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Iiaill. I 1]^ 
 
 r-.. 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 / 
 
 LORD LOVELACE AND THE SECOND CANADIAN 
 OAMPAIGN~1708-1710. 
 
 BT 
 
 Gen. JAMES GRANT WILSON. 
 
 Xi^ ^m/K^^^_^ 
 
 (From the Annnal Report of the American Hiatorioal Association for IWl, p«ges 208^997.) 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 1892. 
 
mm 
 
 i 
 
 Ml 
 
 I 
 

 ■^ 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 LORD LOVELACE AND THE SECOND CANADIAN 
 CAMPAIGN-1708-1710. 
 
 BY 
 
 Gen. JAMES GRANT WILSON. 
 
 (From the Annual Report of the American Historical Asiociation for 1891, pages 239-297.) 
 
 WASHINGTON : 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1892. 
 
f 
 
 i 
 
XV.— LORD LOVELACE AND THE SECOND CANADIAN 
 CAMPAlGN-1708-1710. 
 
 BY GEN. JAMES GRANT WILSON. 
 
 h 
 
 267 
 
 ^ 
 
LORD LOVELACE AND THE SECOND CANADIAN CAMPAIGN, 
 
 1708-1710. 
 
 By Gkn. Jamkh Guant Wilson. 
 
 i 
 
 During tlio past four coiiturics six men bearing the knigliily 
 name of Tioveliice Iiave been known in English history. The 
 earliest of these was that Sir Kichard Lovelaee who, in the 
 " spacious days of great Elizabeth," amassed a f(U'tune by 
 sharing in the marauding exjieditionsof his friend, Sir Fran<-is 
 Drake, and who aided in bartling and beating the so-called in- 
 viiu'Jble Spanish Armada. Another was that amlacious Lord 
 Lovelaee, celebrated by Maeaulay. who abandoned King rbinies 
 and took uparmsfor i he Prince of Orange. Two were colonial 
 governors of New York and two were connected with English 
 letters. With (me of these Lovelaces, who is nearly as old as 
 the century, 1 became acipiainted under circumstances that 1 
 may i)erhai)8 be permitted to mention briefly. It was during 
 the summer of IST") that the late histcnian, Lord Staidn)])e, in- 
 vited mc to accompany him to a meeting at Willis's L'ooms, 
 the great object of which was to take into <;onsideiation the 
 propriety of erecting in Lcmdon an appropriate m«-morial to the 
 po«'t l>yi(»n. As v:e drove to the ])lace of meeting I hai>pened 
 to mention that my countrymen would be interested in such a 
 memorial, and, 1 felt sure, would be willing to contribute to it. 
 J)israeli inesided, and was followed in the o])ening ad«lr<'ssby 
 Lords Kosslyn and Stanho])e, and by many others, who all de- 
 livered carefully prepared speeches. The chairman then an- 
 nounced, to my amazement, with the addition of some compli- 
 mentary words, that there was an American gentleman (tii tlie 
 platform who, he trusted, would now favor the atulicnce with 
 a few remarks. I had no idea of s]ieaking unin('])arcd in such 
 a place, and in such a ])resence, but, however, acting on Stan- 
 hope's hint, "Tell them what you told me," J made a short 
 
 260 
 
270 
 
 AMERICAN HISTOUICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 H|)('«'cli, wlii«'li wiiH most kindly r«'t';'iveil. When th«' cliainniiii 
 iiiiil oihciH r«'timl IVoin the |)Iiitrorm to Ww joniniiitcc rcxmi. 
 Mr. DisiiH'li iircscntcd inr to Ciipl. Trcliiwiiy, the Ciifinl ol 
 I'.yioii iiiiil Siulh'y, and linn said: ♦• IIck' ih anotlui }>t'ntU' 
 man that wishos t«) nnikis y<Mir aiMpiaintain'*'," wlu'ienpon I 
 waH introdtici'd to tli«' I'larl ol" Lov«'lju«', wlio nianifd Hyron's 
 only danfihtiT. After ('xclianjjrinj-' a t'rw remarks Ljtveiacc as 
 lonished Disraeli, Stanhope, and llie other speakers, \vh(» were 
 Krou|HMl around in a lirele, by saying: 'Mitn. Wilson, I think 
 yiHirs was the best .speech made to-tlay ;''an<l then, to the reliel' 
 of the <li.stinjjfiiished orators, a<lded, " lor it was the only oin* 
 that I eonid hear.'' 
 
 To have immediately followed Lord Cornbury in the admin- 
 istrati<»ii of l^ew York Province was to the advaidage of the 
 character of anyone succeeding him. My the side of the most 
 incapabk- and discreditable govenioi' of the cohmy even a per- 
 son of (juite indifferent reputation would have slioiie brightly, 
 lint the character of John, Lord Lovelace, Haron <»f Hurley, 
 needed n<» such comparison to e<tmnuMi<l it. He appears to 
 have been an amiable and worthy gentleman, bearing an hon- 
 orable name with dignity, and magnifying it by jjcrsonal virtue. 
 He had served his sovereign at home in positions of trust, and 
 she now conferred on him the delicate task of assuming the 
 government ofKew York. It was hoped that he might restore 
 a bettei- order to afl'airs, brought into such disgraceful confusion 
 by the (pieen's cousin. 
 
 The (toiiu'idenci' of two governors of New York within two 
 score years of each other having borne the same name has natu- 
 rally led to tlH' conjecture that they belonged to the same 
 family; and the n<'arness and nature of the family tie has been 
 variou.sly stated by historians. While some assert that Lord 
 Lovelace wa;-* the nephew, ii greater number have made the 
 statement that he was the 4Tai»<l><>n of (lovernor Francis Love- 
 lace. The subject, therefore, has assumed sutticient imi»ortauce 
 to justify a minute examination of the facts. As far back as 
 the days of Henry VI there appears in the records of English 
 genealogy the name of llichard Lovelace, of Queentliite, near 
 London, who purchased Bayford, in Kent. To this individual 
 and his son Lancelot both Francis Lovelace and Lord Lovelace 
 tiaced their pedigree. Lancelot Lovelace had three sons, of 
 whom the oldest died without issue; William, the second son, 
 itdu-rited the estate; and the name of the third was John. 
 
lAMW LOVELA( K — WILSON. 
 
 271 
 
 Fr<»n^ !li'»Ke two hrotlHTM (IfscoiuUxl two JiHtinct Ihn'sof i»mu'. 
 I"'rniii William Kovchu'c th«' ilcsctMit is cloarly IriU'Ciihlc to (lov- 
 «'iiior Kniiicis iiovrliicc. Mis fjniiMiratlicr and lather wcio lioih 
 kiii};lit('(l. His latlH'i" wiiH Sir Williatn IiOvrla<'e, of WooIwi(;ii, 
 Kent. His elder l)rotlior was Iticliard Lovelace, tlie poet and 
 dniinatist, who died in KmS, before l''raneis e::MH' to New York. 
 Kraneis hiiuself, the third son, was also a po(>l and an artist. 
 There is no reeoi'd that \\v was married. Two brothers, Thomas 
 and Dndley, aeeompanied him to the New VVoild. Richard, 
 perlnij)s the liandsomest Knj,dishman of his time, was annmj,' 
 the favorites of Charles tln^ First, llis name survivtis, seenre 
 of its immortality, from two of tlie most fuultles.s lyricH iti onr 
 lan^iuafje. 
 
 (Ji)inj(back now to John L(»velace, the other grandson of the 
 original Kichard liovelaee, we lind that he himself was the 
 grandfather of that Sir Hiehanl liovchu'e who, as m< *ioned 
 above, was the friend of Sir Francis Drake, and who made a 
 fortune by sharing the hittei's marauding expeditions. Tn the 
 third year of the reign of King Charles I, Sir Richard was ele- 
 vated to the l)arony of Hurley, a seat which had been bought 
 by his grandfathei' .John, and from which pundiase dates the 
 removal of this liranch of the family fnmi Kent to iJerkshire. 
 The ancient manor house of Hurley, where many generations 
 of Lovelaces were born, was unfortunately <U'stroyed by lire in 
 183."), but the historic nanui remains, ami it is also perpetuated 
 on American soil near the l)anks of the Hudson. To that little 
 Leister County town founded by Francis Lovelace Washington 
 went in the winter of 178L' and was greeted by an enthusiastic 
 assemblage. An address was delivered by President Ten lOyck, 
 wliich, as the aiu'ient chronicler informs us, was happily an- 
 swered by his excellency the commander in chief. The lirst 
 baron had two sons, John and Fraiu'is. When the third lord 
 <lied, in 1007, without male issue to survive him, ^lie barony 
 passed to the grandson of Fra u;is, who thus became tU.5 fourth 
 baron and was the Lord .lohu Lovelace that became governor 
 of New York . 1 1 i s thus seen that the family connection b«?tween 
 the two governors, while there subsisted one, was too remote 
 to be designated by any term of near relationship. Yet it is 
 quite natural that confusion has arisen, the grandfatln'r of Lord 
 John being named Francis, and being also a younger son. 1 n tin; 
 genealogies, however, there is no record that this Fraui-is Love- 
 
272 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 lace had auy other br,>tliers,* while those of Goveruor Francis 
 Lovelace are distinctly mentioned. Indeed, the whole question 
 iurns upon these brothers, and therefore speci-'ileftbrt has been 
 made to obtain all the facts. In reply to an inquiry, Mr. Sidney 
 Lee, of London, editor of the *' Dictionary of National JUoy- 
 raphy," writes as follows: "The poet Kicu^.i-d Lovelace had 
 f<mr brothers, Thomas, Francis, William, and Dudley. In their 
 mother's will the brothers [after KichardJ are mentioned in tliis 
 order." But, as is well known, in the edition of Richard Lov«'- 
 lace's poems, there is one addressed "To Ills Dear Brother 
 Col. F. L., immoderately numr-ninj,^ my brother's untimely death 
 at Carmarthen." As Iiichaid died in KI.IS, and this had every 
 appearance of expressing; liis j-rief at the death of Francis 
 before him, this Francis Lovelace could not have been governor 
 of New York in lCG8-'73. Mr. J^ee clears up the difticulty 
 completely, h"wever,})y saying that this i)oem "describes Fran- 
 cis' grief for \^''liam's death. I thus legard it as practically 
 certain tliat ■i Francis is identical M'ith the governor of New 
 York. * * * The Englisli authorities altogether ignore him 
 in that post." 
 
 It need cause no sur])rise that Queen .Vnne shovdri have con- 
 ferred the responsible i^ost of gon'rnor of iier provinces of New 
 York and New flersey upon a scion of the lunise of Lovelace. 
 IJy the very traditions of his house Lord riohn was strongly at- 
 tached to the Protestant succession. Ilis inunediate predeces- 
 sor in the barony, John, tlie third Lord Lovelace, is character- 
 ized by Macaulay as "distinguished by his taste, l)y liis iiiag- 
 nihcence, and by the audacious and intemperate vehemence 
 of his Whiggism." At. one time he contemptuously rei'used tt) 
 l)eed a warrant for his arrest for a i)oliticaI offense be<'aust^ it 
 was signed by a IJomaii Catholic justice ol' tlie peace. He 
 was summoned before the privy council and examined in the 
 ])resence of royalty itself, but he suc(;eeded in clearing himself 
 completely. As he was hnuing the room King .lames called 
 . nit ill angry tones: "My Lord, this is not the lirst trick you 
 have i)!ayed me."' " Sir," was Lovelace's spirited icjoiiuler, •' 1 
 never played any trick to Your ^lajesty, or to any other person. 
 
