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i 
 
 GKOLOGK^AL SURVEY OF OAK ADA 
 
 G. AI. DAWSON, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Director 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON A 
 
 1 KA\'HRSE Oh THH NORTHERN PAR' 
 
 OK THK 
 
 LABKADOR PE:N^1NSULA 
 
 KKOM 
 
 RICHMOND GULF TO UNGAVA BAY 
 
 BY 
 
 A. P. LOW, H. Ap. Sc. 
 
 ^jM.iLi 
 
 ^^^■':,^>li^ 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 PRINTED liY S. K. DAWSON, PKINTKI{ TO TFIK QUEKXS MOST 
 
 KXCELLEXT MAJESTY 
 
 1898 
 
 No. 657. 
 
 I i-*-^.rj 
 
T — 'i 
 
 - ►-/' ' 
 
 ir 
 
To 
 
 (•. M Dausi.n. C..M (;. I. Li)., K.H.,s., 
 
 I)lr.u'f„r (ir„ln,,ir„i Survey of (J ana da. 
 
 N.H. I l.e.vvv.tl. l,.Ktosul,.ni. my Report on a t,aver3e of the 
 -'•^*-» PoKi... .,f tl... I.hPHd..,. Peninsula between Hudnon Hav and 
 n-asii M,iy, ,„;niy .liirinir tho summer of 1896. 
 
 I ;ini, sir, 
 
 Yuur obedient servant, 
 
 A, K I,(»\V. 
 
 Oir.uvA, Ii'tli .l-miKiiy. HO-, 
 
 u 
 
IT 
 
 
 .'^^4/ 
 
 NuTK.- /'/" /'(ifinys (hi-i nyhu'it //</« I'^fx^rt rfhr 'n '//• Ini' .nvrnlinn. 
 
 J" 
 
il 
 
 ULOPOHT 
 
 ON A 
 
 TRwr.Rsr. oi'iiii-: xortiU'RN part 
 
 111 IIIK 
 
 LAliliADOU PENINSULA. 
 
 KKOU 
 
 RICHMOND (rULr TO UNGAVA BAY 
 
 liV 
 
 J" 
 
 A, 1', LOW", i;, Ai>. >( 
 
 TMUOlHTTOIfV. 
 
 Tin- jiivspnt n^port is hascd on tin- ul)s»^rviitiniis aiul nie.isinviiieiits 
 iiiiulf (lining' tlio sunimcr of IS'.u;, on a line of travers*' farrictl across 
 tliL' iioitli wt'sttM-n part of llic Lahradoi' I't'iiinsiila, from Hichinoml 
 (Julf on tlic cast i-oast of Hudson liay to tin- nioutli of the Koksoak 
 Itixcr at Tn^''^^*^ l^"y> ><ii|'pl<'iiu!nttMl Wy subsiMnifnt fxauiiiiations of 
 llic lock specimens in tlic oHice. 
 
 This work may Ix- considered as sii))pleinentfiry to the l{(>port on the 
 l.,il)rador I'cninsida, which inchided the results of the (>xp!orations of 
 l^^'J'J, 1S1)3, I8;t| and ISit.'i in that region, and the sur\»'ys made in 
 IS'Jt) liavc l)ecn adiied to the map puhh'slied with that report.* 
 
 A(knowleil,:.'nR'nt-- aic here made to Mr. ('. ('. Cliipman. Commis- 
 sioner of tlie Hudson's l!ay Company, for a circular letter to the 
 oflicers in chaiLTc of posts along the route travelled, and to the follow- 
 ing gentlemen at those ]iosts ; Messrs. Wm. Hroughton. Miles Spencer, 
 Duncan Mathewson, A. Nicholson, D. (iillies. ,1. A. ^^■ilson, S. P. 
 lioss, .1. Kord and \{. j-'ord, and also to Cai>t. A. <!iay of the Hudson^ 
 Bay Company's steamship J-Jrik, for their generous hospitality and 
 etlicient aid, to which tlie success of the exploration is largely due. 
 Furtlier acknowledgment- are made to Messrs. Nicholson, (Iillies. 
 Miiucher, J. Ford, tiuy and Swatield, for gifts of bird skins, bird egg.s, 
 
 * 'I'lif liiieiif traxiisr IkiimIcni'iiIxmI is shown ii|hiii ttit ::"tli\vcst sheet (Nu. .■)S7) nf 
 the iii.i|' in'coiiipaiiyin^' the i(i|ii)rt aliove iiieiilionftl, lieiiij; I'a t I,. Aiimiul Ke|H,rt, 
 t"..-..l. Siiii. Ciiii.. vol. \II1. (N.S.). mKK 
 
 M.-.P 
 
 .Vckiiou liiljf 
 melit.s. 
 
Vs-ii^tali'-. 
 
 
 I'n'v i"\i« tra- 
 
 h 
 
 M i-,siii;iilii 
 
 f, I 
 
 LAnnADoli I'K^INHfl.A. 
 
 iwul articles of Kskimo manufiki-turc. for tlio riuiTiiin, ikiiil also for 
 valuiililc iiiforiiiution cuncerniiig tlif iiati\t's anil tiatiiial history >>i *lte 
 renion. 
 
 Ml. (J. A Ynun;^ arto<l h« my ansistant iind cairiod on tlic siirs^y^i, 
 kept tlir inrtforulofioal olisfrvations. and IicIjkmI in tlw !,'fiu'iHl work 
 of the fxiK'dition in a niont ctruirnt and satisfactory nianmi'. Mr. N\ . 
 SprnwIlioroUiili was attacliod as collec-tor of plants and natural hihtory 
 s|ifciMifns, and -inci'i'»'di-d in makin;,' lar>;c roUcftions of this kind, 
 lii'sidt's p»'rforniiiiy oth«'r <iuti«'s iiu-iilfiu tosiioh atrip. The rnnaindf-t 
 of the pcrniancnt partv fon'<ist<^d of thrjH' tanot'inpn, and thc.M' wrtv 
 snpplenu'ntcd liy f.vtia liinueinrn and ;;uid«'.< from liiiif to tiuM', as 
 i<'i|iiiro(i. 
 
 The routf followpil U'twccn Hudson Hay and I'linava \\n\ wa< lit^t 
 passed ov ci- in 1S24 l)V I 'f. Mpiulry. when scut \t\ the Hudson s Hay 
 ( 'onipanv from .Moose Factory to t'stablish a tradinf^ jiost at the m'^uth 
 of the Kok-<oak l{iv»^r. The only known record of his trip is a rouL'h 
 map of his journey, from which a copy was taken at Moose Kactoiy ti 
 1*^S7 ; since then the oiii,'inal map lias heen lost. 
 
 In l.'<S."^i, the llev. .1. I'eck. of the Church .Mission Society. cros-> d 
 Wy the same route and su^seipiently wrote a short account of his trip 
 whicii was printed in a pulilication of the Society. A survey fioui 
 Ilichmoiul <iulf. seventy live miles iidand, to the outlet of ('learwut< r 
 Lake, was Muwle l)y tlie writer in 1>'S7, an account of tlu- joui! ey 
 appearing' in the report of that sciison s work.* 
 
 ./"///•)!'// h) ( 'nllllli' DC' lilt III of h i/i/i'i'>lfl"l'- 
 
 To reach tiie point of departure of the exploiation, far u|i the c;,-t, 
 coast of Hudson I'.ay. the i)arty left Ottawa on .May JTth. and pi'- 
 ceeded liy rlie Canadian Pacitic Piailway to .Missiiuiibi static'i, 
 situated near the head of the Michipicoten ]ii\er. which tlows into 
 Lake Superior. Here the outfit and provision^ were loaded into iw i 
 hir;;e }VtPrl)orou;.'h canoes and a lari^e hark canoe manned liy lour 
 Indians, who were teniporarily en^'ai^'ed to assist in the t ransport ti 
 Moose factory. From .Missinaihi station tiie route led throu::h \^<>'^ 
 and Crooked lakes to the hei;,dit ..f lani s.-paratin,!,' the head-water^ ol 
 Michipicoten from the Missinaihi hranch of the .Moose Iliver. Havi:ii,' 
 crossed the watershed Missinaihi Lake was followc-d northward to ['^ 
 outlet, and the river was i|pscende<l to Moose Factory near its mou'h 
 in the .south-western part of James i'.ay. This pai t <pf the route has 
 Keen fuUv fle.scrihed h\ Dr. Hell,t and it need only he stated lie.-e 
 
 'Annual HejHirt, t;<'i.l. Siuv. Can.. \>.l. III. (N-'^. '. IM' 
 ( K' I'l'rt "f J'riiL'rt'-*. iJinl. .'surv.. ('';ai ^^77 7^: I'.i" ■ 
 
 ■ lid .1, 
 
 ^ 
 
.IOrKNK\ .<• < (»MMK.N< KMKV »'» KM l.uHA I luN. 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 • . •Miiiiry 
 
 tliiit it in llic msicst, iiiul sliurtust loutn t'r.nu the lailwuy to llmU.'ii 
 IJiiy, iM'iiiK ill fill iiUmt il')!) iiiilrv l{a|.i<ls iiiul falls n.M.'sHiiaU' m.iuc 
 IwiMitN live |)(.rt>in<'M, of whifli tli.' lonufHl is luon- lliiii twu miU-. 
 
 l,ut iiK.Ht an- parativfly slinrt. laii^ciiiK i" length from '»<' t«. Ji'ii 
 
 vanls. Thr last pnrtaK'i if^ fiJ'oul ir>0 niiU-h aUive tlm moulli of tlic 
 v'wpv, and below i( tlif stirain passes from tin- utidulatiiin r(,iintr> 
 iiiiilfrlain \>\ Iwuircntiaii aiitl lliironian ru>ks, toaiiiiuli llatlt-r .ouiitiy f 
 wln-rc iirarh liori/otUal l)<'<l-,of Siluiiaii anil Devonian limustonc \, 
 (ini masked benealli a considenilile tliieknes^ ..f siralilie.l elay ami 
 sand. These deposits of drift tlini o\it towards .lames Hay, ««> that 
 fur upwards of fifty miles from tlie mouth of tlie river, the hind d<"- 
 not rfaoh an elevation of nne lunuhed feet al)ove tiiP sea. Tliis yrea; 
 plain was .overed with larp- sjiruee trees and remnants of tlio forest are 
 still found in patches aloim the hanks or on the islands, hut elsewhfre 
 it has I.een l.nrni and its j.lare taketi l)y a thick growth of HUjall 
 aspen atid while hinh. M u.-h of the plain w..uld umlouhtedly make 
 tin.- aj;ri<'ultural lami and the climate is suthciently temperate to allow 
 th.' successful -rowlh of har.ly cereal and root .Tops, as tlie.se are now 
 -row.i at Mouse Factory, which is less favourably situated than the 
 country further away from the intluence of the cold waters of .lames 
 I'.av. A drawback to .settlement exists in the swampy tiature uf larp 
 areas havint; a heavy day subsoil, but this miKht easily b.- oven f.me 
 in many places by drainage to the rivers, and a large tract of country 
 made fit to support a considerable population when it is n-ndered 
 accesrtible by railways. 
 
 A delay of a week at Moo.se Kact<iry was occasii.necl by the repairs 
 necessary to the lar^'e Collingwood tishinii-boat belon.^'ing to the 
 Survey which had been stored there in IS'J-J. The boat was loaded 
 with two tons of pn. visions and outfit, and carried the two large 
 vsooden can.M's on <leck. besides a cn-w of ,six men, ami consequently 
 was rather low in the water for safety or comfort. The trip up Ihul f^-; ','|^y 
 son I'.ay lasted tVoii, the llth to the 'JOth ..f .luue, and the cour.M- 
 follow..,! was a." .ss Hannah l?ay to Point (V)mtort, thence north-east 
 pa.sin^ to th.- east of Charlton and Strutton islands to the east coast 
 of Cape l|op,>, whcncr the coast was f.)llowcd to Richmond (hilf. 
 
 Stops wen- made at several pla-es, including' Fort (ieorLtcCrea' Whale 
 Kiver and Little Whale itivev, to examine the rocks in onle- to extend 
 th.- km.wh-.lf,'.' of th.- <,M-ology of the coast, which had been, in part, pre 
 vi.msly examit,.-.i and rep..rted .m by l>r. Bell in 1S77,* and by the 
 writ. -r in ISST an.l 1>^SS. A d.-scription of the coast and islands is 
 
 ■ i;..p..rt .if ^I■o;.'^-.^. ilf.'l. S.irv. <uii.. 1^77 7s. I'l-- H-'c. 
 
*^nh<«kEH»i4ft4 
 
 » I 
 
 I.AIIKAlMiU I'KNINSll.A. 
 
 ( Mi'irl'Wtl lull- 
 t'li rrtith. 
 
 < 'na-t 111 lit i 
 I if < 'ii 11- 
 
 .IllllI'M, 
 
 V 
 
 N'cff.'t itmn. 
 
 Uivrii ill jiifviiniH i('|>nil-,, atiil it i- only nrtcssary tn iiiciitioii Unit the 
 Mtutli uiil ifisi foiiHlH of .luiiu's May uro ummu'imIIv lnw, with it wi»l«' 
 limrj,'in (if Hwiimpy IniKJ uIhivc hi^li tiiii-, wliilc lictwrcn liii,'li mid lnw 
 wiitPi iiwirk wide iniid tints -tniiK'tiiiii's t'Xt«>iul for iiiilcs. As tlif cniist 
 is t'i'llovscd IK nth ward tlif lljit swiimpy liiiid \x hrnkt-ii l)y intky ridi;fs ; 
 these iiicri-aHc in hi'ii,'lit mid inunhor, so thiit in tin- vicinity of Cape 
 Jones the areas of roek e.\eee<i thoHi' of Hwaiiip ami drift. The shore 
 is hroken hy lony irre;,'iilar points, ainj in many placeH is fringed with 
 islands that extend several iiiilen from the niainland : they are roeky 
 or formed of drift. A t hain of lari,'e islands lios parallel im the coast 
 and about a third of the way across .lames liay. These are cowipo'ed 
 of sand, ohiy and hoiilders, represent inir the hi;,'hei parts of a terminal 
 moraine of an ice sheet from the Laltrador side. 
 
 lipyond (ape .lone, the character of the coast changes. The rocky 
 hills are contimioiiH and rise directly from the shore, with, in places, a 
 narrow maiu'in of terraced drift on their llanks. The Kcatt('re<l islands 
 of. lames Itiiy yive place to a re;;iilar chain formed from the lu'dded 
 rocks of the .Manitouimck serie.s of |)r. I>ell.* These rocks also occur 
 i'l patches alont; the coast to the south of (ireat Whale {{jver, and 
 c nitinuously so to the northward of that stream. .\s the rocks dip 
 seaward, the islands present alirupt clill's on their landward side's and 
 slope more L;eiitly wi ii the heddint; in the opposite direction. The 
 <'liain of islands coiiiniei I'es immi'djately north of Cape .limes, and with 
 only 1 few Wreaks continues iiortliwai'd to Pnrtlaud I'romoutorv, a dis 
 tance nt o\ er ;'.(Mi miles, ur con.siderahiy lieyonil the limit of this 
 report . 
 
 The ciia>t and inner islaiuls of .lames Hay arecoxcred with thick 
 ^'I'osvth.^ of small lilack Npruce ;uid larch, aloii^j with white spruce, 
 lialsam lir. as]ipn and halsam popl.ar and white hii'i'h : the outer islands 
 are nearly treeless. To the northward of (,'ape .lones, the trees Income 
 dwarfed and conlined to the lower slopes and valleys, and as the coast 
 is followed northward the forest hecomes scanty, so that in the \icinity 
 of Richmond (Julf, dwarfed black .sjiruce and larch only are found in 
 protected jjuUies, leaving; the i,'realer part of the coast ijuitt; bare. 
 
 At (Jreal Whale Hiver, an Indian who had crossed to l''ort ( 'liimo 
 with Mr. IVck in ISS,'), was enijaj^ed as guide, lait, contrary to the 
 accepted idea, he had, in the coursi- of (>l(!veii years, forgotten all th.'il 
 he knew about the route, and proved useless in that capacity. 
 
 * Hc|wirt uf I'ri'L'i-i-s (I.'. .1. Sui>. Can., is; 
 
 .|i. II I'ic. 
 
IMI»"\ liAN III I I.KXHWATKH I.AKi:. 
 
 '.• I. 
 
