L'lube, alVnid «vi<lenee of tiie woik whiih they 
 lie called npoii t<> iieifnini The lew year-; in whieh tiieso results liave been 
 ittaiiieil, iiidieate tie' rapidly Lirowiiii: iii.i-iiitiide of te|i'i,'raphie tial'tic. and 
 ireuin-tViiiei> < (.iieliisi\<'ly p..iiit to a demand U>v vastly ineivas.d facilities 
 • •I. idiniiiMuieatiiin hetwccii tin' izreat r. ■litres ut p'>pu!ation ami commerce ot 
 
 •h'- world. 
 
 WliJN, on the (HI' hand, the telei:iapli has extended .■astcrly aeio>> 
 I'.ni-oiie and Asia. and. on th • oihcr hand, westerly across the Atlantic, the 
 /'ririjir Ur-iri rctiiuii^ iiut.-iir /■>■ I. 'J"ne explanation may lie to a .uTeat extent 
 
 n the faet that the eharactor oi' the lied ot a -icat pait <if the ocean forbid^ 
 fhe attempt. In moie soiithein latitude-, ihii -reat e,.iitral areas of the 
 I'aeitie (>e.:in is marked bv >.iib-;i(;neon> io( l<y ledLii'S and eoral reefs, the exis- 
 TeiKc of wi.i( h ha> >\' ie>re<i ;in\- 'eP-r;i|)liie enter|ni.-.e from uv'uv^ carrie<l ont. 
 Submarine cal>les ha\i' at difiaciit time> P ■• n projeeted to cross the I'aeiti ■ 
 -'.e of which was to have .-tarted fr 'in San l''ianciseo, to touch at tin; S.andwicli 
 
 -ia'Ml> : I'll on accoimt of the bidki-n and unsuitable ciiaracter ot the ocean- 
 i"'(l, liie pi'oje; t aftei- i"nsiderab!c exp.n-.' )ku1 been incurred was eventually 
 lOand.oneil. 
 
 ■J'he .h'lrt of the Cnited States .surveys of the noitlieii part of the I'acjii 
 ( ii e,-;M ( 1>TT). shows that a line from the north eiifl of Vaiicouvr Island t 
 !hi- Ale'iiian islands, aii'l fi"m the Al'Mitiaii Js|;iiids to .laivin /'"? the Kuril- 
 island-, has adi |)th averas.'in:. iVom 'J.'mio to 'J..')'!!! fithoms. and the soiindin-^ 
 
 cveai a soft, oozv bottom. I'lesciitiiiL; similar conditions to tie- iK'rth Atlart. 
 ' e .'an, on ibe plateau of whi' h cable- have been successfully laid. 
 
 Fi'Oin her ■^'••i;;iajdiical jinsition. Canada has unusual facilities for takin. 
 1 lvant:i'-e of tln'S.' favorable conditions, and the belief is warranteil tli,i-| 
 wla. n a >ubiii;n!ni' tele:rrapli i- laid liom Anfrica to Asia, its loi'ation >vi! 
 :;atr,rallv !h in 'onneet!"!! with the ( .madiaii overlaml teleura' "'. to t!. 
 
 The lable ni.i>' start from one cf tlie dee|i-w iier inb.-l.s at tin' iiortli ei. 
 ■ ; \'aiicoi,ver Islau'l. and be ,-unk inailirecl course to.hipan. or it may ton 
 about midw.'iy. Amii.i. jiH. oi the Aleutian Islands. At "l cz", in Jai)an. h. 
 eonnection would be made with the A-iatic tele-iaph-. As an altein it:-, 
 iMUle th'' -ubmariiie line mav land on om' of tlie J-i^^inile Islands, north 
 
 ^outj 
 ''leaf 
 "Mfire 
 
 "lUlt 
 
 li. 
 -tab- 
 ' ntIT; 
 
 I 
 
 \sia ai 
 r J 
 
 „,de I 
 
 ^ I 
 
 laii. airl lh"iiee ex 
 
 ti lid dileet to Hon:;- Iv'U 
 
 jtln'r course woubl conij 
 
 the (onne( ticii with the whole ea-ti.ni ti le^raph -\siem,and effect inipoit;! 
 
 'Ult- 
 
 1. It would I'Miiiict San Fram is' o, rhi..aLro. Tonuito. Xew ^ork, Monti 
 
 '-toll, and all th 
 
 :ieat br.siiic-.- centred oi' America witht'hina, and t. 
 'I'e dirc( !lv than I'V the present Vu.i:-- 
 
 I'liiieipal p<'its of A.-i;i. mil' h n 
 t •le:.:r;iph liy way of Euro|'e. 
 
 1' would open •■! lu'w lU'/ans ot commiinic ition bi'tween .\nieri(a 
 
 .\.-ii. to b' eiiip|o\-ed tor ]iur[ioses of L;eiieiai I ('innr;rce at much lowe 
 ■ l.a.i. by exi-titi-: ehanin 1.-. 
 ;i, It \\ouM obviate t' 
 
 r i.i. 
 
 le Ol'|','ctl"n to lines A\||lr 
 
 pas.- 
 
 thio 
 
 m^li eoiii.i 
 
 a 
 
 1>K\ 
 j^Wiiej, y^ 
 
 |i'i")'ia! 1 
 
 liiiiTica 
 .\, 
 
 ffiaiii.i, 
 
 tu.'i i,a- 
 
 111- ■ l.f 
 In-.- 
 
 pi-'-' of. 
 )U,-I ('<( 
 't 'Illy 
 
 !•■ Ci' I , 
 
 "all, \i,| 
 
 b 
 
 .a: i; 
 l«i-t. in 
 
 ^!"-'t!(i 
 
 1)1 
 
 01; 
 
 '.vjiei'e diftereii! laiiuuaues are spok''n, a cirLMim-tance which otten i a 
 •ii<ir in tilt.' transmissii'n of mes>a,ue<, Tiie new line would be employ, ij 
 
 •be iii'.-t part by the Eiiidisli-spi'akinL: people of botii heinisphero. 
 
 ' oosi iiueiitly iiie lan5:uaL.'e only incl Ix^ u.-ed by the teleeraph oneiat 
 riiiiN a fiuitfiil >'inrci' of mi>takes woulii be avoided ami the chiUL''- 
 
 Maii-nr--i.in would b.' fre.'d t'loin all incidental aiMitions, and reduced t. ■ 
 
 "Ue-t remuuevative ra* s. 
 
 ■i. It would e.iinpbte the teleirraphic circuit of the Ltlob.'. and won! ; j^R|,j 
 
 .ivai'ai'b' f"r liiuhly iiii|'ortant sciei.tilic investigations. 
 
 »ii-'i;a-( 
 [•tt.'waa 
 
 "Ml. id 
 
 foi^v.) J. 
 il-iii: l\ 
 I'ir.-tl 
 
 'inienil 
 
 riJii 
 
 'apiii, 
 
 'I C 
 
 le.- Ill 
 
 N-..;tl| 
 'b'lpaf 
 ■tn.- 
 
THK l'UO:!i,}:M oi" (ANAD.v. 
 
