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AETIZANS' GUIDE AND EVERYEODY'S ASSISTANT, BMBKACma ZnZABLY • ■ FOUE THOUSAND NEW AND VALUABLE RECEIPTS, TABLES, &c., IN ALMOST EVERY BRANCH OP BUSINESS CONNECTED WITH CIVILIZED LIFE, FftOM THE HOUSEHOLD TO THE MANUFACTORY. By R. MOORE. m Frioe in Cloth Binding, t2.00, in Koroeco, $8.00. rflS^I"^ PBINTIHOAKD PCBUSHIKO cS.f MONTMA^. P»^8 l^lfSSJIlxS^ : \ wanfed. Books Bent to AgenU C. O. D. Send KSar. iWontreol: Printed by the LOVELL PRINTING AND PUBLISHING CO. 1875. a i u? \\T>^'^^i mi^ /?75t PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION. This work will be found to embrace an immense amount of the most valuable information regarding almost every branch of useful mdustry. The information has been collected from many reliable sources with much care and expense, many of the items being valuabfe trade secrets, consequently obtainable only at a heavy cost. On the whole, " T^E Artizan's Guide" will be found to em- brace a vast amount of most useful knowledge in connect- tion with business and manufacturing requirements, as well as the no less indispensable department of domestic uses, much of this information being very difficult to obtain in books. The Appendix, embracing the subject of Corres- pondences, &c., having received the approbation of many worthy persons who kindly patronized the former editions of this work, is now inserted in a modified form which it is the intention to continue in future editions. Many persons who are in proper states for receiving these truths remain in total ignorance of their existence, and have no means of knowing them except throu^ ^^ some such effort as this. These explanations are now append- ed for the benefit of all such, certainly not for my own personal emolument, except so far as happiness may be derived from the consciousness of having tried to benefit others. The work has been thoroughly revised and late improvements brought down to date. April, 1875. [Entered according t<> Act of Paxliameut, in the year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Seventy-five, by R. Moobe, in the office of the Miidster of Agriculture and Statistics of the Dominion of Canada.] GENERAL INDEX. Baking, Cooking and Preserving Receipts ... 5 Farmers, Stock^wners, Horse-shoers, Liverymen's Keceipts I^ers, Bleachers, Clothiers, Hatters,' Furr'iers, &c* ' 4J Medical Department, for Physicians, Dentists, families, Barbers, Perfumers, &c.. Receipts . . 54 Grocers, Tobacconists, Confectioners, Domestic Wines, Teas, Sealed Goods, Soaps, Syrups, Cor- ;^ dials, Beer, Ice Cream, &c. , Receipts and Tables. 85 ^ lanners, Curriers, Furriers, Boot, Shoe and Rub- ^ ber Manufacturers, Harnessmakers, Bookbinders, ^ Marble and Ivoiy- Workers, Anglers, Receipts, ^T": • • • •. . H9 I . Painters, Vamishers, Cabinet-makers. Gilders Bronzers, Piano and Organ manufacturers, Glass- makers, Stainert, China Decorators, Potters, C Pohshers, Architects, Builders, Bricklayers, Zr w^ . "*'' Kalsominers, Stucco workers, &c. . 139 ^ Watchmakers, JeweUers, Gilders, Colorers, Refiners, ^ Gold and Silversmiths, Burnishers, Diamond cutters, Lapidaries, Sweepsmelters, Enamellers. Receipts, Tables, &c .^ Engineers, Master Mechanics, Locomotive Builders * Boiler-makers, &c. . . * j Cements for all purposes, 48 kinds* .*/.*** 054 i^ »^^ Mills Flour MiHs, Cotton Factories, &c. 258-301-355 r>. Blacksmiths, Cutlers, Locksmiths, Spring, Saw (^ and Safe Manufacturers' Department . . ' oro Machinists' Department .... ?:! •'mt^mmmmm GENERAL INDEX. ,» Iron, Brass, and Bell Founders, Iron Manufao- turers, &g 283 Plumbers, Tinmen, Hardware Dealers, Gas and Steam Fitters, Japanning, Bronzing, Lacquering, &c. 806 Carpenters, &c 329 Gunsmiths, Engravers, Die Sinkers, Stencil Cut- ters, Printers, Photographers, &c 889 Oil Manufacture &c 850 Calculations for Contractors, &c 868 On Navigation, the Compass, &c . 856 On Sugar Refining 861 On Cutlery, Needle, and Button Manufacture. . 862 Lead Pipe, Brass and Iron Tube Manufacture . . 864 Gold and Steel Pen, and File vlanufacture . . . 867 Smelting of Gold, Silver, Iron, Copper, Lead, Tin, Antimoir , Zinc, Iron and Steel Manufacture, &c. , , 864 Items for Daily Remembrance ......... 379 Interest Table, Ready Reckoners, &c. . . . . . 383-891 Lumber and Timber Measurement Tables. ... 392-896 Iron, Metal and Moulders' Tables 396-401 Pattern and Model Makers' Table, l^ength of Columns . 401 Wood and Bark Measurement 402-403 Capacities of Cisterns, Cubic or Solid Measure . . 40^1 Weights of Cast Iron Pipes - . 405 Diameters, Circumferences and Areas of Circles . 406-410 On Correspondences, &c 411 " >; ^ t n ■a B b n ri ii IT qi Ol SV' 288 805 329 389 350 353 856 361 362 864 367 364 379 383-391 392-396 396-401 401 402-403 40^1 405 406-410 411 ^ VALUABLE RECEIPTS- 5* BAKING AND COOKING DEPARTMENT. ;%,.; * r iHff^«?^ BBBAD.--The quantitieg and best maimer of mixinc the fhf SStinS^®"*® necessary to make good bS, vL to lake poraxwes weu boUed and mashed in a tub. with 1 hnnkfit n# r^i ^*° ^"™^' ^^ ^*ter should brabo^milk-wan? to ^^.T""}" ""^'^f' ' -^ *" «««8 *W8 mustX governed X'thS w«ather), six pounds of flour and five quarts of veaS-nH? S« ^me ^ ^h S^t''Z,«*^ '' "^T- ^^*« beJte^T' V^k tt however, varies much rsometimS ifwTrise to St hou«"S tekf 2*i;rckete ol S^" r ^M^^S*''- AUto^kfLs^ngS raice zi buckets of the above ferment, and 2i buckets nf w«ti» raaxe w mto light dough, with flour for SDonire Whtn Thii When it should be placed to the ovnn w n a i^-^„ v V^^i tt «U ne^.1 .SS^ Sfen-^V 3T.s.""o, ^S^^eS r^aS" itT! ■^ji. . 6 BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. Healthy Mixed Bread.— Boil 3 lbs. of rice to a soft piJp in water ; pare and coolc by steam 6 lbs. of your best potatoes, masli your potatoes and rub them up with rice pulp ; add to the whole 6 lbs. flour ; malce all into a dough with water, fer- ment with yeast, let it stand a proper length of time, and then place It in ;he oven to bake. ^KATED Bread, without Ybaht.—I. Dissolve 1 oz. of sesqui- carbonato of ammonia in water, sufficient to malce 7 lbs. of flour into a dough, which must be formed into loaves, and baked immediateljr. 2. Divide 3 lbs. flour into two portions: mix up the first ^ith water, holding in solution 2 ozs. bicarbonate of soda ; then mix the second portion of flour with water, to which 1 oa. of muriatic acid has been added ; knead each mass of the dough thoroughly. When this is done, mix both portions to- gether as rapidly and perfectly as possible, form the mass into loaves, ard bake immediately. Thfs bread contains no yeast, and 18 very wholesome. Note.— Bicarbonate of soda and muriatic acid when chemically combmed, form common salt. Si^3Bi()R Bread from Buckwheat Meal.— To 2 qts. of sifted buckwheat meal, add hot water enough to wet the same ; when sufl^cientl V cooled, add 1 teaspoonful or more of salt, half a pint of yeast, and half ^. tetwpoonful of molasses ; then add wheat flour enough to make it into loaves (it should be kneaded weU) ; and when risen light, bake or steam it three or more hours If this should get sour while rising, add a teaspoonful of sugar and a little saleratus, dissolved in water. For bread from Indian meal proceed m the same way, using it instead of the buckwheat meal Corn- Meal Bread No. 1.— Take 2 qts. of com meal with about a pint ol (thm) bread sponge, and water enough to wet it ; mix in about half a phit of wheat flour, and a tablespoonful of salt ; let it nse, and then knead well the second time ; bake lA hours Corn-Meal Bread No. 2.— Mix 2 qts. of new corn-meal with three pints of warm water ; add 1 tablespoonful of salt, 2 table- 8iKK)ntul8 of sugar, and 1 large tablespoonful of hop yeast : let it stand m a warm place five hours to nse ; then add li teacupful of wheat flour, and half a pint of warm water. Let it rise again li hours, then pour it into a pan well greased with sweet lard and let it nse a few minutes. Then bake, in a moderately hot oven, 1 hour and 30 minutes. Corn-Meal Bread No. 3.— Take 2 qts of white corn-meal, 1 tablespoonful of lard, 1 pmt of hot water ; mix the lard in water • stir it well that it naay get heated thoroughly, and add one-hali pmt of cold water. Wuen the mixture is cool enough, add two weU-beaten eggs, and two tablespoonfuls of home-made yeast. Bake 1 hour m a moderately heated oven. If for breakfast, make over mght. ' London Bakers' Bread.- To make a half-peck loaf take f lbs of well-boiled, mealy potatoes ; mash them through a fine colander or coarse sieve ; add ^ pt. of yeast, or f oz. German dried yeast, and IJ pt. lukewarm water (88« Fahr.), together witli | lb. of flour to render the mixture the consistence of thin batter ; this mixture is to be set aside to ferment ; if set in a warm place, it will rise in ■■ 1 t i t I c s V te i piilp in potatoev, ; add to liter, fer- nnd theu >f sesqui- . of flour id buked mix up onate of > wliicli 1 IS of tiie tions to- nasH into yeast, lemically of sifted le ; wlien a pint of Bat flour U)j and . If this r and a ian raeal meal, ith about ; mix in salt ; let leal with 2 table- 3t ; let it »acupful ise again '^eet lard itely hot -meal, 1 1 water ; one-half add two e yeast. st, make fibs, of colander d yeast, of flour mixture U rise in BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. 7 If .fe^'rad'eT'th"^^^^^^^^ colpr. The blood warm, viz., 92« Fahr a»H . ?,^ 7. . ^ P*- »' water nearly which has nreviously had ii uz ^lZ^tt% ** ^.^\^'^ «' ^l should then ie kneadil into lough and^nnwi"? ^*- ' *^« ^^^'e EI-. for 2 hour., when it B^l/SB^^iiSd teol^vS,"t23 ,4rgKruS^^^^^^^ ?- it'^S' It^- 1^ yP '- - *^^ek 'ihien Jours till !t becomesTperfe^ na^t« Si ^^/V""™ '^^« *« ^ur flour; adding the usuff mmnS^nT^ ""'l'^® ^*™ w*«» 7 lbs. Allow the dough to work n^ n^^ ? ^ °' y®*«*' s*lt» and water into loaves, Zi ^e^t aSrkne^"^^^^''' *^ «^^' then divide "pX^Biil'^^; '^'- «f very nntri?S^H IZT'"'' ^'*« ^^^^^^^^ thj^»ay« barnrarm^^r?ril^^ *^? ^'T^ ^^" '- next day^s ba^g One ?>nm,^ .^"^ J^^®'"''^^ ^ » warm pla?e foj wa^er is then added to thfiiZn^''* "^"^ ^«««^ dissolved in warm kneaded. As sf^^S V^t ^ZSlSi''^'^^ *^^S t^/.^bole %h% into loaves, and shortly aflSsMkPd ?h«' '^ K^^'' ^^^^ in the oven v ithout touchinV /a.h il®*^' ^^ ^^^^^ ^eing placed "crusted "all round touclimg each other, go that they may bJ flo^r^c^ld^STm'J'td'^SL^r^^^^^ «' ?<^^«^ «^eal a^.d rye one-half pint of swd ^L^!^? ^"^^^arm add the flour, addS " «poon, evL fuU TillXd^lTa'^^tV}; mixture, 'a tebTI mixture well. This kind nf htioS ^ ^^ naolasses, kneading the flour bread. All the water^dded afte?"l,S? '^/^^ '^"^ ^^^^ be lukewarm. When it has risen weU SS Iff ^^, "^?^* «^'«"^d oven or stove, the foi-mer should be hAt£i\ho*°>''S '" « ^"ck If a stove oven, it should be^teaniM iS^ i^^^" ^?^ ^^^^^ bread ; hour or more ; when done it f« a ^ i*T ^^""^ *^en baked one for baking thislind of brL is b^L^'^^'^JV. '^^^ ^^«* ^^idl eight or ten inchps in holrrvi* ^ J. "rown earthenware— say nans orW theXs. mttAZt^S'Xf^^' ^^ Ba^UasI water and smooth the loaf • ^S? fi,'- ^?° dip your hand & cold with a knife qSte deln Somt^f^t ,-f -^ '^*?-^ i**"^ ^«** ^^ ways to bake. MaL peopll^'prefrfi hr^^^^ ^**i^ ^^^^^^ they put^? flour instead d one W When it^« rl1ffi?^"J^''^ one-thfrd rye flour wiU answer for a substitute It p^h^''"" ^ ^?* ^«^ wh4 peal. " ' * ^'*- gmger, and some ground orange- teste ; 1 teaspooSS^ratS ^^"^ " ""*' "' "'y™" "'e H..B«XOBKOB«B„VKD,«CAiK.„AK.»a._I.I„„aki.,g.ake«,»«, ^s. BAKINO AND COOKING RECEIPTS. • r<»flnfMl whito nMtfar, although olwin brown migar doen m well. 2. Ifw good iiwm«t buttor in ovory (vwo. 3. (Jjiko mixture cannot bo Dmit<»n too nuK^h. 4. An wirthen iMMtn In tlie bout for iMMiting cake inlxturt* «»r oggn In. fl. A gmid roguliir hcwt inunt Im^ kept up In tlie oven. .♦». iJho tt brooui uplint to run through the thickortt iMtrt of the cilke ; if done it will conio out olojin, if not ihmo, thoro will bo »ome of the (lough HtioMiig to It. Thin rule upnlloH to brwwi iUho. The following oftken will Ikj found to conio out nil right with a fair trial : Siii'KMioH INIHAM (Ukk.— Take 2 mum of rmHon meal, 1 table- HlKwnfiU of molAiiH«« to each quart of tlie imtter add 1 cup of moUuwHs, U eggs, 1 tt«wiHH)nful of stvlemtns, a few caraway seeds, and 1 tenouiiful wheat flour ; Htlr well together. pour int»» a greased breadpiui, and liako hi a moderate hot oven I of an hour. [ * Almond OAKH.-~Take one iwund of almonds, blanched and MMten ; ten eggs, well b«Miten ; three-quarters of a iM>und of suinw. *nd Uiree-quarters of a mnind f flour, well mixwl ami Imked. . Wkuimnu (UKR.-ralto tl»rt>e ll>s. flour, tliree lbs, butter, three Um. sugar, two doseu eggs, four lbs. raisins, six lbs of currants,. iwo nw. wtron, one oum^e mace, one ounce cinnamon, one ounce uutmng, half-ounw ch>ves, half-pint brandy. Bmt Uie letter with vtnir h«Mid to crrnui : the« Inmt tl»e sugar into the butter ; add the m»Ui of the yttlks of the eggs, after iM^ing well l)eaUm, then the froU» of tl\e whites, ndx fruit, spice and flour Unrether, then add tliem In, leaking Ave or six ImurH for a large U>af. .«"»"« IHji'nh O^kk.— One iHMuui of flour, one |mund of sugar, one pound or imttw, eight eggs, tliree siHXuUtils nwo- water, msu^e, or other snice lIut^KWiiKAT Shoht CAKK.-l^ke 3 or 4 cu|»s nice sour mifk, 1 teasiMHwrul of smla salemtus iilsaolved in the milk ; if the milk W vwy sour, you must use siUemtus in pmiwrtitni with a little MUt; mix up a dojigh with buckwheat flour Uiicker than vou would mix the same for griddle i-akt^s, say quite stiff ; put into a buttered tin. and put diret^Uv into tlie stDve oven, and bake about ai mi«nt«(!i. or as you would a short-wike from common flour. w^C wid m."^;;^^ *'*'"'' ^ '"** ^"^' ^ '^ **'«'*^» * ^'^ '^^ SmuH IUKK,~-Tiike 7 ^is», be«it the whites and yolks sepa- rately- : then U^it well ti^gethejr ; now put into them sdfted wWte SMgar, I lb. ; with melteti butter, J lb.- add a small teaspoonfUl of imlverl«tHl i^arlmnntt* of ammwila, SMr in just sumcient sifted fltmr to »llow of its Wlr.« rolled out, aud cut into cakea. GiNvmw i.\KK.~-Klour 8 llw,. sugar and butter, each 1 IK. ginger nm.y molasiies 1 pint, mmm i pt and a litUe nutmeg : mix mm uml l»ake iu slaek oven. ^ '! BAKIMO AND COOKING RECEIPTS. 9 miik Serve immediately. *^ ' ^"^' "*™ ^® ®*^e' I»rt over. Sponge Cakb.-— Sift 1 lb of flonr unH i ik <^« i « the Juice of 1 lemon, biatioegSve??iiih^^^^ ^^^^J the sugar, then add the lemon MdAmir- if ' i!?SLi-™ ^®" ^"** hours fa necessary ^"' ' " ^^®^ "* ? Pan. ^wo «pou.,d oake, add rair'ri^X''£.»&«rwia'2 -^«i«^1| i a glU of Bweet mUk. ' ■sMpooMui soda, J lb. o( com Btareh, Railroad Cakb— a pint o£ flour 1 t>iiunv>nn«..i „• . • PooB Man's Cake.~1 cup of suffar A onn ^f k«**«- i =tuV^' ^^'^ «»-«^ toV^^f^rttet rrsisia^s pin'?S'sS^t';^liV2U^^ a Undy, and as mucK fruif K s^^™^^ i>' ^°«. 1 of SC50TCH Short BBEAD.-Flottr 2 noiS.TniS? "^ T ^^™- fugar ^ pound, blanched Xonds^cS smSll / L^T"*' ^"5^5 ifr-ksft*^";?.Arote^e^l^^^^^^ -'^^^!— ■ 10 BAKING AND COOKINO RECEIPTS. ftrH h'L^^?'"^'*"'® ®* ^ ^^''' ^^^^5 ^«"'' S cups; white sugar. ?l *ow^^ ?i ?* ^^^' ^°^ c"P 5 cream or sweet milk, 1 cup ; cream «LS /' ^ *r^?^' «°^'*' ^ teaspoon. Beat the eggs with the sugar ; have the butter softened by the fire, then stir it in • put the so^a and cream of tartar into the cream or milk, stirtSg up and mw ng all together ; then sift and stir in the flour ^ ^ eggB,'''^K^;;;'n. ^"'''^^ ^^'''''' * ^''''^ ^""^''' ^ '''^'® «"s^^> ^^ nr w^ffP";"^ P^^'^'l^ ^''''''' f P®""^ ^"**«'' S Pouiid sugar, 3 eggs ; or, without eggs, wet up, raise with saleratus and sour milk COMMON —12 pounds flour, 3 pounds butter, 3 pounds sugar 2 quarts milk, yeast, spice to taste. ^ ^ ' LOAP.-9 quarts flour 3 pounds butter, 4 pounds sugar, 1 gallon milk, wme 1 pmt, yeast 1 pint. . e > s«.iiuu Cider Cake.— Flour, 6 cups; sugar, 3 cups; butter, t cup • ^hJ^^'L ""^^ ' ealeratus, 1 teaspoon ; 4 eggs ; 1 grated nutnieg. Beat the eggs, sugar, and butter together, and stir in the flour and ?«iT^ ' dissolve the saleratus in the cid^y, and stir into the mass, and hake immediately in a quick oven. ' rr.^}^\^T^^ CAKE.-Mola8ses, 1^ cups ; saleratus, 1 teaspoon ; sour m Ik, 2 cups ; 2 eggs ; butter, lard, or pork gravy, what you would take upon a spoon ; if you use lard, add a little salt. Mix all bv fhoi* I?"^"'®.*'^. *wo with a spoon; dissolvmg the saleratus ih the milk ; taen stir m flour to give it the consistency of soft cake ^d put directly mto a hot oven, being careful not to dry by over Rock Cakes.— Mix together 1 lb. of flour: ^ lb. of sugar; k lb Of butter; ^ lb. of currants or cherrir and 4 eggs, leavuig out tne whites of 2 ; a little wine and canaieJ lemon peel are a ereat improvement. g^cai, Jumbles:,— Take 1 lb. of loaf-sugar, pounded fine ; IJ lb. of flour ; f lb. of butter ; 4 eggs, beaten light, and a little rose-water said spice ; mix them weU, and roll them in sugar. Cup Cakes.— Mix together 5 cups of flour ; 3 cups of sugar : 1 cup of butter • 1 cup of milk ; 3 eggs well beaten"; 1 wine-glass of wme ; 1 of brandy, and a little cinnamon. s » ux Cymbals.— 2 lbs. flour, 8 oz. butter, ^ lb. sugar, 6 eggs, rose- water and a little spice. . ^^ ' Fbostino, 03 Icmo, fob CAKBS.-The whites of 8 eggs, beat to a perfect froth and stiff ; pulsrerize'^ white sugar, 2 lbs. ; starch l..*«Weppoon ; pulverized gum arable, ^ oz. ; juice of 1 lemon ; sift the starch, sugar and gum arable into the beaten egg, and stir ail thoroughly, when the cake is cold lay on the frosting to suit Jumbles.- Butter 1 lb., sugar 1 lb., flour 2 lbs. : 3 eggs, A cup of sour milk ; 1 teasixwnful of soda, roll in white coffee suear This will make a largs batch. ' DouGHNLTS.- Sugar ana inilk, 2 cups of each ; saleratus, 1 tea- spoonful ; 3 eggs, and a piece of butter half as large as a small hen s egg, and flour sufficieut. Ckullers.— Sugar and meJted butter, 6 t^jblespooufuls of each • 6 eggs, and flour to roll. ' ^^^.?~.i,C'^9,^»**6^» 1 cup sugar, i cup of veast, h pint of milk : nuiKu It stifr wmi iiour ; add, if you likej nutmeg. ''' BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. jj Hi CocoANUT Drops.— 1 lb. grated cocoanut, i lb. white sugar, the whites of 6 eggs, cut to a stiff froth. You must have enough whites of egg to wet the whole mixture. Drop on buttered plates, in pieces the size of an egg. French Rolls.— 1 ounce of butter, 1 lb. of flour, 1 gill of home- made yeast, 1 egg, milk enough to make a dough. Rub the butter through the flour, beat the egg and stir in, then add the yeast, milk, and a httie salt. Knead the dough ; when it is light, mould it out mto large biscuits, and bake them on tins. MuFFms.— A quart of milk, 2 eggs, 2 spoonfuls of yeast, 2 lbs. of flour, a lump of butter size of an egg— which is to be melted m the °i^i T*" ^ ^^^^^ ^^* ' *^^® °™^^ is to be warmed, and the ingredients added. Let it rise, and then turu the mixture into buttered pans, and bake to a light brown. Bath Cakes.— Mix well together, 1 lb. flour, * lb. butter, 6 eggs aiid a cupful of yeast, set the whole before the fire to rise ; after it nses, add i lb. white sugar, and 1 ounce caraway seeds well mixed m, and roll the paste into little cakes, bake them on tins. No. 1 Crac.'ers.— Butter, 1 cup»; salt, 1 teaspoon ; flour, 2 qts. Kub thoroughly together with the hand, and wet up with water ; ueat well, and beat in flour to make quite brittle and hard ; then pmch off piecss and roll out each cracker by itself. Sugar Crackers.- Flour, 4 lbs. ; loaf sugar and butter, of each i lb. ; water, 1§ pts. ; make as above. Naples Biscuit.— White sugar, eggs, and flour, of each 4 lbs. Lemon Biscuit.— Take 3§ lbs. white sugar, 4 lbs. flour, i oimce saleratus, ^ lb. suet, a little milk to wot the dough, cut them out about the size of marbles, put them on pans a little greased and bake them in a hot oven and flavor them with essence of lemon Abernethy Biscuit.— Take 8 lbs. of flour, IJ lb. of butter, 1 quart of sweet milk, 12 ounces of sugar, 1 ounce of caraway seeds, 6 eggs ; mix dough of the above, break them in pieces of about two ounces mould them off, roll them out, prick them and bake them in a moderate oven. Savoy Biscuit.- Take of sugar the weight of 14 eggs, of flour the weight of 6 eggs, beat the yolks and whites of 12 eggs, separate, grate in the rind of a lemon ; after being in the oven a few minutes grate on some sugar. You may add peach-water, or lemon juice, or any flavoring extract. Ginger Snaps.— Take 7 lbs. of flour, 1 qt. of molasses, 1 lb. of brown sugar, 1 lb. butter, 2 ounces ground ginger, and then take 1 gill of water, | of an ounce of saleratus ; mix them all into doughj and cut them ouc somethmg larger than marbles, and bake them m a moderate oven. York Biscuit.— 3 lbs. flour, ^ lb. butter, | lbs. sugar; wet up, and raise with sour milk and saleratus. Traveller's Biscuit.— 2 lbs. of flour, | of a pound of sugar, i lb. butter, 1 teaspoonfui of dissolved saleratus, milk sufficient to form a dough. Cut up the butter in the flour, add the sugar, and put in the saleratus and milk together, so as to form dough. Knead It till it becomes perfectly smooth and light. RoU it in sheets alxmt s r.'x Kit iii^ii iitivii, vut titc ujin-cH wiui a uui;w3r or ine top of a tumbler. Bake in a moderate oven. ^ 12 BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. ^#^'^5'^^l^?^'*^J?. ^^^ Biscuit.— Bicarbonate of soda 4 lbs cream of tartar 8 lbs These ingredients should be tSroThlv dn^edTnd 8r;^rS;f«'^ Sm P"* "S W ^^^' dampness Lpsell^ut 3 S- Im ^ Mf^nSJ^iL^''*"^ ''^J^''''^' "^^ "^P ^"h cold water or nSk, ana pu*, it into the oven at once. "*"n., Brown Bread fob Biscuits.— Com meal 4 ots rve flour ^ «to f"u^rLda"JJe^*n^onfuirV "f'^^^-^' y&tTtX'pSSi: 2 nJ ^ni ,S!~ K * i ^^•' ^"®* ^ 1^»-' currants, raisins and plums ?m«'ta^te fSr^«';?S^XT*'^^' *."«P^«^' «i^«amon and cloH to fL*S? Pmi^ L??n 1"^**" sweeten. Baked in a short crust. «.««^ * FIBS.— For all kmds of fruit pies have your fruit swofit- ened to your taste, and then put in a short cr J BaSin 1^^^ Pumpkin Pie.- Stew the pumpkin dry, and make it likeani««h me only season rather higfer. In the countrT where thi?W wkh^tiirHnlSr^TT** in perfection, ginger is aJiort always unld w th other spices. There, too, part cream, instead of milk is rrS with the piirapkin, which giver^ richer flavoT ' ^ lassS'Tof water ITh"" ^ Sff ^' ^ 'f ^' VlJP «^ «»^'' ^ ««P «' ™o- lT^^ PiT^^^^^^^^ ^^B makes 3 pie. lemof ^« S.T^ ^P **i ?".gar, 1 cup sweet milk, 1 egg, li i^r\it^ ^I^^ Pu®.^^ *"d juice, 1 tablespoonfui of flour -then 1£ toS^ a ^i?."^^!*^ ^* *" ^^S beaten, Sweetened, and put S the top ; then set in the oven and browned. ^ and ilS\^nVo^'"''^*?y ^^** ""^a* ^«^y fi»^«ly. season it to taste, ^?h^ f*i '°**\i* Pie-dish ; have some finely-grated bread crumbs Sgrav%^^XT«^?".^ "i^*Tv?' ^^^ P^»^' intoTe d!sh any w/^T^ I ^^y ^®,** ^*^d ; then cover it over with a thick Sr Plat it iS*?hr°''''V^?^ ^? i"^^^ Pi««««of butter o?er the TOD. nace it m the oven till quite hot. a c^f of "^we^r J^/iv~^^ 'T ^l.'^!f^"' ^^'^ «^' * «"P of butter, half a cup 01 sweet milk, 1 and a third cup of flour less half a tZ. spoonfiU of soda, 1 of cream of tertSr, lemon fliffr Gr^s?^ round tins, and put in the above. Bake until -done Then m^c it kSid.^tSrnP^fi"' IP'^^d/ith nice apple-7aUTr saucrorany b Auce'lmTrtt' itT' ""' "^'^^ ^" ^^^ '' ^ ^^ -*^-* -«"' anSSTf!,^ ^/^r*^ ^"P ®* ^"^'' 1 of water, tablespoonfui of flour, tea- o?TrSl LifT?.^'^^^%^?'^ l^"^*^P ^*^)' 1 tSaspoonful of creZ mix ^H'i2^ a te( :poonful of soda, half a cup ofdried currante : cJirL^i\f^^ ^ P'*^^.^"* *^« flour from settling. CHICKEN Pie.— Take one pair of good voun«- chickens cut in «»ninii pi^es, season with pepper and saltind smaU^strips of iKk ^^^^ ^riX^rJhr*^'..*^"^^^' ^*' ^« for haw an ho^i'ffihour and butter to thicken the gravy, have ready a lar^^e dish s^rvpH — _ 4u»i-fcH oi com 4-1^;.. *«, — BAKING ANJ >OKING RECEIPTS. 13 t on the fire ; after boiling for 1 Bad dough, pick small pieces, say pan, with the veal and pork, and let Serve as soon as taken from the water ; pepper and salt aL hour have 3 pounds of ligh one ounce pieces, put in sau it boil for twenty minutes, fire. Plum Puddino.— Pound 6 crackers, and soak them oven night in milk enough to cover them, then add 3 pints of milk, 4 or 5 eggs raisins i lb., spice with nutmeg and sweeten with sugar and molasses. Bake alK)ut 2 hours. Tapioca Pudding.— Pick and mash a coffee cup full of tapioca, and pour upon it 1 pint boiling milk ; after standing i an hour, add another pint of cold, milk, with sugar and raisms if you desire. Baked Pudding.— 5 tablespoonfuls of com starch to 1 quart of milk, dissolve the starch in a part of the milk, heat the remainder of the milk to nearly boiling, having salted it a little, then add the dissolved starch to the milk, boil 3 minutes, stirring it briskly ; allow it to cool, and then thoroughly mix with it 3 eggs, well beat- en, with 3 tablespoonfuls of sugar ; flavor to taste and bake it i an hour. This pudding ranks second to none. Orange Pudding.- Take 1 lb. of butter, lib. of sugar, 10 eggs, the luice of 2 oranges, boil the peel, then pound it fine and mix it with the juice. Add the juice of 1 lemon, a wineglassful of brandy, wme and rose-water. If you do not have the fruit add the extracts. CocoANUT Pudding. To a large grated cocoanut add the whites of b eggs, i lb of sugar, 6 ounces of bucter, i a wineglassful of rose-water, and baked in or out of paste. Rice Pudding.- Take 1 lb. of rice, boiled well with rich mUk, Rtimng well imtil it is soft, and then add h lb. butter. 12 eggs, well beaten, and pice to your taste, and bake it. Hard Times Pudding.— i pint of molasses or syrup, i pint water, 2 teaspoonfuls of soda, 1 teaspoonful of salt, flour enough to make a batter ; boil in a bag 3 hours. Eat it with sauce. Baked Apple Pudding.— Pare and quarter four large apples, boU them tender with the rind of a lemon in so little water that when done no water may remain, beat them quite fine in a mortar, add the crumb of a small roll, J lb. butter melted, the yolks of 5 and whites of 3 eggs, juice of ^ lemon, sugar to your taste, beat all well together, all in paste. Ground Rice, or Sago Pudding.— Boil a large spoonful of it. heaped, m 1 pmt milk with lemon peel and cinnamon; when cold add sugar, and nutmegs, and 4 eggs well beaten. * Custard Pudding.— Take 1 pint milk, 4 spoonfuls flour, 6 eggs, spice to your taste and bake. > ee » Winter Pudding —Take the crust of baker's loaf of bread, and fill It with plums, boil it in milk and water. Baked Potato Pudding.— Baked potatoes skimmed and mashed. 12 oz., suet 1 oz., cheese, grated fine, 1 oz., milk 1 gUl. Mix the potatoes, suet, milk, cheese and all together, if not of a proper consistence, add a little water. Bake in an earthen pot College Pudding.— | lb. of stale bread, grated ; the same quan- "" "; r' - '"-KF^^i rcijr iixic , i iv. VI currants, a nutmeg, a few cloves, a glass of brandy, 2 or 3 eggs, 2 spoonfuls of cream or 14 BAKING AND COOKU^G RECEIPTS *i.^fi, ■ them be of flice briwn Uot Si ^L V '" * "*• "' ''""e'' ! «» soaked in uinirie^"weuK„","L'P»'°'?r^«"»mbe mace, 6 good tart appl^JSd ^J^J' I *««"?'"' <>' ™gar, little Cottage Pctddino i arm -i » and the juice of 2 Temous • '«S fh« JlT*^-,? ^^^« ^^^ beaten 3-ed ,„,ethe. and ^^Ciki^^^^^^'f ^ -J^etgy oft"Sr/a1S"S^'L','Sl^rr.;i.i'^'^S T=^ quantitie, flour. 2. Take the iulM of an o^^« i^ J^? '' .*"'' «"■■ '■> » "Wo let it scorch, wLn iiicelv don? S5 "^^ ^""^ «*^^ ^'^^ o^'^r, do Sot the steak, then addTm/uaUy'a cun otl'J'''' ? ""^" ««^' «^«r more salt and pepper? if SsarJ .^ti?! ^* ^T*?®"*' seasoned with fire and boil agaV and ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the water over the of wSer\ftSr before'tCs^^^^^^ ^^-^*h -^-^ 2 quarts is done, cut tiiem Tp, put them ^"'^^^^^^^ """^ ^ ^''^' ^heu the\teak salt, pepper, and bStter sprlSde 4^th Xnf K «f «««,,^«U ^th p.ace over the fire stir nffi. ^ P®*^' stir aU well together a little brownlnd s^ft ' urSttem SfeXXf^^ ' "'^'"' ""^ "« Seasoning POB.STUppiva i ik / ,f^^: , an ounce of ground wWtTDl^Lr'.*? '*"' ^"^ ^^^ «i**ed ; half 1 oz. of dried mariomm • SonL*'^'' ''''/*'^^ <^^ *^"ed thyme; seasoning is used nKS^^ nnw 1 ^"® '^.'^- .*^* ^lutmeg. When this cient qn|ntit/to'm're^y"s^ufSigTe^^^^^ The%S!r??-^ ^ «^«^- h pound of bread crumbs -3 e^i^^-T^h B P'^PPOftions are- any cold vegetables ) a fcih^?;"il?1 of celery (or the remains of pepper, a bunch of ' parley TsnrS t '^^*' ^ ^bl««Poonf«il of Put these into two quS/V? «S5 ^^ jn^rjoram and thyme. which mutton hasVr boil^ ST Z'^K^^h ^lit^^4 > — — ;/ •"i'^ icfc uxeiu uou for > a I 1 BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. 15 hair-sieve, add a pint of new *wo hours ;: rub through a fine milk, boil up, and serve at once. - a good famify Tup ^"» ta^* j serve altogether. It makes Pea Soup. — ^Beef 6 lbs watAi* k «««? aud p^p^r'fla'kll.f^Le'hT """""^ «"^' ^^ and add butter, salt and pepper to taste ' ^^ ^^ "^^^""^ CO& J.^^^^^^ them up^in the butter ani^ sugar. Serve hot with t^mmiLL' ' '"^^^ ^^'^ «^"' ^HASHEB M.AX Ta^ 2 ib.^^^^^^ Jbeef, weU boiled and put ia choppiiig tmy,^ce^t S'Ct ni'i V^'^^ ""^^ ^^^'^^ ? add 2 ozs. butter ; p4p^ and ^t 't? 45« -^^'^^w?^ *^^^*^^^' boll In 3 qts of waS with! IK , ™^. *'* ""« "<>™i Pit it on to salt to tS m1^ thfwitS'hL'".i^i';S'i''''*^'»"^^ quantity, serve in a tareenTasonn '^ *° * *^ ""g""^ Maocaroni Soup. — 4 lbs nf loan k^^* a 4. j> turnip, onions : set rTor K.nvTSi ®,?*' • ?*^- **' ^a*^^. carrot, through a siev4 • Lve 2 i '. n?^o'^^ ""^ mix together ; strain it al inch fong ; imt aU into a^u^L^t^^^^^ ^^"^^T !"*« I^^«<^« «f one minutes, and serve ?t hot ^^"^ *^^^*^^'^' ^^^ ^^* i* boil for 10 isoi..i> CusTABi,, OR Mock CREAM.-Take 2 Ublespoonf uJs com 16 BAKmo AND COOKING RECEIPTS. i» i of a lemon S a d^* of l2^l^Z''^„*^^^^^^ '^^^ 5 P^* *^« 3»»i«« tUl quite cold P^"' *^® *^''^™ "P^^" »*> stirring sweet raar>ram,nf you have them^l'n ^?Sf 'vT""^' '^^7' «' M.f^iJr^SrftT.*^^ tufkey, an the crop with staffing, on?™i^ch™'ihL^Z.*'tX-'^*^* ™^> ^"'k »»d pick it, andaa i '41 ( C t D I] a e* 81 (s dii pr 4-44. da email lio starch, 11 beaten, ► once or emon or to it the the thui the juice , stirring I a little 3te ; boil 1 on the cellent. 1 qt. of a lemon dish or moky it ud keep lours or gtufBng, ►p some ^ory, or i fancy pepper. stuffing, over it, lone, it ! water, and an i in the a cloth, Ducks ns, and le dish, ing the Ji hour le as a 3 suffl- )ar8ley, >n with le next I color. 9 ; then butter. BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. J f7. flsh'in s^S7K;:^p?re\^n^S^^^ '''\^'^' ^^'^^b ^nd cut the place tliem in^he ke?tle%%'er^/^i? rtJ««%a^^^^ onions then potatoes, onions, &c seasnnliff; on i, , "' *^^^" ^^ '^e fried nork Spit the mearbeppe? tte "Li' S'^^\^ .«"« best for roastine with its own dnoS «nrt .i?£,' "* '''"*« ■' well whUe rrZS smoke dmwa toX"1b?r1t'£rZ.?lJ;SS.'"»' <>' »¥'• WheSf lit IS the rule for roast- and clear. ing. S^S^^5«3£^«j-iS=TJr'A» the scum as it rises. From 2 t?'/?« making it tender-take off rule for boiling. /'^om 2 to 6 liours, according to size, is the cutXutlTa^^^StSlhivl^^^^^^^^^ «^« ^est steak- and set it over a good fire oTcoIin f ^"'lu''^ ^^*' P^* on the melt ""roIS' P ^^ rule for broiltog '~*"™ ^^""^ «^*«^- From 8 S lo skin ir squa^es-m^V A,?ffi P*''^ ^^^^ it clean-cut th« Sur/tA-^'-^^^' ^ol'eSed wTth^hl ?Sk'V'^^^' «age, onion? =i|i^^ f- A s^i^^ii-^s^ibr^- - ^ '"S^£^^^' ^^^' ^«^---' -d SPAK.-R.Bareroasted Ronst^beforetVis^k%?e\S^^^^^^^ ^« i" roasting pork ^^Srr " ^! ""'^^'^ ^^^^^^^ an^Xn^ t'a^ fe/^ ^£bmusfb™oneth^e^^ of mutton and ed with a Quick, clear fixe • bS i/^^^er parts must be roast- dredge it with a little flour 1n'«fw * ^^^^ ^^u put it down and ton of six pounds wS reinii ? >, ®^"^.® ^"^"^ *ake it up. A leffS'm^if To BoirEGGs.-ln 3 StL^S''" ^ ^«^«* before a quick |?e ""'*" part is completely cookenuo hVSf,'''^^ ^°" «oft,\ 4 the White laK^i ?~^^ 8^|gs ' Ct'of S' "°^ «"^^«y «tewed, t5 ^* i^* ^" ^^our. ' *'^ ' ^ ^^- oi milk ; spice to your taste ' A^r^^^a brr^STo^^. B....H.^Boil 2 brls. of new' diced ancfstill kept boilSbriHv^ mtp the cider thuS rt prevent burning, till of the^onn'Spi^l'i^^.Y^^oie^^assconstantlv^^^^ ^. u. puivenzed allspice, added"feS th^ bS^^ i^S^ ^v. f 18 BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. raent. Boil i» a brass kettle, and. when done, put it into a wooden firkin, or a small cask, and it will keep for years. Apple Hutter (Pennsylvania Method).— Boil new cider down to J. Pare, cut, and core equal quantities of sweet and sour apples. Put the sweet apples in a large kettle to soften a little first, as they are the hardest. Add enough boiled cider to cook tliem. After boiling i an hour, stirring often, put in the sour apples, and add more boiled cider, with molasses enough to sweeten moderately. Boil until ten- der, stirring to prevent burning. Pack in firkins or stone pots for winter use. Irish Stew.— Take 4 lbs. good breast of fat mutton, cut in small pieces ; 2 large white onions ; 10 large potatoes, well peeled and sliced ; put an in saucepan together, with fine herbs, pepper and salt to suit ; a little salt pork is a good addition : \ lb. of flour ; ± IJ). good fresh butter, well rubbed together, and let it boil for one hour, and have it well cooked. Apple Dumplings.— 6 eggs, 1^ lbs. of flour, some butter to your taste, and tablespoonful of yeast, and sufficient milk to make a dough to roll out : when raised, cut in small pieces, put in the apples, and cook for | of an hour ; serve with white sugar or wine sauce. Boiled Poultry.- Take large chickens, well cleaned with cold water, put in saucepan with water to cover, boil 1 hour ; served with -sauce. Hashed Turkey.— Take meat from boiled fowls, chop fine, put in saucepan, with seasonings to suit taste. Served on toast Boiled Maccaronl— Take 2 lbs., break in small pieces, put in warm water to steep 1 hour, drain off, put in saucepan with 2 qts. fresh cream, with grated cheese ; seasoned with red pepper. Strasburg Potted Meat.— Take li lbs. of the rump of beef, cut into dice, put it in an earthen jar, with | lb. of butter, tie the jar close up with paper, and set over a pot to boil ; when nearly done, add cloves, mace, allspice, nutmeg, salt, and cayenne pepper to taste, then boil till tender, and let it get cold, pound the meat, with 4 anchovies mashed and boned, add ^ lb. of oiled butter, work it well together vnti the gravy, warm a little, and add cochineal to, color then press into snal! pot«, and pour melted mutton suet over the top of each. Bologna Sausages.— Take equal quantities of bacon fat and lean beef, veal, pork and beef suet ; chop them small, season with pep- per, saltj &c., with sweet herbs and sage rubbed fine. Have well washed intestines, fill, and prick them ; boil gently for an hour, and lay on straw to dry. Rich Sausages.— Take 30 lbs. of chopped meat, 8 oz. fine salt, 2^ oz. pepper, 2 teacups of sage, and If cups of sweet marjoram, passed through a fine sieve, or, if preferred, thyme and summer savory can be substituted for the latter. ^ How to save your Ice Bill.— Get a quantity of empty barrels or boxes during the coldest time in the winter, and put a few inches of water in each; the evening when the cold is most intense is the best time to do this. After the water is frozen solid, fill up agam, repeat the process until the barrels are full of solid ice, then roll them mto your cellar, cover them up with plenty of sawdust or stmw, and your ice crop is safely harvested. .. m a wooden iown to J. pies. Put i they are r boiling h ore boiled until ten- e pots for t in small eeled and }pper and of flour ; )il for one erto your make a he apples, ine sauce, with cold r ; served ine, put in es, put in dth 2 qts. ' beef, cut ie the jar irly done, pepper to the meat, 3d butter, and add ar melted b and lean with pep- Lave well an hour, fine salt, larjoram, summer barrels or 5w inches ise is the up again, then roll sawdust + BAKING AND COOKIJfO HEOEIPTS. 19 »nd flour, suit yonr& and' lln^'A'^ ""'• * 1«- beaten 'cre^m as that would injure the flavor ri i-if", ^"^^^ «»d not burned ^l^e^.' as goo^d, and^fZnyUir^J^^^^^^^^^^^^ me^^nf pS^a tTa's ^ton'^lV^ ^"1^* *-' ^--. or b^ll vessels should never be used aftiS^ ^""^ T"!- ^^^wn earthen «W 1 lb. ; Syttd~'Xtnearlv'V ' ^oil ; add .^mons, and the gmted yellow rindrn? 9''^'*' ^^^ *^« J"^^^ 'of 6 mix weU, strain gff the peei and nnt I •T'^Sf^ *"<^ 2 lemons ; g?m/iom ^e;/2,.--Hartshorn lib .^w^J^""*^ glasses or bottles boil over a gentle fire till aniir '*,^^}^T ^ S^i. ; peeloir2 lemons • «Hgar,*lb.;%htesoflOe^^^^^^ and adTbaf mix well together then horn? '^^j?*^",**^ » Jroth ; juice of 6 lemons • aiid 2 oz cloves fnVFga^water^^^^^^^ * oz is'SL' upon 4 lbs. of loaf sii«?-t . „^^ ' J^" ^* ^^o^ii *« lialf a gal • strain u- tie. ^;,p;2, ^ir/rofr'd4f 1-Tak^ ri"^S ^"?'« ™ ' the^K supr, 2 lbs. ; boil to a jeUy a7d wi/ ^'^^^ ^1*'^' «*^a"^^d, 4 lbs. ; 4 lbs. ; water, 2 lbs • boil Wo^S2. •.•.,, ?^^*^*«»^ «/e%.—Suffar to this syrup,'add an' eq'Sa^lS^fl'l^lSit^ nearly^olid 4en S'; boil cool then pot it.^ Cu7rSjp!^?''^?TFJ'''''^'^ give it a short rants, and loaf sugar emi^\ni^L'J ^'T\^^^ t^^e jmce of red cur- bours ; put it inSsS V. H^^'Jlf '^ ' 5^" »"^^ stir gently for thre: afirm jeSly TapS^iy^^^^l^lZ^^^^^ cWeLate iJto a^ecable than the to"~^t?.frilT^T ^* ?^^^^a«klt>erry is more not agreeable to aU.^ ft' is made If, tU*^"""^^ ^^^ wholesome^rl but the fruit is so swppf thnfT ^^ *^® .^a°^® way as currant iellv- juice in sugar ^* *^* '* ^^^ ^^^"1^68 half "^the weight of & pufthe p''e^s^tra";^^^pl^^^^^^^ ,*f '^^ ' ^^- of sugar • and set It over the fire uX^D •* •'*^*^^ ^old water ; covefit cold water ; pare, quarter «n?^ *"".*, '" '^^*' ^^^^ P«t them into cups of wat^rf set' tl" m o^-ertheXe *''ro^l ''t^T *" 4^ *^'^« ^' i^K^^? and smooth, put tL suSir to^? =« >"^^'i *'"^' "^""^^ *^e i^K.SM.viB Cn.o..^Pare and cut open the citron ; clean aU oui le s^e BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. I. is t i t if I t ( f^xoopt thn rind ; hoil till soft. To 1 lb. of citron add 1 lb. of pupar. and a hurion to each lb. , put tlje Hiiyar and lemon tofxethnr, and boil it till it be(H)iucH a Hyrup, Bkininiing it well ; then put the syiui) and citron toj^cther, and boil it an hour. S(;oT(;n Maumaladk.— Take of tiie juice of Seville oranges 2 pta., yellow honey, 2 lbs. IJoil to a proper consistence. Kahimjkkry Jam.— Allow a pound of sugar to a i)onnd of fruit, mash the rasi)berries and put them, witli the sugar, into your preserving kettle. Boil it slowly for an hour, skimming it well. Tie it ui) with brandy paper. All jams are made iu the same manner. B'UKNCH Honey.— White sugar, 1 lb.; 6 eggs, leaving out the whites of 2 ; the juice of 3 or 4 lemons, and tlie*gnited rind of 2, and i lb. of butter ; stir over a slow fire until it is of the consis- tency of honey. Almond Blanc Manoe.— Take four ounce of almonds, six oz. sugar, boil together with a quart of water, melt in this two ounces of pure isinglass, strain in a small tin mould to stiffen it. When wanted, dip the mould in hot water and turn it out. Lemon Blanc Mancje.— Pour a pint of hot water upon half an ounce of isinglass ; when it is dissolved, add the juice of three lemons, the i)eel of two lemons grated, six yolks of eggs beaten, add auout a food wine-glass' of Madeira wine to it ; sweeten to your taste ; let it oil ; then strain it and put it in your moulds. Molasses Pkesekves.— Boil 1 ot. of molasses about ten or fifteen mi)iutos to a thickish consistency, then add (5 eggs well beaten, and a Biwonful of ilour. Boil a few minutes longer, stirring constantly, then set off the fire, and flavor with lemon or allspice as desired. Fruit Extracts, &c.— Good alcohol, 1 qt. , oil of lemon, 2 oz. Break and bruise the peel of 4 lemons, and add to them alcohol for a few days, then filter. For currants, peaches, raspbenies, pine apples, strawberries, blackberries, &c., take alcohol and water half and half and pour over the fruit, entirely coverhig it, and let it stand for a few days. For essence of cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, vanilla, &c., pulver- ize either article thoroughly, and put about 2 oz. of the resulting pow- der to each pint of reduced alcohol, agitate the mixture frequently for 2 weeks, then filter and color as desired. Measures for Housekeepers. Wheat flour lib is 1 quart. Indian meal 1 " 2 oz *' 1 quart. Butter when soft. . 1 "...." 1 '• I^oaf sugar, broken 1 " <' I " White sugar, powd i " 1 oz. '* 1 " Best brown sugar lib. 2 oz. is 1 qt. Eggs 10 eggs ai-o 1 lb. Flour 8 qts. " 1 peck. Flour 4pk8. "Ibush. Liquids. 16 large tablespoonf uls are 8 hu'iLfo tablespoonf uls are 4 large tablespoonf uls are 2 gills are 2 pints are 1/2 pint. 1 gill. Y2 gill. % pmt. 1 qt. 4 qts. are 1 gallon A common sized tumbler holds 1 pint. A common sized wiue-glass " 14 a gill. 25 drops are equal to 1 teaspoonful. V2^ •f ! I k b. of 8upar. ;t^thor, ;imi t the syrup oraugeH 2 id of fruit, into your ag it well, the tuiiue \g out the rind of 2, the couHis- ds, »ix oz. this two ) still'en it. . on half an ee 'lemons, Id about a iBte ; let it 1 or fifteen iten, and a constantly, 3sired. oz. Break I for a few ne apples, If and half I for a few c, pulver- Iting poAV- frequently farmers' receipts. 21 J oz. is 1 qt. * aio 1 lb. " 1 peck. •' 1 bush. . . 1 gnllon. • holds 14 a 188 " 14 a aspoonful. FARMERS AND STOCK^OWNERS' DEPART- laws that govern them. For SsSp ^> 1 1^ f^ ?'"? ''''^'"" "'^*"ral whenev;er lie gets badly frightSed^ ft k n«?nv"w 'T-^"'" *« ^''^^ from whatever he thinb wil do hiin haJm w?^^'''' f}^"" ^ ^^'""Ve heanng, and smelling, have been Sven bin, ?''' faculties of seeing, new that he is brougfit in contfS Av^Ih l^^^ examme everything him with nothing that offendrfl pI^^ ;Andsolongas you present . handle him at will, noLXSdbin- h^V'^^'f ' ""J .^?:^«' y*>" ^an then that in a short time hHil S^ ffV^fn "'^^ be frightened at first, so contact with All of tiilViir- ■ '^"^/<^ «* anything he is brought in stumbling &c.,1\?4£,^fc^,f"d^^^^^^^ of Worses fS^ng^ for it, it o^Aly adds ter or and m£s the owf ?' ^°^ I^ ^^'^^'^ otherwise be ; cive him timi /^^ • v'J^^* larger than it would He should ne^erie hit^w h ti?.^T?""^ '\ ^^^^^«»^* punishing him for anything tlmt he doe^ A« t.^^P'n""^"*^ '''"■^ circumstances or assists the trainer to tame hi«lf.*'' smellmg oil, there is nothing that colt with the scent of ZL^'orchm^^^^^^^^ " '' ^^"^^ *« appr^ch a scent of hogs, for horses S„r«iw^2r^^il "''''" ^^^^ ^^^"d. than the attempt to escape from ^wSi^tfT^*?^ f^"* ^^ hogs,' and will namon, or salt. To Xct a ho Ji J m ^ the scent of^honey, cin- preparation of opium S wi^^.T,? .f f'^-^^ .X^ "^"^t give him some -nnot teach hhi -ythh^ mo^Tha^^m^^^l ^^R^^^^^^^ 29 FAIIMEUS' UKCEIPT8. with liquor. Another thinpr, you must romcmhor to tro.it hfm kindly for there vou rc(iiiirn (.|M.di«mco from any .sulmict, it \h hotter U) hnve it rendered from a HenHO of lovo than fear. You nhoiild be careful not to chafe the liim of your colt or hurt hin mouth In any way ; if you do he will diHlike to have the bridle on. After he i.s tJiUKht to follow you, then put on the harneHH, nutting your linoH through the Bhaft Htraps alon^ the wide, and t«ich hin to yield to the reins, turn short to the right and left, teach him to Htaiid still before he is ever hitched up ; you then have control over i.im. If hegetrt frightened the lines should be used m a telegraph, to let lilm know wiiat yoii want him to do. No horse is naturally vicious, but always obeys his tniiuer as soon as he comproluinds what ht would have hin> do • you must be Arm with him at the same time, and give him to under- stand that you are the trainer, and that he is the horse. The best bits to be used to hold a horse, to keep his mouth from getting sore, is a straight bar-bit, 4^ inches long between the rinj^'s ; this operates on both sides of the iaw. while the ordinary snaffle forms a clamp and presses the side of the jaw. The curb or brie rates on clamp and nder jaw so I horno, put s«s it down ;klo up the dm around FARMERS' RRCEIl'TS. 23 S"!^\^lVu'r.VheUlM at the «a.ne h.m Htoady, and in a few momon^ he wufn h '" "" ''i? •*»«''«' »">'^l hocks, HtopniuK' immediately XnS\?S?t*^r;?!;rK ^h'^»b«vo the you; while his head is tf.waWir^^.,„ colt tunw his head towards extended toward hhn? Si^ /our' wEKlh!.'"^, TI'^ '^^ >«" ^"'"d him as soon m he turiw his h^Xm vou fn .h *^^*' '^^^^ ^' «""P Ret your hands ui>on him J^tuS^^ ^?"' i '° ^5^** ^»y /«» «in soon to oaresa him for his oSdiennA^!^ ^''"^^l«^'« (*on« this, be careful In tills way he will Bo^S^tnuC he"'i!f L?''? •^"'' ^'^ di^obedieS his head towards you, and in a verv ghort^&! "' y^"'' Pr««e"^'« with ^l^l^'^yo^- . Speak kindl?a'rmW iT, J«!!nT"?.l'^««P hi«» away from you. SpeaiTldndiy andTCly tL hi,raim« ? '^^^'^ ^'^ 1, mllhiff by name, and naying, - L Ik>v A ni - w*^Tv '"^'.^'^ imiliar word that he will W earn ' ^' "''' ^'"*' »' i«l« i"' \7,""**^ "^ uame, and Havlnff. «*H( ff /;^n?M^^' ""r^^ *5»' ^« ^'" W earn ' ' -' - If a colt IS awkward and carelesa nt ^n.^' rnemberlug that we, ?S,TerTa''il,l?^^2;Lri' 5?" »'".!' "to, or renieinlMring that we, tiorwerTawkwrySJw"'" "*'" *"•" '■'">. :o your course of t.rfi«fm«„* i" „ "^'^T ^^ ^""I. Jo'Jmt^tXreLliryo^Z^^^^^^^ Ttje is"^!/^ such a way that he in iwvverlesrfor harriZ?!' ^^ ^«n«ni^ff him in disposed to run, use my pole check oS /nm Vf ?^ fl^^mits. If he is around his under jaw, pS it thrmia? ?i? ' f *^ H^^' ^^*«n » rope hind feet In this way Kktlwrn!?^ *\®.<^o"ar and attach it to his falls on his jaw. iTh^ shoiSd be sSbtor^T.' as the force of the blow him until you subdue him? without pu^iS'in^^h?i^ ^Il^v.^**^ ^'°»fi"e , Colts should be broke withmit hK k •^?"*'" ^^*h the whip, broke, then you may put m bH L ""p'^il^^^^ i ^^'^ they are well best unless /ou^SrspTedyou^o^^^^^^^^ are the keep him from seeing the whin rHu^t'i, .^ ^V'^^^ he necessary to tau-ht to give readil? tr tiiH^n bofni^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^«" handled and hitch them up the ifrst thin^ «„5 *i ® l^^^ ^'"^ hitched up. If you have no control overlem1,utH lon^t^f ST ^"''^htenedrthen fon stand at the word before tT^eV are hitohed^tn^^"' ^ '^^' «^P? and Cruelty to HoRSEs-Besidls the m?;! i^,f -^i?'' ^'\" .^«^«™ ^^^em. horses, by the careless and heartleL^^^^^^^^ vere punishment in the winter se^nS^^^^^ *« subjected to se- frozen bits into his mouth ki cold wS'eXii^'?'^ compelled to take tongue and the roo^ of ]Ss mouth ^i3^^?n' *^"ng the skin from the the mouth and throat • he S JJ»n?^l3o^^ a heavy inflammation in nerves of the head take upThe &mma?kS.''".o' H l^" «yn^Pathetic ev;es, frequently producin"- b inlw«?^ 5 "'tP^^7 i* ^ the head and I^he whi^shoufdWSs anlS^^^^^ f ^^'^ ^'^^asel ture ; and your bits should be wo^T^fSf Sl ^^T"'? ^^^^^^^ «f ^r- no frozen iron will come in pw^ with flannel or leather ; so that .Rarey's LrN^EN^l'suVhTric etTer 4^n "'^•^?^'3?^ or'tongue oil of origanum, 4 ozs. calcohir 4 ?./'•* "^^^'j hartshorn, 4 ozs., well before using. For spJainfon wf«; '/^^^ Shake cover with a tight flannel baSSe v^\ ^^^ t^P^^ hy rubbing and temples and apply a baSSe wef With t w^^'^^' "»^ « ""le on the Rabey's wJLrd S-Oirof orwSf,^^^^^^ ^ *h« forehead spirite turpentine. 1 oz. ; camnhrr* ?"f ^»,i«!«-J,*l«ohol, 6 ozs. ; '4 i ■ 8.T i i |tt.Ttftv.»y> HiflP^aiB^li 2-4 FARMERS RECEIPTS. \ Rarey's Directions for Shoeing Horses.— " There are very- few blacksmiths that ever once think vv^hat a complicated piece of machinery the foot of a horse is, and by one careless blow they frequently stop the working of this machine. The majority of smiths, as soon as they pick up a horse's foot, go to work paring the heel, from the fa(;t that it is the most convenient part of the foot, and there- by destroy the heel and braces of the foot, causing, in many instances, contracted lieels. The heels of a horse should be well kept up and the toe down. By lowering the heels yon throw the entire weight of your horse Jipon the back tendon of the legs, and thereby produce lameness from overfcixing a very important set of tendons. By keeping up the heel you throw the weight upon the wall of the foot. In this position you prevent stumbling, clicldng, &c. Next the shoer commences to ]iare away the sole, thins it down until he eim feel it spring with his thumb. Ask him why he does tliis, and he gives you no reason, except from custom ; next comes the bars or braces of the foot, they are smootlied down ; next in his ruinous course, comes the frogs of the feet, they are subjected to the same cutting and smoothing pro- cess. All the cutting, paring, and smoothing of the soles, bars, or frogs IS a decided injury to the horse as well as to the owner. All the corns in the land are jjroduced by this process of paring. The frogs have been placed in the foot by nature to expand the wall of the foot, and as soon as you commence to cut it, the oily substance commences to leak out, it drys up, becomes hard, losing its oily substance, makes tlie wall hard and dry, inducing it to crack. The nerves of the feet are very sensitive, and smiths should be very careful not to prick the foot, as it requires nuite a time to relieve tliem. The foot is a very complicated piece of machinery, and if you keep a horse well shod and his foot in good condition, you can then generally manage the balance. The feet suffer from being kept too dry. Horses that stand on iKiard floors should have their feet wet every day, or there should be a vat five inches deep, five feet long, and three wide, filled with water and clay, in whicl) each hoi-se can stand for one hour per week, • iinless his feet are feverish, then he should be kept in it an hour per any, or until tlie fever subsides. Another source of injury to horses' feet, is the habit of patronizing cheap blacksmiths. If a man can il FARMEIia' RECEIPTS. 25 are very I piece of )low they jt smiths, the heel, md there- instances, ip and the tit of your lameness ng np the s position nences to with his reason, ioot, they J frogs of hing pro- , bars, or All the rhe frogs the foot, mmences e, makes f the feet prick the s a very veil shod nage the lat stand •e should Ued with er week, hour per horses' man can frog and the elasticity S^naturl?/^^^ ^ '"PP ^ *^^^ ^a«t«^ with one of mv com shoP« • hiti^^i *v. •' ^ ^^^ °^ ^®^" ^^^^^ shoeing cure contracted fe™ bv ?hmww!L*^''- 'L*^^ ^"^i^ ^«"»We way tb the imide otXeZu^hF'?Z''SZ'^J^'ii^.^}^I'tL°*_^'^ l^lto cpm«, put on a shoe with anronff forthTmnlnri^"!^"™";"" "'""; ''"' t.refrog,paretI.owaUlowe?th'S'ii°n?4^S1Se^'=S'>;'&l- 26 FARMERS* RECEIPTS. thrown on the fro^. Have the inner cork not quite so sharp as the outer one, so that if he steps upon the other foot it wiU not cvt it • make the slioes as light as possible consistent with good service, as thejr are ordmarily made just about J too heavy." To Prevent Horses Kickino in the Stall.— Fasten a short trace-chain aoout 2 feet long, by a strap to each hind foot. A better way IS to have the stalls made wide enough so that the horse can turn In them ea«Uy. Close them 'with a door or bars, and turn the animal loose. After a while he wiU forget the habit, and stand tied without further trouble. To Cure Broken Legs.— Instead of summarily shooting the horse. In the greater number of fractures it is only necessary to par- tially sling the horse by meai of a broad piece of sail, or other strong cloth placed under the animal's belly, furnished with 2 breech- mgs and ^ breast girths, and by means of ropes and pulleys attached to a cross beam above, he is elevated, or lowered, as may be required By the adoption of tliis plan every facility is allowed for the satisfac^ tory treatment of fractures. Lampas.— This consists in a swelling of the first bar of the upper ' palate. It is cured by rubbmg the sv/eUing 2 or 3 times a day wkh h oz. of alum and the same quantity of double refined sugar mixed with a little honey. Gravel.— Steep \ lb. of hops in a quart of water and give it as hot as the horse can stand it. » osuul Halter Pullino. A new Way to prevent horses pulling at the nalter. is to put a very small rope under the horse's tail bringing the ends forward, crossing them on the back, and tying them on the breast. Put the halter strap through the ring, and tie the rope in front of the horse. When the horse pulls, he will, of course, findliim- self m rather an uncomfortable position, and discontinue the effort to free himself. Hide Bound.— To recruit a hide bound horse, give nitrate potassa (or saltpetre) 4 oz., crude antimony 1 oz., sulphur 3 oz. Nitrate of potassa and antimony should be finely pulverized, then add the sulphur, and mix the whole well together. Dose, a tablespoonful of this mixture in a bran mash daily. i' ui To Prevent Horses from Jumping.— Pass a good stout surcingle around his body ; put on his halter, and have the halter strap lonff enough to go from his head, between his fore legs, then through the surcingle, and back to one of his hind legs. Procure a thill strap and buckle around the leg between the foot and joint, fasten the halter strap in this— shorter or longer, as the obstinacy of the case mav require. It is also useful to keep colts from runnhig where there is Ukely to be danger from the result ; if the thill strap should cause anv soreness on the leg, it may be wound with a wooUen doth, and it would be well to change it from one leg to another occasionally. Big LEtf.--To cure, use the " Bliste,ring Liniment" with regularitv every third hour until it blisters. In 3 days wash the leg with linseed ou. in 6 dajs wash it clean with soap and water. Repeat everv 6 days until the swelling goes down. If there should be any callous left, apply spavin ointment. Sore Breasts.— This generally occurs in the spring, at the com- mencement of nlowiiiff. At timAa tha fonif • • ^ - °! ~c?* '■ ^l iViiig poor farmers' receipts. 27 n o?S; iif"? ^'^^ having the collar weU fitted to the horse's breast; and often the hames are either too tight or too loose. There is a great sefrn^d 5^ h^^""^' -n ".* getting chafed or galled, and at times ifhas seemed to be impossible to keep their breasts from getting sore • but br^t^nf LfF^'^^r^^J^ strong alum water or whiti oakC ti the tSw wm ^'T^l' ^ ^^y«i>«f?^^e going to work, toughen them so vinr r.^ will not get sore. Another excellent plan is, when you let nuU itTiSf^ ^r * ^!J ^<^^^^^ during work, to raise the colfar and SSked hLd ' ™^ ^^ ^'^'* tWoughly with your r.rS«f ^^^^.5^^^^? HoRSEs.-We desire to register an earnest ttth^i^i*^'" barbarous appendage to horses^ harness. iTre- ^iTti^l /^"^^ s progress in every position both while he is at work, ever^ie i'ST^^^^^ Z^ ^T''7' ^* '^ ^^^h useless and cr^l S mS ft Mr A n Jif "^V T^u"^ ^°/ Compensating dualities to recom- PrniitJv^ A • "PS' "^J *^® "Boston Society for ttie Prevention of ,??^i ^ ^^ Animals," wlio has travelled over a great part of Europe S ^t ^?^^;^«t«.«f.humanity to our dumb servants, says, Sat the use «f ife^^'®''^ ""^'^ '^ confined to America alone, be ng deservedly dis- r^^o^XTf ,^^f^-^"*!i '^ ^^"-'^^^^ ^"^ «^ the Continent ^ The reason why it is so discarded, was very graphically explained bv an S"MrAZ1,XT«Hr^'^'^^^' ^«>^e^^^ke^. in^S?ersJtioS Se check rSf!' tJ i ^^ ''^"'^ F^^ *^® ^*^^^ ««* «' *^e f^orse wi' rn w.f Av^- , To^lieck rem a horse, is equivalent to trussing a man 8 head backward towards his back or heels, and compelling hW Fi^^?'"''^Ti" *h^« P««i««n. to do duty with a loaded wheelbafrow ' feed Sr hn?nld E^v.^wri"^".T' ^""^ .carrying unnecessary weight. Horses thP^n^l ^" ¥i" f"" evening, and must not be stuffed too full in thi iTorS hfl n"f t^^^travehng should be moderate on starting when can io 20 n? 9R !^- i'*"'^ir '^'V ."i^. ^^^«^ '"t^^*^ i« J?ood condition, he ho?J^ lhn« f ^'^n- '^'*^''"* *^^^^"^- The provender required by !!PJ:!^.^^M^,*n^v«"»l?or engaged in ordinary farm work ner dav^ wrtL^Ta^'^^l^V' w • ^V^^ ^^ ^^^-^ ^^^^ ^ gais-' "water 4 gals. ' ' Muddy water 18 the best for horses. Beeves require 20 lbs of hay and 6 28 FARMERS* RECEIPTS. gals, of water per day. Quantity will vary in every case according to the Bize, condition, breed, &c., together with tlie kind of work in which they are employed. Itch.— To cure a horse affected with itch, first reduce his daily allowance of food, p ittmg him on low diet and then give him a tea- spoonful of a mixture of equal parts of sulphur and antimony, and at the end of a week or 10 days the sores will have disappeared and the horse will be covered with a fine coat of new hair. Stoppage of Urine.— Symptoms : Frequent attempts to urinate, lookmg round at his sides, lyihg down, rolling and stretching. To cure, take Ub. of hops, 3 drs. oil of camphor; grind and mix. Make tnis mto d piUs. Give 1 every day, with a drench made of a small spoon- ful of saltpetre and 2 oz. of water. This will cure as a general thing lo Cube Balky Horses.— One method to cure a balky horse 18 to take him from the carriage, whirl him rapidly around till he is Fm ^'t^ ",'*equires two men to accomplish this,— one at the horse's tell. Don 1 16t him step out. Hold him to the smallest possible circle 1 dose will often cure him, 2 doses are final with the worst horse that ever refused to stir. Another plan is to fill his mouth with the dirt or gravel from the road, and he will at once go, the philosophy of this being that it gives him somethmg else to think about. •P."; ^o^^'^ ^^^^ ^^ Oils.— 1 oz. green copperas ; 2 oz. white vitriol ; 2 oz. common salt ; 2 oz. linseed oil ; 8 oz. molasses. Boil over a slow fire fifteen minutes in a pint of urme ; when almost cold, add 1 oz. of oil of vitriol and 4 oz. of spirits of turpentme Aptly to wounds with a feather. A very powerful liniment. Sloan s Horse Ointment.— 4 oz. resm ; 4 oz. bees-wax ; lard i!f \ ' ^??®y' 2 oz. Mix slov/ly and gently, brmg to a boil ; then a^a less than 1 pint spirits turpentine ; then remove and stir till cool. Unsurpassed for horse flesh, cracked hoofs, human flesh, &e. Mexican Mustang Liniment.— Petroleum, olive oil, and carbon- ate of ammonia, each equal parts, and mix. Merchant's Gargling Oil.— Take 2^ gals. Imseed oil ; U gals spirits turpentine ; 1 gal. western petroleum ; 8 oz. liquor potass • sap green, 1 oz. ; mix all together, and it is ready for use. Arabian Condition PowDEits.— Ground ginger. Lib ; sulphuret of antimony, 1 lb. ; powdered sulphur, 1 lb ; saltpetre, 1 lb. Mix all together, and administer m a mash, in such quantities as may be re- quired. The best condition powder in existence. Blistering Liniment.— 1 part Spanish flies, finely powdered ; 3 J^ jj' t^^ ^ ®* yellow resin. Mix the lard and resm together, and add the flies when the other, ingredients begin to cool. To render It more active, add 1 pint spirits turpentine. Medicated Food fob Horses Xnd Cattle.— Take linseed cake and pulverize or grind it up in the shape of meal, and to every 50 lbs. of this ingredient, add 10 lbs. Indian meal ; 2 lbs. sulphuret of antimony ; 2 lbs. ground ginger, 1| lbs. of saltpetre, and 2 lbs. powdered sulphur. Mix the whole thoroughly together, put in neat boxes or packages for sale or otherwise as desired, and you will have an article equal in value to " Thoriey's Food," or almost any other preparation that can be got up for the purpose of fattening stock or CUrmjOr disease in everv mnP. wh^n fnnfl nr niorlini»a noil Ko ^# ««.. ,,,;„ wiiatever. Ihis article am be fed in any desired quantity, beginning ti farmers' receipts. 29 with a few tablespoonfnla at a time, for a Iionp miVin^ » ™-.i, i- gram, a«d in the same propoitiwi to sm^le?SS"fe,^aW ^1 cations known for reducing swellino-s ® ^^^* ^P^^*" honey. Administer Kwa?m. If There should iSv"^^^^''^'^ ^' of ;^a«e5, put a spoonful of g^oimd SerS,o?nP. JL^^^^^ vender, and aUow^^him to drinfSSy^S^uLe watS ^ "" ^'' ^'^ soon grow together nooi-oound liquid, it will mw°»ttoS™r5"ihfou'S°dl^tl''^,^^^^^ "">»* ■■ *,» take J lb. 5»' IS- te>SS "^« Xre« *hisha«--romove"d^r;yTSS„|So„i:. ""* " *""''■ ^^''"'' '^«*'- 80 farmers' receipts. Another CmiE.-Tako sweet oil, 4 oz. ; spirite turpentine, 7* ?u l ^^^ . ^*^"^ ^ ***• ^^' »»d apply three times per day! If the horse is over four year old, or in any case when this is not suffi- cient, in addition to it^ you will fit a bar of lead just above it, wiring the ends together, so it constantly wears upon the enlargement ; and the two together will cure nine cases out of every ten, ui six weeks Cure for Bone Si'AviNS-iSOO RECiPE.-cSrrosive subUmate! qmcksilver, and lodme, of each 1 oz. Rub the quicksilver and iodine together : then add the sublimate and lastly the lard, rubbing them thoroughly. Shave off the hair the size of the bone enlargement • grease all around it, but not where the hair is shaved off, this pro- vents the action of the medicme, except on the spavm. Then rub in as much of the paste as will lie on a 3-cent piece, each morning, for 3 or 4 mommgs. In from 7 to 8 days, the whole spavin will come out ; then wash the wound with suds for an hour or so. to remove the poisonous eilects of the paste ; afterwards heal up the sore with any good healmg salve, or Sloan's Hoi-se Ointment, as per recipe above, keeping the sore covered while it is healing up Another VERY Valuable Recipe For Ring-bone.— Pul- verized canthandes, oils of spike, origanum, amber, cedar, Barba- does tar, and Bntish oil, of each 2 oz. ; oil of wormwood, 1 oz ; spints turpentine, 4 oz. ; common potash, I oz. ; nitric acii 6 oz. sulphuric acid, 4 oi ; lard 3 lbs. Melt thclard, and slowly kdd the acids ; stir weU, and add the other articles, stirring till cold : dip off the hair, and apply by rubbing and heatmg in. In about 3 days, or when it is done runmng, wash off with soap-suds, and apply again In old cases It may tajte 3 or 4 weeks ; but, in recent cases, 2 or 3 applications have cured , v* u Another.— Pulverized cantharides, oils of origanum and amber, and spirits turpentme, of each 1 oz. ; oUve oil, * oz. ; sulphuric acid 3 drams ; put all, except the acid, into alcohol ; stir the mixture, add the acid slowly, and continue to stir till the mixture ceases to smoke- then bottle for use. Apply to ring-bone or spavin with a sponge tied on the end of a stick, as long as it is absorbed into the parts ; twentv- four hours after, grease well with lard ; and in twenty-four hours ™T'- "^^^f^ ^^ ^^" f ^*^ soap-suds. One application is generally sufficient for spavms, but may need two ; ring^nes, always two or tiiree applications three or four days apart, which prevents loss of hair. This will stop all lameness, but does not remove the lump Splint AND Spavin Liniment. Oil of origanum, 6 oz. ; gum camphor, 2 oz. ; mercurial omtment, 2 oz. ; iodme ointment, iSz : meltby putting all mto a wide-mouthed bottle, and setting it in a kettle of hot water. Apply it to bone spavins or splints, twice daily, for four or five days, and a cure is guaranteed ^ > ^' r„F*^J:\ ?J^^ i^^i Vistula -Common potesh dissolved in h pint of water, 1 lb. ; add | oz. belladonna extract, and 1 oz. gum arlbic dis- solved m a httle water ; work all mto a paste with wieat flour, and bottle up tight. Directions : wash the sores well with Castile soap- suds ; then apply tallow all around them. Next, press the above paste to the bottom of all the orifices ; repeat every two days tiU the callous fibrous base around the poll evil or fistula is completely de- stroyed ; pt a piece of oil-cloth over the sores, and afterwards heal iiOuH a norse \ Jinrmp.iir Up with SLouh's Horse Ointment. P 1^ farmers' receipts. 31 diJ^ Mcn'i'e^^r^r SITS tz ""'?,'• °"£ <" '"«- 801 Of the oil of cumin on vm,r }K ^i^"^®^ ^®" worked ; put the cumin on his nose, give him a S of K' ^l'®** '"'^^ »«"»« ot helike8,andgeteiirhtortPnHr«r!; -1 * t,®'..*^® <^8*o' on anythimr can the^ get ^imAZ^S^g^'n^^^^^ his tongue.^^ the animal, and your controlS cert^i^^®- • ^® ^^ *°<1 attentive to m^%TS, a^d ^^Slfl^te ^' ^' ^^^ ^^«*- o' CO. to make it into baUs • iS^o o ^A^^^ magnesia sufficiently thick ing for a w?ek or ten'dTys^"^^ * middlmg^ized baU night and mom- --^'^KZaT^n^^rS^Sl-r^'^^^^ «-*. 2 quarts of very strong sa^e tea ; 30 minutes afteTth l^l^'^'^'^t'''^^ ^^« ^ quarts to operateas physic), of cumW nil thJ**' f""^ ^ P^°*» (oreSough the bots to lot go their hold^ thA io ^^f molasses and milk cause carries them colVeteiy awlv c„^^ tT ^P' ^^ '^''^ Liniment for Sweeny -1a inr^K^?' certain, m the worst cases. 8oz. ; camphor-gW'Sriiti^^nthn^i^ each 1 oz. ; oil of spike^a o?. j^^B^the thfcf I'- ^^^ c^P?icum, of each iron, and a cure is sure t^ Sw ^ Imiment in with a hot t/rt,^l2>re".^5^ 'Sofe^r^ToJfe^n"^ o- C T stirred into 1 pint of milk and Sn- J^^^J ^ ^ l* oz- K may be pints of mUk, then SvTSom fhSIt ' •''\}^ "^'^ ^^ steeped ih U ^ Scours an^ PiN^oRMnN Ho^.'f .^'^'^'^^^y' ""t" cured. * bark burnt mtoashes/rdmaS StoT^thp? ?^^^^f-White ash f P nt of it with 1 pint warS wite? and^JSf ?w"" ^^^ 5 *^en mix daUy. This will certain!? SJy off' thl S.l.'^^ *^.'', '^^ ^^^^^ «mes "^E^NOLi^rs^^' of sSrs^'anJ I'oVe'nesr™^' "'^^^^ ^^^ ^? ^-««> ammS.^annrof'^tSSAe'^S"^^^^^^ «' «P«^e, aqua- *^5fr, e^ch, 4 oi ; oil?,?o?£^d oV'l^i^^"^* «^' *^^ ^^ «' a.?r^u^aS^mrfo.^T5%^nffS^^^ t«^entine, best ^wdered aloes,TeU Solvel^Turt^^^^^^^ ^ «^^^ «^ «^« tea^Srr'^efk^r fe^^-^^"-^^ pulv™eTJalIpe^fflb ' mL' an? ^^f^^^-^est vinegar, 2 qte • %torixl^£rKf ^^^ '^^^^ '"^ '^^"^^• that he would w'i^irup"^^^^^ ^«f ' ^^^^ ^ho said cause the loss of a horse wortE a thnnlSI^*'® was lost, as it might as foUows :-As he drove Thfin^tifr^^""^ pounds, fastened the shoe to the hoof, without Sw?hlS off Tfh^^ f^" P^^"*« drwn then drove the nails hoTriP«?,5 «??«?' ^^.,-*^® "^^^^ practice is : he HOES,. Az,..-Make a slow fire o£ old shoes, rags, herbs, fe. ' - r-HT-i [ iiiii,! 32 FARMERS RECEIPTS. Wlien fired a little, smother so as to make a great smoke and steam, then set a barrel without heads, over the fire, and hold the horse's head down in the barrel, and smoke him well. This will soon pro- duce a copious running at the nose, and he will be so well pleased that he will voluntiirilv hold his head in the smoke. Continue this half an hour or more daily, meanwhile give him potatoes and warm bran mashes, and gently physic if there be much costivoness which the laxative food will nofr remove. If he has fever, treat him for it. Saddle and Harness Galls, &c. — White lead and linseed oil, mixed as for paint, is unrivalled for healing saddle, harness, or col- lar galls and bruises. Try it, applying with a brush. It soon forms an air-tight coating and soothes the pain, powerfully assisting nature. Grease Heel. — Ley made from Vood-ashes, and boil white-oak bark in it till it is quite strong, both in lye and bark-ooze ; when it is cold, it is fit for use. Wasn off the horse's legs with Castile soap; when dry, applj^ the above ley with a swab fastened on a long stick to keep out of his reach, as the smart caused by the application might make him let fly without much warning; but it is a sure cure, only it brings off the hair. To restore the hair after the cure is effected, make and apply a salve by stewing elder bark in old bacon; then form the salve by adding a little resin, according to the amount of oil when stewed, or \ lb. resin to each pound of oil. Valuable Remedy for Heaves. — Calcined magnesia, balsam of fir, balsam copaiba, of each 1 oz. ; spirits turpentine, 2 oz. ; put them all mto 1 pint best cider vinegar; give for a dose, 1 tablespoon ful in his feed, once a day for a week; then every other day for 2 or 3 months. Wet his hay with brine, and also his other feed. He will cough more at first, but looser and looser till cured. To Distinguish and Curb Distemper. — ^Wet up bran with rather strong lye ; if not too strong, the horse will eat it greedily. If they have the distemper, a free discliarge from the nostrils, and a conse- quent cure, will be the result, if continued a few days ; but if only a cold, with swellings of the glands, no change will be discovered. Remedy for Founder. — Draw about 1 ^al, blood from the neck; then drench the horse with linseed oil, 1 qt. ; now rub the fore-legs long and well with water as hot as can be borne without scalding. Physic-Ball for Horses. —Barbadoes aloes, from 4 to 5 or 6 drams (according to size and strength of the horse); tartrate of potassa, 1 dram; ginger and Castile soap, each 2 drams; oil of anise, or peppermint, 20 drops; pulverize and make all into one ball, with thick gum solution. Feed by giving scalded bran instead of oats, for two days before giving the physic, and during its operation. Physic for Cattle. — ^Take half only of the dose above for ahorse, and add it to glauber-salts, 8 oz. ; "dissolve all in gruel, 1 quart, and give as a drench. Hoof-ail in Sheep. — ^Muriatic acid and butter of antimony, of each 2 oz. ; white vitriol, pulverized, 1 oz. ; mix. Lift the footj and drop a little of it on the bottom, only once or twice a week. It kills the old hoof, and a new one soon takes its place. Superphosphate of Lime, the greatest Agricultural Dis- covery OF THE Age. — Take a large puncheon, large tub, or barrel, and put into it 200 lbs. water; add, very slowly and cautiously, 100 lbs. Ui puru BUipiiux'iu av;iu, yxju. iii.uaL 00 vcxj i;aici.ul, wIiulc uauuiiil^ una ' id steam, 3 horse's loon pro- l pleased Inue this nd warm jss which im for it. iseed oil, IS, or col- on forms g nature, ehite-oak v^hen it is tile soap; ong stick ion might are, only eilected, hen form ': oil when )alsam of put them oonful in 3 months, ugh more ith rather If they a conse- if only a sred. the neck; fore-legs scalding, to 5 or 6 irtrate of of anise, >all, with oats, for r a horse, uart, and mony, of foot^ and It kills RAL DlS- )r barrel, f, 100 lbs. ^iv^ FARMERS' RECKIPT8. gj bulk of dry bog-earth or dry roadHd^,Hf.^>?? the mass four timesifa, with a wooden shovel TK« ^^**** ""st; mix and pulveri?P Pftml^iT* i mUl four days wiU be sufficient tm ' '* ^^^^ ^'^ ground in a bm.« ^■eoimnfihJ^K'^^^^ ^^^ attention is «]fh!^"'-^^* ^''<'"' wliiJe le one of the most powerfnl w.-r . ^^ *^at is reouirpfi f^ contains phosphate othZlJlhth-^^''^ "^ existence. Xht «n^ manaofeablp nnH in^wtr • "^ order to receivp th^ ""»iJiiere nice 84 FAUMKIIS' UECKIPT8. I The ^mp^ym!Sot wlops and disli water in tlio box sliould l)o Htrictlv prohibitod AVlion the box is filled, you cmi remove t ■in i convS It uito po.idrotto J\)r thiH i)uriM,se it^iniHt be wXed o^er w^^^^^^^^^ ftdditional quuntity of n.uck, or other ubsorbeiiC n murpro.Tort ouh that It will lorni, with .what hoH been I.rovi.,UHly adde laC uK quarterH of the entire compound. The working Hl3d lie do o u der and mxed several tunes at interNaln, and finally Hcreened, and niado 5h;;;'i[ irkc^rur'be!^::^/*"^^^ ^^^^ ^"^^^ '' >« ^^"^-"-^' - "^^^^^ HoMK-MADK Guano of Unkquallkd Excellence —Save all your fow manure from Hun and rain. To pre, le it for ««o h read ^lyer of drv Hwa.np muck (the blacker it in the better on voiKr Hoor, and dump on it the whole of your fowl manure- l^at it inf?. line i)owder with the back of your npade; this Ce /idd haid ™d the loUownifT j)roporti<)nrt: dried muck, 4 bushels; fowl manure •> bushels; ashes, 1 Lushel; plaster, l.^r bushels. M ^ thoCS v ^iJ rirrS^fo^"''i"S'tHi V;;? '»'^tter tSe.elbow-Krease exp'eS^v'ill be r^ bSter i%\ JJ "^ ^''*"'''' l»''"»t!"{f. J»'>i>^ten the heap with water, or, better still with urine; cover well over with old mats, and let it lie till wanted for use. Apply it to beans, corn, or potatoes, at the rte o a handful to a hill; and mix with the soil before drSntf the see^^^ Ihis will be found the best substitute for guano ever nvented^a^^^ "olL'c:.tr''^ '" '''' ^^"^'"^^ greatSropsTtuS com' To Dissolve Large Boneb for Manure without Expensf — Taico any old flour barrel, and put hito the bottom a layer of Imrd^ wood ashes ; put a layer of boies on the topof theXs ^uidadd" K^L^fiV^' ^^ ashes filling the space between thrboi^^s with em then add bones and ashes alternately, finishing off with a thick Sver n-n^inffl • ^.^r, ^^"" ^'"^^ *" ^"«i pour on water (urine is better ) just sufficient to keep them wet, but do not on any account suffer it to leiich one drop ; for that would be like leaching yoi^rLS^^ ??..< v^r"'*'''^ time they will heat, and eventualVsofLn down so Uiat you am crumble them with your finger. When sufflci^ntl? softened, dump them out of the barrel on a heap of d^v loam and piUvenze and crumble them up till they are coinSely amSmt^^^^ Into one homogeneous mass with the loam, so that it ^He easily handled and distributed when required. You may rely on it Sis manure will leave its mark, and s\ow good results whLver used Substitute for Sui-ERniosPHATE^-If you L'J^e inch bone groimd in a bone-mill, and cannot afford to purchasrsulphuric acW to work it up into superphosphate of lime, yoS can reduceyo r bones sou to eveVJTr^f ^"f ^^"^^f ^^ ''"^^^y ^^ « reelZeCf loamy sou to every barrel of inch bones ; mix them together. The bones tTeV^ll &ct>l'nff^"V''"^r;i^°^ cont^nue^ofor sometime c.iey will then cool off. You will then proceed to chon down anr^ pulverize and work the mass thoroughly ;'^it wiU beghi to rehlat ?nd fnTh."" .o"i?.^ T^ '^T" •'^'f'" ' ^«^d youVill continul workbigTt^^^^^^ wm ha^e a lei^elSor^'"?'^^^ *^^^^-" P^'^P"^ '^^^ ^^ fineness, wten you wui nave a teitilizer ot astoxushing power. It is only a vear or twn Bmce a statement appeared in the ^'Country Gentonan'" of the 1)0 Htridtly ul convert sr with an roportiouH •out thrce- lono under rolled over and made i, and the -Save all 5, Hpread a n>ar barn it into a ard wood iiposed of nanure, 2 ;lily, and ed will be til water, d lot it lie • the rate the seed, iited, and )S, corn, [•EN8E.— of hard- and add ;h them ; ick layer J better, ) suffer it mgheap. down so fflciently am, and ;janiated e easily L it, tliis Br used, h bone iric acid ir bones f loamy e bones e time ; wn and eat and : it over len you ' or two of the FAKMKH8' RKCEIPTS. *« So expcHuiontH of a Mr U^»u,.,r ... «i() I0..111 or mould. Koiuovo ?(,r , ' '"?"'' »» """"l, on tho ton n> crop Jiad increased frn»>. on *.. o7^; ,**' *'o 'y^^t m twentv vnn J m,« 1."*^ « you have an"dt.o«-earth. 80 on tllf your nmtorlalH are worked in ?hh /JT' ?t'^ .t^*^^*'' "»^ layeroftlieabwjrbentH torotoinihafJJi} 5^" ^^ ***^ ^^''^ » tJ»i«k Bltion of the flXwH i^K.ftorf il^^ fert lizing gaHes. The decomijo- will be the ren ir It^K^onlH h« ii '^'^T."^' ''"^ ^ ^^''^ "«h coni.i,8t ou^hly intennixed and uJ^^ritd "p'i '^,1^^^^^ ^"^ ."?'' ^'^ *'^«r- .made into a comiwst with loam MiidnHf fin r "'^ *"y "^^' ^^^^n yields a very i)owerfiil ri'innro mliil ^.^"^^ ^V"0 or wood aHhes, and appliedV tTe ei d S le ?AS '^Tn'^''^^ with absorbent earth of 40 gkUons per acre, has roduced a cro7oM2-U f ^'"*'H' f ^ "^« ^'^^°' acre ; while on the^^i ne Lil am? .?„tvi ^.i ^"^ *""^ ^^ *""*'Ps Per mou "d1l7eetl,^^^^^^^ fe'e^wldr?^ fi'^r^^^^iTT^^'- vo.tr FiiNt a layer of dFv sods or naH ..fj J ^'^^ ''^^ ^^ ^"«^«^» "^ "me. spread, mixing sSvvUh ?t ^Hf.r.'^^^'^^^ "me « on which the o'thS^half of the 1 met ^rS^ ^^/^«^^* '¥'^^ «* ««ds, the height of the rnZnd S.;™hnn?^f^^'/^^^^ thick it wiU take fire Xe lime ion?dh« ^?'^ J" twenty-four hours better to suffer t to im! J 1 if^o?f If ^^J'^^i' ^^'^ni the kiln. It is. of water. W^enShe frel^pfrvtf^?'/^/"*/* ^^ th« operation plied : but get a good body S asC t'tl;/^^! '?^« "^"^^^ ^« «1>- may he fairiy supposed thVth a itfr.lo*]'^® first place. I think it quality of the asSs and whpn ij.il"? ^^^^ ¥^ '^^ ^o^h to the vise tie burnini a small' a^antitvTX^^ '^" S^ ^ot, I would ad- a great improvement to tie^S?^^^^^^^ T^^^^ 7«»ld be Substitute fob RABN-MAxrmt K?^^^ water enough to slack 5 o?6bnsS";;im^^^^^ ?^/^^' ^ panug the compost heav in IhulJ Z\y.-H^^^^ swamp-muck, intimatelv^nix^d fh^? I q^k*^!!* ^^''^^ *» 1 load of a very good imnure S faJiW' nS th^i'r,'^ bushels to 5 loads makes and lime be thhi, so that ^d^nmLi^- ^^""^^ ^^l*^^ ^^ye^' ^^ muck complete. When lime cannot hPcKJ''*''''' "^F S^ "^«^« ^-^P^d and bushels to a cord of mudc In a m^^fTr. unleached ashes.-S or 4 .work over the heap, when it wll hP rP^H ''? '^^^^^' ""^'^^''^ ^"d •«ilt water on the lime Is the help goes uT^ *^" "'"• ^^'^^'^^ "^« c^yeTe^lS^ferf 2 oSr™S-~n^1^ f f'' ' ^^'™' « «^^"««« i usmg th4e proi')ortior^ biD vmiVS^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ y^'i ^«q«ire Oat OB Wheat Stbaw made equal to HAY.-Brin.^ 10 <.niin.« 1 barrelH ; lime, one 11 ; ou the i»e, then a bog-earth. wheH, und th a thick deconiix)- I coniix)8t and thor- ^0 400 lbs. it to com, the grass, e of other acid, and !• niakhig ah, when )d a.she8, 5nt earth '• the rate* mips per t took 40 ike yonr I of lime, f lime is of sods, ot thick, ur hours n. It is. peration t be ai>- think it 1 to the >uld ad- onld be s fire in. salt in for pre- load of i makes f muck M and -3 or 4 ml and kle the unces ; eqnire, mposi- >-n.llniio FARMKKS' RK0EIPT8. water U) y, boiling heat • tiko if « *u coal oil in/T Cu«cuL,J miWir'i^'^^^^^^ iVe • or' ?,?f P'^'''?^ a' <^he roots of the t?P?t^?^'^'^"«' naturated in .«ufflcient to soften untiU ^^^ be'readilTS )^ !?' ' -^"^ ^"ow or lard 10 Cultivate Tobacco "^ "^^^^^.^J^ applied with thehand- m«ir situation, where the yotn.nl^n^a '"'"''' *<^^''^'««: select HheltPr^ ;-> ...=. ..en .uach „, gmpes-iiieidTtt" h^d "o^o^^^ FAKMERS' RECEIPTS. sccWdVe? a/tirfirHt,^n d so in^^^^^^^^ fegili the bloom of the fruit is thus DreservpV «« f '*^^ "^^l"^^, '« ^""- The jonniey of 600 mile^ «« if ?hl ^^ ^^®^^^' '^^ t^^e end of a is^over fails to preS grapes e^Z^n," -^^^ *^^l^'^ ^'^'^^^^ «,e tree make 1 ton of the food : take of hXlnnonl ^^\T''f '^ '\ ^^"""^^^ *« ground GOO lbs., best IhiSed c£iK^^ Bulphurof each401bsVsXetreJ^?lb?^ no-' ^'""'liT'^ turmeric and . jnJse-seed, 4 lbs., coriander In J^^^^^ 8»^ger a lbs., 2 lbs., carbonate of soda and levio- pTn?,i5?.f ^^ ^''?-' ^^^'eam of tartar salt 30 lbs., Peruvian barr4 £ ^ft'.tS^^^^^^^^^ lb«-' common Cure for Swelled Bags ix row« \ ^'^•' n"'' «ioronghly. swelled bags in cows caused hvpnli!'"^'' excellent remedy for if yon have not tried ?hrdail/,?,.acaco ^Zt "t J'*''' T^- *«' ""d cent, more milk and «he „'ni i'„ ' """ "'•' "ow wil give 25 iier that She will ;^f uSttinr leS w^^^^^ attached fo the dTe mess she will drink at .Ciosf anvlim?^ «n^ ^»* «"« amount of this drink necessarv S: on i^'- ^"^ ''^'^^' ^°^' ^"^^e. The time, mornhig, noon and niS7 A vniH '^"?''''^' water-pail full each are no more §t forThS &^^^^^ «°^^« " ^'^K' ^sthey Home-made Stump Machine —Tni.pqS put them together in form likP n ;7^.;,t ? 1'^^^'^'' ^^ common joints, ends lap by each X^somefiithn "''''', ^^''''''''' ^ettingthe tapering rest in.' Cut off the r^ot^^? ^ivAiAnrf'''^ ^P^^'" ^^' «^« «^^^"» tS place the machine at on?sfde oTtt sS^^ ^^"^^'^ ^'.^^^ *^^« «t«'"P. Cham on the opposite side mid msritm^^^^^ '^1^5 hitch the good yoke of oxen thS Svou^ machine ; then hitch a method is as foHows- in 'the f-VM oTJlf *^'^ f*'™^ "^^- Anotlier mches deep into tl^cent e o} the stnmn fn^/''^^'^"? "" ^""^^^^ ^^^'e 18 filling up ^iith water S^^iU'S^^^^^^^^^ I'lV ^* •'^''^^*l^^*^-^' out the plug, put in hAlf a gill S? kerosene and S fii i *-}^ 'tP'T ^''^^^^ out the stump, to the farthest rnnfwi/- ^^^fi^etoit. It will burn Jith an incli a\iger, boJe a hole hi th? o.nf.f f l^ ^^'"^ • "^ "^^ f^". deep, and put into t a f lb of vitrio aXnri 1*¥ f ""^P ^^ ^"«^^<^« In tlie spring the whole stumn Vn^vi'^. cork the hole up very tight, ramification^ will bSn IsTrin^^^^^^^ ^^^ .f^^'«"^^ «^eir To Sprout Onions -Pour w^ be easily eradicated. ZTSL-i rr^wir rrM "^ t -?;"» »« 's^.i'd' lime, and tlie same'o/'Znnd Sr.nn? ' ""'"/ H' " ""^f^"' «' apply dllnted soft .™°' fr"""!.,'?''™''' »'""' ««=h tree. Tlica . -..,., ... „„„,,j. .iu;,|,.5„ag^ „„ yi^ tnuilis Mid 4 )i'onolit np I the box, a layer of Begin the fnll. Tlie end of a n the tree, fruit, ornuila to sans finely neric and ?eraibs., n of tarta r common roughly. «edy for h oz., to nre. )ur cows :iich bran will find ve 25 per the diet but this re. The iill each ' as they 1 joints, tapering chain to 3 stump, litch the \. hitch a Another hole 18 dtpetre, ng take ill burn the fall, ) inches ■y tight, ;h their iicated. smain 2 me up ?h tlie 5iug of he old 3her of Then fs and limbs, as high FAR3IKRS' RKCEIPTS. 39 bh>on;,\Lo;f o?e^Vi?n\r"oirn^^^^ *"« *-«« -^- m full two white dishes tbec?u"e^^t'nS'~^^'- ^^^erman says, -I took ixi^^it) or deep plates and nlirl^ ^?'"'^^ "•^"" ^ittentiin in the and filled then/ about half f.K ''^"^"" *^^« **^P of the hiveT moniing I had about 50 Serf oat hT'?""'^ ^'"i^S"xr. The ext 50 more ; the third night, bein^^^ night I caught . of good yeast. Place the TIsk hi . w^^^ ^V^^"' ^"^^ «^dd 1 pt fifteen days add a sheet of Smmon w,^™ ^'^''''^> ^"^ "^ ten or molasses, and torn into narroHS ZH^^'^'^^^lf P^^' «'»eared with The paper is necessary to fZn the'' W^?" ^'" ^ave good vinegar Mr Pulley's Ked Salvf to rriRS i '""'''o ^'^ "^^ «f t^e liquor oz. of the best honey 2 oz of TS J?,?^ ^"^ ^^^ ^^ SiiEEP.-Aii^i iapoimd of ArmS,n bole w?th * ^^^^^^^l reduced to powder and convert these JnoredientsinS as much train or fish oil as ^n must first be gmdua%1i;^^^^ when*SV^ ^ '^'''- T^>^ Wy stu-red m ; afterwards the aluSndSn^iltf^f^t^" 5^^^ "^»«t be To Improve the Wool op ShIt.1 il: q ^'^ ^'^ ^^ '^^ded. after the sheep are shorn, soak tlS rook of ^.r^'^'r'— ^^^^^diately over vvith oil, or butter, Cl brimstone -^^^^^^^^^ 5^^* "«™^i"« ail wash them with salt and water ThS w,L? 1' ^ '''' * ^'^^s afterward, much finer, but the quaiSv will k! ^^""^ ""^ "®^* season will not be be depended upon, thlt S^C" ^TnStu- ^^r.^^^^^' ^^^' ZJSIZ^'^-' ^^^^--r^a-^If^enretS"-^^^^ made, it has Leif ns^^Jild ?o''/'*^^ experiments lately tnbuted by a machint S^^n?f.mlV^™^^ 'T' ^^ ^^"^^' or S the ravages of this destructitt w^^^ *" ^'^""P^ against soon as the turnips come in am '?,?*\, ^* ^^'""'^^^ be applied s which, they were smvn. The line . o.i !'hf T,^^"-^ ^'"'^^"o" » before It IS used, if the air be nSf s£ inf ^"^ ^^"^^'^'^ immediately operation unnecessary. sufficiently moist to render that Coloring for CuFF-m? TUr. ^ i • . sbould be, Sp^mish amfaiio bS "i"^ *^" "^^^«« ^«' or at least general in this ft)imtrv a (tSn.^/o' ^% '?''*''^ ^« coloring betiime for sale in aluK).st^ ^n ,hon Th? ^^.^^ <^f a^ed kind was expCd vl r„;h.- ^f •'■ C"»Hulerable Dart of thp Vro-Zr^^ f? ^ -"^ ^'"'"^d^' -■-. ucuvcii lor butter, more colorine- will iS • •.'" "IgUt s milk tlie cheese is, the more coloring S^^^uirll "?|;r^'- '^'^^« ^^^"^^^ 8 It lequiies. The manner of using 40 FiiRMERS' RECEIPTS. 11 ti '"IJ! costing $50, /or miM-s, &o.-Unslaked lime 1 Ih"^ !!?• ^"o'^"". 3oz., or mnrmte of ammonia, 3 ozM™t'n 1 pt. of s are sell- i hand a scattering will leave trance of •y boring, f its ovvn El sprlng- ■eral feet liter the >xi3osuro, IS in tlie 3 of large Littiug in over the Japs are mpletely y closed. )oonful ; sh made -Tar, 1 & with a Tn P have them^Se^edl v.T.^^.i^^"^'^ Implements — Wi,p„ „ . . ■ means, sleiX .In ^""^ *^^® «"», wind rnin o,!a ° "°* ^ "se perfectly "clet. pL^e 'a^ ?'"?"'!''« S ta dyS«5 '|S'\'''1 and water, wa«hS th^ / "^^ scouring wrtl lifh ^"P' warm water nr<.«i„. *» r°e soap well out o^j i.""* soap fcsAxoN BLUE.--For 100 lh« f>,n* * ^"jury to 4,2 DYKRS AND HLEACIIKllS KECEirTS. n\ f'lniHliinj,' in tlio bliio vat, tlie fjint pnrplo or dahlia, ho much admired in (jorman Ijroiidoloths, will bo produced. Tin acids must not bo used in this color. Blue Dyk foh IIohiehy.— 100 lbs. of wool are colored with 4 lbs. Gnatoniala or 3 lbs. Bengal indi}j;o, in the soda or wood vat ; then boil in a kottlo a few minutes, 5 lbs. of cudbear or 8 lbs. of orcihil paste ; add 1 lb. of soda, or better, 1 pail of urine, then cool tlie dye to about 170° Fahr. ; and enter the wool. Handle well for about 20 minutes, then take it out, cool, rinse, and dry. It is all the same if the cudbear is put in before or after the indi','o. 3 ozs. of analine purple dissolved in alcohol, ^ pt., can be used instead of the cudbear. (Wood spirit is cheaj^er tuan alcohol, and is much used now by dyers for the purpose of dissolviuji' analino i'oiors). It pro- duces a very i)retty shade, but should never be used on mixed goods which have to be bleached. Logwood ani> Indu^o Hluk Dye for Cloth.— 100 lbs. of cloth, color the (doth first by one or two dii)s in the vat of indigo blue, and rinse it well, then boil it in a solution of 20 lbs. of alum, 2 lbs. of half refined tjirtjir, and 5 lbs. of mordant, for 2 hours, then take it out ."id cool. In fresh water boil 10 lbs. of good logwood for half an 1 ur in a bag or otherwise ; cool off to 170° Fahr. before entering ; handle well ove^' a reel, let it boil for half an hour, then take it out, cool, and rinse. This is a very firm blue. Dye foh Wool or Sflk.- (Mor between Purple and Blue. For 40 lbs. of goods, take bi-chromate of i)ot{ish 8 ozs., alum 1 lb., dissolve all and bring tlie water to a boil, and put in the goods; boil 1 hour ; then empty the d.vo, and make a new dye with logwood 8 lbs., or ex- tract of logwood 1 lb. 4 ozs., and boil in this 1 hour longer. Grade the color by using more or less logwood, as you wish it dark or light in the cok)r. New Bleach for Wool, Silk, or Straw.— Mix together 4 lbs. oxalic acid, 4 lbs. table salt, water 50 gals. The goods are laid in this mixture for 1 hour, they are then generally well bleaclied, and only require to be thoroughly rinsed and worlced. For bleaching straw it is best to soalv the goods in caustic «oda, and afterwards to make use of chloride of lime or Javelle v/ater. The excess of chlorine is after- wards removed by hyposulphite of soda. To Fix Dyes.— iVe/o Process. Mr. Ki])ping, of Manchester, England, Ivas a new process of fixing dyes. He dissolves 20 ozs. of gehitine in water, and adds 3 ozs. of bichromate of potash. This is doiie in a dark room. The coloring matter is then added and the goods submitted thereto ; after which they are exposed to the action of light ; the pigment thus becomes insoluble in water and the color is fast. Scarlet with Lac Dye.— Fox 100 lbs. of flannel or yarn, take 25 lbs. of ground lac dye, 15 lbs. of scarlet spirit (made as per directions below), 5 lbs. of tartar, 1 lb. of fiavine, or according to shade, 1 lb. of tin crystals, 5 lbs. of muriatic acid. Boil all for 15 minutes, then cool the dye to 170° Fahr. ; enter the goods, and handle them quicldy at first. Let them boil 1 hour, rinse them while yet hot, before the gum and impurities harden. This color stfinds scouring with soap better than cochineal scarlet. To this dye, a small quantity of sulphuric acid may be used, as it dissolves the gum. Muriate of Tin or Scarlet Spirit.— Take 16 lbs. muriatic eh admired notljo used with 4 lbs. i vat ; then >s. of orchil ool tlie dye )r about 20 the Haine if 3 ozs. of Instead of much used 0; It pro- lixed goods )S. of cloth, !) blue, and lbs. of half e it out ."id ilf an 1 ur entering ; take it out, Tiluc. For b., dissolve oil 1 hour ; lbs., or ex- iv. Grade rk or light 3ther 4 lbs. ) laid in tliis i, and only ng straw it ) make use ne is after- r, England, gehitiue in le in a darl? submitted light ; tlie ast. rn, take 25 r directions , 1 lb. of thi leu cool the idy at first, e gum and better than c acid majj^ . muriatic I^YIiUy AND ULKACUEIIS' UhX'EIPTS. 43 mixtureshouldbekcptaf^wd^^^^^^^^^ ^"'^.T ^ dissolve ; Ihe or granulated by melt n^ in a Sbi. v. ""T^' J^'^ *^'" '^ leathered heghtof about'sfeeti^^,".;-;^^^^^ and pouring it from a ful/igent m certiiin colors, such as sraXt^ ;...»"' ^^- ^. "^"«<= P^^er- Scarlet Dye with CociiNFlr i^^r^^^^^^^^^^ cloth, use cream of tartar lib To1.u''''^u-'^^^«- "*' wool, yam, or muriate of tin ovsl^r^tJ^r^-An'*' ' ,«««hj"eal pulverized M "zs goods, work them wdHoTl^^^^^^^^ the dve, 'ent^S 4 tea cups' puwS'Jcd^SneaU^^b'^'A.f/ ^^'J? ^ ^^^'^ "^""«te of tin alum tin, 'and cream of S for 20 mSo^^ l^'J^T^ ^ ^^'\ ^«" ^^e boil 5 niinutes, innnerse the goo(L 2 hZ« rn^^^^^ *^'^. cochineal and a new dye composed of lira/H wood i nlf '/^"'''''^ ''^"^ ^"ter them in muriate of tin 8 cupfuls addim?. IJf '' ^^^^^^d 7 lbs., alum 41bs. follows: ^upi"i«, addmg a httle extract of indigo, made as andXfmo i tllferiS;^^^^^^^^ -^ of vitriol 2 lbs., first i hour, then cc^i'erit uTandstlSo.^ «*'?«" l^riskly for ?he tlien add a little ptilverizey'ch ill/.fivts! '^ • "'''^ "^^'l^ ^^^'^ lewdavs, as long as it foan/s ; It will neuS^^ "^^ '''"^. ^««P addin/it Light Silver liuAir-For 50 nf.^^ f^^ ^eep it closely corked. alum, about the same au-infftv • }tf^ ''^pods use logwood i lb them for 1 hour Gm^ le^co^^^^ ^f^^ *!i^ ^'ood«' <»?d dip equal parts of logwood and ahim "^ "^^'"'^^ «^^^de, by using 'M^'^^^SnZ:!'^^^ ^oo?«. use blue vitriol 'zis'^^ i»£^ ^»acX^^^ ^ «^ - bi-chromate of l^tari^fe.TJzs'^'glSa;:;! r; ^ ^'^%«^ ^^^^ *-ke aud put in the fabric, stirrinrwelf 3 lot^f/^ °^.'-' .^°" t^^'ether hours; take it out, rinse slVht)v,s?;'i« . '* remain in the dye 5 into which put Io.^wood Mlh/ n .n ?1 T'*^^' *'^^» '"^^^^^ a new dye Pt^ Let tlfe fabric^ eLSin all nio It ^ nd wn' f"^^ ^''^^"'^«^ 5^5 Red MADDER—This Slor is „Slv\ «i^ T'^' """^ "' ^^^''^u water. To 100 lbs. of fabric use Ss ofahim ZtZ f 'T^ uniforms, &c muriate of tin. When tho^P .„ n .ti 1' i"'^' ^^ tartar, and 5 lbs. of them boil for 2 hou?s heSceTht'o'^^^^ '^', ?««^«' ^"d let Into fresh water stir7K n.^^f ~ i ? , ' ^^'' '^^ol, and lav over nip-ht Fahr. and"brii?gitVtX'ofrth"^^^^^^^^^ . seciire evenness, then rinse and drv ^''"^' ^'^'^dle well to Dark Snuff Brown on Won/' Vr^r. ko n wood 10 lbs., boil for 20 mhiS thTu dh.^^^^ ^T'H' ^'^'^ ^^' then take them out and add wv^o i^ f .■ .^P^ds for | of an hour and du, the go„dT|,5'^i''S*° ten'a'KSl io":! '' """""^ WiNE C,„,„n DvE.-For «0 Ibn, of good, „,o camwood 10 lb,., W, 44 DYERS AND BLEACHERS RECEIPTS. m 20 minutes, dip the goods ^ hour, boil again, and dip 40 minutes, then darlcen with blue vitriol 16 ozg., and should you wish it darker, add 5 lbs. of copperas. Pink Dye for Wool.— For 60 lbs. of goods, take alum 6 lbs. 12 ozs., boil and immerse the goods 50 minutes, then add to the dye cochineal well pulverized, lib. 4 ozs., cream of tartar, 5 lbs., boil^uid enter the goods while boiling, until the color is satisfactory. Dark Blue Dye. — Suitable for Thibets and Lastings. Boil 100 lbs. of the fabric for li hours in a solution of alum 25 lbs., tartar 4 lbs., mordant 6 lbs., extract of indigo 6 lbs. ; cool them as usual. Boil in fresh water from 8 to 10 lbs. of logwoo(l; ta a bag or otherwise, then cool the dye to 170° Fahr. ; reel the ffc,'^i >: :' -ckly at first, then let it boil strongly for 1 hour. This is a verj {\ litntion of indigo blue. Qbange Dye.— For 50 lbs. of goods, lifc gal 6 lbs., muriate of tin 1 qt, boil and dip 1 hour; then jrad to the dye, fustic 23 lbs., madder 2i qts., and dip again 40 minutes. If preferred, cochineal 1 lb. 4 ozs. may be used instead of the madder, as a better color is induced by it. Sky Blub on Cotton. — 60 lbs. of goods, blue vitriol 5 lbs. Boil a short time, then enter the goods, dip 3 hours, and transfer to a bath of strong lime water. A fine broion color will be imparted to the goods if they are then put through a solution of prussiate of potash. A Brown Dye on Wool may be induced by a decoction of oak bark, with variety of shade according to the quantity employed. If the goods be first passed through a mordant of alum the color will be brightened. BitowN ON Cotton.— Catechu or terra japonica gives cotton a brown color, blue vitriol turns it on the bronze, green copperas darkens it, when applied as a mordant and the stuff boiled in the bath boiling hot. Acetate of alumina as a mordant, brightness it. The French coloi named " Carmelite " is given with catechu 1 lb., verdigris 4 ozs., and sal-ammoniac 5 ozs. Brown on Wool and Silk. — Infusion or decoction of walnut peels dyes wool and silk^brown color, which is brightened by alum. Horse-chestnut peels also impart a brovTn color ; a mordant of muriate of tin turns it on the bronze, and sugar of lead the reddish brown. Solitaire. — Sulphate or muriate of mr ;unese dissolved in water with a little' tartaric acid imparts this I) autiful bronze tint. The stuff after being put through the solution must be turned through a weak lye of potash, and afterwards through another of chloride of lime, to brighten and fix it. Pnissiate of copper gives a bronze or yellowish brown color to silk. The piece weU mordanted with blue vitriol, may be passed through a solution of pnissiate of potash. Fuller's Purifier for Cloths. — Dry, pulverize, and sift the following ingredients : Fuller's earth 6 lbs., French chalk 4 ozs., pipe clay 1 lb. ; make into a paste with rectified oil of turpentine 1 oz., alcohol 2 ozs., melted oil soap 1^ lbs. Compound the mixture into cakes of any desired size, for sale if required, keeping them in water, or small wooden boxes. Green on Cotton.— For 40 lbs. of goods, use fustic 10 lbs., blue vitriol 10 ozs., soft soap 2^ qts., and logwood chips 1 lb. 4 ozs. Soak the logwood over night m a brass vessel, put it on the fire in the momuig adding the other ingredients. When quite liot it is ready for ■| dj-eii iv^ ^s> > minutes, t darker, 5 lbs. 12 t the dye , boil juid Boil 100 ., tartar 4 iial. Boil ivise, then then let it digo blue, late of tin ., madder lb. 4 0Z8. iced by it. bs. Boil to a bath the goods h. >n of oak oyed. If or will be cotton a IS dai'kens th boiling le French ;ris4oz8., )f walnut by alum. )f muriate irown. i in water int. The Jirough a liloride of bronze or with blue lash. 1 sift the ozs., pipe tine 1 oz., rture into in water, lbs., blue izs. Soak fire in the I>YERS AND BLEACHERS' RECEIPTS. 45 may be obtained by. letting part of the goods remain longer in the ib8^:muSo7thi2njr"To^n^^^^^ ««« -^wood 20 large vessel, add the muriate St na,idZt1.,\?2"'' *i^™ «« '""^ * solution containing alum 2? lbs Shon^d « lil^' """"I ^'V'^ ^ ^^^m add a little extract of iSigV ^ ^ "^^^P®"^ ^°^«' t« required, alu'^n 2YbI,"entl;"tSe";oS^^^^^^^ "^ -?^' «^ '^^ ^ ozs., pi[crirtLSrJSs7h^^^^^^^ «^«-. enter 3 tub, give them 5 ends hS nnf \!.n? *^®°1 ^^ » clean alum hquor enter, give tS 5 elds h£* Z ^r?^"' ^""^ «' ^«^««d give them 5 ends in that, and finish ^ ' '^"^'^ ^^^^ ^'^^ *"!>. hou?,1^f the goXs^e^/^v'^^^^^^^^ ^^- ««r« 30 lbs., boil f 40 minutes, rmove and aUow tbpm f^A ^.n^^erse them in lime watef 4 lbs. to the sumac uXr and din ?&^^'''"'"' »«^ add coppera.s through lime water fS mhiute^ J,^"'', ™°^^ ^ next work them 20 lbs., boil 2i houra, Ld Stef thk^^r^^^^ ^ ""^"^^^^ «* dogwood mate of potasl 1 lb to ?heTew d^l S din T""' *^'^^ ^^^ ^^-«^^«- clean cold water and dry outTf Fh^e 'sS ^ ^ ^''"' '^'''^' ^ork in pafMlcVy^anT^^^^^ Now take tartar 4 Ibs.X iSuor 2 Ih? sl^'"'^ '*^^ f^^^ f«^ a day. paste, make a hot bath ^^thSdent 'w.?i^n'''.''li^ ^l^^' Z^ *^e ^^ove I hour, afterwards careful? Se aid Z ' ^"^ ^"*'' *^" S«^« ^^^ 8 SXth^g^Sali^ls^'^Mi'k^elf^ «"-^-^ ^-d 3 lbs. potash 2 lbs., dip until the color fnitt^fZ ^\^ ^^^ bi-chromate of enough repeat tfie opemtfon ' ""^ """^ ^"^ ^'^' ^"^t yellow by pSig t^e goods fira^ thmS n 'i:;^^ ^"""^^ '^^^^^t dye may be given a decoction of f^wocS an^^^^^ ^^ W«. then th^ug given by dyeing the good? criSi ISfh ""^f • ^-^^^^ ^^<>^«^ may be terter, ani after rifS paS-ThL'^.f'''^^^^ Y.^*^^'^* alum or A•ne/,.orC'^«on.areffiSTIithl8o|^^^^^^^^^ ^"^^^ ^^*- through a mordant of alum iron lionor^rfH^^^^"^*!' "^^t passed working them weU, then wokeTin ? rSo' i^"""* .f'S'^^*^ of copper, equal weight of root, and iSfbriSiten^d i^- ^^*^ "^^H ^^^ an Slate Dye on siric —F-nr a oSi ^-- ^'''" ^^^p or soda, water, and a£>ra S^f^ oV wln^d t/"*'*^' *^^1^ P*^ «* ^arm piece of pearlash thTS S a nuwli'^''''''' Pretty strong, and a handle a little in this liauid and i?t k^^^ FH. ^^^^^^^^ ^'oSds and i!^-?'*he color wiWCVaVk'.'T.^^^^^^^ ready fo? I '' "«^^' *he color wirEe^ 'too dark A^^n. ^/^ "^"^*^ l«S^««d IT^AZ m smartweed, boil in a hr^^^^ ^J^I^a A3rJ''^, «<>^o^ on silk.-Use 46 DYKRS AND BLEACIIKRS' RKCKIPT8. well with tlio liquor ; nmko it boil J hour, dip l^lie nillc (juiekly. then let it {!()ol, Hud wuHh it in river wiiter, and a fine half violet, or lilac, more or less full, will bo obtained. GiiEHN DvK ON Silk.— Take green ebony, boll it in water, and let it nettle ; fciko the clear liquor as hot as you can boar your hands in it and handle your floods in it until of a bright yellow ; then take water lind out in a little sulphate of indig:> ; handle your goods in this till of the shade desired. The ebony may previously be boiled in a bag to prevent it sticking to the silk. lYiiowN ON Silk.— Dissolve ainiatto 1 lb., poarlash 4 lbs.. In boiling water, an(i ])ass the silk through it for 2 hours, then t-ike it out, squeeze it well and dry ; next give it a mordant of alum, and pass it first tlirough a bath of Brazil-wood, and afterwards through a bath of logwood to which a little green copperas has been added, wring it out and dry, afterwards rinse well. IJiiowN Dyk on Cotton on Linkn.— Give the pieces a mixed mordant of acetjite of alumina and acxitjite of irtni, and then dye them in a bath of niaddor, or iruiddor and fustic, when the acetate of alumina piedt)rninates the dye has an amaranth tint. A cinnamon tint is obtjiined by first givii\g a mordant of alum, then a madder bath, then a bath of fustic, to which a little green copperas has been added. } MuLnRituY ON Silk.— For 5 lbs. of silk, use alum 1 lb. 4 ozs., dip 50 minutes, wash out, and make a dye with Brazil-wood 6 ozs., and logwool"« <^r «»ll'l»Hte of chalk 2 /W^> • IL'^rl*?** f*""" 1^"^*^ ^^^k, neutralize with wood 3 «rt?„ nf ^"^1* ^'"^^ *^"^ ^ ^ strained decoction of loif- IMtatoiiveWet ' ""tmaps. toita, artiticial flowers, &c., or to urin"^ fn^-^lf »*?,?'' ""*'■''''* " '"'« '«"1' oomposcd o£ water 4 parts the lS^S,,l «HnS I ,A 5"^' ^,, ""».'"««. Immersion, remove from wwi „ "^'^^ ™^y penetrate the better into their substance^ aS which a proper qtiantity of vitriol and decoction of logwood With a ..„V4*'^^^i?Yu ^«owN ON Straw Bonnets.— For 25 hats use ^rmmH s^mders H lbs. , ground curcuma 2 lbs. , powdered gal S, or sSs lb msped logwood ^^ lb. Boil all together with the haL h, a^rgl ^n?l J H,f^°''* to crowd), for 2 hours, then withdrawthe hats S and let them reniani over night in a bath of nitrate of 40 Baume wCn Sua^itltv nf ^^^^ ^ darker bro.vn maybe obtained by incre^inrthe bSecf w/fl.Thf \ ?^ ^^^. *^^^ ^*« ^^^ desired lustre, & are Vrli^tr A ^ ^^"^^ ^^ d«^^^ ^ouch) grass, when dry. ^ .i??^i^'\?rf:P5_ST«AW,Bo^^P«:-Take alum ^' lbs., tartaric || acid 1 lb., chloride of tin 1 lb. I licla/~i]XTZ\ n«-«^ I^.n.^1 _H-_ 1 -m -m 48 nVKHS AND IILEACnKIls' UKUKIl'TH. vlj. : lUiiin 4 Ift S ri, »r S an. "' " •''>™'="»" "' th« following, omtnliw ..f hX ,. i 1 Jtte 3ni,^^^^ «mmonlao»l coohlneal, „,* nilnuto», thenVn' S M,,tr L.op.r'f'' ' '■''"'.'"■''•'S """ '•"■Tors e.«1r;5;; w,mn u^lr for a H„'^i"S ^-^'V"' " '«"' «™» -•''»»'ves add. ™ '^ **''• "'"*'• oontaming 1 oz. sulphuric Jsl^ZrmfdTb. ."i^lphSaoid-'^.,?^^^^ '^ «'^'»''^''- » hot water and niav lio c3 dim?iKf Jj*'™*" diaaolves easily in oAa^feiSw cu w ^1. am. A greyish green is produced, which must be 4^ t a ii 11 tl ft C( tl Pl sp ai DrKRS AND BLKACHEUH' RKUKIPT8. 49 Htiiiico out. Then lininerso thfi 3;wiu f^ V ^^*.^**'^ *""^ "'•> t'»o huI>- tiiiio thoy Are doiie/rtTmprovesTho 'corn..";!' ^ •''"'''*;, ""^ "» u nhort Htroiiff Hoap 8ud8 »«., color on wool or Hilk - t— "•c.«oin acidrorre sTilpSe of L^^^^^^^^^ *ho bath by Hulphurlc wool a quantity of Holutlon tmv!uA fa '"^^^t'l^ «ha(lo to 10 Ibw. of mm/rod.' Tl»e /olor of U e dy^ '?ibriJ i^lfunrovii '.f ''""l?^^ ^"^ be ana water, and then paHsin? throu h a^b^^^^^^ ^^ing: n 8oap Aniline Black ^ou Dyicino -Water ^??i!f-i\*'^ sulphuric acirf. potassa 1 part ; sal-ammoni/il. 1 »«,!* . 1 1 .^* *^ l'"^»' chlorate of aniline hyirocl loricS of p^ijf^ \''^''*'"f^<' »' copper 1 part- It is essential that thrpremraH^^^^^ J'^^'h PJ«^i^:"«ly raliid together' • it is the more mpid wTbX^^^^^^ 5? if I rt '^■'. "^"^« ^^^^ 80 It may injure the fabric P'^^^"^"^" »' *he blacks; if too much BomrhotTrbaTof^cSd'^-^r^i;^^^^^^^ *h« ^-«ds for zinc has been dissolved until tlTo Si « "^^^f^ chloride or acetate of wool the nmrdantKatK^^^^ Baume ; for the Hhould also be placed in a wa?m tSj, nVfi'"' "'^. ' "^^,' '"^^ ^^^ goods liour. m dveiJiij. a hot sohfn^n oi Iv^^ *",^'""' ^ *ah„ for hSlf an should be addS Si thVca f of thf co'£^^^ ^?,"«^^ ^ ^^"^ and, in the wikc of the vvoo in olJ!!^ "^*^"' ^ome chloride of zinc , To Dye Ai^iLiNE Yfil^^ water, and for dyers' use mnvl^:^^i^•''*'^°^ '» s"ghtly soluble in the bath dve, but ^s bestT,«L k "'^^•'^ ^J'^'^^-^ ^«" «»« Preparation of alcohol. I'empSfre of hnth „i^^ fiT^''^"? ^ ^'^^ of dy/in 2ga]^ is much iinpro?S a Id bLM^nnS?'^^ ^'^ ""^^' ^«^ F'^l»- The ^C- , To Dye with aSli T rmilr^T^ *'^'^ «*" «»lph»ric acid b. of the dye in togalS boWn/watfr'THH''Jh?^'? BLUE.-Dissolve 1 phunc acid. . ^ P^^^ through a bath contaming sul- spirit, 8pecificS?t^820(ri?M'^?^Inffl ^^' ?^ ^^^ ^^own in 2 gals, of !S?i^r- ^e faJJ?!^'^*J'ol'rsfe^r„^^ —Tc wiui iiuu no moiuant is required. '"""'^ ="uii^ ummiiy lor 50 1>YKRS AND MLKAcilKUa' KKCHIl'TS. To E lOODH. Hit It. ,.r.,™ w».. „u,r„ hk i„f„r;u;j";;™'2- ir ;;/;t TJiA(r with beuzino, and two uimmi ftlmorlml. hea Cinnamon on Buown on Cotton avi. «i.,.^ n- ^i much color, from u HolXHf bhTo vftrkf o^ . V^'^^ "''^ fc'oodsas tobo run through a solution 'oi pr„»,Jo"'o7 XXl'i^' i^lS, Aniline Black on Silk ob Cotton —Water 'Xi to -sn ™ . toKCther. Tliokbr!corvimiiKdrfpHi,?„',Lj^'' I'^^'o'^'y ntocd dry, coU each fibre seVraWy wV a btottaSferor ivoi^TfoC"^ f I)ltni)er imdor >iiHo will b6 ^lum, 211)8,, inHlbs. of I. of water ; )luti()n8 aro Lriol, which hours in a eautioiiHly, To remove . dilute Ho- rs become Boap aiid It, 1 hour; ) mimitoH, r, ioz., in lie heat to 3 goods as uegal.,a8 ne- water; has now to water, 30 parts, f cooper, ly niixed low tem- 5 LATE, — inntes to t out tiie lie hat or ou get a I e extract the thit 1 in the B will be soap in arl ash. ugh for through through ter with ;o shake erfectly ler. DYKR8 AND BLEACHERS' RECEIPTS. (^^ To Clkan F(rRa.»,Fn^/faJ•^fllra• w« n IMin, talking mro that it domnThu^ ?' "" ^"^""ty "' now bran in I'llMkly Htirred. When w«ll w,?! V'' ''/ I'"'vent which it must be wifcli the hand, Uomat 7ui! .^ ""'i'/ ''"'' '' tiioroughly into to fi^ yudgiveitanothe h'X Ksldn^'nnJrr ""T' "'«« H^^'uke t e'/jt' fors; lay them on a Uible ,^ rub ZSl '?.? '.""" ^'^^«'- ^^r white warm water, rub unti uito drv a.J« ."^^"^ i'"*" ""^^« "'"'"t S WHt bran should be l)iit o w 1? H '^^|''^"'i'^'* ^i'»' dry bnin, T^ Light fur., in addition t<> 1 e abovr sh^ w ^ "^'^ .^^^^ »'*'*"^ "'"« in liosia or a piece of book m wlh ILr fh'i'*,^ ^«" '•»«'t>ed with magi wtij^of tiie fur. '"*^"*' *"*" <^^e bnui process, against tlfe qts *nS;^'[;Talimrt^Lle let ft.^i"^' ^^^ '''<^»« "'"e, andfl ll a sU)ne j^ig, S CO R f niL"*'"^ I>"»r olT the clear iHght in simple witer. wrin^ ut unfi ' **"'"'' ^V"^ white clothes over ;lirt^' or st/JiAed places- hav«n,MK^n*'"''^^^ wri.stbands, collara and hogfnningi boif then',.,,M^^ i^ * ^''"^^ ^'^l' «^ie^^^ ^'^^^ by boiling copperas oco.wionally. lit tlie Sif'"''' "'.^"KW'>od, nddingal ttif then tiike out to dry in the ai 7""f^ 'f "Hm m theliouorallniiht^ ttgJiin after drying R,,b i„" I'l " /''" ^^'"'i* i» "ot sat/sfactorv dv« «"ooil; thenffic. Trf'K"A"ir^* witj» a siK,nge moSd f,? P.ota«h, and toil your straw iSTI? if ?/'"'^i//''^^"-^^^^^^ i» a lev of cient quantity ofl,ofcush ley/llb' o/iit n. « o/h"' ^^^^^-Take a snffi- the London maS^ures "conS ^f 'V^'^^.^-V^ing hats, employed by o^wood; I21bs, oi.^:XSTe,fV::tl±^h^^^^^ i^H o? coH«ive quaVS;3inTe^Sr"' verdigris are' addeTi^ri suc- successive two or 'thi^e dozens of ZtiT^'^^'^r^' ^^'«"g witlx ev^^l machme. Each sot of hats afti. k*! •^"''^^"^ upon the drippiS occasional airings during fSvm^m,t«^"•^^^^I^^ ^ the batli witlt out uimn the ground to Lr3 "^^nu'es, is talcen off thene^s and i«S^ dizenfent of tfrimn with the «^.^''"'^^i''^^y blackened by tie pwoxv hours, the dyeing S cSle od S^S^T ,?^¥""- 'n three mfou; washed In runni% yr^t^r^ • ^^^^'° ^'^^^ ^yed, the hats are well Ih IbfSKlafeSoin^^^^^ S>r,T^'.\\« ^^- -' «hellac with materials are to be put in a f-St^l^^^i^^' ^^^^igals. water. These the lac is dissolvedf when the In'nS'^ T^^ ^ boil gmduallv tm wi houtany scum upon ?he top ZliT\l^T'^\'^^<^}^^ crust upon the surface of whii^K :^ ^?