 L'liintlrtf /{'tii'1'n //ntinini Jim/ itiii{ ('/i;iiriin(rr Lnh, 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 U' liiiii I liiilf, nr iiidi'f pri>|ii'tly 'Minlf Lak*'," is a tri(in>»iiliir \^n\\ 
 i>t" siill watii', widest iil llic soul Ihtii imkI, wIhtc it iiu'iisun'-i niiiclren 
 rniU's from t-asf lo west, while its greatest letigtli is twentytliree miles 
 tioiii tioitli to soiitli. It is Heparated on the east side from Hudson 
 May l)y II hij^h narrow ri(lj,'(> of Omhriaii rocks, cMinied with tnij), which 
 rises ii> dills from HOo to I'JOit feet alM),e the wat-r. A dee|i narrow 
 hieak ill the ridj^'e near the soiith-wost aii;.'le of the lake, (or ^'ulf) 
 alVocds a eorinection htween the sea anil th<' lake. The averaj^e rise 
 and fall of the tide in this part of Hudson Hav is about six feet, and 
 is sullicient tocaii-ea Ireinendons I'u-li of water in ami out through 
 the narrow channel, whicii is ahoul two miles Ion'' and It ss thair.'iOO 
 yards wide in its narrowest part. The dinVrence hetweeii hiyh 'ind low 
 wat<'i' ill the lake is aliout twenty inches. The south and cast shores 
 are loiiiidcii hills of haurentian {,'ranite, from ")()0 to 1000 feet hit,'hi 
 llanked hy upturied lieds of Cambrian rocks and trap. TIip expanse 
 of the lake is broken by a number of lar^^e, hif,'h islands formed from 
 the same upturned licds dip lini; west. 
 
 .\lon;{ the outer coast in the vicinity, st'inted black spruce and 
 larch j,'row in (lumps only in tin- low |)rotected gullies, but around 
 the margin of the lake the tids <;row thickly everywhere, and on it"* 
 eastern side they ri-e ne uly to the sum.iiits of the hills, showiiiL' that 
 I he climate js more moderate away fnuii the cold waters ot Hudson 
 Hay. 
 
 The (.'leaiwater Kiver, a larj,'e stream dischar^^'iiiL; (^lenrwater Lake, 
 llows thn'U;,'li a deep, narrow- j^orge near the .south enst an'.:le, into 
 tlulf hake, and about tw > miles to the eastward another stream called 
 the Wiaihouaii falls in. The niouihof this liver was reached on 
 .Inly 1st, and after dischurf»ing the boat, which was then --ent in 
 charge of two Kskimos to (ireat Whale Kiver, t lieoutlit and provisions 
 were learranjicil for poita;,'ini,' inl.'ind. The Wiachonan has a fall of 
 .'!lo fi'et just above where it readies the salt water. This was passed 
 bv a p(>rta<^e two miles ami a ((u.irter loui; that I'isos .")0() fe 't to the 
 summit of a rocky ri(l;,'e ;ind then descends to the stream immediately 
 above the fall. ( )ne mile above, a fall of •").") feet necessitated another 
 purtaj;e of <|uai'ter of a mile, with a very .steep rise at its lower end. 
 Tl't' river abo\»» this, for twelve miles, to where the route leaves it, is 
 about forty yanis wide, and winds throuLjh a valley nearly half a mile 
 \Nidc walled in with rounded F.,aurentian hills that rise from .SOO to 
 not) feet above it. The valley is well wooded with small spruce and 
 larch, the upper sides and tops of the hills lieiiiL,' partly bare. 
 
 Kii'liiiioiiil 
 loiir. 
 
 Tri'^!.. 
 
 f 'It'iirwMt'r 
 UiN.r. 
 
 1'. irtin,'.> till 
 
 W'iMcllMlMII. 
 
ia*'^- 
 
 10 L 
 
 i.AHKAl)OK I'KNiNM.I.A. 
 
 |{.wll thr 
 |l|:itfMU li'M 
 
 U.'turii t.i 
 
 ClcaiwiitiT 
 
 v;ill.'\. 
 
 ( 'liaraoter 
 oimr.trv. 
 
 of 
 
 Tiu route left the river on it? north sitle, by ;i portage that rose in '\ 
 mile and a i|Uarter to a >niall stream nearly <in a level with the >nr 
 rounding' country, or about 750 feet above sea level. I'ive sliort por 
 tayes were maile along the stream, where it lonneets as many small 
 lakes, and theii a portage of 1000 yards w.is crossed to a lake drained 
 by another tributary of the Wiaehouan. The route followed tliis 
 stream dwi east eleven miles, through three lakes of two, one and a 
 half and seven miles long, respectively, conneeted by portages of 17") 
 and 7-"i0 yarils. The route then turned north and passed over four 
 portages of 90, "-'"JO, :<7o and oOO yards, connecting short lake-trav.-rs'.'s 
 t«. a large hike drainerl by a branch of the Clearwater. 
 
 This lake is five miles and a half long and has a mnnber of deep 
 bays at both ends. A portage of a third of a mile, led from its east 
 end to the small stream discharging it, wldeh was followed northward 
 two miles, and there left on the nortli side Ijy a pcjitage up a steep hill 
 and then one mile over a barren plain to the Clearwater Kiver 
 
 Tlie river was ascended four miles and a half to an expansion called 
 Stillwater Lake, i)as.sing on the way five short raj)ids where half- 
 loads were tracked up. The lakti is seven miles long and r.vcrages 
 half a mile in width ; at its head tliere is a heavy rapid passed by a 
 portage of ."^OO yards. The current above is sluggisli for two miles, to 
 where the stream branches into three parts, all outlets of Clearwater 
 [>ake. 'I'he eastern and smallest stream was folh)wed for a mile and 
 a (piarter, when a narrow neck was crossed into the middle brancli 
 at the head of a long rapid, alxnit (me mile In-low where it flows out, 
 of the lake. Clparwatei' Lake was not reached until July llth 
 owing to the large quantity of supplies to ho carried over the nunier 
 ous portages. 
 
 The country between lliidimond (iulf iind Clearwater i>ake has a 
 I'reat sameness of character and consists of a plateau rising abruptly 
 from the coast to a general e;evation of 7'>0 feet. Its surface is broken 
 hv rounded ridires of granitic l;ills that ri.se from 100 to 400 feet a'oove 
 the general level, while the valleys between the ridges are filled with 
 lakes, generally long and narrow, those of each valley being connected 
 bv short rapids The largest rivers, like the Clearwater, have deep 
 valleys cut below the general level of the plateau, but these only 
 expend i few miles iidand, so that beyond fifty mi'es from the coast 
 all the water-courses are but little below the level of the jilateiai. 
 About one half of the plateau is barren, tlie trees being confined to 
 the margins of lakes ar.d the lower lands of the valleys. The forest is 
 wholly cftniposed of black spruce and larch, the former constituting 
 
 
n.KAKWATF.K L\KF:. 
 
 11 L 
 
 alH'Ut ninety per cent of tlie whole. The trees iiic sinail. slirn and 
 '^ivw close t(ij;etlier on the lower grounds, hut on the higher they .ire 
 sejiarated l)y open glades. The lanjest trees never exceed twelve inches 
 in (liiinieter tliree feet from the ground, nor are they ever more than 
 tliirty feet high. 
 
 The small streams and lakes are well stocked with trout and white- Kin'.i hikI 
 ti^h. In the Clearwater, large brook- and lake-trout are plentiful, ^*"^ '• 
 espeoi,".!ly in the rapi<ls below the lakes. The liarren-gi'ound caribou 
 is not (vbundant in this region, and in summer is not often met with, 
 li'ing at that season in the barrens farther north. Willow |jtarmigan 
 were found everywhere in great numbers, but other feathered game is 
 •scarce. A few familie-; of wandering Indians inhabit this area and the 
 fre(|uent standing poles of their wigwams showed where tfiey had 
 camped aloiii; the rtnitf. 
 
 (.'/enrif(it<:r Lake. 
 
 T 
 I 
 
 J 
 
 The exploration of th.' shore-line of Clearwater Lake occupied our 
 time from the l'2t\\ to the L'Oth of .luly, much delay beint; rau-ied by 
 wind and rouyh watei'. 
 
 Clearwater Lake is a large and beautiful Ix'dy of water, who-e 
 greatest length from south-east to north-west is forty-tive nulcs. From 
 its north-west end the nuun body of the lake is nearly twenty miles 
 across, it then narrows to about half that width and continues so to 
 the head of the south-east bay. The shore-line is very irregular, being 
 liroken by rocky points 'nto numerous bays of various forms, some of 
 which ;ire ipiite long : they are most numerous along the noith west 
 and southern shores, and these portions of the lake are fringe(l with 
 many rocky islands, some of them large. Islands are also fnund along 
 the other shores, but are not nearly s(( numerous. besides the 
 fringe along shore, the middle of the lake is occupied by .several large 
 and hicrh islands tiiat extt>nd into and nearly block the entrance of 
 the south-east bay. The main outlet of the lake is near its south west 
 corner, where several large islands divide it into three channels, as 
 already mentioned. Another outlet leaves the head of a narniw bay 
 some fiiui miles west, and this stream does not join the main di^iharge 
 for ir.ore than twenty miles : still another outlet is .said to ll(uv from 
 the head of a long narrow bay that stretches westward fromtlu' north- 
 west corner of the main lake. The streams flowing into the lake are 
 all small and unimportant ; the lai'gest is called Nov iiish liiscr, u.nd 
 cnterN at the north-east eocner. while anothei' larire biviok flow- intii 
 
 t'li-arwiitii' 
 
 Lake. 
 
rj I, 
 
 LAllIiADOl; I'KMVSl l,\. 
 
 Siii-niiiii' 
 (••'ir.itrv. 
 
 
 til.- lit'iid of the >outli cast hfiy. The watci- i- ifiiiHrkahly cltMi'. deep 
 ami colli, ami i> alnintlaiitly stocked with larirc lako- and lirook-truvit, 
 uiiitclish and siu kcrs. The suirouiuliiii: country is formed of rounded 
 Laurentian hills that rise from •JOO to :>()i) feet aliuvc the lake Only 
 two hills exceed ">0t) feet in altitude, and they aie hut little higher; 
 one, called jiurnt Hill, is situated near the mouth of the north-west 
 liav. the olht r. oi' IJerrv Hill, is on the north side, ahout t«'n miles east 
 of I'.urnt Hill. From tlie summit of the latter, tlio east end of S(>al 
 Lake may he seen some twi-nty miles to the northward, '1 lie hills .ire 
 highest around the western ami southern portions of the lake, the 
 land hecomini: lower am! tlatter to the north and east, espeeially ahout 
 the -outh-east liay, where lai'i^e areas are llal and swam|iy. The forest 
 is similar in size, ^'rowlh and di-trihution to that .already dcscrilied, 
 the trees ahout the south-east hay hein,:; somewhat lari,'er and the 
 wiH'ds continuous over the low areas. 
 
 ('(iK/ifn/ H'tn-'iii ('l-'(irii-ali'r (i.nd Sral l.<ik<.<. 
 
 The canoe-i'oute from Clearwater Lake to Seal Lake, ascended the 
 N'oonish lliver due east, for tifteen miles, throuixh small lake-exp;in- 
 sions connected hy llnve rapids, to a small lake ;it its head. The rapids 
 are too shallow f..r canoes and w.rc passed hy port,i-es of lOOd, GUO 
 ai.d "in vaids respectively. Im'oui the lake a portai,'e (tf 'lUO yards UhI 
 over a ridu'c to a narrow southern hay of Si-al Lake. 
 
 The counlrv Mirr.aituliii^' the route is similar to that last desciihed. 
 with low partly harren hills risiuLr from lUO to .lOd feet on hoth siiies 
 ut t'le valley. A new fratuiv i- the (inantily of sti'atilled sand 
 .irr.inj,^'d in rid^'cs ah.n^' the vall.^y. The.sc ri.l^es arc unil'oi'm in 
 hei-ht. ;d)out lil'tv feet ,al)ove the ^vatcr, and look like terraces, hut on 
 r.xamiiiation are seen to he sharp .and narrow and ;ire pioh,ii)ly eskers 
 foiined hy a t,dacial river tlo'.\in.<; westward. A continuation of the 
 ridires was seen on the southern hay of Se.d Lake ,ahout three miles 
 fro:i! where it joiie the jnain hodv. and thcic lI'"V form loim n;ir 
 r.>w points sti-ctchini: out fiom the ..est shore 
 
 # 
 
 S'lil l.nk- 
 
 Kxll'.'H.ltl.ll! 
 
 '111, time hetv en .1 idy L'tlh and Au;;ust .'Ird. w.i- spent on 
 ,-eal Lake, hut a in^ to a succes-ion of -tron;.; uaies for se.eral 
 ■lays, the lake was too rough for <'anoes, and conse((uently there was 
 only sulllcient time to carry a Mirvey-line from the soutliern hay to 
 the" head of the north-e..>t hay. I'rom this survey, supplemented hy 
 
zn 
 
 y. 
 
 y. 
 
 ■f. 
 

 mmmSM 
 
 ^ I 
 
 n 
 
LOW. 
 
 J 
 
 SK.M, I.AKK. 
 
 13 L 
 
 iij; bays 
 
 iiifoniiation ()V>tnine(l from rndiaiis, tlu- lake wius found to he more 
 than lifty miles lonj:. while it varicil in hrcadth from half a mile to 
 five miles. Its western end is al.out twenty miles direotly north of 
 r.erry Mountain on Clearwater Lak.-, where it discharges by the 
 Nastaj.uka Hiver. a lar;,'e stream ilowinti into Hudson l'.ay forty-tivo 
 miles north of Uichmond (lulf. The .soutlu-rn hay on the Clearwater 
 route is six miles lunf,' and is liroken hy a number of smaller irregular 
 bays on both sides. 
 
 Thirl een miles east of its mouth, the. main lake narrows to less than 
 .300 yards for a short distanee and has a strong current that practically 
 joins two lakes. To the e.istward of the narrows the breadth varies 
 from out' to two miles, for six miles, the lake then dividing into long L.. 
 narrow bays, one running a little south of east, the other nearly nortli- 
 east. The east bay was not explored but is said to liave aVuut the 
 same lenirth as the south east one. or about sixteen miles. The north.- 
 east !iay .vubdivides about two miles tro:ii its mouth, the main tiay 
 eontiin;inu tiorlli east, the other running nearly west for some ten miles. 
 The sm iae- of tin- ..-kr is partly broken by islaiuls, many of those in I-lan.ls. 
 the western jiart being large and high. In thr eastern part, the 
 islands are generally small and rocky, l)Ut then" is a chain of tli iii 
 along the north shore formed of sand, the r.'mains of esker ridges. Th.- 
 water has a brownish tinge and is tiot nearly so clear as in the last 
 great lake ; in many places it is (juite shallow. 
 
 The name IS derived from the seals living in its waters, which afS.nlHmhai.it- 
 either the common harbour seal {/'fiom ritu/ina) or a closely alli- d 
 species. The harbour .seal is known to travel overland for considerable 
 distances, but its presence in this lake nearly a hundred miles from 
 salt-water at an elevation of nearly 800 feet above the sea, can hardly 
 be due to its migration up such a rough stream as the Nastapoka. 
 Another way in which it might have reached the lake was during 
 the subsidence of the land at the close of the glacial period, when the 
 lake was nearer sea-level than at present by more than 600 feet, and 
 when the deep bay extended inland up the present valley of the 
 Nastapoka to <ir near the outlet of the lake, with such conditions it 
 would be easy for seals to reach the lake, and having found it full of 
 fish they probably lost the inclination to return to the sea. Three 
 seals were seen in the lake, and the Indians kill annually more than 
 thirty, showing that the animal breeds freely in the fresh water. 
 
 The .same rolling .semi-barren country was found about Seal Lake, Character of 
 with rounded rocky hills rising from 100 to 300 feet above its surface ; " '""*''>• 
 the trees are similar to. but smaller than, those about Clearwater Uxkv. 
 
 W^*^ 
 
JS^^J 
 
 U I. 
 
 I.AHKADOK J'KNINSt l.\. 
 
 
 fJarren ground carihou wciv seen pU'iititully <>u tin* isiatui ami .ibo\it 
 the shores of the Like. 
 
 S.'iil Liike WHS left on Auuusl kli, liv a small stream called Bii/zinl 
 Ufnok. whioli tltiws into tlie lieiid of tlie nortliea--l l>ay at the t'uot of a 
 jiriiuiinent. stee{i hill. The brook flows from tiie north-east in a valley 
 fri'in lOt* to liiOO vards wide. it is a succession (if small lakes joined 
 by rapids, which were passed by tour short portages in the seven miles 
 to the height of lami separating the Naslapoka from the head-waters 
 of t'le Stillwater branch of the Koksoak. The heighl-of land portauc 
 is fiff vards l<ing and passes through a low boulder-strewn gidly to 
 Shrm hake. 
 
 The drift becomes much thicker as t^e watei'shed is approaclu-d and 
 is thrown into irregular sharp hummocks from "itJ to loO feet high, 
 covered with manv large boulders ami angular mas.ses of rock. Tlie 
 sandv esker-ridges continue from Se.il Lake up the valley to and l>e- 
 vond tlie height of-land. 
 
 ^(■i.. 
 
