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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmfo en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbols *»- signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmte A des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est f iimA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. rata elure. 3 12X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■^ X If y. y. /: \ ii*,,.|-,!t i GKOLOGK^AL SURVEY OF OAK ADA G. AI. DAWSON, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Director REPORT ON A 1 KA\'HRSE Oh THH NORTHERN PAR' OK THK LABKADOR PE:N^1NSULA KKOM RICHMOND GULF TO UNGAVA BAY BY A. P. LOW, H. Ap. Sc. ^jM.iLi ^^^■':,^>li^ OTTAWA PRINTED liY S. K. DAWSON, PKINTKI{ TO TFIK QUEKXS MOST KXCELLEXT MAJESTY 1898 No. 657. I i-*-^.rj T — 'i - ►-/' ' ir To (•. M Dausi.n. C..M (;. I. Li)., K.H.,s., I)lr.u'f„r (ir„ln,,ir„i Survey of (J ana da. N.H. I l.e.vvv.tl. l,.Ktosul,.ni. my Report on a t,aver3e of the -'•^*-» PoKi... .,f tl... I.hPHd..,. Peninsula between Hudnon Hav and n-asii M,iy, ,„;niy .liirinir tho summer of 1896. I ;ini, sir, Yuur obedient servant, A, K I,(»\V. Oir.uvA, Ii'tli .l-miKiiy. HO-, u IT .'^^4/ NuTK.- /'/" /'(ifinys (hi-i nyhu'it //</« I'^fx^rt rfhr 'n '//• Ini' .nvrnlinn. J" il ULOPOHT ON A TRwr.Rsr. oi'iiii-: xortiU'RN part 111 IIIK LAliliADOU PENINSULA. KKOU RICHMOND (rULr TO UNGAVA BAY liV J" A, 1', LOW", i;, Ai>. >( TMUOlHTTOIfV. Tin- jiivspnt n^port is hascd on tin- ul)s»^rviitiniis aiul nie.isinviiieiits iiiiulf (lining' tlio sunimcr of IS'.u;, on a line of travers*' farrictl across tliL' iioitli wt'sttM-n part of llic Lahradoi' I't'iiinsiila, from Hichinoml (Julf on tlic cast i-oast of Hudson liay to tin- nioutli of the Koksoak Itixcr at Tn^''^^*^ l^"y> ><ii|'pl<'iiu!nttMl Wy subsiMnifnt fxauiiiiations of llic lock specimens in tlic oHice. This work may Ix- considered as sii))pleinentfiry to the l{(>port on the l.,il)rador I'cninsida, which inchided the results of the (>xp!orations of l^^'J'J, 1S1)3, I8;t| and ISit.'i in that region, and the sur\»'ys made in IS'Jt) liavc l)ecn adiied to the map puhh'slied with that report.* A(knowleil,:.'nR'nt-- aic here made to Mr. ('. ('. Cliipman. Commis- sioner of tlie Hudson's l!ay Company, for a circular letter to the oflicers in chaiLTc of posts along the route travelled, and to the follow- ing gentlemen at those ]iosts ; Messrs. Wm. Hroughton. Miles Spencer, Duncan Mathewson, A. Nicholson, D. (iillies. ,1. A. ^^■ilson, S. P. lioss, .1. Kord and \{. j-'ord, and also to Cai>t. A. <!iay of the Hudson^ Bay Company's steamship J-Jrik, for their generous hospitality and etlicient aid, to which tlie success of the exploration is largely due. Furtlier acknowledgment- are made to Messrs. Nicholson, (Iillies. Miiucher, J. Ford, tiuy and Swatield, for gifts of bird skins, bird egg.s, * 'I'lif liiieiif traxiisr IkiimIcni'iiIxmI is shown ii|hiii ttit ::"tli\vcst sheet (Nu. .■)S7) nf the iii.i|' in'coiiipaiiyin^' the i(i|ii)rt aliove iiieiilionftl, lieiiij; I'a t I,. Aiimiul Ke|H,rt, t"..-..l. Siiii. Ciiii.. vol. \II1. (N.S.). mKK M.-.P .Vckiiou liiljf melit.s. Vs-ii^tali'-. I'n'v i"\i« tra- h M i-,siii;iilii f, I LAnnADoli I'K^INHfl.A. iwul articles of Kskimo manufiki-turc. for tlio riuiTiiin, ikiiil also for valuiililc iiiforiiiution cuncerniiig tlif iiati\t's anil tiatiiial history >>i *lte renion. Ml. (J. A Ynun;^ arto<l h« my ansistant iind cairiod on tlic siirs^y^i, kept tlir inrtforulofioal olisfrvations. and IicIjkmI in tlw !,'fiu'iHl work of the fxiK'dition in a niont ctruirnt and satisfactory nianmi'. Mr. N\ . SprnwIlioroUiili was attacliod as collec-tor of plants and natural hihtory s|ifciMifns, and -inci'i'»'di-d in makin;,' lar>;c roUcftions of this kind, lii'sidt's p»'rforniiiiy oth«'r <iuti«'s iiu-iilfiu tosiioh atrip. The rnnaindf-t of the pcrniancnt partv fon'<ist<^d of thrjH' tanot'inpn, and thc.M' wrtv snpplenu'ntcd liy f.vtia liinueinrn and ;;uid«'.< from liiiif to tiuM', as i<'i|iiiro(i. The routf followpil U'twccn Hudson Hay and I'linava \\n\ wa< lit^t passed ov ci- in 1S24 l)V I 'f. Mpiulry. when scut \t\ the Hudson s Hay ( 'onipanv from .Moose Factory to t'stablish a tradinf^ jiost at the m'^uth of the Kok-<oak l{iv»^r. The only known record of his trip is a rouL'h map of his journey, from which a copy was taken at Moose Kactoiy ti 1*^S7 ; since then the oiii,'inal map lias heen lost. In l.'<S."^i, the llev. .1. I'eck. of the Church .Mission Society. cros-> d Wy the same route and su^seipiently wrote a short account of his trip whicii was printed in a pulilication of the Society. A survey fioui Ilichmoiul <iulf. seventy live miles iidand, to the outlet of ('learwut< r Lake, was Muwle l)y tlie writer in 1>'S7, an account of tlu- joui! ey appearing' in the report of that sciison s work.* ./"///•)!'// h) ( 'nllllli' DC' lilt III of h i/i/i'i'>lfl"l'- To reach tiie point of departure of the exploiation, far u|i the c;,-t, coast of Hudson I'.ay. the i)arty left Ottawa on .May JTth. and pi'- ceeded liy rlie Canadian Pacitic Piailway to .Missiiuiibi static'i, situated near the head of the Michipicoten ]ii\er. which tlows into Lake Superior. Here the outfit and provision^ were loaded into iw i hir;;e }VtPrl)orou;.'h canoes and a lari^e hark canoe manned liy lour Indians, who were teniporarily en^'ai^'ed to assist in the t ransport ti Moose factory. From .Missinaihi station tiie route led throu::h \^<>'^ and Crooked lakes to the hei;,dit ..f lani s.-paratin,!,' the head-water^ ol Michipicoten from the Missinaihi hranch of the .Moose Iliver. Havi:ii,' crossed the watershed Missinaihi Lake was followc-d northward to ['^ outlet, and the river was i|pscende<l to Moose Factory near its mou'h in the .south-western part of James i'.ay. This pai t <pf the route has Keen fuUv fle.scrihed h\ Dr. Hell,t and it need only he stated lie.-e 'Annual HejHirt, t;<'i.l. Siuv. Can.. \>.l. III. (N-'^. '. IM' ( K' I'l'rt "f J'riiL'rt'-*. iJinl. .'surv.. ('';ai ^^77 7^: I'.i" ■ ■ lid .1, ^ .IOrKNK\ .<• < (»MMK.N< KMKV »'» KM l.uHA I luN. t I i • . •Miiiiry tliiit it in llic msicst, iiiul sliurtust loutn t'r.nu the lailwuy to llmU.'ii IJiiy, iM'iiiK ill fill iiUmt il')!) iiiilrv l{a|.i<ls iiiul falls n.M.'sHiiaU' m.iuc IwiMitN live |)(.rt>in<'M, of whifli tli.' lonufHl is luon- lliiii twu miU-. l,ut iiK.Ht an- parativfly slinrt. laii^ciiiK i" length from '»<' t«. Ji'ii vanls. Thr last pnrtaK'i if^ fiJ'oul ir>0 niiU-h aUive tlm moulli of tlic v'wpv, and below i( tlif stirain passes from tin- utidulatiiin r(,iintr> iiiiilfrlain \>\ Iwuircntiaii aiitl lliironian ru>ks, toaiiiiuli llatlt-r .ouiitiy f wln-rc iirarh liori/otUal l)<'<l-,of Siluiiaii anil Devonian limustonc \, (ini masked benealli a considenilile tliieknes^ ..f siralilie.l elay ami sand. These deposits of drift tlini o\it towards .lames Hay, ««> that fur upwards of fifty miles from tlie mouth of tlie river, the hind d<"- not rfaoh an elevation of nne lunuhed feet al)ove tiiP sea. Tliis yrea; plain was .overed with larp- sjiruee trees and remnants of tlio forest are still found in patches aloim the hanks or on the islands, hut elsewhfre it has I.een l.nrni and its j.lare taketi l)y a thick growth of HUjall aspen atid while hinh. M u.-h of the plain w..uld umlouhtedly make tin.- aj;ri<'ultural lami and the climate is suthciently temperate to allow th.' successful -rowlh of har.ly cereal and root .Tops, as tlie.se are now -row.i at Mouse Factory, which is less favourably situated than the country further away from the intluence of the cold waters of .lames I'.av. A drawback to .settlement exists in the swampy tiature uf larp areas havint; a heavy day subsoil, but this miKht easily b.- oven f.me in many places by drainage to the rivers, and a large tract of country made fit to support a considerable population when it is n-ndered accesrtible by railways. A delay of a week at Moo.se Kact<iry was occasii.necl by the repairs necessary to the lar^'e Collingwood tishinii-boat belon.^'ing to the Survey which had been stored there in IS'J-J. The boat was loaded with two tons of pn. visions and outfit, and carried the two large vsooden can.M's on <leck. besides a cn-w of ,six men, ami consequently was rather low in the water for safety or comfort. The trip up Ihul f^-; ','|^y son I'.ay lasted tVoii, the llth to the 'JOth ..f .luue, and the cour.M- follow..,! was a." .ss Hannah l?ay to Point (V)mtort, thence north-east pa.sin^ to th.- east of Charlton and Strutton islands to the east coast of Cape l|op,>, whcncr the coast was f.)llowcd to Richmond (hilf. Stops wen- made at several pla-es, including' Fort (ieorLtcCrea' Whale Kiver and Little Whale itivev, to examine the rocks in onle- to extend th.- km.wh-.lf,'.' of th.- <,M-ology of the coast, which had been, in part, pre vi.msly examit,.-.i and rep..rted .m by l>r. Bell in 1S77,* and by the writ. -r in ISST an.l 1>^SS. A d.-scription of the coast and islands is ■ i;..p..rt .if ^I■o;.'^-.^. ilf.'l. S.irv. <uii.. 1^77 7s. I'l-- H-'c. *^nh<«kEH»i4ft4 » I I.AIIKAlMiU I'KNINSll.A. ( Mi'irl'Wtl lull- t'li rrtith. < 'na-t 111 lit i I if < 'ii 11- .IllllI'M, V N'cff.'t itmn. Uivrii ill jiifviiniH i('|>nil-,, atiil it i- only nrtcssary tn iiiciitioii Unit the Mtutli uiil ifisi foiiHlH of .luiiu's May uro ummu'imIIv lnw, with it wi»l«' limrj,'in (if Hwiimpy IniKJ uIhivc hi^li tiiii-, wliilc lictwrcn liii,'li mid lnw wiitPi iiwirk wide iniid tints -tniiK'tiiiii's t'Xt«>iul for iiiilcs. As tlif cniist is t'i'llovscd IK nth ward tlif lljit swiimpy liiiid \x hrnkt-ii l)y intky ridi;fs ; these iiicri-aHc in hi'ii,'lit mid inunhor, so thiit in tin- vicinity of Cape Jones the areas of roek e.\eee<i thoHi' of Hwaiiip ami drift. The shore is hroken hy lony irre;,'iilar points, ainj in many placeH is fringed with islands that extend several iiiilen from the niainland : they are roeky or formed of drift. A t hain of lari,'e islands lios parallel im the coast and about a third of the way across .lames liay. These are cowipo'ed of sand, ohiy and hoiilders, represent inir the hi;,'hei parts of a terminal moraine of an ice sheet from the Laltrador side. lipyond (ape .lone, the character of the coast changes. The rocky hills are contimioiiH and rise directly from the shore, with, in places, a narrow maiu'in of terraced drift on their llanks. The Kcatt('re<l islands of. lames Itiiy yive place to a re;;iilar chain formed from the lu'dded rocks of the .Manitouimck serie.s of |)r. I>ell.* These rocks also occur i'l patches alont; the coast to the south of (ireat Whale {{jver, and c nitinuously so to the northward of that stream. .\s the rocks dip seaward, the islands present alirupt clill's on their landward side's and slope more L;eiitly wi ii the heddint; in the opposite direction. The <'liain of islands coiiiniei I'es immi'djately north of Cape .limes, and with only 1 few Wreaks continues iiortliwai'd to Pnrtlaud I'romoutorv, a dis tance nt o\ er ;'.(Mi miles, ur con.siderahiy lieyonil the limit of this report . The ciia>t and inner islaiuls of .lames Hay arecoxcred with thick ^'I'osvth.^ of small lilack Npruce ;uid larch, aloii^j with white spruce, lialsam lir. as]ipn and halsam popl.ar and white hii'i'h : the outer islands are nearly treeless. To the northward of (,'ape .lones, the trees Income dwarfed and conlined to the lower slopes and valleys, and as the coast is followed northward the forest hecomes scanty, so that in the \icinity of Richmond (Julf, dwarfed black .sjiruce and larch only are found in protected jjuUies, leaving; the i,'realer part of the coast ijuitt; bare. At (Jreal Whale Hiver, an Indian who had crossed to l''ort ( 'liimo with Mr. IVck in ISS,'), was enijaj^ed as guide, lait, contrary to the accepted idea, he had, in the coursi- of (>l(!veii years, forgotten all th.'il he knew about the route, and proved useless in that capacity. * Hc|wirt uf I'ri'L'i-i-s (I.'. .1. Sui>. Can., is; .|i. II I'ic. IMI»"\ liAN III I I.KXHWATKH I.AKi:. '.• I. L'liintlrtf /{'tii'1'n //ntinini Jim/ itiii{ ('/i;iiriin(rr Lnh, I i U' liiiii I liiilf, nr iiidi'f pri>|ii'tly 'Minlf Lak*'," is a tri(in>»iiliir \^n\\ i>t" siill watii', widest iil llic soul Ihtii imkI, wIhtc it iiu'iisun'-i niiiclren rniU's from t-asf lo west, while its greatest letigtli is twentytliree miles tioiii tioitli to soiitli. It is Heparated on the east side from Hudson May l)y II hij^h narrow ri(lj,'(> of Omhriaii rocks, cMinied with tnij), which rises ii> dills from HOo to I'JOit feet alM),e the wat-r. A dee|i narrow hieak ill the ridj^'e near the soiith-wost aii;.'le of the lake, (or ^'ulf) alVocds a eorinection htween the sea anil th<' lake. The averaj^e rise and fall of the tide in this part of Hudson Hav is about six feet, and is sullicient tocaii-ea Ireinendons I'u-li of water in ami out through the narrow channel, whicii is ahoul two miles Ion'' and It ss thair.'iOO yards wide in its narrowest part. The dinVrence hetweeii hiyh 'ind low wat<'i' ill the lake is aliout twenty inches. The south and cast shores are loiiiidcii hills of haurentian {,'ranite, from ")()0 to 1000 feet hit,'hi llanked hy upturied lieds of Cambrian rocks and trap. TIip expanse of the lake is broken by a number of lar^^e, hif,'h islands formed from the same upturned licds dip lini; west. .