** ^ cool, will have a tliin ties of the gum W^^^^ ^^^t, mixed with the liSit infn, S dipped into^l™ nnSr?in^^co1dVat^^^^ "^' *^« ^^^' body Xbe possible of it; or it may be annlied v^lh' ?V^ ^ ^^^^^^ as much as b<)dy,beingthus8tiiTenid mnvSfnTiJJfU^ ^'^^^^ «r sponge. The hat after it has been brusS KSt hS^'^^^^^^^^dr^^ ^rLarlyso a^^^^^ or acetic acid, in orS«rf?'i:.!!L"«* beimmersedin veHr dilute «ffl„^"? , ... «.u.x-aiize ine poutsh, and "cause the sheS 5i DTEBS AND BLEACHEBS' RECEIPTS. Ill white, and its fleSt? to toS'^d ^^ " **"' '•*"^'''«' ™'y barrel is the apparatus most iSfn^.f 5 "« sulphur, an old Hon? stone being iWl^iC ^md the snth!l?'iK''t 5^ ■-'"taers, a flat ba^el »n£ai,,ing the go^d'stttel'ffi^^^^^ should be previously washed in pure water ■ ^°°''" JwrSe'CeXj™''™ GOODS-Blaok Japan varnish dilu- . above; and lastly, wa"h' i?iu the usual mt^^^^ ^^^^l ^^^^ ^ muslin may be restored bv imtfchi^ « ^n^tiV^ * k, ^^s^olored linen or the tub whirem the Sic&arf solik^^^ ^^ ^^'^"'^'"^ "^"^^ ^"*« at'fi'rst^rofloTwo^VK tf Jf,^ ^o' 2or3days in a bath, 1 part. Blue: with the inS^^V^t n^^F^'^''^'''' ^.'^^*^ ^^ "'^^ brown dyes for s Ik or woollen CTW^vtr^* ^^ "«^?g/°y of the lowed by a hot bath of BrS wS^ S;J; T^'k^''* ^* ^,^"«^' f^l" cudbear. PwiA; or Rosp • w?th ^f a ' ^"^^^rds by a weak dye of A^ith the red dye, olSwed W an SkSbZ ^'TS ^'''^^"- P''"^ '' alum, followed bv a bath of T^T^-I^f. 5'^^^^ ,?''^-* '^ "mordant of alum follow^ byVbath of turmeric oT^^^^ ^r'"^' II ^^^'5^"* «* verdigris and verditer of eaoh^ nt ?^J^^^- /^^^'^.^ -^^^e. Take of well and dip thr/eatheVs tSy hLi^^^^ i 5*-. ' l^'"" *^«°^ into the said mixture. ForKr^li^lflTl T^^^^ '^ ^?,* ^^*e^' nation, vermilion and smalt Th/n'n?f« ^^ .^^\ '^^'S«- ^o»' <^«''- used iA dying feathers ^"""^ '''" ^^^^^"^ ^^^^^^ ^^^o^^d be COLOBS FOB AbTIFICIAL FlOWEBS — Thp TTi-o^^l, « i J«^ camftnc and kid for the iJetals nifd /^/SL? "fi^ T^'^^^ ^^^^«^ recently thin plates of feSS wh«tJ^n f/?'' ^""^ *^'^ ^^^^^«- ^^ry portions of the artLWrwersS^^^ T^ *«?««P^ dissolved in oil of vitriol and the nH^ ,J,S '^^«f «:. ^^^e.-Indigo^ fcirtar or whiting. S-A solution ^ Liquid archil. W-SmL diSoived fn t'^oM^^^^^ tar, or m spirits of hartshorn FzoZeJ^— T ion,-^ ol k?, °^ -^^^^ ^*. *^^- little salt of tartar YeuZ^TiiZul'r^T^^ archil mixed with a generally applied with the fingSs' ^^ *"'"^'"'- ^^^ ^°^«^« ^^« 4o^Tpuiv';s^^iiarseX^^ fr.^?isr?r ^n^«^' fm?if rw\?^^ ^^S^^ rshSg^^oS.?i.a^3^ in the sun. W£ mrij^atatfi?if ^^^^^ --^ ^^^-^«- fi- o? JpS;kKrf:;ro/5i^fi^f!f^^^^^^^^ ^obs.ob woo.™. •" " >^v«^.B, i^s wuii as me aiawers or boxes ley may be ited. solution of 3xygenated idered very ily exposing n old flour iners, a flat on, and the The goods iruish dilu- n the pro- three days, of soda to 12 hours, )r, made as ed linen or liquor into in a bath, e of iron, my of the alum, fol- ak dye of . Plum : lordant of ordant of Take of nix them lot water. For Car- ihould be 5y velvet, ia. "Very for some . — Indigo'^ th'salt of Lilac. — It of tar- id with a olors are alcohol, a phial, isionally e fire or 0LLEN8. or boxes i-^ t DYERS AND BLEACHERS' RECEIPTS. 53 ^^^^''^^2'^^^^^ the unpleasant the air. Some persons place shX n/^n exposure of the stuffs to of turpentine, over, undevLh^t^.^!, P'^P®"" T'^*®^^^ with spirits it a very effectual method ' Manv wS^lfcn'5' ^* "'^*^' *«" --^nd find phor, the size of a nutmeg in pSrl on H^flSSf" £"* ^^*« *'* «a^^- m their shops, and as they Sush their Hntfr^"^* ^^"^ «^ ^^^ sl^elves mouths, this keeps them free from m^^^^^^ three or four 111 boxes where tfie furs, &c are i^t a VoiV"* *^"' ^?«"^^ ^^ done put within each muff when iAidbv^Sn.fff^!^'''^ "^""^^^ '^ frequently Clothing Rknovatoe -Soft water f^^^^^ ?^PPf ^« very gJod. tion of logwood by boiling the extract wftifij ™*t^^ ^ 'o*^""S ^^^coc- cool, add 2 oz. gum arable talowder bittle cnrw^n ^^1^^ ^'^^^ for use; dean the coat weU from i^ea^^^^^^ above hauid with a spoiifje evenlv^nnntf ^ ^"*' ^^ ^PP^y th« hangmtleshadetodry ; aftlmard^ wi.JP ^'^ *^^ ^«^«r, and will look like new ' ai^rwards brush the nap smooth, and it 4gTirS1^1Xe^riS\?r«r^^^^^^ -I"- in acetate of lead in the samrqSkntit^nf^^^^ ^°^^ ""^'Sht ot dissolved, mix the solutSto-ethS.P«nf^'i, ^l'^^ ^«*h ^re^well resulting from this mixture hSw' *'''*' -"^S^^ *>e sulphate of lead thevesselinthefornf apo^er^^^^^^^ ^ *^^ bottom of into it the fabric to be renCd wJp^w^S t^«, solution, and plunge s/t^e?rr/£4-T^7^^^^^^^^^ 2 o^.jYoft wator, 1 quart ; altogether ; dissolve the soap wIlTlnd^L^.?'''''"^.'.' ^ ^«^- ' «»'x be removed with this premmti^n 'Tfn^K- ^ P^^^® or dirt that cannot 1 lb. ; ground lithargrts lbs • S"7n^'l'*^ i*""^' S^^«- '' ^^es-wkx, article, previously st?SchedLaiS^f«wfii*PP-y.T,^^ ^ the washing and drvme- iaph n^fV^ ^ * ^*^^ *^'* * table, previously well To RLErolK^Ks -^ui^^^^^^^^^ the'cSmposition. " them with cold water^^et tiem S^^^ '^^V e^"^' ««ver down, but do not wring h(S/ , n S^T.^"""'' '.^^ ^^^"^ ^^P and damp, and the;^ will loo^lJeSir '^'''' ^°^ ''«" while'^very rec:^m""Brt^:-7lr^^^^ tV^!? '^.^ ?es-bed in these wood, 4r lb • watPr il^i,o^ of logwood. Red, ground Braril in the ^a?er Te'to^^r^Ttmhi and "«Th ' t'' ' ^^ '^' Brazil^^^o^d minutes. Searlet co^o^ MToz^ffmn in ! «.«f^ineal ; boil fifteen over the work before apiSI ?he rod R^'^"?* ""^ '^^*^^' ^d pass vitriol, 1 oz. ; water, 22 oi hnii p ? i ' ^og^ood, 7 oz. ; blue 6 oz. ; water 29 oz (^jv/w 'Jlr!L ^'''^^^' logwood, 11 oz. ; klum 2oz. ground fine" 8m^SpnT£'''"^^^''',?^P^°*« best verdiSS' PoTxWs iNvisiBLT^Sf^^o^j?"^ 1^ together and boil. ^'' wrong side with a solution of SnXro?-""^"'^!^'' the cloth on the water, forming an emulsion (H miiifw^S'^r^ ««^P di«««lved in brush, rubbing in well. When drv ?t « V ?5^'^ ' -^PP^^ ^^th a agamst the jrnun. an^ Vi.^!! -!"- ^^'.^* is brushed on the wroni? sid^ afterwards brushed down si^ootii"''''' ^^ "" ^''"^^ ^^PP^** "^ ^'ate7 ; To BAisE A Nap ok CLOTH.-Clean the article well ; soaJcIt in H MEDICAL DEPAUTMIONT. teazle or a prickly thistle nnJ i .r»„ ^ • "?^ ^^*^^ ^^"cks. or with a MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, &c. Rur.Es FOB Action wnv «,:r/^T,^ and disease ei,deavo?'aS to H ve oTS,/*'^^ SAFE.-Fn healtli Wyho late physician to Se Ernperorof Rn«?^ ''^^- . ^''' J''*"^^^ loDK observation in the hosiA^Unflhui^Lr^^^^^^ remarked during occurring in rooms uve S W the 1?Z^^^^^ thecasesof deatS more numerous than the fatrUases n th2^?^ '""' ^^^^ f^^^r times rect action of tne solar ravs Whln ■ ^"""^'^ exposed to the di- hand remedy is to mixTalt Zf^JT"'} l« ?^^^"«^^ed, a good off- ench, in , g4s'of wa er tiVd^L rmS teaspo^onful of operation. Then give the whites of 9 iS..-''^^- ^* '''* ^"^^k in its eggs alone if coiTel cannot be had ^mS? ''■''''^ °^ ^-^^^^e, or tlie eases nf «r.j»„. ^^Ti""^'' ^^ ^ad. For acid poisons give acids. In F^lisirtbT;rorSMrd7n?,^^' ^t'^"« coffered 1e/movin. skin is'^de^tro^ed^reltith^^^^^^ i? ^olf fr/J'^"^./" £11^^^ on the back, with the nose aS mAnfl ^'''^^^il "^^o the water, float raise the head and bodyTf or /ifntTn " ?n ^.T^'^'^'S- J^r apoplexy, oned wounds, unless your iZith ?s s^;. ¥n5^ ^?k'^" ^^*- S^^lc poisl cut out the part without dSircaSizett w^^^ *^^ T"".^' °^' ^^"«r cigar or a hot coal. If an arterv iiS 1 '*^ ^''^'*^'*'' *'i« end of a a veuiis cut, compreS beiow Vf \^?'^f ''^'^ '^^^^^ cough. Before pasffgthroS smoke S ^^""^^"^'^ ^"^ then go ahead ; but if' yoSr SnfnW -^^ fall breath, stoop low, caieful. SmothWafireSblankttsor^^^^^^^^ walk erect and be burning oil and increase SiHaf-er K^ by dashing water into them 'mH^o^V V?in«ve dust from the eves with a soft! smoS woodin nS ""Tl '''^^"5- , ?^"^«^« «i»deiS, &^c cold, by regular dielhSl y food a^d o?.^? v^""^^^ ""l^ '"'''''^ ^^^hinS said: -The methods by ^1^1 have^^^^^^ Sir Astley Cooper temperance, early rising, SsponS ?refnT^ "^^^"^^ ^^«'^^"^' '^re cold water, immediately after |ettfe"!)nInfMlX ^^^'^ '"''"''''''^ ^^it'i have adopted for 80 vearTw^ti^r^^ F °f ,^.®^ 5 a practice w^iich I luted vyitt 2 per ceV/of ILToil acir^JM '^"^^^ Water di- mg, if liberally used as a SnWo n- i^i*^^'^."^*®^*^^^^ ^'oom or build- gle of lemon juice sw^lloSnlitf?.''^'*^^?^ "'^" ^^ «"red by a gar- parts. ToavirtcoldfrShf ?ee w^^^^ "?^"\^" «^« affeS from dilFe vent fabrics one inir nf oAfT ^''^•nP'",^ of stockings made the natural heat of tfeS^e nreiei-v?^^ ^««1' ^^ In arranging sleenino- momaVhi l^^^^^ived if the feet are IceDtcle'in her will T;i^^Jii.iT^i"«*»s *?e soundest and mo«t rpf,.ooi.-:,r°l®;i^- ~" ■" ^"•'"•^^ """° ^^« ^^«^d is towards the north.' ^Lafe ho"S b the thread- )cks, or with a ■y the nap the •• ; logwood, lours ; Htraiu, !.— hi health . Siv James trked during ases of death re four times ed to the di- ) a good off- iispoouful of qiuck in its oifee, or the 'e acids. In !ep moving, flour, if the water, float r apoplexy, . ouck pois- id, or better he end of a e wound; if 1-fours and stoop low, rectaud be is to spread Q the eyes uders, &c., id catching tley Cooper health, are inin^ with ce which I Water di- n or build- 1 by a gar- e affected i"gs made wool, and cept clean. it-^n. -.1 -ate hours MEDICAL DEPAliTMENT, ETC. 55^ Take abimdant exercise and recre ition ifn ^ «tudy should be short, dnnkmg, using simple and pS S 'vniwf ^^^^^^te in eating and snuiT, opium and every exS Kpp J t fi'W l*'"*"^ ^""k' tobacco, ca m, serene and placidf shimWle^e^^^ S^ ^'^'^vT '^^™' th« temper ^;^lir'P^py^^' attend to the SSLi o^f^'v. ^^^^^^ «^e- health giviu"- frosh nir .rr.+ ^.u "'^" ^^ Yowr muids For nnrr. Berts thiti?alUhei,ihAw?^^^^^^^^ ^'' StockSn Houglf as! magnitude of London? £ human r^^^^ ""T^" 1^""^^"^ "ti«" « tZ century or two. The m«-mn ,!«!.? Tt^^ ^^'^'^^^ become extinct in -i mm years, while in S^eTroTKhSS '1'^^ '^ ^''' United Stltes about 60 per cent, of the dP'!th< J!! ?i ""adelphia it is only 23 years • derfiveyWsof age A cf;eS^^^^^^^^ cities being of childrin uL' '^tTIs ^^ ^'''''^ ^' and bad ?ood ' ^^" «^ ""« excessivo^noitality brea'ih^'asTol^'c^nvSeSfvP^n^^^ '^'"'^ LuNos.-Draw in as much slowand u'diblevoce^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^«,lon.^as pJs^ble i^a of seconds must be carXllv noted ^. "''^'"^ ^^^^^^- The number not exceed 10, and is freqS f le,s tlxn .^^^^^P^ive the time does witli the chest ojieii chamJl^thl . ^^"^^ ^^^^'^^ t^e arms backward' breath, till the Cgs are^emp?iS%''^% ^^^? T" d^aw in^our times a day, and it will emS Sp .£ .*^^''"«^. *^<^ P^^^ess several Remedy for HEADArRir a p, • • ''ZnT''^^ f«r headthS:-ifSra^Sr^ ^/-^^ P"^»'^hed a propovtion of one to one-half afa cS mlf ^"'^^ P^ '«« ''^«d salt, in by means of a little purse SVnr?,nn"^^u^^^^' ^^^ ^^is he apples limited spots on thrSd w>^irT' "^'^^ ^ "™ of gutt^ gives inskntaneous reUef ' The \m h^'T^^^'^^^^^^^^^ arffelt ' It mmutes and the skin is rendered w&^^^^^^^^ ""^"'te to 4 ■Jhnt^n'''''' ^ COLD.-Before reLhi" soi tW^.^-*^^ applications^ as hot as can be endured tbp fpf.Vti.T? ^A. 1'^^ ^^^^ "^ mustard water half full of lukewam ^iter add rn^h ^'!^'''* ^''* ^^ Pl"«Sed in ^^1 bfnn?'f '"^ heat is^tSned, p?StiiL^ 7'^ 1^/ water nSt Il"'f *^T^^ to direct the var,o?^frnn ll^^ f^^^^ ^^^^ ^nees with sweat, ^ext, to 2 table sjoonffi nf i?"i "^^ '^''*^'' ^« to induce a good of white sugar and 14 drnn«^i \ ^^^^^^^^ water, add 1 table snoonfnl whole and clddK/Ld u^fde p Sf ^f^^^^'^T Sthe REMEDYFOBCoNsuMPTTn?L!ST,*?L^?d«iol^iies and sleep it off. romeay, and will in time comnlpfX ^ Ju^-^^ '^^^i^ to be an effectual 56 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. I 'r ■ III in, !r oI^o^SSTJa^jS^^^^^^^ with a Wine ,1..M " Four weeks' use of the hoShnnnH o^^' mP"® ^^^ ha« tried it says br^st, gave me aSility toXeXe de^Tnn/'"r.^^ and harmonized mv voice -iiirf^tt?!^^' ^^^1^ *°^ ^^^^^ strengthened than I had enjoved for yl?" " '^'"^'^ "^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ofhS wo^n's^jf;^^^^^^^ ir^rvr ft ^"^ *-^^--t discovered to exist naturally irtLmS^Af^'-^' ^^^ recentl} been transferred to the humanXmaoh wW . •'^'"^' ^°^ ^^ frequently of these filthy parasit^havX^n detected tl.lJff'^^ ^ *""^.- ^"^^^of to engender 30,000,000 more thrfpSLi^- ^^* * P^"^^^ of ijork mg bfrth to from 60 to 100 younV 1^5 ?v?„^^' ^^ each giv- thread-Uke worm at first r^n^pf^to? I'"^- ^?^" »^*«r- The youn- testines, remaining fo^ a slToTthS^I^^^^^^^^ *^^ ^^^'"^ch ^St mtestmes, causini irritat o? Sw ?n^^^^^^ ptesent in sufHcient numbere ' As thpfJlL.^"^ sometimes death, if to penetrate the walls of the intettii^ls\ oX^,^^ ^^^ ^^S^n the voluntary muscles, causing Snsemnfp^fi^ ^^-^^^ a lodgment in dunng cramps, and sometimes teSnics^Zn?7f^"' f'^ T^*"^^ «"" tion they encyst themselves pS.anP,5fvn?^^^^^ After 4 weeks migra- begin to secrete a delicate sa^cwTSJLnJ^^^ fibre, and In this torpid stalte they remain dnrfnlf^T "^^®^,^"*®8 calcareous. Remedy I on DiPHraEmf TuiJ^ ^^^ person's lifetime, swabbing the back of the mmV^.^^^*!^*™^"* ^^^s^ste in thoroughly Table salt, 2 drams hi J^t ,^?' ^"^ *^i^^* ^'^^ * ^ash made tff alum, 1 aAm eaT mS"and^S?eJi.f t? £' f *^*^ ^^ Pot^^h,- water ; stir well, and then fiU mV^h .in?.^ ^^ ^ ^^^^'^P ^^^ fill of hour, one, two, and four LniL n™/'^'''* vmegar. Use every half ■ may swallWa'little each time^' IwWloISo^?T^\ ^^'^ P^^^^"* sweet oil, and aqua-ammonia mfted pv^?; h^^ ""! ^W^^^'' turpentine, throat, and to tfie breast boAee^er^ w^^'''''" V ''*^^: whole of the the part. '^^ '^°"^ ^^^^y f^^ir hours, keeping flannel to HoLLowAY's Ointment AND PiLTs—Rnffo. oo oz. ; yellow rosin, 3 oz. ; melt add v^iT^St^J' ^^ ?^' J.^^eswax, 3 evaporate ; and add CankS balstm 1 nFf^! cantharides, 1 oz. ; bals?m of Peru, 15 drom P?-^;^^'i ^^; ' ^'^ ^^ n^ace, i dram • ginger, of each 2 Srts?mucUage to^'mS' ' ^^ ' «^yrrh,'jllap:^anr *^^ ^o^^-iJe bread, meat treatment he has an eSreme di^u^t^^ snh-if w^*^ ^^ P^ *Ji« drunk. Keep up this treatmont 5ii i.^ f^"^*' ^^S continually drink, and the cSre is ceS "'' ^''^^'^ ^^'^^' ^ ^* «' Fahnestock's Vermifuge.— Castor nil nil ^f , oz. ; oil anise, i oz. ; tmcture mJSh i'^ ^^ ^*??™ »®epular nostrum of S kind Z'^^' .^"'cksilver and tin, ^^^^;^yevand 20 of fine zhic filiZ n^? "^n?.^ ^f ^^ S^^"« «f rne followmg is said to be the moTt l^^? ,\^ ^*,*^^ *""^ of using, amalgam : Melt 2 pai1» ol^in A^th 1 o? "5^" ^^'* objectionable got, and reduce it U> fHiims Form thpi^?™'''']?' .^^ i* "i^o an in- • mercury, and squeeze ouf ihe exces^'^^^^^ '' Auid amalgam with Woi-lc up the solid residue in the hind .^Tf."'^ t^^^"^^ leather. Another cement consists of about 73 m :^« 5 P-?"' '*."^*o «^« tooth, of zmc, amalgamated withSsilveF^t.. '?^n' ?^ ^^ *^"' ^"^ « IS the best filling in use 'l"^«^«"ver. Beyond all doubt, gold foil aiSTo bir SSm '!;?^silv^e^^?r ^ "^^^^ «- --e in Paris an excess of mercury, Sht 'ptesseSS' ^"^ ^™™o«ium, with To Extract Teeth with r?T?T^7.^ ^^l^^^ ^^^^S it. nite, chloroform, and alcohof of each ? of ^^^^-Tincture of aco- . gets of cotton with the liquS, and am)lv t^ kT "'^^^^^^ two pled- the tooth to be extracted, holdS themiJ^tJ? ^T' ^" ^^^^ «''le of Jr? '^.^rh^je^^^ror ^^i^ ?s7^?,t-«« -^^^ ^ «- ; freely with this preparation, 'aSbrisWvnfh*S^*\"i^T^' ^"^ ^^t it a moment's time tSev will be nerfectL li-?^ ^fe^^ *<^^*h' «»^^^ *^' "^«*"^«' ^»^d the^senSon produced te of a high y pleasmg nature ; a great propensity to laughter a ranid flow of vivid Ideas, and an unusSal fitnesJ for miScuKSrtfon To the ordinarv feelings which it produces. The senSns prodSd Iw breathing tliis gas, are not the same in all persousVCt thev are of aJ agreeable nature, and not followed by any d^Sion oHptrits li^^ those occasioned by fermented liquors. ^ . ^® Magnetic Pain Killer, for Toothache and Acute Pain — T ah ??i"?T,^ ^\ ^'i''' camphor 4 drs. oil of cloves A d" oU oflavt ider 1 dT add then to 1 oz. alcohol, 6 drs. sulphuric eth^r^nd 6 fluid drs* chloroform. Apply with lint, or for tiothache rub on the eimis and upon the face against the teeth. « ^uu on tne gums, and Cure FOR Lock Jaw, said to be positive.— Let anv one who hn« an attack of lock jaw take a small quantity of sS ofTrnentin? warm It, and pour it on the wound-So matter wKThe wouSdS S Tinnpitinll^n? ''~^"^ '^""* ^^" *«"«^ ^^ !««« than one minute r^w^^f^r^-*^^ ^/ EMBALMiNG.-Mix together 5 pounds drv sul- l^T InferCr 4 n'^Z^ nfT"^ ^\*^^' ^^^ l«>g-^ms of aSiious dcia. inject d m- 4 quarts of this mixture into all the vessek nf thA human body. This applies as well to all animals, birds fishes &c rhiB process supersedes the old and revolting mode and has blen in" troduced into the great anatomical s hools of PaUs Nitrate OF Silver.— Pure silvei, 1 J oz. ; nitric acid lay dilntorl I'^Zt'^f: 2_0M heat by a sand-ba4 until ebuSn ceasff 1'h beVepTf^om'^^r^ht"'^ ^""' ^'" °^«'^^^- ^^^« substance musi 60 MEDICAL DKPAKTMENT, ETC. -No 2. Nitrate of silver 1 ^^ ^- /yrogallic acid 1 oz • wof. . BXY RuAi -Zjven S i''""',^''^* cleanin^r tlie hair vl^f *"• "^^^^^ ^^^ rosemarv. 2.. h...„^".^« «^^> .1 lb. ; otto of roses, 60 drops ; oil of muttoa or veniso« . q*"" '*'^® ^ ounces of nerfectlv fr.^ i powder, and foz'fn'^J''^^" «^ «»^e oil^ f o?\ff^« V"^*' .^^*^«r which if ^i5 ?• ^^ alkanet root Pnf V i. . u ^"™ benzome in Are,-' Digest TrVT,. f'^^bHag boUing w*er it^hf' ^J"" P'^ oils .1' ■ i: X ti salts tar- ^ater 1 qt oz. Keep pply each and color It ; castor oz. Mix tlie hair, ■ oil, mid I ; oil of ) 12 oz.; ^ remain ■ Castile orange •orax, 1 fie mLx- &c, ax and orange St. oil, of ''indsor either me in ni jar, place of the fluid am of ed. m of id let s face astile ppen- r the le or ts of )chi- oz. ; )P8; Its.; MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. J geranium and verbeim " "** ^^*^'' ''^ > Perfume witll yeHor;^^1^rrp"s75acto?ailP*^5,T*- ^^-^«^' «ol-e.yce"ue, 3 qts. of New W shampoo witJi the l^nds unS h'^h ?f^^,*^'« hair with thisTinuo?" off with clean water '^ "^ "^'^'^'* ^^^^^^r is formed, tlien wash Barber's Shampoo Mixturf- ^r.f, . withoilolBayfpS™a\%ii'': "look of carb. of m„..„e,ia water through t untU tL L"^"™' '''""'= " '■> a '"ter a, .'». t^»e raoniinir: drink: wu,*/. ^,'*^/' drink HU ; toiie tik:^S.;jKe'moi;;i^>'^*^ ^f^;^^n^:Jl to in 8 hourn repeat ithfn.S/^'.'^"'}'' ^"^^'y'' ^^ ^t does ?ff nT'/ '"™^«»' «« "^"cht^w^uH rL^'^fr^^T^^^ lb. of oat f lbs of lean veal. One Ih of L.** , ' ®^ ^^^»d, and more than that of 9 lbs. of >o«Sh 12 lh« if'^nT^'' ^ ^^^'^'"ff fonre ejua t^ lean beef. 0„o if, of Inmnl, * ?' "'"'^ ^^d more than 6 IhH ^t toiiealth, and inevifiblvtendH t/1 aiwl.^^ iT"*?""** l' t on was killed and dry; and tlie disease broken up. To prev«i^^^^ t^rig with small pox, as soon as the disease is distinguisLd mmlv^an ointment made of hird and charcoal to the face, S LhIs &c ^seTfZ.^al^n''^''? ?* Bunperative fever' h"as ceased "' &, fpr^Kil 7. ^ Of notice being that of a gentleman who sulTered dnT. LT-""*"?/ J^^y^ :^^^ *^*« dreadful diiease. Evefythi ™ s^"htest r^Hef '^ Fin™„ n'^''^^ skill could suggest, without pivhfgZ hSS ^A , ^^""'lly' as a last resort, lie was removed from the delht?u\Z?ir ^^^'"^ *^''^"«i*»»" was so soothh^^and ^?eat rel if M^ TnT>^ ?^ "^^ ^«d. I thank Thee for this Meat relief! In a short tune he fell sound asleep in the bath a3 coiitinued in this position for many hours, the watir be^iff renewed iS^fnlTni*? *™^ ^ ^^^P "P *h« tempemture. The cml proved to be immediate and permanent. Nothing is so conducive to health nf Kur? wator S^^^^^^ ^T'' *^f •'^«'"' as t^e intdligTnf'usi ^^^^ sttJem^a^S, tt^^^t^S^m^^taS tT^&^^ ^V ^aveyard," but it is scarcely possible to makSimS! toke with water, as no diseased person can fail to derive benefit f?om fi+^2?'^^®^^- ^^™.— Make a small circular boiler of copper or tin and fit he same mto an upright tin stand, in which, diSv undS the pSntW nSds ft^Uf ^ ^- ^'""J}?^ ^^*^^ ^^'^^ small tubes pumtuig upwards, ihe boiler being tilled with wator n^H fha loX;^ She patieT 'tit'/'''''' ^'"^ '?> --"s thTolg^^^^^^^^^ S^lo^P . *' ®®^^^ o^ a cane chair, with his or her feet in a n«n of warm water, with a suitable cloak tightly fastened aroimd thS neck, IS speedily enveloped in a cloud of steam TeS miSS i« Ht time recommended for the duration of thfS'few Shs It m w ^^ of thT''?'^l."'T^'^^.' ^""^ ^°* beyond half an houT. On -ett i^ou? ?v w-if ?i^' P*.''"^"® ^n*» a ox)ld bath for a few minutes thSnrh thl lood h „> S2^"*' ^7 *"^ ^^?^°^ ^^'^ * colrs^rwel' and a mir of Sin * r^^^^^^- ?er8ons in healtli or disease will experience i wfl? ISh^^'^'^P^"^*^^? r^^^ ^*n *he frequent use oTthis SKid all whatever ?i'?."?P^^^bly f.^P^^o^ to the use of drugs iTanyfom Sled Spong?o fcrifr ^ ^^'^ rf ^'^^ '»^«ni«"« i^^enS sisrofwSd'^Jrif;^^^^^^^^ It con- .- ^ 1..., ... ^i-..^,-^- iciiuu tu^ouiur, ana attaeiied 66 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. ^esV^fd'c^'Si^^^^^^^^ about half an inch m thifik- wate'r, &c., to sS exterior w?t^ TT. t^'^^^^l''^ "«^^ «^ t^Jid nearest to the seat of paS or Kse Th^ J; "i^""- ^'^"'^ *« "'^^ be felted surface, the suiSS if anv winoH i*"^ v^?" ^^ sPonged over th^ Bkin, and covered o'Twfth sSaffiM^ ^' *^^° I?^^«« ^nd starch, of each 2 cariuAif2 pk^. Mix,ZSivWe Ef^fi'^^^^^^ ^^'^ ^ P^^5 ^actu! drarns; oil^of Pe^Pet^n^-^t^^^^^^^ Vegetable OB Composition PoWDFH r,,,,.!,. i, v , ginger 8 o»,, common caveime 3 oz^,v~?l bayberry bark, 1 lb ; cup of boiliig water, swS k- Ad Tuk ''' ^ *«'«»«<'■'"" i" <* to IXpSf ''proil^'ji* /et?t ?' «h'™' "»'• »' "«*. *«•. dried. E88EKOE3 are^ made'^S ' 1 ?z n?"!"™- '>'««'^.,'>od filter. "' alcohol. Pepperminte ^rcolored wtt^tS):,™*''"''"^*'"'?" ^ P'"* lawn ; yields 100 lis. ejt^lEai?wri,ot *'"'' '"" '"* '*™»8'> reS,°Sn^dSf»B-vS5?S""' 'i"^ -'- -- cochineal, to color. Blue i^£^o' i S '^m"*T ?/.^^^ ammoniac, solve th,n dilute v^ithV^tS %'rLr^Te\^d^^^ 7 n"^^' ^ P^?*«' d^" 3 parts dilute with water. Pm5/f coJhhfpf i ^^ P'''^' ^''^^'^ ^«^^' 1 oz,. dissolve. -^t^'piey cocnmeal, 26 grs., sugar of lead >'Spr«»s«""'' MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 67 .tinct. steel, 20 dropsTdistiUerwai^?^^^^^ ^^^'^^^^ 5 g^ins ; oold wate^ontMespooffi^^^ ^ ^"^P^ 5 P"* 1 Q*- work 2 hours and then Kle ^ (^"^^^ green oU wiU do), let it m^esia..loz. Add to io gKf water Ldttn^^^^^ ^t'^^^ KissiNGEN Water fob FouNTr^v« ' S? i ^ i'^^^^ ^^*^ gas. carbonate of lime, 2 drs and 2^«p1:^!C^'^'"?^''^*^ «^ ^o^*' Idr.; 2 8cr. ; common ^It, 8 ozs mlSi. ^n^'^'*^*^ .^^^°^*^ of li«ie of sod'a, 2dr8. and 2 scr sillS nf n.a^°'"'?''''Ji * g^« 5 S"iphat4 of soda 13 grs. ; phosphate of wi magnesm, 2 ozs. ; phosphate water I of afal.' ffft stSd for 6 w'' mt ^TI' ^^- ^^^ mameeia, 3 drs. and 1 scr anrT pL^„? ^*i! S*®^ ^^ carbonate of sulphate of soda, 25 ^s ; common sITt fid r«*^ f-* P^^^^^' 2 drs.; monia, 10 grs. Mix Add wSS.^ V ^ ?^®-.5 l^icarbonate of am- and then cfar^e wSh 10 gal X'ater^^^' ^* '' ^^'^^ ^ d^^' ^l^r SO&; pmhrinS^nf;fe%-^^^^^^^^ <^ bicarb. wMr%X^ a'Sta^^E!?^^^ ^"^ and drink ^uick. ^^^ *° *^® ^^^^^^ *lien pour together Bottled Seidlitz Watpr pm o^^„ j. , water ; add to each i below ^r^XL^'^"'^*^'' ^i^**^^^ with clear saUs, 3 drops ; bicartoate of 'soda ??1?'^ immediately : RocheUe Excellent Tooth Powder «^,S«^? ' «" Ph»"c acfd, 11 drops, camphor, of each an equafSi'^tv ?fi.f i.^'^'^V°^P*""" ^P^i""'' «'"". «' S 100 pill, by iwing Sk cum aoMo^ be pulvemed and made into "^"y. b»t not to^nove tSetowiSS mS'' ^ "■"' '""" * '^ » times minutes, or the dose increased biifin^ ^^ repeated in 30 profuse wasting, repeatTonc^ at'tiie I'd l^^^'^ ^'^« «^ ^^^^^^ urgency of the?ase may require *^^ ^ ^''''^«' «^ »» ^^e jttTsr^. tt^^tW^ V^^^'^l r «^ -"' - the fine iron filings with as midi ground ^in^2f^ n ^^^^^ u*"''"^^^' ^ix spoon 3 times daily in a mtle honpv «? ^ T^"^" P"^^' ^^a" of a tea- ing the dose to prSuce f btcSss ^ ^^^^^^ course until well J "idciuiess ot the stools. Continue this Ofp=,S,?Srorofh?Xl''AT o^l'T" COMPr,A.KTS.-OiI jnise, i oz., alc.hil, 1 nint^iS' r^L 1 sassafras, J oz., oil of times a day, in sweetened w?t'., £?,"i*' '"'•'"' J *» 1 teaspoonful 3 stent weakness is Serous tir5S^;,n^f T'l «!™ '•«"^' ^'h™ eon- affections causing pain''SSt'lhe™toeys *' '*"'' "^ ''«"=« S^'veUy appSTr.^STsw^eerjtn^^-y.T''' "',>«'=*- » »-. ^'^^ gnm i oz T^ use, mix S pi^miit =^ i oz., best times per day: cure certain in 9 day" ' **""* * spoonfiU 3 Phate S m"™iCll i^™a^T?;'}U' ?'^'«"- »' >««J. ioz., sul- Srops. Mix and apply%n?es ™?dav „?i'"l.t,"'' ^ ?^- ' ""^ »". 20 ^no(A«i— Powderid iintlrTii'^o j ^' "' ^J^^ Pam may require 10 oz., tincture of opium 2 to ' mfe"" '^"'P'""' ^ <''■•' ""IM wSi there i?SiItomSKe*'orSkn^^^^^^^ T^ •« ™"'<1, where for three or four months in th.^r^'^'*'"'?'*''''''' by Preaeverance the teeth closed! fTa?K fl:Z''^S^ <" ^'"'"'' '^''»<'. witli heS'cL'V™u^^ri?b'alK"S^^^^^ FraJce says that cold in the sirvSf«nSH{r5F--'^ -^" ■ -- moulds, if desired to S- th?n mn^i -...y'"'? '?'*™ .P"'"- mto small chaps on hands or lij^ ' ^^P''' '"'<' P"* "••» tinfoU; used for lalyTve^^yX wXome ^IT"^ FEVER^-Open the bowels regu- senla, etZ ; aldTeelTe ^^r TlS'l^iPt^iT'L- -stor f !1, and keep fte^p^laS't at rL™ S'd, where Jverance, Hid, with •Id in the a by the ail sweet till dis- ito small used for }ls regu- -stor oil, warm : MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 71 sponge the surface with tepid water, two or three firaes adav • whn^ It IS hotter than natural, admit fresh air ; live onTbland (Set ^S as a cuptul of^arrowroot, several times a day ; toa^t-water for com- r mavt; nSf " ^f "^^ ^*^^°S sagetea, h^neplJ^ralum or C: ax, may be used from the commencement, if the throat is affected Nerve AND Bone LiNiMENT.-Beefs gall. 1 qt ralcohol 1 nt • volatile hniment, 1 lb.; sirits of turpentme, 1 lb.; oU organuni' 4 oz.; aqua ammonia, 4 oz.; tincture of a^yenue, i pt • oU^f amber, 3 oz.; tincture Spanish flies, 6 oz.; mix well ^ ^ ' UBPHALic Snuff.— Take asarbacca leaves, marjoram, lio-ht Scotch snuff, equa parts ; grind and sift, use like common snuff DowNEK's SALVB.-Beeswax, 4oz. ; opium, i oz -suear of lead op"ui^Th1n?Hn'or^"'r^-r>*^^ ''-^^ up'4'?h'ewfx,'th n'The opium, then 1 giU of sweet oil, incorporate all thorough Iv together spread lightly on cloth; good for burhs, pUes, &c ^ ^ together, .r^A^J^^^ Salve -Burgundy pitch, beeswax, white pine pitch and resm 1 oz. each, mutton tallow, 8oz. ; go( se oil, 1 gSl • tar 1 gill ; melt and mix thoroughly. A first-rate salve ' ^ ' ' Whooping Cough SYRup.~Best rum, 1 pt. ; anise oil 2 ozs • ful, 3 or 4 times per day ; children 1 teaspoon, with sugar and water . Liquid OpoDELDoc.-Warm brandy, 1 qt. ; add to S?um ^amnhor' loz; sal ammoniac ioz. ; oils of oS^aSuiii and rosfraS-^S^^ soa^ wormwood, i oz. ; when the oils are dissolved, add 6 o^s^ft ba?k o?sid^T''^X^A^'^^-~?^V^""™f*^«"^' ^"^°«' Pai«« in the oacK or side, &c., take 2 lbs. resm, burgundy pitch, i lb • beeswax i feiiisrroz*'"Zisim\vT'* «^^^^^^^^ cedkr 1 n^ ? vi.^l^?"' ^\^ ^'^ ' "'^ «* origanum, 1 oz. oil of red di^H« iZ- ' Ti^°'^^ turi^cntme, 1 oz. ; oil of wormwood, 1 oz. ; ver- thf iiis*. thPn ii/o^'^W"' """'i ^^ ^/^?ly pulverized and mixec^ with enouih t^ vnn lif f^l' ^"^^ '^^^^. ^ ^^^^ ^'^^^r like wax till cold fSt^„ pli^''"^ ^ '^''^)?^ ^°"^' ^ i^^h diameter, sell for 25 cents. rnn^^T^ '^^f^^'l l"^^ CANCER.-Take chloride of zinc, blood: f™?i applied. First spread a common sticking-plaster much fXio ^'''' S^ ^^^P.^^^' ^^^**i"S * ^'i^cular piece from the centre of it a hoiir« rS. Jr^ ' *^®n.,aPPly *he cancer plaster, and keep it on 24 hours. On removing it, the cancer will be found to be biinied into and appears the color of an old shoe-sole, and th^rim o iSo whI ea«h tune for four days ; Hien twice a day for theTsSme uerlod "tK Sriutae'thS '"^ '""' """"""'' ""^ By^Ptoms^rwefelVeslt Gout TiNOTtr^K — VAmfi-nm ^w^jyi^ / i. .„ , . , opium, ioz. ; ^i;ivC7luihour^,AZ7Z,'^"'^l^''jV"ii ■ 72 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 2**^4^."^^^^^'^^^ *« *^« ^«^"«tness of the patient, at intervals of lan'darm^oi'ToTof la7Sl^^^^^^^ ^*'^^ ' ''X ' ^^^^^^^^ 2 oz. ; recent case of paraSJsis iS The wL^^^^^ 'IF^*^^- ^^ * thoroughly bathed and rubbed Sith fhf« the numb surface be minutes, using the hand at IP^^fTwn*^ Preparation, for several take intemailf ,^ drops' oAhTim^^ ' f * *^^ «^»^« ti«^e CiiAKcoAL A CUKF FOR slrif SS'a^.* ^'"^^ sweetencd water, spoons of finely powdered chS?co?i d?nnvt"~? H'*^*^^ tJiat2tea- wm, in less th^n fifteen mSto^ivf?S^ ^^t^r when caused, as in most casl^ it'if if, ^* *? *^^ ^^^^ headache, the stomach. ' We haT^u^t I tHpte'^"^^"^^^^ «* a<^id on %^I?3:Sr rv^r 4^^^^^^^^ Sfl^i^,^^."^^^^' ^^ ^^ ^^-^ barif o^rroot^^riS" and Ked'f ;>.' "^ ' ^«***^^-t^ ^^^ inner feimel seed, Aoz • alcoho? int • i^^^^'i' P^ppermmt leaf, ^oz. ; all into the'spi^S knd wat^ Ixcen7^h^^^^ P*"" ' ?^P^'. ^ It's ; put weeks, then strain presZ? oi.t S ^l ^"^*''' ^^}. ^^^ i* stand ^o Bimm^ng a fe^^^^^f^^ SXiS' fe^^^^S «T' -"^ griping m any case, increasp thp fo«r;ii .^ J P"^ ^* ^* should cause pose,! tablespoon, on^e a d^^^ loose, up to the liex^ rPrimf wh^n ?>,^^ ^ *^^ ^^^'^^^s become too eWteilandit^^otlSl;^^^^^^^^^^ ""^^^* ^^^^ J^een melurai^S'^S^el^SalS'SlM ^^ ^ach^lb., contmually with an i4 g^on nSL^''^^^ ^^ '^°' ^ «2- ; sfeing color ; then let it cool LTS v^^ *^! ""^^^ ^^ ^^ * uniform blacl bole, i oz. ; on of Srgamot 1 dr xTn ^'Pf k T ' ^•?^- ^ Armeni^S oil before putting it in ' ' '"^ "^ ^® ^^^ ^^^^ a little oUve 1 o^TaS pit i?toTffi teT^^^^^^ stick until the mass loolr« ii£ Eo«i-*^^ 1^^*®^' ^nd stir with a rough coat on a c otii, and wmp arou^^h'.^ ^^^ ' S'S^P^^^ a gold as^rn'pSSi^^if^nri^^^^^^^ " to relieve the paint and cSr^Se felon In ^hS ^*tb?nT' \^ "^'^ cream two oarts and «nft ar^o^X.^^ i? a "^^^rs then heal with 01 tobZ,^f SuftJSf»r'?* "'!' * S'- "»« ^t^" a 3-cent ping , add red Sid" 1 oT IS mSi hi.TP'''i **" ^^^eze it out,S Werized camphor gum 1^ ^^ ^^^^ ' ""*" » "*«« «»ol. add'pul- k^^V^S.^n/tkll^VlI^'' M.NUTEs._Take a smaU MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 73 cent, alcohol. Dose' for onU^ ^r,^' ^r*" i!"T°' **"" "" witn 9& per horse, i to 1 o. , in a ii^e ^arm waterevVr^v^^^ * .tea^poonful • fo? a LivT^B-xr^ „^',. ^„ " Alwfhol 1^ ? minutes, till relieved. oil of origanum, 2 oz. ; camDhor m,m V^' ' ^^ ammonia, 4oz. ; myrrh, 2 oz. : common salt t£o LS?. ' ^ °^' \?P'^^"^' 2 oz. ; gum sionally for a week ' ^"^ t^Wespoons. Mix, and shake occa- ^'^^'^f^-^^^^^^^ alcohol, 2qt.. ; spirits of turpentine, tincture of^vln^P nit. . ^«^^'^' hemlock, budanum, of each, i oz. tiucture^ofT^J^S ft ^'^f^(S^^<^), and J oz. • oil of wintersTPPn i.^rr . \Z "*j'^^") *oz. , oil of onganum form,'Hoz. ffs iS oftthe L^"^ ^^mphor, 2 oz. ; and'chlS known ? it is superior to a^yttLrtL^S^d^^^^ "^'T'^^ ^^^ Inhalation of T^r poh Pr^xTurr^,^ "^^^",1° *his work. liquid tar and one flufd oz lfanToTnX-~^l^.l^^^*^«^ 1« ozb. of minutes in the open air then iPf if •^^*^^^' ^^^^ *hem for a few spirit or other lamp Si the chamber f thT^^-'^.^" iron vessel overl excite a dispositio^ Slough, b^tki^a ^oitS^'hf ^^'' "^'t^ ^' ^''^ moves any tendency to it *™® ^* ^^^ys it» and re- abSm ?q? pe?d^7SSS?d\J?n^"'"^•^^^«"^ *^« toP« ^^ red clover • usedas2wSiSepe^i,^v . vprv^ and^thetea shoSdbe Taylor's Remedy |oRft^/S«^°'^^y recommended; lib. oil of almonds forrwee^'^anS^l^^Ti^^"'- bruised garlic in 18 effective in tempomry Sfu^s ^ ^''''^ P'^'^'^^ ^^t« *he ear nu5i^,"dy^?ie^;fo^^^^^^ dock, and winter S"*^? PPnh ^m «* ^^s^afras, allspice, yellow- i oz.'hops and 3 qg molassis Po.ri'^,^^-''^ i"^^ ^""^ corikndeT; ingredients and let tiiSS sSnd 'MhZvTmf.Tiu'f^^ ^^*«^ «° t^o yeast, and it is ready for u7e hi 24 hou^^ ^^'^' *^^ ^^^^^^^ ^nd add ^pt. l«-~T^k« balm, mintrsaieror a^^thirherb'trpStTt^iJ^f ? .' il a sDoonfni nf ofiiii» . , ' .^-f PUt « iiito a bot- &raKKii%iKtr^'thti^ ^X^X^itl^^^^^XTi?'^^^^^^^^ essential Oil Will of alum 1 oz^^^l^rT^^^B f ?a^4^^^^^ mixture of equal parts & gum LimWnloL^ ^^ ^"^ side spread a melt the guSs in^an eart&areXh ^^^H^anum or Peruvian balsamr slips of the paper are hSd ovlfa fi wltrf ttf.^ T*^ ^ ^°* «P^*^^a be evaporated, the alum nrevPn«,ri'?i.o ®° the odorous matter will . Transparent CeSTob ofA^^^^^ ^T"^ i''^^ '^^^S- m chloroform, and add S^iS bv mea^?i .f^^"^^ ^ P^^ India-rubber Digest for 2 4ys, shakin/the SSf fS ® ""^.f ""^ ^^stic in powder. camel's hair brusi ^ *^^ "^^^^^ frequently ; apply witll a fine Mu.THWASH.-Pi.of spirit., iqt; borax and honey, of eachloz.; 74 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. gum Hiynji, 1 oz. ; rod Huiulors wood, 1 oz. Rub the honev and bomx wo to^rothor in a nmrUir, them Knuluklly add tho Hpirit, tho yrrh Zd sandors ww)d, and macoi-ato 14 days. 'f, tiiumyiruaua .r,.:Tweir„^'«;S' '""**- ■■"'''^ «'-««' ■'y "'"-i'S^ n^r To Rkmovk Tumouh -Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh introduces a (.Ilmv acupuncture noodle, or very fine trocar (a surScrl instrument in the f.)rm of a fine h(,ilow neoaie) into their tissHo an iii ieits a few drops o some irritant licpiid, such as a S()lution of chlor& zhu^ percholorde of iron, or treosote. Tho effect is to dostrov tl?o v\udMy of the tunM,rs B'^ tr«it(,d, and admit of sei«irating tliom Compound Svkupof HYi.(,i.H()HrinTKH.-Tako of hyp. plmsnliite assa, Joz aino sugar. 111), troy: hoLwater, 20 fhiidozs • orimsifj fll{«'/'tl , :;*' "'• ^V' «?^"<=r «t' the mixed salts ii the hot wS strain m^i}T' "^'"'"^^^^ "'*^ ''"«'*^ ^'' *'^« ««^"tio» by heat, and strain, and add the orange flower water. Dose, a teaspoonful cou- taimn/T nearly five grains of the mixed salts. "^^spoomui, cou- nf nn.hn!! ^;i''«<'TUO-MAONKTIC LlNlMKNT.-Bost alcohol, 1 gal. ; oil 07 S's Si ' f r .«'""1^^«'^'. « «!• J ,<^^astile soap, shavef fine, 2 oz. uoot 8 gall, 4 oz. ammonia, 3 F.'s stronc. 12 oz • mix ruH Bhafio ocaisicmally for 12 hours, and it is tit for use. Tliirwlll be found a strong and valuable liniment. London LmiMENT.-Take chloroform, olive oil, and aqua ammo- Tinrinr ^e*;^ ^SSH '' ""^^^'^^' '' ^''' ''^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^ lP,I^'7r'!''T-~^I'''? ^'^^. SoREa.-Red precipitate, i oz. ; sugar of lead, Aoz. ; burnt alum, 1 oz. ; white vitriol, i oz. or a little less- all to l)e very finely ^)ulven.cd : have muttoA LloW made warm i lb. ; stir all ni, and stir until cool. ' ^ JuDKiN'a Ointment.— Linseed oil, 1 pt. ; sweet oil, 1 oz • and boil them in a kettle on coals for nearly 4 Lurs, as w rm as Ccau gLrie.i;f r'^ ""^f r'f^^ t"^' 5 r«d lo^dr4oz";'^S^ sugar 01 lead, 1^ oz. remove the kettle from the fire and t^l-lcpn stir in ^iT^nV ^^V^^J"^T.*'^^ ''^r''"'^ ""'''^ «««l«d to bloorheat. t e thiV i iSrniA T'a^""^ tiirnentiue ; and now take out a little, let- ting t get cold, and if not then sufficiently thick to spread unon thin Us S for all^il^l^J"? '"'^'' ^'^ .^^^V» »«til this pS is rCched 77^:^^:^^:^^^ ^^'^""^^^ -^^^ advantage^Vapp^fnl . MAaNETic Ointment.— Said to be Trask's.— Hard raisins out in pieces, and fine-cut tobacco, equal weights ; simmer weirSher then strain, and press out all irom the dregs. wgttner, Mead s Salt-Rheum Ointment.— Aquafortis, 1 oz. ; quicksilver IZV T^ ^'^'^ soap, dissolved so as to mix readily? 1 ozTprepS chalk 1 oz. ; mixed with 1 lb. of lard ; mix the above by putffi the amiafoilis and quicksilver into an earthen vessel, an^whei do e ^?a iS^/fr ?7nf . *^''^*J?^^ insrodients, putting the chalk hi last ; aaa a little spirits of turpentine, siiy i tablespoon. MEDICAL DEPAttTMENT, ETC. 7& digriH, finely pulv^rizotl, foz- l/mlAh """"''. ''''^''^ ^ «^- 5 ver- a copper kottli, heating hIowIv ' ' ^ ^^* ' """^ ^^ * "'"^e fire, In JpSS^SSeT^^^^^^^^^^^^ ; burgundy j^tch, 2 o. : tfio pitch ana add the butter hK,&w5^ \i''^- 5 "'el^ from the fire, and when a littlp ?« i fi^"" to^^ether ; then reuiove lastly the preciniitr^' H^„t Itfr ' nW cJ^^ '^'' '^^"^"^ ^^ turpenthie, and iodideT p^otoihun' cj^r.'' J^"^.^--;^^^ ^^^'^'d^ «f "mercury, 7 grs • day until 12 or 16 drops Seiven at a dn«n ^% ^^^easinff 1 drop a lmniediatelyaftcrmeil« if^tcaSBeHa^^^^^^^^^^ ''■ i^*'« ^^'^t^*'' and fulness in the head, when ?oiflt un /JJ^i'^^ "'^'^^ bowels . RemSK l"l"^ ^^^^° as before! ^ ^ """^ ^^ ^'■"^«' «« ^ac' spirlts tur honev 1 pt. Dose, a tablesnoon tluZLt ^^' ' ^I^^^^ ^"^ «teep in rel eZ/g obbiincd, ihenmySll^h'^Jl''^ e%^ry few minutes, until Anothei{.-Oi'i of tar 1 Sr ^fw^^^ "i"*'^ * «"^e is effected, simple syruj) 2dr8 • m^v n ' *^»/*"^e «f veratrum viride, 2 drs • dai/y Udetf pot^sITn, h?,^«,^^^^^^^^ 16 drops 3 or /& hemlock bark 1 lb LS7r^T T^'^i-^^^be^^ bark, 2 lbs. ; 2oz. ; all finely pullSKa'SVei^'mxTTo^^P^^^^^ and a spoon of siurar • nut nZr^ u.i mixed. Dose, J a teaspoon of it I>oiling>ater iS It^nC^ty^'^l^T':^^ A^^' ^' b^" f «" ol G&Vt^-J^^^^^^^^^ Bonnet, of has been long in Ihe hal^it of prescrfbW - h,.^"^ Medicale," that he tme by friction for rheumatism •«Tr?S?f ^^^l essential oil of turpen- perfect success, havhigSoS In^lfn^* ^"^ ^^^ "'^<^ '^ ^ifoself with Pi^^^'aTcSfSkc^'tT^^^^^^ .^,- -Solidified copaiba, 2 fittle oil of jimiper. Dose 1 or 2 nil£ % nl ??"'''* '^^ P"^« ^^^h a has been found verv va}^XLL ^.^ ^r 4 times daily. This pill and urethm a' inflLmaCf^"om^^^^^^^^^ '^^", ^"^"7«' blaVer leucorrha3a, 'common iSmmat^oT/ &r\^.Tn?^-"''^^ ^bites^ coat, see that heading, if desired ^ '"'^ *bem a sugar oz^TS ?A^I«:-Oii of cubebs, ioz. ; sweet spirit, nf .,>.. . ■ ' ~~ ' "^ ^"^"'""' ^ °^- • -"^^iem oil, 1 bottle ; oilof "lavendy 76 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 20 iropK ; npirlte of t.irpentino, 20 dronH : mix. Dorto, lo to 25 droiw. jw t!m Htouuich will l)car, tl.ruc tinu^rt .V'lily. It may h^ UHod in uny , tlio al)ovo disoiiHOH witli Kmit HHtiHfiiction. ^ DiiruK-rif) TiNOTUitK.— Green or Krowini; Hncarmint inaHliod iMit In^) H Lottie, and covered with gin, in an oxcellLid diim-tic ' ^ Hn^an?fhrL?l^l'n''T''' •"t^'-'^^' «f "itrc^-a few drops in a little Hpearnilnt tea— iw all Hnf(to»i.jj fui. very vounL' children nninnldn seed, or water.nu,loi,...n.,d t.,. i, perhaps the S. ' ^"'"'1''^'"- ni, il*'our on to them just a little simple syrui,, shaking well to moiste the surface only ; then throw into the box of powder, and keep i motion until completely coated, dry, aaid smooth. If you are no" verjr careful, you will get too much syrup upon the ])ills ; if you do put m more, and be quick about it to prevent moistening tlie pill too much, getting them into the powder as soon as possible 1 < .siTi VE Cure for HvDKopHOBiA.-The dried root of elecampane STn/S' ^'^ '"^'""/T ?''^}^ ^'^'^^S tablespoon!, lis, and ini:c it with 2 or 3 teaspooiifulH of pulverized sum arabic : tlifin Hiv iriA j«f^ i: MKDICAL DEPAUTMKNT, ETC. 77 drop or two (n the eye, 2 or :t times dailv ' "' " ANOTiiEB-Sultihatc of zinc, acotat^'oe load, and roolc salt of aTfntraVoril-Jg'^a'C ' ^'IT^,^ ^ wX Aat of tM^ nf ..nC; '^''* ^^^"^5"^', t'»<^turoof uinica, British oil and oil 4tar™d°oH oTa^b^of S^aT'Xw'A'^,'^,''' «"'?»"- and. evening. AmonS the WeS' .n'',r4i^„!'.i'^°I'»l.™»™ln« «»ea Jor strengthen,- i the «ton«ch, Tidrteys?lh^er, 'Ud irn^f^^^^ 78 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. aciw r^f 'hy" k ; jYt'i'^i.S^^^^ heart. gIddlneB, h Ju Kino OF Oils for Neukalgia and Rheumatism — Bnmincr fl„^^ wet It well with the copperas water, ouce daily ' w tirofa-n MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 79 stand till coFd S »a thmtl.''a'cloth a^rt-.t^irr i ¥' " fire, and n.lx K^S^™ ^XHi,"*'' VT^^^ *^T 'S?™ *e after this take (Sstor oi7ro7 Th. i.?* •'""S"' !"'<"' * '«'• ^ hours m^tso.andalway/ATeheSS'lXt"' " -^^harged entire or al- esSrd'lJth^e^h^siSJ^SySrnTM' Z,T r^ '^'™^!^ its enemios and itselfdi rin^ t^lT *"»» *hi8, that the brain expends think most liio do th^emts^LS^^^^ ^'^' Those whS The time '' savpd " frr^m «l« ^^\'^' require the most sleep. 2d. mindXdy and estate'^S. Gife yZ?sl f ?o ^S^^^ ^^^^--^-^ ^ give all that are mider youX Sst ainSt n/«^^^^ by compelling them to ao t!. LJi 1? amount of sleep they will take, for the want^of the sv?tem tSTi!''"^^ ""^P^^^ ^''^^ ^^^^ «^cured Signs orD^Ll^sE m rRirnSl^' *t^ ^^^^ '^^^ ^^^ ^^^i^"* dis- able to talk, uZtrc,^/ wh?n ftSnr Thp^ T^ ""^i^ ^^\ "«* y«* loud long, W passioltefy and 8& te^rHto^^^^^^ ^^^ '^ and beginning again. tears— stoppmg for a moment ^iJLft^^^.?P* is. affected, it gives one sham crv. hrPniHn. .«= ,-^^. i*«ivcij, ua ii crying Hurt it. » ^ ? o -^tz. xtxiiuc- 80 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. It the head is affected, it cries, in sJiarp, piercinr; shrieks, with Imo moans and wails between. Or there may be quiet dozing, and start- ings between. • It is easy enough to perceive, where a child is attacked by disease that there is some change talcing place ; for either its skin will be dry and hot, its appetite gone ; it is stupidly sleepy, or fretful and crying ; it is thirsty, or pale and languid, or in some way betrays that some- thing is wron§. When a child vomits, or has a diarrhoea, or is cos- tive and feverish, it is owing to some derangement, and needs atten- tion. But these various symptoms may continue for a day or two before tho nature of the disease can be determined. A warm bath, warm drinks, etc., can do no harm, and may help to determine the case. On coming out of the bath, and being we!l rubbed witl: the hand, the skin -v^ill show symptoms of rash, if it is a skin disease which has commenced. By the appearance of the rash, the nature of the disease can be learned. Measles are in patches, dark red, and come out first about the face. If scarlet fever is impending, the skin wJi look a deep pink all over the body, though mostly so about the neck and face. Chicken-pox shows fever, but not so much running at the nose, and appearance of cold, as in measles, nor is there as much of a cough. Besides, the spots are smaller, and do not nui much together, aiyi are more diffused over the whole surface of the skin, and enlarge into little blisters in a day or two. Let the room where the child is sick be shady, quiet, and cool. Be careful not to speak so suddenly as to startle the naif-sleeping patisnt and handle it with the greatest tenderness when it is necessary to move it. If it is the lungfs that suffer, have the little patient some- what elevated upon the pillows for easier breathing, and do everthing to sooth and make it comfortable, so as not to have it cry, and to thus distress its inflamed lungs. If the child is very weak, do not move it too suddenly, as it may be startled into convulsions. In administering a bath, the greatest pains must be taken not to frighten the child. It should be put in so gradually, and so amused by something placed in the water on purpose as to forget its fear ; keep up a good supply of fresh air, at a temperature of about 60° Fah. If a hired nurse must be had, select if possible a woman of intelligence, gentle and loving disposition, kind and amiable manners, and of a most pacific unruffled, and even temper. If a being can be got possessed of these aiigelic quaUties, and we believe there are many such, you will be quite safe in intrusting to her care the management of your sick child or yourself either, in case of sickness. She should 'not be under twenty-five or over fifty-five, as between these two ages she will, if healthy, be in her full strength and capacity. Whooping Cough.— To empty the child's stomach by a lobelia emetic, is tWB first step. After this make a syrup of sugar, ginger- root, a little water, and enough lobelia tincture to produce a slight nausea. This, given two or three times a day, will loosen the cough very much. See " Whooping Cough Syrup.'" DiAKKHCEA.— Nothing is better for looseness of the bowels than tea made of ground bay berry. Sweeten it well, and give a half- teacupful once in two hours, until the child is better. Bathing must not be neglected. For Croup Remedy see " Cure for Lockjaw." Colic. — This can be cured with warm injections of gimnle soar)- MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 81 A^ rgTveTlTtl^^tLT^^^^^^ - ;*• A little warm family should have a sma rand SrS avS^]^ ""'^^^^^^^ S^^^ synipof rhubarb, a waim Sctton .Sh^'''^' give a teaspoonf ul of generally be all that iWdS" ' ^"^ ^Po^ge-baths. These wiU thesrdSst';^a%Td^^;^u^t^^^^^^^ alkaline-bath, a lit! le llml^^^^^^^^^ slylVJ^.^^'K^fS''^'''^- Then the ciidrftvi'rsriS^^^^^^^ emetic, rub the skiiibrisld^etf to^e?u«\^^^^^ water, or a lobelia the warm water is equaUv useful fn S f ^^"- , ^'^ ^'^^^ disease enlargement of the brain are dn^n^Jf i? ^f^.T^' • ^^^ symptoms of temal objects, irritcS^ttmne^ S,»^* "^tellect, indifference to ex- habitual iteadacheslS^^^^^^^^ giddmess, and and idiocy. There is also a pfcuKrS^flornf T' '' ^P^^^P*^^ ^^^ m this disease. pecmax projection of the parietal bones DoJSSrThtS^^^^^ ^" -ercise of the mind, and muscular exercise in t£e opeS ThP U'^l '* !«J^^^ "^^^t active m the to,) of the head, applv Sd^ater fn? .^^'1*^^^^ '^ ^'^ ^^eat lateSom^^SS^^ offensive breath en- from having no bile, or dark S Vu& S '^ ?^^^ slimy and lumpy. The cliiid erow«, n?io o A'l^' ^^*'^' sour-smelling, gu d, dejected! it is fretS iSie^^^" ^^^^^^ ^''^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^- in Its gait. . ' 'rritaoie, uneasy, and apt to be tottr-T-ing beSL&^,4^g^^^^^^^^^ «ij;rrd^' ^/ P?- - ^^e head, child to waken and shriek out As the drr.^ shooting causing the shrieking gives place to moanttig There U^Z t^i^ '^dvancesf the of the neck, pain in the limbs tendenipL i» S®""* stiffness in the back " ing, mtolerauce of light knitthit of Sff "' *^^ «««^P. vomiting, sigh- ance of the stomach^ Sid bowels TWs Zv'^? T'^^'^^ ^^''^tufS- teen days, the patient growhig more wSt% *'? ^^"""J ^^" ^ four- form of attack is marked bHc^utSn n thi^f^ Tt^^^.^- ^"^^^her vulsions, flushed face, brilliant evef^ntni^'' ^^^1',^^^^^ ^^ver, con- mm. tfinrlpvnoqq j„ ti^ "t";!^"'' ?y^^i intolerance of lie-ht.nti/i .L.,.a ' ' — '' '" *^' ^'"•^' ^7^^' Sve^^ irritobility oF^toniS; 82 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. mod a of 'nSfe''"^ vomiting on every attempt W sit up. The third 1? ^t ^.*^,^^ ^^ "^^^y insidious— the early symptoms heinff so miiS as hardly to be noticed. In this case, the convXons or pllsv c?me t£n "ViT'tK^"/ r*^'^'. S"'§^"^' «^i" ^"d une^Jpected dest^c! tion In the first stage of the disease thers is increased sensibilitv • mthe second decreased sensibility; in the third mlsrcoTvnlS Ann ''• ,?^^« o^ie teaspoonful every hour or wo tiU t o Ira^^^^^ Apply (.old water or ice to the head. In the second sta-e mit fu tPr^ ff Z'lbirH^'t ^* '^'^ ^if^^' ^"^ °^« «'^ the wis if vSy tender Vnvl fZ^ f'^^ "'''• H^*^:.'^^™ ^'"^t^^' '-^l^^ alteratives anniiiretics' ouLe mif 'ThSrS Poti^^smim, one dram ; wateisZlf an T"^!: „ li- ;• ^^"^y di^ops to a child seven years old evei-v hour For a diuretic, use tincture of digitalis, one ounce svrun of sn mH^" hourrTh'e';;S.J''; ^^rJT ^ *^^^d sevenrears'^olTet ?fo^ nours. 1 he patient should be kept in a dark room awav f rom "i i noise and excitement, and should lie upon a hah S^ttS with ml tir thtiirtri^^^^^^^^ ^^ ''' ^^f . ^4?Sd' b"i?oS;! lUf, more man gruel , after that, more nourishina- but paav of rii,Toa tion, such as beef-tea, plam chicken-broth, SaHelUeretc^ At tt^e same time the patient should be supported by the-'caSus use of ™ryTaur\ou1r"' "' ""'' ^^'^^ o^ aromatic^pirit'ofTrno^^^^^^ Mr;Mi>s.— This disease, most common amoua cliildraii hpodiw wiH, soreness and stiffness in tlie side of the neck sS a swellif^ of the paratoid gland takes place, which is iKiniful and Z tton^fto SicreSe r^n he mo^,th'*''ffieir.1fi'"'' ""%"« " ^fflcnltTswalloT?? i ea«men«.--Keep the face and neck warm, and avoid takiuL' cold Drmk warm herb teas, and if the symptoms are severe 4 ^^^2^2' of Dover's ppwder ; or if there is costive less I slM," ' tv^io fS observe a very simple diet. If the diseasel^^'a^ravated ?4 ?4kin2 hP ?,U^^V' T^'-T '^l^^'"' ^^ '^ translated to other1>Sidrphv&c must be used freely, leeches applied to the swelling or eooW Sltfnpf Sweating must be resorted to in this case ^ poultices. pfaTft^Inr. ^^^Z^ ^fSkreSSS The third ng so mild palsy come d destruc- lensibility ; )uvulsions, id, thread- rtant, and purgative ur drops ; ?ether iu a ; operates. Hit blisters ry tender, diuretics. *r, half an ery hour, of squills, Jvery four f from all i, with his I be noth- of diges- , etc. At 3US use of ammonia (gins with ng of the ) increase allow, or side at a ometimes d bowels, as. ring cold, to 6 grs. ysic, and .\v talking ^sic must joultices. •th exter- ays after es out in ead over ?ins with isea and )ears the lelirious*. d in the MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 83 ~ I^S^-'^Sf S.S"ge1^^^ f?^^-f<^ point. 04 By the evening of tlie third or fmfSh 1 ^"' ^'^^ *^^^ ^^^roat is red r STIerfCcI tin4n5£r ^^^^ tonsils. The iustachiirt be whfch^^^^^^^^ l««i-« form on the under the ear and jaw, someSs iXmp ' P,*?, *^^, ^^^' ^^^ S^^^^^ scesses formed in the ear fr^nnrrft i "^®. ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ; and the ab- difficult to cure. The symptoS^^^^ ^^^^^^«« more o? less . that of measles by the Senc^'of cS bv'thTY ^^ ^"^°^° f^oS scarlet color ; by the rash ar.np«r.iS?,^ '*u^ *"® ^^^ ^'ash ; by its 'X^±y Vn^k*^^ "'-^^^^ mstead'of^the ^"^'^^"^^^ZTi^^t^tl^ i« very simple, covering light. The wtt body shotd t .n^^^^^^ I'^^Il'''"^ *h^ ^e^" often as it becomes hot and dT S coolinK •"^'^ ^}^^ ^^ol water as jstered. Afewdropsof ^^^^o^l^n^^^^^^X"^,^^ ^^P^lt^^^^^^^ the following Tmcture of American hellebofe 1,1,^.'^^ ^^% P'^^^e =- "W wiuld Ifs'oVe^Sli?^ ''^^' "'"'' ' and to'Scth'e'LraSi' tStTot*^'^^"* -^^ --emetic- mustard, or cayenne pepner ponLns ii'^'^t^^ containing a little • a day, for 2 or 3 days.^ ^ tU coW SS *v^"? ^^^^ ^0 minutes, twici havmg set in, warm^ Ver mlv ^f I'^d'^^^^^ and the feve? pepper. If the head is affected nnLl^ without the mustard or ^^r'^'.^l^ostive, give a S' physi? Solf^f *^^ *"f ' ^^^ ^f ^^^ allowed; but when the fever set<^hwSniir,^^ f^^d should not be tamarind-water, rice-water Cse^l tjf ^tllT^'^' '^'^^ ^^ ^^^-o-^^^^^ may be g yen in reasonabir(Xtitfe;^ t^ muriatic acid, 45 drons in a tnmwi;^ii ^^- • , stimulate the skm c^^lor ; the tongue /a deep red or 'has on ft "i"!!"^^^^ the ulcers in the throat become nnLf/fK^.^* ^ ^^^^"^ ^^^own fur, and «!'t ironi the above. In tSSe^X,^?l*T*"'^'^*;?^'^«^ l>« diffe"- ffu en freely ; and wine Xy mixed with ^1 ^T^l Q"^"^- ™ust be Qumia is made as follows :-SiZhate of n^^^^^^^ ^"^ ^^ "«ef„l 4pzs. : sulphuric acid 5 drons m??.- ^"Pine, 1 scruple : alcohol wine-glassfuls a dav'mSre' of ?«^r'^"''' ^ ^"^"^ ^ mix. TVo be given in small doses GarSesarS.^' "' ^'^^^^t^-ed waf.r, umy made of pulverized cayenne IdLm- ^i'l "^^^f^- ^^ ^^od oi^e is 1 gil . Mix, and let them stand l?m, •',,,?*' "^^ dram ; boiling water Let it stand an hour and ^?rol ^^"^^^^^1 ^hen add 1 gil] vm^^' mouth once in an WntS ,^S^ l^S^^^^ ^<^^ S'^ "'• "^ "s'^w aaii^ as soon 84 MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. ■ ! H •?L iM " ^'^?'"^ ^" 1'^^^ *^^' ^ prevent dropsy. If dropBV sets in ^he bath once m 3 days is sufficient, and s^veat ns should be m^^^^^^ bygivmgthetnictnreof Virginia snake-root rtnd Skr aSs a fhlKstil^ir''^^' '' ^"^"^' '' *^^ ^^-^ *^-^' to "4^3 th^ Sfv^;*^ fv" i ^ *^®^^' ^^^^^' ^d ^"«^s. q"iclc pulse, soreness of throat, thirst, nausea and vomiting, a dry couirh and hii?h r olm-ni i\^h-fl ^^r ^V"^^*r^ ''''''^'^ in violence for foiir days ^Tti^^ aij mflamed and weak, and the nose poifrs forth a wSy secietion with frequent sneezing. There is considerable inflainStion in the larynx, windpipe, and bronchial tubes, with sprei Ss o^tSkst -ind hoarseness. About the fourth day the skin is covered with a brJ^l'fr out which produces heat and itching, and is red iirsS^ unon ^^^^^ face first, gradually spreading ove?'the whole tdy.irgoeiolT^u the same way from the face first and then from th^ bodf !4d the teas, and frequent ^ponge baths with tepid A^tei^sen'e to a lay the fever; care should %e taken not to let the patient take cold Tf the fever is very high and prevents the rash coming on , a slM;t dose of salts, or a nauseating dose of ipecac, lobelia, oi^iive^vrup fhou W be given, and followed by teasponful doses of conmoimd tinSre of Jirgima snake-root until the fever is allayed. If the mttiS £^^^^^ derangement takes on a low typhoid type of fever, aid £ AsK^^ not come out until the seventh day, aiid is then of a dail S livM color, tomes and stimulants must be given, and exDectoratioifnrmm* ted by some suitable remedy. Therf is ^^Iwa.^s dan^^^^^^^^ bemg left m an inflamed state after the measles, miless tL n-eS care IS taken not to suffer the patient to take cold. Should There be usually, some pain in the back and read, loss of amietjJe nnri drowsiness, though not rest. The disease shows itself ^by a chf Durmg the first week there is increased heat of the surface f?equei S'^/r'"'''^ *''>^"^' restlessness, sleeplessness, headacheTand S the back; sometimes diarrhcea and swelling of the belly and some- times nausea and vomiting. ^ ' ^"^"^ The second week is ofteia distinguished by sm.all, rose-colored snot^ Wh.l^f ^■^' ^"^^ "" "'''^' *?*'"t«e watery pimples on ke neck and ch^^^^^^^ ^?d h-^,?irnF'\''^"f ^^^^iV"t^^^'oi^'^ «* ^^eat; the tongue is dn' and black, or red and sore; the teeth are foul; there may be del rium and dulness of. hearing; and the symptoms eveA way are more serious tlmn during the first week. Occasionally, the boAve^s are it BuX?vsiK£^'T th'/S-' through by nlceratiXn, and the" pSfen wiii iLi? • 1 " *^'^ ^^iiease proceeds iinfavorablv into the third week, there is low, muttering delirium; great exlmustion ; slSg 4y sets ill, promoted Lrticles ; a ng up the iiid extev- ;d drowsi- ^reiiess of :h -colored The eye. secretion, on in the )reast siiid . brcaJving upon the oes off in , and the e outside iglit diet, arm herb allay the .. If the it dose of should be iK'ture of from any msh does and livid n promo- tlie lungs greate'st there be separate eral days ! is also, tJte, and a chill, frequent id ]iain in ad some- red spots lid chest, e is dry delirium re more 51 s are at s patient the third ; sliding GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 85 skin. If, on the other hand ien'iSi^^^^ "P"*'" ^^P«» *l^o brightens up, the pulse modeinti IS "^P^^^^s, the countenance charges lootc healtEy "'°^®^'^<^^«' ^^^ congue cleans, anu the dis- aiid be more afraid of diarrh^o fhni^^:. ^.-^^ *^® howels in order be restrained bra littinSv rT*'^^""^'!^ . Diarrhoea should powder. For coJtiveness -h e miklfn ^^ /^P^ated doses of Dover's ing by castor oirorcSo^nmo^ases'^o^^^^^^ 'Hf ^i^ ^"^'^- produce perspiration ffivrtinpfn •« Jf '. To keep down the fever, and lour. If the bXels'afe siSed^ 'T^^' ^^ ^^'^P^ ^^ery hops and vinega^ If the min^n^hl^h^^^ ^^^* fomentations of let the hair be cui shoiT S ZhJd^^^^^^^^^ «o^^«*««it, water. Give light nourishment and ffth^^^^^^^ "^'^^^ ««ld wine .will be needed aSis^the,^^^^^^^^ ''^^''^*' ^^othand hyson. If tlie fever runs aTow cour^o nS ^Y.f' T- '^. ^"'^^ *^-"ld quinine may be given from th^ hpSnri'in i *^n P"^?^^* ^^ ^^-y weak, nursing are very import ^^^^^"^'- Constant care and good GROCERS AND CONFECTIOKERS' RECEiPTS. mo'iSts^Id UaTyT^fandfe^ ''^ ^^^ -^^^ 4 gals, bestof vinegar; keerSii^^SthesVa^^^^ ^^" soon have the stock is sold. ^ *> ^^^ articles in these proportions as the you?"vii^"g??rr;e?t mUM^^^^^^^^^^^ T ^^ t^-- be' molasses, 2 gals.: soft wateiNl gal? ^i**^ portions in filling up the vvhole three 'iS'c, ^*; '.^^eping these pro- your old vinegar barrel OS sC as i?t^^^^^^ sell the vinegar out of time ; when nearly empt? S it uiAv1<^?ffi'/-i'^ T" ^^ ^^ ^ ^^^o^t on to sell out of the next barrel bv the tim? n'^'^r^ ^^^"/^' '^"'^ ^^^^ the last ; then go back to the fiS filiin '* ''' disposed of go on to case when nearfy eaintv and von ^^n?^ ''P T"^ ^''^^'^^Is hi every vinegar on band^mifessyur sE ^ ^^'P ^ ?^^^'^ «f S«od low the next proceS Have the huZiJl^''^^ ' "\ ^^I.-h case,^fol. admit air. The frv. iwiSn nf wn5 ' • ^"v" ^''®" ''^ ^^'^ ^^arreln to bassAvood chipsor s?l7in4 liilSlkthe^s?^^^^^^^^ f -^"^^P^"' ^'^'^^ ^' three days. With the. "^h^rvoTwiil fin n f ""^ "?^^%^\iov two or pierced with a Lirge numbeJ of inohTi 1. nil o^''''''^]' J^^^^^ ^"^^ ^^en free admission of air amw ^ the chtr "'"''"f ^, ^^'^ ^'^^-^ foi' tbe !;^i^^-.^-them.S^S^thr«^5sli;^\s:st^ ^a...... uarrei m two halves, place one half below i^e ^rlSuSth ihe I iff ■ I- Hi 86 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS* RECEIPTS. Chips and the otlior half above it. The top tub must have its bottom pierced with a number of gimlet holes, in which are placed several threads of iwme, to conduct the vinegar evenly over the chips The liquid drams down slowly through the chips and out of a faucet near the bottom of ti. > barrel into the lower tub. It should run through every four hou,.^, and then be baled or pumped back. Directions to make vmegar from sugar : Use IJ lb. to each gal. of water ; of tlie dregs of molasses barrels use 2 lb. to each gal. of water ; small beer, lager beer, ale, &c., which have become sour, make good vinegar by being reduced with water; snmll beer needs but little water, lager beer as much water as beer ; to 2 gals, cider, add \ gal. of water ; you can also make excellent vinegar out of the artificial cider mentioned below Use, m every case, soft water to make vinegar, and use 2 qts, yenst ^wJy barrel. It makes much quicker if 'the fluid is slightly lukewarm. Leach either of tlie^e preparations through the shavings This process should be attended to during \varin weather or in work o\hmvise'' ^*'*'"^ ^'^^' temperature is kept, up, as it will not Excellent V xeoab, Cheap.— Acetic acid, 5 lbs. ; molasses 2 gn,l. ; yeast, 2 qts ; put them into a forty-gal. cask, and fill it up ^\•ith ram water ; stir iV.p, and let it stand one to three weeks, leSin- it have all the air possuble, and you will have good vhiegar. If wan'tod stronger, add more m.^b. .es. Should you at any tilne have weHc vmegar on hand, put molasses into it to set it workinf soda I ■ which is inches all two with ) fit neat- m of the iy use i>Y UUOCMS AND CONPKCT.ONEBS' RECEIPTS. 87 ^%'.£t'Uch.l-''™--<» -rviceab.0 a„ roM«er«h.n that c<«t Imdit is usual for Hoanmonnf.w.r^^^^ ^!^^^^^ cannot conveniently hp <;'ntly slacked lime, aniSi^^^^^^^^ enough to give the ley suffloiont strr»Si ?"* '^''"^"''^ ««d''^' "«inff water must be very strono- Ti.i i" *• "^th to support a fresh PrJ tf «"g, or by b^ Sod^finai "^^^^^^^^ ^e efY^Jted b.y heat, ofstiJ clear of sediment, prevSslv thJ«. '^ '"" "^' "^ baihng out the lion S sediment to settle^TS"o% tallow and .^w ik^ ,.^„:„ •^r, ,*^ *oap will reou ro fih««<- 1nn..^■^ pediment tosett;^rrS'^;^ir;g,r^r"^ ^^ ^""— and aw lbs. resin, vSry suXiV "^^T'^ '^^"»* ^^^^^ white soap will requirnearifKS ff Sow T-^^"'- ^'"™-V « with the proper quantity of lev m IS" u ^ ^ ' ^'''^"'S m every case neons mass by a perfect blendiSofthi * ^"^'^ '"^ perfectly homoS. when it is poured^ out into suiSfje f ro Jf" W^"5 P"^t« all togeE aftenvards cut up into proS™ d w«? ^'^ ^''''^^" '^"<^ ^oof I S '^s^^.sfer iSf wr-^ -' ^^^^^ ^ -^^^^^ jngs ; put into a brass, tin or ( on, S-w^-^^^l^ ^'-soap into shav- ng gradually over a .slow fi re Xrh^S'nn'-^' i'^^^^^^' ^ g^l-, heal '"^^.TsH^tV?^^'-''^ '"' -to'square^St: ?^,£^^^^«"^^;'??C^^^ lbs. good stone lime; dissolved, add the borax iSn 1,1? ^™^/"^ «"^a '' ^^en these arl then add the fat, reJnXlr'^tlZ'Sc'-''&^^^ Pyf^^ight ; in the morn/^ bo fit^'SL'fi IL^^^^ ^''^^ ««f* ^'^^ter Soap wi'thJ^"'^' 35 gals, soft wSter';'^"'^ ^'- ^''^^''^^ ' ^^'^^^ P^^t all lioil the mixture 15 n)inutes and v,, ,•>, J '"^'^^ P*^- «f f.^«l^ortion to the tenderness B^^i^^I^^'^ri^^^ begin/r:^pan,, it is feaved Pekoe. The next pickiW Ifo' i PH^'^sf T*^ P'°^"'^« ^^^^^ grow larger and niore mStn -f tJXx f^ ^ ^Souchong ; as the leaves acJountof the mS v •indti.Jn?fiS'f "^^^^ ^«-o/i« (large tea), on proportion of woodv fihi thn^ J *^'* ^^^""^^ ' ^^ contains a larger Sarker co or and co!arser fl i^Sr nT *^''^«' ^^"^^ "« intimon is of a named from :rcornfpTon o/?he ChinSVnn ''J' ^'^^''' ^^*"d' '^ assiduity). This forms the hniv n? ?if. i f'''>''{f-foa (great care, or mostly valued for iteXe^th '^' ^^^ ^"^1^°"*"^' ^"^ ^^ Bt;SS?^^S^-^l^--;i -- 1^^ iB the finest of the is much esteemed for itJ frno.ronppT,i^ generally entire and curly. It tion of the Canton name pS /?o ?whl ^'"^ ^T^'' • ^'> '^ ^ «orr"P- of the leaf-buds thrv^i^lv^^^^^^^ ^''^ «P^o«ts spring. /i7/so7i from the riwS' ''^^^"se gathered in the early flobrishinlspring Th*s fine ^ Sf"* ^e-te^K7ie, which means! prepared wiSrgfeat care and It w S'^*^^^f ^ ^^rly in the season, and and nipped off Ibovftlfefon^^^^^^ i« Peeked separately, rolled in^he hancL It is mndS^^^^ every separate leaf is Tea is only Hyson rolled and ronndp??^ I^ '.^^ ^^^or. Gunpowder ance whence it derives itsn'unT t^^^^ '* *^^ fprmular appear- tea). ^^son-6^yS7s so nS fmm tt l" rifi,?f i* C'^^<>»-<^/^« (peal connection .sA;m means the Sn^Pmnvot-P"T *^T' ^'^ which Hyson, all leaves thTt a f o a Srse ve^^^^^^^^^ In preparing appearance, are separated nnd JSS n/o/ • / °^ ^Perfectly twisted Twankaijis thXt pickinfof giee^^ S^nd'tf.Td"*""^^ 1^"«^' or twisted as much as the cTearef dSc^S^^^^ less trouble bestowed on the prlparSSn ^^^'^ '' altogether drErdSellorrltTIS-'^cW^^^^^^ 20 lbs. ; well together. ,.chiccory, 13 lbs. Roast and grind very^^finr^'"^ ^'^'^' "'' '^^ ^"'^^^^^ ^^t^ ^ «t«e butter, and ground l>If, ?rrcS^^,"3rs ^^^m^S -^^"^* --*^^ -^h a mtle haS™dToa''?Sr-%d7^^^^ ^^'^^^^^^ «U lbs. of the raLxtiu4 pS \^J . ."^^ good Java coffee to every 4 paper packages ^ "' '''•''''* *^ "'''"« «^ ^^^-«gtit Coffee for Pound Packages. -Best Java c-ffee J X i lb. — *\ 90 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. IbB. ; carefully dean the rye from all bad irraUiA, wash to reniovf du8t, dmin off the water, and put the arn'm into your roaster, f«irefu!!y ntirring to blown it evenly. Brown the ryo and coifco separately, grind and put up in tight packace-s to tjreserve the lipoma. To Flavor Tobaoco.— This is done by means of a mixture of 1 pait each of lemon peel, orange peel, figs, coriander weed and Has.safraH i part each df elderfloAvers, Iderberries, and cinnamon ; 2 parts of saltpetre, 3 of salt, and 4 of sugar. This mixture must be digested in 50 iwiftsof water, and, liefore applying it flavored with an alcoholic solution of gum benzion, mastic, and myrrh. It is said that this decoction gives a flavor to common lejives fesciiibling Porto Rico, but to this end the leaves must bo well dried, about a year old, well per- meated with the prei aration, kept in a pile for 8 dfays, tununl daily, and finally dried. Flavor for Cigar Makkjjs.— Take 2 ozs. tonqua beans and 1 oz. cinnamon ; bruise and pulverize them to v i)owder, and put them into 1 pint of Santa Cruz rum ; let it stand for a few days to macerate ; stir all together, and with this liijuid sprinkle your connnon or inferior tobacco. Dry out of the sun, and the flavor will be unequalled. Tabac Perfumejk aux Flkurs is made by putting orange flowers, jasmines, tube roses, musk roses, or common roses, tosnulT in a cloj^o chest or jar, sifting them out after 24 houw, andrepeatnigif necessarv. Maccahoy Snuff is imitated by moistening the tobacco with 'a mixture of treacle and water, and allowing it to ferment. Spanish Snuff is made, from unsifted Havana snuff, reduced by addmg ground Spanish mitsheUs, sprinkling the mixture with treacle water, and allowing it to sweat for some days before [jacking. Yellow Snuff is prepared from ordinary pale snuf, moistened with a mixture of yellow ochre diffused in watei\ to 'which a few spoonfuls of thin mucilage has been added. Perfumes for Snuff.— Tonqua beans, essence of ditto, ambei-gris musk civet, leaves of orchis fusca, and essence of orris root, essence or oils of bergamot, cedar, cloves, lavender, petit grain, neroli and roses, as well as several others, either alone or compounded. Unerring Tests for good Flour.— Good flouris white, witli a yellowish or straw-colored tint. Squeeze some of the flour in your hand ; if good, it will retain the shape given by pressure. Knead a little between your fingers; if it works soft and sticky, it is poor. Throw a little against a dry perpendicular surface; if 'it fall like powder, it is bad. To Correct Musty Flour.— Carjjonate of magnesia, 3 lbs. ; flour, 765 lbs. ; mix. This improves bad flour, causing it to become more wholesome, producing lighter and better bread than when alum is used, and absorbs and dissipates the mustv smell. iERATED Bread.— 1 lb. flour, 100 grs. carb. of soda; 60 grs. com- mon salt; 1 teaspoon powdered sugar; 120 grs. muriatic acid, more or less, according to its strength ; 1 wine pt. of water, inferior flojir will require less. Well mix the flour, soda, salt, and sugar in an earthen vessel, then add the acid mixed with the water, stir with n wooden spoou. Bake in one loaf about 1 hour. Bake in tin or iron pans, but avoid the use of metallic vessels or spoons while mixing. b P Oli.lCEUS A^ CONFECTrONER^ ' UHCEirTS 91 water and salt or mSt t I buttp; S f ^^^''^i'^^^, ^^^'ash in col(i squeeze them through a m^^ whe «tvi- ^rinlfl **^^ .^^^^ ^"^^ ^^^^' iShtlnd flame tL rartV ™i li'lTf „ '^ " ""r"' ""S"^'' ™''"™ °« bSnier, such as «fe,™, burner to elevTfhJfl" "'<' ""H' " "'f" lamp, in order to ke^ntt "o™ oj- imteS thpw''f '"'' ^^7 '"■" "'« vided with a tube for the oscai?e rf !?,»„., ' '".T," '''"™'' l™- such, for instance, ;^ fte i!3eu iumef" *""''""' '™"' '"' ""O. se.S;;?S™ateS,r(?n!«wtof •il'd.'^'l^^^^ ">■>"• ^ 8»'- ^ powdei-pfl ^u(T.^vai y^, T ' "'^"i constant agitation : powaeied sn^.u G^ lbs. and complete tlie ovapomtion lit u rcu ticcd ^ ^!^^< IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /> 1.0 I.I 1.25 liaiiS 12.5 u liii U l^l^ U 11.6 6" Hiotpgraphic Sciences Corporation 13 WEST MA I* STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14Sr;0 (716) 872-4503 '*b •\^' ^ 92 : GRQCEHS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. I temperature. Reduce the dry mass to powder, add the cream well drained, which was taken from the milk After thorough admSture Tc^^X^'ftT^''^^^'^ ^"l^««?- «««>ar,dTeStiSlfa ,tni !® ®* soda, i dr.; water, 1 fluid oz.; dissolve: add of fresh ind''C«l?*Vf.«"^f ' ^ ^^- i.'"^''"" ^y ^^^* t« **^« consistenc^fa syrup, d-nd firasli the evaporation on plates by exposure in an oven Venice terpentine, IJ oz. Mix, and lurthep^rfk vSliTi' „, . Kunove the pan f lom the fire, and ponr into a moiUd Fo A 6?,tii: S^I^S^S^titr'^-'**''''-"^*'™™"^"^^^^^^ ,»&^Joty^lS^%Tbr£Kkffi: ' ^^r'tl.\;fC? sttbstitute Venetian red, or red lead, for the IvorTblkct ' .o^°e^s^lTrDu?sfI;^g;siS1ror1s^^^&y^^^^^^ ciust. mix with a gentle heat, and pour into moulds >,„ i^? n^^"^^^'^ Ink.— Venice turpentine 1 part, lampblack 2 mrt« hard taUow soap 6 parts, mastic iii te^-s, 8 S Bla? 12 mS^' wax 16 parts: melt stir, and pour it out on a s^a^' ^'''^' INKS.— 1. J^me Black writing Ink.— To 2 jrals of a sfrnno- H^nnn eTjyr.^^^ r" ^''^^^^^d' ^d^ijiSe ScSla^^iS^ Se^ ?nn o, !? 1 ^i: ?^''?'' ^^^' Triturate in a mortar equal parts of silver foil and sulphate of potassa, until reduced tea fine pXler then wish the salt out, and mix the residue with a mucilage of eaualmrtaaf C^Wetic nH? ^i^v ''^'■^''2''*^ ^^^.f^^; 1 1^- sulphate of iron; U IDS. acetic acid. Stir over a fire until thev combine- tlien ada q iW pnnters varnsh and21bs. fine book ink.^^d .t f untn weU nSied Add 1 lb. of Lthiop's mineral. 8 Exchequer Ink Bru sed ff^ 40 Maifar fi? fc.P^%^"Jl*^*^ <^^ ^^«»' 9 lbs. ;• soft ^ter,^& gklt wm endure L Z. ' T^^j w'J"?"^ ^«S'''*^«" '"^^ strain. This ink wmenaureioi ages 9. Asiatic Ink. Bruised £jalls 14 lbs • mi m !-. Aflnw^tt*^'^ iV ^^^^ ^'^' ^»d '"^dd of boili^liVtater ' 15 gals Allow the wh(,le to macerate, with frequent agitation, for two we^eksi \ GR0CEK8 AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 93 and strain Product 6 gall 11 'iri.A S ' a f ^^'- ?«" ^ li««^ catechu The shade may be varied hvth/^,;*- ^ ®*''??^ decoction of weak coluMonof bichromate 5^ po^^^^ of silver, i oz. ; water, | oz Dissolve prli;/**"^^'!^^^. ^'**- Nitrate ^iguorof «mmoma as Will dissolve thp'rfrS *^« strongest addition; ttien add of mucilSTd^ aX^^^^^^^ «» ^t« fir«t buckthomf or finely powdered inli^oVSni ^'^^^ ^*P ^«e°' syrup of held near the fire, or touS withM S^' ^q"'?^^^^^ «» ^^ing .^^ass or Metal. Borax, 1 oz- shelhin 9 n? ' l^' ^f^^^'&^e /^/fc /or in a covered vessel, add ofthidc mucLl r^^'l^.Moz.; boil levigated indigo and lampblack qs to oifAVV""- ^ tnt"rate it with hours' repose, decant from Se dre-s an! bnifi. T"^ ^^^<^'- ^^^r 2 , bronzed after being applied ResfstsmoiJtf!!^ ^^i "?^- ^^ «»ay be 14. Common Ink To 1 o-oi h^S S^o^^ture, chlorine, and acids wood; boil two minutes;?emoveK ^1? 19^- ^^^ct Tog- bichromate of potash, and sTmlnsSSsfole^o^^^^^^^ in 48 grains |aje2.als. -i^ wateird pi!t'intt^^^^^^ t lb. ; clean copperas, } lb. : powdered n,TfoS^o a',! ^"- ' P^'^^^ s"gar, occasionally for ten 4ys aul strafn Mf SS'V * ^''- ^ °\^' »nd shiko an iron kettle until the strength! ob^^ 1^* i* s^jid in action of the atmosphere to? ceiZri?ri?\3' '^^ T'" stand the In an ouuce phial put 1 teaLooS^f 1 required. 16. Red Inl: size of two or three peas; S Ss of ??o 'IS'"™^^*^ gum arable soft water, and it issoon'ready for Jfse ^^armme; Sll up with eoars^e^ugar, i lb.; and dilute wlh fc fol^i^S ii^ncJtl^ 6 ^! wfterT^'d^^S ?Sf rtt-;Puilf" ^«^- ?? ^ --^ic - drop black powdereTand^iroLdtiST^^ ^^««^ <^olor, use ness ; for blue, ultra-marinf Hl^^n fh. ^^^^^^g^ *« extreme'fine- emerald green'; for rvhU^^llie^ti^^^to^Z '°^"^?,^ ^ for .^reen, carmme ; for yellow, chrome wOinwwi '^^' ^^rmilion, lake, or thinned with a little water A. ^SHj^' .J^^^" ground too thick they are y cards may be si?ed S a'thlS^ifu? aud'Sterv^i^H ^ '"^^^^ Jrush.'^Thl \de8ired to preserve them ^ ' afterwards vaniished, if it is /^d'i>SrfoSe"lSl^?aSif"S^^^^^^ "'ue, powder it, lbs*?S^STi"r poS"T„^^a*<;--T° * g^»- ™<-', add 8 BoU together, siim when cold ' 4? •In'S^'l'r > ^ """■ ''"■'"™ "'Pr meat ; hams' to remain in eShf^etowT^^^^ *•»'■«• . haras dry several days before smnS' mLJ T .T"^*^- I-et the and other fish. lo.«te^, &o:maXSerfeS'L?'y5!is'gy"'a*'i,|S"^:: oi OROCKUS and OONFECTIONKRS' UEOEIPTa. pUiaitlim of pyrollKnooiw iwM apnllod with u bviiHli, Hoaliiiir up In cftiw »w iiHuiil. t luiivirtH H nplcMidld fkvdi' to tho moiit, Ih very chwip, and To PHiwicuvK Mkath, Salmon, Lomhtkiw, &(!., iiKH»iirri(iAr.iottles with tho fruit carefully picked, and sot thom in a copper or larKO kettle ; thou 1111 tho kettle with cold water nearly up to the u.::uths of tho bottles. Corks should be i)r(M)arod to fit the bottles, and a cloth should be put vmder the bottoms of tho bottles to i»rovent their crackini? with the heat. Liijht tho fire un- der tho kettle, and heat the water ^o KKP or 170°. This hoat should be continued for half an hour, wlien the fruit will be sufflcientlv scalded ; after that, All un the bottles with boiliuy water to within an nich of the cork, and cork thoni tlj-htly. Lay tho bottles on their sides ; change the position of tho bottles once or twice a week durn^ tho first two months, turning them roimd to provcsut any formontjition that might tjiko place. Fruits could also bo kept l)y the process mentu)ned above for moats, romombcriug that they are to bo scalded (mly, not boiled, as in the C4ise with nieats. Anotheu Mkthod.— After paring and coring, put among them sulflcient sugar to make them palatjiblo for present eating, about a or 4 lbs. only to e^ich bushel ; let them stwnd awhile to dissolve the sugar, not using any wator ; then hoat to a boil, and couthme the iMMlnig with care for 20 to 'M) minutes, or sufficiently lon««- to heat thom through, which expels the air. Have ready a kettle of hot water, into which dip the can or bottle long enouuli to heat it *^^^^^*l^^J" *^^^ fruit while hot, corking it imimTdiatolv,' dii)piiig the .v»ri ..t the cork mto the bottle-wax preparation described else- end of where. WoitiESTERSHmE Sauck.— White vinegar 15 gals.; walnut catsup OROCFRfl AND OONFECTIONKRS' RECEIPTS. 95 from time to tin o Tikeo^^^^^^^ water thron«h a Hiovv«.l inix XtS," ^uce^"^ **' "'^" ^^**^ '^**^^' ^"^^ l><»int, and a/ain tHiurol m t ho f K t,"^^' ^'^^¥ *^^ **^e lK,JIlnff "••0 draiu6H on a 'Ze w ped d " * mt hS^f 'iwH ^ the gherkin!; Honu^ H|)h!fl, .rhiffor ueimoi- or r.«v^'„I!« "5' 1'*^*^^*'*' "^ J"''«> with Htron^r pickling viiie£!J'' '^^''""''' *'"^ *** «"«« ««verec{ with it up cfoHO, and lot it Htand for a'" .I'th" wX""*'' vui«Kar ; Dung ;r<) PimmnvK FmriTXiOE without H'n-Ti f"^^^"}^^ ii&UMion. of froHh-gutiiored, pierced red rinflnnL-^*^^ ^^^^»- cold water, 5 oz/bKio addTlh?^?"? """^ ""^^l ^'''"*' 2 nt8. the fniit ii'ito a largVoarthen m^ ,v.;ir Jhn°*''f "'"^5 «"ffa^- P"t add dlHHolved in it .veHhe i?S?t ?^vL IL'^''*^' "^iJ^ *^'« ^^^^^''^ lid, and allow the whole t^Ht^ut^Sh!^^ ^^ "^'^^ «'''»*' ^^^ «f it would bo all the Ster if th?nnn ?^ ^''■^^^^ ^"/^ ^^^^^ l>^'i«e, and immersed in rough ?e nL Xr the"^^ * '" •??* ««"^^ ^« pended stout flamiel bag. and vC »n thi ^^' • "^ ?'"* ^"'^ » »»8- tio up the open end of tke Ivi^ «n^ ii^® ^."^^® ^'''» '"° through, dish,Vith aiother dish upoiUt'-Sce^SniiS''"/ i""'^^ ^^^^^^n this, to. press out aU the rSiinS iuice ^ni'^V^''**''^^ '^?'^^^* '^P^'^ other juice. You now nut th« «fSL^ ' ^"? *'*®J^ '"^^ it with the both tigether o^^sionaFly Sitif Sie Sr "^^..^^^J^^. and stir Iwttle up the svruD (irl7 flni"L X. ^^u ^l ^^issolved, and then keep the?n in tKS wdH)! S?a^^^^^^^^ wire, and To RKSTOBE INJUIIED MEA^lwhej^the hS^^'""'^ P"f ^«°- tlie meat, pour it off ; boil it skinTit wJ? fi ^"*^ ^'^"^'^ ^"^ tainte ou the miat boiling ' hot ; tC will ^e^^^^^^ injured. If fiintod meat is i iur^d dKin iV«ven when much ride of lime prescribed for rancid hnt£r S *^ f, solution of chio- blown meat kn be completeirSiorpi i ' • * "^'^ .""^^^^^^ ^t. Fly- houi-s in a vessel conSnff a smS m,n i-i!.""'f ^"'^' ^* ^^^ » ^^w ^int and impart a l^^tmluTlru^^r 1*7"^ fish, &c., can be preserved for an indefinite W.rfh^] i^^*^' ^?™^' salt, by a light application of pyS?eo^^^^^^ «f nK'^l^J'^* brush ; it Innmrts a flue smokv fl?3 S> vJ.i ? "Ppli^d with a ual preaervatL. But PurraSc"S"/X t'SC^Sf" "*"*- 96 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. many articles by X do" J^ l^^h^n.^^^'f'' H ^^'^o^esale, bay a great and iiotiou.'+ of variola Ss now th^*' '^""^ ^^f^^' ^^^*« ^^^ Saps, stance, a do^en SlknZje^^l^^^Lf^^^ ?»y"^^^ ^^r Inl for in the market where lip don^a • ^ J 1^"^"^^ ^^^^"^ ^'^^^ ^i'l i'«t^» it will often iX Wm some tb^ « fn &"'^ •'' ^\« » good accountant, to purchase the doZSs and mnL^^^^ «*» afford the single hat • and bi buvh^^ hSnni'J'S^ ^""5*^^ sellmgthem by often dSes, he CnoUime toi«i Ji 2'*^^^/'V?''*^ ^« *^« merchai^t bid off. He the7e?ore Ks ?lZh n,?^ calculation before the goods are ing afraid to Wd at mndom nr ff Si w^^ """"^^T ^'^^^ bargams by be- he may Imvemadea^orh'lvZi^ k^ bids and the goods a?e criecf off, becorai a iSl an(nraS^;oiL^'^^/"^,^ ^.* ^ ^'^"t"'-^- W then percent, he ^rgairif he S^^^^ determine m.ton% what tell what an article shou dtp J-?*??? the hat at a certain price, to by removing the decimal point one place to t^V ' ^^"^^ '* '^''''' apiece to gain 20 lirceiron^^^ !^^"^^^ ^^ sol^ for to make 20 per cm5 en thf w^lf;?"?''' ^I'"'* ^ t^^n "we wM' ' per cent, wfiicli k i:.?Vtl?« T^ (cost being 1-1 or 5-8), we add the multiply'Cott dirile?b% ^^rJ^iT,?^^ RIO i then as we must be sold to sain 20 nermft » li . ?;^".*'iv*'"',''* "'«" Pri«e one 2oJ^rTft^lSfdfcr^^fr''r'lS;^^ ' «d «.ake. of?To'.f„s?itiivistiz?e'tro??*^^^^^ -' cent, added to the <^s™ S m ffiSJ^f o ^ *"?»'? «?« w'th 20 per it is obvious that the selC'pri^wonW he^ S?"^* ? 1**P«' <=«»*•. per cent.; hence, to f&r W plr cenf P^' Sf * V™T' »' 120 make the sellme nrice \^ noi L„; P'",".' ^'""l' would cf e5' ^, !££« «a"Sf "V"" article at any per cent, pmflt weS the foilowin^ °' '" "^^ "^ *A», a. 2o;.rL* w?i,''4^,.trj.srss&tii \* GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS.' 97 S^orS/SSo ^^"' ^^' ^^^ re77«VefZper cent, added to 100 is Merchants, in marking goods, generaUy take a per cent, that is an all- ?ZVh 11^^-'/' ^l ^ V3. 50, &c. The reason they do this is be- watii™*^^^ 'V^'i''^ ^^'^"^ ^ *<^^ 8"ch a per cent, tb the cost ; for instance, a merchant could mark almost a dozen articles at 50 per cent, profit m the time it would take him to mark one at 49 per cent The following is arranged for the convenience of business men in marking the prices of all articles bought by the dozen. To make 20 per cent, remove the point one place to the left. (< (( (( (( <( (( <( (( 60 60 44 40 37 36 33 32 30 28 26 26 12i 162 18| 1-3 (( K (I (( (( (( (( (( <( (( (( (( (( (( (( (( <( (< (( and add h itself. 1-3 " 1-4 " 1-5 " 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-12 1-15 1-20 1-24 1-16 1-36 1-96 retail them for to (( subtract <( (( If I buy a doz. shirts for $28,00, what shaU . make 50 per cent ? Ans. $3.50 itseS^^''^^'^^^^^'"'^^"^''''^ *^^ ^^"* ^^® P^*^® ^ *^® 1®^' »»d add i Aliquot Pabts of 100 and lOOO.-Merchants in selling goods gen- erally make the price of an article some aliquot part of IW, as in feU- ing calico lor 16 2-3 cents per yard, or 6 vds for ^1 00 t^fc foDowing table will be found^aluble for aVsuVSlculations The 12A is 1-8 part of 100. 25 IS 1-4 part of 100. 37i is 3-8 part of 100. 60 is 4-8 or J of 100. 62J 5-8 part of 100. 75 is 6-8 or 3-4 part of 100. 87* is 7-8 part of 100. 6| is 1-16 part of 100. 181 is 3-16 part of 100. 8J is 1-12 part of 100. 16 2-3 is 2-12 or 1-6 of 100 33 1-3 is 4-12 or 1-3 of 100. 66 2-3 is 8-12 or 2-3 of 100 83 1-3 is 10-12 or 5-Q of 100 125 is 1-8 part of 1000. 250 is 2-8 or i of 1000. 375 is 3-8 part of 1000. 625 is 5-8 part of 1000. 876 is 7-8 part of 1000. tn 31j is 5-16 part of lOOi o, To multiply by an aliquot part of 100. om^d^Zm^Ifl'^rTot^^'^''''''''"^^' '""^ **'^<' ™* ^ a dlkSJofto ?Srbl?e dMfnl™"^^^ ^'"'""^ *« '-^«»" *» ,-^-.?' ,^<^^„*he sake of uniformifv, it has been thouffht hp Napoleon's Camp Sauce. -Old strong beer, 2 qts.,white wine, 1 qt., anchovies, 4 ounces; mix; boil for ten minutes ; remove it fromtlie lire, and add ^peeled shallots, 3 ounces; macerate for 14 days, and bottle. ^ ' Pickled Onions.— Choose small round onions, remove the skins steep them in strong brine for a week in a stone vessel, pour it off and heat till it boils ; then pour on the onions, boiling hot ; after M hours, dram on a seive, then put them in bottles, fill up over them with strong spiced vinegar, boiling hot, cork down immediately, and- wax over the cork In a similar manner are pickled mushroons cauliflowers, samphires, peas, beans, green gooseberries, walnuts, red cabbages (without salt, with cold vinegar). Observe that the soft and more dehclite do not require so much soaking in brine as the harder and coarser kinds, and may be often kept by simply pouring verv strong pickling vinegar on them without the application of heat For peaches, select ripe but not soft ones ; rub with a dry cloth ; put four cloves, free from their heads, in each large peach, and two in small ones ; to 1 gallon vinegar, put 6 lbs. brown sugar ; put the peaches in a jar and put the vinegar (diluted with water, if too strong), and sugar ma preserving kettle over the fire ; boil and skim it : pour it boibng hot over the peaches, covering them closely ; repeat the operation three times ; then seal them tightly in cans or bottles French Patent Mustard.— Flour of mustard, 8 lbs. ; wheat flour, 8 lbs. ; bay salt, 2 lbs. ; cayemie pepper, 4 oz. ; vinegar to mix. Common Mustard.— Flour of mustard 28 lbs. ; wheat flour, 28 lbs • ^'?/.f ^^ P^PP^r, 12 oz., or as required ; common salt 10 lbs. ; rape oil d lbs. ; turmeric to color ; mix well, and pass through a fine seive. bTARCH Polish.- White wax, 1 oz. ; spermaceti, 2 oz. ; melt them together with a gentle heat. When you have prepared a sufficient amount of starch, mthe usual way, for a dozen pieces, ])ut into it a piece of the polish about the ^ize of a large pea ; more or less, accord- ing to large or small washings. Or thick gum so3ution (made by pour- ing boilmg water upon gum arable), one tablespoon to a pint of starch, gives clothes a beautiful gloss. I •TS. GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 99 II. — Farmers fresh meat lilk, or but- leed not be ilk use the of 8 oz. to i^ed: arrow- (vhite sugar 3p in a dry ; color with almonds, 1 » form ex- 2ach, 4 oz. ; iloves, each, ime pepper, >wine, Iqt., it from the r 14 days, ! the sldns, pour it off, hot ; after » over them liately, and tnushroona, 3, walnuts, hat the soft i the harder ►uring very heat. For I ; put four vo in small 1 peaches in Tong), and it : pour it repeat the )ttles. heat flour, mix. UT, 28 lbs. ; lbs. ; rape 1 fine seive. melt them i sufficient t into it a iss, accord- le by pour- t of starch, FiKE KiNDLERs.— To make very nice fire kindlers, take resin, any quantitv, and melt it, putting in for each pound being used, from 2 to -'* "'^ of tallow, and when all is hot, stir in pine sawdust to make 3 I very thick ; and, while yet hot, spread it out about 1 inch thick, upon boards which have fine sawdust sprinkled upon them, to prevent it irom sticking. When cold, break up into lumps about 1 inch square But if for sale, take a thin board and press upon it, while yet warm, to lay it off into mch squares ; this makes it break regularly, if you press the crease sufficiently deep, greasing the marked board to prevent it from stickiiig. To Keep Cider sweet, and Sweeten Sour Cider.— To keep cider perfect, take a keg and bore holes in the bottom of it ; spread a piece of woollen cloth at the bottom; then fill with clean sand closely packed ; draw your cider from a barrel just as fast as it will run through the sand ; after this, put in clean barrels which have had a piece of cotton or linen cloth 2 by 7 inches dipped in melted sulphur and burned inside of them, thereby absorbing the sulphur fumes (this process will also sweeten sour cider) ; then keep it m a cellar or room where there is no fire, and add ^ lb. white mustard seed to each barrel. If cider is long made, or souring when you get it, about 1 qt of hickory ashes (or a little more of other hard wood ashes) stirred into each barrel will sweeten and clarify it nearly equal to rectifying it as above ; but if it is not rectified, it must be racked off to gA clear of the pomace, as with this in it, it will sour. Oil or whisky barrels are best to put cider in, or h pint sweet oil to a barrel, or a gallon of whisky to a barrel, or both, may be added with decidedly good effects ; isinglass, 4 oz. to each barrel, helps to clarify and settle ci- der that is not to be rectified. Ginger Wine.— Water, 10 gals., lump sugar, 20 lbs., bruised gin- ger, 8 oz. ; 3 or 4 eggs. Boil well and skim ; tlffen pour hot on six or seven lemons cut in slices, macerate for 2 ho? rs ; then i-ack and fer- ment ; next add spirit 2 qts., and afterwards finings, 1 pint ; rum- niage well. To make the color, boil ^ oz. saleratus and h oz. alum in 1 pint of water till you get a bright red color. Ice Cream.— Have rich, sweet cream, and a half-pound of loaf sugar to each quart of cream or milk. If you cannot get cream, the best imitation is to boil a soft custard, 6 eggs to each quart of milk (eggs well beat). Or another is made as follows: boil 1 quart of milk, and stir into it, while boiling, 1 tablespoonful of arrowroot wet with cold milk ; when cool stir into it the yolk of 1 egg to give it a rich color. Five minutes' boiling is enough for either plan. Put the sugar m af- ter they cool ; keep the same proportions for any amount desired. Or thus : to 6 quarts of milk add h lb. Oswego starch, first dissolved ; put the starch in 1 quart of the milk ; then mix altogether, and sim- mer a httle (not boil) ; sweeten and flavor to your taste ; excellent. The juice of strawberries or raspberries gives a beautiful color and flavor to ice creams, or about ^ oz. essence or extract to 1 gallon, or to suit the taste. Have your ice well broken, 1 qt. salt to a bucket of ice. About one hour's constant stirring, with occasional scraping down and beating together, will freeze it. Chicago Ice Cream.— Irish moss soaked in warm water one hour and rinsed well to cleanse it of sand and a certain foreign taste ; then steep it in milk, keeping it just at the point of boiling or simmering 100 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. :-'* I for one hour, or until a rich yellow color is given to tlio milk • with- thi6 will do to Hteep twice. Sweeten and liuvor like other crearm SirBSTiTUTE Fou CBEAM.-Take 2 or 3 whole ejjgs, beat them well up in a basm ; then ijour boiling hot tea over them ; pour gradually to pevent curdling, it is difficult for the taste to distinguish it froS ncD cream. GiNOEii Beeb.— Take 5J gals, water, f lb. ginger root bruised w.?'in'^^' t,?"-' ^»"t« ^'ig'-^r, 2i ibs^, whites of 3 eggs well beaten, 10 small teaspoonfuls of lemon ess. ; yeast, 1 gill ; boil the fn whn«f r' • *"' "\^ S'"^^- «* ^K'' ^*^<^^^; «t^^»" ofiP,'anlput the e s IpJ^ w Inf ii"""^' make over night; in the morning, skim and bottle, Keeping out tlie sediments. * PiiiLADELrHiA Bekb.— Take 30 gals, water, brown sugar. 20 lbs ginger root bruised, i lb., cream of t^vrfcir, li il^s., ca^^DoK of soda! 3 oz., oil of lemon, cut m a little alcohol, 1 teaHpoonfSl, the white of 10 eggs well beaten, hops, 2 oz., yeast, 1 qt. The ginger root and hops should be boiled for twenty or thirty miSutes in enough of the wate? to make all niilk- warm ; then strained into the rest and the yeast added and allowed to work itself clear; then bottle CiDEB WITHOUT AppLES.-Water, 1 gallon; common sugar, 1 lb • tartaric acid J oz,; yeast, 1 ttiblespoonf ul ; shake weU, make in the evening* and it ?will be fit to use next day ' Fob BpJTLiNG.-Put in a barrel, 5 gals, hot water; 30 lbs. common ' su^ar ; | lb. tartaric acid ; 25 gallons cold water; 3 pints of hop or brew- ers yeast, worked into paste with 1 pint of water and 1 lb. flour. Let hnnShiii^iwi,^''.'^^^ forty-eight hours, the yeast running out of the I^ fi''^-®.^^,f^!i*"''?? P'}""^S "^ •'^"**16 sweetened water occasionally t K^AV"^^' then bottle, putting in two or three broken raisms to each bottle; and it will nearly equal champagne. Cheap Cideb — Put in a cask 5 gals, hot water ; 15 lbs. brown su^^ar • I gfU. molasses; i gal. hop or brewers' yeast; good vinegar, 6 qts -"stir well, add 25 gals, cold water, ferment as the itst. ' ^ ' +o;l^'^^5^?,P^^-~^^^'^ ^''^*®^' 20gals., brown sugar, 15 lbs., tar- ^ni /ik"^' V5- ? ^""^"I'^ge T^" together, and add, if you have them, fn ?.l?^- oy^ed sour apples, or boil them and pour in the express- ed juice. . This cider will keep longer than the others II It^^^ ^^? Gingeb BEEB.-Cold water, 10 gals.; boiling water, 11 gals.; mix ma barrel; add molasses, 30 lbs., or brown sufrar 24 lbs. ; oil of spruce or any oil of which you wish the flavor, 1 oz. fadd 1 ' pint yeast, ferment, bottle in two or three days. If you wish white spruce beer, use lump sugar; for ginger flavor, use 17 oz. gmger root bruised, and a few hops; boil for thirty i.inutes in three Sals, of the water, stram and mix well; let it stand two hours and bottle, usiiiff yeast, of course, as before. ^ ^Sf^^^fu^' ^^^u ^/«?.-Mix 14 lbs.of molasses and 11 gals^. water well together, and boil them for 2 hours with 6 oz. hops. When quite cool, add a cupful of yeast, and stir it well by a gallon or two at a ^Z% ^^f Q* ^T"^^""^ ^""^ 16 hours, ill a tub covered with a sack, then put It in a 9-gallon cask, and keep it filled up; bung it down in 2 davs pSrter ^^' ^ '^"''^' ^"^ ^'^^^ '^'^^^S^^ than London Edinbubgh Ale.— Employ the best pale malt— 1st, mash 2 barrels > IPTS. ) milk ; with- Bcesaary, and 3r creaniB. 9at them well >ur gradually guish it from root bruised. 3 eggs well ?ill ; boil the put the CHS. rii aud bottle, !ugar, 20 lbs. late of aoda, the white of oot and hops of the water . ! yeast added sugar, 1 lb. ; make in the lbs. common ' tiop or brew- I. flour. Let ig out of the occasioually m raisms to rown sugar; ', 6 qts. ; stir 15 lbs., tar- have them, ;he express- iliug water, n sugar, 24 . 1 oz, ; add 1 wish white ginger root gals, of the ottle, using gals^. water iVhen quite or two at a sack, then [1 in 2 days, an London h 2 barrels GKOCERS AND CONFECTIONERS* RECEIPTS. 101 pr. quarter, at 183o, nuish three-quarters of an hour let it stand 1 fiour, and allow half an hour to run olf the wort 2d mash 1 b irrel {Kr;Sl-.s''"m'd"tif three-fourths of an ho.frl let'it"slti aS at 1700 i' \"^*?, t*^l\"» before; M, mash 1 bai-rel per quarter ttnrT' iZV'^f ^A ^'""^^'* '^ «*''^"*1 half an hour.Sui^Sp^ before. I he hrst and second wort maybe mixed together boi in^ . them about an hour or an hour and a quarter, witlfa quint tv of hops proportioned to the time the ale is required to be 1 ept i-he lioTTLiNO POUTKB.-BUOWN Stout. Pale malt, 2 quarters • amber and brown malt, of each li do. ; mash at 3 times, with 12 '? and 6 barrels of water ; boil with hops, 50 lbs ; set with vca«t 2*) ?h« Product, 17 barrels, or U times the malt ^ ' ^^'• Lemon Bep:r -To make 20 gals, boil ii oz. of ginger root bruised i b. cream of tartar, for 20 or 30 minutes, in 2^ or 3 gals water' this will be strained in 13 lbs. coffee sugkr, on whidi you have put i oz. oil of lemon, and six good lemons squeezed up together having warm water enough to make the wl ole 20 gals S so hot that you can hold your hand in it without burning or abou? 70 degrees of heat ; put in 1^ pints of hop or brewers' yelst?worked fi^r^f Beer —Hops, ounces ; molasses, 6 quarts ; boil the hons till the strength is out, strain them into a 30-gallon barrel -adf the wPlfnn'rl^'^^ One tcacupf 111 of yeast, and fill up wVw?teV; shake i? S h'n^a ^T^ *^^ ^'"'f 5>»t .till fermented, which will be in about 24_hour8. Bung up, and it will be fit for use in about three davs Molasses Beek.-Hops, 1 oz. ; water, 1 gal. ; boil tor ten mlnutS* Fennent '^ ""''"''"'' ' '^- ^^^ ^^^^^^ luke?warm, yeastlsSSS \i^o?'^ w i?^;7To*r ^^ ^^^^^ h.«^* ^ ^^° F^h- *hen add 3 gals, mo- SI^ '* f^""^ 2 hours, pour it into a bowl and add powdered or bru sed sassaf rasj and wintergreen bark of each A lb • veast 1 nt^ ar'Ftm?K"\Vr*' * \' ^i^ ^^^^^ enoughi ma/e 25 gila iii an. i^ermeut for 12 hours, then bottle. s • "» 8 ozfnfTflSS'?*^''^ ^Z?"?^^ ALE.-Ottawa beer is made by using lbs of?^HiKn?*'^^* "^^1,'?' ^?^*^h« *h^ concentrated stren^h of I •;i, . P different roots and barks, added to 1 gal. syrup which is mixed olm]i Sf «v7^t«^' l»to. which carbonic acid fas iffS at a prSSre Pvpl^t'i; ^??^^ ^n^""^ "^^h- ^^"^^e^ ^^« Is made in the same way except that 4 ozs. of extract is sufficient. When the gin-er ff reaU? w&^" ^''*'^^* ^"PT^d «* ^^^^"O'^s impurities is^made use o^ which gives a clear amber colored drink. ' hnr^f^'^r.^^^^^-T^i**^'"' .^^ ^''^Is- 5 bo^l half the water with i lb hops ; then add to the other tialf in the tun, and mix weU with i gal. molasses and a little yeast. Pu^ hfthe'^hSp n?Sf.^''t"-?r^ hops, i lb., powdered chalk, 2 lbs. Put m the hole of the cask, and bung close for a few days ; for frosted 102 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS* IlKCKIPTS. 1:1 beor, add nonio flnln«8, a fow luiiulfiilH of Hour, and sorao Hcalded with a Uttlo i><)wdoroi1uik lioat ; for if you cotre 2 imrtn ; mix well together. Then tjike common Bocla well pulverized To use take ecpml q.umtities of use repa- mtions (which must be kept separate and well covered previous to using and nut them hi the freezing pt)t ; add of water a urone? quantity, aiiA put in the article to be fn.zen inapropervessel -^ Jov ' wL^s'JiijrmrtbSi^ """" '" ^"^•^"^'- '^^'^ ^^--^« -- - Sabhaparilla Mkai> -1 lb. of Spanish Sarsjiparilla, boil 6 hours and strain off 2 gals : add suL'ar 1(> lbs. and tartaric acici 10 ozs half S^Ti-'^ri"^ "^'".'' ^ '^^" ih^ V""*''«^ "*■ ^'^t^'-' and half teaspoo 1- f ul of soda is a fair proportion for a drink ^ PoRTAiiLK Lemonade.— Tartaric acid, 1 ounce, white sucar 2 lbs essence of lemon, quarter ounce ; powder and keep dry for use. One dessert si)oonful will make a glass of lemonade ^ ^ ' ""*'* '^"^ Imperial Chkam NE(!TAK.-Part 1st, tafce 1 gallon water loaf sugar, b lbs., ttirbiric acid, (J ounces, gum arabi(!, 1 ounce. Part 2d flour, 4 teaspoonfula, the whites of 5 eggs ; beat finely toirether ' thenaddApnt w;ater ; when the first part is blood warn, imtin th^ second ; boil 3 m nutes, and it is done. Directions : .'i tab espoo f uIb of syrup to two-thirds of a glass of water ; add .me-third toaJpoonful of carbonate of soda, made fine ; stir well, and drink at yourleS Peppermint CoRDiAL.-Good wliisky, 10 gals., water 10 eals SiLVER-TOP DRiNK.-Water, Sots., white sugar, 4 lbs. , ess. of lemon 4 teaspoonfuls, white of 5 eggs, teat with 1 tablespoonful of X??'; bod to a syrup ; then divide into equal i)art8, and to one add 3 ounces tartanc acid, to the other 4 oimces of carbonate of soda ; put "^ I teaspoonful of each of the syrups, more or less (according to the size of the glass), to two-thirds of a glass of water ; drink qiifck hANo.AREK— Wme, ale, or porter, or two-thirds water, hot or cold W W^*:;.^5! 'T"". "* ^^'^ -r^i' ^^-^^ '''^''' ^ ^^^^^^ ^ith nutmeg: tM)i>A Sirups.— Loaf or crushed sugar, 8 lbs., pure water, 1 gallon gum arable 2 oz. ; mix in a brass or copper kettle. Boil \mtn the glim 18 dissolved, then skim and strain through wliite flannS after [»TS. «tno scalded lino of hops, I well, oz. ; bruised !ir.HC biscuits 0, OHsonce of nirni /jradu- mct vimilla, micas. ,hiHt timo, It will three, as in !d without a I pulverl/ed, ke common huse prepa- provfouH to or a proper sssel ; cov'7 ig croam or Ijoil 6 hours LOozs., half If teaspoon- iigar, 2 lbs., r use. One water, loaf . Part 2d, ' together ; , put in the le.spoonfuls easpoonful )ur leisure. }r 10 gals., A, 1 Ib.flour c, and let it srmint, and i. of lemon, 1 of flour ; Id 3 ounces ; put in a to the size :k. lot or cold, ;h nutmeg, r, 1 gallon, I until the nnel, after 0H0CEU8 AND, C0NFECTI0NEU8' UECKIl'TS. .103 which add tJirutri" acid, O.J ok. ; diH.Molve'in hot wutnr • m n..,. „ extract of lomo- ntngo, luuil/a. rose sa'j^^n^r ^^^^^^ &o., .i oz. or to your tiisto. If you use juice of Ici. oirad • i'\{,M .if sugar t() a pint you do not need any t.artjiri(. al r.Wni; ; rr^" l^^'^'^'«'*'^-«^"'thtu, 4 <,unces, .orange peel, To mlce« wi5f •J''iT'"*'5 ^n^'^ WITHOUT RAsr.iKRRiKs.-First make a svrun with M> lbs. of white sugar, and 10 gallons of water and nut it inS a clean mix ng barrel. Tlion dissolve 4 lb. of Siric ac d in 1 n^ of eoW water, and add to the syrup. Next take A lb orir ISi- ■ To C( o f"'!?//!? r* '^ ^'^^ 't^ ^»^^^»? barrel, stirr ig i? we 1 per gallon If t ^ desirable to produce a SersvruuadrmmS UOTTLKi) Soda Watkk without a Maoiiine.— In each ffillnn nf r.nL*" ^' fed, carefully dissolve .? lb. crushed suglr,S one ounce vL^t^n T'''^'"i''*'' ""^ ''•'^•i ! *^«^ «» Pi»t bottles witli this water have ^oZ^oT^'' ready ; now drop into each bottle A dram Smlv4r zed citnc acid, and immediately cork, and tie down Handle tW wS Sel!^' '"^ ""''^ ^««^ ""'" «^^^^^- MorTsugar ma^^adtd if Oystek Soup.— To each dozen or dish of ovsters nnt I ninf «f ffJihA^"^'/ g"l; butter i oz. | powdered ScSrs^ to ttSen " brm^ the oysters and water to a bo 1, then add the other inJrldSj previously mixed together, and boil from three to five iniSsonl^ Season with pepper and salt to taste. minutes only. Mock Terrapin.—^ sappei^ 'dish. Half a calf's Hvpr • spnfl^«*./i nil mixed mustard, as much cayenne pepper as will lie on ah'ilf dhnA- 2 hard eggs chopped fine, a lump of bfitte? as laSe ^an eL' a te^^^^^^^ of water. Let it boil a mmute or two ; cold vealiill do^ 'f%ver is not , Blackberry Wine:— Wash the berries, and nour 1 ni of >v.i-i mg water to er.ch gal. Let the mixture sfciAd 24 hCrs st?rrin^ o^f sionally ; then strain and measure into a keg^ddhfg 2 iKS" ?Sl^^''?/^^'^biskey 1 i)int, or best alcohol, i Snt to each ?al' Cork tight, and put away ior use. The best wine tff c?n be mfde 104 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. rTJ^ m""^' """^ exceeding 5 lbs. to each gallon ^^^ *^® c ',. Bottle while f&r.ner.tlng ' ^ ^ *^ ' ^^' ' o^ris-powder, i ment, next add ruisin or Cape wine 3 ntf • bin„^v' •'i if ^ ^^^o iuiee, add 2 gals, -frwate^; eWbS™!^.^^?.^^^^!^^^^^ ^J >''> . .- 4' rs. mall chops, id a night, )ur, butter, 8, cut them e yolks ol is&es 1 qt. ; take it off, ike a bat- minutes, to a quart, c acid ; let will much 1 free from gals, soft casionally iter; color aisins the lantity of 4 lbs. of italks; let move the o another tnes fine: . of good 2 qts. of ing. Let lould re- ra, when n remain 12 gals; ries and color for he best), ^ wine, 5 i a short pale), 48 a proper 6 gals.; )wder, ^ 2 gals. ; b. Fer- herry, 2 ?ain*±'or pressed 1^ oz. ; GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 105 SnfnSn ^f^^^^^^ ^-^^^'i ' 'T" ^'^^^' ^* ^i*h««* brandy. After Bu^aT4^^'rwSSTa'r?^^^^^^^ -ft water, lOO gals. ; It filled with sweetened water as it works ofF nnHi^iio^ a ^u®P c JdtTrV.^]!'?^-^-"?^?.^ ^f^- ^^^"fi^'HoLLANDE, 20 Gtils.-Curacoa orange-peel 2 lbs • A lb * ■I ,St^*.k"'~?'''**'* "."y *« """'e with the juice ol aiiv Imit TnU-o oz p.S^lSe!v», -Yi^^ K^"*r i 2 "*■■«• «™an'"U, 24 010^416 iTq-niSriud fli4; 4ata """"''^ "'''"■^ ■'<'"""»• ^'O'-' "^ t«* KentKfe^tr,H ?1^„' tSi'Jlf."<"o»>7'* ...Tl^o .^^hp is to.be n„fde with .j..^.«. ^. .xjc/rtwj— a— urateoff Uio yellow rind '8. Is. ; sugfir, skiimued when pro- id judges eiit. ; 1 oz, bs. 8Uffar; iiid filter, n gentian )ed, ^ oz. ; Peruvian put them ir off the of water, «ar, 1 lb. me spirit stand on z. ; pow- il, 2 oz. ; then fil- >wers. oz. ; ess. I in alco- sr cent. ; 26 gals. spirit as bs ; ^ lb. for five in 'white r ; color jr.hol, 75 gal. 95 m drops :t in the ninutes, lieets of . Take e juice ; ves ; 16 ix both Boil up md stir ly cool, 3 sugar, jlass in de with [>w rind GROCEKS ANL )NPECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 107 QhrT,?!^ wutil tiie sugar 18 disHolved and strain. 3. Limon—h-. fh« K ? T^"^ ^ ^'^^-'-J?" ?^ ^^"^«» '^ drops, citric acid 10 drams Rub m4 A \v^"'T '''*^' the acid, add-a Uall portion of symp aSd m X 4. ^ '^'"P ^?^'- ^^^? ^ «"ffl«i^"t quantity of b init^suc^ar to color. 21. Sarsa2)anUa-a— Oil wintergreen 10 drops oil of Sp in drops, oil of sassafras 10 drops, fluid extract of sSsaparillf " ozs simple syrup 5 pts., powdered extract of licorice 1 oz.2TTi^^^ ^r;;?elTi^n'i'"^-i*P.*'-'-'rP^""^ ^y^^P^* sarsapariilafflSozs ^ Mail} M;'nS^ ""* wintergreen 6 drops, oil of sassafras 6 drops' 26. Maple.— Maplo. sugar 4 lbs., water 2 pts. 24. Chocolate — Be^t • chocolate 8 ozs., water 2 pts., white sugar 4 lbs. MirtCcWolatft m water, and stir thoroughly over a slow fire Stra n and nHH fh! sugar. 25. Cofee Crcar^.-hofioe syrup 2 pts , cream I'pt 26 im ftyma.-Raspberry syrup 2 pts., vanilla 2 pts. , hock wine 4 ozs S" fckancl daret-Uock or claret wine 1 pt., simple sv?nn 9 'f; %' buijcnno.—Bva.m\y 1 pt., simple syrup 2 pts. 29. Fmii'£;id-m£i in some of the syrups). Citric acid 4 ozs., water, 8 ozs. Most of the li 108 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. ^lf::l.:i£s^j^^ -y Wealittlogumarabie added iu -m^^KrSi^^^^^^^^^^^ anple flavor to essence. From 20 to 2^ drons of tin« n ' ^* ^T''^ *'»« mie apple containing a little citn?a?[dfLi^^^^^ ^^ded to I'lb. sugar? pme apple. ' "aparts to the niLxturo a strong taste of die'^uteyaSSiSdiSwifc^^^^^ and other ingre- pear, and is used for flavSgdJ&J^ acetic ether, with half a nart of oppHo L.^^^^." ^ ^^^^en parts amvlo- alcohol, form what may Se caU^ tho Sf ^' .^^^ ^''^'^ "^ 1«0 parts of when employed to flavor suSiroIln if ^!^^''vu^■^'''«^• ^•^^^"^v'; which parts the odor of th^CgaSpSr an f n 'Jr^V ""^-^ '^''^ ^^d, ml agree^ible odor of the quill ?„Hwh^^ (pelai^'onic ether)* has the P^^f ion, forms the ?S5mL7^'^ ^'''^'^^^ ^« ^^«°hol in dul ^^'^^^^^^^^^^ ether), mixed with ether in the proportion of Ip'ar^toOm^A^f^r^l'^ of this IS^LrpS'.^'^ "S^ «^ «i'K.e!:c"! ' "' '"''"^^^^' ^«'"^« - flavoring water,;if5L"eXf,t^^^^^^^ 2 ditto of blerful of shaved ice; fill with nSlf^' 4. f "" Sf"^'' ^'^^^ ^»m, ^ tum- ge her, and gmte a littTe nSeg in "ton 1^^^ insredients VeU to- . and no ice. ^-^u^e, on top. To make it hot, use Ao« milk of a'^coiXof^Siri^^^^^^ SS?d water, with the juice • bet, and most be well' iLfS^'iS nd^X''? "^'"^^'^ "»« is si^r! of rum to five of sherbet '^ Cut a cnm^t .f''\'* '^^"'^^^^ "^™» one part -S/"'*^^'^ rapidly around the ed^e o? th^T' "' ^^'^^^ ^^" water; mix well wit^a spooT 5^^^^^^^^^^ 2Hitto them well in the sugafand water adSil"^''?^"^^,*^^^^"""*^ brandy, and fill the glass withTS^ • 3 ^^^^ glasses of Cognac inint, and insert them in tlfe ice w1?h' «' *\^" ^^'^^ out the sprifs of the leaves ^vill be abm4 in the 'ha^e of 1 ho'^^ P^^'«"^t or finely square tin pan. ^^^'^ ^" * buttered paper, placed in a angSnSy^^PP'^^ whlt'l^'^g^irf filteTl^^ Td^ boiJ' VTin if'f/' '^'^"*y ^^"''l^ refined boiled to a blister. The boiC- su^rar rin„t' ^^ady to crystallize, or weigJit, a degree more or less Drivf nLT "measure mo on the syrup a brass kettle, of about 16 of li iSt dSS'^'"!f f^«"- Then We deep smooth and l)olished on ttie S? at* ?'" ""^^^ ^^^"^ ^' ^ 8 inches equal distances from each other T^m ^^''^'^ ^ ^^ ^^ «"«ili ^o^es at kettle, about 2 inches from the bottc^^fi^^ of the from one side to the other a nrJ«Wffi' V'^*^^ threads through these or paper to preveiit the symp^^^^^^^ ^'u^nnt^ "" f^ outside with paste pared the kettle, pbur in the svrn f fTT^ "''*S ^""^^'^S thus pre- the threads; thenVce it iVrsW n Ll^'i ^^"* ^" "^^^ ^^ove to crystallize, agitating it from t'mlti t^^l'^^^T ^^^*^d' ^"^ leave it take place in six or seven dlys As ^ooT^^thV'^ crystallization will pour off the remaining svmn «nHi fif ?^ *¥ crystals are formed crystals that are ?e t at thTSttom of 'Z "' ^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ter to wash the IS thoroughly draiend seHt in a Terv hS IfT^\ ^" '.^«^ ^« «ie "^ass when it is fit for ii«p cv,. ^^ ^^"* '^*ove, leave it for two d'iv« stituting brown tor irf'sutar'TT/r ^ '"'^ ^^"^-^ i« made by sK of teaspoonfuls of tmn^ S,we?^a^^^^^^^^^^ '^^J^np with a couple just as the syrup is about to be teLrfrom tSp^i^"^^ "^S^ ^^f^on, IS flavored with rose water ni^H !^^i ^ the "fire. Eose Rock Candy ^^^^lla Rock CaZnl^lriZL^^^^^ '^"fi^,^ carmine lakt y^olet The degree'if cSw nuv^^^^^ and colored with liquid spS^wfte^f S^^^^^^^^ sugar m J pint of Havereadyateaspoonfu of now^P.f:5 -^^^ '* ^^'^ ^ ^ thili syrup. 2 or 3 spoonfuls of the svmn thpf 2 ^?,"Ser, mix it smoothly with Boil the mixture into a X>ff'iof"i -^"^ •'* gradually into the whole exceed this pS- Then affi^ ^* «arefully%hat it mly not and stir the^sugar conL^nO^'^ni^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^-ge leLon the spoo^., without sinking VhentfSpdnLy''" ^^."^ mass from for a n ment beyond the°pZt it w lfnllTf° ^ ^'^''^^.- " foiled t as happen by mistake, add a Httle v^ter in??? .f Powder. Should sistency. Dip the candy from the ^^mI' ""a J""'^ *? *^^e proper con- U'^on ix-Ha—j - -. ^'^"-^y nom tiie kettle, and riron it in arnon ,^i i-,.on b.t.texuu pans, then set it aAvay to cool." ~ m smaal cakes for half er; this is 8. When • then into ne, it will « sticks. ' be made ; or finely aced in a ler, forms 3 refined allize, or ilie syrup 'hen take > 8 inches 1 holes at Bs of the gh these 1th paste hus pre- ih above leave it tion will formed, rash the ;he mass vo days, by sub- r a very is of the cess, to I couple saffron, ' Candy le lake. i liquid little of pint of syrup, ly with whole, lay not lemon, is from boiled Should 3r con- cakes GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. Ill ov^rTslSTeVUJ'^ntS' S^^'d^^ ^F'' -*-' -^ -t it ?,f bi« dissolved, and a tii£Um^A^ ^bK?^ •."' F^ gum arable solS"cX-sT^^^ over theA a little them another coat ng of gum'araWc S.d"^^^.).*'." ^^'^^ then give swing them again till dry S no firpw^^^ '""l*,^ ^ ''^- «"«'^^' a"d dry, set them over a mSW'ite^C ni«aT^''''' *^'^^ '^^^ thoroughly or rose water, nottooThhi setitovprH^'^^V''™.^ ""^^i" i" o^angi through a sieve, and po i'it over ^hp iL^''!^^ ^"^ ^.^"lutes, strainlt them till thov are thSuc^hlv co«tpH o f^'l^' i'' 1^^ h^«"^- Swing coating, composed of 2Tafe if carmfne'^^^ ^^i ^"««^«r of sugar, and proceed as Lfo?e rrthpnff^^^'''^'^°d ^"^i^art covered, give them a coatin- in Shi.h Jl '^l'"o»tls are not perfectly when thofoughly moistened" thr^w 1 th^ '' ^^^^^derable gum; anS till the mixture is all fhSed tlZ « dd «?. " '^ • '^ "'"^^ «"^^^ «tir tm they are large enough and m t thPm inJf .T'"^^. ''^'^^^^S'^ «^ «»gar the next day, when in orde??o SiL^T "*^ *^® ^^^^^ *« remain till 6 or T lbs. of fine clariSd suSir ^^^^^ ^T^ 7'^ P^««eed to boil takmg it from the fire stirKnonJlo'*.?'' v^? ^ ^^' *^^ ^^'-^^ch after little thicker tha^? that ifseTf^fSilW ^ ^1^ V^'*^ '' ^«'«^^d a may be added to produce a pearl Si Pn. f?"