 ].ii\ 
 
 Shi'l{i I.aUi 
 \,ituak»!i 1 
 l.ik,- 
 
 Sheiii Lake is seven miles ami a half long from the portage to its 
 discharge at its north-east end ; it varies from a quarter to one mile 
 wide and occupies a continuation ^ f the valley followed from Seal Lake. 
 Tae couiitry surrounding the lake ri.ses from 100 to 200 feet, with 
 gentlv sloping hills maskeil by a thick mantle of drift through which 
 the rocks ajipear only on the summit^. The drift is largely composed 
 of angular block.-, and boulders, and it is evidently little travelled. The 
 lake discharges by a large brook ..-hich falls twenty-tive feet in a quarter 
 of a mile below the outlet : it i> then joined by a northern stream of 
 tHjual size, and the combined stream is called the Natuakami ov Still- 
 water lliver. 
 
 From Shem Lake to Natuakami Lake, fifty -four miles lower down 
 stream, the character of the river and surrounding country changes so 
 little that the whole may be included in one description a bewildering 
 detail of rapids and changes of course. The stream between the lakes 
 flows in a general north-east direction. With numerous minor bends, 
 it tirst flows nearly north-east for thirty-four nnles, then turns gradu- 
 ally towards north for twelve miles and finally north east f<ir eight 
 miles. 
 
 The main stream is joined by tributaries at frequent intervals, mostly 
 from the northward, the largest flow in at the eighth, eighteenth, 
 twentv-sixth, thirtv-tifth and forty seventh miles below Shem Lake ; 
 
 ^' 
 
 J 
 
*rn.i,w ati:h i.akk. 
 
 l.-> I. 
 
 i 
 
 tfio but is till- only im|>nif,iiit ■jIiimih, iuvl h;i- icpn Hiimeii l-liis". 
 
 viver. 
 
 It tl 
 
 ows tlin)Ui;li ii ...lep iiortlierii v;il!ey 
 
 an( 
 
 unn- 
 
 llie Mil 
 
 WMter !)V -i t\ill of tfii tfc 
 
 It 1^ 
 
 iiifwh.it sinallcr tliaii llit; main 
 
 stivain whicli aliovt- tin- |uni'tii)n iluw^ witliaiMpiil current in a ^liallow 
 chanri"'! ai)t)Ut I-'iU yai'tls wide. Tiic it!Vt>l ni Natuakanii Lake is ."iTi* 
 fe»3t Ix'low that of SIkmii Lake ami tin' river between the lakes is almost 
 a contituioiis lapifi witliout .-my direct falls, tlie total niiiiil)er of rapid> 
 
 is sixty four, or inor-e than one pei- milt 
 
 Tl 
 
 lev are 
 
 very sliallow 
 
 ''reatlv olist i-iicted 
 
 wit I 
 
 ouiders anil daniierous to descend with 
 
 canoes. 
 
 The Liiuntry does not sIujm- with the river, and consequently the K 
 bottom of the vallev for --everal miles above Natuakanii Lake i> about '" 
 
 i\i r Sill 
 
 l;itf;ii|. 
 
 oundin" re''i(in. 
 
 700 feet below the general level of the sun 
 
 valley varies from a <|iiartei of a mile to a mile in width, and small black 
 
 spruce and larch j,'row on the low Ixittoms and nearly to the summits 
 
 or 1 
 
 ts rocky walls, 'i'lie rivt'i' is not well sup])lieil with tisli, only a few 
 tidul and suckers beiiii^ taken with net anil hook. Barren-Ground 
 caribou were plentiful on tiie sandy islands above Natu .kami Lak(», but 
 were scarce along the upper part of the river where they probably con 
 fined themselves to the barren upper lulls to escape the tormenting 
 swarm> of tlies met with in the valley. 
 
 The country aliove the valley is formed of rounded ridges of bai"e 
 granite hills without soil or trees, (ire having destroyed every vestige 
 of vegetable growth. 
 
 yahi.a/iuiiii L"k-\ 
 
 J 
 
 Natuakanii Lake occupies a broadened portion of the valley and is 
 only an expansion of the river without current. It is fifteen miles 
 long and varies from a quarter of a mile to three mile.s in width. The 
 water is generally shallow and at the head of the lake there is a 
 delta of low sandy islands three miles long, formed from detritus 
 biought down by the rivei'. J'hese barren, wind-swept islands are a 
 favourite resort for caribou in tly time. The sides of the valley rise 
 gently and do not obtain an elevation of oOO feet above the lake 
 witliin from Hve to ten miles of the shores, leaving wide areas of 
 swiimp and bottom lands on both sides, where small black spruce and 
 larch grow thickly except where removed by fire. 
 
 A number of Indians were found here engaged in killing caribou ; 
 they reported that the lake is well stoc'veil with trout, whiteHsh and 
 suckers, and that a few salmon are taken in the nets, but that the 
 
 Nat\iaU;i 
 J-akc. 
 
 Illiliall: 
 
ir. I. 
 
 I.Mil!AP«.K I'l.MNSri.A. 
 
 ■.'.■Hiii-tnk. 
 
 1,11. •!• tr< 
 
 ri\«-r. 
 
 . , ...n.l th.- K.n...r,u.n^tuk l.r.uuh f. spawn. 
 
 r'\':''t:;: u :;::: ;:'-'^.'. '- >^ ^ '-'' ' 
 
 AnuiulHTuf Mh.vll „ ,1,.. vsav 'In^M. stn-aiu. 
 
 tlu' lunotlMU ot llu' Kt ii<«..iM.i 
 
 /,„»/■. /• Still 'i-nt'i- I'lV-r. 
 
 ,1 ,,L-,. to th.- luiu'Uoii of thf K'-no- 
 
 gamisiuk is tli.r.y s.-^.'" ""'-■ ■""' .'" - , II ,.„,, ,1„. ......I. 
 
 'l ..as.-n,.nU-™»t. .1,.. »."...,„ ,..nun U, . u^ ^_^^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 , , Till, river Icavi's tilt' iaK< -i^ 
 
 ,,,,.vonul.-s.U.shn<..u.nto>iai.^ ^ ^^^^^ 
 
 .,„„„,ls. ali v..ry sIkUI-. .u I - ' .u ^_^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^,^„ ,.,,. 
 
 l,.v..l of its pn-larml I..-1. 1 < sail . ^^^^^ ,Vo,m Ir-lf a ,m.' !*' 
 
 n.-U,al..utl>a'fauul..an,ll..y-l.--- ^ ,n,Mo inoU f.. 
 
 ...... unlearn-. 'Ihr^t-'T •-^ ' ^ t,., ,,t ^ mile in Nvi.Uh, 
 
 ,lu. nver. Tlu. >.n-an> av.-.n..^ a i ^^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 ana tiu. int..,.val hetwe.n the s,..n. a.^^^^ ^,^^,^,„.,,, 
 
 occuruMl l.y low swatnps r.st.n.^ ^H— ' - ' ,,.,.unuously 
 
 tV..t above ti>o level of ^»-V"'"\ tie f l' ake. an.l vn.hably 
 
 ., .o,. .aes of the valley f.-o,n ^ j- ;\. l.,.,,,,,.! snhsiae 
 
 ,„,,U the level of the sea dnnn. ^he - - , ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^^ 
 
 The terraees were not seen above ^'^^'^^ ^^^^^ the valley .here, 
 LlvanetothelacWofariftu,onUu>..W -^^;^^^^^^ 
 a.theelavsextenaaboutet,htnulesabov.th 
 
 l.eAvv rapi.ls of the nyy^'V river. ^ 
 
 ;:;r;;.;:=.'--"-- rr::;:;;;;; 
 
 „„,ow .1,0 ..u.ict »,,ui, .i>e,e i. •- ;";';7; i;;, „,„, . ,„.,.,.,„ „f 
 
 „.,„,., fuH.„.e,l l.y t».. ,mles ,.ncl ■ ^ , „„„,,, (,,„„,,,, 
 
 whik- the low mu.ldy »l".r<-s ..f >l'> '■ ^^ ,,( „,.,,„ ,„„,,,„ 
 
 ,«„k, of rounded l«n.dcr. ".on fo Mo > - .^^ ^^ ^|,^,|„^. 
 
 .. a -« of al t three ,ne. an -■;;'„.,„„„,,„, ,,. „„„, , 
 
 channel tron, a .,uarter to half .. m^ > ,„. |„„,, „,„„„ 
 
I 
 
 
 V. 
 
 6 
 
 X 
 
 \\ '_«5 j 
 
•■«■ 
 
iO« 
 
 KF.N'Ml.AMISirK lil\ KH. 
 
 17 L 
 
 c. II. • t.i twii miles H|i;irt. 'I'lir sIu|m'S li-^.- tVniii M)(> to loOO t'ect, iiiid 
 aif llaiik.Ml In tiTnici's, tlif lii;-'li I'v.l K'lni.f (-<>•) fcft) lifimr vfiy |«m- 
 sisti'iit, iiiiJ ill pliu-'i's liiiviiiLt its ii|i|icr |)iii'i .iikI tn|( finnifil ,,\' |i,icl<t'(l 
 liMiilclcra. Tlir ln\v»'r tcnarf-t arc st'cn (uiiy in llif i.'iillit's i)t' Miiall iriljii- 
 tiirit'^ fiml iu'vrr risi- iimri' tiiaii 'U feet fil»ov<! tin- ri\or. 
 
 'l'li(M|uii't watiT i.s t'lillif.Mil iiy t'l.indrii miles of iiravy ra|iiiU cdii- 
 Mcotetl liy stroti'lu's ot' swit't water, exteixlirii,' tn tin- jiinct inn of tlin 
 Keiio;,'fimistiik, llie total fall lieiii;; do feet. The stream sarios from 
 'JUO to K>0 yiirds in widili wi'li Imnks from ten to thirty feet hii,'li, 
 oom|iose<l of ti;^htly |iael<e.| lioiilders whii-h form jioiiits juttiiiL' ^i short 
 distuiiee into the stream. Kdilies occur lielow the [loints and are of irreal 
 assistance in asceiidiiii,' wit h canoes. Tlie hills are .somewiiat hii,'her 
 and more r\ii.'L.'e(i, often terminal iii',' in ^iiarp points due ratlier to tlic 
 wcat lii'iiiiu of the ui"initc than to lack of uiiiciati in. 
 
 .\ short lh^tallcc aliove the Keiiojiuniistllk, a luri,'e st ream called thi' 
 Lookout Kiver llows in from the noilliwiird. It is hroken into several 
 ciiaiincls at its mouth hy losv shingly shoals, o\er which it fulls in 
 steep shallow ranids. Aliout a .iiile up the river pa.s.ses out of a deep 
 narrow ^oi'i^'e. at the mouth of which ai-e two svell-marked terraces 
 Kin and L.'-"'ll feet hii;li. The poles of a numlier of Tiulian tents were 
 .•^tandini; on hoth terraces, where the natives live durin;,' the autumn 
 while keepiiii,' watch for herds of caiihou that cross the river in the 
 vi( inity. 
 
 K' nnf/aiiiis/ii/i' Riri'f. 
 
 rerl'iiccii. 
 
 I.iiiikoiit 
 I'iv.r. 
 
 The Kenojiiiinistuk is a muc'i l.'r^^'cr stream tl-an the Stillwater, K,.ii,,^:,iiiiis- 
 bein;; at its mouth more than a mile u ide, hut as it is i,n'eatlv '"'^ 
 obstructed with sand and gravel bars, the width of the coml)ined 
 channels would bo about lialf a mile cnly. The channels are shallow, 
 but the current is very strong and the volume of water great. The 
 river was ascended tisc miles from its niuutli, to where a larjie 
 tributary flows in with tremendous rapids through a narrow gorge 
 from the south-east. As the stream was ascended its channel was 
 found to contract and the deeper water became more rapid so that for 
 half a mile below the branch, its width was about 20U yards and tlie 
 rapids cjuite uiMiavigable. From a hill near by, the valley of the main 
 stream was seen stretching for several miles to the south-west and 
 down it the river poured in a continuous heavy rapid for more than 
 six miles. The valley varies from one to two miles in width, and the 
 rocky walls rise from (500 to 1000 feet above the stream. The banks 
 of the river are usually steep and often show sections of contorted, 
 
»»v 
 
 tuk t.. 
 Kaniitpi 
 
 fount rv. 
 
 II- l''i()in tlu' junction of tlif StillwattM' and K('n(»j,'!inii.slul< the <'i)iii- 
 
 ,k;,u. liiiifil stiTiiiM is cdllt'tl tlic Luivli |{ivrr fiiisixtysix niilfs, to wIutp it is 
 joiiit'd l)y the Kaniapiskiiu, the ;,'i'n(Mal loiirse for tliis distance \)<'Ui<^ 
 nearly east nortlieast. TIk' course is noitli-east for twenty live inilt»s 
 ImIow tluM\enogiiniistuk. As llie valley here is from two to four 
 miles wide and the river from 100 to 1000 yards ai-ross, there is a 
 eonsiderahle inleival of llat swampy land hi'tween the sliore ami the 
 sides of the valley. Tht- hills continue ru^i-^ed and slightly lower 
 ., ,,f than those previously desi-rihed. A ,i,'oofl view of the country sur- 
 roundiny the rivtjr was obtained from the summit of a sharp Jieak of 
 granite .^HO feel above the water, on the mirth side of the valley about 
 two miles below the forks. The country is more broken than the 
 uplands about Natuakami Lake, being deei)ly cut by the ravines of 
 small streams hading down to the river. The depressions are dotted 
 with small lakes and ]ionds. and the whole upper surface is devoid of 
 trees, the vegetation being conlined to small willows and arctic shruljs. 
 The clay banks of the river slope gently from the water to heights 
 ranging from twenty to forty feet. The shores are generally sandy 
 with fre(|uent l)ouldery points : the channel is shallow and obstructed 
 with long sand bars and shoals over and between which the river 
 Hows with a uniform current of almut four miles an hour. The valley 
 closes in to less than a mile towards the end of the course,and the river 
 also narrows and breaks into heavy rapids for the next eight miles, 
 with a total fall of 60 feet, the general course of the stream being 
 south. Along the first five miles, the rapids are very heavy, the river 
 being hemmed in between low banks of huge boulders so that its 
 breadth varies from 100 to 200 yards only. The channel widens by 
 
 ? 
 
 IS I. 
 
 i.\iii;.\i>ou m viNsi i.A. 
 
 Iiedded day. yravel and shinijle. The hiu'li h-vd tcrr.ice (•.'.')0 feet) is 
 well marked on both side;, of the \ alley 
 r|i|.rrw;it.i>. According; to the Indians who hunt along the Kr-nogamistuk, the 
 ri\ cr is alnutst a continuous rajiiil fnun it> mouth to the first forks 
 some f<»rty or fifty miles abi>\e, the folks being situated almut liiirty 
 miles diit'ctly south of Natuakami Lake. The western biatich is much 
 the smaller and I'ises in a large lake near tl»e head waters of f>ittle 
 Whale Uiver ; the laiger biMiuh ll >ws tVom the southwar 1 for a con- 
 siderable distance from where it au'ain liranehes, the westein liram h 
 rising near the head of (ireat NN'hale Uiver. the southern bianch 
 draining several large lakes not far to the northward of Nichicun and 
 I^ake Kaniapiskau. 
 
 /,(f /•(•// Ii'ir>'i\ 
 
 \\ 
 
f 
 
 (i 
 
 low. 
 
 L.vrtrn KiMit 
 
 19 f. 
 
 do>(ri»<'« (iloiitj tilt' lowor thri'i' iiiilo, iiii'l tin* r.ii>i<ls :;r.iilii.illy I'lian^r** 
 
 into a ^wit't uiiliniki'M ciiiiriit llnwiri.' in 'i sliiillow i li.uiiifl. Two 'rnlmtiirii** 
 1 . . , . . , 11.1 111 f'"i" '111' ii'iitli 
 
 lfti:,'t« strt'iiins |nm tin* iimt trum tlif tiDilliwiii'il. tin' ii|i|"T, oiillfl 
 
 ^'l•^ll„' liiscr, coiiu's ill with .i t?<'iii.iti|c»iis ni>li iivcr lm;re IxmldiTs 
 
 iiIm>iii till' iiiiddle of till' ciiuiNi> ; t|ii> ntlici, or .liinrtioii Uivcr, fiilliii<; 
 
 ill lit till' Inwi'i' t'titl. iitul t.'ikiir,' its imiiii- froiii tin* t'm'l tliiit its Milli-y 
 
 iijipoHrs to iiiii'k till- juintioii ot" tin- t'iimliri.ui lorks with tin- ;;i<iiiitcs. 
 
 Till' surroijii'liii;,' i-ouiitrv is soiiipwluit lower, l)Ut moi-i- rni'ky nml 
 
 hroki'ii than that last ilrscijlifil, Ti-rraci's iit cluvatiotis of .'50, (Kt, 
 
 |(j(>, I.'iil atii •_'<»(» feci wi'ii' oli,rrvi'il in many places. 
 