\lon;{ the outer coast in the vicinity, st'inted black spruce and larch j,'row in (lumps only in tin- low |)rotected gullies, but around the margin of the lake the tids <;row thickly everywhere, and on it"* eastern side they ri-e ne uly to the sum.iiits of the hills, showiiiL' that I he climate js more moderate away fnuii the cold waters ot Hudson Hay. The (.'leaiwater Kiver, a larj,'e stream dischar^^'iiiL; (^lenrwater Lake, llows thn'U;,'li a deep, narrow- j^orge near the .south enst an'.:le, into tlulf hake, and about tw > miles to the eastward another stream called the Wiaihouaii falls in. The niouihof this liver was reached on .Inly 1st, and after dischurf»ing the boat, which was then --ent in charge of two Kskimos to (ireat Whale Kiver, t lieoutlit and provisions were learranjicil for poita;,'ini,' inl.'ind. The Wiachonan has a fall of .'!lo fi'et just above where it readies the salt water. This was passed bv a p(>rta<^e two miles ami a ((u.irter loui; that I'isos .")0() fe 't to the summit of a rocky ri(l;,'e ;ind then descends to the stream immediately above the fall. ( )ne mile above, a fall of •").") feet necessitated another purtaj;e of <|uai'ter of a mile, with a very .steep rise at its lower end. Tl't' river abo\»» this, for twelve miles, to where the route leaves it, is about forty yanis wide, and winds throuLjh a valley nearly half a mile \Nidc walled in with rounded F.,aurentian hills that rise from .SOO to not) feet above it. The valley is well wooded with small spruce and larch, the upper sides and tops of the hills lieiiiL,' partly bare. Kii'liiiioiiil loiir. Tri'^!.. f 'It'iirwMt'r UiN.r. 1'. irtin,'.> till W'iMcllMlMII. ia*'^- 10 L i.AHKAl)OK I'KNiNM.I.A. |{.wll thr |l|:itfMU li'M U.'turii t.i ClcaiwiitiT v;ill.'\. ( 'liaraoter oimr.trv. of Tiu route left the river on it? north sitle, by ;i portage that rose in '\ mile and a i|Uarter to a >niall stream nearly <in a level with the >nr rounding' country, or about 750 feet above sea level. I'ive sliort por tayes were maile along the stream, where it lonneets as many small lakes, and theii a portage of 1000 yards w.is crossed to a lake drained by another tributary of the Wiaehouan. The route followed tliis stream dwi east eleven miles, through three lakes of two, one and a half and seven miles long, respectively, conneeted by portages of 17") and 7-"i0 yarils. The route then turned north and passed over four portages of 90, "-'"JO, :<7o and oOO yards, connecting short lake-trav.-rs'.'s t«. a large hike drainerl by a branch of the Clearwater. This lake is five miles and a half long and has a mnnber of deep bays at both ends. A portage of a third of a mile, led from its east end to the small stream discharging it, wldeh was followed northward two miles, and there left on the nortli side Ijy a pcjitage up a steep hill and then one mile over a barren plain to the Clearwater Kiver Tlie river was ascended four miles and a half to an expansion called Stillwater Lake, i)as.sing on the way five short raj)ids where half- loads were tracked up. The lakti is seven miles long and r.vcrages half a mile in width ; at its head tliere is a heavy rapid passed by a portage of ."^OO yards. The current above is sluggisli for two miles, to where the stream branches into three parts, all outlets of Clearwater [>ake. 'I'he eastern and smallest stream was folh)wed for a mile and a (piarter, when a narrow neck was crossed into the middle brancli at the head of a long rapid, alxnit (me mile In-low where it flows out, of the lake. Clparwatei' Lake was not reached until July llth owing to the large quantity of supplies to ho carried over the nunier ous portages. The country between lliidimond (iulf iind Clearwater i>ake has a I'reat sameness of character and consists of a plateau rising abruptly from the coast to a general e;evation of 7'>0 feet. Its surface is broken hv rounded ridires of granitic l;ills that ri.se from 100 to 400 feet a'oove the general level, while the valleys between the ridges are filled with lakes, generally long and narrow, those of each valley being connected bv short rapids The largest rivers, like the Clearwater, have deep valleys cut below the general level of the plateau, but these only expend i few miles iidand, so that beyond fifty mi'es from the coast all the water-courses are but little below the level of the jilateiai. About one half of the plateau is barren, tlie trees being confined to the margins of lakes ar.d the lower lands of the valleys. The forest is wholly cftniposed of black spruce and larch, the former constituting n.KAKWATF.K L\KF:. 11 L alH'Ut ninety per cent of tlie whole. The trees iiic sinail. slirn and '^ivw close t(ij;etlier on the lower grounds, hut on the higher they .ire sejiarated l)y open glades. The lanjest trees never exceed twelve inches in (liiinieter tliree feet from the ground, nor are they ever more than tliirty feet high. The small streams and lakes are well stocked with trout and white- Kin'.i hikI ti^h. In the Clearwater, large brook- and lake-trout are plentiful, ^*"^ '• espeoi,".!ly in the rapi<ls below the lakes. The liarren-gi'ound caribou is not (vbundant in this region, and in summer is not often met with, li'ing at that season in the barrens farther north. Willow |jtarmigan were found everywhere in great numbers, but other feathered game is •scarce. A few familie-; of wandering Indians inhabit this area and the fre(|uent standing poles of their wigwams showed where tfiey had camped aloiii; the rtnitf. (.'/enrif(it<:r Lake. T I J The exploration of th.' shore-line of Clearwater Lake occupied our time from the l'2t\\ to the L'Oth of .luly, much delay beint; rau-ied by wind and rouyh watei'. Clearwater Lake is a large and beautiful Ix'dy of water, who-e greatest length from south-east to north-west is forty-tive nulcs. From its north-west end the nuun body of the lake is nearly twenty miles across, it then narrows to about half that width and continues so to the head of the south-east bay. The shore-line is very irregular, being liroken by rocky points 'nto numerous bays of various forms, some of which ;ire ipiite long : they are most numerous along the noith west and southern shores, and these portions of the lake are fringe(l with many rocky islands, some of them large. Islands are also fnund along the other shores, but are not nearly s(( numerous. besides the fringe along shore, the middle of the lake is occupied by .several large and hicrh islands tiiat extt>nd into and nearly block the entrance of the south-east bay. The main outlet of the lake is near its south west corner, where several large islands divide it into three channels, as already mentioned. Another outlet leaves the head of a narniw bay some fiiui miles west, and this stream does not join the main di^iharge for ir.ore than twenty miles : still another outlet is .said to ll(uv from the head of a long narrow bay that stretches westward fromtlu' north- west corner of the main lake. The streams flowing into the lake are all small and unimportant ; the lai'gest is called Nov iiish liiscr, u.nd cnterN at the north-east eocner. while anothei' larire biviok flow- intii t'li-arwiitii' Lake. rj I, LAllIiADOl; I'KMVSl l,\. Siii-niiiii' (••'ir.itrv. til.- lit'iid of the >outli cast hfiy. The watci- i- ifiiiHrkahly cltMi'. deep ami colli, ami i> alnintlaiitly stocked with larirc lako- and lirook-truvit, uiiitclish and siu kcrs. The suirouiuliiii: country is formed of rounded Laurentian hills that rise from •JOO to :>()i) feet aliuvc the lake Only two hills exceed ">0t) feet in altitude, and they aie hut little higher; one, called jiurnt Hill, is situated near the mouth of the north-west liav. the olht r. oi' IJerrv Hill, is on the north side, ahout t«'n miles east of I'.urnt Hill. From tlie summit of the latter, tlio east end of S(>al Lake may he seen some twi-nty miles to the northward, '1 lie hills .ire highest around the western ami southern portions of the lake, the land hecomini: lower am! tlatter to the north and east, espeeially ahout the -outh-east liay, where lai'i^e areas are llal and swam|iy. The forest is similar in size, ^'rowlh and di-trihution to that .already dcscrilied, the trees ahout the south-east hay hein,:; somewhat lari,'er and the wiH'ds continuous over the low areas. ('(iK/ifn/ H'tn-'iii ('l-'(irii-ali'r (i.nd Sral l.<ik<.<. The canoe-i'oute from Clearwater Lake to Seal Lake, ascended the N'oonish lliver due east, for tifteen miles, throuixh small lake-exp;in- sions connected hy llnve rapids, to a small lake ;it its head. The rapids are too shallow f..r canoes and w.rc passed hy port,i-es of lOOd, GUO ai.d "in vaids respectively. Im'oui the lake a portai,'e (tf 'lUO yards UhI over a ridu'c to a narrow southern hay of Si-al Lake. The counlrv Mirr.aituliii^' the route is similar to that last desciihed. with low partly harren hills risiuLr from lUO to .lOd feet on hoth siiies ut t'le valley. A new fratuiv i- the (inantily of sti'atilled sand .irr.inj,^'d in rid^'cs ah.n^' the vall.^y. The.sc ri.l^es arc unil'oi'm in hei-ht. ;d)out lil'tv feet ,al)ove the ^vatcr, and look like terraces, hut on r.xamiiiation are seen to he sharp .and narrow and ;ire pioh,ii)ly eskers foiined hy a t,dacial river tlo'.\in.<; westward. A continuation of the ridires was seen on the southern hay of Se.d Lake ,ahout three miles fro:i! where it joiie the jnain hodv. and thcic lI'"V form loim n;ir r.>w points sti-ctchini: out fiom the ..est shore # S'lil l.nk- Kxll'.'H.ltl.ll! '111, time hetv en .1 idy L'tlh and Au;;ust .'Ird. w.i- spent on ,-eal Lake, hut a in^ to a succes-ion of -tron;.; uaies for se.eral ■lays, the lake was too rough for <'anoes, and conse((uently there was only sulllcient time to carry a Mirvey-line from the soutliern hay to the" head of the north-e..>t hay. I'rom this survey, supplemented hy zn y. y. ■f. mmmSM ^ I n LOW. J SK.M, I.AKK. 13 L iij; bays iiifoniiation ()V>tnine(l from rndiaiis, tlu- lake wius found to he more than lifty miles lonj:. while it varicil in hrcadth from half a mile to five miles. Its western end is al.out twenty miles direotly north of r.erry Mountain on Clearwater Lak.-, where it discharges by the Nastaj.uka Hiver. a lar;,'e stream ilowinti into Hudson l'.ay forty-tivo miles north of Uichmond (lulf. The .soutlu-rn hay on the Clearwater route is six miles lunf,' and is liroken hy a number of smaller irregular bays on both sides. Thirl een miles east of its mouth, the. main lake narrows to less than .300 yards for a short distanee and has a strong current that practically joins two lakes. To the e.istward of the narrows the breadth varies from out' to two miles, for six miles, the lake then dividing into long L.. narrow bays, one running a little south of east, the other nearly nortli- east. The east bay was not explored but is said to liave aVuut the same lenirth as the south east one. or about sixteen miles. The north.- east !iay .vubdivides about two miles tro:ii its mouth, the main tiay eontiin;inu tiorlli east, the other running nearly west for some ten miles. The sm iae- of tin- ..-kr is partly broken by islaiuls, many of those in I-lan.ls. the western jiart being large and high. In thr eastern part, the islands are generally small and rocky, l)Ut then" is a chain of tli iii along the north shore formed of sand, the r.'mains of esker ridges. Th.- water has a brownish tinge and is tiot nearly so clear as in the last great lake ; in many places it is (juite shallow. The name IS derived from the seals living in its waters, which afS.nlHmhai.it- either the common harbour seal {/'fiom ritu/ina) or a closely alli- d species. The harbour .seal is known to travel overland for considerable distances, but its presence in this lake nearly a hundred miles from salt-water at an elevation of nearly 800 feet above the sea, can hardly be due to its migration up such a rough stream as the Nastapoka. Another way in which it might have reached the lake was during the subsidence of the land at the close of the glacial period, when the lake was nearer sea-level than at present by more than 600 feet, and when the deep bay extended inland up the present valley of the Nastapoka to <ir near the outlet of the lake, with such conditions it would be easy for seals to reach the lake, and having found it full of fish they probably lost the inclination to return to the sea. Three seals were seen in the lake, and the Indians kill annually more than thirty, showing that the animal breeds freely in the fresh water. The .same rolling .semi-barren country was found about Seal Lake, Character of with rounded rocky hills rising from 100 to 300 feet above its surface ; " '""*''>• the trees are similar to. but smaller than, those about Clearwater Uxkv. W^*^ JS^^J U I. I.AHKADOK J'KNINSt l.