 ■ Hcriy's "County Ooiitialogies," Kent, i)p. 474, 475; Hiinks's "Ddtniant 
 and Extinct BiironaKoa," iti, 4!t7-41)!). Tho lutttTstatcs (liiii the tirst biirou 
 had two Hons and two dauitlitcrs. Ilrodlicad fjjivcs the rclciinci' lo HankH 
 (New ^'ork, ii, Xi'S, n<i1r) Imt not lo I'lony, an<l lie niakivs tho Sfcond gov- 
 ernor tho {rrandson (d" I lif lirst. <>ii]\ hya <-oiiii)aiisoii witli licrry could 
 that natural mistake liavr been avoided. 
 
Wlioover liiis lu 
 who 
 
 LORD i,()vi:i.A(i; — ^\■ILso^'. 
 (•used ijK'of jtlayiii;;' tricks is a 1 
 
 73 
 
 liir, 
 
 rclatos this incident, sj)eaks tliiis in loj^ard to iii 
 
 ^lacanhr 
 
 tion with til,- IJevolution 
 
 S COTMK'C- 
 
 llis 1 
 
 iiaiisidii, hiiilt Ipv his ill 
 
 iccstors (lilt ofihc spoils of Spauisli oiillemis 
 from the Indies, rose ,ni the niins of.-i liciiis,i ..COin- L;i(ly in that Ixiaiilii'iil 
 valley thn.ti.oh whirl, thr Thames, not y<'t .lelll,..! l.v th, pr«,in.t8 ..f a 
 j-reat rapital. nor risiiiu- au.l faliin- with the flow and ehhof tho s<'a. ioIIh 
 under AV.H.ds .,r h,.,,.h n.un.l the jrentie hills of Herkshire. Hen.-afh the 
 
 stately saloon, adorned l.y Italia neils. was a siihteiTaucous vanit. in 
 
 whieh the bones of aneie.il monks had soim-times beon found. In this 
 dark ehamlMT some /ealons and .laiin.!-- opjionents of the (Jov.Tnnient had 
 held many niidniuhl .onferenees duriii,- tiiat anxious time when Knulund 
 ^as impatiently exi>e<tin<; the Prote.'^tant wind. 
 
 Lovohict- was the lirst iiobloman of consequence wlio i)io^ 
 cecded to, join Willia.n of Orange after his laiidino. IJut uii- 
 fortunately lio and Ids troop of aruied retainers were attacked 
 and defeated by superior nimjbers, and Lovehi<;e was inii ris- 
 onetl. Hut the success of the prince released liim, and hiter he 
 took an active part in i)Iacin«' the crown of En^hmd upon tlie 
 heads of William and JMary and securing the succession of the 
 throne to Maiy's sister Anne. The house of Lovelace mnst 
 therefore, have stood high in Anne's regard, and it was ejni- 
 ently deserving of distinguished rewards. 
 
 On March L'S, 1 708, Queen Anne's chief secretary of state, 
 Lord Sunderland, wrote lo inform the *' Lords Commissioners 
 for Trade and Plantations," that Her Majesty had app<.inted 
 •lohn. Lord I.ovelace. governor of New York ai;<l New Jei-sey. 
 As Avas customary, with the cojnmission were usually -iven' 
 also a new set of instructions, and tlie lords (d' trade weiv re- 
 (iuested to draw these u]). But it was not till the middle of 
 October that Lord Lovelace departed for New York. It is easy 
 to surmise wlnit detained him thus for more than half a year 
 England was then in the midst of the "AVar of the Spanish 
 Succession," and stood at the forefront in the coalition of Ku 
 ropean states against Fram-e ami Spain. Her American colo- 
 nies felt the eliect of this conflict. Where they bordered on the 
 Spanish setthMuentsin the south, and the French atthe north 
 liostihties were carried on briskly, ami the perio.l is known in' 
 ouraimalsas "QueenAnne'sWar." The Dukeof Marlborough 
 was then condiu'tingthe armies of his nation ami its alliens upon 
 a career of almo.st uniiiteirupted success; his every battle uas 
 a vict(.iy ami every siege meant the reduction of the beleagu.-red 
 j)i;ice. Ibit the spring of 1 70s, wh,M. Lord Lovelace received 
 S. 3Ii.s. 17;5 18 
 
AMERICAN mSTORK'Al. ASSOCVTIOK. 
 
 „, ,„„ war. Tb. oa 1. »;";,, „,oi„u,, ,md a,c .•iti.,. o, 
 cmplctely .Irivu.g t . """,.„„■■„„, .ic-lairf for tl"; 
 
 g.„.ns,>ns to ,.r«eut l.tn be t. ^^_^.,,^,,^ (^„,t„„„ 
 
 tors, l-.tit early la !'"''• '",,,,„,„, .,„,itliB»tarof France, 
 
 Flandois, and Ghent and ^^ ^^ ^ ;. , ,,,,ession, that of the 
 these inu.<>rtaut ^^^^^l^^l^^^! f on. the bouudavies ot 
 ,„ole of Flemish /^^^^'^ ;; t^^iie, was assured Th.s 
 
 ^"s;;., there.., if at -^ f;--;t;^LC"-^''^ 
 
 tary duty called every En^hl^^iuan^^^t^^^^ ^^. ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 l-arou ..f Hurley •'»'"^^"\*^'\ '"',,,, ^.u <.V vipnous often- 
 
 With ehar..teristh. l-^;;;^^-; .^iX^ .ud instituted hy 
 «i ve operations.; a. at oice a ^^^^^^^^ .^^ Flanders he 
 
 Marlboroujvh. .lonnuj; the ^ "^1' ,^^ ,,torv to withdrawni^' 
 
 ,,,...entrated them -^-'-^^:^;^' ^^^ke Brussels his base 
 then, from this provuvce, "^^^n H, . , ^^^^^^^^ ^^^. ^^, 
 
 ,f operations, as well as ^••^^^^. ^^^^ necessarily had to 
 euen.y. lu etieet.ng tin. um cu u ^^^ _^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ 
 assume the ai>l>earau^ a - ^^^ ,^^^ .^^ ^.^^^^^ ^^,^^ ^ 
 excite the French .Mth t e 1 i ^^^ Oudenardc. a 
 
 then, in eager ^^^"\;-^'^^^^.^"" Fi.nders, and 3^; miles 
 tillage on the ^''''^''l^'^Z^^^n^. nuule a s^idden halt, 
 dire<.tly west of l^'^'7;^';,f;^rwell directed and irresistib e 
 ,u<l wheeling around I'^^f J^!^^;;^„i,. u). It was - a battle 
 i„,^,Husui,ou the astomslHHl loc i^^ ^^^,, of the 
 
 tbught with ^"^^^*'*^'/*"^T'^t; ^v on the j^round.- The 
 eo.^endin, parties ha<l --;^^ '^ ;,;^,,, , ,use <.n the part of 
 .aauner of bringing' on th •' " ' ^^-^ .culiar circum 
 
 the invincible duke, ^^ould < u " ,,,,,,., ^.a nothing; 
 
 stance. The supenor --f*^-; .;;,,, ,,,, driven from the 
 
 s o:^;r ^"-- ^^ 
 
 — ~ rr<r.t .hos of in.istvions Soldiers," p. 201. 
 
 •Wilsons '•^ket^'ll*^<" 
 
LOKD LOVLLACi: — V-'ILSON. 
 
 275 
 
 of France, in proximity to tlic Uelgiau border, liad been seem ed 
 by the allies. " The annals of wai," writes Sir Archibald Ali 
 son, " eau at!'ord no parallel of the skill and resolution of that 
 iiimiortal eanipaiyii." Evidently Lord Lovelaee, besides sliar 
 ino in the active operations, and perhaps also in the battle of 
 Oudenarde itself, needed to wait till the full <>lory of tlie earn 
 paio-n had been reaped, and the opposin^^' forces had retired to 
 winter quarters, before he could be released and allowed to 
 ])roceed to his scat of .u'overnnient in America. 
 
 About the middle of October, 1708, Lord John embarked on 
 board her Majesty's ship Khi<isnk: fie was accompanied by 
 his wife. Lady Charlotte, daughter of «ir -lohn Clayton, and 
 his Ihree sons, all lads of tender age, John, We'itworth, and 
 Nevil; little dreamino- as they set out on this voyage that the 
 ravages of death w(»uld permit but two of this interesting 
 household to reiurn to their native country. The Kingmlc, 
 well armed and strongly manned, was one of a fleet; for it was 
 a (ime of war, and only the year before. Col. Kobert Hunter, 
 wiio was destined to succeed Lord liovelace in New York had 
 been cajitured by a Fiench jiian-of-war on his way to Virginia, 
 of which iHOvince he had oeen appointed lieutenant-governor,- 
 but, by reason of this detention as prisoner in France, he never 
 (lualihed lor olliee in the soutiieni colony. 
 
 The passage proved to be a stormy one, and so rough and 
 uni)leasant was the ex))erience to Lord Lovelace that he ear- 
 nestly contended that at this season of the year not even sailors 
 should be exposed to the terrors of the sea. "No ship ought 
 to be sent hither from England after August at farthest," he 
 wrote. The idea, while doing credit to Lord Lovelac(!'s con- 
 sid<>rateness, is somewhat anuising in the light of the develop- 
 ment of ocean navigation, as witnessed within the past year, 
 when even "records" made in the summer season were broken 
 in the face of November storms of unusual violence. But 
 Lovelace could not foresee the miracles of human achievement 
 of almost two centuries after his date. And he certainly had 
 sonu' reason to complain of the elements. When api)roaching 
 our -terrible coast," early in I)eeeml)er, the squadron encoun- 
 tered a tempest which di'ove the Kiu(/mlc out of her course 
 and separated her so comi)letely from her consorts that no 
 tra(!e of any of them had ])een found even after the governor's 
 arrival in the city, with the excepti(m of the Cniti/, wliich 
 grounded upon a point of land at Sai.dy liook, but got oft' 
 without loss of life. 
 