 •;:5 
 
 AltiUitic liavc 
 Ics of land ami 
 ,vk wliu h they 
 alts liav»- l>ocn 
 ,i,' tral'tic. and 
 oiised facilities 
 id (■omnu'V<»' <|> 
 
 ,,.,<t,.vly arid-- 
 ,. Atlantir. lli'' 
 , a -ivat extent 
 ,. ,,i-.!!.n forl'id- 
 ,1 aivii^ of the 
 I icefs. the exi- 
 •iuLC earrieil oe.t. 
 •voss tlie raeiti-. 
 • ittheSandwirli 
 tor (it the ocean- 
 I ^va> eventually 
 
 avt of the Vaeifi 
 ,,,nvir Island !■ 
 .,U r"', the Kunl"j 
 ndthe soundiir-- 
 1„. nnith Atlai.t.. 
 y lai<l. 
 
 .-iliti.'S for taUiii-l 
 is wairantrd tl:;i-j 
 
 i-s hi'-ation vi 
 ■ xArisva'-' to t! 
 
 at til' 
 
 n. > 
 ■/..', 
 As an 
 
 north I : 
 V toi: 
 
 iv It nia 
 in Japan, i 
 iilleniiT.^ 
 th 
 
 Island.s. noi 
 Id (omi 
 
 won 
 
 ,1 ^-ucel Inipi'iti: 
 
 5, It would bi'inti (ii'i-at Ihitain, Canada, India. Australia. N'cw Z. aland. 
 
 '>iintii Africa, indrt'ij all tlu: outer Provinces and the eolunial possessions of 
 
 (iieat J'.ritain in uniiroken ttdivmaphic coniniiuiicatiiin with eaeli otlier. in 
 
 • ntire iiidci)endeniL; nf the line-; which pass tinduyii furei-ii Ivnopejin 
 
 ..initries. 
 
 ii. It could scaiit !y fail to prove of \-erv ^rcat advantaLie (or pnipox's oi 
 -i.ite a> the line iiiiL;iit he so estaMi.-lc' 1 .■i^ to reiii.iin under < lex 'm nim'nt 
 • ntrol, to lie iiiiiiiediatcl.\' sei'vieeaiije ou au^' c'lnerycii' \ . 
 
 T ajtpeud eoii'cspondence in whieh the importance, praetj. aliiliiy. co-t 
 ,,ni! leniiURrative prospects of tjjc Canadian r.iciric teie^iiqiii extend, a t > 
 \sja .are considered. 
 
 [ rcsiiectfully -nhnii; that, whatever arranueni -nls may ultimately he 
 ,i,iii ■ for c'arryiiyu- out the undeitai<iiiu. it is ohviou> that much uf tic advin- 
 •;e_ -, political and eomniercial, wiij. Ji undoubtedly niu-' ri'-uit, will ai erne 
 : I iiuada. 
 
 Ijcri'i'.i; riiDM .Mi;. ( ; isi!)i;M:. 
 
 'i"i-;M;c;i!.\i'i! and Si ;\.\r. S|.;!!\u-k 
 
 I irrAWA. 1 ;ih .lune, is; i 
 
 Kiiainecr-in-Cliiel, Canadian I'.iriti ■ U:ilwa\'. 
 
 ly..\\: Sn;. — I fully appreciate th'' kind and < onijiiinientary manner in 
 l\Mii<ii you lias'c reijuoted me to ri'p(nl ofli.ialiv upon ijc f.'asihility. com- 
 |)'i''!'ial valui' and importance of leK;;,'raph communii-at: helwc -n lvnoj)e. 
 .\;iieiii a ai d .\-'i,ri'i (he JlouTinion ol' Canada. 
 
 .\- ahiady explained, it is a suhjeet to whieh I have ::iven mw h eon-i- 
 !:iiioii for some years past. and. with yours.df, I am of opinion that tic 
 i. I- now aii'ived when public attention shotdd be direeti.'d lo ,in eni^a-- 
 ;- of so mu> h moment to Iniperial and Colonial inleiests. 
 
 1; i.- <'vidciit tnat tlic ( i(n'ernment. whicii po--i'Nse> the e,xe!usi\^ 
 
 iriN'i- 
 
 ll _'■ Ol i()i 
 
 itrollinirthe Canadian Pacitii' iliiiway I'oute j'or telc'^rapliie puipose 
 -1 oe( i!py a position of lii-cat national imp<alanee. inasmuch as they will 
 
 it '>nl\' Ml 
 
 Id the shortest, most f.-asible. ant t lierifoii> ilie most econouii'al 
 
 li'r I'i" , oinmnniealion between the "■ommerei.il emporiums of 
 
 Xorl 
 
 II and 
 
 nil Am"riea and the Empires of China an.l .lapan. but al.^o that >u h rout' 
 
 I" rnualiv^ availulil 
 
 .nd preferable for teleuraphic intercoii 
 
 rse li:-lween 
 
 ( \v 
 
 [th 
 
 York, ^loule ^^■ina; llritain. t iiose Ihnpii'is and her Au-tr.di.an. N(!W Zi-al.aiel, .and alu'r 
 
 China, anc 
 t lii: 
 
 ■icu 
 
 |a-t rn possession.^, the present routes, i-n'i llielied Seji or J'ersia, ^'Utailinu th 
 ■tition of desjiatchi'S throuuh various nalionalilies and in dillereiit 
 
 tii'-'na^ie 
 
 Leen Ainerna 
 It mueh lower r.. 
 
 throu-h com.' 
 rbieh nften (a 
 
 Tlie route ridvo(_atcd is. bv land line, from Halifax. Nova ^' otia. 
 
 )ti:'wa and M; 
 
 iiiiion,! 
 
 to the Paeilic; terminus of the Canadian Paeili'- I! lilway 
 
 r'-t'in. and thence by .submarine cables, liom the north-west jioint ot' \'aii- 
 )nvir Island, to "^'e^sso, Japan, wiicic it would<'unneet with linesnow lauininu: 
 
 'Iil: Konu. China. Australia. New Zealand and -dsewlu'ri 
 
 ,ibl be emi 
 
 lloVl 
 
 heinisi 
 
 rra 
 
 ph 
 
 ihere- 
 
 (>liel 
 
 'Hill 
 
 ir.-t, as to the feasibility of the projeet, admittinu without inineee>>,i 
 lit the extraordinary iidvaii1aL,'es oI' the propo<,'f| land rouic' .alon.; th 
 
 r\ 
 
 lln- ' t Caiiadian llailwavs. not nn-reh' I'or eon>!iuetion, but al>o loi- main- 
 
 ,1 the char-'- 
 1 vcdu''d t' 
 
 fell'Uiee aild Speilb repa 
 
 irs. fiiiii; rather than los-/ beiii'j the essiMii 
 
 e III le 
 
 am 
 
 hie .siieccss. you wd! notice uiion leferrin.:; to an Adnuralty (hart 
 
 ie Nietii Paeifu' (K 
 
 (an. 
 
 that the .soundiii'.;s between lhiti>h Colund 
 
 iia 
 
 .rlob.'. at'. 
 