^ drops of blue lake to the swinging ba^3in add el nnihnJS;. ^"^^ the almonds, warm, in- swing the basiS tRev are nioS^^^^ the prepared sugar to coat them, the dW then take ?KIsro^^S7^^^^^ Z'^' ^^' ^ «"'«^ die, so as to allow the bottom nffh a .f^o^'/^^ ,tnem up m the mid- ing of sugar, swing aU dr^h em a^h?w^ ''T^' *^'?^ '^^^ the coat- until 4 successive coXi^s of in^n? t?f ^ '^®' '^''^ continue the process heat them weinrtffSLpufthem^^^^^^^^ have been give/i ; then stove to remain over nS You w S ^^ ? ' "^"^ ^^^^^^^ in the giving them a coat of t fe prenaredT^^^^^^^^ ^ ^'^^^'f them by violently until they are quiteTv J^^vfth^^^^ """^ 'hake them ceed as, before, a/d conSI th^Sfmces "miSlh^v 'Sf"^ ^"^ i^^^" successive coatings, when thpv win oSl i, ^^ey have received 4 polished. When^tL pXhSl^s^kfiin^ ^^^^^^^^ sufficiently and stir gently till all are thnmno-hu 1.^7 ^ I, ® almonds over a fire the nextW/. a wtte StTtoe^'^tKapr'''^^ *" " ^""^ "" ab„stTe"izl;of''^gL&rwite?Lr^ vious directions, anl mhit Me™? ,t • '^ •'?"''' *■"»" ''y the pre- SiiPERFiNrV AsmLTsiTrTi^iS A^"'*"" "" 'li?"" ^''en completed maimer as hi the^4uf»*,"^ „f'^''''3™^--f'™'=^<^ in the same the solution of snsa"!^^ water '^n,?^^^^ '"™»^'. ""k^ »'*«»tt'e«««."ra„dpnKuhe?oi,,'tior'' "" ''*''™' *>' *™""' basin, when they boil m-ike tiiom^ini I f^^^l^ds m the swinging 112 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. t m^SjSI^S^i'tl^itri^'i"^^^^^^^^ coated u, the Superfine Sugared Filberts -VUhl^^ color and fagrauce generally preferred on account of it, are used to wliiteu them o^T? f?^^^^^ ^^s- »* ^ugar polished w?th"<^^itSxs^^nUre^a^^^^^ ' ^«^°^ ^^^^^ ^•«"^g fo^trtfSinra^^^^^^^^^ 10 lbs., sugar do not.require brUliancy Thev ire m3« nf J^ «^?"Ply colored, and and are pit into iTttKokes ^In maW^^ ?/ «"^^". P««-^. common sugared almonds ^ ^^ ^''"'^'^ *^'^ ^®<^eiP<^ for Anise-seed Sugar Pr,uAm Ttrv o iv.o «^* stove ; rub it in the handsfo" hrp2 ?.i !i ""^ F^®"" anise-seed in the dust, then put S in asWin/bast and nlf T''-.r^"^^.*« "^ «« a thread so as to render the clinSs'h^^ 3 briltli' ''^??^"^1.*5 sufficiently, whiten and DolishthPmi/iSfh^^^' ^^^®" ^^afed whiter than rape soedrwhiton anrfl, fsM Le"STey'ThTA ''? coM,„g .s sometime, composed o( eqn'al'iSte'Tp'e'pperm'i'nt tl th?n7oS,Vc?f In'U°i"S'5fl^^^^^^^ " fe very brittle, is cool eno4h to re?eive an imp?e Jforwifh^'^^^^^^ "' "T =*? " h^fr^S.- fer ErSS r- " ^^^ 'Se-ij} slab with a common 4rSX?wi^ "^""^ ^^^^^ ^* «^ t^e other coating wXsu^ar KePu tw « 'k^, ^^^^ ^^.^ ^^^^^^ ^^t^ an- ter they are made ^ ^ ^^^'^ ^^-^^^^ ^^^^^^ from the air af- wiiTfumP^Sga^^add'to^tf??^^^^ yellow rind of a lemon wnt^r«r,«n!,^», /^^KJ-A^5 ^ ^^^^ ^ f ew drops of lemon iuice with """ '"^" '■^ "i^suxvu uiu sugar comDleteiy, and stir the whole hi^ ill 'S. ited to the ^' put them lie process laeaonuts, illa4drs., superfiue 3 coatings ly broken. ir, 4 lbs., londs and unt of its )s., sugar, nder and I that has of sugar ter beuig )s., sugar 3red, and lall peas, 3ceipt for ed in the to rid of boiled to n coafed ilnionds. ;ove and ever, be rhe first lint and 1 sugar, buttered I cooled, B ; then brittle, 3n as it imping mould ; any oil place to on the i^ith an- ! air af- lemon ce with lole in- Jk GR0CEH8 AND CONFECTIONERS' BECKIPTS. 118 an infusiin of the coffee usfiL an Si '^^^^ ^ ''^•' ""^^^ ^ ^^- Make through a cloth, S stir TtlraduaHv iZ^hf , ^?fT^^ ' ^^'^^^ '^ minutes before fcikingTfiom the fi?^ ^^'T "" ^^^ mixed Avith a little water If too linnfd th^ 5, 1^ flavoring extract, and the drops will run together -wffiw I ^J^'.P 11'" ^® *«o thm, top compact: and caZK poured out eaSv'feh^n T^^ ^^"^ ^^ mixed in a rather stiff DastP nnf if i« „ easiu. When the sugar is W taking it from ttoflre "^ *^"''"' *'«y™P i»8t be- sI?FRON D^T/'m f '"^'' 'i'f "<=* fr°» lettuce is used. tnbc-rose, and color violet ' '"■™«*' Ja™me and cofor'^ith"Sta?fr/ '"* '^*« """ ''™""« «' ™l Ptoto. and stickXsu™ ' ^^ '"" '" ''"''y powdered sugar or flour to forS &'lS'"'lC°tiS'f ""T ^'T ■"" "^de the same way Jnelak^'^^^'^'^dt'aCt ""'^ "^' "■"«'• "-<* '»"-"■ -ith o f lU OBOCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. wiU adhere to tlw sheets otUn ™ »""' "' ■'"<"■. ""e caudiei and'^w^rta™ mt^Ces*'''? Ji^""' °^FIore„ce iris, maj- be lidded to sustiiin the bhw '''"P' "' ""'"* acid for'wS?i?S;;;:?,rS'' " "'""'«• «'«««"» '-'-'on ol co,Iee ,.UoS?"™lv?S-Fo--^^^^^^^ sugar, talce5 pts. good J.liSva^iilX.'^-S'^aS'rztz'' n™"'"/™-"'". or iiaely. solved iu water, to sust-iin thn i.w -^u "^ ^^^- ®^ tartaric acid dis- iMiTATiox CuHulNtDi x%^'r^^^^^^ disin'pear. litUe essence of raspberry and of vSt m-^S^*^ with water, adiiiig a ta^anc acid dissol.^d i^-Jif c^^KSe/i^^^^^^^ str^nr™?;fn?S^^^^ sugar with a little thoroughly dissolved, add an eZa? n uaiS v o/^^"*' ^« «««" ^^ i* i« with a few drops, more of tKemS^^ coarse-grained sugar moments, then dW the mixtnriKHo'^*' ^^^I ,*^^ whole for a few ^ the same way Le made ?emon ^Ze'' vn?-?r^ ^* ^? '^'^ «P«" ^^^ Citric and tartaric acid may b^TeS' Kcrirt1le^d?t5?S & flafoWeTafeTd^X^^^^ --^^ -tHout hours, tTien take them off and^n^^tJifr,?^'^!'^'^^^^' ^^''^^^ ^^eiii for two wanted for use, put the auSifv J^?" "?*? ^^^ »*«^e to dry. When and flavor as dSed '^C *Ln^^^^^ drops, take 5 pts. of sulphuric ShS & wh,Vh ^? ^^^ «! P^PPe mint of essence of peppermint, and pour^tovV^ ff.^ ^'^H^''^ * /^^ drops the jar, and shake it until thev are thom^M ^^ ^i''^'®^' *^en cover them on a sieve, and set them in the S? J"'?''*?"^^ 5 *^«n Place J»tt:Ue/o^^o=l"?£S^^ acetic acid or the juice of half a lemon : hT* 'Ji^^^*' ^ ^^^ drops of of Jamaca ginger. Boil the sS 'with ''f't'^^^.^*"^ «f essence dissolve it to the ball deeree th^uLHu ^^^i ^^^^^ enough to and rub the sugar with tKack part o^^ ^l T^i ^^^ the esienc^ up agamst the sides of the sSr^SlPr fn ^ S T^ ^* ^ ^^l^^r spoon ciently to give to the Xle In S^^ «'''^^^'' """^ ^'^^ ^* «^ffl- mto very small-sized m™ds L£^ S TC^''^''?^ 5 *he° P««r i^ oblong square, or else iiZa tiHSn th! i^^ '''' ^'^ ^^ "^ '^^^ marked out in smaU tablets so that ?hP pL^**''"' ^^^ «* ^hich is ^ux 1 ABLETs.-Ingredients : 1 lb. loaf sue-ar C7 7 M # PTS. ke or saflfron, , the caudies Horence iris, taitaric acid ion of coffee S Pt8. good idy directed, and become a, or flnely- ic acid, dis- i disappear. T, adding a kvith a little proceed as with a little soon as it is ined sngar for a few le open air. ther drops. y of lemon tl, without 3m for two ' fy- When uthed jar, eppermint few drops hen cover then place evaporate tube-rose, lade, dis- ' drops of >f essence lough to essence, 'er spoon 1 it suffl- h pour it ' an inch which is y broken )il of al- le screen if sue-ar. J GiNGEB Lozenges -Pm...^ . ^ *^ essence of o-ino-^v ^^-.-^^^peed as in the last; 7,«o o ^^^r Ill 116 OU0CE-.8 AND CONPECTIONEUs' REOKIPTS. ffihImlXli iS'S tei.S'S;" V'" "^^«^^ «^-"« -tmct mint lozeiiireH (Mnnnmnl r^. ^^^^- ^ roceod uh for tlio pcnner- 8lMX)nIiil (,f esseiu^e of (• iinmi n l« i. hn "^ « i ferenoe only ; a dcssort- a few drops of thick, Lmndw^tiJ^i^? "'^? ""' *^' n.-ivorin^ of tliom, lozeuf/es. TIio same an pemWintloip^^^^^^^ cinnan.on color C7or« for ilavorin^, and burnt iSr t^ c^Jlir ff fl^^^^^ «l«ves IngredientH: 1 o/. prepared guni U Ibn «nin. 9 ^''T^'^ ^^ozenf/es. the Kimi to he Hoaked in 2 oz of nrLv,l « ^^^' ^ "^- "^ "range-sugar. gum, li lbs. of ichig Huear 2^,./ S C I"«''«d»ent« : 1 oz. i)rei,ared . acetic acid. ColV s fZh'J,uL r®"'"!}. ''"«'^^' ^^'^ 'i few drops of soaked in 20/. of mu ge Cer UlW^"""^^ i ^'-"^ ^'"'" '^'^^"^^^" |oz. of e..en(eof (^olt^H fS C^'^^t fo? nof ^^^"^'r','«^^'-. ^"^d C'«//r»w<. and VaWchn I^zenm'/ UuZ^iT ? l^ei)permnit lozenges, soaked in 2 oz. of water JZ" fi f .v1 f"*"" ^ "'1 ""^ ^'"'" ^^'-^^on S;-::^ and i oz. or prepareH^^ar 'gS^^^ ^ ^- ,^ orange flower water," and 1 pt tei d wnf«r S^^^ '"'Z*!;^' * ^"^ "'" double 18 afterwardHto be straiiVd Wlea,r Pnf^r''"'' "/^f"»" "^' ^^hi^h gum into a sugar boiler wSh the suSr and ull '"'f ''^ ^"^ -^^^'^^^^d It over a very moderate fire, 'Xle Tbol I «nH '^ li^'^'" '»^""" *« ^^'^ pearl degree; then add the ornni! 5 ''""^ and reduces to the small the fire. remcWe the preSira^^^^^^^ ««? all together on and use the mixture to S the iJrbei In w.'ii'^"!' ''^ ^^'^ ^^""i, powder contjiined in a flat box ^"^"^^^ "^ levelled layers of starch Spanish LicoRioB, Jujubes.'— lnffrediPiit«- in. ^- 1 ^ 14 oz. of sugar, and 2 oz. of Snai lYfSS" J lb picked gum arable, water, and afterwards stmineTSein FW '"'^^''^^ "? "" ^'^" ^^ hot boil it with sugar as directed in ft 1" *^^i^* .Prepare the gum and reduced by boiling to tCSlnearldpi^^^^^^^^ ^'"'^^' ^''^ ^l^en Spanish licorice uith it, reiTveEclfm I?A,"'h '^^^ *he prepared the ju ubes in the m uuiT ind^aS awi ^^^'''i^^^^ ^"^^ Aninh Ingredients: 1 lb. picked guni arSn ^n^fe • f'^P^^'V/ Jujubes. and afterwards st4ined, 14 oz ofsiUr 'f il" i ST ""1 ^"t water juice, and a few drops of cochbiPni^ p ^ "^"* tilteved raspberry foregoing case, adding the ra«pCf„,,/^^^^ ^^« directed in tlie rantJtijnbes. Proceed in alTrScts «« ^.'i"'^.^^''- ^"'^^^^' <^''"'- jujubes, omitting the cochineal hi ! w, ^ indicated 1,- rh pberry iuice being^used'anda few dr^xs^o/cochS 'X^^^ ^ed currant Ingredients : 1 lb. gum arable soaked in 1 ,\? l' , ^^^"«'7/ e/r/iw6e,s. M^ards strained, 14 oz. sugar Vozefsenni^^*f ""^ ^'°* '^'^*^^ '''"d after- of prepared cochineal Let the nSn^! Z^ '''''^^'' '''"d a few drops jujubes, but instead of castU them^n ?r.^^ Prepared as for othir powder, v.'K- the preiSSm is TeSv^S.'nf •^^"^^^" "^ ^^^^'«h- smootnt..mvd baking sheet to thfdenthn'f^r 1"'^^ "'^^^^ clean set it to d-y v. t'>, sc?epn nr h^i «i ^ w °' ^ quarter of an inch, and ^..., ,,,„,„ .jie suriace it proves somewhat t g r t c P tr hi hi b< rs. "»K oxtruct I'o pcpper- tlie Hjinie a tl. Red currant Tvjnbes. id after- w drops or other I starch- 'y clean >ch, and m suffl- mewhat OROCEUS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEfPTS. 117 elastic to the touch, remove \t fr/»... ♦!.„ i ^ cold ; the sheet of juj, brmiv thon « ^''"'•*,' *"."^ '*"*'^ '^ ^ hecomo till they are perfeca.y'iowTwhm^SLS'';; "fV/"'' ^''*^''" "» ^^ «i«b and put them in faiicy envelopes "*'"'''^' '^^^^ *''«'» »" tissue-paper afterwards rubbed thro g a H7ev^)^"i S"o K;'.''^"''"'^ »>*"»«d, aifd together in a copper suirar-l.oiw ..r '..i • ^^^^*^^ ^"«'ir. Stir both imtil the paste l.econ;e^' „'S cmSVSm^ed^ over a brisk fire, the preserving pan as vou draw t . . Jt. . ^ 1"'^ *^>o l^^ttom ot lay out the drops about the Sfj^S,''^''"^ ' "'^n proceed to for the purpose. The drons «h , 1,1 J "' 'T''^'^ H>onted sugar boiler dry,atah)^^heat /or af Kr rt Wh^TtST^ i» the 1,creen to thm knife to remove them from 'hetin s o /. ? 'H''-^f '^"^ '^'y^ "«o a out, and put them away betweSrsheeti of 1 '^^'''^' >''*" ''"^ them pulp, 1 lb. bruised sugar. Stir the Ymln . ,?i ^ '^- "^^ ^'^i'*^"" thick reduced to a thick paste, thei proceed to 1 J n?K' ^^ *^'" «'« '"^t" .sheets of polished tin ; dry tiemlS t he «.,51n / ^^''^i ''^^'1*« «" «q"«»lng a coarse sieve), l li of bruised s"-^/' p '"^ ^ ^'^ *^"" **^^""^'^ "ig, slicing and boiling the apnTes with V ^f^'^""- )'" ^^ (^"'^^« ^'-V Peel- HiW Proceed as m tl,rfoSn.. i*^lA^*- ^''[^^^' ^ ^^' ^^ ^^ i«ed cochineal to half of the paste tor tL?'^' "V^^"^*? « few drops of Pa.sfc i)ro»8 — Use 1 ih \^f S *^^ ^'^e ^"'^'^e of variety. Pine Jnn/^ and then i^rating thl XtiZtTi'^:!!'' ^^^^^ 4^ firsM^eelff pter for the puri)oser 1 lb of brute^ «'. "''°^ ^ ''^^^^ ««^i'«e tfe fomer cases. ^' ^^ oruised sugar. Proceed as in the Thlriwthrboif^^^^^^^^^^ ^S^r- ^«-u^^Ghai.ed Suoak^ ac^d, and work 'the s^ar^^^^^^^^ ^^ bafK^^V,/^^' ^^«1^« «f <^"etic ' fciblespoon up against the side nf fi?f ^^^ ?^ .*^*^ ^"wl of a silver whole in tunis,'so that every portion ZfJ ''^"^'' ^^*«^"»g "P «^e whitish color. As soon lu ti,? " Z"*^-^ acquire an opalized or sfette, which consS 'Uini,t"^^^;o^^^^ £^^» ^^.^^^^d ip to this ready prepared mould- and wrpn^fi,^ it immediately into the ttie centre, you niay tuVifthel^^e basfcef ?'"?" ^T^^'^^^ ««* fi^™ in object may be, out of its mould kndfi.r"^?'''^'.,^^ whatover the closet to dry, at a ven/ m?de "ate hp4 1.1* '^ *'i^ ^^^'^en or hot pamtod in colors to imitate uatlfre Afterwards they may be EvERTON Taffy —To m^ v^ +^"- i. ^jvlce 11 pounds of moilt s^ar" l^ou^ciro? f"?. wholesome candy, half the riLd y ti e eVoTtowi^^^ '^'% '-''^^'^ ^"^e. be known b^ d-;iL^!'"?-^*««?*'^e^; and, when done. -^ a...^.^.„,„ ,„^^^ ^.^J.^ water. wTmn i* „i. ' """ '"'« "''^'o'-. ■"'lien it should be qilid h *^' :| nS GEOCERS AND CONFjfiCTlONERS' RECEIPTS. fhttul^l'oUh'lelnir^^^ ^^^-J.. and then stir in of an inch in thSeHs^ THa fi^^^^^^ about a quarter stirred all the time ^^^ ^'^ ""^"^ '^^ ^^^^J^' ^^»id the fc.ffy InSplntoarwroftatr^T^ ""''' ?"^^ «"^^^^'' <^^P «-«h kettfe. BoiJ it do^ and' S^S- n?,J-,^"^15- '''f^ y«"" preservhig candymg state vn?en.ufflpt?iA."^^^^^ «^^a^' a"^ i" a cent bottle of extract of VnWuu .}J u' ^^^ }^ ^^^^ ^ twenty-five flavor you desire fSjeSy''' ^^^^b^^'^' l^mon, or any 'other JSS:^iyT.Zn^^^^;ss^,^iZ- id^^Vib^C'-'b ^'^- ^">^ drops essence of nennprmint rt^^ a '■ . "^- '^^^^ honey and 4 sugar and water in a suitable W^f f lo ^V. tv^T « f double ;he sugar s the pan , remove le fire for , and let fops in 2 5z., thick amove it >f 4 or 5 erve the LEATHER WORKERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 119 BINDERS, &c. ^^^^^^^^ WORKERS, BOOK- llf^dB l\-'™'t;S.o1rd™! Jj>--Aleoho., I pint , ^ insoluble aniltoe vM™rn^1t^r»r'"^»l™ a little of the so «fll Fofa^Sll"™"'-'"* "' PotS '• ^°^- *"=''n>mate of potash? remove from'tn;ISai„''tt'Jtir'"'=^"; 'h*^^^^^^ For tanners' surface blacWni „m l"'*' ""'' " » ready for use '' * -A^mmmmmtiAtmu^,.,,,. 120 LEATHER WORKEBS*, AC, RECEIPTS. oil, 1 giU; and color it if you wish with lampblack, 2 oz. This will not crack like the old vaniish. * « wm Harnesh oil.— Neat's-footoil, 1 gal. ; lampblack, 4 oz. Mix well BmLLiANT Fbench Vabnish for Leather.— Spirit of wme, f nmt • vmegar, 5 pints; gum Senegal in powder, ^ lb.; loaf sugar, 6 oz \ powdered galls, 2 oz. ; green copperas, 4 oz Dissolve thf glim anci sugar in the water; strain, and put on a slow fire, but don't lioil: now put in the galls, copperas, and the alcohol; stir well for five minutes- set ofe; and when nearly cool, strain through flannel, and bottle for use. It 18 applied with a pencil brush. Most superior Liquid Japan for LEATHER.-Molas8es, 8 lbs. ; lampblack, 1 lb. ; sweet oil, 1 lb ; gum arable, 1 lb. ; isinglass, 1 lb. Mix well in 32 lbs water; apply heat; whc i cool, add 1 quart alcohol; an ox's gall will improve it. -^ , o ^a^i. mu. Waterproof Oil-Blacking. Camphene, 1 pint; add all the India-rubber it will dissolve; curriers' oil, 1 puit; tallow, 7 lbs • lampblack, 2 oz. Mix thoroughly by heat. . -*^"w, < ids. , SIIOEMAKF.RS' Heel BALLS.-Bceswax, 8 oz.; tallow, 1 oz.; melt • and add pr)wdered gum arable, 1 oz., and lampblack to Jolor. Best Heel Ball.— Melt together beeswax, 2 lbs. ; suet, 3 ozs. ; stir in ivory black, 4 ozs., lampblack, 3 oz., powdered gum arable, 2 oz. powdered rock candy, 2 oz., mix and when partly cold pour into tin or leaden moulds. r ./ r -" wu Channellers and Shoemakers' Cement.— India-rubber dis- solved to a proper consistence in sulphuric ether. • Cement for Leather or Rubber Soles and Leather Belting r- Gutta percha 1 lb.; India-rubber, 4 oz.; pitch, 2 oz.; shellac, 1 oz.; oil, 2 oz. ; melt, and use hot. ' German BLACKiNG.-Ivory-black, 1 part; molasses, i part; sweet on, i part ; mix, as before ; then stir in- a mixture of hydrochloric acid 5 l^art; O" of vitriol, J part; each separately diluted with twice its weight of water before mixing them. This forms the ordmarv paste blacking of Germany, according to Liebig. nii^'i^^'^^'^f ^'^^^''^iTVu Ivory-black, 4 lbs.; molasses, 2 lbs. ; sweet oil, 1 lb. ; oil of vitrol 3 lbs. ; mrx and put in tins. H,S*^^o^ YARNiSH.-Turmeric, 1 dram ; gamboge, 1 dram ; turpen- bne, 2 pints ; shellac, 5 oz. ; sandarach, 5 oz. ; dragon's blood 8 drams ;thin mastic varnish, 8 oz. ; digest with occasional agitation for fourteen days ; then set aside to fine ; and pour off the clear. Grain Black for Harness Leather.— First stam in tallow • then take spirits turpentine, 1 pint ; cream of tai-tar, 1 oz. ; soda 1 oz.' gum sheUac, | oz. ; thick paste, reduced thm, 2 quarts. Mix well.' This will finish 12 sides. Beautiful Stains for Boots, Shoes and Leather Goods.— feolt water 1 pt.; oxalic acid, 2 tablespoonfuls or more; if required stronger, dissolve, and for a red color, add finely pulverized rose-pink vermihon or drop lake. Blue, add finely pulverized Prussian blue' or mdiga Yellow, king's yellow, yellow ochre, &c. White, flake white Gi-een, blue and yellow m^xed. Omnge, red and yellow mixed. Purjile, red and bine mixed. Pulverize the ingredients well belore mixing Avith the water and acid. Any other shade desired can be selected from the " Command colors" in tli« novt dpnm-tn.ni.f Bridle Stain.— Skimmed milk, 1 pt. ; spirits of salts, foz. ; spts This will Mix well, wine, I pint; igar, 6 oz.: le ^m and 'tboil; now ve minutes; d bottle for black, 1 lb. ; 311 in 32 Iba. :'8 gall will idd all the ow, 7 lbs.; 1 oz. ; melt, lor. 3 OZ8. ; stir rabic, 2 oz., )ur into tin •ubber dis- BSLTING.r- )llac, 1 oz. ; part; sweet Jiloric acid, h twice its • inary paste lbs.; sweet n ; turpen- 's blood, 8 il agitation 3 clear, in tallow ; soda 1 oz. ; Mix well. 1 Goods. — if required I rose-pink, issian blue, Hute, flake ind yellow dients well do desired 7^ '••• toz, ; Sptrt. ■ LEATHER WOBKEBS', &C., BECBIPT8. 121 In lesB red lavender. ^ flannel. II wished paler, put wh^\S,TtM?Sir„t''o?ffiP£? '^1'" *» T ™tber goods ed Java mbb™? Z Pa'^'mbfef^f ftf ''•-^.''"^*<'S*"'«">«»- goo,i purifie'dT™ ?ute .^Xffht be subBtLtlfPh P'" *? '***« *"» cloti, wMchVeighV/o ir^1fei%eS;™vff"^°''^ Best Pure Spring, or WAsnERs-Grind together Para gum, 30 122 I LEATHER W0RKER8^ &0., RECEIPTS. lbs ; Porcelain or 6ori waflK »»««^. 2 lbs.; common chalk 8 ^^V^aJ^^;; Porcelain crrC^ntSciTv^^^^^^^ ^ "^«-' ^^ide of Hypo" Cloth for WATirm.T»S!^-^'/5^^^-5 P" re sulphur, 32 oz fS^""?' ^Ibs.; lann,blao^^lh«^*:,^'*^™•~<^ri«d to^^^^^ sulphuret 01 lead, 6 lbs Th/ AP^' ' ^•^' "^^^^^^ or whithiff li iS garments. ' ^^'^^^ This composition is applied t<;"iatJyroe;f rlS^f '^r^^^ P--«« patent. iiitiber from 3 to 10 iier cent .,f .;..? i """* *" incorporatini' witli til JSX"*?;"""! l-y «« de^eo o tola acitlT'"'' "'• ««' l»«eTSlS Binf?p4;erand%^''?^^^^^^^ WAsm-The waste is cut into maTeri.?/ k'^^^'^^' ««»^"^'^I 3^r "^^t"' of ''^"/ ?^" .^^^''-^l''^' ^heii soak inateml becomes sort and nlaiiiP fh^ of sulphuric acid until to =ss;r •"''*■•" s-js-ss'si skin, take a'bucke^''S''SefSd^''7-?^ ^«« Glov^s.-Foi- e-iol, skui or skins liem fnL-if^Vl^^ i'"* ^^ into 1 qt of iLo . L^ Vi " mmmmsM ' "•'■ '~ ^-"^^^ueni, and spread on ^yith a LEATHER WORKERS*, &C., RECEIPTS. 123 I chalk, 8 oxide of ', 32 oz. «er clean , 11 lbs.; aterproof 3 patent- with the iouM me- p articles ) desired lized in ud from 1 hinges i/cd are is shut, hwit is ined by iolidity, articles iwg this d great ti char- tnpera- emove found t into closed lite al- iirsto lough d into f the soak 1 the idry dded Uers, soots each ; the lair, now take lese in It tha brush i pint of curriers' oil. and hang in tiie sun about 2 davs • nftei. SlV«rf^.T"r"^S"* 'K''^ wit\soap.sZ, a?idhLg JSt'aS^ ?mVifPnSf^'*y^'**^^°.i'"" and work them until tlieyare soft • and if a reasonable time doestiot make them soft, scour out in suds again as before, until complete. The oil may be sieved by Zirine or 'rl^"!^i* from the top o! the suds, if left standing as ortSle The bufE color is given by spreading yellow ochre fvenlv over The xXma wf^i" aIT ^"I't'^ ^"^^^« i* ^«" with! brush *^' 1 ANNiNQ WITH AciD.— Alter hav ng removed the hair Hconriro. soakmg and pounding in the suds, ftcfas in the last redSe in n £ S tio?."^^!^*? ^.i*"«lu^i»"\' a»d «^ilt as there meiSfoneWk^^^ wp?f 1 1'« ^^' '" -^f a^J^A^^I ^a*^*"' ^H»«l parts of each, ani thoroughlv n^n^^^''''ilff^^^^ '^'' r^V*' ^y "^^ans of a sponge or Sot J upon a stick ; then folding up the skin, letting it sfcmd for 20 minutes only, haying ready a solution of sal-soda and wate?, Sy 1 Tb to ^^ bucket of water, and soak the skin or skins in that fS two hours when you will wash in clean water, and apply a little drv salt K n^i lesh wftlf a bW IMA oT ^51 l-^h^of tfmettl^^^^ reive «f nesn witn a blunt knife, or, if doing business on a lai --e scaln hv means of the regular beam and flesh-We ; when dr^of ne^rlv so^ o? nWn^iLn"'"^' and rubbing with the hands, and also wKK of pumice-stone. This of. course -is the qu ckest way of tanidnff at2yr?ri;v^^^^^^^ *^^^^«^^'-^ soaijnroSrfd ^^fj^'^'^^^'\^^^^l^'^^^it'^^rid vitriol j'stir the skin in the iAJd ^ the Sove ^'^'"^ '* "^^""^ ' ^^'^'' ^^y' ^""^ ^«^1^ i* as direS i^ f>,?t^^'^^-^^ PROCE8s.-The Canadians make four liquors in usinc the japomca. The first liquor is made by dissolving, for 20 sides of upper, 15 lbs of terra japonlca m sufficient water to fover the uppeJ BoSL^d1ih«^nf 'T"?" "^"«r ^^"tains the same amoCti?^a! ponica, and 8 lbs. of saltpetre also. The thikd contains 20 lbs of la- ponico and ^ lbs. of alum. The fourth liquor contauis oi ly 15 iS dnv^«''LTS i"^ ^^^}'- «f «»lP^^^^ric acid ; and the leathe? remains 4 are^ both dm,&' Th' "^'P'" \^^^ *?? ^"''^ ^^^ quantities and «me are both doubled. They count 50 calf-skins in place of 20 sidps of upper but let them Me in each liquoronly 3 days 10 Tan Fur Skins, &c.— To remove the legs and useless imi-ts soak the skm soft, and then remoye the lleshylubs^SeTlncfS and nSX'rtu ?°^''i 1^"^ *^^'i^^«^ each skin, boral s^e^re, ^nfflSSfolf^*^' ^Z.®'''?^' ^ oz., and dissolve or wet with soft water sufficient to allow it to be spread on tlie fiesh-side of the skin Put itonwithabrushthickeHt m the centre or thickest part of the sldii and double the skin together, flesh side in ; keeping ft in a cool nlace for 24 hou^s, not allowing it to freeze. Then walh the skhi cW and take sal-soda 1 oz. ; borax ^ oz, ; refined soap 2 oz • me t them slowly together, being careful not to allow them to boil and anSl^ tlie mixture to the flesh side at first. Boil up again and keep n a warm place for 24 hours ; then wash the skm clef n TiJ^ahV. TLnJ """ "'ive saieratus 2 oz., dissolved in hot rain water siifflcTent to" well mturate the skm; take alum 4 oz. ; salt 8 oz. ; and dissolYO aL in hot 199%'"' ■■^'"^mfmig 124 LEATHER WORKERS', 40., RECEIPTS. ; I ^^^^nl^^tVl'^t^lrf^.^-^o^tU handling „, it with pomoa, common salt, 2 Ib^alaml^h"''™.'.^''^ »"»•«( t "rra iS ma, sufficient water to &lve t^'eV?; /" ■•1''™ *" a copper kettS . »A^lTf.Ca^»J w^ gftenlnXS? £^^^^^^ keeping these proportioiis iL anv|,T^?," ? each time, by • (lark CO or to t&e leather vou wSin. ""*i ,J^ -^o" desire to give a a^'ShrsSrtonie^ldtS^*^^^^^^^^^ !i«ke it soft lil,e hSnes^ leathef mrtZ/" fl *"?"■ ^'''^'d' S to 11 the Sim again; tlien mb out S;Vh?i-t'°°' "" "■' ". fasten tun pulverized borax, 1 oz ■ sulnhnrif o«-!i o^^®^* ^^a»» old soap i nt >een salted, addkalt iptfcnS/ ?"'-,. ^^ *^^^ skinrhavlSot than 8 to 10 hours. ' D?y onS sL/ilTcn ^ w ?, ^^* ^^ soaked more phuric acid hastens the soakiL nrll ^""^^^^^ very soft. The sul! S"*'' *? setathicJ. S ; m Cn„ ' ^wln*"'"' ''"^^ > ae.rM little S"*'"™' PS'" '"*'« Mlo V "v^thT aS r™ ■'■ ™'' '■> «><> attle soft soap, and use it in flie ™^.,i„ ' " *'" " second time i leather will be'soft anr,iiable 'uklf^^a^;,^^^^^^^^ and yo»? LEATHER WORKERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 1^5 French Patknt LEATHKR.-Work into tho skin with appropriate chalK'?d'Sel.\'nn-\ Jt:«^y W^e.k i« then suULted for th| « ,t ^1^^*- ,®' 1^ varnish thinned with spirits of turpentine and five additional app ications made in the same manner as Sre LSS that It IS put on tW and not worked in. The Ser fs ruXd Sj .'^.f.FTi' ""'^^T'/' r^:?,^^' ''""^ th«" Pl'^ced n a room ^i^j^deSZ process and then stirring in 5 lbs' °o^a VaSh and 10 lbs oft™ tme. It must have 1 month's age before using it ^ CHEAP Tanning without Bark or Mineral Astringents — ThA aatrmgent liquor is composed of water, 17 gals ; Xpn^Ss Tlb^ . Bengal cutecfiu, 14 oz. and 5 lbs. of tormentil, or septf(5^??oot Powdet: the ingredients, and boil in the water 1 hour ; XTcool put iiTfhM skins (which must be prepared by bemg plunged iito a 5^?epStio^^^^ ?Kst 3''d1f.'r/t'.h"^'"^r^H^^^^ ' Sa^ndle-thein f'reqStt^^^^^^ foL times^Zni dnv ""i^/T *h^,."e^ 3 days, then handle three of i^Vryo'ceTwrn^ect^^^^^^ "^'"*"^^^^ '^^ '' ^-^^ »--^ q Jf T '^^^N^^G Composition.— >or harness leather, 4 lbs catechu fhf ^oToT^"". ^^7' ^ ^^- °^ ''^l^^^- ^^>' ^««^ ?ea«;^er (split leSer) 3 lbs. catechu, 3 pts. common ley, 3oz. alum. For calf-siinlirhf catechu 1 pt ley. For sheep-skiks, 1 lb. catechuf 1 pt ley 1 0/ flmn" S? «Tf>!'^-i ^L'*'f * ^l^ ^^^^ *b« leather hard and brittle ife w 1 soften It; the alum being only used for coloring, can be dispensed with, or other matter used in its place The niTvtnr^ fu ,•« ^ case boiled and the leather i^tMrnmers^d iS^J^yon'^^'eiSu^^^^^ be Sed^¥r^m ?rf^'9^^^^ ^""^^T '^'^ harness leather &M oti-rc fP l?^Jf ^ ^^ d^y^^' ^»x leather from 12 to 14 davs c^U FrVvpS Pn^f ^^y^' ^"^ «heep-skins from 2 to 4 da^s ^ ' ^'" IRENCH Polish or Dressing for Leather— Mix 2 nt«« hpa+ vinegar with 1 pt. soft water; stir into it i lb glue broken up \m logwood-chips, I oz. of finely 'powdered indigo.Toz oTthe beit «nf; soap, i oz. of isinglass ; put the mixture ovef tlfe fire aifd let it boH S .;nf T ^^^%^^^^ not been salted add a little salt and soak it n the same quantity of wood ashes. Soak until tie hal? or wS)l' wul di and Wn^VliS ^.* *?q"«n«y happens it is desirable to cure X v-?'Al^^^P. *^". Si^! ^L^t^' the following paste should be made ...i. , rtv-, wi. ximc Mild iiara wood aslies (lime should be slakpH^ ^nd made into a paste with soft water. This should be rreadm.thi flesh side of the hide and the skin rolled up flesh side in^mid placed 126 LEATHER WORKERS', AC, RECEIPTS. skiBT L tor' ;;;? ^'■"- . ^^^^- ^^^^^ ^nish tSe'sldes: .roil } i^~*^^,*^^® S^'^^" *o imitate oak tan Take of yellow, I lb. ; _yellow ochre, ^ lb. ; cream of tartar loz soda, ^ chrome soda, 1 turpentme, 1 jjt. ; mix well. This oz; paste 2 qts; ; spirits will finish twelve sides. Dyes for Morocco and Sheep Leathpr ~( nu,^ \ n^ ■ they will be verv blue —( Jioti \ M^i„ ^ i. twice, ary them, and laying them 2 hours in ^U ' fc^ wi-.^-^^"'!^ y^ti(ihmg the skin and smearing the sk n with sap-green and alum boUed TISnfc SrZ ^^ ««.».-Kmg'B yeUdw, yellow ocWr&i/ iS-Fiakrwh£ 4 LEATHER WORKEBS^ AC, RECEIPTS. 127 term'df de^r,VSdo "^t ^^^^^^ ^''-^''n.-Umber, burnt do • makes brown. 'S-BlnS' ''^^^^ ^^*^ yellow or rS also yellow mixed. PnZe ~Red\n/f ^^"^ °?*^«^- ^^•«n7e.-Red ^d must have two cups one fnr ?hf "*, ^^"^. '"^^«d- For e/ch color ^u it with ox-pll, wTcCu rb^usTXll^^^^^ the other to S^ If too mucH gall is used, the coIom win Ir^L}'' ""^'^^ ^* discretion, place on the surface of the tooS X^movli ^^.^^^ «»«y keep thei^ fit for use. All things in rSnTs*. /?? ^'^i ^^*^ * ^"^1. they are spnnkled on the surface of^he^l^^SeSfh^'^^'^ ?'« successfvel™ and are waved or drawn Lhont^^h F "^,f^® *'^^"&h with a brush taste. When the design is iustfo^\,t Jtt ^', ^ «*^«k' according to cuttmg boarOs of the ^ml Ifv^ f^^i ?,' *^^® ^"^^^ ^^ed tightly between surface of the liqiSd^Xm ^nJ^K^^^^^T^'d with its e^e on the covers may oe marblellnlS^n "^ ^^^"^ withdrawn and drfed The run over tLm Tmtuit^Z 7lf/ ^-5^^ ^'"^"^' "^« liqS'colorl applied to the colors ii thelfouX Thp'i'?^' ^* *^^ P^P«^ ^s gentiy may be as thin as possible andff '«« ^^"^ ®* ^^^^"^ ^^ the trough may be taken off ^bTi^yW 'piS^r^'oT'S^/^ *^« marbSg^U parts^; gum mastic, 2 t)rrtf.Iru?se^^^ ^"^ ^^^^om, 3 oil of lavender, A nart Or J? J and digest m alcohol, 48 narte • alcohol (95 per cent), 28 parts ^^'P^^tuie, of each, 1 part; witli parts? alZy^aTy^^'lTrf'^ UsE-Brazilwood (ground) 4 reduced to 7 Wr£!thVn"X^ quS^; o7 w' ' ^^''^' ^oil until tie for use. -B;?/e —Stmn^ aXi,-^ ®* ^®af sugar and gum • hot-* powdered, 2 ozf^ mix intSfttletfer^ SpanisfTiid^o^ • a warm bath U) promote solution Sl ""^^ 5-?"^^' ^^^ P^ace it in required <»lor m a tea-cup.^fc^A^^ ^^"^^ <» the than that made by the receipt Ced^^^'il^'" ^^^""^ ^^ ^e procured see. Orange co^oV. ~Ground£zU wood i'^^^^ '" *^'« ™J^' ^'''"'^^ aluni, sugar, and gum arable each 1 1S- ' ^^F^'^^A annatto, 4 parts, and bottle. Pw^e.-LolwooTcW^^ 4 ^Sf ^'' ^?,P'^"?' ^^^^^' ^^^aS oft water, 24 parts; boil miXSuced t.?i«';i^^^ ^1"^^' 1 Part Gfr-een.— French berries 1 mi ■ 2!!-+ . 1^ parts, and bottle for use little powdered alumTtheJiS'c^XT^^^^^ ?«"' and add a addmg liquid blue Brmim W tje required shade of green bv boil i wV 6 partslTtoo~lteSH^ annatto, 1 p'art^ of a pea. ^ •*' ^''^ ^^^t add a piece of copperas the size beidS|th?br^^^^ ot trees maybe done by the common marble havinVth?pll ^^^' "^^^^ ^^e same method as of a candle may be mffi^n ^1^1^^"^'^"^^ The end • knote. mce-MarbleJ-Colovthe cof er tVf "*"• ^^ ^^f ^^^^^ to form meric, then place on rice L a rSnfJr-^, ^P'""'!? «^ ^^^e and tur- Bprmkle of copperas wZ^tm tSi^^L^l^^^^^,' t^^ow on a verv fine mam till dry." 'The covpr mPv"i;o""'''^^f i^^^^^^ '^^ack, and let 'it re- 128 LEATHEK WORKERS', AC, RECEIPTS. Spotted Marble jor Books, etc-JiUar the fore-edge of the book is cut let It remsiin in tlie press, and throw on linseedH fn a regular nuniier S^i'i'i^* H ^"^^ V'"\ry ^^^'•'^ ««^*''' "" <^he paper is covered then shake off the seeds. Various colors may be used; the edge raav be colored with yellow or red before throwing on the seeds, and m,rfnk! Img with blue The seeds will make a fine fancy edge when placed very thick on different parts, with a few slightly thrown on the spaces between. Japan C\lorlng for Leather Book-Lers, e"c. - A?te? the w^?h nliSr'T^. ^"^- "^"^ '^^:?' *^^« ««^«' ^"^ potAsh-water mixed with a 1 ttle paste: give 5 good coats of Brazil wash, and glaze if put the book between the hands, allowing t boards to sfepe a 1 ttle dash on copperas-water, tlien with a sponge full of red liquid press out on the back and on diuorent parts large drops, whiTwiirrun down each board and make a fine s^ded red; when the covers drv wash It over 2 or 3 times with Brazil wash to give it a brighter color. {See the varioiiH dyes for lenther.) "nfenier Gold Sprinkle fob BooKs.-Put in a marble mortar i oz. pure honey and one book of gold leaf, rub them well together imtil they are very fine, add \ pint clear water, and mix well together Xii the water clears, pour It off, and put in more till the honeTS'extracted and nothing remains but the gold; mix one grain 6f corroTive subi limate m a teaspo6nlul of spirits of 'wine, and when d ssolved putlhe same, together Avith a little gum water, to the gold, and bottle tbr use The edges ot the book may be sprink'led or colored verrdark wftli green, blue, or purple, and lastly with the gold liqmd iirsmalT or Targe spots, very regular, shaking the bottle lef ore using Burnish the edges when dry and cover them with paper to prevent the dust jn extra wor^- ' ^^"^'^^^ """^ ^^^^ ^ ™^^* ^'^^^*"^^^ appearamS \ '^^^ ^^^ THE Edges of Books.— Armenian bole, 4 parts; sugar can- ^J'vJit'*' ^^'^^ "^^ ^^ *S ""^- ^PPly *^»« composition to he edge of the leaves, previously firmly screwed in the cutting-press; whfn nearly dry, smooth the surface with the burnisher; tWu take a • damp sponge and pass over it, and with a piece of cotton ^ool, take the leaf from the cushion and apply it to the work; when quite dry t^^ik&Tl^Ti^t^'"''''''''''''' '' ^^^^'^^ -• ^"^- paper between n^H^i^^^fi ^^?^, ^"^^ BooKa.-Color the edge with light liquid blue and dry; then take a sponge charged with vermilion and da§on spots SS Wue ^"''^' ""^""^ *^''''^ '''' """' ""'^^ ^"*"^ *^^ ^^^^ with dS f^J?^iff.. "^-^"^A^ ^""^^ Pabchment.-To produce this transforma- tion take unsized paper and plunge it into a solution of two parts of concentrated sulphuric acid combined wit.) 1 part water; withdraw it immediately, and wash it in clean water, and the chan^ris com^ ?id% tll7 ^' *r ""'^^ *^^- '^'' ^«^d supplies the wai't of S and It becomes jo strong that a strip 2 or 3 inches wide will bear S^y Xut?5 Ibs."""'^ *' ''^"^' ^ "^" "'"^P ^* parchment will blar To Manufactube GLUB.-This article is usually made from the parings and waste pieces of hides and skins, the refuse of tanneries the tendons and other offal of slauirhter hoUe« T}{..r L^'^^.l^^^X obtamedand kept in the dry state/ to prevent'decomiosition ^V^ LEATHER WORKERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 129 1180, they are hi-Ht Bteepod for 14 or 16 days in milk of lime, and then draniodand dried ; tliig constitutes the cleaninj? or the piVnamtion Before conversion mto glue tliey are usually steeped in weak nd^k S h me, well worked m water, and expcsecT to tie air for 24 1 lourl They are then placed in a copper boiler ^ filled with water mid fur^ niBhed with a perforated false fottoin, to Jrevent them f Zi bfiniW ft^ iw "i'^ '' ^^^"^ ^.'-^ T ^"1 fi" *J^« ^««««1 a"d rest on the ™p S f;,.iJ^* ^^ '\-''^ applied, and gentle boiling continued until the liquor on coolmg becomes a gelatinous mass The clear porti m is then run off inU, another vessel, where it is kept hot by a wS^r ^th and all around to repose for some hours to deposit, when it is ruiUnto the congealing boxes and placed in a cool sitilatioli. The next noni^ ing the cold gelatinous mass is turned out upon boards wetted with water, and are cut horizonbilly in thin cakes with a stretched Siece!^^^ brass wire, and into smaller cakes with a moistened flat ku le. ^ These cakes are placed upon nettings Ui dry, after which they are dipped one bv one m hot water and slightly rubbed with a brush wetted with Uluig water to give them a gloss ; they are lastly stove dried for sale. During this time the undissolved skiJs, &c., left in the cin- Sndlr*'^'''^^T*^" ^"^ ^'^ ^1»'^1« operation is^epea?edagam f l;ii ^'"IV »«/'^y gelatinous matter is extracted. The first runnC «^'inH^'L?i"''*.^"^ best. glue. The refuse matter from ti^tef- SoT4 w^huflfr '''''' ^" *'^ "^"^^^' -^^- ^"^^' ^ P^' To Dye Leather YELLow.-Picric acid gives a good yellow n^Zr'^^^^f^iU'lr'' ^" T.^ ^ verf dilute s&utiorand r^i^L;^ " TOO Fahr., ^^ .^^ ^^^^ ^ penetrate the leather. Green Dye for LEATiiER.-Aniline blue modifies picric acid to a fine green In dyeing the leather, the temperature of 85° fir must never be exceeded. See AnilikeDyes in Dmr^Dep't ' fn??' ^?u ^''^?^' ^^«^' ^^» BONE.-.5M--1 Laf the articles S t^e iSt '2'1Sl^tfiT^T^"/°" ^^ »^*^^*« «* '^^^l and ex^se to tne light 2. Boil the article for some time in a strained decoction of logwood, and then steep in a solution of per-sulphate or aceS o^ iroi^ 3 Immerse frequently in ink until of 8uffidlnt%?th of ^1^^^ BJne.-l Immerse for some dilute solution of sulphate of iidhjo nartl v saturated with potasli and it will be fully stamed 2 Steep in a ■strong solution of sulpliate of copper. Green.-h Dip bluSined articles for a short time in a iiitro-liydrochlorate of tin and then hi r until the desired color is obtained. Recl-1. Dip the article fiSt in •I'tfn wnnS r? ^^ ^^r^' 'T^ *h^" plunge ^ a^hot deletion of B^^^^^ fTn «^;;i-^-.^ ^S^^^T °/, ^^*^^ or~cochineal. 2. Steep in red iitk Sin^^TSS '^'^^- J<',^riet.-yse lack dye instead^^the p"S ceamg. Fiolet.~Dip m the tin mordant, and then immerse in a derno to""* f ifir^f.- r«"*^-Boil the articles in a soSn of a lum 1 T TaL ffl Tf'v^^'' '°?™^'f tZ^^^^ ""'' 1^«^^^ "1 «^e following mikure- lake i lb. of turmeric, and | lb. pearlash; boil in 1 gal water^ when MoxSoF IeaL^^^^ V^,"^ tS aC'sohS «of; • -f . ^^^-' *»<^BK.— This delicate substance reauirea e-rpnt 180 LEATHER WORKERS^ AC, RECEIPTS. ?4*rns''si1d''rJte^^^^ rn all onmmental work, whm^ liito a tl iT Lf„1?^""'i'r" **"Hty I>u'verize(f rotten Htone aud make be nSr ilt h fiZ^v '""r a»y "cratches or flie marks that may u^iJr tL. I *'i*'*^ pulverized pumice-stouo, inoiHtened with wator.-lhen wash the ivory aud r)oli«h with preDared chalk aniS mo Ht iiimi a piece of chamois leatWr, rubbing qS.klv ' *^ o» 1 ♦K "'*^ IvoiiY —Immerso it in a solution of nitro-muriate of unld in clean r^^^^^^ '' ^ ''''''^^'"^ ^-« -'^"^ ^^""P- VVaTiul^t^rw^a^rd^ mJi^i^^'o JI" {yoBV.-Pound a small piece of nitrate of silver in a r^se wZu T^' V> it, mix them >iell together, and keep in ^al depicture a ti jure, mime, or cipher, on your ivory, dip a mmeTs-ha^ t^n^'" ^f ^ •*^'"',^"' ^"d ^"^^ the subject on th^e ivo^ry. Aft^r i Z turned a deep yellow, wash it well with water, and plat^ i? in th« wS tnvn' ^/"^r^'^^Jl^ ^""'"S ^* ^ith pure water. In a shorf ti^ne it rbiilSantlilver^^^ """^'^ ^'^'"'' ^^^^^' '^ ^«" '"^^d' ^"^ ^^ange'to To Soften Ivory.— In 3 oz. spirits of nitre and 15 oz of «nrincr sr ?t ^i?ii*7;^^^^^^^ ''''' "^ ^^^' ' ^"' ^ ^^ "^ ^'""'^ looks quite white. To polish it afterwards, set it in thXirner's wheel and after havmg worked, take rushes and pumice-Ses Tubtil^ w'^hLA'^^ r^r. '.«b it till it looks perfectly smooth Next to that, heat it by turning it against a piece of linen or sheep-sk n Ser^ and when hot, rub it over with a little dry whiting diluted iS^oil of ohve ; then with a little dry whiting alone : fiimUy w "h a p ece of S "e^^rZie. "^^'^ '" *^^^ '^ ^^^'^'^^^ ^« direc^^SelvSrwul Another WAY TO Bleach IvoRT.-Take 2 handfuls of Ume slake it by sprinklmg it with water : then add 3 pts. of water and stir thp whole together ; let it settle ten minutes, aid ^uMhe water iLt^^'f affo^rTfo3 af JtT- ^^^,T.^^«^y aiKLep ItTfthe Ume" Tnd drjTt^ the ai'r '*"' ""^''^^ ^'^ it ma strong alum-water 1 hour, Horn in Imitation of Tortoise-Shell.— First steam and thon press the horn into proper shapes, and afterwards lav tZ f "llow n^ S"'T?u7i*^ ^i'""^^ ^T^^.''' i"^^^*i"" «f ti^e mottle of toSe? shell , Take equal parts of quick lime and litharge and mix with strong soap-lees ; et this remam until it is thoroughly dry Kh off and repeat two or three times if necfissflrv S"oh .^".X o7„L. -^?„..*i'**; I LEATHER WORKERS', AC., RECEIPTS. ISI ^nd Vi Hto."^*"^ ^"''"''' '^^"^^ ^ '«^««^^ ^i'h a mixture of whiting To OUT AND POLISH MAUBLE.— -The mjirhlfi aaw la a fV,J., i * « «oft iron contimmlly Hupplied, during ir^wi.rnmlv,, ' U''*^^^^^ b?h^'d ffiofZi in' ^^^'"«/^' moderat^epiecenikpir omed in^il "n,; «iilu..K »*^® "^'''""^'1 '"'^"^ ecouoinioallv done by a pn)Der h u^ ^^^ »ub8tance used in the polishinir pnicesg is the Hhap.E«f «ind, which nu.8t be worked with till the mS^comeH S^tfv tiat Then a second and even a third sand, of hicrS rSu^eneHs 1^ to l>e ap,,hed. The next substance is emery. oM)roX?sivrS;«« of h.ienoHs ; after which, tripoli is employ7^ TaiTtKLt wZhlS PowEitFUL Cement for Broken MARBLE.-Take irum amliJ*. i Vl^ s1?JS'^.Sn'i' r^ "^r^^"^ ^^^ *« '' ix)wdered UtSof iSris gamboge m spirits of wine. Gold Color ; saCZonirc sulohS ni zmc. and verdigris equal parts. Orem sap greZ ,, soir^^^^ Perpetual Ink FOR ToMSTONEs, ETc.-Pitch lllbs • lamnhi«,.ir 1 lb. ; turpentiiie sufficient ; mix with lieat. ' ' I'^mpblack, To Clean Old MARBLE.-Take a bullock> gall, 1 gill soap lees, r.a.i|Ts^E.S«a'S icijuiitJU the marble ""^rESttAc? oT U* '^^^^^^'^ applicat^n. JSo^r^d rs'^/'tr %^:trfd"S" Ti?tV r -r- ^ma pui iut„ it 2J drs. 01 camphor i ■ siSto oFwiiVirdr'whS'S 132 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. CMinphor ia dissolved, add to it the following mixture : Avater drs • HJiKpetre, 38 grs, ; sal-ainnioniac, .'58 grs. Dissolve these salts in the water pnor to mixing with the camphorated spirit ; then shake all well together, cork the hottle well, wax the top, but afterwards xiake a very small apertiire in the cork with a red-hot needle. By ob-,erv- mg the different appearances which the materials assume as the wejither char.ges, it becomes an excellent prognosticator of a cora- nig stonn or of a sunny sky. Tkappers' and Anglers' Secret for Game and Fish.— A few drops of oil of anise, or oil rhodium, on any trapper's bait, will en- tice any wild animal into the snare trap. India cockle mixed with flour dough, and sprinkled on the surface of still water, will inttix- icate fish, rendering them insensible ; when coming up to the surface they can be lifted in a tub of fresh water to revive tliem when they may be used without fear. Fish may also be caught in large numbei^ during the winter season by watcliing them through the ice and strikin" it with a mallet directly over where they happen to be. The shock fc ins them, and they will rise, belly upwards towards the surface when they are easily secured by breaking a hole m the ice. PAINTERS, CABINETMAKERS, GILDERS, BRONZERS, GLASS STAINERS, &c. Compound Colors— 62 Tints— 7?/^/6._Grind Prussian blue m turps, other blue, very fine in linseed oil; mix with white paint to the color required. Straw.— A mixture of chrome yellow and white lead, oil and turps. Steel— Mix ceruse, Prussian blue, fine lac, and vermilion, with oil and turps. Purple.— White lead, Prussian blue and vennihon, Avith oil and turps. French (??•«?/.— White lead and Prussian blue tinged Avith vermilion, and for the last coat substitute carmine or lake for vermilion. Drab.— White lead with a little 1 rus>iiaii blue and French yellow, linseed oil and turps. Another •1 IT ^^^,1*^''^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ Prussian blue and lampblack, linseed oil and turps. Dark Red, for common purposes.— Mix English Venetian red, m boiled oil, with a little red lead and litharge, to give a drying quality. Lic/hter Red.— Mix together equal parts of Venetian red' and red lead in boiled oil and turps. Imitation of Vermilion.— Grind togeth- ®^' "V""; ^f^ ^®'^^ '"id ''ose pink. Deep Red.— Mix in oil, vermilion with a d ust of Venetian red, or red lead. Unfading Orange— This is a mix- ture of orange lead (orpiment) and French or stone yelloAv, oil and turps. Bnuht Yelloio, for floors.— White lead and linseed oil, mixed with some French yellow, and a little chrome yelloAV to heighten it some red lead, burnt white vitriol and litharge, added to give it a dry- ing quality. This color mixed with *qual parts of boiled oil and turpentine, and used very thin. Dark Yelloic.—Mix French yellow in boiled oil, adding to it a little red lead or litharge to give the mint a ..!_)!, .J, .'^ ,'•',' -^'■9"'^ j.vituLu. — iiiiK io a mixture oi Irench yellow and white lejid, with oil and turpentine, ^no^/ier.— French yellow, lEIPTS. water drs. ; se salts in the then shake all erwards I'lake e. By ob.-^orv- assurne as the tor of a corn- FiSH.— A few bait, will en- le mixed with er, will inttix- to the surface m, when they large numbers ee and striking B. The shock 8 the surface; ice. LDERS, &c. sian blue in te paint to the id white lead, fine lac, and Prussian blue hite lead and )at substitute with a little rps. Another black, linseed ;lish Venetian give a drying etian red and Grind togeth- ermilion with This is a mix- )llow, oil and ed oil, mixed I heighten it, give it a dry- iled oil and nch yellow in e the paint a leuch yellow euch yellow, CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 133 White lead and red lead. Another.~T\x\^ is a mixture of Prussian blue Ji^S^} ^r"*"'^' .^?•"^" 1'^'*^*^" «* ^^'^^-key umber, and a litttle buS V trio . Ground the same way. Another, in oiY.-Mix Pr.issian b ue and chrome yellow. Ground the same. Another 67iarfe— A mixture t.\TT^ bne and French yellow, with a small q^ttity of w^^^^^ ^wT'^/T^'w?'.''"'^?''.^^^.^^^"^* ^itri"l. ground^ the same. ' S,? other li(,ht-Wint^ mixed with verdigris. A variety of shades may be obtained by using blue and yellow with white"^lead AnoS Otee.-Black and blue mixed with yellow, in such quantities as to obtom the colors or shades required. -"For distemper, uTiiiSo and 'lZTi^^^;^7^;:!S^J^.:^ lead Vwder. fZ^^^ French yellow, in boiled oi\, tiien mixToThe tS^^ outside work, such as doors, carts, wagoAs, railings, &c. LiSit Gm?/ IS made by mixing white lead with lam'pblack,"u8ing more or less ol each material, as you wish to obtain a lighter or a darlcer shade Bu:(t IS made from yellow ochre and white lead. MYt'e/ or Si gra?/.-Mix white lead, Prussian blue, and a very slight portion of b ack, regulatmg the quantities you wish to obtain^ haxfnGmyt obtained by a mixture of white lead and Prussian blue, with a small E wfii?J ^^^nnl. fj^'^ ^f'''-^^^}^^ ««^^re and red Tead, wi h a litt e white. Oak Wood Golor.-% white lead and i part umber and yellow ochre, proportions of the last two ingredients being determined by tl.e desired tints. Walnut-tree Color.-^ white 3 and ^rS ochre, yellow ochre, and umber, mixed accoi-ding tc^tSade sought If veimng IS required, use different shades of the same mixture Id f?.'d Tinf ?T* ^^^'^'f ^^'''^' JonquiL-Yellow, pinlc, and we lead. This color IS only proper for distemper, iemon Yellow- Realgar and orpiment. The same color can be obtained by Sinjr yellow pink with Njiples yellow; but it is then only fit for Semper Orange Co/or.-Red lead and yellow ochre. Violet Coloi^-YenSn or red lead, mixed with black or blue, and a small portion of whSe Verimlion 18 preferable to red lead ii'i mixing this ?olor? PmS-!: Dark red mixed with violet color. Ca ma W -I X and white Gold color.-Mamcot, or Naples yellow, with a small quantity of rea gar and a very little Spanish white. Olive Color may be oSned by black and a little blue, mixed with yellow. Yellow-pink ^Xa htte vei^igris and lampblack; also ochre and ^81^^11 quanritv of white will produce an olive color. For distemper, indlgi aM yellow- l?^^"?*'^ with white lead or Spanish white, must be used H Se ' cZ^u^n'r '"'ST'^''- ^^«^^ <^o/o;.-Prussian bkie and To mpUp^t f hf ^^^^''T^ed ochre and black, for a dark chestnut Sr Snr X nni^r^^ "^ ^ mixture of yellow ochre. Light timber co^or hpruce ochre, white, and a little umber. Flesh Color —Lake white lend and a little vermilion. Light Willoio (h-eem~wS mixed with verdigris. Gra,s ri/wn.-Ye low-pink niixed with vir' dgns. .^one CWor.-White, with a little spriv-e ochre % w-l/JS CWor.-Black and white, with a little Prn««inn hina iprJi>yti"l_ lLlnnbSp2'«n^"l ochre, with a little Vemiilioii."" "(7Aoco/ate Color.- Lampblack and Spanish brown. On account of the fatness of lamp- 'I, I 134 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. Um?m™J5lorn!.hr^5S ^"^. red lead. Portland Stone Colon- uniDei, yellow ochre, and white lead. Iio8e Color.— Whito IpiH unA carmine or lake. Scdnion Color.-White lead and blue yellow and w. ^^T^ CUyr.-White lead, Pru8«»ian blue, and red iZd^or -White lead, black, red, and blue. Pea G'^erI-Whitfi ?paH .i^!i m„°.h'^ boil aj. boilir'g will render T,Sm or usT ThenS&S f? n »& "'"""^/"yon think you wiU use for your first (Sirt bet! It up thick with water to a perfect pulp to get rid of liimM &f ' N^w put m a paU as much of this whiting mixture as will be Sn^LrfZ sic^nii^tttt'd sSfst^pirr>oo#r,^i?^^^^^ Sm^ne.*°LfljXrX"Kf r"*' 7'"4" '^•' ^o' »' dryeraswilldrvitWi-Wn.J,, I!f jj?'"' ."''"« »« ""«=•> Japan si»il the Tubs^^ient work °' ^'''"K "^ ""«"' «"' »" " ^'i wa^'L^St^S tor 'the"fir'/;;',^ '^^ ''r'"»8- «° "^er the wuiicuuy iaia out. " • ° x— "-"^^ia L/C OU CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 135 To prepare old walls or ceilings ; if there are any stains or cracks in the plaster, repair with size putty, 11 smaU, or use plaster of Paris and a little putty lime if the cracks are lar^e, daniplni? the places with a brush and water, then applying the plaster with a small trowel, afterwards smoothing off neatly. When all is dry and hard prepare the walls or ceilings with a coat- of paint prepared as before directed, or Avith a preparation coat in size made of whiting with an exti-a quantity of melted glue containing a small quautitv' of alum Give the walls a good coat of this, let it harden well, then ai)i)lv another ; this ought to be sufficient if good flowing coats are applied Now mix the colors to the proper tints (in oil), lav in the panels first ; then the stiles, and when dry, put on the flat or last coat (spirit color). When the work is dry for panelling, use the foUowing for mixmg the finishing colors: Turpentine, a little mastic vaniish, a httle white wax, and a Uttle pale damar. Varnish, use but little vanush else too much gloss will be produced, the only use beine to cause the color to set quickly to permit rapid work The fresco paiiiter will find contmued use for a book of designs to Illustrate the different orders of architecture, pillars, columns, scrolls, borders, &c. and should make a particular study hi the line of sketch- ing any thing and every thing calcuhited to assist him in the business House Painting.— Pnmm//, apply as thick as the pamt will spread easily, rubbing out well with the brush. Use litl^rge as a dryer. After sandpapering and dusting, putty up all the nail heads and cracks with a putty-knife. OxUstde second Coat. Mix vour pamt with raw oil, usmg it as thick as possible consistent witheasv spreading. After It is applied, cross-smooth the work until it is level rJi^r"!}. •^^®'^^'l'''^A^"iSthwise with long light sweeps of the brush. Outside third Coat. Make a little thmner than the last, rub out well S'''"'^*^^^"^.^"^ "'^^y "S^*ly ^^*h the tip of the brush! Inside second Coat. Mix your pamt as thick as you can work it Sn??"^^ ^?^'^^ «*J^ V" and turpentme, rub this out well and caretuUy with the brush, cross-smooth and finish even and nice Inmh third Coat. Mix with 3 paits turpentine and 1 part of ^Z?ll' '"'V''* y,?ll and smooth off with great care. Fourth Coat, fjattmg. Mix with turpentine alone thin enough to admit of spread- 2l^.i??r!Sv,^*- ^®*^:.u^PP^y quickly without cross-smoothing, ^nd finish lengthwise with liglit touches of the tip of the brush, losing no S.?v%^' 1'?*" "^P^^^y- ,^'"«^'^ i^/a«m.^. *^ Ground white lead "s ?l^i with turpentine almost as thin as the last-named mixture nnn.ff ff^*^^!*''''^ sett e and the oil and turi^entine rise to the top, pour It off, and repeat the mixture until what rises to the top is clear mS'w-ti 7^^ ""^.^^^^ ^/ withdrawn by this process, tiie feSs Srp TV^'-*"'^^°*"'^'/"^,*PP"^^ thickly and evenly with great ^H V.oT f '^ ""a^^ ^If ^°^^^' ^«**' and the room must be kept shut Pnt£®^ ^'""'^ draught,, as th(i color sets as fast as it is put oi. See Porcelain Finish for Parlors. Plastered Walls, ttive them a ?V/»fi/ w^"^^ ^^^''It P^^"**}"^ ^" «^^- ^^^^'""ff ^^^M/ Walls or oeijinf/s. Wash oyer the smoky or greasy walls with nitre, soda, or thm hme wliitewash, the last is the best. ' ' Useful Hints to Painters.— Pampers' Colin. Tn 9X o^u Sf qSt" ^^^^}Tl ^t ^ ^I^^^cP"^ sulphuric acid, mix well aiid Fet it stand 3 hours. A tumbler full 2 or 3 timea per day is said to be very :ll 136 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. }uriii.T tho^G von nnTnff o^^nan^^e your gn "ments every week, well alid avXleS^^^^^^ at S Sne ^'"r ' T^' '^'''^' ^^" ventilated foSeds.SkiPrSn }^'*-^ ^*''°"^ ley, hot. Sandim/ The per- 7beUoX ff w r^t«*T"f .1^^* ^"'f^^^d *« the nozzle of a pair RosR PiNK.-Bmzil wood ilb., and boil if. for tw^ !,«„.. V„„:„„ . gui. oi water at the end ; then strain it, and'boll "alumrnb.rhrtiie CABINETMAKERS, PAINTEIJS', &C., RECEIPTS. 137 water until dissolved; when siifflc.iently cool to admit the hand add muriate of tin, i oz. Now have Paris white, 12^ lb Tmo «ten up tea wIfi?"''fT.^' ^."^ ^^^^" ^^« fi^t i« «"«i. «tir them th?rou.^hl? together. Let stand twenty-four hours ""uroueiuy Patent Yellow.— Common salt, 100 lbs., and litharee 400 lbs are ground together with water, and for some time in alentThS riSi'?"ir^'^^^J^J'"P?^y *^« ^««« ^y evaporation; thf carbonate of soda IS then washed ou^ with more water, and the White residuum heated till it acquires a fine yellow color. resiauura Naples Yellow.-NoI. xMetallic antimony, 12 lbs.; red lead 8 lbs. ; oxide of zinc, 4 lbs. Mix, calcine, triturate well together and iZ^rfowdef '= '^' ^"'"^ ^"^^« ^""«* ^' ^'■^^''^ andXSed u1 Cheap Yellow Paint.— Whiting, 3 cwt. ; ochre 2 cwt • frmunA white lead 25 lbs. Factitious linsee^^ oil to grind ' ' ^ leadTc'lf^wStw'Tr?^*^-^"^ «^"^^' 2 cwt.; ground white jeao, i cwt., whitmg, 1 cwt; ground umber, 14 lbs.: lime water fi gals. Factitious linseed oil to ^ind. ' ^'^' *" tJ^.'^v^'''^^'^^ PuTTY.-Whiting, 70 lbs.; boiled oil, 20 lbs Mix- if too thm, add more whiting ; if too thick, add more oil. ' 10 Imitate Brown Freestone.— First make a prettv thick oil pamt of the same color as the stone to be imitatedf Sh mav be done m different ways, the basis is white lead or zinc wlUte, Sed with umber and mars red, or any other pigments which suit von i.i,? |n\;f, "Tif ' ^"^^hile yet sticty thro^ Smon Se "anfagki^^^^^ It tins wi 1 not affect the color and will make a rough sandv co-it mutating the surface of the stone. ^ ' ^ '^'^ German Carmine.— Cochineal, 1 lb. ; water, 7 gals • boil fnr a minutes, then add alum, 1 oz. Boil for 5 minutes more filter and se? aside the decoct on in glass or porcelain vessels for 3 ^ys then decant tti,e liquor and dry the carmine in the shade. The remauTg iSr will still deposit of an inferior qualitv. by standing "'*"'"'« "q^«' bTAiN for Floors.— To strong ley of wood-ashes add Piinnah oil It dries quick and stands well in any weather Ki,n«f -^^ Imitation of Gold.— Mix white lead, chrome yellow and burnt sienna until the proper shade is obtained ^ Beautiful White Paint.— For inside work, which ceases to tS add 1 'nf 'n?^TS-'* ''^^l'' clear fire, strain it, and bottle it for use; men add 1 pt. of this mixture to 4 ptb. bleached linseed oil shako 17" .yell together, grind white lead in spirits of SiA fn^ iJV *fS? 1^*^^ '".®^^"?* «* *^^ ^«^d ^ «'^ke it propw for paS S?i\oL • *^'^^' "' "f'""^' *^"" ^'^^' turpentine, it bein| suitable for the best niternal work on account of its superiority and'expense. usS::.d"d^orth]S^rjpi;^t^ni^^^^^^^ '' *^^^ ^^^* - '' "--^ ^'' - To Mix Common White Paint.— Mix or e-rind white loaH i» u„_ S!?»l'" ^'H'^ consistency of paste ; add turpelitine in tiieproportVon of one quart to the gallon of oil ; but these proportions nXt be va" 138 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. oil ; i „,ix tht7S?Ktfef v^3''„,'r".!^Slet''i'" "'"■"t^ sufficient only to bind the cnlnr i ' . ' • ---^ a little resm vaniwh, X. ^insr -» SS -T '-1 «fe must be „«od when ,ui.e waL, ^ gJJl 'the Tuish^^'-ii^SoSn^e" pea-green St ire^rv^a^^^^^^^^^^ 1 1?; ^* J'P ^'^^""^ ^ ^"^'^t mineral atore«„d preparations U wuf retain a wrL^wW^Us v^erydUh! rel'£.d'^°plSTf-aX'^'«''°giri^jrT%".^^^^^^^ ... ^..^^. ^,,^ fti^J^aga are supported a little above the and carboi CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC.,- RECEIPTS. 139 termite layers with spent Snners' bark un«t 11.^; ^.""*= "]? "^ Al- layer of iK)t8 being covered ^vlth a h^;H S ^^"^^ *? formed, each place in the tan, and serves tlie dm,M; ^^^^^n^ation soon takes supplying c^rlxmic acfd After th«^'- generating heat and metalliclead is found converted ?nf!, S^^^^^ ^'"^ or eight weeks, the with hydr8,ted oxide It^then levtjl^ ^ maj^sesof carbonic mixed with oil. '^ ^''®" levigated, washed, dried, and ground tar^'fS'^L'ar^/^e^trmr^^^^ IZ it ^^'^^^^^^^ 2 quarts of pounded glass, lib, ; Lked lime ? f^ f"" ve««el, and have ready and sifted through a iXsLrVdil'^fl^ "^^^^^ '" *" i''"" P>t glass, to make ft thrthicCs of tShf n« ?^'^ ^'T ^ **^« *»'' a»d square foot at a time as it hlrHpL ^^-^f' s^P^ent to cover a eolith of an inch tMck '*''^^"' '** 'l^^^^' ^PP^y i* about an ■ Ja^fTpSs'^fTmnaSTn t^rSrT" ^^ ^^ «• and 1 pock of white sand S^ftthem fin/'o' i ^^^J"^.^^ wood-ashes, cient to use with a paiit brush -thS S^%r^^ ""^^ ""'^^^^ «*' «^ffl- it will work for the second coat' Snd^t fin? """"^i ' i'^^ '^ ^^ ^'^^^k as and it is a good composiSon ' ^ * ^''^' ""^ ^^^* ^* »» * trough. Putty fob Repaikino Bkokpn Wat ra tk^ u . IS composed of equal parts of Shig and nllJ^^^^^^ ^""^ ^°' ^^"« ly hardens. The walls ma v iVa Irrfrf ^^ • *^, ^*®f ^* ^a"«' »« It quick- painters use whiting witffie CtH^^^^^^ »P«n it. Some blocked up and shS S bu^iit s^^^^^^^^ ouawhitemarbleground blocked nrf^n? V i^^f^^^'-Gold letters brown or burnt sienn^ (>.rX?-L1S i^^^ ^f^ transparent chocolate ground. Onarioh Wn^^J ^^^*^.V^^^^' «» » scarlet or black and white W^Ste "etteri on f h/nl' ^^^** ^?*r ' ^""^l^ «baded, look very well. On a purple ffZnS n nlY'J?"^' "i^^^^^ ^^^^h black Mix ultramarine and^vSmilS fo; ? ^rif *h'' '^*^^'* ^^^^ ^^^te! shaded with a light grey vSlion.?..fT't''''^"^' ^'"'e letters with vermilion and lake for th?lPtfpr.!'l"*i' ^f*?'"^ y^"^^' stained for tl e above bolorsTRose o^nVl^^^^^^^^ ^^"^- ^ substitute stone yellow, white ead and Vph^.I ^^ lead; and for the letters, gold is obtain'ed^SrgSn "^^^^ good substitute for vermilion together.^ Mix yo^r colori^- ?^^^^^^ use for drie? gold size CHhL Z a '"""^ anting m boiled oil, and blues, vennili^riake and Saxo^r A^r;"'*^" ''^^ .^"'^ ^'^^ ar"l gilding, follow the toSnrmVe^^ m,d?r ff "', ''"^ '^ ^^^^^ ^^^ Letters on Wood." '^'^'^^^^ g^^en under the head of '' To Gild ..J^- ^/7® Lustre to a Light .Bo™ o^ottxtt. _ *fx„_ ., , ^ £"c wnccen and drv naint thpcTfrvur.^ VT — '-•.-"• — -t-Icci me letters With the san.e colo^; a^rwSl^Sf ^S". A"^^C^bK^^ V- I f i 140 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. & Zr^^: JS or^^lt^ r..y .e,.ed instead of or utmost smoothness by gS^r^^^^ ^^j'^^^^^^^^ reduced to tho To Gild Lkttebs on Wood ip wli "^^'^^P^^^'^^- smooth as iwssible, go over it w^^Vh « .7- '^" your sign is prepared as dissolved iA about f5?r timcL ite w^l^"? "?^^^ ^^ ^^"^^ ol an e^g quantity of fuller's eart Vh . f ^^* "^ ^-^^^ ^^^er; addin P"regum eovere(f metal pot, add Cfr fnm Z/^T*"* *^.*h^ ^o'""? point in a stirring all the^time ^ S !^ fSetSv ''^i?^*!^"^^^ ^ *h«" "? sistency and strain while wS?h3h«m^-- *^^'^ *« * *arry coni a wide mouth; keep it w^U ?orkeTf J'^^^^ »"to a warm bottle with turpentine. This is the celebiSpd RJrmf T ^'e^A"^^' thinning with unequalled for tenacity and durrbuSvSIl^."' J "^'^'^* «^^«." and is . £w 1. Copal varnish iSc^^^^ • upon a frame^'rSfeSeSS^^^^^^^ *^^ f^-^'^^^^ of bleached shellac dissolved in ^iS^^^^^^ consistence, go over aiii.hnnT.f a « alcohol, thinned to the nroner ninning the^outS^tev' fo !!vf *^ ^.i^^^^^^ or painted,Tv^S- For inside work the white if 'Itnt-m.^^^^^^^ ^ '"'l'''^- ^'^'" spreading, while the size is still wet^ wheS 1?v '/ ^ ffofd proceed with the shading miitiTfJ^' 2 ^* off the suri)lu8 gold, and with thick iTina ,-a „::::ru^?'_i^^"*?"^. &c. a iittie honev n^mi;^.;!!^ - => } •>» miivrnucr KOOQ t>126 "' ' "'-"■"■'■'"VjU CABINKTMAKKKS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 141 cotton Thia «Tiii C« i^JtHJiLu ic Willi aiiuted alcohol and a Diccfi nf when dry enouKli fo^^^^^^^ TJL ^°,T f ^^^ ^"'^ «" «i^«' «nd thorou^^lfly, aftliward^ i,S -'''* "^''^ ** ^^^" camel-hair brush or cotton " ^ **'^ ^*^'^ ^"^^ ^^^^ yo'i^ ««* an^^itra'pJSeeiln^ mo'iSSn;^ ri^lfd" 1?%"^ ^^^ ."T' — ^^ into the raouldiiiff an iS ? v.h- i?i«l 1 *' ^u"^ ^"* *^"" grooves surface of the S In eaJh i^^ ^^^'^ «»* ^ ^^acli to the order in the grooves Thi'Jwmnr^.;^^^^ painted tin steps in correct «t™ in one,?8 viewed lZ"d&tpo?«on""°"' ''"™"'' "' "'"'« 8 orCerd^i^n^e°Jd"olI°i^r^Sri'''«''°!'». P«'veri.ed. cl* or pap&m ^itl^oVS rai"4r " *" P^"»'»« »» temperature, keenin] a,e » ««? lU^,?''^ ^'^^'^ f* -he ordinary vanllshed. Tl^e effect trod,, rS ifH;.*^"/ protection it may \i ;Si^nf,^et^^»-^r,s?*%S^^ panes ate thus painted, takef^ry ^^i'^„^;u51V~^^^""^^^^ "^ *he the bristles on the glass in auick suooesi^iA,? hiT ." "' .""".,^^e eiiUs of ' appearance. Repdt tliS ^oS^KfJe*^^^^^^^^ t f 142 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. water, ^no^fc/'if^^rf is.SL of ^ ^^y"«»»S strong pearl-ash sulphate of coj)per, 1 oz • Jum ftr.?hif i ' ^^""-'^ "^'K?^ ^'^"^^ 2oz8. ; and dab on tl e iil^ wifh a bS ' .1.?'';^ '"'''t.*^^ ^«" together regularly over with putt v-whfinSi^ -4^*"«%.-Dab your squared tion wilfbe cmnpleU •^' " ^^^' ^" ^^^' *^«"» ""S^^l thelmita- He^XTaSl?nXriIf li'c^lff^ ^ff ' I ?' -f ^* ^» *»» iron ves- oil of turpentine suffldent to L^^^^ little bu not harden ; then add use it with eolorH gSund in^oH ^ ^ * ^'^"^"^ *****«• ^hen cold, y^'^^'Z^'^ili^J^^ -y other color very hard for counter tops &c ^^''''^ J^^**""- ^* ^"^ ^'y iu a pail, beat it w4ll to bVe- k th^ inm?. l\'^ ^'Yi^^* '^**^^ ^'^ wator 2 ozs Into this mX bc^liti wif J^^h^^^^ then add pulverized alum, . the batter thorou^ilv aU thf tTn 1 ' r^"-?^ ^"* ^^'" *''« fire, stirring white color, and when cold w*lTS,u^ T^'}^ «we"« and'loses its Thin with cold water t^«d«^li?^?^^'^^'*"^ ^ «' ''* P*"^ «f thick paste, painted or vaniKd walls add \ n^ ^T ".'^^•*'^ ^^^ I'rush.'^ For paste, and reduce the mass witlf ?Ki,' P"^''^"^«?. '"o^i" *« each 2 qts. little pulverized corrosive snhTinLfin^'"^ ''"''^•^^ «'* '^''"^ W''t<^^'-- A Of pa|e, ln.t al^SL^fblJl^etilTd^^^^^^^^^^ '^^«^-'^' eer must irpentine, vill make )oiled oil, ', and as e a little >ur Wuito id Vene- CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 143 pmmcfUir^ t^-i" for use. When the little burnt sienna/fofThe^rainfniVnw'*^^ ^'°^"' whiting and a with a little whiting, urXS&"^ ^'' ""' ^"'^ '"^^ "«« «^^ «ieniia imi^u!ro7 ol^o'ak'Z-^^^^^ an e.eeed W„ rich color for the orange chrome and burnt EL fh.* composition of stone ochre or or Vandyke brown, to dLSTt'a lltg^^'oP"'^' 't burnt umber ^^^^^^'^^^^^^^ whitnig in thin it with boiled oil ^ ™*'^^ *' ****"d t^^e comb, and f^^^'oi'Z!^.e\'S^^^^^^^ V-pared with a buff. The graining colors arrVanHvl« 1 "*® ^^^^^ ^ * ^^""^ ii«bt raw and burnt sienim S lakeSnS ^n^^l *"^ ^'"all portions of tool with color, spread over the surfTnA Ji *'^ ""■ '^^''- *^" » ^^^ge the badger hair brush t\H\ Z^St ^^^ grained, and soften with and fin.?er, and daSe romid and^rmmdt S^'f l'^^^^ very lightly; then draw a softpnpr ?ill!« "^ ^^^^^J ^^ knobs, then soften while wet, to form a mTiltiSf v^r ™ ^'''^ ^^} ""J ^'"'^^^ ^ «»« other th JUflSfgifsh^^erthn reHedY.^r ^^!? ^^«""^ '' P^-P-^ed with lead. Tli£ gmhiinrcolo?s are it^^f'- """^ ^ ""'^^ P^'^ioS of white small portioi^fV^fnd^bZnsS^cL^^^^ ^" ^^^' ^^^^ a pearance of the sienna rr.vprfAfi^*^^ ^^® ^^^^ tbe fiery ap- the badger iS? brush and whn. '"*?? *^ ^^ ^••''^»^«^' soften\^ith overthlli..htsaSonH?fma • ^^®*.*^^^* '«ottling-xoller and go blend theThl%T?wS;Xt^^ ? T^'^ of shade^thfn gmin on with the same Zlr. When drf ^^^^^^^ ^"' *^^ t«P wl^?eS^?J,«thTgTrr^,^^^^^^^^^ «-n quantity of lampblack, or Vandyke brown and irfn/'""^' ^*"'«?^ ^^^^ •'^ "'tie a flat graining brushVwithtTieha^l?^^^^^^^ "' °"' *^en t»ke andcutdownthe 'rairasif wpnZ^ * away at unequal distances, dry, take a graininft^JU thaTiSl -^ 7""^ t ^"^i* ^hen nearly grain. This will-iVp if tlo V '^^^ ^^'^ ^^^' »»d drew down the varnish. Amhe^^!l^Che gtunTcolor^f^ ^^ "'"^T " • ^^^^^ ^^^ and small quanti ies of |Kte leS Lh n^'^P^^^,*^,^^*^ vermilion ground is dry and made v^v sraoolh tl?v '''> ]^^t: ^^^^ ^^'^ i« oil, and with a Bmall tool LrShp Slwy^"" T'^ ^^«^»- ^'^""d ferent directions forminSd of knoti iS """"t^ *''^ ^^^^^^^ *» dif- a piece of leather, aS with oreat f^^^^^^^ ^^'^ Y^? ^« ^^-V' take having previouslv nrpno v^/lu i^, "* *^*"ke out the light veins- gum aUaltuT LS'^^^^ ''• ^''"^'^^' ^'^^ '^ hairs in it, draw the gr^^ovJr S«t*!!,? £^i £J"l^^^„VP«h with Jew "io imitation will beexcellent "' '"' ' n^itcii. >v nen varnished, Anotheb KO.EWOOD I„„.^™k .» SizE.-Mix Venetian red, 144 CABINETMAKEHS, PAmTERs', AC, RECKIPTS. tills corapoHltion |.alut tl e work w"oe «vpr' wr'"^^^^ J«".V- ^i"» take Homo larni.bWk, flutU/Jmnn 1 ,? h/«. ^i"!" thoKrouud in dry, egg into it; take the i^atim^.^iuri rul^^, X;." il ^.?* ^''f "'"*« '>f ^"i on the grain. When dFv "S the fl... '^ '4 *') "'® '^^'^•«' »«a^'d\S' wWte^^'Xon^^^^^^ J« ^ "«ht buff, pre- liHh Venetian red totiike off ?»Xf ""'^' '''"* !^ "*"« venntllon or & ing color in e^^^'^rUotml mSrS ^ *^« y«"«^- The^a S. proper ccmsLs oucr SpreS thT-nrfn ""* ^^T''^ «^"""^i i» «il to the Hiid, having Hon.e'^Df thKLXTS'a liJlt hT^ ^'^^» '''^« ««J<'r' take a wish tool or HpouKO, imd nut o" th« if i^'^''""?' inJ^'ediatol^J with the budKer'8-hair briSh befor« th« n i dark whadef^ and Holteii by dabbing the dottinlr Sine o,?th^^^^^^ '\.^P' I'"*«" "»« eyes grain with the eamel's^-ha r pe^^^^^^^^^ >^^":" ^'-V, put on the groundX^JJ^iJ^S^,^^^^^^^ a light yellow for the tian rea. The ^minin^ color » a n Itnli^n^f^'"^' * "^^^ ^'*h Vene- sienna and VknSyke, grorn d iil ate inr^H In '^"'^^ l'"^^«»« «' '^^ in an even manner; t&n wSh a nfece S?nrW i"'^*'^ ^ ^'« S^^i^^ed and^fro, to form th4 grains w^iiKrir.' t^ Sf thrJr? fr^^Ty^^TcZr^^^^^^^^^^ .?SS WoHK.^p ,,, a rich the graming color, crind ennni ,v.Vf ! * ^^^. ^"^ '^""'^ sienna. For little bunit copperaf 'n tStK ^nH"^"^ ''T}^ ^"^ "^nber With a gr«lner'8 creaS^ ThS the^Sr wi?h InS ''^^^^ «"»**" quantity of Bpread the surface even and rub out t^re11^.h^^^ *\f\.^"^ ^>«l^nd of a piece of bulT leather which must now A "^'^ ' *^^. ^^^''P edge it clean ; soften the edges of the work vl, r ^IT ^^ ^^P^d to keSp . put on the t<)p grain witXrn?nmW V ^'^^^^^^ ^^ when dry with the white of an ^g SuZ?^ w"^ "^"^ '^^""*' ^'^^^^ male SATiNwooD.~.This^)u,yi™ • Fl^^dry, vaiuUh. and small quantities otZomeSrandht"^"*-''^"^ «^«« ««h-^ mg color is one-third of raw siennn LS P-1^^' ^*^""»- The grain- very thin; then spread tti^ colTo?er the" suS^f.^?"!^*^ P^^« ^^^^^ While wet, soften, and have rmXnwJtriL"^^^^® to be grained paining color grind in li^Innaf'^rr '' ^ Tx^^^^^^ ^"ff- For the burnt siemia, with a sriVquaSt Wo^f i^^^^ ""^ Vandyke brown and 18 dry, spread the surf^c^evS w ^ thelln??,. ^.l^"^ *^« ^^^""d a piece of cork with a shan) edTri\„{f*?'^'' **Vd soften; then with order to form the fine gmki^ wgen drVn? r^^.«^««/ and cross in inthegrainint^cciorf/Tfnr^ vvnen dry, dip the tip of your finirers touch^ with"^a S'^-&pe'Scif^VL^^^^ "^^'4' ^^^ "S and when tliis is dry, vaniislV ^' P"* ^^ *^^ *0P grain, CABINETMAKEK8, PAINTKRS*, AC, RECKIPTS. 145 To IMITATK HLAf;K ANT) GOLO MARBLE,-Tlli8 dOHCrintion of marble in now m gmit do.nand. The Kn.und in a deep jot blick. or a dwid color, in K^aj^ goTs"'' "^'^^ ^^" ^^^' '^^^ ^ -"-"-n, a nZ^^yl^^l^'^^.Jl^^^ WooD.-For the ground color, take white lead and thin It with turpentine, and slightly stain it with equal quant tfes of Prussian bhie and lampblack. For the graining color gffl in ale a mixture of Prussian blue and raw siennaf when thrSoS is d^ spread a transparent coat of the graining color on the Sace of t?e work, and soften; then with the cork, mottle by rubbTng it t^ and fro across the work, to form tlie fine long grain or mottle When ttaT?^?n%Kren%.^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ §ut perpendt^ar I^e^c^ Substitute fob White LEAD.-Sulphate of barytes ground in oil and applied like paint. It can also be used to reduce Si ^S^l!! any desirud extent 10 "6 CABINKT3CAKEKS, PAINTBBS., *c., BKCEIPTS. brickT!^t,TpirtTafdSS"?™'l Pi'lvemed iron fflin™, j ^.j- BILLING COMPOSITIOXS— 19 xr «ciou pentine. Grind fiue ii^a miir t ^^^f,?' 2 «* ^^^ed oil, aiidT^t' f?r tori pT: irsiar^n * »» ^MiS''Se!d'oi,''r, '"""^wy- 'vood ' SnVXut wJoS' ^d'a-'lSS r\'"S''*" and^afet' the" Veneton red, to the aWe mixture inl i""^'- ^ "h^n'y a liSlI ■ t-r.l^^'-rrrd'f.rel'niSre^^^ ra alba is a very good a,?Hvi ".'' °°'y »™ Wat of varSsh n T^ been .„<«t shaiffi^ tapoJeTon^feStni^,? ™*'«<'i h^v^ piice. (>. ^^ui^niturp r>ntt^» ti -^ *^"®^seiiiuor the stuff at o i,,- u < eqna, part,!" S aS'lS^^T^B^eesrx ^P''"''"* "^ '^-ed J^nal,5S: t^Ss^^ i oz., ted S,d"?SVrrtS- fcddf *™*" «»«Syl4oS^Kyd tnen add beeswax scraoed ^jmnii i^ ' " ^^^ beeswax till dissolv^V^ and stir till dissolved^ u'^^'ttj'ilj ^^^ ^^e vessel into hof^i^e?' omitted. 10. (Wldte.) \^itrwal^'*?*h?.alkanet root shoSd be parts; Iinseef oil 6 Darts ^P^..; !l!^^?l .^«ot. 1 Part; turpentine « ' " ' "'"' "'"'^^ "^" ^^^*^"«t in oU Withhe^t; CABmETMAKEES, PAINTEKs', AC, BECEIPT8. 147 wax, t lb ; soap, 4 o.a. f^SJI^ozs f ift wSr 1 »r-.7.^'r gether until mixed. ' waier, igal., boil to- To Repair the Silvering of Mtbwawci t>-^„ tin foil 3 dr«. of quicksilver to thTsauS^foV^S.^n^'P^^ t '^^^* «' into glass tubes or hollow reeds """^^^^ irequenuy , then pour alsiEssslilf beniamiu, 2 oze • ffum sand^rnn 3 A^ . L '^^^^^T^o% -fohsh.— Gum wax, the color desired, 8 sticks : dtaXe bfliMt. nnV'l!.'^ ' ""^"W when applied. A spoAeo is the wTl,K''i-.r'' ,*"'™ !* ™™ spirits o, .urpeiiiie'tS ^uieTintoT^a-ste.^riL'SISLrSj^ 118 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. appea. ^ if highly ZS°heI""lS ^"mrrffoSTi*- '« '^f lb., andiof anoz of nitui.af ,^J:* ^ ^''^}''Ure i^oiish.—Beeswax. A peutme, of each half a gill' Itllfn ttnTf ^'^ ^^^ «J^"'"« «f t^" solve. 2. SheUac 2 lbs • powdered mLV^r'^'i^^P^*^*' ^ P*«- 5 dis- oz.; copal varnish Anint- «S * aiaatio and sandarac, of each 1 ^^disiolvld itM^tZS'ut^nJ^^' ^rh ^'^^'^ i^ the cold turn; putitinajarorLttlet^urfvi?^^^^ pulverized asphal- pentine or benzile, put Si a warm niVi*^°"i ^T'^f '^ '^"^^ »* tur- vvhen dissolved, strain and aDnTJTAf' ^"? *6?^^ oocasionally; brush; should it provVtoo X^ditte I7tw "^'^^ .^ "^^^^^ «^ «t^ff If desired to bring out tlS grafu stin n^^.^^^^^ furpentnie or benzole, oil and turpentini; this is better tS^noT^Ji^^^^^ ^,J^^^^ boiled the woodcin bepolished wftl th^ fniw-^^''''\ When the oil is dry, boiledoil, Ipartj^shake it w3l befor^usiW^^ shelac varnish, 2part? bmg briskly. A To PoMWooTtTI-. APPly with a cloth, rub^ water, and pass repeated^^overth^rk „n^^^^^^^^^ 18 cut do'vn. Then take nnwrw!5 ^^ , • ^^I^ *^® "»"ig of the grain polish the work to a bSfsu^^^^^^^^ Frame Finish.-l-Coval vamisii 2^htHn ' P^^^f* ^'^« «^^ Pichire well, shake often, and S'n I wa;m/rSf.'^ oil varnish, ^ oz. ; mix nished is prepared with a thin rnnT i i^^*' ^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^ var- with tine pumice-stone or sLeth^n^ glue-water, and* nibbed down wood, a lilht pigment, suchTs cffi TaTdeTto iL"f *^^^^^^ in dark wood, a dark pigment Si aSpH ' wt *? *^® glue- water: varnished with the abovlSture Ind ^^^^V^^^' ^^^'-^rticles are solution of wax in ether theielw?pSi\**^'^i •'^1^"'^' ^"^^^^d with a Polish for White Sf-Wlfite hl^^^^^^^^ ^''t^^^^ ^^' ^'^'«^« gum benzoin, loz.; gum aandai^^n l i? "^ shellac, 3 ozs.; white 1 pt. Dissolve. ^ sandarac, J oz. ; spirits of wine or naphtha, «alts,.2ozs.; melt?he\Vin?^;i ^S^'^j ^^^^^^^^^^^ spirftof l'fnraTtiira!Jd'^^^^^^^^ I^eedoil, li^^%^^^^fS^^^^^ n «Ni dr. ; 'rectifie^d spi4s i'd?^ih.f^.:f^?^5 i^l^^' ^ drs. ; oil Svendei;fdr-VeTfi^^^^^^^^^ ^' ^cetrcTci oil,lpt.; alklSeVrS f oj^^^^^ 4. Linseed be?:2p^':tsTr"osr;ZT'paS^^^^^^^ ^^am-Burnt um- together and disS com%?' apS^trthl '"^f^i?*' ^^^^<^ ^" sponge, then go over it with a Sh n^/ ^ *'?® ^^'^ ^^^^ with a 2. J5;6om/AV«f«_i^J.^™\_^^^"sh, and varnish over with s},«ii«n ' """ ^''"^ '""^^^' ^ P^"«' i'««« Puil^, Ipart; turpentiirera CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 149 aquafortis; vaniish or oil as i^,^^'"''^' ^^^^^"8^ it over with weak into the vaUsh wUl^ve a S veUowlw^^ T" ^^^^ ^1«^« P"* Bl(wk Stain for Wood^VonrinnZi^^^^^^^'^'''^- ^' EMra powdered extract of lo|WoorLd^XnfS«'^?^7^*?^^^^^ ^ «^- of of yeUow chromate of %^ti ^stided J^?h th« *'T ^f^^^cted, Idr. It i8 then ready for use a^ a wn^ .??' ^" )^® ^^^^^ well stirred, rubbed on wood, it products Inu're^^Vt ^% ^"*^^ ^^' When applications, tiU 4 deep blSsorSopH^' rH'^^.* ^^^h 2, 3, or 4 Let the first'coat of pffing be^wMt^fead th^I^^^^^^^^ the last burnt umber or siemia • iSthfAf^- ^®^^^ orange, and taste and practice 8 ToTmit^f^^ *^^ ^'T« according fo your white; theiecondXlfwhiteTndvPlS'^^ lirst^coatbe ochre only; shad^rwTLnber^t lieim^^ ^^ *^VH^d yellow >rood— Take wliite for your first Pftfltin^JS;* u,' ^^J^^^ate Satin and dark blue or dark gS for tho?& fn' ^.^""^ ^^^ *^^ second, 6nsrJ« .^ade-f/^eci (7? /^-Se alcoh„l' ^^'J^'^ood Stain, very set them in a warm nlaoe 24 w.L?. ?? ' \P^''^ camwood, 2 oz.: oz.; aquafortisTHz • and^M^heTr^i«L? ^f ^•.^?*"^«* «* logwood, 3 make? a very brS'it Soiuld hke Z i^^' !* J" '^^^^ ^^^ '^«e;'it 1, 2, or more coats & vol dSire 11 r;,.^.'''* beautiful rosewood; qts. ; amiatto, 4 oz.f boil in T co„iJ.' SSitl?''— ^^" ^^^er, 3 solved, then put in k S of nS thi -'^ *'? *^^ ^^^**<^ is d s- . tt^e fire about hainnTouiC^f^^^^^ keep it on 12. Rosewood Stain verSllh^^^tLT^ ^ '^ f ^^^ ^ bottle for use. redwood chip.s S wIS in^wate^stffl7i^^??i ^^'? ^^ ^«^««d ^"d apply it to the furniture whiirhot 2 or ?^^o^ °'^^^.^ ^*^«^g stain; of color desired. 13. K ArVf Svi?J^^w^*^^''^^^^St«t^e deptl^ potash in 1 qt. water wSi red sand iTi?"*^ Varmsh.-Pnt 1 oz. of the wood aid strait .^tKdTglJm's to brisk fire. Used unon ino-w^^^ + • ^jieiiac, ^ lb., dissolve it bv a i?/«e ,SYam /brToT 1 !)Tsi for rosewood imitation. 14 the wood With it, and then go'over tirwo^^c"^ ^? aquafortis, brush pearlash (2 oz. t<^ l pt of wlterUni it tJ ^'*^ ^ ^^^ solution of 16. Boil 2 ozs. of indigo 2^ wood «nHT^' a perfectly blue color, brush weU over until thoroughl7stebtH ir' f ^^' '^ ^ 8^^- ^^te^. ^ay Wood.-Bon ^ lb FrSh^wSp^i^Vth^ ^^.^^^^^f* ^f J^otany- Iihamnusinfectorls)\xln^\^^^^^ berries of the boiling hot, iive 2 or 3 coate to Se work t? A^^^ y^"«^' ^»^*^» ^^i^^ give a coat of logwood d3ctk)ii nvm? tiU ^\f ^^^^^^ color is desired, form the grain with No s£? / •' *^^ yf^^^^- When nearly drv and vaxiiiSh. TS/a'^^'^J^o^^^^^^ ^^1 TI^^"/^^' ^^«* and 2 ozs. logwood chips in a i^llnn ^r;~J- ^"""^^^ lb. of madder while hot; when dry glover SwhL^''*?.'> ^ (li-s. to the quart.. 2. ^^2 ozs dm.W« "hi ''^'f^ ^^^'^^^^ ^^^"tion, 2 of oil of turpentine ; let the bottle Sul in «' ^'"'' i^' '""^ ^ ^^^^ quently, and, wheA dMvin if A«;?f. " ^ T^-^"^ place, shake fre- %xJood Brown St^SnSSti yoSC'rir?L'^fi the mixture. 18. ceive a gentle warmth • then tSp o7 +• ^-^^^^ ^^^' ^^'^t i* may re- pass it oW the worHli vo'f fi,?f i.^S£???«' _^^d, with a feather, kcqjmg it near the fire) vou "nn v "n^^f ';.. • V"^ Drown (always I ■I ' il ■I! 150 CARINETMAKKUS, PAINTERS*, &C., RECEIPTS. brush oyor t^ie work, wlioii boillnff hot. imtil Droneriv tdsi\ni^A on itti .^^1^?^' ^"f ^>" « ^lood awd 1 oz. soda, both well brnisedT) Kal olwntM- aiVrt iiJlhi'?- B"»'l wood mid 1 07,. pearlnsl in a K^iAr ni I "'l?'™"'? not. brush over the work iinti ol a nroi.pr add tliecoelimeal; Ml gently lor half a„ hour, when it wU to fit f ,'■ iiiS^iJTiis'^i^it^hrr'^'^^^ pXhft 'P?o^TXJ^^V7'' ''''"^' ' after which, Ss and R J it «f.;,wi% *^'^^ vinegar, add a quarter of a pound of iron rust • JhJl "'J ^'''' '} '''®^^' > ^""^ '"^^Id a iwund of Jrv lamnblack md three-quarters of a pound copperas ; stir it up for a Sle of d-i v^ Lay on five or six coats Avith a sponge, alloAvW it to drv hltwin mdi ; polish with linseed-oil and a solt\voollen mg and it^^lUook above stain, nut-galls, 1 oz. ; logwood-eiiips, i lltrconneris 5^1h stflnd any kind of weather, fmd is well adapted for shii)s' oornhino^ &c 0. Log-wood-chips, Mb. ; Brazil-wood,|lb; boil for i^W^^ 1 gal..wale. ^^--^ the wcx^wmi this dec^tion whiK^;^Sea wood three # CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, &C., RECEIPTS. 151 coats, and, while wet, lay on a solution of sulpliate of iron (2 oza to a quart), and, when dry, oil or varnish. 7. Givrthre^ctiirwith a ^TlV\ ""''^'"^ 5^"^^'^"^ aqiutlortis, and repeSy Csh ove? doS roved ThoIi iTt" ""'/^ ,*^" ^'^^^"^««« «^ ^'« 4porT aostioyed. 8 Boil 4 lb. logwood-chips in 2 quarts water • add an ounce of pejirlHsh, and api,iy hot with a brusl?. TherSke 2 qte of ^ris'^Ttrah/S'H'"' ^"-^ ^if ' «/ .^«'^^^*^"«' ^"'i «^e ^une ofco^ «.Ji!il"^ Walnut STATN.-Spirits of turpentine, Igal; pulverized asplmltum 2 lbs. ; dissolve in an iron kettle on a sU)ve stirr 12 con- stant y. Can be used over a red sfaiiu to imitate rosewood T(>,rn^^^ LdlS^wTtlTaThln ^ «^«Pt^Per BHould bi .iLed oiTaSehe? wlTsot-rSn^^^^^^^^^^^ '''''^'-'^ ''' -^*«^' ^"d dried. Apply wood ^ul'lvhfX ^lA^'!r^''' ^^' \'*'"^,^' •''^"" «f ^°PPeras and log- woort, to which add powdered nut-gall. Stain vour wood with tlm ablv dark with mdigo or finely powdered stone blue ...^'''''K^-''''''''? STAiNS.-ye;;o2« is produced by diluted nitric acid. Med IS produced by a solution of dragon's blood in soiritsof wine. Black is produced by a strong sohition of nitric acid &l produced by a so utiou of verdigris^in nitric acid ; therdippeX a ot solution pearlash produces ^Bhie stain. Pi^r^Je is produced bv a solution of sal-ammoniac in nitric acid proaucca by 1 SS'^y^'Z'-'r 7^«^^«« ^oj* Violins, &c.-Rectified spirits of wine, ijiAl. , add 6 oz. gum saudarac, 3 oz. gum mastic, and A ut turnVn hniKiM,. dissolved : stram and keep for use. If you find it il ^i ""' ^^'iV "^i^^"' *^"^ ^<^h ™ore turpentine varnish. ,>f tnrl'J,^ "•~^^^*'' together at a low temperature 2 qts. of alcohol i It. turpentine varnish, and lib. clean gum mastic ; when the latter Lh thoroughly dissolved, strain through a cloth ^ ^ilvpw^n ^ *'''" Frames, ETc.-£ay the frames over with tin or t^l^^r^ t&^^J^'^^fi-S^^ --»t of some IdnS: powdered shellac, fibs' ; spirits of wine,'2gals: : dissolve aiid stri:in oVpf .n?'v '"'" ^''^"^^^ ^ P*- 5 ^"d it i^ readv for ilse ' Dies for YENEEns.~A fine Black—Pat 6 llis. of louwood chii>«» m,^ too tijjlit, fill It with water, let it boil slowly for about 3 ho S^a^T.^'' k!::1,?^ ^iS«l' .1 »^- ' .^"^d 4 ozs..of the best poSed in<^go Now ^7,7. ;^""''' *^'''' ".'" "■ ^'^'^'-^'^ earliiea pun, as it will ferment Now put your veneers into a copper or stone trough ; fill it mther ' in 152 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. more than oaie-third with water, and add as much of the vitriol mid mdigo (stimng it about) as will mal instead TAua- lonis, dua as much of the vitnolated indigo (see above under blno ihl^^.^.'^!?'^^ ^r^'^r ?^^ ^^«"-«d ««l«r- ^W/^< i?ed-Bra3l dust 2 SvVr boiuifr;,!?.. ^^^* S ^ !?.^"y vliieersas the Hquidl^iU ^7aIi^ •} ,1 ^°^ ^ ^°*^^'^' then add alum, 2 oz., aquafortis 2 oz • fh- 5^5!S.-* ^^^^-warrn until it has struck tWig^^pS -^^^^ S;. i'S-P ^'^^'^''*''^ ^"^ * 1^- ^^^2il dust, add 4 gals, of water -and after putting in your veneers, boil for 3 hours ; then add oeariashq ozs., and alum 2 oz ; let them boil for 2 or 3 houra e/erv dlTtUl the color has struck tlirough. O^-anrye.-Take the veneere out of thl bSt JeTdve^ffitt^^r^" ^n4^ saturateTtraSrthem to t*he • ongnt red dye jtiU the color penetrates throughout lO IMPROVE THE COLOR OF StAINS — NltriP flHd 1 rs'r • r«».^„«« acid, iteaspoonful; grain tin, i oz.fr^Jn watS-^toi' mx'itaUet? &n^!!^? ''''''^^ ^? ^^^P your'bottle well corked. '* ferRONG OrLUE FOB INLAYING OR VeNEERING.— Select thp hP«f- ight brown glue, free from clouds and streaks^ Dissofvt this Lwt ter, and to every pint add half a gill of the best vinega7ajiKz of isinglass. For other glues see Eriineers' Department ^ Inlaid Mother of Pearl V/ork, on sewing machines and other fancy work is performed by.^electiiig the thilSs 3 the shell and cementing them to the surface of the material ; the rest of the surface IS covered with successive coats of Japan varnish gLerall? Whe'nth^'frnhh^^^^^^^^ ^"^.ij^^ I'T'^ ^^^' eS%Stio|? v*ueutne\cirmsni8as thick as the shell, it is nolished tho o-ilrimo- and painting added, and a flowing coat of Varnfilf put ove^^^^ f lirflT ^«//^o^.-Prepare the job with a heavy coat of black Japan then before it is dry, procure flakes of pearl Ind lay them on the b ack surface, pressing them in,o the Japan until they are leverwith the surftice; then with colors ^orm vines and flowers allowfn/fhp '"'TRA^SsPARFi? '^^^ "* *^^ «^%f. 1^^*' aiSlhS up'afS^^ ""'' IRANSPABENT PAINTING ON WiNDOW ShADES.— The mu4lin is iSireo/fin?H'„^^^ secured tightly with tacks, then sized t^h a mixture of fine flour paste, white ,?lue, and white bar soan- the soan renders tlie muslm pliable and soft. A thin coat is anXd whioh iS near y invisible when dry. A coat of pure Sed SS dUutld with spirits of turpentme, is then applied, to the whoL, or part as desired lay It on quickly and smoothly, to insure an even tonSent sfirface The colors used are ivory black, ultramarine, pS gre^^^^^ s eima' Z Hp'^r"?'^"/'' ^«P^»«:'V""' ^'' ^^«^«r «^"^We colors Tn outm e of the design is drawn with a small pencil with black or umber 'ifter t^?3!L*i-l«„«¥^«»'y ¥ applied, more or less dilute! as ZreA;t'« t.c.^.i,a.cuc^ ia uuBirea. m general, the brigntegt colors should be CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 153 color gets too dry The hS H*^«?^,o ?i^ r^7^*^ *?**^^ ^^^o^e the views, andXSalwaJsSdIfsIS !^^^^ consists of landscape teS To mJ^ tifi',"' 't »!r'«-'"-y >» make the patotlay well muat beautiful imitation of tort^isrshell ^' ''''' "^'^^ ^^ ^^'^ ^^^^ «• chff r^ c?^;onTe^i^?;.rth*^^^^^^^ paintmg easy. On large work a stencil wiU be f^Snd uVf n T.t! saKof tnk'Zt^ ^'^"^^* ^^^^ to,tl.e mLkT^Kv;' wftfa letter Tf««^««^ -^f ^^©ans you will make a very clean-edeed Ott /J!^^^*'*^'™*^^ pencils in painting on canvas. ^ '''*'''° ^^^^^^ teSJ^~? '=Sle1Sh„„« A^intw,.!^ ^ black surface with colors, using a feather and nencil arpp^^JJ ^'' '^ *^ S*^* VP a smooth black surface ; then take the ?oK' viUl^^l'/"^^^^^:? to a level surfacre with lump nuSice-^lIr ■"ETCHmr n"^ Pr?'™^ varigHted marble will be the result. 1.TCHING ON GLAss.-DruggistB' bottles, bar-tumblers, si, signs, and p. 154 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. glassware of every description, can be lettered in a beautiful style, of ntlhl f,V"^'^^ ^'.'''"'^ the article to be en-raved, or etched, a thin coat of the engravers varnish (see next receipt), and the application of fluoric acid. Before doing so, the glass must be thorouSily cleaned ^nni^.? r^UT *^*^ '^ "^5 ^^'i^y ^^ ^^^^^- The varnish fs tLi to be hLK nf «//ra 7^^'.>f "I'^'^^^.r^'^*^ ^y "nT "t?"^ ^'^^'■'' i^'i^^'^l^ fi""^S «^«h letter. Let it remain uM the vamiSi '^^'''''^^ "^^^P*^' *^^«" w^^^^ «« with water, and Smove nJ^'^^rwS'J'^X^^''A~^''^^ ""^ '''''Sin wax and asphaltum, each 2 oz. of black pitch and Burgundy pitch, each * oz. ; inelt the Wax and ff l'"i? T"" ^^'^^'T""^^^ S}'"'-^^ P«<^' ^»d ad-d to'them, by Sees, the asphaltum, finely powdered. Let the whole boi , simnierin- gradually, ti 1 such tune as, taking a drop upon a plate, it will breag when It 18 cold, or bending it double two or^ three times betwixt the hugers. The varnish, being then boiled enough, must be taken off f nt ft^?^' ^"wl* ^^^^' ^ ^"*^f ' ">"«* b« P^'^-ed into wamiwater K tT^ i^^f^ the more easily with the hands, so as to be formed sp Thp'«oni' li^l'-* ^^ kneaded, and put into a piece of t.-iffety for v\ TT^^T^^ a"^ ^^^""^ '^ '^^"^ '"^ extensive use for ornamenting on glass. Fluoric Acid to Make fob Etching Pubposes.-You Sii make your own fluonc (sometimes called hydro-fluoric) acid bv f in?vill find it an easy matter to produce any shape y5u choose Gilding Glass Signs, &c.-Cut a piece of thin papk- to the sfze of your glass, draw out your design correctly in black lead-ueucil on the paper, then pr ck through the'outline of the letters wit^h a fine needle; tie up a Lttle drv white lead in a piece of rag; thij is a pounce-bag. Place your design upon the glass, right side An, dust it i •"^) ^^"^y '^i'^^ taivui^ Luu paper oir, the design will r, and remove CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 155 toctlii Whpii thiu iu A^^X ^«"i".y ior use. i^iean the glass ner- gold 18 laid on and perfectly drv take a hnii J iJf i !* Y.^ *^® W^ dt With r.L'rPM^"^ ."^^^^^^^^ lampblick letters f rom t& oold 4^^i, i^Tw/ '^"er It IS dry, and put the colors on the back of the S wmJook' wefr'''^' ^' ^ '^^^'^ ^^**^^ ^"^g^d or - Lt up" wi"h ^^i^tmy^ S'^t^''^^ .^T^^""-^^^^^ ^ ""«e«d oil an equal wiKabfe von t^ri^nifth^^^ ' ^^\^^ "^-"^^ °^ «* turpentine as .as.pos;lS:,rth; SlS^thriSrL^:,«.^r.*^r i!^--.^,; - thin dle'd "'.ffiff "' ^ ^^*7^ t"! ^* w^iirahnost burn the &rgers whenS died , at this teraperative the size becomes adhesive/and a piece S 156 CAIIINISTMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. pfflhe'^JS^^ Btick. Sweep the gold and the immLhS ^'^ * ^^""'^ «^ ^"di* l^P«r between andeme;;^rn!iS^^^^ «hi»a use a coppr driU a Hteel dnli temped ariarSposiibK^^^^ ^ ^"" ^'^««' "«« a l«bri(^iit. ^ possible and camplior mid water ad re.t:^&tS"%rofv?U^r^^^^^ Sn^' ^f-^ol^, 6 part.; aqa- Sttiplinr, 'A parts ; oil ohi^thl ?',?oP?''*i/^^* ^^^^ balsAra of moitar, and rub it w tif thnSS« }j^'^' J^i^>'»adually into a turpentine, 4 parts ItVtL^i^^ becomes bard ; then add oil of the purpose ^" **" ^"^ ^bed to a groilnd prepared for a.id™;ftl"^^^^^ gold is mixed with borax Heat is thenapplied by a sCe u ; t -^ a camel's-hair pencil. 18 fixed and alterwardJ buSied ^'^"^ *"'^'' when the gold threeTatsSr pSSs^n/ri^^^^ ^« "--' ^ -PP'y to use, say S drviifff oil Lh^T*^^ to commence with, and it is^li ground in^lbS 2l>z8 tStvlrv ST^^^^^^^^^ ""''^ * ij.?^^ ^^^ "t^aTge priming be^er than patent dryer and * worff f V. ^^"' l'^''^^''' *i^« paper. When the first oo'itin7?«'), .^^ a^.^ ^®**^^ '^"^^i" the sand- sand-paper and be sure t^,nl ^ f "'Ji'^^' ^^^ ^^^^^ with your irregularities deficiencies h^kI rtt«i'f '^f?^^ ^^/^^ ^"^'^ among the . Next dust your wS mrtffui^^^^^^ '"""^^"^ «^ ?^«"i- ^o^^. tlie wliole surface and ^uttflll T^ ^'^^ ^^"^ P"**^ knife go over hole with the hard drvinroitf^^^^ ^^'^^' """^^^ or knot- f ul not to overlook th^sllS Saw b.^' ^lentioned. Be very care- and perfect level. Now di «t <7ff t'hp l^?"* ^"^^^'^ ^^P^^ ^'^ a true • second coating. ThirvoS L f SthT''^ ^f^"'^' Preparatory to thick, but do not useThircolors for^J^.pS'^*'''*"'^' " *«" «<^>"t or down well. For dark 1 ninv. ,, i V* ,"ejther covers well, nor rubs but, for p^eparinrfor'su'ch' rcolor^^as^i'l?/^ '''''' '^ *^^« «" «<^^ light l«id color, if for a vellow w^» 1^^^?* ^1^.^611, lot the color be with chrome yellovv ^ ' ^""^"^ "^'^^ ^^^t«' «i' «"ghtly tinted ov?r Sh aid^'ever^^^^^^^^^ '^^^ '' !^'^ regular, and equal, rub down with a tin?r ninf f'' ""'i"* "^^'^^ ^^^^ thorqughly drv careful to inTiketLsSar/i^^^^^^^^ *^^" the last, bS mence to giv^the L'rd cSt^ tP^^^^^^ T'^^l ^''^ ^^^^^- Now com? not lavishTy, but rub it out well '^"'*'"« ^"^' P"**^^ on the paint, up coaS'^'Vor^i JoodVomiSsftf ^'^ ^"^^ .^^' ^« *« Wly the filling carriage work Inother S S^^^^ "^"^ P.* ^«^" ^^uff^ ^tuff^^ a smafl quantity of whfte WJ f^l "^ *'''""''*'* «^ ^^^ ^'^ich yellow, ,. , „., J ,...^^^^.^ iu ^^^^^. imrtci, iuiu when CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 157 "upii^iis .rB-m* 'r/oS;'^ ^'ia'^'t^-e' ™'"l ^'"" avoid cutting throuffh and fon? tL rJnil ] ' ^^ 7.®^ cautioiw to Before SviWthr.i ^®, necessary; use sugar of lead as a dryer SrS"Vr?oth Th^/^'^'i"^^ i*^^^ ^^*1^ ^0"nd pumice and trSent Aftei « fii H^o "^"^ 1?"^'* ^"^ ^^^^ ^" t^e better for tJiis and witer ;4sh and di^'SSfJ^'v '^^'^ ''^^?" T*^ ^«^"^d P"™i«e A^ill be alrp^H'xr ?1^,^^* -^^"^ chamois skiii, when the work VermiLf and rosf DiEf ^^ '*T"^; ^^^«^«^ ^^^ ^^« When hard?nVdry ^Sve anXer Kt^^^^^^^^^ last, for first coat. rtn^Lfe^r ^"^^^' p ;ate?- drcteTC^A^n'o?! Grind dron hl«?v^t T and apply two coats. Japan Brown. cS^me(^.et Grind C ^''^'"'" ^' ^''^^'• posed of chrome velw 1^ p^'^^® ''" V\ '^^P^!!' <^^ "^e greens com- vemilion thprT oTi^ wie«/iOf«. For a ground, use the b< st English vow bod; flo^-J '^ pure carmine, ground in a little drving oH to me Ld eltenTthi 3'"'^' ^^^ ^PP^^ *^« ^^^ts carefully^ Thi? carriage^mad^^^^^^ '^ *^^5r^^ ^""^« ^^ «"««« for a St ^ ^^ j^1-:^ei^^Ss^^j^ S^ t«impart-tklw^SrS^5^;:^r^^ . 158 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTKKs', AC, UECEIPTS. ^iXV^^JM^Jill^lf/^::.^-^^^^^^^ Fa.n Volar. U«e may bo added U> obS Vo rSht ihal TT'n', ^"''"^^ "'"'^«'' mw umber form a cool dr-a. w hth n 1 ' v ^^"'^- ^"''''•- ^»»*te and red, an may be desired Mumf^ij^'^u ^'":'P^,^'tli chrome, or makes a ve^ good color at a chefp X ^''^ ^'"'^ ''"^ "*^^'^"^^"" that the /incH n^Sybefiwu eauidiS ^Z ^"^ *\ steady hand ho lines, grind the color hi dStr o r nilf »!' ^'^"!l ''?'^ "^^*- ^'«r ^"6 color will do for bm^ o? colirse ^nllT^J? "'^ best work. Jaimn carriage, with heavy vdieels drnw ii,?f ' 'J^i^^ gr"«md. If a large . n.ixed color frorrtYreTiuarterTnTh^^^^^^^^^^ FrankiV.rt-black, Japan the carriage, wheels spCgf spokes inZw l^^^^"" ^'l^'^ of of light orange or light ,rimroHe,?5nr\n!^^^^ **^^? ?"'^ «"« lines inch from thS broad^ bKK ^ t^n,^^^^^^^ three-eighths or a quarter the black nuts and bSoadi ' nf, ""^ ^^ ^"'^ /''^«""*1 ^he tulges of <)r (leep orange iernmr>«*^ ^" »"Perior work, pure white, gold lines, rWSgaTeryX^^^ down tlie middle of the'b^lacJ^ lisht green, burck lines wUl 1 1 ^nfflnlTT', ^''^^ ?''^ ^^^^ ^lack, if a centre of the W^ck Tines wh wldt? m^t'^tl"?'"'^ ^??"'''. ^"" »i> ^^'^ pick out with black ri rinhT.r ™ i ' \"^ ^^ ^'"®- ^» dark green three-eightSb an InToff thelick T '"'i^ «^i« ^^ "^« ^^l^*^" green to^od advant^e SfSe^. iSScti? w1 hh? ^"^^^ t"^^^>* niilion or ricli, orange fine side W« nl^r ^1 ^^*^ ^^>V^^' ^^^^ ver- vermilion line run Sn the ce,itr« nf 4^ k '^^ """^''^^ ^^^^ ""es with the centre of one"arge blaclS ^' ^'^^^'^ ^^^^l !"»« ^^P black, fine line with vLmmon or medhi^ffnf T"^' ^^"^ «"* ^'^t^ slight tmt of red in it • or nart tJS hSi * •'* ""^ ^S^°T ^^^^^ with centre. On Fawn CoCh SfoW on? ^^i^'^^^l^^ ^^^^^ down the white on eacredgerr'b?own drablhar^ n^''^^ ^"" "^« ^^^^ i?roMJn.s', vermilion line La thAhSio ^d^- ^'^j^apan or Plum kers'o;eens, pick orwfth^tck^'^ trafiS^^^^^ «"«" or hght green. On Drabs uick out witiTS^.i^^v^'^^^ ^^ orange ion, or high colored oSCwh^w^nf^^r^' f^^ ^"^^ ^^"^ ^ennil- Purple, lick out witii bB Ve Ihie w^t^^^^^^^^ ^?l ^^H^ .^^^^h. On vermilion. ' ^"*® ^^"" ^ bright tint of orange or the^Snrde'pLmeTXorte^^^^^^^ ^ -«" as in regards brushesfpotrfreedom fron^Ti ^^"idispensable, as i« ready, if it is th^e imde^Sge appf^^^^^^ fnR". ^?''' ^^ varnish, and when throusfh with t'hi? ^L? ^?Z^ ^^^^ ^^^^ "^ ciirriage again, this time using &v vSh A fSv ?/• * k^ W^'^'Tj ^o over it to " flat " the work mi^Zwvlmn:Hr.i^!^ \* ^^ ^^.''? '"^"^ ^ry proceed water, and a wooTWcloth S"^^^^^^ ground ; then clean away all tEimice and ^r.fnV''^ *i^^ ^^^^ «' chamois leather slightly wet If von h ova 1?^! ""^ T^^^ ^^*^ *^^e repair with Japan color previout t^^A^n^ J ! ^"l* *^"'o»«b in any part, H the se«,nd coat b not eatis&ctory, repeat the fla««„-n.. r-oc» «l«th, go over the work, rubbing we II t^ r^ 1 it ttnf 'fL?' I^""^ I>"^der every mrticle of the oil and rotten K«M *• " ^'*'^''*'''' ^"^^ remove by rubyng the work bri8kirwUran\7J!T/e^ 'T^' *^J»lsh off will indu(.e a beautiful fire Soss In «vL?\'' ,^-"»^'*?»-^'hief, which and varnish fininh is required, do no?omftYn 1"'*^"'^ ^''^'" ^ P'>««h varnish, as it will greatly enhaiu'e ?hfi « '^ °" "^^ ®'^*''*^ ««at of best for this purpose. If yZcan^t "f ir*^'f ^ ^"^^ '*"« ^« "'« Hubstitute by using EngliJirvaSh and T.,r'''^-^ Prepared, make a the gilding is for striping von ihonSl '?^I^»",.»» equal parts. If with it, to be able to se?tir inesThP wl* ^it«o/hrome yellow coloring is required. Rub yonr fob dnL^**^""' .?"* *"^ lettering no muslin and tie up in it a iiH?i i?!?-*^"^" smoothly, take a piec-e of witli this dust oZ every part of ttw"'^ *^ J""" a " pounce^ bag '' be put, to prevent the TeSflt^ck n J Tn'L^^Z^ *^^ ^^^^ leaf i! 'to the size, or wash the job over wm\L,^^ "«* ^"^'^''ed by the raw surface of a potato c« J /« k i ^^*?' «^' ^"^ it over with soon dries, and leaves TtWn fi'lm Z wWch%'h?' ^'^-^^ *^« l'«t^'to R ther of the above methods ^^11^^^ !^® ^^^^ will not adhere when the gilding is drv tL ?''' ^"^ <^''^ coating will was off put on the^stri^s 'filj'Ses or ZZl T^^^'S^' ^'^« «^« «^^e and enough to enable you to pass vom fi. ' """"^ ''"^^ '^ ^ drvjist but if it is -tacky" whery^u^^if^FJ ''''%'^ ^^<^^«»t ««cki"g orSS^y^g-^^ trs'irrri ^" ^r^^-^^e parts for striping and teking up and ap^ySg he biv.n/e^LJf "?'^ ^^'^ ^^^^ 1^^" Fo? and make a '' pounce w-i'^iY.?' ^^ '^ I'i^^'® ''^ P^"«h or velvet bronze gently over ?he sfze To V ? v'lh« ""^^ "^ "^**«"' ^"bbing iht copper, gold, and silver Tronze mat Lln.K^ « ""-^ti^re of bronze, cutfJut any desired nntti^^^-^«*i^-^'^'^'^^- ^^^r fancy work in or paper, and applj it to anrSvXf ^"^^f ^^'^^^ P^eboar " , |reen7 ^^^^^o/nV'^^^^^^ ^oc..^Chrome wT''''^r«^' -Cream CO or strhS^^^ or cream color [black, and red fine line. NrT o T±'!'^r'^?,^' ^^?e or dark trreen. nv j-- blue or white. E^^^ ^-^L^r:iJS,^fS ' 160 CABINETMA^RS, PAINTERS', black and white. No. 3. Bod^ AC, RECEIPTS. »*/.-Carmme glaze over Indian red. No. 4. Body.— Deep veriniUou. Ban- Jiunnmg f/mr.— Vermilion. mng .rymr.— Light verniilion. wate^rtl^^Te^rnSv'lir/-?^^^"^^^!"^- ^^^^ ^^ 3 pts. until it is as thick' as ?ou^h^«t r°^^''^ Zf^""^ "^"^^^^ dry plint and after TlitSe it wiU ?im« nJ^ ' T^'''^ ^ "« «^«^ y^^^ old paint, with soap anHatfr to remZ?nt^«'*\^''?"^' ^^^^^ ^^«h the W vessel aswiU stand one inch deeVfhp,^ cover with a line doth aid let th?wh nil Pf>^^'n« "ches of water, weeks until the liqiM becomes t^cl^w^^^^^^ '""^ *^' * ^^^ a phial and submitted to aTentirfit aC ^"""^^^ ^°*^ ^'t^C<^'^^'^'^ thrfughVaefcK^^'^ *^' '''"^' '' *° ^^ inJ^h^eTr^reSg^nTa^a^^^^^^ ff •- ^^^^ contain. may^'L^^iT/'tmnsf^^^^^^^ «^«"^^r gilded pictures colorbeformTxW^^^ add to the dry milion is used wfipi^g ^,?famentin5 nv^F^"' ^^f ?* ?^^"«1^ ^e^" ion having less body will nTSfv^r 5^5 ^^^"^^5 ^^e deep vermil- the best color 01724^ w* t I^^rr?' S^^^^f^' vermiUon gives and oil. AmericairvSiZ L^?d nS^f '^'*^' i"^^"^^ ^^"li^h would change it to an oranircoio? th^^ 5^ ^'^r^f-' *' *^^^ Process yellow, andliU heavy bodf colors are a^t^^^^^^^ cl"'«^e as fine as possible. ^ Raw STorefe"^^^^^^ lead ^^v^won^a^'^jZn^?';:^^^^^ "T ^-^^ ^^«^- Mix white coat, adding a very mtle EntiS^^^^^^ ""f^'^-? P"«P^^ ^^^ ^ thick carriage paits add a littlff rfS^ k , K "^'^^^^ '* ^^^^ easily. For co«io>7eV Mix wWtM^^^^ "«*.f«^- 5odies.-^wJ and a little turpentine as beforrnniiiS^c. '''T,"'^ ^F''^ ^ P^^<^« J^P^n, but none for the body -rS 1^^^^^^^^ for carriage parts tliick paste with turpentine aM,b/r2t T^' ^^.^^ite lead hito a to bind the paint wdi add ?«; f h! ^'- ' "^^P'"^ ^^^^ rubbing varnish •and a little red le^d ' ' ^"""^ *^'^ "^'"'^^e parts, a little lampblack wiS^"a^aS^;:.b'^^^^ dr^ white lead beatmg it with a smaU maTlet S^ S the lum.r^ not in use, in water, to prevent it dVyS ^^^"P^- .Keep it, when (groTnZtater2-;^^^^^^ ?H^ ^f^^ ?' English filling with Japan, 2 pa?S rubbiiivSrS' \ ^'""^ ''\'}^ ^^^^ "^ '>^- Mi^ oughly by rn«,tj»J"„S, "P-"^, ^^.^"isl^, 1 part. Mix and crush thor. ^ "^ -^ •"« "" liiiuugu me imu together. KECEIPTS. CABINETMAKEBS, PAINTERS', &c., RECEIPTS. 161 Kill IT" '"'""^'--^ ■» •»»"- '^-"^^ Sfsr^VSl Pkepared Oil fob Carriapk« Xm t« i „i i- ^^ ?; add red lead S mhi,|^'^ad.Vlb8 Tw umberf+lh""' " ^-"^-i lead mid siilnhate of ziiic Mnh^ ih .' . ^ ™°*''„'i"'*- ' ™garol gether, and bo to Se in titf J^'.,*i 'J P" ™nz<;.aU the articles to- ttirneiitiZ fiTnii Q ?• ™ dissolved; when a little cool, thin with K iSl.te'^V i;/''r*'"' °". * «"!«• ■■od lead and umberTof S lo KEDUCE Oil Paint with Water Tato s ii.c ^* OIL Paint.-To bkduoe with WATEB,-Gum shellac, 1 lb. ; sal- il I 162 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. aLu^^'I ^\-, ?*'''' *^^®" a^d bo"ed oil, 12 gals. ; vellowresS 12 Ih^' ■="' i--"^, «" wiuisuu, wwn aicoiioi, oue hundred and forty- ; \' RECEIPTS. CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, &C., RECEIPTS. 163 pS SC?t^ifSfrt«^:^^^^^^ of each ei.ht tine 81X parts; turiSeric/ louf parts "^hV.^^^^ *"rpen- hundred and twenty parts BeeDGnM'n.5''^%^r'^'^'^ alcohol, one ^oz.;tnTmenc, 1 oz. ; dragoif^sTlo?d tiS^t^f^^^^^^^^^-Seed lac, pt. ; digest for a week frequentinhak?, ^^ ^'^^^.*'''"';' ' ^^<^«^ol> ^ quers are used upon po ished Slf«„ri^f * 5^^^".^' ^"^ l^r. l4c- ance of gold. A ye^ow is reqS Sse t^l^ ""Pr' ^ ^PP-^ gamboge ; for red, use anuatto or dmo-mi^« ^""aT^ ^^^^ ^ffi'on or gamboge and dmgon's blood geneSuv.ff^^^'''^' ^ ^^«^- 'rmeric, colors. Gto^c^ iiac9Mer.4?t ilS^!?f;L*?^^^^ a sufficient nmge of turmeric, 1^ oz. of gambo'e Si ih! " ^^ *i" ^ ^^- «^ S^^'^^nd pound of shellac, and 2 gaV of stirit^J'''^.^^''^^ i?^^"i sandlracra solved, and strained, add 1 p4KrnlJ-''^- ^*^^" shaken, dis! FamwA For Too/s.-Take taliow 9 nf ^®"^"- ^ varnish, well mbced geth«r. Stram while hot, ^ ^ ^ «^ • ; and meKl apply a slight coat on yoilr toSls with o^i '^^^'"^^ ^^« i" tl^e resin • rust for any length ot^rv^ nS^ t^ ^^^^^> ^^^ it will keen off gamboge, 1 dram"; tu^peiS" 2 Si ^^^^^^'-^^^^evic 1 dLm « drams ; thin mastic vSish 's o^ -^dlfilf ^•;i?^"- ? dragon's blood,' fel4 days ; then set aside to' fine anfcurnSV'T^""^^ ^^itation .f/A^'^^'' ^«'^^«^-Amber naI?l?H , ^*^^^^ear. Beautiful and 'ifil^^^ «"«f *»rP«»tinef4ta'ls Thkln^^^^^^ '*'«""^^' ««ola I and IS the most durahlo nf ,.ii , • , "'^ ®*^<^'^ becomes very hard quteker drying oil nmy be subs^inTpy'f?^'- * ^^^^» wanted k>diy t?„dd«ddimng'the cooMn^^rcr^oi^^^^ lase; add hot di-yinq oil i ?/ . t^^T'^ /?''««^i--Amber, 1 lb • oU of tarpStine, 3i "ik ^ ? *'?"«/ ! '»»1 a little, knd thin with ioz. ; turpentine, 18 oz -fL^l^^hl ^^,^y,Pale transparent resin 12^ for the internal parts of 'SaL^^&^^^^ alcohol. 6 i>ts. f dissolvr Use! Vmakers' Farma.-Verv mlS' Til PfJ^s m ten minutes. C«&S. LTfS.n^'«^^P^ f turpentme, 3 aals • «nS .i ^."™e, and thm with hot rectified nil 'rSj; ^"^- ,^^^^ ^amisH/ Wa^ 'T^t'l'/'^H *^eTt^r^e'tn rains, gamboge, drao'on'^ hUn/t^y ^^^^^^ Arlides.—Gam lac ii wii 01 eaea mixed too-etliPr^V^'i^I^^ ^^ oijirns ; ana a proper nronnr" 164 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. the caif in hot water wLndlgoh^^ Black Varnish for Coac/is-MHtTn a« "^ ^^'Y^^ ^^^ ^^^' ^^ne resin 6 oz • aspialtum^G ot ;dryL. liSse^Tor ' .r^'!;' ^' «^- '' cooled, add oil of tunientinP woVmrH ""^^®?^^o". J P\- ; when partly dissolve 1 oz. mastic?! ozlSiti L^'"*' ^^^'^"^^ FamM.- turpentine in 6 oz. spirite turShip ' L.' fT ?^^«H'e, and i oz. that procured by dKinl ThSV h^Z ""-^ *if • '/™^^^«<^ i^ordants is effect of greatly^heShiS^^^^ *'"«k glue It has the extremely Well CwS/^F^^^^ sticks Put 4 oz. best ffuin SbZe^^^^^^ ''?"?^' P"^^ ^'' '^'^'^^^^^ <^'^- dragon's blood into i?oz s^fir foff uroonK*' "^i^P^^^^ne I 4 oz. into 8 oz. spirits of turpentine Iffi Ih^l' """^ ^ '"''■ ^^ ^'I'^atto vessels. Keep them in a wnm. ni?! ^^^® i mixtures in different possible, for Kut 2 weeks wLS^eV S^^^^ ''''''^ ^' gether such quantities of Sell Mn, for ^^^^^^ K'^ ^* I^'l "'^- ^^d to- desirous of obtaining will '^^^^^^^ ^^ the color you are IFood-Bestalcohol l^al -EL -1 ^'''''^m^rent Varnish, for or bottle in a s tSn il keep ft fusT f fS.T' ^* ^'^'^ ^^^'^ «^^ ^u^ solve quicker than if hot oi ffft Jd k?"f l^^"^"".' .^^^ ^^ ^"^ ^is- C'a/it'a^.-Take spirit? S^nrnpnt?! 'i ^^^^"-^ Varnish for Wood or them into fin iro?kettlf whk^f w ii «/ ^^^ ' ^^^Ph^l^um, 2i lbs. ; put gum by heat. wLifdisTKl an^^^^^^ ^ f ^^^.' ^^^ ^^^^^l^^ the 1'^; and boiled liiSeerS 1 Sifj^ cool add copal varnish, 1 Perhiips a little lamSack Ui^^^^ '* ^^^«^dy for use. Mosaic Gold FowdeTZ^u^^^^ crucible, a'-dilb. of^Kirffied auh?'nv^ &c.-[lelt.l lb. tin in a is reduced to powder and cfiouTd S i i^ it: when this is cold, it flour of sul])l^^r till ti p ihT • ' ^Y^^h h lb. sal-ammoniac and 7 oz calcined fHiias" ; td itsuSSW^^ leaves the tin convertedStotl.P mnJ^S. "i^"'^ *^'^ other ingredients at the bottom of the iiai r^^^^^^^ f?^^. ^^"^/^^ ^hich is found The sal-annnoniac n/uSe ^^TZ^S^J\''±1' ^^^^}2^^^^ P-ticles, i»ut sonie gold S w tir^ iSlpT''^^"^^'- .J^"^ Gold Powder.- with gum a!ab c, iiTto .7n e-iShi^fn. ?,r^^' ^^ ^^^'^^^ g""^ ^'-^ter made the gold is reducS to verv sSl^S ^M ^^^^^ ^^e mixture till or gum repeatedirwftl wLm wa^^^^^^^^ «"* the honey nitrous acid in a rSer ^ wS thf ^-'i'^' ^/ ''"^^ «* copper with be removed ; or if fiTna^ bfemnWd"?)' ' ^'-^^^^ated, the slips are to off from what remains undissohed^Smn^ '''^''*'?. ''' to be poured will precipitate the co per powder f^^^^^^^ bars are then put in, which tlie liquid being pourSSm^JiTpnL?^ 3®. ^^turated acid; and, off the\rystels by^Tp^teSTaters"^"^^^^^ *^"' '' ^ ""' ^'^^^"^ «^ean L^..^ rowDBii oi ^paie gold color is produced from an aUoy of tECElPTS. )ra an alloy of CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 165 13i parts Of copper and 2| parts zinc, of a ci^mson metallic limtrA rom copper, of ^ paler color, copper, and a very HtTe zkic arfea bronze with a proportion of verdigris, of a fine oranaem\ov\lxvSi parts copper and If parts zinc ; aSotii'er orange color ll^mksW per and 2^ zinc. The alloy is' laminated int^ very fineieavS S S^ wi'thT & 7% '^''•? T ^"^^Sated into im^Hble powder^ tile ligation ' ^ Prevent, oxidizement; and "to favor Gkmkbal biKEOTiONs FOR BRONZING.— The choice of the ahnvA to oMain'' ^^ ^ifl^'^^.^etermined by «,, ^ of Siancy j4fS to obtain. The powder is niLxed with strong jrum water or i^ino-inaL and hud on with a brush or pencil ; and, no? ?o d7y as to have^ stm certain clamminess, a piece of soft leather wrapped round the tin-er s dinped in the powder, and rubbed over the work. When the wo^^^ has been all covered with the bronze, it must be left t<> dry and an v loose powder then cleai cd away by a hair-pencil ^' ^ Bronzing Iron.-TIic subject should be heated to a greater decree J^tv"^^«,SS^'''''' ^'^'' '-^^d Geman gold, mixed with a^ small qS tty of spirit of wme varnish, spread over it with a pencil • should a little common salt and some vinegar are added Sis mixS with as much good glue, and the mixture sprea^d iii a hot state with a brush of boar's hair. When plaster or marble is gilded leave onJ the salt. The f^rst glue-coating is made thinner than he second 2 Wutep7Yparato consists in coverm- the above surface with « 10 or 12 coats of Spanish white, mixed up with strong ske- lach w/l? worked on with the brush, 's. Stopn^ the p?reslith thick whiS and glue, and smooth the surface with dog-skin. \polUhthZmSS^ sTmu'lZnnef °« rf ^^^^ «o\d water. ^5. i^ko'cf thf^t e t'a Konoe 7 !»/, wifh^f !f' '^>^\ % fT^P ^"^^^ ^g' ^"d then a soft sponge. 7. Hub with a horse's tail (shave-arass) the rnrts to hP vpI lowed, to make them softer. 8. Yelloio w&hye\lS^l^^^^ grouna m water, and mixed with transparent coloSs size TT^p th a ttinmer part of the mixture with a fine bruS. 9? N^xt iub th^ woJk with shave-grass to remove any granular apnearance 10 ^nfZ,?^/ rnS^iSfLltT"!?" ^'4V^ ; bSSnelhematifet^^^^^^ ana as much galena, each separately ground in water Thpii mi^ ni together with a spoonful of olive oil. Thiris t^nSred wiS ^whttp except the parts to be burnished, which are to receive other 2 rnnt« ot the gold size, tempered with ilue. 12. The surfaci damned wfth S ;r*r//''^ "^ summer), has then ihegofdleaf apS/ed Ji? Gdd^the hollow ground before the more proininent ptrte^.Tat^be leff^bSt^^^^^^^^^ ^ '"" ^^^^^^' fmmediatelyTehiJid the gold div brush 1? rLI-?;"''^^.,' F?"^T'"'S ^^'J excess of wator with a uiy prusn. is. Burnish with bloodstone. 14. Next na«s a thin nnnf of gme, slightly warmed, over the parts tliat are not ITvl tn v,!" k^* gold S'to ?hpm """J^ ^T^T i,'"""'*" ^^*^' '' ^^^«b, and^appiybits of gow leaf to them. 16. Apply the veimieU coat very lightly over the 166 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. :r .■ X .; 1. ' il 1 r m t I i i then pass the whole tl rS a slTk or',^ir '^ ^^^"^*^ ^ » f^'^rth ; over the dead surfaces a slcondPn^f^f^"^^^^ ?'®^^- 17. Next pass the first. This fiiSs the Zk S iive^^^^^^ fi""' ^'«"^' '^au Composition OBNAMFiv'^^n« p?/ ^'^ it strength. much whiting asyouSk w ,"be remfirp/r^^^' ^'—^'^^ ^« thinimhghie,tothecon«i8tencrof my;^'"f^^ l''^«^''* »«e. with rub It well all over with sweet oil ^on/r.\^^ ^'^'^"^ ^^ "'O"^^ ready, take it out and you wil ^1 iL^ ? P'^"*^ y^""'" composition in it by to dry ; or, i? wanted ^ounfav beX^^ y"" ""^^ ««* your work with thick ghie,S bend it inS H^f^ ^'""'"^^ ^^^P^y it to Bronzing or Gilding Wnnrf ps. , « ^^^^ required, patent yellow, raw iSr laZwacf^^^^^ «"v ^ P'"«'^i^n blue, K'tely w;th wateronastoneaSmuoiiof?;^?'' ^ ''^:,V ^rind sepal color put into a small vessefl ful?of sh^^^^^ viously cleaned and smoothed Vn!!?!*^®' -J^^ ^^^d' being pre- side. ri lampblack, rec^h^es a new ?oaS^^^^^^ ^ ""^"^^^,^ «* «lean above compound, having allowed SffiStTi/"''''^^^^^^^^ bronze powder is to be lii^ A.? .