i 
 
 276 AMKUICAN lIIbTUiilCAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 The Kin<imh: was torml to seek vofn-e in liuzzard Bay. 
 Desceiulins tlicn.-e. after the stovn, luul abated, she imisned 
 ,.er c-..urse through the Long Island Sound. Either the m.ss.s 
 of IhuUing ire, or the intricacies and penis ol the "'"l ^ ^^'^ 
 .•hannel, determined her eapca.n to land at the vdlage ol I' hish- 
 inn- on Long Island. It was an unfortunate .•ircun.stanc' tor 
 tho new governor and his family. Instead <.f being .-arried lu 
 the coadbrtable ship directly to the city, they were now com^ 
 nellod to expose themselves, during a land journey ot several 
 miles, and the crossing of the East lUver by IV'rry to the ,n- 
 .len.ency of an unusually severe^ winter, m a, climate to which 
 thev we're not accustomed, an<l where this season ^vas ordina- 
 rily much .-older than hi Enghind. The winter of 1-08 and 
 170!) is noted in history as a particularly severe one. In Eu- 
 r,>pe it added to the horrors of war by destroying vineyards 
 in se<-tions where frost was scarcely ever known. In^ o hei 
 i.uts the grain already in the ground for the next year s har- 
 vest was f^.or,and poverty and famine thus stared the people 
 of the conterxling nations m the face. In America i set in 
 early and ^.vas exceedingly rigorous; the rivers and harboi. 
 .hidi the Klnosalr passed on her way along the ^ouM ^ 
 full of ice That of New York, too, was mad(> almost impass- 
 able by the masses of ice in blocks and large tields rushing 
 up and down on either side of the <-ity with the nu-oming and 
 outtlowin<' tides. When it is remembered what di..icult> i^ 
 experie.ued by the powerful ferry boats of our day in crossing 
 from shore to ■shore under these circumstances, it may be im- 
 agined what it must have been to effect a passage in a small 
 open boat across the East lliver from the ^' Ferry at Breuke- 
 e^rto ^v city,inl70S. As it was, Governor Lovelace and 
 two of his children caught serious colds, from which neither ot 
 
 them recovered. . „ 
 
 On the morning of December IS, 170S, nine weeks and a t w 
 divs after his departure from England, Lord L..velace hnal].v 
 tt foot within the capital of his provin<-e. Vreparatums on a 
 liberal scale had been made for his reception. Lord Cornbury 
 niself was-n-esent to welcome his successor, and to induct 
 in with what gracehe could into the oflice which, it was plain 
 to him as to everyone, he had forfeited by his misconduct and 
 inethciency. It is lu.t likely that the ;'-^- ^*'^-!'-'';;;;;,^ ^ 
 i,M.ted to the fatigues of these inaugural eeirmonies on tin d. > 
 f his arrival. But in honor of this event L<.rd Cornbury and 
 
LOUD LOVELACE — WILSON. 
 
 277 
 
 the couiicil liiid iiiiidc i)rovisi(»ii for a (liiiiici' or baiiqiU't, wliicli 
 M'Ms scivcd oil tliiit (lay in tlic j-ovcriior's mansion in the fort.* 
 When on (jjc lu-xf day, or a f«'W days later, tlic new governor's 
 cominissioii was puhlicly aiinouiieed and read from tlu' gate at 
 the fort, or from tiic city hall in Wall street, it may well 
 be l)eli<'ved, after tiieir six years of Conibury, that the peoph" 
 wateiied witii ea^-erness for any signs that eoiild give them 
 reason for hoping tiiat the change in governors woukl be an 
 improvement. With tliis purpose, many a searching glance 
 was doubth'ss directed towaid him as he made his first public 
 appearance. They would tlien iiave beheld a man not much 
 more than forty years of age, prepossessing, if not too greatly 
 haiUHsed by tin- sufferings of his trying journey; for "nature 
 had end()we<l him with a magistick and amiabh- counteuiince," 
 as liecfor Vcsey informs us in the funeral sermon he was so 
 soon caUed upon to |)reach. A man of relinement and educa- 
 tion, too, having graduated at the university; and of military 
 bearing doubtless, fresh fr<mi the glori<ms campaign in Flan- 
 ders. A man,oiic<- more, of a kindly heart and great consider- 
 utiou for others placed in different and lowlier circumstances 
 from himself; for even on that exciting day of his arrival his 
 heart was oi)pre,sse(l by the uncertainty of the fate of those in 
 the other shii»; and in the first official letter Avritten later on 
 this sanu^ <lay to the lords of trade, bearing in mind the suflter- 
 ings of the jtoor seamen, and recommending a rule of naviga- 
 tion which should prevent their exposure to the rigors of a win- 
 tei- passage in the future.t 
 
 I5ut personal amiability and tendei-heartedtiess, while it 
 might prevent a needlessly harsh or unjust interpretation of 
 his instructions, did not leave the governor at liberty to depart 
 from them in the pertbrmance of his functions. Largely by 
 reason of the ex<'crable behavior of Lord Conibury, the people 
 had come to rise up in arms (figuratively speaking as yet) 
 
 • It would Mppi'iii' iiM if p,voii this last act of providiii.j'- a suitablo recej)- 
 tioii for lii.s siicccMsor jravotlii' n'tinngfrovcrnoian opportnuifyof display- 
 hiii hiH criiiiiiial disrcnanl of liiiaiicial obli^-atioii.s. At least as late as 
 I'tltniary, 1712, (Ii.' honest eaten r, lleury Swift (perhaps the 1 )elinonico of 
 his day), who, by an order of jiitvornor and council, dated November 17, 
 17(18. liad been eiiyi,ji,.<l |., fnrnisli the " dinner," as he modestly calls it, 
 Avas still petitioning: for liis .(impensation, which he placed at the not very 
 exorhitant (i-nie of JCIG 7«. tu/., say about $235. ("New York Colouial 
 MSS.," i.vii, f. SO.) 
 
 t l>ociiineiils relating to tlu^ Colonial History of New Vork, 5, 67. 
 
i .« 
 
 278 
 
 AMERICAN IIlSTOiaCAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 agiiiust the royal i)ror();,'iit ivc, ami with a iiiiaiuiiiity as surpris- 
 inti iis it was si^-iii Ilea lit, coiisidcriii*; the serious divisions that 
 had tii'iscii out of tlu- LiHsIcr troubles; for many of tlictse wiio 
 had stood out on th(! side of eonstitnted authority, and wJiose 
 adherence to the line of jioliey had eansed the sharp line to be 
 drawn lietweeii the iieisleriaiis and aiiti-I.,eisleriaiis ever since, 
 were forced int » a position of anta^^oiiism to the royal claiinH 
 as interjiretecl by the extravaj^aiit demands for money and the 
 arbitrary exerc^ise of his functions on the part of the riiincd« 
 si)endthrilt and prolli^ate who had Just been siii)erseded. It 
 was a matter of inip(»rtance to Icnow. therefore, whether tliere 
 were any modilication or iiio(h'raHon in rhe royal claims in the. 
 instructions to tlu^ new ;;<»vernor. Tliese, however, were in no 
 sense different from the ones jL;iveii to Cornbury. Tlie instnie- 
 tioiis which the lor<ls of tia<le, in ri'ply to Lord Sundevland'H 
 request of March L'S, reported on May 31, ITOS, they declare<l 
 to be "totiie same piii'iiose as those that have from time to 
 time been j^iveii to tlie Lord Oornbury."* These were a few 
 additional instructions jtrepared foi- Lord Lovelace in July, 
 intendiiifj;' to correct some abuses which had arisen on account 
 of certain '• extra vajiantj-'rants of laud made by Col. Benjamiu 
 Flet(!her.'"t A leu j; thy pajx-r was likewise drawn up by the 
 lords of trade for the j;uidance of the yo\ernor in the affairs of 
 the ]>rovince of New Jersey, wliieh it is needless for the pur- 
 l)oses of this liistory to do more than mention here. 
 
 The council ai)i»oii.iied to share the responsibihties and cares 
 of government with Lord Lovelace was composed of gentlemen 
 scnne of whom were members of Cornbury's cabinet, and most 
 of whose names have already become familiar to the? rea(h'r of 
 these pages. Col. IN'ter Sciiuyler, the first mayor of Albany, 
 the friend of the Indians on tlie Mohawk, and jnesident (»f the 
 convention at Albany which so long resisted Leisler's author- 
 ity, was piesiih'iit of Lovelace's council. Xext to him was I)r. 
 Gerardus Heeckman, who ha<l been a member of Leisl's coun- 
 cil, liip Van Dam and Thomas W'enliam, associiiii^-d with Col. 
 Nicholas Bayard in a measure of ojtposition to Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor Nanfan, appear next on the list. Thes(\ with Chief-Jus- 
 tice Arompesson, liad been meml)ers also of Lor<l Cornbiiiy's 
 council. Adolph Phibiise, tlu^ son of Frederick l'liilii>se, i)iom- 
 inent under previous administrations; John Barberie. a de 
 
 » ihid., ;-. 42. 
 
 iJbid., n, 51. 
 
 «1 
 
 I 
 
mt 
 
 LOUD LOVKLACE — WII.80N. 
 
 279 
 
 si'pndant of the Iliioiioiiots, aiKl ('(iiniccttMl l>y ninrvinpo with 
 the Van Coithiii<It liiiiiily; iiiid W'illiaiii iVaitrcc, a iiicrcliaiit, 
 who had Ikm'H iiiaynv ,.nh(> city in the years ITO.'J to 17(M), were 
 new a<'C('ssi()ns to (he nniiiber of royal coiiiicilors. 
 
 The lirst meeting' of the council after L<»nl Lovelace's as- 
 sumption of iiis office was hehl on .lannary 5. 1701).* The 
 action that was then taken was one usual at the accession of a 
 new governor. It was ordered tiiat a proclamation be pub 
 lished declaring the present provincial assembly dissolved. 
 At the same time writs for the election of a new assembly were 
 issued, which was to take place on March 10. The assend)!y 
 then elected met on A]>ril <{, their only business that day being 
 the choosing of a speaker. This honor was<'onferred, or rather 
 • oidirmed, ujton William Nicoll. wlio had held the oflice <luring 
 the six preceding years, and who was consecaitively reelect<'d 
 for ten years thereafter, wlicn failing liealth compelled him to 
 decline. Having been duly organized for h'gislative action, 
 the assembly was ushered into the jaesence of Lord Lovelace 
 and his council on the next day. He administered to them 
 the oaths oi" allegiance, they subscribed their names to the 
 inevitable " test act," and he then addressed them in the fol- 
 lowing speech : 
 
 Okntmcmkn : I havo called ytm t(>f;()tlicr as early as you rould Avell kksc t 
 with ronvenii'iico to yourselves to consult of those tilings which arc iieccs- 
 isary to he done at this tinu! for her majesty's services aud the f-ood of the 
 proviuce. The lar^e siii)|dies of soldiers aud stores of war for your su))- 
 |iort and defense, toj^'ether with those lu-cessary ])re8ents for your ludiau 
 uei};hl)ors, which her majesty has now sent you at a time w hen the char^i) 
 of the war is so <.reat at honns are evident jiroofs other i)articuhn care of 
 you, and I assure myself tliey will he received with those testimonies i;f 
 loyalty and gratitude which such royal favors deserve from an oblipd. 
 and orateful jieople. I am sorry to find that the pul.lie debt of the prov- 
 ince is 8.. .ureat as it is, and that tlic fiovernnient here hath so little credit, 
 if any at all, left; a <;-overnnunt under a «(n<>en as famous for her prudent 
 and frugal maua,u(Mneiit at home as for her warlike .ani .ulorious actions 
 aludad. I can not in the least donl.t. .uentlemen, hut that you will raise 
 the same revenue for the sanu' term of years for the sujjport of the gov- 
 ernment as was raised liy act of assemldy in ti levcnth ol' tiic reign ol 
 
 the late King William of glorious memory; an. I I hope you will also lind 
 
 •To he perfectly correct this date slmidd be written .lanimry 5, 17(t,-,, 
 because by Englishnnn the new year was at that period c(uisidered as he- 
 gijuiingou March IT); and on tlu; minutes of the council 17(IS appears for 
 dates in January aud Eebrnary and |)ar( otManh. But il will be less con- 
 fusing to the modern mind, attcr tliis exphmatory note, to use the numl>er 
 of the year according to our present calculations. 
 