 Wi 
 
 ■bipan are ot .an cKccedinuly unilorm ( hara< ter, varyiicj from l,oiii) 
 Itl -'iLS inshore to ;;n(iO latliom.s in mid oee.in. the bottom beinu invariidilv 
 
 ,»»i2' 
 
-04 
 
 Tin; IMiOIiLEM OF CANADA. 
 
 ovoiluitl witli Mack saiul. clay and tlio ooze of ik't'iiiut infusoria jificuiiar u, 
 tliosc hitilu'ltx ; also tiiat in coinpiuison with tlic dccji |porti(>n of tlic b<.'d ol 
 the Atlantic ixitwci-n Ireland and Nc\\foiindland, tlic nuiximum diffoiviuc in 
 ilc|itli is iindor iiUn futhonis. 
 
 A;;ain, tlie distance 111 twccn Fnince and St. I'icnv, following the route 
 taken l>\ the fu'st Freiidi Caide (.'ompaiiy. is 2,:i27 )niles phis 706 miles 
 lietweeii St. I'ieire and ISIassaeliii.setts, the length of the direct calile bet" eon 
 Ireland. .S'ova Seotia, and tlie United States heini,' sonu; 2(i() miles longer : 
 whereas the distance' hetween liritish Columbia and Japan is about :;,;;i)o 
 ndles, with a mid-station, if necessary, upon one of the Aleuti.in Islands, 
 whi' h would tliirs sub-divide the cable into two nearly equal lenuths of about 
 l.ii;")" miles eacii. 
 
 \\"\l\\ the improved dei trie cables and signalliiig ajiparatus of the presen' 
 d;iy. it has already been denionstrat(Ml tliat c<imnnmi<ations can now be a- 
 rcadily and speedily transmit te<l thicugh 3,00umiles of cable as wa.s former]} 
 [iracticabie through a 2,iii»i) mile conductor. Neither will the route indicated 
 lie liable to serious competition, lor lietween the parallels of ."^0° north and 
 'M\^ snuth of the equator the vast number of vohanic islands and coral reef- 
 entirely precludes the successful accomplisinnent of cable enteiprisos withii 
 those limits, l! was for such rea.son that the projet ted lino in two section- 
 tif i!,()(Mi and ;!,nii() miles in lengtli between San Frantisco and Japan, via t\h 
 .■sandwii h islands, was abandoned, and I may also observe that a departun 
 troll, liritish Columbia will insure a line 500 miles .shorter than by any rouii 
 starting west from San Francisco. 
 
 It is not anticipated that there will be any difliculty in obtaining landiii;. 
 rights from the Inited States Covernment upon one of the Aleutian Isjanib. 
 if deemed advisable to divide the distance. The .laiianese (lovtrnment, on 
 tb" othi'r hand, 1 liave reason to believe, will be most desirous to co-opera!' 
 with and assist an enter[irise of so much consequence to their Empire. 
 
 Secondly, as to the commercial value and importance of the undertakim; 
 
 It is extremely dilticult to furnish any reliable data upon which to esti- 
 mate the futine amount of iinsiness which must pass over the line now cou- 
 tt iiqilated, for all cable comi)anies are reticent relative to .sectional or si)ecia' 
 sources ot revenue: but, taking the jtre.sent tarifl rates for mes.sages /vV? Europe. 
 iit?^n.T5 juM- word.'considerablyMess than half that rate woulil yiild a handsonit 
 profit on the route rid Canada ami the I'acilic. 
 
 Again, fmui London nv I'aris to .bipan, rid the lied Sea route, tlie pi'escnt 
 charm; is ^^;! |ier word, while little more than two-thirds of such rate wuul'. 
 yield an rcpially piolitable return between the same points (■/</( 'amula. 
 
 It is not unreasonable to su|i|iose. therefore, that tlie great and la-; 
 inert asin-' telegraph business, not only between all America, but also betwen. 
 <ircat llritain and dther European (ountries and the far t'ast, would, in gre.: 
 measure, be diverted to the new routi'. 
 
 1 may here note that tlie i'acilic cable mitrbt lie laid ilirect to one (d' tli' 
 smaller islands nortii cd' Vezo, which island could probably be ac(juired or ]hi!. i 
 I iiased from the .lapanese (lovernmeid, and thence laid to Hong Kong, wheut' 
 by an alternative mute it might be continued direct to Australia thus seenrin, 
 a through line of communication, winch, wheiu'ver required, conkl be placed 
 umler the immediate control of the lini>erial Government. 
 
 The cost of tlic Tacitie cable to Japan, including the tompletion of tl/ 
 ( anadian laiul lines, 1 estimate at X'soo.ooo sterling (S-l.noo.iioo). and busiui 
 e(|ual to one-half the capacity of the first French cable between Br- 
 and M;issachusetts (the relative cable distances being very nearly the si in 
 would remler it a jiaying investment. 
 
 T 1 
 I omplc 
 siderati 
 that tin 
 it is ini 
 
 Tl 
 way of 
 
 see to ] 
 
 inoniei] 
 that m 
 they a I 
 of vast 
 factore 
 
 St 
 .S[»eak t 
 i.s— -it 1 
 
 I for ju'ej 
 aritliiiu 
 sho|)ke( 
 
 I God! 
 aid, of 
 
 lof her, 
 (Iciicc, 
 llii'ono 
 
 lis true. 
 
 It 
 
 llicr jiow 
 
 jnot act 
 
 Icafili, V 
 
 in fui'L'i; 
 
 Ijoiits, 
 |rncan.s, i 
 
 as ;iga 
 
 ?'U'g'C c 
 
 pnmccl 
 still can 
 
TTTF. rnOrtLKM OF rANAPA. 
 
 ('.5 
 
 sorifi pccutior "i 
 n of tilt' b'.'d "1 
 iim dift'freiHi..' in 
 
 wing till' route 
 plus 7tiG miles 
 't cable butv cen 
 milos longer ; 
 is about ;'.,r.ii" 
 .Icutim Islamic 
 lenirths of about 
 
 jisof the preseni 
 IS can now be a- I 
 ! as was formerly 
 e route indicated 
 of 311° north ami 
 Is and coral reetV 
 nterprises witliir 
 e in two sections 
 nd Japan, rit'i tht 
 J that adepartuit- 
 ban by any route 
 
 obtaining landiiiu 
 
 \leutian Island-. 
 (Jovtrnment, oii 
 
 rous to co-operate 
 
 pir Empire, 
 the inulertakiuL; 
 which to esti- 
 10 line now con- 
 ctional or spuria! 
 sages rid Europe 
 yield a hitiidsouie 
 
 IdUti'. the presei;t 
 such rate wuul'. 
 
 Id ( 'anada. 
 
 L' great ami la>; 
 but also lietweel: 
 
 ,t. would, ill gve-il 
 
 ect to one ot til' 
 e ac(|uired or put- 
 nig Kong, wbeiai- 
 ilia Thus secnriii- 
 could be plaeei 
 
 ompletion of tl/ 
 
 iiiH.i), and liusiue," 
 le between Hi- 
 nearlv the si m 
 
 T have, therefore, no hesitation in expressing a decided opinion as to the 
 .omplete practicability ot the enterprise herein referred to, and from the con- 
 sideration wluch I liave given to the question of cost and traffic, I feel assured 
 that the undertaking, as a whole, would be as successful and remunerative as 
 it is important to the general interests of Great Britain and her dependencies. 
 