 Till' coui'si- of tilt' in.iiii stri',1111 lii'low .lunctioii jjivfr is smitli-i'iist f-iii'l' Ui^'T 
 
 - •! 1 1 I i- • -1 l« '..\» .IllUf. 
 
 loi ti'ii iiiilos, tJH'ii fast tor nini' null's, nortli-cast tor nine iiiiu's, uml ti. n Kuit. 
 finally I'ust for I'iylit niili's to its jiinitioii with the Kaniapiskaii. Tin* 
 rivt'i' varies from a tpiarter ton tliinl of a mile wide aloii;,' the three 
 ujiper fourses, and tlows with a swift, even eurrent Itioken only liv 
 sli.illow rapids at the .sixth luid fourteenth mile. The lianks are liiijh 
 and scarpetl in jilaces, when thoy show sections of stratilied clay, hut 
 in most places they lia%e a gpiitle slope, and hetween the fit't|iieiit 
 lioiildery points are covered with a thick tangle of willosvs that extends 
 from the water to the edge of the trees some .sixty feet ahovo the river. 
 
 The as|)ect of the countiy chanties with the chan<,;e of tlio rock, the f'li:iKu'f in 
 iinci|ual gianite hills j,'iving place to re;,'iilar rid;,'es of stratified ruck, 1,'oinitiv. 
 which have a ^'radual slope towards the east coinciding,' with the dip 
 of the strata while pre-sentinj,' steep clill's toward the west. Tlie.se 
 ridges vary from L'UO to .")00 feet in height ahove the river, along the 
 western part, hut as the Kaniapiskaii is approached they hecome higher 
 and ahout the junction with that stream some are 1000 feet high. 
 The valley immediately helow Junction lliver widens out until the 
 hills forming it.s sides are from live to ten miles .ipart, the space 
 hetween heing occupied hy a flat plain elevated ahout sixty feet ahove 
 the river. As this plain is underlain hy day, its surface is usually 
 very swampy and is covered with deep Splniijuitm mo.ss, through which 
 a passage fiom the river to the hills can he made only with great 
 dilliculty. All the trihutaries have deep gullies cut into the clay. The 
 trees are the same as those last descrihed, being contined to hlack 
 spruce, larch, Italsam fir, white spruce and halsam poplar ; tliev 
 are all small and of no commercial value. The spruce, larch and 
 fir grow thickly on the plain and lower parts of the hills, of whieh the 
 summits are barren. 
 
 The river is very rapid along the last course of eight miles ahove the OintluiMict^ 
 Kaniapiskau, having a fall of forty feet. It narrows to about ^00 il^'.j„'i.^,,i i^a,, 
 2i ~ 
 
 \ 
 
!0 L 
 
 I.AHUAIxiU rKMNsrt.A. 
 
 yards ami nislu's aloiii,' in a inurli iiarruwcr valley than t'.innorly, 
 i)et\v.-.Mi hii^h banks ut' flay t'are.l with l...r.M.'rs to the f..rks. 'I'lu' 
 Kaniapisk. u is the longest and lari,M-a i.nuu'h oi tho Koksoak Hiv(M-, 
 ami takes its rise in Summit 1-ake in north latiliule o.H , out of whieh 
 the Manieuaj^'an Hiver also tlows sonthwanl to the Culf ofSt Lawrenee, 
 thus t'ormin-;- a eontiinious waterway tVtnn rn^ava Hay. sotitlr.vanl 
 iieross the eentre o^' Lalaador to the Si. i/iwivnee. The Kaniaiiiska\i 
 was exi'lored fr. .1 Lake Katiiaiaskau downwards in iS'.t;!. and a 
 deseription of it is i,MVi>u in my report on the Lal)i;idor IVninsida.* 
 ^Vhe^e it jouis tlie Laivh River it is ahout half a mile wide, with a 
 stn>ni; current and shallow ehannel. 
 
 Knh..,,/: K 
 
 I rcr. 
 
 l{i\t r. 
 
 K:i)mi at 
 of til If. 
 
 The united stream below the junetion of the Lareh and Kaida- 
 pif-kau is failed the Koksoak, an IlskiuK' won! siij:nifyin-' " bi.i,' river."' 
 The river avpra.i,'es about half a mile in width for si\ nnles below the 
 forks, and Hows with a swift eurrent in a shallow ehaiuiel. The banks 
 are low an.l either strewn with boulders, or .sandy. The hills on the 
 sid's of tho valley are from one to two miles apart, and are arranged 
 in .shai]! ridges whose axes are nearly at right angles to tin- river. 
 Tlie.se ridges rise from .">00 to SOO feet abo\e tho water and have steep 
 flifVs on their south west sides. 
 
 Tho course of the river is north-east for the i\ext twenty 1iv(« miles, 
 and its channel varies from half a mile to a mile and a half in width, 
 being obstructed by large islamls of sand and gravel covered with a 
 thick grcvth of wiUows. Th" banks vary from ten to thirty fe.'t hi 
 height and are formed of sand w'lh a bouldery shore. The valley is 
 froin one to threo miles wi.lo and rises in low sandy terraces to the 
 flanks of th.> rocky hills, which are formcvl of schist, gneiss and 
 granite instead of tho shah-, limestom> and trap of the former courses. 
 The hills become lower as tho riv.-r is descended, and although ft.rmod 
 of different rocks they still preserve tho charactc i.-tic westward facing 
 clitls and vary from 'MO to 500 foot in height. The channel con- 
 tracts to aboui half a mile at the lower end of the cour.so with rocky 
 '■'"■^ shores, Islands and roofs that break the stream inti) heavy rapids for a 
 mile. Tho tide elVocts tho river to the foot of this ri^i.id. 
 
 Tho course is nearly east for eighteen miles from tho rai)id to High- 
 fall Creek, a small river falling in from tlH> southward. Along this 
 course the banks are generally high and rocky and the south shore is 
 
 *Amuiid'Ke7K^,'{U^<.l. Siirv. Cun., vol. Vlll. (N.S.), iM'. l<i71-';5 i- 
 
 . I. 
 
] 
 
 KUKSOAK laVKH. 
 
 ■Jl I. 
 
 an iilinost continuous rock-oxiiosuio. Tlio rhjinrsf'l Is about a mile 
 »vi(le and is lirokon by many low islands of sai\d and 1)ou1(Um's. The 
 hills on the south side rise in many places directly from the river, but 
 are oidy from ;-)0 to I'OO fi t high ; on the north side there is usually 
 wide sandv terraces between the river and tht> roclcy hills behind. 
 
 I'"rom tiie mouth of Uii;h-t'all t'reek the course of (he river changes H'j'w Higli 
 
 ., ' , fall ( icck. 
 
 to north-east for ten miles ; the stream widens to nearly two miles and 
 
 the low hills retreat, leaving a wide interval of swamjiy land on both 
 sides. The shores are tiat, and when the tide is low extensive mud- 
 flats are laid hare on both sides. iOight miles below High-fall Cre-k 
 the shores again l)ecome high and rocky, and the river is obstructed by 
 several largr I'ocky islands that divide it into a number of cliahncds 
 through which the w.ttci' rushes in or out according to the state of the 
 tide. 
 
 The next rnd last course of the i'iv(>r is nearly north-noi-theast for L,,\v,.r pa it of 
 thirty-two miles, to its mouth in the south-west jiart of I'ngava l?ay. "^'''• 
 Along this course the channel is deep and with the exct^ption of a tew 
 rotky islands along the shore and a large one, called McKay Island, 
 twcntv miles above the mouth, no obstructions to navigation occui'. 
 The current varies from four to seven miles an hour up or down with 
 the rise and fall of the tide, which at tln> mouthof the river onlinarily 
 rises moie than thirty feet, while exceptional spring tides have been 
 known to rise sixty f(>ct above low-watermark. The shores of this 
 lower ])ai't are high, irregular and rocky, and at low- water the numer- 
 ous small bays ai-e tilled with mud. Th(» b.inks usually rise directly 
 fi'om the water into bare locky hills from 'JOO to -100 feet high, 
 but in places t(>riaces occur on their tlaidcs u]^ to 'loO feet abov(> the 
 pi'csent watcr-le\el. The river averages .ibout a mile and a half in 
 width, but nine milt\s ,ibov(> its mouth it nari'ows to l(>ss than half a 
 r.iile across. l'()i' n(\'U'lv two miles. 
 
 Th(> trtH's in the \alle'- below the Kaniajiiskau are all small, and \'. .rtatn.ii. 
 consist nearly exclusively of blaek spruc(< and larch, with only a tew 
 clum])s of balsam poplar on the low sandy islands of the uji]>ei' reaches. 
 The trees cover the liottom lands and grow about half way up th(> hill- 
 sides about the l>\iiks, but as the stream is descended they become 
 smaller and are onlv found on tlu- Iowim- parts, and llnally die o\it 
 about tifiecn miles al)o\(> the mi.ulh of the rivei-, the only i enuiining 
 \egeiation being small arctic willows, lijrches and shrulis. 
 
 'i'he survev was completed to th.^ end of the north point at the ('einiiletiim ol 
 motith of the river oh the •'•th of September, after which the river was "^ 
 ascendeil thirty nules to I'ort Chimo, to await the departure of the 
 
^r-r 
 
 mm 
 
 oo 
 
 LAHRAUOR PENlNhiULA. 
 
 Furt Chilli 
 
 Hudson's Bay Company's steamship;^^?-/^-, in wliich the party was con- 
 veyed to Rigolet, on the Atlantic coast, and from there to <,juebec in a 
 sdiooner. 
 
 Fort Chinio is the most northerly post of the Hudsons Jiay Com- 
 pany in Labrador, bein<( situated in North Latitude 50' 08' or just 
 inside the tree limit. The fort is located on a low terrace on the south 
 bank, facir.i; a small cove and opposite the highest safe anchorage for 
 sea-going ships. The post consists of about a dozen small buildings, 
 the greater number of which are made from imported lumber, as the 
 trees of the region are too short and small to be i>f much use fur build- 
 ing. The permanent inhabitants are the usual olticers and servants of 
 such a post, and these with their Eskimo wives and children number 
 about twenty-live persons in all. 
 
 Indian tnul>-. Tro.de is carried on with the northern Indians, who live about the 
 tribu aries of the Koksoak, and with the Eskimo along the coast of 
 Ungava Bay and Hudson Stiait as far west as Cape NV'olstenholm. 
 The total number of Indians trading at and dependent on Fort Chimo 
 is about one hundred and lifty. Tliey belong to the Nascaupee tribe, 
 and s}ieak a dialect of the Cree or Algonkin language. They are a 
 poor, degraded people, without thrift or forethought, and as a rule, 
 very lazy. I'.eing caribou hunters they can hardly be induced to trap 
 fur-bearing animals. Ihey depend wholly on the herds of barren ground 
 laribou for their food and clothing, and sell a certain number of caribou 
 skins nnt required for tiieir own use, with a few furs, to the Hudson's 
 Bay Company for powder, shut, tea, sugar and tobacco, which t-umprise 
 all their necessaries of life. Foxes, both white and the varieties of 
 the red species, form their principal fur hunt, but otters are also taken, 
 and m early spiin^r they made e.vcursions southward into the wooded 
 count rv fur martens. 
 
 EskiiiKi tr.-ifi 
 
 I'i.-lii-rio. 
 
 The Eskimos trading at Fort Chimo are about 140 families, or 700 
 persons in all ; but less than half of these visit the j.ost, as the more 
 northern families send in their furs by a few able-bodied men who 
 tra\el with dogs un the ice alung the coast tu and from the po.st in the 
 spring. The Eskimo trade is chiefly in deer, seal, fox, white beai-, 
 wulf, and wolverine skins, walrus ivory, .seal and porpoi.se oil. 
 
 Tlie LIudson's Bay Company also engages in the salmon and j)orpoise 
 fisheries alung the lower Koksoak and in the Whale River to the sc.uth 
 and Leaf River to the northward. In 1S9G the salmon tishery was 
 poor, the catch being far below the average, and only e-jUal to half the 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
liOW 
 
 •1 
 
 LAURENTIANf. 
 
 23 L 
 
 #' 
 
 * 
 
 catch of the previous year. The porpoise fishery is small and would be 
 abandoned it" it did not give employment to the Eskimo during the 
 summer season. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 The climate ot' the region embraced ''n this report totally unfits it 
 for agricultural purposes. At Fort Chimo, lettuce, radishes, and a few 
 small turnips are grown with a gi'eat deal of care and attention. 
 
 The rivers break up in the interior about the first week in June, but 
 the ice does not leave the larger lakes before the end of that month. 
 The snow of tlitf previous winter remains in all sheltered gullies front- 
 ing the north throughout July. During the ilay the temperature often 
 rises tu 70' F., but the niglits are always cold, and severe frosts are 
 common throughout July and August ; ice a t|uarter of an inch tliick 
 having been noted during the night of August 8tli. Snow falls 
 aliDUt the middle of September, and by the end of the mouth the ground 
 is permanently covered, and the small ponds are frozen over; the rivers 
 being closed by the middle of * >ctober. The following are the mean 
 temperatures from three readings dally taken at a.m. noon and 9 
 p.m. July, 50-7 F. ; August, 54- 1 F. : September (1 to 11), 1:2 -S V. 
 Light rains and showers are fieijuent during the sununer months, but 
 the total rainfall is not great ; during July and August rain fell on 
 forty days. The prevailing winds of summer are from wes*^ and north- 
 west, and they are generally accompanied l)y clear weather, with pas.s- 
 
 ( )|ifiiiiif,' iif 
 rivers. 
 
 ."^nuw. 
 
 TcIllIltT- 
 
 itnri's, (7". 
 
 ing showers. 
 
 GEOLOGY. 
 
 Ldnrentiau. 
 
 Tlie rocks met with along the greater part of the route from Hich- Ccntnil char- 
 mond Gulf to I'ngava Bay have been classed as Laurentian. They '''-'^''^' "^ ™^''^'^' 
 are composed chietly of more or less foliated granite, made up of fel- 
 spar, (|uartz, mica and hornblende, with minerals of decomposition. 
 The felspar is chielly (jr'hoclase, and varies in colour from red through 
 pink to wiiite : ([uartzis always present and often m considerable 
 <|uanLities, and the mica and hornblende are generally finuul together, 
 but at times one or other is al)sent. 
 
 True eruptive masses are also represented by smaller areas of dark- Kniptiv.; 
 greenish basic granite composed largely of pale-green plagioclase, ""i""''-'"' 
 (piartz, hornblende and mica : and also by dyke-rocks, usually more or 
 
'• ^»im 
 
 mmmmta 
 
 24 L 
 
 I.AHHAliOU PKNINSL'.A. 
 
 Olilf-t -ii-iti- 
 
 CatiiliiiiUi. 
 
 less altered diabase, which appear to he much newer than the rock 
 cut by them, there are also a number of dykes of iine grained, dark- 
 red syenite in tiie granite area about Clearwater Lake. There would 
 aiipear to be a great difference in the ages uf the granites, but excej)! 
 where they cut, or unconformably underlie, known bedded rocks of the 
 Cambrian, their age cannot be determined, (jwing to the close resem- 
 blance in structure and composition of the granites of different age. 
 Where they cannot bo .separated they have been included in the 
 Laurcntian, as they are all very ancient, and the newest were errupted 
 and must be assigned to a period antece lent to the Cambro-8ilurian. 
 
 Intimately associated with the granites is ii series of more or less 
 iiuartzose. mica-gneisses anil mica-sciiists, interbanded with hornblende- 
 schists and hornblende-gneisse , and at times with a (piartz-magnetite- 
 gneiss. These gneisses and schists are supposed lo represent a bedded 
 series of rocks somewhat similar to the (irenville series, but they are 
 so highly altered that no trace of their supposed former clastic struc- 
 ture remains. They are cut by newer granites and their ] .-esent highly 
 crystalline condition is thought to have been caused by the deep-seated 
 intrusion of great masses of granite. The age of these bedded schists 
 is for the most part very great, as some of them were altered by the 
 granites and subsequently deformed along with the granite, after 
 which they have l)een deeply sculptured and denuded before the deposi- 
 tion of the iron-bearing Cambrian rocks. While most of the schist.s 
 arc thus pi'obably very ancient, otliers may be of the same age as the 
 Cauduian and mav lepiesent those rocks where they are greatly 
 altered by granite intrusions, as along the lowei' part of the Koksoak 
 River, where it ha-< not proved possible to separate some very ^ilnilar 
 gneisses and schists from tiie Cambrian.* The Caml)!ian rocks of the 
 east coast of Hud.son JJay have a l)readth of twenty miles at Kiihmond 
 Gulf, and the Laurcntian gneisses, u]ion which they rest (pute uncon- 
 formablv, are first seen at the second portage of the Wiachouan, some 
 four miles from the slio' of the gulf. Here the stream falls over a 
 fine-grained pink mica-gneiss, while the bank of the stream ojjp.jsite 
 the foot of th(> fall is foniicd of uj^turni'd beils of coarse (luartzite, red 
 felsitic slate and hue-grained, dark-green trap, apparently tlirust over 
 the gneiss. 
 
