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This proof is sent to you for discussion only, and on the express understanding that it is not to be used for any other purpose what- ever. — (li'ee ii'ec. -47 of the Constitution), andiati ^ocidy of ^ioil ^npnms. INCORPORATED 1887. TBAMSACTIONS. N.B — This Society, as a body, does not hold itself responsible for the facts and opinions stated in any of its publications. PORT CRESCENT AND HEE BREAKWATER. By A. S. GoiNo, A.M.Can.Soo.C.E. To be read Thursday, 2%th October, 1893, In January, 1890, the Port Crescent Improvement Companj was incorporated to build a town jsite at Crescent Bay, Clallam County, State of Washington. Crescent Bay is located, geographically, in Latitude 48 ® 10' North, Longitude 123 ° 40' West, on the south shore of the Straits of Juan de Fuca, 40 miles east of the Pacific. It is a small bay, measur- ing about one mile east and we.st, by half a mile north and south. It is the nearest point on the American shore to Vancouver Island, and there is the possibility of a rtiilway ferry from Crescent Bay to Becher Bay on the Vancouver side. A, fine agricultural country adjoins it, and some of the finest timber belts in the State of Washington are in the immediate vicinity. Operations were commenced in February, 1890, by laying out a town site on the bench above the bay, covering about 400 acres, the frontage between the town site and bay being reserved ff railway purposes. The town site was laid out on the rectangular plan ; the streets being 80 feet and the avenues 100 feet wide. Blocks were 200 feet by 300 lactj; lots 30 feet by 100 feet. The tiers of blocks fronting on Crescent Avenue were given alleyways, 20 feet wide, the inteniiou beini; to sell tliem as busine.-s blocks. The streets were monumented every four blocks with stones planted below the surfcco, at street intersections. An accurate topographical map was made, from which all the street grades were located. Crescent Avenue wasjgraded half width for its entire distance. A pipe line laid from one of the streams near by furnished water. After the town site survey was completed, the company sot men to work, clearing the site and constructing a 50 foot roadway from the beach to the bench above. The elevation of the town site at the north line, where the roadway enters Crescent Avenue, is 220 leet above sea level. At the south line of the town site, ^ of a| mile distant, the elevation is 310 feet above sea level. Thu'roadway is 2,400 feet long, on a 9 p. c. grade, and was construct- ed by building cribwork to sustain the embankment, the roadbed being about f in excavation and J in embankment. The average slope of the hill is 3a ^ . The crib work was built ol' cedar logs, lapped and drift-bolted. An eight-foot sidewalk with hand rail and a box gutter were built on the outer side of the roadway, A ditch three feet wide and eighteen inches deep was excavated at the foot of the hi!' slopes, thus reducing the roadway to about 38 feet for traflSc purposes. 1 The mutorial oxcavatcil waH Imrd pan and clayey gravel with some roek. 'riiu (otiil cost of the road v/n^ ^M,{)Oi). The (ioiiipuny advertised the work, but the teuders wore all above the actuul cost. After uluarinj< about half tho town site, aud oompletiuj,' the roud- wuy, hotel, wharf uud other company buildin{,'s, attention was f,'iven to the niuiu scheme— that of enlarging and iuiproving the harbour. Aft<;r making a thorough survey of the coastline for two niiies cast and west ol the bay, .