^?il ^* ^. *^^y- Afterwards the nished o? '^W aiSw^o^^r^S 7^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^l^hole bur! m;|ured by this operation • n^vf kl^ V ^^^ P^^s which may be thin laye/of CasKoap,' whSh tHrSakp";;;? \' ^^''^^J^ «^^^ ^^^^ ^ mg, and afterwards be ^rlfuTly n bbfd wSf f ^""'^ n^ *^^ humish- potashrsVa??o^.Tml^^^^^^^^^^ I chloride of then go over them with a s^t Lush dinnpS t^^^^^ ""^ *^^ ^'*™^« 5 wiU appear equal to new. ^^^^ "^ ^^ mixture, and they prepS'Il'^c'^vrrerwith a?olV nf ^' /5^ .'^^*'^' ^^*er being properly oil mixed with yefloTtw wLir?^^^^^^ dryiViiPS adhere to the fin.rers withnnt l^r ^^'^ ^'^^ become so dry as to with great care a"rddexter?tv «nJ"^ t^em, the gold leaf is Ld on places that have been S^' .^^ P"*^^"^^ ^^^''^ with cotton wooP eaf, and when LewLSfdrrth'^^^^^^^^^ «"^^^1 pieces of gohi the cotton. This is bv far ?ho'oo • f^^®*? bits are rubbed off with meUtUic leaves may bL^ied ira^fml^o^^' ^* ^'^^^'^ '- ^ny oTher J«f* greenish yellow coSrSS^ ^^.fe ^Z" ryo^rf gold leaf is only copper le if colored w Sf ?hi^ f^"* """^ f ^^^- ^^'^^cb much cheaper than true ffold ipni Ifl the fumes of zinc ibein*' ties of gildi^ig are r^irfd t '11^X?pT/"^ T^"? 1^^^« H^'-SS- the weather, as it changes color if eS^^^^Ht!.!^'^". ^^ defendeti from be covered with varnish. Ser W' & ?1* .^^^^^^ > »"d it should as gold leaf ; but when applied sKo flf KJ*.^''^^?; ^^^ *^^^ «ame 4a;e"'''2''^lS-;;;f' iTi AP^rt ; ^^".. ..•.:.■ of «oda. 2 „,„., . „... ■ """ "' ~^ 'O'y). -^ l«rtt ; diy caffionaie' of CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 167 narha • fiia« potaspa, 70 parts ; silica. 192 parts ; soluble in boiling water, yielding a liive, transparent senii-eUimtic varnish. 3. Carbonate of potassa (dry), 10 pai-ts ; powdered quartz (or sand free from iron or alumina), 15 parts ; charcoal, 1 part ; all fused together. Soluble in 5 or 6 times its weight of boilinf/ water. The filtered solution evaporated to dryness, yields a transparent glass, permanent in the air. Glass Statnino.— The following colors after having been prepared, and rubbed upon a plate of ground-glass, with the spirits of turpen- tine or lavender thickened in the air, are applied with a hair-pencil. Before using them, however, it is necessary to try them on small pieces of glass, and expose them to the fire, to ascertain if the desired tone of color is produced. The artist must be guided by these proof- pieces in using his colors. The glass proper for receiving these pig- ments must be colorless, uniform, and difficult of fusion. A design must be drawn on paper, and placed beneath the plate of glass. The upper side of the glass, being sponged over with gum-water, affords, when dry, a surface proper for receiving the colors without the risk of running irregularly, as they would othei-^ise do on the slippery glass. The artist draws on the plate (usually in black), witL a fine Sencil, all the traces which mark the great outlines or shades of the gures. Afterwards, when it is dry, the vitrifying colors are laid on by means of larger hair-pencils ; their selection being regulated by the burnt specimen-tints above mentioned. The following are all fast colors, which do not run, except the yellow, which must therefore be laid on the opposite side of tlie glass. The preparations being all laid on, the glass is ready for being fired in a muffle, in order to fix and bring out the proper colors. The muffle must be made of very refractory fire-clay, flat at its bottom, and only five or six inches high, with a strong arsjhed roof, and close on all sides, to exclude smoke and flame. On the bottom, a smooth bed of sifted lime, freed from water, about half an inch thick, must be prepared for receivhig the glass Sometimes, several plates of glass are laid over each other, with a layer of lime powder between each. The fire is now lighted, and very gradually raised, lest the glass should be broken ; then keep it at a full heat for three or four hours, more or less, according to the indications cf the trial slips ; the yellow coloring being principally watched, it furnishing the best cnterion of the state of the others. When all is right, let the fire die out, so as to anneal the glass. Stained-Glass Pigments.— No. 1. Flesh-color.— Red lead, 1 oz. ; red enamel (Venetian glass enamel, from alunf and copperas calcined together) : grind them to a fine powder, and work this up with al- cohol upon a hard stone. When slightly baked, this produces a fine flesh-color. No. 2. Black color.— Take 14^ oz. of smithy scales of iron ; mix them with 2 oz. of white glass : antimony, 1 oz. manga lese, * oz. ; pound and grind these ingredients together with strong vinegar. No. 3. Brown color.— White glass or enamel, 1 oz. ; good manganese. t oz. ; grind together. No. 4. Red, Rose and Brown colors are made from peroxide of iron, prepared by nitric acid. The flux uon- sists of borax, sand, and minium, in small quantities. Red color may likewise be obtained from 1 oz. of red chalk, pounded, mixed with 2 oz. white, hard enamel, and a little pfiroxide of copper. A red mav also be composed of fust of iron, gla'ss of antimony^ yellow glass ot lead, such as is used by potters, or litharge, each in equal quantities, 168 CABINETMAKERS, PAmTER8^ *C, RECEIPTS. ~ p?o^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This composition, weU of brass, calcined into an oxide SZ " "/^^?»: No. 6. Green.-l2 oz sand ; reduce them to riine nowdp; IvT^"^""' ^^^»oz. of white well-luted crucible and hPQf!/* ®^,' ^^^^^ w to be enclosed in a When the ly^^Ze ^''^if^^^^^^^^ air furnace for In hour however, be advantagSlf^ ?odioeS hJ'r',?^^^'- ^'^^^n may blue on the other. Oxide of Irn^^^ stain ^lass green. No 6 A nJZZl ^^- ^^^"l ^^° employ edtS inate(r thinfdissolve h nltric-Tif Si^"'";r^?^^^ ^°^ «"ver, lam^ and precipitate with solSn of ek-S^m^f ^^^^^ «^ ^«^r ma ary pow-der, with three times ftswi-h^^nf^' """'^^ °* ^^^^^ fit l^"""^«d. The back of tS glal mnp i/y^K^^^ ^^" *>"™t this powder : for whpn r^ni^f^J^ ^ f, 1^^"^ is to be p£,inted with the other coloVs. \ w^^^^^^^ >;e, it is apf to r„n TnS sUver with glass Of aSny LrveiWoo?^^ "^'^"^^ s"lphuretof to a red brown tint. Work all til^jl i ^^^*^^^' Previously calcined the back of the glass. Or stiver TaJiw^"" i^^."*^"^' ^"^ paint on glass of antimonv th^wn iX„ i?^*T' melted with sulpLr and powder, affords I yellow TmlfZT ^°^ «?erwards |ro" nd t^ powder resultingirom bmsssufinri^T ^^^ ^^ made with the together in a^rifcible tillTeV Sse^^^^^^^^^^ «^^«i"ed a little bunit ochre. The ffnevdlowrST^ and then mixed with chloride of silver, oxide 6f tS^o If M. Meraud is prepared from simply ground, is applied on tRlass J^t ^^ "'^^- '^^'^ "^^^^^t of silver powder as iirppinltn^n^ f ^- ^S^^^^f^ co^o?-.— Take 1 mrt . P^\tesofWper?andS^e? mil'r^^^^^^ "!?^*," ^^ *^^* metal,^by yellow, by careful trituration • ^(rhUPfK"^ '^^ ^^^ ^^^^^e, and 'l of the size of theXe S gL^fs'eTenlf fnl"'^^^^^^^ corresponding to and solid marble t^UeXr^ivei^^Lfii^^^^^ smooth rubbed down with a brush a\S,V^n .f^ '''' ^^ ^V^'^^e is carefully and rubbed over the foil with a^p^II^ ^^ mercury is then poured on which, two rules are a^iS to the eSrfr^*™^^^^ the depth of a crown piS 4 ; when anfoviSo"^ ""^f '''-^ poured'on to fully removed, and the sheet S^SairnpJwi^'' ,*^^ '"^^«« »» «»re- along over the surface of Se li&iSr « ^ 1^^^ ^"^ dr^ is slid oxide can possibly either remaS or ^t^lv ^"^ *^^J "^ ^^^' ^i't» or glass has arrived at its prop" ?^osftion IfZ^^"" *^'^°^- ^^en the and the table sloped a littS t :Sri^ nW^Si*^^ W^^^Vixe is applied, which it is covered with flannPi f^7t ^ *f^ ^^**e mercury ; after tvventy-fourhoursitisrernmS^V^ "* ^?^^^^ with heavy weights -in and this Position'is proSivel^lSci^^^^^^^ becomes perpendicular. ^ mcreased during a month, till it in the^'ceJ^i^^^^^^ some of the colors used IS melted, by whichS't is ^onverte^^^^^^^ This mixture l^^I N«; 2. Cmyy?..x.-Of No Tlt'li^.^S^^^^^^^^^ glass, i/a... xnis mixture is melted. Flux No 1 * »'^«''" ""'"'''' ™ powder, 1 xiux ISO. d. jior carmines and green. CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 169 —Melt together fused borax, 6 parts ; calcined flints, 3 parts ; pure minum, 1 part. No. 1. Indiao o^ue.— Oxide of cobsilt, 1 part ; flux No. 3, 2 parts. Deep aziire &me.— Oxide of cobalt, 1 part; oxide of zinc, 2 parts ; flux No. 3, 5 parts. No. 2. Emerald (?reen.— Oxide of copper, 1 part ; antimonic acid, 10 parts ; flux No, 1, 30 parts. Pul- verize together, and melt. No. 3. Grass .qrreen.— Green oxide of chromium. 1 prt ; flux No. 3, 3 parts. Triturate and melt. No. 4. Yelloio. —kwtimonxc acid, 1 part : subsulphate of the peroxide of iron, 8 parts ; oxide of zinc, 4 parts ; flux No. 1, 36 parts. Rub up together and melt. K this color is too deep the salt of iron is diminished. No. 5. Fixed yellow for touches.~No. 4, 1 part ; white enamel of com- merce, 2 parts. ■ Melt and pour out ; if not sufficiently fixed, a little sand may be added. No. 6. Deep Nankin ?/C'Z/ow.— Subsulphate o' iron, 1 part ; oxide of zinc, 2 parts ; flux No. 2, 8 parts. Triturate without melting. No. 7. Deep reti.— Subsulphate of iron, calci ed in a muffle until it becomes of a beautiful capucine red, 1 part ; flu.^ No. 2, 3 parts. Mix without melting. No. 8. Liver 6?'own.— Oxide of iron made of a red brown, and mixed with three times its weight of flux No. 2. A tenth of sienna earth is g,dded to it, if it is not deep enough. No. 9. White. — The white enamel of commerce, in cakes. No. 10. Deep 6/acA;.— Oxide of cobalt, 2 parts ; copper, 2 parts ; oxide of manganese, 1 part ; flux No. 1, 6 parts ; fused borax, \ part. Melt, and add oxide of manganese, 1 part ; oxide of copper, 2 parts. Trit- urate without melting. The Application.— Follow the general direc- tions given in another part of this worlc, in relation to stjiining glass. How TO Write on Gla^s in the Sun.— Dissolve chalk in aqua- fortis to the consistency of milk, and add to that a strong dissolution of silver. Keep this in a glass decanter well stopped. Then cut out from a paper the letters you will have appear, and paste the paper on the decanter or jar, which you are to place in the sun in such a man- ner that its rays may pass through the si)a(!es cut out of the paper, and fall on the surface of the liquor. The part of the glass through which the rays pass will turn black, whilst that under the paper will remaui white. Do not shake the bottle durmg the operation. Used in let- tering jars. To Stain or Color Glass. — For amethyst, oxide of manganese is used ; blue, oxide of cobalt ; for brovm, oxide of iron ; for green, black oxide of copper ; for purple, oxide of gold ; for ruby red, sub- oxide of copper ; for white, oxide of tin ; for yellow, oxide of silver, &c. These substances pure and well powdered, are either added to the melted contents of the glass-pot, or are applied to the surface as in glass staining. Fine Blue. To 10 lbs. of flint glass, previously melted and cast into water, add zafiPer, 6 drs. ; calcined copper, ^ oz. ; prepared by putting sheet copper into a crucible, and exposing it to the action of a fire not strong enough to melt the copper, and you will have the copper in scales, which you pound.— Bright Purple. Use 10 lbs. flint glass as before ; zalf er 5 drs. ; precipifeite of calcium. 1 dr. Gold Yelloio. Flint glass 28 lbs., of the tartar which is found in urine, | lb., purify by putting in a crucible on the fire until it ceases to smoke, and add manganese, 2 ozs. Bottle Glass.— No. 1. Dark Green.— Fxined glauber-salts, 11 lbs. ; soaper salts, 12 lbs. ; waste soap-ashes, ^ bush. ; silicious sand, ^ cwt. ; glass-skimmmgs, 22 lbs. ; broken green glass, 1 cwt.to 1^ CAvt. ; I f 170 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTirim' *o « ^> rAiwrERS, AC., RECEIPTS, basalt, 25 IbM. to i cwt No 9 p^; ^ • . pipe-clay, | cwt. : cullet or wJ!« ',^* '"^^ 5 ^^sh do. 40 Iba • wfute Hand: 120 mrte wood mm^I V"""' ^ «^t- No. 8. YeHow or . common Halt, itjZ; Xhiie I^lZ ^^"^ ' Pearl-asl.e«, 20 pa^''^ IhB ; nitre and wait. .JseiJk? o^ e^ch 2 ^h?"^' ^•?' '^«- ' «h^< ^ to^f oz. No, 2. P,.,o Hhite fJind i9n ' J^^" ' ^'"'^^ of manganese 1 saltpetre lOpartH ; white arS, K^oii^'p^nT^ '^'^•^' ^^ V^^ •NO. ,i. SniKi, 120 parts • r^ri jnuV^J^ ' ^^'"^ ♦'^ "'anganese. A ofti-t IMirts; nitre 20 pKT- ' mamlm,^^^ /'^^ PurlAed^ peari 4% hienne).~Fnro siliS,; ZK ?^' J ^'^' ''^''''^ Glass W St parte ; heavy ep^ir, ^^Z^Torvi^ Tf^xL^"^'^' '^ ' '-^^^ 5 "'"i 21 Oi-ystal G/a«.o 1 ^# i ' anganese, q. a. Best German JVo. 2. iCheapcr.)~Siind or flint i'>niK^' * lb. and 5 oz magnesia IbB. ; arsenic, 6 lbs • nnfrnS ?^^*^- Lpearlash, 4<> I ,8. -nitre 7 coiit/nuance ik the f^VnaSfTsTo 'alf .X ^T ^"' ^^Huire' a loAg is used. Plate Glass - No T pJl 'Others when much « f the arsenif 8o.la,26i parts ; lime 4 parts-^Se'^lf 'n^^^^ \^'y <^arbona?e of parts. 5ro. 2. Ure's ~0i /i?:.^nS ^'lA^ P'^^'*' ^ broken plate class 2.^ soda, 24 part^ ; ji^fe, 8) paS'""c1;ile?o?"«nV ^^^^"^^ s"lpffi ^ a nenna.— Sand, 100 parts -r-niSn^ »* soda-glass, 12 pa As No lime, 20parts; charcoaf |\,a?i^"^"^,«"iPhate of sodaf 50 paiS^'- sand uLd cnllet, of each son .J ^i., ^®- ^' ^*'ench.~White ouaS^ slaked lime, 43 parts C^JT^r/ ^'^ ?/^onate of soda, iw Zm ash 2«) lbs.'; luL 3o'u> aTK^'ISV^^i.l, S?f ' ,^ Cj^soda- 2. (Bohemian. -Pure silidous sAnd fS^A^"^^- ®^ ^^"^-^^ giass- No 12 parte ; oxide of manganese Ta^^^^^^ ftY^J pot-'^sh, 22 parte ; lime Pure sand, 100 lbs. ; dry sulnhate of «nZ 'k^- '^^^•^' Schweigqers.yl powder, 17 to 20 parte ; chSaf 4 nart, ' ^P^"**' ' dry quicklime b^ fi,^^«« f '^^ow,-6^/a,9s.i-No 1 Takfr^^ white and good. fiedpearlashes,301bH : of i^ltnpfr« iku ^^^^e sand, 60 lbs • 1,3: h lb. This wili be verlSr Ci p'nfnJ^- '.^^L^o^^X' ^ ^b. ; of a'rsenk SnnrH ^^' ^'?^>^ deur.^jt.l7&ti^^fl^4*h.J ingredients be^S,* punfied pearl-ashes, 25 lh«» fA "^'^^^^'^- >— White sand, 60 lbs • unl ^^«»^ -White sand, fK) lbs • nnnnrifii^ • ^'^^^o'^ .<5'^'''?n M>m<«o?/;- salt 10 lbs. ; arsenic, 2 lbs! X'^faTof'^/^'z'^^^^^i ««'«"^on —•NO. 1. Cleansed white ««inH «a1i ^' '^oz. Lookinci-Glass PlotP saltpetre, 16 lbs. ; boiax '^ lbs Thf " P^^^^'-^^^es, ]'nrified & ibf : «cd long in thfe fire w^i'ichshonTd f/''"'P^f.'*^*^" niiould I e contin^ wards more moderate, That tho^^^^^ and aftS- Wes before it be worked. No. 2 VVh o ««» J S n "^'^^^^^ ^^^^ from bub- common salt, 10 lbs. ; nitre 7lbs S^^^^^l'- 5 i^earlashes, 20 lbs ; ^frtf.T,"**^^ heat as the former • frft' wn?K ™^ ^^^^« ^" " n refract the ravs of Ho-iit ;,. "*"»«i , out u will be more hrittiA ^Ja lbs. It property manaJnrt ti '/'' ™: '' ""re, IS lbs. ; borax 7 &;:?''•'■ ^™" "Ste of"s;S"VTi ""^ «<"<>"«'«■ »^«iJ Imviated soap wa«to, i biwh • .^' il 1'"^ ' *'»?"' «>lte, 10 lbs ■ CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS,' AC, RECEIPTS. 171 part part ; green lb8. ; oxide of manganese, 2 to 4 oz. No. 3. (Very Pale.)— White sand, (50 lbn. ; good pot swhes, 25 lb«. ; common salt 10 lbs. ; nitre, 6 lbs. : arsenic, 2 lbs. ; manganese, 2 to 4 oz. as required ; broken pa/e window glass, 14 lbs. CoLOiiEU Pottebh' Glazinos.— White ; prepare an intimate mix- ture of 4 parts of massicot, 2 of tin ashes, 3 fragments of crystal glass, and i part of sea salt Tlio mixture is suffered to melt in e.'i ^hen- vare vessels, when tlie liquid llux may he used. Yellow ; take i jual parts of massicot, red lead and sulphuret of antimony, cjilcine the mixture, and reduce it again to powder, add then 2 parts of i)nr« sand, and li parts of suit ; melt the whole. Green; 2 parts of sjind, 3 imrts massicot, 1 imrt of salt and copper scales, according to the shade to be produced : melt and use. Violet ; 1 part massicot, 3 piirts sand, 1 of smalt, ^ part of black oxide of manganese ; melt. IBlnc ; white sand aid massicot, equal parts ; blue smalt, melt. Black ; black oxide of manganese, 2 parts ; smalt burned quartz, 1 part ; massicot, 1^ parts ; melt. Brown bottle glass, 1 part ; manganese, 1 part ; lead, 2 parts, melt. MoiiTAK, Plaster, &c.— 22 kinds.— 1. iitone Mortar.— Cemoixt, 8 parts; lime, 3 parts; sand, 31 parts. 2. Mortar.— Lime, 1 part; sharp, clean sand, 2^ parts. An excess of wat(!r in slaking the lime swells the mortar, which remains light and porous, or shrinks in drying: an excess of sand destroys the cohesive properties of the mass. 3. Brown Mortar.— Lime, 1 part; sand, 2 parts, and a small quantity of hair. 4. Brick Mortar.— Cement, 3 parts; lime, 3 parts; sanrf, 27 parts. Lime anv sand, and cement and sand, lessen about J, in volunie when mi>ed together. 5. Turkish Mortar.— Vowdered brick and tiles, 1 part ; tine sifted lime, 2 parts ; mix to a proper consistency with water, and lay on layers of 5 or 6 inches thick between the courses of brick or stone. Very useful on massive or very solid buildings. 6. Interior Plastering— Coarse Stuff.— Common lime mortar as nade for brick masonry, with a small quantity of hair ; or by v^ 'lume.s, lime paste (30 lbs. lime,) 1 part; sand, 2 to 2i parts; hair, J part. When full time for hardening cannot be allowed, substitute from 15 to 20 per cent, of the lime by an equal portion of hydrrailic cement. For the second or brown coat the proportion of hair mj' be slightly diminished. 7. Fine Stuff.— (L me putty): Lump lime si .ed to a paste with a moderate volume of w; *or, and afterwards diluted to the consistency of cream, and then harden by evaporation to the re- quired consistency for working. In this state it is used as a slipped coat, and when mixed with sand or plaster of Paris, it is used for the finishir i coat. 8. Gauge Stuff' or Hard Finish is composted of 3 or 4 volun , of line stuff and 1 volume of plaster of Paris, in proportions regulated by the degree of rapidity required in hardening for cornices, &c., the proportions are f'qual volumes of each, fine j^tuff and plaster. 9. Stucco is composed of from 3 to 4 volumes of white >: \\d to 1 volume of fine stuff or lime putty. 10. So'atch Coat.— Hie tirtt TPVia .C^vw/j/iW f^fM§i \a old.-, frti.rr.'ul a Floated Coui. Laying the firi^t coat in two coat woric is resorted to 172 CAlUNKTMAKKUa, PAINTRRS', AC, RKOKirTS. > incommotMvorU hiHtoiMlof {«frm?/»,7, whoii tlio flninliod mirfnro i« not muilmUo bo oxjict t<> a ntmlulit «mIko. It in livid liui coat of nbout A Inch In thk-kncsw. The Uiyinu coiit, oxc«M»t foi* vory rommon work. Mhoiild \w hand ,tt(>(ttrlU>d to tho anKh'H of a room or odp;o of a wi-ll and punillolly, nt In- torvalrt of :i t(» 5 foot over tho snrfnco to bo covonid. When thoKO havo bocomo niifflclontly barci to withstand tho uroHHiiro of antniiyht oduo. tho IntorKiMicoH botwoon tho Hcrcodm nhonld bo fillod ont (IuhU with th(Mu. MO »H to produco a contlnnouw and Htralijht. ovon Hurfaco. Slim^'d (^Mt l» tho Hmoothin« ofT of a brown coat with a umall quantity of Ilmo puttv, tuIxcmI with throo jior cont of white wand m as t«» nuiko a companitlvoly ovon surfuco. ThiH lb\lsh njiswoTH when tho Hurfaco m to bo tbdnliod" In dintompor or j)apor. Hard Finhh: Fine ptntT applied with a trowel to tl>e deoth of about J of an Inch. V\ Cftnent for External f7a<>.— AnhoH, 2 parts: clay, '.{ t)art8; sand, 1 imrt; mix with a little oil. Very durable. 14. Cominmtiona for hn'ets and Roads— IWUuwm, 1(5.875 i)art!«;Rwphaltum, 2.25 parts; oil of resin, «.25i sand, !.:« parts. Thickness from l.t to 1| Inches. Asphaltnm, 55 lbs., and gravel 28.7 lbs. will cover an area of 10.76 8.sj/l/on.— Mineral pitch, 1 part; l)ltu- nien, 11 luirts; powdered stone or wood ashes, 7 parts. 1(5. Asphalt Masth is cx>nuK>sod of nearly pure carbonate of lime and about S) or 10 per cent, of bitumen. When in a state of i>owder it Is mixed with nlxait 7 per cent, of bitumen or mineral pitch. The powdereci asphalt is mixed with the bitumen in a melted state alon,-? with clean gravel, and consistency is given to pour it into moulds. Tho asphalt Is duc- tile, and has elasticity to enable It, with th« small stones lifted upon it, to resist ordinary wear. Sun and rain do not aiTect it. wear and tear do not seem to injure it. The nedostrian In many cities in the United Sbites and Canada, am readily detect its presence on tho siart coal ashes, also very dry, all sifted fine. In a dry place, on a dry day, mix them, and leave a hole in the middle of "the heap, as bricldayers do when making mortar. Into this i>our boiling hot coal tar; mix, and when as stiff as mortar, put it three inches thick where the walk is to be ; the ground should be dry and beaten smooth ; sprinkle over it coai-se sand. When cold, pass a liglit roller over it; in a few days the walk will be solid and water- proof. 18. Mastic Cement for Coverinff the Fronts of Houses.— Yiitj iiarts, bv measure, of clean dry sand, 50 of limestone (not burned) reduced to grains like sand, or marble dust, and 10 parts of red lead, mixed with as much boiled linseed oil as will make it slightly moist. The bricks to receive it, should be covered with three coats of boiled oil, laid on with a brush, and suffered to dry before the ma.^tic is put on. It is laid on with a trowel like plaster, but it is not so moist. It Decoraes nani as siouc ui ;4 - - ■ - - -- iCU iiiuiitiin. i"ir»+ to use too much oil. 19. Cement for Tile-Roofs.— Fx^wai parts of whit- CABINKTMAKEKS, PAINTKllS', AC, IlKCKIPTS. 178 iiiK Hinl dry jJHiul, Hud 2ri i>er cent, of lltlmrge, mado inU> the cmwlHt- oiicy of putty wltli HiihiusU oil, UIh not liiiblt! to cnuik when cold, nor njoit. lik») coal-tiir uiid UHnlmlt, with tlm hrjut of the nun. 20. (Jcment for Oiittiide of Jirick WalU.—Cviminii for tlio outwlde of brick walls, to Iniltato Htono, in nmdo of clean sand, SX) paits; litharge, 5 iwrtH; i)laHter of I'arlH, 5 part**; inolntened with bolkul Ihrneoa oil. The orlckH whoiild rocolvo two or throe coat« of oil before the cement 1h applied. 21. Water Liim at Fyty Ontn per lian-eL— Vine clean Hand, 100 llw. ; qukk-llnie in powder, 28 IbH. ; bone arthoH, 14 lbs. ; for u»e, beat up with water, and nwe aH oulck aH poHHlble. 22. (Jeimmtfor Seams in Roofs, — Take t^pial (luantitleH of white lead and white Hand, and as nnich oil as will make It Into the ct)n8lstonce of putty. It will In a lew weeks become as hard as stone. Sii.VKK roLiHii Kalhomink.— Take 7 lbs. of Paris white and 'J lb. of ll^ht tjolored glue. Het the j^lue in a tni vessel conUilninj; .'J pts. of wattir, let it stand over nl^lit to soak, then put It In a kettle of boilinj? water over the fire, stirrln;,' till It is weh dissolved and (pilte thin. Then, after putting the I'arlB white into a lartjo water pail, jMMir on lu)t water and stir it till appears like thick milk. Now mhigle the «lue liquid with the whiting, stir it thoroughly and apply with a whitewash brush, or a large paint brush. MKAHUlllSMlCNT OF STONE OU BKICK WOUK. 1. Perchy Masons' or Quarrymeius' Measure. Ifli feet long 10 inches wide 12 " high lOi feet long, 18 inches wide 12 " higl i-1 22 cubic feet. To be measured in wall. i'dei Igh ) =. i 24.75 cubic feet. To be measured in I pile. 1 cubic yard = 3 feet X 3 feet X 3 feet = 27 cubic fbet. The cubic yard has "become the standard for all contract work of late years. Stone walls less than 1(> inches thick count as if 16 inches thick to masons ; over 16 inches thick, each additional Incli Is counted. NUMBEB OF BRICK BKQUIUED IN WALL PER SQUARE FOOT FACE OF WALL. Thickness of wall. Thickness of wall. 4 Inches n 8 (( 15 12 (( 22i 16 <( 30 20 (( 37i 24 Inches 46 28 " 52i 32 " 60 36 " 67i 42 " 76 1 parts of whit- Cubic yard = 600 bricks In wall. Perch (22 cubic feet) = 500 bricks in wall. To pave 1 sq. yard on fiat requires 48 bricks. " " 1 '^ " edge " 68 " Best Wash for Barns and Houses. — Water lime, 1 peck; iresuiy slaked lime, i peck; yellow ochre in powder, 4 llw.; burnt ! I 174 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS, umber, 4 lbs. To be dissolved in hot water, and applied with a DuuABLB Outside Paint.— Take 2 mrts (in bulk) of water lime, ground fine ; 1 part (m bulk) of white lead, in oil. Mix them thoroughly, by addmg best boiled linseed oil, enough to prepare it to pass through a pamt-niill; after which, temper with oil till it can be applied with a common paint brush. Make any color to suit. It will iaet 6 times as long as lead paint. It is supeki'or Fabmeks' Paint.— Farmers wiU find the following profitable for hQuse or fenee paint : skim milk, two quarts; fresh slaked lime 8 oz ; Imseed oil, 6 oz.; white Burgundy pitch, 2 ox.; Spanish white, a IDs. 1 he lime is to be slaked m water, exposed to the air, and then mixed with about one-fourth of the milk ; the oil in which tiie pitch is dissolved to be added a little at a time, then the rest of the milk, and afterwards the Spanish white. This is sufficient for twenty-seven yards, 2 coats. This is for white paint. If desirable, any other color may be produced; thus, if a cream color is desired, in place of part of the Spanish white use the other alone, ^ KSTIMATB OF MATKKIALS AND LABOR FOE 100 SQUARE YARDS OF I LATH AND PLASTER, Materiiils and Labor, Lime . , . Lump Lime Plaater of Palis , . Laths. . . Hair , . . Sand . . . Three coats hard liuiMh 4 xJasks. % '3 % 2000 4 bushs. eWoads. Two Coats Slipped. 31/2 casks. 2000 3 bushs. 6 loads. Materials and Labor, WliiteSand Nailp . . Masons , Laborer Cartage . Three coat« hard hnish 2*4 bushs. 13 lbs. 4 days. 3 '< 1 '« Two coats Slipped. 13 lbs, 8l^ days. 2 " % « Painting in Milk.— Skimmed milk, | gallon ; newly slaked lime, oz, ; and 4 oz. of poppy, linseed, or nutoU; and 3 lbs." Spanish White. Puttheume into an earthen vessel • or clean bucket; and having poured on it a sufficient quantity of milk to make it about the thickness of cream, add the oil in small quantities a little at a time, stirring the mixture well. Then put in the rest of the milk, afterwards the Spanish white finely powdered, or any other desired color. For out-door work add 2 oz. each more of oil and slaked lime, and 2 oz, of Burgundy pitch dissolved in the oil by a gentle heat. Premium Paint without Oil or Lead,— Slake stone-lime with boiling water in a tub or barrel to keep in the steam; then pass 6 quarts through a. fine sieve. Now to this quantity add 1 quart of coarse siilt, and a gallon of water; boil the mixture, and skim it clear To every five gallons of this skimmed mixture, add 1 lb. alum; i lb copperas; and by slow degrees | lb, potash, and 4 quarts sifted ashes or fine sana; add any coloring desired, A more durable paint was never made, Urben Paint for Garden Stands, Blinds, etc— Take mineral pplied with a JE YARDS OF lt« ih. Two coats Slipped. IS. 13 lbs. • 8l^ days. 2 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 175 green, and white lead ground in turpentine, mix un tlie aiiantitv von will proiee aVi^d X^ rT* ^'7^^'^ ^^^'-"1^^ "^ y^"'' ^i^t*^'^^ *« wiu pioauce a good gioas. It you desire a brighterVreen add a littiA Prussian blue, which will much improve the color ^ ' mi^'^'^ ?'^'^''' ''^^ ^^"^^' ^^^ CoLOR.-Mix wkter lime with skim Z ' S wiKwr''',^r^ *^ ^PP^? ^it^ ^ br"«h, andiJ is readTS frfnAfoi ^^"/dhere well to wood, whether smooth or rough, tobrick TsS exC/tf ' J:;S w"*" ^ "«S^^° "«^ ^^ which Sit cSve^ best oU S^' T? if *y™\* "^^7 ^'^'^ substance, as durable as the nest oil pamt. It is too cheap to est mate, and any one can nut It on who can use a brush. Any color may be Xen toT ^hv using colors of the tinge desired. If a Ws preferred ' nS^ Venetian red with milk, not using any lime. It looks well fofiifteen Paint.— To Make without Lead or Oil —Whiting 5 iha • skimmed milk. 2 qts. ; fresh slaked lime, 2 o^ Put tl e ^fine mto a stoneware vessel, pour upon it a suffic ent quantity of the m"/kto iTaddeHuTli'Sr™?!!"^^,"^^^ '^^ ^^^^"«« «f the milk is S S ?.fS?^^ -A^^ ^uH' ^^^ whitmg is to be crumbled upon th<^ surface wen stS in nr''^ " f ^^"^"^ '^^'- ^* '^'^ P^^^d it must bl wen stured m or ground, as you would other paiit, and it is fit for ^^^.^^^^J^^^f^—T'A^e unslaked lime of the best qualitv slak^^ it with hot water; then take the finest part of the powder knd^dd f^2'':^^''^,'^'P''S as it can be made, suffldlntTform a tWck S? lihi'^ni'^^'''.'* ^^^^ bichromate of potash and7ulphate^f co^er mitil the color suits your fancy, and dry it for hha ntI tko i.,i bl?c''vita'ila?,S/'S!'STK"?<''; *&-B°" 'lowly for 3 hours 1 lb. fiTOuSiUv whil*lSii^ *" S^^f ''"""S 'II "bout 3 qte- water; stir it • 1^ Pint Of Zfr ^pf '''^''l''-T^^ ^P^^' «f common whitewash add Then add 6 S ^fT.T ^"'^"i" ^^^' ^" ^'^^^^^^y ^ ^^cken it ixi«ii dua gals, ot the hme water, and sti'- weU WHITEWASH THAT WILL NOT RUB OfF.— Mix' UD half H n«ilf„l «f Fake mineral ii/, men pour it Avnim hnt inf/^ +h« ,„u;4. 1- _^/-_ ,, "^ „ f,anditiiire..,dvfn.T,;o "*^ ^"" -x.x.c>.uBii, sur uu weu thicken Ujgetlier, and it is ready for use. R 176 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. ci^Yn^^^^"^^"-"'^^? ^®«*= method of making a whitewash foront clay while the firms near Loudon prepare more caref ullv a mixtn^P dfffll ^r' "^^"^l' Foduce a body of better textura One of the S difficulties met m manufacturhig terra cotta figures arid oruamenSl works 18 the contraction the clav suffers after th^T wff hi ^r' first, in drying, afterwards in Kg iy m£4 thVc^^^^^^^ ?otlSh?? /' ^'^*"-'^ 1'^ f ^ diminished shriXje ^'S'ctay^^^^^^^^ " frnS lli'f-'^' """^^^ed) Shrinks in lineal dimensions Sout 12 per miT from the time it leaves the mould until it leaves the kiln tlFp mill^ clay terra coUa shrink*6 per cent, or less, aXed clavs shr^^^^^^^^^ f%S:£a:S«SSaSff counteract excessive shrinkage, act as vitrifying elei££f 4d Wn the color lighter. In the manufacture the Xture f davs is^roS under an edge runner to the consistency of flou^ ffi mXwe either revolving or stationary pans ; the formei- do the n^it wntl weU ™ff t? h""""*'*"'"' '^'"Z *<' teTn^Se^rtho™ taste l.hurou8(uel dUensand teSh™ I e Irtacrld it H to be ^vS" ed. This material admits of being used wiatteTrraJLt win, ^" v«Tch^D?aa"Tnl^^."^?f^^ 'P"l*'P'';<*'' *° ""y required ex 'enta< a Sg stone.^*^ ^"'""' """^ '^'O "' *'"^^ '™^» -^ much armosf Cd! ofSli'^«*^r;^hr EooFiNn.-Have your roof stiSf, rafters made " I !. X . y, inches, well supported and 6 feet amrt with rihTi uatd^?fftoIl:h?r"l:l^H^'!,?JLi»l?™'Je^^^^^ . . . ,rt,^ v,„„ii aHii uuvur 6116 rooi Willi thin CABINETMAKERS, PAWTEKs", &C., KECEIPTS. 177 mU^ S'S>t''';ennw'"^ iu making paper-boxes, which comes In £ o:?jsr/oC:itht^,:L-ZTLs^ ^^^^^^^ gooa c ean tar, 8 gals. Roman cemeut, 2 gals (or in its r^]»o^^^^l fine, clean sand may bfe used) : resin 6 lbs • Villnw J nS V^ hot : and let a handillow, and'sift Z'sharp gritS pressiii/ft?^^ to the tor composition. If wished fire.proof,f o X tife aW? w Si mterl STff iP' -^f ^*T ' «^^^^ «^"^ lime^iuider covef w th hot Tot sa id 9 on^ ^ ^^ P^^^^"' «^^* ^"d mix tJ qts. of tTiis with 1 qt salt , add 2 gals, water, b«il and skim. To 5 gals of this add i mdVn?"'' ?"? ^^ ^H- ^^ copperas, sl6wly while boifing,' lllbs ^otosh and 4 qts. of clean, sharp sand, and any color desired aIdIv a tbSk thf o^i^We '^■"'''' "^^ -^^^ ^''' ^ ^-^^^ -1^-^^ nolS'can^S^lJrc ttn ter"rm7he^wo5d^"rM^'V^^?^'''---?^^^« '^' ^««t building ma- to ten mches m diameter. Form moulds for ^liT^-f K flf ? ' ^ powdered Stag aid h™ it wn flfl 5 ?" " stone covered with tole size of the m„S"'??.''" ??<',• "' ™"1 ''* ™' '» P'^^es adapted coa^ides s;s: £s;sT^rssr^?trr ^^^^^^^^^ 178 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', &0., RECEIPTS. poS likeT' ^""""^ ^' ^^'^ ^« °^^^^^^' «"d will take a To TAKE A PlASTEB OP PaRIS CasT FROM A Pfrsot^j'« VAn^ ^^^i^ WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLEES AND GILDERS' RECEIPTS, TABLES, &c. RECEIPTS. WATCHMAKEP.S, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 179 going to wind the watch until the cUck rests lightly uuon the mtrhAt- then with your screw-driver ni'psa thA i^^i^f ^#fvr^ v . ^ . ®'' case may be next, remove the balance with the greatStS-e to avoid mjnrmg tne hair spring. The stud or small post into wWch the W spring IS fastened may be removed from the bridie or nl«£ of J^? f modern watches withbut unkeying the soring bvSin^iSlf o/."^?^* strnment, like the edge of a bSul knifl^Sr^tS' r of i^and Sl^ifKr^i^=^^-\{;?«tf^ separated the.plates, otherwise it wiU hang and prSlTbHrSce^^ w,r*^i^^'"^."^^ ^''^" ^l^^^t' ^rush the dust away from ^te dif ' ferent parts and subject them to a careful examination w^thvonr eye-glass. Assure yourself the teeth of the whS and iLTi^^^^^ pinions are all perfect and smooth; that tLpfvote are aU^?^^^^^ round, and highly polished; that the holes tL-oughwh?chtheva^^^^^^^^ wS -'^ ""'^ ^'' ^^i"^^^' ""''^ ^^^^e not becoi- .e ovaUn shape • that everv lnthJr!!!!nnl' ^'« P^'?^'?/ «^'"^d; ^'^^ that none Sem are S shaHow t S. t^ '''^'^ that the esmpement is not too deep or too n?oT^.^f.r^irP^^^y5 that none of ?hem w^ a^aitu^e „illT plate; that the balance turns horizontally and does no? rub Hi?t th« h'S&^^roi'^Jhf iTr^^-^ ^^* '? '''-'' theS Tub on\.ch'oth^^^^ whijfl^^f^^^^^^ r»uirb? *'i S iViiJS^Sfifl h*^'^,P'"°^^ S'^^° "^ this cha])ter, after which ^i^^^^^l^^ ^ ^^ ^^--^' -<5, therefore, y^ theplato^o^AridU^e'^^^^ ^^''^ breath upon from wateh m,= ,., .„ute*' u i™'^ toUo™ - '"' '*'""™ decoloration or with a brush and nrpnni-nJV.'W .'i/^'^ ■'^^^i^" juuiuay ary m sawdust, gives the work ™ eSSlppeSnT"^ ^'""" '^™^-»'"»«<>- Thii I!' I! 180 WATCinrAKERS, JEWELLERS', &C., RECEIPTS. ouIhira±Ln"1L^r^^^^^^^^ your chalk thor- two pounds to tlie gluoH Sthr well 'Zi T^^'i"! *^'^ Proportion to minuteH. In this time the ftrittv mattPr li I""!! ^^* '^",^'^ ^^«»t two t<)m. Pour the water into SlLr vplli ^ ^^""^ ''^"^^^ ^ 'he bot- .the sf^>i:nffs. Let sS uSu eSirSf LlrJ^ '^^^'^ ""* *« ««r up befoxe. Tie settlings in the Slnfi^ ^^*"?'*' f'"^ *^e» pouroff as chaJk. ready for use^as "S^on'afS Tnnirh"lSV""( P^^'I^^^'^ the same way, makes a very S cleaE n.^'rT-' *''^''^*^^ "^ Some operatives add a little jeweller's ronif^o,?H P^^^l^V^g.Powder. provement ; it give,-, the nowder n fnnJ V ' ^I^? ^^ *^^"'^ »* an im- adds to its impor,an<.e in thTevL of fhp?,f ^'.-^^^J^'*' ^"^ therefore « 8hari)«r polishing powder is reo^firi^ ""Vitiated. In cases where san)e way from rotten-sZie '^^'"'^^^' '^ °^^y bQ prepared in the nrnteTSdlSTsSlr^atir^^ -tide of watch- met with in the i)orthern and westel . '^^^^ *<> be pivot wood. It must be cut wl^nThe So i«*f.^'' '""'^^f ' ^" excellent 'Pi??r"'n*" *J^^""^ "^^ pith ouSe of S md'^'- ' ^"^ '^'^*"^*^ ^«^^^- 1 iTH (OB Cleaning THp of..iv /* */ the best pith for cleaning linLs wJLl <:ommon mullen affords the thne ^.o gather it CnKP^^l^""-' "^.^'^^ tlie stalk is dry, is inferior. ^ ' ^""^^ "^« ^ork mstead of pith, but it is ]r'^^i^?^^ yon win hardly be at a drill into the end of tliepuion or staff "^^th^^^^^^ *^\" ^^^^^^^^ i« ^ inserted a new jnvot, turn Tdown Wlfp nl. '''''^ '''''y ^^' a^d having by no means a difficult thiig who„ Xl?£o^^' P'T^^^i^^' ^his is hard, or when the temper mav be « o-iSl ^ ° ^^ "^-'^'^^'^ i« "^t too the otiier parts of the ai-ticle^ ^ *^^ ^^''''^' ^^^^^out injury to ^<^^^y"e^'^^S^^^ LE.N,n..>You may ing from the guard point to the pane ^t4^^^^^^^ ^^ .^^^^•^^^- the roller or rubv-oin fohip • thXJ- . ' ^^^^ ^^en comparing with be just half teie^ngth measured ^^vf' ?^ *^" ^^^^ ^^Suld fCys bott ways, and ml/be Se?u iS^c^ses whlT"' '^^^'^ ^"^^ ^^^^ ^^«rk has to be supplied. "'''^^ ^^^^^ - ^lew ruby-pin table ting'ox^r£^v^S:^be"^^^^^^^ you are opera- cutting its pivots a littlfto one Sd^C?rfo'*^^^^"*^*^^^^^^'^r, change the escapement. Common wM&hif -^f ^'Y ^^ ^^^^ ^^sire to m much trouble. The usuSToce.Iln f f.-"^'" "''.*' '^^ ^o"^^^, -justify sfciff, and with a small f^c iHS ho?P niS";^ *^ -^ ''i? ^'^°*^^ out the to that in which vou desire io mLp If. ^^''^^^^ Htaff, wedge it to the rJqSied noS1/«n^ S"'*' \ t^en replace the In msfcmces where the ,Aaff i. S in wifh "^"'"'"^ ^^ ^^^^ soldering, proceed differently. Take out theMS^ ^ ^^^r' ^^^ ^^" ^ave to lever, file the piu holes to slSiiwhf^' ?-'^ *'^^ P'^^'^^s from the pallets, without chaSg he r i?e on"ST./"" ^'^^^^ «^«^^ th^ Connect the pieces as thel were hJfnvTa a ^t.^f^ side of the lever, some solid substance, you S^^y^ until the bendmg of tie'Z^'^'i ami^'^t^l'lt.TB Z^. ^-umer "•-•2- ° i" «= '•- pwiS into posi- WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEirTS. 181 Compensation Balance of Chronometers.— The balance is a small piece of steel covered with a hoop of brass. The rirafwStinff r/pni^o^'^'' 1^"^^'^ 'f ^^^^^^^ ^^ *'^^ *^'« extremities, the onnSS ricn arm of the balance, so that the increase of teinperature wS he dW^o*fp'. nff^'W'""^' r^"^'^'^' "^ ^ propoiiionate d^^le the diameter of the balance, leaving the sprm"- less rpsist-ni?o ^A rrr^- JY' ^.^^•"^^ ^^«'^ *^^ ^mss LSl^igZucirmore by- heat than st^el, and it therefore curls the semicircular arcs Sw-irds an action that will be immediatelv miderstood, if we concS e^^^^^^^ compound bar of steel to be strai-k, as the hek would lender the brass side longer and convex, anc! in the balance it renders it morl fnZtt .ili t^«, compensation balance, the two mefcils are united as follows : the disk of steel when turned and pierced with a central hole IS fixed by a little screw-bolt and nut at tlie bottom of a small cru^ cible, with a central elevation smaller than the disk ; the brass is now melted and the whole allowed to cool. The crucible is Keif Sh H.rfi,i'' brass 18 tunied off in the lathe, the arms are made with the file as usual, the rim is tapped to receive the compensation screws or weights, and lastly, the lioop is divided in two places a the opposite ends of its diametrical arm. The balance sprin-s of niarine chronometers, which are in the form of a screw, are wS and into the square thread of a screw of the appropriate' damet^r mid coarseness ; the two ends of the spring are retain^ bfsldL sc^^^^^^^ hni*J'' -X^^^" '' ^i^r^''^^ enveliped^in platinum foi^and lightly ?w^ Z'^^ '^''*^-, ^^^ '^,^'^ '^ °^-^ l^e^te^i in a piece of gmi barrS a mollSJo, f r' ""'f P^''"^'^^ ^^*« «"' ^^^^^^ hardens the sprhS ?V HnJ la?- * ^^««olo™g it, owing to the exclusion of the air bf fot di^^f S'' M^^^'T'T- ^^"^^^ '^ "«^^ removed, and the spring is let down to the blue before removal from the screwed block The balance or hair sprmg of common watches are frequently left soft those ot the (>cs« watches are hardened in the c^il ™ a plSn of a'b wf .tf o ^^^^^^^^^ «Pi^^l f^^™ betweeTthe e(Se r/hh ?. ^^^^ ^""^ ^\^ *¥™^' ^^^ same as in curling up a narrow ribbon or paper, or the filamcnfcs of an ostrich feather The soft .26 to weigh an oun^e: ^ respectively. It takes 32wl^la^ ^g^ Watch Spring Manitpactitre.— Waich springs are hammered ?. . '^*- ul"'^ ?.^? ^^'^' «^ ^'"^^''^^ diametei^ until they fill the gaiT^^^^ ThP Tni?' ""^'"^ at the same time insures equality of thic?n>ss' anfhllT ^^^ P^"iclied in their extremities, and they are trimmed bhidht ^r'^'-^ ^ T^*^ ^*^- '^^h« «P^i«SS are thei/tied up Stb n on f Zrt^lJ ^''^'f -^^'^ f "^ ^"^ ^«'^*«^ o^'er a charcoal fire btecl X ? f.l? revolving plate. They are hardened in oil and la? to tint ^i/f '""^ '' "^"^1 distended in a long metal frame, simi- empr? avf oil i!J ^^ "", saw blade, and groimd and polished with (S\(^t Vi^iK'^^"^ ^^f^ ?^^^'- ^-r *^"^ *"^^« '^ olakcAtj appeai-s evir InfiVoi * f'^'^^^^ ^^"* '^ ^ny direction ; its elasticitv is, liow- Ztu Sh • ?^ T^'^^i ^y * subsequent hammering on a very bright S::^ 7S:^f ,P!^i^ *!?^. " ^^««^^^? irito\he spring." The colorm^is done i^'kPnV''h»^,T^''''"'*r^"^' °y '^^V'^' ^^"*'*^^' ^^^^ich a small s})irit lamp IS xept burning ; the spring is continually drawn, backward and I 182 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. II 1 1 purcfager By many toe cofoS"?*'.r^-'f"^«. ^ '^^ ^'^ "^ thi ornament and noresseutial T^^ « cousulered to be a matter of into the spiral form that it m^v Snt^K^'^'if *'''^ /« ^ ^'o" ^^^ spring contjiined This Ts done hv J ^^^"^ ^ul ^"""^^^ ^» ^^"'^h it is to bl •handles, and does not rSjuir^hea^^ """'^ ^ '^"^" ^^*« ^"^ ^^«h clelHil^'c^ertween'^S^paU^^^^^^^^ ^^ pRopeb SrzB^The measure, on the pohits of three teeth o? t ?I?'^'^"^ ,^'V^ ""^ «"*«ide quired. ^ '^ P^^*®» ^^^ ^"ow you exactly what is re- head file, a little back from Z nS;;; .1* ^"^""T 'f'^P^'' ^'^^ ^ s^-^ew- havo thus cut into f to nufflei?TLft?'l*^^ ^?'^^ ^"^' ^^en vou disfcmce the piece thurpaSSvT^.^S'^^^^ bend forward the desired Bnapping oftVhile bendS- which ^^^^^ ^\^ T"^^^ *h« P^^^e down the point ^evel with^het^ a'nTSt^pt ^^^l^ ' tempeffrShe^^^^^^ the then take it oiiand temSiV hnrS ^f""^^ '"^ '^f P'^^^ i» «^« ^atch ; little fcible-salt to the S; J^^^^^^^ (the addition of a place it in a sraan shTet-Tron ladS n. /" "^^pi^vement) ; after which seed-oil ; then Imld the C^^^^^ barely cover it with Mn- let it bum until the oil is neariv Vn/-^^^^^^ ^'"^^^ ''""f *^^^ ^^^ ^S^it^^. with oil and burn down as bfean^T/^^^^^^ ' *^'^" '^-^^"^^ wljich, plunge it a^iin Sto wat^; m!?.. *^'i''? *'°'^' ^* *^^ ^^^ of likemaimer,%etomlfefed bvthfslmp^^^^^^ ^^y. in and properly coiHnd ctS^. to K,^?^''^'''^ the same as wiTce"?sf^r;artTeSS!^ti!r.i,';r4r^^^^^^^ centre, accord ui,' to Fiff II —the fiV^t <.nii hr>/» JV-l ^ *^ "^® These conditions fulfilled, the watch is run 3 fi or 1 9 hn>.r« w^fi. • * s>^;5^''sfow^„''^'^e^t«^wtlfT£™'"^^^^^^ V\^ATCHMAKER9, JEWELLERS', &r., RECEIPTS. 185 f, tpnng mer that point, loill came the ioaf< 4 to gain in the short vibra- tit fi8, and r'r.ry decrease back of that point loill cause, it to qain in the loide vibrations. This rule is correct only for certain limitH, is 1 ftiu cing to explain. Supposing that a hair -tpring of 15 coils is per- :e(tly Isochronal with the ivfo points d'att(i"he just opt '>Hite each other, as shown in Fig III., the Mth and the 16th coil, as (!ll af the 15th, will produce the Isochroninm ver nearly at the siuue p-aut Supposing that wr 'Herons e gradually the length of that hair Hiring of 15 coils, pinnor' so that the two points d'attavMr are primitively opposite eacli otlier- so that its length will now be Wh coiL~-th(> two pomts d' attache are now in the position shown in Fig H^ or what is called pinned to the half coil. The result will be that tlie hair spriu'"' will can the watch to gain in the short vibrations as much as it is in its nowt . M do. But if we go further than the half coil, we now enter the ground that belongs to tho. IGth coil, and evtiy increase of Iciigtli in tliat half coil will cause the hair spring to lose m the short vibrations, in the same [)roportion that it has beengainhig in increasing the length of the hrathalf. That char -e will continue until we reach the same point on the 16th coil that > started from on the ..jth., the two i)ins op- posite each other; at mat pouit we shall have again the Lsochronism. The same operation is appliciiblo totlio 14th coil, with the same re- sults. Now it is immaterial whether we take tiiat half coil to the centre or to the outside of the spring, because lioth of these operations will pro- duce the same results, viz., tho change of the relative places of the points d'attarhe of the spring. Therefore the artist has liis choice and IS guided by the size of the spring and the weight of the balance; for taking half a coil to the centre of the spring will not iiuich affect the rate of the watch, but taken outside, the difference will be great On the other hand, a very short cut to the centre will greatly affect the lsochronism, and at the outside, a full half-coil will generally produce from 15 to 25'f difference in 24 hours. If then the watch- maker would produce the greatest possible olianges of lsochronism in a watch, the change of position of the two points d' attache of the spnngof one coil arouad, will give him the two highest degrees of gaining and losing in the short vibrations. It follows from the following pages, that if a watch loses in the last running (short vibrations), the first thyig to do is to increase the length of the hair spring from the outside; if the result is better, but not yet good, give stiU more length ; if the result is worse, it shows that you are too far on the coil. Take back the whole length tliat you had given in the first operation, and draw more length, so as to aitect the spring the other way; or if your spring is already small or your balance pretty heavy, cut to the centre so as to come around to the required positions. Some springs cannot produce the lsochronism; this comes from a defect m making the spring, or a want of homogeuiety in tlie metal ; the only remedy is a new spring. In the Breguet Spring, the lsochronism is produced in the same manner as the flat springings, but great care must be taken in makuig the curve, for if it is not made in conformity to the principle of Phii- lipps, the lsochronism will be disturbed. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /> <.^.<^*!'^* fe <^ ^ .^ C %> s M M^. l/.A I/. 1.0 ^i^ 1^ 1.1 l."^ IIIIIM L25 i 1.4 -» the same centres. The watt^h being now in good running order is fuUy noted. If there is any difference in the running with the cock up. or dial up, making the ends of the pivote even and equally well polished will remove the discrepancy. If the watch loses witfi XII up which 18 genemlly the case, and the friction on the balance jewels being reduced as much as possible, the remedy is to increase the friction when the watch is either dial or cock up. This is done bv throwing thfi, hair spHng a liule o^it of the centre of the cock jewel. thereby adding to the friction on the pivot end, a lateral pressure against the balance iewels. If the watch is well regulated with XII V?}-"^?. ^®^ ^1**^ m "P' ^'^''^ ^'^ '^P^^fJ « '««'e towards the figure i//; this operation hfto up the balance when the watch is in losimr position find diminishes the friction of the pivote in that particular case. Making the ends of the pivote perfectly flat has a tendency to make the watch gam with dial or cock up. The sound of the watch must be clear in all iwsitions, else it indicates a friction, as for instance rough jewels or pivote, safety pin rubbhig against the roller, etc. How TO Regulate a Watch in a few Minutes, and a Practi- cal Method TO put a new Haik Spring, op the right size and Perfectly Regulated in a Watch without Running It —First ascertain how many vibrations the watch beate in one minute bv counting every other vibration and comparing that time with a well- regulated watch or regulator. In general, Swiss watches beat 18,000 "?*^"®i!P}l£?.^^^-jJ^ ^" ^^^ minute; American watches, either 18 000 either 16,200, or 270 per minute: and the English levers, 14,400, or 240 per minute, If there is any doubt, it is better to count up leaves and teeth, and ascertain the rif?ht number; but these cases afe scarce where watches will beat odd numbers. Having found out the right number, examine the balance carefully for one or two minutes, courting every vibration going from right to left, and m the mean tune examining the regulator or clock, to see when one minute is up. If the wateh is well regulated, the number VL^^VoB*''^"!A^'^'**^*^®^^*^y*^»*"o* *he regular first number, viz.. 150, 1^, or 120, as only every other vibration has been recorded to facilitate the observation. If not so, move the regulator, right or left, until a perfect coincidence comes. l»eu«irefii]rm.?,"2i /'"^OM is certain whSl ?S*'""'"""*icle, tion to ahnnf f I J i polished substance so no f« ^"aae to vibrate on «oon enable thp ^'fi^^d of regulS nm^f \ \Z^ '^P *he vibra- their weiH f ^ k ^^^Pensatinff powers nf SI ,? ,*^® «<^'ews of the than a hardened o^p^Vf • ]^^^ affected by chami« 1# ^ chronome- iincea, where oMip?^/ *^"8 affords a way to coS» "^5 temperature tion t^ oWe in n^''^ ''^"^ «»es would have ?o T"^*? ^^^^^ bal- have freed the RvicwH. ■ ^""•'icn^wou or the rim h f ^^m- WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', &C.. RECEIPTS. 189 Th^SnSe n^^^ !n Z^J^''''^^^ .^J^^^Y around that^crew as an axis zi *^"i? ^^f V^^ i" the same position as on the old arm A Hn« ^/ cent importance to Uie.polishmg broadT^Th? 8?nc^»h^^i,r^; inT?^^^^^®" Steel— Take crocus of oxide oi tin and eraduate it in powdered and washed, to separate the SphS of sodf Th« JSJ"** ««>«"« i« then t« be^^submitted to a proceL of (iarSu! dutnation, and the finer particles reserved for th? more d^uSte l&O WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', *C., RECEIPTS. •an of couree, oaly be remwedb^m Jh^^.^ "'^ however, th Ji tag with fliie powW OT flraf? n? ^r*"'"^ "S"*™' »»* a" «cour- . emery paper. 'lopreVentsZi iLT.y,,"'^ "S:"' "'"' ™ry fine Ume in¥ oil, or «§a merc^feS^S, mb it with a mixture of fonnd valnalJle. """""nal ointment, either of which wiU be ^tt fteTcep«"on'SToT"S^l?l™11'' "« 'S ^^ing pivot files, oUed brass or coDDerii.»21?S h.^? °™ ""'"■ "' «"«"7' on a sUp oi have become ^^i^^yU^iJ"i^7J^^',; Burnishers wfich waxoSSSo^f^oTbfShr ^exn-."*"." "«"> >«»- the pallet staff, should cow43i7itr,Xl^?™J^^ ^^""^ P«^t to of the ruby-pin tabte and wKnRfow??*^^'*]' *^'^® thedfameter rect Bize thereof may be knZ^ hv tl^ '' .accidentally lo«t, the cor- lever between the ^ints Xve nam?d S? ^*".*^-^ ^^^^^ «* *1^« clear simce between the mUete shS on^l ^"""^T^ ''1® «^ P^"et, the measure on the P<>int8 of^Steeth nf S« ^f ^'^""^ '^'*^ *^« «»*«i TIMM THB FOUBTH WUKKL KKVOLVKS IN. Train*, Itor Seven Teetli iu the Escapement l¥l&eel. No. of Teeth in the Centre Wheel Teeth in 3d Wheel. Leaves in 3d Wheel Pinion. 6 6 6 6 6 6 « Teeth in 4th Wheel LeATea in 4th Wheel Pinion. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Teeth in the Bacape- ment Wheel. Leavea in the Eauape- mtnt Wheel Pinion. No. of Beats In one mlnnte. No. oi Scoondfl the 4tti Wheei revol- realn. 72 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 64 64 63 es 63 58 64 68 68 62 61 60 > 9 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 298— 292+ 287+ 288— 278+ 274- 269+ 2*/ 81 81 81 81 81 81 Trains, for Nine Teetb In the Bscapement nrheel. 68 60 6 67 9 6 299+ 66 60 6 54 6 9 6 297 63 60 6 60. 6 9 6 294 66 60 6 53 6 9 6 291+ 68 60 6 55 6 9 6 289— 66 60 6 52 6 9 6 286 68 60 6 54 6 9 6 288+ 66 6) 6 61 6 9 6 280+ 68 60 6 63 6 9 6 278+ 66 60 6 60 6 9 6 276 68 60 6 62 rt 9 6 273 84 88 84 83 84 88 34 34 8S 84 Trains, fbr BleTeia Teeth In the Escapement HTheel, 60 60 60 6( 68 60 62 68 68 69 60 60 61 63 69 60 61 56 60 62 63 63 70 70 60 6 49 6 11 51 6 54 6 11 66 6 62 6 11 62 6 62 6 11 66 6 68 6 1 64 6 53 6 1 64 6 51 6 11 64 6 54 6 11 55 6 63 6 11 51 6 53 6 It •^51 6 52 6 11 55 6 51 6 11 56 6 50 6 U 56 6 48 6 11 54 6 52 6 11 64 6 51 6 11 61 6 50 6 11 6( 6 54 6 11 60 6 18 6 11 54 6 52 6 11 54 e 50 6 11 48 6 56 6 11 7U 7 56 7 n 70 7 48 7 11 60 7 48 6 11 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 e 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 300— 297 230— 294- 292+ 291+ 290- 287+ 287 286+ 286 286— 286- 282+ 281+ 281+ 280— 277+ 293+ 296+ 289— 2874- 293+ 298X 29S+ 86 40 80 80 40 40 89 41 41 41 40 89 89 88 41 40 89 43 86 89 88 48 86 8«? 86 192 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', 4C., RECEIPTS. No. of Teeth Intho Centre Wheel. 60 f8 J8 80 80 80 80 80 80 70 70 60 84 84 84 68 63 84 84 84 68 68 Teeth t 3d WhouL 70 60 68 80 80 80 70 70 60 80 80 80 72 68 64 72 68 64 66 48 64 66 ta3d Wheel Pinion. 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 8 6 6 Teeth in Uh Wheel 48 66 60 64 66 48 66 48 48 66 48 48 60 60 60 60 60 66 66 66 66 66 Le»Tei in 4th Whe<)l Pinion. 7 7 7 8 8 7 7 8 '8 8 8 7 6 8 7 8 7 6 8 7 Teeth lathe ISacape- mc&t Wheel. LeaTes In the Kecape- uient Wheel Pinion. 6 6 6 8 7 6 7 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 tio. of Seoonda No. ot Beats in the 4tU one Minute. 2U8t 287-f 289— 293+ 298-- 298-- 293 - 293-- 293- 293- 298- 293- 289— 289— 289— 289- 289- 287-f 287-- 287-- 287-- 287-- Wheel reTol- Toein. 36 40 88 86 86 9C 86 36 83 33 38 38 38 38 38 40 40 40 40 40 Trains, for Thirteen Teetb In the Escapement Wheel. -a. 64 66 69 60 64 66 66 67 64 64 60 6( 66 67 62 63 62 66 66 66 66 60 60 60 60 60 62 68 68 64 fro 74 53 63 51 61 63 63 64 53 62 43 51 62 61 61 62 52 62 61 50 62 52 48 60 64 68 60 56 52 60 60 ,\} 68 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6' 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 7 7 7 62 50 49 48 61 49 48 48 51 60 60 60 49 48 61 60 52 61 61 48 50 48 48 60 56 64 66 61 60 60 68 I 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 7 6 7 6 7 7 13 13 13 13 13 13 ]3 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2984- 46 298— 44 2d&- 48 294+ 42 293- 46 292— 44 291+ 44 291- 48 287-1- 46 287-- 286- 45 46 282— 46 281- 45 280— 44 277— 48 H6+ 46 293- 46 287 46 286- .% 46 280H . 44 292-^ . 44 277- - 45 289- 43 292+ 53 287-- 61 800 44 296+ 47 285 60 290 60 285 1 60 280 286-^- 6t) 60 WATOHMAKKBS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 198 No. of S«oon(ia t Beat! in the 4tli Mlnuta. Whoel reTol- TWiO. 08t 87-f 86 40 89- 88 03+ 86 98-t- 86 98-- 9C 93-- 86 93-- 36 98-- 93-- 86 36 98- 88 98- 86 89— 88 89— 88 89— 88 89- 88 89- 88 87- . 40 87- . 40 87- . 40 87- . 40 87- - 40 mt Wheel, 98+ 45 98- 44 96— 43 94-f 42 93- 45 ^— 44 n+ 44 91— 48 37-4- 46 J7-- J6-- 45 45 J2— 46 Jl- 45 »— 44 1— 48 '6+ 46 »8- 46 7 46 6- .'i 46 10- . 44 2- 44 1 -" 46 9- 48 2+ 63 61 44 6+ 47 5 60 60 5 60 5 tJt> 84- 60 T«>ln«, Ibr Fifteen Teeth to tHe EMapement Wheel. He, of T«eth In the Centra Wheel Teeth In 3d Wheel, LeRTee in 3d Wheel l4nir Tklrd Iflieel and Pat«nt Secondau i <» ■!. Mo. of VMth la the Otntrv Wheal 8! eo «8 eo 60 48 60 60 48 TMtbU 3d WhaaL 72 60 48 60 72 60 60 72 60 60 LMTaa Wheel Plnloo. 4tb Wheal 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 60 60 60 60 64 64 64 48 48 48 LaaTee ia 4th Wheel Pinion. 12 10 8 8 12 10 8 12 10 8 Teeth in the Keoape- ment Wheat • a Leavea in the Escape- ment Wheel Pinion. No. of B«»t9 in one Mlnuta. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 800 8U0 8 800 270 270 270 240 240 240 No. of Seoondi the 4th Wheel rerol- ▼ea In. "oo^ 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Trains, for Fourtb Wbeel Second*, ^ivUb Eleven lit tbe Kscaipement Wlieel. Teeth 48 48 48 48 00 60 60 45 46 46 64 64 64 60 60 60 60 48 48 48 06 46 71 6 11 'J 2604> 271-- 66 46 6 74 6 11 6 60 46 1 6 76 6 11 6 279- 60 46 6 78 6 11 6 286 60 49 7 74 7 11 6 271+ 60 49 7 76 7 11 6 279- 60 49' 7 78 7 11 6 286 60 66 6 74 7 11 6 271+ 60 66 6 76 7 11 6 279— 60 66 6 78 7 .11 6 286 60 60 8 74 8 11 6 271+ 60 60 8 76 8 11 6 279- 60 60 8 78 8 11 6 286 60 66 8 74 7 11 6 271+ 60 66 8 76 7 11 6 279- 60 fA 8 78 7 11 6 286 60 48 8 .74 6 11 6 211+ 60 48 8 78 6 11 6 286 60 60 6 74 8 11 6 271+ 60 60 6 78 8 11 6 286 31 60 7 74 8 11 6 271+ Train*, for Fonrtb IVMeel Seconds,tWltli Tl&lr(een Teeth In ibe Escapement w beet. 64 60 8 66 8 18 6 286 64 60 8 67 8 IS 6 290+ 64 60 8 68 8 18 6 296— 64 60 8 69 8 18 6 299 60 49 7 77 7 18 7 286 60 49 7 66 7 12 6 286 60 49 7 . 67 7 18 6 290+ 48 46 6 66 6 18 6 286 48 46 6 67 6 18 6 290+ 48 46 6 68 6 18 6 264— 48 46 6 69 6 18 6 299 60 £6 8 66 7 18 6 286 80 60 10 66 8 18 6 286 64 76 8 66 10 18 6 286 48 60 6 66 8 13 6 286 48 76 6 66 10 18 6 286 KA d aa T in A 98A 66 WvJ 76 7 68 10 18 6 ,295- 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 ro(^eed differoiitly. Fix the balance into its i)lace, cut olT the connection of the train,* if the uiainspring is not entirely down, by slipping a fine broach into one of the wheels, look between the plates and ascertain how the lever stands. If the end farthest from the balance is equi-dwtiint between the two brass pins, it is all right; if not, change the hair-spring till it becomes so. If dealing with a duplex watch, you must see that the roller notch, when the btUance is at rest, is exactly l)etween the locking tootli and the line of centre; that is, a line drawn from the centre of the roller to the centre of the 8cai)e-wheel. The balance must start from ita rest and move through an arc of about ten degrees before bringing the locking too+h into action. To FuosT w ATCH Plates.— Watch plates are frosted by moans of fine brass vnre scratch brushes fixed iu a lathe, and made to re- volve at gieat speed, the end of the wire brushes striking the plate producing a beautiful frosted appearance. To Restore Watch Dials.— If the dial be painted, clean the figure off with spirits of wine, or anything else that will render the dial perfectly clean; then heat it to a bright red, and plunge it into' a strong solution of cyanide of ^)otas8ium, then wash in soap and water, and dry in box dust. Repeat if not a good color. India ink, ground with gum. water, will do for the figures. To Whiten Silver Watch Dials.- Flatten a piece of charcoal by rubbing it on a flat stone : on this place the dial face upwards, ap- ply a gentle heat carefiJly with the blow-pipe, allowing the flame to play all over the surface of the dial without touching it, so as to thoroughly heat without wari)ing the dial. Then pickle and rinse, using acid enough to make the water very tart, and immersing but for a few seconds. Silver dials may also be annealed by heating them red hot on a flat piece of copper over a clear fire. To MAKE A Watch Keep Good Time when the Cylinder Kdoes are Worn Off, by Altering the Escapement without Putting a new Cylinder in.— Look at the cylinder, and see if there Is room, either above or below the old wears, to shift the action of the wheel. If the wheel holes are brass, making one a little deeper, and putting a shallower one on the other side, will perhaps be sufficient. This must be done according as you want your wheel up or down. If the holes are stone, shift your wheel on the pinion by a new collet, or turning away more of the old one, as the case may require. If you raise your wheel see that it works free of phite and top of cylmder, and that the web of wheel clears the top of pas- sage. This last fault may be altered by polishing the passage a little wider, if the rub be slight. If shifted downwards, see to freedom at bottom of cylinder, &c. Poising Watch Balance.— This may be done with suflicieut ao- IE Cylinder WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEU»T8. 197 Z^y, ^7 nmpfng one ann of the callliieni with a file when the S; ™,ri. S;'f ^J\ '^^ir ^'" ^"'^^ ^''« heaviest part tSLue aowijwanlH with ceitHiuty, obHorvlnj,' always that the i>ivotH are nit-nlv To Prrvknt a Chain Running off the Fuhbe —In the i\r»t ?eH.K:n^^v?^^l^^'^S ^H^-^'H.iin the 0Hu«e of thrdifflculty lit dmir?ffl«*^wf '*''", ^>»«<^>« '"^-ffe, the onlv remedy if k ne" the ,.rm)er Hize and shano. Somethnes you find tf.e Sn n-iturtTiv inclinetf to work away ^roin the body of the fu«ee The W wTi I^ remedy a difflcnlty o/ thl« kind in ^t^ fi e off Hery Uttle f rom^th^ outer lower edfte of the chain the entire length ; th^ as yon S see will mcline it to work on- instead of off. Some work^ wh^i f h«v ^'Is to^atrt'h?w^T"^""5 T'^'^' ^^'^""^ theTtindin«'onhe fusee Zt^T tS ^IfZ'""^^'^ '"''^ "i '^ ^''^'' ^ "^«»»e a little from the to iteplaJ ' ^^^' "^'""^^ do otherwise than make the chain mn thJsnrb^!?^™ THE HAiB-SPRiNo.-This is often effected by grinding the spnng down. You remove the spring from the collet anSCA rt uiK,n a piece of pivot wood cut to fit the centre coUXptS^^^^ Sm^ witra''liS!!*°'? «^. *«.^.?««« freelybetween the CO ^and armed with a little pulverized oil-stone and oil, will serve as vnni. lour operations will, of conrsn hA /»n«fin^^ *^ 4.u^ * .l... "v. ''V""^ Vrtii,. «««-..« 'iW^ '""•'^ """" icuuuB me sirengtn or tne sprint Your operations will^ of course, be confined to the cintre coil, For no spring will rest sufficiently against the woo^ to en- l It, but this will aennrnllv.anfflna TKo. ^ff i. ._«, sufficient ao able ySu to'^nVCbu^ "this will gS^^sSr The'effect'^^Sl- hanT^'iS^n^ 'Y? ^'^^ ^^"^'^ «"Pl^««' the^reforeTt Jl L'nd yoiT S Tt Inil^f'^'^^^,.^ ?y^^ PiN.-Set the ruby pin in asphaltum varnish h^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ OB TO Draw its Temper.— Bi-ass is rendered bmt n^ece^sfa^l'ti^e?" ^^'""^' **^"^"'«^^' ^^«» you S afhiug^f fo?e sSnt tKJfeiT *^^'P^'' y^"" °»«8t prepare the matorial'be- KK 1.hA^J^®- ^^^iP^"" "^^y ?® '^^^^'^ f«>°» l>ra8s by heat- iall *? ^" u"y '^' *"^ **^en simply plunging it into water the same as though you were going to temper steel ^ ' ^^ thin ^ifi^*^^ Gravers.— Gravers, and other instniments larger lead SaK ^' -T^f"^^ in quicksilver asabove; or you may^se j|;«air£iryou?^^^^^^^ S'tkiT\^iT Sf t^S^^^r ;:;S; ?/i-*arteT ^-^ ^^'^ -«" arountit,^^^-^: yo^^d^rTVm^a^S^lh^e^^^^^^^^ ,^ 198 ■WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. and always hammer till nearly cold. Do all your hammering in one way, for if, after yon have flattened your piece out, you attempt to hainmer it bftck to a fiquare or a round, you spoil it. When your drill is in proper shape, heat it to a cherry red, and thrust it into a piece of resin or into quicksilver. Some use a solution of cytaiuret potassfi and rain-water for tempering their drills, but the resin or quicksilver will work iK^st. Otheii Mkthods to Temper Sprinos.— Having fitted the spring into the case according to your liking, temper it hard by heating and plunging into water. Next polish the small end so that you may be able to see when the color changes; lay it on a piece of copper or brass plate, and hold it over your lamp, with the blaze directly under the largest part ot the spring. Watch the polished part of the steel closely, :rnd when ycu see it turn blue, remove tbdT plate from tlie lamp, letting all cool gradually together. When cool enough to banale, polish the end of the spring agam, place it on the plate, and . hold it over the lamp ap before. The mird bluing of the polished end will leave the spring in proper temper. Any steel article to which you desire to give a spring temper may be treated in the same way. Another process, said to be good, is to temper the spring as in the first instance; then put it into a small iron ladle, cover it with linseed oil, and holJ over a lamp till the oU takes fire. Remove the ladle, but let the oil continue to bum until nearly all consumed, ttien blow out, re-cover with oil, and hold over the lamp as before. The third burning out of the oil will leave the spring in the right temper. To Tbbiper Clicks, Ratchets, &c.— licks, ratchets, or other steel articles requiring a similar degree of hardness, should be tem- pered in mercurial ointment. The process consists in simply heating to a cheiTy red and ^.uunging into the ointment. No other mode will combine toughness and hardness to such an extent. To Draw the Temper from Delicate Steel Pieces with- out Springing tkem.— Place the articles from which you desire to draw the temper into a common iron clock key. Fill around it with brass or iron Clings, and then plug up the open end with a steel, iron, or brass plug, made to fit closely. Take the handle of the key with your pliers ard hold its pipe into the blaze of a lamp till near hot, then let it cool gradually. When sufficiently cold to handle, remove the plug, and you will find the article vTitii its terapei^iully drawn, but m all other respects just as it was before o You will understand the reason for having the article thus r>lugged up while passing it througlv the heating and cooling process, when yon know that springing always results from the action of changeable currents of f tmosphei'C. The temper may be drawr from cylinders, staffs, pinioii's, or any other ^.elicate pieces, by this mode with perfect safety.' To Temper Staffs- Cylinders, or Pinions, without Springing tfem. — Prepare the articles as in the preceding process, using a steel plug. Having heaied the key-pipe to a cherry red, plunge it into water; then polish the end o^ your steel p} ig, place the key upon a plate of brass or copper, and hold it over your lamp with the blaze lUliUVXXiilhX^iy IcilUl^r illU pipe hlll WiU IKiilJSIlCCl piini occoinsB Oiu.6. LsQZ cool gradually, then polish cgain. Blue and cool a second time, and the work will be don» , WATCHMAKEHS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 199 ti^5 ^^RAw THE Temper from part op a Small Steel Article.— Hold the part from which yon wish to draw the temper with a pair of tweezers, and with your blow-pipe direct the flame upon them— not , the article— till sufficient heat is communicated to the article to pro- duce the desired effect. * . To Blum Screws Evenly.— Take an old watch barrel and drill as many holes mto the head of it as you desire to blue screws at a time. DM it about one-fouxth full of brass or iron fillings, put in the head, and then fit a wire, long enough to bend over for a handle, into the arbor holes— head of the barrel upwards. Brighten the heads of your screws, set them point downwards, into the holes already drilled, and exiwse the bottom of the barrel to yonr lamp till the screws assume the color you wish. To Remove Bluing from Steel.— Immerse in a pickle composed of equal prts muriatic acid and elixir vitriol. Rinse iu pure water, and dry in tissue paper. To Make Diamond 1 roaches.- Make you broaches of brass the size and sh^ you desire; then, having oiled them slightly, roll their points mto fine diamond dust tiU entirely covered. Hold them then on the face of your anvil, and tap with a lig^ht hammer till th«? grains disappear in the brass. Great caution will be necessary in this operatiou. Do not tap heavy enough to flatten the broach. Very light blows are all that will be required; the grains wiU be driven in much sooner than one would imagine. Some roll the broach between two small pieces of steel to imbed the diamond dust. It is a very good way, but somewhat more wasteful of the dust. Broaches made on this plan are used for dressing out jewels. Jewelling.— In using the broaches, press but lightly into the jewel hole? and turn the broach rapidly with your fingers. For polishinir. use a bone or ivory pomt, lightly coated with the finest diamond dn«t and oil, and while usmg it with the one hand, accompany the motion with a slight oscillating motion of the other hand, in which the jewel 18 held. This will insure a more ev«u polish to the hole, with less liabUity tO press the jewel out of its place in the plate, than if held firm and steady. To make Dla^mond FiLES.~Shape your file of brass, and charge with diamond dust, as in case of the mill. Grade the dust in accoM- ance with the coarse or fine character of the file desired. To MAKE Pivot Files.— Dress up a piece of wood file-fashion, about an inch broad, and glue a piece of fine emery paper upon it. fehape j^ouT file then, as you wish it, of the best cast steel, and before tempenng pass yuiu emery paper heavily across it several times, diagonally. Temper by h.3atmg to a cherry red, and plunging into linseed oil. Old worn pivot files may be dressed over and made new by this process. At ^rst thoijght, one would be led to regard them too 8 ightly cut to work well, but not so. They dress a pivot more rapidly than any other file. To Make a Diamond Mill.— Make a brass chuck or wheel, suit- able for use on a foot-lathe, with a flat even surface or face of about 14 or 2 mches m diameter; then place a number of the coarsest nifiCRg f your aiHiuoiid dust on different parts of its face, and with smooth faced steel hammer drive the pieces of dust all evenly into the bnws to nearly or quite level with the surface. Your mill, thus prepared, is fiV^ V I 200 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. now used for maMng paUet jewels or for grinding stone and glass of any kmd. For polishing, use a bone or borwood chuck or wheelTof sim- ilar fonn to your miU, and coat it lightly with the finest grade of yoijr diamond-dust and oil; with this a beautiful polish may be given to the hardest stone. '' » "''" To Make Diamonp Dust.— Place a few small pieces of common or cheap diamond on a block of hard polished steel; in a suitable ves- sel, and cover it with water to prevent it flying or scattering, then place a flat steel punch onisach piece separately, and strike thepunch with a mallet or hammer, with sufficient force to crush the diamond ^AA -f^'^^®^ sufficiently fine in this way, the dust may be coUected and dned for use ; after drying, it mav be graduated for different purposes, by mixing it with a little watch oU ; when agitated, the fin- ^t particles wUl float near the surface, whUe the coarsest pieces will sink at once to the bottom ; and thus by decantmg the oil in which the dust floats, as many grades of fineness as desired may be obtain- ed. The dust may be separated from the oil by pouring on a piece of f^'SilT ^^\i *^.® paper will absorb the oil, or allow It to fil- ter through, whfle the dust will remain on the surface ; but to pre- vent waste, the better way is to leave it m the oil and use directly JJ^efrom as re«[iured, or the oil may be washed out of the dust with To PRESERVE Pinions oh BEARmas from Corrosion and Rust. —in case of the lower centre bearing under the cannon pinion cor- rodmg or rustmg, when you clean the watch, be particular to take the S?irfi!!l!i^®^ , • Pefi It thoroughly ; if the piVot is scratched, pol- ish it, then make a litt e hollow in the top hole ; put good fresh oil on It, and the pivot will not corrode or rust for two or three years :oL^J "^A^^L^T^ ^" ^^® ^^tch, they should all be thoroughly cleaned, and old oil cleaned out ; then if no dust gets in, and nolccf- dent happens the watch, it will nm for years, n u!f^\^ Clock.— Take the movement of the clock " to pieces '■ Su^^K iT^®^^?..^?^.J^""®"» thoroughly with a stiff coarse brush : also the plates which the trains work. Clean the pivots well bv turn- 2Eoi*^'r^^^ ^^i**^° ^""^^ ^®ld tightly between your thumb ard nnger. ibe pivot holes m the plates are generally cleansed by turn- ing a piece of woKDd mto them, but I have always found a strip of cloth or a soft cord dra-^vn tightly through them to act the best. If you use two cords, the first one slightly oiled, and the next dry, to clean the oil out, all the better. Do not use salt or acid to clean your clock- it can do no good, but may do a great deal of harm. iBoiling the Sf «?r ^ ^u*®u' ^ *l^^^ practice of some, is also foolishness. oJ« «U8H.— The hole through which the great arbors, or winding axles, work, are the only ones that usuaUy require bushing. When fSii^^.^-?^'^*™^i^^ ?^"P^ ^«"^' the €reat wfieel on the aSle before * T^^f2.f? *f . *^u "^l^P'y .^^*° *^^ l'i"i«ns ahove it and stops the clock. In^S^^ ^^^'2 .^"s^l"? « necessary, of course. The most common SoIdT^'V^i**^!"^®.* ^*®^1 point or punch into the plate just S.rZf the axle hole, thus forcing the brass downwards until the hole s reduced to its original size. Another mode is to solder a piece of Drags upon the plate in such a nositinn as *q h.iiH tua o^i« Ar.^^, 4.^ j*. proper place, if you simply wish your clock "to run, and have no" ai^ bition to produce a bush that wiU look workmanlike, about a« good a ; • EIPTS. 3 and glass of wbeel.ofsim- est grade of may be given 8 of oommon snitable ves- ittering, then ke the punch he diamond. T be collected for different ated, the fin- st pieces will oil in which ly be obtain- , on a piece of llow It to fil- ; but to pre- use directly he dust with 5f Aio) Rust. I pinion, cor- rto take the ratched, pol- lod fresh oil three years, i thoroughly andnoacci- ' to pieces.' arse brush ; cell by turn- thumb and led by tum- id a strip of best. If you , to clean the our clock — fioilmg the ishness. or winding ing. When , axle before jsthe clock, jst common B plate just itil the hole r a piece of lave no am- t as good a WATCHMAKERS, JEWEll ', 4c., RECEIPTS. 201 Uiem h that Son Hthm ST^^hS* "*?' "' shaft, and testen the Imp of the veree ^?e worta^™, S^ l°„'^'i ""* *•'" ?»»>' «'»'o« batthe'^be8twatc?oir^"d??of.SjlffS2"i.'^S.r"- IJ»« >>»™ centswonld&stTOftwoySatlS yS^J^" tat twentyive fumfshmg establishment "" "^ """y " "* any watch- si-j^irpife:^-™^^^^^^^^^^ at the^S where Z iCS'iiiw^' ^^^^ *« !'»«»'»"' "'" weU.^SmaU as this defect W'seeLt'^stS^'ria^f S'L^TS Figures on Gold aitd Silveh TtJAra tt«i,i « n . apj?#„«r^4r„f%"„ij^SSSHT' ZatS'J^VenoS' '"^""' l-™" ^ -^ 1^1 S^l ^If ^th' ^ marked »nvexspeca."Cr^^^^^^^ '^ViJ'i,!^'?^"!? *"'"*"■ '" preference to silver or braJs^soider '"""""• i 202 WATCHMA^ ER8, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. ■,.\ - the o«. alloy ; therefore, when you judge how much gold a piece of work will take, compouud it to the standard weight by the following directions : Assay Weight. — ^The weight of gold is a pound, which u divided into 12 ozs. each oz. into 24 carats, each carat mto 4 grains, and, lastly, each grain into 4 quarters ; then you see the ^ssay quarter- grain, is in reality IJ grain Troy. < On Melting and Refining.— In melting Brass Oold, urge the fire to a great heat, and stir the metal with the long stem of a tobacco pii)e to prevent honev-combing. If Steel or Iron filings get hito gold while melting, throw in a piece of sandiver the size of a common nut ; it will attract the iron or steel* from the gold into the flux, or, sublimate of mercury will destroy the iron or steel. To cause Oold to roll well, melt with a good heat, add a teaspoonful of sal ammoniac and charcoal, equal quantities, both pulverized, stir up well, put on the cover for 2 minutes, and pour. To Refine Sweepings Containing Gold or Silver.— To 8 ozs. of the dirt, which has been washed and burnt, add salt, 4 ozs. ; poarlash 4 ozs. j red tartar 1 oz. ; saltpetre ^ oz., mix thoroughly in a mortar, melt m a crucible, and dissolve out the precious metals in a button. i QUANTITY OF STANDARD OOLD TO COMPOUND AN OZ. OF ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ALLOYS CALCULATED TO THE J OF A GRAIN, AS FOLLOWS : Carat, ■w Dwt8. Grs. Qrs. Dwts. Grs. Qrs. 1 21 9 19 2 2 2 1 19 T 18 4 4 8 2 17 6 17 6 6 4 3 16 8 1 16 8 8 6 4 13 1 16 10 10 6 6 10 10 14 13 i 7 6 8 8 13 15 3 8 7 6 6 < 12 17 6 9 a 4 4 » -y 11 19 7 10 9 2 2 ^ n 10 21 9 11 10 10 12 10 21 9 p 9 2 2 13 11 19 7 H 8 4 4 14 12 17 6 >< 7 6 6 15 13 15 3 o 6 8 8 16 14 13 1 1-9 6 10 10 17 15 10 10 1-9 4 13 1 18 16 8 8 < 3 16 3 19 17 6 6 2 17 6 20 18 4 4 1 19 7 21 19 2 2 21 9 22 22 To Fuse Gold Dust. — Use such a crucible as is generally used for melting brass ; heat very hot ; then add your gold dust mixed with jwwdered borax ; — after some time a scum or slag will arise on the top, which may be thickened by the addition of a little lime or bone ash. If the dust contains any of the more oxiulzeable muials, add a little nitre, skiiu oft the siag or scum very carefully ; when melted, grasp the crucible with strong iron tongs ; T9. a piece of following 1, which u 3 4 grains, y quarter- urge the stem of a 'on JUings r the size I the gold e iron or lat, add a ities, both ipour. iSB.— To 8 lit, 4 ozs. ; roughly in metals in V ANY OP A GRAIN, Qrs. 2 4 6 8 10 i 8 6 7 9 2 4 6 8 10 1 3 6 7 9 generally gold dust slag will ition of a the more «um very on tongs ; WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 208 Mid pour off immediately into cast iron moulds, slightlv irreased The slag and crucibles may be afterwards pulveriz^'^ i^T^k m^TlZ"!"' "^"'"^ ^~™ *^« ^^ thiSSgh^cu^'ll^Si t Gold Alloys.— The "New Standard" for watch cases fko {aia Se'ih«°«4"^?^^'?/^"^y- N?goldoTtfeS''q',^Vy^c^ SSJL^^l ?*" mark;' and gold of lower quality le^ geneiX described by its commercial value. The alloy ma/ be entir«iv sUver, whict will give a green color, or enSfy Tpper for a ^ color, but aie copper and sUver are more usually ^edin^ ^loy according to the taste of the jeweller. It wS belSdeMtSS S?ii^T ^IS '^^^^^ ^'^ ^« ««ld, fine silveTlmd Cc55S? direct from the refiner. Gold of 22 carats fine beW so Uttle u^* mr^'rllNnf r^^'A^^" c«PP«' 2 dwt, 6 grs. 2. Ooldof 18 mrats, red tint. Gold 15 dwt., silver, 1 dwt. 18 grs Conner 3 dwt SS^S^^i • * ?"? "^f®? <^^ or rolled very hard makes spriuM Sz? Gold^'^^iii* '^T^fZ'' ^^ Cfold/yellow «n<, 16 ?J3 K iK' .' 7. ^5- f^^®"^' 7 <*^> copper, 5 dwt. 6. Oold of red tint 16 carats Gold. 1 oz. silver, 2 dwt rcopper, 8 dwt "^ Sterling Gold Alloy, 78s. per oz.-C ^inegold, 18dwts 12 OTS., fine silver, Idwt., fine copper, 12 grs. 2.--i^ V/w^dOozl flTr i^,S^«':/i«egold,16pper, 3 dwK2 Dry Colored Scrap reduced to 35s. Gold. ColoreS scmp, 1 oz 9 4 dX ^" ^""^ '^^^'' 2 ^^^ ^^ ^PP^'' 17 dwts. 15l?^., siSlter; Dry Coloring for the Foregoing.— PoUsh your work weH and -Sf wSi"*-""-' ^^ke saltpetre, 8 uzs., alum, 4 ozl, salT, 4 ozs , melt a^i together m a black lead pot, stirring with a thhi iron bar when dissolvmg. Use the fire on a forge and Srge it well with the bellows H Jn Ji *^ V^*^"^^ ^* ^ ^«*- ■ ^o*^^" P«»«hed work be^gTeli SS^ Ji^ ^"^^A ^'^^Rl and hot water, is dried in box sawdust, is ^i^Zh alo-''T.^U'^'\^ *^^^ ^^'^ ^^' ^«^^ ; annealed and boi ed out and a^am dried m box sawdust and finaUy hung on platinum SI^'l''^*l'^'''^- ,^^!? the -color " in the pot assumes a%rown yellow flame tiie work is dipped in for two or tfiree seconds, and quenched ♦vT^T — ■"j." •'" •- "itii III uxiiiuu aura, wuicii removes any "coior'' tnat may adhere to the work. This ought to produce the desired color, but if It does not, repeat the process, previously drying the ^ii 204 WATCHMAKEKS, JEWELLERS', &C., RECEIPTS. work before" re-immersion in tlie "color." Tlie color-pot mnst bo emptied immediately upon the forge, so thut it may be ready for future use. Wet Colored Alloys.— 1. Fine gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 3 dwts. 12 grs., fine copi)er, 9 dwts. 2. Fine-gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 4 dwts. 12gr8., lino copper, 10 dwta. 3. Fine gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 4 dwts. 12 grs., fine copper, 10 dwts. 12 grs. 4. Fine Gold, 1 oz., tine silver, 4 dwts., fine copper, 9 dwts. 12 grs. 6 Qreen Chid for Fancy Work. Fine . gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 6 dwts. 16 grs. 6. Amther Green Gold. Fine gold, 10 dwts., fine silver, 2 dwts. 2 grs. 7. Red Gold, for fancy work. Fine gold, 5 dwts., fine copper. 2 dwts. 12 grs. 8. Another Had Gold. Fine gold, 5 dwts., -fine copper, 1 dwt. 6 grs. 9. Gold solders for the foregoina Alloys. Take of the alloyed gold you are using, 1 dwt., fine silver, 6 grs., or, 5 grs. silver and 1 gr. copper may be used. 10. Solder for Repairing. Gold alloyed, 1 dwt. , fine silver, 5 grs., pin brass, 1 gr. 11. Wet Colored Solder. Wet colored scrap, 3 ozs., fine silver, 10 dwts., fine copper, 5 dwts. 12. » Gold, 16 caraty cost SGs. or $Uper oz. Fine gold, 1 oz. 18 dwts., fine silver, 12 dwts. 12 grs., fine copper, 10 dwts. 13. Fine gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 8 dwts. fin? coi)per, 4 dwts. 14. Fine gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 8 dwts., fine copper, 4 dwts. 15. Fine gold, 1 oz..*finQ silver, 6 dwts., fine copper, 8 dwts. 16. Gold solder for the last. Gold scrap, 1 oz., fine silver, 5 dwts. 17. Gold good color. Fme gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 6 dwts., fme copper, 4 dwts. 18. Gold costGOs. or $15, good color. Fine gold, 1 dwt., fine silver, 6 dwts., fine copper, 4 dwts. 19. Wet colored solder. Scrap gold, 4 ozs., fine silver, 13 dwts., fine copper, 6 dwts. 16 grs. 20. To reduce 22 carat into Wet colored Gold. Ciold coins 4 ozs. 8 dwts., fine silver, 13 dwts., fine copper, 1 oz. 13 dwts. 21. To reduce 22 carat to ordinary wet colored Gold with scrav. Coins 1 oz., fine gold, 3 ozs., fine silver, 17 dwts. 12 grs., fine copper, 2 ozs. I dwt. 12 grains., scrap,. 3 ozs. 1 dwt. 22. Another way with scrap. Coins, 3 ozs. 1 dwt 6 grs., fine gold, 2 ozs., fine silver, 1 oz. 1 dwt,, fine copper, 2 ozs. 11 dwts., scrap, 1 oz. 6 dwts. 18 grs. 23. Another way with scrap. Coins, 2 ozs., fine gold, 3 ozs. 3 dwts. 8 grs., fine silver, 1 oz. 1 dwt. 4 grs., fine copper, 2 ozs. 10 dwts. 12 grs., scrap, 1 oz. 5 dwts. 24. To reduce 22 carat to ordinary wet colored Gold with- out scrap. Coins, 1 oz., fine gold, 8 ozs., fine silver, 2 ozs., fine cop- per, 4 ozs. 14 dwts. 25. Another way without scrap. Coins, 1 oz., fine gold, 2 ozs., fine silver, 13 dwts., iSne copper, 1 oz. 11 dwts. 26. Amther loay without scrap. Coins, 2 ozs., fine gold, 6 ozs., fine silver, 1 oz. 14 dwts., fine copper, 4 ozs. 2 dwts. To Wet-Colobthb foregoing Alloys.— For 5 ozs. of work take, saltpetre, 16 ozs., alum, 8 ozs., salt, 8 ozs., all pulverized and muriatic acid 2 ozs., dissolve the ingredients gradually in a black lead pot. When it boils up, add the acid, and stir the whole with a wooden spoon. Having nnnealeJ your work and made it perfectly clean, tie in small parcels ith platinum or fine silver wire, and when the color boils up immerse it therein 'for ^our minutes, moving jt about to en- sure a perfect contact with all parts of the surface. Then take it out and rinse it well in boiling water, then immerse in the color again for for 1 i iTiinrites and rinse well once more in frftsh. hot xvntp.y. Kfrtxi? add 2 ozs. of fresh hot water to the color in the pot, which will cause it to sink. When it rises put in your work for 1 minute, rinsing in \ PT9. lOt must be B ready for , 3 dwts. 12 wts. 12grs., vts. 12 grs., er, 4 dwts., Vork. Fine reen Oold. i Oold, for ^ts. 12 grs. >er, 1 dwt. the alloyed er and 1 gr. yed, Idwt, ^Ider. Wet dwts. 12. dwts., fine I, loz., fine ne silver, 8 er, 6 dwts., icrap, 1 oz., fine silver, good color. s. 19. Wet le copper, 6 llold. Ciold 13 dwts. 21. n. Coins 1 )er, 2 ozs. I with scrap. oz. 1 dwt,, 3. Another 8 grs., fine re,, scrap, 1 Gold with- ., fine cop- !!oins, 1 oz., dwts. 26. I fine silver, E work take, nd muriatic k lead pot. 1 a wooden y clean, tie m the color bout to en- take it out )r again for n f af* "KTrvtiT will cause rinsing in WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, &C., RECEIPTS. '205 . fresh hot water agam, when it will begin to brighten. Now immerse * your work for half a minute longer, and rinse for the last time in clean hot water, when it will appear of a most beautiful color. Alloys, continued. 1. Pale gold for coloring Enamelling, i«-— Fine gold 1 oz., flue silver 5 QMrts. , flne copper 1 oz. , spelter 5 dwts. 43. Dry Colored Scrap reduced to 368. or $8.75 Qio/t^- Colored scrap 1 oz 9 dwts. 12 grs., flne silver 2 dwts., fine copper 17 dwts. 12 grs., spelter 4 dwts. 44. Alloy for Gold C^ci'rwr.— -Fine gold 11 dwts. 6 grs., fine silver 2 dwts. 6 grs., fine cop- §er6dwts. 13 grs. 4fi. Another di«o— Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver 9 wta., flne com>er 8 dwts. 46. Gold worth 45 stg. or $11.25.— Fine gold, 1 oz., compoHition (see No. 22) 1 oz. 47. Solder/or ditto.— Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver 15 dwts., flne copper 15 dwts. 48. 12 Carat Gold,— Fine gold 1 oz., flue silver 10 dwts., fine coj)por 9 dwts. tt grs. 49. Com- rmn Gold/rom *' C'a/^orma"— "Caliiomia." (see No. M) 8 ozs. flne silver 13 ozs. 16 dwts., flne copper 6 ozs. 16 dwt^. 50. 29a or $7.25 G^oW.— Fine gold 1 oz. 13 dwts. 6 grs., flne silver 1 oz. 12 dwts.«12 grs., flne copper 1 oz. 16 dwts. 6 grs., spelter 4 dwts. Stands nitric acid very well. OKDINABY BBIOHT GOLD WIRB, TABLE SHOWINO THE PBOPOBTIOK8 OP ALLOY FROM 1 OZ. UP TO 21 OZ. Fine Gold. Fine Silver. Fine Copper. Total. Oz. Dwts. Grs. Oz. Dwts. Grs. Oz. Dwts. Grs. Oz. Dwts. Grs. 5 21 6 6 6 21 1 11 18 14 12 13 18 2 17 16 1 1 18 1 15 3 t 15 6 2 3 12 2 16 6 i 12 21 3 6 6 2 1 21 9 8 10 12 4 7 4 2 12 12 4 8 3 5 8 18 5 3 3 15 5 4 18 6 10 12 6 3 18 18 6 3 8 7 12 6 2 4 9 21 To Recover the Gold lost in Coloring.— Dissolve a handful of sulphate of iron in boiling water, then add this to your "color" water, it precipitates tlie small particles of gold. Now draw ofif the water, being very careful not to disturb the auriferous sediment at* the bottom. You will now proceed to wash the sediment from all trace of acid with plenty of boiling water ; it will require 3 or 4 sep- arate washings, with suflicient time between ejich to allow the water to cool and the sediment to settle, before pouring the water off. Then dry in an iron vessel by the fire and finally fuse in a covered skittle pot with a flux as directed on page 202. Alloys for Gold.— 1. Bed gold.— Copper, 66.67 parts ; gold, 33.- 33 i>arts. 2. Yelloio gold. — Copper, 12.50 parts ; silver, 37.50 parts 4 gold, 50 parts. 3. Green gold. — Silver, 25 panw ; gold, 76 parts. 4. Ydloio yoW.— Silver, 66.67 parts ; gold, 33.33 parts. 5. Gray gold. — »T8. K8. 12 dwts. a copper 13 iB.jCompo- 0. 1.— Flue dwtH. 41. .(>gra.,fine , fine silver mp reduced Ine silver 2 oyfor Oold , fine cop- ine silver 9 -Fine gold. Fine gold 1 ;oW,— Fine 49. Com- 8 ozB. fine Jta or $7.2& [2 dwts.«12 aiids nitrio OPOHTIOK8 rotal. )wt8. Grs. ) a handful ur "color" aw off the ediiueut at* it from all I 3 or 4 sep- he water to off. Then )red skittle ; gold, 33.- 7.50 parts 4 5 parts. 4. "ay gold.—' WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 207 SUver, 6.89 parts ;gold, 8a23 parts : iron, fi.89 parts. 6. Dentists' gold. 7,7 rf' ,i* ^^^^' platinum, 6d.67 i>arta : gold, 24.29 parts. 7. ^7i//;j.s^ f/o^com.-Copi>er, 8.;i4 imrts ; gold, 9i.(kJ parts. 8. American j^oW cuin.-Copper, 10 parts ; gold, 90 parts. French gold coin same If«*i'"S'^- ^®\^jf^« -^"^^ ^'^''^ ^^i^ ^^ Plate.-English «n»!l'iritv h"~" New Fhench Patent Alloy' fob SiLVER-Messieurs De Ruolz 6 Fontenay have mvented the following alloy, which may be used ' tf ■ I, 208 WATCHMAKERS, JEWBLLKUS*, &C.,»RECEIPT8. for almost all purposes in which silver Is UHua,lly applied. Silver, 20 paits ; puri^.od nickel, 28 parts ; copper, 62 iKirts, Melt the copper and nickel in tlie granular Htato, then introduce the silver. The flux to be employed is charcoal and borax, both in the state of powder; and the inKots obtained are to be rendered malleable by annealing for a don- siderable time in powdered charcoal. Gold.— To find the number of carats of gold in an object, first weigh the gold and mix with seven times its weight in silver. This alloy is beaten into thin leaves, and nitric acid is added ; this dissolves the silver and copper. The remainder (gold) is then fused and weighed ; by comparing the first and last weights the number of carjits of pure gold is found. This operation is always repeated several times, and if any diiference occurs in the result, all is done ovei- again, Jbwrllkrs' Alloys.— Solder, &c. Eighteen-carat gold for rinqs— Gold coin, 19^ gr. ; pure copper, 3 grs. ; pure silver, 1^ gr. Cheap (/old, twelve ca7'a^— Grold coin, 25 gr. ; pure copper, 13^ gr. ; pure silver, 74 grs. Very cheap four-carat «5foW.— Copper, 18 parts ^ gold, 4 parts | silver, 2 parts. Imitations of gold.—l Plutiua, 4 dwt. ; pure copper, J»dwt. ; sheet-zmc, 1 dwt. ; block-tin, If dwt. ; pure lead, \\ dwt. If this should be found too hard or brittle for practical use, re-melting the composition with a little sal-ammoniac will generally render it malleable as desired. 2. Platina, 2 parts ; siWer, 1 part ; copper, 3 >arts. These compositions, when properly prepared, so nearly resem- )le pure gold it is very difficult to distinguish them therefrom. A ittle powdered cliarcoal, mixed with metals while melting, will be bund of service. Best oreide of iffereiit hues max^ h«^„^ ^*® ^^^^ them a !;l4»ge the£ toto «,tei~° P^i.a clei coke S* Z'Zr^L^^^ '* ( 210 WATCHMAKRR8, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. niac, 4 dwte. ; Halti)et!e, 4 dwte. ; acetic acid. 1 oz. ; pulverize the solid RrticleB, add the acetic add gradually, ntlrring all the time. IWp your artlcloH into this mixture and heat then; to a black color on a Hheetof copj)er. When cold, place them in a middling ntrong sul- phuric acid nickle, which diBHolveg the coloring saltA and iuduceii a very fine gold color. 9. Etruscan Gold Volorimj.— Alum, 1 or. ; fine table-Halt, 1 o«. ; saltpetre (powdered), 2 on,; hot rain-water, suffi- cient to make the solution, when dissolved, about the consistency of thick ale ; then add sufficient muriatic ac/d to produce the color de- sired. The degree of success must always depend, in agreater or less degree, ujMni the skill or iudgment of the oixjrator. Tne article to Imj colored should be from fourteen t<^ eighteen cjirats fine, of oure gold and copper onlj'. and be free from coatings of tin, or silver solder. The solution is best used warm, and when freshly made the principle on which it acts is to eat out the copper alloy from the sur- face of the article, leaving tliereon pure, frosted gold only. After coloring, wash off, fii-st in rain-water, then in alcohol, and dry with- out rubbing, in fine clean sawdust. Fine Etruscan jewelry, that has been defaced or tarnished by use, may be perfectly renewed by the same process. Fob Silversmiths, Sterling Silver.— 1. Fine silver 11 oz. 2 dwts., fine copper 18 dwts. 2. Equal to, Stvrlin(/~¥me silver 1 oz., fine copper 1 dwt. 12 grs. . 3. Another ditto — Fine silver 1 oz., fine copper 6 dwts. 4. Common Silver for Chains— Vine silver o dwts., nne copper 4 dwts. 6. Solder for ditto — Fine silver 16 dwts., fine copper 12 grs., pin brass, 3 dwts. 12 grs. 6. Alloy for Plating. — Fine silver 1 oz., fine copper 10 dwts. 7. Silvei' Solder — Fine silver 1 oz., pin brass, 10 dwts., pure spelter, 2 dwts. 8. Copper Solder for Plating — Fine silver, 10 dwts., fine copper 10 dwts. 9. Common Silver Solder — Fine silver 10 ozs., pin brass, 6 ozs. 12 dwts., spelter, 12 dwts. 10. Silver Solder for' Enamelling , $1 per oz. —Fine silver 14 dwts., fine copper, 8 dwts. 11. Ditto, for- filling Signet Rings. — Fine sUver, 10 ozs., fine copper, 1 oz. 16 dwts., fine pin brass, 6 ozs. 12 dwte., spelter, 12 dwts. 12. Silver Solder for Gold Plating — Fine silver, 1 oz., fine copper, 5 dwts., pin brass, 5 dwts. 13. Quick Silver Solder — Fine silver, 1 oz., pin brass, 10 dwts., bar tin, nickel, 1 oz. 11 2 dwts. 14. Imitation Silver — Fine silver, 1 oz., grs., fine copper, 2 ozs. 9 grs. 15. Another dittos Fine silver, 3 ozs., nickel, 1 oz. 11 dwts., fine copper, 2 ozs. 9 grs., spelter, 10 dwts. 16. Fine Silver Solder for Filigree Wo '' —V'ne silver, 4 dwts. 6 grs., pin brass, 1 dwt. 17. Bismuth Solder — l>i.>itu'.tjQ, 3 ozs., lead, 3 ozs. 18 dwts., tin, 5 ozs. 6 dwts. Dead White on Silver Articles. — Heat the article .^ .: ..erij red, or a dull red heat and allow it to cool, then place it in a pickle of 5 t)ai-ts sulphuric acid to 100 parts of water, and allow it to remain for an hour or two. If tlie surface is not right, rinse in cold water, and repeat the heating and pickling operation as before. This removes the copper frort^ me^ surface of the article, leaving p?o*e silver on the surface. Wher ?'i»fr3 aenfiy whitened, remove from the pickle, well rinse in pure >» v > >?'■ id place in warm box sawdust. Pickle, foi». I' d ^sting and Whitening Silver Goods. — Sul- phuric acid, 1 d.^. ; water, 4oz. ; heat the pickle, and immerse the sliver in it until frosted as desired ; then wash o£f clean, and dry with IPT8. rize the solid i time. IMp Ic color ou a ? Htroiig gui- ld iuducea a I, 1 oz. ; fine •water, sufll- )n8iBtency of the color de- a greater or The article fine, of pure in, or Bilver tily made the rom the sur- only. After id dry with- ewelry, that renewed by Br 11 oz. 2 'ine silver 1 silver 1 oz.. Fine Bilver 6 rer 16 dwts., 'for Plating. Solder— Yine i. 8. Ccmper >er 10 d!wt8. )gs, 6 ozs. 12 ly, ^1 per oz. 0, foj' Jilling .6 dwts., fine T Solder for , pin brass, 5 )iii brass, 10 silver, 1 oz., lother ditto-^ 2 ozs. 9 CTs., H^o ■ -F'ue er — hi, tQ, le \^ .. ..erij in a pickle of to remain for Id water, and ['his removes silver on the 3 pickle, well Goods. — Sul- immerse the and dry with «o>ved in*pt of water ^^V, """^Vnide of potassium 1 o« • Hia_ "«e pliers laeoniJjce w^lH^^^ '^« bUvS* ir^our hands bu^ suspended in dilX sulphurlf add t'iTSfi^ «"^^" '«>» articles are "J^t^l'o "«on of «uJphate^orzK B„ Zf^;''*"^^ ^" * bkt\ 7S of l)otaHsium, and tliere rem iln ...hi li^ "^^^^ *^' ^'opper and cvanld« yTr'de^f'^S *^^^ «-Tnr;S t'l K^V W' ^^^'fo? _J'ar de of potMslum and «alnh«»« „» » uath of nitrate of silver oi»"? » """i-'g of siTver P^»«« »' «^''. 'n which they q.Sj ' ^HverfaaTrteh^oSrColi^!;™^ -nooth part of the ""I c5? tt-iL?'!'«?^|J^ni-^Sifth'r.&?^^^^^ of * Y kj^LiOKK TORTOisu- .;?« of nitrate of silver In X.. ffUmtrm ^^ I 212 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEU'TS. Jewklleks' Armenian Cement.— lainglaBS Boakod in water and • dissolved in spirit, 2 oz. (thick) ; dissolve in this 10 grs, of very pole gum ammonia (in tears) by rubbfaig them together ; then ^dd 6 large tears of gum mastio, dissolved in the least possible quantity of rec- tified spirits. Whei: carefully made this cement resists moisture and dries cotorless. Keep in a dosoly stopped phial. .„^ i «. ^t Jewellers' CEMB£KT.~Put in a bottle 2 ozs. of isinglass And 1 oz. of the best gam arable, cover them with proof spirits, cork loosely, and Xe the bottle in a vessel of water, and boil it tUl a thorough solu- tion is effected ; then strahi it for use. ,^, ,* „ Gold is taken from the surface of silver by spi-oading over it a past., mjido of powdered sal-ammoniac, witli aouaiortis, and heating It tUl the matter smokes, and is nearly dry ; when the gold may be separated by rubbing it with a scratch brush. ¥o Separate Gold and Silver from Lace, &c.-Cut in pieces the gold or silver lace, tie it tightly, and boU in soap ley ^11 tije si^e appears diminished ; take the cloth out of the liquid, and after re- peJ^ted rinsings of cold water, beat it with a ma let to draw out the SlkaS. Open fhe linen, and the pure metal wiU be found m all its '^Ta^nish on Electro-Plate Goods may be removed by iramers- imr the article from one to ten or fifteen minutes, or until the tarnish h^ been removed, but no longer, in the followmg solution : Rjiin water, 2 gals. ; cyaimret potassa, ilb. ; dissolve and^put into a stone iug or jar and closely cork. After immersion, the articles must be taken out and tlioroughly rinsed in two or three wators, then dried with a soft Ihien cloth, or, if frosted or chased work, j»ith fine clean sawdust. Tarnished jewelry may be speedily restored by , this ^cess ; but make sure work of removing the alkali, otlierwise it . "^A B^^T^GoLoI'mGE maybe given to sUverby steepmgit for a suitable length of time in a weak solution of sulphuric acid and water 8,ronglyimpregnated with iron-rust. 4.u^ ■h„^^r> To Bbfinb GoLDf-If you desire to refine gold from the baser metals, swedge or roll it out very thin, then cut into narrow strips S curl up so a^ to prevent its lying flatly. Drop the pieces thus prepared hito a vessel containing good nitric acid, in the proportiqn hi acid, 2 ozs., and pure rain-water i oz. Su^er to reinam untU thor- oughly dissolved, which will be the case in from i an hour to Ihour Then pour off the liquid carefully, and you will W the gold, in the form of vellow powder, lying at the bottom of the vessel. Wash this with pure water tUlit ceases to have an acid ta^to f ter whicJi you may melt and cast into any form you choose. Gold treated m this way may be relied on as perfectly pure. j, a ^ In melting gold use none bther than a charcoal fire, and during the process sprinkle saltpetre and potash into ^^^ c^^^icj^l^^fi^^i",^; ally Do not attempt to melt with stone coal, as it renders the metal brittle and otherwise imperfect. „ ^* 4.i,« To Refine SiLVER.-Dissolve in nitric acid as m the case of the gold.* When the silver has entirely disappeared, add to the i^ oz. ol solution nearly i quart of puro laia-vvatei. DiiiK, s-u^u, a buccv v-^ dean copper into it; the silver will collect rapidly upon the eopi-er, and you can scrape it off and melt mto bulk at pleasure. I •TS. water and • I; very pole add 6 large itity of rec- oiatore and dnd 1 oz. of ooriely, and rough golu- g over it a md beating )ld may be )ut in pieces till the size id after re- •aw out the id in all its by immers- tho tarnish ution : Ritin into a stone les must be , then dried th fine clean ed by this otlierwise it eeping it for ric acid and m the baser arrow strips I pieces thus e proportiqn in until thor- ar to 1 hour, s gold, in the 38.sel. Wash , after whicli (Id treated in , and during ble occasion- ers the metal B case of the the 2i oz. of li, a, sii^:x:v vi le eopi-er, and WATCHMAKERS, JEWKLI irna» t,r, «„ vo, Ji!.WJi^L,ER8 J AC., RECEIPTS. 213 • fe^»''^'^*"S'L*'e^Sl"u"^^^ with the foregoing the latter would be to S th^aiZ^ ^' *^® ^"^^ ^^P» necessary tc/save solution poured f?om«^^gSd*^T^^^^^ proportion of waSr to S^| plate as just directed. ^ ' ^ "'^" ^ P'^^^ed with your copper pfine^Kf rrfsl;^^^^^^^ *h« -? employed to iron instead of a copper plate to cSllSth^i^ti?'™''"^^' ^^^^ ""^^^^ ^S^^^^d^^ copper, von in a perfeccTy pure state *^ ^ ^^^ processes, and leave each wi«?Syrii;r;^Vsh fwi"-^^^ ^ P«^ of chloride of silver well cleaned), by means of a Pilce^TA^' "^^ ""PP®^ (previousTy with water aid'dipped ui the ^ISlf w,^^^^ or a cork moistenea niej.1 «ho„ld be w^^U ^^^^.^^r^^l^^^^^ given m the preceding part You col i^^;,.]^'^' copper and brals are your solder to small pSclerandi^S SP^'*?*io°8 by reducing ammoniac and powderid borax in Pn„TiT°£'* ^^^^ powdered sal- hold together. Having fit?eTup^e^^oint^^^^^^ ^ "^^^ ^t the article npon a piece of soft cKoi? i?^ soldered you secure immediately over t'he joint and tSn with I ^"""If^^^^^'i^^S^ fixture flame of your lamnuiKni it nnfSf.- V, ^^ur blow-pipe turn the done, ani ready to^rcS>fed"a^^ '^^h ^« *h'n with copper or brass in accorSce with th^.K^ """ '^ "^"^^^ soldered solder for steel is pure gold or pure sTlv^r?^^^ ^^I'"'^^^- ^he best are often used successfullv Pi?t,s^^^^^^ gold; andtheexpeS^f it th Jpf,^^^ "^1 *?,"^y ^^ soldered well with general use of pfia vLsU eve^f^r nht''^"*f ^ *^^ hindrance of a areoi so much importance ' ^"^^^^^^r chemical purposes, where they 4^-iTmS;^^^^ be united with of solder upon the joint and hS over vn„l^f^^ H ^ «°^»" Piece upon it with your blow-niue nntii ft?lf ^^""^ ^*™P' ^r direct the blaze from the blaze immediatelv «s ti.n?^",'\^PP^^^"*- Withdraw them brittle and unsatTsSf;^^^^^ Tender the solde^ to spring or press against each other itTwf^^f'''*'^ can be made • solder between them before eTT^«,f J'. 11^^^^ ^ ^^^^e a thin piece of surfaces are to be sddeSLn??n "i^ tte othSf ^^ ^^^^^" two .mooth eel ent job by moistening them w?th the fl^S ^ ypu may make an ex- a sheet of tin foil between thimSi- .u^' *^"d then, having placed over your lamp till thrtoU mSts H^ ^Jethe? may be made In this way so Xse as to ? p n?^ . • ' ^* "^^^1^' ^ J«int 214 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. to cool, and then boil until bright in urine and sal-ammoniac. It is now usually cleaned with diluted sulphuric acid. The pickle is made in about the proportion of one-eighth of an ounce of acid to one ounce of rain water. To Clean Silver Tabnisubd in Soldering.— Some expose to a uniform heat, as in the case of gold, and then boil in strong alum water. Others immerse for a considerable length of time in a liquid made of i oz. of cyanuret potassa to 1 pint rain water, and then brush off with prepared chalk. Nickel Plating. — The followins is the substance of the patent granted to Dr. Isaac Adams, March 22, 1870. The process is highly successful. " This improvement consists in the use of 3 new solutions from which to deposit nickel by the electric current. 1. A solution formed of the double sulphate of nickel and alumina, or the sulphate of nickel dissolved in a solution of soda, potash, or ammonia alum, the three different varieties of commercial alu m. 2. A solution formed of the double sulphate of nickel and magnesia, with or without an excess of ammonia. I have found that a good coating of nickel can be deposited from the solution before mentioned, provided they are prepared and used in such a manner as to be free from any acid or alkaline reacfion. When these solutions are used, great care must be taken, lest by the use of too high battery power, or from the in- troduction of some foreign matters, the solution becomes acid or alkaline. I prefer to use these solutions at a temperature above lOQo Fah., but do not limit my invention to the use of these solutions at that temperature. I therefore claim, 1. The electro deposition of nickel by the means of solution of the double sulphate of nickel and* alumina, prepared and used in such a manner as to be free from the presence of ammonia, potash, soda, lime or nitric acid or from any other acid, or from any acid or alkaline reaction. 2. The electro deposition of nickel by means of a solution of the double sulphate of nickel and potash, prepared and used in such a maimer as to be free from the presence of ammonia, soda, alumina, lime or nitric acid, or from any acid or alkaline reaction. 3. The electro depp.sition of nick- el by means of a solution of the double sulphate of nickel and mag- nesia, prei)ared and used in such a manner as to be free from the presence of potash, soda, alumina, lime or nitric acid, or from any acid or alkaline reaction. " Stalba's Nickel Plating Process. — Consists in plating with nickel, by the action of zinc uix)n salts of nickel, in the presence of chloride of zinc and the metal to be plated. By this process, Stalba ■ states that he has succeeded in plating objects of wrought and cast iron, steel, copper, brass, zmc, and lead. It is only necessary that the size of the objects should permit them to be covered entirely by the plating liquid, and that their surfaces should be free from dirt. The following is the modus operandi : — A quantity of concentrated chloride of zinc solution is placed in a clean metallic vessel, and to this is added an equal volume of water. This is heated to boiling, and hydrochloric acid is added drop by drop, until the precipitate which had formed on adding the water has disappeared. A small qujintitj^ of zinc powder is now added, which produces a zinc coating on the metal as far as the liquid extends. Enough of the nickel salt (the (!hloride or sulphate answers equally well, is now introduced to PTS. iniac. It is Me is made o one ounce e expose to itrong alum } in a liiiuid then brush the patent 588 is hi|ifhly $w solutions A solution ;he sulphate lonia alum, Hon formed without an g of nickel ovided they •m any acid it care must rom the in- [les acid or above lOOo solutions at eposition of nickel and* ie from the r from any The electro sulphate of } to be free itric acid, or :;iou of nick- el and mag- ee from the >r from any )lating with presence of cess, Stalba :ht and cast iessary that entirely by i from dirt, concentrated issel, and to [ to boiling, ! precipitate d. A femall zinc coating e nickel salt itroduced to WATCHMAKERS, JEWi^J-LERS,' &C., RECEIPTS. 215 i^jKaS''^?!'*'"'^'^^?'®®" 5 *^« Objects to be plated are placed Mi^^ ThpS.w"'^ zmc clippings, and the liquid is broi|ht to fhi S?" /*^®S^l*'®V^ precipitated in the course of 15 minut^ and the objects will be found to be completely coated The coSir v« nes in lustre with the character of the mSaEurface when^Si^l" poished, the plating is likewise lustrous and S"ma SaSof r.2 bait affords a cobalt plating, which is steel gray in Sor not so l.T trous as the nickel, but mor^ liable to tamisli ' ^ ^"^" lO MAKE SlIiVER SOI.UTION FOR ElECTKO-PlATINO —Put f^ gether lutoa glass vessel 1 oz. good silver niadethhianrp^?fi,!2: strips; 2 oz. best nitric acid, and^ ^ oz pure S wate? Tf solution does not begin at once, add 'a littll more water-JS&ue t^ a^^^^^ very httle at a time till it does. In the event itlSS^Sff well but stops before the silver is fully dissolved, you may generall^sta'rt J up agam all right by adding 1 little more watS ^hlu «SuS ll entirely effected, add 1 qua?t of warm raL water and a I^Zp toTJ six)onful of table salt, \hake well TufTet settle then Se^ t KamiTn-Thl*^'^?^^^ other waters as iifth e *(^e orthe^old Pn ISk • ^^f^ ^^ ^^"S®^ ^^^ ^ <^he taste, put in an ounce and an eighth cyanuret potassa and a quart pure rain water- aftRrflLS ing about 24 hours, it will be ready for use ^^ ^^''^- lo MAKE Gold Solution fob Electro-Plating —Dissolve fivn pennyweights gold coin, 5 grains pure copper^ and 4 grTuI nule llir "i 1 «z«- nitro-muriatic acid; which is siinply 2 pafte ZnS acid and 1 part nitric acid. The silver will not be tokerintoZuSon as are the other 2 metels, but will gather at the bottom oTSfv^sef Add 1 oz. pulverized sulphate of iron, ^ oz. pulverized b^i^l^ grams pure table salt, and 1 quart hot rain wa^Sn tiSfthf gold and copper v. ill be thrown to the bottom of th^ vS wSh thA silver. Let stand tiU fully settled, then poToff the iSd c^efullv and refill with boUing rain water 'as befS^e. 5)XK rSt th^^ 2n^.?'''S,""*'\ ?^ precipitate is thoroughly wST; or Tn other ThJ?.\^^ "^'1^* '^"'^' ^°d P«^' «ff so long as the accumulation at the bottom ottjie vessel is acid to the taste.- You now haXaWan 18 cai-at chloride of gold. Add to it an ounce and aneigS cSure^ Sohir'^hJi^^^^'fi'fv!