\. fJarren ground carihou wciv seen pU'iititully <>u tin* isiatui ami .ibo\it the shores of the Like. S.'iil Liike WHS left on Auuusl kli, liv a small stream called Bii/zinl Ufnok. whioli tltiws into tlie lieiid of tlie nortliea--l l>ay at the t'uot of a jiriiuiinent. stee{i hill. The brook flows from tiie north-east in a valley fri'in lOt* to liiOO vards wide. it is a succession (if small lakes joined by rapids, which were passed by tour short portages in the seven miles to the height of lami separating the Naslapoka from the head-waters of t'le Stillwater branch of the Koksoak. The heighl-of land portauc is fiff vards l<ing and passes through a low boulder-strewn gidly to Shrm hake. The drift becomes much thicker as t^e watei'shed is approaclu-d and is thrown into irregular sharp hummocks from "itJ to loO feet high, covered with manv large boulders ami angular mas.ses of rock. Tlie sandv esker-ridges continue from Se.il Lake up the valley to and l>e- vond tlie height of-land. ^(■i.. ].ii\ Shi'l{i I.aUi \,ituak»!i 1 l.ik,- Sheiii Lake is seven miles ami a half long from the portage to its discharge at its north-east end ; it varies from a quarter to one mile wide and occupies a continuation ^ f the valley followed from Seal Lake. Tae couiitry surrounding the lake ri.ses from 100 to 200 feet, with gentlv sloping hills maskeil by a thick mantle of drift through which the rocks ajipear only on the summit^. The drift is largely composed of angular block.-, and boulders, and it is evidently little travelled. The lake discharges by a large brook ..-hich falls twenty-tive feet in a quarter of a mile below the outlet : it i> then joined by a northern stream of tHjual size, and the combined stream is called the Natuakami ov Still- water lliver. From Shem Lake to Natuakami Lake, fifty -four miles lower down stream, the character of the river and surrounding country changes so little that the whole may be included in one description a bewildering detail of rapids and changes of course. The stream between the lakes flows in a general north-east direction. With numerous minor bends, it tirst flows nearly north-east for thirty-four nnles, then turns gradu- ally towards north for twelve miles and finally north east f<ir eight miles. The main stream is joined by tributaries at frequent intervals, mostly from the northward, the largest flow in at the eighth, eighteenth, twentv-sixth, thirtv-tifth and forty seventh miles below Shem Lake ; ^' J *rn.i,w ati:h i.akk. l.-> I. i tfio but is till- only im|>nif,iiit ■jIiimih, iuvl h;i- icpn Hiimeii l-liis". viver. It tl ows tlin)Ui;li ii ...lep iiortlierii v;il!ey an( unn- llie Mil WMter !)V -i t\ill of tfii tfc It 1^ iiifwh.it sinallcr tliaii llit; main stivain whicli aliovt- tin- |uni'tii)n iluw^ witliaiMpiil current in a ^liallow chanri"'! ai)t)Ut I-'iU yai'tls wide. Tiic it!Vt>l ni Natuakanii Lake is ."iTi* fe»3t Ix'low that of SIkmii Lake ami tin' river between the lakes is almost a contituioiis lapifi witliout .-my direct falls, tlie total niiiiil)er of rapid> is sixty four, or inor-e than one pei- milt Tl lev are very sliallow ''reatlv olist i-iicted wit I ouiders anil daniierous to descend with canoes. The Liiuntry does not sIujm- with the river, and consequently the K bottom of the vallev for --everal miles above Natuakanii Lake i> about '" i\i r Sill l;itf;ii|. oundin" re''i(in. 700 feet below the general level of the sun valley varies from a <|iiartei of a mile to a mile in width, and small black spruce and larch j,'row on the low Ixittoms and nearly to the summits or 1 ts rocky walls, 'i'lie rivt'i' is not well sup])lieil with tisli, only a few tidul and suckers beiiii^ taken with net anil hook. Barren-Ground caribou were plentiful on tiie sandy islands above Natu .kami Lak(», but were scarce along the upper part of the river where they probably con fined themselves to the barren upper lulls to escape the tormenting swarm> of tlies met with in the valley. The country aliove the valley is formed of rounded ridges of bai"e granite hills without soil or trees, (ire having destroyed every vestige of vegetable growth. yahi.a/iuiiii L"k-\ J Natuakanii Lake occupies a broadened portion of the valley and is only an expansion of the river without current. It is fifteen miles long and varies from a quarter of a mile to three mile.s in width. The water is generally shallow and at the head of the lake there is a delta of low sandy islands three miles long, formed from detritus biought down by the rivei'. J'hese barren, wind-swept islands are a favourite resort for caribou in tly time. The sides of the valley rise gently and do not obtain an elevation of oOO feet above the lake witliin from Hve to ten miles of the shores, leaving wide areas of swiimp and bottom lands on both sides, where small black spruce and larch grow thickly except where removed by fire. A number of Indians were found here engaged in killing caribou ; they reported that the lake is well stoc'veil with trout, whiteHsh and suckers, and that a few salmon are taken in the nets, but that the Nat\iaU;i J-akc. Illiliall: ir. I. I.Mil!AP«.K I'l.MNSri.A. ■.'.■Hiii-tnk. 1,11. •!• tr< ri\«-r. . , ...n.l th.- K.n...r,u.n^tuk l.r.uuh f. spawn. r'\':''t:;: u :;::: ;:'-'^.'. '- >^ ^ '-'' ' AnuiulHTuf Mh.vll „ ,1,.. vsav 'In^M. stn-aiu. tlu' lunotlMU ot llu' Kt ii<«..iM.i /,„»/■. /• Still 'i-nt'i- I'lV-r. ,1 ,,L-,. to th.- luiu'Uoii of thf K'-no- gamisiuk is tli.r.y s.-^.'" ""'-■ ■""' .'" - , II ,.„,, ,1„. ......I. 'l ..as.-n,.nU-™»t. .1,.. »."...,„ ,..nun U, . u^ ^_^^^^ ^^^^^^ , , Till, river Icavi's tilt' iaK< -i^ ,,,,.vonul.-s.U.shn<..u.nto>iai.^ ^ ^^^^^ .,„„„,ls. ali v..ry sIkUI-. .u I - ' .u ^_^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^,^„ ,.,,. l,.v..l of its pn-larml I..-1. 1 < sail . ^^^^^ ,Vo,m Ir-lf a ,m.' !*' n.-U,al..utl>a'fauul..an,ll..y-l.--- ^ ,n,Mo inoU f.. ...... unlearn-. 'Ihr^t-'T •-^ ' ^ t,., ,,t ^ mile in Nvi.Uh, ,lu. nver. Tlu. >.n-an> av.-.n..^ a i ^^^^^^ ^^ ana tiu. int..,.val hetwe.n the s,..n. a.^^^^ ^,^^,^,„.,,, occuruMl l.y low swatnps r.st.n.^ ^H— ' - ' ,,.,.unuously tV..t above ti>o level of ^»-V"'"\ tie f l' ake. an.l vn.hably ., .o,. .aes of the valley f.-o,n ^ j- ;\. l.,.,,,,,.! snhsiae ,„,,U the level of the sea dnnn. ^he - - , ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^^ The terraees were not seen above ^'^^'^^ ^^^^^ the valley .here, LlvanetothelacWofariftu,onUu>..W -^^;^^^^^^ a.theelavsextenaaboutet,htnulesabov.th l.eAvv rapi.ls of the nyy^'V river. ^ ;:;r;;.;:=.'--"-- rr::;:;;;;; „„,ow .1,0 ..u.ict »,,ui, .i>e,e i. •- ;";';7; i;;, „,„, . ,„.,.,.,„ „f „.,„,., fuH.„.e,l l.y t».. ,mles ,.ncl ■ ^ , „„„,,, (,,„„,,,, whik- the low mu.ldy »l".r<-s ..f >l'> '■ ^^ ,,( „,.,,„ ,„„,,,„ ,«„k, of rounded l«n.dcr. ".on fo Mo > - .^^ ^^ ^|,^,|„^. .. a -« of al t three ,ne. an -■;;'„.,„„„,,„, ,,. „„„, , channel tron, a .,uarter to half .. m^ > ,„. |„„,, „,„„„ I V. 6 X \\ '_«5 j •■«■ iO« KF.N'Ml.AMISirK lil\ KH. 17 L c. II. • t.i twii miles H|i;irt. 'I'lir sIu|m'S li-^.- tVniii M)(> to loOO t'ect, iiiid aif llaiik.Ml In tiTnici's, tlif lii;-'li I'v.l K'lni.f (-<>•) fcft) lifimr vfiy |«m- sisti'iit, iiiiJ ill pliu-'i's liiiviiiLt its ii|i|icr |)iii'i .iikI tn|( finnifil ,,\' |i,icl<t'(l liMiilclcra. Tlir ln\v»'r tcnarf-t arc st'cn (uiiy in llif i.'iillit's i)t' Miiall iriljii- tiirit'^ fiml iu'vrr risi- iimri' tiiaii 'U feet fil»ov<! tin- ri\or. 'l'li(M|uii't watiT i.s t'lillif.Mil iiy t'l.indrii miles of iiravy ra|iiiU cdii- Mcotetl liy stroti'lu's ot' swit't water, exteixlirii,' tn tin- jiinct inn of tlin Keiio;,'fimistiik, llie total fall lieiii;; do feet. The stream sarios from 'JUO to K>0 yiirds in widili wi'li Imnks from ten to thirty feet hii,'li, oom|iose<l of ti;^htly |iael<e.| lioiilders whii-h form jioiiits juttiiiL' ^i short distuiiee into the stream. Kdilies occur lielow the [loints and are of irreal assistance in asceiidiiii,' wit h canoes. Tlie hills are .somewiiat hii,'her and more r\ii.'L.'e(i, often terminal iii',' in ^iiarp points due ratlier to tlic wcat lii'iiiiu of the ui"initc than to lack of uiiiciati in. .\ short lh^tallcc aliove the Keiiojiuniistllk, a luri,'e st ream called thi' Lookout Kiver llows in from the noilliwiird. It is hroken into several ciiaiincls at its mouth hy losv shingly shoals, o\er which it fulls in steep shallow ranids. Aliout a .iiile up the river pa.s.ses out of a deep narrow ^oi'i^'e. at the mouth of which ai-e two svell-marked terraces Kin and L.'-"'ll feet hii;li. The poles of a numlier of Tiulian tents were .•^tandini; on hoth terraces, where the natives live durin;,' the autumn while keepiiii,' watch for herds of caiihou that cross the river in the vi( inity. K' nnf/aiiiis/ii/i' Riri'f. rerl'iiccii. I.iiiikoiit I'iv.r. The Kenojiiiinistuk is a muc'i l.'r^^'cr stream tl-an the Stillwater, K,.ii,,^:,iiiiis- bein;; at its mouth more than a mile u ide, hut as it is i,n'eatlv '"'^ obstructed with sand and gravel bars, the width of the coml)ined channels would bo about lialf a mile cnly. The channels are shallow, but the current is very strong and the volume of water great. The river was ascended tisc miles from its niuutli, to where a larjie tributary flows in with tremendous rapids through a narrow gorge from the south-east. As the stream was ascended its channel was found to contract and the deeper water became more rapid so that for half a mile below the branch, its width was about 20U yards and tlie rapids cjuite uiMiavigable. From a hill near by, the valley of the main stream was seen stretching for several miles to the south-west and down it the river poured in a continuous heavy rapid for more than six miles. The valley varies from one to two miles in width, and the rocky walls rise from (500 to 1000 feet above the stream. The banks of the river are usually steep and often show sections of contorted, »»v tuk t.. Kaniitpi fount rv. II- l''i()in tlu' junction of tlif StillwattM' and K('n(»j,'!inii.slul< the <'i)iii- ,k;,u. liiiifil stiTiiiM is cdllt'tl tlic Luivli |{ivrr fiiisixtysix niilfs, to wIutp it is joiiit'd l)y the Kaniapiskiiu, the ;,'i'n(Mal loiirse for tliis distance \)<'Ui<^ nearly east nortlieast. TIk' course is noitli-east for twenty live inilt»s ImIow tluM\enogiiniistuk. As llie valley here is from two to four miles wide and the river from 100 to 1000 yards ai-ross, there is a eonsiderahle inleival of llat swampy land hi'tween the sliore ami the sides of the valley. Tht- hills continue ru^i-^ed and slightly lower ., ,,f than those previously desi-rihed. A ,i,'oofl view of the country sur- roundiny the rivtjr was obtained from the summit of a sharp Jieak of granite .^HO feel above the water, on the mirth side of the valley about two miles below the forks. The country is more broken than the uplands about Natuakami Lake, being deei)ly cut by the ravines of small streams hading down to the river. The depressions are dotted with small lakes and ]ionds. and the whole upper surface is devoid of trees, the vegetation being conlined to small willows and arctic shruljs. The clay banks of the river slope gently from the water to heights ranging from twenty to forty feet. The shores are generally sandy with fre(|uent l)ouldery points : the channel is shallow and obstructed with long sand bars and shoals over and between which the river Hows with a uniform current of almut four miles an hour. The valley closes in to less than a mile towards the end of the course,and the river also narrows and breaks into heavy rapids for the next eight miles, with a total fall of 60 feet, the general course of the stream being south. Along the first five miles, the rapids are very heavy, the river being hemmed in between low banks of huge boulders so that its breadth varies from 100 to 200 yards only. The channel widens by ? IS I. i.\iii;.\i>ou m viNsi i.A. Iiedded day. yravel and shinijle. The hiu'li h-vd tcrr.ice (•.'.')0 feet) is well marked on both side;, of the \ alley r|i|.rrw;it.i>. According; to the Indians who hunt along the Kr-nogamistuk, the ri\ cr is alnutst a continuous rajiiil fnun it> mouth to the first forks some f<»rty or fifty miles abi>\e, the folks being situated almut liiirty miles diit'ctly south of Natuakami Lake. The western biatich is much the smaller and I'ises in a large lake near tl»e head waters of f>ittle Whale Uiver ; the laiger biMiuh ll >ws tVom the southwar 1 for a con- siderable distance from where it au'ain liranehes, the westein liram h rising near the head of (ireat NN'hale Uiver. the southern bianch draining several large lakes not far to the northward of Nichicun and I^ake Kaniapiskau. /,(f /•(•// Ii'ir>'i\ \\ f (i low. L.vrtrn KiMit 19 f. do>(ri»<'« (iloiitj tilt' lowor thri'i' iiiilo, iiii'l tin* r.ii>i<ls :;r.iilii.illy I'lian^r** into a ^wit't uiiliniki'M ciiiiriit llnwiri.' in 'i sliiillow i li.uiiifl. Two 'rnlmtiirii** 1 . . , . . , 11.1 111 f'"i" '111' ii'iitli lfti:,'t« strt'iiins |nm tin* iimt trum tlif tiDilliwiii'il. tin' ii|i|"T, oiillfl ^'l•^ll„' liiscr, coiiu's ill with .i t?<'iii.iti|c»iis ni>li iivcr lm;re IxmldiTs iiIm>iii till' iiiiddle of till' ciiuiNi> ; t|ii> ntlici, or .liinrtioii Uivcr, fiilliii<; ill lit till' Inwi'i' t'titl. iitul t.'ikiir,' its imiiii- froiii tin* t'm'l tliiit its Milli-y iijipoHrs to iiiii'k till- juintioii ot" tin- t'iimliri.ui lorks with tin- ;;i<iiiitcs. Till' surroijii'liii;,' i-ouiitrv is soiiipwluit lower, l)Ut moi-i- rni'ky nml hroki'ii than that last ilrscijlifil, Ti-rraci's iit cluvatiotis of .'50, (Kt, |(j(>, I.'iil atii •_'<»(» feci wi'ii' oli,rrvi'il in many places. Till' coui'si- of tilt' in.iiii stri',1111 lii'low .lunctioii jjivfr is smitli-i'iist f-iii'l' Ui^'T - •! 