 I am, dear Sir. 
 
 Votir most obedient servant, 
 
 V. N. (ilSBORNE, tlovt. Supt., 
 
 Telpf/ra/'h and Signal Service. 
 
 Thtis, under Pfovidonco, wo liokl, as it were, the stipreine high 
 way of commerce aniong.st the nations of tlio earth. It is for us to 
 see to it that we contintie to do so. 
 
 But before conchting on this head of Pacific Trade, its vohime, 
 nionieutum, tind special bearing on British interests, admitting 
 tliat my estimates may be somewhat arbitrary, I must plead that 
 they are so from the nature of the case — one siil fjeneris — a problem 
 jof vast elements, unparalleled, with (juantities somewhat indefinite, 
 factors necessarily somewhat arbitrary. 
 
 Still, we have some authenticated statistics to go on, and they 
 
 speak the logic of titeir arithmetic. But did these fail us entirely, 
 
 [is— it may be asked— all political movement, every national act 
 
 for present or future good, to be determined by a simple rule of 
 
 arithmetic? If so, then truly indeed are we but **a nation of 
 
 sliopkee'^ers," and foolish ut that. No! It is not so- -Thank 
 
 God ! j^iiigland is misti'ess of the seas— of the highways, heaven 
 
 laid, of human intercourse and i)rogress. For human good we, 
 
 lof h(!r, believe her to be so ; and so we believe she, tinder Provi- 
 
 Idence, will ever be, till time be no more on earth. Her ocean 
 
 Ithrono is at the preseixt moment, by accident, riven, in a sense, it 
 
 jis true, by a foreign iron rod suddenly struck. 
 
 It is for her to counteract that, and more firmly to weld 
 licr power. Triu; also, that at present, prospectively in menace, if 
 tot actually, that the short loays, the opening higlp'ays of the 
 saitli, viz., the Isthmus of Suez, and that of Darien are virtually 
 ill foreign, rival hands, and that to her are left but the old rouiul- 
 iliuuts, the "Ca|»o" and the "Horn," but that also, by the same 
 ibiieans, she can fully meet and remedy. Before her, inviting, she 
 us against all these a .save-all, a guard-all, a defy-all. In the 
 ^oige of railway— the Fraser (Janyon— iiort-hole to the Pacific, 
 jiiinicd and charged from her inexhaustible arsenals at home, she 
 Btijl can lule that further i^reater Britain. 
 
Tit) 
 
 I hi; i'i;<»I!I,i:m oi" cwaI'A. 
 
 AUKV AM» I'AVSICAI. < 11 \ 1! \( I'i:!! oK OINTHV T. liK rRWKllSKD. I )'| 
 
 On tills IiomI - ;i.a(i r(M.lin.i;tlic very full :uh1 cxluuistivc icports 
 of thr Croloi^acal. 15 itaiiui.l ami Survey Suitls of the, Domiuioii— I 
 rm.l til.- rollou-iu^ passage in oih- of my " liritamii.Mis's " i):inii.lil(3ts 
 on lIiLs sul jrft of ra.-ilic Kailway so (Imioiiolily homo out tliat I 
 f.rl tcmi.tc.i, for l)iv\ ity, t.. v\\r it. Ii is in a K'Uer lu'ad"(l l.y me 
 
 " on; iiKiiriAOK in .ir.orAiiDY ! " 
 
 TiiUiui; any uuo maii of I'.rilisli N\)rlii Amcrii-a, wo ir.ay romarl 
 lirst, tilt' ccTmiiaVi inii/i/ a fraliiiv itself an cU'im-nt of strength in 
 country--(>ftlio whole vast terrain. 
 
 Ill area, wv. liiul from liest authority, that it is three and ;.| 
 (luart(M' millions of si|uare miles, or within ahout o.io hiuulrfij 
 thousaii'l s(|uare miles of that assigne.l to the I'liited States. ( i;] 
 this total of ('ana. la ami Ni-wfoumllaml. no less than L\20r),7L'| 
 S(iuaiv mih's. aeeordin.u to the ollieial repoit^ [1^72, page 14] of tl. 
 Siirvovoi-th neral of l>t)minion Lamls. fall under tho Jiead . 
 '' l)oiiiiiii(Ui Lands," and w hieh. of eourse. are o\elusi\e of PionI: 
 
 cial lands. 
 
 To this Dominion land total let r.s add. for our p. resent arg 
 miMit. l;a' 3r)(>.t)(H) s,|uaiv miles o[' Ihitish Coluinhia, and we have 
 yraiid to'al of over two millions and a half of stpiaro niiles, noi\j 
 and west of us. and wliieh.fir tlu' nonoo, we may term our i.- 
 graml heri(a;4<^ oi' the North W est. 
 
 From tho silver gleaming sluMcs o[' Lako Superior to •. 
 fuitlit'st unldeii moinitain heights and isle.s of J'rilish Columhi', 
 streteh of L'.tKtU miles, with an a\eraue eereal hreadlh of r)UO nri ■ 
 is the grandest and riehe-t virgin tield for homesteads on earth. 
 know the land. (Mi its fir. northern border I was horn, and in . 
 life, si'' ^ hv side with my t'atlur. thenee traversed it from Paii;. 
 Atiai and ha\t' touehed its tlo'ee oeeans, 
 
 i. us ulanee at it-^ houiularies. tor they also. ] hold, ai- 
 men ■- strenath unto the eountry. On the east, we see, as t 
 elloi . ill war. a hroad and impa-sihle Ik'U of liyp>>rltorean ice hi!", 
 lield. aitii a roek-t-.ouni«. e\er tempest-tossed eoast. On tlr 
 (r)ritish Columi'ta^ a \ :\--t Uiountain. mural, roek eoast. 
 Horded, ^vi;h ahouraiing shelteiiiiL.' harl'Ois. luit utterly nnas- 
 to anv na\al toree. save, in tl;e iuiUiediate eoast ^a vi-ry limi- 
 o\' the (i(\ii::ian liult. lu^der the guns ol' our lost >an Juan, 
 nortli is the ii.t;ni::i!''.e Au-ii'.\ t 'n the south v\ e ha\e }'ro;.i : ,j 
 Sound to tiie Ivo^lcy Mvuntaiiis. a system of \asi and nnsu!' 
 ahle mouvitaiit ranges runr.ir.g in varied ilireotion.s. O.ss.i or; i -.J 
 pilcHl. and with | assa^'e^^ si f < w . narrow nndditheult. tliat U" ., 
 sive foi\t' eoul<l eope \xiili anv mili; ir\ resi>«tanee in - 
 
 ler 
 (lefun 
 
 Soiitl 
 
 Itedoi 
 
 agaiiii 
 
 or, br 
 
 '■true 
 
 From 
 
 i'iig!;e( 
 
 Super] 
 
 view, 
 
 of its 1 
 
 craft 
 
 Horthe 
 
 liior jei 
 
 jtliitliei 
 
 jiitterly 
 
 Isav yic 
 
 (til I5i 
 
 Ai 
 
 .a me 1] 
 
 cvu.r. 
 