280 
 
 AMEIilCAN IllSTOKlCAL AS.S(X'lA'JlON. 
 
 out wnyN iiih) iiifMiis to <li8flijirgc tlio doht, tliitl Imtli licfii niiitriictcd jind 
 allow to the pciMoiiH (■iinci'ini'd ii rciiNonnldo iiitficst till tlic ]>iiiiripjil is 
 aiH(diar>;«'d. To tliat t-nd I desire yon to oxiiniiiif and stiitc the iiiil)lio 
 accoiintH, tliat it may hv Iviiowii wlial tliin dclit is and that it may ajJiK'ni- 
 hcn-aftiT that it wm not contracted in my time. I must in jtaiticiilar 
 doHire you to providt^ lor tlic necessary re])airs of tlie iortilicationH of th-' 
 
 provini'f. Tlio l)arracks are ho small I so mucii out of repair tliat I 
 
 have heen necessitated [xic] to Idllet the recruits that, camo over with nio 
 upon this rity, which I am sensildo hath been a burthen to tho inhabitants, 
 but i hojte you will soon ease them of that burthen. The fitting out a 
 j;ood sloop to attend lier nnijesty's nien-oi-war in their cruiHiu;;s on 
 this coast I take to lie so necessary lor the preserviu;^ of your naviga- 
 tion that I exitect you will lind out a proper method to defray that charf;e. 
 I am willinfi my salary should be taxed, tiiat I may pay r^y quota to so 
 useful a service. I think myself (ddifjed further to reconunend to your 
 consideration how to prevent the exjiortation td'gold and silver coin out 
 of the ]>rovinee, least in a short time your trade should sutler for want 
 thereof. The (/neen hath iiotliin;j;more at heart than the prosj)erity of her 
 subjects. I shall ai)i'rove myself to her majesty in ])ursuin;,' tlK)S(> meth- 
 ods that will best conduce to that end. It shall l)e my constant care to 
 promote jx'ace and union amonjjst you, to encoiiraj,^' you in your trade, 
 and to i)rotect you in the possession of your just rifjhts and privilej^es.'" 
 
 Here, then, was a clear and ciimdid ])resentineiit oftlieeondi- 
 tion ofaflaiis in tlio provinee and of the more jncssino- neees- 
 sities tliat ( on lion ted tlie assembly. It was ])nt before tlieni 
 in the best of tempers and witli a transpaivntlionesty. What 
 a contrast bet\vcen that volnnfary i)roposition of ii tax on his 
 salary to carry ont the scheme of the armed sloop and Lord 
 Cornbnry's demand for an exorbitant snm from the assemblies 
 of both provinces, Remembering his predecessor's exceedingly 
 loose principles in money matters, it was oidy natural that 
 Lord Lovelace should wish to have it definitely nnderstood 
 that "the burthen of public debt" was not contracted in his 
 time. The main question at issue, however, turned upon the 
 raising of a revenue for a term of years. That had been done 
 by act of assembly in 1702, for a term of seven years. It was 
 now abtmt to expire, Btit (lornbury's conduct had taught 
 the colonists a lesson, and they aaw the advantage of voting 
 a revenue only from year to year and to accompany the grant 
 with specific appropriations to the purjjoses it slumld be used 
 for. This issiu? prepared a battle ground for years to come, 
 resulting finally in victory and indei)endence for the colonies. 
 
 The history of the Kn,ii;lish contiiM'ntal colonies duriny; the first half of 
 the eighteenth century was largely made u]> of jietty bickerings between 
 
 1 
 
 ''Jourual of the Legislative t'ouncil of New York, 1,276,277. 
 
 4 
 
LORD LOVELACK — WII.SOX. 
 
 281 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 tLo popular aHapniblioH imil tlie royal fjovcrnorH, Tho principlr at Htiiko 
 was iiii])ortant, a fixed Halary jrratit would havo been in tlir n,■ltll^t^ ofa tax 
 iiiijKiNcd l)y the crown. Tim at'rinioiiioiiH coiitcntioii wan greatly disturb- 
 iujf to all material iiitort-stH, but it NcrvtulaH a most valuable constitutional 
 trainiiijf Mchool lor tlio Kevolutiou."* 
 
 The iisscmbly at Nov York wcro not a whit beliiiid their 
 brethivii of the other coh»iiies in stini(liii«'' hy tiieir cohms. 
 Lord Lovehice, however IciinUy of heart, and «U!scril)ed by one 
 of tlielr own oflu-ials as "a GentleTnan of tlio.se Qnalifieation8, 
 J]\(ell' teni]»('i', and fioodness, tliat, liad lie lived lonyer with 
 ns, he wou'd have reviv'd the eountry from its former calam- 
 ity,"t yet was the representative of the crown, and the repre- 
 sentatives of the ])eopIe were now abnormally sensitive to any 
 possible eneioachments on their rights, and correspondingly 
 susi)icions of tlie exercise of any governor's functions. They 
 resolved not to accede to his re(iuest for the repetition of the 
 grant for a number of years; and for this reason Bancroft ex- 
 alts this peaceable an<l jtleasant conference, the first and la^st 
 : session of his provincial legislature which the new governor 
 I was ])ermittcd to attend, into a distinctive and pivotal episode 
 ' in the great contest which created our Kepublic of the United 
 States, lie does not hesitate to say of it: 
 
 The assembly whii'li in April, 1709, mot Lord Lovelace, began the con- 
 tf'st that was never to cease but with iiulependenco.t 
 
 We turn aside, however, from these more general consider- 
 ations aifecting the being of the commonwealth to note what 
 of interest nmy be discovered in the history of the city during 
 Lord Lovelace's very brief administration. At this time the 
 otHce of mayor was occupied by Ebenezer Wilson, he having 
 received his a})poiiitment in 1707, and serving until 1710. Hi' 
 was the son of Samuel Wilson, who had (^migrated from p]ug- 
 land and had settled iu New York shortly after the final ces- 
 sion of the province to the English iu 1674. The elder Wilsou 
 had succeeded in amassing a c<msiderable fortune, and lived 
 in a comfortable mansion on the south side of Wall street, near 
 what is now Pearl street. He died in the eventful year 1089, 
 leaving a widow and two sous. One of these followed the sea, 
 and became captain of a merchant vessel The other, Ebeue- 
 
 - "The Colonies from 1492-1750," by lieuben G. Thwaites (New York and 
 London. 18!»1), p.271. 
 
 ' Doc. rel. Col. Hist. N. Y., o, 80. 
 
 ■I •'History ol'the L'uited States " (ed. ISS."), 2, 13. 
 
282 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSnCIATir'N. 
 
 ■M'v Wilson, hkr Lis tiitlier, jittainea inomiiu-urf in ImsiiiosK 
 riirU'8 iuul in political lit.'. A vi'um^ of f l.r city m:u\v in 1 .(KJ 
 ivincs.'nfs his J.ous.'liol.l as (•(.ini.os.'.l ot iiinisell' and wite nud 
 four rliildirn, with two male i.n.l two Icmah' white servants, 
 beside a n.-gn. man and ^(.man. As he lived in the paternal 
 n.ansion he waH within but a few steps of tlu' eity Indl, on the, 
 corner of Widl street and the present Nassmi street, ^.here now 
 Mf uids the rnited Sti.tes sub-Treasury buihliuK. The simple 
 f„'tof its location iilVords an instructive commentary in itselt 
 on thechanue of conditions in the city within a period of less 
 than tift.\ years. In ICr.ii there had been .m Indian niassacre, 
 ■md f.u- ye;ns thereafter there wi.s still apprehension ot Indian 
 'itta.-ks;' so that the citizens who lived .mtside the line ot the 
 ualisades running along Wall street, bad need for specul 
 watchfulness. Now the chief nn.nicipal building stood on 
 .rround to the north, and thus outside of that line of m-cessary 
 defense. The division of the <'ity into six wards, i.dopted in 
 the days of Cb.vern..r l)..ngan, still prevailed, and ea«-h of these 
 returned one alderm.n and one assistant aldennan so that the 
 common council w.s composed of twelve men besides the cl.iet 
 magistrate. Cornbury's objecti.mMble i-onduct, whnd. has 
 been noticed as having caused the fusion of opposing j.iirties 
 in provincial affairs, had doubtless had the same et ect upon 
 local politics, foi there was no repetition of the troubles which 
 had attended the indu.tion of Mayor Xoell int.. othce m 1 .01.. 
 Mayor Wilson's nmnicipal ivsp..nsibilities were limited t.. a 
 very Vmnll fraction of territory as comp.ued with that ..ver 
 which extends the sway of a mayor ..f New York m our day. 
 The city hall in Wall street must have been built on some- 
 what the same p.. in.iph' as the one evcted over a century 
 liter in the J»ark or Commons, the rear of which it is sai.l was 
 <'oiistriicted of a less expensive material bec-ause it was in.t 
 supposed that a majority of the residents w,.ul.l ever be .-all.-.l 
 upon to view it from that side. I'.ut a few s.-.ttered houses 
 were to be found above ,I.>hn or Fult.ui street; and all the re- 
 <rion north and west of I>ark K..wand Vesey street was mostly 
 un.K-cupied and uncultivated. In the .-ity proper much was 
 done in the time of ^Mayor Wilson in the way ot improvements. 
 The price of iDts was about , £;'.<» (^l.-i<»); and farms bordering 
 on the citv line or within it ab..ve Wall str.'..t were l>eing (lili- 
 *ventlv laid out and sold for .Iw.'lling purp..ses. In l.O.i a 
 point of hmd jutting out into the fresh-water p.n.d or .-reek 
 
 ii 
 
 > 
 
LORD LOVKLACK — WH.SON. 
 