-ouudingb ol' tiio harbour were taken as follows : transit stations were ostablislied at different points oti tln! shore ; two triinsitmeh dbserving from diflennt stations read angles ateach sound- ing. The n eorder in the bout would wave a white Hag for each sol nd- iuf?, and ai ilie tnd of 10 soundings would check the number by a blue flag, the observers on shore replying with a similar flag. About two hours was us long as the inbtrumeut men could observe successfully, on account ol tiio severe si iain on the eyes. They recorded us Well as read the angles on the veiniers of tho transits. Two Gur- ley Mountain Transits were used on the worlc. The boat crew con- sisted of engineer, leadsman, recorder, aud two oarsmen. About 700 accuraU: soundings were taken and leduced to low water level, before being recorded on the map. The tide gauge was examined hourly while the soundings were in progress, and three times a day there- alter. The bottom was lound to be sandy, a few boulders being lound near tlie shoi'c where the hillsides showed rock formation. The direction and velocity ol the currents were also ascertained. The velocity of the current between the reef and headland on the west hide was iibout four miles per hour, while on the east side it was much less. At the entrance to the bay, the two reefs .shown on the a. company - ingmupwe:o thoroughly .vounded. 'J'he largest reef, located on the We,"t side, being marked by a large mushrooiu bue)y, set by the United States J^ight House Uepartnient. Tho idea was to connect the high headland on ilie west side of the bay with the reel', thus increasing the size of the luubour and protect- ing it lVe)m the lieavy western swells whieh roll in during tho winter season. The headland stands 103 feet above sea level, and is mostly solid roek. Tongue roint, on the east side, is a long low flat point, jutting (/ut tow:irdsihe reef, and was to be extended by a breakwater. Is'othiiig has yet been done with this point. T'.e breakwater on the west being the n, on- Important, all attention was directcdto this point, it was to be a huge rock till, 25 leet wide on lop, with side slopes of U to 1. The to|i was located U leet above higl: tide i' 10 feet above low tide ; It) feet bein- the diilereneu between big:, .id low water. In August, 1800, drillers weie plaeed on the point where the break- water was to commence, and a tunnel 4 feet by 4 feet, cross-section 78 feet long, with a T at the end 44 and 4U feet long, respectively, was excavated in the solid rock. The material encountered varied in hardness and texture, some being of a conglomerate nature, while otherformalions showed traces of iron. Three shifts of 8 hours each worked in the tunnel. The average ee).-t was Sli.OU per lineal loot. Hand drills were used, in September, the powder arrived from Sau Frnnciseo, and preparations were made to load the tunnel with 18,000 pouiuls of Black Powder and Judson No. 2. On account of a seam being found in the top of the hill, immediately above the tnnnel, and fearing tla^ blast might prove a " blow out " at the back, (juite a number of springing holes were drilled in the face of the clitl, on both sides of the mouth of the tunnel. ^-^^ ■VAN BURCN STBCETl n-ei trfc^ ¥va SK riF^. n^'^M tLSU, USIJ [, iiTtiIII L j. 1 E3 xdaWs s t b c t ~ L*^ a 111 WAS H IN TON ltit,K,S_l5 C R r 3 C E N T ' a 5 T n E I -ir...:Tr-i!H h'; rTf';.J -< l1l'ir:',;Hl' ^- - ' i -;' -i =0' C B m aSTBEiiT' CAST ; S3 t!E>; " ■ / * ■ A ' ■■ - X-f ^ -^-^ O yr/ fk ■ s^*?'" i J r Wir. vv.T.. iMi.l, HO tho shot could be fired by a battery 1200 feet ttway, On Hupk-mber L'8tli, 1890, all connections were made and the Imttc-ry k..y H,,runK >» I in amou.ent the work of days showed good r'^HuilH. Hie ^|.nri-in^' holes did the work designed for them ; tho h.it.'e «!».« foil forward and was thrown into the Straits in some places ini» hrt Iron, -hore and in tho line of the breakwater. A rough mea- M.r.n,entHhow..d that about 15,000 eubie yards had been displaced and at leant 10.100 cubic yards loosenetl, ready for breaking and dislodging. Al(..r the blast, pr-paratious were made to commence the work of hll.i.g m the deep channel. Workmen began clearing a space to erect UernckMtnd .heda for machinery. An average of 30 mer were em- J.loyed ... .rilling, breaking and wheeling rock. As soon as possible ••■"^kH we... h„d, and push cars with a capacity of U cubic yards, were bmll. After the breakwater had been exte.-.ded about one hundred hn Iron, the shore lin< piling was driven to facilitate the work ih. h..