 In 
 
 (■tweei 
 
 laiiito 
 
 I.' si'e 
 
 r.i 
 
 lail) f, 
 Me \, 
 
 n our 
 le eai 
 
 ijK'i.' 
 ilwav 
 
 r. ill ( 
 111 t!ie 
 
 riili t! 
 
 rould. 
 
 11. 
 
 prou.i'T 
 a Di i 
 
 !t(pei1, 
 
 iii''li;;, 
 )iiu.s. 
 Un 
 
 deuh 
 
 \V 
 
 fa 
 
'f-i'tt^li r.rijfir 
 
 uiustive lopoi'ts 
 . Domiuiou — I 
 
 )V\\r. owt that I 
 
 , we ii.:\y vomavk 
 of Htivngth in n 
 
 is tliwe and a 
 lit oae huiulrf'i 
 ilea states. (':] 
 ; than 'J,'iOC),7-j:| 
 
 |.:».f(> 11] of tl. 
 ler tlio head ' 
 hisive of Piovi: 
 
 our |pn'seut aig 
 ill, and w»' liavr 
 nave nules. uov 
 av ttM'iu our v.- 
 
 Siiperior d^ ". 
 ■itish L'ohnul'i'. 
 ndih of 500 n.; 
 
 >ads on oartli. 
 
 lorn. and in • 
 
 it from V:w\: 
 
 |\ 1 hold, ai' 
 
 we see, as t 
 
 orean ice hi'.. 
 
 ,t. Oil tic 
 
 ■oek eoast, ■ 
 Itteily nua>- 
 \\ very liini' 
 
 ;in tliiau. ' 
 
 ■ liave fro;.i : ■ 
 It and nnsu!'. ■ 
 0.>s.v on 1 
 
 lilt, that n" -. 
 
 livtanee in - 
 
 IIIK I'lidUI.KM OK CANADA. 
 
 (17 
 
 Tliernioi'vla'. From the lloeky Muiintains to reinliinu we liavc, in 
 
 (lefc'iico, tli(i SD-eallcd "American |)esert/' (he Prairie of the 
 
 St>uth(!rn Saskatidiewan, the home (jf the e\(>r (to I'ritain) h)yal 
 
 |'.eih)nins of the I'lains —men of nt most liiclit, and ever lieivcst hate 
 
 :l^'ain.st their traditional *' enemies "— tlie '• JJo.ston lioni,' Knives," 
 
 or, brietly, " Tiie Loni^ Knives." With such nati\(! army of Sikhs, 
 
 '•trnc to their salt," th-; British Nortli-West could well hold its own. 
 
 Kroni Pembina to fiake Su]ierior is a rei^doii of ssvamp and hij;h 
 
 iui,'!,ed rock impassaltlo to military movement. Airivcd at Lake 
 
 Superior wo tiiid onr.selves on what, jaactii-ally in every point of 
 
 view, are A-Uieriean (U.S.) waters, for that Powei', in and by virtue 
 
 jofitsSanlt Ste. INfarie canal, aluite liohh tiie means of placing war 
 
 I craft on this inner and thus dominating " sea." On its deatli-still 
 
 northern boundary (" the Dritisli ") shores, no British arsenal, port 
 
 iiur jetty, can furnish aught for tight. To transport niateiial 
 
 [thither, for vessel construction, or gunboat of ki\v\L smallest type, is 
 
 [utterly impossible without a railway from th(! nearest Atlantic i)ort, 
 
 Imv Montreal, Quebec or llalifa.x, to,s;iy, the sheltered head of Nepi- 
 
 sjou r>ay. 
 
 As to Lake Huron, on its northern shores especiall}'', the 
 iiimc misfortvuiL^ and dillieulty, but in a modilied degree, would 
 Dcviir. 
 
 In this — this immense unbridged, unroaded, untouched wihl 
 jttwcen lis of settled (older) Canada, and our younger self in 
 Manitoba — is ouv fatal weakness. Military authorities tell us so. 
 |\Vi' ^•ee it. 
 
 Ihtt worse still. While u«';.ii.'ciing to open a milltai'y roadway 
 [lail) for our defence and commercial convenience, by our unassail- 
 ilile North, we consti'uct one from the very f(jrt gate of our enemy 
 bn our southern border to v. ithin the very portals — unguard(.'d — of 
 
 u- 
 
 Ihe capital of our heritage. In other words, a Pemljina and Wi 
 jiiHHT iaih\av, witlnjut one wholly on our own groimd fioin the 
 lilwav svstem of Eastern Canada, wuuld lie a thing ever of menace 
 \\\ ill case of wai". of destrucii"n to of.r national interests throughout 
 the Xoith and West of our Dominion. On the other hand, 
 
 111 
 
 (roultl 
 
 th 
 
 t- latter, with its countervailing ])0wer an 
 
 1 etl't'ct, it 
 
 in war, be comparatively or peifectly harmless, and in p(nice 
 
 lilt useful. 
 
 II 
 
 ence the 
 
 nece>>ity,"" as h.is ever been urged by the original 
 [roiui'ti'rs— necessity /////".-/v"'// as well as Canadian — that the scheme 
 British American Pacitic railway should be one from seaport to 
 
 ipoi't, ronftniirn'S. straiglit, sti 
 
 one 
 
 ui<l short as possil 
 
 .10, 
 
 but 
 
 audiiiiL.'. on military and coinmeivial eon.sideratioiiS, oertaiu olij^r-tive 
 
 )iuts. 
 
 On '■.lit; subject of military con.sideiations I'^ferred to. there is, 
 '•i!;r. much to urge on the attention of the Im{>erial authoritie.s. 
 
(\f^ 
 
 I iih: i'i!(»i;i,i:.M "i'" can \I' \ 
 
 ion. 
 
 (•()N(!M'SI()N 
 
 i-,:tiii;i{ tiik i,\M) i-^. to tmi: k.mimhr,. woktii KiiKi'isf;. ok it is not, | j,,^ 
 
 Jii face of the ovidonce— iind \vlic'n T say cn idcnco, 1 mIIikIo to 
 <(;anu(li!in record, ratlicr lliaii Iiniieiial record, now, evidently an 
 msulHeieiit and soniewliat delusive one, as to tlio extraordinary 
 economic value of the Northern Aniorica wild within Uritish lati- 
 tudes — in face of the evidence I Kay, of the fact that tlu; country in 
 f(uestion Is a fit, and a most suitable homo for the millions of the 
 J>ritish people, who need such new field of action and usefulness, it 
 is unquestionaltly the duty of Great Britain to secure, by means 
 necessary and pio[)er, the holdinij; of so valuable a possession, and 
 not, and lias liitherto l)een too cai'elessly done, literally to throw away 
 British herita<,'e in xVmerica as something worthless Jiul burden- 
 some. 
 