1 1 I i- • -1 l« '..\» .IllUf. loi ti'ii iiiilos, tJH'ii fast tor nini' null's, nortli-cast tor nine iiiiu's, uml ti. n Kuit. finally I'ust for I'iylit niili's to its jiinitioii with the Kaniapiskaii. Tin* rivt'i' varies from a tpiarter ton tliinl of a mile wide aloii;,' the three ujiper fourses, and tlows with a swift, even eurrent Itioken only liv sli.illow rapids at the .sixth luid fourteenth mile. The lianks are liiijh and scarpetl in jilaces, when thoy show sections of stratilied clay, hut in most places they lia%e a gpiitle slope, and hetween the fit't|iieiit lioiildery points are covered with a thick tangle of willosvs that extends from the water to the edge of the trees some .sixty feet ahovo the river. The as|)ect of the countiy chanties with the chan<,;e of tlio rock, the f'li:iKu'f in iinci|ual gianite hills j,'iving place to re;,'iilar rid;,'es of stratified ruck, 1,'oinitiv. which have a ^'radual slope towards the east coinciding,' with the dip of the strata while pre-sentinj,' steep clill's toward the west. Tlie.se ridges vary from L'UO to .")00 feet in height ahove the river, along the western part, hut as the Kaniapiskaii is approached they hecome higher and ahout the junction with that stream some are 1000 feet high. The valley immediately helow Junction lliver widens out until the hills forming it.s sides are from live to ten miles .ipart, the space hetween heing occupied hy a flat plain elevated ahout sixty feet ahove the river. As this plain is underlain hy day, its surface is usually very swampy and is covered with deep Splniijuitm mo.ss, through which a passage fiom the river to the hills can he made only with great dilliculty. All the trihutaries have deep gullies cut into the clay. The trees are the same as those last descrihed, being contined to hlack spruce, larch, Italsam fir, white spruce and halsam poplar ; tliev are all small and of no commercial value. The spruce, larch and fir grow thickly on the plain and lower parts of the hills, of whieh the summits are barren. The river is very rapid along the last course of eight miles ahove the OintluiMict^ Kaniapiskau, having a fall of forty feet. It narrows to about ^00 il^'.j„'i.^,,i i^a,, 2i ~ \ !0 L I.AHUAIxiU rKMNsrt.A. yards ami nislu's aloiii,' in a inurli iiarruwcr valley than t'.innorly, i)et\v.-.Mi hii^h banks ut' flay t'are.l with l...r.M.'rs to the f..rks. 'I'lu' Kaniapisk. u is the longest and lari,M-a i.nuu'h oi tho Koksoak Hiv(M-, ami takes its rise in Summit 1-ake in north latiliule o.H , out of whieh the Manieuaj^'an Hiver also tlows sonthwanl to the Culf ofSt Lawrenee, thus t'ormin-;- a eontiinious waterway tVtnn rn^ava Hay. sotitlr.vanl iieross the eentre o^' Lalaador to the Si. i/iwivnee. The Kaniaiiiska\i was exi'lored fr. .1 Lake Katiiaiaskau downwards in iS'.t;!. and a deseription of it is i,MVi>u in my report on the Lal)i;idor IVninsida.* ^Vhe^e it jouis tlie Laivh River it is ahout half a mile wide, with a stn>ni; current and shallow ehannel. Knh..,,/: K I rcr. l{i\t r. K:i)mi at of til If. The united stream below the junetion of the Lareh and Kaida- pif-kau is failed the Koksoak, an IlskiuK' won! siij:nifyin-' " bi.i,' river."' The river avpra.i,'es about half a mile in width for si\ nnles below the forks, and Hows with a swift eurrent in a shallow ehaiuiel. The banks are low an.l either strewn with boulders, or .sandy. The hills on the sid's of tho valley are from one to two miles apart, and are arranged in .shai]! ridges whose axes are nearly at right angles to tin- river. Tlie.se ridges rise from .">00 to SOO feet abo\e tho water and have steep flifVs on their south west sides. Tho course of the river is north-east for the i\ext twenty 1iv(« miles, and its channel varies from half a mile to a mile and a half in width, being obstructed by large islamls of sand and gravel covered with a thick grcvth of wiUows. Th" banks vary from ten to thirty fe.'t hi height and are formed of sand w'lh a bouldery shore. The valley is froin one to threo miles wi.lo and rises in low sandy terraces to the flanks of th.> rocky hills, which are formcvl of schist, gneiss and granite instead of tho shah-, limestom> and trap of the former courses. The hills become lower as tho riv.-r is descended, and although ft.rmod of different rocks they still preserve tho charactc i.-tic westward facing clitls and vary from 'MO to 500 foot in height. The channel con- tracts to aboui half a mile at the lower end of the cour.so with rocky '■'"■^ shores, Islands and roofs that break the stream inti) heavy rapids for a mile. Tho tide elVocts tho river to the foot of this ri^i.id. Tho course is nearly east for eighteen miles from tho rai)id to High- fall Creek, a small river falling in from tlH> southward. Along this course the banks are generally high and rocky and the south shore is *Amuiid'Ke7K^,'{U^<.l. Siirv. Cun., vol. Vlll. (N.S.), iM'. l<i71-';5 i- . I. ] KUKSOAK laVKH. ■Jl I. an iilinost continuous rock-oxiiosuio. Tlio rhjinrsf'l Is about a mile »vi(le and is lirokon by many low islands of sai\d and 1)ou1(Um's. The hills on the south side rise in many places directly from the river, but are oidy from ;-)0 to I'OO fi t high ; on the north side there is usually wide sandv terraces between the river and tht> roclcy hills behind. I'"rom tiie mouth of Uii;h-t'all t'reek the course of (he river changes H'j'w Higli ., ' , fall ( icck. to north-east for ten miles ; the stream widens to nearly two miles and the low hills retreat, leaving a wide interval of swamjiy land on both sides. The shores are tiat, and when the tide is low extensive mud- flats are laid hare on both sides. iOight miles below High-fall Cre-k the shores again l)ecome high and rocky, and the river is obstructed by several largr I'ocky islands that divide it into a number of cliahncds through which the w.ttci' rushes in or out according to the state of the tide. The next rnd last course of the i'iv(>r is nearly north-noi-theast for L,,\v,.r pa it of thirty-two miles, to its mouth in the south-west jiart of I'ngava l?ay. "^'''• Along this course the channel is deep and with the exct^ption of a tew rotky islands along the shore and a large one, called McKay Island, twcntv miles above the mouth, no obstructions to navigation occui'. The current varies from four to seven miles an hour up or down with the rise and fall of the tide, which at tln> mouthof the river onlinarily rises moie than thirty feet, while exceptional spring tides have been known to rise sixty f(>ct above low-watermark. The shores of this lower ])ai't are high, irregular and rocky, and at low- water the numer- ous small bays ai-e tilled with mud. Th(» b.inks usually rise directly fi'om the water into bare locky hills from 'JOO to -100 feet high, but in places t(>riaces occur on their tlaidcs u]^ to 'loO feet abov(> the pi'csent watcr-le\el. The river averages .ibout a mile and a half in width, but nine milt\s ,ibov(> its mouth it nari'ows to l(>ss than half a r.iile across. l'()i' n(\'U'lv two miles. Th(> trtH's in the \alle'- below the Kaniajiiskau are all small, and \'. .rtatn.ii. consist nearly exclusively of blaek spruc(< and larch, with only a tew clum])s of balsam poplar on the low sandy islands of the uji]>ei' reaches. The trees cover the liottom lands and grow about half way up th(> hill- sides about the l>\iiks, but as the stream is descended they become smaller and are onlv found on tlu- Iowim- parts, and llnally die o\it about tifiecn miles al)o\(> the mi.ulh of the rivei-, the only i enuiining \egeiation being small arctic willows, lijrches and shrulis. 'i'he survev was completed to th.^ end of the north point at the ('einiiletiim ol motith of the river oh the •'•th of September, after which the river was "^ ascendeil thirty nules to I'ort Chimo, to await the departure of the ^r-r mm oo LAHRAUOR PENlNhiULA. Furt Chilli Hudson's Bay Company's steamship;^^?-/^-, in wliich the party was con- veyed to Rigolet, on the Atlantic coast, and from there to <,juebec in a sdiooner. Fort Chinio is the most northerly post of the Hudsons Jiay Com- pany in Labrador, bein<( situated in North Latitude 50' 08' or just inside the tree limit. The fort is located on a low terrace on the south bank, facir.i; a small cove and opposite the highest safe anchorage for sea-going ships. The post consists of about a dozen small buildings, the greater number of which are made from imported lumber, as the trees of the region are too short and small to be i>f much use fur build- ing. The permanent inhabitants are the usual olticers and servants of such a post, and these with their Eskimo wives and children number about twenty-live persons in all. Indian tnul>-. Tro.de is carried on with the northern Indians, who live about the tribu aries of the Koksoak, and with the Eskimo along the coast of Ungava Bay and Hudson Stiait as far west as Cape NV'olstenholm. The total number of Indians trading at and dependent on Fort Chimo is about one hundred and lifty. Tliey belong to the Nascaupee tribe, and s}ieak a dialect of the Cree or Algonkin language. They are a poor, degraded people, without thrift or forethought, and as a rule, very lazy. I'.eing caribou hunters they can hardly be induced to trap fur-bearing animals. Ihey depend wholly on the herds of barren ground laribou for their food and clothing, and sell a certain number of caribou skins nnt required for tiieir own use, with a few furs, to the Hudson's Bay Company for powder, shut, tea, sugar and tobacco, which t-umprise all their necessaries of life. Foxes, both white and the varieties of the red species, form their principal fur hunt, but otters are also taken, and m early spiin^r they made e.vcursions southward into the wooded count rv fur martens. EskiiiKi tr.-ifi I'i.-lii-rio. The Eskimos trading at Fort Chimo are about 140 families, or 700 persons in all ; but less than half of these visit the j.ost, as the more northern families send in their furs by a few able-bodied men who tra\el with dogs un the ice alung the coast tu and from the po.st in the spring. The Eskimo trade is chiefly in deer, seal, fox, white beai-, wulf, and wolverine skins, walrus ivory, .seal and porpoi.se oil. Tlie LIudson's Bay Company also engages in the salmon and j)orpoise fisheries alung the lower Koksoak and in the Whale River to the sc.uth and Leaf River to the northward. In 1S9G the salmon tishery was poor, the catch being far below the average, and only e-jUal to half the r i liOW •1 LAURENTIANf. 23 L #' * catch of the previous year. The porpoise fishery is small and would be abandoned it" it did not give employment to the Eskimo during the summer season. CLIMATE. The climate ot' the region embraced ''n this report totally unfits it for agricultural purposes. At Fort Chimo, lettuce, radishes, and a few small turnips are grown with a gi'eat deal of care and attention. The rivers break up in the interior about the first week in June, but the ice does not leave the larger lakes before the end of that month. The snow of tlitf previous winter remains in all sheltered gullies front- ing the north throughout July. During the ilay the temperature often rises tu 70' F., but the niglits are always cold, and severe frosts are common throughout July and August ; ice a t|uarter of an inch tliick having been noted during the night of August 8tli. Snow falls aliDUt the middle of September, and by the end of the mouth the ground is permanently covered, and the small ponds are frozen over; the rivers being closed by the middle of * >ctober. The following are the mean temperatures from three readings dally taken at a.m. noon and 9 p.m. July, 50-7 F. ; August, 54- 1 F. : September (1 to 11), 1:2 -S V. Light rains and showers are fieijuent during the sununer months, but the total rainfall is not great ; during July and August rain fell on forty days. The prevailing winds of summer are from wes*^ and north- west, and they are generally accompanied l)y clear weather, with pas.s- ( )|ifiiiiif,' iif rivers. ."^nuw. TcIllIltT- itnri's, (7". ing showers. GEOLOGY. Ldnrentiau. Tlie rocks met with along the greater part of the route from Hich- Ccntnil char- mond Gulf to I'ngava Bay have been classed as Laurentian. They '''-'^''^' "^ ™^''^'^' are composed chietly of more or less foliated granite, made up of fel- spar, (|uartz, mica and hornblende, with minerals of decomposition. The felspar is chielly (jr'hoclase, and varies in colour from red through pink to wiiite : ([uartzis always present and often m considerable <|uanLities, and the mica and hornblende are generally finuul together, but at times one or other is al)sent. True eruptive masses are also represented by smaller areas of dark- Kniptiv.; greenish basic granite composed largely of pale-green plagioclase, ""i""''-'"' (piartz, hornblende and mica : and also by dyke-rocks, usually more or '• ^»im mmmmta 24 L I.AHHAliOU PKNINSL'.A. Olilf-t -ii-iti- CatiiliiiiUi. less altered diabase, which appear to he much newer than the rock cut by them, there are also a number of dykes of iine grained, dark- red syenite in tiie granite area about Clearwater Lake. There would aiipear to be a great difference in the ages uf the granites, but excej)! where they cut, or unconformably underlie, known bedded rocks of the Cambrian, their age cannot be determined, (jwing to the close resem- blance in structure and composition of the granites of different age. Where they cannot bo .separated they have been included in the Laurcntian, as they are all very ancient, and the newest were errupted and must be assigned to a period antece lent to the Cambro-8ilurian. Intimately associated with the granites is ii series of more or less iiuartzose. mica-gneisses anil mica-sciiists, interbanded with hornblende- schists and hornblende-gneisse , and at times with a (piartz-magnetite- gneiss. These gneisses and schists are supposed lo represent a bedded series of rocks somewhat similar to the (irenville series, but they are so highly altered that no trace of their supposed former clastic struc- ture remains. They are cut by newer granites and their ] .