 The few exposures seen in the valley of lln- ^\'iacho^uln, were all 
 pink and gray, medium textured mica-gneiss. At the summit of the 
 
 *Siiiiil:ir ^.-luissi';:^ and si;!iist,s wit.' Inimd in Is'.i; alniiLT tli" -muiIi >linif cf UuiIm)!! 
 Strait and Wfi-f .-t-rn to lie altered fr<Mu the nrdinary Mack .~lialt'^ aiidtluTt- uf 
 the Canilirian liy tlie intnisiuii of large masses of granite. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 t 
 
.*vmm 
 
 T 
 
 LOW. 
 
 LAL'UKNTI AN*. 
 
 :.) L 
 
 t 
 
 Hill portage leading from the valley of the Wiachouan, bands of the R'.icks on 
 mica-gneiss hold dark-red garnets and are associated with coarser, red 
 niiea-hoinhlende-gnei-s : all being cut l)y a great dyke of coarse, dark- 
 green diabase, iwo liun(Jred yards wide, which runs 8. 35 E. and is 
 seen on the south side of the valley several miles away. At the upper 
 end of tlie portage, another similar dyke runs X. 1>5' E. and may be 
 an ofT-shoot of the I'ugei' dyke. I'hese and other dykes met with 
 along the route to (^'leai water Lake, closely resendile tlie large diabase 
 ilykes of the Hamilton Hiver, th;it cut the CainUrian rocks as well 
 as the Laurentian gneisses * and are jirobably much newer than the 
 gneisses with which they are here associated. On the portages be- 
 tween the Wiachouan ami Cieai'water riveis, frecjuent exposures are 
 met with and they .are mostly meiiium to coarse-grained mica-horn- 
 blende and horniilfude^iieis.s. l)Ut at times without foliation, when they 
 pass into granite. The garnet-beaiing inica-yneiss, a short distance 
 east of the Mill purtagr is displaced by mica-horidjlende-gneiss and 
 granites, whiciiiiave the appearance of great ii'rupted masses partly ()„fi,.j.,.^^..^^,j, 
 foliated ity pressure. Coarse, red liornblende-gneiss and granite pre- I'i^'i. 
 dominate along the Clearwater liiver. together with occasional l)ands 
 of ;i gray cohjur and otliers where the presence of a large (juantity of 
 hornblende gives them a <iaiker colour and renders them schistose. 
 The coarse gneiss and granite also often hold segregations of dark- 
 green, schistose hornblende. The diiection of the foliation between 
 Ivichmonil (lulf and Clearwater T^ake varies from N. 4-") W. to S. 
 80 W. 
 
 Twodiai)a.se dykes weiv seen on the portage leading to Clearwater Dialiase 
 River, the tirsi is \ery tirie in texture and varies from live to fifty feet J.^'^'~- 
 in width with .a (lirection of N. 70 E. ; the second is coarser in 
 texture and lighter in culnur. it is sixty feet wide and runs N. l'> W. 
 At the heatl of an island in the Clearwater a short distance from the 
 last dyke, there is another thirty feet wide and haviiii: a direction of 
 N. S.*) W. At the third portage below Clearwater Lake a dyke one 
 luindred and fifty feet wi(ie runs ,S. (in N\'. Near the contact with 
 the i^neiss it is \<'\y tine-uruined. l)ut towards the n.iddle is much 
 eoaiser; it is dark-green in colour and contains a cinisiderable quantity 
 of disseminated pryrite. The rock is now about half deconijiosed to 
 serpentine, tlie deconipo-ed portions forming irregular l)lotches of ,an 
 apple-green cnlin'.r. 
 
 1 lit> uianites ,are also eut liv acidi- dykes intliet'orm of Hue-grained, Ariiiic (ivkfs. 
 dark-ivd, coni]>act .syenite. lari,"'ly com}>ose(l of ilesh-red oi'tliocla.se 
 
 ^•Aiiiiua! Kt'iinrt. (Jeol. Surv. Can., \u\. \ III. iN. ,S. i. p. •^~:, i., 
 
20 L 
 
 
 ('U-arwati-r 
 aiiilS,-al lak 
 
 LABHADOK PENIXSll-A. 
 
 On S.al L 
 
 ^vith a little hornblende, but no visible (luart/. The weatlieml out- 
 crop of a dyke of this rook fornied a trough about ten teet wide and 
 from three to ten feet deep at the southern end of the portage leading 
 to the Clearwater Hiver. Althou-;!! this was the only syenite dyke 
 seen in plaee, there are doubtless others of the same kind along the 
 river and about Clearwater Lake, where hioeks of tin- rock an- com- 
 mon in the drift. 
 
 The manv roi'ky islands and points of Clearwater Lake afford 
 nniiierous exposures of gneiss and granite. A I'ed coarse-grained horn- 
 blende-mica-granite or gneiss predominates, and is associated with a 
 coarse-textured, gray mii-a-gneiss, which, like the formei', is of probable 
 igneous origin, l-ioth rocks cut and inclose bands of liner-grained, 
 piid< mica-gneiss, most abundant about the north-west end of the lake, 
 but nowhere plentiful. Towards the eastern end of the lake and 
 along the north shore, mica-gneiss i)rovails, and is more often pink or 
 red than grev, it is usually very coarse in texture and often has an 
 augen structure with at times large proiihyritic crystals of felspar. 
 The -viieral direction of the foliation about Clearwater Lake is X. A\ . 
 
 ( )n the iirst portage of the route from Clearwater to Seal Lake, the 
 coarse augeu-gneiss is cut by a dyke over three hundred yards wide 
 and running nearly paralled to the foliation of the gneiss. The dyke- 
 rock is a much altered mica-diabase, varying in texture from tine- to 
 medium-grained : it contains much mica in small scales, the felspar is 
 greatly decomposed and the augite largely changed to hornblende. 
 Small veins of red pegmatite penetrate the dyke. At the second 
 portage, the rock is medium to coarsegrained, very telsj.athic, 
 pink and red augen-gneiss containing bi'oken bands and segregations 
 of finer-grained mica .-chist : the direction of the foliation being nearly 
 east-antl-west. Coarse to fine-giained, red hornblende-mica-granite 
 occurs on the islands of a small lake two miles beyond, and from there 
 to Heal Lake all tlie exposures examined were of similar granite some- 
 times slightly foliated in a direction N. ;jU ^\ . 
 
 ,.. The granites and gneisses also occur about Seal Lake, wlieie they 
 are vedov pink in clour, and are usually, coarse in texture with often 
 an augen-L'neiss structure. These rocks usually show lines of foliatifm 
 whicirvary in direction from N. 10 W. to X. SO W. The whole is 
 taken to be part of a great granite area similar to the areas previ.aisly 
 found about Lake Xichicun* iuid in other parts of the peninsula. 
 This area of granite continues eastward from Seal L.ike past the 
 
 4 
 
 ui 
 
 *.-Vnniial R<|iiirt, ticul. Surv 
 
 Can., u.l. Vlll. uN.Si., 1'. L'lO-l'l? i- 
 
low. 
 
 LAUIiENTIAN. 
 
 27 I. 
 
 ho.gl.t.of-lan(l and clown the Stillwater River for seven miles below 
 Sheu. Lako where it is in part replaced l.y mica-schists and gneisses. 
 Ihe nuca-sdnst ... cut by numerous dykes c.f coarse pegmatite and also 
 by the hornbiende-raica-gra.utes and ^neisses. The strike of the 
 gneisses .s nearly N. W. Associated with the mica-gneisses are bands 
 in wh.ch grams of magnetite are present instea.l of n.ica, thus formin.^ 
 fine-yra.ned magnetite-gneiss cmsisting chiefly of magnetite and 
 quart, w.th a httle felspar, and having a close resemblance t<, the bed- 
 ^1-1 ■••<'"->ex „i the upper .M.uucuagan Kiver- where the nnca- 
 gneusses n. which ,hey occur are associated with bands of crystalline 
 unestone. The n.agnetite-gneiss is too silicious and lean to be pro- 
 fitably worked as an ore, but it contah^s segregations of almost pure 
 .nagnetite otte.x of consi.lerable si.e, which if n.ore accessible would no 
 doubt be valuable. The schists ami gneisses with their associated 
 beds of mag,ietite.g,u3iss outcrop along the river for two miles, when they 
 are again displaced by the coarse, red hornblende-mica-granite, which 
 usua ly contains segregations of hornblende-mica and hornblende ren- 
 dered schistose by pressure. All are cut in places, (notably at the 
 rapid twenty-six miles below .Shem Lake and also two miles above 
 Ivussel Kner), by bands of dark-green amphibolite from six inches to 
 hve feet Nvide, which ditler in appearance from the schist bands an<l 
 are probably ancient basic dykes crushed, shattered and rendered 
 sclustose by pressure. 
 
 The granite rocks are met with along the river to within Hve miles 
 of .Natuakami Lake, where medium-grained, gray mica-gneiss is found 
 cut by red hornblende-micagranite ami dvkes of red pe-matite' 
 Strike N. 2U \V. ' t o • 
 
 >r;ilnti' dii 
 
 Ut.T.-lli-,!. 
 
 IL'lli tit«. 
 
 Ihe wide valley of X.ituakami Lake appears to have been cut out of 
 the sotter mu-a-gneisses, as all the exposures seen along the shore of 
 the lake showed varieties of these gneisses, at times garnet-bearin.- 
 and sometimes shatten-d by intrusions of hornblende-mica-gneiss, moie 
 especially towards the eastern end of the lake. 
 
 The wide valley, partly tilled «ith clav, through which the river 
 tloNvs below Xatuikau.i Lake, affor.ls no rock exposures on tlio banks 
 and a wide margin .,f almost impassable swamp extends from the river 
 to the lulls on either side, so that from one to three hours were spent 
 in going to an.l retiuning from the hills, conse.juentlv few observa- 
 tions were made on the rocks occupying this portion of the countrv 
 U hen seen the rocks were, however, tound to be aijout eveulv dividJd 
 
 Xati 
 Lak. 
 
 :akaiii 
 
 X.it. 
 [.ak. 
 
 s h, !,uv 
 akaiiii 
 
 Annual i;.|„,it, i;,,,..!. Surv. Can., vol. \-lII. (X.S.), p. 244 l. 
 
2s I, 
 
 LAIIHADOH I'KNINSll.A. 
 
 ^ainistuk. 
 
 Titli'W Kiiiii 
 fruini.-tiik. 
 
 I tonilili-ni 
 (.'laintf. 
 
 Contact wit! 
 Cambrian. 
 
 between the iiiifa-Kiieiss and the intrusive hornUhMnle-iuioa-tjranite 
 Three miles above the junction of tlie Stillwater with the Kenogn, 
 mistiik, the ruck is a very coarse, pink niica-hornblcntle, au','en-j,'neiss. 
 Alon^' the first tive miles of tlie Kenoyamistuk, the rocks come out on 
 the banks in several places, ami were foiuitl to be very coarse, red 
 hornblende-granite or in places augen-j,'neiss when t)ie foliation was 
 S. 30 W. About the heavy rapids tive miles up this stream, the 
 uranite is considerably shattered and the small cracks cemented with 
 ejiidote and serpentine. 
 
 Two miles l)elow the juncti<m of the rivers on the ni>rth side, a 
 liarien hill was climbed : and extensive exposures were tlius -xamined. 
 They were found to be largely led hornblende-granite varying in tex- 
 ture from a tine-grained, compact rock to a co ir-e augen-gneiss. the 
 latter formitig the small rugged peak at the summit. Several wide 
 hands of mica-gneiss were found interfuliated with and broken by the 
 red hornblende-granite. The hills were again visited on both sides of 
 the valley twelve miles lower down the river. The rocks on the .south 
 side were coarse hornbleiule-/,ranite, while on the north side similar 
 rocks were associated with gr/iy mica -gneiss. 
 
 For the next twenty miles Lhe river tlows between very rugged lulls- 
 wliich gradually approach tlie banks, allowing the rocks to outcrop 
 frequently along the shore. These exposures everywhere show coarse, red 
 hornblende-LM-anite to the mouth of Junction Iviver, when the granites 
 give place to the stratilied rocks of the Cambrian. 
 
 The contact between the Laureiitian granite and the Cambrian is 
 concealed by the deep clays of the valley of .luncti.^ii Kiver, where the 
 western wall of the valley is foi'ined of granite while the east side is 
 composed of clierty dolomite and arenaceous shale. Although the 
 contact was unseen, it is supposed t.. be similar to that on the Kania- 
 pi.skau I'.ranch .some ninety miies to the southward, where Cambrian 
 red sandstones and argillites rest uuconformably ujion a boss of 
 granite.* Like the Cambrian of the iiudson I'.ay coast, the rocks of 
 the ea.stern area have been deformed by over-thrust faults, caused by 
 pre.ssure d-veloped from the northeastward, and conse.iuently the con- 
 tac*; between them and the underlying granites i- likely to be a 
 modilieil one. the pressure having in places thru4 newer beds over 
 the older, inl(j contact witli the granites. 
 
 Granites cutting schists and gneisses do not again occur along the 
 river for fifty-tiv<- miles, or t.. twenty miles below the mouth of the 
 Kaiiiapi>kau. the intervening cuntry being occupied by little altered 
 Cambrian strata. 
 
 i 
 
 ■.\iumal lU'i<un. r.v,.\. Smv. Can.. \"1. Vlll. 'N.S.i. \k -itl'.i i-. 
 
■] 
 
 CAMIiniAN'. 
 
 29 I, 
 
 Thf-re is an intrival ot' clcvcii milrs l,f.tAv,.,.n the lH>t outiTuj) uf 
 uiialtereil Ciuiil.rian and tlic first fxposurn <•£ tin- scliists kiu'Issoh and 
 granitfs. Tlicsr si-lii>ts and ^jnt-isst's arc taken to rc|. resent a lii^jlilv 
 metaniorplue phase of tlie Camlirian, tni^^-tlier witli newer intrusions 
 uf granite whieli liave elian^ed I'le sedimentary Cainl)rian roeks inio 
 sehists and gneisses \>y the heat and Itressnre due to the intrusion, 
 an.l. eoiise.iuently. although chjsely reseml.ling many of tiie gneiss.'s 
 chissed as Laurentian. these rocks are here cla-ved as Camhrian and 
 are more fid ly di.-ciissed uniicr that heading. 
 
 Kiiiiiiti'^ of 
 Joucr riM'r. 
 
 i 
 
 Cai'i^irmn. 
 
 Tlio series of roeks classed as Camhrian was met witli along the C'.milniiiiM.f 
 east e.,ast .,f Hudson I'.ay to the northward of Cape Jones, and on the "'"'""' ''"■'■^■• 
 f.areh Hiver from its junction witii the Kaniapiskau upwards for tliirlv 
 miles. 
 
 'i'he Hudson I'ay aica has hceii reported on by Dr. R. J'.ell* and 
 only a few supplementary ol)servations will be here added to tho.M' 
 already noted by him. 
 
 The d<.lomiles of this series were first seen on small islands to tlie 
 soutl.uvard of Long Island, a few miles north of Cape Jones. Chertv 
 dolomites with reddidi cherts \\ere not'd on luominent points of the 
 mainland for thirty miles to the southward of CJreat Whale Kiver. 
 The ^lanitounuek Islands extend in a chain northward from Great S.(ti.,n m, 
 Whale l^iver for more than twenty miles, and are composed of rocks '^'•'"'t""""^'^- 
 of this formation. The rocks dip seaward ;it low angles and present 
 cliff-faces towards the land. The following section in descending 
 order was noted on the inner face of the third island north of the 
 river : — 
 
 Fret. 
 
 1. I>ark-^'ic<ii, ooiii|iitct tnt[i, with many .small cracks filU-d 
 
 with I'pifJote ami liLac-culonrcd axiiiitc 20 to 20O 
 
 2. Cuiiipact, tiiie-f,'raimMl. lij,'iit-l>lnf doldiiiitf ; weathers yellow 
 
 ami hiilils iiiucli blackish clit-rt in irregular Au-t-U and 
 Mdduk'.-i ■>() 
 
 X -Mediumfirrained, Krayisli-l.Kie sandstone with translucent 
 (|uartz-Krains and small yellow .«iiots ; contains a small 
 ((uantity nf pyrites and is doloniitic in places H") 
 
 4. Light- anil dark-gray sandstone and chert. The light col- 
 oiued chert is well-l)anded and splits into flags from one 
 to six inches thick 50 
 
 The remainde.- of the .series is hidden beneath the water of the 
 sound. 
 
 Mauds. 
 
 "Rejiort of Progress, Geol. Surv. Can. 1877-7S. pp. 11 23 c. 
 
no L 
 
 l.\lil!.\I)i'i; I'lAlNsI l,\. 
 
 *I" ''"",''' 'rill' iit^xt <<vtii.ii t'XJiniinnl w.is mi tin- cast sid.- nf Ca-<t If I'minsulii, 
 
 nil tlic iKirtli si.l.> nt' the uiitlft ni' I ; irlniinii(l( ^ ill r'. 'I'll.' M'ct ion in 
 (It'sct'iidiiii,' oidiT i-( as fcill<i\vs : — 
 
 r.-t. 
 