 Britain spends, with lavish liand, her millions of money m; 
 African and Asiatic fight with wildest savagery, iu the most distant 
 anil inaccessible ])arts of the earth, where there is not a particle c 
 obvious commercial interest nor even sentiment of pure humanit 
 to justify the deed of blood, and grudges, forsooth— refuses, in lael-- 
 to aid her struggling colonists when, in their own brave way, life i' 
 hand, and with sweat of brow in honest industry, they fight tl 
 battle of /id' flag in A merica. 
 
 I do not know, and have no means of knowing, what effort 1; j 
 been madeon the part of the Government of Canada (if any) to obta;. 
 aid from Biitain for the great work. 
 
 At the outset, a iialtiy dole of " <jvcira/ife<', " was given, of t.i 
 millions and a half pounds sterling, ostensibly towards tlie work, 1 
 really, it may be regarded as only a comj)onsation in some meas'v.-j 
 to the people of Canada for the assumption on their part, to tl 
 relief of the Imperial Treasury, uf their military defence ; and j 
 sibly in considei'ation of Avhat Canada might suffer and lose :. 
 ])eace's sak(> in Em))iro interest, in the matter of the Washinyt.: 
 Ti'eaty. l)e that as it may, it is a fact, i)ro\ od by |)ublic record, tL 
 in this work Canada has already exi)ended over foui'teen millions 
 dollars of her money, and that not one farthing has come from • 
 British Treasurv. 
 
 That Treasiuy has spent iu Jndian railways, com])ai'ativt'Iv, 
 not utterly profitless, in her ever-starving, over-populated East, r 
 sixty millions of i»ounds sterling- three times the amount re^j •:. 
 for the Canadian work. The money of England is given wir;. 
 stint to liussian railways and llussian loans, to arm, in f;..:. ■ 
 enemies of her ))eople to her own destruction. But when an]":-., 
 made, in Iionest and deserving tone, and with every assuraii.T 
 adequate return, by tlie colonist of Canada, it is, I humbly hoi..!. 
 
 luya 
 
 ['fli 
 'vAlv 
 
 st-r 
 'AL i 
 Per. 
 
 Iti- 
 
Tin; l'l!n|;|,i;M ul <SNAI>A. 
 
 (■,',» 
 
 . OH n" li^ ^'"'''' I 
 
 ^fo, 1 iilUi'lo to 
 
 evidently an 
 
 oxtnvovdinai y 
 
 in r.ritisli lati- 
 
 tlui country in 
 
 uiillions of tlio 
 
 ,il viscfnlnoFS, it 
 
 ■cure, ^>y ^M\w^ 
 
 possesBion, tti>'l 
 
 y to tln-OAV away 
 
 ess an I bui-aen- 
 
 lis of money on 
 the most distam 
 not a jjavticle o: 
 )f pure hunianit; 
 vciuses, in t';u't-- 
 bvave way, lii"« r 
 y, they iiglit tl 
 
 what otfovt 1;.- 
 "(ifiuiy) tooUiv.: 
 
 as ijjivon, of t\v 
 rds the work, 1 
 in some nieas^y. 
 hciv l^art, to t.. 
 (•fence ; and y 
 liev and lose :. 
 tlie Washin-- 
 )nUUc Vc'conl, t:. 
 urleen miliion- 
 • is oonio from • 
 
 I 
 
 (.•oniparatlvfiy. 
 ulatetl East, o 
 amount ro'i';-- 
 <nven witi. 
 
 fa.'t. • 
 
 illlty on (lie |>aii of tlie lloiii*- l.uid to |t;n<'MiaIly Ined il As I 
 wrote in JS'i!', in press, so I re^ieat ('nii>liaticiilly lo ilay, and witli all 
 loyalty. 
 
 The iiKVjuitii'lf of the cost necessary, is a ground of I iiijirrinl 
 i(Ssunii>tion, in consideriil)le pait, in measnre, at h-ast, of oh\ inns 
 Itiiporiiil intei'O.st in the niatti;r. On lids i>oint I hold a wvy strong' 
 ii|iiuion. 
 
 Tiie ijii^antic tusk is hoyond tlie |M)\\cr (A' this nascent Domin 
 
 ion. Alr(Mdy its deht is considerahle, and it has yet inn •]) lo 
 
 .•xiieiid, and that, forthwith, in the estahlishnient of 'nihrii'il nuans 
 
 of devckn)m('nt, and more espC'cially in the ojxnin^' and ntili/.ilion 
 
 liif her watei ways. Her staple products are of a nature lo call for 
 
 tji(> cltonpest transport. Wliy slionld the ])iodnce of tin; Viw West 
 
 |1)0 sultjccted to raihsMV I'ates, In'i^di and destructive of its lei^dtiniale 
 
 Icoiumerce ? It wants outlet — canals and econonuc navigation—life 
 
 Icliannels. 
 
 But hL-ltl'ia' fur tliese, !ior for railways, nor for any (^lijict what- 
 ;mi', let there be such Laiul i/nints en masse, J. wonhl say. Land — 
 )iii' '-niofher earth" — is for cultivation; not for s]»(!cnlati(jn in 
 11' marts of Mammon. We have liail enough of that already. 
 
 The wild is the heiitage of e\-''ry son of Adam who, by the law 
 
 \i his n;\trire, first seeks to till it. Jiy thf; " sweat of his brow " he 
 
 |oir-i-ciatt-s it as /'('*■, and as his, /(/.>• nfitioa.i. 'Tis thus that I5i'itisli 
 
 K'L'inen in America live, and alone c^'/'< ]i\"e. Every man is, in a 
 
 BUS", hi^ own sovereiL'u in this free broad, uncastled land of onrs. 
 
 i'^rdr^hij) ■' is sufferable witli liS. As is otir Ood-^iven '• fi<'- 
 
 [ill." .su, wiili co-ordinate responsibility do we desirr; to live-. In 
 
 ■\\<, as pro\cd, is the cure, the spccitic fjr all jjolitical diseont'Mit., 
 
 IuvuItv or even Feijiai.isin itself. The Iri-^hne n of (.'iniada-- 
 
 riii)Mtr- — K-sisted, to a uian. kxarx attempt to tanijjer with thcii' 
 
 'i:itv. All in our untrarr.nielled worktield are loyal. Jv/oi with 
 
 savacfe of tlie will, the '-Kini; George man" as lif, with child- 
 
 p contidence calls himself, loyalty to the Tiriii-h Cio'ah has thf; 
 
 pcf of an iiiStiv-ct — is a holy thin^ wi h him. Tom--;]! it not ! 
 
 iter it. I would .s:\y to En^h'.^'d : iUi'i no less so to )\>;v yomi'.^ 
 
 liijiary. the Doniinion of Canada. People the ft-itile waste- with 
 
 shandrnen — fre<-hold husbandme.n — Fulk Land Oir\v'j- - .Mi;.sf 
 
 ».\L lN>!T!TUTi:y-. f-i Ujj.-r Canadian mould- A Ji;ij; l-'oi.i. A 
 
 pAUi.iAMf:yT--TLe.v; ai-e the Vases we {lesire to huiJd on -hniid 
 
 iatj nationLi>jl ; in J s:-, und'V Providenc-, will it. 1/.^ ^-Jv- f.ii»l, 
 
 is _^ 
 I arm, in 
 
 nve~. 
 