„iH were placed l.'i feet apart, and consisted of four piles nine leet iipart, .,way b.nced. and c.pped with 12" x 12" x 32' sticks 40 l"'.i..d railH w,.re laid on 12" x 12' strin^jers, the track being double "•"I ;"'n"w gauge width. Ties were not laid on account of the ..iat.r.al b,.„.g dumped between as well as on the outside of the stringer A M,.|.:Mra.leof about iuur inches per one huud.-ed feet was given ti.' b:,t.k N. .hat when cars w, re loaded, two men could readily handle thei... J he ear8 were built, so that they could be used for end or side 'liitnp...-.'. The material handled eoutaitU'd about 5 per cent, gravel and eflo. I. wer. made to dun.p the .arthy material on the west slope! Ihe void .p„c,: in ,1,0 fill was estin.ated to be about 35 per cent alth.uiKh, from llw nature „nd size of the material placed in position' ^^ it cannot be more tlmn 25 per cent. Tlie rock cubes dumped in place varied from 12 inches to 50 incli>s in diuuietfr. The average hei^ht of the rock bank will be 50 teot, with a width of 25 fe.:t on top and side .lopes of U to 1, giving an end area of 5000 «,u.re feet or 185 cubic yar.ls per lineal toot. Allowing 25 per cent for voidH, would give 13!I cubic yards per lineal foot, to be dumped in bank. The avera^e cost of the work thus far has been •-bout one dollar per cubic yard, although some of the material has been handled ibr forty cents a yard. During eon>tructioM, from 20 to CO men were employed, the force being i.icrcaseu or decreased as the work aomanded. The system of building the bank by erecting trestle-work and tillmg m with rock has proven^hc most economical. Work conti.tued auring the ..reatcr part oi the year until iNovember, 1891, when, owing to the ' financial depression prevailing on the Pacifio coast, the company decided to suspend operations until some future time. At that time, the piling had been built out a distance of 405 leet from the shore, aud the rockwork extended :{00 feet. The severe storms of last year (lumped in place , witl) a wicltli of '■ml area of 5000 »ing 25 per cent. t, to be Jumped < been i.bout one lias been handled ) to CO UK n were work demanded, urk and iilling in continued during when, owing to ast, the company c. At that time, t from the shore, inns of last year I r. ed away all otK- unfiled piling, but the rook bank ntill ntandn inn. I ho general slope o( the bunks uppeur (Von. rough rn-ttsuroment o about 1 to 1 lor -'i) feet fro,.. ,1... top, the. eurving to about 2 to 1 .Ml.^.e. 1 1... eurvod .slop., has been cause.l by iho severe action of tho breakers .^..mng „. .luring western .t.,rm.s. Kv..,.tually the «lope* will Inive t.. be filled to 1 J to 1, und on lh.> west si.lo 2 to 1 Owing to the work being constructed in the f-'trnitHOI Juan De Fuca winch have a general width of from 12 to W, mil.., «„d bein. 40 miles east of tho 1'ac.fie Ocean, the dangers to be encountered in construction are not as great as if built upon the Allanti.. .,r Pacific sea coast Ihe preva.ltngwn.ds ur- from the wvst, although i,. January th.; North Jl-usters' aro the worst, ,md last from .u.e to three days The currents sweep up tho west coast, and shoot along the west side of the headland, then turn northerly towards tho .eef, bofbre curving auaiu to the east. ° The soundings on the reef show a deposit of sand amongst tho boultlers. i his action of the currents is noticeable at Port Augelis 16 m.loH further east, where a curved spit. 3 miles l,mg, has been Ibrnied At Dungeness spit, 25 mil.;, east of Crescent I3ay, " also seen the" Munie t.irn.ation. The works have now stood the action of three seasons, and no doubt when the banks aro tilled out to thoir originid slopes they wii. bo amnlv strong. *^ •' This enterprise has been entirely carried out by private capital al- though It IS expected, should the town ever amount to any importance that Ihe United States Uovernment will complete the breakwater on a mor.; elaborate scale. This enterprise is only one of the many projects started m the far West, and slu.ws what money and energy are expended in buil.l.ng up the many han.l.ts and villages that now .lot Ihe Pacific States.