-esent highly crystalline condition is thought to have been caused by the deep-seated intrusion of great masses of granite. The age of these bedded schists is for the most part very great, as some of them were altered by the granites and subsequently deformed along with the granite, after which they have l)een deeply sculptured and denuded before the deposi- tion of the iron-bearing Cambrian rocks. While most of the schist.s arc thus pi'obably very ancient, otliers may be of the same age as the Cauduian and mav lepiesent those rocks where they are greatly altered by granite intrusions, as along the lowei' part of the Koksoak River, where it ha-< not proved possible to separate some very ^ilnilar gneisses and schists from tiie Cambrian.* The Caml)!ian rocks of the east coast of Hud.son JJay have a l)readth of twenty miles at Kiihmond Gulf, and the Laurcntian gneisses, u]ion which they rest (pute uncon- formablv, are first seen at the second portage of the Wiachouan, some four miles from the slio' of the gulf. Here the stream falls over a fine-grained pink mica-gneiss, while the bank of the stream ojjp.jsite the foot of th(> fall is foniicd of uj^turni'd beils of coarse (luartzite, red felsitic slate and hue-grained, dark-green trap, apparently tlirust over the gneiss. The few exposures seen in the valley of lln- ^\'iacho^uln, were all pink and gray, medium textured mica-gneiss. At the summit of the *Siiiiil:ir ^.-luissi';:^ and si;!iist,s wit.' Inimd in Is'.i; alniiLT tli" -muiIi >linif cf UuiIm)!! Strait and Wfi-f .-t-rn to lie altered fr<Mu the nrdinary Mack .~lialt'^ aiidtluTt- uf the Canilirian liy tlie intnisiuii of large masses of granite. 1 4 t .*vmm T LOW. LAL'UKNTI AN*. :.) L t Hill portage leading from the valley of the Wiachouan, bands of the R'.icks on mica-gneiss hold dark-red garnets and are associated with coarser, red niiea-hoinhlende-gnei-s : all being cut l)y a great dyke of coarse, dark- green diabase, iwo liun(Jred yards wide, which runs 8. 35 E. and is seen on the south side of the valley several miles away. At the upper end of tlie portage, another similar dyke runs X. 1>5' E. and may be an ofT-shoot of the I'ugei' dyke. I'hese and other dykes met with along the route to (^'leai water Lake, closely resendile tlie large diabase ilykes of the Hamilton Hiver, th;it cut the CainUrian rocks as well as the Laurentian gneisses * and are jirobably much newer than the gneisses with which they are here associated. On the portages be- tween the Wiachouan ami Cieai'water riveis, frecjuent exposures are met with and they .are mostly meiiium to coarse-grained mica-horn- blende and horniilfude^iieis.s. l)Ut at times without foliation, when they pass into granite. The garnet-beaiing inica-yneiss, a short distance east of the Mill purtagr is displaced by mica-horidjlende-gneiss and granites, whiciiiiave the appearance of great ii'rupted masses partly ()„fi,.j.,.^^..^^,j, foliated ity pressure. Coarse, red liornblende-gneiss and granite pre- I'i^'i. dominate along the Clearwater liiver. together with occasional l)ands of ;i gray cohjur and otliers where the presence of a large (juantity of hornblende gives them a <iaiker colour and renders them schistose. The coarse gneiss and granite also often hold segregations of dark- green, schistose hornblende. The diiection of the foliation between Ivichmonil (lulf and Clearwater T^ake varies from N. 4-") W. to S. 80 W. Twodiai)a.se dykes weiv seen on the portage leading to Clearwater Dialiase River, the tirsi is \ery tirie in texture and varies from live to fifty feet J.^'^'~- in width with .a (lirection of N. 70 E. ; the second is coarser in texture and lighter in culnur. it is sixty feet wide and runs N. l'> W. At the heatl of an island in the Clearwater a short distance from the last dyke, there is another thirty feet wide and haviiii: a direction of N. S.*) W. At the third portage below Clearwater Lake a dyke one luindred and fifty feet wi(ie runs ,S. (in N\'. Near the contact with the i^neiss it is \<'\y tine-uruined. l)ut towards the n.iddle is much eoaiser; it is dark-green in colour and contains a cinisiderable quantity of disseminated pryrite. The rock is now about half deconijiosed to serpentine, tlie deconipo-ed portions forming irregular l)lotches of ,an apple-green cnlin'.r. 1 lit> uianites ,are also eut liv acidi- dykes intliet'orm of Hue-grained, Ariiiic (ivkfs. dark-ivd, coni]>act .syenite. lari,"'ly com}>ose(l of ilesh-red oi'tliocla.se ^•Aiiiiua! Kt'iinrt. (Jeol. Surv. Can., \u\. \ III. iN. ,S. i. p. •^~:, i., 20 L ('U-arwati-r aiiilS,-al lak LABHADOK PENIXSll-A. On S.al L ^vith a little hornblende, but no visible (luart/. The weatlieml out- crop of a dyke of this rook fornied a trough about ten teet wide and from three to ten feet deep at the southern end of the portage leading to the Clearwater Hiver. Althou-;!! this was the only syenite dyke seen in plaee, there are doubtless others of the same kind along the river and about Clearwater Lake, where hioeks of tin- rock an- com- mon in the drift. The manv roi'ky islands and points of Clearwater Lake afford nniiierous exposures of gneiss and granite. A I'ed coarse-grained horn- blende-mica-granite or gneiss predominates, and is associated with a coarse-textured, gray mii-a-gneiss, which, like the formei', is of probable igneous origin, l-ioth rocks cut and inclose bands of liner-grained, piid< mica-gneiss, most abundant about the north-west end of the lake, but nowhere plentiful. Towards the eastern end of the lake and along the north shore, mica-gneiss i)rovails, and is more often pink or red than grev, it is usually very coarse in texture and often has an augen structure with at times large proiihyritic crystals of felspar. The -viieral direction of the foliation about Clearwater Lake is X. A\ . ( )n the iirst portage of the route from Clearwater to Seal Lake, the coarse augeu-gneiss is cut by a dyke over three hundred yards wide and running nearly paralled to the foliation of the gneiss. The dyke- rock is a much altered mica-diabase, varying in texture from tine- to medium-grained : it contains much mica in small scales, the felspar is greatly decomposed and the augite largely changed to hornblende. Small veins of red pegmatite penetrate the dyke. At the second portage, the rock is medium to coarsegrained, very telsj.athic, pink and red augen-gneiss containing bi'oken bands and segregations of finer-grained mica .-chist : the direction of the foliation being nearly east-antl-west. Coarse to fine-giained, red hornblende-mica-granite occurs on the islands of a small lake two miles beyond, and from there to Heal Lake all tlie exposures examined were of similar granite some- times slightly foliated in a direction N. ;jU ^\ . ,.. The granites and gneisses also occur about Seal Lake, wlieie they are vedov pink in clour, and are usually, coarse in texture with often an augen-L'neiss structure. These rocks usually show lines of foliatifm whicirvary in direction from N. 10 W. to X. SO W. The whole is taken to be part of a great granite area similar to the areas previ.aisly found about Lake Xichicun* iuid in other parts of the peninsula. This area of granite continues eastward from Seal L.ike past the 4 ui *.-Vnniial R<|iiirt, ticul. Surv Can., u.l. Vlll. uN.Si., 1'. L'lO-l'l? i- low. LAUIiENTIAN. 27 I. ho.gl.t.of-lan(l and clown the Stillwater River for seven miles below Sheu. Lako where it is in part replaced l.y mica-schists and gneisses. Ihe nuca-sdnst ... cut by numerous dykes c.f coarse pegmatite and also by the hornbiende-raica-gra.utes and ^neisses. The strike of the gneisses .s nearly N. W. Associated with the mica-gneisses are bands in wh.ch grams of magnetite are present instea.l of n.ica, thus formin.^ fine-yra.ned magnetite-gneiss cmsisting chiefly of magnetite and quart, w.th a httle felspar, and having a close resemblance t<, the bed- ^1-1 ■••<'"->ex „i the upper .M.uucuagan Kiver- where the nnca- gneusses n. which ,hey occur are associated with bands of crystalline unestone. The n.agnetite-gneiss is too silicious and lean to be pro- fitably worked as an ore, but it contah^s segregations of almost pure .nagnetite otte.x of consi.lerable si.e, which if n.ore accessible would no doubt be valuable. The schists ami gneisses with their associated beds of mag,ietite.g,u3iss outcrop along the river for two miles, when they are again displaced by the coarse, red hornblende-mica-granite, which usua ly contains segregations of hornblende-mica and hornblende ren- dered schistose by pressure. All are cut in places, (notably at the rapid twenty-six miles below .Shem Lake and also two miles above Ivussel Kner), by bands of dark-green amphibolite from six inches to hve feet Nvide, which ditler in appearance from the schist bands an<l are probably ancient basic dykes crushed, shattered and rendered sclustose by pressure. The granite rocks are met with along the river to within Hve miles of .Natuakami Lake, where medium-grained, gray mica-gneiss is found cut by red hornblende-micagranite ami dvkes of red pe-matite' Strike N. 2U \V. ' t o • >r;ilnti' dii Ut.T.-lli-,!. IL'lli tit«. Ihe wide valley of X.ituakami Lake appears to have been cut out of the sotter mu-a-gneisses, as all the exposures seen along the shore of the lake showed varieties of these gneisses, at times garnet-bearin.- and sometimes shatten-d by intrusions of hornblende-mica-gneiss, moie especially towards the eastern end of the lake. The wide valley, partly tilled «ith clav, through which the river tloNvs below Xatuikau.i Lake, affor.ls no rock exposures on tlio banks and a wide margin .,f almost impassable swamp extends from the river to the lulls on either side, so that from one to three hours were spent in going to an.l retiuning from the hills, conse.juentlv few observa- tions were made on the rocks occupying this portion of the countrv U hen seen the rocks were, however, tound to be aijout eveulv dividJd Xati Lak. :akaiii X.it. [.ak. s h, !,uv akaiiii Annual i;.|„,it, i;,,,..!. Surv. Can., vol. \-lII. (X.S.), p. 244 l. 2s I, LAIIHADOH I'KNINSll.A. ^ainistuk. Titli'W Kiiiii fruini.-tiik. I tonilili-ni (.'laintf. Contact wit! Cambrian. between the iiiifa-Kiieiss and the intrusive hornUhMnle-iuioa-tjranite Three miles above the junction of tlie Stillwater with the Kenogn, mistiik, the ruck is a very coarse, pink niica-hornblcntle, au','en-j,'neiss. Alon^' the first tive miles of tlie Kenoyamistuk, the rocks come out on the banks in several places, ami were foiuitl to be very coarse, red hornblende-granite or in places augen-j,'neiss when t)ie foliation was S. 30 W. About the heavy rapids tive miles up this stream, the uranite is considerably shattered and the small cracks cemented with ejiidote and serpentine. Two miles l)elow the juncti<m of the rivers on the ni>rth side, a liarien hill was climbed : and extensive exposures were tlius -xamined. They were found to be largely led hornblende-granite varying in tex- ture from a tine-grained, compact rock to a co ir-e augen-gneiss. the latter formitig the small rugged peak at the summit. Several wide hands of mica-gneiss were found interfuliated with and broken by the red hornblende-granite. The hills were again visited on both sides of the valley twelve miles lower down the river. The rocks on the .south side were coarse hornbleiule-/,ranite, while on the north side similar rocks were associated with gr/iy mica -gneiss. For the next twenty miles Lhe river tlows between very rugged lulls- wliich gradually approach tlie banks, allowing the rocks to outcrop frequently along the shore. These exposures everywhere show coarse, red hornblende-LM-anite to the mouth of Junction Iviver, when the granites give place to the stratilied rocks of the Cambrian. The contact between the Laureiitian granite and the Cambrian is concealed by the deep clays of the valley of .luncti.^ii Kiver, where the western wall of the valley is foi'ined of granite while the east side is composed of clierty dolomite and arenaceous shale. Although the contact was unseen, it is supposed t.. be similar to that on the Kania- pi.skau I'.ranch .some ninety miies to the southward, where Cambrian red sandstones and argillites rest uuconformably ujion a boss of granite.