^ water-the latter heated to ThetoiSng point Shake up well, then let stand about 24 hours and it w^ hf ready for use. Some use platina as an alloy instekTofsUver under he mpression that plating done with it is harder, ^lave SZth at^to?m1?^l^',?fnr'^.^'^"'T"• Si>l"«o«for adarkrcolored piate to imitate Guinea gold may be made by adding to the above 1 oz. dragon's blood and 5 grs. iodide or iron. If vou desire ^ IrSS-l plate, proceed as first directed, without the sliver or cSr^nd wi?h ai" r.X '^""^ ^ '^^" "' '"'^*^'^^^* P«*^^ ^ place of Siron,"^rax^ .tJa Pi^^.'^J' with a Battery.— If the plate is to be gold use the S.?he aS pL'h?TWf Si " «^'"«^' '^'^'^' silver sfarVr^ pare the article to be pkited by immersing it for several minutes in a strong ley made ofpotash and rain wate?, polishing off t™u?hl vat n'iS!^«" ^"! Jeirl**l^_^»^^/« «orae m confoict with the article while iYslTf'nrw hriVoM """^^ ''^"««ucy to me vent the plate from adhering; It should be held in two or three thicknesses of tissue paper. Xt- m^mmmgmmmm 210 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPT§. tach tho ftrticle, when thoroughly cleansed, to the nositive pole of your battery, then affix a piece of gold or silver, aH the case may he, to the negative pole, an i Immerse both into the solution in such a way as not to hang in contact with each other. After the article has been exposed to the action of the battery about ten minutes, talce it out and wash or polish over with a thick mixture of water and prepared chalk or jewellers' rouge. If, in the operation, you find places where the plating seems inclined to peel off, or where it has not taken well, mix a little of the plating solution with prepared chalk or rouge, and rub the defective part thoroughly with it. This will be likely to set all rieht Govern your time of exposing the article to the battery by the de- sired thickness of t..^ plate. liuring the time, it should be taken out and polished up as just directed about every ten minutes, or as often at least as there is an indication of a growing darkness on any part of its surface. When done, finish with the burnisher or prepared chalk and chamois skin, as best suits your taste and convenience. In case the article to be plated is iron, steel, lead, pewter, or block tin, you must, after fi«*t cleaning with the ley and chalk, prepare it by ap- plying with a vsoft brush — a camels -hair pencil is best su'ted — ^a solution made of the following articles in the proportion named : — Nitric acid, i oz. ; muriatic acid. ^ ok. ; sulphuric acid, l-9th oz. ; muriate of potash, l-7th oz. ; sulphate of iron, ^ oz. ; sulnhuric ether, l-6th oz. ; and as much sheet zinc as it will dissolve. This prepares a foundation, without which the plate would fail to take well, if at all. To MAKE Gold Amalgam.— Eight parts of gold and one of mer- cury are formed into an amalgam for plating, by rendering the gold bito thin plates, making it red hot and then putting it into the mercury while the latter is also heated to ebullition. The gold immediately disappears in combination with the mercury, after which the mixture may be turned into water to cool. It is then ready for use. To Plate with Gold Amalgam. — Gold amalgam is chiefly used as a plating for silver, copper or brass. The article to be plated is wa,shed over with diluted nitric acid or potash iye and prepared chalk, to i-emove any tjimish or rust that might prevent the amalgam from adhering. After having been polioned perfectly bright, the amal- gam is applied as evenly as possible, usually with a fine scratch brush. It IS then set upon a grate over a charcoal fire, or placed into an oven and heated to that degree at which mercury exhales. The gold, when tlie mercury has evaporated, presents a dull yellow color. Cover it with a coating of ]nilverized nitre and alum in equal parts, mixed to a paste with water, and heat again till it is thoroughly melted, then plunge into water. Burnish up with a steel or blood- stone burnisher. To Make ani> Apply Gold-Plating 'Solution.— Dissolve ioz. of gold amalgam in 1 oz. of nitro-muriatic acid. Add 2 oz. of alcoliol, and then, having brightened the article in 'the usual way, apply the solution with a soft brush. Rinse and dry in sawdust, or with tissue paper, and polish up with chamois skin. To Make and Apply Golo-Plating Powder.— Prepare a :nl«1<-«-M4#l#« A# j^^ly) 4>V«A aoYvkA tkci fr\f T^lo^'inrr TintH n Vioffo'Pfr A rlH irk if*. when thoroughly waj^hed out, cyanuret potassa in a proportion of 2 ottion of 2 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 217 it you prepare the article in tlie usual wav and hL^nt' JaA^?}:^ lln^ ''i^^nL^'^a ?*.• *°^ * gold-plating powder was to dip clean ToMakkand Apply Sii>vbr-Plating So™oN-Pnf Wnfi.., lO MAKE AND ApPLY SiLVEK-PLATINa POWDFR _n?oa«1v« ^ii Slif 1.^^ 1 .^^sniirxHot It mix 2 drams of tartar, 2 drams of table salt, and i aram of pulverized alum. Britrhten tho nrSS ♦^ WhL^JrS ""'^^ ^"y .^"^ F^Pared chalk aiid rfb on tL m xtur^ mth .te upper surJace. It will rarely ever tail toZeak perteclfy win mKut ™.£'{;f''H'^*?''--'^'^*»P''»''''«' ™™«1'- One coat minS * haudslook as good as new, and it dries in a tow , wI^LS""" STEEL.—Pour some of the ethereal solution of sold into a wineglass, and dip into it the blade of a new ™>,t„i f™ "1. i„..„.* TO»'hS"'Mr«""'J"'^''"™"t '«■'' allow tiie itire'r to'eraDomte The blade will tlien be found covered with a beautiful co^ITgdd 218 WATCHMAKERS, JEWKLLERS', AC, RECKU'TS. The blade rtiay be moistened with a clean rag, or a small piece of very dry sijouge dipped in the ether, and the wime effocts will lie produced. SiLVBUtNO Shells.— Silver leaf and gunr. water, a sufficient quan- uty; grind to a proper thickness, and cover the inside of the shells. For a Gold Color, grind up gold-leiif with gum water, and apply to the inside of the shells. Liquid Foil for Silvering Glass Globes, &c.— Lead, Ipart;- tin, 1 part; bismuth, 1 part; melt, and, just before it sets, add mer- cury, 10 parts. Pour this into the globe, and turn it rapidly roiuid. ^ '' Silver-Platers' Stripping Liquid.— Sulphuric acid, 8 parts; nitre, 1 part. Used to recover silver from old plated ware. To Silver Clock Faces. &c.— Old silver lace, i oz. ; nitric acid, 1 oz. Boil them over a gentle fire for about 5 minutes in an earthen lK)t. After the silver is dissolved, take the mixture off, and mix it in a pint of clean water, then pour it into another vessel free from sedi- ment; then add a tablespoonful of common salt, and the silver will be precipitjvted in the form of a white ix)wder of curd; i)our off the acid, and mix tlie curd with 2 oz. salt of tartar, and ^ oz. whiting, all to- gether, and it is ready for use. To Use.— Clean your brass or copper plate With rottcii-stone and a piece of old hat ; rub it with salt and water with your hand. Then take a little of the composition on your finger, and rub it over your plate, and it wUl firmly adhere and com- pletely silver it. Wash it well with water. When dry, rub it with a clean rag, and varnish with ihis varnish for clock faces. Spirits of wine, 1 pt. ; divide in three parts, mix one part with gum-mastic in a lK)ttle by itself; 1 part spirits and ^ oz. sandarac in another bottle; ' and 1 prt spirits and ioz. of whitest gum benjamm, in another bot- tle; iiL\ and temper to your mind. If too thin, some mastic; if too soft, some sandarac or benjamin. When you use it, warm the silvered plate before the fire, and, with a flat camels'-hair pencil, stroke it over till no white streaks appear, and this will preserve the silvering for many years. Refining Gold and Silver.— The art of assaying gold and sil- ver IS founded upon the feeble afflnitv which these have for oxygen m comimrison with copper, tin, and other cheap metals, and on the tendency which the latter metals have to oxidize rapidly hi coufcict with lead at a high temperature, and sink \sith it into any porous, eai-tiiy vessel in a tliin, glassy, vitrified mass. The precious metal having previously been ..accurately weighed and prepared, the fii-st process 18 Cupellation. The m«#e, with cupel properly arranged on the ''muffle plate;' is placed in the furnace, and the charcoal ad- ded, and lighted at the top by means of a few ignited pieces thrown on last After tlie cupels have been exposed to a strong white heat for about half an hour, and have become white hot, the lead is put mto them by means of tongs. As soon as this becomes bright red and circulating," as it is called, the specimen for assay, wrapped m a small piece of paper or lead-foil, is added ; the fire is now ket)t up sti-ongly until the metal enters the letid and ''circulates" well when the heat, slightly diminished, is so regulated that the assay appears convex and more glowing than the cupel itself, whilst the undulatiom" circulate in all directions, and the middle of the J rs. # 11 piece of 3 will he ent quan- he Biiells. [ apply to d, 1 part;* idd mer- ; rapidly 8 parts; itric acid, 11 eaitlien mix it in orn sedi- er will be the acid, g, all to- or copper salt and I on your Euid coin- it with a 1. SpiritH mastic in 31 bottle; itber bot- ic; if too arm the ir pencil, lerve the and sil- r oxygen d on the ti coutiict 7 porous, us metal the first arranged rcoal ad- } thrown lite heat d is put ight red wrapped low kept } " well, le assay liilst the i of the J WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 219 metal appears smooth, with a marghi of Uthar-e which is frp^iv ai fcorbed ov the cunel Whon fim t?.o*«i *, "'^"**^o»'> wnicu is ireoly ab- or, m teci leal Cguace be-in>^ Zf^h^V'''^ ^^'f'^ *»^ «h^»i»K, suddenly iish acStlfe elS'. ^nH ^^5^"'* ^"? Pri«nmtic hu?; foUowed hv fhA mofoi K . '*' a»d undulate and cross each other iS^rbriXandsS^^ ^le«'. and at ed, and tKe process com leteT?^^^^^ the separation is end- mouth of the ''muffle^ nnr^^^^ are then drawn to the cold, the relultir-ftuWof'-IWa,^"*^^"^^^^^^ When quite "Dliers'' or"Sra'' ?™Vk ^ of SILVER, is removed by the ^BSaZlot^XhedTeeTl^t^l^'l '?1^ 'li^^/ being flatten^ed on tach adhering oxide of^fJ^^^^^ «^el hammer, to de- very ae Jm^VSet^S^^^^^^ ^^rd brush, is ferenco between the^veightbef^S^^^^^^ ^'^^^^^ Mis- represents the proprtrtion of aiwirf?! "^,*^^^^ caie of GOLD, the LShJ nex?L"?,„^^^^^^ ^"^^^^ examined. In the TATION. The CUpelS S^nlf i!^ of QUAB- puresilver (^ll3X«Z£V-N K^^*^!,'^^'^,^*^ '^ weightof one-fourth ofX mass less S in 'thf« T^l^ "'^ ^°^^, i«J«du?ed to bv PARTiwn TV.O .Vii«, A^" "* ^^*? «*^te may easily be removed intorSirip^5r£7'c^^^^^^^^^^ quarter of an ho w with St 9i t -f^"*^ ^''''l' ^^ ^"^^ '^^ a gravity, 1.3) ; and thrfluif be n?^^^ acid (specific similar manner with U tn o ^»»^ poureci off, it is agam boiled in a were taken ; For the asmvSd %2„- ^L '? '"""^ quantrties I- . ,..__„ .„ „„„,.„. ,. ^ gi>*., every real grain of ilAA/CIiS, IS 220 WATCHMAKERS, JEWKLLERS', AC., RECEIPTS. Joil'* '^^P'^^®"** BO-lOOOths of fineness, and so on of smaller diVl- ^ M^u!^^i^^'^^" ^^.^"^^^^^ OR CoppBR-The basis of all enamels is a highly tmnaimrent and fusible glass, called fbit, flux, or paste ?S "^^^"^ receives a C()lor on tljo addition of the metjillic oxides! Preprtro/wn -Red Iwwl, 16 parts; calcined bonix, 3 parts: ijonnded flint glMs, 12 parts ; fliiits, 4 imrts. Fuse in a Hessian crucible for 12 hours, then pour it out into water, and reduce it to powder in a bis- cuit-ware raoi-tiir. The following directions will serve to show how the coloring preparations are made : Black enamels are made with perox de of manganese, or protoxide of iron, to which more depth of color is given with a little cx)balt. Violet enamel of a very fine Le is mjule from peroxide pf manganese, in small quantity, wltli saline or alJtaline fluxes. Red enamel is made from the protoxide of copper. lion a solution of equal parts of sugjir and acetate of copper in four parts of water. The sugar takes possession of a porti.m of the cupre- ous oxide and reduces it to the protoxide; when it may be prec^ioi- tatcd m the form of a granular powder of a brilliant red: After about two hours of moderate boiling, the liquid is set aside to settle, de- ciinted off the precipifcite, whiSi is waslied and dried. By this pure oxide any tmt may be obtained from red to orange by adding a greater or smaller quantity of peroxide of iron, ^he oxide and purple of Cassius are likewise employed to color red enamel This S?r.lJ'!" ''®''**?*5 ^ strong fire very well. Green enamel "can be ^wnl f ^^1 '"*'^*"i^ **/ y®"°^ »"d ^^"e» but is generally obtained direct from the oxide of copper, or, better still, with the oxide of of wS?^ iVl^ ^T^ r'" '^'^'^* f.^*?"^ ^-^'- Y'^^ilow.-Ttike one part of white oxide of antimony, with from one to three parts of white lead, one of alum, and one of sal-ammoniac. Each of these sub- stances IS to be pulverized, then all are to be exactly mixed, and ex- posed to a heat adequate to decomi)ose the sal-ammoniac. This oper- ation is iudged to be finished when the yellow color is well brought out. Btve.--This color is obtained from the oxide of cobalt, or some 2i ^ combinations, and it produces it with such intensity that only a very little can be used lest the shade should pass into black, A white enamel may be nrepared with a calcine formed of 2 parte of tin 2!l1f\r Iw' ^^«»12^ together : of this combined oxide, 1 part is melted wth two parte of fine crystJil and a very little manianese* all prenously ground together. When the fusion is complete, tSe vitreous matter is to be poured into de^vr water, and the frit is then dried and melted anew. Repeat the pouring into water three or four times to Kr ^-If >^ect combination. Screen the crncil)le from smoke and flame. The sma lest portions of oxide of iron or copper admitted in- to this enamel will destroy ite value. The artist prepares his enamel colors by noundn^g them in an agate morfcir, with an agate pestle and grinding thf^ia on an agate slab, with oU or lavender rendered viscid by exposure to the sun, in a shallow vessel, loosely covered with gauze or glass He should have alongside of' hi^a stove In fi'n?.'«''.S'fl^'f^^'^r^.^^^^^^ for drymlhis work whenever the figures are finished. It is then passed through the muffle. Black Enamel on Gold or Silver.— Take i pennyweicrht of silver, 2i penny weighte of copper, 3^ pennyweights of lead and 2i penny weighte of muriate of ammonia Melt together, and m. r^XI smaller divl- x>ur into a WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 221 crndl.lo with twice as much pulverized Hulpliur; the crucible Ih then mixture rS'bl^.'rr"? '^^* '^« Hulnhur'muy m.ftuk "Z and the 8uh, nu t burned awav " Th«^ ""^efting fire until the 8ui;erfluoS8 «l;»!jl:j ^ '}} "'^^y- The compound is then to be coarHolv Z a liHtel^l^h' f r^f "", ^' ^P"'"*'*' «' ammoil^uto beToS rm«e^i;!^ii^^„«^^«x^ ar&rp"IJ;SI?l^'*"^«^- AftertSIs«atttrth*SS is made by dmsolving ^inc in muriatic acid; now hold this mrrover Ptate iipoa it and mb down smooth wtthrSth mSi.ed w«^ ^l' r.^l'£^^^?2^^'^^f^?^^'^' may be effected by placing the obiect to be Elkinqton's Patent GiLDiNO.- Fine gold 5 oz rtrovV nitm. w?*^;,?"^^^' ^2 oz (avoirduiK,i8); dissolve^ 4t?and c&u^ t^ re bi- nitro- •e perfectly cleaned from scale or'ereasft and .' a proner /«ce, are to be suspended on wires, dipped in% the ?-' alt^nVri";^^ *^°iV* *^«^^^'^' ^1»«»' in'Irom a few Hn, no il"^\""*®' depending on the newness and strength of the liqu. .., jie requisite coating of gold will be deiwsitpd on thAm n,r „ duraVoronS^ •*'"' to.lithdW the articffisTead'ly Wn ^fht duration of the immersion required to produce any eiven effect gradually mcreases as the iiqu/d weakens bT use. Whin nrooerlv plded, the ari:icles are withdrawn from the solution of go d Shed . {S)nTcol«c''^^'^ ^"^' "^^^ *^^^ -^-^« *^« fi'sl^ 1™'^^ artti;^K to the immersion in the gilding liquor, or thi d^admi^g^mKyZl^n^^^ fS^/i"^ a solution of the nitrate to the newly qiml surfale and then expelling the mercury bv heat. «»u"in^e, ana Spot Gilding, or gilding in spots, producing a very fine anoear- ance, is done by puttine a thin coat nf ^ii nt^ fh-?o "^o^,^.* rvf'PP®^'^; where you do not wish the gilding to appea^j'the gold willThen'^b^ :# iflfl s 222 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C.^ RECEIPTS. deposited in thoHC mwta only whore there is no oil, and the oil la easily removed when the job is iinisl>ed. Watohmakrrh' Oil.— Put thin sheet lead into olive oil in a bottle, expose it to the sun for a few weelcs, and pour off the clear. Solution fob Dipping Stefx Abticles, Previously to Elec- tro-Platino.— Nitrate of silver, 1 iwirt; nitrate of mercury, 1 part; nitric acid ( sp. gr. , 1.384), 4 i)arts ; water, 120 parts. For copper articles. —Sulphuric acid, 64 parts; water, 64 parts; nitric acid, 82 parts; muriatic acid, 1 part; mix. The article, free from ^'r^ase, is dipp«l in the picl{l6 for a second or two. Abranoement op Lapidaries Cutting Plates.- 1. Soft iron (very thin) with diamond dust in oil. 2. Pewter, with coarse emery and water. 3. Pewter, with fine emery and water. 4. Wood with sand and water. 5. Pewter with rotten-stone and water. 6. Leather with putty powder slightly wet. Polishing Diamonds.— The plan in use at all the large diamond cutters is simply a cast iron disc of good metal, with a vertical spindle run through its centre, balanced, and turned, and faced true in a lathe. The disc revolves at about 1000 revolutions per minute. With a little diamond dust and oil, the stone is set in a small brass cup filled with common soft solder; it is then screwed up in the clamps and applied to the skive till the facets is formed. RECEIPTS FOR MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, MILLOWNERS, BLACKSMITHS, LOCOMO- TIVE BUILDERS AND METAL WORKERS OF EVERY KIND. Instructions to Engineers- Ge«m(/ up Steam.— Hefore light- ing the fire m the morning, raise your safety valve, brushing away all the ashes and dust which may impair its free action, and if it leaks steam grind it on its seat with fine emery or grindstone grit ' Valves with vibi-atory stems are safer than those with rigid stems, as they are not so liable to bind bv the lever and w^i^ht ffRttino- nnt r^f true. To guard against loss by leakage and evaiioration, l^ve the i. lil Ib eanily in a bottle, TO El.EC- ry, 1 part; er articles, 82 parts; i dipped in Soft iron rse enierv ^ood with 3. Leathor I diamond !al spindle true in a te. Witii cup filled amps and MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 223 EERS, JOMO- :kers •re light- ag away md if it. 3ne grit, items, as cr nnt r»f _, — ._ .... eave the gauge (luring worxing nours mp-m oii »„i *' '7 ^y "^ "•*' Becona furnace and ash pit, and s^Vead ^I i.fil*'^*^''* ""^ «^"<*«" 'rom the with dry sawluHt, split wi^, &? Vfaen^^?' «*»*^*ng« «ver the coal, fire even and regular over Vha ,rI„V« i ** ^^^ vour fire. Keen the soft coal, and ab^ut 3 incVcB wS^^nJ^' ^^^^'S inches tSckViJh ceHHive firing. Moderate rh^J^Li ''"l^^clte, and always avoid eZ minutes «iv?the bSt ?^uU^ '^Fn ^ittfn""^ ^ J«*«rvalJof S' to^ he fire should be raisS^^dui y^ toSfolS ^'!^'^J^<>^cold y,^^r unequal expansion of the iron K.wi*^ d«amaging the boiler by uacedoor open at the sameTh^P nafvP* ^^^^ *^« damper and fur- heat from the fuimce SJho AuT*^® e^t'-eme draught expels the through the d(w teduc^ft ni^n'^^^"'"''-^' ^''"^ ^^e coli air entering ^vherever it ^trU.T'"{l^e i'^SS^T'^^^^^ the boile?pla£f ^K^K^\^y ^^ 12 feet per second SevervirS',^'' **'? ^^ P** ^th a 15.524 cubic feet for its comMon \7k^ If steam commences to blow off Wi5 ""W ''^"^ hydrogen, engme is at rest, start your numn^ t^}f "^^^^^ ^^^^e while the cover or bank your fire^Si^a diaSe of^n«?i* ^ f ^^ * circulation, the heat, and allow the steam f^S ? ^^^^ ^^ '^^^^ coal to absorb valve. If byneglect the wSe^X%frv1fw'' *5^?^^^^ *h««^^eJy geroiisiyhot, the fire should eitLfS To IJ^"^'^"*^ *^e boiler dan- Should the fire be verv ImfLt^ +^ ^ drawn, or drenched witli water stop the engine ftndcov^r Xe frl ^-f *IWT *emporarTly c^off ' absorb the heat, keei)in-?hln=»1 V^ thickly witli fresh fuel to until the snpply' if Swed^ ZSrtsZnuVir'''''' *^«^'"^r 3 weeks, or as often as mud aniinra Y^ i? ^ ^^''^^ «"* every 2 or after the fire has been dmwS^?t leai .nf T*^"' ^»* "ever until dosed, othenvise the empty boiler mSht Sf 5''"''' ^"^ "^^ hamper . „ „o. „„u«r wtu »W water, « the ^ddenloMraS 224 MACHINISTS, ENOINEEUS*, AC, RECEIPTS. many times repeated will eventually cause it to leak. Never blow out a boiler with a higher prejwure than 60 lbs. to the square inch, a« Ktcam at a high preaaure Indicates a high temperature In the iron, which under careful management should always be let down gradu- ally. Previous to filling a boiler raise the valve to permit the free cfcTess of the air which might otherwise do manifold damage. Use every pared with that of iron being as 1 to 37. The i-ed scale formed from water impregnated with salts of iron, derived from percolation through iron ore, fo still more mischiev&us and destructive to steam boilers. In no way can the evil be completely averted except by boiling the water to drive off the carbonic acid, but this is sometimes impracticable, although many feed water heaters are in successful operation. A list of scale preventives can be found in another part 01 till is work In tubular boilers, the hand holes should be opened frequently and all sediment removed from over the fire ; keep the sheets, flues, tubes, gauge cocks, glass gauges and connections well swept and perfectly clean, and ttie boiler and engine-room in neat condition. Keep a sharp look out for leaks, and repair them if possible without delay, and allow no water to come in contact with the exterior of the boiler under any circumstances. Examine and repair every blister as soon as it api^ears, and make frequent and thorough examinations of tlie boiler with a small steel hammer. In case of foaming, close the throttle, ^d keep closed long enough to show true level of water. If the water level is right, feeding and blowing will generally stop the trouble. With muddy water it is a safe rule to blow out 6 or 8 inches every day. If foammg is violent from dirty water, or change from salt to fresh, or from fresh to salt, in addition to following the above directions, check draught, and cover the fires with ashes or fresh fuel. Great watchfulness is necessary when steam is raised, the safety id, the safety MACHINISTS, ENOINEKRS', *C., RECEIPTS. 225 thl"!^ i^""""^' '•\*' ^^? "*'^"*^' ^'"^ *»»<^ *^»!?1»« at rost In even- ci«o ^tonh ,mH"'^'"^ -VV* H""«"'''"^"^'^'»n>tionof heat, hotein,c?Ht?fre BenX?« 1 Lt ?i.n *^" '^?''' "' '''" '""'•"•^ ^* ^'<^»^ert the latent int^ Kr airi!^^^^^^^^^ "" irresistible force which burstn l.e ^Zfp &ne'i?^or£fflnj;e e |:?l?.'ret!e;^^^^^^^^^^ from a presHnre of 32 Ibn. to the ngua^ h "h to 9oS to U^e souare mu ht"i.J n' f^"^ T'" Vf f'^«^* »ninute«, with the enKi.^ a re« I? ought to quicken tiie vigilance of everj^ engineer t<) ilnow S" th« explosive energy in each and every cubfc f()ot of w ter ri.is iJnle? at (.0 lbs. presHure, ih equal to that contjiined in 1 lb of iru now or From avariciouH motiveH it has becon.eq.,ite con ,non t(VZ wo" d rw^c"'''^^ miHtakes, never scold, reprimand, on exact seS ST^'n^nT^caslZ'ffi^"?' ^ ^" "'^ event of' lost wX'Ke If irfa^t dl^eSaS^;^ E^^'fslf efc^ the war vessels which were buift in England! Ind sui «lv the theTew '*« assistants out of the engine room ^SnseqfxirreS. ''"" ^^'^^ '^ "^^^ ^"' ^^^P ^^^ -»" Ze Z>M«e« to rnf\^^^^^^ *^'^ ^''^^^ «li'>ef!, if the engine. ^ "^'^'^ ""^ *^« ^^^^ flyJ»S out and breaking Jrf^Sr/tCpnS" ^/X't't^ ^f ^^/- " «-ght to hotter than 212o Fahr and indiS IL^ w ^'' ,^^'^» *^^^ ^iter is steam from time to timerbu manv^^t-^^^^^^ ^? ^^^ P^«*«'"'« ot contrivance used by the colored emnCf^^^ much worse than tlie ing with a gauge altogetC n«PH ?<- o ' '^.^^' ^wdainfully dispens- when steam waf uHf ffier at LTT""'^ *^-^ "'i^^^*^ ™o»nent on the outside of the boUer ' ^^ ^^'^PP^^S ^s open hand mfSt%LlSn^:^;^^^^^^^^ %T^f -r- «-<^. B«ch as and tiillow m pmper prowrtiom ^ '"""^^V^ «f ^"«k, paper coils, asbestos jute, Sc An ex^eilS^^^^^^ ^«"«« t^i«ted cotton in long loosely twistPdVnlia ,^2n J P^?"»g is composed of hemn Mlow^ith as'^mrh^U"^^^^^^^ pease o? mg is always applied with the hfi^fSvi J ? *^ i,* ^^^^ absorb. Pack- are cold, and it? efflcieTicv S Dmmo?£f t "''^^? ^^'"^ -P^.^''' ^^ t^« engine tallow previous to use P'^^™^*^*^^ ^^ «o»l"iig it in- beeswax and pr J^suTeTo^l^"^^^^^^^^^^^ yolnme of stoam at 15 lbs. pater than thutT a„Vgi'ven a.faS^^ i« 1700 times be derived. When confiniri n, JL^ ^ °^ ^^*®^ ^^'O""^ which it mav steam engine, it is alwa?^1n »Sto"JS ""'JV^^ ^^'^^^^^^ ^^^ extent, and a vast ^iv^'ZVf f.w.^ -A- . ^W^^^ itself to the fullest of steam f rom thf Sn bf 1^'/^^^'*,^!^^ «^^^^^^ off the suppfy reaches the eSd of ite stroke^ S?^ ^ *^f ^^"i valve, befoiie^ J the full length of its stroke ' '^""^ ^^ ^''^"^^ ^^ *« ^^w during th Jtefv^'SttlXtr ^^^^^^^ T f «^^^°^ ^« ^' i -^ I of to the square inch is annhed Jo %),« ^?; " ^*P'''"' ^* ^^ ^^^- Pressure the average pressuirSrhiV^hewC^^^ cut off at htUf'^stroke, sive quality ot the Skmwould hrl-u^^ T^^^ *o the expand the fuU pressure altSX w ? i^^^^^^" ''^ ^^^^ 11* Ib''^- less than requiring^fuily pesH &^ ^""^ ^^^" *^" *l"^»«ty of steam is used" at efr^*^^,^^^^^^^^ 3 ft. in leng^h with steam of the troxr^i .>* 4.il„ . ? " * '.e open jiort. Dunnir tho i\rfit d inAi.^« ^ll^pressureo^the stimS'ii/ontrnip'i^ T'"*.*! ^P^^' Permitting th? inch marked C, thett^ ^i^^rthT ^J^^^^^^^^^^^^^ f^^^^ ! 228 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. imprisoned steam will now propel the piston to the end of ^he stroke, driving out the liberated steam through the port A into the exhaust cavity B, but by the time the piston reaches D, 12 mches from C, the original pressure of 60 lbs. per square inch will have decreased one-half, ort(5 30 lbs., and when it reaches E, 24 inches from C, it will have still further decreased to 20 lbs. Average pres- sure 39 lbs. Two-thirds of the stroke have thus been made without any supply of steam from the boiler, and forms the saving due to working the steam expansively. The lack of this contrivance is the true reason why some engines use more fuel and steam, than others of the same capacity and power. It has been stated that the economy of the Ci^rliss cut-off is such that it requires only 2 tons of coal instejid of 6| tons used by other engines of the same power, but the great trouble with that' engine is the liability of the complex and costly valve-gear to get out of order, entailing difficult and expensive repairs. TAmjB.—Shoioinrf the average Presmre of Steam on the cylinder when cut off at \, \ and | of the stroke or travel of the Piston^ com- mencing with 25 lbs, advancing by 6 lbs. and ending at 100 lbs. 25 15 21 24 30 175 25| 281 45 2<)| 38 43i 50 29| 42;: 48:: (i5 38| 55 G2i 75 441 03? 72j To realize the best results from steam, keep the cylinders, pipes, &c., well covered with good non-conductors. Various materials are iised, anchaa common felting, asbestos felting, hair, old wool, tow or hemp carpets cut up into strips of the i)r()per size and smeared over with a substantial compo ition of mortar, teased hair, &c. before applying to the pipes. Cover the whole with coarse canvas, finish- s. nd of the A into the •, 12 mches I will have 1, 24 inches irage pres- de wimout ring due to ance is the than others le economy ^ns of coal er, but the »mplex and i expensive he cylinder 'istoriy com- )lbs. 37 ders, pipes, aterials are rool, tow or leared over &c, before vas, fmish- MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 229 well clothed Jd JacI^wfSrSd'^ufwood^^or'^Shid'^J^it^^ re8i>ondnig amount of lead it is correct y set The SonderL^.^^^^^^^ either end, if any exists, must be equaUy divided SeSefuf S^J justing the nuts attaching the valve to the rod tW^hS. ^ I imp nge against the valves, prevenW it from LtiL * tru/ t?x.?h* justmg he slide valve to'cut o& atlmy poStTt^f travel o^tt piston, the eccentric should be moved 4ward S pronortlon^o JSp amount of lap given t» the valve, without any rTfeSe k, ?he Iv tTv^l^^fTe'Sft^^il ^^^-' *^^ -^- --* opeJatlirirui*^ X^^ .1^ e^^t?erL^d^sra^ron^r^vai;^i^^^ %^zLz Z «wr^f fK *T °«ark8 constitutes the stroke of the valve The stroke of the valve maybe increased as the bearing in the rocker arS tlt^SstsS^^^ ^"^" '^ ^^^^^-^^ ' shofte^n teTat^ S To FIND THE Throw of the Eccentric —Measure fhp ppppw, TTp^H^ti^^'^l^'f*'^^^' ?^^ °^^^«re «n the opiSror Hghfside" Sie'ecSr ^'"'^ *^' *^^ measurements ^lll be ?he ttw of Lead ON the Slide Valve.— The lead of a valve is the w\(\th of opening which the valve allows to the steam port when the i^sS.n 18 at the end of its stroke, as shown on the diagramlt A whi?W , present, outside lead, inside lead, being shov^StoSie exhaust at r" which ought to be double the amount ot" outside lead in ordS to m.Prp?i the exhaust easily, and thus reduce or prevent back Sure r«r« should be taken not to liberate the exhaust too soo^as ft w7ll%i-Pnt[v curtail the power of the engine, especially if the laC sTieal^ S the speed slow as in engines with fieavy tminron up grider&J To ascertam whether the exhaust opens at the right time ?r not ' immvpr ll^^^^?. '^^? ' *^^^ "ncouple the valve from the vafve^d Xea smteKl^ln^^^^ lengthways on the exhausT prt ^ Seii^wlth a nS «v?f ^W^ Imes on the x alve seat, on each s&e of the exhaust port, that will appear above the valve. Next lav the batten on t^S valve on Its seat, and givp 1-M2 nf in, ir.n}. ir^^V^^A -7 A^Pi?:^^ ^^e vS^e sea? fl6 T^it T?'^^ r>'«t" the ^Ses"des^^^^^^^^ tte" vdive seat i-ib of an inch, the exhaust opens at the proper time, if it 230 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEUS', &C., RECEIPTS. does not the exhaust chamber in tlie valve should be enlarged to the right size. Lead is given to a valve to enable the steam to act as a cnshion on the piston, by admitting the steam to it previous to the end of its stroke, in order to cause it to reverse its motion easily, without jar or noise, for it is not allowed to touch the top and bottom of cylinder for fear of knocking them out. The space between the top and bottom of the cylinder and the piston, when tlie latter is at th' end of its stroke, is called tlie clearance, shown at C C on diagram The tenu clearance is also used to designate the capacity of the connecting steam ports and passages. It is necessary to guard against too much cushion as it greatly impairs the powers of the engine, causing violent thumping or knocking, and sometimes a serious breakdown. One- eighth of an mch lead is sufficient for an ordinary freight and 1-16 is sufficient for passenger locomotives, the difference being on account of the greater speed of the latter. Lap on the Slide Valve.— The steam lap on the slide valve is the amount by which it extends over the extreme width of the cvlinder ports, as illustrated in the diagram, the disfcmce between the dotted lines B B LL, and the sides of the ports P P, being m each ing the inside lap, E P exhaust port, E exhaust cavity m valve. Y b vsdve seat, C C valve face, llie emission of steam jnto the cylmder lide valve is idtli of the MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 231 is regulated by the outer and inner edges of the valve and of the steam ports. When the valve is so contrived that at A stroke tlie laces ol the valve do not cover the steam ports iuteruaily, the space by which each lace comes sliort of the inner edges of tiie poXis SA'^'^'ii^'* ^^^^^^ clearance By means of the steam lap given to the ex laired ^"^^^ ^* enabled to use its steam expansivel^ m elsewhere STABLE.— Showing the amount of Lap on the Slide valve at various points of cut off; also, the travel of the valve in inches. Travel or stroke of the Piston where steam is cut off. Travel of the Valve in inches. J A « M The correct amount of Lap. GiFFARD s iNJKCTOR, as made by Wm. Sellers & Co., is a novel ana reliable invention for feeding boilers, economizing the heat and dispensing with pumps. By a simple "and well known combination i^^- ^"^"iv- '"T """^ ^"iiv ijymg steam, tne otner water, bofcii terminat- ing ima third pipe or tube, a jet of steam from the boiler escaping tnrough an onfice, of say, 1 inch in diameter, with 60 lbs. pressure. 232 MACHINISTS, EN(5INEERS', &C., RKCEIPT8. I 1 is coiideiwed in perhnus 12 times its weiglit of water, wliich it drives ihrouKli the tliird tu )0, cauHing it to enter the boiler througii an oriiico ruucli nnmller tluin tlie one by wliicli it escaped. Tlie momen- tum of the Ht«sum impels tlio water with great force and imparts all its heat to the water during transmission. The following table shows the maximum temperature of the feed-water admissible during different pressures of steam. Pressure per square inch. 10 20 30 40 50 100 Temperature of feed, Fahr. 148° 130° iPOo 124° ^10° 110° On tub Form, Strength &c. op STi;^ oilkrs.— Regard- ing tlie /o»*m of boilers, it is now an ascertiii laci that the maxi- mum strength is obtauied by adoptmg the cylindrical or circular form, the haycocic, hemispherical, and wagon-shaped boilers, so general at one time, have now deservedly gone almost out of use. Good boiler plate is capable of witlistandhig a tensile strain of 60,000 lbs. or (K),000 lbs. on every square inch of section : but it will only bear a tl'ird of this strain without permanent derangement of structure, and 40,000 lbs., or 30,000 11)8. oven, upon the square inch, is a prefer- able proportion. It has been found that the tenacity of boiler-plate increases with tlie temperature np to 570°, at which point the ten- acity commences to diminish. At 32° cohesive force of a square inch of section was 50,000 lbs. ; at 570° it was (K),500 lbs. : at 720°, 55,000 lbs. : at lawo, 32,000 lbs. ; at 1240°, 22,000 lbs. ; and at 1317°, 9,000 lbs. Strips of iron, when cut in the direction of the fibre, were found iDy experfment to be per cent, stronger than when cut across the grain. The strength of riveted johits has also been demonstrated by tearing them directly asunder. In two different kinds of joints, double and smgle riveted, the strength was foimd to be, in the ratio of the plate, as the numbers 1(X), 70, and 5(). Assuming tlie strength of the plate to be 100 The strength of a double riveted joint would be, after allowing for the adhesion of the surfaces of the plate 70 And tlie strength of a single ri\eted joint 5(5 These figures, representing the relative ^ icngths of plates and joints in vessels required to be steam and water tight, may be safely relied on as perfectly correct. The accidental overlieating of a boiler has been found to reduce the ultimate or maximum strength of the plates from 65,000 to 45,000 lbs. per square inch of section. Every description of boiler used in manufactories or on board of steamers should be constructed to a bursting pressure of 400 to 500 lbs. on the square inch ; and locomotive engine boilers, which are subject to much harder duty, to a bursting pressure of (JOO to 700 lbs. Such boilers are usually worked at 90 to 110 lbs. on the inch, but are fre- quently worked up to a j^ressure of 120, and, when rising steep grades sometimes even as high as 200 lbs. to the square inch. In a boiler gubject to such an enormous working pressure, it requires tlie utmost care and attention on the part of the engineer to satisfy himself that the flat surfaces of the fire box are capable of resisting that pressure, and that every imrt of the boiler is so nearly balanced ir. its powers of resist-ance as that, wlu>n one part is at the point of rupture, every other imrt is at the point of yielding to the same uniform force : for we find that, taking a locomotive boiler of tlie usual size, even with MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 233 a pressure of 100 lbs. on the square inch, it retains an expanding force within its interior of nearly 60,000 tons, wliich is rather in- creased than diminislied at a high speed. To sliow the strain upon a high-presHure boiler, 30 feet long, 6 feet diameter, having 2 centre flues, each 2 feet 3 inches diameter, working at a pressure of 50 lbs. on the square incJi, we have only to multiply the number of the square feet of surface, lOiiO, exjwsed to pressure, by 321, and we have the force of 3319 tons, which such a boiler has to sustain. To go farther, and estimate the pressure at 450 lbs. on the square inch, which a well-constructed boiler of this size will bear before it bursts, and we have the enormous force of 29,871, or nearly 30,000 tons, Iwt- tled rip within a cylinder 30 feot long and 6 feet diameter. Boilers in actual use should be tested at least once a year, by forcing water into them by the hand feed-pump, until the safety-valve is lifted, which should be loaded with at least twice the workii:g pressure for the occa- sion. If a boiler will not stand this pressure it is not safe, and either its strength should be increased or the working pressure should be di- minished. Internal flues, such as contain the furnace in the interior of the boiler, should be kept as near as possible to the cyliudriail form ; and, as wrought iron will yield to a force tending to crush it about one-half of what would tear«tt asunder, the flues should in no case exceed one-half the diameter of the boiler, with the same thick- ness of plates they may be considered equally safe with the other parts. The force of compression being so different from that of tension, greater safety would be ensured if the diameter of the internal flues were in the ratio 1 to 2J instead of 1 to 3 of the diameter of the boiler. As regards the relative size and strength of flues, it may be stated that a circular flue 18 inches in diameter will resist double the pres- sure of one 3 feet in diameter. Mill owners, with plenty of room and a limited experience with steam power, would do well to dispense with boilers containmg many flues, the expense is greater and the durability less than where there is one or two only. The foam caused by a large number of flues is apt to deceive an inexperienced engineer, causing him to believe that there is plenty of water in the boiler when he tries the gauge cock when there is but very little, often causing an explosion. Some mill-owners insert a fusible plug in the crown of the furnace to indicate danger from low water. As common lead melts at 620°, a rivet of this metal, 1 inch in diameter, inserted immediately over the fire place, will give due notice, so that relief may be obtaijied before the internal pressure of the steam ex- ceeds that of the resisting power of the heated plates. In France, an extensive use is made of fusible metal plates, generally covvired by a perforated metallic disc, which protects the alloy of which the plate IS composed, and allows it to ooze through as soon as the steam has attained the temperature necessarv to insure the fusion of the plate, which varies from 280° to 350°. the reader will 'find a number of such alloys under the tabular view of alloys and their melting heats, further on. Another method is the bursting plate, fixed in a frame and attached to some convenient part of the upper side of the boiler, of such thickness and ductility as to cause rupture when the pressure exceeds that on the safety valve. But, bevond all Question, constant use should be made on all boilers of a good and reliable system of 8t«am gauges, glass tubes, gauge cocks, safety valves, &c. JBy means ■■Hi 234 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. of the glass tubes affixed to the fronts of the boilers, the heif?ht of the water within the boiler is indicated at once, for the water will stand at the sjimeheifjht in the tube that itsfcmds in the boiler, communication being established with the water below and the steam above, by means of stop cocks. When dry steam is an object, the use of the steam dome on boilers is strongly recommended ; opinions are divided as to the real value of mud drums, some reason strongly in their favor while others discard them entirely ; but there can be no question as to the true economy of heating the feed water previous to emission into the boiler ; it should always be done when practicable to do so, by means of some one of the many contrivances for that purpose which are now in the market. Regarding the power of boilers, it may be stated that a boiler 30 feet long and 3 feet in diameter, will afford 30x3x3.14x2 — 141.30 square feet of surface, or steam for 14 horse-power, if 10 feet are assumed for one horse-power. Two short boilers are preferable to one long one, on account of having more fire surface, — it being always necessa- ry to have as much fire surface as possible to make the best use of the fuel — as the hotter the surface is kept, the less fuel it takes to do the same amount of work. When there is a large furnace it gives the fireman a better chance to keep tihe steam jegular, for when clearing out one part of the furnace, he can keep a hot fire in the other. For each horse-power of the engine there ought to be at least one square foot of grate, and three feet wduld be better. In setting a boiler, arrangement should be made to carry on combustion with the great- est possible heat This requires good non-conductors of heat, such as brick, with which to surround the fire. If these bricks are of a white color, the combustion is more perfect than if of a dark color. The roof, as well as the sides, of tlie furnace should be of white fire-brick. The bars of the furnace should be 18 or 20 inches below the boiler or crown of the furnace. They should slope downward toward the back part, about half an inch to the foot. A crack in a boiler plate may be closed by boring holes in the direction of the crack and inserting rivets with large heads, so as to cover up the imperfection. If the top of the furnace be bent down, from the boiler having been accidentally allowed to get short of water, it may be set up again by a screw-jack, a fire of wood having been previously made beneath tlie injured plate ; but it will in general, be nearly as expeditious a course to remove the plate and introduce a new one, and the result will be more satisfactory. There is one object that requires very particular atten- tion, and which must be of a certain size to produce the best effect, and that is the flue leading from the boiler to the chimney, as well as the size and elevation of the chimney itself. Every chimney should be built several feet above the mill house, so that there is no obstruc- tion to break the air from the top of the chimney. In England a factory chimney suitable for a 20 horse-power boiler is commonly made about 20 inches square inside, and 80 feet high, and these di- mensions are correct for consumption of 15 lbs. coal per horse-power per hour, a common consumption for factory engines. In the Do- minion of Canada and the United Sttites, chimneys of sheet iron, from 30 to 50 feet high, are in quite common use by owners of saw, diUd other inills, anci tney seem to answer every requirement. Propobtion'of Steajvi Boilebs. — Cylinder Boil&rs. The length MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 235 ght of the 1 1 stand at lunication above, by on boilers [ value of XB discard jonomy of it should ne one of ,e market, ier 30 feet 30 square ! assumed one long s necessa- use of the to do the gives the 1 clearing ;her. For lie square a boiler, the great- it, such as Df a white The roof, ick. The boiler or I the back )late may inserting If the top cidentally rewr-jack, e injured course to U be more lar atten- Bst effect, as well as ey should obstruc- higland a jommonly these di- rse-power 1 the Do- heet iron, s of saw, i6Ut. 'he length shoiUd neve.' exceed 7 times its diameter ; the unit for it is 12 so ft of heatragsurlace, andi'of a square foot of grate surface for eacli hor8e-ix)wer ; a lair evaporation is U lbs. of water for 1 lb of coal. Tubular Boiler. Cylinder Boiler. Very long cylinder boilei-s should have a central support. All boilers should have an inclination of 1 inch in every 20 ft. towards the blow- off end. Tubular Boilers— Length 4 times the diameter. Evapora- LancasMre Boiler. tion about 9 lbs. of water to 1 lb. of coal Cornish Boiler. Heating surface 15 square ft. and grate surface. * sanare ft. ner horae-nower. Flim Bnilpm require from 14 to 15 square ft. of heating surface, and \ square ft. of grate per horse-power. Evaporation 7 lbs. water to every lb. of 236 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. coal. Length of flue boilerH should not exceed 5 times their dianleter, diameter of flue« not more than VI to 14 m. ; if made larger, use heavier Iron than that used in the siiell of boiler, and construct with butt joints. Cornish and Lancashire Boilers. In England, Cornish boilers are known as those furnished with one internal Hue, and are usually of great capacity and power, having plenty of steam room, Lanca- shire boilers have 2 flues. Eeturn Flv£ Boiler. When a boiler is fitted with a flue curving round at the rear, and returning to the front, it is called a return flue boiler. See diagrams of boilers. Boiler Shells. — For a boiler of 48 hi. in diameter, to carry 90 lbs. {)er square In. pressure, use 4 in. to § in. good plates. Wrought iron leads for ditto, § to £ inch. Tube Sheets and Crown Sheets J^or ditto. I to I inch. Rivets on boilers up to 42 in. diam. and | in. iron, should be | in. for curvilinear, and § in. for longitudinal rivets for single iHveted work. On double riveted work, f in. rivets will answer for both kinds of seams. For 5-16 iron down to 3-16 in. smaller rivets will answer. Drilled rivet holes are preferable to punched. It is higlily beneficial to heat the boiler plates before rolling to form the shell of the boilej. The fibre of the iron should always run around the boiler^ never across it. A steel shell boiler 4 ft. in diam. and j in. thick, is as strong as an iron boiler of same diam. and § in. thick, and will evaporate 25 per cent, more water, besides being more free from incrustation and corrosion. The work- ing pressure of boilers should be 6 times less than the bursting pressure. Composition fob Covebing Boilees, &c. — Road scrapings, free from stones, 2 parts ; cow manure, gathered from the pasture, 1 part ; mix thoroughly, and add to each barrowful of the mixture 6 lbs of fire clay ; h lb. of flax shoves or chopped hay, and 4 ozs. teased hair. It must be well mixed and chopped ; then add as much water as will bring it to the consistency oi mortar, — the more it is worked the tougher it is. It may either be put on with the trowel or daubed on with the hand, the fii-st coat about 1 inch thick. When thorouglily dry, another the same thickness, and so on, three inches is quite enough, but the more the better. Let each coat be scored like plaster, to prevent cracks, the last coat light and smooth, so as to receive paint, whitewash, &c. The boiler, or pipes, must first be brushed with a thin wash of the mixture to msure a catch. To Prevent Incrustation in Boilebs. — 1. Charcoal has a ^eat affinity for any thing that causes scale or incrustation in boilers That made from hard wood is the best, broken in lumps of J to inch in size, and the dust sifted out Two bushels of this wi generally protect a boiler of 30 horse-power for 3 weeks when running, after which the old coal should be removed and fresh coal used. 2. Throw mto the tank or reservoir from which your boiler is fed, a quantity of rough bark, in the piece, such as tanners use, sufficient to turn the water of a brown color ; if you have no tank, put into the boiler from a half to a bushel of ground bark when you blow off, repeat every month, using only half the quantity after the first time. 3. Add a very small quantity of muriate of ammonia, about 1 lb. for every 1,500 or 2,000 gals, of water evapo- rated. It will have the efliect of softening aiid disintegrating the i '8. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 237 ir dianteter, use heavier t with l)iitt Tiish boiiere are usually lu. Lanca- L a boiler is niug to tho )iler8. •arry 90 lbs. rought iron ets for ditto. g in. iron, iinal rivets \ in, rivets ►wn to 3-lG J preferable lates before iron should shell bqiler tier of same more water, The work- le bursting apings, free ) pasture, 1 the mixture and 4 ozs. hen add as , — the more an with the bout 1 inch less, and so '. Let each t coat light e boiler, or mixture to has a ^eat I in boilers. 8 of I to i of this will reeks when i fresh coal your boiler aimers use, ve no tank, bark when he quantity muriate of ^ater evapo- igratiug the carbonate of lime and other impurities deposited by tlie water dur- ing the evaporation. 4. Potiitoes and some other vegetable substances introduced into the boiler are most effectual in preventing incrus- tation, and animal substances, such as refuse skms, are still more so. 8. An English firm put oak sawdust into their boiler in order to stop a leak, and to their surprise it also resulted in preventing incrustation. I should say if oak sawdust could prevent scale iii boilers, that there is no visible reason why hemlock and various other kmds of sawdust will not do the same thing. 6. Cows' feet, with the shanks attached, are strongly recommended as a preven- tive of scale. Two in a large boiler is amply sutHcient, and those who wish to do business economically, can get their oil for lubri- cating purposes cheaply by boiling the feet and shanks for a few houre in a large kettle, setting it aside to cool, and tlien skimming oif the oil from the surface of the water, using the feet for the boiler afterwards. If you wish to get rid of the hair on the shanks, you can get rid of that by using lime, &c., an done bv tanners. 7. Sal soda, 40 lbs., gum catechu, 5 lbs., sal ammoniac, 5 Ids., is strongly recommended by an experienced person, for removing boiler scale ; 1 lb. of the mixture being added to each barrel of water in the tank ; after scale is removed use sal soda alone. By the use of 10 lbs. soda per week, a boiler 26 feet long, and 40 inches in diameter was cleaned from scale equal to a new boiler. 8. A rapid and effectual but not very good plan to scale boilers is to throw in a few wood shavings along the bottom of the boiler and set them on fire ; the heat expands the scale more than the shell of the boiler, as the iisat cannot reach the latter, the scale is loosened; what remains after this must be removed with a hammer and chisel. 9. Calcareous deposits may be entirely prevented by the use of crude pyroligneous acid combined with tar. It may be either introduced into the boiler or iflixed with the feed water in very small quantity ; just enough to redden litmous paper ; consequently it will never injure the boiler. 10. It is on record that the engineer of the French ocean steamer St. Laurent, omitted to remove a bar of zinc when repairing or cleaning out his Ixi- rs. On op3ning them at the end of the voyage, to his great surprise ue found that the zinc had disappeared, that nis boilers were entirely free from scale, and the boiler plates uninjured. Average Proportion of various Parts op Engines. — Steam Pipe should be J the diameter of cylinder, but varies on large engines. Exhaust Pipe should be t^ the diameter of cylinder. Piston Rod should be J the diameter of cylinder, if of ircii, and smaller, if of steel. For high speeds, steel piston rods are the best. Steam F^rts vary according to speed, fro 1-16 to 1-10 the ai»a of piston. Safety Valves should possess an area of ^ square in. of surface for every foot of grate surface, and should be constructed with loose vibratory stems, for the reason that they are not so liable to get out of order as those with rigid stems. Rule for Size of Cylinder. — The requisite diameter of cylinder for a 25-horRe beam engine is 28 inches, and about 5 feet stroke. The nominal horse-power of any sized cylinder can be found by the following formulae : — For low pressure or beam engines, divide the area of cylinder by 25, which will give the number of horse-power. For high pressure horizontal engines, divide the 238 MACHINISTS, KNOINRKRS', AC, RKCKIPTS. area of cylinder's diameter by 12 rt, which will gire tlie number oi horse- imwer, including all friction. * Stuokk of En(}inkh. — The stroke of an engine varies according to cintmnytances, wliich the dcHij^ncr must taku into consideration; l)ut the general rule i» to make the stroke about twice the diameter of the cylinder. The diameter of the fly-wheel should bo about 4 times the stroke of the engine, and the rim should weigh about 3 cwt. per horse-power. RULK TO FIND THE HORHE-POWKR OF StATIONAUY ENOINKa.-- Multiply the area of the piston by the average pressure in lbs. per stjuare in(!h. Multiply this product by the travel of the piston in feet Itet minute ; divide by 33,000, this will give the horse-power. — Jioper. Example: Diameter of cylinder 12 12 144 7854 f:' Area of piston Pressure, 70 ; Average pressure, 50 Travel of piston in feet per min. 113,0970 60 5054.880 300 33,000)1096464.000 . , 51. liorse-power. Balance Wheels.— Every balance wheel should be speeded up 80 as to run twice or three times as fast as the crank sliai't it is in- tended to balance. When a balance wheel is applied in this way it makes the mn hine run a great deal more steadily, for, when the balance wheel is geared into the crank shaft, and runs two or three times faster than the crank shaft, it forms a power of itself 'when going over the centre, which propels the crank shaft until it reiiches tlxe quarter, where it agam takes its power from the machine. Although it takes an additional shaft and gears to apply a balance wheel in this way, the saving of metal m the balance wheel fully compensates for the extra labor; for, when a balance wheel is speeded three times as fast as the crank shaft, it needs only one third of the metal in it that it would were it not speeded up at all, and if balfnce wheels were applied in this way generally it would make all engines run far more steadily. To Reverse an Engine. — Make a legible mark on the eccentric near the shaft, make a similar mark on the shaft at the same place. Now place one point of the callipers on the mark made on the shaft, and with the other point ascertain the centre of the shaft on the op- j)osite side, making another ijaark there also. Next unscrew the eccentric and move it in the direction in which you wish the engine to run, until the mark on the eccentric comes into line with the second mark on the shaft, then screw the eccentric fast and the ensrine will run the reverse way. MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 289 Rur.R TO FIND THE We1(}HT NECES8AUY TO VllT ON A LkVEH WHEN TUB AHRA OK VALVE, LevKB, &0. AMK KNOWN.— Mllltlfjly the area of valve by the prenHure in iK)undH i»er Hquaro incli ; niultipiv thiH i)roxm^ as m trying to remove it, the fire bars are oecasionaUy pulled wt of theur places, and the greater part of the fire falls through causing much waste and often The i)rincipal thing to pay attention to when the engmes are under steam, is to keep the bearings cool and the glands steam tight .Oil IS generaUy used for keepmg bearings cool, but when larger ones are worMng hard, a jet of water is ktpt playing on them. This is lound to answer very well when the water is turned on before they have Had tune to heat. It should not be used after they have been auowed to get heated, for it may crack them by too sudden contraction. A good stream of water should be kept running on the thrust block from the time of st^irtmg, this with the taUow, which is always put ^T?u 5,®*°^^ startbig, keeps this all important bearing cool. T^he cap ot the thrust block requires great care in adjusting. If screwed on too tigntiyit 18 almost sure to htat, or fire as it is termed, and if not screwed down sufficiently tight the unpleasant jumping shake so often experienced m onr screw ships is sure to follow. The packing of the gland at the stem tube should be well looked after, and kept quite tight and well taUowed. f ^ ^ In paddle-wheel steamers there is frequently not sufficient care -. -r:_"LrttL tiiw uu;.t;r ui;ariiigo Ol cue BliclItB. iu v6iy lOW HlilpH Hre proper means provided for lubricating these important parts. At the commencement of a voyage, the outer bearings are well tallowed, and 16 242 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. Often put down, screwed up, and left to look alter t^emf Ives as best Siev nmv. Very few whips, indeed, being provided with tubes lead- KSwn from tile paAile boxes to the oil Lies of tlie blocks, or in which moans are provided for their lubrication. , ^ ^ ^ The coals in tile bunkers must be carefully watched, to prevent spontaneous combustion. The stoppers over the holes should be K open^s much as vomUe, and aire taken not to keep damp coals longer in the bunkers than can be avoided; for it is only damp coal that is liable to spontaneous combustion. _ In new fast runnhig engines, castor oil is a very good t^^^^^ fii-st .starting. When new brasses have been fitted mto the bearings, Ull they fo?m a good bearing for themselves, the same should be used It appears to have a much finer body in it to lubricate than other oils hSve. The difference hi the cost of the oil is not very much, coarse castor oil bemg very little dearer ^^a^ .S^J^ machme oU. Duties to Machineni v^fi-en th^ Ship hasatnved *« P»r«.— The wMte lead and tallow should be rubbed oft with a Piece of o^y ™iViS? then the bright work of the engines will give no t«>«hle by rustii^ The enirines should have a good blowing through to drive out aU waL SltlK. Condensers, then the Kiugston's valves communi^^^^^ with the sea, should be shut, next open the condenser dram cocks, which let out all water left in them This is allowed to '"n toto the bilges, which can be pumped out by the donkey pump, or the hand pump if no steam is left hi the boilers. -. ^ j ,„ ^♦i,^*. Some engmeers always blow out their boilers after steaming, others do not, the latter only let the fires out and shut the valves in tiie steam pipes; both pla^s have their advantages and disadvantages. Primps the majority keeps the water in the boilers, only blowm^ out when remirs or an examimtion of the boiler is required. An engmeer rtioSd^ars examuie for himself, whether all the fires are properly our^d S toke the word of the stokers for it. A great amount of damaee may be done by the fire not bemg properly put out in the S^X Infrequent pmctice is to get a heap of hot ashes together ^d Sh some water over it. This m^kes it black outside and leaves ^bu^^ng rfdr The ashes shovA^^ ^^^S^.^f ^1^^ fife the water thrown over gradually and gently, to put out the fare efl:ectuaUv, and to create as little dirt and dust as possible. To find the amount of Lap on the Slide Vah^es (before settogt^^ slides) Take a batten of wood, and place it on the cyhnder slide fa?e at right angles to and over the noriis. Mark off on it the edges of tiie sSS e^aust ports witlfasquare and scriber^^ By pacing tliis on the face of the sUde valve, the amount of lap can at once be %f :Se« the Slidea.-Fx^t the piston at the top or bottom of its stroke If the eccentric is rightly fixe(f on the«hatt, simply fasten the si de valve on tJio spindle%itli the required amount of lead Then turn the engina to the other end of its stroke, and see if the lead is the Sme° or m some engines more lead is given at the bottom than at the toMasiif vertical engines). If the engine is fitted with the Ini^c ZtiU the reversing eccentric isjjen connected and the vf ve teste , 1 of its stroke, sten the slide I. Then turn le lead is tho om than at tho with the Imk le valve tested id is t>luc6d ii! i eccentrics on there is a little Horizontal Engine.— A B is the cylinder lying horizontally on its side. V is the valve to admit the steam from the boiler by way of the steam pipes S P. The head of the piston rod, is seen at g, the cross head of which works within the guide or guide bars a b, and to the cross head of the piston rod is attached the connecting rod g c, which works the crank c r. The main shaft is shown at r, darkened. This carries the fly wheel F W ; /is the band working the governor g by meajDs of pulleys, the driver being on the main shaft; of course the work is taken off the main shaft The whole is generally supported on firm masonry CD. / Steam Fire Engines are or should be constructed with steel noilfira an/I I-tlaaf fiiT^na «^»,-»wi- 4..,v— i -i a-.. ■ _ ■■■ with a good fit out of gauges, safety valves, injectors, &c., with facility Of gettmg up steam in from 6 to 10 minutes from cold water, and in » 244 MACHINISTS, engineers', &c., receipts. alK)ut 6 minutes from w.iterat 130°. These miachmes as now con- structed are of great elegance and power, some of them havmg pro- jected a continuous, solid stream of water over 300 feet, through 100 feet of hose, fitted with 1^ uich nozzle. Steam pressure about 80 lbs. per square inch. The principle is that of a steam pump, bemg fitted with the usuai^air chamber to induce a continual steam See diagram of fire engine with horses- attjiched. R)RTABLE Engines are constructed as light as possible, consistent with proper strengtii of parts, in order to render them available for^ easy transportation. Sometimes thejr are mounted on wheels, and are in quite extensive use for driving light saw-mills, threshing, brick-makuig, pumpmg, chaff-cnitting, &c. CoBNisH ENGiNEs.-Are usually single acting beam engines which use the steam at a very early "cut off," and only en one side of the pis- ton, making great use of its expansive property, and are used entirely for pumping water in mines and cities. Steam is used in effecting the downward movement of the piston, bemg the stroke which lifts the water, the upward movement is caused by the weight of the plun- gers, rods &c., at the .pump end of the beam. Cornish engines are usually very massive and powerful, but the first cost is enormous, and there is quite an outcry against them in some places. In the line oi pumping machinery, possibly the largest engines in the world are those doing duty at Haarlem Lake, Holland. The en- gines, three in number, drain a surface of 45.230 acres, an average lift of the water, depending on the state of the tides, being 16 feet. Each engine lifts 66 tons of water per stroke to a height of 10 feet ; when pressed, each lifts 109 tons to that height. Running economic- ally, each lifts 75,000,000 lbs. of water 1 foot high for 94 lbs. of Welsh, cojil. Diameter of cifUnders (annular in form), 12 feet, with inner cylmders 7 ft. diameter. iNSTlt CTIONS TO ENGINEERS AND FiBBMEN ON LOCOMOTIVES.— Keep the fire evenly and uniformly spread over the grate without elevations or depressions. Fire from large coal, as it leaves wider openmgs between the lumps for the admission of air," may be deeper than \.iien the coal is small and lies close together. Remove all incombustible material and clinkers from the furnace as soon as pos- sible, they prevent the draught from producing proper results. The bulk of fuel on the grate should always be m proportion to the quantity of fuel consumed. The dampers in the front and rear of uie ash-pan regulate the draught admitted to the furnace, and require very careful attention, as the stream of air issues with a velocity of 72 ft. per second when the dampers are open and train under full headway. At a speed of 60 miles per hour the pressure of the cur- rent of air amounts to 9 lbs. on 6very square foot. One ton of bitumi- nous coal requires 300,000 cubic feet of air for its combustion, of which 100,000 is required to consume the gases evolved from it. Anthracite coal requires 310.480 cubic feet of air per ton for its com- bustion. It burns without smoke, requires a good supply of oxygen and intense heat to burn it, but makes a very fierce fire. , Good practice requires coeaplete combustion of the carbon and hydrogen available in the fuel ; insufflcent air causes a dense black smoke to Ibbuc froiii the chiiiiiicy, uiid the loss of heating eSect, and too niueh air, lowers tiie temperature of the flame and dissipates the heat Of MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 245 I enormous, liU iAJV JllUUii lie heat Of good coal, 62.2 per cent, go to form steam, and 1 lb. will in good practice evaporate 7i lbs. of water. In practice the greatest eva^jra- tive oower of lib. of coke is ^ lbs. of water, in common practice it is 8^ lbs. and 78 per cent of its products go to form steam, 22 per cent, being lost by products of combustion, ashes, etc. The heating power ?j[ ^S® a^^compared with that of coal is in the proportion of about 1 *l : ^i® *f njPerature produced by the combustion of coke in the hottest part of the fire box, may be estimated at 1666° Centij- rade The temperature produced by wood is usually less than llUo Centi- pade, (100° Centigrade is equivalent to 212° Fahr). The proper com- bustion of coal requires the admission of air both through and above the grate, the nght proportion depending upon the percentage of the gaseous components m the coal : In the combustion of coke the air S??/pnhl!?Si^'^/^?*''"^5 ^^ ^*^ """^l^ ^ ^^- «^ ^^'^^ requiring about 200 cubic feet of air. For receiving the best effects from the fuel, the emission of the gases from the furnace should be retarded m order to promote complete combustion under high temperature 'for this reason the grate surface should be as large as possible to induce a slower cuiTent, and the weight of the steam exhausted and the air mhaled should be m every case, the same. For the prevention of smoke, engineers usually rely on the damper, the ash pan and the fire door, with careful stoking. They endeavor to prevent the formation of smoke by controlhng the admission of air through the grate, adjustmg it exactly to the demands of the fuel, also by the fire door for the admission of air above the fuel, by firing mth large pieces of coal, and deep fires for heavy duty, and smaller coals with shallow fires for lighter duty, by firmg more frequently to lighten the duty, and at all times by keeping the bars covered with fuel to prevent excessive local draughts through the grate. Fresh coal should be thrown on under the fire door directly inside, and, when partly burned, pushed forward towards the tubes; but when the grates are inclined, It will work downwards by gravitation. Never fill a hot bmler with cold water, and always allow it to cool off before running the water out; never blow out a boiler while hot, under any circum- stances, as the heated plates will be sure to bake the deposits of mud mto a compact scale of great tenacity ; if allowed to cool, these deposits will settle down in a soft mass easily swept out with a hose and water. Frequent duty should be made of washing out all deposits of foreign matter from the barrel of the boiler, the tubes, and from the crown sheets between the crown bars, especially while using bad water, and after heavy rains ; and screw-plugs, made of hard brass, should be fitted to every boiler near the sides of the fire box, to per^nit the use of a hose with water for this purpose. 10 avert danger from intense heat, to save fuel, and keep up a free circulation, engineers should adjust the injector so that the poller will lose a little water while running between- stations, if the mjector is kept at work during stoppages, this loss wilt be compen- sated, and a full supply always kept up, absorbing the surplus heat and preventing explosion. Incessant watchfulness is necessary to look out for impending danger in every possible direction, and no ^?o?'J.# driver, while on duty, should relax his energy, care, caution, watchfulness, decision, and presence of mind for a single morriPnt Tf viguance and endurance were ever necessary in any business or call- 1 246 MACHINISTS, engineers', 4fcC., RECEIPTS. ing, mc^t certainly they are of i>aramount importance in this above All others. See that the safety valves are properly acting, and that i! ^ lit ' I if the indications of tlie gt^eam o^au'^e are correct. In exTierimentB made with a locomotive boiler, the fire being kept regular, and the engine MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 247 at rest, in 9 minutes the pressure Increased from 32 lbs. to 74^1b8. per square mch, bein^ much more tlian double, a most surprising increase, and one which will enable us to account for many explosions which have happened while engines were at rest. Pay the closest attention to the cylinder and piston rod packing, and exercise judgment and care in selecting the best khids and also in applying them when selected. Use due prectiution against making niistakes either in packing too tight or too loose, as each extreme in Its degree is productive of much mischief, waste, and loss of power. }t reqmres the exercise of considerable intelligence and care to make the best possible adjustment of either spring or steam packing. i^qual vigilance is necessary in guarding agamst mcrustation and scale m boilers. In order to raise steam to a pressure of 120 lbs. to the square inch, a very common pressure in locomotive boilers, the water must be heated to a temperature of ,^45°. This involves a high temperature in the furnace plates and other paits of the boiler, imposing a very severe duty at any time, but doubly destructive in *"6 event of the existence of incrustation or scale. The annexed figures are inserted with a view to render assistance in adjusting the valves of locomotives. The first diagram represents the position of the valve as it should be when at half stroke. The second figure indicates the proper position of the valve when at the end of its stroke with the crank at the dead centre. A represents exhaust cavity .^^- in valve. F ditto in valve seat. P P steam ports. E lead. The third cut represents the position of the valve when the link is exactly under the saddle-pin and the reverse lateh in the juter notch in the quadrant or sector. Y V shows the lap. Full steam is the position of the valve when fully open, and the engine ia motion. Cut-off is the position of steam. Angular Advance is the angular measurement of tbe arc de- ; I . I . 248 MACHINISTS, ENGINBERS', AC, RECEIPTS. Bcrijoed by the centre of the eccentric while imssing from the place it oc- cupiGH wRen the valve is at half stroke, to that wliich itnc^.Sat the Si'iT^Vf ,™f,"* of the stroke of the piston.. Linear Advance Wth^ dis- tonce which the valve moves while the centre of the eccentric in describ- ing the above angle. See diagram of Eccentric, Link and valve motion A majority of railways allow for the travel of valves, on Express Pas- aenger Engines, 5 inches, for outside lap, t inches, for inside laoi incii. for lead in fuU gear 1-10 inch. ^6^ Egress Ac^mmoSA Engims,iox travel of value, 5 hiches, for outsidfe lap, 1 SdTfof iS^ side hip, i mch, for lead in full gear, 1-10 inch. Ok lleavv Freialit Engines fof/^ravel of valve, 5 inSies; for outside lap, § incLfor in- side lap 1-16 inch, for lead in full gear 1-16 inch. Power of Enoines.— Horse-power in steam engines is calculated ? 2? rl-** *^.® '^*® ®* ^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^- One-horse power is equal to the lifting, by a pump, of 260 hogsheads of water ten feet in Tn hour Or it woul(f drive 100 spindles of cotton yam twist!or 6W spincUes of No. 48,mule yam or 1000 of No. 110, or 12 p^er looms S wn''^^P**'^®',K^ produced by 19 lbs. of -Newcastle Joals, 60 lbs of wood, or 34 lbs. of culm. Coals 1, wood 3, and culm 2, give equal heats mthe production of steam. ' ^ A ^i^^lfS !?/• ""^ ,^«w«|f tie coal converts 100 lbs. of water into steam. A bushel of coal per hour raises steam to 16 lbs. the sauare inoh whose velocity is 1350 feet per second, and 2 bushels ra?8e it to 120 lbs., or velocity of ^00 feet per second. A horse-mwer requires from 6 to 7 gaUons of water per minute for condensaS of st^m A steam engme whose cylinder is 31 inches, with 17 double strS per mmute, performs the constant work of 40 horses with 5 tons of coal per day. One of 19 inches and 25 strokes, of 12 horses S ll tons per day. They raise 20,000 cubfc feet of Wr 24 fS f oTeverl fe '^^'fh« ^* T*'; 0"^^"«1^«1 of good cmls raisfd from S ^.fjf '"00^ lbs. one foot per mmute. Four bushels of coal per hour with cyhiiaer of 31| inches and 17^ strokes of 7 f eet^r miute is I cXde^r'^ 2*? S ^"T' «onstantl^ A rotative doubren^^th a a 20 hni«a '^^ '"''^^^' "^^^'"^ 21-^ «*^okes Of 5 feet pe? minute, is f« « inTt?'''^^'' ' ^""i* ^^y^^**^' of 17.6, making 25 strokes of 4 feet, is a 10 horse-power ; the consumption of coals being proportional bLM?t charcoal iron § in. thick, or best cast steel 5-16 in., double rivets along horizontal seams and iunction of fire box to be double riveted irm«« fonned of 2 sheets rolled in tiie direction of the fi toe of the iron or ^teel. One longitudinaj seam in each, above the w^ter w s. place it oc- upiesatthe 3 is the di»f • ! in describ- ilve motion press PaS' side lap, | nmodation 3h, for in- m Freight ;n, for in- calculated a minute, Br is equal feet in an ist, or 600 rer loomg. Is, 60 lbs. m 2, give ito steam, tare inch, B it to 120 r requires of steam. le strokes 5 tons of I, with 1| for every : from 24 per hour aute, is a le, with a ninute, is of 4 feet, ional. best cold ale rivets ! riveted, •e of the at-er lin** MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC., RECEIPTS. 249 250 MACHINISTS, ENGINKEUS', AC, RECEIPTS, t new of mdUil for Btiirt l)olt« and expftiislon braces. Furnace Plates, if of iron, !S-U) liu;h, if of crmper ^ in., if of stoel, crown sheets, § in., Bide and baelc slieets (steel) 6-l« in. , flue glieets (steel) i in. , water space 3 ins., sides and baclc, 4 ins. front. S'taj/ Holts, J in. dium. screwed and riveted to sheets, 4J in. from centre to centre. Ci'own Bars, made of 2 pieces of wrought iron 4^ in. by f in. set 1^ in. from centre to centre, and secured by bolts fitted to taper lioles in crown-sheets, with head on under side of bolt and nut on top, bearing on crown bar. Crotvn Sheets braced to dome, and outside shell. Furnace Door opeiiing formed by bunging and riveting together tne outer and inner sheets. Tubes, 11 foot long, and 2 in. dlam. set in vertical royvs | of an inch apart, give the best insults. Orate Bars, for burning wood or soft coal, should have i in. openings. Smoke Stack for wood burning engines should have the '' bonnet stack," from 6 to 5i ft. diam. at top, with wire netting ; for engines burning soft coal, a much smaller area of cone is required; but for engines burning anthracite coal, use a plain open stack without cone or netting. Safety Valves. Every locomoti\'e should be provided with two safety valves fitted to brass seats, and secured by springs of sufficient elasticity to allow a lift of the valve adequate to permit the emission of all the steam the hoiloT will generate after it exceeds the maximum pressure. Tlie bearing or mitre on the valve face should not exceed § in. Mud Plugs should be provided on the side of the shell on a level with the crown sheet. To avoid weakening the boiler, rivet a welt on the inside of the shell in the line of the holes. Steam Boom, 6 to 7 cubic feet per square ft. of growth surface. Good work has been obtained from boilers possessing 1 cubic foot of steam room to 1 square foot of water surfacQ, and a water surface 1-13 tliat of heating surface. Average Proportion of the Various Parts of I^ocomo- Tiys^.—CyUfiders of locomotives vary in size, ranging all the way from 8 in. lip to 20 in. diam. Cran,k Pin should be | the diain. of ^linder. Valve Sterna should be 1-10 the diam. of cylinder. Piston Rods should be ithe diam. of cylinder. Pump Plunger should be 1-9 the diam. of cylmder. Main Steam Pipe. Area should be from \ to \ the diam. of cylinder. Steam Ports. Area should be 1 12 the area of cylinder. Exhaust Port. Area should be equal to J the area of cylinder. The width of bridges for different sized cylmders of locomotives vary from § to 1 J inches. Chimney. Height should not exceed 14 ft., diameter a little less than the diam. of cylinder. Diam. of Boilers vary from 3 ft. to 4 ft. 3 in. Tubes vary in number from 100 to 220, top row should be 8 inches under water. Heating surface. Total shouldHje from 1000 to 1500 square ft. Fire Orate Surface ranges from 12 to 30 sq. ft, usual rule 15 sq. ft., with about IK) sq. ft. of heating surface in lire box. Evaporative Power should range from 100 to 200 cubic ft. of water per hour. Proportion of heating surface to each sq.foot of grate, should be from 68 to 80 feet. Petticoat Pipe should be | the diam. of the inside pijie of the stack. Ash Pans, should be 9 inches below bottom of grate for wood burning engines, 10 in. for soft coal, and 12 to 14 in. for anthracite coal burners, and should be as nearlv airtight as possible when dampers are shnt.^. Dampers, should when shut stand at an angle of 35<^ from perpendicu- lar. Smoke Box, diam. should equal diam. of boiler, length from flue sheet to inside of front door li times the length of the stroke of the MACHINISTS, ENGINKEH8', AC, BECKIPTS. 251 to ^rthn^Ti 'toU ?, "T/* *?,^ '"•.;'■'*• ""•'" »"' ^ worn down Jl-XAMPLE : ssr. •. •. • • •■• • ^^^ r Diameter of Drivers 1 '. ' M " Running Speed, 20 miles per hour " Area of piston, 28;i.fi square inches Boiler pressure, 130 lbs. per square inch. ' SPOO = ^^-'^ h«^Be.power. "RoS-T'^I^ "RocKET."-The annexed figure represents the • weie. (1.) That the engme shou d consume its own smokfi- o \ if fh! engme weigh G tons, it must draw after it 20 tTs iTSs' m hlnr Si^.?* '"™,'- '?""« * cylinders ani 12 coupled driririE wheels f Sr„^J^lffri« !"• Sffy.-ih .2« toche? Btr„ke,7tle«\li''e = ' •■ "• -"«"^-> ^;.y""«ui-«iom.aiam., and 24 inches Stroke. # .! i » 252 MACHINISTS, KNOINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. Kngli^h (wn with g spivks )ry where henson's of Com- ot be an e honest ward for rts, pow- an hour per^ sec- latter of r travels 8 feet MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 263 254 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. I * i Latent Heat of Steam.— Take 2 small vessels connected at their tops by a tube. Let one contain 1 lb. of water at 32° Fahr. , the other 5i lbs. at the same tempemtiire. Apply a spirit lamp below the ves- sel containmgthe 1 lb. of water until it is all boiled away and its vapor condensed by passing through the tube and mingling with the 5^ lbs. of water in the other vessel. At this point the heat absorbed by the 54 lbs of water will raise the temperature to 212° Fahr. or boiling heat, and the combined weight will be 6^ lbs. instead of 5^ lbs., as placed in the vessel at first. The whole of this heat has been trans- ferred from the 1 lb. of water held over the spirit lamp, although at no time has its heat exceeded 212°. Inasmuch as this heat cannot be measured by any known instrument, it is called latent heat. The 1 lb. of water made the 5J lbs. to boil, and from this we know by cal- culation that the combined latent and sensible heat of steam is about 1200°. The pressure of steam is measured by atmospheres. Steam of 15 lbs. pressure is steam of one atmosphere, of 30 lbs. pressure, of 2 atmospheres, &c. It is frequently used as nigh as 6 or 7 atmospheres. Steam below 2 atmospheres is called loio pressure steam, and all pres- sure above, high pressure steam. Heat, by expanding water, imparts motidtn to the gulf stream, when transformed into steam it evolves sufficient power to drive the -rolling mill, cotton and other mills, the machine shop, the. locomotive, and impel the steamship over the trackless ocean. As the temperature of water falls below 100° Centigrade (212°.) the boiling ix)int. it will contract or occupy a smaller space until it descends to 3°. 8 Centrigrade, when it will con- tract no more, as its greatest density is ttien reached. From 5°. 8, as the water becomes colder, it expands, till it reaches the freezing point 0°. Centigrade, so that is specifically lighter than water, and floats on the surface, being about 10 per cent, lighter. Were it not for the interposition of this merciful law, and were ice to sink in Wrtter, many of the lakes, rivers and streams within the temperate zones woula be rendered incapable of navigation during the greater part of the year by reason of the ice at the bottom. . Application for Burns and Scalds. The following has been tested in the severest cases of burning and scalding from railway and steamboat accidents. Giycerine, 6 ozs. ; white of egg, 4 ozs, ; tinct, of arnica 3 ozs. ; mix the glycerine and white of egg thoroughly in a mortar and gradually add the arnica. Apply freely on linen rags night and morning, previously washing with warm castile soap suds. In urgent cjjses, if nothmg better can be had, clap on a mud poultice, a favorite and very effectual remedy with school boys who are stung while makmg war on hornets' nests. Cement to mend Leaky Boilers. — Powdered litharge, 2 parts, very fine sand, 2 parts, slaked quick lime, 1 part. Mix all together. To use, mix the proper quantity with boiled linseed oil and apply quick. It gets hard v'ery soon. Strong Cement for Steam Joints. — ^White lead groimd in oil, 10 parts, black oxide of manganese, 3 parts, litharge, 1 part. Reduce to the proper consistency with boiled linseed oil and apply. Cement For Holes or Cracks. — Red lead ground in oil, 6 parts, white lead, 3 parts, oxide of manganese, 2 parts, silicate of soda, 1 part, litharge, ^ part, all mixed and used as putty. . MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 255 Rust Joint Quick Settlng — Sal ammoniac pulverized lib flbur quantities as required for immediate use. Quick Setting Joint better than the last, but kequikfs 2^^^'"^ '"'' ®''''~®^^ ^™moma,21bs,Mphur'llbTirorfitog8 xr^i^^"^^ \yATEB inaHT CeMENT FOR CasKS AND CiSTERNS — Marine Glue.- India rubber 1 part, coal tar 12 narts hftat o-Antiir B rr^tf^r^ "' POwderedXllai,. .K.^iv!?,nSiXrS Another Ditto.— Glue 12 parts, water sufficient to dissolve add JS^hlT tog^tiier.^"'''' °''" '-^'^ ^^^ ^'^^^^^^^ ^ parttmrthor. C^NT FOR External Use.— Ashes 2 parts, clay 3 parts sand 1 part; mix with a little oil, very durable. ^ ^ ' Cement to Resist Red Heat and Boit vg Watpjr —To 4 or 5" parts of clay, thoroughly dried and pulverized, add 2 parts of Ze iron filmgs free from oxi5e, 1 part of peroxyde of manganese, 1 mrt o" common salt and i part of borax."^ Mingle thoroughly, render^s fine as possib e, then reduce to thick paste with the necesSanr quantity of water, mixings well; use immediPely, and apply hS gSll/i^f creasing almost to a white heat. fi^ y ^^y giduiuiuy m- Cement to Join Sections op Cast-Iron Wheels, &c —Make a paste of pure oxide of lead, litharge, and concentrated SycSSie Unrivalled for fastening stone to stone or iron to iron S^y^^me. X^^n^ ^^^ BoiLERs—Asphaltum dissolved in turpentine. bOFT Cement for Steam-boilers, Steam-pipes; &c.— Red or white lead, m oil, 4 parts ; iron borings, 2 to 3 parta. X an?TSrr'ed'^,T^^r''" *^^^*''' -sm, 4ipart« ; wax, 1 part ; Plumbers' Cement.— Black resin, 1 part; brick dust, 2 parts well mcorporated by a melting heat. ' ^ ' Coppersmiths' Cement.— Boiled linseed oil and red lead mixed together into a putty, are often used by coppersmiths Tnden^SA to secure joints ; the washers of leatiier or cloth are smeared wUh th.s mixture m a pasty state. , Compositions to Fill Holes in Castings.— Mix 1 part of borax m solution with 4 parts dry clay. -Another •; Pulverized Wnoxide of rfrf^i^Tttr^^^^^ '^'^'"'^ '' «^^-^ ^ -^- ^-tel .^pl^u.^^.:-^^^^^^^ s;i»plT^TlieS Z t?if« n/ih"' * •"'f '*'''^^^^ ^^^P *^^"^ ^^- When required f^ Sht «nH o^^ ^^^^*iFe, 1 part; clean borings, fiO parts ,^mix thor-. d ffi^'^^H^-*'^'^ * sufficient quantity of water. A little grind-stone dust added improves the cement. WKiirT^j^'"'^- '^^^^^^'^""'^ JOINTS, ETC., WriH FACED FlANGES.— ^se mix th'prSI'fn"^' ^ P^?" ' ""? i"?^' ^'^' 1 P«^ ; ^^d. or other- wise mix them to a consistence of tiiiu putty ; apply interposed layers, 256 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. I i H with 1 or 2 tliicknesses of canvas, or gauze wire, as the necessity of the case may be. Cement fok Joints of Iron Pipes ,ob Holes is Castings. — Take of iron borings, coarsely powdered, 5 lbs. ; of powdered sal- ammoniac, 2oz. ; of sulphur, 1 oz.; and water sufficient to moisten it. This composition hardens rapidly, but, if time can be allowed it sets more firmly without the sulphur. Use &a soon as mixed, and ram tightly into the joints or holes. Best Cement fob Aquaria.— One part, by measure, sav a gill of litharge ; 1 gill of plaster of Paris ; 1 gill of dry, white sana ; | a gill of finely powdered resin. Sift, and keep corked tight until required for use,' when it is to be made into a putty by mixing in boiled oil (linseed) with a little patent drier added. Never use it after it has been mised (that is, with the oil) over fifteen hours. This cement can be used for marine as well as fresh water aquaria, as it resists the action of salt water. The tank can be used immediately, but it is best to give it three or four houi-s to dry. Another. — ^Mtx equal quantities of any white lead and red lead to a paste with mastic varnish and use as soon as mixed. Cement fob Belting. Waterproof. — Dissolve gutta percha in bisulphide of carbon to the consistence of molasses, slice down and thin the ends to be united, warm the parts, and apply the cement, tlien hammer lightly on a smooth anvil, or submit the parts to heavy pressure. To &EPA1B Leakages in Fibb Engine Hose. — Pass a round bar of iron into the hose under the leak, then rivet on a patch of leather, previously coated with marine glue. To Repair Rubber Hose.— Cut the hose apart where it is defec- tive ; obtain from any gasfitter a piece of iron pipe 2 or 3 inches long, twist the hose over it until the ends meet, wrap with strong twine, well waxed, and it will last a long time. Portable Glue for Draughtsmen.— Glue 5 ozs. ; sugar 2 ozs. ; water 8 ozs. ; melt in a water bath, cast it in molds. For use dissolve in warm water. Cementing Emery to Wood. — Melt together equal parts of sheUac, white resin and carbolic acid in crystals ; add the last after the others are melted. .• To Coat Iron with Emery.— Give the iron a good coat of oil and white lead, when this gets hard and dry, apply a mixture of glue and emery. To Clean Cotton Waste. — Pack the waste in a tin cylinder with a perforated false bottom and tube with stop-cock at bottom. Pour on the* waste bisulphide of carbon sufficient to cover, and allow to soak a few minutes, then add more bisulphide, and so on for a time or two, and then squee7C out. By simple distillation the whole of the bisulphide, or nearly all, can easily be recovered and so be used over again. This will free the cotton completely from grease. • French Putty. — Seven pounds linseed oil and 4 lbs. brown umber are boiled for two hours, and 62 grammes wax stirred in. After removal from the fire 5^ lbs. fine chalk and 11 lbs. white lead are added and thoroughly inuorpumted ; suld to be very iiard and permanent. • PTS. le necessity of r Castings. — powdered sal- mt to moisten L be allowed it is mixed, and e, sav a gill of sand ; ^ a gill until required J in boiled oil it after it has This cement ia, as it resists jdiately, but it md red lead to itta percha in ilice down and y the cement, parts to heavy ss a round bar tch of leather, ere it is defec- ir 3 inches long, ong twine, weU ; sugar2oz8. ; or use dissolve qual parts of d the last after od coat of oil [)ly a mixture a tin cylinder »ck at bottom, to cover, and ide, and so on pie distillation y be recovered on completely 4 lbs. brown rax stirred in. lbs. white lead very iiard and MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 257 To Mbnd Cracked Cast-Iron Vessels.— Drill a hole at each ex- treme end of the crack, to prevent its further extension, plug rivet the holes with copper, and, with fine iron filings saturated with iirme, caulk the crack. Four parts of pulverized clay and one ^i^l iron filmgs made mto a paste with boiling linseed oil and applied hot is a good cement for the same purpose. To Pbevbnt Iron RusTiNG.-Give it a coat of Imseed oil id wlutmg, mixed together m the form of a paste. It is easily remc i and will preserve iron from rusting for years. Glu».fob Labelling on Metals.— Boiling water, 1 qt. : pulvCi ized borax, 2 ozs. ; gum shellac, 4 ozs. Boil m dissolved. Used for attachmg labels to metals, or it will do to write inscriptions with, and dust or dab on a little bronze powder over it, varnishing over CEitENT FOR Petroleum Lamps. —Boil 3 parts of resin with 1 ^rt u* ^"f *^^ soda and 5 of water. I'he composition is then mixed with half Its weight of plaster of Paris, and sets firmly in A to i of an hour. It IS of great adhesive power, not permeable to petroleum, a low conductor of heat, and but superficiaUy attacked by hot water FOR Lute, or cement for closing joints of apparatus, mix Paris pla^r witii water to a soft paste, and apply it at once. It bears nearly a red heat To render it impervious, rub it over with wax and oil. fiJrJ^^^ ^f^'C^i^^^^ "?*®' 1 ^^8h., green copperas, 3i lbs., fine gravel sand, ^ bush. Dissolvathe copperas in hot water and mix all together to the proper consistency for use : use the day it is mixed and keep stirring it with a stick while in use. Vicat's Hydraulic Cement is prepared by stirring into water a mixture of 4 parts chalk and 1 part; clay ; mix with a vert;ical wheel m a circular trough, letting it run out in a large receiver. A deposit soon takes place which is formed into small bricks, which after be- ing dned in the sun, are moderately calcined. It enlarges about « when mixed with water. "m^uv 5 Glue to Resist Moisture.— Glue, 5 pari;8, resin, 4 parta, red* ochre, 2 parts, mix with the smallest possible quantity of water Cement to Fasten Leather on Top RoLLERS.-Gum ar^bic, 22 ozs., isinglass 21 ozs., dissolve each separately in water and mix Parchment ^LUE.-Parchment shavmgs, 1 lb., water, 6 qts. Uml till dissolved, strain and envaporate to right consistence, ^^if^-f^^^^^.?^^^ 9^ Metal Letters to Plate Glass.— Copal lTSi7 o Pajrts; drying pU 5 parts; turpentine, 3 part;8; oil of tSr- ffiTpaL^o^^lk Wml ^^"^' ' ^^^- ""''' ^ ^ -^*^' ^^*^ -^ evSt.'JJff £'Si?''''^r?T^^^ V^'P^ ^^® S^"^ «' gelatine in ^ater; evaporate It till most of the water is expeUed; add A lb. of browii sugar, and pour it into moulds. *- » 2 • Cement FOR Electrical Machines anitGalvanic Troughs.- Melt together 5 lbs. of resm and 1 lb. of beeswax, and stir in 1 lb. of red ochre (highly dned and still warm) and 4 oz. of plaster of Paris, continuing the heat a httle above 212°, and stirring constantly till all calcined plaster of Paris, i lb. ; linseed oil, i lb. 17 all iCu ochre, i ib., 258 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. Hydbaulic Cement.— Powdered clay, 3 Iba. ; oxide of iron, 1 lb. ; and boiled oil to form a stiff paste. ^ t... , j -^v. a Englneebs' Cement.— Equal parts of red and white lead, with dry- ing oil, spread on tow or canvas. An admirable composition for uniting large stones in cisterns. . , „ ,- Stone Cement River.— Sand, 20 parts; litharge, 2 panes; quick- lime, 1 part: mix with linseed oil. , _^v ^x a Glue.— Powdered chalk added to common glue strengthens it A glue which will resist the action of water is made by boiling 1 lb. of glue in 2 qts. of skimmed milk. Cheap Waterproof Glue.— Melt common glue with the smallest possible quantity of water: add, by degrees, linseed oil, J^^dered drying by boiling it with litharge. While the oil is being added, the ingredients must be well stirred, to incorporate them thoroughly. Fire and Waterproof Glue.— Mix a handful of quick-lime with 4 oz. of linseed oil; thoroughly lixiviate the mixture; boil it to a good thickness, and spread it on thin plates in the shade: it will become very hai-d, but can be dissolved over a fire, like common glue, and is then fit for use. ,. , ^„ ,,, Prepared Liquid Glue.— Take of best white glue, 16 oz. ; white- lead, dry, 4 oz. ; rain-water, 2 pts. ; alcohol, 4 oz. With constant stir- rin«' dissolve the glue and lead in the water, by means of a water- bath. Add the alcohol, and contmue the heat for a few ramutes. Lastly, poui into bottles, while it is still hot. To Make Grindstones from Common Sand.— River sand 62 lbs.; shellac, 10 parts; powdered glass, 2 parts; melt in an iron pot, and cast int« moulds. ^ . .^ x jh ^ i *• PoLiSHiNQ Powder fob Specula.— Precipitate a dilute solution of sulphate of iron by t.nmonia in excess; wash the precipitate ; wess it m a screw preas till nearly dry; then expose it to heat until it appears of a anil red color in the dark. 0.^ Saw-Mills.— To Get the Most Lumber from Saw-Logs. —Experience has abundantly proved to our satisfaction that this can be done only by the use of the circular saw. Some parties are m favor of the mulay saw. Human ingenuity has been so prolific in the invention and construction of this kind of machinery, that the prin- cipal difficulty with the intending purchaser seems to be an mabihty to decide whose machine is reaUy the best Every builder or inventor appears to claim for his machme such A perfect constellation of valu- able features, that a certain amount of hesitation in commg to a de- cision seems to ba inevitable. In the stationary form of saw miUs, . the saws are arranged either single or in gangs. Some of the port- able kind (circular saw mills) have an upper saw to complete the cut made but partiaUy through large logs by the lower saw. See diagram. By the single movement of a lever, the hea^-blocks on which the log rests, are simultaneously moved up, movmg thelog a distance nearer the saw, adequate to the thickness of board desired, with an overplus the width of the cut made by the saw. By moving another lever, a pinion meshing into a rack beneath the log-carnage is made to impel the log againot the saw, and run the log backwards after the board is cut. These movements, on the best constructed wna/.v,inea a^e niade with snmriaini? velocitv. some of them bemg ac- credited with having cut over 60,000 feet of lumber in one day. of iron, 1 lb. ; ead, with dry- don for uniting at parts; quick- ie oz.; white- h constant stir- ins of a water- few minutes. dilute solution Bcipitate; press heat until it OM Saw-Logs. •n that this can parties are in lo prolific in the that the igpn- t)e an inability Ider or inventor illation of valu- joming to a de- . of saw mills, me of the port- omplete the cut wer saw. See liea^-blocks on lOving the log a board desired, w. By moving B log-carriage is log backwards est constructed them being ac- one day. MACHINISTS, engineers', AC., RECEIPTS. 259 Occasionally we listen ta a great deal of rant regarding the beati- tudes of "the good old times, during the lives of our forefathers These times proved very disastrous to the enterprising Dutchman", who, in 16CS started the first saw-mill in England, which he Wiis finally oblifed to abandon, and fly to save his life. In 1767 another saw-mill, at Lime-house, near London, was demolished by a mob of sawyers, who considered that their business would be ruined to a dead certainty if things were allowed to go on. Uj. ;t 260 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. Tho old method of manufacturing lumber and dimension stuff by rilling logs lengthways on the sawpit, is still fresh in the remem- brance of many. One man mounted the log and pushed the saw downwards and pulled it upwards, assisted by anotiier man m the pit below, with a veil over his face to keep the sawdust^out of his eyes. We hail with gratitude the modem improvements which en- able us to dispense with every such form of laDor. Having tried the up and down saw and the circular saw also, we would again repeat our conviction that the last mentioned is the best for manuf actunng lumber, and should any person act on this expression of opinion, let them in the first place be very careful to get, if possible, the best machine, bring it to the mill, and set it perfectly level and true. When you get it in operation, see that you handle it carefully. If you have been used to running the up and down saw only, you wnl soon find out that your former experience avails almost nothing in the management of the rotary machine; but when you get the hang of running it, the comi)en8ation in the way of convenience, rapidity, and quantity of work, is immense. Some prefer to use the insiented tooth saws, anii will use no other. They seem to possess many ad- vantages, and are entirely safe. A late invention of spreading the upper part of the tooth towards the point during the process of manu- facture, spreading i* out so as to make the point of the tooth tho thickest part of the circumference of the saw, enables the sawyer to dispense in a great measure with the use of the swage. Those insert- ed tooth saws which do not possess this improvement must be care- fully swaged and filed at least twice per day, and sometimes as often as SIX or seven times per day, depending upon the kind of lumber bemg cut. In filing or swaging the saw, be careful to form the pomt of the teeth absolutely square, and even across, the slightest deviation from perfect truth in this respect being apt to cause the saw to nm, as It is termed, or vary from its proper course while passing through the log. Some prefer to form the pomt of the tooth a little hooking, just enough so as to be barely perceptible, and in swaging to use that part of the die belonging to the swage, which gives the tooth of the saw a slightly curved or rainbow form, something in this shape ^, or scarcely so much curved. One sawyer of 20yeaj»' expenence in running machinery, informed us that he never did better or more rapid work with his mill than when he kept his saw exactly right on these two points "ixxBt stated. If you can run a No. Y gauge saw on your mill, the loss resulting from sawdust will be very slight, and as large saws are generally thickest at the centre, tapering off towards the circumference, this sizei)r No. 6 will, as a general rule, be found sufficiently strong for most purposes. Make sure at all times, es- pecially during frosty weather, that the dogs have a secure hold of the log before the saw enters it. It is onhr a few days ago that a case came to my knowledge of a firm near Fredericton, N.B., having sustained a severe loss by a log (insufficiently secured of course) canting over on the saw as it was passing through it. The effect was to break off the saw from tlie mandril, twist off ther.-i at the end near the saw, and break nway the two iron pins used fc^j. securing the saw in the collar, causirs, a stoppage of the mill, and the consequent J. iranddeby. When you get the ' expense of repa ';i| in operation, see nxauitaln uneeusir.g watclifulness engion stuff by in the remem- ushed the saw er man m the a8t*out of his mts which en- MACHmiSTS, ENGINEEBS', AC, RECEIPTS. 261' good machine, tlie attendants will nnt^«?rn ^^^i^^^^, and with a selves, I can ^sure yoS Kee^aU ?he Tr^J'Si ^"^^^ P^^ *^«°»- great deal to do with thA am^rlii i**^ ^®" o«/ed— that has a machine; aE^d,TThe wa? T^Sh^*^ successful running of tiiS the only thingkiKs%^SthI?^nrftr*? ?*i «a^-mill8 are not IfthatimdJovuiffeeSanS ««?.?•*" ^**«' for being oiled, symbol, perVaded ffif SSs and the'mindl'JT* ^' ^^^ ^ ^« *he nniversaf expression in every thoiiJht wit/ °5' /*^^^^ fo^nd dailv mtercourse with ^cTothe?^Yt' ZZ?i'A^ ^^ ^""»J o"' world from what it is-bS for onVJLZ'^"^^^ ^J" ^^"^ cUFerent bors. Let us all carry onXf branch Sthf'Jf^ better-for our neigh- as possible, and weshaU s^n seP I^ Who*?^ hmimss as extensively in unity." In order toSL«P»ii^^«^''^*^ "dwelling together of saws, herewiWs appS^l^Sl^^^^^^^ regarding the^ velocity ascertaining the prope?%eed for ?JSiSg*1^^ ^ ^^"^^ ^ * g«ide ii TABLK Of SPEED FOB CIRCULAR SAWS. 36 inches in diameter, 1000 revolutions per minute 38 40 42 44 46 48 60 62 64 56 '68 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 Shingle machine saws 950 900 870 840 800 760 725 700 676 660 625 600 676 560 646 530 616 600 486 475 1400 (( << (( (( (( <( (( (( (( (( <( (< <( (( (( <( (( (( (f (( u it It (t « (( <( (( (( (( (( (( (( (( (( (( (C (( (< manaJacturer,ofaIm™t 4tiT™S„ i'"''''* Procured Jrom the rates Shingfe iSS^ X to^n1^"\FhTh^,?? ^7 ■*««''»«Me shmgles per day, carrying two or more^If^ «„™' out over 30,000 262 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. ^< 1' chaninm of a shingle machine the more satisfaction will be derived from it In the manufacture of shingles, as well as in anything else, it is the wisest policy to use the best materials. Get good rut, free from knots, sand, bark, &c., and you will inevitably get good merchant- able stuff, with less waste and more pleasure every way, both with the machinery in the first place, and the satisfactory state of your exchequer in the last. It is all the bettor if you can lay in a good stock one year ahead, as it cuts much easier when properly seasoned, to say nothing of the saving in weight during transportation. In edging shingles, many prefer the saw to the revolving knives, as it enables the operator m many cases to get a shingle of extra quality by trimming a poor shingle down, and selecting the best part. Th is can be done by a smart hand with marvellous rapidity, but still, to use a modem phrase, many persons can't see it, and so they use the knives, giving what they conceive to be good reasons for so doing. Velocities of "Wood Working Machinery.— Circ?*Zar 8aw8 at periphery, 6000 to 7000 ft. per minute , Band Sates, 2500 feet ; Gang l^aws, ' 20 inch stroke, 120 strokes per minyte ; Scroll Saws, 300 strokes per minute; Planing Machine Cutters at periphery, 4000 to 6000 feet. Work under plaining machine l-20th of an inch for each cut. Moulding Machine Cutters, 3600 to 4000 feet; Squaring-up Machine Cutters, 7000 to 8000 feet; Wood Carving Drills, 5000 revo- lutions; Machine Augers, 1^ in. diam., 900 revolutions; ditto, | in. diam., 1200 revolutions; Gang Sates, require for 45 superficial feet of pine per hour, 1 horse-power. Circular Satos require 75 superficial feet per, hour, 1 horse-power. In oak or hard wood fths of the above quantity require 1 horse-power ; Sharpening Angles of Machine Cutters. . Adzing soft wood across the grain, 30° ; Planing Machines ^xAm&ty softwood. 35°; Gauges and Ploughing Machines, 40°; Hardtoood Tool CuUers, 50° to 55°. FiJLiNG Saws. — ^The grand secret of putting any saw in the best possible order, consists in filing the teeth at a ^iven angle to cut rapidly, and of a uniform length so that the pomts will h11 touch a straight edged rule without showing a variation of the hundredth part of an inch. Besides this, there should be just set enough in the teeth to cut a kerf as narrow as it can be made, and at the same time allow the blade to work freely without pinching. On the contrary, the kerf must not be so wide as to permit the blade to rattle when In motion. The very pomts of the teeth ■^>the cutting, If one tooth is a twentieth of an inch longer than two or three on each side of it, the long tooth will be required to do so much more cutting than it should, that the sawing cannot be done well, hence the saw goes jumping along, working hard and cutting slowly; if one tootliis longer than those on either side of it, the short teeth do not cut although their points may be sharp. When puttmg a cross-cut saw in order, it will pay well to drees the points vdth an old file, and af- terwards sharpen them with a fine whetstone; much mechan- ical skill is necessary to put a saw in prime order; one careless thrust vdth a file will shorten the point of a tooth so much that it will be utterly useless, so far as cuttmg is concerned ; the teeth should be set with much care, and the filing done with the "reRtest af.o.uTao.v. If the teeth are uneven at the points, a large fiat file should be secured MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS^ AC, RECEIPTS. 268 ^^'inteVLTuUheruU^ *h« very nointe only may line^ or circle, iflJ L a cfel^w eve^v'tf^H ""f^ T. ^" * ^'^Ht the saw is worked. The teeth S a ' wT ^"'1* ^^'^^^ «"' » "^le aa should be filed fleim W or 5 an L^S"^ ^^ '^'* *" ^^^^ ^f work back edges may ZS neal^t^^fj^J}^ ^'*^°* ?^ee. while the best way to file a circular slwfor^^^^^^^ the blade. The dress every fifth tooth so u^reiprn«« 3 ^ood across the grain, is to inch shorter than the oSs wK «Si,T? one twentieth of an aiigle of about forty de^ees * ^ ^^^^^ fleamingatan Fia. 1. of dS^a^c^c^'dSf nT*" \P^^^^e ^^™ «' *««*^ ^hich are capable slendS^ S^ ^l^i'^Sy?'