 2s;; 
 
 .1 
 
 > 
 
 ami «*alU'«l the Kalck llocck was soM lor about ClOO. 'nicic 
 scniu'd foliavf Itrcii no tlioii;;lit in tlii' mind oltlir puit lias* i 
 of iMiildin^ lionscs ov of laying- (»ut stre«'ts. Indct-d tlic drptli 
 of the pond (licn' was ronsidrred iipfatlionialilr, and (lins 
 <liiitt' incapable of bi'in}>' Idlt'd; a theory which the si^ht of 
 Center an<l adjoininj,' streets and (»f Ihc^ solid K;jfyptiaii walls 
 of till" 'I'.inibs effei tnall.N disproves to the »iti/.en of lo-day. 
 The tongue ol land remained for many a day a 
 
 ". . . . f.'iiiy fiirt'liiml, ,s(( 
 Witli willow wicd ami iiiiiliou," 
 
 the resort olijie anjuler oi' llie huntsman in i»nrsuil' of dueks, 
 lierhajts a favorite place foi- summer-day parties. Tliose fond 
 of a walk in the country <-ould have had that pleasure easily 
 {•latilied, even if tlieir residence were on l5owlin<j (Ircen or 
 Hanover Square. At the corner of 31aiden Lane and IJroad 
 way they wouhl have left, the houses beliiud them. Then pass 
 in^' ulonp: the lino of Boston road or I'ark Row, or crossing; 
 the uncultivated (ields of the ('ojnm(ms, over the site of the 
 post-otfico and the municii>al aud other bnildin^is they would 
 finally eouie to the banks of this cool lake. Vet the city itself 
 atfoi'ded many an und)rageous thoron^hfari!, the sides of most 
 of the streets bein^- planted with beech trees and the fragrant 
 locust. During- Mayor Wilson's term a special i>ermissioii was 
 jfi veil the residents <m IJroadway to itlaiit trees (but not tie 
 posts for horses) along their licmse fronts; while at the same 
 time this street received a pavement (Extending from Bowling 
 Green to Wall street, doubtless to facilitate attendance at " Old 
 Trinity" in all weathers. A walk along the present I'earl 
 street would have given as uninterrupted a view of the Kast 
 Kiver as a similar saunter along South street does to-day. 
 Here then, as now, was the chief moorage for large sailing ves- 
 sels coming from or going on long sea voyages. But around 
 on the other side of the ishiiid, along the North Kiver front, 
 virgin nature was as yet undisturbed. The shores of Ni^w 
 Jersey far beyond the broad stream were not more verdant 
 and fr«'e from the presence of sliii)piiig (luin those of the future 
 location of the scores (»f piers for "ocean greyhounds " and the 
 palatial steamers that swiftly (-leave the waters of the Hudson 
 every summer day. Indeed West street itself, with all its sur- 
 prising chara(^teristics (some not very creditable to our <aty), 
 had yet to be created out of the shelving beach or submerged 
 
2S4 
 
 AMKiaCAN III.STOWICAL AS.SOCIATI(>N. 
 
 lOckH tllilt |HMMlilt»'» 
 <;!iiir«li.Viii(l. 
 
 'I'Im' modcur paviii 
 
 I ilu' tides t<» lav*' tho roar of Trinity 
 
 I'lltS ill lllOSt^ «'!tl 
 
 f.' tlu' stn't'tH <l«'s«uv«'s a word. 'I'ln' pave 
 Iv^lavs did not «'\tcud all Ilu- way iinos 
 
 ,l,e tlM.n.u-l.ran'. Alonj;' the houses ran a narrow ';"'H';<^' 
 oflai-Ke red l.iirks lai.l tlat ; a sidewalk it .ni-l.the <.all.". , but 
 ,.„1, as now raisrd alM.v the hul of the general roa.lv ay. 
 Next lo tliis ran a strip of rohhh-.stone pavement, not above 
 iof.M.t in width, nujasured fr.uu the lineof the houses on either 
 side This left the eeuter of the street in a "state ot nature, 
 of whiel. the rain kiu-w how to take advantage, s.oopn.K out 
 for its..|f uullevs or gutters, by means of whi<-h so n.ueh of it 
 as was not absorbed by the soil :on;.ht the rivers or ponds or 
 pools. And this improvised and -srlf-made" sewerayv ur n. 
 voluntary surfa.-e drainaj-e, was all the seweraj^e which the eity 
 tliru i,ossessed. Yet in this way also were replenished tlic 
 l.alf do/en wells or .-isterus plae.'d in the .-enter ..f prominent 
 th.,r..nKhfares, whence Wi-re drawn suppli.'s of water in .•aHe..t 
 li,v. .Inst at this time, t...., '' new and mo.v strinp-nt regula- 
 rioaswere passed in respe.-t to tires, the tire wardens were 
 dire.-t..d t..keepstri.twu..-hofainH"arthsaudchunneysw hm 
 
 t!.e.-itv,an.l t., s.-e that the lire buckets were l.un«- .ip in their 
 .i«htpla.-es throuKlxaittlH' wards; and two hooks an.l .'ight 
 la.hl.'rswere pmrhased at th.' publi.- .>xp.'nsHbr th.' us.' ot the 
 nabrvo lire departna-nt."* Caieful and provi.lei.t as the meas- 
 nr.'s against lir.' have .xdinarily been in .>ur city, yet it us (furi- 
 ous to ..bserv.. that,ea..h ..f the three eenturi..s ot its hist.ny 
 has known a f.eneral .-onilagration; that of lOli. or 1 .-S, as 
 tohl by D.m.in.' Miehaelius; thai ..f ITT.i, when the Bnt.sl 
 ,,,,, i„o..ei,pation; and that ..f 181^5, within the «ry ot 
 „u.n still liying. Then, as always, the eonuneree ..f the e 5 
 was assured, giying large returns, tlu.ugh not evM. yet with- 
 out the taint ..f e.,llusion with piracy. As tor m ^'"^•'''i ;--^' 
 tlM' history of these ha.l n..t yet begun tbrour fj^-^^ *''>-• J. ^. 
 nti/.ens, indeed, were yearning to put forth their cnt.'n>u8 
 ;,M.l skill and wealth in this direeti.m. lint it was systemat- 
 i..i,lly repr.'sse.l and sternly forbid.len by the mother .•ountrj . 
 \otl.ing must be d.me to tlu' "preju.li.5e of ..ur manutaet..r.es 
 at home," was the ..nistant r.'.nind.u-. Yet Amenean industry 
 svas irr.'i.i-8ible. The peophM)f^tl^^ 
 
 *^»'i:w Booth, "History of New York City," i>. 284. 
 
LORD LOVELACE — WIL«()N. 
 
 •JS5 
 
 "iilrnuly so liir udvaiHcd," wrotc^ ('«>!. ("aleh Ilnitlu^otc in 
 ITOS, "in llu-ir miiimlUclorycs tliiit '/of y<' lin«'n ».K: wollt-n (hey 
 MHO Im miidc ;iiriony;st tlu'in, oH|uitialiy the coiirsor sort." Tfm 
 i,'r<'iit laiul-owiuir hirnst'lt'uthi»l fooiitia' upon a vrry iniiM»i1aiit 
 Imincli ofii'dnstry, that orsliipbuildinif. 
 
 I llit|ifi; uiiil lii'licvcil Mini :iiii iiiiiimIIv hiiii', iim t(i liiyMrll' t-M'ti lii'voilil it 
 'loiilif, fliiil I riiiilil liMvi- Wiiiit aii<i t'liniixlu'il tlii' cniwii witli nil the li({lit 
 I'rlfjiitt'H thiir wdiild hiivts heoii wauh'il for tills «(iiisi hihI tlm Went Iiiilhm, ' 
 
 Knt ilcathcotc had to contfuit iiiin.s<>lt' with a dclilioratr re 
 Misal, anil bear it with the brst ;>ra('e a loyal IWiton coidd. 
 Vet tin- loi'dsol' trade wore perfectly \villinj,'to make this conn 
 try a dei»ot foi- naval .stores. Lord Lovehuje, in a latter dated 
 March 0, 170!>, ami which therefore prol)ably niiver reached 
 him, was enjoined to eiU'onra|>e the making of pitch and tar, 
 and " to consider a i)r<»per method for preservinf^ tlii; nmsts 
 and tind»er in tln^ woods that> are fit lor the use of her nni- 
 jcsty's i'oyal navy.t IJnt bi'yond this the .Vnn'rieaii colonists 
 must not presume to go. And thus the mother country che«'ked 
 the best development of lier transatlantic citi/,(Mis; thus she 
 fomlly and foolislily j>rei»arcd the way for tlieij' violent separa- 
 tion, while imaj-iiiinj;' that her couise in this matter would pre- 
 vent that very issue. 
 
 \^y it^Htrii'ting Airiericaii maiiiifactiireH tlm IxianI oi' tnulf, tho minlHtr.v, 
 thoiiiiiftMl voict) of (in>af Mritaiii, proposed lo ^iiai'.iiilco lirpt'iiilmi'i!. No 
 st'iitiiiu'iit won morn universal aeee]»tam'o. Tiie mere ant ile lestrictive KyM- 
 tem was tho superstition of tliat a;^o. Capitalists worsiiipcd it; statcH- 
 inen were overawed liy it ; pliilosop1i(;rs dartid not <|nestion il.j: 
 
 Unfortuniitely for I'aijuland, it led to the licvcdution, and that 
 |,Meat shock awakened the mother e<nintry to her folly. 
 The brief administration of Lord Lov<dace, which some writ- 
 ers dismiss with a sinole sentence, and t<» \vhi(!h even elaborate 
 histories of our city devote not more than a i)ara;,naph,^ was 
 nevertheless distinj^iiished by two notable circumstanc(!s. At- 
 tention has already been called to imi-. of these: that Uaiicrofl 
 saw in this period the beginning of that great legishitive battle 
 
 ' Doe. rel. Col. Hist. N. Y., 5. 63,64. 
 
 • Doe. rel. Col. Hist. N.y., 5; 72. 
 
 t Hanerol't, '• I'liited States," 2, L'l 1. I'll.', 
 
 VN It is wortliy ol' mention fliat in Cooper's "Water Wite 
 allusion to Lord Iwovelace at all; but CJovcrnor lluntrr, i 
 Hunter" liy Cornliury, is scornfully referreil to l)y tin' latter as innuodi 
 ately snceecding him. 
 
 I h(M'.' IS no 
 ed "Mister 
 
•2.SG 
 
 AMKlilCAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 which resulted in our luitioiial independence, lint to this ad- 
 ministratioii is also tol»e ti'ac<'d the hejiinning of (lennan iinini- 
 U'lation to Aineiica, (lerinans had been touiul in Ne\vAinst»>r- 
 (htMi from its earliest settlement. The lirst director-general, 
 Peter Miiiuit, is by many thought to have been one, and it is 
 certain tliat lie wasboi'u in VVesel, a city<»f (rerniany. Kirecitor 
 Htuyvesant had an oi)i)ortunity to annoy a body of (rernuin 
 Lutherans by sendinj;' back to Europe tln^pastoi' tliey had pre- 
 sumed to call. .Tacob Leisler was a (rernian, but a connnuni- 
 eant of the (Jerman I'efoinied ''hurcli, and not a Lutherr.n, for 
 this reason readily aniliatin.i>' with and even bearing oltiee in 
 the Dutch Iveformed ('hurcli. I»ut not until the time of Lord 
 Lovelace bad there been any large body of German peoph> come 
 o\er together. Siu'i. a movement has usually been thought to 
 have conniurneed under liis successor. But the thousands of 
 souls tliat came over with Col. Hunter formed but a wave in 
 that great tide of immigration which had already set in toward 
 these shores. 
 