 1. I'iii'' u'i:iiii>-.l. il:iil<-i:ri> n trap with -iii;ill :iiiivt;il>ili- tillrd 
 
 with ci.iiliitc, cliliiiiti- ami iiLTati'. ,V) 
 
 -. I.i;.'lit i.'ia>, nil' liuin ^'laiii.il saml^toiii' .V> 
 
 .'t. Tliiii liamli'il, fiiii' LTiaiiifd iiiiMit, chirty iliiluiiiitc. with 
 
 tliiii I'artiiiL,'- anil irrrj.'iilar inassrs ..f dark -1 'Iiic clnTt . . Il'.'i 
 
 t. ( 'litiiial.'il (|inil)aKl\ il'iliiiiJili I "ill 
 
 ."i. ('i.ar.M'. irray irrit. inadf up ni lai.'i' u'raiiis nf ipiarl/ and 
 
 w hill' l.Npar \Mtli silici'iu:! matrix ."i 
 
 • '. I »arki.'ray. ni-ty-wcaflu'riiiv'. fi'mi^diinii-i, cl.iliimiiic ,and- 
 
 stiiMi'. till' ddliiniitf Ui'ini,' in thin partin^;s In 
 
 7. Ciiai!**', dark-L'ray trrit with i.'rain.^ iiiul small pclilili-s i.f 
 
 <piart/. and fi'l-ipar 'i 
 
 >>. I>ark krray, firruLrinmis, dnloniitio sand-tipiu' (in 
 
 !•. ('oar»', irrax- >aiid^tiiiii', with thin IkmIs nf dark, j,'iayish 
 
 '.'n-iii -and-<t"ni oviilain !■> arkosc HO 
 
 In. I,i(,'hti,'ray, i-lifity diplumitc. jmlilint.' ^'raiiin of transluicnt 
 
 ipiart/ and >inall, rusty patclics ; chaliKf!' tn a sandstum- 
 
 n>ar tin' top ITm 
 
 11. roar-'-, u'rav m it. ci'mpiisi-d iif -m.all pi-lililc>i df rpiartz ;incl 
 
 wiiiti' fi-l.spar ill a matrix of linir s,'rain> .Vi 
 
 I'J. rink arko.-c. varying.' in ti'Xtiiri- fruiii tiiii' tn coarsi', and 
 
 inaih' np cliifHy of nmrf nr l<'ss rounded trrains of (piartz 
 
 and n- 1 l> [-"pai. ivid.'iitly not ^^'icatly vsati'i- worn C^O 
 
 hf. I'x'll i;iv('s a section taken on ilir south side of the cnti'anet' to 
 lliclunoml (iiilf which corresponds soinevvliat with the aliove, liut lias 
 a thickness of l.-'O feet of tr.ap Ketween Nos. In ;ind 1 1, while only tUO feet 
 is given for thearkose, No. \'2. He also states that tlie ujipeiMioloiiiites 
 No. 3. rest unconforinahly upon the sandstones hut no such unconforiiiity 
 was observed ill the section above detailed. The rooks ^ixcii in the 
 section would appear to closely resemble those of the Mesnard 
 quartzites and Koiiii dolomites of the Lower Mari|uette series of the 
 south shore of Lake Superior, capped by a latei' outllow of trap, those 
 rocks being classed as Algonkian by I'rof. \'an Ilise. The great 
 thickness of arkose found at the bottom of the section and the number 
 of felspar pebbles in the grits of the ujiper bands, show a great amount 
 of disintegration in the underlying gneisses and granites previous to 
 the deposition of the Cambrian, and also that the debris forming 
 these beds had not been transported far or water-worn pieviou^i to the 
 formation of tiie strata in which they now rest. 
 
 I'lic- mfi'i-mity As before stated, trap <|Uart/.ites and red felsitic slates are found 
 resting unc<mforniably upon gneisses at the second fall of the 
 Wiachouan Kiver. 
 
 C'liarai-t'-r of 
 tilt- r. .rks. 
 
 '} 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
I 
 
 so 
 
 y. 
 
 y. 
 
 y. 
 
 y. 
 
 r. -A 
 
 - A 
 
 — ''1 
 
 - -A 
 
4. 
 I 
 
1 
 
 (MMIIRI \\. 
 
 ni I, 
 
 'lilt! Ciiiilii iiiii loi'Us foutid nn till' Lurch liramli nt' tlic I\nksiiul<, 
 arp u noitlicrii pxtfiisinti <»f tliu ^'I'eiit iiicn prtiv iniisly (li.scovt'rt'd on tin- 
 U|>iirr I laiiiillDii niid Kiiniiipiskaii rivers.* A^ Inform stated ilie 
 wcsteiii limit cM'ossi's the Laieli iiiimi'diately lielnw the iiioulli ><( 
 t) iiiii't n)ii liiver, or thirty five miles almve the mouth of the Kaiiia 
 jiiskaii. 'I"he coiitai't hetween the Laureutian t,'rututes and the elicrty 
 (U)loiiiitcs and sliales is not seen, there lirini; an inler\al of overanuh! 
 between the i,'raidtes ut tlie iiniuth of .liuu'tinn |{iver an<l tlio low 
 clills of nearly t1at-l)ed(led ( '.niihriaii. These clitVs, •_'()() feet hi;,'h, are 
 composed lari,'ely of shale re^lini; on thin lieds of litjht-yellow, com 
 paet chei'ty dolomite, while hii,'her up llie elilVtlnn hands of hrownish 
 and j,'reenisli aritilliieeous limestone are interlx'dded with the shales. 
 The shale is nnieli disinte;,'rate(l and has a daik, rusty colo'.n' on 
 wi'athered surfaces, hut is greenish and iirownish on fresh surfaces. 
 Dip. N. SO !•:. < '»' to 1U\ 
 
 On the same side of the ri\er, two mile> Ik'Iow, lliere is a steep hill, 
 tln-ee hundreil feet lnu:h, formed of dark-l»lu( , finely crystalline, cherty 
 dolomite, i;reatly .^shattered and nvcementod with (piart/, so that tlie 
 rock resembles a breccia : it also has in places thin partings filled with 
 a black bitinninous mineral like anthraxolite. These rocks are much 
 disturl)ed anil appear to underlie the shales of the {)revious s<'ction. 
 nip I'] < ') to 4") . 
 
 l-'i'om the western limit of the Cambrian to the junction with the 
 Kaniapiskau, there are otdy two outcrops of rocks on the banks of the 
 Larch River, and in ordei' to exanune the rocks in the cliffs forming 
 the sides of the valley, from a half mile to two miles of deep swamp 
 had to be crossed, entailing from one to four hours for each observa- 
 tion. On this account only a few observations wore made along this 
 portion of the river, and in conse(]uence many of the diffeient rocks 
 found along the Kaniapiskau and fFamiiton rivers weie not seen in 
 place ; but as they are all represented by large angular blocks on the 
 banks, they must occur not fai' from where these blocks are found. 
 The direction of the ice movement being from the westward, if trans- 
 ported by glacial agencies, they could oidy come from that direction 
 and not from the Kaniapiskau area which lies nearly south '"'of the 
 Larch Kiver. Among the angular blocks tlie largest and often the 
 most numerous are composed of jaspilite, or a mi.vture of jasper and 
 iron ore ; in many the jasper is not abundant and the blocks are almost 
 jiure magnetite, or a mixture of magnetite and lu-ematite, forming a 
 valuable ore, very similar in character and composition to that of the 
 
 'aliiliri.ill nf 
 ..lIlll iJlMI. 
 
 irk< liki' 
 i>i> (it Kiiii- 
 
 (iikiUI, itr. 
 
 •Annual Reiuirt, Geol. Surv. Can., vol, VIII. (N.t?.), pp. 2(11 U80 U. 
 
Y 
 
 tlllirs licl.iw 
 
 .fiiiictii'ii 
 Kiv. r. 
 
 I>i-tuiliiuici' 
 ami tractiuc-, 
 
 3-2 L 
 
 I.AHIiADOli I'KMNsri.A. 
 
 t'xtt'ii.sivo fircas t'ouiui on the Kaiuapiskiui and llamiltuu rivors.* The 
 other roeks ooiimionly t'ouiul soattert d in l)loi-l<s akmi,' tlie river banks, 
 i>re reil ar^ilUtes ami red sandstones, like those t'onnini,' the beds resting' 
 unconforniahly upon tlie granite at (.'.luilirian I.ake,v a dark gray, 
 silicioiis aid<ei-ite with purph^ spots, eh. 'its, darkgri'-n, tin(>-grained 
 tni]-, and greywaeke and two varieties ,,( onni;lonierate. One ot' these 
 resembled the t'onghmieratt' at tlie iiaseof the t'lii'matiim. beini; eom- 
 jiMsed of ([uarlz, felspar and granite pebhK's eemenied witii sand and 
 siliea : the other was eomjiosed chielly of >mall pel)l)U'> of ipiartz, fel- 
 spar and jasper, with a matrix which varied from red to green in 
 colour, and whieh may have lieen a Vdleanie asii Hke that ot tlie ag- 
 glomerate of l»yke f.ake. ■ 
 
 'i he next section examined was on the north side of tlii» river, seven 
 miles below the liiiie>-tone hil!. The folh.wing seiju le-" was exjiosed ,,n 
 the sides and tops <if the low hills tV)rming the wall of the valle" at 
 that place : 
 
 1. i>nik(ii ; ilark s!i:ili' cy 
 
 ■J. I');ui(l> .if <lialf ami ai>'i!l:uv. "is .],.], ,iiiitf. 'I'lic shall' thins 
 ciiit aii'l lifcuihfs pcaily towaids thftoiMif thr iiirasuri's, 
 till- (luldtiiiti" at the saiiif tiiii.' chaii^'injr t(i a IL'hr Mm' 
 clit-rty variety, slial tried and iv-oi-imntrd with small 
 
 n-ticulat.'d (|iiart/. vi ins jo,! 
 
 :i r.it,'htlilm', linlf-w. athcrin^,'. chii-ty ilnldiiiitr Kill 
 
 4. !'lat-k shalfs ([larrly coiicfalcd ) ]•_>,-, 
 
 .">. Lii-'ht-hluf chcrty doluiiiitc :,{\ 
 
 tl. lUac'k, nisry-wcathriin^' slialf with thin l.rds ..f art,'illar.',)\is 
 
 dnliil'litf ]--, 
 
 7. Husty Wrath. rin^r. trivrn rli.i t. nnu'h hroktii :.ii 
 
 5. Ulack shale lo 
 
 i). Kiisty Wfatlicrinir, disintrgratrd shalr son 
 
 Tlie r(.cks of the section are greatly disturbed and there are probable 
 repetitions in the beds, while the shales may be folded among them- 
 selves, thus giving an altogether too ,i,;-eat thickness to the measures. 
 Dip N. 35 E. to 40' < 60 . 
 
 Three miles lower down the stream, at a short rapid, the rock outcrops 
 on the north bank, showing about lUO feet of buir-we.ithering, silicious 
 dolomite witii broken i)ands and masses of black chert. The exposure 
 has the appearance of having originally consisted of alternate betls of 
 dolomite and chert, in whicii, by movement and crushing, the cherts 
 have been broken and the sjiaces between the fragment.s tilled with the 
 ferruginous dolomite under great i)ressure. 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 "Animal K»|Miit, (J.m,!. Surv. Can., v.>l. \'III. iN.S.K ]<],. L7(i "TS '• "S't.C i 
 Uliid, p. L'ti'J 1.. :il.i.:. l>7» I.. M /. . .,-.ou 1.. 
 
I I 
 
 Tilt! Iiills (.11 tli(> north sidr w.m'o a^aiu visited fi,-,dit miles l,elow the 
 rapids, where tlu! I'ocks are line grained ai.gillite uf a d;irk-,i,'n'en eoluur, 
 al.ju-- with a lltle-^'railled ,i,Meeii ehlurili<- i(,rk elosely ivseiiil)Iiiig tli(> line 
 fig,ij;I(Mnerale or voh'anie ,ij;rey\vaek-e at the fool, of Cambrian Lake.* 
 'I'iie i.ulVweatlierin- dolomites were also seen in several places along the 
 faee of tiie hills heiow the rapid. 
 
 i''i\e miles ah .ve the jutieii.ui wiih the Kani.ipiskau, ihenorih hank Silic s 
 
 is .iceiipied, for iialf a mil.-, i.y a v. hit,, and cream-colonrod, line-graiiK-d ''""■■^'•""•• 
 silieious Hmtvstone, wliieli varies from iui iiii|>ure iinu'sLone toa<iuart/ite, 
 with the jiroportioii of eonlained siliea, and is identical with the sili- 
 eious limestone found at the foot of the .Manitou gorge (m the 
 K.'iniapiskau. 
 
 Immediately l.elow the junctions of thj l/irch and Kaniapiskau DoIoimIi... 
 there is a small hill on the south hank formed of (ine-^rained, l.lack, 
 argiUaceoiKS dolomite with hands and lenticular patches of brownish 
 .■mkerite. I'.otii ai'c pcneti'atcd by small grains of (piai'tz, but iiioi'c 
 particularly the dolomite. I >ip N. SO ]•]. < ]() . 
 
 In my i.revM.us report it was slated that the ridge.s on each side of .^.vtin,, two 
 the riv.r below the forks appeared to be formed of a thick cap of com- ui'i,' ';.■;'", 
 pact r..ck, perhaps InMldctl dolomite, generally overhanging the rock.s 
 below, which are "usty, black shales from ;'.00 feet to Id!) f.H't thick, 
 with dolomite forming tlu^ stec^p slop,, at t h,' bottoinf. A section 
 made over the ridges on the south side, commencing two wUvs below 
 the f.irks, shows that this description is only part4y correct, as the 
 bands tiken for dnjoniite are really diabase. 
 
 The following is the st ctiou in descending order: 
 
 I'eel. 
 1. Shaly, .-nvilk-u'coiis ,lul..inilc, lijrht irrny in (■.il..iir, and wr.dh- 
 
 I'liii:.,' L;i-(i'Misli. l)i|i x. ,"i(i |.;. ,- 1;-, I 
 
 L'. Li^lil t;r.i.vis|] -ivni. lin,. ^iiainc.l, c.iniiacl cliahasi', i^ivallv 
 
 ill r'Plii|i, i.^rd allii all. rill;.;- Ill .str.ll itr ,s 
 
 .'!. Slia!\- ilul.inilf . 
 
 I. Ia,i,'lil .t^lii'il. iliiMiiip psr,hlia'i.a>f, sniiiruliat iMir.-uviiiis ].-, 
 
 .".. Slial\- iliilnlllilr ,| 
 
 (!. i.i^'iit i^riili. I'l.aisiT, ilrriiiii|i(i,s<Ml iii;ili;t,s,' 7;, 
 
 "• I'l'l'iiiiilr, \.Ty slialy, urat lirriii- u iiite. uila r liaiiiis fnvcii- 
 
 '"'' IIIU 
 
 S. full' til i-naisi' iliTniii|Mi.;ii| iliaiiase -5 
 
 !l. Mii>lly till!' ^Taiiinl. (IciniiiiiiiMil ilialias,. ;,;,() 
 
 !<•. Ci iKvaliil, (-iiiall \alliy) ' ";^(,|| 
 
 II. I,ij;'it ,'iiT,] ar-illili. >illci,,ii> slialcs ami lini.-tun.' n( a 
 
 pearly i;ri I'll c.il.piir 1.),) 
 
 *.\niiual IJi |i,.rl, (Ji.il. ,Siir\. Can.. \..l. \|||, ,\.S.). |,|,. l'7im .".I:!! 
 I I Mil. 1 1. L'7-'l.. 
 
 3 
 
:u L 
 
 I.AliUADoij I'KNlN'sur.A. 
 
 i)ial)a,s(.' >ills. 
 
 1.^ ^li;iI"an.hndllMr,...Ksli„„M,m,. 
 
 !■». '"rl't.t:r..,,„,l,,,.„,,,,„,,,.,|^|j^_|^^__^, 
 
 !;:• 'J''^'''''^ili''i"-s,a.-illac..on. li.nrston.. 
 
 I'>. "'■••"iiiposeii (liiiliasc 
 
 1". MaKi'il liiiii'stiini' . 
 
 '^. '''=''7; "■'f';t;-tinni,o;is,,f-sh;,,:;:,„ .:,/,,;;. ,,;;;;, 
 
 , •'-''-•■l->'l'".'ui.al..c.,.ntl,lnish,,„a,-,. ' ' ' 
 I.'. ( niiccal,.,!. (small vallcyl 
 
 -". Wliitf-wrarlicfiiu' iM-irlv •iivmII.. 1- 
 
 ^I^^^^^^^^j .. l-nU.,„.,ll,,,.,.o,,sl„,,,,st,,M,,nmd, in. 
 
 ■Jl. r.'a>ly, Km.,, slialn, so„„.wlKir'mstv 
 
 -■i. I><'wim|iiisc(] (lialiasc ' 
 
 -';i l'«'ai-l.v, give), shale 
 
 '24. DccumiKiscd (li;,l,,.,s(. 
 