* Like the Cambrian of the iiudson I'.ay coast, the rocks of the ea.stern area have been deformed by over-thrust faults, caused by pre.ssure d-veloped from the northeastward, and conse.iuently the con- tac*; between them and the underlying granites i- likely to be a modilieil one. the pressure having in places thru4 newer beds over the older, inl(j contact witli the granites. Granites cutting schists and gneisses do not again occur along the river for fifty-tiv<- miles, or t.. twenty miles below the mouth of the Kaiiiapi>kau. the intervening cuntry being occupied by little altered Cambrian strata. i ■.\iumal lU'i<un. r.v,.\. Smv. Can.. \"1. Vlll. 'N.S.i. \k -itl'.i i-. ■] CAMIiniAN'. 29 I, Thf-re is an intrival ot' clcvcii milrs l,f.tAv,.,.n the lH>t outiTuj) uf uiialtereil Ciuiil.rian and tlic first fxposurn <•£ tin- scliists kiu'Issoh and granitfs. Tlicsr si-lii>ts and ^jnt-isst's arc taken to rc|. resent a lii^jlilv metaniorplue phase of tlie Camlirian, tni^^-tlier witli newer intrusions uf granite whieli liave elian^ed I'le sedimentary Cainl)rian roeks inio sehists and gneisses \>y the heat and Itressnre due to the intrusion, an.l. eoiise.iuently. although chjsely reseml.ling many of tiie gneiss.'s chissed as Laurentian. these rocks are here cla-ved as Camhrian and are more fid ly di.-ciissed uniicr that heading. Kiiiiiiti'^ of Joucr riM'r. i Cai'i^irmn. Tlio series of roeks classed as Camhrian was met witli along the C'.milniiiiM.f east e.,ast .,f Hudson I'.ay to the northward of Cape Jones, and on the "'"'""' ''"■'■^■• f.areh Hiver from its junction witii the Kaniapiskau upwards for tliirlv miles. 'i'he Hudson I'ay aica has hceii reported on by Dr. R. J'.ell* and only a few supplementary ol)servations will be here added to tho.M' already noted by him. The d<.lomiles of this series were first seen on small islands to tlie soutl.uvard of Long Island, a few miles north of Cape Jones. Chertv dolomites with reddidi cherts \\ere not'd on luominent points of the mainland for thirty miles to the southward of CJreat Whale Kiver. The ^lanitounuek Islands extend in a chain northward from Great S.(ti.,n m, Whale l^iver for more than twenty miles, and are composed of rocks '^'•'"'t""""^'^- of this formation. The rocks dip seaward ;it low angles and present cliff-faces towards the land. The following section in descending order was noted on the inner face of the third island north of the river : — Fret. 1. I>ark-^'ic<ii, ooiii|iitct tnt[i, with many .small cracks filU-d with I'pifJote ami liLac-culonrcd axiiiitc 20 to 20O 2. Cuiiipact, tiiie-f,'raimMl. lij,'iit-l>lnf doldiiiitf ; weathers yellow ami hiilils iiiucli blackish clit-rt in irregular Au-t-U and Mdduk'.-i ■>() X -Mediumfirrained, Krayisli-l.Kie sandstone with translucent (|uartz-Krains and small yellow .«iiots ; contains a small ((uantity nf pyrites and is doloniitic in places H") 4. Light- anil dark-gray sandstone and chert. The light col- oiued chert is well-l)anded and splits into flags from one to six inches thick 50 The remainde.- of the .series is hidden beneath the water of the sound. Mauds. "Rejiort of Progress, Geol. Surv. Can. 1877-7S. pp. 11 23 c. no L l.\lil!.\I)i'i; I'lAlNsI l,\. *I" ''"",''' 'rill' iit^xt <<vtii.ii t'XJiniinnl w.is mi tin- cast sid.- nf Ca-<t If I'minsulii, nil tlic iKirtli si.l.> nt' the uiitlft ni' I ; irlniinii(l( ^ ill r'. 'I'll.' M'ct ion in (It'sct'iidiiii,' oidiT i-( as fcill<i\vs : — r.-t. 1. I'iii'' u'i:iiii>-.l. il:iil<-i:ri> n trap with -iii;ill :iiiivt;il>ili- tillrd with ci.iiliitc, cliliiiiti- ami iiLTati'. ,V) -. I.i;.'lit i.'ia>, nil' liuin ^'laiii.il saml^toiii' .V> .'t. Tliiii liamli'il, fiiii' LTiaiiifd iiiiMit, chirty iliiluiiiitc. with tliiii I'artiiiL,'- anil irrrj.'iilar inassrs ..f dark -1 'Iiic clnTt . . Il'.'i t. ( 'litiiial.'il (|inil)aKl\ il'iliiiiJili I "ill ."i. ('i.ar.M'. irray irrit. inadf up ni lai.'i' u'raiiis nf ipiarl/ and w hill' l.Npar \Mtli silici'iu:! matrix ."i • '. I »arki.'ray. ni-ty-wcaflu'riiiv'. fi'mi^diinii-i, cl.iliimiiic ,and- stiiMi'. till' ddliiniitf Ui'ini,' in thin partin^;s In 7. Ciiai!**', dark-L'ray trrit with i.'rain.^ iiiul small pclilili-s i.f <piart/. and fi'l-ipar 'i >>. I>ark krray, firruLrinmis, dnloniitio sand-tipiu' (in !•. ('oar»', irrax- >aiid^tiiiii', with thin IkmIs nf dark, j,'iayish '.'n-iii -and-<t"ni oviilain !■> arkosc HO In. I,i(,'hti,'ray, i-lifity diplumitc. jmlilint.' ^'raiiin of transluicnt ipiart/ and >inall, rusty patclics ; chaliKf!' tn a sandstum- n>ar tin' top ITm 11. roar-'-, u'rav m it. ci'mpiisi-d iif -m.all pi-lililc>i df rpiartz ;incl wiiiti' fi-l.spar ill a matrix of linir s,'rain> .Vi I'J. rink arko.-c. varying.' in ti'Xtiiri- fruiii tiiii' tn coarsi', and inaih' np cliifHy of nmrf nr l<'ss rounded trrains of (piartz and n- 1 l> [-"pai. ivid.'iitly not ^^'icatly vsati'i- worn C^O hf. I'x'll i;iv('s a section taken on ilir south side of the cnti'anet' to lliclunoml (iiilf which corresponds soinevvliat with the aliove, liut lias a thickness of l.-'O feet of tr.ap Ketween Nos. In ;ind 1 1, while only tUO feet is given for thearkose, No. \'2. He also states that tlie ujipeiMioloiiiites No. 3. rest unconforinahly upon the sandstones hut no such unconforiiiity was observed ill the section above detailed. The rooks ^ixcii in the section would appear to closely resemble those of the Mesnard quartzites and Koiiii dolomites of the Lower Mari|uette series of the south shore of Lake Superior, capped by a latei' outllow of trap, those rocks being classed as Algonkian by I'rof. \'an Ilise. The great thickness of arkose found at the bottom of the section and the number of felspar pebbles in the grits of the ujiper bands, show a great amount of disintegration in the underlying gneisses and granites previous to the deposition of the Cambrian, and also that the debris forming these beds had not been transported far or water-worn pieviou^i to the formation of tiie strata in which they now rest. I'lic- mfi'i-mity As before stated, trap <|Uart/.ites and red felsitic slates are found resting unc<mforniably upon gneisses at the second fall of the Wiachouan Kiver. C'liarai-t'-r of tilt- r. .rks. '} 1 .1 I so y. y. y. y. r. -A - A — ''1 - -A 4. I 1 (MMIIRI \\. ni I, 'lilt! Ciiiilii iiiii loi'Us foutid nn till' Lurch liramli nt' tlic I\nksiiul<, arp u noitlicrii pxtfiisinti <»f tliu ^'I'eiit iiicn prtiv iniisly (li.scovt'rt'd on tin- U|>iirr I laiiiillDii niid Kiiniiipiskaii rivers.* A^ Inform stated ilie wcsteiii limit cM'ossi's the Laieli iiiimi'diately lielnw the iiioulli ><( t) iiiii't n)ii liiver, or thirty five miles almve the mouth of the Kaiiia jiiskaii. 'I"he coiitai't hetween the Laureutian t,'rututes and the elicrty (U)loiiiitcs and sliales is not seen, there lirini; an inler\al of overanuh! between the i,'raidtes ut tlie iiniuth of .liuu'tinn |{iver an<l tlio low clills of nearly t1at-l)ed(led ( '.niihriaii. These clitVs, •_'()() feet hi;,'h, are composed lari,'ely of shale re^lini; on thin lieds of litjht-yellow, com paet chei'ty dolomite, while hii,'her up llie elilVtlnn hands of hrownish and j,'reenisli aritilliieeous limestone are interlx'dded with the shales. The shale is nnieli disinte;,'rate(l and has a daik, rusty colo'.n' on wi'athered surfaces, hut is greenish and iirownish on fresh surfaces. Dip. N. SO !•:. < '»' to 1U\ On the same side of the ri\er, two mile> Ik'Iow, lliere is a steep hill, tln-ee hundreil feet lnu:h, formed of dark-l»lu( , finely crystalline, cherty dolomite, i;reatly .^shattered and nvcementod with (piart/, so that tlie rock resembles a breccia : it also has in places thin partings filled with a black bitinninous mineral like anthraxolite. These rocks are much disturl)ed anil appear to underlie the shales of the {)revious s<'ction. nip I'] < ') to 4") . l-'i'om the western limit of the Cambrian to the junction with the Kaniapiskau, there are otdy two outcrops of rocks on the banks of the Larch River, and in ordei' to exanune the rocks in the cliffs forming the sides of the valley, from a half mile to two miles of deep swamp had to be crossed, entailing from one to four hours for each observa- tion. On this account only a few observations wore made along this portion of the river, and in conse(]uence many of the diffeient rocks found along the Kaniapiskau and fFamiiton rivers weie not seen in place ; but as they are all represented by large angular blocks on the banks, they must occur not fai' from where these blocks are found. The direction of the ice movement being from the westward, if trans- ported by glacial agencies, they could oidy come from that direction and not from the Kaniapiskau area which lies nearly south '"'of the Larch Kiver. Among the angular blocks tlie largest and often the most numerous are composed of jaspilite, or a mi.vture of jasper and iron ore ; in many the jasper is not abundant and the blocks are almost jiure magnetite, or a mixture of magnetite and lu-ematite, forming a valuable ore, very similar in character and composition to that of the 'aliiliri.ill nf ..lIlll iJlMI. irk< liki' i>i> (it Kiiii- (iikiUI, itr. •Annual Reiuirt, Geol. Surv. Can., vol, VIII. (N.t?.), pp. 2(11 U80 U. Y tlllirs licl.iw .fiiiictii'ii Kiv. r. I>i-tuiliiuici' ami tractiuc-, 3-2 L I.AHIiADOli I'KMNsri.A. t'xtt'ii.sivo fircas t'ouiui on the Kaiuapiskiui and llamiltuu rivors.* The other roeks ooiimionly t'ouiul soattert d in l)loi-l<s akmi,' tlie river banks, i>re reil ar^ilUtes ami red sandstones, like those t'onnini,' the beds resting' unconforniahly upon tlie granite at (.'.luilirian I.ake,v a dark gray, silicioiis aid<ei-ite with purph^ spots, eh. 'its, darkgri'-n, tin(>-grained tni]-, and greywaeke and two varieties ,,( onni;lonierate. One ot' these resembled the t'onghmieratt' at tlie iiaseof the t'lii'matiim. beini; eom- jiMsed of ([uarlz, felspar and granite pebhK's eemenied witii sand and siliea : the other was eomjiosed chielly of >mall pel)l)U'> of ipiartz, fel- spar and jasper, with a matrix which varied from red to green in colour, and whieh may have lieen a Vdleanie asii Hke that ot tlie ag- glomerate of l»yke f.ake. ■ 'i he next section examined was on the north side of tlii» river, seven miles below the liiiie>-tone hil!. The folh.wing seiju le-" was exjiosed ,,n the sides and tops <if the low hills tV)rming the wall of the valle" at that place : 1. i>nik(ii ; ilark s!i:ili' cy ■J. I');ui(l> .if <lialf ami ai>'i!l:uv. "is .],.], ,iiiitf. 'I'lic shall' thins ciiit aii'l lifcuihfs pcaily towaids thftoiMif thr iiirasuri's, till- (luldtiiiti" at the saiiif tiiii.' chaii^'injr t(i a IL'hr Mm' clit-rty variety, slial tried and iv-oi-imntrd with small n-ticulat.'d (|iiart/. vi ins jo,! :i r.it,'htlilm', linlf-w. athcrin^,'. chii-ty ilnldiiiitr Kill 4. !'lat-k shalfs ([larrly coiicfalcd ) ]•_>,-, .">. Lii-'ht-hluf chcrty doluiiiitc :,{\ tl. lUac'k, nisry-wcathriin^' slialf with thin l.rds ..f art,'illar.',)\is dnliil'litf ]--, 7. Husty Wrath. rin^r. trivrn rli.i t. nnu'h hroktii :.ii 5. Ulack shale lo i). Kiisty Wfatlicrinir, disintrgratrd shalr son Tlie r(.cks of the section are greatly disturbed and there are probable repetitions in the beds, while the shales may be folded among them- selves, thus giving an altogether too ,i,;-eat thickness to the measures. Dip N. 35 E. to 40' < 60 . Three miles lower down the stream, at a short rapid, the rock outcrops on the north bank, showing about lUO feet of buir-we.ithering, silicious dolomite witii broken i)ands and masses of black chert. The exposure has the appearance of having originally consisted of alternate betls of dolomite and chert, in whicii, by movement and crushing, the cherts have been broken and the sjiaces between the fragment.s tilled with the ferruginous dolomite under great i)ressure. I t "Animal K»|Miit, (J.m,!. Surv. Can., v.>l. \'III. iN.S.K ]<],. L7(i "TS '• "S't.C i Uliid, p. L'ti'J 1.. :il.i.:. l>7» I.. M /. . .,-.ou 1.. I I Tilt! Iiills (.11 tli(> north sidr w.m'o a^aiu visited fi,-,dit miles l,elow the rapids, where tlu! I'ocks are line grained ai.gillite uf a d;irk-,i,'n'en eoluur, al.ju-- with a lltle-^'railled ,i,Meeii ehlurili<- i(,rk elosely ivseiiil)Iiiig tli(> line fig,ij;I(Mnerale or voh'anie ,ij;rey\vaek-e at the fool, of Cambrian Lake.* 'I'iie i.ulVweatlierin- dolomites were also seen in several places along the faee of tiie hills heiow the rapid. i''i\e miles ah .ve the jutieii.ui wiih the Kani.ipiskau, ihenorih hank Silic s is .iceiipied, for iialf a mil.-, i.y a v. hit,, and cream-colonrod, line-graiiK-d ''""■■^'•""•• silieious Hmtvstone, wliieli varies from iui iiii|>ure iinu'sLone toa<iuart/ite, with the jiroportioii of eonlained siliea, and is identical with the sili- eious limestone found at the foot of the .Manitou gorge (m the K.'iniapiskau. Immediately l.elow the junctions of thj l/irch and Kaniapiskau DoIoimIi... there is a small hill on the south hank formed of (ine-^rained, l.lack, argiUaceoiKS dolomite with hands and lenticular patches of brownish .■mkerite. I'.otii ai'c pcneti'atcd by small grains of (piai'tz, but iiioi'c particularly the dolomite. I >ip N. SO ]•]. < ]() . In my i.revM.us report it was slated that the ridge.s on each side of .