.^"* .^\^" ,^^''^* weakness lies m ^eir descri^tior^pas^g\ruig'^^^^^^^^^ *^^« ftRtftSt Rf.d''"*'0.'V. lould be secured 264 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTg. Fig, No. 3 ilhifltrateB tlie appearance of one of those intoldrable wood KiHps which are altogether Ux) comraon in saw-mills. Only think what an appalling waste of valuable power is required to drive a ** jigger" like uiis tlirough a larpre log! M ^ I y\ 1- Fia. 3. Fig. 4, at a, is intended to show the method of ascertaining the proper-angle, that of sixty degrees, at which such saws should be filed. The diagram being self-explanatory requires but little further elucidation here. A quarter circle with lines radiating from the centre towards the circumference is represented near the verge of the segment of a circular saw. The lower part corresponds with the level of the horizon, and the higher part at 90° correnponds with the zenith cr meridian, where the sun appears at noon-day. Exactly half-v^ay up is 450 : look up a little higher and you will find 60°, indicated by the radiating line which runs parallel with the angle of the tooth of the saw and this is the guide you must follow in filing. The same rule is seen applied to a straight mill saw at 6. Many good autliorities contend that mill saws should in no case be set with the instrument commonly used for that purpose, but that in lieu thereof the teeth ahquld be spread out at the points with the swage or upset to a sufficient extent to perm it the body of the saw to operate without binding. Both instruments require to be skilfully handled, and che swige. when used in this way, has proved itself equal to every emergency witnout the risk of breaking the teeth. It would be quite safe to say that the saw-set should only be used on saws of this description with the most extreme caution and care. E^ ory man- ufacturer, however, has his own opinion, and consequent practice on the subject, some contendii g that one way is right and the other di- rectly the reverse. • To Repair Fractured Circular Saws.— The best way to do this is to drill a small round hole at the termination of the crack, which effectually prevents its further extension. I have aeen some circular saws very neatly repaired by riveting thin clamps to each side of the fracture, both clamps and rivets bemg countersunk go they will be levtii with the surface of the saw, and placed in such a position across the crack as to impart the greatest possible strength to the weakest place. To Mend Broken Cross-cut Saws. — In the first place scaif off the broken edses in such a manner that when lapped over each other Tg. e intolerable -milUt. Only ired to drive / lertaining the 7S should be little further om the centre )f the segment 3 level of the the zenith cr Y half-v*ay up iicated by the Dth of the saw le rule is seen In no case be 9, but that in nts with the of the saw to obe skilfully ed itself equal 3th. It would }d on saws of E^ ory man- ttt practice on the other di- 9t way to do e cracK, which some circular !h side of the » they will be position across weakest place, ilace scaif off er each other MACHINISTS, engineers', AC., RECEIPTS. 265 thfiy wni be about the same thlcknens m the rest of the plate and ^^^t^^^,^^^^^^^r\oom\y with iron rivetn inserted throS Cew which must be punched for that purpose ; tiie ends muir& unuS J^Jw^* accurarv so liat the teeth, &c., qf the saw may range «^i^'oi ^""^ P^^ . ^l^^ ™ *h« fi'^^' then a flux of powder^ borSc f.?i!SV^i!?r«^Ji« ^. ^^1^\^ overjt after having ¥ raised TSe fephv'rr.+Kr'LJrrif^'i^' ^T*'£^P*"'f^""'' ^^^^ ^^^ composition. Ketum the saw to the fire and when it is ra d to the proper welding 266 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. . :i: heat, tilacG it on the anvil and unite the joint as rapidly an poMilhle "with tiie iiuinnier ; be aireful not to h«iit ho hot an tij Injure the nteel. Wliou the job id well doue, and the i>ai-t projierly tempered, it will be found iiH Htronu an the rent of the plate. I know one bUickflmith in Canada who UM me that this claHS of work wao the best paying part of hiH bufliueHS. Quantity and Cost op Supplirb fob Hokseh and Lumbrbinq Cbkws in the woods.— The following figures have been kindly furnished for this work by the obliging manager of Messrs. Giln.our s mill on the iJatineau, near Ottjiwa, Canada, and are most valuable as alTording a Imsis for (calculating the quantity and quality of the su|h plies required for men and horses engaged in this branch of industry. These calculations are the result of u>ng experience in the business, and are lMU4cd on actual consumption. Quantity of Oats for each span of horses, 61 lbs. per day. « ^ liay *^ " 40 ♦' Flour used by each man Pork '^ " 1.80 1.22 Beef " " 0.85 Beans " " 0.33 Fish " " 0.12 Onions " " 0.13 Potatoes " " 0.47 Total daily consumption per man 4.02 Quantity of Tea used " li lbs. per month. The daily allowance of oats for each span of horses may appear large, but it must be remembered that the labor is extremely severe, and more hay will be required if any part of the oats is witlmeld. On making inquiry with reierence to the item of molasses, so largely used by our lumbering friends in New Brunswick and Maine, the answer returned was that owing to the heavy cost of the commodity, it was entirely omitted from the lint of sm)plies. The following exhibits the comparative value of Mess and Prime Pork, calculated from actiuil consumption : — Mess Pork Pnme Mess. |;26 t $18 80 25 18 08 24 17 36 23 16 62 22 15 89 21 15 16 20 14 43 19. 13 70 18. 12 97 Mess Pork. Prime Mess. $17 $12 24 16 11 61 16 10 78 14 10 06 13. 12. 11. IP. 9. 9 32 8 50 7 86 7 13 640 1 Barrel Mess averages 37 lbs. grease, 6 lbs bones, when cooked. 1 " Prime Mess 24 '^ 13 " " To Mend Bboken Saws. — Pure silver, 19 parts ; pure copper, 1 part ; pure brass, 2 parts ; all to be filed into powder, and thor- oughly mixed ; place the saw level on the anvil, broken ed^es in contact, and hold them so ; now put a small line of the mixture alonsr the seam, covering it with a lareer bulk of powdered char- 'T8. y an poMilble urti the Hteel. od, it will be Uickflmith in paying part LUMBKBIMQ been kindly ». Giln?our H t valuable as r of the m\\i- , of industry, he business, lonth. may appear sniely severe, ritlineld. On 9, BO largely d Maine, the commodity, he following k, calculated Prime Mess. $12 24 11 61 10 78 ...... 10 05 9 32 8 50 7 86 • • • ■ Ai^ f XO 6 40 hen cooked. are copper, 1 jr, and thor- ken ed^es in the mixture iedered char- MACHINI8T8, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 267 coal : now with a npirit lamp and a jowollotH' blow-pipe h.)l : ''•"'" *^*8 t^e "'»e 5 derived, namely :-- ♦a.« "^***'Wi^?7®l"''?/ °' V'® ^"^^r ^y "»e number of teeth it con- tehis, and divide by tfie velocity of the driven. The quotient wUl be S « o "J!^"^ of teeth It ought to contain : or, multiply the velocity driven ^ diameter, and divide by the velocity of S Example 1. If a wheel that contains 76 teeth makes 16 revolutlong- Sfl? 9A **"' ^TJ""^^ the number of teeth in another, to work into and « ^i^Ml'^^^;?^"*'^".^.*".*^^ »»"^« *in^e. According to rule, you mul- tiply 16 by 76, and divide the product, which is lioO, by 24, and^ou have the answer, 60 teeth. > J' -*»> **"« you Example 2. Suppose a drum, 30 inches in diameter, to make 20 revolutions per minute, reauired the diameter of another to make 60 revoluticjis per minute. According to rule, you multiply 20 bv 30* 10 inches P''''^"'*' ^^''^ '^ ^^' ^^ ^' *°^ y^'^ ^*^« the answ^; Example 3. A wheel 64 inches in diameter, and making 42 revo- ut ons per minute, is to give motion to a shaft at the rate of 77 revo- lutions in the same time ; find the diameter of a wheel suitable fS that purpose. Accordmg to rule, multiply 42 by 64, and divide the Fnch^ nearly ' ^^ ^^' ^"^ ^'''' ^*" ^^^ ^«' *^^« answer 35 . 77)2688(34 10-12 231 378 308 70 ■Example 4. Suppose a pulley 32 inches diameter to make 26 revo- same time ^^^^^^^^^ of another to make 12 revolutions in the According to rule, 26 x 32 -i- 12 = 69i— 26 and 12) 832. This will be seen to be 69J o2 ' 832 69 4-12= J a £S^ •„'^"ol*^^®^"'^°^^®'' ^^ revolutions per minute made by fr,!wi • ^'^.P^^^y 20 inches m diameter, when driven by another 48 mches m diameter, and makinsr 45 revolutions in th« anmo fi«,o Ac- 268 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. N.B.-r-Iri addition to the following inestimable Receipts and pa^o- cegges, the blacksmith will iiud Iron Tables, and Tables of Circum- ferences, Areas and Diameters of Circles, for measurement of hoops, ' rings, &c., at tlie end of the mechanical department. iltpetre, , TEMPEBiNa Liquids.— 1. Water, 3 gals; soda, 2 ozs. ; sal ozs. ; prussic acid, loz., or oil of vitrol, 2 ozs. 2. Water, 6 gals.; saltpetre, sal-ammoniac and alum, of each 4 ozs., and draw no tem- per. ^ 3. Wat€jr, 4 gals. ; saltpetre and alum, of each, 4 ozs. ; sal-am- moniac, pulverized, 1 oz. ; salt, 3 lbs. Heat to a cherry red and plunge in, drawing no temper^ 4. Water, 4 gals.; saltpetre, 1 oz. ; pilverized borax, I oz. ; pulverized sal-ammoniac, 1 oz. ; white vitriol, 2 t)Z8- ; salt, 3 pts. Do not hammer too cold, nor heat too liigh. 5. "V^ater, 4 gals. ; salt, 2 teacupfuls; saltpetre, 2 ozs. ; pulverized alum, 4 teaspoonfuls; never heai over a cherry red, nor draw any temper. 6. Water, 2 gals.; add corrosive sublimate, 1^ oz. ; common salt, 2 handfuls; when dissolved it is ready for uso. The first gives tough- ness to the steel, while the latter gives the hardness, causing the water to adhere to the steel, which otherwise would be repelled by the heat 7. Tempering Liquid for Mill Picks. — Water, 3 gals. ; spts. of nitre, 3 ozs.; hartshorn, 3 ozs; white vitriol, 3 ozs.; alum, 3 ozs.; sal-ammo- niac^ 3 ozs. ; salt, 6 ozs., with 2 handfuls of the parings of horses' hoof. The steel is to be heated to a cherty red. A large jug of this Preparation should be kept corked tight, m order to retain ite strength. Fse soft water in all these tempering liquids. Tempering Mill Picks.— Get double refined cast steel made ex- pressly for mill picks. In drawing out the pick, use an anvil and ■ hammer with smooth faces, and be careful not to heat the steel higher than a dark cherry red. Do not strike the pick on the edge when finishing it, but hammer it on the flat side, striking light and often, until the steel is quite dark, letting the blows fall so as to close the pores of the steel. When a dozen picks are ready to temper, get 2 gals, of rain water from which the chill should be taken, if in winter, by dipping a hot iron into it; add 2 lbs, salt, and it is ready for use. Heat your pick gradually from the centre ; let the heat ran to the point, and when it is a dark cherry red, dip the point vertically into the bath and hold it still. When the heat has left the part immersed, take it out, and cool the balance of the pick in ordinary water. Be sure to heat and hammer weU. To Temper a Drill very Hard. — Heat voiir drill _to a cherrv red and quench it in mercury. This will drill hardened steel. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 269 Composition FOR TEMrERiNO.-Rosin, 7i parts- whale oil n tS Sh fnd dlw Mfif ^ '" *'^'^ "'^\''^% *^^ «a™e as in water, dioneKhPn l?J5f the temper as usual. Large tools should be wiKL Sre w^^^^ ^"^ temperas usuaf This composition SS?i 'J^r' P'Tf,*® ^^ potash, loz. ;charcoal, loz. I salt Jpt • then Kuire, three or four square files, and round and flat fil^ rii^ whiSi woJld^VLP.?^''"^^^"'^''^^- . ™s kee^s%hem "^stSigh? iTmlely ^ *^^ ^^ "^^^^ ^^^^ dipped *in tlie water olJ: ^hfoir^ZT^?^''r^^l''^i 2 ozs. ; dilute witii water and mix * i ?e^' I^'^s^j DO" «i a pot half an hour over a eentle firp tiVo if Hhe «nn fn; ^^T^' ^""^^.^^ ?:* '^^^ « ""^1^' °i« aU together, set it IL„5 « ^ • t^X^ *^ *^^e ^orax is ready for use. This will o« ^tr^/S^'n ^ blacksmith's shop as common boral ^'^ Welding Cast Steel.— Silver sand 2 lbs , plaster of Paris 1 ih . i?S thS^« ^^•- Heat your article and d4t il Cfh the abom' Jlace' RmJiilroi^T^ ^"^"^ ^? ^ ^^^ ^^^* ^^d it will weld ' ^ ^ ai,?5 * ^"r"-^^ excellent respirator may be made of a thir.lr sheet of caijed cotton wool placed between two Ss of muslin Pine 2 o^S hS.hr^^':^"^^'. smaU pieces of steel, take a piece of gas E^^ oL Ld of tL nf'r^*^''/''^- P"^ *^^ Pi^«^« i^ it' first heit! SI open to looi?^fn?nP^'wv? *^^^™^ ^* together, leaving the other «;^fi V •!? ^^'o'^ mto. When the pieces are of a cherrv red cover ^^fire with saw dust, use a charcoal fire, and leave tKteel in over Jh^« ^^^^ Hardened Steel.— Cover your steel with melted beeswax when coated and cold, make a hole in the wax with a fine pointed n?e' • n tric'add'^iSi^i? ^^^'^ ^l^«^^ Y^" ''r^^> put a dm^^of str^^ gSL1i;.^eaTfroug"^^^ ^° ^'"^ ^^"^^ ^^' ^"^ ^PP^^ ^^^i^' i* ^"^ coJL^tonTs K^'^'-T^^'^i^' ^ P.^'^i ^^'•«"^«' 40 parts: form a composition as hard as the diamond. A high degree! of iiardness may also be imparted to iron or steel by adding f part of silvlr ThSTpeS^oVSm^ *^"^?T^^ ^^ *^^ fumfsV'iic'Ld tin: lie specula of Lord Ross's telescope s 1 part tin and 1 naif- copper this is as hard as steel, and takes a very high polish Mf more than this be added it will scarcely cohere.^ ^ ^ ' '^ vitriol^^'and^nH^^T ^r^^-^'^^^ ^'-^Itpetre, i lb. ; dissolve in i lb. oil vitriol , ana aaa It to 1 eral. wntp.r Aftj»r ana^««r, m,^ ,.4.^„i ^ ,^ not; and quench in the' preparatW.""Then^ waihe'Se^as a !M 270 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. piece of iron, hammer it very quick with light Wows. It answe^^f r^nmose much better tlian borax; cork it m a bottle, and it lAiil keep F^Tars ^SS-^Borax, 15 'parts; sal-ammoniac, 2 parts; cyan- ide of potassium, 2 parte; dissolve ail in water, and evaporate the "f^*A' WESTpowr>EH.-Iron tarmngs, 4 parte; borax, 3 parts, borate of iron, 2 parts; water, 1 part. late of Chi- ^ Tempering Swords and CuTLAsaES.-N \,-^S^%!f\e; ^git copee, Mass., after many costly experiments, found «jatj;hf b^,f means of temDering swords and cutlasses that would stand tUe U. rGovernS teft, was by heating in a charcoal fire, hardening in mire spring water and drawing the temper m charcoal flame Belgian Welding PowDBR.-Iron filings, 1000 parts; borax, 500 parte bal^m of copaiba, or other resinous oil 50 parta ; sal-animo- KT 75 parts. Mix all well together, heat, and pulverize completely The'surface^to be welded are ix)wd4red wit> tfie composition, and ?hen Sght to a chlrry red heat, at which the powdor melte, when the portions to be unitea are taken from the f.re and joined If the nieces to be welded are too large to be both introduced mto the forg-e, Se can be fiTst heated withthl welding powder ^ a f^^^ed h^*; and the other afterwards to a white heat, after which the welding "^oStofmoN Used IN Welding Cast STBEL.-Borax, 10 parte; sal-aSS, 1 part ; grind or pound them roughly together; then f useTem £ a metal p?t over a dear fire, taking care to continue the SunWaU spume Eas disappeared from tl^^.Ti^Surl out to liquid appears clear, the composition is ready to J'^, 1^«^^^._7*:.\^ cool and concrete; afterwards ^emg ground to a fine powder ^t is ready for use. To use this composition, the steel to J'e welded is raised to a heat which may be expressed by. ^PS^t yellow it s then dipped among the welding powder, ^^dagam placed m^^ until it attains the same degree of heat as before: it is then ready to be olaced under the hammer. ^ _ ■d^„„^ To Restore Burnt Steel and Improve Poor STBEL.-Borax, 3 ozs. ; sal-ammoniac, 8 ozs. ; prussiate of po^sh, 3 ozs.; ^^^^^^h^ ozs • resin i lb : water, 1 gill; alcohol, 1 gill. Put all on tne nre, and simmer till it dries to a poVder. The steel is to be heated, dip- ned in this powder, and afterwards hammered. ^ To Restore Burnt Cast STBEL.-Borax 1% l'>>^;5 s^^t t'^i"*° i lb ; pnissiate of potash i lb. ; rosin, 1 oz^ Pound th? above fine Idd k gill each of water and alcohol, and boil all to astiff l^^te man iron kettle Do not boil too long, or it will become hard when cool. The burnt "steel is dipped while quite hot in the composition and ^'iSoRirBuiNT STEBL.-It is -t generally kuo^tha^^^^^^^^^^ steel may be almost instantaneously restored by plungmg it w.\"le 1^* iicold water, and hammering it with light strokes on the anvil turn- iSlit so as tci hammer all over it, again dipi^^g "^^l/^^^^don't suc^ repeating the hammering process as before. Try it ; if you don t suc- oped the first time, you will soon do so. _, cim^osmoNTO Restore Burnt Steel. -Two parts horn fil- . '^^^i^.^"i"x„il"„ . i " „^ a.„i_o^,«n«ian 1 ivirt pulverized charcoal ; ??irt" SdaT pa^erizTiheTard"ii^^re"die^^^ separately, mix aii 3. nswers the t will keep arts ; cyau- .porate the r, borax, 3 late of Chi- at the best and the U. , hardening flame. ; borax, 500 sal-ammo- corapletely. jsition, and nelts, when led. If the bo the forge, ry red heat, the welding ix, 10 parts; aether; then continue the When the Lired out to powder, it is )e welded is ellow;" it is id in the fire hen ready to CBL. — Borax, ; blue clay, 2 on the fire, heated, dip- al-arnmoniac above fine, EE paste m an d when cool, iposition and m that burnt g it while hot e anvil, tum- )ld water, and ?^ou don't suc- irts horn fil- ized charcoal ; teiy, mix aH MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 271 and add to it 1 oz. borax and 1 oz. salt ^"'^''--^ake 1 gal. urme, m2^bf;rBh?,7re;i"S^^^^^^ warm water, and dry with artffir'Si £j *®''.*^'^" ^^^^ *^^em in water in a wooden lL7i\\n^^^^^^ ^ P*- warm little clay, cover your iron with iT fo^V;^. • , ®"- ^- ^^^^ q, When thi iron or S i^To^ strewTl eS>rt o'n Tl ?>?; I the iron or steel in the juice or water of common^am ^^""'^ '^lo^^^Tr fhTi^ ^^«^«f-pe Steel uSsSd be that called Air hIrdenLg i^ &?^sZlw^'Z wa^f oT"^' " *r*^^^^^^^^ dry the springSver^e fire ^I'e ri7of Ite^iKfA?^^^^^^^^ ^" ""^ over with tallow or oil hold it «^1^*12 a i**H^®'^^®"^ ^^^^a^^ i* passing it to anifro, so that the whole of Jt"" wllf 'h«^f '"^'i^'i *«^«"' holding it there until the oil or Slow torfil^%y 11^ ^^*^ temperature, or rather rafied to it reduced to the proper SSrSSSS»^#S™« quality. '^ ^'"^'' "' ^"^^ *"<• "'"o improves their the^rtogTrg?enm,gh^g"Sr^hrC£^^^^ 'T ^W" ue reduced to its proper temper"""" """"'' "'*'' "'" ^^'"^^ "'"' '"'^^ 272 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECEIPTS. , them iiithe u«ual °»a°^J'; ^^S^^^^'u^ 'O Soil containing the convenient in a vessel '^on^ntog ou. ^^^^ q ^^ ^^^i and let **^¥CpEKiNO.-The article J^er be^ ^^jOmxgedlr^c^^^ betog heated gradually to a bright r^, a^d ^^n P^ung water: it is then ^^^Pe^f ^J, ?17|^S?meUl t?U M the Ar cor^ to^^when it is again plunged into water. C&rre8p(ynding Temperature. A very pale straw . 430 Lancets j Straw J50 "J^j^J, . ^11 kinds* of wood tools. Darker Straw • • • JTO ^^n^^es ^^^^^ l^JJ^yeilow: : :^^&, (Shipping Chisels, SUghtiy tinged purple 520 V ^|aws^^ ^^ percussive tools. Dark purple. • • * gS Springs. Kblue : : : .'eOO soft for saws. • TEMPERING RAZORS CUTL^, SaWS, ^^'-^^^S J^^ fZl knaves arc too ireauently l^^^^dened vn^out^he^^^^ ^ .^^ arising from the foregpmg : ''^^.^^^^fS J xheblades are heated ^hehest works, canmt ^l^Zfd^er^iheym^^^^ I^ in a coke or charcoal fire,&nd dipped mi^^^ tempering labors ^hey are ^^^ mif^^^^^^^ ^^^^^"^ half-a-dozen together, and they a^e jemov^ ^^^^ ^^^ edges, which are as yet tek, come clown w ^^^^^.^^lor, the Should the backs accidentaUy get neatea oeyuu ^^^^ ^em- blades are cooled in water but ^^^^^^^^Jiron or copper, about 12 pered a dozen or two at a time, on a P^^^^'^^f ^n mch thijk. Tae Lhes long, 3 «' * J^^^^,. togXr ot^^U L^^ and loX at an blades are ^^^^^^^^^^!^^t^^come down to the temper, they angle agams'o each other, ^s xney wmo necessary ; are%icked out w^h small ^lers^d^^^^ rts of tfie other blades are then t^i^^s^Jef'Ses cold chisels, and other edge plate to take tlieir phice ,^^f ' ^ilf Jle compared with the part lools, in which the total ^''^^^i^.^^^f i^Hhey ^e afterwards let to be hardened, are only partiaUy ^iPPe^.^ey ^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^olor down by the heat,of t^^e remainder of Jf^^i^i'^^^^tirely quenched. brighter face. , ., +oii„-^ wov and resin, are used for SVriSsT^S'i^'S^ a iiiWe,- degree of hardness ti^au « 8.«a s. irgt, harden as many aa taming the fisel and let le required ardened by sd into cold nd equably, tie color cor- ner table be- wood tools. rs and pen- al of the scale 3we»' done with ies are heated jbliquely. In ean fire, about ime, when the ) straw color, raw-color, the ades are tem- )pper, about 12 chthisk. Tae ndlean at an I temper, they )r if necessary; r parts of the and other edge d witli the part afterwards let when the color rely quenched, iation acquired dry salt before a cleaner and sin, are used for ooks, steel pens 3SS Ui'Au ia glv ca MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 273 ^^nT?M^' v^"" lock-aprings are sometimes Aied in oil for a con- Inrei^L^I^mMll^A' ^"^ *" ^^ *^?' *^« ^^'^^ ^^ are then S?^o ^ sufficiently reduced, and tae thin parts do iot become the more softened from the continuance of the v^lazin^ heat. Saw-Tand spnngs are generally hardened in various compositions of oil, suet K^iw ,1 ^^^^"^f ^'^ ^^^^ ^ ^«»g fumacesUrd then immersed honzontally and edgeways into a long trough containing the com- position, ^art of the composition is wiped offlhe saws wSh a Se of leather, when they are removed from the trough, and heated one by one, until the grease inflames. This is called ^' biazina^' The composition used by a large saw manufacturer is 2 lbs. suet and i lb! airJ^rff; ^rV- ^^"^"J ""^ ^J"^^^ ""^'^ *h« «^^« ^«ed together and will serve for thin worlcs and most kkide of steel. The addition of black resm, about 1 lb. to each gallon, makes it serve for tiiicke? ef'k^;!?^^ ^>?.*-"^^ ^* refused to harden before; but resin should britfle judgment, or the works wiU become too hard aSd To Improve Poor Iron.— Black oxide of manganese, 1 part- cod- per^ and common salt 4 parts each; dissolve in soft water, and ^^ apnJ^'J?®^ ^'^\ pulverize, and mix quite freely with nice welding sand. When you have poor iron which you cannot afford to throw away heat it, and roll it in this mixture , working for a time, reJieat- S^S ^^1 soo^.free it from all impurities, which is the cause of its com^n f- process you can make good horse nails out of h£^Tr:frf^^^l^^. ^^^ IBON.-Cast iron may be case-hardened bv nf^^fi*^ a red heat, and then rolling it m a comiwsition composed ot equal parts of prussiate of potash, sal-ammoi iac, and saltpetre aU piUverized and thoroughlv mixed. This must be got to evZ Wt of the surface : then plunged, while yet hot, u>to a bath containing 2 ozs. prussmte of potash, and 4 ozs. 8al-ammoni*.c to each gallon of cold water. t^^K*^i^'5 CASK-Hi^DBNiNG Process.-Cow's homs or hoofs are to be baked, dried and pulverized in order that more may be got into tJie box with the articles, or bone dust answers very well. To this add an Mual quantity of bay salt; mix them with stale chamber Jfy? or sehite wme vinegar; cover the iron with this mixtui-e, and bed l«^!li !^?*"J® *" loam, or enclose it in an iron box, lay it on the hearth of tiie forge to dry and harden; then put it mtothe fire, and blow till the lump has a blood red heat, and no higher, lest the iron mixture be burnt too much. Take the iron out and throw it into cold For Malleable Iron. -Put the articles in an iron box, and strat- ify them among animal carbon, that is, pieces of homs, hoofs, skins, or leather, Tust suffieieu-:' burned to be reduced to powder. Lute the box with egiual pR-ts ,.i: yand and clay; then place it in the fire, and^eep at a light re'' h. ., for a length of time proportioned to the depth of steel required, when the contents of the box are emptied iiivO \vcttBr, Anotfjr FOB Wrought Ii.on.— Take prussiate of potash, finelv pulverized, and roll the article in it, if its shape admits of it; if not, sprinkle the nowdfirnivm it. frAoiv wTiUo t-Ua iT.^,> i^ u^*- ' lo lEMPEii Springs,,— For tempering cast-steel trap springs, all 18 i II Is "iili m ill I 274 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEirXS. that is necesnary is to heat fj^'il!^ *^^ufe'^^^^^^^^ c^'n t moniac, 2 ibs.; ^<^"®4^'„«*' ^ lj^p._ «_„„. _Pulvorized borax any *'^*: wt^n'rAs^T'moV-The best way of weldhig cant iron is to allowance, being careful ""^^^J^,^^^^,^^^^ "' ^j ^old it on one end on To Harden and Tkmpeb Cast s^fki. .- intreneral the following is an e: 5f\' .^«:?n TC'^'Sfasftwo • krSs mu^t^ffi ^p^rviousiy-Vuelted black resm, 3 lbs. Aj^|>f5^;\;^ ^IC^ ingredients, when the whole together, and then added to the ouier "|fe.^*'"'^( '^' g^^ed to it, a flaming body Veins P'e^Jjdtf't^'^™^^^^ heat, and let it lie a steel in this way may be annealed softer tiun oy puiuug ashes of the forge. iirhfin vmir furnace is charged when hardened, ^S^hSftt/^iunSTi^uSBWeth^ta of the «•>'"«». »'_.?..l;r.„"^.i£;!' "'^.T Take ft almost imp<«ible to SlSTit, iiid at toe saime time render it Unale when iu.>uenea. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS,' &C,, RECEIPTS. 275j • Temt'krinq TooLS.~Drawing the temper of tools is usually done in a charcoal flame, and to drjiw the temper of a tool properly it should be held in the thickOHt part, or the part not requirhig any temper, t** wards the fire, and in the meantime, should be often wiped witli a piece of waste or rag, dipped in oil. The oil keeps the temper even, and prevents it drawing more to one place than another. And in drawing the temper of any tool it should be drawn very slowly, otherwise it will run too far ere you are aware of it. Lancet blades and razors should be drawn to a straw color. Knife blades and chisels should be drawn to a copper or almost red color. Plane irons, shaving knives and shoemakers knives the same temper j cold chisels and stone drills, should be dmwn to a dark blue. Fluted reamers should only be drawn to a stiuw color, on the end, as they never break elsewhere, and keep their size longer by leaving the lips hard. Half round or tapering reamers, also taps, dies, and drills, should be drawn to a straw color. Jijucs and gauges, also commi»n lathe tools, need no drawing, being tempered enough when merely hardened. Hakdenino and Filling for Fire-proof Safes.— Exi)erience has shown that the fire and burglar-proof diamond chill for iron or steel, described in another part of this work, has no superior as a harden- ing for security in the construction of safes ; and, as a non-conductor of heat, we would recommend a filling of plaster of Paris or alum. It is claimed by some that a mixture of both of these articles forms the best known filling for safes, as an external application of intense heat is ceitain to liberate a large quantity of water, which is transformed into steam, thus ensuring entire safetv to the contents of the safe. Other manufacturers employa concrete filling for safes, and extol it very high- ly. Mr. Moffat, gas and steamfitter, Boston, has informed me that he has applied for protection in the matter of a discovery by which he claims that he can fully ])rotect a safe against a double bhist furnace heat, by means of an outside lining of bricks composed of asbestos and kaolin, a very small portion of the latter material being used. From the well known incombustible nature of these materials, there can be no reasonable doubt but that the claim in qaes^^ion is a just one. Metallic Bath fob Tempering.— IJs^ a black lead or cast iron crucible (of the requisite depth), and place the same, filled with lead, on a fire made of coal or charcoal, and surrounded on all sides by a metallic or brick wall, level, or nearly so, with the top of the crucible; but at a sufficient distance (say 6 or 6 inches) from it, to receive the fuel necessary to mamtam the fire, in order to keep the lead fai a melted state. Let the crucible rest on iron bars, and leave apertures to admit air to the fire. The articles, slightly greased to prevent the adherence of oxide, are immersed in the melted lead (which ie kept at a red heat) by means of tongs, two or three pairs being generally used, in order that one or two pieces may be iieat§d while the other is imdergomg manipulation by the hardening process. Keep the lead covered with charcoal dust or cinders. This phrn is used by many cutlers and file manufacturers for giving the proper degree of heat iii the tempering of their wares. The process is highly valued by those who use it. See file manufacture. Concerning Saws, Railway Springs. &c.— When the saws are wanted to be rather hard, but little of the oil tempering composition iEiii 276 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. is burned off; when milder a large 1^^;-^/^",^^%^^^^^^^ the whole i8 allowed to hurn away. J^'^^^^.S^a^^^ tte re'duction lose their elastidty after hardenm|^^^^^^ the conclusion of they undergo in grinding JSJ^^l"'^^^^ principally by the manufacture, the ^larticity «{ *^;\Xfire to a BtrSw color; the hammering, aiid partly «^f,'^,* «!!^^Si^ acid after which the saws tint is removed bv very diluted "J'^^Sa %^ manufacture in- are well washed in plam water and dnea. ^P^^."'! „ncombined eludes the heaviest «Pe"{«e«« «* ^^*^^^^ some with iron: for example, ^w-spnngs for all ^«| " ^^ 50 lbs. each intended ^r railway use, "'j^f J^^Son %er Sngle springs are piece; two of these are used m com Wo^^^^ 6 feet long, and weigh 70 lbs The pnncii^^^^ archery bow fixed be immeSiately seen hy coiiceivmg the ^mmon u ^ horizontally with ite cordjipwards,^^^^^ sidewlys witK attached to the cord sways !>«* V^^^Pf J^i^ h^^^ perfect freedom. In hardening them ^^^Y^^^^^^f J^^^^ hollow, and Sackwards and forwards through an ordi^^ in tempering them they are immersed m J t^o^S^^^^*,!^^^^^^ ^uS visS,le a? niglt ; by they are heated mitil the ^i?;^^ . J^*^ '^.^ " uiece of wood sparkle daylight the heat is denoted by Its makm^^^^^ ^ ^.^ when rubbed on the sprmg, whidi is then allow^^^^ ^^^ The metal is n ne-sixteenths of ^°.^£^*^^^^^^^ that is sufficiently |ltrre"^^*^B^5it^ xt^^^^ far beyond their the tires of the eight ^oo* ^^^^J^^X ?Kes are first swaged se- about one4hird steel. The matenaisior^ heavy hammer at the parately,andtiienw^dedto^^^^^^ ^.y^ ^^^^^^ ^ steel works, after which tney are u« redness in a cir- tumed to certam gauges w\t t eettuiff S the iron wheel, pre- cular furnace ; dnrmg the time it is gettiii^^^ ^ ^^^^ viously turned to the "gV^hri^^af and whTat a d^^ it i^ plate, the tire expands with the heat, and wneii^ai j^ ^^^ .^ Sropped over the wheel, for whwh t vta« pre^^^ ' .^ also"^ Wily bolt^ down to \^^^^^ ^^^, fi^e quickly immersed by a svaug craiie mro a ^^^^ ^^^^ ?eet deep, and hauled up and ^^^^ ^Xes^f f^^^ of flat-bars are not afterwards tempered. Jj^^^^^.®/!^^ in the founder's with T formed heads, these are armnged ^^^Uy^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ mould whilst the cast-iron centre IS iK)iired^^^ 'periphery of the T heads are then welded tog^^er to co^^^^^ the wheel or mner tare, and little weageiormp chucked on where there is any deficiency of ^4«^%^Jhe wheeUs t ^^^^ a lathe, bored and ttlmed on the eage noj y^^ themeetingpf two cones and about one q^^^ turned to the the middle than the two edges The com^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ corresponding form, and consequents lar^^^^^ obliquity that the shrinking secures th^^^^^^^^ ft someti^ies happens, or derangement, and no rivete are^reqwreu^.^^^^^ ^^^ ^.^^_ that the tire ureaKs m Biii2iu^i"o> ""-" -^ --: eter of the wheel is in excess. MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEirXS. 277 temper ,ppear to BQUction uaion of ipally by )lor; the the saws cture in- ombined ies, some lbs. each rings are rings will ow fixed ige being ays with ng drawn llow, and ing them light; by d sparkle D the air. aider five- ufflciently rond their B work, as consist of (waged se- aer at the !lded, and ?s in a cir- jheel, pre- on a face- y red, it is Qall, and is )le load is about five steel tires of flat-bars a founder's the ends of eriphery of ire inserted chucked on ly, but like ili higher in rned to the nder cut so of obliquity es happens, lit the diam- Making Anchors. — The anchor smith's forge consists of a hearth of brickwork, raised about 9 inches pbove the ground, and generally about 7 feet square. In the centre of this is a cavity contaming the fire. A vertical brick wall is built on one side of the heartii, which sup^rts the dome, and a low chimney to carry ofiE the smoke. Beliind this wall are placed the bellows, with which the fire is urged ; tlie bellows being so placed that they blow to the centre of the fire. The anvil and the crane by which the heavy masses of metal are moved from and to the fire are adjusted near the hearth. The Hercules, a kind of stamping machine, or the steam hammer, need rot be described in this place. To make the anchor, bars of good iron are brought together to be fagoted ; the number varying with the size of the anchor. The fagot is kept together by hoops of iron, and the whole is placed upon the properly arranged hearth, and covered up by small coals, which are thrown upon a kind of oven made of cmders. Great care and good management are required to keep this temporary oven sound during the combustion ; a smith strictly attends to this. When all is arranged, tlie bellows are set to work, and a blast urged on the fire ; this is continued for about an hour, when a good welding heat is obtained. The mass is now brought from tiie fire to the anvil, and the iron weldt^ by the hammers. One portion having been welded, the iron is returned to to the fire, and the operation is repeated until the whole is welded in one mass. The different parts of the anchor being made, the arms are united to the end of the shank. This must be done with great care, as the goodness of the anchor depends entirely upon this process being effectively performed. Tlie arms being welded on, the nng has to be formed and welded. The ring consists of several bars welded together, drawn out into a round rod passed through a hole in the shank, bent into a circle, and the ends welded together. When all the parts are adjusted, the whole anchor is brought to a red heat, and hammered with lighter hammers than those used for welding, the object being to give a finish and evenness to the surface. The toughest iron that can be procured should be used in anchors. Good "Welsh mine iron" is suitable; also "scrap iron." An anchor of the ordinary or Admiralty pattern, the Trotraan, or Porter's im- proved (pivot fluke), theHoniball, Porter's, Aylin's, Rodger's, Mitche- soii's and Lennox's, each weighing, inclusive of stock, 27000 lbs., withstood without injury a proof ptrain of 45000 lbs. In di'y ground, Rodger's dragged the Admiralty anchor at both long and short stay ; at short stay, Rodger's and Aylin's gave equal resistance; Mitche- son's dragged Aylin's at both long and snort stay ; and Aylin's dragged the Admiralty at short stay, they giving equal resistance at long stay. In ground under water, 'Trotman's dragged Aylin's, Honiball s. Mitcneson's, and Lennox's : Aylin's dragged Rodger's ; Mitcheson s dragged Rodger's, and Lennox's dragged the Admiralty's. The breaking weights between a Porter and Admiralty anchor, as tested at the Woolwich Dockyard, were as 43 to 15. Manufacturing and Repairing Anvils. — The common anvil is usually made of seven pieces : 1, the core, or body ; 2, 3, 4, 5, the four comer pieces, which serve to enlarge its base ; 6, the projecting end, which has a square hole for the reception of the tail or shank of a chisel on which iron bars may be cut through, and 7, the beak, or I 278 MACniNISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. horizontal cone round which rodH or Blips of metiil "^^y be tunied in a circular form, as in muIduK rings. Those six pieces are weld«d Bepanitolytothe first or core, and then hamnieredmto a nniformlwdy^ In nauuLturing largo anvUs two heartliH are needed, In ordf* ^ bring Sol the tv/o pieces to be welded to a P^oper 1^«^\ ^y^^^^^l ' and feveral men are employed in working the rn together briskly hi the welding state, by heavy swin ' hanimers. The steel facing is a\>- Dlied by welduig in the same maaiier, powdered borax with sal-am- moniac (i part to 10 pai-ts ol borax) being used as a flux. The anvil Ken heated to a cWry red, and plunged into cold water, a run- ning stream being better than a pool or cisteni the rapid formation of^eam at the sides of tlie metal preventing the free access of tlie water for the removal of the heat with the required expedition. Iq some cases a stream of water is contrived U> descend from a ciHtem ab^ve on the part to be chilled, which is sure to render it very hard The facing should not be too thick a plate for when ^'^F**' ^^^1^ crack in the hardening. It is somewhat dan^'erou to stand noar Buch works at the time, as when the anvU face is not perfectly weld- ed, it sometimes, in part, flies off with great violence and a loud re- port. In the case of broken anvUs the repairs ^i" have to be made !u accordance with the above description. In tmishmg off tt^e/fo, it is smoothed upon a grindstone, and, for fine work, polished with em- ^^KNUFACTUBTNa CHAiN8.-For this purpose the iron is cut off with a plain chamfer, as from the annular form of the lin«8their ex- tremities cannot slide asunder when struck Every succeeding Imk is bent, mtroduced, and finally welded. In some of ttiese welded chains the links are not more than 4 an inch long, and the iron wire i S diameter. Thene are made with great dexterity by a man and I boy, at a small fire. The curbed chains are welded m the oMinary wav and twisted afterwards, a few Imks bemg made red-hot at a time for the purpose. The massive cable chains are made much m t Ssame manner, although partly by aid of machinery. The bar of iron now one, on4 and a half, or even two inches m diameter s heated and the scarf is made as a plain chamfer, by a cutting niachme; the link is then formed by inserting the edge of the heated bar withm a • loop in the edge of an oval disc, which may be compared to a chuck fixld on the end of a lathe mandril. The disc is put m gear by the steam engine ; it makes exactly one revolution and throws itself out ofTotioS. This bends the heated exti-emity of the iron into an oval fieure Afterwards it is detached from the rod with a chamfered cut bv the cutting machme, which, at one stroke, makes the second scarf of the detached link, and the first of that next to be cnried up. The hnk is now threaded, to the extremity of the chain, closed together and transferred to the fire, the loose end being carried by a traverse ?mne When the Imk is at the proper heat itTs returned to the anvd welded, and dressed off between the top and bottom tools, after which Te cast iron transverse stay is inserted, and the bnk fiavmg been closed upon the stay, the routine is recommenced. The -Aork conir monly requires three men, and the scarf is placed at the side of the oval Imk and flat way through the same. In similar chams made b^baiXit Srperhaps,Vore ctistomary to weld the link at the crown, or small end. MA.CiiiWi:STS, engineers', AC, BECBIPTS. 279 turned in e wel'iftdi rmbody. order to hy itself, >riHkly ill Qg is 'A\>- ti Bal-ara- riie anvil >r, a run- 'ormation 188 of the ition. Ii) a ciHtem ery hard. i; is apt to «nd noar ;tly weld- t loud re- be made le face, it with em- is cut oil \ their ex- sding liulc 36 welded iron wire I man and B ordinary i-hot at a e much in 'he bar of r, is heated ihine ; the f within a a chuck ear by the 1 itself out itoan oval oafered cut icond scarf I up. The d together a traverse o the anvil ifter which iving been work coinr side of the lains made the crown, VuT/^ANiTK Emert Whkels. — UsB a compound of India rubber, and Wcr igton mills emery, as little of the former as will suffice t<) hold thu partic les of em«^ry t<^^ether. The materials must be thor- oup' I! nori)orated together, then rolled into sheetn, »ut into wheels of til. 'f^^ red size and j:)attcrn, \ ressed into the iron mouds, and vul canize< o. cured by bemg subjected to a high dejrreoof steam heat for se^ al hours, maki g it almost h hard m cast ron. To liRAZB A Band Saw 'Vki, ny's method,— Th(* thiols required are a small portable forge, ing dauips, &c. and a straight edge, 3 or4 feet long, also some bra8H wire and |)Owdered borax. Take the paw and cut it to the proper length, scarf the ends from one-half to three-fourthn of ar 'uch, then put the saw in the clamps. I would say that I use a ve ^luall and simple viamp in the shape of a double vise. Keep the back of the saw out < f the jaws « >f the vise, or clamps, and apply tho straight edge to the back, as i*^ is very necessary to braze it .straight ; make the fire in as small a compass as iwHsible ; place the ciamp.s directly over the centre of the fire, and then put on three pieces of brass wire, bent in the form of the letter U, so that they will pinch the laps togeth' • put as much borax as will lie on the saw, cover the whole with e ^ e of charcoal : melt tiie brass so that it will flow over the saw before taking it off the fire, and c-ool very slow so as not to make the braze brittle! li.o off what remains on the saw and it is ready for use. To Remove Rust. — ^Ii you immerse the articles in kerosene oil and let them remain for some time, the rust will ' acome so much loos- ened as to come off very easy. Damascus Steel. — It is said that this steel consists of a highly carburetted metai which, by undergoing careful cooling and annealing, separates into two compounds of iron and carbon, giving it the peculiar appearance known as '' Damasceening." The wonderful strength of this steel is no doubt owing to careful manipulation. Gearing a Lathe for Sc-'Jiew Cutting. — Every screw-cutting lathe contains a long screw called the lead screw, which feeds the carriage of the lathe, while cutting screws ; upon the end of this screw is placed a gear to which is tr;!' emitted motion from another gear placed on the end of the spindle iiiese gears each contain a dilTerent number of teeth, f « /. #/. J? f/. I IX) .25 2.0 III IM 4" 1.8 U 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTEii.n.V. 14580 (716) 87'i-4503 €3 iV % ,\ \ :\ 5^.^ \ (T Im ■ . ti - l\ I 280 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. lathes, you will first multiply the number of threads to be cut, as be- fore, and then multiply the number of threads on the lead screw, as double the number it is. For instance, if you want to cut 10 to the inch, multiply by 4, and you get 40, put this on the lead screw, then if your lead screw is five to the inch, you call it 10; and multiply by 4 and it will give you 40. Again put this on your stud and your lathe is geared ready to commence cutting. Cutting a Screw in an Engine Lathe.— In cutting V thread- screws, it is only necessary for you to practice operating the shipper and slide-screw handle of your lathe, before cutting. After havmg done this, until you get the motions, you may set the point of the tool ^ as high as the centre, and if you keep the tool sharp, you will find no difliculty in cutting screws. You must, however, cut very light chips, mere scrapings in finishing and must take it out of the lathe often, and look at it from both sides, very carefully, to see that tne threads, do not lean like fish scales. After cutting, polish with an emery stick, and some eraexy. Cutting Square Thread-Screws.— In cutting square thread- screws, it is always necessary to get the depth required, with a tool somewhat thinner than one-half the pitch of the thread. After doing this, make another tool exactly one-half the pitch of the thread, and use it to finish with, cutting a slijght chip on each side of the groove. After doing this, polish with a pine stick, and some emery. Square threads for strength should be cut one-half the depth of their pitch, while square threads, for wear, may, and should be cut three-fourths the depth of their pitch. Mongrel Threads.— Mongrel, or half V, half-square threads are usuaUy made for great wear, and should be cut the depth of their pitch and for extraordinary wear they may even be cut IJ the depth . of the pitch. The point and the bottom of the grooves should be in width J the depth of their pitch. What is meant here by the point of the thread, is the outside surface. And the bottom of the groove is the groove between the threads. In cutting these threads it is neces- sary to use a tool about the shape of the thread, and in thickness about one-fifth less than the thread is when finished. As it is im- possible to cut the whole surface at once, you will cut it in depth about one-sixteenth at a time, then a chip off the sides of the thread and continue in this way alternately till you have arrived at the depth required. Make a gauge of the size required between the threads and finish by scraping with water. It is usiially best to leave such screws as these a little large until after they are cut, and then turn off a light chip, to size them, this leaves them true and nice. Planing Metals.— The first operation about planing, is to oil your planer and find out if the bed is smooth. If it is not, file off the rough places ; then change the dogs to see if they will work well, and find out the movements of the planer. After doing this, bolt your work on the bed, and if it is a long, thui piece, plane off a chip, then turn it over and finish the other side, taking two chips, the last of which should be very light. Great caie should be taken, in bolting it to the bed, not to spring it. After finish- ing this side turn it to the other side, and take off a light cut to finish it. :j^ I. cut, as be- Bcrew, as t 10 to the ;rew, then lultiply by your lathe V thread- he shipper ter havmg of the tool ill find no s^ery light the lathe ethat tne L with an •e threadr 'ith a tool iter doing iread, and le groove. . Square heir pitch, ee-fourths ireads are 1 of their the depth 3uld be in le point of ^oove is 1 18 neces- thickness i it is im- i in depth ;he thread ed at the ;ween the st to leave cut, and 1 true and is to oil lot, file off will work ioing this, jce, plane 'king two Lie should :er finish- ght cut to • HACHIKJ8TS, tN .raEERS', 4C., EBCEIPTS. 281 282 ^fAo^mlaTs, knchnkkus', ac^ UKcwti'TS. I ^ ft rt.ANtNn rKurKNntrtTi.Aui.Y.— Ill pliinluK pornciulhMiliiHy. It In uooiMKMiry ti» Hwlvol thp bottom of tlionnmll \mui uroimd, mi it will hUv\u\ alHMit throo.f«)nvthK of ivii innh iiiHido of Kniiai'n, towiU'ilH tho {>l»>oo yoii iut> to pijiiio. Thin i>rovont« brwvkiuu tho too! wIumi tUo mi niDH Ixiok. (iKAii (Utttint}.— tn cntttUK tfi^iirr*, thoy ftro woUinu^d n, ocii'tiiln nuinlM^r of tpth to the pitch lino Hhi uld bo ono-oiKht of an Inch, and tho wholo dopth of tho tooth would bo two-oluhthf«. Ajjiiln, If you oiit a k^mw twolvo to tho Inch. Uio dopth to pitch llnoHhonld bo ono-twolfth of an Inch, and tho vvlioh* dopth of ti»oth twoitwolft,h(4. And aKaIn, if you cut a m^ar twenty to tho inch, tho dopth to pitch lino should bo ono-twontlcth of an lnt!h, whilo tho whole dopth nhould bo two-twontiothn, and ho on mi in- Jinitwn, MKAHlMtTNCl TO FIND TUK NUMnKU OK TK.KTU.— To find tho hI/.O a cortidn i!:vi\v should bo, for a cort'iili nnin1)or of tooth, in an oaMy nuitter, if you studv o^irofully those rulos. If you want a goar witli thirty-two tooth and oijB:iit to tho Inch, it should l)o fourinchos meiisur- ing across tho diamotor t,o the pitch lino, and the two-olKhths outsider of tho pitch line would maUo it four inches and two-oiuhhts. AKain. i: vou want a gear with forty tooth, and ton to tko inch, it should measure across the diamotor to pitch lino four inches, and the two- tenths oufeddo the pitch Une would make the wholo r if the bear- by centreing, mat is called and try it in are : then, if ng it with a ration till the chips should es filing, and I thus turned, e time lost in feed belts or h of an inch MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', d C., RECEIPTS. 285 Se the^fiiilVrircw'n^^Sfa'.*^^"^? *""!f^ «« ^^s chip, com- pully wringTaSfut^iS' fi wShoit'mfn/"ffi ^,T« *»^.« large enough to file and finish If twiS^" ^^ ^ ^^" ^^^^ it shaft, with holes smallfir thf« Vk^I i ^'^^ ^f® couphngs to go on a the shaft, wCetheTfiton 8^^^^^ P"".^ *^« ««d« «' of an inch of the size rfiJifS w '"™^ ^**^ *« a sixty-fourth finished ; thTt irevlry'iSTfl shlrsh^u^dPhJ't "' ^^^^*^* ^« a sixty-fourth of an i£ch of fh« SL • ^^ 1"™^^ ^ within jf it h^s the finish-cTip taken 'o^' C r^^Vtir '"^l ^"^ leaves every part of the shaft V»*»rWiJ^ for that is that it be the case^JSe itdoueothlrSd^l^^'^'T'^'''^ ^«"ld not file the shaft so thit ff puUevs^m «ii£*r^ ^r.t *^^' y^*^ ^i" that they will dnyeon'^tS^*h^}^^^\^^ *^® couplings so clamps ^dlome eme'ry kntti^ dSne' "^^^ ""'^ * ^^ ^^ ^^'^^^S- blance required, then w1?ha HaStiTaf *^'^ H^^® ^'^ ^^ resem- mer the twisted Sgesli thatfhL wTil'^^^^ ^1«>^»' ham- line of the tool This wiii^li 2^ i" ^ thicker than the central and, to cut w^ i the c^nLf T,s#"^**^'i^''^"Sth and a better drUL quite thi Beckrefuli?,Syo^*'' ^i""?"^ ^^^ °»"8t be made 2s upon he ^/ff^ii^^d*^^^ at the pomt of the driU pomtstraightSa flat drill • ^"experienced often leave the To COMPUTE THE NUMBER OF TWF-tw »i!.rvTT»«™^ WHEELS TO PBODUCE T mviL ™ KEQUIMID IN A TRAIN OP number Of teetKtSnVefbv£n^mSJiYf^/f';-^ *he the product bv th^numW nf^i iT^' ®i ^^^^^^^^^o^S' and divide 75X1.6756 ' =10 ins, T^ r.r..^ 3.1416 loO =2024, and jrire. of 2024,= 0«88, which X 40=1.6762 ing. ••i-iOTTHiif . Tr I 286 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. between each layer, pounding or pressing thein together as cloHe as poisible and leaving a perforation in the centre of each, for the sliait. When vou have got enough of thene layers together to give ,Vou tlie proper breadth o1 pulley, allow the glue to harden, then turn it off to a smooth finish in a lathe. Secure each side of the pulley with a good stout iron flange large enough to cover the entire diameter, or nearly so, and with proper uHage it will last a long time. ^ i., xt. On Belting and Fkiction.— Leather belts will last double the usual time if treated with castor oil, they wUl be rat proof, thev will always remain flexible and will not crack. A belt 4 niches wide will be equal to one 6 inches wide without it. It requires about 24 hours to penetrate the leather, if used smner the greasiness will wiuse it to Blip. A leather belt should have a si)eed of 1300 ft. per minute, aiid not more than 1800 ft. or it will not last long. Leather belts, with grain side to pulley will drive 35 per cent, more than the flesh side, because it is less porous, thus admitting less air between the surfaces. Pulleys covered with leather will evolve full 50 per cent, more power than the naked pulley. To increase the power of rubber helting. use red lead, French yellow and litharge, equal parts; mix with boiled - linseed oil and japan sufficient to make it dry quick. This will produce a highly poltehed surface. Experiments without lubricants resulted in showing the following co-etflcients. Oak upon oak, 62; wrought iron on oak, 49 to 62; cast iron on oak, 65; wrought iron on cast, 19; cast iron on cast, 16; cast iron axles on lignum-vitae bearings, 18; copper on oak, 62; iron on elm, 25; pear tree on cast iron 44; iron axles on lignumvitie bearings (with oil), 11; iron axles with brass bearings, (with oil) .07. A belt 5 in. wide, velocity 1000 ft. per minute, on leather covered pulleys, will yield S-horse power; double the speed and it will evolve double the power. , . , Wheel Gearing.— The Pitch Line of a wheel, is the circle upon which the pitch is measured, and it is the circumference by which the diameter, or the velocity of the wheel is measured. The Fitch, is the arc of the circle of tlie pitch line, and is determmed by the number of teeth in the wheel. The Tnte Pitch, (chordial), or that by which the dimensions of the tooth of a wheel are alone determined is a straight line drawn from the centres of two contiguous teeth upon the pitch line. The Line of Centres, is the line between the centres of two wheels. The fiadius of a wheel is the semi-diameter runnmg to the periphery of a tooth. The Pitch Radius, is the semi-diameter running to the pitch line. The Length of a tooth, is the distance from ite base to its extremity. The Breadth of a tooth,is the length of the face of wheel. A Coff Wheel, is the general name for a wheel having a number of cogs set upon or radiating from its circumference. A Mortice Wheel, is a wheel constructed for the reception of teeth or cogs, which are fitted into recesses or sockets upon the face of the wheel Plate Wheels, are wheels without arms. A Rack is a series of teeth set in a plane . A Sector is a wheel which reciprocates without forming a full revolution. A Spur Wheel, is a wheel having its teeth perpendicular to its axis. A Bevel Wh-el, is a wheel having its teeth at an angle with its axis. A Crown Wheel is a wheel having its teetli at a right angle with its axis. A Mitre Wheel is a wheel having its teeth at an angle of 45° with its axis. A Face Wheel, is a wheel having its teeth set upon one of its sides. An Annular or In- T8. as cloHe as or the Hliaft. ^ive you tlie urn it off to with a good jr, or nearly i double the )f, they will les wide will ►ut 24 hours LI ciiuse it to minute, and r belts, with 5 flesh side, the surfaces, more power )ber belting, s. with boiled - will produce nts resulted 62; wrought I on cast, 19; tae bearings, jast iron 44; 1 axles with r 1000 ft. per 3wer; double 5 circle upon ice by which The Pitch, lined by the 0, or that by letermined is 9 teeth upon the centres of 5r running to 3mi-diameter the distance the length of for a wheel rcumference. »n of teeth or 3 face of the '^k is a series . reciprocates wheel having wheel having wheel having >l is a wheel e Wheel, is a nular oi' In- MACHmsTS, EN«mEK«8>. ^tC, KKCE«.TS. 287 iP'JJ^^L^^Xh'S^^ Y" ?»--«««* to itB cent™ tlZ'"^^^ "'o ^'^^^^^^iZ^\'^'"'S'^ ?'«««' ta Sid lama- is when the teeth nf o „i • ' ■* ^"ncUe, Lantern or IKw »oid cylinde«l^t to two dlf^^lT ""Sf ™^.'«<' «( wind bS '^'™ <*»"ot be operated Luomlyiv^ S^, "'.t '«»« 'hau eS teeth. The mater&l of whiih ,.Alr. ? ^ * '?"**' ""li any nnmber of ttr^ocft ^' ^-^SnTruKat ItT ""^^ ^""^^ '^ wiLe» Se^SL^^^tSW^^ number of teeth inite wheel as fs ^o'^'^'J? P""^" «^^«»W be to Ve teXU?^? ^"^^^^ «Kd never^xceed 1 T ^.^T" «P««« ^^^ ex! SsSroft^i.f:ns^ii^^ to ^- to^^Li^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ vide for Uie coSlgencT^^^^^ ??^^r "» »^tion Rde, to^io^ should be as 83Tnd nun Ss^«f •"^^- T^e teeth of a wE Wheuap/monMd^weTiLTXS^t^^^^ '^ cons stent with strength f J"^d not be less tlmre^hl When ^ iT^;^^ ^S*^^*^ ^^ ^^e phffon the number of teeth m th? nin'o^ i ?j^'*«e^ w dnyew hv a olnirm wtm6ero/tee,P''»r<''l ««tmeM WeU, cast metal tools wae teled^t'i,^!- 5'* ?.'?"''»<' to be tried ' when cast steel tools were of n^ .?.'« SlP"'""* chilled, and thev Xnt metal tools. ^''"' °' "" »se- The article was toned unwJth pBitLiNG Holes in Cast Innw u ed and rubbed smooth boil i?^/^?^V~'^**?'* * wooden pulley is turn then allow it to ly and i? will h^^^^^ miuutes^in Jh\e oU T , To SoLDEK Ferrules IS ToorTlfir'* '^' ^^^ ^« 4per ' lap round thejointinga ^^'^ iToI^t^^^^^^^^^^ i\ 288 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. I } II i ferrule, scatter on the joining ground borax, put it on the end oi a wire, and hold it in the fire till the brass f uttes. It will fill up the joining, and form a perfect solder. It may afterwards be turned in the lathe. Making Dibs for Screw-Guttino. — ^In making dies for screw- cutting, they should, whenever practicable, be lapped with a taper tap, as they cut more easily and wear longer than those which are cut straight, and then tapered off to make uie screw " take." Very nne threaded screws, however, cut well with straight dies. Small dies, or dies below one-fourth of an inch in size, should only have three lips in them. , Dies from one-fourth to one-half should have four- lips in them. Dies froQi three-fourths to one inch should have six lips in them ; and dies from one inch to one-and-a-half should have seven lips in them. The cuts through dies should be only twice the depth of the thread, which is sufficient to make them free themselves from chips, for when cut too deep they are liable to break on the face. Harden and draw to a straw color. To Dip a Fluted Reamer Properly.— Dip it perpendiculaHy to a short distance beyond the fluting— that is tu say, about half an inch and withdraw and return it several times. This hardens nil the lips, and prevents it cracking off ft the water's edge, which is the case when a piece of steel is dipped in to a certain depth, and allowed to cool without moving. Anti-Friction Miotal. — Copper, 4 lbs. ; regulus of antimony, 8 lbs. ; Banca tin, 96 lbs. 2. Gram zinc, 7i lbs. ; purified zinc, 7i lbs. ; antimony, 1 lb. 3. Zhic, 17 parts; copper, 1 part; antimony. Imparts. This possesses unsurpassible anti-friction qualities, and does not re- quire the protection of outer casings of a harder metal. 4. Block tin, 8 lbs. ; antimony, 2 lbs. ; copper, 1 ft). If the metal be too Lard, it may be softened bv adding some lead. 6. The best alloy for journal boxes is composed, of copi)er, 24 lbs. ; tin, 24 lbs. ; and antimony, 8 lbs. Melt the copper first, then add the tin, and lastly the antimony. It should be first run into ingots, then melted, and cast in the form required for the boxes. 6. Melt in a crucible IJ lbs. of copper, and, while the copper is melting, melt in a ladle 25 lbs. of tin and 3 of anti- mony, nearly red hot, pour the two together, and stir until nearly cool. This makes the finest kind of lining metal. 7. Very cheap. Lead, 100 lbs. ; antimony, 15 lbs. This costs about 10 cents per lb. 8. For Bearings to sustain gr%at weights. — Copper, 1 lb. ; zinc, ^ oz. : tin, 2i oz. 9. Hard Bearings for machinery.— Cower, 1 lb. ; tin, 2 ozs. 10. Very Hard ditto.— Copper, 1 lb. ; tin, 2i ozs. 11. Lining Metal for Boxes of Railway Cars.— Mix tin, 24 lbs. ; copj)er 4 lbs. ; antimony, 8 lbs. ; (for a hardening) then add tin 72 lbs. 12. Lining Metal for Locomotives* Axle trees. — Copper, 86.03.; tin, 13.97.13. Another, French.— Coyiper, 82 parts, tm, 10 parts, zinc, 8 parts. 14. ' Another, {Ste/phenson* s). — Copper, 79 parts; tin, 8 parts, zinc, 5,parts, lead 8 parts. 15. Another (Be/jgrian).— Copper, 89.02. parts, tin, 2.44 parts, zinc, 7.76 parts iron, 0.78. 16. Another (English).— ut half an lens till the 'hich is the knd allowed .ntimony, 8 nc, 7i lbs. ; ly, Imparts, oes not re- , Block tin, xx> ];ard, it for journal mtimony, 8 i antimony, in the form opper, and, id 3 of anti- mtil nearly Fery cheap. mts per lb. zinc, ^ oz. ; lb. ; thi, 2 11. Lining •per 4 lbs. ; 12. Lining tt, 13.97.13. parts. 14. inc, 5,parts, bs, tin, 2.44 -Copper, 73L , iron, 0.43 sine. 6.38. of lanufacture rcenta^e of omposition. MACHINISTS, ENQINHERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 289 Good Brass FOR Machineky.—I. (Copper, 21bs., tin 2ioz8 . zinc L>S?f*_T^ ^«'"««--:C<>PP^ r, 90 lbs., tin, ioiU. 4. Brass, ven/ tenjkrfotw.-Copper, 88.9 parts, tin, 8.3 parts, zinc, 2.8 parte. S. f5w±^*-*^*'PP^''^i^'*«'*^"20parte. Q. Machinery f^ngs. 40 lbs. of the mixture. Use stee' piston rods fir high speed ai3 ifeT,"^*?, ""l apple-tree wood for shoes or gihhs on the crcSs-heS naS?mi^~o ??P^'' ^.^"^^ ^^ 11 ^ar^^i tin, 4 parts; lead, 2 ^rts, mix. 2. Copper, 14 part»; melt and add zinc, ^rt^; thi 4 ^; mix 3. An<^t Brmze.-<:k>^peT, 100 parts; feadand tinTof ^^.^J^i ""^ > -4,"^ -^^ ^'^^ 0^m^«.~Copper 82 ^rte; ziiic. 18 parts; tin, 3 parte; lead, 3 parte; mix. 5. Statuary ^notfter^-Copper, 8^ parts: tin, 6 parts; iincVloi par^s;Tead, 2 ^^;. L^riYr^PP^'' OO parts; tin, 9 parts ;le5id, 1 part. 8 .Bron?^/arifeeia;« -Copper, 89i)arte; tin 8 part»: zinc, h pSte. 9 per, 1 lb. ; zinc, 12 lbs. ; tin, 8 lbs. &UPEBIOB Bell Metal.-1. Copper, 100 lbs. ; tin, 23 lbs. 2. Cop! per, 25 parts; tin, 6 parts. 3. Copper, 79 part»; tin, 26 parte; m&. 1,^SP^'J8 parts^in, 22 parts; mk. 5. Parisian Bell JM^toT-Copl per, 72 parte; tin, 26* parte; iron, li parte. Used for the bells of «™^.®J?**"ll"**i^^^«*^»- ^- C'/ocAM ifetoZ.-Copper, 75.19 parte- tin, 201 part». 7. Bell Metal/or Large £e/?«.-Cop^r, IW lbs • to' ??lf ^ ^^^iV/ Pf ^4^-^^ ^^^^ Bells.-S^^rs Z. \ S,' rJ^^'^A o^^^J^'Z ^V^n9)--1. Copper, 61.6 parte; zinc, 35.3 parts ; lead, 2 9 parts ; tin, 0.2 mrte. 2. £rass of JerXappes.-Cov 64.6 parte ; zinc, 33.7 parte ; fead, 1.4 parts, tin, 0.2 iSrts. 3. S f£.2 ^n^'^n'^'*'!-"** a'? ^'^«i>««e.-Copper, 64.8 part»; zinc, 32.8 parts: *®^' 2.0 parte ; tin 0.4 parte. 4. D 'Arcets Brass f(^ Gildinq.-^x^ per, 63 70 parts; zinc, 33.55 parte; lead, 0.25 partis; tin, 2.50 parte 6. ^no^AtT.-uopper 64.45 part»; zinc, 32.44 parte; lead, 2.86 parte; tin, 0.26 parte. 6. /S'Aee ■ 290 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, EECEIPT8. per, .12 lbs. rinc, lOlbs. load, 1 lb. a Red Brass free, foi' Turni)in.— Copi)er, l(jO IbH. zinc, 50 Urn. lead, 10 lbs. antimony, 44 om. 4. JHeM Red Brass for Jine Castings.— Covper, 24 lbs. zinc, fl lbs. bismuth, 1 oz. 5. jK«rfrc'?n6«c.—Copf)er, 1011)3. zinc, 1 lb. «. To w6«c.— Copper, 16 lbs. tin, 1 lb. zinc, 1 lb. 7. Brass for Heavy Oastinys.—Cop^r. (i to 7 parts ; tin, 1 part ; zinc, 1 part. 8. Malleable ^ra««.-~C!opper, 70.10 parte; zinc, 2i).(K) parts. 9. Superior Malleable jBroura.— Copper, flO mrts ; zinc, 40 i^rts. 10. JSraw.— Copper, 73 parts ; zinc, 27 parts. 11. Copper, 65 parts; zinc, 36 parts. 12. Copper, 70 parts; zinc, 30 IMirts. 13. German Brass.— Cop^r, 1 lb. zinc, 1 lb. 14. Watch- makers' Brass.r-Govper, 1 part; zluc, 2 parts. 15. Brass for Wire.— Copper, 34 parts; calamine, m parts. 16. Brass, for Tvbes.-^Coytper, 2 parts; zinc, 1 {Mirt. 17. Brass for Heavy VTor*.— Copi>er, 100 parts: tin, 16 parts; zinc, 16 parts. 18. Another.— Gopxter, J12 iMirts; tin, 13 r-rts; zinc, 1 part 19. Tbrnftacorifcti flrows.— Copper, 8 iwirts; zinc, part. 20. jSrtwa.— Copper, 3 parts; molt, then add zinc, 1 pjirt 21. Buttonmakers' Firw Brass. Brass, 8 iwirts; zinc, 6 imrts. 22. ButUmmakers' Common Brass.— hatton bmss, 6 imrts; tin, l«part: lead, 1 part; mix. 23. Mallet's Brass.— Copiier, 26.4; zinc, 74.6; used to preserve iron from oxydizing. 24. Best Brass for Cloeks^^Eme copper, 85 i^rts; zinc, 14 ptirts; lead, 1 part. To Cast Bkass solid.— The metal should not he nm any hotter than is necessary to insure sharp castings. The most probable cause of the honey combings of castings is that the air ciinnot get out of tlw way ; and i,here ought to be proper vents made for it from the highertt pails of the mould ; the metal should be run in near or at the bottom of the mold. If about 1 lb. of lead be added to eve- ry 16 lbs. of old brass, when just at the melting point, solid good bras- ses will be the result. In melting old -brass, the zinc, or lead, con- tained in it (when fluid) oxydizes freely, consequently the propor- tions of the metal are altered, and require an addition similar to the above. If the brass has not been re-cast a little less lead will do, but if re-cast several times it may- take the full quantity. New and Beautiful Alloys.— Copper, 69.8 parts; nickel, 19.8 parts ; zinc, 5.6 parts ; cadmiuum, 4.7 parts; used for spoons, forks, &c. ^not Yn"ny, l(}.ai ^L^ I>arts, anUmoiiy, 7.14 mrto mm^r i tL "^ 10 parts. 19. Tin 8fi.ad , German SilvW, Fi^t q^^S Ut^pf**' *>'«'"»'h 1.78 parts, zinc, 25 lbs. niclcel 'Mnm2'Toa^r?k^!^7^''''T^'^''^^^^^^' per, 60 lbs. zinc, 20 iS tSst tn\v^TL^T}^^¥^ Z^"" ^^tinf/.-^Cop^ German ^'i/yer/or Belh mtAntht r "^V^ lbs. nickel, 26 Iba. 4. 20 lbs. nickel. 201b8 leS ?Th« t^ ^«J'<^^tfir». -Copper HO lbs. zinc 2 lbs. 6. OerCnSUmP for^Ca^T^'^^ '^IJ l>f^te » the best' parts, zinc, 20 parts cox,mr m^!^T "h^ 3paits, nickel, 25 RoUinq.~mo\i^TxLZ^TJA^^^^ ™^''- ^' ^emau Silver for per, 40^62 parH^ibi^^ia 76 ^V^^i'S«fT;!%^'^ Pf^' ™^- ^ (C parts, zinc 2(J.0« parts niX%-«?ii^- ^^^TJ.^- ^- ^PI>er41.S ziuc, 6. 65 parts. Kickel 38 iS^'.f;f ^^^ ^- ^^ei?«'* »5.55 parts p. 10 parts, arn^jmrtT^l i?>.^-^^^- ^ P^'^ts zS Iron, copper 59. (iO parts/zinc 30 4? n^i?'*' . ;~f ^U***" » t^a«e o£ lbs. bismuth, 1 lb. iT Fine WhS Ji^^J"'"'!??,"^' ^ ^^»' «oPPer, 4 nickel, 10 parts z nc 10 im2^ n^ Oerrmn Silver.— iron 1 part • per, 40J ^rts : molt itmX^^r^'^k li"' ^^ P^'?'*' '''^P- partsziV 33.80 i>arts,lead,lSp;£'P^'' 48.48 parts; tin, 6.& 33 part«; and lea^ 1(X) • S Sj^mll^^ ^*- ^ead, 100; tin, Xleiov crystalline Apimrance^ ml^f. aS'"^® V^u'^ ^«"- The mot! 3. Alloy for Cumhah-C^^^' i? P^fJ" ' 5^^'^"^' ^ Part« ; melt Copper, 20 lbs. ; lekd 8 Ibf^ Mff,«;,lL ^ P*"^' ?' ^-^^^'^ ^etal- Metal for takini ImpVesstns' -L^t^ ]y!'''' V-*"*!'?^^"^' ^ ozs. 0. lbs. 7. ^«oy /br »m^ Sn^^T^fi^J ^^^- ' Ijl'*' ^ lbs. ; bismuth, 5 zinc, 17 parte. 8 pSwhbJii^'~^°^n ^ pa^s ; tin, 3 parte. ish 'TutanutZlron or ^eel 8■■;;;?^^^^^•^ ^^^' ' ^^"«' ^ ^b. 9. S>SJ: Melt and harden 8 ozs. ortin S i o^rlr^ir^'K^^ ^"«- > »^*^«' » o^^- ^»t'e< ifeer.-^pp'er,4oT' nickel q??.' '^''°- JL 5^- ^l- ^'^^^«e parte. 12. 5a«;f ifSl-Bra^g ^ 1:3^ ' ?iiic, 26.4 ; and iron, 2.6 S t^/^S^^i^' %*!?^^-,^^^^ zfe This co:^!^^ d 'is insifr^Sd'f~TPP^V' "^°'^^^' *. ^i"c,^ ^of appearance 1? rKf^ ^« ®*^® «' workmanship an? ^e«tives. —Copper, 85.25 parts; tin, 12.75 parts; zinc, 2.00 parts. 58. Another (Fentm's).— Copper, 5.50 tin,* 14.50; zinc, 30 pai-ts. 59. Baron Wet- terstedt's Patent Sheathing for Ships.— Consmts of lead with from 2 to 8 per cent, of antimony, ibout 3 per cent, is the usual quantity. The alloy is rolled into sheets. 60. Muntz Metal for Ships.— Best selected copper, (iO parts , best zinc, 40 parts. Melt together in the ..^.^nl .^o.'.^nn oi-»«1 i./->11 i-nfrt ,ino<:if.a f\t Qiiifnlilft thinlrnPtna This coin- Untini litciiiii'ii Mii'-i «-■•-» •• — -•■ — ....._. _ position resists oxidation from exposure to sea water, and prevents brass, 32 loy, melts ozB. 23. 0Z8. ; bis- hite Metal tton Mak- —Copper, opper, 58. tpcnds in al is very lia Metal. Used for a, zinc, 5 ss, 5 parts ise Silver. iilckeL 13. oe's metal. ts, zinc, 1 r. Qmen't 9 parts. — tarts; auti- ; silver, 4 ,100 parts; 41. Spur- Mirrors of I Argentan itif ul com- ial. — Cop- of copper. er. — Lead, eight ; tin, Pewter. — • copper, 4 m. ; when 19. British rts. Used -Copper, 1 3e/s.— Cop- per, 1 lb. ; . lb. ; brass iearings. — ■Temper. — to tin. 56. 3; tin, 2.38 'x;omx)tives. 8. Another iaron Wet- with from I quantity. Mps. — Best tliev in the This cmn- MACHINISTS, engineers', AC., RECEIPTS. 293 16 4f^al''" llS'^TA^""' J^' ^'^^fo^ Anatomical Injections. -Tin, mrte ^ fS^ V,!^ft'/. •;2?.P??^' ^^s°»«th, 27.81 parts; mercury, 41.41 t^^r..!' ^Vf^^^i^^^'^^ for casts.— Bismuth, 8 parts: lead 6 narte- c£te Statin onl^^ ^'%^f ^"r yP*^^' ix^ili^g wati^'For^^^ ^^h^s''M%t^forlo'^f-T^^'^& eib^t^n^f ih'' '""V mony, I lb. 65. Imitation q/'^W-CoSr l lb' • tta VL' *?^*" Von Bibra's Alloy for Medels.-msr^&^\hidT^^^ ^"^ Without bitmg the color i& light gmy. 67. JVew? SheathinTMetS^ The me-cury m this aUoy protects both the zinc and SpZ^m the terns a portion of lead, iron, copper and a littie mangS^Ind plmn- moN Manufacture. —Charcoal 138 bushels limeotnnA d.w n^o and ore 2612 lbs., will produce 1 ton of pig iron." S^Xnd^!m^v ature of hot blast is 600°, density of blast and of reSg f urSe^li to 3 lbs. per square inch. Revolutions of puddE folls^ np? mmute ; mil rolls, 100 ; rail saw, 800. P^aoimg roils bO per HOKSR POWER (l>T)rCATED) RBQUmED FOR DIFFERENT PROCESSES. Blast FnmacG, Refining *' 60 26 Puddling Rolls with squeezers and shears. go Railway rolling train 250 Small bar train qq Double rail saw 12 Straightening 7 the same kind. dolht^iw n^oi OxiDEs.-The more powerful deoxidizing agent is un- doubtedly coal in Its several varieties, and the gases deriving there- from during combu.stion in the furnace. The oxides of S^^lmX UieS^^e^^^^^^^^^^^^ T^l^ ^"^ ^^«" require a st'^retet ^n ,i/ li . ^''^ *^^ **^^^®« ®* manganese, chromium, tin, and rinc ?h« rli '''? ^^'^'l ^^^^f ^" ."'^^^^l ^^**«d to whiteness. On a LXsSle' tf .."^^ -Iwi ""^ ''^i^^'' ^« generally effet5ted by mixing cKoafto' geti^er with the oxide to be reduced, in a refractory dav c^^?fe' thn charcoal furnishing the carbon necessary to the proper Srmknce of this work. Some use a crucible thickly lined S chSal T»,t wEl\?fS' ^" ^¥ *«^«f «^« «1»^'««^^- It IsreL^rTho^^^^ wnen usmg the crucible and pharfoal. tr^ uaa a a.,^ 00,. „ f:'**!^ v:__i Sff7^Ti;f^^^.«" "^« mixture'toac"celeratethe "iSductior oTih^ oxide. The boraoc is generally the first U> fuse, and, as the metol is i; i I i 294 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. \ eliminated, seems to purify and clean: n it, as it j^athers iiito a linttoti at the bottom of the crucible. It is all the better if you give the cruci- ble a few sharp taps when you take it off the fire. Effects of heat on various bodies. Fine Gold melts.. 2590" " Silver " 1250 Copper melts 25^8 Wrought Iron melts 3980 Cast " " 3i79 Bright red " in the dark 752 Red hot ' ' in twilight 884 Glass melts 2377 Common fire 790 Brass melts 1900 Air furnace 3300 Antimony melts 951 Bismuth '« 476 Cadmium 600 Steel 2500 Lead 504 Tin * 421 Heat, cherry red 1500" ♦« bright" I860 " red visible by day 1077 '♦ white 2900 Mercury boils <>62 " volatilizes 680 Platinum melts 3080 Zincmelts 740 Highest natural temperature (Egypt), 117 Greatest natural cold (below zero) 66 «' arliticial »" •' 106 Heat of huiiiau blood 98 Snow and Salt, e lual parts ... Ice melts 32 Water in t;atMto boils 98 Furnace under steam boiler. . 1100 Shrinkage of castings. Iron, small cyliud'ri=l-16th in. piu- ft " Pipes... = i " "ft. *' Girders, beams, •lect = ^ in. in 15 ins. " Large cylind- ers, the con- traction of di- ameter at top. — l-16th per foot. Ditto at bottom. . = l-12th per foot. Ditto, in length... i in 16 Brass, thin = i in 9 Brass, thick =i in 10 Zinc =5-I6tli8 in Lead = 5-16ths Copper = 3-16ths Bismuth = 5-32nds ins. foot Green saiid iron castings are 6 per cent, stronger than dry, and 30 per cent, stronger than chilled, but when the castings are chilled and annealed, a gain of 115 per cent, is attained ever those made in green sand. Chilling the under side of cast iron very materially in- creases its strength. * , , , To Repair Cracked Bells.— The discordant tones of a cracked bell being due to the jarring of the rugged uneven edges of the crack against each other, the best remedy that can be applied is to cut a thin slit with a toothless saw driven at a very high velocity, say 3 or 40Co revolutions per minute, in such a manner as to cut away the opposing edges of the fracture whereever they come in contact. This will restore the original tone of the bell. To Galvanize Grey Iron Castings.— Cleanse the articles in an ordinary chaffing mill, which consists of a barrel revolving on its axis, containing sand ; when the sand is all removed, take them out and heat one by one, plunging, while hot, in a liquid composed as follows: 10 lbs. hydrochloric acid and sufficient sheet zinc to make a saturated solution. In making this solution, when the evolution of gas has fpased. add niuriatej or preferably sulphate of ammonia lib., and let it stand till dissolved. ^The castings should be so hot that when dipped in this solution, and mstautly removed, they will immediately s. \ a button e the cruci- . 1500" . 1860 . 1077 . 2900 . (>e2 . 680 . 3U80 . 740 rature . 117 [below . 66 « . 106 . 98 irts.. . 32 . 98 jiler. . 1100 16 Ins. in 9 << n 10 « iis in a foot L6th8 (1 (( 6th8 « « « « n dry, and are cnilled lee made in aterially in- E a cracked 3f the crack is to cut a ty, say 3 or it away the iitact. This rticles in an I on its axis. 3m out and i as follows : a saturated of gas has a 1 lb., and t that when mmediately "•MACHINIST :NGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 295 dry, leaving the surf rystallized like frost work on a window pane. Next plimge thi .vhile hot, but perfectly dry, in a bath of melted zinc, previously skimming the oxide on the surface *a way, and throA\ mg thereon a small amount of powdered sal ammoniac. ,If the articles are very small, inclose them in a wrought iron basket on a pole, and lower them into the metal. When this is done, shake off the superfluous metal, and cast them into a vessel of water to prevent them adhering when the zinc solidifies. Horizontal Engine. Blowtng Engines for Smelting.— The volume of oxygen in air is different, at different temperatures. Thus, dry air at 85° contains 10 per cent, less oxygen than when it is at the temperature of 32°, and when it is saturated with vapor it contains 12 per cent. less. II an average supply of 1500 cubic feet per minute is required in winter, 1650 feet will be required in summer. In the manufacture of Pig iron, with Coke or Anthracite coal, 18 to 20 tons of air are required for each ton ; with fkarcoal, 17 to 18 tons are required for each ton, (1 ton of air at 340° =.29,751, and at 60o=31,366 cubic feet. ) The Pressure ordmarily required for smelting purposes is equal to a column of mercury from 3 to 7 inches. The capacity of the Reservoir if dry, should be 15 times that of the cylinder, if single acting, and 10 times if double acting. The area of tne Pipes leading to the reservoir should be .2 that of the blast cylinder, and the velocity of the air should not exceed 35 feet per second, A ton of pig iron requires for its reduction from the ore 310,000 cubic feet of air, or 5.3 cubic feet of air for each pound of car- bon consqjned. Pressure, 7 lbs. per square inch. An ordinary Eccen- tric Fan, 4 feet in diameter with 5 blades 10 hiches wide, and 4 inches in length, set 1-9-16 inches eccentric, with an inlet openmg of 17.5 inches in diameter, and an outlet of 12 inches square, making 870 revolutions per minute, will supply air to 40 tuyeres, eacn of If inches in diameter, and at a pressure per square inch of '5 inch of mercury. An ordinary eccentric fan blower, 50 inches in diameter, running at 1000 revolutions per minute, wiU give a pressure of 15 inches of water and require for its operation a power of 12 horses. Area of tuyere discharge 500 square inches. A non-condensing engine, diameter of cylinder 8 inches, stroke of pistpn 1 foot, pressure of steam 18 lbs. (mercurial gauge), and making 100 revolutions per minute, will drive a fan, 4 feet by 2, opening 2 feet by 2, 500 revolutions per minute. The width and length of the blades should be at least eaual to i or 4 the radius of the fan. The inlet should be equal to the radius of the fan; and the outlet, or discharge, should be m depth not less than J the tmmm fM^*' i: 296 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.* diameter, its width being equal to tlie width of the fan. When the Eressure o.f a blast exceeds .7 inch of mercury per square inch, .2 will e a better proi)<>rtiou for the widtli and length of the fan tlian that above given. Tlie pressure or density of a blast is usually measured in inches of mercury, a pressure of 1 lb. per square inch at ()0<^=2.0376 inches. When water is used as the element of measure, a pressure of 1 lb.==27.671 inches. The eccentricity of a fan should be 1. of its diameter. A Smith's fonie requires 150 cubic feet of air per minute. Pressure of blast i to 2 lbs. per square inch, 1 ton of iron melted per hour in a cui>ola, requires 3600 cubic feet of air per minute. A finery forge requires 100,000 cubic feet of air for each ton of iron refined. A blast fum(Uie requires 20 cubic feet per minute, for each cubic yard, capacity of furnace. To Chill Cast Iron vkry Habd.— Use a liquid made as follows : soft water, 10 gallons; salt, 1 peck ; oil vitriol, ipt. ; saltpetre, A lb. ;. prussiate of potash, J lb. ; cyanide of potash, ^ lb. Heat the iron a cherry red and dip as usual, and if wanted harder repeat the process. Another to Harden Cast Iron.— Salt, 2 lbs. ; saltpetrp A lb. ; roche alum, i lb. ; ammonia, 4 ozs. ; salts of tartar, 4 ozs. ; pulvenze all to- gether and incorporate thoroughly, use by powdering all over the iron wliile it is hot, then plunging it in cold water. Flux for Reducing Lead orb.— Red argol, 6 parts; nitrei 4 parts; fluor spar, 1 part ; grind well and mix thoroughly. Varnish for smooth moulding Patterns.— Alcohol, 1 gal. ; shellac 1 lb. ; lamp or ivory black, sufficient to color it. Iron Lusi ib is obtained by dissolvmg a piece of ziuc with muriatic acid, and mixing the solution with spirit of tar, and applymg it to tlie surface of the iron. Black having a Polish fob Iron.— Pulverized gum asphaltum, 2 lbs. J gum benzom, Jib. ; spirits of turpentine, 1 gal. ; to make quick, keep m a warm place, and shake often ; shade to suit with finely ground ivory black. Apply with a brush. And it ought to be used on iron exposed to the weatlier as well as on inside work desiring a nice appearance or polish. Varnish For Iron.— Asphaltmm, 8 lbs. ; melt in an iron kettle, slowly adding boiled linseed oil, 5 gals. ; litharge, 1 lb. ; and sulphate of zinc, i lb. ; continuhig to boil for 3 hours ; then add dark gum amber, 1^ lbs. ; and continue to boil 2 hours longer. Wlien cool, re- duce to a proper consistence to apply with a brush, with^spirits of turpentine. To Soften Cast Iron For Turning.— Steep it in 1 part of aqua- ' fortis to 4 of water, and let it remain in 24 hours. Cast Iron Ornaments are rendered susceptible of beuig finished with a scraper, where they cannot be reached with files, after liaving the following liquid applied to them. Scaling Cast Iron.— Vitriol, 1 part; water, 2 parts ; mix and lay on the diluted vitriol with a cloth in the form of a brush, enough to wet the surface well : after 8 or 10 hours, wash off with water, when the hard, scaly surface will be com^etely removed. To Break Up Old Cannon.— Old cannon and massive castings may be cut in two by a continuous stream of hot molten iron, which wears awav th« iron as a fltrflam r»f •Vir»+ «rafa« t Pf^TtinT^a antimonv, 8.60 parts^ a (Xe<£^TcmmPr SSm ' ^^^^' ^X^'^P*^ 5 parts ; zfnc, 2.44 parts ; arsinic, 1.^ Sfe ' ^^'^^ ^"^ ' *^' ^'^^ .iDM^^'^pa^MLT?^^ Coppei;78.47 parts; tin, 2.87 pari«; part^ ; ^tocfSk A : feld 286 m^P^"' ^t"^^ P*"^ ' «»' 0^5 tin, 1.87 parts ; zinc?^76 m^^^ Parts : parts ; tin, 2.00 pari^ ; zincffc pa^^ iTea^^OB*' ^^P^"' ^^'^ Amalgam for Electrical MaSes ~i m 9« ^ , 25 parts ; mercury, 60 parts. 2 Tin ii ii u""' • ^ P^J^ ; zinc, mercury; 66.67 parts ^ ^' ^-H Paris ; zinc, 22.22 parts ; paJSTan'timonVl'pa^' T^fs^i K W 'P'^'* "I^ead. 3 parts ; antimony, l*i^rt 3 Fn?T^l}Z^' V^ types.-Leai 4 parts antimonv 1 t>St * 4 /,.; '^«* ^/ medmm »«2e.-Lead, 5 mony 1 part.^1' F^^^rgett S/oX &~V'^^' ? P*'^^ 5 anti- mony, 1 part. In additton to S «ffiL^**-~i^^^' ^ Pa^s ; anti- tains 4 to 8 per cent of tiS an?i^nl*"*'TPy;.*yP® °^«*al also con- 6. stereotype plZ are mkde of wh ^^' 1 to 2 per pent, of copper, tin, 1 Vf^Tt lAmthPT^ i^L^' 20 part» ; antimony, 4 pJrts ; 1 pkrtf^8. TifpfZM^j:^lJ^LZ?''j;^^ ' antimony, 4 pkrtsjtin <2/pe meto;.-Lead, 100 part^ .' iS^^^ 9. l^migh DowLAis iBoyTWoR^lFnn^tf?^' ^^ P'*'^ ' **»' » parts. to 18 feet, ISWTons ffiiSon S^'lf^^ ^^^eter 16 feetofairperminuto IL/^ ?«LZfw ' **.'^^^^ 44,000 cubic diam. by 13 feet sSeof SJJf; ^^^^^''^nsing,) (^Hnder, 55 ins. in inch, c«?off SI Kr&??he ^^ZT%tTl^'&r -l--rl f ;?/ wh^l. ' Diam^^ f?lt weigh"' Sk Sn« ^,"''^' 28« «qnare feet, ins. diam. by 12 ft. stroke of liL?^ S®" ,^/P«<'«'»fl' C^«/wfer, 144 £/a«< 3i lbs. per v'v!re^nPh 7)Fi^°' ^^'^f^^^, 20 per minute. in length. ^47 Sh^u^^' £''''^''''^%P'^^ ^'^'^- ^ «=• and 420 feet To EnImel & ^oTi'v^ ^T^ feet delivery, 16 square feet 6_parts ; Ss^h"ston'eTc^So.fc ^-U, i^n i 298 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. % lead, 8 parts ; borax, 6 parts ; calx of tin, 6 parts ; nitre, 1 part. 3. Potters comiwsition, 12 parts ; borax, 8 parts ; white lead, 10 parts; nitre, 2 parts; white marble, calcined 1 part; purified jwtash. 2 parts ; calx of tin, 5 parts. 4. Calcmed flints, 4 parts ; potters composition, 1 part ; nitre, 2 parts : borax, 8 parts ; white marble, calcmed, 1 part ; argillaceous earth, 4 part ; calx of tin, 2 parts. Whichever of the above compositions is taken must be finely pow- dered, mixed, and fused. TKe vitreous mass is to be ground when cold, sifted, and levigated with water ; it is then made into a pap with water, or gum water. The pap is smeared or brushed over the interior of the vessel, dried, and fused with a proper heat in a muftle. Clean the vessels perfectly before applying. Russia Sheet Iron.— Russia sheet iron is, in the first instance, a very pure article, rendered exceedingly tough and flexible by refining and annealing. Its bright, glossV surface is partially a silicate, and partially an oxide of iron, and is produced by nassing the hot sheet, moistened witli a solution of wood-ashes, througk polished steel rollers. LiiiUiD Black Lead Polish.— Black lead pulverized 1 lb. ; tur- pentine, 1 giU ; water, 1 gill ; sugar 1 oz. Copperas Dip for Cast Iron.— Dissolve 3 lbs. of sulphate of copper and add 2 fluid ozs. sulphuric acid. Enamelled Cast Iron,— Clean and brighten the iron before applying. The enamel consists of two coats— the body and the glaze. The body is made by fusing 100 lbs. ground flints, 75 lbs. of borax, and grinding 40 lbs. of this frit with 5 lbs. of potters' clay, in water, till it is brought to the consistence of a pap. A coat of this being applied and dried, but not hard, the glaze-powder is sifted over it. This consists of 100 lbs. Cornish stone in fine powder, 117 lbs. of borax, 35 lbs. of soda ash, 35 lbs. of nitre, 35 lbs. of sifted slacked lime, 13 lbs. of white sand, and 50 pounds of pounded white glass. These are all fused together ; the frit obtained is pulverized. Of this powder, 45 lbs. are mixed with 1 lb. soda ash, in hot water, and the mixture being dried in a stove, is the glaze powder. After sifting this over the body-coat, the cast-iron article is put into a stove, kept at a temperature of about 212 o, to dry it hard, after which it is set in a muflHe-kiln, to fuse it into a glaze. The inside of pipes is enamelled (after being cleaned) by pouring the above body composition through them while the pipe is being turned around to insure an equal coat- ing ; after the body has become set, the glaze pap is poured in in like manner. The pipe is finally fired in the kihi. To Enamel Copper and Other vessels.- Flint glass, 6 parts ; borax, 3 parts ; red lead, 1 part ; oxide of tin, 1 part. Mix all to- gether, fnt, grind into powder, make into a thin paste with water, ap- ply with a brush to tlie surface of the vessels, after scaling by heat and cleaning them, repeat with a second or even a third coat, after- wards dry, and lastly fuse on by heat of an enamelled kiln. Emery Wheels for Polishing.- Coarse emery powder is mixed with about half its weight of pulverized Stourbridge loam, and a little water or other liquid to make a thick paste ; this is pressed into a metallic mould by means of a screw-press, and, after being thoroughlv d— :«J ir. \^,%^,r^A ^■m l^t-twnaA i-n a rnnfna of Q fonn«oro^.JlT'»» aWlvA fl. rPrt riCU, la UO.li-'CVl Vt l/lliiir--ui m «» »n«iti'c- .■." i» I ^— -— — ; and below a white heat. This forms an artificial emery stone, which * MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTQ, 299 in grain, or the^Kre~S fo™ ' „,™ «>'e'<"«in2 ".""^T P^i*^*^- properly baked in the kiln ^^ ^^"^^^^ ^"^^' *^»d «ien small or porfcible furnaces ^^'' compomid forms excellent j>«t In a li%rtt"haLml*°£^,';,"„ ™^fAS_»^^ it 300 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. * 11, put it in the annealing furnace, and get the licat up quite id gradually, taking care not to get the heat up too quick. cover all, slow anc After you have got it to the proper heat, which is thiflj'the castings must be red hot through ; keep it at this heat for 5 or 6 hours, then let your fire die gradually out, or, if you want to take some out and put more in, take them to a comer and bury them, pan and all,— let them lie there till properly cooled. Regardmg the melting, procure not less than two good sorts of No. 2 pig iron, which you may mix with some good scrap if you choose; the casting, melting, and moulding are conducted in the same manner as common cast-iron, only the metal being hard, when casting, you have to make properly constructed runners and risers, or flow gates, if the article is likely to sink, for you cannot pump it well. Japanning Castings.— Clean them well from the sand, then dip them in or paint them over with good boiled linseed oil ; when moderately dry, heat them in an oven to such a temi^eniture as will turn the oil black, without burning. The stove should not be too hot at first, and the heat should be gradually raised to avoid blistering ; the slower the change in the oil is effected the better will be the result. The castings, if smooth at first, will receive a'fine black and polished surface by this method. Hardening AxletIees and Boxes.— The method now used in the manufacture of Murphy's axletrees is to use wrought iron and weld two pieces of steel into the lower side, where they rest upon the wheels and sustain the load. The work is heated in an open forge fire, in the ordinary way, and when it is removed, a mixture, princi- pally prussiate of potash, is laid upon the steel ; the axletree is then immediately immersed ip. water, and additional water is allowed to fall upon it from a cistern. The steel is considered to be very ma- terially hardened by the treatment^ and the iron around the same is also partially hardened. One very good way to chill axletree boxes is to mould from wooden patterns on sand, and cast them upon an iron core which has the effect of making them very hard. To form the annular recess for oil, a ring of sand, made in an appropriate core- box, is slipped upon the iron mandrill, and is left benind when the atter is driven out of the casting. Composite Iron Railings.— The process by which this light, ele- gant and cheap fabric is manufactured, is as follows :— Rods and bars of wrought-iron are cut to the lengths desired for the pattern, and subjected to a process called crimping, by which tiiey are bent to the de^red shape. These rods are then laid in the form of the design, and cast-iron moulds are affixed at those points where a connection is desired ; the moulds are then filled with melted metal, and immedi- ately you have a complete railing of beautiful design. Casting in iron moulds has this great advantage over the old sand moulding, it does not require any time for cooling, as the metal is no sooner run than the moulds may be removed and used again immediately on another section of the work ; and besides, it is so much more easily effected. "By the combination of wrought and cast-iron in this pro- cess, the most curious and complex designs may be produced with great rapidity and cheapness. To Galvanize Cabt Ikon Tmkough. — ^To 50 lbs. melted iron add 1 lb. pulverized pure zinc. Scatter the zinc powder well over the ladle, . MACHINISTS, ENOINEEBS', AC, RECEIPTS. 301 to catch the melted Iron, Btlr it up with au irou rod and pour at «a?d'wM,f "ATJ?",**. T ""^ '"«' "^'ted alam, mUluK bun to^t to*a„d ^u^in mdMTi>''"l= »^'*™" "/,","" «"" ^^"'^ rut PvarHv fli «f "1 meiiea anim. Ihese pieces of block ehould be larmr ». ft Li?^ ? higli leaving the surface uneven and the eve n if&tter'to a urthfl^l ^?tK°Cnt^V *"' "^^ "A™ quire additionafweighT!iddlJd,'ZtS''o( i'rot utptec^Vl"! luUf an -inch IromaVfa^" to'thrbacrSf"i:^£r^^en'Sd I I I ll I 302 MACHINISTS, ENQINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. round in this way, lay the stone down on the cock-head ; it being in tlie balance ryno bit the driver off, then raise the spindle and bitance the st^ne 'as already directed before puttiiig on the remainder of the back. Then have a tin made the size of the eye, and to reach from the bahince ryne to the thickness you want the s^ne to be at the eve This tin should be exactl v fitted to its place, and made fast ; then fit a hoop of wood or iron round the verge, having the upiier edge of the thickness from the face you want the stone to be at the verge, and ea ual all round. This hoop should be greased ; and, all the cracks round it, and the tin in the eye, being stopped, you pour thin plaster (with more glue water than hi previous onerations, to prevent it from setting BO auickly, and to give time to finish off the back correctly^ until it be lex^l with the hoop round the verge, and with a strai-ht edge one end resting on the hoop, and tlie other end resting on the tm at the eye; then, by moving it round, and working the plaster with a tH^wel, make the surface of the back even and smooth between these two points. The hoop is tlien taken off, and the back and edges Dlaned smooth : then lower the spindle imtil your runner lies solid. Snd put your band or hoop on, it being first made nearly red hot, and tJikmg care that it is of sufficient size not to require too much driving ; if fitting too tightly, it may loosen the back in driving it to its proper place ; Tt may be ciwled gently by pouring water on it; and, when '''tAL:icSoV^^Lro^^.-mTst, t^ke off the driver, that the stone may Irnve f uU play on the cock-head ; then raise the »Pi?dle so that thei-e may be room between the stone to see the balance. Find the heaviest pai-ts, and near the verge lay on sufficient weight to balance it Cut a hole in the back of the stone, as deep as yovx can make it and as near the verge aa possible that the bindmg iron hoop of the tt"ne maTkeep the^lead !n its place. This hole should be wider at the bottom than the top in order to reUiin the lead when the stone is in nvotion, and into this the melted lead should be poured unt 1 it brings the stone completely mto balance When the lead is cold, cover over with mixed plaster, even with the back of the stone. Composition to Keep Millstones Clean.— Hot water, 1 gal , borax 2 oz : washmg soda, i lb. and 3 balls of the size of a hazel mifeachTof sal prunel. ' Mix and applv it to the burrs with a scrubbing brush. When gruidmg garlic wheat it is not necessary to take up the burrs at all. It is sufficient to drop through the eye of the burr twice per day one of the above described balls of sal prunei, and that will keep the burrs sharp and clean, enabling the miller at all seasons to use the No. 13 bolt, to make finer flour and m greater nuautitv than usual. , ,, , . . , ^. Mill Dams.— When building a dam, you should select the most suitable place. If you can, place it across the stream near a rocky bluff so that the end of the dam may run into the bluff. Ihis wiU prevent the water running by at tlie ends of the dam Build your dam very strong ; if this is not done.jthey are breaking up often, causing ruinous expense m money and loss of time. Flour Mill Machinery.— For each pair of 4 feet stoneq, with all the necessary dressmg machinery, etc., there is recjuired 15 horses .l,.oy .Q/^/..« 4 n.. diam.. 120 to 140 revolutions per minute. 'Dressing Machines, 21 ins. diam., 450 to 500 revolutions per mmute. »eing in ilo, and nainder io reach )eatthe ; then fit ;e of the lid equal •ound it, Qv (with 1 Betting iitil it Im) Ige, one 1 at the er with between nd edj^es es solid, hot, and drivmg ; bs proper id, when that the pindle so Find the ) balance make it >p of the wider at I stone is i until it is cold, le. r, 1 gal ; a hazel s with a pessary to le eye of il prunel, miller at n greater the most • a rocky iff. This a. Build aking up ^ with all 15 horses' r minute, tr muiute. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., KECEIPT8. 808 m-essure thrhf«n {♦ t^ ^ "l® "^^y ®' water, which may bv its hil^i^fS 1 , ^®^*- ^* *^*» <^» l^e done conveniently thev arP to u.™e, square, which Aomdto'SMeiitaj;; tK'u;|g™'auk to bank, at a distance of () leot ai)art. Tlion, witli bmces to each post, to extend two-thlrd« of the lenj^h of the poHt, where thoj should be joined together with a lock, instead of a mortise and tenon, witli an iron lK)lt 1 or li inches in diameter, going through both, and tightened witlx a screw and nut. Wlien mortises and tenons are used, they often become rotten and useless in a few years. These bt.ices sliould he set at an angle of 60 or 60° with the otlier end mortised irto the mud sill. These braces re- quire to be about (i to 8 inches, and as long as you find necessary ; be- ing covered with dirt it will not decay for a long time, as the air is excluded. These posts should be capi)ed from one to the other, plate fashion. The posts should be Ihied with 2 or 2A inch nlank on the in- side, pinned to tlie plank, and should, hi the middle, be filled in with If the stream is large and wide, the dam should be built in two sec- tions, which should be divided by a waste-way for the surplus water, which should be in the centre of the dam, and sufficient for all ^u^ waste-water to run over. Let each section of the dam form an abut- ment next to the waste-way, placing cells or sills 4 feet apart the length of the waste-way ; in each of these sills, posts should be framed with a brace for the sides. These rows of posts, standing across the dam, will form the sectional abutments ; the middle one may be con- structed by being lengthways of the stream, with short braces, so that they will not be in the way of drift-wood passing down the stream ; it being necessary for strong pieces for a bridge. Then cover tlie sills with an apron of 2-mch plank joined perfectly straight, to extend 30 or 404eet bolow the dam, to prevent undermining of the dam. ihe phinks which are used for the purpose of linmg the posts which form the abutments of each section of the dam, and the ends of the waste-way, should be truly pointed, so as to prevent any leakage. The dam being built, the dirt should be filled in with teams, as the more it is tramped the better. Clay or coarse gravel is the best. Then place your gates on the upper side of the waste-way, the size that is necessary to a level with low-water mark ; which gates are no^ to be raised except in times of high water, as the proper height of the mill-pond should be regulated by boards placed over the §ate for the desired he^d, as the water should be allowed pass at all times freely over them. To strengthen the dam, if you think necessary, 2-mch plank may be used m lining the front side of the dam, long enough to Kjach from the bottom of the stream (on an inclined plane, and next to the body of water to the top of the dam, > ' iite(i up nearly to the top of the dam with clay or gravel well tmrn\ ' " ^\- Brush or Log Dams are very often used i «:ii al, n addy streaius. ■ When the bottom of the stream is of a soft nature, take a flat boat where you want to fix youi- dam, and drive piles the whole length of the stream, about 3 of 4 feet apart, as deep as you can. Take young oak saplings pointed at the end, for the purpose. If you can, construct a iv^'aU'!r T)ile-driver, similar to those m use for making trestle-work on th^ t5 ii -avs. This weight may be pulled up by horses mstead of an e . -V . Wl^n you have finished driving piles, make some boxes or tjojif i ' v»: 2 or 3 inch plank, alwut 3 feet wide and as long as the Tjlatik iri. Sink these in the water the length of the dam, close to the piles, by loading them witn rocK, ui tJiUy iii'U lit fciiC UUlfcUlXl \JJ. Ui.l\J liHtance o-third0 I- with a 1^ inchetf Hid nut. ten and l\v> of 50 races re- xy ; ba- le air is ar, plate 1 the in- in with two sec- 8 wal'jr, • all V.(^ w abut- part the ) framed ros8 the be con- ), BO that Btream ; the BillB xtend 30 m. The » which M of the leakage. a, as the the best, the Bize SB are uo^ ht of the e for thfe es freely y, 2-inch uough to md next nearly to BtrbaUlS. flat boat ^h of the ouug oak nstruct a -work on ad of an boxes or ig as the 386 to the MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 305 Whenever tlxevl 1^8^11 hrL J h' ''^""^ ^"' ''"'^ * »«"« time^ wiilo^,8and brS /put Sn in Se Wlf .I'*™ "^.r^' *'»' uj? Home dirt, and ram . ,em Sown Si clay *^°"*^ "^^"^ '^'"« "^''^"^ ^d the flnine, the great iirabiljty combined w —Sulphate of comSr ipWittoVeaSi'VaXmpXtVi^^ "1^^ ^"^ on (/o/)/jer.-^Cleau and Doli<»h will fhZ^ lu * J^' ^^^^ -Bwnze salt.* oz.: snWflTf K^'Ll?^^^^^--Salammomac,i common 8C6 MACHINISTS, ENrxINEERS', &C., RECEIPTS. • «, instead of spts. of hartehom; the piece of metal ^i«f J^J^-^Jf*"^ is to bo rubbed with one of these solutions, then dned by f notion with a fresh brush Ts. Green Z>ip.-Wine vinegar. L qt.. ; verditer green, . 2 0Z8. ; sal ammoniac 1 oz. ; salt, 2 ozs. ; uhim h oz. L,Fren(J.,J^^^f »' 8 ozs. boil the ingredients together. 19. Aquajortis IJip.-Nitric md, 8 ozs. : muriatic acid, 1 qt. ; sal ammoniac, 2 ozs. ; alum, 1 oz. , salt, 2 ozs. 20. Oliv'3 BrmzeDipfor ^m««.— Nitric acid, 3 ozs : muriatic acid. 2 ozs. ; add titanium or palladium, when the metal is dissolved Hdd 2 gals, pure soft water to each pt. of ihe solution. 21. Brom^ Bnmze Paint for Copper Vessels. -Tmct. of steel, 4oz8. ; spts. of mtre 4 ozs. ; blue vitriol, 1 oz. ; water, ^ pt. ; mix ma bottle, applyi* J^J^ a tine brush, the vessel being full of boiling water. Varnish after the application of the bronze. 22. Bronze M all kinds of Metoi.— Muriate of ammonia, (sal ammoniac) 4 drs. ; oxaUc acid, 1 dr.; vmegar, l pt; dissolve the oxalic acid first; let the work be clean, put on the bronze with a brush, repeating the operation as many times as may/® necessary. 23. Green bronze.— Dissolve 2 ozs. nitrate of iron, and J ozs hvposulphate of soda in 1 pt of water; immerse the article until the required shade is obtained, as almost any shade from brown to red can be obtained according to the time of immersion, then well wash with water, dry and brush. 24. Pale D^ Ohm Green Bronze.— PevcYilorideot iron, 1 part; water, 2 parts. Mix and immerse the brass. 25. Dark Green. -Saturate nitric acid with copper and im- merse the brass. 26. Dead Black for Brass >rorA;.-Rub the surf ace first withtripoli, then wash it with a solution of 1 part, neutral nitrate of tin, with 2 parts, chloride of gold, after 10 mmutes wipe it off with a wet cloth. 27. i?es« 5ron«e /or Sras^i —Take lib. of nitnc acid, and h lb of white arsenic, put them into an earthen vessel and then proceed m the usual manner. 28. Another Bronze for Bra»».—1 oz. munate of ammonia, h oz. alum, ioz. arsenic, dissolve together m 1 pt. of strong vinegar. 29. Blac^ Dip for 5ros8.— Hydrochloric acid (com- monl? called smokmg salts,) 12 lbs. ; siUphate of iron, 1 lb. ; and pure white arsenic 1 lb. This dip is used in all the arge factories in Bu-mmgham, but the dip used in the London trade is 2 ozs. coraosive sublimate, in l.pt. of the best vinegar, conk both air t^Shtin a bottie< let it stand 24 hours; then it is fit for use. 30. quick Bright Dip for Brass —Use strong nitric acid in sufficient quantity, dip your brass m the liquid for an instant, withdraw, and immediately immerse it first in cold water, then in boiling water, for a short time only m each bath, then allow it to dry, rei)eatthe process if necessary. 31. jlp- Vlicdtion ofBrmze Pmoder.— The proper way is to varnish the article and then ^ust the bronze powder over it after the varnish is partly drv 32 Black color for Brass TTorA;.— Make a strong solution of nitrate of silver, in one dish and nitrate of copper, m another. Mix the two together and plunge in the brass. Now heat the brass evenly tUl the required degree of blackness is acquured. Unrivalled as a beautiful color on optical insruraents. Graham's Quick Bronzing Liquids.— For immediate axition on Copper Brass, or Zinc.—l. Brown or Dark Bronze for Copper, Brass or Zirw.— Dissolve 5 drachms nitrate of iron in 1 pt. water; or, K drs. 'nerchloride of iron in 1 pt. water. A black niay_^also be ob- tahiedfrom 10 ozs. muriate of arsenic in 2 pis. permunate oi i^oix, Mid Ipt. water. 2. Brown or Bed Bronzing Jor Brass.- Dissolve 16 V ill cleaned Lction with iter green, ^h berries, Nitric acid, L oz.; salt, ; muriatic s dissolved 21. Browr^ >ts. of nitre ►ply it with ih alter the ;. — Muriate legar, 1 pt; the bronze as may be iron, and 2 irticle until 1 brown to , then well Hive Green ad immerse per and im- the surface itral nitrate ) it ofiE with ric acid, and hen proceed oz. muriate in 1 pt. of ! acid (com- ). ; and pure factories in 58. corrosive in a bottle^ ight Dip for our brass in lerse it first Illy in each ry. 31. Ap- ia the article sh is partly ; solution of Lother. Mix brass evenly rivalled as a ite dction on for Copper, (t, water; or, also be ob- • 1 ^ * f __^ -Dissolve 16 •MACHmiSTS, ENOINEEBS', 4C., EECEIPTS. 307 ?}T^^'^'^k'^y'^Z^S^tf.^ -da, in 1 pt. water, . ^d^rownBronzinafy^Br^o }Sl i ^' *^® ?^**^**« <>* iron. 3 1 oz. oxalic acid Sli\^^''ZS^T}\^ loz. nitrate of copper, and 4. Dark Brown B^^ngf^""^^^^^^^.^^^ boil ^d then^o^led and 4 drs. nitric acid, wi¥ 1 pt wltTr « J^^%*'"de of potassium, Mix 30gr8. tersulphats of arsenic fidr« .."Pi? Bronzing for Brass. pt. water. 6. Orange Bron^nm. r, * ^^"i^P^ of pearlash, and 1 tion of sulphur wUhipf^Sf 7 nr'^'hZ^K^ <*'• Potash solu- Dissolye 1 pt. nermuS Ti'oninZt?^T.-^''^T'^or Brass.- f':^»^ngfor£rass.~DLZi2dTlJStoJ^^^''' ^ ^l<^te~colored 6 drs. perchloride of iron,Tl pt water^ S^^S^'^^ pogissium, and Bra^s.—Mix 1 oz. muriate of arsS- wifi, i *'f*^ ^^ Brmzingfw heat not less than 180° Fahr frSSf i A^^*^^ ^lid use Ix. a Mix 2 drs. sulphide of antimonv and l L^e.^**^^*-''^ ^"^ ^'^e**- 11. Dark Red Bronze fwC^nPvT^J^' ^^^^ ^ 1 pt. v/ater. pearlash in 1 nt waSr 19^^?^?^°^^® ^ ^^- sulphur and 1 oz fate the artiSra*"/olu«on Sf dx^'^iS ^''^i'^^ ^br zZ A^I hyjjosulphate of soda in 1 p? wate? ^^^ ""^ ^^^P^^' ^^^ 8 dra. iiig oM^^ a superficial c^at- light temperature. The coated n]lt^!.fli^ ^^ ^^. ^^^^^ zmc at a thin sheets, or drawn into .?ke ^ "^""^^ "^ ^^"^ ^ 'olled into m^S^nd s'' ozs'^yanld?^?^^^^^"^^^ « «^«- (^roy) cvanide of water. T^be usedarafft leOo^F^^^^^^ f '^"^' in/gaLf ^^n to 12 cells. AW j<., with a compound battery of 3 ozs^cy^^lroH^-^^^^^^^^ U'cS/i cyanide of potassium, 2 water ; then add 2 ozs of muriflt^ rf/t ^ ^^ ^^"^' "» 1 gal- of ram- F., for smooth work,' ImTtmj^^T^^L ^^ ^//«^^ ^^ l^Oo cells. ' ** compound battery of from 3 to 12 h~i^^^^ ^f^r^red with copper or bm^, whfqh woul/pr^eS a^edon ^^^^^ ^H, <^^g*"i« matter brass. A thiil coatingTSis sDr^^d o^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^to melted being polished or burfiished ^ *^® ""^"^ *°<1 ^t admits of ^^^^Alu^iS^'SoTr^fi^^^^^ (70.0,. pares; sulphate' of zinrsp^rt^commo^^^^^^^ i^ P?'^'/?^ ochre, 30 1 part. It is applied wit^lmithS^ rt ^ ??^' ^""^^^^ of iron, . a clear charcoal fire matil thfi ^n^??"^ u V*''']®^ are placed over brown aspect. They are tLnsnAi""^^*^,^.^^ ^"^d" assume a containing 3per ceK hydrSori/ nitric acid water, abundance of water and X-i?1» f^^f afterwards, washed in Work for OmioTuDLZn ~?f th^wSt f""'*,- ?' -T? ^^'^"^^ ^''««« finished work, filed Kmed dh> iU,fo H^'&^'^i^^^^^y'^^dif itis to be ormolued, but if it femifinfshld^p, ^ acid, and it is then ready strong sulnhuric acid, diplnTS^ niLi?HH^'^^ ?"' f^«'^^^ ^t i «;ter whicK it will beVeidy for orSoiui^^^^ r^*^^"^^^. the old acid, Acid Ormolu Dips.-U t/e ^o^^^?ti%±JL^'P^irO^^ ^^tric o^r^-fctcu, aaa vilrioi till it answp-a fho t^.,«»./'^""^j. "FP^^is t;ua.rse and Pu.g appear, u^ ^U, '^^^^'^^T^Za'^^^lS^V'^^'Z ^K' i ! 808 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. right appearance. The other ormolu dips should be repaired accord- ing to uie receipts, putting in the proper ingredients to strengthen them. They should not be allowed to settle, but should be stirred often while using. 4. Directions for making Lacquer. — Mix the ui- gredients, and let the vessel containing them stand in the sun, or in a place slightly warmed, 3 or 4 days, shaking it frequently till gum is dissolved, after which let it settle from 24 to 48 hours, when the clear liquor may be poured off for use. Pulverized glass is sometimes used in making lacquer to carry down the impurities. 5. Lacquer for Dipr ped Brass.— Mcohol, (95 per cent. ) 2 gals. ; seed lac, 1 lb. ; gum copal, 1 oz. ; English saft )u, 1 oz. ; annatto, 1 oz. 6. Ijocquer for Bronzed Brass.— To 1 pt. of the above lacquer add gamboge, 1 oz., and, after mixing it, add an equal quantity of the first lacquer. 7. Deep Gold Colored Lacquer.— Betit alcohol,. 4 ozs. ; Spanish annatto, 8 ozs. ; tur- meric, 2 drs. ; shellac, h oz. ; red sauders, 12 grs. ; when dissolved, add spts. of turpentine, 30 drops. 