 -'5. .Silicious, aixillaccdiis 
 -'•■ l><'<"iiii.os(.(l(|iali,-,s.. 
 
 27. I'rarlyshal- 
 
 -'S. l)cc(,uip<,s..(l diabase 
 
 ^'■>. r.Ki.t.„-..,. talcs,. s,.histw,ti, s,.,;.:,ati:>;;s:.f, ;,;,:,: ;,;„„;; ' 
 
 P'^^'-'ll'Vl-ox,.,,,. (s,,ft lik,.st,.;,tit,.) 
 
 »>. Va'ucvuM, (small valley) '' 
 
 Keel. 
 10 
 
 s 
 
 <; 
 I 
 
 lllllestcilleaild sliaje 
 
 '(I HI 
 
 !MI(I 
 
 ■jr, 
 -10 
 111 
 :u) 
 I'll 
 .")ii 
 
 >0 
 
 .'U. (J reel, a. 
 
 100 
 
 seliists 
 
 >l(i 
 
 n'K 
 
 inUl,eai-ly-praysera<.ite- ;',■,,! el, I,,|.it, 
 
 .2. (^.,,j:;;;:;;:''''^':'"-'■''''■'•^ ''>■--'' '-'---- 
 
 ' •' '" " ^'"' ^'""f-'^'f ^^'fli <lial.ase, a„.l l,„l,li, 
 '■'■»'t.'il''<'f pynte auuy f,-n,u e„„t,.,et 
 ■■>!. Deeoiiipused dialiase. . 
 
 iiK small 
 
 ;t."). l\usty-\veatliei'iii(T. j,] 
 
 ?. i.laek, wncaeecus shalea.i.l frre,.,, clil,„-itie 
 
 lO 
 SOO 
 
 •pn.SHicrly ,s,„,-il], ami oxc-opt in tlu- ti.innor 
 
 limestones and .shales is su 
 
 ba uls ,t .s oaly tounil n.,,. the cntact with tho clial.s. i„ the .south 
 
 ir=;t;:.:=/r::,t;;=,:t™rr 
 
 cliai,-e<l to a vo.y soft steatitic rock. ' 
 
 In the next eleven niiie.s, only t.vo exposures are seen on the harks 
 of the r.ver, and these are both formed of Hght-green, ooarse-tlx^::;:; 
 
CAMHKIAN. 
 
 35 r. 
 
 (liHl),is.., hut; litMo .lo(M.ini)os,.cl, f,ho dociinposocl po. tion having prohahly 
 hcen iviiioved hy ico, fis tlic rocks are \v(>l] striaf^ed. 
 
 VAovou jiiil.-s hclow th«' last- oxaniined oxpnsuro of tho unaltered ^c-ti'm 
 Can.luian, the n.cks a^iin outerop on the south sho.^e of tlie river, and Il'llm- 'i'.llil;" 
 from tlieii' to its mouth are ahiinst eontinu.i'ly seen. The following'^''''- 
 desconfling section was nia.h. where they li.'si outcrop on the south 
 
 nan I 
 
 iM'ft. 
 
 1. l/i^'llt. -TCLlusll-yi'llnu Illicil-M'llist, 111,. ll,i,.;i 1 irill? sralrs ( ,f 
 
 silvery s..c,m<l;iry Ipiwiit,.. (1„. sdnM \,nhlnv^ li-iit-iciil;ir 
 
 pati'lii's iif (|iiiirt/ ., 
 
 :.'. I )iiiU, -iMyi-li-^iTcii mica schist, linMi„>;ii,niiy hir^'c dark-red 
 
 garnets _j 
 
 ;!. lii^rlit-c.iloiir.'il mica schist (like X,,. 1) ^ 
 
 •(. I»ai-1<, i;-ariicl licariiiy- mica schi.,i (lik,. \,,. |_>) 2 
 
 T). I. i^;■llt. pcMrly mica schist ij 
 
 li. White i|iiartzitc r, 
 
 7. rii^ditcdlcpiircd mica-schist (like Xn. I) ].j() 
 
 S. I.iK'it, ci-eam coldiired shaly liiiiestiiiie ;; 
 
 II. l>arkK'('i'ii, nariii't lieariii^r hdriiMeiide-schi.st !i 
 
 10. I>ark. ^MMiet liiariiie- iiiica-schist i,-, 
 
 11. Li^rlit-yray, liemiilitelimestinie, tiiie-;,n-aiiu(] and very 
 
 silicidus 
 
 1-. I larkprray mica-schist 
 
 I 
 
 1.1 hiH-ht. pearly schist cimtaiiiiii-- mica ami steatite (s.|iieezed 
 
 ir 
 
 dvkel 
 
 1.") 
 
 I ». I>.nk--reeii mica- and niica-lioriihlenile-schists, all cntaining- 
 
 many larf,'e ^■'arnets, witli.hands of honil.lemle-schi.st, .'!, (;, 
 
 aiiil I'J inches « ide 
 
 I."). Itusty-wcathcrinf,' mica-e-noiss (sillimanite-<,'neiss) lioldiiij; 
 
 cimsiderable I lyrite in .small grains ]-, 
 
 Hi. liiisty-weatheriiij,' mica-pieiss (sillimanite-f,Mieiss) -jm 
 
 17. I 'ark mica- and horiilileiide-.scliists full (if garnets ;«• 
 
 IS. l-ij^'ht-CdlMiired miia-schist 5,) 
 
 r.l. <,'uait/.itc ' j^ 
 
 -'0. I'ink and K'l-ay mica-gneiss, tine-grained and very (luart/.iise. Mi) 
 The pres.Mue of limestone and .[uart/ites in tlie al.ove .section, to- hj^,,,!,. ^,. 
 gother with tlie e\ idtuit h.'dded structure of tlie schists, lead.s to the f"''''' '•'•'""« 
 belief that most of the memhers were ordinary clastic rocks that''"''''' 
 have bc'ii tdtered to a crystalline stat(> by the adjacent nia.s.ses of 
 granite which have hurst through tlie bods in tlie immediate m-ighbour- 
 liood <.f the last member of the section and which forms part of a great 
 mass ,,f granite to the eastward. All the memliers are cut by hirge 
 dykes of coarse white (.egmarite and the pegmati/.ation appears to 
 have continued, on a smalh'r scale, in the depo.sition of felspar and 
 (piart/. between tlie lamin;e of the schists to the production of the 
 gnei.sses. ( »pposite tho se.-tion on the north side of the river, there is 
 an immense ma.ss of granite, and further down stream the grauite is 
 
3r, I, 
 
 I.Al'.KATiOIi IMA-INSCF.A. 
 
 SiiuilMrscliis 
 clsi^wln'rc. 
 
 
 socii iiu'lo^iiii,' l)rnkoii licds of tlie schists. llci<', wliciicvor lar^cin.asscs 
 of tlio schists (ifo foiiiul, tln'v ai'c ]M'iictral<'(l l)y a network <>f jn'i;- 
 iiiatite veins and ilyk(>-. many of wliich arc vciy lai'L^c. The hornl)len(ic- 
 and steatite-schists of the section are prohalily altered irruptives and 
 tlie last closely resenihles the alteration product of the diahase dykes 
 described above. 
 
 Siniilai' schists were '■'nind about the edije of the unaltered Cam- 
 brian areas on the llaniilton Kiver"'' and south of Lake Micliikamaut 
 but tlieir relations wei'e not undeistood and no special attention 
 was given to them. The remarkably formed hills of the C'ambri:in area 
 continue into tht> region of the nu^tamorjihic schists and granites, and 
 although somewhat moditied In- the granite masses, tliey all have 
 sharp slo])os iidand or towards the south-west with an ea^y grade in 
 the opposite direction. There is little doubt tliat the schists and 
 associated rocks of this locality are but highly melamorphised r<'pre 
 sentatives of a portion of the Cambria!i. and that the granites which 
 hav(> broken tlii'ough and altered them, are consideral)ly newer, as the 
 bedded rocks appear to have been subject, to tlie pressure wliich 
 causetl the over-thrust faulting by whicli the i'idi,'es of the hills in the 
 region were formed, previous to the gi'anite intrusion.; 
 
 Half a, mile below the plac(> at which the iiieasur<'d section vva-; made, 
 the dark miiaschists form less than a fourth of the rock mass \hr 
 greatci' [art being a medium-grained, pink mica-hornblende gneiss and 
 pegmatite, both penetrating the scliists. 
 
 At the next point, the schists are greatly contorted and are chielly 
 rustv-weathering mica-gneiss often holding garnets in bands. Between 
 the Tide Piapid and Iligh-fidl Creek, the south .-.Iioi'c i- veiw ro<-ky, 
 and in this vicinity dark and light mica-schists pnvlominate. l)eing 
 interbanded with dark-i,'reen, garnet-bearing hornblende-schist, and in 
 s(>vei'al ])1 aces with narrow bands of liglit, pearly, green, schistose 
 steatite, which in one band lield rounded mas.ses of light-green plagio- 
 olase. This rock appears to have originally been a li^Iit-green diaba.se 
 like the masses found associated with the Canilirian locks below the 
 Kaniapiskau. There are also b;inds of rusty-weathering mica schist 
 
 *Air.iu:i1 lupiii-t, (JcdI. Surv. ('an., veil. N'lll. (N.S.), |). 227 i.. 
 
 Illml. ],. -J-J'.i I.. 
 
 ',.Iii )S'.I7. alniiff till' sciitll clinic (if lluil-->u Strait ami ali.iut I'liL'ava i'.av', 
 the wiitcr fdinul the ( 'ainlii-iaii r.ick-^ ]ias-.ii\^>- fr-uiji iiiialliTcil lda«k -Ijali's. ^'■rit:^ ami 
 fcrrii-riiiuu.^. siliciims ilnliMiiites with assoc-iatiMl ^rfciisluiic-. into Kaniet-lieai-iiii; 
 niicascliists. Iinnililcndi-. schists ami ^'Himsscs, (|iiai't/.iti','i .•uni civ sialiiiic liiinslniii's. 
 in <'(insc(|ui iici' '<< adjacent inti'iisi\e masses of ;^ianite and a>siiciati'd dyke- nf 
 lii-^rin.'itilc. 
 
 °i 
 
 
 
 *, 
 
.sri'r.i;Ki(iAi, DKPOsrra axd ("U-aciation. 
 
 37 I. 
 
 liocks iii'iir 
 I''iirt ( 'hinii), 
 
 lioMinii pytitos, jinti jiink and Lffay lino Ljrainod mica-gnoissos all out 
 liy a coarse-i^'i'ainod niica-lioi-idjlondc-graiiito often holdinj,' lai'i'o pof- 
 pliyriti.' crystals of orthoolasc, and, in tuiii. aloni,' with the oilier rock.s, 
 (Hit. hy great dykes of white pegmatite. 'I'lie rusty-sveathei'ing niiea- 
 seliists contain much pyrile, i)ut it is seldom sutliciently pure to he of ''.vntc. 
 value. For three miles lielow High-fall Creek there are sevei'al 
 exposures of dark nuca-schists and mica hornblende-schists cut by the 
 poiphyi'itic granite and pegmatite. 
 
 There is then an intei'val of low shore to wluM'e the river narrows at 
 the large islands abo\ (> lM)rt Chimo, where the shonvs again bec<:ime 
 high and rocky. The mica-schists and lioridijende-.schists are met with 
 along with the rusty weathering gneiss and occasion.nl garnet -bearing 
 bands. The light-coloured, co;use-grained granites are mure abundant 
 as are the great dykes of jiegmatite. 
 
 < 'n the Morth shoic, o]iposite Fort Chimo, there is a dyke ov sheet of 
 line grained, dark <liabase, six feet thick, interbanded with miea-S(>hist, 
 all with a i,'eiitle dip towards the water am! evidently an undisturbed 
 }>oi'tion of the series. 
 
 I'.etween I'ort Chimo and the mouth of the river the d;ii-k mic;i- 
 sehists and hornblende schists are fre(|uently seen to lie cut bv coarse 
 granite and I egmatiie, but they gradually thin out, and the rusty- 
 weathering gneiss tiitally disa] pears before the mouth is reached. 
 The granites and j>egmatites oompo.se over four-ilfths of tlu^ rock near 
 the coast, and they change in -olour from gray to pink and red along 
 the lower lifteen miles of tlu- river. 
 
 I'clow I'lirt 
 ( 'liiliie. 
 
 Siijx'ii'u'iiil Dipo-iifft and (iliifiafioii. 
 
 'I'he obser\ atiiins of si ri.r and other glacial ]ihenom(ma along the 'Ph, icc-cMi), 
 route bet .veeii llud-on i'.iy and Cngava T.ay, show that the region 
 was completely cnst red with ice during the glacial period, and that the 
 ice moved outwaid and downward frum a nari'nw ni'Vi' near the present 
 watershed. 
 
 The thickness of the icecap cannot be determined, Init it had a 
 sullicient depth to over ride ail tin; ineijualities of the .surface, so that 
 t,he tops of the highest hilU were ecjually striated and rounded with 
 t h.' lower !;iiids. ( »ii the Hudson i'>ay coast, the high range of Candirian 
 rocks which sejiarated Iticliinimd ( iulf fiom th(> main bay. were striated 
 to their ^unnllits. I lM)0 |'t>ct abo\e sea-level, or some •"5(3(1 feet abo\e 
 the level of the interior watershed. 
 
\..v, 
 
 \i- rci,'i,iii 
 
 Drift. 
 
 (ilaciul 
 
 Stl-JM'. 
 
 •^'^ ■' LAI!I!A|)01( PK.MNSI-LA. 
 
 Tho .v^inn „f „.-.v.; cannot, I.,uv 1 n v.mv wi,l<-, nn.l lav ..n ,vn,l 
 
 slii^litly t„ Lho eastvvunl „f thei„vs,>„t Nvaterslu.,!. AsHm-uIu'.v in tl.o 
 
 l-nnnsula it is ..lura.ton.rd l,y poorly Mutrke.1 St na. and l.v an a.r.,n,ula- 
 
 t-n of unstratitiod drift, full of luru.>, ,„rtly round..!" houM-rs and 
 
 •l"'H<s of rock similar to that foun.l in pla... in tl„. inunrdiatr n.-i.^h- 
 
 l-urhooc. The <lrift i. arran-.-d in sivo,, irrr.ndar hills fron, lif.y' to 
 
 .... hundred and fifty feot hi.,d>. that run in no particular .lirection 
 
 '•It her parallel or transvvrse to the stria-, and whi.h appear to be 
 
 n.v.d.ntal in l.oth hH^ht and sh.p... Their surfaces are largely rovere.l 
 
 w.lh ooulders and blocks, an.l i hey seen, (o be composed of d.vaved 
 
 .■-H.k material ordyshVhtly displaced by the n.oven.eni of the ice This 
 
 .•nndil.on of the drift .-xtcnds fron, the east end of Seal l.akr to the 
 
 east end of She, l,akc, th,- ,1,-ift hills bein.^ n,ost .-onspicuous nea, the 
 
 pre-«n(, watershed. 
 
 The follovviu.i,' list of iilacial stria- observed alon- the line of exph.ra- 
 
 ti-n, shows that the dirctionof ic- ,n..ve,nent on the western slope was 
 
 ••ihnost fron, oast to W(>st, with a slight divergence towan]s the south 
 
 ' "• '1'" '''istcrn slope, the niovment was almost .lirectlv opposiie from 
 
 the re^.on of n...^ to near Natuaka.ui Lake, sixtv mil-s h, the eastwanl 
 
 It then changed to about Iv X.K, .,,,1 continued so to the ,un.-,ion of 
 
 tlie Larch and kaniapiskau live.s, below which the s,,ri;e run nearlv 
 
 VK., or parallel te the rivc-valley, t„ the nei>,d,l,ou,-hoo,l of Fort. 
 
 (hi.no, viu-n the course a,i,Min changed and the ice llowed north into 
 unga\a I'.ay. 
 
 /.us( of (j'/dcidi Sfriii. 
 <'a|«' FI(.|«', .r.iiiii.s I'.av. . . ,, .- ,,. 
 
 I aillt llill>. ,, S •' W 
 
 1.-. >ni;..sS. uf|-„rM;,.,„-^.,, .I;,,,,,., |;„V; ■'■ s' l('i w' 
 
 .10 ; ;; ;; ^-i":; ;^;- 
 
 ^'Mnil,.s\.,,f (•;,,,.. J,,,,,,,, l[, „,,,„, i;;,y'!!'s''(;:, w/an.is'-'-! w" 
 
 ;!nl island, .MaiiitnuniulcSiiiiiKl " ,.•' 
 
 L'lnil.-sS. ,,)■ l,ittl,.\Vl)alr |{,v.T Ss7 \\' 
 
 Font uf Castle I'rllin.slilM, l!icl,,il(,llil (llllf .',... Si', W 
 
 Siiiniiiit (if " ,, .' 
 