 jut when api"- 
 
 Ivery assurai. 
 
 humbly hul 
 
 I 
 
 one of tie yju 
 
 d 
 
 Lh 
 
 O ;.!•;; .-jjonn' 
 
 !l, U'l^ 
 
 desire for the establLsLDiei.: of a Government there. nu<\'-v the- 
 
 ItM; !l.'2. o: tl 
 
 id utiflc^t civil lib^-rt 
 
 UTitrHm'; 
 
 !Ied b 
 
 an- 
 
 A th 
 
 M 
 
70 
 
 IIIK I'llollI.KM Ol' ( \NM)A. 
 
 iiinirfiii III iiiij" rin crc.ilfil l»y siifli land i^'iaiils. Triit', it is s.iid, IImI I [ 
 '' my iiiuiiiiK'Ut is v(M'y in* lusivc," in.isimicli ;is " 1 c-iiDiiot sliow tliul I * 
 ' our l')iiiisli coiislitiitiun ' lias liecii iiniM rillcil l»y a <,'riiiit of wild 
 lands ("ir llic prc^nintion ol" any |iulilic t'litnitrisc." If;)\v could I ? 
 TJiciv Ins Ikhmi no cas(> in point tlironi,diont the wholo r>ritisli realm, I" 
 Caiiad;!, in lici" ,1,'ouoral ixtlit-y, lias I't'fuscd sncli giants, as to Upper I'lf 
 Canada. Millions ol" a' res of wild lands in Lower Canada have, id* 
 is true, in a ^^ ay, hut ever most I'eluetantly, and on very speeial 
 "lounds, been ;^/-(^//? /.¥«'/ conditionally for certain railway onterju'iscs Woi 
 none of wliic^ liowe\ r, ".verc* cairied out, noi", in fact, eflectuall}P'i< 
 lic'Mn. Noi t. siii, I'lii of railway lias Ixon laid in virtue of unyfc'i 
 isucli -,q'ants (l.rni (.: irts I'/i mnssc). 
 
 Tlieic i;. ait ii'-Hu'-r, it seems to me, in the iJritish heart, wliicji 
 repngns such ])oiay on ! 'itish grounds; a something stronger 
 \)\uvv, and wiser than a Provincial Parliament hard pressed, with it^ 
 [ilav of party, and internal i/nrfs a /imis (stand and deliver). Put i 
 is not: for nn^ to give good and snUicient reasons for such uniforii 
 failure, nor to [irol)e the esoteric thereof. The fact is sigiutieanti 
 Put if the contrary had l»een th(-^ case ; and that thos(! millions ( 
 acres had passed into the hands of tlu^se railway companies, it won! 
 not have raised that dangei', which I deprecate, as to the entire' 
 new land in (question. The North Shore Railway Company, i 
 (.^uehec, and the " St. Maurice Piailway and Navigation Cojni)any 
 and all such " land granted," oi- I'ather land promised cor[»oratioii 
 nii'dit have taken all, and still ha\e been no appreciable power, i 
 disUirbing clement in the Crovernment of the country. They coii' 
 not, l»y landed railway navvies sweep more than a few polls, aloi. 
 their line of privilege; they could not liave carried out any cln^ 
 legislation in furtherance of their own special interests — unless, 
 case of dead lock of parties, as an " Irish brigade " in the Hou? 
 they would, in fact, be comparatively harmless in the bulk of otii 
 general counter\ailing interests in the; country. As to a conn; 
 ii-JioJIjI iifw, like the North-West Territories, where the very in 
 nicuts of the .social fabric have yet to bo made and laid, the cast 
 very diti'erent. The former was, for the nonce and the hour, a iii 
 supervenience. Tiie latter is the creation of a lasting reality 
 people ; mayhap a nation. Such a pro})rietary as that proii(i> 
 would, at the very outst^t, hold tin; country in its grasp, and 
 its most fertile jiarts a waste, till prices should rise; would 
 coinbinatiou of capital whose sole [»rinci[)lo would bo the repioii 
 tion of itself — such is its law — at any and every sacritico of iwli 
 iKil interest, or ])ublic interest, save its own. The e.i'pirlni 
 would, I fear, be fatal to British connection, in those bo'.'ders ; ; 
 a cruel one to those whose lot might be cast there, at tliL* men" 
 such a body, soulless and money-mad. 
 
 The ])riiiciple is not a Jiritish one — at least not yet — nor 
 lielievo will it ever be so. Ft is an .American one — of Dolhw^' 
 
 II 
 \ 
 
 SH( 
 01 
 
 ri 
 fii 
 
 ''V; 
 K'l 
 
 ori 
 
 '.S)( 
 
 ■eati 
 <' II 
 
 Uci 
 
 fcsti 
 
 ■ 
 
 * 
 
 ''S 
 
 
 m 
 
 Dtl. 
 
 1 
 
 Ill, 
 
 1. 
 
iwliik. 
 
 i.l, tllMt 
 
 TiiK i'Hohlkm of <\s\\k\. 
 
 71 
 
 o[ most rcccul inception ; iiinl, (.'vcii tlicn^ i/i / to lie (ricil mihI Icstcd 
 in its lU'Siilts ; tli(> friiition 1i;>h yet to <'oni('. "" 
 
 'J lie t'lualiuncntiil |uinci|>l;' on whicli F take my .sluud is tim 
 
 niaUeiuibUitij of tin; jjublic ilomain, s:ioi', for a '• manifest imlilie 
 
 [alvantago, or in case of pressing necessity" — these aro the wor.ls of 
 
 iVattel. That domain ( ilonuuium (lircctum), tliough nominally in th;* 
 
 •'Orowii" is tho property of tlio Nation, not only for th<i day, l»ut 
 
 foi' all time in the ))ros[)ective existence of tiiat nation. 'V\\v. hoM- 
 
 ,.,„•, it IS sal. 
 cannot show H.al 
 ., a grant of Nvdd 
 I low couhl \ . 
 liole r.iitish realm. 
 ,;vntH, iisto VyV^-y 
 ,.,.,• Canada hav.', It 
 
 nd on very «l«"^'y''l 
 
 aiUvivy ^'^^ * I . ,', ,ljng^ |>y (Jrown or Government, is in ^yv^s;- in adndnistration, for 
 ■• "Jmiatio)ial life only. The proposition ojxmis a laige (jnt'stion^ Uut I 
 aunot, in present limits, enter into it. 
 
 In this there is danger to the continuance of l>ritisli corniection. 
 Mie mere gravity of connnerce, self-interest and magnetism of 
 ssociation will naturally force tin; new people into national associa- 
 ion. That tendency — "drift" — can only he countei'actt'd l)y . 
 litish railway, a national highway, tho work of tho nalioii, and n 't 
 f its youngest progeny. \\\ this, I hold, is there an I iiqicr'f,.' 
 crr.Ksifi/ for JJritain to make Inir road from the Atlantic to ; " 
 iuilic, for her own special interests, not oidy in AmcM'ica, lv.it tli< 
 orlil over. It is not for ns, pooi', struggling colonists, with ■ "on 
 ivitiKle, to Inald roads and give of our own, in crushing nic;;. 
 ,si(K-s imposing debt on posterity nuu-ely to enrich still more the 
 liigland that, in vt'ry plethora of wealth, lends to her enemies, her 
 catest, bitterest and most ilangerous. J royalty is a contract (jf 
 \vliial right and duty. We will, as ever, do our duty to hei" ; lait 
 (' must do hers to us. in all loyalty I say this. 
 