8. Deep Gold Colored Lacquer for Brass not Dipped.— Alcohol, 4 gals. ; turmeric, 3 lbs. ; gamboge, 3 ozs. ; gum sandarac, 7 lbs. ; shellac, 1^ lbs. ; turpentine varnish, 1 pt. 9. Gold Colored Lacquer, for Dipped Brass.— Alcohol, 36 ozs. ; seed lac, 6 ozs. ; amber, 2 ozs, ; gum gutta, 2 ozs. ; red sandal wood, 24 grs. ; dragon's bloodj60 grs: ; oriental saffron, 36 grs. ; pulverized glass, 4 ozs. 10. Gold Lacquer J for JSrass.- Seed lac, 6 ozs. ; amber or copal, 2 ozs. ; best alcohol, 4 gals. ; pulverized glass 4 oza. ; dragon's blood, 40 grs. ; ex- tract of red sandal wood obtained by water, 30 grs. 11. Lacquer, for Dipped Brass. — Alcohol, 12 gals. ;• seed lac, 8 lbs. ; turmeric, 1 lb. to a gal. of the above mixture; Spanish saffron, 4 ozs. The saffron is to be added for bronzed work. 12. Good Lacquer. — Alcohol, 8 ozs. ; gamboge, 1 oz. ; shellac, 3 ozs. ; annatto, 1 oz. ; solution of 3 ozs. of seed lac m 1 pt.-alcohol. When dissolved, add ^ oz. Venice turpen- tine, i oz. dragon's blood, will make it dark. Keep it in a vearm place 4 1 1 ^ aays. 13. Pace Lacquer, for Tin Plate. — Best alcohol, 8 ozs. ; turmeric, 4 drs. ; hay saffron, 2 scrs. ; dragon's blood, 4 scrs. ;red Sanders, 1 Iscr. ; shellac, 1 oz. ; gum sandarac, 2 drs. ; gum mastic, 2 drs. . Canada balsam, 2 drs. ; when dissolved, add Spts. turpentine, 80 drops. 14. Bed Lacquer for J5rass.— Alcohol, 8 gals.; dragon's blood, 4 lbs.; Sppnish annatto. 12 lbs. ; gum sandarac, 13 lbs.; tur- pentine, 1 gal. 15. Pale Lacquer, for Brass. — Alcohol, 2 gals. ; cape aloes, cut small, 3 ozs. ; pale shellac, 1 lb. ; gamboge, 1 oz. 16. Best Lacquer, for Brass.— Alcohol, 4 gals. ; shellac, 2 lbs. ; amber gum, 1 lb. ; copal, 20 ozs. ; seed lac, 3 lbs. ; saffron to color ; pulverized glass, 8 ozs. 17. Color for Lacqv£r. —Mlcohol, 1 qt. ; aimatto, 4 ozs. 18. Gilder's Pickle. — Alum and common salt, each, 1 oz. ; nitre 2 oz. ; dissolved in water, ^ pt. Used to impart a rich yellow color to gold surfaces. It is best largely diluted with water. To Reduce Oxide of Zinc. — ^The oxide may be put in quantities of 500 or 600 lbs. weight into a large pot over the fire; pour a suffi- cient quantity of muriatic acid over the top, to act as a flux, and the action of the fire will melt the dross, when the pure metal will be found at the bottom of the pot. To Separate Tin b*bom Lead.— If the lead and tin are in solu- tion, precinitate the former by sulphuric acid, and the latter with sul- piiuretteu iiyuiuf^Bu ^as. iii an auoy tue luuo. wiu. uro30i,ve in iiii/riu acid, leaving the tia^ an oxide. d accord- brengtheu ye stirred ix the ill- sun, or in ill gum is 1 the clear imes used rfor Dipr um copal, »• Bronzed Eind, after Deep Gold OZ8. ; tur- )lved, add for Brass MS. ; gum 9. Gold ac, 6 ozs. ; dragon's ozs. 10. ozs. ; best »grs. ; ex- cquer, for , 1 lb. to a ffron is to )1, 8 ozs. ; i 3 ozs. of se turpen- 1 a warm alcohol, 8 : scrs. ; red mastic, 2 iirpentine, dragon's lbs. ; tur- ;als. ; cape 16. Best er gum, 1 pulverized aimatto, 4 oz. ; nitre w color to quantities )ur a suffi- K, and the al will be e in solu- ir with sul- 3 in nitric MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECEIPTS. .309 ga^^?water3*8tbTof^?ntino"t? '\ «^«°^«' *^^' ^^^ 4 rial has boiled a «iffldent^Z ?h2VJ? f^?^^^^ After the mate- side. ««"ivea, tnrow in a bttle salt to cause the silver to sub- with gum water, and S wiirit tI^?^*^^^^^ ^IV^' «»«« grind it done with silver *' ^^^® wntmg will then look as if ozs. ""^' ^^ water, 1 qt. ; sal-ammoniac, 2 a«,„i«, a coat „, »,e "^Z'^tr S^^S^ ten'^-SdlU melted bath oi tin or solde" ^ ''■ ****'' ''1'''* <1'P " in a ^T^lSt^ZllT^'^'^lW^^^^'^' ta nitric add; add a of salt and white vitrinl .i^i "° "''? sal-ammouiac, or 6 om together till tter*om a i|Stei?^-«°™'''™ sublimate; 'mb them with the paste; heat™ tff the ^UvSr^s^nS?'"'" f •'S 5? «"™'-«'» wealt vitriol pickle to cleim it "'™'^™'"'' "*'?■■ which dip it in a of chloride ot zinc ram ?f„P T,™/,,^ J''?™ "" « same time present -!«... ; cr^m'^SrS'^d ."^ ° L^l^^^I ^"ie.r™"' .»"'. of each /I •VI r.^„ — ■'""x^r^xi. — iNiirite or silver JO grs.; cream tartar, .% diu: nnlvP^S «....,,„,, " iS^ cTpAv^f i'^"?'°^~^^liP^^ ^^^ piatedgoodsr" lo CLEAN AND Polish BBASH.-6il of vitriol 1 loi use. oz. ; sweet oil, ^ .n iiifc,iiiWiW W !>< ! f M ; 310 • MACniNI8T8, KN01NEKR8', AC, UK0KIPT8. cm; pulverijsed rotten stono, 1 rHI; mln water, U ptH. ; mix all Snd Hliako OH UHed Apply with a mR and iMillKh with biicUnklnor Su wmSml Kotten ntnof followed by Paris whit* and rouge Is very ^'paSfk "fob Clranino MKTAL8.-Take oxalic acid, 1 part; rotten stone, (J parts; mix with eqiuU parts of train oil and spta. turpentine ***ToTkbv«nt Iron ob Stkki. fbom Rustino.— Warm your iron or steel till vou cannot bear your hands on it without !>«rnlnK your^ self, then rub it with new and clean white wax. Put it again t4) the lire till it has souUod in the wax. When done rub it over with a uie(« of serge. This prevents the metal from ruHtmg afterwards. PnoNZiNO LiQUn>8 fob Tin CASTiNOS.-Wash tluiiu over, after l^eing well cleansed and wiped, with a Bolution of 1 part of Bulpnate of hx)n and 1 t)f sulphate of copper, in 20 parts of water; after- Inis'wuSasolUm^f 4 part*,/eWg^^^^^ fl of dls«lled vhvegar : leave for an hour to dry and then polish with a soft brush and ^'^Fanoy' Colors on Mktals.-I. Dissolve 4 ozs. hypo-sulphite of B'.)da, Ih ptAi of water, and then add a solution of 1 oa acetate of lead In I o» water. Articles to be colored are placed in the mixture, which is then gradually heated to the boding point. This will give iron the color of blue steel, zinc becomes broni:e, and copper or brass becomes, successively, yellowish, red, scarlet, deep Wue, light blue, bluish white, and tinally white, with a tinge of rose. 2. By replac- inc the acetate of lead in the solution by sulphate of copper, brass becomes, first, of a fine rosy tint, then green, and lastly, of an irri- *^ToTtin«1[r(>n Castings with Gold or SiLVER.~-The articles to be gilded are well cleaned and boiled in a P«reelmn vessel, to- Kctlier with Vi parts of mercury, 1 of zmc, 2 of iron vitriol, H of raii- flatlc add of 1.2 specific gravity, and 12 parts of water; in a short time a layer of mercury will deposit uixm the iwn, and upon this the cold amaigam may be uniformly distributed. Iron to be slivered is first provided with a cmitlng of copper, upon which the silver is ap- plied cither by means of amalgam or silver leaf. Brunswick Black for Gratks, &c.— As]ihaltum, 5 lbs. ; melt, and add boiled oil, 2 lbs. ; spirits of turnentino, 1 gal. Mix. Bronzk Paint for iRON.-lvory blacky 1 o/.; dirome yellow 1 oz ; chrome green, 2 lbs. ; mix with mw Imseed oil, adding a little iaimn to drv it, and you have a very nice bronze green. If desired, gold bronze may be put on the prominent parts, as on the tipf* or edges of an iron railing where the paint is not quite dry, using a piece of velvet or plush to rub on the bronze. Tinning IRON.-Cleanse the metal to be tinned and rub with a coarse cloth, previously dipped in hydrochloric acid (muriatic acjdj) S^en rub on French putty with the same cloth. French putty is made by ^nixing tin filings with mercury. Tinning— 1 Plates, or vessels of brass or copper boiled with a solution of stannate of potevssa, mixed with turnings of tm become in tlie course of a few minutes, covered with a ,*irm^5;. a"a['2''oi?n^^^ witti tln-fillngs and caustic alkali, or cream of Uii-feir. !u the above ; mix all ickttkin or ge Is very irt; rotten lurpentino your iron ling your* tain to the jr with a v(ird8. tvor, after E Bulphftte ter; after- d vinegar: [)ruBh and lulphite of jj,te of lead ) mixture, is will give er or brass light blue, By replac- pper, bniSB of an irri- he articles I vesHel, to- , 1^ of rau- in a short )on this the silvered is liver is ap- Ibs.; melt, X. e yellow, 1 ing a little If desired, the tips or Lsing a piece rnb with a [riatio acidj) nch putty is tiled with a tin, become, taclied layer lu the above MAClimiaTS, KN(HNICKIIS', &0., RKCKIPTS. 811 JSeotlyTSd''*'"*®^^ ""'^^ ""^ ''"^'^''"* """ **''"'" ""^y ^*^ ^"^^^y *^^ «,«Hwui.'!?^i^'^'^i^^i'^^''^1'i'""^»'**''''^'' ^ be tinned are first covered wli,.«^*^H'l"'^**V','^^''**'^*^; *''?'*• w'»e'» quite clean, are placed In warm water, then dipped in a solution of miirUitlc acid, copper, and /Am and then plunged Into a tin bath to which asma 1 q Sty of dnc has !>««;» adde^ When the tinning Ik ftnished, the aiWdes a^re taC n i'ln?. . tf^ *"*'' *^"^''« ^"^^''' '*''^^ opomtiou is Completed by placing them in a very warm sand-bath. I'lils last pr.)cess softens tbi KimririKN's Mktal for TmNiNO.-Maneable Iron. 1 lb heat to whiteness ; add 6 ozs. regulus of antimony, aJTkoluS^k Un! GALVANfzrNo IiM>N— The Iron plates are flrmt Immersed In a cleanHlng bath of equal naits of sul|)huric or muriatic acid and water used warm; they are then scrubbed with emery or sand, to clean them thoroughly and detach all scales If an v are left; after vvS" «nf.fi« M,- n^/^hrSi *" r preparing bath " of equal part^ of saturated h«/h Vkil a^''i?'^'*f^^ zincand cFilorldeof ammonium, from which bath they are directly transferred to the fluid " metallic bath," con- slsting^y we ght of (^40 lbs. zinc to 1()6 lbs. of mercury, to wh ch are added from 5 to « om of sodium. As soon as the iron has attained thetemperature of this hot fluid bath, which Is«8()o Fahr., itraay be r^ moved, and will then be fo.ind thoroughly coated with zinc i HttS tallow on the Hurfaco of the metallic bath will prevent oxidation PRRVKNTiNa OF RusT.-Cast iron is best rfreserved by rubbing It with blacklead For polished work, varnish With wax Xsolved^In n n?«nf/.,°/ ^^ *" ^^"^' ''i^"^ "^^ ^ "^'^"^ ^**^"^»^ ^^^ thin wlih spte w in?.,!^-. ^'^ '*'™**^® deep-geated rust, use benzine, and polish off with hue emerv, or use trfpoli, 2partH; poM^dered sulphur. 1 part Am)ly with soft leather. Kmery and oil is also very gotii ' ' «ni7!,..\r?^*"^ ^\^^\~^^J^^. ^'"« "^»y ^e obtained by precipitating Its FnufhA J^nTC^"'^ "•'' '"*'^*?''^ ^ ^ ^^'•'«*'* red heat In a covered Km when^^^^^^^ ^'"""^ "^ " ^^ ^''""^ *" "" ^"*'"" ** <''•« Transpabkxt Blue for Ikox or STF/EL—Demar vanilsh. hunl • ann Jr«n!?f ^^p"''^'?" ^}T' l?^-' > "'^^ thoroughly. Makes a spfeM appearance. Excellent for bluing watch-hands. ourS'i" ^^^'^. '^r® cast by letting the metal run through a narrow slit Into a snecies of colander at the top of a lofty t/,wer; the metal SSi" <^''«PSi which, for the most part, assume the si»hcrical form before they reach the tank of water Into which they fill at the foot ?iw V'^?l!.f"? *^".^ prevents their being bruised. They are af- rel wltil'^bfi lead" *'''* "'''''' ''"'* »"«''^»''d» «l'»'*ned in a bar- f>mu)n!:^A^!^^^7;J^^.^^?^ ^^ Stkkl.-TIu^ following mixtures are employed : liquid No, 1. A mixture of bichlori^lfl of nifiivmrxr a,wi H."»-..{n niuniac. jno. 2. A mixture of perchlorlde of iron, sulphate of copper, 812 MAOHINISTS, KNGINKKRS', AO., RKCBIPT8. I "\ m nitrio add, alcohol and water. No. 8. Perohlorlde aiid protochlot'ide df moreury inixod with uitric ncid, iilcohol and water. No. 4. A weak solution of tiulphide of iMtanaium. Cioon your metal well and apply a iilight ooat of No. 1 with a Ht)onge; when nuite dry, apply another coati. Remove the reMultiug urust of oxide wltli a wire brnHU, nib the metal with a olQan rag, and repeat thid oiienition after each applica- tion of these liquids. Now apply several coats of No. 2, and also of No. 8, with a full si»onjj;o ; then, after drying for ten minutes, throw the pieces of nietiil hito water heated near the boiling point; let them re- main in the water from 5 to 10 minutes, according to tlieir sisse. After being cleaned, cover again witli several coatings of No. 3, afterwards witli a sti'ong coating of No. 4; then again inuuorse in tlie bath of hot water. Kemovo from the Iwith dry, and wipe the pieces with carded cotton dipped hi liquid No. 3, diluted eaiui time with an in- creased quantity of water; then rub and wipe them with a little olive oil;agaUi immerse in a water bath heated to 140" Fahr., remove them, rub briskly with a woolen nig. and lastly, witli oil. Unequalled for producing a beautiful glossy black on gun-barrels, steel, irbn, &c. Paint for Shket Ikon Smokk nrjs.—Good varnish, ^ gallon: boileil linseed oil 4 gallon ; add red lead sufHcient to bring to the con- sistencv of oommon paint. Apply witli a brush. Applicable to any kind of iron work exposed to tilie weather. To COPPKR THB SURFAOK OF IllON, SXEEL, OR IRON "WiRE. — Have the article perfectly clean, tlien wash with the following solu- tion, and it presents ut once a coppered surface. liain water, 3 lbs. ; Buh)hate of copper, 1 lb. TO Join Brokbn Lb^^d PirKa durino Prkssurk of Water. — It frequently happens that lead pipes get cut or damaged when the water is running at a high pressure, causing muoli trouble to make lepabrs, especially if the water cannot be easily turned off. In this case plug both ends of the pipe at the break, place a small pile of bro- ken ice and salt around tliem. In a few minutes the water in the pipe will freeze ; next, withdraw tlie plugs and insert a new piece of pipe; solder perfectly, tliaw tlie ice, and It will be all right. To Repair small Leaks in Lead Pipes.— Place tlie point of a dull nail over the leak, give it a gentle tap with a hammer and the flow will cease. To Prevent Corrosion in Lead Pipes.— Pass a strong so- lution of sulphide of jMstassium and sodium through the inside of the pipe at a tempemture of 212°, and allow it to remain about 10 or 16 mumtes. It converts the inside of the pipe into an insoluble sulphide of lead and prevents corrosion. To Bend Copper or Brass Tubes. — Run melted lead or resin into your pii>e till full, and you may then bend it gradually mto any desired «hai>e ; the pipe may then be heated and tlie lead or resin meJted mid rim out. ' To Join Lead Plates.— The joints of lead plates for some pur- poses are made as follows : The edges are brought together, ham- mered down into a sort of channel cut of wood and secured with a few tacks. The hollow is then scraped clean with a scraper, rubbed over with candle grease, a©d a stream of hot lead is poured into it, the surface being afterwards smoothed with a red hot plumber's iron. " " ■" F*F^ i^f" CTVtiT X^Kl-rVXT ^ XJ. X'-XCt TT l^.tVtX ^J^XSV VXt\J .'XX^.1 \JS. TJ-ii^' r XVJL2. CB VCB— MACHINISTS, ENOINEKR8', AC, RKCEIPTS. 318 t with common leaTSr m Wn^ 1"Ik i^""®^' *^«" ""W"' to be BtronK, rub a VtrSll^w over anW^.^"^ ' ?^' ". !* '<^"*'*«» ball of rifiltod load, holdL T XthTf or Slff''^ *^® J'^*?* ^***» »* ou^tl. u«der Bide ; and ZSoSSS'.lll ICtt'^LTZVu^S^n appy iitfafluxof iweaHfinrVrmSof^S^ ; ^"^ ^n^^ntlon conniHts in yStect the iZi frSToxlXtTon^^p^^^^ **' any other flnx that will when the tin 1? p^iiTed t^SmS ?he SnS'Jr^hf t'^^"*^""^ '^^ «"' bath of tin ; after the lead r?J! hi iP^^ ®' *?® P*P® ^^'PP®*! Jnto the veilical or neariTvortlS1i,&,n 1^^^^^ "^®' place t/ii Hame in a jSnt to And itVxpM^fbfonut^orT^^ "I ''e* generated by the heat nf tl.« \Za i.>,. . , i" 'V? ™ecto oi steam By patting a ptoKtothlVlie o&'^^H »er;rtSe«H? JS "H« '-- » cut into shreds is ntu^A a^ *uL^w i, ^^ . ^^^"' lammated and Spelte? SZllamUatS thfS & """y". «e 183 and 184. work, also for Sman silver iiM^' '^''/S^ ^""^ ^**' common gold aliry9'»M'bSton"2eS-^!!"'''''^' '^'•! "^P'or* '" the white /i uio moaes of treatment are very different; The soft''8S^ I i'l 814 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. dor moBtly used is two parte tin and one of lead; aometimes, fr6m motives of economy, much more lead is employed, and 1^ tin to 1 lead is the most fusible of the group, unless bismuth is used. The fluxes B to G, and the modes ofheating, o to t, are all used witl^the soft solders. ^ ,. . j^ote.—The examples commence with the metals to be soldered. Thus in the list, zinc, 8, c,/, implies, that zinc is soldered with No. 8 alloy, by the aid of the muriate or chloride of zinc , and the copper bit. Lead, 4 to 8, Fj d, e, implies that load is soldered with aUoys varjing from No. 4 to 8, and that it is fiuxed with tallow, the heat being applied by pouring on melted solder, and the subsequent use of the heated iron, not tinned; but in general one only of the modes ' of 1 eating is selected, according to circumstances. Iron, cast-iron and steel, 8, B, D, if thick, heated by a, b. or c, and also by g. Tinned iron 8, G, b,/.» Gold and silver are soldered with pure tin, or else with 8, E, o, g, or h. Copper and many of ite alloys, namely brass, gilding metal, gun metal, &c., 8, B, C, D; when thiclt, heated by a, b, c, e, or g. when thin, by /, or g. Speculum metal, 8, B, C, D, the heat shouid be cautiously applied; the sand bath is perhaps the best mode. Zuic, 8, C ,/. Lead and lead pipes, or ordmary plumber's worlc, 4 to 8 F, d,or e. Lead and tm pipes, 8, D, and G, mixed, g, and also/. Britamiia metal, C, D, g. Pewters, the solders must vary m fusibility according to the fusibility of the metal, generally G, and t, are used, sometimes, also G, and g or/. Lead is united without sol- der by pouring on red hot lead, and employing a red hot iron, d. e. Iron and brass are sometimes burned, or united by partial fusion, by pouring very hot metal over or aroiuid them. , Alloys and their Melting Heats. Fluxes. No. 1 2 3 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 li 13 14 15 16 17 1 1 1 1 1 1 I' 3 4 5 6 (( 25 10 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fahr. Tin 25 Lead 268 541 511 482 441 370 334 340 356 365 '■' 378 " 381 4 Lead 4 Tin 1 Bismuth 320 Fahr (C {{ (( (( (( u 3 2 1 2 it <( 3 2 1 1 (( 1 1 1 2 (i (C (I (( 18 3 Cheap Mosquito 2 Bab. 310 292 254 236 202 A. Borax. B. Sal-am. or mur. of amm. C. Muriate or chlor. of zhic D. Common resin. E. Venice turpentine. F. Tallow. G. Gallipoli oil, or common [sweet oil Modes of Applying Heat. a. Naked fire. b. Hollow furnace or muffle. c. Immersion in melted solder. d. Melted sdlder or metal poured on. e. Heated iton, not tin'd. /. Heated copper tool, tinned. g. Blow Pipe flame. h. Flume alone, generally alchohol. i. Stream of heated air. (( -Drop a small quantity of petroleum or kerosene oil on a piece of cotton, squeeze out the excess as much as possible, then rub the cotton over the face, hands, &c., and these pes- ifv»fii will -n?>t. ftli^bt "wlic*rft tli*^ Qcent liria l)^ft!l iGft^ '^'' 168, frdm I to 1 lead 'he fluxes ^tibe soft soldered, ith No. 8 lie copper th aUoys , the heat nient use he modes ' cast-Iron Tinned n, or else Bly brass, ited by a, C, D, the 8 the best )lumber*8 id, g, and Bt vary in G, and t, thout sol- iron, d. e. 'usion, by f amm. »f zinc common sweet oiL m Heat. muffle. )d solder, or metal a. not tin'd. per tool, me. generally eated air. roleum or 8 much as these pes- MACHINI8T8, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 315 SoT.T>EHs 32 KINDS.— 1. Plumbers* solder.—Lcad, 2 parts; tin, 1 part. 2. Tinmen's solder.— Lead, 1 part; tin, 1 part. Zinc solder. —Tin, 1 part ; lead, 1 to 2 parts. 4. Pewter solder.— he&A, 1 part ; bismuthf 1 to 2 parts. 5 Spelter solder.— Eqnsd parts copper and zinc. 6. Pewterers' soft «oi(fer.— Bismuth, 2 ; lead, 4 : tin, 3 parts. 7. An- o u- for use. MACniNI8T8, EN0INEEB8*, AC, BEOBXPTS. 817 Helg't inches 4 21 Enoikkriw' Bkll Sionai^ in Umk on ftTpiAMKRw —Oo ahead 1 Btn»Uo 7im;^, 2 HtrokoH, .S7o/>, 1 Htioke, Slowly, 2 short HtrokoH, Full BackSlmelt, 2 long and 2 short HtrokeH, r/o (/Amri /'«« Speed, 1 long and .J Hhort Htrokew, iiocA: F(i«<, 2 long and 3 sliort BtrokeH, llurrv, 8 short strokes repeated, ^' To Dyk Mktalm— Metals can be dyed any color by dissolvinc any ol the aniline dyes In mothjlated spirit and adding shellac. Tliis solution must bo iMiInted on until the desired shade is obtfiined II the iron has been previously pahited white so much the better ' 8 1! 6 5 it* 9 ? 5 P !' 8 TO FIND THE OIRCUMFEBENCE Oi>' ANY DIAMKTKIL Fw. 1. EXPLANATION OP DIAOBAMS. From the centre C describe a circle AB, haAing the required diameter; then place the comer of the square at the centre 0, and draw the lines CD and CE; then draw the chord DE; tliree times the diameter added to the distance from the middle of the chord DFE to the middle of the subtending arc DGE, will be the circumference sought. TO FIND THE ABEA OF THE SECTOR OF A CIRCLE. Rpr.E. Multiply the length of the arc DGE by its radius DC, and naif the product is the area. . Jlie length of the arc DGE equals 9J feet, and the radi CD, CE, equal 7 feet, required the are-a. 9-5 X 7 = 66-5 X 2 = 33-25 the area. 818 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, BEOEIPTS. rUQl'ORTIOM UF ClJiUlLSB, Fio. 2. To enable machinists to enlarge or reduce machinery-wheels without changing their respective motion. Firet, describe two circles AB and CD the size of the largest wheels which you wish to change to a large or small machine, with the centre P of the smaller circle CD on the circumference of the large one AB ; then dmw two lines LM and NO tangent to the circles AB and CD and a line IK passing through their centres P and R; then if you wish to reduce the machine, describe a circle the size you wish to reduce it to j i£ oii^-iiall, fof eAample, have the ceutre Q oue-hali luu 0\<-. MACHTNIST8, ENOINKERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 819 diiitanoo from R to S and dn«rrll.« t].« c\tc^q p-p „.,-i „ i.^ ,,^^. forences T a« a centre, dem^riLe u oirde UH aUo^lnuU.ol? en In" STf oie im i 't^o nfr y\,"""? ^.^ A"^ N^' -^''^^^^ will make u"^ M AB mid CD ^ "'■^ ^" ^^''^ •"*""' l>roiK,rtiou to each otlier dl«tonc^mt R toi"'lf n^^^^^ **?« centre Q ono-tldrd the d Htonce tnm, H h. § ' JL ^"'''"''H. n"^''® "'^ *'«"^''« ^^ """-fourth tlio B without st wheels with the he large irdes AB :; then if a wish to i-uall the TO UKBORIBK AX ELLIP«K, Oil OVAl. Fia. 3. c :c L r^ui*. ^^®" «* «' ^^^ ellipse, D dkinZr r H f hi ^ *i^® eccentricity, EF the principal axis or lonier aiameter GH the shoi-ter diameter, and if from anv noint T in Hm ZZVr.^ t"*^ perpendicular to the a^X7S I K t in arii FK ^F fn??'ff?W^^/°.§^ *^« ^^^ ^' a«d tlTe parte of thS leK^and allfedin fS^i;;%?^if7^ diameters of which are of uneqnal i8paSdK^^^^ figure wK and passiuff throuffh {t« «M„f or cylinder in a direction oblique to its axis ent segiSs o7«8 so that ^ff^n il!^^ be formed by /oining dlflfS! form a coutinnoua c, 5Ja l?nA ^^^L^^^^^'« «haU not be nerceived, but ellipses ; fortlie teSi^til^k^ h? """^Vf ^^''''^r»^»' ^»* «" ovals are not whfch aw broaderX)ne^X7h«« ?I.'P"';? **" ^" egK-shaped figures, those are equally curved ''"'®''' ^ ^®" "*> those whos^ ends of uX'^na *rtn„1.™I*!l''J„'Pif Jrth ?il«>5,P»,l«t to.the manner chioride of iron. " '"' -"o-"-i'-o, i"iu cu;!! xnem m. witii jHsr- 820 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. TO DESCRIBE AN ELLIPSE. FlO. 4. I • To describe an ellipse of any length and width, and by it to des- cribe a pattern for the sides of n vessel of any Hare. First draw an indefinite line DE perpendicular to the line AB, and from C, the point of intersection, as a centre, describe a circle FG, I by it to des- MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 321 having the diameter equal to the length of the ellipse- from thfi «-.,>,« rd^ctde'TK^'ndff « ""' equal\the widthfttierd^s?^^^^^^^^ iSb SaS th?' tn J??' fu "'''^i' ^^^^ ?'^" *^^® ^^^<^tl^ as the width is less tnan the length; then draw the lines MN and MN tan gn^M*^ */n ''"'^'^ ^'^' HJ and KL; from the mSdlf oHhe d^finufl£e^Dr?in^J it inTersects^he in! ^e Lie K^HK Jr5''"-S^r'"* ^ intersection, Pas a centre, describe mearcKHK,and with the same sweep of the dividers mark th« pomt Ron the line DE; from the point 6 draw the UnrRlfand RV iryK'LlnTKL-Vpn^ l"" "^^'l^^? ^/ "^^K touchl^ the end circle, h. L and KL; then place one foot of the dividers on the noint R and span them to the point H, and describe the arcO'HQ a^^^^^^ Sbe^fhelTo^nwvfA^-^^^^^^ ^^«^ the same centre Rdes- criDe the arc UWV the width of the pattern; then span the dividers the diameter of the end circle KL; place one foot of the dividers on hneRV at point Q and the other 'at Y as a cStre, describr tS^ QT the length of the curve line KG, and with the ^me sweep of fhe dividers describe the arc T'Q' from the centre Y' on the line RU then rnYl,^';?^''' ^^^"^ ^' ^ ^' *°^ f^-^"^ Y' as a ceXe describe the The more flare you wish the pattern to have, the nearer the cpntm Cus^ £7rom H.?^ t^h"^ '''''''' ^^^J-' *^« f»rthtr^\TceS^?e'S to^rds'or rn.\^^^^r -4- R ■ I towards, or from H you m"",- --^^^^^^^ -jre « iL^:ti^VS.r..^\K* *^^ dividers less, or Q, or which wou.v. „. „.^ b*„h« »» Bpannme greater, than the diameter of the end circle KL TO FIND THE CIBCUMFERENCE OF AN ELLIPSE. fv,?^^^i"~?^'^MiP,^y ^,^" *^® ^^^ Of the two diameters by 3 1416 and the product wiU be the circumference. ^ ' " ^xamp^e.— Suppose the longer diameter 6 inches and the shorter diameter 4 mches, then 6 added to 4 equal 10, divided bv 2 emipiK multiplied by 31416 equal 157080 inches circuiliference. ^ ^ ' TO FIND THE AREA OF AN ELLIPSE. bv^-S£";^H"lh?^ *^/ ^?°^^? diameter by the shorter diameter, and Dy /S54, and the product will be the area. I^aamp^e.— Required the area of an ellipse whose longer diameter is 6 mches and sliorter diameter 4 mches ? ^ aiameter 6 + 4 + -7854 = 18-8496, the area. ^f^^A^ FOR Welding Copper.— Boracic acid, 2 parts; phosphate tlLf^i^S^lr?' "'^^^ This welding powder should be strewn over nn f^ o f n ""l ^0Pl>^^a* a ^ed heat; the pieces should then be heated SL ti.o ^?^ ^^®"^ red, or yellow heat, and brought immediately un- der the hammer Heat the copper at a flame, Sr gas jet, where it wm not touch charcoal or solid carbon. K^s jet, wnere it vitrinl'^a^ ^iS^ COTTON.-Take dry saltpetre, J bz. ; strong oU trnVf^a^f^rK^ r!^"^ "^ "j"'""-^''' xciiiuvo wiu cuctoit ana wash from all This is^n cotton '"^ * '''' ^ ^^^^""^ ' *^®" carefully dry under 120o 21 322 MACHINISTS, engineers', &c., receipts. TO DESCRIBE A BIGHT ANGI^ED ELBOW. Fig. 5. H i i ri b) '• h First construct a rectangle ABEB equaHn ^^^^ the elbow, and the length ^p^f *« *^,^„^1^X S and from the point J, the middle «* J^e Ime AB, dmw the ime from the point J {TointF, the middle of the }«J« ^D draw^he hne ^^'^^^i^^,, ^^ ^^ ^o draw two diagona Imes JD and JE tiien span line JH from the point of contoctM,a8 a --^-^ Mas centres, NJO for the top of the en>ow, ^jd from the pmn ^^ ^^^ ^^. with the same sweep of tj^^ ^^^T^^^^ Vo .^^en? to the arcs NO and then draw an indefinite straight line ^Q /^^g^^^^jg tangent line erect NJ, having the points of contact ^J ^ and S^on tms g^^.^ .^ a perpendicular passing through the PO"^* ^ PJ'J.^lvie dividers on the Bee Ae line BE^produce^ then Pl^^rerte^'do^et ii-„^^ the TS, and TS; these arcs and the arcs JNU, jmjv^, »"" ^ right angled elbow required. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 323 TO DESCRIBE A STRAIGHT ELBOW. ^^^^c ^ L-.,- - f I — I— !— | -j-Z!^r;; Mark out the length and depth of the elbow, ABCD- draw a spmi p'hro^^'V"^'.^"^'^"^ ^« ^»d CD; dividffach'seSrcleS SfKi'Sf*''-**''^'^.^^"^^^"*^^""^^^^ shown from 1 tor2to2 &c • divide the circumference or length, ACBD, into sixteen eaualnatf;' and draw perpendicular Imes ai in figure j'draw Se Lm a to^& and from & to c, and on the opposite side^from d toe and fZ/'tovSm sweem set thi divT^r^ f 'T^'"' .^? ^^^^^ ^^^ *1^« remainmg sXe^mnrSiS V S^l^^""'^***^ intersect in the three comers of thi spaces marked X. The seams must be added to drawmg. [Another Method for describing a Straight Elbow:] ^^9'^' Fig. 7. ^^.^: 7— Draw a profile of half of the elbow wanted and mni-t o seimcircle on the line representing the diametS divide th^semi Sn on \"h*? 5'' fq«al parts, dmw perpendicular lines from each S- ion on the circle to the angle Ime as on figure. * 10. a— Draw the circumference and depth of elbow wanted stnA lines oi jitg. ( on I* ig. 8 a & c &c .: set vour dividers thp isnmA no f«> enc?anf sweep's ''^fV .^^l ^^^^5^^ onf-third-the circiS! torn then «pf.I^r^f ^ "^ '^^'^ ''t' ^^.^ *^«°» «*« ^ ^««^ «*'^« at bot- sw™ 'n fnfrn f JT I^^ three-fourths of the circumference and vou ubSrn r^nl T^ ^l^ 2P *^Pe ^^^ ^^««» « to ^ '-^t bottom, and thfi i«S^i more correct pattern than is generally used. Allow for *I;iI^^«/„l«.^™«"*«»^^«fyo«r drawing, andlayo^it the elbow "Sc^n in'r> flina vai-a-nAinir i* «^J- ^^^'M *!,- J_P COMPRESSION OF AN INDIA-RUBBER BUFFER OF 3 INS. STROKE 5«\ ' 1-3 inches. IJ tons, If inches. 2 tons, 2 inches. 3 tons, 2§ inches. 6 tons, 2£ Jiches. 10 tons, 3 inches. ' ^ i 826 MA.CII1NI8TS, ENOINEKRS', &C., llKCEirTS. i TO DESClimK A LIP TO A MEA8UUE. FlO. 12. Let the Circle AB represent the i»ize of the J^^aswe; span vider« from K to F three-quarters of the diameter; describe tlie eemi^ circle DKE; move the dividoi-s to G the width of the lip required, and describe the semicircle KPJ, which 'will be the lip souuht. The Circle and its Sections. -1. T\i^ Areas ^l^^^ZZ it e«*h other as the squares of their diameters^^iy circle twee the diameter of another couUiins four times the area ol tiie oiner. ^. The ffi«S of a circle is a straight line drawn f^o»V t^, f "*;,^*«,t! circumference, a The Dimmter of a circle is a slight ^^^^^^^^^^ through the centre, and terminated l>ott\^ay» ?* J^^^^/J^^Jf,^^^^^ 4. A bhordm a straight Ime joining any two points ot the (^^^^^J^^^^- eiice 5 All ^/-fi is any mrt of the circumference. 6.^ A benutuae ?s half tl e drcumferenJe cut off by a diameter. 17. A SemmtiBmy imrt of a circle cut off by a chord. 8. A Sector is any part of a circle cut off by two radii. , ^ ii. i „^ o«^ Springs.— The flexure of a spring is proportional to its loaa ana to the cube of its length. A railway carriage spring, consisting otiw plates 5-16 inch thick and 2 of 3-8 inch, length 2 feet 8 ms widtJi 6 Ins., and cam&er or spring 6 ins,; deflected as follows, without any permanent set. i ton, 4 inch. 1 ton, 1 inch, l^tons, li inches. 2 tons, J inches. 3 tons, 3 mches. 4 tons, 4 inches. . . Different Styles of Filing.— To file a surface true, it is ne- cessary on commencing, to squeeze the file tightly between the third and fourth fingers and palm of your hand until you become used to it. Your position in filing should be half left face to your work, with the middle of your right foot fifteen inches behind your left heel; and to file your work true or square, it is necessarj^ to reverse your work often, as by this means you are enabled to see the whole sur- face you are filing, and see wkle filing whether you are filing true or not. When, however, your work is so heavy that you cannot re- vftrsft it von had better file'' first to the right and then to the left, as by this means you can plainly see the file marks, and this again assists you in filing true. T8. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 327 TO DBBOBIDK A FLAllINO VEflHEL PATTERN, A SET OF PATTERNS FOR A PYRAMIU OAKK, OR AN ENVELOPE FOR A CONE. Fia. 13. ; span the di- ribe the semi- lip required, sought. circles are to cle twice the tlie other. 2. e centre to the rht line drawn jircumference. the circumfer- A Semicircle Segment is any part of a circle 5 its load and onsistlng of 10 ^ ins., widtja 3 3, without any iches. 2 tons, 2 s true, it is ne- ween the third ecome used to Dur work, with ^our left heel; reverse your the whole sur- are filing true vou cannot re- )'the left, as by is again assists From a pomt C as a centre, describe a circle AB equal to the laiee circumference ; with the point F as a centre, the depth of the vessel describe a circle DE equal to the small circumference; then draw th4 Inies GH and RS tangent to the circles AB and DE; from the point of Tif^^^'*Mi\^,/^« a centre, describe the arcs ACB andDFE; then AUEB will be the size of the vessel, and three such pieces will be an envelope f6r it, and AJBTFU the altitude; then dividing the sector te?.^ f^ sections AB, DE, PQ, and WX, you will have a set of pat- «n n,».^ a pyramid cake; and the sector AOB will be one-third of an envelope for a cone. In allowing for InP.lro xmy-i miic* A-.^-^ *^U^ M n.i. .. vessel true across the top and bottom. ^ tt ! 828 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. TO DESCRIBE A CONE OR FRU8TBUM. Fig. 14. c.y ••*i^ y . / G\ /'G A First draw a side elevation of the desired vessel, DE, then from A as a centre describe the arc CDC and GEO; after, finding the diam- eter of the top or large end, turn to the table of Diameters and Cir- cumferences, where you will find the true circumference, which you will proceed to lay out on the upper or larger arc CDC, making due allowance for the locks, wire and burr. This is for one piece; il lor two pieces you will lay out only one-half the circumference on tne plate; if for three pieces one-third; if for four pieces onevourth ; ana 80 on for any number, remembering to m^Ke the allowance lor locks, wire and burr on the piece you use for a pattern. BULB FOR STRIKING OUT A CONE OR FRUSTRUM. Fig. 15. , In a conical surface, there may be economy, sometimes, in having MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 329 the Blant. height 6 times the radius of base. For a circle mav be wholly cut iiiE, conical surfaces, if tlie angle is 60o, 30°. 15o &c ^ (J vtVXtft^^' simplicity In cutting it, ^hZ^ ' the 'angle is definite Rri A n°S^.wS ^^ ^^"^^ ^.^^ «^«^' ^^i^ht, describe an in! A to B^ dmw k'pTSS Sf ^"'^^P^"^"^. ""^J^^'^ <"^^ders measure from • tiie anrfe C I?a^ ^o ''t?-^''^ *^,^ '^^"^l^^ «^^^- ThiSl^ould make uie angle u equal bOo. This angle may be divided int/i txsrn «,. f^»« ^»h-l^^^^^^^^^^^ panying figure gives about the shape of the%Sui™v^e Jl whTSe FiQ. 16. angle of the sector is-SO®. TO FIND THE CONTENTS OP A PYRAMID OR CONE. Rule — Multiply the area of the base by the height, and one-third of the product will be the solid content. ^aiampZe.— Required the s(5lid content in inches of a Cone or Py- ramid, the diameter of the base being 8 inches, and perpendicular height 18 inches? inches X 231=1. 8 X' 8 = 64 X. 7854X18 =904. 7808-r 3= 301.5936. gall, l^qts. HIPPED ROOFS, MILL HOPPERS, &C. To find the various Angles and prefer Dimensions of Materials where- by to construct any figure whose foi-m is the Fm strum of apron- er or inverted Pyramid, as Hipped Roofs, Mill Hoppers, &c. Fig. 17. B c nes, in having Let ABCP be the given dimensions of plan for a roof, the height Kl also bemg giv^; draw the diagojial AR, meeting the top or ridge K« on plan- from R, at right angles with AR and equal to the re- quired height, draw the line RT then TA, equal the length of the struts or comers of the roof: from A, with the distance AT, describe an arc It, continue the diaconal AR until it nnti. thA a^^^ t7 fii^«,i«h wmch, and parallel with the ridge Rs, draw the Ime m n, which (fr- t 4 330 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. tormines the required breadth for each side of the roof: from A. meeting tlie line m n, draw the line Ao, or proper angle for the end of each board by which the roof might require to be covered ; and the angle at T i» what the boards require to be made in the direc- tion of tli^ thickness, when the comers or angles require to be mitred. TO DE8CBIBB A HEART. Fia. 18. Draw an indefinite line AB; then s^an the dividers one-fourth the width you vdsh the heart, and describe two semicircumferences AC and CB ; span the dividers from A to B, the width of the heart, and describe the lines AD and BD, which completes the description. CYCLOID. Fio. 19. Cycloid, a curve much used in jnechanics. It is ihus formed :— If the circumference of a circle be rolled on a right line, beginning at any point A, and continued till the same point A arrive at the line again, making just one revolution, and thereby measuring out a „4.««i«ht. line A "HA ftnnal to the circumference of a circle, while the Jpoint A intiie circumference traces out a curve line ACAGA; then MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 831 this curve ig called a cycloid ; and some of its properties are contained in the foUowinj; lemma: If the Keuorating or revolving circle l)e placed in the middle of tlie cycloid, Its diameter coinciding with the axis AB, and from any point there be drawn the tangent CF, the ordinate CDE pernendicular tfr the axis and the chord of the circle AD; then the chief properties are these: *- ir The right line CD equal to the circular arc AD- The cycloidal arc AC equal to double the chord AD; The semi-cycloid ACA equal to double the diameter AB and The tangent CF is parallel to the chord AD. ' This curve is the line of swiftest descent, and that best suited for the path of the ball of a pendulum. I] ?t. t torrtied: — le. beginning ve at the line Lsuring out a v\&. while the .CAGA; then Ill 832 MACniNISTfl, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. • TO FIND THE OENTRE OF A OIBOLK FROM A PABT OF THE CIKOUMFKRENOB. FIG. 20. , ftiMin the dividera any distance you wish, and place one l«>* on *{\« »l«"^/"® "*;r«*^-„ j-^jeacrii)e the semi-circuuiferenceH CI), h¥, (ill, ■will be the centre desired. TO CONBTKUnT THE FRU8TBUM OF A CONE. FormqfflcUPKUe by which to cmsmwt any Fmstrum of a Com. Fig. 21. Let ABCD represent the required fnistrnm ; continue the lines AD a«H Rr nntil thev meet at E ; then from E as a centre, with the radius FC descrii^l the LrCHl from E, with the radius E;B, describe le arc BI ; mak^BI eqilal in length t^) twice AGB, draw the Ime EI, "I^S^I'lo'; S 'tin'-^A^^^^ -darac, 1 lb.; batm of Ir,TalS oSu, and ace^ite of lead, of eadi, 2 ozs ^Im- seed oil i pmt; spirits of turpentme, 2 qts. Fut all into a suitaoie kettle except the turpentine over a slow fire at fii;st; then raise to a Ser heat till all are melted; now take from the fire and, when a little coTstir hi the spirits of turpentine, and strain through a fine cloir^is is transparent; but by thfe followmg modification, any or all of the various colors are made from it : ..*,., _„„ 2 Black.— Prussian blue, 1 oz. ; asphaltum, 2 oz. ; spirits of turpen- tine i pint. Melt the asphaltum in the turpentine ; rub up the blue with a little of it; mbc well, and strain; then add the whole to 1 pmt of the arst. above. , „ , n _i j * „i, 3 Blub.— Indigo and Prussian blue, both finely pulverized, of each i oz. ; spirits of turpentine, 1 pmt. Mix well, and strain. Add of this to 1 pmt of the yirsf, until the color suite. , i ^„ . i^t 4. Red.— Take spirite of turpentine, \ pt. ; add cochineal, J oz. , let stand 15 hours and strain. Add of this to the^r«< to suit the f«ncy. If carmine is used instead of cochmeal, it will make a fii^e color for watch hands. . , ^ j. ' ^^a »«^ r.f 5 Yellow.— Take 1 oz. of pulverized root of curcuma, and stir or it into 1 pt. of tliQfirst until the color pleases you ; let stand a few hours, ^\ ^G?Sn.==-M1x equal parts of the blue and yellow together, then mix with the yirsf until it suits the fancy. MACHllflSTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.* 388 7. Oranoe.— Mix a little of the red with more of the yellow, and then with the first an heretofore, until pleased. 8. Pink.-— Mix a little of the blue to more in quantity of Uie red and then with the first until suited. Apply witli a brush. TO DESCRIBE BBVBL C0VEH8 FOB VESSELH, OR BREASTS FOR CANS Fig. 22. jw together, then Construct a right angle ADB, and from the point C, the altitude height I you wish the breast, erect a perpendicular line F; then on the line B, mark the point E one-half the diameter of the can, and on the line F, mark the point G one-half the diameter of the opening in the top of [breast; draw a line N to pass through the points E and G produced until [it intersects the line A ; place one foot of the dividers at the point of [intersection H, and place the other on the point E, and describe the jcircle EIK; span the dividers from point H to point G, and describe jGLM;then span the dividers from the point D to E, and step them six Times on the circle EiK, which gives the size of the breast. Remem- ber to mark the lines for the locks parallel with the radii. Mildew on Sails can be prevented by soaping the mildewed ?arts and then rubbing in powdered chalk. The growth of the Mildew fungus can be prevented by steeping the canvas in an iqueous solution of corrosive sublimate. Another way. Slacked jime 2 bushels, draw off the lime water, and mix it with 120 gals. pater, and with blue vitriol j lb. M\ 884 .MACHINISTS, engineers', &o., rbObipts. SISCXOU, F0» OBTAINING ANQLES.— FiG. 23. Sector, a portion of a circle comprehended between any two radii and their intercepted &vc».-SimUar sectors are tliose wliose radii include ®'C find the area of a sector. Say as 360o is to the degrees, &c., in thelarc of the sector, so is tlie area of the whole circle to th-^ area of the secUw. Or multiply the radius by tlie lengtli ot tlie arc, and half tlie product will be the area. TO STRIKE THE SIDE OF A FLARING VESSEL.— FlG. 24. To find the radius of a circle for striking the side of a flaring vessel havine the diameters and depth of side given. Rui?F -As the difference between the large and small diameter ia to^he deptti of the side, so is the small diameter to the radius of fhfi o\rc\& bv which it it is struck. , ,i.x *. j: Fi«m»?e -Suppose ABCB to be the desired vessel, with atop diam- etf Tl2 inchesfbottom diameter 9 inches, depth of side 8 inches. Then as 12—9=3 : 8: : 9 to the radius. lueuao 3x9=72^3=24?ricAfl8. answer. ^, . , ^ The Dritmmond Light is produced by directing a jet of mixed WP hir S nTxK a very niinute quantity before combustion together and J.VI^"t_": JLL,.i ;. «.i-.nf*.i hi ..nsnre safetv. The gas- form a dreadfully explosive mixture. IPT8. 53. y two radii and Be radii include degi'ees, &c., in > to tli'^areaof id arc, and half ■Fia. 24. a flaring veBsel nail diameter la o the radius of with atop diam- f sides inches. a jet of mixed the gases being y short distance and the flowing ire combustion ifety. The gas- oxygen, which MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPT/. 835 OONTHNTS IN GALLONS OP f HK F11U8TRUM OP A CONE. Figs. 25, 2G, 27. To find the contents in gallons of a vessel whose diameter is larsor at one end than the other, such as a Bowl, Pail, Firkin, Tub. Coffee- pot, &c. ' ^y^5"l¥""*P}7,*?®.^,^®' diame -^r by the smaller, and to the product add one-third of the square of their difference, multiply bv i^® Ji^iSSi ^"'^^^""^^^P^y *^** product by .0034 for Wine Gallons, and by .002785 for Beer. Example.— Required the contents of a CofPee-p, with a sponge a^ly *e m«to« «^™ wash ofi directly with clean water. Dry the tm, and vanmn wim ■^ Tr^SaLj. A»noi^s.-Di8solve as nvnch zinc scraps inmuri- ?SSt%hT&rAVt^7rSStK.Ks '^bLaSTISh fob Iron WoRK.-Asphaltum 1 ">.; lamp- w?nt ?ih • S ilb. ; spirits turpentine, 1 quart; Imseed oU, ]Uft sifflcieli to rT4 the laVwac^with before mixing it witli the others Apply ^j^lS^^^l'^^'Ll^^^ finely 12 parts of fluor fP I' r;nAwe • whercold, mix with vTater to a paste, and apply £ the'Srior' ;^?h al^iAt brush ; when dry the vessel should be ^^^T&'PP^ &wC?i,'SS!^Wash thesurface of the artMe whTchistoV^bb^ overthe surface. Any copper dish or vessel "^pIkIS^^cS-peb h'^dening process consists in introducing an adjure of a minute quantity of phosphorus mto the metal. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 337 Facts fob Gas Companies and Consumers.— Pwr?/fens-Drv nr^vin of Ume mixel with 48 bushels ot^Zt^rtoTZ7$7o^''Zu^ So £.n S WT time when,) milk of lime, vater. A very en effected by ited clay along ay unites with MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, &C., RECEI^S. 339 the ammonia of the gas as with a base, and, at the same time with its sulphuret of carbon as an acid, and thus removes both of ttiesTno:^ ous impurities from the gas exposed to its influence. It assS also m conjimction with the lime, m removing tarry vapor and oS impurities from the gas. The ilummating iwer of tf e gw is ^si- tively mcreased by the clay purification iiom 22 to W Per c^ut Latterly, use lamade of hydrated sesquioxideof ironfor pu^ylnglas To Avoid Waste of GAs.-Tur^the gas partly off atSieSr • much ^8 IS burned to waste by too great pressure L ceiSin loS& In buildings of any size a good regulator inll soon pay for itseK To stop the leakage of gas. Turn of the gas back of the meter -then take out (a screw driver is all the tool required) the pW Next S a wax, ^erm, or parafflne candle, and drop the mefteJ wax sperm la'v?; k/?^°" tlie.surface of the plug, till it is covered^^lhTS layer^ Next, screw m the tap, and m nine cases out of ten the leak will be stopped, and remain stopped. ^^ To Remedy Scattering Shot GuNS—The only remedv known to gunsmiths is by choke-boring, tliat is, boring from tS breSiTf ^^^P'!"'.^ ^ ^ ^^^^ a gradual taper towards the muzzle TWs Ttwh^* ^""^ ^T^^7 improves^he shooting qualities S^th^ gui as the charge concentrates at the muzzle. Lar|e shot are more a?t to scatter than fine, but this depends on the borf of the gun IK bored gun does not shoot ^ne shot so well as me^^im AsS bored gun throws fine shot with greater force than a laree Wd one As a general thing, a small bored gun is not adapted to lare-e shot as It does not chamber them well. The length Tgun aJso df pends on the size of bore-28 or 30 inches for a |in of f?^ 10 to U Sgluge ' ^^ ^"'''^ 8 to 10 ; 26 to 28, of gSof 15 to Bronzing Fluid for Gcins.— Nitric acid, sp.gr. 1.2 parts -nitric ether, alcohol, muriate of iron, each 1 part; mix, then add^i'lnhS of copper, 2 parts, dissolved in water, 10 parts ' sulphate Bluing on Revolvers and Gun Barrels is performed hv SXt^^^^J"^ piece to be blued in powdered charcoal o™r a fire until the desired color is obtained. Fine Blub Finish for Gun Barrels.— Apply nitric acid and let It eat into the iron a little ; then the latter ^ be S)vS w th a thm film of oxide. Clean the barrel, oil and burnish A ve?? fine appearance is given to gim barrels by treating them with dilute mtnc acid and vinegar, to which has been added sulphate of copper. The metallic copper is deposited irregularly oX the iron surface ; wash, oil and rub with a \iard brush ^ " Browning for Gun Barrels.— Spirits of nitre, 1 lb.- alcohol 1 lb.; corrosive subUmate, 1 oz.; mix ti a bottle, and cork f?r use wShtnwi P«1^.V^« barrel perfect; then^rub'it with quick Ume with a cloth which removes grease and dirt; now applv Sie brown mg fluid with a clean white cloth, apply one (i)at, anffi it a w^rm dark place for from 10 to 20 hours, until a red n^st forms oa it^hen R.l'*.?r^ ""'^^ a gunmaker's «ird, and rub off withTclean clX Repeat the process if you wish a dark shade. nf «STr^^ ^^* ^V^^'^ BARREL8.-Spirits of uitre, f oz. ; tincture 01 steel, f oz. : or nsfi thp nnTnorHno+orl +i«n<-„«<, ^* i-^I * j. xi! I ^!"^^"^'' Of Steel 6annot be "obtained rWack brimstone,! oz^" blue'vYtrioU 340 M^HINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. oz.; corrosive sublimate, J oz. ; "itric acid, 1 dram ;copperaj, ^ mix with U pints rain water, and bottle for use. This is to be ai>- Sed the sambas the first'; it causes the twist of the barrel the visible after application, a quality which the other liquid does "*BBOWNma CdMPOsiTioN FOR Gun Barbels.— 1. Blue vitriol, 4 oz. : tincture of muriate of iron. 2 oz. ; water, 1 qt. ; dissolve, and add SSi^fortis and sweet spirits oi nitre, of each, 1 oz. 2. Bluevitnol a£d sweet spirits of nitre, of each 1 oz.; aquafortis, i oz.; water 1 phit. To be used in the same manner as previously described m this Varnish and Polish for Gun Stocks.— Gum shellac, 10 ozs.: gum sandarac, 1 oz. ; Venice turpentme, 1 dr.; 98 per cent, alcohol, 1 eal.; shake the jug occasionaUy for a day or two, and it is ready for use. Apply a few coats of this to your gun stocks, pohsh by rub- bing smooth, and your work is complete. , , . . „^i i •„„>, Boring Gun Barrels.— Take a piece of rod, (»st steel, i inch smaller than the interior of the barrel, and a few inches longer, beat one end up something larger than the size of the bore, then turn or file it in tie shape ol anegg,le*.mg the swell, or centreing part 1.20tli of an inch larger than the bore. With a saw file, cut long- tudinal cuts, J inch apari;, laying them the san^-^ angle aa » ^se b t coimtersink, tWing care not to injure the periphery of the tool, harden and temper to straw color. ^ „ mi,:. *^;c.+*»/i Damascus Twist and 8tub-Twist GuN-BARRELS.-The twisted barrels are made out of long ribbands of iron, wound spirally around • a mandril, and welded on their edges by jumping them on the ground, or rather on an anvil embedded therein. The plam stub tojls are made m this manner, irom iron manufactured from a bundle of stulv nails, welded together, and drawn out into ribbands, to insure the possession of a material mobt thoroughly and inti'nately worked The Damascus barrels are made from a mixture of stub-naiis and clippings of steel in given proportions, puddled together made into a bloom and subsequently passed through all the stages of the manu- facture of iron, in order to obtain an iron that shall be of an unequal quality and hardness, and therefore display different colors and markings when oxidized or browned. Other twisted barrels are made in the like manner, except that the bars to form the ribbands are twisted whilst red hot, like ropes, some to the right, others to the left, and which are sometimes laminated together for greater divers- itv They are subsequently agam drawn into the ribbands and wound upon the mandril, and frequently two or three differently pre- pared pie^s are placed side by side to form the complex and orna- mental figures for the barrels of fowling-pieces, described as stub- twist, wire-twist, Dammeus-twist, &c. Sometimes Damascus gun- barrels are formed by arranging twenty-five thin bars of iron and mild steel in alternate layers, welding the whole tof ?*lie^^^^raw ng it down small, twisting it like p rope, and again weldm^ *,? S-?-^S ropes, for the formation of the ribband, which is then spirally twisted to form a barrel, that exhibits, when finished and acted upon by acids a diversified, laminated appearance, resembbng, when prop- Damascening.— This is the art, now m a great measure lost, ot aeasure lost, of MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECElgTS. 341 cutting^linea on the surface o/th%«^^ Su^ "?^' <=«S«*her, or of of the metals caused thp noffov« Z^' "' ^*^*^ ^6' 'J«> and the junction with Snzine ■*™' *■"'' "'«'"' » '^^^ hours wash tliem. " cook it " S'wUl b*eZm l',T94' "!«'«™«e Are, but Ao not 2 few niiuutes beforereSovtoff fmi IL^ K!""^'''''' turpentine S^^«y reduce or incre^"XX'™L*4X'St£re.5Kr i 342 M/^ desired shade may belm^ parted to paper by the use of several of the coloring nicraents mpntim, Tv?^„. '"^',?''"'""'°"'™"'y™smaehme. ^ ' lO IKANSPKB PlCTOBES ,PBOM PAPER TO Woon pm. K„ .„ l1? pres^uS ^^ "'*"' ^^^'^ *'*^^^^' *« ^^^ bl««k »"der ril! ^ To Transfer Prints, &c.— Take of gum sandarac 4o7s •masfir. ^ oz. ; Venice turpeutine, 1 oz. ; alcohol, 15 oza ofgeVhi a ^oS frequently shaking, and it is re^dy for use. DirectSs- use if ^«' mir'ira?>P.^{;*' i^'' «^ "^^ «^^« ^f the pictuiS to rtmSried^o" SSufeTrmlv Ltrpn?™^'^^' ^'^^''^4 ^' «^« ^^d^' press dTwntfee fnH.,1 w ^ ^^ !^^"k ^« y^^ proceed, so that no air can possiblv Knlf^ w?fh SJ « ^ater and remove it piecemeal by rubbing a"^Lri,teSf>^ilf r^^^^^^ ^ complete^ransfe? w^^^Top^S; SSsX^aKait^i;;?^^^^^^^^ Cli mZ'wVn'iT^^Sl^'^P-r previously stre&hed upoi a '^oird T^s paper will take either oil or water colors. • f„ii .!»f^,^ Decalcomine Pictures.— Varnish the pictures carP t e^sri^tr.T'P^'"^ l^"^'^ <^h^^h «an be obtained Sthel^^L- iiriTil wSi?!"^'"^''*"'^ P^?'"' being careful not to get the Jar- M sh on the white paper. In a few minutes the picture will be readv t!^y.T *^^ ^^^^b *°^ *h« paper can be removed bv wettui- it and wlien thorouffhlv drv. it shnnii Ko .r»^^tcU^A m-^ „,i ..,*'.."!*? "' aple S eh trcoa^^^^^^ ''/^?? »^'^ated red into cold water. wLH ff?eat nnm w' ^ner^^sti «nd tlien phuiged quired, the oricinaJ Zt/SfiinT*,^'^ of corns of one sort are re- Lmitb/toldSMJe^^^^^ ««Pi«« are 'ade and is mfled theVSieoT andTnm wvf^l' '*^i^^' ^^^C^ « '« relief, ened, other dies are Sn^^ii? ^^'""^^ "^^^^ '* ^^s ^een hard' bronze is stamped in a cold aSlid sSt h^f. ^.^^r'' i'^^'^'*' «' also be produced bv a method r.^niVJ:o*' ^" medah and casts can metal i^used-in a soft sfaite fS fM, ^f'""^ '" ''^'^'^' ^ ^^"^h ^^e sistuig of i lead 1 tin «nri i > f '^'^ P'^'TPpse an alloy is used, coii- boil4^jif„t212iFah Whin he mPt Ji \/"''^ ^1^^"^ ^* *he consisteiicv, he die is placed S^nV^^^ntL'-^ resembling paste in a smart bloW f rom a maSet Sff«nI'fo^^ the impression produced by from coming into cSitoct with H,f/^^^^^^ the metal ^ts instantly, pSper, &c. ' '^'''' "^ "«" "« on ordboaKl, piv™"' tamS«efyXe™r to iLTn'^r'^^'P^^^ <'"8'''™S it ha., of the orlginS' and^evorv niTtp ^^^^^ absolutely a counteiT>art m "»e in the Bank of EngtodTs-i^Mlowrtl^eToS^-to to hartS I' i 34C MACHINISTS, ENGINEKUa', AC, RKCKirTS. \» Hn.-l.mfid In a wroutrht-lron box with a 1oo«p cover, a fal«o bottom, anTwUh three e7rB^^^^^^ lt» ««rfm« about midway; the «^llT«urZ'red o*;, a'll mI. with carbon 'r;>m/ather d^^^^^^ hard, and the cover and bottom are careful y l^^ed with moi»t cLjy , thu« urenared, the case ia placed in the vertical ^HjHition, in a bridge tod aS a great tub, which i« tlien tilled with water alinoBt to toll th? Ifat l?)ttom of the case; the latter Ih now he^ited in the f ur- tmceas Quickly as will allow the uniform penetration of the heat. Whei?tuE tlyliot, it i8 removed to it« place in the-hardonnif; tub the^ver of theLn 'box is removed and the ^^^^ «r gu.lge(^i of the cylinder ia grasped berwath the 8urfiw,e of the carbon, with a long mH tougsru^ which a couplet fs dropped to secure the grasp. Kyremains^ the mdividual to hold the tongs with a glove whilst a smart tap of the hammer is given to their extremity ; this LodHout thefSlse bottom of the case and the «yl'«der fud J tongs prevent the cylinder from falUng on its side, and thus Injuring Cdel (Ste but stiU hot surface. For st^uare plates, a suitjible frame KS by four slight claws,aiiditis the franie wh.h is s^ by the tongs ; the latter are sometimes held by a chain which re- moves tfre'r^k oraccident to' the individual. The stef comes out of Ihe water as finooth to the touch as at first, and mottled with all the ^"^^il^^rt^st^tgSf^^^^^ h lb. of nitric acid and 1 oz of muriatic acid. Mix, shake well together, and it is ready for Le." Co^er the place yon w'ish to mark with melted beeswax; when cold, write your inscriptKm plainly in the wax clear to the metol with a shkrp instrument; then ai)ply the mixed acids with a feather, care- fully Kg each letter. Let it remain from 1 to 10 .mi'^f^s accord, in" to appearance desired; then throw on water, which stops the pro- '"'^rcntJo'Zj^^^F^^ Aauafortis, 2 ozs.; water, 5 ozs FoisS -Iodine, 1 oz. ; iron filings, I dr. ; water, 4 ozs. Digest till IhlionisdiSk. t^or Jim touches. Dissolve 4 parts eacli of ver- digris sea salt, and sal-ammoniac, in 8 parte vinegar, add lb parts water; boil for a minute, and let It cool. ^„^. „:4.^h 9 narts- KvoRAVEKs' BoRDBB WAX.— Beeswax, 1 part; piteh, J pans, taUow, 1 pai^ Mix Engravers' cemmt-RoBm, 1 part; brick dust, ^ \[?ul^'1nd D^'m-Copper, zinc, and silver in equal proportions; mKSher under a coat of powdered charcoal and mould into the Srmvou desire. Bring them to neariy a white heat, and lay on the Svou would take the imprension of, press with sufficient force, and vou will get a perfect and beautiful impression. . Past Engravings.— Take the engraved plate you wish to copy and arraitfeTsiSS of 81^^^^^^ materials round it: then pour on ??^thrfXwi- alloy in a sfcite of perfect fusion; tin, 1 part; lead, 04 lii^- aSonv? 12 pari«. These " cast plates " may be worked off S^comraT^rintSxg press, and offer a ready modfe of procurmg rhean couies of the worlcs of our celebrated artiste. ^ , o ,.+« Black Stencil INK.-Triturate together 1 pt. pine soot and 2 pts. Prussian blue w^th 1 little glycerine, then add 3 pte. gum arable an* sufficient fflvcerine to form a thin paste. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^. " iNDELimJE Stench. Inks. l. varnisn, suun ua la ua^ xw. ^.... rs. alHO bottom, nUlway; the er, driven in D. moi»t clay; , in a bridge lev alinoHt to 5d in the f ur- of the heat. irdoiiinj; tub, r gudgeon of , with a long re the gra»p. with a glove troniity; this ider, and the thiw injuring litJible frame lich iH hcized liu whicli re- comes out of J with ail the litric acid and t is ready for ieswax; when he metivl with feather, care- nutes, accord- stops tlie pro- water, 6 ozs. 58. Digest till ts each of ver- , add 16 parts )itch, 2 parts; rt; brick dust, al proportions; mould into the Mid lay on the ufflcient force, wish to copy then pour on L part; lead, G4 be worked oQ. 3 of procuring ) soot and 2 pts. um arable an* MACHINISTS, ENOINEEIIS', AC., UKCKIPTS. 847 t iinry printing Ink, 1 lb.; bhck Buliihiiret of morcnrv 1 II. • nitr..^„# »JJ VL "^fv Mid trituratod t,. a paite In a llttio wXf p4w,n To Print a Pioturk from thr Print iTqwiB- Th^ ... .„ printed ,«rt '""""""8 ""y I«rt <" Ito "-''tcnto exce,,t to the m long strips 3 inches wide and A of an inch thick nnV^^?^*?! cast and becomes cold, when it is removftH ,.o«>i,. Jji^T^Ti^i^® ^nurp Kniie, and cemented to the handle readyfor' use? " """ '" ill! fl! I 348 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. To Make Door Plates.— Cut your glass the right size, and make it perfectly clean with alcohol or soap; then cut a strip of tin-foil suf- ficiently long and wide for the name, and with a piece of ivoij or other burnisher rub it lengthwise to make it smooth ; now wet the glass with the tongue (as saliva is the best stickmg substance), or i? file glass is very large, use a weak solution of gum arable, or the white of an egg m half a pint of water, and lay on the fod, rubbing it down to the glass with a bit of cloth, then also with the burmsher ; the more it is burnished the better it will look; now mark the width on the foU which is to be the height of the letter, and put on a straight edge, and hold it firmly to the foil, and with a sharp knife cut the foil, and take olf the superfluous edees; then either lay out the let- ters on the back of the foil (so they shall read correctly on the front) bv your own judgment, or by means of pattern letters, which can be purchased for that purpose; cut with the knife, carefully holdmg Sown the pattern or straight edge, whichever you use; then rub down the edge of all the letters with the back of the knife, or edge of tiie burnisher, which prevents the black paint or iapan, which you next put over the back of the plate from getting under the foil; hav- iiiff put a line above and one below the name, or a border around the plEte or not, as you bargain for the job. The japan is made by dis- solving asphaltum in just enough turpentine to cut it; apply witna brushfas other paint, over the back of the letters, and oter the glass forming a background. This is used on the iron plate of the frame also putting it on when the plate is a little hot, and as soon as it cools, it is 'dry. A little lampblack may be rubbed into it if you desire it any blacker than it is without it. Reliable Formula for Photographers.— No. 1. Silver Bath foi Albumen Paper, for Summer «se.— Crystal nitrate of silver, 40 grains ; nitrate of ammonia, 35 grains ; filtered rain water, 1 oz. ; saturated solution bicarbonate of soda, about 8 or 10 drops, or enough to make the bath slightly alkaline. No. 2. For winter use. Nitrate of silver 2i ozs..; nitrate of soda 2ozs. ; glycerine 3 ozs. ; Pure water 40 ozs. Make it a little alkaline with aquas ammoma. No. 3. Another Stlvei Bath Silver, from 40 to 45 grs. (according to temperature ;) nitrate of ammonia, 20 grs. ; distilled or ice water, 1 oz. Float 45 seconds to 1 mSute No. 4. Sal Soda Toninfj Bath. Distilled or melted ice water 64 ozs. ; acid solution chloride of gold, (4>7f • *« J^J^oz.)! oz. ; Surated solution of sal soda, h oz. MaT^e it a full half hour before Von wish to use it, and during the cold weather use the water slightly wa^m No. 5. Chloride of Lime Bath. Water, 40 ozs. ; chloride of lime 5 grains : chloride of gold, 4 grs. No. 6. Bicarbonate of Soda Bad. Chloride of gold s6lution (1 gr. to the oz. of water, ) 1 oz. ; hike warm water, 16 ozs. ; bicarbonate of soda, (saturated solution,) 10 minims. Make up fresh every time you prepare to tone Make halt mi hZ before using. Pi-ecipitatethe gold in the old solutions with protosulphateof iron. No. 7 T^'mri^ £a French plllor-l^Z'^l^?^^''''''^''--^''^^^ Tints. No. 1. Fair Com- ^t^^eminl&^^^lf ''^""i"^ or vermilion, and Indian yellow, dref al W ?h^35r ^*^'*' ^''^- ^° the flesh tints of very fair chill a^d 'ifS?efacebe?^S.niP^^^^^^ ^««e madder, ^/ • ' >y , ee. oe full of color, add a little vermilion to it 2 m'fi dhngCompleximi.-M.mh the kme as No. l.Tv^g t£t the lightred Ske ^3 "^S'rTV^^ other colors-car^ationsT rose maddfrS red and Roma^f n^w^^'^'T-n^^^ I^diaA yellow, or light Sav add a mf?« T Z-^' ^""^A t^^^ complexion be genemlly ruddy, you Sf.S ^ rind iZl w'n^"' ''T'^ ^" fl^^^^^ly "««^' ^« it 5 a nations chS'akP w ?f *.?.™P*'**^i'' ^"""P^^ ^^^e to the flesh. Car- vellow ThAL'ro;^ "* '/ the complexion be warm, lake and a littie vSmnU hf.Sw rS"' ^'^ children's portraits are' rose madder and Ser anTil^t?S?n^'?i^/*'^^^^^^ ^^ed persons have rose tS cheeks a^.Hi^n«^^i* ^ ?*7 \?«^<^ appearance to the color in T^^x^Sll^h^^^ ^««i 1' 2, and 3, are indispensable wUch St^hf wnrvS ^^^ Fu "T^!® /** receiving the otiier colors, Wr UncolnnfdT>w^ over them to bring up the complexion to the Bnne?^-n ,l?Jo ^^^^''^^^^^ portraits vary so much in tone, that the thf wSeT 'iS^ mS'nnJf rT^^^^ in mixing up the tints for somrh'Sdia?;r^"^^^^^^^^^ --^«-* -^-e oil"ira'Hn;li!^'^it!i!"^"'*'"'^" ?^^ Manufacture.— Petroleum, or rock on, 18 a liquid substance, of a dark color, exuding from the earth ^d i.i 850 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS , &C., RECEIPTS. contaiuing certain liquid and solid hydrocarbons such as benzole^ or benzine, kerosene, parafflne, asphaltum, &c., in a state of solution, in different proportions. It differs greatly in composition, some sam- ples coutainmg solid parafflne and benzole in large quantities, while others do not. Petroleum is separated from its different products by careful distillation at different temperatures. The crude material is first heated in a retort to a temperature of about 100° Fah. This causes a light oil of a strong odor to pass over into the condenser. The residue is then distilled at about 120° to 160°, the result being burning oil. When this is distilled off, steam is forced into the retort and a heavy oil, fit for lubricating purposes, comes over, a black, tarry mass being left behind. The light oil is now used for mineral turpentine, and as a grease solvent. It is often of a dark color, wliich is easily removed by agitation, first with sulphuric acid and afterwards with soda-ley and water. In many instances this light oil (benzine) is sold for illuminating purposes under the name of Sunlight Oil, Combination Burning Fluid, Lightning oil, &c. I knew a gentle- man in Philadelphia who paid one man over $3000 for the receipt for making, together with the sole right to manufacture, vend and sell, a com{)Ound of this kind in that city. The curious, or those interest- ed, Will find the receipt under the name of the " Northern Light " un- der the Grocer's Department in this work. Truth requires me to state that this article requires to be handled with great caution when used for lighting purposes — many lamentable accidents having re- sulted from a careless use of it. The heavy lubricating oil, when cooled down to 30° Fah., often yields parafflne m large quantities, which is sei^arated by straining and pressure. The asphaltum may be used for pavements, or mixed with grease as a lubricant for heavy machinery. The most important product is, however, the burning oil, which is now used as a cheap and efflcient illuminating agent in nearly every household in this country. An average sample of pe- troleum contains, according to W. B. Tegetmeier, 20 per cent, of ben- zine or mineral turps, 55 per cent, of burning oil, 22 per cent, of lubricating oil, and 8 per cent, of carbonaceous and tarry matter. To Deodorize Benzine. — Shake repeatedly with plumbate of soda (oxide of lead dissolved in caustic soda), and rectify. The following plan is said to be better. Shake repeatedly with fresh portions of metallic quicksilver ; let it stand for 2 days, and rectify. To Purify Petroleum or Kerosene Oil. — ^The distillarte or crude burning oil is converted into ordinary burning oil by being placed into a tank when it is violently agitated bv forcing air through it, and while thus agitated, 1^ to 2 per cent, sulphuric acid is added, after which the agiteition is continued 15 or 30 minutes. The oil is then allowed to settle, v/heu the acid and impurities are removed, and any acid remaining in the oil is neutralized. It is then taken to shallow bleaching tanks, where it is exposed to light and air, and al- lowed to settle. It is next heated by means of a coil of steam pipe ruiming through it, to expel all gaseous vapors which will ignite at a temperature below 110° Fahr. The oil is now called afire test oil, and is ready to be barreled and sent to market. Kerosene oil is de- colorized, by stirring it up with 1 or 2 per cent, of oil of vitriol, which li some other caustic alkali, settlmg, and re-distilling. TS. 18 benzole^ or I of solution, n, some sam- iitities, while t products by Le material is ' Fah. This e condenser. result being into the retort i^er, a black, I for mineral i color, which ad afterwards oil (benzine) Sunlight OU, lew a gentle- tie receipt for end and sell, hose interest- n Light" un- equires me to caution when » having re- ing oil, when ^e quantities, altum may be ant for heavy the burning inating agent sample of pe- L' cent, of ben- l per cent, of y matter, mbate of soda rhe following }h portions of s distillate or g oil by being ig air through icid is added, I. The oil is are removed, then taken to d air, and al- >f steam pipe will ignite at 3. fire test oil, ene oil is de- vitriol, which II*- ^-P liw*/! r\r* .XJIX \J1. XLUX\J V* MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 351 —Place in a close vessel 100 lbs crude nnii n.-i ok ^''VV ^oal Oil. lo Make Linseed AND Cotton SFPn Httq t« , i- i- ^Air^rC^^J^' ^t®*'? heavy stones start the oil from the seed The mealTs neS^S^uttl^il^ ^ *^' '^^T' '' ^« moistened^th water! ?et1t?^l\rb?o^i^t^'"*i°^ W«- ItSt not^^lSrleTanf fv dvf out iti nS %h J'P ^ ^ ^'^^ temperature, so that it will read? ly give out Its oil. The presses are of various structnrfi snma ^f tKem are patented, and others not open to pubUc inspection In onP ^e vats or hoops holding about 2 bushels eS were SS o^oSte each other against two immense beams or upriglus mffi Lt iS th^ IhTm^rZ ?^,f " H^^^^S- P5 followLs we^^Vced down upSn Sin?!, i ^y ^ ^*'S® ^^^^'^ worked by hydraulic power. The meal is oK^^i^f P^^^"^® about an hour, and the t^ presses w?rkim n&* ^A^r^^^'^l '^^^ ^^^^ 24 hours, the LiS^L^nTS runninS mm!lh«^»il'°™u5:'^:fc *<:■?.■» •'"'''■•I'^t to.fte viSinity o/ the and uon+fTT^i^T^*' i'?"""''^4;V^^"^'^°'^"^' fe^o«"oenamg nauimg, ^ of a cubic yard in bank- Lewi hmtUnn 9 7 fZZ^^ ^^I^ H^^r 5 Ascending Lding, fof a cuSyardt &nk l^smmg, &c. In /oam, a three-horse plow^ wiU loosen from 250 to 22^^o J'^ ^'^f?l P^/ ^""^ «* 1^ ^«"^s- The cost of loosenino- earth to ?05c^tep^da? 'TJot^rr^ ^'^ cubic yard, when^^a^fs aS ner cfihi^ v«rH^ c™ • '^*'^* a* tnmming and bossing is about 2 cents jer cubic, yard. Scooping. A scoop load will measure 1-10 of a cii- bic yard, measured hi exciivation. The time lost in loading n-ilnad ^ea^d-r ™^^f ' ^' ^^^^' ''^^ n^in^^tes. The time lost ?S e^e^y^TO f7)nL;/c"''^'-*'^'''?u^''i^^^*^°" to bank, and returning is Imhiute In Doiible Scoopi7ig, the time lost in loading, turning Ic wiU be i win tS^.^*? STONB.-A cart drawn by horses over an ordinary road Sl*S?^K> ?'^?^ Pf *^<^'^'' "* *"P- ^ 4-horse team wiU haul S 25 to 36 cubic feet of lime stone at each load. The time exnendPH in Th?c^!t'S\nff^' ""''A i««}^di»g delays, averagtrs^mfnuSp r^^^^^^^^ ' iha cost of lojulmg and uuloadmg a cart, using a horse cram -it tlm ??SS^*-''^9?''^n^^^ ^y ^^"^' ^^^^^^ l^^'^r i« SL2tper day's a horse 75 cents, is 25 cents per perch=24.75 cubic feet. The work done bv ^reXTw-H ^t^*f t,^hen the velocity with which he mcvis is |of thl SexeXrf Xnf'^i 1'%"*^ .T^^ r?^^" "^^^^ impeded, ai.l thl force Hay !3?0 '^ h/p f 1?*T'* ^'^"'^ **"! ^"'1!^^^ ^" ^^e^'t ^t a dead pull. larJp nr^I? «fo^i ^®-n^* "^T meadow hay, and 216 and 243 Irom dofir weSh atn.'' ^ "'^^ " *^"' ^"^ *« '^ '''^' '''' «*' '^ ICE.~T0 compute the numhfir nf fr»i^a ar^ inaJhr^t^^r. ^r,-n i.^;„ -_, euiate the number of cubic feet" hranice^hous^randdivid^^^^^^ wmmm mmm :m 854 MACHINISTS, ENeiNEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. this gives tlie number of tons the ice-house will contain it ilia closely ^eIrth ViQQiNQ.— Number ofciihicfeet of earth in a ton. Loose earth 24 ; coarse sand 18.6. Clay 18.6. Eartli with gravel 17.8. Clay withffravel 14.4. Common soil 15.6. The volume of earth and saaia hi bank exceeds that in embankment in the following proportions ; sand 1-7 clay 1-9, gravel 1-11, and the volume of rock m embajik- ments quarried in large fragments exceeds that in bank fully one Weight of Earth, Rock, &c.— A cubic yard of sand or ground weighs about 30 cwt. ; mud, 26 cwt ; marl, 26 cwt. ; clay, 31 cwt. ; chalk, 36 cwt. ; sandstone, 39 cwt ; shale, 40 cwt ; quartz, 41 cwt ; granite, 42 cwt ; tmn, 42 cwt ; slate, 43 cwt . . v. xi.„ To Determine Weight of Live Cattle.— Measure ni mches the girth around the breast, just behind the shoulder blade, and the fenuth of the back from the ttiil to the fore part of the shoulder blade. Multiply the girth bv the length, and divide by 144. It the girtii is less than 3 feet, multiply the quotient by 11. If hetween 3 and 5 teet, multiply by 16. If between 5 and 7 feet, multiply by 23. If between 7 and 9 feet, multiply bv 31. If the animal is lean, deduct 1-JO from the result, or take the girth and length in feet, multiply the square of the i'-TYthby the length, and multiply the product by 3.36. The result will be the answer in pounds. The live weight multiplied by 6.05, gives a near approximation to the net weight ^ . ^i, i * 4.1,^ * Gauging Streams.— Multiply the square root of the cube of the height in inches of the water on the siU of the weir or gauge by the constant 17.13, which will give the number of gallons per mmute. If the water has any initial velocity it must be determmed by experi- ment, and in that case multiply the square of the height by the square of the velocity, and by 0.8 ; to the product add the cube of the height, extract the square root of the sum, and multiply by 17.13 as Stowage of Coals.— The following information will be valuable to many coal dealers and consumers who may be m doubt as to tne capacity of their coal bins. A box 4 feet long, 3 ft, 5 m., wide, and 2ft., 8 in., deep, has a capacity of 36^ cubic feet, and will contain 2000 lbs , or one ton of Beaver Meadow or Lehigh (American) coal. The spaces occupied by one ton of the undermentioned English coals, economic weight arei-Haswell's Wallsend, 45;25 cubic teet North Percy, Hartley (Newcastie) 4()-96 cubic feet Balcarras Arley (Lan- cashire) 44-35'^ cubic feet. Cannel (Wigan,Laaicashire) 46-37 cub c feet DufEryn (Welsh) 4209 cubic feet Poutypool (Welsh) 40 ^2 cub'c feet. Hence, ashed 16 feet high, 20 feet broad and •30/eet long, will hold over 212 tons of Haswell's Wallsend (Newcastle) coals, about m tons of Caimel, and 228 of Duffryn. ^ The average space occumed bv one ton of Newcastle coal, economic weight, is^**/^"^ 1^ S^hat o^f one ton of LaLicashire coal, 44| cubic feet, ^^d that of 1 ton of Welsh coal, 41 cubic feet. Therefore a shed of the above dimensions, would, on the average, r.uld 217 tons of Newcastle coal, 216^0? Lanckshke, and 234 of WelF i from the above data, any. m- t^drMMHirchaser can easily calculate the capacity of his coal bins, sheds dc., and in many case- ,. >3are a good bargam by laymg m a XcvxclQ §tirM-«» nrhAn nnalft Are cllbwer. It usually varies in differont englnftjfrom 2 t() 8 lb» liuilwsiy experiuients demonstrate 1 ton of Ciimberiaua coal, (2240 lbs.) to be equal in evaporating effeot to 1'25 J'^n" "\^^n- tliraciteoorr]. i,'jd 1 ton of anthracite to he equal t^\l-7B cjords pme wood: iLf^ ■ *»;it "Ji X) lbs. Lackawanna coal are equal to 4e(H) lbs. best pin- \viAA- y, -a depends on the kind of boiler used. 1 lie «cr gaseous bodies and vaiwrs. Thus as guid is 19, and silver 10 times heavier than water, those numbers 19, And 10 are said to represent the sjiecific gravity of gold and silver. .iBe heaviest known substance is indium, used tor pointmg gold pens; its specific gravity is 23. The 1 ghtestof ajl liquids has as^cific gravity of 0.6, it is willed chimogene, and is made from petroleum, it is exceedingly volatile and combu.-tible, being in fact a liq uefied gas. Carbonic acid gas or choke damp is 500 times lighter than water, common air 800, street gas about 2000. and pure hydro- en the Ughtest of all substances, 12,000 times. The heaviest substance lias thus 234-12,000, or more than a quarter of a million times more weight than an equal bulk of the lightest; and the substance of which comets consist, has by astronomers been proved to be even several thousand times lighter than hydrogen gas. Appboved Friction Matches.— About the best known prei)ara- tlon fpr friction matches consists of gum arable, 16 parts by weight; phosphorus, 9 parts; nitre, 14 parts; peroxyde of manganese, m powder, 16 parts. The gum is first made into a mucilage with water, then thte manganese, then the phosphorus, and the whole is heated to about 1:^0° Fah. When the phosphorus is melted the nitre is ad- ded, and the whole is thoroughly stirred until the mass is a uniform paste. The wooden matches prepared first with sulphur, are then dipped in this and afterward dried in the air. Friction papers, for carrying in the pocket, may be made in the same manner, and by addmg some gum benzom to tlie mucilage they will havi? an agree- able order when ignited. „ , , « _x i i Improved Colored Fires.— Tf7?i«e.— Saltpetre, 2 parts; sulphur, 2 parts; antimony, 2 parts. Red. Nitrate of. strontia, 20 parts; chlorate of potash, 5 parts; sulphur, 6ip!rts; charcoal, 1 part. Blm. Chlorate of potash, 9 parts; sulphur 3 parts; carbonate of copper, d parts. leWoM).— Nitrate of soda, 24 parts; antimony, 8 parts, sul- phur, 6 parts ; charoopJ . 1 part. (?7rew.— Nitrate of baryta, 26 parts ; chlorate of potash, 18 parts; sulphur, 10 parts, FioZe«.— Nitrate of strontia, 4 parts; chlorate of potash, 9 parts; sulphur, 5 parts; car- bonate of copper, 1 part; calomel, 1 part. , ,, „ , ^ a 4.^- ^ I'o Re-cover Hammers in PiANOS.-Get felt of graduated thick- ness, cut it in strips the exact width, touch only the two ends with glue, not the part striking the strings. Hold in place with springs of narrow hoop iron. . i,* „ i Water.— ^res/t Water.— Th^ component parts by weight and mfiJisnrft is. Oriwen. 88.9 bv weight, and 1 by measure, Hydrogen, 11 i by weight, and 2 by measure. One i iibic men of disimuu wai^i at its maximum density of 39°. 83, the barometer at 30 inches, weighs MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, UECEIPT8. 859 262.6937 gifl., and it is 828.5 times heavier tluin atuiortplieric air. A cubic foot weighs yy8.0(>8 ounces, or «)2.37'J23 lbs. avoirdupois, but for facility of computation the weight is usually tjvken at 1000 ounces and 02.6 lbs. By the British lmi)erial Stan2o, the barometer at 'M ins.=l)98.224 ounces. At a temperature of 212° its weight is 69.026 lbs. Below 39°. 83, its den- sity decreases at first v< ly slow, but progressing rai)idly to the iM)int of congelation, the weight of a cubic foot ot ice being but 5. '5 lbs. 36.84 cubic feet of water weigh a ton. 39.13 cubic feet of ice weigh, a ton. River or canal water contains l-20th of its volume of gaHuu w icuiicns. ^n^^e, •-•^v r«v-^* .^j_— .., , 'S. a deluging, icgar, chalk 11 together, kny wood or ho top, bot- ich, form it it is to be or 7 inches ling board, (i an equal t 2ih incnes andf i inch I any rausi- of a piano- owing man- hen iuaert a IMirt to the I must com- at the other er of 12 ; by Iways oppo- e strings on rient with 12 bring, which d the oppo- them tight. »laced about 2 pieces of low, and to c movement sight, mark- on. Used to : part of the iigers : when • soften large I, as it gives hj grinding aamg it into 5, and finally in grooves in color can be : very finely t intractable t ease. The f chlorate of Iphuric acid, ed, it is well if f\nCkr>at.\r\n MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 361 the bla(!k lead swells and l)efeme« w>e seen every day in the eftervSS of clr tonic acid gas from tlie intermixture o^f seidlitrSZ in water" The chemicals being introduced from white and blue paS- Sacl^^ into the water contained in the copper case ^^ pacKagea MAinjFACTURB OF CoBN Utatmh.— Watt' s Patent ^'hTb com is steeped in water, ranging in temperature from 70° to M)o J^^ for about a week changrng the water at least once in 24 hours X certain aniount of acid fermentation is thus produced musW tlm storch and refuse of the com to be easily se^S Xmlrds th«^r.?r"^°'TlJi«'2''*'.^ ^ a current of clear soft wS Ind IpL^m^en^^fo^rS'p^u^^o^e!' ^*^'^' '""''''^'^^ ^' '^^^^^ P-P- Refining of Suoab.— Both cane and beet-root sutrar are rofinM on tiie same principle, by mixture with lim^ateTbonbif with animal charcoal, and filtration through twilled Ston I? some estaWishments bullock's biood is used to aid in ff-clarifyiSr The albumen of the serum becomes coagulated on the apStfJl of heat, forming a network, which rises^to the top of tTf Sor carrying with it a great part of the impurities. The rMd sh sviun obtamed by the first filtration is next passed through fiterstoto large vats, twelve or fourteen feet deep,*^n which Ire laid^oaSs^ S& "^T^^ ^""?, *"l°"*^ charcoal,^nd a second ^y^f an?^S;n J^? ^^r'Kl^ allowed to flow over the surface of the filter ajd runs slowly through the charcoal, coming out perfecttv colorless. The concentrated syrap is then boiled i^vamo, by mSs w.S''£.f^'' ^"^P^^o*. ^^««^*« ^re arrived at. The^sciS TiS nno^.*^v 'k/'^ ** ^° Ff^' »* ^^^«^ temperature a quantity S wicrystalhzable sugar would be formed. By performing the one- T?S.^''± \^:^^^^ *1^« boiling^point is^b^ught ^IX 1^ _. ,^ . ^„„. i-^iiittsiiua oi uucrystamzaDie sugar takes place, and 862 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. a irreat saviuff in fuel is effected. When the concentration reacUeH a mShi noint tlie svrui. is transferred t.. a vessel heated by steam to mo iiTf'or^^^^^^ aiitoited with wooden beaters, until it forms •thick aliriramiar From the heating-vats it is transferred into f^ivertodlffl n^^^^^^ of tlie well-known shape, at the bott^im of S of whidi is a movable i>luK. The syrup is well stirred to mevei^t tl^e fciati^^^ of aii-bubbles, and then left at rest for several IiouZ at the end of which time the plug » removed, ajd the uncrvstallized syrup runs out. The loaves are furtlier freed from ftl colS4d m a portion of perfectly colorless syrun beiuK ?nn CmVthom. They are then^dried in a stove and ^niHliecl CniarKv beiiig turneii in a lathe. Gmshcd or granulated «jt^«- irmadebvciusing the gnmular syrup «to revolve m a perfomted driun by vvhU nieans the uncrystallizablft i)ortion is separated ''Z^^^:^^^.^:^^^^ are formed of an inferior kind of brass, pewter, or other mefcillic compositions lor ^^^ metal, see a variety of alloys on i>ages 291 and ^'^i . *^ """f, JJS • shmiks are usually made of these compositions, which is supplied SSf^iSifacture^rs in sheets of the required Jbif ues«. By meim| of tlv presses and punches, circular disks ciiUed blanks, are cut out of tLse sheets, this is mostly performed by females, who can fnrnish about 30 blanks per minute, or .12 Kro.s8 per hour Hand ininSiin- is the general mode of cutting out blanks, but more Silated inrhines, which cut out 8 or 10 blanks at a time, are ^^•"/;"*'i|'^t^ "*^,eiiig punched, the edges of the blanks are very shanCand require to and r()unded. Their surfaceB are t len planiUed on Uie face by placing them sei)arately m a die under a small stamp, and allowing them to receive a small blow fC a polished steii hammer. In this state they are ready to receive t le shanks or small mettil loops by which they are at^idied to the dress. They are made by a machine m which a coil of wire is ff raduallv advanced towards d pair of shears which cuits off short Secef A metol finger then presses against the middle of eiich Sei?" fii^t bending h; and then pressing it into a vice,, when it is J^m^^ressed so as to form a loop ; a hammer then strikes the two eSspmading them i:ito a fliit surface, and the shank is pushed out^>f S machine ready for use. The shanks are attached to^^^^^^^^^ blanks bv women, with iron wire, solder and rosin. They are then p i nto an oven, 'and when firmly united form p am buttons. If acrest or inscription is wanted, it is placed in a die and stamped. bSis Lrgilded by gold amalgam, by being put into an earthen mirwrth thf proper\uaaitity of'gold to cover them, amalgamated with mercury in the following manner: the gold is put into an kon ladle in thin strips, and a small quantity «/ mercury say 1 mrt of mercury to 8 if gold, added to it, the ladle is held over thffi^e tm tne gold and me-cury are perfectly united. This ama^ I^in being put into the pan with the buttons, as much aquafortis, diluted witi water, as will wet them all over, is thrown m, and tl^edre stirred up with a brush till the acid by its affinity to the copper m the buttons, carries the amalgam to every part of ther waS away with clean water. This is called tlie qaickmy pro- MACHINISTS, EN0INE1.RS', &C., RECEIPTS. 3^3 cess. In drying off, the paTof buttons is heated by a charcoal' fire expelUng the mercury in the forin of a vapor, which, under the improved system, is conducted into on oblong iron tiue or gallerv gently sloped downwards, having at its end a small vertical tube dipped into a water cisteni, for condensing the mercury, and a large vertiwil pipe tor promoting the drau^^it of the products of the combustion. The gold thus deposited in an exceedingly thin mm upcm the buttons, presents a dull yellow color, and must now be burnished ; this is ellected by a piece of hematites, or bloodstone, fixed on a handle and applied to the button, as it revolves in the To RENDKR Wood Indestructible.— i?o66m«' Process 'The a|)paratus used consists of 1 retort or still, which can be made of any size or form m which resin, coal tar, or other oleaginous substances, together with water, are placed in order to subject tnem to the heat Jire being applied beneath the retort containing the coa^ tar, &c ' oleaginous ^por commences to rise, and passes out through a con- necting pipe uito a large iron tank or chamber (which can also be built of any size), containing the timber, &c., to be operated upon. The heat acts at once upon the wood, causing the sap to flow from everv pore, which, rising in the form of steam, condenses on the body of the chamber, and discharges through an escape pipe in the lower part In this process a temperature of 212° to 250° Fahr. is sufficient to remove the surface moisture from the wood ; but after this the tem- perature should be raised to 300^' or more, in order to cpmj.letolv saturate and permeate the body of the wood with the antiseptic vaDors and heavier products of the distillation. The hot vapor coagulates the albumen of the wood, and opens the pores, so that a large portion of the oily product or creosote is admitted; the contraction resultinir from the coohng process hermetically seals them, and decay seems to be almost impossible. There is a man-hole in the retort, used to change or clean out the contents; and the wood chamber is furnished with doors made perfectly tight. The whole operation is completed m less than one hour, rendering the wood proof agamst rot, parasites, and the attacks of the Teredo navilis or naval worm. German Stone Coating jtor Wood.— Chalk, 40 parts; resin, 50 parts; linseed oil 4 parts; melt together. To this add 1 part of oxide of copper, afterwards 1 part of sulphuric acid; add this last carefidly ; apply with a brush. Iron luBB Manufacture.— In the present method of manufac- turing the patent welded tube, the end of the skelp is bent to the circular form, its entire length is raised to the weldin.,' heat in an ai)- projpriate furnace, and as it leaves the furnace almost at the point of fusion, It 18 dragged by the chain of a draw-bench, after the man- ner of wire, though a pair of ton.rs with two bell-shaped jaws; these are opened at the time of introc jcing-the end of a skelp, which is welded without the agency of a mandril. By this ingenious arrange- ment wrought iron tubes may be made from the diameter of 6 inches internally and about 1-8 to 3-8 of ai\inch thick, to as small as 1-4 of an inch diameter and 1-10 bora, and so admirable is the joining eflfected m those oi the best description that they will withstand the greatest pressure of water, steam, or gas to which they have been subiecited, and V Y T"'"'' Y^ "ciiij^ liuiit, uutii i-i iiiu iiujitea ana coia state, almost with impunity. Sometimes the tubes are made one upon the other l\ '• I 864 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. when great thickness is required ; but tho" stout pipes, and those larger than 3 inches, are but seldom required. The wrought iron tubes of hydrostatic presses which measure about i an inch niternally, and i to ^ of an inch thick in the metal, are frequently subjected to a pressure of/owrinting they are cut in two, so as to form two . separate needles ot equal length and quality. For each different size a small copper plate is employed. It is nearly square, and has a tpmed-up edge on two of its sides, the one is intended to receive all the points, while the other resists the pressure of the shears On this plate a certain number of wires are put with their points in con- tact with the border, and they are cut together flush with the plate, Dy means of a Stiall pair of shears moved by the knee of the work- man. These even wires are now taken to the head-flattmer. This workman, seated over a table with a block of steel before him about d inches cube, takes up from 20 to 25 needles between his finger and Zu °^J' spreading them out like a fan, with the iwints under the thumb he lays the heads on the steel block, and, with a small flat- laced hammer strikes a few successive blows upon them so as to flatten them m an instant. The heads, having become hardened bv hammering, are aow amiealed by heating and slow cooling, and are handM to thepi^jce?' generally a child, who forms the eye in a second by laying the head upon a block of steel, and by driving a small punch through one side with a smart tap of the ham r or, mid then exactly opposite on the other. The eyes are then trimmed by driying the punch through them again on a lump of lead and, after laying the needle with the punch sticking through it, upon the block Of steel, hammering the head on the sides, which causes it to take the lorm of tno mmnh Tno novf r\T\a.vn-t-^-n Tv.ni.-nr. 4.v.„ _i i, . eye and rounds the head, which he does with a small file. The 366 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. FaX n'SCand tTaS mten«e deg.ee «or thesi^r ; they are ■ FKuSd\f tiuired, and. tt,e tunungjs -f-^f.owed Vf a S ftv o^oxide ot tS foi the eighth and nmth, putty with very little o;rp\ane,'SnronSing"ca7eM^^ at their pomtB, he ea.uy le- 3. J pell-mell ,nge thewi- .kea of the for which . weight at placed in a 388 for tlie • ; they are d water in same time, ikmg them lies are re- tlie needles I into a pan he fire, the s are found ) tempering I. I openition. ■mixed with )se bundles ^hich make jausing the tiour. Thi8 sh a move- or bundles, bowls and imparities, sawdust is 1 until the lowed by a ,er, and ar,e lewhat con- lls or bags, :epc 'ted ten wder mixed to anything first, emery I operation, th very little Aim naode of idded in the I quantity of clean. The mjuring the the wooden linen rag or The sorting are first laid ■ their polish SOOO needles leir heads in he easily le- MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 367 cognifces the broken ones and removes them with an instrument adapted for the purpose. These defective needles pass into the hands of the pointer in order to be ground again, when they fonn articles of inferior valuA, Those needles bent in the polishing must now be straightened, and Ihe whole are fiiu.lly arranged by the tact of the finger and thumb of the sorter, and weighed out into quantities for packing into blue papers. The bluer puts the finftl touch to theiri by taking 26 needles at a time between his fore-finger and thumb, and pressing their points against a small hone-stone of compact micaceous schist, quadrangular in +orm, mourned in a small lathe, turning them briskly round, giving tlie points a bluish cast, while he jxjlishes and improves them. On Fir.E Manufactdke.— Files are made of bars of steel, rendered I doubly hard by a process called donble conversion, drawn the re- quired size at the tilt hammer, and then shaped, the square and flat ones by the hammer and common anvil only, hv.c those of lound, half-roimd, and three-angled forms, by means of bosses and dies made in the above shapes, which fit into a groove left for them in the anvil. The steel blanks having been thus formed, are next annealed, or softened, to render them capable of being cut, by placing a number of tliem together in a brick oven, rendered air-tight by filling up all the interstices with sand (to prevent the oxidation of the steel, to which it is very liable, if air be admitted, ) and then making a fire Elay as equally as possible all roimd until they are red hot, when the eat is discontinued, «,nd the steel allowed to cool gradually bofore it is imc^jvered. The surface to contjiin the teeth is now rendered as smooth as possible by grinduig or filing; the teeth are then cut with a carefully grouna chisel, each incision being made separately. The next and last process, that of Hardening, is performed in various ways by different makers, the otdinary method, however, is to cover the files with a kind of compf »-»itiou or protecting varnish to prevent oxi- dation and scalding of the steel when heated; and, lastly, they are plunged in cold, fresh water to cool them as quickly as possible. Some file-makers coat their files, before tempering, with a compusition of cow-dung, or pig-flour, which not only protects the sharp angles of the cuttings from the action of the fire, but furnishes a highly azotized substance, which conduces greatly to still further harden and steelify the finished work. I know several file manufacturers who make use of a bath of melted lead for tempering purposes. The files ore first coated with a greasy composition to prevent any oxide iadhering, then introduced for a short time into melted lead, or the "metallic bath" as it is called, and then plunged into the tempering liquid. The melt- ed lead may be kept covered with cliarcoal, or other suitable ingredi- ents, to prevent •oxidation. In some manufactories a charcoal fire is kept >^nniing on the surface of the melted lead. P N : iiiKG. — Pens should be made of the best steel that can be go'^' as "dculiar elasticity is required in them, which could not be ob- tained IX poor steel were used. The steel is cut into slips some 3 feet long and 4 mches broad ; these slips are then plunged into a pickle of diluted sulphrric acid so as m remove the scales from the surface ; next it is passed between heavy roUers by which it is reduced to the thickness required, and made fit to undergo the first process in pen iiiiiking. This is peiiormed by a girl, who, sjeated at a stampiug- /( i ± MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 368 S!^n them The pens are next traUerred to another class of work- ST wCby means ol a press, either make the pens con^Te^ tl ey ^^^UItaIv th he nibs or. if they are to be barrel pens, tbey roll the wr?l Siet^er The neit process is termed the hard^nmg, and con- S^S iJX^n- a number of pens in an iron box which is introduced fS^a mumo ° After they become ol a deep red heat they are p ung- "r? ^^ o^,i?i; nfnil and when thev get cool, the adhermg oil is re- ived bTag^4on in "^^^^^^^^^^ ^ i,«.„+5«« tr. thP iipoessarv elasticity in a warm bath of oil ana, nn- X tiir>f l^ie n^^^^^^^ are placed in a revolving cylmder ally, *"^.^y"^;,,, "'" „,^ crucible and other cutting substances, which ?S to bVehS^^^^^ Suml color of the steel ; next the TMsSoimd dowT^^ with great rapidity, by a girl, who picks it ;i?witK oair ofTliers, knd, wiSi a single touch on an emery wheel ^X^ ft at once ^e slit is now maSe by means of a press. A Bf -S ni wed^Twith a flat side, is affixed to the bed of the press, andtb -^esSing 8^^^^^ a' corresponding chisel-cutter which Sassin- down with the greatest accuracy on the pen, which had been Sfaoid'on the diisel affiled to the bed, and the s it is made .and the Sin comnletl "hey are next colored brown or blue, by placing them Po ^pfrSviif^ metal evlinder, under which is a charcoal stove, and, hv wSS n^^^^ gradation of color, tlie requisite J-^t^ranpSilv attSd ; a brillian is subsequently imparted bf inSrt^^T^^^ ^''^''^i in naphtha; they are then 5^-«!i orvn^+pS splected and placed into boxes for sale. '^Toi.D PeS -^^^^^^^ n^«chin the same manner aj «tP^? wifh Ss important difference, that, as they cannot be tempered steel, witnimsinipui^ necessary elasticity is imparted to Spt\'v hlnTm^rini fnf b%i^^^^^^^ a small hard stone them by "amraenu„,^iiu J . » » ^ ^jj j^^ gold is too soft SK^on^fa^aUo^^^^^^^ ?«Jd^^g ^ *^« Sns^This makes an extremely hard and durable point. „ .. . ^M . vitiJa^rk bF iRON.-the preparation of the ore is effected m we s it ^ril? to Sr to describe the us^l method of Bmriting »res Se^£sss&"?^e«iw^^^ iKth which the slag mav be withdrawn, at inte vals. At the bot- through ™^5JJi^^«^^f £;i.i„i^. „s,ianv closed with clay for drawmg S^he^Sucermetelwfiena sufficient quantity is coUected. iiie y cuts out iorato the' lIous steel e embryo J stumped iof work- TB, if they iy roll the r, and con- introduced are plung- r oil is re- I next step, ; and, fin- g cylmder icea, which ; next the rho picks it lery wheel, press. A the press, ter, which h had been ie and the acing them stove, and, le requisite y imparted ey are then manner as ae tempered imparted to hard stone is too soft tacha min- iring to the 8 effected in to separate to draw off jily crushed, ed by means is only used I duriiig the melting ores ts of a long L is a vertical 1 pipes called ^er opening, At the bot- f or drawing leuted. iiio m MACHINISTS, P:NGINEERS', AC., RECEIPTS. 369 furnace is fed with coal, limestone and ore, from a hole near the top, •the cliarge bemg renewed from time to time as the materials burn down. The action by which the ore is reduced to the metallic" state may be traced as follows. The oxygen of the nir of the blast combines with the carbon of tiie coal to form carbonic acid during the process of combustion. The ciirbonic acid," during its passage through the rest of the heated fuel, is decomposed, being converted into carbonic oxide. The carbonic oxide, stiil ascending, meets with the hydrogen and coal- gas, together with which it forms a reducing mixture, abstractmg the oxygen of the ore and setting free the iron in a metallic sfaite, which sniks down to the bottom of the furnace, where it comes in contact with the carbon of the coal. With tins carbide of iron is formed, increasing the fusibility of the reduced iron to such an extent that the lime, clay, and silica present, which have been converted into a fusible slag, float on the top as imperfect glass. The slag runs over through the side apparatus provided for the purpose, and the metal is w.tlidrawn every 12 ,." 24 hours through the tap-hole. It is run into moulds consisting of a long channel, from each side of which run shorter ones. The central channel is known as the sow, the side ones as the pigs, hence the term pig iron, as applied to rough cast iron. Great improvements have been made in the process of smelting iron, by the introduction of a heated blast i'or urging tlie combustion, and by using the combustible gases issuing from the top of the furnace for heating the blast, or the boilers of the steam-engines used for the blowing machines. These improvements are now in use at most of the principal iron works tliroughout tlie kingdom, and an idea of their importance may be gathered from the fact that 15 years ago a yield of 200 tons per furnace was thought to be a large quantity, whereas now, at ttie Ulverstone and other works, GOO and 650 tons per week is an ordinary yield ; not only this, but the amount of fuel used has been reduced to one-quarter by the same means. The iron that comes Irom the furnace is generally much too impure to be used for any but the very roughest castings ; it therefore has to be remelted, to drive off, as much as possible, the uncombined carbon, or graphite, silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, buO other impurities. A single refusion converts It into what is termed " Nc. i' pig," or a gray iron, a fusible and liquid metal; a second and third srill further purifying it from carbon, until It IS converted into refined or white iron, in which the whole of the carbon is combined with the metal. This description of cast iron is only used for conversion into malleable iron, for although it melts easily, it forms a much more pasty mass than some of the inter- mediate qualities of gray iron, which melt into a more liquid metal, nttmg them for casting purposes. Refined iron made from the Ger- man spathose ores contiiins a large quantity of combined carbon and manganese and crystallizes in large plates. It is termed spieqel- emn, or mirror iron, from the brilliancy of its crystalline structure, Hucl IS much valued for making steel, Fomiders are accustomed to divide castiron into three or four qualities. No. 1, pig or black cast iron, which contams a large proportion of uncombined carbon ,- No. f, or gray cast iron, which confciius more combined carbon ; No. •>, or mottled, which contains onlv a few grains of uncombined car- bon, here and there, giving it a mottled appearance ; No. 4, or refined iroii, iu which the whole 01 tlie carbou is combined. No. 4 is verv 24 ^ -'^- g 370 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, &C RECEIPTS. hard and brittle, and is ^^adt^b^ri^i^^^^^ or wrought iron. This is eft«^J^J,,^y ^^^^^^^ wire to avoid to a state of fusion "^^/^fJ.^.^^f^^SnuX^^^ iiigot parts with the contact of fuel. The^^'^^V tCw n^^^^ of oxide, if pro- its carbon, which is assisted t>y tinowms o^^^^^ becomes duced in the forge As the carbo l>Y;'«J^e^^^^^^^ i,,t,Ta granular more and more pasty, until at length « » « "^^^'^^^ej, very intense, sandy mass, The heat is "«^„^X ^aim^^ Ae metal and the air is excluded by closmg the dm^^^^^ ^^.^^ ^^^^ begins to agglomerate "^f" .^o^^f f "'^-of aM 8iibie«ts, while .4111 pi^ddler collects on the end of an iron rod, am suuj ^ ^^ Lt, either to the action of a l^mmer or to a P^Xer inipurities, and sloughing press, whidi.squeezes out th^^^^^^ '^iCiron is then rolled forces the particles ot iron closer together ine^io^^^ ^^ into bars, and forms what is called homc^^^eous iroi ^ .^^^ metal much used when great har^^^^^ess s re^^^^^^^ it is much "sed for by its Sranular texture when 1^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ,.^^ the tops of railway bars, and lor/ne wc^^^^^^^ ^^^ .^^^ wheelJ. Whci-ethehbrm^^^^^^^^^ lengths, alter the first process oi ronn^ft' J^ i ^ r^,j j process healed in a reverberatory * ^"^.^S'Yron has a f mc^^ a i^ece of is repeated several times. Fibrous iron *^'^» f^jYf "' t.^ii^ i^ required, cane" and is used where resista ce to a pum ^ti, the snch'as anchors, .fan^f ' &«; w^'Yo bear the weight Jf passing trains, hiterior of the rail of ^^^rous iron to oearjie ^ y ^^^^ wearing while the exteriors are made of grai^^^^^^^^ action of the wheels. Themaheab e ironoico pxuposes. and may be ^^en as a type of ^i^^^^^ £ and" lustrous when Wrought iron is of bluish white co^^^^^^ ^^or , Its ^Scfgrrvftyt Tt^T^ and^^^^^^^^ -^^ ^^^-^ ^^^ ^' ^ "^siirMiVu."c^^^^^^ --i^^'^^^f, irdirfroriio^ ble iron by the process called cemenfcit on. 1^^ ^^ ^ . the Dannemora Mines, ^^^^ed with t e letter ^^m ^^ ^ ^^^ circle, and called " Hoop L is S^^c^^^iJ P\^f,,ig ^f steel. The bars oiher'marks are also ^^«f * ?^^/;„^,^^ts^*f t^^^^^^^^ about four- are arranged in a f^^^^ace f at com^^^ chlrcoal-powder is teen feet long and two feet feq^are. a uiy «x alternately, spread over the bottom, then a la^erotto^^^^^ ^^^^^.^^ -the full charge i^ al^^^^^^ " *?f '^fif the slush or waste from the charcoal, then sand, and lastly ^'^y^^ ^^^^^^^ the whole closely grindstone trough, applied wet so as to ceiu now lighted Sown for the entire exclusion of the air^^ A cjU^e^^^ below and between the troughs ; and at the e^^id^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ the bars are found to have mcreaf d m ^ei-ht, tne o^ ^^^^^^^ fiftieth part, by an absorption of caibon^^^^^^ ^^^^^ The a fracture more erystalUne atthough ^^^^^^ apparently barswhenthus converted aiea^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ them from the expansion ot the m mute Duu Dies o continuation of ^i ?^JZ 'L:^^JS%^^ l-e,ai^d more carb.i, .Id render? ti^ bars "more fusible, and would uiuma.uiy c^an. .h... --- malleable stined iron* J to avoid larta with le, if pro- t becomes I granular ry iutenHe, f lie metal which the while dtill iH, called a iirities, and ;hen rolled , quality of itinguished ch used for of railway is cut into ajitudinally, 'his process B a piece of is required, ,de with the 5sing trains, ;he wearing nearly pure, ,1 puri)oses. strOus when r odor.' Its ise heat of a >ure mallea- ,h iron from centre of a ms of a few il. The bars about four- al-powder is , alternately, rev first with 3te from the vhole closely ; now lighted t seven days, hundred and when broken, before. The •s, apparently ■tween them, intinuation of e carbon, and MACTimrSTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECEirTS. 371 ■X!;t IS:^:^^^^Z:^::^^^<^- to avol,, .us mischief and the work is coinnlete who.T H 1 ^ ''"''i*'". ^' '''''^''^' th(3 pimlZ centre of the bars. The conver«^^^^^ ^'''' extendi I fe the mg and emptying tl.rfm-inpf ^? occupies, with the time for chari quantity of Kiel's eLXlTlSithrVf^'i^^^" ^^^y«. A very Si iron for ceitjtin partsTfneeha„ Im w ''^. f ^'^' ^"^ welding to bulk of the blistei^ed steel irmSS.''"? "'^^ *"^ edge-tools. %e processes, bv which it is made t?ther inf T ^* "'^ *^« foHowh^ Shmr-steel Is produced brpHimrto."/,^ «»^eai--«teel or cast-steeT having been in former ySJrsnroPmii V ^"^,,^l»o German steel from iS« "^^'^^-^ ^^^"^ «"^ S wE^and ™ ?:JV2;"^^^^^^ SometlmS the repetition. This process of wrTrS • f^^^^^'^ different va- fitted with a cover, wliicl k Tempnft^^ ^^' ""^^^'^^ "'^^ ^ barrel, and melts after a time the Stter to^eci 're th*"^^^^^ ^ i'''^^^ l«te'tha? pots are exposed t^ a vivid heat ITnt!^ J^'^jpS- Either one or two air furnace in which S^ blistered .tPpf'^^K^^^^ *^^ brass-fouude^s course of 3 or 4 hours- iMuli;^ steel is thoroughly melted in fh! ing stote, and PourS^nto ^mould 71^^^^^^^ wW^m^n iifa glow! bars, or about 20 or28 SchS for riir "^^V ^^^her 2 inches square for mgots the contents of two ofino^^ ^^!'°^' "'^^ sheet-steel. FofiJ^l mould, but it requires extrSv^en'tT '"•" *^8^*^^^ ^^ t^^ S intense temperature that it shall Khke S'h l^ "^^^'"^g the very mgots are reheated in an onen S^l "u }l?^^ «^' ^^ the pots The forge and are pr sedundS- alien vih""""^ "^'^*^^* «f the .ommin suc^ as those of iron-wSrks the Wow^ri""' ^'^^^^"^- several tmis to the crystalline nature of the nv «. k ? ^"'^'} S^^^^y «t first, owiS the strength of the blows I iuci43 tmW-' *'!f ^^^^^"^ is elimiuS: hammer to sizes as small as | ofWnPh «n'' reduced mider the heavy ished under tilt hammers which are mnr-h^-Tf ' ^i?