 As Lord Lovelace was ai>pointed in March, 1708, there was 
 lair, befoi<> the (^neen in .June a petition from the Hev. -loshua 
 Kociiertal, asking that he himself and 14 other persons of tiie 
 Protestant Lutheran religion, from the provinces of the Palati- 
 nate and Flolstein, might be sent to Ameiica at the expense of 
 th(^ I'^nglish Government. In this petition and in other docu- 
 ments that i)assed in correspondeiu'(^ on the subject, mention is 
 made of 41 other people of the same nationality and religion 
 who had already been granted the piivilegCvS asked for, and 
 who were soo!i to sail.* It having been carefully ascertained 
 that these 14 additional persons had truthfully jtresented their 
 case, and that they were e(|indly in need and worthy of aid as 
 objects of her charity, the Queen graciously gave them their 
 wisli. One strong plea in favor of these Germans at this time 
 was that they were sntferers at the hands of the common 
 <'nemy — the Fiench, It is not at all necessary to go back to 
 the Thirty Years' War, which had ended sixty years before, to 
 tind the causes foi' their [)reseut exceeding distress.t The Pa- 
 latinate had been swept with tire and sword by Louis XIV in 
 HiSS; and again, during the war now in progress, these ])arts 
 of Crcrmany had been made; to feel the brunt of the contlict 
 
 '- 
 
 * Doc. icl. Col. Hist. X. Y., t\, 44, 53. 
 
 t Mrs. Liimb's " lUstorv of N'l-w York," 1. ts|. 
 
- 
 
 LORD LOVELACE — WILSON. 
 
 2S7 
 
 until tlio battle of JJIeiilieiin. in 1704, Imd driven tlie armies of 
 I-'raiiee hack acioss lu-r holders.* 
 
 Tliesc ,~)5 (lennan ciiiiuTaiits-wert' distrihutcd ainonjr I.T fami- 
 lies, consisting of 2!) adults and HO children, the latter ranji-inj? 
 between the ayes of l.j years and »> months. IJcsides the min- 
 ister, the oeeupations oftheothcrs were as follows: ICleveii farm 
 laborers, some of whom were also vine-dressers; one a " stock- 
 ing-maker," and (me a blacksmith. There was also one ear- 
 Itenter and joiner in the party, and one is registered as a clerk. 
 As Lord Lovelace was ])roceedinj;' to America at the same time, 
 he relieved tlu; government of the charge of two of the men, 
 whom he engaged as servants for hitnself and family. t The 
 board «»f trade also recommended that hefoic their dei)arture 
 from England they be invested with tiie rights of P>ritish citi- 
 zenship, and that tlie usual allowance of £20 ($i(»0) for books 
 ami clothes to clergymen of tlie Chuich of England on going 
 out to the colonies be granted to .Mr. Koehertal. Lord Love- 
 lace was also dire<'ted to see to it that tlie minister lecoived a 
 portion of land for a glebe, not exceeding 500 acres.t These 
 lirelimiuaries having been made, the Germans were embarked 
 upon the (Jlohe, one of the vessels of the Sfpnulron whicli was 
 to convey the governor to New York; and we learn from his 
 lettei' to the h)rds of trade that, in addition to the roughness 
 of the voyage, the enngrants and recruits upon this vessel suf- 
 t ered from a scarcity of water, Avhieh the others could not re- 
 
 ■ 'I'lif tliousuiidis of Ainoiiciiiiis wliobavt! iiiiulc i)il^riui:i;;vs to Heidelberg 
 to look upon the iiictiiresque ruins of the old castle will hear with rrurct 
 (hat at till' present writinu; the (iraud Duke ofHaden is considerin';- ]dans 
 tor its restorali" .. Severiil UKuitiis ajio a cnnuuissiou was apjtoiiited to 
 examine the arehitectiiial condition ottlic loruu'r residence of the Counts 
 Palatine, and to ih'cido whether its restoration was possihh'. The report 
 of the coniniission, whicli has just hcen made puhlic, is I'avorahle to the 
 jiTand (hike's jdan, declaiing- that the castle can be readily transformed 
 into a tittin-i home for his royal liighiu'ss. The ])eoid<' of [rci<lellierg, 
 however, object seriously to the ])rop()sed restoration, and it is jiossible 
 that thev will be aide to iireveiit it entirely. They well know that thi^ 
 famous ca.stle, with its broken walls ami shattered towers, is the chief at- 
 traction for stranj;<is in the city on the Ncckar, and declare that if it be 
 restored half ,<i' their revcnm- at least will be lost. The (irand Duke of 
 ISaden is wealthy, and has already many palatial homes. Paradoxical as 
 ir may .seem, it wcmld lie inexcusable vandalism on the jiart of his royal 
 hitjhness to destroy the nmst intcrestim;' ruins in Europe by transformiug 
 them into a modern home. 
 
 t Doc. rel. Col. Hist. N. Y., 5, 52, .53. 
 
 : ibiti..rxrA,{i;i. 
 
288 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 lieve, brcanso the teiiiiu'stiums weather prevciitod aocess to 
 hor.* In the snniiner of 1709 aiiotlier laiye iiiiuiber of Pala- 
 tines were sent over by the Hn«;lish (xoverniuent, at a cost of 
 between £M an<l £4 pounds eaeh; they were fjenerously sup- 
 plied with agricultural implements aiulbuildinj;' tools at an ex- 
 pense of 40 shillinji's each, and for their subsistence in America 
 for one year after settlement on " waste lands " alonj^' the Ilud 
 S(m, provision was made at the rate of £5 each, But some of 
 her majesty's subjects nuirmured, and '' objected that should 
 these people be settled on the Continent of America they will 
 fall upon Woollen and otl.cr Manufactoi-ies to the prejudice of 
 the Manufactures of this Kingdom now consumed in these 
 Parts." The lords of trade at once quieted these fears by re- 
 mindinji' the objectors that the]n'ovince of New York was not 
 .Mider a proi»rietary,but a crown <;overnment, and hence ''such 
 mischievous practice may be discouraged and chec(iued much 
 easic!'" there than elsewhere.! Tims, in extreme ]»overty and 
 feebleness, with much distress and sufleriny,began that mighty 
 liow of German emigration which attained such enormous 
 ])roportions in our own century, and which, while supplying 
 our entire liepu})lic with millions of valuable citizens who hare 
 called forth untold treasures from our natural resources, as 
 well as in the way of manufacturing industries, has at the 
 same time made New York third or fourth in rank among 
 cities populated by Germans. 
 
 Not live months had elaj)sed since Lord Lovelace had landed 
 in the city, the assembly of the province was still in session, 
 and was about to pass upon its lirst act, when the whole com- 
 munity was startled by the news that the governor's illiu'ss, 
 which had nevei' left him during all his stay, had suddenly 
 taken an alarming turn. One of his children, AVcntworth, the 
 second son, had already succumbed to the same complaint in 
 April; another, .John, the oldest, was seriously affected by it; 
 and doubtless grief at his chihrs death aggravated the father's 
 :ualady. The skill of the physicians of that date could hardly 
 be expected to cope successfully with pneumonia, which so 
 ruthlessly and swittly carries off its victims even today. lOre 
 long, theref( re, on jMay (I, 1709, the dreaded announcement 
 ■anie that Lord Lovelace had died, in the llowcr of his age and 
 upon the threshold of a new and honorable career. A genu- 
 
 i 
 
 ' I hid.. .">. ()7. 
 \ I hid, 5, S7. SS. 
 
LORD LOVELACE — W1L80N. 
 
 280 
 
 i 
 
 ine sorrow lillcd every citizen, increased, it may well be sui" 
 posed, by synipatliy with th(; bereaved lady, watchiuj? by the 
 side of the hopeless sick bed of hei' eldest born, wlio followi'd 
 his father to the s'l'ive within two weeks.* To give outward 
 expression to this general and proper sentiment, insignia of 
 numrning were everywiiere apparent, and the council directed 
 the mayor to " prohibit the acting of any i)lay or phiys, and 
 the lighting cf any prize or prizes, till further orders."t A 
 few days later (.May 12) the obsequies took place, on which 
 occasion the Eev. William Vesey preached a sermon from the 
 text in Psalm xxxvii, 37, " IMark the perfect man, and beliold 
 the upright, for the end of that man is peace." At the close 
 he sjxike these ai)propriate and appreciative sentences: 
 
 1 wiiB oiicd almost lesolvod aj^iunst Fiuienil Piincyyricks, as hciug Cull 
 
 * It was not long alter this that tho lino <if the harons of Hnrh-y licoanio 
 •■xtinPt. Tlic third son, Xcvil, snccccd.d as liaioii in ITOit, but died in 17;^6 
 without issuo. At the litnc tliat the older lirancli tailed in male descend- 
 ants. an<l (iovernor Lord Lovehico siiceeedod to the title as lonrtli haron, 
 Martha, a dangiiter of the third baron, became Baroness Wentworth in 
 her mother's riylit. She married Sir ^Villiam Noel, from whom descended 
 Anna Isabella Xoel. daughter of Sir Kali)h Milbank, Lord Byron's wife. 
 Lady Byron afterward succeeded to the title of Baroness Went worth. 
 Byron's daughter, Ada, celebrated in " Childe Harold," was married in 
 18:55 to Viscount Ockham. In IS.SS this noblem.in, who is still living, was 
 created Earl <tf Lovelace, the name being revived in consideration of the 
 fact that his wife was the rci)resentative of the family whos(^ name liad 
 become extinct through failure of male issue— a family whose founder ap- 
 l>ears anion,<>; the six hnudred and twenty-nine names of William the C<m- 
 •lueror's chiefs borne on the Battle Abliey Roll of lOfifi. who shared the 
 lauds and distinctions of the followers of the defeated Harold. What luis 
 hapiieiuMl to the Lovelaces has occurred to many even more illustrious 
 English families. Alnwick Castle has been chiirmingly described by an 
 American poet, who was there in the sunnner of 1822, as "Home of the 
 Percy's high-born race;" but the last of the lin<> dieil more than two Iiun- 
 dred years ago, iiml for a century the jiroud dukes of Northumberland 
 have been descendants of a female branch, bearing, not the knightly name 
 of Percy, but the prosaic omM)f Smithson. audit is toa mendierof th.at fam- 
 ily that ouruation is indebted for the nobleeiKlowmcnt known jis theSmitli- 
 sonian Institution, id' Washingtcm, D. C. (See Banks' " Dormant and Ex- 
 !ict Baronages." in : .1518, 4tl!»; also Burke's " Peerage.'') In ."Motley's ■• Cor- 
 respondence "(New York, I88!»)ii, oOl, there is this reference under (l;ile. July 
 26, 1858: " I went over to Lord Lovelace's. * * * 1 like Lady Anna- 
 bella King, the daughter of ,\da Byron, very much. She has much talent, 
 very agreeable maniun's, and a good deal of fun; ])Iays and paints admira- 
 bly, and has evidently a very sweet dis])osit ion " (p. ;-iH;j). "Lily [now 
 Lady AVilliam Vernon llarcourtj goes up to town every Tuesday, geuerallv 
 passing tin- day willi her friend. Lady Anuabella King, at her grand- 
 mother's, old Lady Myron." 
 ? "Council Minutes," \. a()3 (.May ti, ITOil). 
 