^.vtin,, two the riv.r below the forks appeared to be formed of a thick cap of com- ui'i,' ';.■;'", pact r..ck, perhaps InMldctl dolomite, generally overhanging the rock.s below, which are "usty, black shales from ;'.00 feet to Id!) f.H't thick, with dolomite forming tlu^ stec^p slop,, at t h,' bottoinf. A section made over the ridges on the south side, commencing two wUvs below the f.irks, shows that this description is only part4y correct, as the bands tiken for dnjoniite are really diabase. The following is the st ctiou in descending order: I'eel. 1. Shaly, .-nvilk-u'coiis ,lul..inilc, lijrht irrny in (■.il..iir, and wr.dh- I'liii:.,' L;i-(i'Misli. l)i|i x. ,"i(i |.;. ,- 1;-, I L'. Li^lil t;r.i.vis|] -ivni. lin,. ^iiainc.l, c.iniiacl cliahasi', i^ivallv ill r'Plii|i, i.^rd allii all. rill;.;- Ill .str.ll itr ,s .'!. Slia!\- ilul.inilf . I. Ia,i,'lil .t^lii'il. iliiMiiip psr,hlia'i.a>f, sniiiruliat iMir.-uviiiis ].-, .".. Slial\- iliilnlllilr ,| (!. i.i^'iit i^riili. I'l.aisiT, ilrriiiii|i(i,s<Ml iii;ili;t,s,' 7;, "• I'l'l'iiiiilr, \.Ty slialy, urat lirriii- u iiite. uila r liaiiiis fnvcii- '"'' IIIU S. full' til i-naisi' iliTniii|Mi.;ii| iliaiiase -5 !l. Mii>lly till!' ^Taiiinl. (IciniiiiiiiMil ilialias,. ;,;,() !<•. Ci iKvaliil, (-iiiall \alliy) ' ";^(,|| II. I,ij;'it ,'iiT,] ar-illili. >illci,,ii> slialcs ami lini.-tun.' n( a pearly i;ri I'll c.il.piir 1.),) *.\niiual IJi |i,.rl, (Ji.il. ,Siir\. Can.. \..l. \|||, ,\.S.). |,|,. l'7im .".I:!! I I Mil. 1 1. L'7-'l.. 3 :u L I.AliUADoij I'KNlN'sur.A. i)ial)a,s(.' >ills. 1.^ ^li;iI"an.hndllMr,...Ksli„„M,m,. !■». '"rl't.t:r..,,„,l,,,.„,,,,„,,,.,|^|j^_|^^__^, !;:• 'J''^'''''^ili''i"-s,a.-illac..on. li.nrston.. I'>. "'■••"iiiposeii (liiiliasc 1". MaKi'il liiiii'stiini' . '^. '''=''7; "■'f';t;-tinni,o;is,,f-sh;,,:;:,„ .:,/,,;;. ,,;;;;, , •'-''-•■l->'l'".'ui.al..c.,.ntl,lnish,,„a,-,. ' ' ' I.'. ( niiccal,.,!. (small vallcyl -". Wliitf-wrarlicfiiu' iM-irlv •iivmII.. 1- ^I^^^^^^^^j .. l-nU.,„.,ll,,,.,.o,,sl„,,,,st,,M,,nmd, in. ■Jl. r.'a>ly, Km.,, slialn, so„„.wlKir'mstv -■i. I><'wim|iiisc(] (lialiasc ' -';i l'«'ai-l.v, give), shale '24. DccumiKiscd (li;,l,,.,s(. -'5. .Silicious, aixillaccdiis -'•■ l><'<"iiii.os(.(l(|iali,-,s.. 27. I'rarlyshal- -'S. l)cc(,uip<,s..(l diabase ^'■>. r.Ki.t.„-..,. talcs,. s,.histw,ti, s,.,;.:,ati:>;;s:.f, ;,;,:,: ;,;„„;; ' P'^^'-'ll'Vl-ox,.,,,. (s,,ft lik,.st,.;,tit,.) »>. Va'ucvuM, (small valley) '' Keel. 10 s <; I lllllestcilleaild sliaje '(I HI !MI(I ■jr, -10 111 :u) I'll .")ii >0 .'U. (J reel, a. 100 seliists >l(i n'K inUl,eai-ly-praysera<.ite- ;',■,,! el, I,,|.it, .2. (^.,,j:;;;:;;:''''^':'"-'■''''■'•^ ''>■--'' '-'---- ' •' '" " ^'"' ^'""f-'^'f ^^'fli <lial.ase, a„.l l,„l,li, '■'■»'t.'il''<'f pynte auuy f,-n,u e„„t,.,et ■■>!. Deeoiiipused dialiase. . iiK small ;t."). l\usty-\veatliei'iii(T. j,] ?. i.laek, wncaeecus shalea.i.l frre,.,, clil,„-itie lO SOO •pn.SHicrly ,s,„,-il], ami oxc-opt in tlu- ti.innor limestones and .shales is su ba uls ,t .s oaly tounil n.,,. the cntact with tho clial.s. i„ the .south ir=;t;:.:=/r::,t;;=,:t™rr cliai,-e<l to a vo.y soft steatitic rock. ' In the next eleven niiie.s, only t.vo exposures are seen on the harks of the r.ver, and these are both formed of Hght-green, ooarse-tlx^::;:; CAMHKIAN. 35 r. (liHl),is.., hut; litMo .lo(M.ini)os,.cl, f,ho dociinposocl po. tion having prohahly hcen iviiioved hy ico, fis tlic rocks are \v(>l] striaf^ed. VAovou jiiil.-s hclow th«' last- oxaniined oxpnsuro of tho unaltered ^c-ti'm Can.luian, the n.cks a^iin outerop on the south sho.^e of tlie river, and Il'llm- 'i'.llil;" from tlieii' to its mouth are ahiinst eontinu.i'ly seen. The following'^''''- desconfling section was nia.h. where they li.'si outcrop on the south nan I iM'ft. 1. l/i^'llt. -TCLlusll-yi'llnu Illicil-M'llist, 111,. ll,i,.;i 1 irill? sralrs ( ,f silvery s..c,m<l;iry Ipiwiit,.. (1„. sdnM \,nhlnv^ li-iit-iciil;ir pati'lii's iif (|iiiirt/ ., :.'. I )iiiU, -iMyi-li-^iTcii mica schist, linMi„>;ii,niiy hir^'c dark-red garnets _j ;!. lii^rlit-c.iloiir.'il mica schist (like X,,. 1) ^ •(. I»ai-1<, i;-ariicl licariiiy- mica schi.,i (lik,. \,,. |_>) 2 T). I. i^;■llt. pcMrly mica schist ij li. White i|iiartzitc r, 7. rii^ditcdlcpiircd mica-schist (like Xn. I) ].j() S. I.iK'it, ci-eam coldiired shaly liiiiestiiiie ;; II. l>arkK'('i'ii, nariii't lieariii^r hdriiMeiide-schi.st !i 10. I>ark. ^MMiet liiariiie- iiiica-schist i,-, 11. Li^rlit-yray, liemiilitelimestinie, tiiie-;,n-aiiu(] and very silicidus 1-. I larkprray mica-schist I 1.1 hiH-ht. pearly schist cimtaiiiiii-- mica ami steatite (s.|iieezed ir dvkel 1.") I ». I>.nk--reeii mica- and niica-lioriihlenile-schists, all cntaining- many larf,'e ^■'arnets, witli.hands of honil.lemle-schi.st, .'!, (;, aiiil I'J inches « ide I."). Itusty-wcathcrinf,' mica-e-noiss (sillimanite-<,'neiss) lioldiiij; cimsiderable I lyrite in .small grains ]-, Hi. liiisty-weatheriiij,' mica-pieiss (sillimanite-f,Mieiss) -jm 17. I 'ark mica- and horiilileiide-.scliists full (if garnets ;«• IS. l-ij^'ht-CdlMiired miia-schist 5,) r.l. <,'uait/.itc ' j^ -'0. I'ink and K'l-ay mica-gneiss, tine-grained and very (luart/.iise. Mi) The pres.Mue of limestone and .[uart/ites in tlie al.ove .section, to- hj^,,,!,. ^,. gother with tlie e\ idtuit h.'dded structure of tlie schists, lead.s to the f"''''' '•'•'""« belief that most of the memhers were ordinary clastic rocks that''"''''' have bc'ii tdtered to a crystalline stat(> by the adjacent nia.s.ses of granite which have hurst through tlie bods in tlie immediate m-ighbour- liood <.f the last member of the section and which forms part of a great mass ,,f granite to the eastward. All the memliers are cut by hirge dykes of coarse white (.egmarite and the pegmati/.ation appears to have continued, on a smalh'r scale, in the depo.sition of felspar and (piart/. between tlie lamin;e of the schists to the production of the gnei.sses. ( »pposite tho se.-tion on the north side of the river, there is an immense ma.ss of granite, and further down stream the grauite is 3r, I, I.Al'.KATiOIi IMA-INSCF.A. SiiuilMrscliis clsi^wln'rc. socii iiu'lo^iiii,' l)rnkoii licds of tlie schists. llci<', wliciicvor lar^cin.asscs of tlio schists (ifo foiiiul, tln'v ai'c ]M'iictral<'(l l)y a network <>f jn'i;- iiiatite veins and ilyk(>-. many of wliich arc vciy lai'L^c. The hornl)len(ic- and steatite-schists of the section are prohalily altered irruptives and tlie last closely resenihles the alteration product of the diahase dykes described above. Siniilai' schists were '■'nind about the edije of the unaltered Cam- brian areas on the llaniilton Kiver"'' and south of Lake Micliikamaut but tlieir relations wei'e not undeistood and no special attention was given to them. The remarkably formed hills of the C'ambri:in area continue into tht> region of the nu^tamorjihic schists and granites, and although somewhat moditied In- the granite masses, tliey all have sharp slo])os iidand or towards the south-west with an ea^y grade in the opposite direction. There is little doubt tliat the schists and associated rocks of this locality are but highly melamorphised r<'pre sentatives of a portion of the Cambria!i. and that the granites which hav(> broken tlii'ough and altered them, are consideral)ly newer, as the bedded rocks appear to have been subject, to tlie pressure wliich causetl the over-thrust faulting by whicli the i'idi,'es of the hills in the region were formed, previous to the gi'anite intrusion.; Half a, mile below the plac(> at which the iiieasur<'d section vva-; made, the dark miiaschists form less than a fourth of the rock mass \hr greatci' [art being a medium-grained, pink mica-hornblende gneiss and pegmatite, both penetrating the scliists. At the next point, the schists are greatly contorted and are chielly rustv-weathering mica-gneiss often holding garnets in bands. Between the Tide Piapid and Iligh-fidl Creek, the south .-.Iioi'c i- veiw ro<-ky, and in this vicinity dark and light mica-schists pnvlominate. l)eing interbanded with dark-i,'reen, garnet-bearing hornblende-schist, and in s(>vei'al ])1 aces with narrow bands of liglit, pearly, green, schistose steatite, which in one band lield rounded mas.ses of light-green plagio- olase. This rock appears to have originally been a li^Iit-green diaba.se like the masses found associated with the Canilirian locks below the Kaniapiskau. There are also b;inds of rusty-weathering mica schist *Air.iu:i1 lupiii-t, (JcdI. Surv. ('an., veil. N'lll. (N.S.), |). 227 i.. Illml. ],. -J-J'.i I.. ',.Iii )S'.I7. alniiff till' sciitll clinic (if lluil-->u Strait ami ali.iut I'liL'ava i'.av', the wiitcr fdinul the ( 'ainlii-iaii r.ick-^ ]ias-.ii\^>- fr-uiji iiiialliTcil lda«k -Ijali's. ^'■rit:^ ami fcrrii-riiiuu.^. siliciims ilnliMiiites with assoc-iatiMl ^rfciisluiic-. into Kaniet-lieai-iiii; niicascliists. Iinnililcndi-. schists ami ^'Himsscs, (|iiai't/.iti','i .•uni civ sialiiiic liiinslniii's. in <'(insc(|ui iici' '<< adjacent inti'iisi\e masses of ;^ianite and a>siiciati'd dyke- nf lii-^rin.'itilc. °i *, .sri'r.i;Ki(iAi, DKPOsrra axd ("U-aciation. 37 I. liocks iii'iir I''iirt ( 'hinii), lioMinii pytitos, jinti jiink and Lffay lino Ljrainod mica-gnoissos all out liy a coarse-i^'i'ainod niica-lioi-idjlondc-graiiito often holdinj,' lai'i'o pof- pliyriti.' crystals of orthoolasc, and, in tuiii. aloni,' with the oilier rock.s, (Hit. hy great dykes of white pegmatite. 'I'lie rusty-sveathei'ing niiea- seliists contain much pyrile, i)ut it is seldom sutliciently pure to he of ''.vntc. value. For three miles lielow High-fall Creek there are sevei'al exposures of dark nuca-schists and mica hornblende-schists cut by the poiphyi'itic granite and pegmatite. There is then an intei'val of low shore to wluM'e the river narrows at the large islands abo\ (> lM)rt Chimo, where the shonvs again bec<:ime high and rocky. The mica-schists and lioridijende-.schists are met with along with the rusty weathering gneiss and occasion.nl garnet -bearing bands. The light-coloured, co;use-grained granites are mure abundant as are the great dykes of jiegmatite. < 'n the Morth shoic, o]iposite Fort Chimo, there is a dyke ov sheet of line grained, dark <liabase, six feet thick, interbanded with miea-S(>hist, all with a i,'eiitle dip towards the water am! evidently an undisturbed }>oi'tion of the series. I'.etween I'ort Chimo and the mouth of the river the d;ii-k mic;i- sehists and hornblende schists are fre(|uently seen to lie cut bv coarse granite and I egmatiie, but they gradually thin out, and the rusty- weathering gneiss tiitally disa] pears before the mouth is reached. The granites and j>egmatites oompo.se over four-ilfths of tlu^ rock near the coast, and they change in -olour from gray to pink and red along the lower lifteen miles of tlu- river. I'clow I'lirt ( 'liiliie. Siijx'ii'u'iiil Dipo-iifft and (iliifiafioii. 'I'he obser\ atiiins of si ri.r and other glacial ]ihenom(ma along the 'Ph, icc-cMi), route bet .veeii llud-on i'.iy and Cngava T.ay, show that the region was completely cnst red with ice during the glacial period, and that the ice moved outwaid and downward frum a nari'nw ni'Vi' near the present watershed. The thickness of the icecap cannot be determined, Init it had a sullicient depth to over ride ail tin; ineijualities of the .surface, so that t,he tops of the highest hilU were ecjually striated and rounded with t h.' lower !;iiids. ( »ii the Hudson i'>ay coast, the high range of Candirian rocks which sejiarated Iticliinimd ( iulf fiom th(> main bay. were striated to their ^unnllits. I lM)0 |'t>ct abo\e sea-level, or some •"5(3(1 feet abo\e the level of the interior watershed. \..v, \i- rci,'i,iii Drift. (ilaciul Stl-JM'. •^'^ ■' LAI!I!A|)01( PK.MNSI-LA. Tho .v^inn „f „.-.v.; cannot, I.,uv 1 n v.mv wi,l<-, nn.l lav ..n ,vn,l slii^litly t„ Lho eastvvunl „f thei„vs,>„t Nvaterslu.,!. AsHm-uIu'.v in tl.o l-nnnsula it is ..lura.ton.rd l,y poorly Mutrke.1 St na. and l.v an a.r.,n,ula- t-n of unstratitiod drift, full of luru.>, ,„rtly round..!" houM-rs and •l"'H<s of rock similar to that foun.l in pla... in tl„. inunrdiatr n.-i.^h- l-urhooc. The <lrift i. arran-.-d in sivo,, irrr.ndar hills fron, lif.y' to .... hundred and fifty feot hi.,d>. that run in no particular .lirection '•It her parallel or transvvrse to the stria-, and whi.h appear to be n.v.d.ntal in l.oth hH^ht and sh.p... Their surfaces are largely rovere.l w.lh ooulders and blocks, an.l i hey seen, (o be composed of d.vaved .■-H.k material ordyshVhtly displaced by the n.oven.eni of the ice This .•nndil.on of the drift .-xtcnds fron, the east end of Seal l.akr to the east end of She, l,akc, th,- ,1,-ift hills bein.^ n,ost .-onspicuous nea, the pre-«n(, watershed. The follovviu.i,' list of iilacial stria- observed alon- the line of exph.ra- ti-n, shows that the dirctionof ic- ,n..ve,nent on the western slope was ••ihnost fron, oast to W(>st, with a slight divergence towan]s the south ' "• '1'" '''istcrn slope, the niovment was almost .lirectlv opposiie from the re^.on of n...^ to near Natuaka.ui Lake, sixtv mil-s h, the eastwanl It then changed to about Iv X.K, .,,,1 continued so to the ,un.