 In theory and in true principle of political economy 1 feel [ am 
 it ; hut the fardenu of Imi)erialism, " law of necessity," is 
 juviue, and the logic of events thus I'ules tlu; hour to ns. Simply 
 ted, as I have liefore, in etl'ect, said, the pro[)Osition is this : 
 Canatla, for conservation and progress, iwada the railway. 
 Too poor in money, she must give of her land to make it. 
 '\\) make I'nougli out of the land for the pur[iose, she must, 
 cstalling natunvl demand, si»'eMlil;\-ely /o/'tv' salt's in a measure, 
 sell at a S'lcri.'ice to the pul)lic interest, and at the sanu; time. 
 
 in fact, ot 
 aid in virtue ot 
 
 I'.ritishhetivt, wli'^'^'i 
 something stronger 
 •vi-d pressed, with it 
 ud deliver). But i| 
 ,s for sneliunitovv 
 . fact is siguiticanti 
 ixat those nnllions .' 
 r companies, it nvou 
 'te, Hs to the entirol 
 Railway Company, c| 
 lavigution Company 
 vonvised covponitiou 
 aopreciaUo power, 
 Louutry. They CO 
 han a few polls, aloi 
 can-ied out any ^''1 
 interests— unless, 
 
 igade " in tlie Houj 
 the bulk of otlij 
 As to a couur 
 
 VJ 
 
 coil] 
 
 Iss iu 
 
 '•y 
 
 I'll '. 
 
 where the very 
 10 and laid, the case 
 e and the hour, am 
 
 of a lasting veality 
 ,tary as that pvoi';'^- 
 
 in its gvasp, 
 
 and 
 
 3uld rise ; ^vouUl le 
 
 would be the vepiod 
 
 lew sacritlco of /"'("' 
 
 ,wn. The exptvi"^ 
 
 in those bovders ; ' 
 
 there, at tlr^ mcu^ 
 
 heast not yct---nov 
 an ono-of Dvlhu'^ 
 
 * Xotd. — Since those p.'iges were in t3'pe, it has heeu docliuvd hy the 
 
 Dilihcaii I'arty, which, at the Convention in I'liicayo tho other <l.iy, 
 
 liiiiitnl (lie Jlon. Mr. GarlicM for the Presidency of the I'nitfd ytatcs, 
 
 , as a principle of national ^ovtM'nnicnt, they are note njiiiosc>l to the system 
 
 ' ;iii(| Grants" (in mass) for even niilways. That ''plani^" in tlie 
 
 tluiiu'' of the party is to he found in tin; speech of Mr. (iarti<hi when 
 
 Misiii- General Sherman as tho caiKlidate ior tiio i>arty. Mr. Garliehl is 
 
 acknuwh'dned liead of tho party, owinu' liis position to his pre-einineni 
 
 lit\ as a. statesman, and in tlie matter lias, witli t'lat liwj^iy and advaiKcd 
 
 ^ggi'' lie mind ho represents, retracted in tliis matter, from — i asHiinc 
 
 ^blf I 'c^iiUs (if (ho vicioiisue.HS of tlic system, as tried. 
 
 J 
 
 4' 
 
72 
 
 Tirr l'lto^.r,^:^r or f'ANAf>A. 
 
 treiicli undiily into till' |)u')li'' tloitmiii, one wliirli oiiyht in Ixi licld 
 Hin:iVA\\y iov i/i'dihial scfdcinoif iuul niitionul (lc'V('ln]tiH('iil foi fntiin 
 jLfciK'iations iiH well iis tin; )»i'«',sciit. 
 
 Tlio loiid, as linking llic two occniS, ()l>\iatiii,i,', in cast; of oiium'- 
 •policy (ia the I'ai'iflc Ocean --the next great battle ground) tho cir 
 cnitous route 1)} tho (\ii>o.s— for the transport ot" war inateiial and 
 niilitary t'o)'ce, and also a.s serving vital military objective points on 
 the route, is clearly of large Ini|»erial concern— certainly to tl»e extent 
 of one-half. Jn the measure; of that interest, wo repeat, it certainly 
 ought to givo aid, or itself make tho road in paits where, from tin 
 naturt! of the country, as l)etweon Nipissing and the western .shore of] 
 T/ike Superio)'. and the mountainous [tart of British Columbia, tlion 
 is little or wo land along the route availaldo for settlement, iiU'i 
 wlicre sale for mineral value would be ])rejudicial or impossible. 
 
 The aid might be in mere guarantee of certain interest on bond- 
 or in direct grant, or ir. any otiier way, but in any case should b' 
 m.ileiial enough to give a pr()[)rietai-y or ^I'^fwi'-proprietary intere^ 
 and voice in the work to the Ifomc Government. 
 
 If that be not done, there is an alternative indicated l)y carli^ \ 
 remarks in this writing, wheii speaking of the annexation tendeiici ' 
 of sumo of ilie ])eop]e of Canada, and of tlu^ causes (natural ai 
 leasonalilo in some measure) of that d(>f(.'ction, whicli might— pn. 
 ably woidd— cost the Jjritish Empire and name jnore loss than :-, 
 could possibly suffer by the aid invoked. 
 
 ]>!sid('S, tlior(i is iu\olved in it something more than a nn'ii 
 (piestion of shekels. Th(!t.e is thu element of national duty, which, , 
 ignored, will, in course, bring its own Nemesis in nitional diss 
 Intion. 
 
 I am no Culchas nor son of a Calclias, but as on(>, though hunii' ., 
 of the Jb'itish people, involved in this momentous problem of Uriii ;| 
 life in America, I would, in face of these lising facts around | 
 which threaten •' our national nr.cns and our lif; as of the Ibi : 1 
 people," protest against such deadly neglect. 
 
 /fct 
 SI 30 J ^^ 
 
 i'^fAi 
 
•rlopnu-nt t'oi future 
 
 iiiL,', ill cixso of einer- 
 ,tlc groniul) tho cir 
 of war iniitmial uud 
 f ol)j(ictivo points on 
 crtainly to tho cxtcnl 
 •e repeat, it certainly 
 aits where, from the 
 . the western shores of 
 itish Columbia, then 
 
 for settlement, ainl ' 
 lal or impossible. 
 :iiin intereiit on bontl> 
 I any case shouUl li- ] 
 t-proprietary inteies 
 
 it. 
 
 ! indicated V)y carli. 
 annexation tondenei' 
 causes (natural an 
 1, which might— pit) 
 iR more loss than si 
 
 iig more than a m •! 
 jitioual duty, which. 
 sis in national diss 
 
 lis one, though hunili 
 
 ;ous problem of 13riti 
 
 ising facts around i 
 
 lit'.' as of tJKi liri i'