 S. Mis. 17M 1!) 
 
290 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 of Difficulty, full of Cousure, but on this extraor.liuary Occasion Duty 
 ol,liK<Ml in« to aHHist ^^itll IVaRraut si.ir.-s iii eniLalniiuj; tbc l.lcssod M.mu- 
 ory to Htrow FIowmh ou tin' Hears,., an.l to shed some Toars at the 1' uui-rai 
 OhHW.uioH of «o KH-at, so jr,HMl a Mau. Tho supiTam (iovruour of tbo 
 World H.M'UU'd to havo Mark'tout tiiis deceased I'ccr of (ircat Unlam even 
 in bis curly days, to have made an IllnstriouH Kijrure, and to have been an 
 luHtrunicut of'u.ucb jjood lo Mankind : f.u- Natur.^ liad endow'd bin. witli 
 •I Ma^istick and amiabb) Countenance, an oblifring and -ratetiil Disi.osi- 
 tion a K( uerous Spirit and vet a bumble Mind, cpiick Apprebensious and 
 a sound J.idsnient. Our Dread Soverci-n, Qu.-en Anne, after be bad done, 
 cotiHiderable service for liis country botli at Home and abroad, was please.! 
 to commit to bis government the Provinces of New York and New J.Tsey, 
 whose Inhabitants, however divided among tliemsclvcs, universally eon- 
 Hpired to U.ve and reverence bis Person an.l t.. express their Satisfacti.Ui, 
 under his just and benigne Conduct.* 
 
 Immediately upon Lord Lovelace's death the functions o^ 
 head of the State devolved temporavilyupon Col. Peter Schuy 
 ler, as president of the council. Hichard Injioldesby liad been 
 appointed lieutenant-o-overuor\iuder Lord Cornhury in the year 
 1702, at the time that the proviuee of New Jersey was added 
 to the jurisdiction of the goveinor of Ifew York. It was in- 
 tended" by this arran.uement that while one officer was present 
 in one province, the other might presi(h' over the attairs of the 
 other. An experience of four years led the lord of trad«" t.. 
 recommend to the Queen that she revoke Ingoldesby's conunis- 
 sion, with which she complied tit once. The order in some way 
 failed to be properly prepared, or it failed to reach him, au.l 
 thus he retained the position, so to speak, by default, continu 
 ing even under Cornbury's successor. Theretbre, being the 
 lieutenant-goveruor (Ufm'to, if not dejurv, or by iutenth.n of 
 the Queen, on Lord Lovelace's death he was snnunonded m 
 haste from New Jersey, and t(.ok charge of the government ou 
 May 9. It was not a new expeiience for him. At the ecpudly 
 unexpected and suddcii demise of Governor Sloughter, in 1091, 
 he ha»l been intrusted with the duties of cliief magistrate, on 
 the ground of being the next in military command. Hehad 
 n-nn^ined in the colony under Fletcher and Bellomont, but 
 served onlv in a military capacity until 17(L>. No soimer did 
 the news o*f Governor Lovelace's death, and the conseiiucnt ele 
 vation of Ingoldesby, reach the lords of trade, than they forth- 
 with renewed their application for his removal. On Septem 
 ber 17 of this sanu> year (Jueen Anne signed the second revoea 
 tion, and care was taken that it was properly transmitted. On 
 
 ~* Now York Historical Society CoUectious for 1880. pp. 321. 336, 337. 
 
r.ORD LOVELACE — WILSON. 
 
 291 
 
 tcmviiig tlio (l.cumciif wliidi constituted his offlcial dccnpitii- 
 tioii, Ingolch'sby riisiyiiod the govcnimcnt iuto the hands of 
 the wortliy Dr. (leraiduH Beecknnin, who in the absence of 
 Pclei'Scliuyh'r was senior member and ])resident of the council,* 
 This occurred in April, 1710; and three months later Kobert 
 Hunter, the next governor, arrived. 
 
 Ingoldesby signali/ed thebeginningof his administration by 
 exeicising his aiitiiority in an exceedingly unworthy numner, 
 by behavior not only ungenth'maidy, but inexcusably unfeel- 
 ing. Tliis was the harsh treatment of Lady Lovelace, the 
 bereaved wife and mother. It was of such a nature, iiuleed, 
 that she found if expedient to betake herself to the ship which 
 was to carry licr back in her forlorn condition to Europe as if 
 she weie a fugitive fiom Justice. Her own words best describe 
 the disgra(;efnl episode. In a letter to the lords of trade she 
 Avi'it(!s : 
 
 Soon lifter tlw. dimnal death of my JJiar Husband, and Eldest ,Son, in 
 tlic iiiidstof my iiniictions (which were and are the most sorrowful that 
 <v<'r befell a poor Woman) Col. Ingoldesby eamo to me, and Demanded the 
 J'apers I had in my hands; I told him thoy were sent for by Lord Sunder- 
 land Secry of State, and showM bim bis Lordi« letf, he told me he did 
 not value Lord Snnilerhmd's letf^, 'twas nothing to liini, and in very ruff 
 and thnateninj; terms told nui that I shou'd not stir from New-York 'till I 
 h ad t-ive -u him tlio said jjapers; Both my self and friends told him I shou'd 
 
 ■ Doe. rol. Crd. Hist. N. Y., 5 : 89, 90, 91. An extract from the " Council 
 Minutes " (10: .|7:J) is both interesting and instructive on this jwint of the 
 summary <lismiHsal of Jnuohlesby : "April 10, 1710 (Gerardus Beokmau, 
 President) Coll. r.i'eKinan Communicated to the Councill a Letf which be 
 rec'd yestenhiy uniK her Majesties Signett &, Signo Mauuall given att 
 Windsor the I'JMb (»f ()ctol)er Ljist directed to y" President of the Councill 
 in y Province of New York Signifying that her Majestic has been informed 
 that Severall undue grant.s of Land in the Province have been passed since 
 the Death of my Lord Lovelace for the Preventing the like abuse for the 
 future her Majestio docs thereby Signify that She has thought titt with the 
 advice of her J'rivy (.'ouucill to onP that noe (hants of Land he made in 
 this Pntvincc till the Arrivall of H<»l)ert IlnntcrEsci. Governonr ajtpointed 
 for I lie same and her Majestie haveing thereby likewise thought lift to re- 
 voke annnll and determine the Connnission formerly granted to Richd 
 Ingoldsliy IOnij. constituting A- appointing him L' (iov^of y said Province 
 the administration winreof will (lcvolv(> upon the President of the Conn- 
 lill does therefore (b'clare unto him her Pleasure concerning the Premisses 
 prohibitting the Passing any (.'rants of Lan<ls in the said Province. And 
 Coil. Schuyler being att Present absent from this Province Coll" Beekman 
 who is the ne.\t ConiKillor named to him in her Ma"''* Instructions does 
 think till toordcr by thoadvic.'of this Board that y'' sa Letter be Imme- 
 diately lul)lis]ied alt the Citty Hall in the usual manner." 
 
M <-' Mri 
 
 AMKllICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 ••oiiiplaiii 111" his Htnerc nsii^o wlioii 1 came to Eiiglantl, lif anr.wcrcd lio 
 vulned it in.t, and that Kii(;laii<l was at a grrat DistaiKc. and h" well Isiicw 
 Avhen aiiotlnTfiovNainc over lit' Hliim'd In' loiimvcd; but n()t\vitliHtainlin.i» 
 his Hcitniinjr iiif, I did at iiiidiii;;ht gcMhc tniiik ofl'aiuTa and iii,vm'1I'i>ii 
 Shijt himrd, and ho incvi-ntcd my vonhntnicnt. . . . Also Captain 
 SynioUH bflongint;- to one of the ConiiianifS in a very bnllyiiig manner 
 xvoii'd not Itt me, K'cmovc Hcveral ' iiings that we jtiit into the Fort and 
 paitl for. "* 
 
 Fortunately tlu' rule of this man was brief, but it \vas not 
 liriefcnoujili to pn-vcnt his disfiiacinj; liiniselfby conduft such 
 as this, as well as by that leekless j> ranting of valuable lands 
 to hiiaselC and I'riends which had been the baue of former ad- 
 ministrations. iJut <me enterprise, the first of its kind in the 
 eighteentli centuiy, which had been set on foot before his in- 
 cumbency, ripened into acvion just as he entered upon his 
 lunctions, and lends some luster to his otherwise undignified 
 
 rule. 
 
 A few months before the death of Lord Lovelace, on ^larch 
 1,170!>, the Queen addressed lo him a letter, oflieially infornung 
 him that "at great expense"' the authorities in England were 
 fitting out an expedition to Canada, to be placed under the 
 direetion of Col. Samuel V«'tch. In this paper the governor 
 was directed to allow himself to be guided in all matters per- 
 taining to this enteri)ris(^ according to the uistructions and 
 plans of which the colonel was the bearer. For fear that the 
 latter ndght not reach New York in safety, or might iu)t reach 
 it soon enough, a letter reiterating these instructions substan- 
 tially was sent by post on another vessel. In this document, 
 bearing date April 28, Lord Sunderland carefully detailed the 
 plan of campaign which had been decided on by the ministry 
 in England; and also the mode of preparing for it in America 
 is indicated. Lord Lovelace died belbre either Col. Vetch or 
 the secretary's let tei' reached him, but thee.\i>cditiou had been 
 .so thoroughly determined on and such earnest provision was 
 made for it that this important business was not in the least 
 interrupt«'d by that sad circumstam;e. 
 
 Tt may readily be appr<'ciated that the ix'ople of the colonies 
 must have been ripe for such an enterprise and would heartily 
 
 •Doe. rel. Col. Hist. N. V.. 5, Sit, ftO. Th.' l.'tt.r is da tod Kcptcmber S, 
 1709. I'iy the Han;.' hIu). (Mine liiK(ddcsby-s letters anuouncing llif dratb 
 of Lord Lovi'hKM' and liis own assnuijitioii ol' llio government. On Sep- 
 tember .5 the, onlcr revoking his e..nimission as iieuteuant-goveruor ^va» 
 patjHed by the royal eonneij, the Queen being present. 
 
 I 
 
 T 
 
LOUD LOVELACE — WILSON. 
 
 293 
 
 i 
 
 Join in the cftbvts of i\\v lioiiic (JovcriinuMit. ''Queen Anne's 
 will','' eones])(»n(ling with tiiat of the Spimish succession in 
 Europe, had |»recii»itate<l hostilities on tlie soutliern holders 
 in its very bejiinniny, in 1702. 'liie English there had taken 
 the initiative against the S]»anisli settlements. Governor 
 Moore, of South Carolina, attacked tlie Si)anish town of vSt. 
 Augustine, in I'lorid-.i. The town itself was easily taken, hut 
 the castle held out until ret'iilorcenients compelled Moore to 
 raise the siege and even to abandon his stores in the retreat. 
 A second expedition was organized an<l assailed the Indian 
 allies of the French and S])iiniards dwelling about Appalachee 
 Bay. As a result of this exploit several tribes submitted to 
 the jurisdiction of Carolina. In the year 170() a French Heet 
 sailed from Ilavauii, intending to reduce ('harleston, but the 
 l)eo]>le beat otf the enemy, who had effected a landing, with a 
 loss of 300 men killed or prisoners. At the north there hung 
 the ever-threatening cloud of French ami Indian invasion, 
 with its accompanying atrocities. The Deertield massacre 
 had thrilled Xew I'iiigland with horror in 1704. It was suc- 
 ceeded by the assault upon Haverhill, on the Merrimac, on 
 August 29. 1708, and fresh horrors might be expected at any 
 moment. It is to be legretted that so gallant and noble a 
 jx'ople as the French nuist ever stand charged at the bar of 
 history with having deliberatidy incited or encouraged, or at 
 least countenanced, such barbarities. In a burst of righteous 
 anger Col. Peter Schuyler — (^uider, the friend of the Indians — 
 sent a message of rebuke and remonstrance to Marquis de 
 Vaudreuil. governor of Canada: 
 
 My liciirt swells witli iiicli^'iiatioii when 1 think that n war between 
 C'bristian prince.s, bouiiil to the cxactest laws (if honor and generosity is 
 degoneratins into a savage and bonndless linteht.Ty.* 
 
 What wonder that the people rose almost en masse to resist 
 this unnatural and wicked cond)ination of civilization and sav 
 agery, and to uproot the p(»wer of the French in Canada. 
 Bancroit tells us that during one year in the course of the war 
 actually one-tifth of the entire i)oi)idation able to carry arms 
 were enlisted as soldiers, a' d that there was universally "fos- 
 tered a willingness to extei'uiinate the natives." 
 