 Islaii.l niM.l.- rntraiic,. t,, l.'i,!,,,,...!,! ( nilf. Hinrti.,.) ,,f 
 
 "wtli't _ \ s" \V 
 
 X.-iHi-wrst .■im1 nf ( 'learuabT i,akr S.' sil \V 
 
 rp ", ,. " ,, " \. s:. w. 
 
 rn|.,,| lliinit .Mt., „ ,. S S-, W 
 
 N-.ninuuili .,f liN,.,- lea.liii- twS,al l,ak.' sCd'w 
 
 ^"1 '""■'?■,;"; • •■•■ ^■<^" ^v: 
 
 .NMITDU- Jiid lake ,, .. „ ^ , ... 
 
 MoMtli (if .s,,utli liay. Sea) l,ak.. L; --, ,>■' 
 
 "> tiiilcs l,,.y,,n,i la.st, „ „ ^'1' .■ 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
.sri'KliKUlAL DK.roslTS AND fiLAOIATIOX 
 
 30 r. 
 
 i 
 
 Sdiitli side (if iimulli (if cast luiy, St-iil T^akc S. (ifi W. 
 
 •J miles cast iif liist (t..|i nt liill ISO ft.) S. SO W. 
 
 Shciii i-akc, L' iiiilr> i',M>t (if \\:itci'-sli((l 
 
 Stillwater i;i\ci-. t mile- lidciu Slimi Lake 
 
 ■• ;< ■• : last 
 
 !l 
 
 s. :,,-) w. 
 X. 7:. !•:. 
 
 K. 
 
 \. s(( K. 
 N. 80 K. 
 
 \. 70' 1-:. 
 
 N. 10 K. 
 X. L'o K. 
 
 X. 70' K. 
 
 X. (i;-, K. 
 
 X. t;:. !•;. 
 
 X. to K. 
 
 X. 15 1:. 
 
 " " 'i .1 II ,, 
 
 " " 8 ,, abnvc Xatuakaini I.akc .... 
 
 " " (nil hill tiipl 
 
 " " •"' miles ;ili(i\,. X.-itiLikami Lake 
 
 " " i " " jUUetinll with Kellliira 
 
 mistiik 
 
 l-areh l;i\er, L' miles liel.iw Keiin^'.'imi.stuk (nn hill) 
 
 at iiiiiiitli of .luiictidii Ki\er 
 
 Kiiksiiak Kiver. ,,ii kiinll 1 mile lu'lnw Kaniapisk.au 
 
 11 'I 7niilcsalHAe l''iiit Cliimi) X. 2;") W. 
 
 • I 11 i)|)|iiisitc l''(ii-t ( 'hiiiHi X. f."! V,. 
 
 'I " IS miles lielciw l-'.irt Cliimip .. ,. X 5 K 
 
 ■■ ^^ X. 5 K. 
 
 at mouth nf river, north side X. 
 
 ■J'li(> h,\\cv poitiojis of the fount ry p.i.s.scil timui-li are every w line 
 more or le.ss eo\cred with a iiuuitle of till or lioiildcr elay. The hills 
 for the most jiart are liare roek, and oidy <in the h'aside was a tail of 
 drift deposited liy tl;e ice. The uuinodilied till on the lower areas is 
 usually arranged in a .series of low lenticular hills or drundin.s, more 
 or less parallel to the direction of the glacial stria'. Tlie.se ridges are 
 unstratilietl and are formed largely of the finer material of the drift 
 associated with boulders and blocks of mck. The line matiM-ial is a 
 sandy clay resulting fi'om the disintegration of f!i(> underlying granites 
 and gn.-isse.s. Boulders and partly-rounded blocks, often of great size 
 are common in the lilj, and are also scattered over the surface of the' 
 drift hiH.s and thoM' formeil of rock : in fad, these fragments are 
 usually so numerous that it i.s pos.sibl- to walk almost anywhere with- 
 out {lutting foot to the solid rock or ground. 'The boulders in the till 
 or scattered over the r.-cky hills, as a rule belong to the locality in which 
 they are found, and either represent cores of the otherwise decaved rocks 
 which covered the country previous to the glacial period, or have sinc(! 
 lieen produced by the ai'lion of frost in the cracks which has broken the 
 ro ks in niiiny places to a consider,it)l(; de]ith below the surface. These 
 latter blocks are usually easily disiinguislied from glacial boulders by 
 their more angular sli.ip(>, and also iiy their mode of occurrence, as 
 they are usually found in lines along the course of .some small buried 
 streams. 
 
 'I"he number of erratics or far-travelled boulders in the drift is small V. 
 in comparison with the number found almost, in their original position. 
 
 Biinldel-clay. 
 
 rratics 
 
40 r, 
 
 lahradou I'ENMXsr i.a. 
 
 Kski 
 
 TlK'ir 
 
 •<• l*'skt'rs or I'ldgcs of inoilitiod drift wrro oliscrvcd in soscral places \u'- 
 
 tweon Hudson Bay and (he watcrshfil, and aNo in tlir valley of the 
 ujipoi- part of tlu' Stilhs-attT Uivci'. Tlu'S(^ ai'c <|iiitt' ilisliuct 
 in slia})o and material from the drumlin ridges. 'I'liey "generally form 
 long nari'ow i'idi,'es res('ml)ling railway (Mnl)ankm('iits. \i'ry narrt)\v on 
 the top and fallini,' away sharply on Uoth sides. At times se.vur.il 
 ridges of this dcseription are found together, when tln; have ;i more or 
 less j>anillol arrangement. The surface l)etween such ridges is 
 occasionally deeply pitted with ii-i-egulai' depressions or pot holes. 
 The ni'.Vrial from which the I'idges are formed is usually well rounded 
 sand ami small gravel, and it is usually partly >tratitied, the bedding 
 heing generally at a low angle from the horizontal. In many ])laces 
 the ridges are thickly strewn \\\\:\i lioulders, hut a.s a rule these are 
 not common in the mass, and tho.sfc that do occur included in th.e sand 
 and gravel are generally small and well lounded. 
 
 position. Hidges of this descript ion are fnund along the courses of existing 
 valleys and appear to have l)"en formed by streams llowing on or 
 uiuh'r the ice during the period of glaciation, and if this is the 
 mode of their oi'igin, these streams ,is a rule followed the courses 
 of the present valleys, and the system of drainage uiidei' the ice 
 w-iuld ajipear to ha\e been practically the saiue as it is to-day. 
 Along the j)ortage-roule between the Wiichouan ;ind C'learwatei- 
 ri\ers, small eskers were seen in a number of jilaces, espisciall}' along 
 the course of the small tributary of the Clearwater, but none of them 
 were large or persistent. 
 
 In CI 
 Villi.' 
 
 ear 
 
 V. 
 
 wattT .\long the Clearwater River, scarped banks in places revealed the 
 ])resence of partly stratified sand and gravel in the ridges of drift of 
 the N.dley, but the amount of modified drift is not larg' i', as iIk? gla 
 cial stream llowing out of the basin of ("le.irwater Lake appeal's to ha\e 
 followed the course oi other channels to the northvard of tlu^ present 
 main channel. Tn two deep bays at the north west eml of this lake 
 theie is an abundance of well-rounded sand tiiiown up in narrow 
 ridges from thirty to si.xty feet above tlu' le\el of the lake. l*'i-om a 
 tlistance these ridges ha\(! the appearance of terraces, but on close 
 examination they art; found to have steep faces toward I he land as well 
 as toward the watei', ami their irregular cont(JUi"s show that they are 
 not water-levelled terraces, but rather the deposit.s of glacial rivers 
 lea\ing the lake-basin. -Vt the mouth of the small str(,'am by which 
 the jiorlagtvi'ouie leads to Se.il Lake, thert" is a wide aica occupied by 
 sharp irregular ridges and lumunock^ of well i-ounded sand, which 
 appeal' to have been formed by a large glacid slieam entering the lake 
 
MUl'Klil-ICIAI, DKI-o.srrs AM) (iI-ACIATfO\. 
 
 41 L 
 
 1 j)l;i,ccs he- 
 Ill ley tit' the 
 te (lisliiK't 
 (TJilly t'uriii 
 niii'it)\v oil 
 lies sevur.il 
 e a iiitirc nr 
 ridges is 
 ■ |)ot luiles. 
 ell rouiiiled 
 he heilding 
 liiiiy pl.'U'es 
 le these are 
 ill ih.e siind 
 
 (if existing 
 wing (in (ir 
 this is the 
 li(! courses 
 ler the iee 
 is to-day. 
 Clearwater 
 uially along 
 me ot' them 
 
 pvealed the 
 s (if (IritY of 
 
 as tli(? gla- 
 }ais to lia\e 
 tlie inesent 
 f tJiis lake 
 
 in narrow 
 i\ I'l'oiii a 
 ut on close 
 land as well 
 lit they are 
 lacial risers 
 11 hy wliich 
 lecujiied liy 
 .111(1, which 
 ng the l;iU(.' 
 
 at this j.lace. hsker ridges are very coumion and persistent up the <'» «oal Lake 
 valley to the south hay of Seal Lake, where the long narrow rid-res 
 extend outward from the west shore and in a nuinher of places nearly 
 .hvide the buy from the main hody of the lake. Imcm, the n.outli of 
 the .south hay to near the narrows of Seal Lake, the esker ri.h-es are 
 nut well marke.l along the shoies of the lake, hut at the nan^n^s they 
 are again .seen along the foot of a rocky hill on the north .side where 
 they ri.se about sixty feet above the lake, and continue for a mile alon.< 
 tlie shore; they then form a long string of narrow islands that 
 stretches four miles up the lake, and after an interval again appear 
 al.mg the north .shore of the lake continuou.sly to the mouth of the 
 north-west bay. I'assing this hay, they again come out on the north 
 •shore ami islands of tlie ..ist bay of the lake, and from its head can be 
 traced up the valley of the .^mall stream leading to the watershed 
 and across it, for two miles, into .Shem Lake, where a narrow rid-'e of 
 .tratitied drift almost divides the lake into two. Beyond thi.s'theu,. X..t,n 
 eskers were not observed until the Stillwater ]{iver had been descen- l^^'>,irLak;.. 
 ded a few miles, when they were again noticed in the valley and con- 
 tinue to Natuakami Lake, below which they give place to hori/.oiually 
 bedded sands and idays of river or marine origin. 
 
 Terrae<>s of marine origin marking the former level of the sea in Tcraccs 
 later glacial time, and also the sul)se(iuent elevation of the land, were 
 fcmnd both on the coasts of Hudson Bay and of Ungava ".ay. ( )n the 
 JIudson Ray side of the peninsula, the best-marked marine terraces 
 and sea beaches were noted on the portage leading from ]fichm(,nd 
 (lulf to beyond the lirst fall of the Wiachouan. As previou.sly 
 described, the portage leads up the face of a wide hill of drift that 
 taces the gulf and lies between the rocky hills forming the walls of the 
 Wiachouan Valley, which at its mouth is ;ibout two miU-s aci-oss. As 
 it rises from the sea. the route, in a mile and a half, passes up oxer 
 thirty-five terraces or bc'iplic:, the highest of which is 4fJU feet above 
 sea-leiel, and some of the others as Aillows :— 1, 'M] feet ; 2. ol feet ■ 
 •b 0,^ feet; 8, 89 feet; •), 98 feet; 10, 143 feet: 17, lTO feet' 
 1.'7, :V.V2 feet: l'S, .-.tiU feet; 34. 4l'4 feet. .Many of these terraces 
 are nai'row, and ivsemble steps cut into the hillside, others are wider 
 and have alon- their outer edges low hummocks of well-rounded peli- 
 bh's and other signs of ancient beaches. The .summit of the liighe.st 
 terrace is .,f this character and is about one hundred vard> wide. 
 Behind it there is a dr.,p .,f about ten feet to a wide, swampy plain 
 which extends some two miles. Tl;e portage from the highest terrace 
 p.is.se.-. along the side of a rocky hill that rises al,(Me the ifrift between 
 
i'2 r. 
 
 i.Aiii;\iM.i; ri:xiN,suL.\. 
 
 Hfij.'lit (if 
 •»t rati fit-, I 
 
 flllV-*. 
 
 Hi|,'ln•^<t tr, 
 nice (111 \vi.,f 
 sl(i|ic. 
 
 'i'''rriic(s (III 
 east >!(,|„., 
 
 II -.1- „„,i ,■„,.!,„. „,„":r """" "'" ""■"'■ "'"i"'« 
 
 -I".'- -. "-■ «v,,i,.-, i, ,,...,^„ "'■ "•'■' •■■'«»■.• th,. s„,,ti,i,.,| 
 
 "■•"'■ •■.! ■'< ..■ J,,n ,:;;;;:''''■''■"'■''''■"''•■.- 
 
 Ram.- Irvfl \,, f„ .;i • ' , '"^">i"^ '^'itMi is secti at tlic 
 
 n- i,.v, ;„i ' :: :::;^ "•"-" ' - '-"'•i'"i '.i- - c,„. ,,,,„ 
 
 ,. ,. ""^l-'SlK tl„.y,,„ .l..„l,„,|ly„f„„,,.i,u.„,iKi„ 
 
 ■'■■"1. ™if, .1,,. ,-„.(,l n" V ' "™' '" ""■ •■■' ' ■"'' "■> 'I"- 
 
 ■■i>--»-™f.« :;;■;, :;::^"^^.^ ■■ 
 
 '■'■'■' ■■.l-.v »ea-l,.v,.| ■■„,,, ll„«„,,|„.rt„„,,c,.. ,>l,i,.:, is 7 l(J 
 
 ™ll".v n« i„ ,,',,":':'" ;''7'^ :'"'■'' ">'• -ky -.11. ,„■ u,e 
 ".<■ valley ..f .1,- , u-il',, r '„ ."""'■^ "'"■'"' '"'"■ " ""I'' i"«» 
 
 «■... ,.p..,M„ ,:,„"?■ '':"""""■>' ""■ .'""»«--(.»te, „,Ki 
 
 '^'--•----:::;:'::.^;:::,::j:"X'"-^^ 
 
 0„ d.e oaHtern sl„,„., „, ,l,„, fo^.j , ,. 
 of uplift «-a,sse,.,ial,,n.. tl,„ I,- 1. i „/ -' ''■■ ""' "'icleiue 
 
 400 fee,, ,„„1 a^Z^'TT""' ''" ™" ^se „i„i, „,„„ 
 elev,«,„i, „, 4 ee 1 „ Tl "" '"', r'™ "" '"■'■•■"'■•' "I' '° »" 
 .iu"cti„„„f .1,,. K„ , ": "'V7""--, ''''"" '■■"'■' Cl.im... t» the 
 terrace. ,.,„„„ tl e ,t , , " ,i 'i "i™"' ""■ "'"'»• '-" "''''■ ""<' 
 
 X- , "ju\t; uie lake or 020 feet above sen Ipv^i tu 
 
f 
 
 .sri'i:i;i tci \i. DKi'osirs .\ni» (ji.acmation, 
 
 43 L 
 
 Hiiiii!! tcri'ucf's srcii there were siiii|ii>sc(l to li)i\t> liciMi ot' rivt-r origin. 
 Ill (■oM|iiii('t ion with tlic K'liJiccs aliovf iiieiitiom d, coiitinunUstlciMtsits 
 ot sti'fililii'il c'liiy vM'i'c ii';ici'<l t'loiii liic si';i to witliiti a few niilcs of 
 Niituiiloiiiii lidke, or lUC iiiilfs tVom IJn^^'iiva Hay, and it is j)rol)al)lo 
 tliat till- ciu-idacliiiicrit of tlic sea toward tlic close of the glai'ial per- 
 iod, as niaiUed liy the torraecs, oxleiidtitl so far or farther iidand, 
 covering inmh ct' ilie lower enuntry and (illinj,' all the principal river- 
 valleys on 1 lot h side,-, of the peninsula; at this tii'ie the seals now 
 founil in Seal i.al<e iiiin;ht easily have ruaehed that lake, as tlu^ dinbr- Dify^rcntiivl 
 enee in level between it and the sea must have luten less than ITiOfeet. uplift. 
 The sulise(|Uent. ii]ilift of the land woukl appear to have huen about 
 10(l feet hii,'iiei' on the Hudson !'■ ay coast than on the eastern side, 
 hut this diti'ereiice ni;iv he only du" to iniperfeet estimation.-; of baro- 
 metric heights, especially on the lon;^' riveixstretclies on the eastern 
 nlope. wher" the estimated heij^dits of the interior above sea-level, 
 may easily be !()() feet loo low. 
 
 Terraces up to fifty feet al)o\('. the water were noted in many places 
 alon;.; the Stillwater River above Natuakami Lake, but none of them 
 were persistent, < )n t he banks of the Clearwater Kiver no dehnite 
 terraces were noted, and the same applies to Clearwater I^ake, whtsre 
 no evidence of a former higher level was noted. In Upper Seal Lake 
 thi're are broken terraces at llfteen feet above its present level, but they 
 probably mark a former "greater height of the lake itself, which might 
 easily have been caused by a barrier of drift at its present outlet.