-,ion of tlie Larch and kaniapiskau live.s, below which the s,,ri;e run nearlv VK., or parallel te the rivc-valley, t„ the nei>,d,l,ou,-hoo,l of Fort. (hi.no, viu-n the course a,i,Min changed and the ice llowed north into unga\a I'.ay. /.us( of (j'/dcidi Sfriii. <'a|«' FI(.|«', .r.iiiii.s I'.av. . . ,, .- ,,. I aillt llill>. ,, S •' W 1.-. >ni;..sS. uf|-„rM;,.,„-^.,, .I;,,,,,., |;„V; ■'■ s' l('i w' .10 ; ;; ;; ^-i":; ;^;- ^'Mnil,.s\.,,f (•;,,,.. J,,,,,,,, l[, „,,,„, i;;,y'!!'s''(;:, w/an.is'-'-! w" ;!nl island, .MaiiitnuniulcSiiiiiKl " ,.•' L'lnil.-sS. ,,)■ l,ittl,.\Vl)alr |{,v.T Ss7 \\' Font uf Castle I'rllin.slilM, l!icl,,il(,llil (llllf .',... Si', W Siiiniiiit (if " ,, .' Islaii.l niM.l.- rntraiic,. t,, l.'i,!,,,,...!,! ( nilf. Hinrti.,.) ,,f "wtli't _ \ s" \V X.-iHi-wrst .■im1 nf ( 'learuabT i,akr S.' sil \V rp ", ,. " ,, " \. s:. w. rn|.,,| lliinit .Mt., „ ,. S S-, W N-.ninuuili .,f liN,.,- lea.liii- twS,al l,ak.' sCd'w ^"1 '""■'?■,;"; • •■•■ ^■<^" ^v: .NMITDU- Jiid lake ,, .. „ ^ , ... MoMtli (if .s,,utli liay. Sea) l,ak.. L; --, ,>■' "> tiiilcs l,,.y,,n,i la.st, „ „ ^'1' .■ 1 I .sri'KliKUlAL DK.roslTS AND fiLAOIATIOX 30 r. i Sdiitli side (if iimulli (if cast luiy, St-iil T^akc S. (ifi W. •J miles cast iif liist (t..|i nt liill ISO ft.) S. SO W. Shciii i-akc, L' iiiilr> i',M>t (if \\:itci'-sli((l Stillwater i;i\ci-. t mile- lidciu Slimi Lake ■• ;< ■• : last !l s. :,,-) w. X. 7:. !•:. K. \. s(( K. N. 80 K. \. 70' 1-:. N. 10 K. X. L'o K. X. 70' K. X. (i;-, K. X. t;:. !•;. X. to K. X. 15 1:. " " 'i .1 II ,, " " 8 ,, abnvc Xatuakaini I.akc .... " " (nil hill tiipl " " •"' miles ;ili(i\,. X.-itiLikami Lake " " i " " jUUetinll with Kellliira mistiik l-areh l;i\er, L' miles liel.iw Keiin^'.'imi.stuk (nn hill) at iiiiiiitli of .luiictidii Ki\er Kiiksiiak Kiver. ,,ii kiinll 1 mile lu'lnw Kaniapisk.au 11 'I 7niilcsalHAe l''iiit Cliimi) X. 2;") W. • I 11 i)|)|iiisitc l''(ii-t ( 'hiiiHi X. f."! V,. 'I " IS miles lielciw l-'.irt Cliimip .. ,. X 5 K ■■ ^^ X. 5 K. at mouth nf river, north side X. ■J'li(> h,\\cv poitiojis of the fount ry p.i.s.scil timui-li are every w line more or le.ss eo\cred with a iiuuitle of till or lioiildcr elay. The hills for the most jiart are liare roek, and oidy <in the h'aside was a tail of drift deposited liy tl;e ice. The uuinodilied till on the lower areas is usually arranged in a .series of low lenticular hills or drundin.s, more or less parallel to the direction of the glacial stria'. Tlie.se ridges are unstratilietl and are formed largely of the finer material of the drift associated with boulders and blocks of mck. The line matiM-ial is a sandy clay resulting fi'om the disintegration of f!i(> underlying granites and gn.-isse.s. Boulders and partly-rounded blocks, often of great size are common in the lilj, and are also scattered over the surface of the' drift hiH.s and thoM' formeil of rock : in fad, these fragments are usually so numerous that it i.s pos.sibl- to walk almost anywhere with- out {lutting foot to the solid rock or ground. 'The boulders in the till or scattered over the r.-cky hills, as a rule belong to the locality in which they are found, and either represent cores of the otherwise decaved rocks which covered the country previous to the glacial period, or have sinc(! lieen produced by the ai'lion of frost in the cracks which has broken the ro ks in niiiny places to a consider,it)l(; de]ith below the surface. These latter blocks are usually easily disiinguislied from glacial boulders by their more angular sli.ip(>, and also iiy their mode of occurrence, as they are usually found in lines along the course of .some small buried streams. 'I"he number of erratics or far-travelled boulders in the drift is small V. in comparison with the number found almost, in their original position. Biinldel-clay. rratics 40 r, lahradou I'ENMXsr i.a. Kski TlK'ir •<• l*'skt'rs or I'ldgcs of inoilitiod drift wrro oliscrvcd in soscral places \u'- tweon Hudson Bay and (he watcrshfil, and aNo in tlir valley of the ujipoi- part of tlu' Stilhs-attT Uivci'. Tlu'S(^ ai'c <|iiitt' ilisliuct in slia})o and material from the drumlin ridges. 'I'liey "generally form long nari'ow i'idi,'es res('ml)ling railway (Mnl)ankm('iits. \i'ry narrt)\v on the top and fallini,' away sharply on Uoth sides. At times se.vur.il ridges of this dcseription are found together, when tln; have ;i more or less j>anillol arrangement. The surface l)etween such ridges is occasionally deeply pitted with ii-i-egulai' depressions or pot holes. The ni'.Vrial from which the I'idges are formed is usually well rounded sand ami small gravel, and it is usually partly >tratitied, the bedding heing generally at a low angle from the horizontal. In many ])laces the ridges are thickly strewn \\\\:\i lioulders, hut a.s a rule these are not common in the mass, and tho.sfc that do occur included in th.e sand and gravel are generally small and well lounded. position. Hidges of this descript ion are fnund along the courses of existing valleys and appear to have l)"en formed by streams llowing on or uiuh'r the ice during the period of glaciation, and if this is the mode of their oi'igin, these streams ,is a rule followed the courses of the present valleys, and the system of drainage uiidei' the ice w-iuld ajipear to ha\e been practically the saiue as it is to-day. Along the j)ortage-roule between the Wiichouan ;ind C'learwatei- ri\ers, small eskers were seen in a number of jilaces, espisciall}' along the course of the small tributary of the Clearwater, but none of them were large or persistent. In CI Villi.' ear V. wattT .\long the Clearwater River, scarped banks in places revealed the ])resence of partly stratified sand and gravel in the ridges of drift of the N.dley, but the amount of modified drift is not larg' i', as iIk? gla cial stream llowing out of the basin of ("le.irwater Lake appeal's to ha\e followed the course oi other channels to the northvard of tlu^ present main channel. Tn two deep bays at the north west eml of this lake theie is an abundance of well-rounded sand tiiiown up in narrow ridges from thirty to si.xty feet above tlu' le\el of the lake. l*'i-om a tlistance these ridges ha\(! the appearance of terraces, but on close examination they art; found to have steep faces toward I he land as well as toward the watei', ami their irregular cont(JUi"s show that they are not water-levelled terraces, but rather the deposit.s of glacial rivers lea\ing the lake-basin. -Vt the mouth of the small str(,'am by which the jiorlagtvi'ouie leads to Se.il Lake, thert" is a wide aica occupied by sharp irregular ridges and lumunock^ of well i-ounded sand, which appeal' to have been formed by a large glacid slieam entering the lake MUl'Klil-ICIAI, DKI-o.srrs AM) (iI-ACIATfO\. 41 L 1 j)l;i,ccs he- Ill ley tit' the te (lisliiK't (TJilly t'uriii niii'it)\v oil lies sevur.il e a iiitirc nr ridges is ■ |)ot luiles. ell rouiiiled he heilding liiiiy pl.'U'es le these are ill ih.e siind (if existing wing (in (ir this is the li(! courses ler the iee is to-day. Clearwater uially along me ot' them pvealed the s (if (IritY of as tli(? gla- }ais to lia\e tlie inesent f tJiis lake in narrow i\ I'l'oiii a ut on close land as well lit they are lacial risers 11 hy wliich lecujiied liy .111(1, which ng the l;iU(.' at this j.lace. hsker ridges are very coumion and persistent up the <'» «oal Lake valley to the south hay of Seal Lake, where the long narrow rid-res extend outward from the west shore and in a nuinher of places nearly .hvide the buy from the main hody of the lake. Imcm, the n.outli of the .south hay to near the narrows of Seal Lake, the esker ri.h-es are nut well marke.l along the shoies of the lake, hut at the nan^n^s they are again .seen along the foot of a rocky hill on the north .side where they ri.se about sixty feet above the lake, and continue for a mile alon.< tlie shore; they then form a long string of narrow islands that stretches four miles up the lake, and after an interval again appear al.mg the north .shore of the lake continuou.sly to the mouth of the north-west bay. I'assing this hay, they again come out on the north •shore ami islands of tlie ..ist bay of the lake, and from its head can be traced up the valley of the .^mall stream leading to the watershed and across it, for two miles, into .Shem Lake, where a narrow rid-'e of .tratitied drift almost divides the lake into two. Beyond thi.s'theu,. X..t,n eskers were not observed until the Stillwater ]{iver had been descen- l^^'>,irLak;.. ded a few miles, when they were again noticed in the valley and con- tinue to Natuakami Lake, below which they give place to hori/.oiually bedded sands and idays of river or marine origin. Terrae<>s of marine origin marking the former level of the sea in Tcraccs later glacial time, and also the sul)se(iuent elevation of the land, were fcmnd both on the coasts of Hudson Bay and of Ungava ".ay. ( )n the JIudson Ray side of the peninsula, the best-marked marine terraces and sea beaches were noted on the portage leading from ]fichm(,nd (lulf to beyond the lirst fall of the Wiachouan. As previou.sly described, the portage leads up the face of a wide hill of drift that taces the gulf and lies between the rocky hills forming the walls of the Wiachouan Valley, which at its mouth is ;ibout two miU-s aci-oss. As it rises from the sea. the route, in a mile and a half, passes up oxer thirty-five terraces or bc'iplic:, the highest of which is 4fJU feet above sea-leiel, and some of the others as Aillows :— 1, 'M] feet ; 2. ol feet ■ •b 0,^ feet; 8, 89 feet; •), 98 feet; 10, 143 feet: 17, lTO feet' 1.'7, :V.V2 feet: l'S, .-.tiU feet; 34. 4l'4 feet. .Many of these terraces are nai'row, and ivsemble steps cut into the hillside, others are wider and have alon- their outer edges low hummocks of well-rounded peli- bh's and other signs of ancient beaches. The .summit of the liighe.st terrace is .,f this character and is about one hundred vard> wide. Behind it there is a dr.,p .,f about ten feet to a wide, swampy plain which extends some two miles. Tl;e portage from the highest terrace p.is.se.-. along the side of a rocky hill that rises al,(Me the ifrift between i'2 r. i.Aiii;\iM.i; ri:xiN,suL.\. Hfij.'lit (if •»t rati fit-, I flllV-*. Hi|,'ln•^<t tr, nice (111 \vi.,f sl(i|ic. 'i'''rriic(s (III east >!(,|„., II -.1- „„,i ,■„,.!,„. „,„":r """" "'" ""■"'■ "'"i"'« -I".'- -. "-■ «v,,i,.-, i, ,,...,^„ "'■ "•'■' •■■'«»■.• th,. s„,,ti,i,.,| "■•"'■ •■.! ■'< ..■ J,,n ,:;;;;:''''■''■"'■''''■"''•■.- Ram.- Irvfl \,, f„ .;i • ' , '"^">i"^ '^'itMi is secti at tlic n- i,.v, ;„i ' :: :::;^ "•"-" ' - '-"'•i'"i '.i- - c,„. ,,,,„ ,. ,. ""^l-'SlK tl„.y,,„ .l..„l,„,|ly„f„„,,.i,u.„,iKi„ ■'■■"1. ™if, .1,,. ,-„.(,l n" V ' "™' '" ""■ •■■' ' ■"'' "■> 'I"- ■■i>--»-™f.« :;;■;, :;::^"^^.^ ■■ '■'■'■' ■■.l-.v »ea-l,.v,.| ■■„,,, ll„«„,,|„.rt„„,,c,.. ,>l,i,.:, is 7 l(J ™ll".v n« i„ ,,',,":':'" ;''7'^ :'"'■'' ">'• -ky -.11. ,„■ u,e ".<■ valley ..f .1,- , u-il',, r '„ ."""'■^ "'"■'"' '"'"■ " ""I'' i"«» «■... ,.p..,M„ ,:,„"?■ '':"""""■>' ""■ .'""»«--(.»te, „,Ki '^'--•----:::;:'::.^;:::,::j:"X'"-^^ 0„ d.e oaHtern sl„,„., „, ,l,„, fo^.j , ,. of uplift «-a,sse,.,ial,,n.. tl,„ I,- 1. i „/ -' ''■■ ""' "'icleiue 400 fee,, ,„„1 a^Z^'TT""' ''" ™" ^se „i„i, „,„„ elev,«,„i, „, 4 ee 1 „ Tl "" '"', r'™ "" '"■'■•■"'■•' "I' '° »" .iu"cti„„„f .1,,. K„ , ": "'V7""--, ''''"" '■■"'■' Cl.im... t» the terrace. ,.,„„„ tl e ,t , , " ,i 'i "i™"' ""■ "'"'»• '-" "''''■ ""<' X- , "ju\t; uie lake or 020 feet above sen Ipv^i tu f .sri'i:i;i tci \i. DKi'osirs .\ni» (ji.acmation, 43 L Hiiiii!! tcri'ucf's srcii there were siiii|ii>sc(l to li)i\t> liciMi ot' rivt-r origin. Ill (■oM|iiii('t ion with tlic K'liJiccs aliovf iiieiitiom d, coiitinunUstlciMtsits ot sti'fililii'il c'liiy vM'i'c ii';ici'<l t'loiii liic si';i to witliiti a few niilcs of Niituiiloiiiii lidke, or lUC iiiilfs tVom IJn^^'iiva Hay, and it is j)rol)al)lo tliat till- ciu-idacliiiicrit of tlic sea toward tlic close of the glai'ial per- iod, as niaiUed liy the torraecs, oxleiidtitl so far or farther iidand, covering inmh ct' ilie lower enuntry and (illinj,' all the principal river- valleys on 1 lot h side,-, of the peninsula; at this tii'ie the seals now founil in Seal i.al<e iiiin;ht easily have ruaehed that lake, as tlu^ dinbr- Dify^rcntiivl enee in level between it and the sea must have luten less than ITiOfeet. uplift. The sulise(|Uent. ii]ilift of the land woukl appear to have huen about 10(l feet hii,'iiei' on the Hudson !'■ ay coast than on the eastern side, hut this diti'ereiice ni;iv he only du" to iniperfeet estimation.-; of baro- metric heights, especially on the lon;^' riveixstretclies on the eastern nlope. wher" the estimated heij^dits of the interior above sea-level, may easily be !()() feet loo low. Terraces up to fifty feet al)o\('. the water were noted in many places alon;.; the Stillwater River above Natuakami Lake, but none of them were persistent, < )n t he banks of the Clearwater Kiver no dehnite terraces were noted, and the same applies to Clearwater I^ake, whtsre no evidence of a former higher level was noted. In Upper Seal Lake thi're are broken terraces at llfteen feet above its present level, but they probably mark a former "greater height of the lake itself, which might easily have been caused by a barrier of drift at its present outlet.