 Colonel Vetch came over with insti'uctions, similar to those 
 which have been noticed as addressed to Lord Lovelace, for 
 the governors of Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Rhode Is- 
 
 » Hancroft, "United States" (ed. 188;^). 2: 108. 
 
■■■I 
 
 294 
 
 AMERICAN IIlSTOIilCAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 land. AVliile lingo sui)i»lieK wck^ conlially votod jind the leijui 
 site nuiiibrr of levies made in the more noitheni eohmies, t-oii- 
 sideiable opiiosition was eiieounlered in the Pennsylvania and 
 New. Jersey ]ej;ishitures, by reason nl' the prevalence of the 
 Qnaker element there. The New York assembly pk'dgcMJ it- 
 self to raise the sum of i^lO, ()()(),* and early in the summer (»f 
 1701) its quota of soldiers was already on the way. The plan 
 of eampaigu as laid before Lord Lovelace was to be us follows: 
 
 Itis roHolvod to attiick iit tho Hiimr tiiin' l)()th (/iicttiMk luul Montiful, 
 the fhut by sea and the second over the hike from Albany, with a body of 
 1.500 men who are to be raisc^d and armed, as you will see in the enelosed 
 instructions. Her Majesty is now iittinf; out her Comma nder-in-Ciiief of 
 the said exjiedition, witli a squadron of sliij^s and live He^iiments of the 
 regular troops, who are to bo at Boston 1)y the middle of May, iind there 
 to l)e Joined with 1200 of the best nun of New Kn^tland and ]^)!td Island. 
 'Vhvy are then to sail with all expedition to attack (^uel)eck, being- i)ro- 
 vided with Engineers, bomb vessells, .ind all sorts of artillery for such an 
 enterprise. At the same time the 1.500 men from Albany, under the com- 
 mand of one whom yon shall apjioint.are to make the best of their way 
 to Montreal, which }dace they are to attack, and if jiossible to redure 
 to Her Maj'i" obedifincu'.t 
 
 The eliief connnand over the landfoiees of the United Colo- 
 nies was intrusted to Col. Francis Nicholson, who wa.s lieutenant- 
 governor of New York under Sir Edmund Andros, and had 
 since been governor of Virginia. Col. Vetch, to whose experi 
 ence and zeal the expedition owed its inception and mo.stof its 
 present active prei)aration, was placed next to liim in author- 
 ity, lie was of Scotch birth, and had first come to America 
 in connection with that strange scheme of colonization of the 
 Isthmus of Darien i)ro)ected by William Taterson, the founder 
 of the Bank of England. When the Darieii bubble burst, 
 Vetch, a y(mng man of not quite thirty years, settled at Al- 
 bany, attaining success as ii trader, and married the daughter 
 of Kobert Livingston in 17<.H). In ITd.'i Colonel (then captain) 
 Vetch was appointed by the governo'' of IVIassachusetts a com- 
 missioner to Quebec to negotiate an exciiange of ])ris(mers, and 
 also, if possible, a treaty of pea<;«' or trm-e. Vetch remained 
 in Canada several months, and he kept his eyes wide open as 
 to the chances of a capture of its chief cities. He " devoted 
 himself to the study of the topography and resources of the 
 country. There were even those who said that, by intelligent 
 
 * Doc. rel. Col. Hist. N. Y., .5,81, 
 ^ Ibid., 5, 73. 
 
LORD LOVELACE — WILSON. 
 
 295 
 
 and none too open obsovvation, he learned more of Canadian 
 weakness than was rij-ht for an Englishman in time of war to 
 know."* He Mas thus xvcll fitted to recommend the Canadian 
 expedition to Queen Anne and iier ministry, and to suggest 
 besides tiie details ui the campaign. Having promoted the 
 enterprise also on this si.le of the Atlantic! as vigorously as he 
 had done, he was cvitainly entitled to be the second in com- 
 mand. It was well understood that in case of a successful 
 issue he was to receive the appointment of governor of 
 Cauida. 
 
 Tin rendezvous for the land forces, as directed by tlie in- 
 struct^)ns, was Albany. Here the men from the <Iif}erent prov- 
 inces njljcctcd dining the numth of June, and meanwhile the 
 commaidcr and Iiis staff were utilizing the time by gathering 
 all aval' able information from Indians. Indian scouts had jire- 
 
 vKmslyleen sent far into the enemy's country, some even reaching 
 The villages of the natives along the St. Lawrence. These now 
 began toc..mc in, and much valuable intelligence was gained 
 tn.m then.t On June 28 all was ready for the march upon 
 Montreal. Col. Nicholson, accomiianied by the Indian eontin- 
 geiit from the ever-loyal 1- ive Nations, under their trusted 
 iriend Col. Schuyler, led his little army as far as Stillwater, 
 destined t(.be a field of glory in a cause more important than 
 even the p;esent. Here was hastily constructed a redoubt, 
 which, in h>nor of the lieutenant-governor of the province 
 Nicholson i.Miied Fort Iiigoldesby.| Then crossing the Hud- 
 son at a, favoable point, many of which the quiet flow of its 
 shallow wateis here afforded, the colonial forces traversed the 
 tangled wilderness and primeval forest, and halted and en- 
 camped on \V>od Creek, at the southern extremity of Lake 
 Champlain. I ere news was aAvaited in regard to the move- 
 ments of the coiperating fleet. Col. Vetch had gone to Boston 
 at the same tim that Nicholson led forth his forces from Al- 
 !>any ujwn the lorthern march. The fleet from England, as 
 promised in the nstrnctions, was to have arrived the middle 
 "f May. It was essential that the two attacking forces should 
 have a k nowledg, of each other's situation and progress, and 
 
 1K«1, oil "All Aciulian 
 
 •Article in Int.mtioiinl Keview, iNoveiiil.c 
 CJovernor," p. 467. 
 
 f Doc. rcl. Col. Hist.X. V., .f), 85. 
 
 ,,i''.^^*'***"''' *'*' "*■'"*'"' "'"'•^■''« ''"""K 'lieKcvolution,"triinHlatc(l by 
 William L, ytonc, ]>. V.i, iu,U'. 
 
296 
 
 AMKttlCAN HI8T0KICAL AS«(JCIATr()N. 
 
 Vet(^h went to aiTauf,'e some nioaiis ot'cniiiiminiciition between 
 them; but when he reiu-lieU Hoston, early in July, the Meet liad 
 not yet arrived. Alter many weary weeks of waitin;--, instead 
 of a fieeta solitary vessel entered the harbor, a disi)atch boat 
 brin^nn^ the disheartening news that no Knylish lleet was eoin- 
 iu}^ at all. The conduct of the war on the Hpaiush penins.ila 
 having },^one against the Portuguese, the allies of England, thi' 
 destination of the pronused Mtjuadnm with its five regiments of 
 regulars had been changed from Boston to Lisbon.* In Sep- 
 tember, 17(m, this news reached the colonial eamp on Wood 
 Creek, in the wilderness of northern New York. Of necessity 
 the (expedition against Canada was at an end. The umless 
 waiting had already depleted the ranks of the little arny, and 
 some intenti<mal or unintentional delilement of the waters of 
 the creek near its source had caused i frightful rate of mor- 
 tality. By October 't the foices ln<i dwindled down t) a mere 
 handful, and these now abandoned the camp and returned to 
 their homes. 
 
 With nothing accomplished and after expenses iucirred that 
 far exceeded their means, the people of the northern colonies 
 were confronted with the burden of an opi»ressive ('ebt, in ad- 
 diti(m to the still threateiung perils of French ind Indian 
 atrocities. In spite of this almost ridi(!ulous failure, however, 
 Col. Schuyler was determined to force the Canaiian, or the 
 French and Indian, question upon the attention f)ftho English 
 court. " I hold it my duty tow^ard God and my leighbor," he 
 had said, to i)revent, if possible, these barbarom and heathen 
 cruelties." At the end of this same year (1700^ he took with 
 him to England, at his own expense, five chieis of the Five 
 Nations. 
 
 Ill Lomlon, amid tlw gazo of cr()w<ls, drcsHi'd iu Eiuiisli sniallclntlios 
 of black, with scarlet iii';rain doth inanth's cd^icd \\ith j-old for their 
 Idankets, they wore coudiK'tod in coaches to an aiidicno with Queen Anue, 
 to whom thoy j^ave belts of wampum and avowed th<!r readiness to take 
 n\> the hatchet for the reducti<ui of Canada.* 
 
 To this effective expedient on the part of ihe indefatigable 
 Schuyler we myy doubtless trace the better-sistained attempts 
 against Canada of subsequent years, final]r resulting in its 
 complete reduction under the empire of Grait Britain, f 
 
 * "An Acadian Governor," as cited, p. 405, note. 
 
 t Bancroft, "History Tnited States" (ed. 18S;^), 1: 19!». 
 
 till recognition of his noble services in this 'onuection and to com- 
 
LORD LOVEI.ACK — WILSON. 
 
 297 
 
 iii."morat.< Ibis romurkablo vImU, Quoen Anno progPntcl Col. SchuyW with 
 a hatHlHonie viis.., which is still u .h.^rish.Ml li,.iilo.,m in tho family, „n.l of 
 wliich an illtmtnition is to he found in tiio text. Hinco Col. Nirhol«on 
 w.ntovoiintbeHanmHliipwith.Vhn.vlorana his Indians and als., nat- 
 urally had iiiu.'h I., do xvith j.ivsontiuK thoni to tho Quwn, sonio KnKlish 
 h.sJonansof that dale, with .liaracteiistic .aivlesHnoss in such umttiTs 
 suppress all nu-ntion of tlio Dutch-Anioriian and colonial offlier, aHciibinu 
 th(^ merit of th(« undortakiiiK to Fnuicis Nicholson alono. 
 
 ThofoHowiuK is the inscription on the vase: "Presented by Anno Queen 
 of Knuland toCol. Peter Schuyler, of Albany, in the Provinooof New York, 
 April 19, 1710. To ccuiunemorate his visit to Kngland hy request of the 
 Provincial goverumout, uccompuuitjd by live sttcUcms of tho Mohawks."