^"^^ ^^''^ ^^e fin! move considerably Quicker nni I . bghtor than the precediii" ironmasW,\™4'fX™„^';;'=?S^ Goransso,,, a Swedish steel, and erected the necS^ a!™ilt *T5?'<"' Pro^ss of mK ter considerable delar i,? o^7- '^'"1.'?''"^ "« •»« works at Edslmi. nT succeeded in eBta1,tfc;'i ff Z.SS.i^'lv-'Wn ? -enf^ri^if -....3UU., aaa in "to-devoteaUs- whole e^'.»SishSr.ii''?„"; 3 872 MACHINISTS, engineers', &0., RE EIPTS. and cutler V , .nultnc •"lP*"^*'l^^"p„„,,_„„n otatr Mmt ho has cur- ovtv of weldino- in a most reinarkaDie aegree. j^ ^,. ^oia Esa-In ai extmction of rino from its ores *'^; ^^"^^ »'„("i'j; t ! an R('- tiHB cnr- /er linv- eeii pat" iple pro- ;he blast e appar- e squan ;o ia con- led ladlo lenj^agbd ably ne- in which m of the n»e occu- lt iii cast Slight, in- t., which iro of bar Mr. Gor- than 1000 lantity of He says : ow make it a single her hard, perfectly the prop- 5 or cala- ise of the e result in weight of if peculiar yhich the m opening > bottom of ! conimun- )m of the of ore and The tube le crucible ,me at the te to blue, .n, and the i partly in d and cast and tin has the firm of icity of the s subjected t MACHINISTS, ENGINFFR.', &c., RECEIPTS. 873 the iron. The pn/p ^tio" is of nkl . ,1^ »1'0" order to ...odui the best tin linLr. ,n " l'i\'''''} ""'^^ ^^'"^ **"' "» o?3. of fhwet iron, toTf Virofi ;^^i.[;f^^^ (;nicibJet(, prevent the oxid«fiim <.V ii . J'^^u T' '''* *^'"'* '"^^' ' 'na necessary for the fusLu/f ^^^^^^^ '''^'1' omp.rature in the ordiuurv manner ^^omi^sition tlu> workman proceeds lt^!t7J± tt'^iusT^h^Smranif "•'; "r- '''' ^-^^ ^^^^ -^ i.umerse thin plateroTwJo;HJ],?1.f^"''l1® "^ ?'<*"• Wl»en fused, Boon be,..me coated witl7a f n fin '1 ^^^f^ "^i^V'^'e- Tiie plates ^^ a JS^^^^^^ portions of sand leaving thf h^.v"^ n o/rff-^r^^. ^he lighter freed from Inipir ties L bei /^fn-n^^^ ^^ ^''^ ^'^^her A^hich is altorwirds distilled off " Fn t •^''T'l*''! "^'^h quick-silver, from 2 to 10 per ceTS sikLni f« f •"^'^'^ 'f generally contains this, means an ex ,S,?m „1 ?", *"' '^ "' '^'?™ eomiiosition. By »Uoyhx anv'S.S'Sre1tly""Sta Se S"c™t "K,rT" "^ more „i- less vfOTk'pertomMdZ p^I ^^ ^^ have been recorded, and oJrep,Ual,lelXfrelmo™ toeilt „fZ'"w, S'V^ '"^'''^ ™««^ averaSI shipments of ffinn'f """JS'- >»''""''' O™" «'« »"■<=»■«■ The consists o( 83stami, mm. iS ^5 '^"^ •"' ?"' immense prodnction and 1597 sU.m;^:S' S iferir^.-^S ,1^' Ari,,^^?^^ ^%.V!•V, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^^<^^-fe J 1.0 1.1 lii|2£ I 1 5.0 ""^^ Ml 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 1-25 1 1.4 1.6 6" ► p /a ^ J>^//' C^l' Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ ^'^^ •^ «v ^< h w^ VrlV 1> c'n? 23 WEST MA^N STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4- .<^ .-% k % 374 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. horse power. There are 30 engines used at the shafts of muies for raising ore from the veins and keeping them free from water. These mills contain from 5 to 50 stamps, mostly driven by^ stpam. The ore, broken into fragments, is fed into a battery in which the stamps are raised and allowed to fall, crushing the ore fine enough to flow through a screen placed in front. Mercury is fed in this battery, and the pulverized ore mixed with sufficient water is then made to flow over wide plates of copper amalgamated with quicksilver. The gold, or part of it, adheres, forming an amalgam with the mercury, which is afterwards scniped off, squeezed hard, and the lump retorted in a close retort of iron for the purpose of vaporizmg the mercury and getting tlie gold almost pure ; the retorts being subsequently shipi>ed to the East for minting. Each ^tamp is calculated to do from 4 to | of a ton in ii4 hours, recjuiring about one horse ix)wer to each stamp head. Most of the ore is reduced in leased mills abandoned by com- panies. These mill men charge their customers between S3 and $4 per ton for doing this work and returning the retort of gold. The tailings are partiallv caught in the best mills on blankets, and reworked at a prorit ; the bulk, however, passes outside, a portion stopping to be shovelled into a pile, the balance going on to the stream. The waste is uearly or quite equal to the gross yield in bullion. The most profitable branch of vein mining and reduction by the smeltiiifj process was undertaken by Prof. Hill in 1867, in connection with some Boston and Providence capitalists, and is managed with much ability, energy and skill, compensated by enormous profits, of which tlie outside public know little or nothing, from the vigilance with which all such information is suppressed. From the road side yoa see from ^ to 30 piles of ore sending forth sulphurous emanations into the air. These piles are first started on a layer of wood, and are run up in a pyramid form some 5 to 6 feet, with diameter at base of from 16 to 20 feet, and then fired, the sulphur affording the only fuel, after the exhaustion of the wood, to keep the fire going from four to six weeks. Tliis ore has been parsed through the sampling works and been paid for^ the amount lying thus in piles at one time amounting to, perhaps, $80,000. After roasting sufficiently to drive o& the sulphur, and oxidize a portion of the iron, these piles are cooled and the ore carried to the smelting furnaces, where under a heavy heat, more sulphur is driven off, and the silica or {/anr/ue mat- ter is made to unite with the oxide of iron to form a slag. At the end of the smelting some 8 or 10 tons are thus reduced to one called " matte," containing from $1,500 to $2,000 in the precious metals, and from 40 to 60 per cent of copper. This product is then shipped in bags to Swansea, England, for sepai-ation into the several metals contained. The establishment contains three smelting furnaces and three calcin- ing furnaces, capable of reducing from 20 to 25 tons of ore per day. The tailings wjiich are concentrated along the streams, and are also sold to this establishment, average from $35 to $40 psr ton. These works are doubtless the most profitable of the kind known in the world. In Working tolerably high grade sulphuretted ores, if the facilities do not admit of sending them to England, the best way is to erect a common furnace, having the fire surfaces of good soap stone ; then, to every 150 lbs. o^ ore, i)ut in one bushel of charcoal and 10 per cent of salt. The ore will readily melt to a slag, and will be MACHINISTS, ENGmEERs', *c, RECEIPTS 875 most substantial manner sli^htw il^ ^L^^/®« "^ extent, built in the The flooring consisl^S VtfmltS^^ '^'' «'>^ «f ^ater slIS^'V?™'*^"^^^ contains ^ much aTlO^Tff' ^'l^ *^^« ^^^^ ^e- a^ime, 30 tons of salt, 3 tons sulnW nf l^ ''"^ ^1 ar-entiferoua mercurjr in various stj^ffes of tlfo im?i ^ 2?^^^^' «"d 18,000 lbs of r^y f «l»de, mg hirgo quantities of meS fead beh?nd tS"« ^ »*^'"'' ««' ^«'^^- and a quantity of lime thrown £ whth fU J^'® ^""^ '**. "•^^ damped, al owing the metallic lead to b^'d™ oS^"^^* very infusible slag, Wiiich contains a large pro^rtion oMp^f '-'^ ™?"^?«- '^^''^ «% ditional portion of ore.^ LeK SnPd h? h'o/^ «melted with aa ajl pan m a reverberatory furnace lu^^^^ »l»allow monv it may contam is oxi u"ed and ^p^n ' T'''*'''" '^"-V «» <>r »»«- a ladleful of the lead under tt.1- «J1? ^^'^oved us sldmmings. When taUine surface, the proiesHsdZf^^^^^^^ r^^'"" pec^uliar crys^ ffiffthf^^KTrh?? ■iu T''- ^"^^ process depends unon rfifi f.,^ * * ^"' , -^ ^ awnison's the first portions that crSlize a^-p nnSi *^i^*' .^? ^^^^ solidifies, therefore, performed by Su<^ tl e mf^fJf^- ^-^'^ opemtion is lowmgittocool gradually as it Pnnio*?*^' ^" ''^" '^'^" P"t nnd all removed by a perforated ladl? ind the r rn.f^'^H?^ ^''''^ ^^^^ ^^e with fresh portions of lead mitil the mx^^^^^^ continually repeated to tiie ton. It is then snhm ttii f ^^ contams about 300 ounces Gold ani> Silver ^•^^^""tted to cupellation. See RkpiS inclined plane, in a reTer£ o?^u?nacr l\ \^?' melted In an and flows away from the sia" nr «!^^. -^ "'^^^^^ sulphide fuses B again roastel, an?mS^'*|lth cS^nL^n '' f "'^^ ^^^^ ««IpMde lieatmg tliis mixture in aTrSle franJif'l^ "? h^ ^"'^ charcoal."^ On jit the bottom. The unreduSd Sv«n iS^ ?^ l^ ^ "^^^'^ '« formed i« afterwards used for premrino- SS^. "^^ •'^^"'^? T^^msiinf, on the top alone in the arts, bSt^aK^i^Trinnl'JSn^^^^^^^^^ ^* !« "^^^^ »««d wlnchitimpai1»ahardeninTmialLan7l^^w^ ??^' ""^^'^'^ "petals, to of expanding when they cobl li»eratiirehigh enough to cause «he carbon to reduce the tin without melting the silicipus gangue, which Ajould form with the binoxide an enamel too troublesome to i-emove When iieariv all the tin is reduced, the heat is raised considerably, the slags beS thus rendered fluid and capable of ficnting on the surface of the Sd metol. The tin is then Am off into ca^t iron pans from which Sis ladSd off into moulds to form ingots. The tin thus procured is faJ from ^hig pure, it is therefore submitted to the process of lignatioii, whidi cmiK in heating the ingots to incip eiit fusion. By this CnUhcpurertm,whichfusesatacomparativelyowhea^^^^^ rumiing down and leaving the impure portions behind. 1 he less tusi- Kcrtion, when remelted, forms block tin, and the iwirt which ha« run out is again melted and run out with wet steikes. The steam thus formed buSs up to the surface, airrying with it aU the mechaincal. imuu rities contained in the tin. The mass is then ski.umed and allowed Sh When just about to set, the upper half is Ij^djed out, the other meTals and impurities having sunk into ^^^^ bottom hall tnj^^^^^^^^ dency thatthi.^ hietal has to sepamte from its ^ loy»-,^he finest q^^^^^^^ of tin is frequently heated to a temperature just short of its melting Soint At tViis heat, it becomes brittle, and is broken up into masses ahowingtiie crystals of the metal, and forming what is known as ^Z^rZ ThJ formation of crystols is to some extent J g^rantee of its purity, since impure tin does not become brittle in this way. En-lish tin generally contams small quantities of arsenic, copper, m>n and lead Tin fuses at 442o Fahr.,but it is not sensibly volatilized at that or any higher tompamture. For the manutacture of tm plate the beS soft c-harcoal iron is obliged to be used. After it has been rolled and cut to the requisite size, its surface is made cheinK|ally clean by fminersion for a few minutes in dilute sulphuric acid. The sheets are then heated to a red heat in a reverberatory furnace withdrawn, al- lowed to cool, hammered flat, passed between Pohshed rollers aiid arlnow washed m dilute acid. This preparation is needed to free t e surfacrof the iron from the slightest portion of oxide to which the thi would not adhere. In order to tin them they are pl«nged 9 by one hito a vessel of tallow, from which they are transferred to ..bath of tin From this they are taken, after a certain time, allowed to dra n and dipped again. The sup irfluous tin at the edge of the i^ate is removed bv dipping it in the molted tin once more, and detachmg ''tl^^X^r^^'TA^^^^^^^ 10 lbs; carbonate of soda (ordinary soda), 10 lbs.; crush mto coarse ^-ams. Have a thi^ solution of glue, or decoction of linseed oil ready, into which pour th^soda until quite thick, and spread out on boards, in a warm apart- mint to d?y tlen pack up into nice square packages for sale, label- Eieatlv Used to soften hard water; finds a ready sale at a good St Inoth^^Wayto soften Hard Water. Stir 1 oz. fresh lime m bucket of water, ^ur all into a barrel of water rummage well; wl en t settC^^ water will be soft, pui^, and nt for use Seller Anerient Calcined magnesia, 1 lb. ; ttirtaric acid, m crystals, H lbs. , ioKgar, l| lbs. ; bicarbonate of soda, lib. Powder all carefully, MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS^ &C., RECEIPTS. 37$ sieve. 1 tablespoonful to a SKfV^ PT"'« ^'^^""^''^ ^ Le USEFUL ITEMS FOR DAILY REMEMBRANCE. teiSty^STf^^fn^ne hft*''- "? 5"^^^^^ ^« ^^^d.. A note op- of a note is exninpt fionnfabihK i/^^^ ^^ ""i^* i'^^ ^*- A" endorser honor within S honrT of its ^^^^^ of it« dis- void. Notes bear Sent inlv wSf/I"''"J- . f "V,*^ ^-^ ^ ^n^^o^ « sponsible for their a" ente Fa/h X.if^i'' ?^'*'''*- ^""^'ipals are re- Hible for the whofeSmit oUhe debte oft he'filmr^r ^^^' '' ''T''- pencil are good ill law AT^'o'm.TiZ'""' "•""• signatures in lead the acts of^ne paiS bind alX oth'ivr^'^'n "f* H^^^^^ conclusive, day cannot be enfo^Sd A contract S^ Contracts nmdo on Sun- tract made with a limatic is voW whSI ^ I""''''" '^ 'o^^- ^ ^on- must be under seal "^' ^ ""^" contracts conceming land Ccntt per Bay 21. . 51... 11.... 27*. . . 65.. _ 1.10.... 1.37.... ,Tr "' p^l.T""^ *^<2?»--- — ™t. $ 10. 20. 40. 100. 200. 400. 600. Fifty Years $ 2,fK)0 5,800 11,600 29,000 68,000 116,000 145,000 In Ten Years ...$ 130. . . . 260. . . . 520. .1,300. . . 2,600. ...5,200. • .DjOUO , i'±o mill cent^i;;rda7frSi1h;*iTnfeTfs^^^^ --« 2| terest will ainount to I "^ SJ\ a *•'," ^^^ '? ^^' *''« ^^^ witli in- the impoitant sum of !» S«vp .l^ ^""""'"^ ""^^ ^^* «^"*« ^^^^'^'^s ner for a time of i^sSble wmS' hnfloti ^^"^ T'^ in a prudent man- ^^ liberally by^ J^^^TS^^^i^l^ teSanc^ZITom^i^alflfS^^^^ ^««* ^ at, clean, moral in- ily peace- Y, a filthy tk selfish, sleep in a hout free lied with *e usually rs, attend ed to the », without REFULIA' EAN ACT ). Leave ompleted. Be never rectify a le to-day. 3S. Have ) preserve EDIT is to it much. ARANCES, obtaining lly PLAIN those TO AT SIX l-EK CENT., IN DOLLARS AND CENTS, FROM ONE DOLLAR TO TEN THOUSAND. 16 (lays. 1 mo. 3 moB. 6 mog. 12 moB. I J c. «c. IS c. ^ c. n oovi on/a 03 oojf 01 03 0(} m OU/a 04»/a 09 01 02 0! 12 oiy. 02 Va 07»/a 15 01(5 0{ 01) 18 01% 0.W, lOi/a 21 02 04 12 24 02y. Oi% 05 ii"'^ 27 30 05 10 30 CO 01% 15 45 90 10 20 GO 1 20 I'-^Va 25 75 1 50 25 50 1 50 3 00 50 1 00 a 00 G 00 75 1 50 4 50 9 00 00 2 00 6 00 12 00 25 2 50 7 50 15 00 50 5 00 15 00 30 00 00 10 00 30 00 GO 00 50 15 00 45 00 90 00 00 20 00 GO 00 120 00 50 V6 00 75 00 150 00 00 60 00 150 00 300 00 « c. m 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 v!0 1 20 1 SO 2 40 3 00 00 12 00 18 00 24 00 30 00 GO 00 120 00 180 00 240 00 300 00 GOO 00 AT SEVEN PER CENT., IN DOLLARS AND CENTS, FROM ONE DOLLAR TO TEN THOUSAND. 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 nnnn 10666 1 94 0 10. 4B 11.40 ^^tT "STJ? 40.00 50.00 . 6 . 8 .14 .18 .20 .25 .40 .60 .60 .75 1.00 1.25 1.40 1.75 1.60 2 00 1.80 2.25 2.00 2.50 4.00 6.00 6.00 7.50 8.00 10.00 10.00 12.50 12.00 15.00 14.00 17.50 16.00 20.00 18.00 22.50 20.00 25.00 22.00 27.50 24.00 30.00 26.00 32., "iO 28.00 35.00 30.00 37.50 32.00 40.00 S'i.GO jrk K-A •l^,iJ\f 36.00 45.00 38.00 47.50 BEADY RECKONER, 2,240 LBS. TO THE TON " "^ •'»• '«."'«<• - not ... *«Jj.*;-. «.a U.e „„,„„... „, .„„ „„„,„„ Lb$\ .26 1.00 1 2.00 'i ct\9 eta 6. 00 1 7.00 s . 9 .18 .10 .20 .11 .22 .12 .26 9 eta 8.00 0.1 .13 .16 .19 .31 .44 .60 .66 .63 1.25 1.88 2.60 3.13 3.75 4.3$ 6.00 6.63 6.25 6.88 760 8.13 8.75 9.38 10.00 10.63 11.25 11.88 12.50 13.13 10.00 11.00 4.02 4.82 4.2416.09 4.461 6.36 15.00 .13 .17 .20 .33 .47 .M .60 67 l.M 2.01 2.68 3.36 4.02 4.69 5.36 6.03 6.70 7.37 8.04 8.70 9.37 10.04 10.71 11.38 12.05 12.72 13.39 14.00 .14 .18 .21 .36 .50 .67 .64 .71 1.42 2.14 2.86 3.57 4.29 6.00 6.71 6.43 7.14 7.86 8.S7 9.28 10.00 110.71 !ll.43 112.14 |12.86 CtS 17.00 14.28 15.00 .15 .19 .23 .38 .53 .61- .68 .76 1.52 2.28 3.04 3.79 4.56 5.31 C.07 6.83 7.5r 8.3o 9.11 9.87 10.G2 11.38 12.14 12.90 1366 14,40 cts 19.00 f cts 20.00 .17 .21 .2& .42 .59 .68 .76 .85 1.70 2.54 3.39 4.24 6.09 6.94 6.79 7.63 8.48 9.33 10.18 11.03 11.87 12.72 13.57 14.42 15.27 ■J/J -I A i6.'96 17.81 .18 .22 .27 .46 .62 .71 .80 .89 1.79 2.68 3.67 4.46 6.36 6.26 7.14 8.04 8.93 9.82 10.71 11.61 12.60 13.39 14.28 15.18 1^.07 17.86 18.75 .10 .12 .16 .26 .34 .39 .44 .49 .96 1.47 1.96 2.4({ 2.96 3.44 3.93 4.42 4.91 6.40 6.89i 6.38 6.87 7.37 7.86 8.36 8.84 9.33 9.82 9.371 10.31 9 Ct9 12.00 cts cts 21.00 23.00 24 cts 00 .19 .23 .28 .47 .66 .75 .84 .94 1.88 2.81 3.75 4.69 6.63 6.66 7.50 8.44 9.38 10.31 11.25 12.19 1.S.13 14.06 15.00 15.94 16.88 iv.oi 18.76' 19.69 .21 .26 .31 .51 .72 .82 .92 1.03 2.06 3.08 4.11 6.13 6.16 7.19 8.21 9.24 10.27 11.29 12.32 13.35 14.37 16.40 16.43 17.46 18.48 19.51 20.53 21.56 .21 .27 .32 .64 .75 .86 .96 1.07 2.14 3.21 4.29 5.36 6.43 7.60 ' 8.57 9.64 10.71 11.79 12.86 13.93 16.00 16.07 17.14 18.21 19.29 20.36 21.43 22.53 ^ READY RECKONER, 2,240 LBS. TO THE TON. If the article cost »12.50 per ton, add the amounta under »12.00 and 50 eta. together. . $1 o u T o H I o +» j $ Oif •s I s I P4 I Z6s 8 a I o 2J 25 30 50 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 COO 600 700 800 yoo cts 26.00 .22 .28 .33 .78 .89 1.00 1.12 2.23 3.35 4.46 5.58 6.70 7.81 8.93 i0.04 lOOOl 11.16 1100 12.28 14.51 $ cts 26.00 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 15-02 16.. 4 17.86 18.97 20.09 21.20 22.32 23.44 cts 37.00 .23 .29 .36 .58 .81 .93 1.04 1.16 2.32 3.48 4.64 5.80 6.96 8.13 *.29 10.45 11.61 12.77 13.93 15.09 16.25 17.41 18.57 19.73 20,89 22.05 23.21 1^.37 ^Tcts 39.00 $ cts 27.00 .24 .30 .3«5 .60 '.84 .96 1.08 1.21 2.41 3.62 4.82 6.03 7.23 8.44 9.64 10.86 12,05 13.26 14.48 15.67 16.87 18.08 19.28 20.49 21J0 2;fi.90 124.10 125.31 $ cts 29.00 .26 .32 .39 .65 .91 1.04 1.16 1.29 2.59 3.88 5.18 6.47 7.77 9.06 10.46 11.65 12.95 14.24 15.64 16.83 18.12 19.42 20.71 22.00 23.30 24.60 26.89 27.19 $cts 30.00 201 25 30 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 600 600 700 800 900 1000 .33 .41 .60 1.16 1.32 1.49 1.65 3.30 4.96 6.61] 8.26 ; 9,91 ; 11.56 : 13.21 I 14.87 I 16.52 i Wets 40.00 Wets 41.00 O 1100 18.17 1200l 19 82 130(1 21.47 imk 23.12 1500| 24.78 1600| 2P.43 .35 .44 .52 .87 1.21 1.39 1.57 1,74 3.48 5.2^ 6.96 8.V1 10.45 12.19 13.93 15.76 17,41 19.15 20.89 22.63 24.37 26.12 27.86 2y.G0 .31.34 33.<^.S 24 82 36.50 .36 1 .46 1 .54 1 .89! 1.26 1.43 1.61 1.79 3.67 6.36 7.14 8.93 10.71 12.60 1^29 16.07 17.80 19.64 21.43 23.21 25.00 26.79 28.67 32.1^ 33.93 .27 .33 .40 .87 .94 1.07 1.21 1.34 2.^8 4.02 6.36 6.70 8.04 9.37 10.71 12.05 13.39 14.73 16.07 17.41 18.75 20.09 21.43 22.77 24.11 2&.44 26.78 28.12 $ cts 31.00 TcJs 43.00 .28 .36 .41 .69 .97 1.11 1.25 1.38 2.77 4.16 6.54 6.92 8.30 9.69 11.07 12.46 13.84 15.22 16.61 17.99 19.37 20.76 22.14 23.53 24.91 ?''29 .,.'<7 29.06 $ cts 33.00 .37 .46 . .55 • .92 1.28 1.46 1.65 i.na 3.66 C.49 7.32 9.15 10.98 12.81 (4.64 16.47 18.30 20.13 21.96 2;^.79 25.62 27.46 29.28 01.1.1: 32.95 r4.78 Wets 44.00 .29 .37 .44 .74 1.03 1.18 1.33 1.47 2.94 4.41 6.89 7.37 8.34 10.31 11.79 13.26 14.73 16.21 17.68 19.16 20.62 22.10 23.67 25.04 26.62 27.99 29.46 30.93 $ cts 34.00 ^ cts 46.00 36.71 38.61 37.50 I 38.44 .38 .48 .37 .96 1.3^1 1.64 1.73 1.91!, 3.G4 .6.76 7.68 9.60 11.62 13 44 15.36 17.28 19.20 21.12 23 04 ?4.95 26.87 28.79 30.71 34.55 36.47 38.39 40.31 38G .39 .49 .69 .98 1.37 1.67 1.77 1.96 3.93 6.39 7.06 9.82 11.79 1376 15.71 17.68 19.64 21.61 23.57 25.68 27.50 2 .46 31.4? 36.36 37.J2 39 28 41.26 .30 .38 .46 .76 1.06 1.21 1.37 1.52 3.04 4.66 6.07 7.69 9.11 10.62 12.14 13.66 15.18 16.70 18^21 19.73 21.25 22.77 24.28 25.80 27.32 28.84 30.38 3187 $ cts 36.00 Wets 50.00 .40 .60 .60 1.00 1.41 1.61 1.81 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.04 12.06 14 06 16.07 18 08 20.09 2210 24.11 26.12 28.12 30 13 32.14 36.16 38.17 40.18 42.19 ■ .31 .39 .47 .78 1.09 1.26 1.41 1.66 3.12 4.69 6.25 .7.81 9.38 10 94 12.50 14.06 16.63 17.10 18.75 20 31 21.88 23.44 25.00 26.66 28.13 29.69 31.25 32.81 ^ cts 36.00 .32 ,40 .48 .80 1.12 1.29 1.45 1.61 3.21 4.82 6.43 8.04 9.64 11.26 12.86 14.46 16.07 17.68 19.29 20.89 22.50 24.11 26.71 27.32 28,93 30.63 32.14 33.76 Wets 66.00 .46 .66 .67 1.12 1..56 179 2.01 2.23 4 46 6.70 8.93 11.16 13.39 16.62 17.86 20.09 22.32 24.65 26.79 29.02 31.26 33.48 3671 ,^.7.9.'^ 40.18 42.41 44.64 46.87 .49 .61 .74 1.23 1.72 1.96 2.21 2.46 4.91 7.37 9.82 12.28 14.73 17.19 19.64 22.10 24.66 27.01 29.46 31.92 34.37 38.83 39.28 41 74 44.26 46.66 49.11 51.66 cts 60.00 .64 .67 .80 1.34 1.87 2.14 2.41 2.68 6.36 804 10.71 13.39 16.07 18.75 21.43 24.11 26.79 29.46 32.14 34.82 37.60 4018 42.86 48.2i 50.89 63 57 56.26 )N. 10 and 50 cts. i cts $ cts 35.00 36.00 .31 .32 .39 ,40 .47 .48 .78 .80 1.09 1.12 1.25 1.29 1.41 1.45 1.56 1.61 3.12 3.21 4.69 4.82 6.25 6.43 .7.81 8.04 9.38 9.64 10 94 11.25 12.50 12.86 14.06 14.46 15.63 16.07 17.19 17.68 18.75 19.29 20 31 20.89 21.88 22.50 23.44 24.11 25.00 26.71 26.56 27.32 28.13 28.93 29.69 30.53 31.25 32.14 32.81 33.75 ^cts i^^ts 55.00 69.00 .49 .64 .61 .67 .74 .80 1.23 1.34 1.72 1.87 1.96 2.14 2.21 2.41 2.46 2.68 4.91 5.36 7.37 804 9.82 10.71 12.28 13.39 14.73 16.07 17.19 18.75 19.64 21.43 22.10 24.11 24.65 26.79 27.01 29.46 29.46 32.14 31.92 34.82 34.37 37.50 38.83 4018 39.28 42.86 dl 71 dK.fW 44.20 48.21 46.65 50.89 49.11 53 57 51.56 50.26 READY RECKONER. READY RECKONER to find tho Price of any Number of Pounds, Yards Pieces, or Bushels, from 2 cents to $3.00. The first column contains the NUMBER, the top columns the PRICES .42 .63 .84 1.05 1-26 1.47 1.68 1.89 2.10 2.31 2.52 2.73 2.94 3.15 3.36 3.67 3.78 3.99 4.20 6.25 6.30 • READY RECKONER.' The first column on the left contains the NUMBER of toe Article, and the column on the tops of the tables the PRICl!.. N08 22 Ct. 23ct. 24 ct. 26 ct. .50 26 ct. .52 27 ct. 28 ct. 29 ct. 30 ct. 1 — 31 ct. SlViCt. 2 .44 .46 .48 .54 .66 .58 ..60 .62 .62% 3 .66 .69 .72 .75 .78 .81 .84 .87 .90 .93 4 .88 .92 .96 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.20 1.24 1.25 5 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.36 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 }-^/f 6 1.32 1.38 1.44 1.50 1.56 1.62 1.68 1.74 1.80 1.86 IW? 7 1.54 1.61 1.68 1.75 1.82 1.89 1.96 2.03 2.10 2.17 Ht'* g 1.76 1.84 1.92 2.00 2.08 2.16 2.24 2.32 2.40 2.48 2.50 9 1.98 2.07 2.16 2.25 2.34 2.43 2.52 2.61 2.70 2.79 3.434^ 10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 11 2.42 2.63 2:64 2.75 2.86 2.97 3.08 3.19 3.30 3.41 12 2.64 2.76 2.88 3.00 3.12 3.24 3.36 3.48 3.60 3.72 3 76 13 •2.86 2.99 3.12 3.25 3.38 3.51 3.(54 3.77 3.90 4.03 4.O614 14 3.08 3.22 3.36 3.50 3.64 3.78 3.92 4.06 4.20 4.34 4.37% 4.68% 15 3.30 3.45 3.60 3.75 3.90 4.05 4.20 4.35 4.50 4.55 16 3.52 3.68 3.84 4.00 4.16 4.32 4.48 4.64 4.80 4.96 6.00 17 3,74 3.91 4.08 4.25 4.42 4.59 4.76 4.93 5.10 5.27 5.3IV4 6.6214 5.93% .18 3.96 4.14 4.32 4.50 4.68 4.86 6.04 5.22 5.40 5.58 19 4.18 4.37 4.56 4.75 4.94 6.15 5.32 5.51 5.70 5.89 20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 •5.40 6.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.25 25 5.50 5,75 8.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.26 7.25 7.75 7.811/4 9.371/5 30 6.60 6.90 7.20 7.50 7.80 8.10 8.40 8.70 9.00 9.30 40 8.80 9.20 9.60 10.00 10.40 10.80 11.20 11.60 12.00 12.40 12.50 60 11.00 11.60 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 1500 15 50 15.62% 60 13.20 13.80 14.40 15.00 15.60 16.20 16.80 17.40 U.OO 21.00 18 60 r 18.75 70 15.40 16.10 16.80 17.50 18.20 18.90 19.60 20.30 21.70 21.871/2 80 17.60 18.40 19.20 20.00 20.80 21.60 22.40 23.20 24.00 24.80 i 25.00 90 19.80 20.70 21.60 22.50 23.40 24.30 25.20 26.10 27.00 27.90 ! 28.121/4 100 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 . 31.25 Nos 32 ct. 33ct .66 33i/2Ct. •66% 1.00 34 ct .68 36 ct .70 36 ct. 37 ct. 371/^t. 38 ct. 39 ct. 40 ct. 2 .64 .72 .74 .76 .76 .78 .80 3 .96 .99 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.121/2 1.14 1.17 1.20 4 1.28 1.32 1-66% 2.00 i.mm 1.40 1.44 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.66 1.60 5 1.60 1.65 1.7IF ■^1.75 1.80 1.85 1.871/2 1.90 1.96 2.00 6 1.92 1.98 2.04 2.10 2.16 2.22 2.25 2.28 2.34 2.40 7 2.24 2.31 2!66% 2.38 2.45 2.52 2.59 2.621/2 2.66 2.73 2.80 8 2.56 2.64 2.72 2.80 2.88 2.96 3.00 3.04 3.12 3.20 9 2.88 2.97 3.00'^' 3.06 3.15 3.24 3.33 3.371/2 3.42 3.61 3.60 10 3.20 3.30 3.66^1 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.76 3.80 3.90 4.00 11 3.62 3.63 3.74 3.85 3.96 4.07 4.121/2 4.18 4.29 4.40 12 3.84 3.96 4.00^'' 4.08 4.20 4.32 4.44 4.50 4.56 4.68 4.80 13 4.16 4.29 4.331/3 4.66% 4.42 4.55 4.68 4.81 4.871/a 4.94 6.07 5.20 14 4.48 4.62 4.76 4.90 5.04 5.18 5.25 5.32 5.46 6.60 16 4.80 4.95 5.c/* 6.10 5.25 5.40 5.56 5.621/2 5.70 5.85 6.00 16 6.12 5.28 i^. 6.44 6.60 5.76 5.92 6.00 6.08 6.24 6.40 17 5.44 5.61 5.78 •6.95 6.12 6.29 6.371/a 6.46 6.63 6.80 18 5.76 5.94 6.00^' 6.12 6.30 6.48 6.66 6.75 6.84 7.02 7.20 19 6.08 6.27 6.331/a 6.46 6.65 6.84 7.03 7.121/2 7.22 7.41 7.60 20 6.40 6.60 6.66% 8.331Z 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.50 7.60 780 8.00 26 8.00 8.26 8.50 8.76 9.00 9.25 9.371/j 9.50 9,75 10.00 30 9.60 9.90 10.00 10.20 10.50 10.80 11.10 11.25 11.40 11.70' ' 12.00 40 13.80 12.20 13.331/3 16.66% 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.20 16.60 16.00 50 16.00 16.5(1 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 18.75 19.00 19.60 20.00 60 19.20 19.80 20.00 20.40 21.00 21.60 .2^.20 22.50 22.80 23.40 24.00 TA MO An 9.H.tf orl OQV 23. Rr 24..5C 1 25.20 25.90 96.5IK 26.60 27..^0 ?8.00 80 25M 26.k » 2QMfs 27'.!20 28.6f 1 28.80 29.60 30.00 30.40 31.20 32.00 90 28.80 29.7C 130.00 30.6C 1 31.5C » 32.40 33.30 33.75 34.20 35.10 36.00 100 32.0C I33.0( • 33.33% 34.0( 1 36.0( ) 36.00 37.00 37.60 38.00 39.00 40.00 388 le, and the ct. SlV^ct. .62 .93 .24 .55 .86 1.17 :.48 1.79 1.10 1.41 t.72 .03 .34 :.55 s96 1.27 1.58 1.89 1.20 .75 1.30 1.40 150 1.60 .70 t.80 '.90 L.OO .933 1.25 I 2.50 Z.VlL 3.43% 3 76 4.061/4 4.37% 4.68% 5.00 5.3IV4 5.62% 5.933/4 6.25 7.811/4 9.37^/5 12.50 15.62% 18.75 21.871/2 25.00 28.121/4 31.25 Oct. 40 ct. .78 .80 1.17 1.20 1.56 1.60 1.95 2.00 2.34 2.40 2.73 2.80 3.12 3.20 3.51 3.60 3.90 4.00 4.29 4.40 4.68 4.80 5.07 5.20 5.46 5.60 5.85 6.00 6.24 6.40 6.63 6.80 7.02 7.20 7.41 7.60 780 8.00 9,76 10.00 11.70* 12.00 15.60 16.00 19.50 20.CD 23.40 24.00 27..S0 ?8.00 31.20 32.00 35.10 36.00 39.00 40.00 READY REC ,ER. The first column on the left contains t the column on the tops of t UMBER of the Article, and ibles the PRICE. 49 ct. 1.47 1.96 2.45 2.94 3.43 3.92 4.41 4.90 5.39 5.88 6.37 6.86 7.35 7.84 8.33 8.82 9.31 9.80 12.25 14.70 19.60 24.50 29.40 34.30 39.20 44.10 49.00 50 ct. 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 61 ct. 1.02 1.63 2.04 2.56 3.06 3.57 4.08 4.59 5.10 5.61 6.12 6.63 7.14 7.65 8.16 8.67 9.18 9.69 10.20 12.75 15.30 20.40 25.50 30.60 36.70 40.80 45.92 51.00 60 ct. 61 ct. 389 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.20 4.80 5.40 6.00 6.60 7.20 7.80 8.40 9.00 9.60 10.20 10.80 11.40 12.00 15.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00 00 00 00 00 1.22 1.83 2.44 3.05 3.66 4.27 4.88 5.49 6.10 6.71 7.32 7.93 8.54 9.15 9.76 10.37 10.98 11.59 12.20 15.25 18.30 24.42 .30.50 :^6.60 42.70 48.80 54.90 61.00 62 ct. 1.24 1.86 2.48 3.10 3.72 4.34 4.96 5.58 6.20 6.82 7.44 8.06 8.68 9.30 9.92 10.54 11.16 11.78 12.40 15.50 18.60 24.80 31,00 37 9ft 4.^.40 49.60 55,80 62,00 f READY RECKONER. he Numb*^- required is not found in the Tables, add two Numbers to- gether , ior instance, if 35 bushels are required, add the prices oppi^site 30 .ind 5 tog45t!ior ; and so for 366 bushels— treble the value of 100, and add (K) and 5 together. Nob 62y2Ct . 63ct . 64ot. > 1.28 65 ct. 66 ct. 66%ct. 67 ct. 68 ct. 69 ct. 70 ct. 71 ct. 2 l.Ji 1.2€ 1.30 1.32 1.33% 1.U 1.36 1.38 1.40 1.42 3 1.871^ , 1.8fl 1.92 1.95 1.98 2.00 2.01 2.04 2.07 2.10 2.13 4 2.50 2.62 2.56 2,60 2.64 2.66% 3.33^ 2.68 2.72 2.76 2.80 2.84 6 3,12V1 , 3.ie 3.20 3.25 3.30 3.35 3.40 3.45 3.60 3.65 6 3.76 3.78 3.84 3.90 3.96 4.00 4.02 4.08 4.14 4.20 4.26. 7 4.371^ i 4.41 4.48 4.66 4.62 4.66% 5.33% 4.69 4,76 4.83 4.90 4.97 8 5.00 5.04 5.12 6.20 6.28 5.36 6.44 5.52 5.60 .6 68 9 5.621/^ ! 6.67 5.76 5.85 5.94 6.00 6.03 6.12 6.21 6.30 •6,39 10 6.25 6.30 6.40 6.60 6.60 7^33% 6.70 6.80 6,90 7.00 7.10 11 6.871/^ , 6.9;j 7.04 7.15 7.26 7.37 7.48 7,69 7.70 7.81 12 7.50 7.56 7.68 7.80 7.92 8.00 8.04 8.16 8.28 8.40 8.62 13 8.121^ , 8.19 8.32 8.45 8.58 8.66% 9.33% 8.71 8.84 8.97 9.10 9.23 14 8.75 8.80 8.96 9.10 9.24 9.38 9.52 9.66 9.80 9.94 15 9.371/^ , 9.46 9.60 9.75 9.90 10.00 10.05 10.20 10.36 10.50 10.65 16 10.00 10.08 10.24 10.40 10.56 10.66% 11.33% 10.72 10.88 11.04 11.20 11,36 17 10.621/^ , 10.71 10.88 11.06 •11.22 11.39 11.56 11.73 11.90 12,07 18 11.25 11.31 11.52 11.70 11.88 12.00 12.06 12.24 12.42 12.60 12.78 19 11.871/^ ! U-97 12.6(1 12.16 12.35 12.54 12.66% 12.73 12.92 13.11 13.30 13,49 20 12.50 12.80 13.00 13.20 13.33% 16.66% 13.40 13,60 13.80 14.00 14.20 25 15.621^ , 16.76 16.00 16.25 16.60 16.75 17.00 17.25 17.50 17.76 30 18.75 18.9C 19.20 19.50 19.80 20.00 20.10 20,40 20.70 21.00 21.30 40 25.00 25.2C 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.66% 33.33% 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 28.40 50 31.25 ■^31,51) 32.00 32.50 33.00 33.60 34.00 i«4.50 35.00 .35.50 60 37.50 37.80 38.40 39.f > 39.60 40.00 40.20 40,80 ^1.40 42,oa 42.60 70 43.75 44.10 44.80 45.50 46.20 46.66% 53.33% 46.90 47.60 48.30 49.00 49.70 80 50.00 60.40 51.20 52.00 52.80 63.00 54.40 56.20 56.00 56.80 '90 51.25 56.70 67.60 58.60 59.40 60.00 60.30 61.20 62,10 63,00 63.90 100 62.50 63.00 64.00 65.00 66.00 66.66V2 67.00 68.00 69,00 70.00 71.00 No3 72 ct. 73 Ct. 1.46 74 ct. 1.48 75 ct. 1.50 76 ct. 1.52 77 ct. 78 ct. 79 ct. 80 ct. 81 ct. 82 ct. 2 1.44 1.54 1.66 1.58 1,60 1.62 1.64 3 2.16 2.19 2.22 2.26 . 2.28 2.31 2.34 2.37 2.40 2,43 2.46 4 2.88 2.92 2.96 3.00 3.04 3.08 3.12 3.16 3,20 3.24 3.28 6 3.60 3.65 3.70 3.76 3.80 3.86 8.90 3,96 4.00 4,05 4.10 6 4.32 4.38 4.44 4.60 4.66 4.62 4.68 4.74 •4,80 4,86 4.92 7 6.04 5.11 6.18 5.25 6.32 5.39 6.46 6.53 5,60 5.67 5.74 8 5.76 5.84 6.92 6.00 6.08 6.16 6.24 6.32 6.40 6.48 6.56 9 6.48 6.57 6.66 6.76 6.84 6.93 7.02 7.11 7,20 7.29 7.38 10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.20 11 7.92 8.03 8.14 8.25 8.30 8,47 8.58 8.69 8.80 8.91 9,02 12 8.64 8.76 8.88 9.00 9.12 9.24 9.36 9.48 9.60 9.72 9.84 13 9.36 9.49 9.62 9.75 9.88 10.01 10.14 10.27 10.40 10.63 10.66 14 10.08 10.22 10.36 10.60 10.64 10.78 10.92 11.06 11,20 11.34 11.48 15 10.80 10.96 11.10 11.25 11.40 11.65 11.70 11.85 12.00 12.15 12.30 16 11.52 11.68 11.84 12.00 12.16 12.32 12.48 12,64 12,80 12.96 13.12 17 12.24 12.41 12.68 12.75 12.92 13.09 13.26 13,43 13.60 13.77 13.94 18 12.96 13.14 13.32 13.60 13.68 13.86 14.04 14.22 14.40 14.68 14.76 19 13.68 13.87 14.06 14.2B 14.44 14.63 14.82 16,01 16.20 15.39 15.58 20 14.40 14.60 14.80 15.00 15.20 15.40 15.60 15.80 16.00 16,20 16 40 25 18.00 18 25 18.50 18.76 19.00 19.26 19.50 19.75 20.00 20.25 20.50 30 21.60 21.90 22.20 22.50 22.80 23.10 23.40 23.70 24,00 24.30 24.60 40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00 30.40 30.80 31.20 31.60 32.00 32.40 82.80 50 36.00 43.20 36 50 43.80 37.00 37.50 .S8.00 45.60 .^.50 46.20 anon 46.80 .^9 50 47.40 40. on 48.66 40 50 48.60 41.00 60 44.40 45.00 49.20 10 50.40 51.10 51.80 52.50 53.20 53.90 54.60 55.30 66.00 66.70 57.40 80 57.60 58.40 69.20 60.00 60.80 61.60 62.40 63.20 64.00 64,80 65.60 90 64.80 65.70 66.60 67.50 68,40 69.30 70.20 71.10 72.00 72.90 73.80 100 72.00 73.00 74.00 75.00 76.09 77.00 ' 78.00 79.00 80.00 81.00 82,00 390 4 I (] 7 8 9 10 # w^SBSSSUtS^L^ J^umbers to- 368 oppi^Hite 3 of 100, and T* ... XT V READY RECKONER. roct. 71 ct. 1.40 1.42 2.10 2.13 2.80 2.84 3.60 3.55 4.20 4.26 4.90 4.97 5.60 .5 68 6,30 •6.39 7.00 7.10 7.70 7.81 8.40 8.52 9.10 9.23 9.80 9.94 10.50 10.65 11.20 11.36 11.90 12.07 12.60 12.78 13.30 13.49 14.00 14.20 17.50 17.76 21.00 21.30 28.00 28.40 35.00 .35.50 42.oa 42.60 49.00 49.70 56.00 56.80 63.00 63.90 70.00 71.00 ?lct. 82 ct. 1.62 1.64 2.43 2.46 3.24 3.28 4.05 4.10 4.86 4.92 5.67 5.74 6.48 6.56 7.29 7.38 8.10 8.20 8.91 9.02 9.72 9.84 10.53 10.66 11.34 11.48 12.15 12.30 12.96 13.12 13.77 13.94 14.58 14.76 15.39 15.58 16.20 16 40 20.25 20.60 24.30 24.60 32.40 82.80 40 ."^0 41.00 48.60 49.20 56.70 57.40 &1.80 65.60 <2.90 73.80 81.00 82.00 Noel 83 ct. 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 25 30 40 60 60 7(f 80 90 100 1.66 2.49 3.32 4.16 4.98 6.81 6.64 7.47 8.30 9.13 .9.96 10.79 11.62 12.45 13.28 14.11 14.94 16.77 16.60 20.75 24.90 33.20 41.50 49.80 68.10 66.40 74.70 83.00 84 ct. 1.68 2.62 3.36 4.20 6.04 6.88 6.72 7.56 8.40 9.24 10.08 10.92 11.76 12.60 13.44 14.2H 15.12 16.96 16.80 21.00 26.20 33.60 42.00 » 60.40 68.80 67.20 76.60 84.00 KosI 93 ct. 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 25 30 40 60 60 70 80 90 100 1.86 2.79 3.72 4.65 5.68 6.61 7.44 8.37 9.30 10.23 11.16 12.09 13.02 13.96 14.88 15.81 16.74 17.67 18.60 23.25 27.90 37.20 46.50 55.80 65.10 74.40 83.70 86 ct. 1.70 2.66 3.40 4.26 6.10 5.95 6.80 7.66 8.60 9.;:: 10.20 11.06 11.90 12.76 13.60 14.45 16.30 16.16 17.00 21.25 25.60 34.00 42.60 61.00 59.50 68.00 76.50 85.00 86 ct. 1.72 2.28 3.44 4.30 6.16 6.02 6.88 7.74 8.60 9.46 10.32 11.18 12.04 12.90 13.76 14.62 16.48 16.34 17.20 21.50 26.80 34.40 43.00 61.60 60.20 68.80 77.40 86.001 87 ct. 87y2Ct, 1.74 2.61 3.48 4.36 5.22 6.09 6.96| 7.83 8.70 9.67 10.44 11.31 12. IH 13.05 13.92 14.79 15.66 16.63 17.40 21.75 26.10 34.80 43.50 62.20 60.90 69.60 78.30 87.00 94 Ct. 1.88 2.82, 3.76 4.70 6.64 6.58 7.52 8.46 9.40 10.34 11.28 12.22 13.16 14.10 15.04 16.98 1^92 17.86 18.80 23.50 29.20 .S7.60 4^00 56.40 65.80 75.20 84.60 95 ct. 93.00 I 94.00 1.90 2.85 3.80 •4.75 6.70 6.65 7.60 8.65 9.50 10.46 11.40 12.35 13.30 14.25 15.20 16.15 17.10 18.05 19.00 23.75 28.50 a»nn 47.50 57.00 66.60 '76.00 85.60 95.00 96 ct. 1.92 2.88 3.84 4.80 5.76 6,72 7.68 8.64 9.60 10.66 11.52 12.4.S 13.44 14.40 15.36 16..32 17.28 18.24 19.20 24.00 28.80 38.40 48.00 57.60 67.20 76.80 86.40 96.00 1.75 2.621/2 3.50 4.371/2 5.26 6.121/2 7.00 7.871/2 8.75 9.621/2 10,50 11.371/2 12.26 13.121/0 14.00 14.871/2 15.75 16. 621/2 17.60 21.87% 26.25 36.00 43.76 62.60 61.26 70.00 78.76 87.60 97 ct. 1.94 2.91 3.88 4.86 5.82 6.79 7.76 8.73 9.70 10.67 11.64 12.61 13.58 14.55 15.52 1^.49 17.46 'V '.i 19. .0 24.25 29.10 oa fin 48;50 68..20 67.90 77 60 87.30 97.00 391 88 ct, 1.76 2.64 3.52 4.40 5.28 6.16 7.04 7.92 8.80 9.68 10.56 11.44 12.32 13.20 14.08 14.96 16.84 16.72 17.60 22.00 26.40 36.20 44.00 62.80 61.60 70.40 79.20 88.00 89 ct. 98 ct. 1.96 2.94 3.92 4.90 5.88 6.86 7.84 8.82 9.80 10.78 11.76 12.74 13.72 14.70 15.68 16.66 17.64 18.62 19.60 24.50 29.40 00 on 4aoo 58.80 68.60 78.40 88.20 98.00 1.78 2.67 3.66 4.45 6.34 6.23 7.12 8.01 8.90 9.79 10.68 11.67 12.46 13.35 14.24 15.13 16.02 16.91 17.80 22.26 26.70 36.60 44.60 63.40 62.30 74.20 80.10 89.00 90 ct. 1.80 2.70 3.60 4.60 5.40 6.30 7.20 8.10 9.00 9.90 10.80 11.70 12.00 13.50 14.40 15.30 16.20 17.10 18.00 22.60 27.00 36.00 45.00 64.00 63.00 72.00 81.00 90.00 ' of 100, and 91 ct. 92 ct. 99 ct. «1. 1.98 2.97 3.66 4.96 6.94 6.93 7.92 8.91 9.90 10.89 11.88 12.87 13.86 14.86 15.84 16.83 17.82 18. SI 19.80 24.76 29.70 on ATk 49.50 59.40 69.30 79.20 89.10 99.00 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 25. 30. ■IV. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. 1.82 2.73 3.64 4.65 6.46 6.37 7.28 8.19 9.10 10.01 10.92 11.83 12.74 13.65 14.66 16.47 16.38 17.29 18.20 22.76 27.30 36.40 45.50 54.60 63.70 72.80 81.90 91.00 «2. 4. 6, 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. 26. 28. .30. - 32. 34. 36. 38. 40. 50. 60. SO. 1ft). 120. 142. 160. 180. 200. w 1.84 2,76 3.68 4.60 5.52 6.44 7.36 8.28 9.20 10.12 11.04 11.96 12.88 13.80 14.72 15.64 16.56 17.48 18.40 23.00 27.60 36.80 46.00 ■ 66.20 64.40 73.60 82.80 92.00 $3. 6. 9. 12. 16. 18. 21. 24. 27. 30. 33. .36. 39. 42. 45. 48. 51. 54. 57.' 60. 75. 90. iliO. 160, 180. 210. 240. 270. 300, SCANTLING REDUCED TO ONE INCH BOARD MEASURE. , ' ' SCANTLING AND TIMBER MEASURE , RKDUOKD TO ONE INCH BOARD MBABUBB. ♦ EXrLA NATION.— To ascertain tlie number of Feet of Scantling or Tim- ber, say 18 Feet Long and 2 by 3 InchoH. Find 2 by 3 In the top columns, and 18 In the loft hand column, and under 2 by 3 mxd asalnHt • 18 Is 9 feet. " If the Scantling Is longer than contiUned In the Table, add two lengths together. If shorter, take jjart oif some length. i THICKNESS AND WIDTH IN INOHES. ^ 2.d 2.3 3. 24 4." 25 2.6 6. 2.7 2.8 8." i2.9 9. 3.S 1.6 3.4 6. 3.5 7.6 3.6 9. 3.' 10. r 3.1 [5 12. B 3.9|4.4 6 2. 6. 7. 13. ( ; 8. 7 2.4 3.6 4.8 6.10 7. 8. 2 9.4 H0.6 6.3 7. 8.91 L0.6 12. 3 14. 16. S ) 9.4 8 2.8 4. 6.4 6. 8 8. 9. 4 lO.i U2. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 10. 3. 4.6 6. 7. 6 9. 10. 6 12. 13.6 6.9 8. U.3 13.6 16. 9 18. 20.3 1 12. 10 3.4 5. 6.8 8. 4 10. 11. 8 13.{ 515. 7.6 10. 12.6 16. 17. (5 20. 22.C i 13.4 11 3.8 6.6 7.4 9. 2 11. 12.10 14.( U6.e 8.3 11. 13.9 16.6 19. 3 22. 24.8 14.8 .12 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 9. 12. 16. 18. 21. 24. 27. 16. 13 4.4 6.6 8.8 10.10 13. 16. 2 17.^ 119.6 9.9 1.3. 16.3 19.6 22. 9 26. 29.3 17.4 14 4.8 7. 9.4 11. 8 14. 16. 4 18. ( ?21. 10.6 14. 17.6 21. 24. S28. 31.6 18.8 15 B. 7.6 ^b 12. 6 16. 17. 6 20. 22.6 11.3 16. 18.9 ^2.6 26. 3 30. 33.8 20.0 16 B.4 8. ib;8 13. 4 16. 18. 8 21.' 124. 12. 16. iO. ' 24. 28. 32. 36. 21.4 17 5.8 8.6 11.4 14. 2 17. 19.10 22. J ^25.6 12.9 17. 21.3: 26.6 29. 9 34. 38.3 22.8 18 G. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. 24. 27. 13.6 18. : 22.6! 27. 31. [5 36. 40.6 24. 19 6.4 9.6 12.8 15.10 19. 22. 2 26.' 128.6 14.3 19. ! 23.91 28.6 33.. 3 38. 42.9 24.4 20 6.8 10. 13.4 16. 8 20. 23. 4 26. ( J 30. 16. 20. I 26. : 30. . ?6. ^6.< 40. 46. 26.8 21 7. 10.6 14. 17. 6 2L 24. 6 28. 31.6 15.9 21. : 26.3; n.4 [)42. 47.3 28. 22 7.4 11. 14.8 18. 4 22. 25. 8 29.^ 133. 16.6 22. 1 i7.6; 33. 38. ( J 44. 49.6 29.4 23 7.8 11.6 15.4 19. 2 23. 26.10 30. f $34.6 17.3 23. 1 iii.9l }4.6 40.; J 46. 51.9 30.8 24 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32. 36. 18. 24. ; JO. ; J6. 42. 48. 54. 32. 25 8.4 12.6 16.8 20.10 25. 29. 2 33.^ 137.6 18.9 26. ; JI.3 .' 57.6 43.1 )60. 66.3 33.4 30 10. 16. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 46. 22.6 30. i Yl.6^ 15. 62.( 5 60. 67.6 40. 34 11.4 17. 22.8 28. 4 34. 39. 3 46.4 151. 25.6 34. ^ 12.6; n. 50.( 5 08. 76.6 46.4 40 l.'5.4 20. 26.8 3S. 4 40. 46. 8 53.4 160. 30.0 40. / 50. ( 50. 70. 80. 90. 63. THICKNESS AND WIDTH IN INOHES. i? f^ 5.4 10. 4.6 12. 4.7 14. 4.8 4.9 18. 5.5 5.6 15. 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.( ) 18 J 6.7 6.8 24. 6.9 6.10 6 16. 12. 6 17. 6 20. 22. ( 21. 27. 30. 7 11.8 14. 16.4 18.8 21. 14. 7 17.6! 20. 5 23.4 26.J 5 21 24.6 28. 31.6 35. 8 13.4 16. 18.8 21.4 24. 16. 8 20. : 23. 4 26.8 30. 24 28. 32. 36. 40. 9 15. 18. 21. 24. 27. 18. 9 22.6! 26. 3 30. 33.{ ) 27 31.6 36. 40.6 45. 10 16.8 20. 23.4 26.8 30. 20.10 25. 29. 2 33.4 37.( ) 30 36. 40. 46. 50. 11 18.4 22. 26.8 29.4 33. 22.11 27.6 32. 1 36.8 41.: J 33 38.6 44. 49.6 55. 12 20. 24. 28. 32. 36. 25. 30. 36. 40. 45. 36 42. 48. 64. 60. i;i 21.8 26. 30.4 34.8 39. 27. 1 32.6 37.11 43.4 48.{ ) 39 46.6 52. 68.6 65. 14 23.4 28. 32.8 37.4 42. 29. 2 35. ' 10.10 46.8 52. e 5 42 49. 66. 63. 70. 15 25. 30. 35. 40. 45. 31. 3 37.6- 1.3. 9 50. 56.C 5 45 62.6 60. 67.6 75. 16 26.8 32. 87.4 42.8 48. 33. 4 40. ' 16. 8 53.4 60. 48 56. 64. 72. 80. 17 28.4 M. 39.8 45.4 51. 35. 6 42.6^ 19. 7 56.8 63.£ > 51 59.6 68. 76.6 85. 18 30. 36. 42. 48. M. 37. 6 45. I 52. 6 60. 67.C > 64. 63. 66.6 72. 81. 90. Ifl 31.8 38. •1 i 60.8 67. 39. 7 47.6 ( 55. 6 63.4 71.3 1 67. 76. 86.6 95. 20 33.4 40. 4u.8 613.4 60. 41. 8 50. I 58. 4 66.8 76. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. 21 35. 42. 49. 66. 63. 43. 9 52.6 ( Jl. 3 70. 78.fl 63. 73.0 84. 94.6 105. 22 368 44. 51.4 58.8 66. 46.10 55. ( 54. 2 73.4 82.6 66. 77. 88. 99. 110. 23 38.4 46. 53.8 61.4 69. 47.11 57.6 ( 57. 1 76.8 86.3 69. 80.6 92. 1 03.6 115. 24 io Aa .Kg £^A TO Kjk «A <" ri\ OA nn n "9 QA iUi -i AU lOA \rrT. e^. r-T.". t \'. '-'V. C7V.T tnr. cr^?. 1 li.-V. 25 ii.8 50. 58!4 G6.8 75. si; 1 62.6 ■; '2.11 8.3.4 93.9 75! 87.6 1 00. 1 12^6 125. 30 50. (?0. 70. 80. 90. 62. 6 75. f «7. 6 100. 112.6 90. 105. 1 20. 1 .36. 150. M 56.8 68. 79.4 m.s 102. 70.10 85. { )9. 2 113.4 127.6 102. 119. 1 36. 1 53. 170. m 56.8 80 . 93 .4 10 6.8 12 0.1 83 4 m 5. 13 L16.8 133.4 150. 120. 140 . tl 60. 1 80. ! 200. 31)2 1;; 20 21 22 23 '24 SASUllE. ng or Tlm- lii the top Old agalnut tvo lengths THIOKNESg ANn WUVTH IN INOnEg. 8 a-y J. 13.6 L 16.9 5. 18. >,. 20.3 >. 22.6 5. 24.9 L 27. 5. 29.3 ». 31.6 ►. 33.9 36. . 38.3 ;. 40.6 1. 42.9 . 46. • 47.3 , 49.6 , 51.9 , 54. . 56.3 67.6 76.6 90. 8. 9.4 10. 12. 13.4 14.8 16. 17.4 18.8 20.0 21.4 22.8 24. 24.4 26.8 28. S9.4 30.8 32. 33.4 40. 46.4 63. 6.9 6.10 27. 30. 31.6 35. 36. 40. 40.6 46. 46. 50. 49.6 66. 64. 60. 68.6 65. 63. 70. 67.6 75. 72. 80. 76.6 85. 81. 90. 85.6 95. 90. 100. 94.6 105. 99. 110. 103.6 115. 1 0P. 10A 112.6 136. 153. 180, 126. 150. 170. 200. ^ 12.16lgJ6jl3:ijri344 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 1^ 15 16 17 18 i;; 20 21 22 23 '24 90. . 105. 135. 135. 150. 166. 180. 105. 210. 225. 240. 255. 270. 300. 315. 330. 345. 369. 96. 112. 128. 144. 160. 176. 102. 208. 224. 240. 256. 272. 288. 304. 320. 336. 352. 368. 384. 83. 6 98. 7 112. 8 126. 9 140.10 154.11 169. 183. 1 197. 2 211. 3 225. 4 239. 5 243. 6 267. 7 271. 8 286. 9 209.10 313.11 338. I 91. 106. 2 121. 4 136. 6 161. 8 166.10 182. 197. 2 212. 4 227. 6 242. 8 257.10 273. 288. 2 303. 4 318. 6 333. 8 348.10) 364. 13.16 97;6 113.9 130. 146.3 162.6 178.9 195. 211.3 227.6 243.9 260. 276.3 292.6 30H.9 325. 341.S 357.6 37.3.9 390. 13.16 104.. 121.3 138.8 156. 173.4 190.8 208. 225.4 14.14 14.16 14.16 16.16 98. 114.4 130.8 147. 163.4 179.8 196. 212.4 242.8 ! 228.8 260, 277.4 294.8 .312. .320.4 340.8 364. 381.4 398.8 '416. 393 245. 261.4 277.8 20 16 17 6 20 22 6 26 27 6 300 32 6 35 37 6 81 16 6 18 1 20 8 28 8 26 10 28 6 31 33 7 36 2 38 9 82 16 13 8 21 4 24 <> 26 8 29 4 32 34 8 87 4 400 83 16 6 19 8 22 24 9 27 6 30 3 330 36 9 3b 6 41 8 84 17 19 10 22 8 266 2S 4 31 2 34 86 10 89 8 42 6 86 17 6 20 6 284 26 8 29 2 32 1 aso 87 11 40 10 439 86 18 21 240 27 80 33 33 89 42 460 BOARD TABLE MEASUREMENT— Continubd. Ill l6inW ITinW 18inW 19inW 20inW 21inW 22inW 23inW 24inWl ft. in. ft. in. 11-4 ft. in. ft. In. .ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 8 10 8 12 12 8 13 4| .14 14 8 16 4 16 9 12 12 9 18 6 14 3 15 O' 16 9 16 6 17 8 18 10 13 4 14 2 16 16 10 16 8 17 6 1» 4 19 2 200 11 14 8 16 7 16 6 17 6 18 4 19 3 20 2 21 1 220 12 16 17 18 19 2')0 21 22 23 24 13 17 4 18 6 19 6 20 7 21 8 229 23 10 24 11 26 14 18 8 19 10 210 22 2 23 4 246 26 8 26 10 28 16 20 21 3 226 23 9 260 26 3 27 6 28 9 30 16 21 4 22 8 24 26 4 26 8 280 29 4 8t» 8 820 17 22 8 24 1 26 6 26 11 28 4 29 9 81 2 82 7 34 18 24 26 6 27 'J» 6 300 31 6 33 34 6 36 19 25 4 26 11 28 6 30 1 31 8 333 34 10 86 6 38 20 26 8 28 4 30 31 8 33 4 360 36 8 88 4 40 21 28 29 9 31 6 83 3 850 36 9 88 6 40 3 42 22 29 4 31 2 330 34 10 36 8 386 40 4 42 2 440 23 30 8 32 7 34 6 36 6 88 4 40 3 42 2 44 1 46 84 32 84 86 88 400 42 44 46 48 26 334 85 5 37 6 89 7 418 43 9 46 10 47 11 6>0 26 34 8 86 10 89 41 2 43 4 466 47 8 49 10 62 OT •ia t\ 5)a Q A(\ R ±<) Q Afi. n Ar Q AQ a CI a K.A A Stf? -X-.- \r XJS. Z7 tJ-r V 28 37 4 89 8 42 44 4 46 8 49 61 4 63 8 66 29 38 8 41 1 43 6 46 11 484 60 9 68 2 66 7 68 80 42 9 65 9 >8 4 61 6 a 8 67 9 73 6 re 80 2 6 •86 9 9 93 8 »6 8 101 11 i3 8 108 8 2 11 117 9 8 9 125 cr Hhcrt. 8 KiiHHian poundn equal 7.2 Enriith pounds; 9-8.1 lb«.: 19-9 lbs.; 11-10 lb«.; 12»11.2 Ibe., Ao.~ 100 KoMlan Ito. equal 90 Ibi. Ebgllsh. WEIGHT OF ONE SQUARE FOOT OF PLATE IRON. Ao. IP 1 1 1 1 • o • i V h 26 2.9 2.7 8.7 iV 17.6 20.8 19.(f 26.9 k 6.0 6.8 6.6 7.4 i 20.0 23.2 21.8 29.6 iv 7.6 8.7 8.2 11.1 I 26.0 28.9 27.1 87;o i 10.0 11.6 10.9 14.8 I 80.0 84.7 82.6 44.4 ^ 126 14.6 18.6 18.5 T 8 86.0 40.4 87.9 67.8 I 16.0 17.4 16.8 22.2 1 40.0 46.2 48.8 69.2 WEIGHT ONE FOOT IN LENGTH OF SQUARE AND ROUND BAR IKON. S3 3* is • a •o - C4 ll •0 53^ s . ^E Is 8.820 IS" i-3 ll S.5 • a Bound Iron injba. 4 .209 .164 U 6.928 8| 46.969 86.895 a; .826 .256 n 10.229 8.043 81 60.153 89.890 I .470 .869 n 11.744 9.224 4 53.440 41.934 ^ .640 .608 2 13.860 10.496 4* 66.883 44.687 i .836 .666 ^ 15.083 11.846 44 60.329 47386 A 1.057 .881 2i 16.900 13 283 41 6S.W3'» 5i).'?;i 1 1.905 1.025 2| 18.840 14.797 44 ffl.o.^7 W ':i2 +i^ 1.679 1.241 2i 20.876 16.896 4f ii.44u 66.113 i 1.879 1.476 21 28.116 18.146 41 76.359 59.187 n 2.206 1.782 2} 25.259 19.842 4i 79.878 62.344 . I 2.558 2.011 2« 27.608 21.684 6 83.510 66.586 H 2.(tSt ?,V,6 8 30.070 28.653 5i 92.459 72.618 1 8M ^G24 8| 82.618 25.620 5.i 101.086 79.370 1* 4.25^:: I.J2I 8i 36.279 27.709 •61 110.429 86.731 u 6.219 6 816 7.616 4.099 4.961 6.913 s» 38.045 40.916 43.890 398 29.881 82.170 84.472 6 120.24.9 94,610 1} rhu wei i< « 11 14 il 4t Drht4>tiiarlr< " Ciwt I "Steel. "Coppe on beipg 1; ron =: .95 1.03 r. 1.16 Si ii 1 1 1 1 i 1 2 2 L8. Th«niiin> Ih equal 7.3 ItM., do.— 7. Ao. J • 1 19.0 26.9 21.8 29.8 27.1 87;o 82.5 44.4 87.9 67.8 48.8 69.2 ) ROUND i. 86.895 89.890 41.934 44.687 47886 W if« 66.113 59.187 62.844 66.686 72.618 79.370 86.781 94.A10 rlronbeipgl} )t Iron = .95 «1. 1.03 WW, 1.16 W'JQHT OF ROUND AND BQUARl CAST IRON. CAsf IKan.- Wf ght of • Foot lu UtHTh of sinare and KooBd. SQUARE. Weight Poandi, 74.26 78,12 82.08 86.18 90.28 94.63 08.87 108.82 107.86 112.60 122.08 132 03 142.88 158.12 1G4.26 175.78 187.68 200.12 212.56 225.78 289 26 253.12 267.38 282. 297.07 312.60 328.82 844.58 361.18 878.12 895.50 413.78 431.44 450. ROUNa Weight. Pounds. 68.82 6136 04.46 07.64 70.09 74.24 77.66 81.14 84.71 88.36 95.87 1^8.69 111.82 120.26 129. 138.06 147.41 167.08 167.06 177.10 187.91 188.;9 . 210. 221.60 288.81 246.43 257.86 270.69 283.68 296.97 810.63 224 59 338.86 853.43 STEEL.~Wefght of a Foot in Length of Flat Size InT II Thick, Thick. 1-4 in Pds. .862 .958 1.06 1 IT i;27 1.49 . 1.70- 2JI 1 1.91 3-8tbti. Fdi- 127 1.^8 1.59 1 Tit. -t • • i5 1.91 2.28 2.55 2.«7 Thick, 1-2 in Pds. 1.70 1.91 2.13 2.65 3.19 2.98 3 72 3.40 4.28 3.83 4.79 'V m ' —"" ■ " ■■ " WEIGHT OP METALS. i!,: PATENT IMPROVED -LEAD TITK.-Sizfa and Weight j^ Foot. Calibre. Weight per foot. CkUbrc. Inches. Weight per foot. Calibre. Inches. Weight per foot. Calibre. Weight per foot. Calibre. Weigh*-, per foot, InchGH Ibs.ozs. lbs. 0Z8. i lbs. oza. Inches. lbs, CM, incbiw. IbH. 0Z8. if 6 1 4 i » 1 4 1 * P 5 8 It 1 8 • • < 2 •< 6 4 10 i< 2 << 2 4 li 2 8 5 12 << 3 X 2 8 •1 3 (( fi 1 a 13 1 << 3 •< 8 8 i< 7 1 8 t4 1 i 4( 4 «« 4 ?M| a 8 i4 1 8 ' 1 1 8 II 6 13 iO a 2 II 1 12 IJ. 3 Si - 15 12 t4 2 12 1 tl 2 II 3 8 4 a 18 14 } 12 ' It 2 8 It 4 4iJ 20 1 (< 14 I <( 3 i< 4 8 5 ' 22 Shkkt I ead.— Weight of a Square Foot, 2], 8, 3i, 4, 4^. 6, 6, 7, 8i, 9. 10 lbs., and upwards BRASS, COPPER, STEEL, AND LEAD.- Weight of a Foot. ) BRASS. COPPKR. 8TEKL. LKAD. Blameter Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Weigbt Weight Weight aiid Side of of of of of of of of of Square. Round. Square, Bound. Pquare. Round. Square. Round. Square, . Inches. Lbs. Lba. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Xbfc i .17 ,22 .19 .24 .17 .21 i .89 .60 .42 .64 .38 .48 .70 .90 .76 96 .67 ,85 1.10 1.40 1.17 1.50 1.04 1.33 1.69 2.02 1.69 2.16 1.50 1.91 , 2.16 2.75 2.31 2.94 2.05 2.61 1 2.83 3.60 3.02 £.84 2 67 8.40 8i}7 4.93 1^ 8.58 4.56 3.82 4.86 3.38 434 4.90 6.25 1^ ■ 4.42 6.63 4.71 6, 4.18 6.32 6.06 7.71 li 5.3-> 6.81 6.71 7.27 6.i--aoabac>a) CO •Si-He5e5NcO«CCOcecOl'»l.--l^Q0 HA •~rHrH«CSI^C* •-r-liHfrHC>»N«ftS ~rir-lrti-ti-lS5WC^NNMTOTOC0TOTO^-*'*-*-*«O»O»O«5 s CD TO TO CO TO e<5 TO ■«*< TO a 00 0» f IM eO lO CD t^OS O ^ TO o 00 3s — ' e t- 1- 1- 00 OD 55 SSloSffiSUS §3SS^ CC0U3 I- 1~ l^ susSocoSiovt* U3 to lO «& (O CO gg^cc 5 0DO(N SSS8 n ^^ ^* ^^^ D "^ ""J^ ^4^ U3U3U3U3 3 CD 00 34 D CO coco ^^ ""^ ^* ^ < iM CO Jft 3 CO CO CO CO CO CO "^ >OQ0OO| 5 ^ -^ ■* •«»< Tj4 ■* lO I 60 6 SCO *4 1440 Hi cords. VALUE OP WOOD AND BARK. •-• rH (N(N (N CO CO -* «3 u5 «> i^ I, J, 05, 1 9 I t^eo o i-T eo ^ ,^ ~^ ^ — T? '"' ''^ s*',*^ eo CO •^ft ^ .^ ifl 50 soi^i^^l SJ^^^Sco§85:SJSSSSS888SSSl28S8SSJ388 ^ I --^«N«4^^3S5I.g§8S55SSi2S8i^SgSg U^ --«3«Si8^^S^S3icggcog53gg^,^j,||- __-^c.s;g^g5:^jsgs$s^iS^gco5J5;^gg;e| --§5§5§S^§!i,{23g^S38gJ^S8S{2S3S8^8 !«> ,_ "-=^=^^^®---ssff§sS{2s";slcSSsol H OD w »"»-<'ua a-ei^l^^;i^S7S-Z^-'"'^^^'^ i n eo co co •* ■* ^\a — o,^a§gio:;?§g2§5c3SJsg^gj^g5§^S2^ ■lO ^*oocT«D^Mi:;;r;:;--;jj^j7i^;~ n eo co eo ■* -* us _^. — ^^c.c3iSSSSS^SS8^sgco23-;^-5;^| "* i^ -* 00 rH ,00001.0 to <-r!^ -r;J-^^-rl?l??.eLeo co eo eo v us ■ - •"* ^H »^ ^M ^^ ^« fvm A« K. _ _ _ _ "" '->' ' ^ •V "AW W« KW CO I- « CO t- - wTr5ioi«rrS7S-^-^-^^^^-^-^i^?^ «> « ** I ;"^'^«^^*'S^Sl5?8?SS§g2SS§SSf2W CO CO o>colip^e S - u3 go PH o CO ^ S 'l^-^ri!-^-'^-''^-'^-'^-^ co co '^ ^ ^ ^-^-53c3g5cogS^8^ggggg20rHg-cggg- " coooorHTX>r^!r'^^'^'^''^ !^'gi^«"=0'» (.^ll0^.a>l^l^tPga^^q-,,, ^^ ^^rlg3.ci£icicieo| J]^^<^*^^^^i2S2S$S3¥sWig8 fe I '^'g>Q' Pooa>rHCOTt.o;Q -;=iT:: 3rH>n«.!Ir ^^^^'^^^''^^^ '^ "^ rH CI CO ■«*< iO «0 1-- 00 0> *? t- ^n a; o e9 J5 OS SS§Sg3§^gg3gogg|g| !' 303.72 9 '' 396.56 .«} " 461.40 iO " 489.20 11 " 692.40 12 13 14 15 20 25 feet <( << II NUMBER OF THREADS IN* V-THREAD SCREWS. 705. 827 4 959.6 1101.6 1958.4 8059.9 Diam. In inches ^ J) s No. of threads 20 18 16 14 12 11 3 10 I 9 1 8 H 7 1] 7 1| 6 Diam. in inches l* 14 i? ir n oi oi No. of threads 6' 6* 6^ 4/ 4i 4^ 4^ Diam. in inches..; 3J No. of threads 8 4 8 2J 3 8^ 8i 8i 3i Sj 8} 4| 2I 6 6i 54 53 23 2^ 2I 8 6 2i The depth of the threads should be half their nitoh Thn Hior««* 7~* CUBIC, OR SOLID MEA^HE. Brjadth, and tbi. product by .he i>°p.»o'°bff C.°u^^''„,%S; 4-5 X 2.5 X 2 = 22i cubic feet. bushels, by 2150 .12,-or. If l.i heaped bushels, by 2747 TO "'' ^' ' " '» .nS'sS ^:ctyKj,S^ \^^ "" "^ * "■"' '" '""«"■' " '"'='>« '« O™""".. mLI*^ Jr^illgWaT ''*' "°"« "*'• = 2°°» ■^'- " 1 •»■' Of Deave, 1 Cubic Foot Of I'each Mountain Coal, broken or screPiifirt fhr «f^„^ ISfpou'n'dr"''^'^"** requires 37 cubic feet oTs^aceTs^Vone'toTa Coal is bought at wholesale at the rate of 2240 pounds to the ton anri sold at retai at the rate of 2000 pounds to the ton, scr"merf ' ^ 3/&L*t;rtlf;XSf ^ ''-'' ""' '^ '''' ^^ ^-«^»^' 23 St breadth, and rru t^^. i'^ ^^^"^ '^^^ '■= ^"^22 (or 63^ bushels and i peck.) The Solid Contents of all bodies, which are of uniform bigness thro i^h out, whatever may be the form of the ends is found bv multinlvin^fh^ area of one end into its height or length. ^ multiplying the ,ltt !"^K^^ equal (=j 1 square foot, (or, area.) 1<28 inches equal (=) 1 cubic foot, (or, solid emtenta.) 404 ' /V8URE. JALLONS. feet 705. 827 4 959.6 1101.6 1958.4 8059.9 ws. » n li 7 7 1| 6 8 8| 3i 8; 3; 2| 3; 6 2i iameter of a the angle of Stone, Box, ngth by the [er of Cubic multiply the -then divide sionsaro ia he Length, o obtain the feet long, 2^ Its (interior) capacity be Bl;-if in in breadth, of Beaver for Stoves. one ton ol le ton, and eadth, and peck.) ^s througli- plyiijg the I.) Diam jThickni Weight. 1 1 Diam ^cknl Wdght!^^^^ Lbs. 3.06 6.05 3.67 6. 6.89 9.8 7.8 11.04 8.74 12.23 9.65 13.48 10.57 14.66 10.05 11.54 15.91 20.59 12.28 17.16 22.15 27.56 i8.4 2:3.72 29.64 19.66 25.27 31.2 20.9 26.83 33.07 22.06 1 28.28 34.94 23.35 29.85 36.73 24.49 31.4 38.58 25.7 32.91 40.43 26.94 34.34 42.28 29.4 37.4i 45.94 31.82 40.56 49.6 58.96 34.32 4.}. 68 63.3 63.18 36.66 46.8 56.96 67.6 78.39 8. 8.1/3 9. 11. Va 12. Va 13. Va Lbs. 39.22 49.92 60.48 71.76 83.28 41.64 52.68 64.27 76.12 88.2 44.11 56.16 68. 80.5 93.28 46.5 50.92 71.7 84.7 97.98 48.98 62.02 75.32 88.98 102.9 61.46 65.08 78.99 93.24 108.84 63,88 68.14 82,68 97.44 112.68 56.34 71.19 86.4 , 101.83 117.6 58.82 74.28 90.06 106.14 122.62 61.26 77.36 93.7 110.^8 127.42 63.7 80.4 97.4 114.72 13i>..?5 66.14 83.46 101.08 118.97 137.28 68.64 86.5*5 17. ya Lbs. 104.76 123.3 142.16 71.07 89.61 108.46 127.6 147.03 73.72 92.66 112.1 i;a.86 151.92 75.96 95.72 115.78 ^30.15 156.82 78.4 98.78 119.49 140.4 161.82 80.87 101.82 123.14 144.76 166.6 83.3 104.82 126.79 149.02 171.6 85.73 107.96 130.48 153.3 176.58 88.23 111.06 134.16 157.59 181.33 114.1 137.84 16t9 186.24 120.24 145.2 170.47 195.92 126.33 152.63 179.02 132.5 159.84 187.6 215.52 138.6 167.24 196.46 Dia. in inch. Circum. in inch. -196 -392 -589 -786 -981 1-178 1-374 1-570 1-767 1-963 2-159 2-356 2-552 2-748 2-945 DIAMETERS, CIRCXTMFERENCES AND AREAS OP CIRCLES. ^i£?"?*^ uT^^^y*'"®*^ *^« circumference of a circle, hooo or riniy thA diarneter being 3 ft. 4 in. In the column of circumferences onn7«^« nil ]utl''^^^ diameter, stands 10 ft. 5% in., the d^SreSSfrequra :al te i T/lt l/'*hrt"*T*^^" ^^ t|e metal is ite exact tiSkness.'or it! orear«/i, if it is bent edgeways, which must be added to the diajnetir r«^wHS'^li^* *=*".** once ascertain the diameter of any wheel hSmlv require, the pitch and number of teeth beinsj jriven ^ Exainple.—lt a wheel is ordered to be made to" pontAin Mi f^^-h *^\.^ EnoL -^^^*^^^. ^ ^'^ 3% inches, the dimelSons of tt^J whee^ may^ berS^teWfhf Jh^'^Tr'^^Wy*^^ Pi*«^ «^ <^« tooih §y iHuS 3% inchos pitch of the tooth. 10 X 6 = 60 the number of teeth. Area in sq. inch. -0030 -0122 -0276 -0490 -0767 -1104 -1503 -1963 -2485 -3068 -3712 -4417 -5185 -6013 -6903 -7854 -9940 1-227 1-484 '1-767 2-074 2-405 2-761 3-141 3-546 3-976 4-430 4-908 5-412 5-939 6-491 7-068 7-669 8-295 8-946 9-621 10-320 11-044 11-793 Side of = sq. -0554 -1107 -1661 -2115 -2669 -3223 -3771 -4331 -4995 -5438 -6093 -6646 -7200 -7754 -8308 % &*3-32 1 in. 1 3-16 1 5-16 1 7-16 1 9-16 1 11-16 Dia in inch. Cir. in ft. in. 1 3S% i| 9 m. % 2 2 78 2 3-16 2 5-16 2 7-16 2 9-16 ff. W 1% 3 7-16 Area in sq. inch. 12-566 13-364 14-186 15-033 15-904 16-800 17-720 .18-666 19-635 20-629 21-647 22-690 23-758 24-860 25-967 27-108 28-274 29-464 30-679 31-919 33-183 34-471 35-784 37-122 38-484 39-«71 41-282 42-718 44-178 45-663 47-173 48-707 50-265 51-848 63-466 on \joa 56-746 58-426 60-132 61-862 Area in 8q. ft -0879 -0935 -0993 -1062 -1113 -1176 -1240 -1306 -1374 -1444 -1515 -1588 -1663 -1739 -1817 -1897 -1979 -2062 -2147 -2234 -2322 -2412 -2504 -2598 -2693 -2791 -2889 -2990 -3092 -3196 -3299 -3409 . -3518 -3629 -3741 -0856 -3972 -4089 -4209 -4330 406 r CIRCLES, ?, or ring, the 8, opposite the equired. The ickness, or its the diameter, wheel he may 1 60 teeth, the wheel may be I by the num- t>e the circum- of the wheel, consequently of the wheel DIAMETERS, CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OP CIRCLES,%0. Dia. in ft. in. Area in 8q. ft -0879 -0935 -0993 -1052 -1113 -1176 -1240 -1306 -1374 -1444 -1515 -1588 -1663 -1739 -1817 -1897 -1979 -2062 -2147 -2234 -2322 -2412 -2504 -2598 -2693 -2791 -2889 -2990 -3092 -3196 -3299 -3409 , -3518 -3629 -3741 -3866 -3972 -4089 -4209 -4330 Cir. in ft. in. Area in sq. inch. .i 3 63-617 6o-;596 67-200 6{M)29 70-882 72-769 74-662 76-668 78-540 80-615 82-616 84-610 86-690 88-664 90-762 92-855 95-0.33 97-205 99-402 101-623 103-869 106-1.39 108-4:M 110-753 1% 113-097 2 115-466 2y2 117-859 2%j 120-276 122-718 125-185 127-676 130-192 132-732 135-297 137-886 140-500 143-139 145-802 148-489 151-201 j 153-938 166-699 159-485 ! 162-295 i 165-130 167-989 170-873 173-782 176-715 179-672 1«2-fi.'U 185-661 188-692 191-748 194-828 197-933 Area in «q. ft. -4453 -4'>77 -4704 -4--32 -4961 -5093 -6226 -5361 -5497 -6636 -5776 -5!»17 -60r>l -6206 -63.53 -6499 -6652 -6874 -6958 -7143 -7290 -7429 -7590 -7752 -7916 -8082 -8250 . -8419 -8590 -8762 -8937 -9113 -9291 -9470 -9642 -0835 1-0019 1-0206 1-0294 1-0584 1-0775 1-0968 1-1193 1-1360 1-1569 1-1749 1-1961 1-2164 1-2370 1-2577 1 -OTQK • tji • •._? 1-2996 1-3208 1-3422 l-3r>37 1-3855 407 314-16 ) 318-099 322-063 326-051 330-064 334-101 338-163 342-250* 346-361 350-497 354-657 358-841 363-051 367-284 371-643 375-826 380-133 384-465 388-822 39.3-203 397-608 402-0.38 406-493 410-972 1-4074 1-4295 1^1617 1-4741 l-4!)67 1-5196 1-5424 1-5665 1-5888 1-6123 1-6359 1-6597 1-6836 1-7078 1-7321 1-7566 1-7812 1-8061 1-8311 1-8562 1-8816 1-9071 1-9328 1-9586 1-9847 1-9941 2-0371 2-0637 2-0904 2-1172 2-1443 2-1716 2-1990 2-2265 2-2543 2-2922 2-3103 2-3386 2-3670 2-3956 2-4244 2-4533 2-4824 2-5117 2-5412 2-5708 2-6007 2-6306 2-6608 2-6691 2-7016 2-7224 2-7632 2-7980 2-8054 2-8658 DllitfETERS, CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OP CIRCLES, &o. 9 7% 1060-73 9 8% 1075-21 Area In ■q. inch. 101^7 1032-06 1046-35 Area in •q. ft. 1089-7i> 3 1% 9 9% 1104-46 3 1%\ 9 10(5| 1119-24 1134-12 1149-09 11G4-16 1179-32 1194-59 1209-95 1225-42 1240-98 1256-64 1272-39 12.^8-26 1304-20 1320-25 1336^0 1362-65 1369-00 1385-44 1401-98 1418-«2 1435-36 1452-20 1469-14 i'/8 1486-17 5% 1603-30 1630-53 1537-86 1556-28 1572-81 1590-43 1608-16 1625-76 1643-89 0% 1661-90 1*4 1608-02 1698-23 1716-54 1734-94 1753-46 1772-05 1790-76 1809-56 1828-46 1847-45 1866-56- ■fOOir FT J 1905-03 „ 1924-42 Oi/il 1943-91 7-0688 7-1671 7-2664 7-3662 7-4661 7-6681- 7-6691* 7-7791 7-8681 7-9791 8-0846 8-l«91 8-2951 8-4026 8-.'»9l 8-6171 8-7269 8-8361 8-W62 9-0561 9-1686 9-2112 9-3061 9-6061 9-6212 9-7364 9-8518 9-9671 10-084 10-202 10-320 10-439 10-559 10-679 10-800 10-922 11-044 11-167 11-291 11-415 11-534 11-666 11-793 11-920 12-048 12-176 12-305 12^35, 12-666 12-697 12-829 12-962 13-005 113-229 13-364 13^99 ilROLES, &o. DIAMETERS, CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OP CIRCLES. # m in inch. K7 , w6 f-35 ►-73 ^21 ^7i> -46 -24 -12 -09 -16 -32 ■59 ■95 42 ■08 64 39 25 20 'i5 U) 35 )0 (4 )8 :2 16 Area in «q. ft. Dla. in ft. in. 7-0688 7-1671 7-2604 7-3662 7-4661 7-6681- 7-6691* 7-7791 7-8681 7-9791 8-0846 8-l«91 8-2951 8-4026 8-.'»9l 8-6171 8-7269 8-8361 8-W62 9-0561 9-1686 9-2112 9-3061 0-6061 9-6212 9-7364 9-8518 9-9671 « '10-084 110-202 10-320 10-439 10-559 10-679 10-800 10-922 11-044 11-167 11-291 11-415 11-534 11-666 11-793 11-920 12-048 12-176 12-305 12-435, 12-666 12-697 12-829 12-962 13-005 13-229 13-364 13^99 Cir. in ft. in. Area in Hq. inch. 4 10 15 4 10% x5 ' ^"H15 > 15 ' ■ '15 'L da 4 n/415 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 2 5 21/4 5 2^/. 5 3 ' ■5 3»/ I Ik 1 1V4 1% I 1963-50 1983-18 2002-96 2022-84 2042-82 2062-90 2083-07 2103-35 2123-72 2144-19 2164-75 2185-42 2206-18 2227-65 2248-01 2169-66 2290-22 2311-48 2332-H3 2354-28 2357-83 2.397-48 2419-22 2441-07 2463-01 2485-05 2607-19 2629-42 2651-76 2674-19 2696-72 2619-35 21/41 2642-08 2% 2664-91 38/4 2687-83 4i| 2710-85 2733-97 2757-19 3780-51 2803-92 2827-44 2851-05 28T4-76 2898-66 2922-47 2946-47 2970-57 2994-77 3019-07 3043-47 3067-96 .^n92-5fi 3ii7-25 3142-04 3166-92 3191-91 Ar«a in ■q. ft. 13-635 ia-772 13-909 14-047 14-186 14-325 14-466 14-606 14-748 14-890 15-633. 15-176 16-320 15-465 1&-611 15-767 1&-904 16-051 16-200 16-349 1^-498 16-649 16-800 16-951 17-104 17-227 17-411 17-565 17-720 17-876 18-033 18-189 18-347 ?8-506 18-665 18-825 18-995 19-147 19-309 19-471 19-635 19-798 19-963 20-128 20-294 20-461 20-629 20-797 20-965 20-135 20-305 91_4.7R 21-647 21-819 21-992 22-166 Dla. in ft, in. Cir. In ft. in. Area in Bq. inch. Area in Rq. ft 3216-99 3242-17 3267-46 3292-83 3318-31 3343-88 :^369-56 3395-33 3421-20 3447-16 3473-23 :M99-39 61^; 3525-26 7lAi 3662-01 8 I 3.578-47 8%i 3606-03 r 9%i 3631-68 ' lOali 3658-44 ' \Vl\ 3086-29 ' 11% 3712-24 9 "il8 0%; 373^-28 9y4il8 \iL 3766-43 fil^!l8 2%i 3793-67 ; Zyl 3821-02 4IJ 4%' 4% 20 % 5% 19 3848-4( 3875-1 3903-63 3931-36 3969-20 3987-13 4016-16 4043-28 4071-61 4099-83 4128-25 4166-77 4185-39 4214-11 4242-92 4271-83 4300-85 4329-95 4359-16 4388-47 4417-87 4447-37 4476-97 9506-67 4536-47 4666-36 4596-35 4626-44 4656-63 4686-92 4717-30 4747-79" I 22-333 22-615 22-621 22-866 23-043 23-221 23-330 23-678 23-768 23-938 24-119 24-301 24-483 24-666 24-850 26-034 26-^0 26-W8 26-602 25-779 26-964 26-165 26-344 26-634 26-725 26-916 27-108 27-301 27-494 27-688 27-883 28-078 28-274 28-471 28-663 28-866 29-065 29-264 29-466 29-665 29-867 30-069 30-271 30^75 30-679 30-884 30-090 31-296 31-503 31-710 31-919 32-144 32-337 32-548 32-769 32-970 fi ! M I^WT^. OP CIRCLRS, CONI 3 11 8fl0^ 9 IT .7«W .WIT l.(>«l(M> 1.2271 l.ii»(i2 1.0701 1.7671 l.tWMB 2.181(1 2.4tifi2 2.(U1(N 3.1410 3.40K7 3.«8(«) 3.9700 4,'Um 4Mm 4.9087 5.2413 B.flsao 0.3049 6.0813 7.0080 11)707 8.2907 8.72(>S 9.1683 9.0211 10.0846 10.6091 11.0446 11.6409 12.0481 1 ft. ill 6.87.'Jrf 6.8i>28 7.9944 9.17(16 10.4413 ll.78.7.'MO 32.6976 34.3027 »{.7092 39.1!)»54 4l.7(i(W 4^1.4179 47.1605 49.9664 62.8618 66.8.382 08.8976 62.0386 7 70.8823 74.0620 > ft. in Ui 104.19.10 UMMIO 206.6133 223.9472 229.4;M2 24 .1664 267.6122 78.540) 82.6160 86.6903 90.7627 9(30 lOti 108.4342 287.8082 308.7270 330.3869 302.7({60 375.9062 399.76(W 424.3620 449.2118 470.7i^ 602.0036 030.0861 008.3022 KI17 6jl7 717 12.6664 13.0962 13.6303 14.1862 14.7479 16.3206 16.9043 16.4986 17.1041 17.7205 18.3476 18.9868 , 19.6360 20.2947 20.9666 21.6476 I 22.3400 23.7683 24.4836 93.97M 97.a310 101.9701 103.0300 110.2907 114.6736 118.a386 123.3830 127.9112 132.5209 137.2106 142.0582 146.8.'»4 ltl.7718 166.7891 161.8886 167.0674 1/2.3300 177.6740 183.0973 13 14 14 J14 14 15 15 15 15 16 163.9.384 169.4862 166.1.303 170.8735 16 16 16 117 |17 17 |l7 !l8 410 Jil JJ^ 176.7160 St ^2^ 182.fi545 Silo *J>|188-fi923 9 49 P^ 194.8282 QM ^y? '201 .0624 IS tn^207..3946 SS *2,j2»3.8261 9^2 73^220.3537 JS ^%226.9806 fi'S i?S'233.7066 9|65 91/8,247.4500 IKO f1rln~. 9\'k4 "■>aii»*.*t»96 3 67 4 261.6872 658 1«%268.R031 9158 io4lm.im 687.3034 617.0876 647.0668 678.2797 71O.607t 743.3686 776.7746 810.9143 848.1890 881.3966 I 917.7395 904.8109 992.6274 ia31.1719 1070.4514 1108.0645 1161.2129 1192.0940 12,34.9104 1277.8615 1321.6464 1366.9634 1407.6166 1467.0032 1603.6250 1650.9797 1699.0696 1647.8930 1697.4616 1747.7431 1798.7(i98 1860.6301 iW03.0254 1956.26.37 2010.2171 2064.9140 i I »-i=:^^»Si£e-AV~i RKA IN FKRT. 09 72 HI t )1 17 « fi. in di>Ui 2US.(ll»3 223.9472 229.4:M2 24 .IA(|4 2«7.()122 ^ I 287.8082 5 398.7i!70 7 aaKiwao ' da2.7({({0 37n.90fl2 30».7rt<« 424.3625 449.2118 m.76e3 002.SS36 530.0861 668.3022 687.3634 617.0876 647.66(W 678.2797 710.6fl7t 743.3686 770.7746 810.9143 848.1890 881..3966 917.7395 964.8159 992.6274 10.31.1719 1070.4514 1108.0645 1151.2129 192.6940 2.*M.9104 277.8615 321.5454 365.9634 *07.5ir.5 157.0032 503.6250 H50.9797 •99.0696 47.8930 97.4516 47.7431 fW.7698 50.6301 >3.(»254 )6.26.^ 0.2171 4.9140 APPENDIX. ON CORRESPONDENCES, &c. By rofoffliiPO to mge) 375 It will bo noen tlmt iiomotlilnB wwi ntftted re- KiinUtiK w»rnMp<>na«ii«'OM. The writor coiiHldHrH tlui «iU>n«it of too armt iriiportftnoe to offer any uiM»logy for ItH ronHldiiiatlon in tlilH nlii4i«, hikI win briefly ntHt« that IiJh inotiv« for coiiHi«i«rlnK tlio «jiu>Htlon in a donlr •^iMi^.f"^ wxainploHof tlut woikliiKofthn nrindnhi iim an .UKurlnir i(»idu In uriPlding tlie tni« meaning of tho .Saomil wiithigH, for Htrango hh tlio an- nertion may appear to many, tlie moaning of much of Ukj DlvUio Wonl, as to ilH trne or Internal HenHe, can be evolved in no other way. It Hhoiilil be known that the Wou» being Divine, In comiMwed in a manner different from all otlier wrltliign wImtHoover, i)elng written by pure correHpond- enceii, for whi throughout, is written with a constant reference to an exact and immutable relation between spiritual and natural tilings. Various descriptions are there given of the sun, moon, and stai-s ; of the earth with her mountains, valleys and rivers ; of men, animals and plants, gold and silver, brass and iron, and a thousand other things which appear in the natural world. In all these descriptions there is a constant reference to the internal arid spiritual causes from which these tilings exist, and to which they corresiwnd. The Word, In its literal sense, is thus wrought together with infinite skill, constituting a permanent receptacle of divine and spiritual things. With- in are the living principles, the spirit and life of the Word, of which It Is said, " The words I speak unto you, they are npirit and they are life," John vl. 03. The science of correspondences is to the Word of Goi> what the mathematical science Is to the phenomena of the material universe. It reveals order, harmony, beauty and Divine perfection In the midst of what seems to be disorder, uncertaintj', inextricable confusion and even contradiction. Before proceeding further it remains to be stated that the world, under Providence, Is Indebted to the Instrumentality of Emanuel, Swkden- BORO tor a. knowledge of • • - - ■ - - the spiritual sense of *r\ ^^X^X^X- T I -I ^_ «-_ - _-.--. for no lover of truth can fail to be both delighted and astonished, at*the profundity and variety of the Immense mass of knowledge presented In relation to the spiritual sense of the Word, heaven and hell, and the life of man after death. The subjects so imperfectly treated In this brief sketch, and many thousands besides, will be found In those writings to be e of this heavenly sciencp, aiid these unfoldings of the Word are to be found In nls theological writings. ON COBBEspoNDENCES, *0. preaeut ON COURKSrONDENCES, AC. 41S « <'I"lin tJuit 1„ 'I'ft'lf, for inoHt ''U onHl.lo nnv :«M^iw m« con- » pie Htudy of » luuneH of Uie ti»« HddnjBs of uo Il«t on Luit vo volMm Af 9" l»i all. 'Mof Uilflgub. Wl Ji «.\r)lrt|i,4. volvod by the f a Swedish ten, and was p ev«r lived. 'w»»na/ AVno- denborg ]„„ ' Oie tha« he er will 8how the preaeut -a vision of len have at- >lf with the jianlHrn in- rend by all he greatest tlnms have 3 C'hrlHtlun we pait of they have quire new 3, that the tive Influ- Ma'U. and what t and the lie Chris- ids what s of con- 3 himself" o expan- open to f heaven ting be- y of the before. , oeauti- h, Man- ■Arcana rftes aa follrtwa : ** "hie atithor of this memoir cinnot conclud« hU narmt! vn with- out niferlna up to Uie Father of morclen IiIm uiOHt devout and uiatoful luv- knowUMljnuentii, for the extractrlnes and J)iHchmure.s of. J^manuel Swedtii/- bora," by Prof. Busli, will also prove of great hiterest. Touching Swedenborg's claims, we quote his own words from the " True Christian lieligion," as follows : " Since the Loud cannot manifest Him- self in pei-son as has been shown just above, and yet he has foretold that he wouJd come and eBtal)liHh a New Church, which is the New Jerusalem, it follows, tliat he is to Jn ^^att. xxvi church concerniS a rS^Hr^/r.?" *h«lr heartrS^f^trl,"^^*^ those Ing the paasionTf*All*y«f divine personff^^^ of the present be exaaicated,""T.^C 'r° i'ik"^L" ^^^ redemption "iV^pK^^'i'^.P**"^^'^" ON CORRESPONDENCES, AG. 415 The first two par- J*y '• «"d the last 'giou has l^elation where he st; es. ti"g8. The lust Jrsuasion, or be- •m as Hcientilics, them inteUectu- c whenever thev nam where thev manner, and%re Id perform uses. Ill theii" lives " >wing*-ttule8 of ■ good man. « j submit every- •'e m everythiniy 'a>^- 4. To obey ■ae duties of our ourselves as uni- ^L PB0VI1>E." ORD.-*athav- . also, daikness nd acknowledff- :tiiig faith from ord, and conse- ► now to reveal 'V^itlia* sense, Id the Church, ch tlie light of led may be re- stmguished at 38 of the Apo- * Immediately >ned, and the 1 heaven, and ' ' shall see the great glory," in respect to ord, as to the >Ki> as to the its spiiltual '• S. 112. >m the bedn- nd also that Ke a new an- »• All these ered till the Jie propheti- ; and unless would have low, for the lade known e year iTfifi ; Jfatt. xxvi, ? with those tlie present »d concem- fc it cannot lined " and ' after truth «e wonder- itors to ex- perplexing The Fnx9t E8Sentia.l Knowledor.— " Tlip first thing will be to k^iow who is the Gou of Heaven, since all other tliingis depend on that. In the universal heaven no other is acknowledged for the God of heaven than the LoBi) alone. They ^y tliere as He liimself taught, " that He is one with the Father, that the Father is in Him and He is in the Father ; and he that seeth Him seeth the Father ; and that every thing holy proceedeth from Him." John x. 30, 38 ; xiv. 10, 11 ; xvi. 13-16— The very essential prin- ciple of the church is tne acknowledgement of the union of the Divine itself in the Human of the Louo, and this must be in all and singular tlie things of worship. The reason why tliis is an essential of the church, and hence an essential of worsliip, is, because the salvation of the human race depends solely on that union." Contrast this with the following delivery by the Rev. "W. H. H. Murray In the Park St. Church, Boston, during his Sabbath afternoon lecture, April 5. 1874. " The doctrine of the Trinity as held by us Trinitarians is an in- explicable mystei-y ; for my own part I never could explain how three distinct persons could be one God, I do not understand it, do not wish to understand it, never could and never will understand it, not even in eter- nity." Instead of having the Bread of Life broken and giVen to them, this is the kind of chalf which is served out everv Sabbaui to millions wbo are hungering for better things. Tliousands on thousands of good, sincere and eloiuent preacliers have «toldWieir hearers the same story, although in a different way. and we would ask if deliverance from such ignorance would not be a real blessing. "Let him that glorieth glory in this, that he uiulerstandeth and knowath Me, that I am the Lokd which exercise loving kindness, judgment and rigliteousness in the earth, for in these tilings I delight, saitn the Lord " Jer. ix. 24. Let the universal race receive and acknowledge the grand fundamental doctrine of the supreme Div- inity of Christ and the time will be present concerning which it is written, ♦' And the Lord shall be King over all the earth ; in that day there shall be One Lord and His name One. " Zech. xiv. 9. The time is coming when tlie earth shall be full, not of the mysteries, contradictious and perplexities of a triiuty of three sepai-ate pei*soii8 in one God, for it is full of that already, but when it shall be full of the knowledge, of the Lord as the watere cover the sea. It is because spiritual truths, adequate to satisfy the most exalted cravings of the human mind, have been revealed in great abundance at tliis day oy the LoBO through Swedenborg. that tliis humble effort is made to direct attention to his writings. Let all who have hitherto " walked in darkness" embrace these heavenly truths, and they will " see a great light, " for the church may now be addressed in the sublime language of the prophet. " Abise, Shine, FOB THY LIGHT IS COME AND THE QLOBY OF THE LOBD IS RISEN UPOW THEE." On Cobbespondences.— "It has been given me to know from much ex- perience that in the natural world, and in its three kingdoms, there is not the smallest thing which does not represent something in the spiritual world, or which has not something there to which it corresponds. Moreover, nothing is ever ^ven in the created world, which has not correspondence with th.ngs existing in the spiritual world, and which does not thus m its own planner, represent something in the Lord's Kingdom ; thence is the ex- istence and subsistence of all things. If man knew how these things are, he would never attribute all things to nature, as is usually done. I will, however, illustrate what is the nature of the correspondence between spiritual things and natural, by some examples. The animals of the earth, in general, correspond to affections, the tame and useful animals corresponding to good affections, and the fierce and nseless kinds to evil affections. In particular, oxen and b'lllocks correspond vQ trie affeetloiis of tho iiatiinii niinu ; Hhuop una laiiiuK io tlio aitoetions of the spiritual mind : and birds or winged creatures, according to their species, correspond to the intellectual faculties and exercises of both minds. Hence it is that various animals, as oxen, bullocks, rams, sheep, she-goats, he-goats, and male and female lambs, also pigeons and doves, were employed in the Israelitisli church, which was a representative one, for holy uses, it being of them thatthe sacrifices and burnt offerings consisted; for wlien so employed, they correspond to certain spiritual things and were understood in heaven 416 ON COIIIIESPONDENCES, AC. accbrdinc to their corrcBpondonces. Animals, ftlso, a('<;ordlnffto%elr genera ftiirt spocieB, actually are allectioiis ; tlie reawn of which Is because tlu>v llvts ; aiid notJiinL'can have life except from alfettioii, and accordliiK to it. Hence, likewise, it is tliat evei-y animal possesse^an innate kiiowlodce nc- cordinj? to the affection of its life. Man, too, as to his natural man, is like the animals, wherefore, also, it is usual to comi)are liim to them in common discourse. Thusanuinot mild disiK>silion is called a sheep or lamb; amanof rough or Herce teinper is ciUled a bear or wolf; a cnif ty pei-son is tonned a fox or a serpent ; and so in other instances. A garden in general corresponds to heaven as to intelligence and wisdom ; wherefore heaven Is called in the WordOie garden of God, and paradise, and is also named by n»an Uieheav- -M^J'^i "*,''* ^r**"' according t<> their species, conespond to perceptions and kuowledces of gocni and truth,from which are procu/ed iiitefligence and wisdom, and]iencelt is tliat, inO.e Word, trees are so often mentimiedT and heaven, tlie church, and man are compared to them, as to the vine, the olive tree, tiie cedar, and otliers ; and good works are compared to fniits. The vanous kinds ot food, also, whicli are obtained from them, especially those from grain, correspond to affections of cood and truth, because these sus" tain nan's spintuall|fe, as earthly fooS sustains his naturai life. Hence S^^^uii" PlV'*''"l\ corresponds to the affection of all good, be<-au8e it sup- ports Hfe better thanoth(^r aliments, because by bread is meant all food whatever. On aw-ount of tliis corresM|iuience also, tJie Loud calls Him- self the hread of hfe ; and for the sameflasoii loaves were placed upon the table in the tabernacle and called the shew-bread ; and hence, likewise, all the ijivine worship performed by sacrilices and burnt offerings were called Dread. Un account, also, of this correspondence, t> .0 mostholy solemnity of woi-sup 111 tiie Christian church is the holy supper, the elernents used in Sr w fd? ^'■*'*''^ ^l\^ "^ "?i. !' *'''°'" "'« ^'*'« »"d LiouT which pervades the WoRn comes the vivification of the affections of that man's will who reads it devoutly ; and the illumination of the thoughts of his undcvBtand- ing, there being something intimately affecting the heart and spirit which flows with light into the mind, and beai-s witness." We will see a surpassing beauty shining tJirough the literal sense of the Word when once we admit the grand principle according to wliich the whole of it is written, namely, that in it there is not employed a single name word, symbol or similitude, but what is nuide use of to denote and signifv corresponding intenor or spiritual things. Hence good and truth or love and wisdom are meant and signilled when corresponding good and useful tlilncs are mentioned, such as tlie sun and moon, tire, heat, and light rain and dew, earth and seas, wells and springs of water, flesh and blood, bread, com, wine, oil. milk, honey, gold. silver,l>rass, iron, rocks, stones, precious stones, pearls of great price, gannents, tieasure hid in a field, &c In hke manner. go that man doth live.*^ l>eut. viii. 3. Matt. iv. 4. Such is the nourishment of spiritual life. There is II2l:r5fl"i\^^4^''w.' 'j*^^ ^''^"i^x^. smallest jot or tittle, but what is preg- riant with Divine Wisdom, and tlds by reason of tlie solemn truth that in the inmost of the Word the Lord Alone Is. In order to see what beau- ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C. 417 iigtr>fiieir genera Is btioauHo they li acconlliie to it. te knowlouRO ao ural man, in like thom in coniirion )r lamb; a man of mis tunned a fox al corresponds to i\ is called in the jy n, Ihou that Imnaeth glad tidingn to Zinn." " /ie.hold, I loill nen'd My MeHsenger." " And He shall purify the sons of Levi." " Unto na a Chilli t^horri, &c. Now listen to the tender and pathetic in " lie shall feed His flock like a shepherd^ " TItere were shepherds abiding in the Held:* Surely He hath borne our griefs and carried onr sorrows."' " Jiehold and see, ^fthera be any sorrow like unto His sorrow." Behold the Lamb of GOD tohichtakethavmy the sins of the world." " / know that my Itedeemer Uv- eth, ' &c. Now attend to the sublime in '^ Liftup your heads." ''Hallelujah, for the LOUD GO I) Omnipotent n-iqneth," and'many other pieces. Dur- ing the performance, tlie tones of the organ and the music of the different instruments, blend in, unite with, and render powerful assistance to tJfe hun^an voices engaged in tlie work, and botli unite PreP'^re a tfj,le and anoint the head with oil, denotes to be gifted with the good of charity and love • niv cup runneth over, denotes that tlie natural principle will'be thence filled i;^ KY^-^ariu Liuui. jigam, •• I have found David my servant, with mv & oi^TL^.Tri^^i'^V .£«• l;'^^.^- 20, vvhere by David 'irineS tne LORD, the oil of hohness with which he was anointed. Rignifies the ^inrH^JT"^ ""^ *t^ Divine loye. By the oil or ointment on thf head and S ^ri;r*^^?"Vi^^V*'^*^"^' ^," '^''"oted celestial and 8i>iritual good or the good of love to the Lord and tliu good of charitv to the neighbor, for it is Sre? J^^^^1f^^* Hermon, that descended upon theS.mfntahis of ^lon, for there the Lord coninuuided the blessing, even Ufe for ever. J ! i ll! lip !l 420 ON CORRESPONDENCES, &G. more. By the dew of Hermon that dnscendo# iijion the monYi tains of Zion is Hxgiiiiied that holy prin('ii)lo of Divine truth procee+ quietness and beauty a line of shafting will run at a high velocity, ■> ,8S bearings when well lubri- cated with oil; bi'ass corresponds iv r urtJ good, and oil to celestial goo«l ; tiy tlie same experiment on iron .roarings, without oil, iron corres- ponds to natural or sensual truth, which is hard and grating, and witness the consequences ! Let us ascend a step higher, and witness the delight we experience in holding intercourse with a person of a sincere, kind, con- Biderate and obliging disi)osition. for in Ids every word and look wo can beliold in his countenance traces of that "oil which maketh the face to Blftne." We will find the coiTespondeuce of bread and water, and flesh |ind blood, e,]ually instructive. Bread and water are spoken of, when all the goods of love and truths of faith are meant. Truth, in regard to good, is as water iii regard to bread, or as think in regard to meat, in nourishment. Bread signifies the primary principle which nourishes the soul, as it denotes tho flesh of tlie Lord, by which is signifled the Divine good or love, hence He says, "The bread of God is he that cometh down from heaven, and giveth life unto the world, John vi. 33, and again, " I am tliat bread of life," verse 48, and from this it comes that tlie bread in the holy supper denotes tlie Lord, and all tho celestial principles of love as pro- ceeding from Him, wluch is meant when He says, " Whoso eateth my Jfesh, jind drinketh my blond, hath eternal lif» ; and I will raise him up at tlie last day," (ver. 64) and again, " He that eateth my flesh, and diinketh my blood, dwelleth in me ami I in him," (ver. 56). To eat the Ix)KD'8 flesh and drink His blood, is to receive His Divine love in the heart or will, and His Divine truth in the understanding, and to live a life accord- ing to them, for by this, conjunction is effected, and this is the reason why bread and vidne were appointed to be used in the Holy Supper, for by bread is signifled the Lord's Divine 1< •, and by wine is denoted His Divine truth, eating signifying appropriation and conjunction, hence tho Lord's s'lpper is in very deed the holiest act of worship. The bread of the sacri Hoes represented the good of love to the Lord, hen^e it is written, " Thou desirest not sacrifice, thou delightest not in burnt offering ; the sacrifices of God are a broken spirit," Ps. li. 10, 17, bv which is signified, an humble heart, which confesses that man's own intelligence is nothing, and that from the Lord alone proceed everv thing of goodness and truth that man can receive. Bv bread in the Lord's Praver, as well as in the Holy Supper, is signified in the supreme sense, the Lord and the things of celestial love. In an opposite sense, to eat bread in the sweat of the face. Gen. iii. 19, represents celestial truths received in a state of aversion. The Children of Israel lusting for _f1e>ih and the flesh pots of Egyot repre- sents the desire of the natural inan to live in a c<)rporeal mannerHihat is, in the loves of self .and the world. The flesh of the foreskin to be circum- cised, denotes the removal of the defiled loves of the natural man. The way of all flesh corrupted, signifies the understanding of truth totally des- troyed in the corporeal state of man. are described, where gardens and rivers are mentioned, as sigidfications ■ of the man of the Church. To draw water denotes to be instructed in the H truths of faith, and to be illustrated. Drawers of water, such as the r* Gibeonites were, denote those who desire to know truths for no other end than to know them. A flood of water denotes temptation and desolation, becfiuse wicked persuasions and thoughts actually flow in from evil spirits. "Wells of unclean water denote what is not true. Broken cisterns denote ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC. 421 mon'ntainfl of ng from t'«}le8- 5f tlie man in ich passeth all ritual good we ingH o? Israel, iiid its use on iour and cakes tie meaning of nimand not to •laces where it I beauty a line len well lubri- oil to celestial il, iron corres- t?, and witness iss the delight ire, kind, con- d look wo can ;th the face to ind flesh jp,nd :, when all the ard to good, is nourishment, iie soul, as it •ivine good or th down from n, " I am tliat ad in the holy )f love as pro- so eateth my lise him np at and diiiiketh It the Ix)KD's 1 the heart or a hf e accord- is the reason 5upper, for by denoted His on, hence tlio The bread of 3 it is written, oifering ; the li is sigidfied, ce is nothing, lem and truth well as in tlie -nd the things J sweat of the e of aversion. Egyjjl repre- innerHihat is, to be circnm- il man. The th totally des- signi fixations tructed in the •, such as the ' no other end id desolation, ni evil spirits, sterns denote doctrines in wldch are nH truths. In beautiful correspondence with this Divine symbol of trutli we will find that in i»hysics, or the science of natural Uiings, tliatman applies the same standard to ascertain the weight of solids and liquids, each being said to be heavy or light specifically as they relate to water ; thus the exact weight of a cubic Inch of gold, com- pared with tliat of a cubic inch of water, is called its specijic (fravity. Weight, spiritually considered, is nothing else than real wonh, hence we have tlie expressions, solid men, or men of wortli or truth, and weiglity words, or words of wisdom. The same is signilied by the handwriting on the wall during Belshazzar's feast, when the king and his conimbines drank wine out of the gold and^ silver vessels of tlie temi)le which was at Jerusalem, and at tlie same^ time praised the gods of gold, of silver, of bniss, of wood, and of stone ; by which is signified tlie profanation of tilings most holy : by tekel, or to weigh, is sigidfied his (iiiaULy as to good; by mine, or lo number, is signified liis quality as to trutli ; in tWese he was found wanting : by his being slain that night, is signified damnation. By numbers, weights', and measures, in tlie Word, notliing else is signl+ied than to know and explore tlie nature, state, and quality as to good and truth, and since this is known to the Lord alone, it was forbidden to number Israel. All tlie numbei-s of Scripture are replete with wonderful instruction and meaning, but for want of space for details, we can do no more tlian refer the raader to the New Church writings. Again, as Omnipotent power is continually predicated of the Lord as having reference to tlie principle of His Divine truth, and as this power is syniboUzed by water, (" They have forsaken Me, the Fountain of living waters," Jer. ii. 13), so none in civilized life cdn possibly be ignor- ant of the corresponding prodigious power derived from water, in the various uses it fulfils in the world. Tjie cleansing properties of Divine tmth on the heart, when applied to the life, and water, when it is applied to the body, should be equally well known, hence water, being the SMiibol of that truth, and corresponding to it, is used by Divine appointment in the ordinance of Baptism. In the Word we are admonished to have salt in mirselves. In the New Church writings we are instructed that salt corresponds to affection for tnith. Affection for truth preserves the soul from spiritual death, just as salt preserves the body from natural death. From this cones pondence we experience thii"St for water after partaking of salt in our food, and in mechanics, the blacksmith adds salt to his tempering water in order to make it cleave to the hot iron, which would otherwise repel it by its heat. Salt is also used by the electro-plater to precipitate silver from aqueous solu- tions, and, used in sutticient quantity, it will cause oil and water to unite. Correspondence of Cities, &c.— By the holy city New Jerusalem, which was seen coming down from God out of Heaven, mentioned in Rev. xxi., and described in the internal sense of the Word, in Isa, lii. 1, 2, 6, 9, Ix. 1, 22, Ixii. 1, 12, Ixv. 17, 22, Ixvi. 22. Dan. 7, 13, 14, is not meant a city, for it is described as being of pure gold, as being stpiare, twelve thousand furlongs, or about 1500 English miles, each way, and the hdght tlie same, su(!h a city could not exist on the earth, and is not to be ^^o understood. By a city in the Woni. is signified the Church as to doctrine, as when we pray for the peace of Jerusalem, we mean the Church, signified by Jeru- salem, and not the city of that name in Palestine ; so by the New Jeru- salem, and its description by correspondences and symbols, in Rev. xxi., we are not to understand any city, but the nature and quality of a church, or New Dispensation of Divine Truth, drawn from the Word, which would be unfolded to the world after the last judgment had taken place. " Every particular of tlds description involves a spiritual sense which pre*- eludes any error from entering into the interpretation. For instance, it is written, '* And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; every severa,! gate was of one pearl." v. 21, by which is signified the great and gloridus truth that the acknowledgment and knowledge of the Lord conjoins into one all the knowledges of truth and good derived from the Word. By the twelve tribes Avhose names were written on the gat«s of the New Jerusalem, is signified the goods and tniths of that Church, and its doc- trines in their order, and all things belonging to faith and charity, as well as all things concerning a life conformable to tlie Lord's commandments j 422 ON COUUKSl'ONDENCKS, &0. beUevii^r in nothing wht^t tw „!f '/j"*^ became corporeal and sensual, m1mUn«'S ti^^^ Wori ^ '"'^' ^""^ "'^^^ available to unfold tiie true CORKESPONDENOE OP THE Sttv Moqx * ^'r> o^ . ,>« yx _..,, ,. Sh\yrK!i^Vnt';iS'-J?"i^'''''' ■''*™' lumi'nrtes^i^e'S^o used by £ Sued their faPP^ So v^^' ^«iefore the ancients in tlieir holy worship luiuta their faces to the rising sun, audalso their temples, whicli practice ON COnRESPONDKNOKS, &C, 423 Tho llko 1h also b, wlioHo naiiiftt ulolU, JIH Wtill HM V twolv. , or 114 iHK.-l, by wJiich uro mon la ovi- , xxxil. U4. liy lUMO Koltl hIriiI- luiiotod tlMtllH, )f tho f^oHD, at) Llio tvvolvo \n•^i~ 1 of tJio oity uro ill Uu^ir ordor i-H, "Thokiii-- y peiirlH ; wlio, iirnor stono, a iel, repreBoiitfl [)f him, "Thou atouo was tJjy tlio onyx, and id^old. Thou ' xxviil. 13, 14. idorHt(x>d, but hk;h procdoua )vo. Tho like in-jr of Tyro is jlli<,'enco, and I unknown ill xiality as that on the globe ; , &c., of the regarding this e understood Moat Ancient 3se people ; it framing des- I of allegories .)]ize spiritual of the garden life, and tho id so on with le end of the gins, but still Lit. As man- and sensual, their bodily lly lost, and I) it has been old the true — i t will bo used by the venly things, in the Word at the same to His divine holy worship lich practice Ih BtlU CO itinuod. Tho Moon, In the Wonl algnlHeB th^TiOnn in roforenco to fiiitli, aiul thoiico faith in tiio liOKt). Stara, in a HUj>roino hoiiho, aigulfy knowledge concerning the iiOiii), hence atai-a signify intelllgoiu'e of a Hi)lritual kind, or tho knowledge of good and truth, which in true wladom. Tlioae statemoiita will now l)o (tonlirincd from tlie Word. "Ami He aliall bo as tho llglit of th(5 morning when tho Htm ilaeth, even a morning without clouds, as the tend()^graaH anringiiig out of the (wirtli by clear shining after rain" (ir. Sam. xxiil..4,). The light of the morning when tlie sun ilaetli, Bignilies the divine trutli proceeding from the liOiii) jih a H«ix, a morning without cloiida denotes tlie |>urity of tliat truth, rain signitles its inHux. and the tender grass siuinglng out of tlie earth signifies nitelllgence, ami refonnation thence originating, for theae are Hignitle«»«' <>f the body ; Ow Sb which wiH theti l)o opene.l, and from which he will ho iudgecf. HiKnifv the P^ia^ng^^hiH Sr' """^' *^^*""«« *" ^-" ^^ ^^\teif all 15^ al^ ^^,^yli^<^>r riiHvmiiiiiion is indeed fipoken of in John v. 25, an follows •- s.!v A??r?'' ^'''"IH'/' "'il' 'IT *"' '»^^»"" t^« dea.i Hhall hear tCvoice TftJie Son of Goi) anil they that hoar nhall live ; plainly Iniiic-atinK rrtw-reo- ^ V Z'i"'" ,% Bj-aveH of carnality and the We of nelf a fthe "S which iH spirftual deatJi, to the life of Bpiritual ndndedneHs rfnd the lovo I'^fu^iiVf ""/"'S*^'". neighhor wldch aline Is truSJf ffi ?eBur?^^^^^^^ must take place during man's life in the body, it cannot take place after fo a ?'±v.f/r^ "f. V'^ ?"""« ^^^" '' ^" <»»^« l^f« it wiirirrovooatty remain frxe Woid t& t i .Sh Wi^^* ^"i"*^^!}' ^ "'^«i" *^«'^ «"y deBcriptlon S tJxe vyoiu. that thiH eaitli will ever be destroved, no such doctrine beinir ever taugiit or inculcated tlierein. In the modern diHooveries of geohiv fl?tfwf^'V?'y«*'f.^**'' **"''i!8^' "i" w«r^«' P«t>»t« nnerringly to ttie^ul 1 S truth tJiat Inlinite power has been constantly engaged during comitlees ^^ f !l'.f ?«.?' ^V l'»«P'"'i"« tl'e earth for tlie aboLVnmn ft has been m^ *r?n ^^fn"'** ^'"7"*'' '^''*'. "'i«*^* «^*«*' »"d *!»«'«« li«aven, for the hu- man race is the seminaiy of heaven, and when Intinite Love is satisfled to its fa lest capacity, with intelligent and rational beings on whom It nmy nfwl ^}» WeHt'ings and celestial beatitudes, for it creates them for nX other end, then, just so soon, but no sooner, will the procreations of the human race cease, and the world become a blank in the creation. The inost ample testimony is not wanting to prove ghat it was He who laid the foundations of tlie earth, that it should not be removed for evkb." Ps ^W„Vi, * *\V"l^*i*^'* sanctuary like high palaces, like the earth wldch ?.,hVi«?i f ifll«^«d FOR EVER,'' Ps. IxxviiL 69. " ITie WORLD also is e»- Wh«n fw *./^ CANNOT BE MOVED," Ps. xciii. 1. «« Say among the fw^f «i^T*r ^'® ^°^^ reigneth ; the world also shall be established «w*.V ««!{t^^^.^'^*'^ "^ MOVED," Ps. xcvi. 10. "One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh, but tlie earth abideth for ever," Th«« oa li, *?if '*^"' "^^**"' ^^^ «^*^^»' ^e read:-" They shall feir TIOVS^ P« ^lJ^» K ^JIw;"^^^ ^f^O^ ENDURE, throughout all GENERA- I^^.n^L ^^.M^^l' ^- His name shall endure for ever; His name ^lall be continued as long as tlie 8un."-ver. 17. " Praise ye Him, sun and Z T n/n''*f ^w"^"" ^" y^ '^,^^ «* ^ig^t- I^et them pr/ise Oie name of i?«hi;f+^^A,^'"i^® conunanded, and tliey were created. He hath estab- if^ilfJ^' ^'^ ^7^- o^'P P^^^5 He hath made a decree which 8HAll w 11 h« r«m,i£ i cxlviii. 3. 5, 6. These enunciations are certainly all that will be required to manifest the Divine intention thnt th« utiiv/,.«« Qb<»T nn»^'«^li f *'^'"*' A P«"«/iVlg earth is used in the language of corres- &e eS i« li'^ T^ is-utterlyWen down, the earth is clean dissolved, mr/f ?nd tl rTh„t^wSy''''' ^'*'- 'Y^^,^^ " ^^^ ^"''se deimired the eaitn, and they that dwell ti. rem are desolate ; tlierefore the inhaMfavfs fJJfrl7*i'''Z ^*^"/' *"*^ *«^ ^^'^ l«ft'" I«a. xxiv. 1; "For mv peoS ai-o f oohsh and they have not known me ; they are sottish cMld?e£! and ON CORUESPONDENCKS, AC. 425 lorwlHo, for it, in nl in tln) lottor, Imt *' IliH tnitli H <'imri<»t," tJiut iiffH nro tl»o duht I PiiHuiKtloudud 'luiHti and niHiiy oudH of nature, t ; Ijem-e, when a literal or per- ead tliereof, an of the Word, DiidH of tlu) let- lusii riu;htJy un- fit will over bo oul or Hpiritnal uid after deatli in the Hpiiitunl )(iy ; tlie book 8 ed. Hicnify tlie all things ap- 5. an followB :— ;ne voice of tlie inc a renurrec- ind the >7orld, 8, rfiid the love is reHurrection ke place after ooably remain descnption in Lloctrine being les of geology, to the Hublinie ring countless I. Jt has been en, for the liu- ve is satistied 1 whom it may (8 them for no eations of the sreation. The e who laid the or EVKB," Ps. EARTH Wldch iLD also is es- ly among the »e established ation passeth I FOB EVER," ley shall fear ; all GENERA- a ; His name Him, sun and ) tlie name of i hath estab- Which SHALL aiiily all that nivei'se sh jil I thoy have no understanding ; they are wise to do evil, l^ to do goo'>« shall not give her light," Ezek. xxxii. 7, 8. ine day of the Lord is near ; the sun and momi shall be darkened, and ,7io/i"'^* shall withdraw their shining," Joel iii. 14, 15. The same i iih.vIiik »|»<>n th« fuco of tlu) wat^MH. whi.^h uro of tJie Loiin iiiui huoU um ar« proper to man. The Uiini/n w/ilSi are of th.» Lohd ore called In tlie Word ren'uUnH, and are here pXh IJy tl»e know edneH of faith, whicli man haM learne«ntance, in which the regenerating Bub- ject, from tlie ntornal man, beglnH to diHcoui-He piouHly anT^ ecauHe tliey oie Hupposod to originate in himnelf. These cood ac oim are called tlie tonder graH« and^ alno the herb yieldinrBe^d and afterwarcis tJie tree bearing fruit. The fourtii Btato Ih when mail becomeH atlocted witli love, aiu! illuiianed by faith. He indeed Sevlou" ly dlHcoui-Hed piouHly and prmiuced the fruiCn of good actlonn bS t he (1 Id »o in consequence o! tlie temptation and BtraitneHH under whioh he labor- ed, and not from a nrincii.lo of faith and charity. Wherefme faith aSd ?or''l!S,lZiS.T. ^'"^"^"^ ^" ^' ^"*""'"1 "^'^"' »"^d are ciled two llgM- ♦i.^^^K^"'^*.! state is when man dtscourseH from a prln says, affliction." MaK xii.% Flfil/t silni^^^^^ ^f i'V,"^"«« ^'"^^.^ «'"^" ^^'^ one's deatli: winter siOTifierastaK^^^^^ tiie last time or the time of "tnllXk f^T''^^'^'' "n^t^!i'^ ^^ 1«^« ' d-y« -f «ffli«tion and e^?/itgS Wrd'af Sr hil kln^ Vr^ "/J"*^ «'^"^ t^'^* "^^voth, brings forth ttlmndantt^^xVnlire '^^*i,i 5.^*1^^' */ f^« «"™^l,<^'n *>f truth anci tivitiesof a heavenly mind reiSHna/»+^^^ J^"" sHentiflc ac- waters. Ezek. xlvii JO A n3nd »^ ioM*"^ *,"'*^\' '^^^ **»« Ash of the lioly and placid lake or rivWiwannin? wuw V*'''^^"; ^f "ke a clear, cahu. rational, spiritual, aiS fnteffiunj^ hI wiS."^' ^irds represent things like a bird soaring, enjoying a cW n^^i^v?.'^'^^ "^"^^^"^ *^«"^ Cl^^-ls «P, with wings af 'eagles "^&J IsTl??! W^® J^Tv "They mount owls represeirtthoseihoha^eia^^di^ati^^^^^ as bats and with sin and self has ceased fnrtL^fiL «t^*« when all Inward conflict direct from the lu"4t oSn^^r^f ^P""*"^^* affections of love como the.tei. j^HoJiii as«? ^'S^ti's:! BKits rr.» ON COHRESPONDKNCKS, &C. Id, '*An(l there water, Wator ami Uie Spirit, t<> be born of that thirsleth, 11 thlrHting for Pinametit. I'ho the llnnanunifc, il<)w tlie firina- tnitJi reluMng II good life on d, or earth and m in the fruits d fiomdelielit h fruit. " Tho . Tliis Divine ) order, not l)y H some rawlily little by little, le heart during bho blade then 28. Good num iteouBuesH, tho oral sense, for L'eH, &c., could l)le de8olftUoii winter with Its I day, is signi- of the love of th abounding »e Sun of tlio IS," tlie eman- vhose light in flit has come, iH are heaven- and knowing d represented Lial life. Win- T Lord says, days Bl»all bo [• the time of 9 of affliction that moveth, of truth and Boientiflc ac- h of the lioly I clear, cahn. esent tilings from God, is They mount as bats and bhat moveth. ond chapter, •y Jkhovaii vard conflict 'f love come in Paradise. > name, with n combined, e ; while the 429 lonn God, mentioned throughout tlie llrst chapter, slgnlfloa tho Divine WiHdom. I'ho fonnation of cattle, creeping things, and beasts of the cartli, on the sixtli duy, represents a further ripening of t)ie best utloctions of tlie heai-t, such as loving kMidness, charity, obedience, and Innocence. Uegardliig the symbolic uiuaning of aidnials, almost every page of the Word testilleii regarding it. On this day (the sixth), nian Is made In the Image and likeness of Go». The former steps or stages were merely prep/iratory to this great work. Man Is not, as Uie simple might say, merely a fonn In human shape, for such are frequently wome than wild beasts. The Blessied Kecfoemer called Herod a fox, and He certainly knew the proper name to express his character. The Divine Idea of a man is fully denned lu Jer. v. 1, and tJiere we see It is one who •' executeth judgment and seeketh the trutli," or one who, from an alfectlon and love of the trutli, lives a life according to it. The absence of such from the earth is fitly described in tlie precoii- ing chapter, ver. 26, "I beheld, and lo, tliere was no man, and all the birds of the heavens were tied." As Goi> regenerates man through the ministration of ^jigels. He says, " Let us make man," but as this is ell'ectod solely by His own pioper f>ower, it is immediately added in the next verse, ** So GoD created man n his own image ;" and in chap. 11.7, "So JioitovAU God fonned man out of the dust of tlie ground." The Divine aim with His rational creatures Is evermore to bring them up to ** the measure of a man that Is of an angel." llev. xxi. 17. When this Is accomplished. He can view His work, and pronounitJb£^ofAmSTJ^^^^^^ *« «i*^«' onS f.U^.^'Pl'*'''**^^'^ ^ *J»e'n. such as eviS ii« lV«J'''"'!?*'i*°"^^<^»^ them, £"^^»«]-. a" apparent repetition of te8i.n.i-l o*®' "1^ ^^<*"^ *W8 arises veiy often in tJie course of a single vt^^K,,.'*!^' sentiment or thought, one of theseexpressionshireSn t^^h^W •*''•]«*'* *«^«J^n<>vvn W tJie Divine Wisaoiu, or something in J^,^!^*'""^ -^f ^«,' «"«y that the Lord, from those who receive Him Ve nVvlnJ '^^' T"^ **th Divine good into aU ^understood by the f^,e of ^e Lor,> S f^V^'''^' *»>« I^<^«» Aows in flows m, is understood bv theJ n«^,;,„i^^^ the Divt^.g ^ruth with which He and the Divine good wSi whi^h £p S^^''^^"'? ^'''^^ to shine upon them^ lifting up His countenance mSn tlf.,?. "^^ I"' '« luidersteod by the Lord which otherwise would teke aw«l V>.1"' 5«'l<^fence from evils and fals ties keep tkee and be gracious unto A JI^m'""''' '' understood by "the Lord are i le gift of tlie Lord bv Hi« t«' ^'^^^'•'" '"^"^ eternal f elicit' wlioh SL^«^tSo is i" is hke the great n.ouiftainsTThV iuSeiSi nri^'n "' J^^ righteousness 6,7, where mercy and Hehft^nuL^^aJ^T ^\^ ^ ^^'^^^ ^^eep. Ps. xxxvi. and Mthfulness and inlemS h^ to the love of God Isaiali, "And on this moSahi 8h« ? /^^^'^tion te His truth. Again in people a feast of fat tCLs TfeasSf wlr,^^""**"' f. ^'^'^ts make unto all full of marrow, of wines S Sie tees well rp^ln^*^ ^^^"' ^^ ^^t things ject treated of is conceria'ng Sie Svont nf S^^^t ''''^- ^- The sut of fat thin.ga, is denoted IhfcommunicatiSf nf ''''' T^ ^^.^ ^«^«t feast of lees or of the b'-st winfl tC ol!!!l^ • ." ^^ goods, and by a Word, also, we frequentlv fiml twn ti^^^'^''^"^^^ of truths. -In the flame.' gold and snJerbLsandTrnn'^.f^^^ «« fire and purple and flne linem &c becHus« S ' anUi i^"** ''*'*"^', ^''^''^ ^"d wine, pie. are predic.ated k cood • bnt fln^l in ^'■''*'-^' '^'''''^' ^"^^""^ and pur! w/s"tEe WoRD^aM thTwoR^ w1,rwitT/^o'?. "Tl'll "'^ the beginning The same was in the beginning S ofm Tii ^V? "'^ ^^^" .^^« ^toD^ and without him was not anv thln^ m. !]; .^"things we,re made by him. hfe: .and the life was the ^iS.y^of ^l^« "'\* ^^as made. In him was passages it is eWdent that the Lord ?««C,f'']'" '■ V ^- ■ ^^'^"^ these this gon is Himself the Lo^n ^w?" M±^? J^'^V^ eternity, and that 11- IS saia uiat the Word was" wirtV nT^; ""ni into tne woiid, for as. also, that without Him w«i>^S ^"^u?""* ^^" ^'^s the Word : }\liy the Lord is called thTwnnn^'^^^^^."'^^*^ that was made the Church ; He is however oalSd5;« 'V..* ^J*^^^ understood in irifo«ra^;fe'^^am^£^^^^^ - ^ t^e L'^R^STlM^Ll^tS LXOHX Which n.^iZZ'^^-^'tSZ^\t.T.^^^ "" ^-i^ ON COlUlESrONDENCES, &C. 431 m ' it is said, "In Him was life and the life was the liglit of men." This one- ness is meant by tliese words. "In the beginning was the Word and the Word was God." By the Father is denoted the Divine Love, or tlie Lord as to Divine Good. B;y^ the Word made tiesh is signified the Lord as to the Divine Human principle which He assumed by being bom into the world, from whence He is called "the Only Begotten of the Father," the '•sent of God," the "Arm of the Lord," for the Divine Good, or the Fatlier, filled this Human principle as tlxe soul fills the body, not indeed, in per- fect fulness at first, but beginning as it were from a germ, the Divine principle gradually expanded during His life on the earth, sustained Him, and enabled Him to overcome, in the conflicts, combats and temptations admitted into His humanity from the powen* oi darkness, which were of such a direful nature that they are utterly inconceivable by the mind of man. The Divine principle within, denoted by the Father, was that Om- nipotent power which en i bled him to work miracles, so that He could say, "The Father who dwelleth in me. He doeth the works," and from tliis alsso emanated those gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth, of which it is said, "I have given them the words which thou gavest me." Before his Incarnation the Lord existed in first principles only, by as- suming the Humanity, Ho as it were desjiended to the ultimate, or lowest principles, and from this He calls Himself "the First and the Last," Rev. i, 17. The merely human qualities derived from the mother were gradually eliminated from the assumed nature by temptations, sufferings, combats, conflicts and continual victories over tne powers of darkness, who at this time held almost entire possession of the human race ; by these victories He removed hell from man, and restored "that which He took not away,"even man's lil)erty to choose life or death forliimseK, and furthermore glorified His Humanity, and made it Divine, or One with that Divine Grood m wlUch He existed from eternity, so that He could say before His ascension: " all power is given unto me m heaven and in earth," Matt, xxviii. 18, and after fall und complete glorification, He could say to the beloved disciple in Patmos, "I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty," Rev. i, 8. The Lord in the Word, is called Lord, (or Jehovah, in Hebrew, when the word Lord is printed in capitals),f rom the good of His Divine Love, and God, from the Divine Truth of His Divine Wisdom; He is called Christ, the Anointed, in relation to His kingly oflice, and Jesus, signifying salva- tion, in relation to His oflice as Saviour; He calls Himself the Son of God, when His divinity. His unity with the Father, Hi* Divine power, and the life that is from Him, are treated of, and the Son of Man, when He as the Word, suffers, judges, comes into the world, redeems, saves, and regenerates. Jehovah, who was in Him, appeared to be absent in tempta- tionSj and this appearance was proportionable to the degree of His im- mersion in the humanity. Hence His prayers to the Father, in the Gospels and elsewhere ; many of them can be seen hi the Psalms, which as to their internal sense treat of the Lord alone, under the figure of David as a king. The Lord coming forth from the Fathef^and returning to the Fath- er, means the Humanity proceeding from the Divinity, and the union and glorification of the Humanity. By the Lord's birth from eternity, is meant His birth foreseen from eternity, and provided for in time. By Lord God Almighty and the Lamb, mentioned Rev. xxi. 22. and elsewhere, is not meant two Divine persons, but bv Lord God Almightv or Lord OOD Omnipotent, is signified the Lord from eternity, who is ^tEHOVAH Himself, and the Lamb signifies the Divine Humanity which Jehovah assumed by birth into the world, by virtue of which He became Emmanuel, or God with us. From these observations it may be seen that the Lord IS the God of heaven and earth ; that in Him is the Divine Trinity of Fath- ^^' A^ *"** ^^^y Spirit, or the Whole Fulness of the Godhead, corre- spr,ri«inK to the heat, light and emanating iniiuence of the oun, or of the soul, body, and proceeding operation in man, consequently that He alone 18 the only true Object of love and worship, in whom is the Father, for "whoso seeth Him seeth the Father. Further. Confirmatory Proof.— In order to still furtlier confirm tlie neavenly doctrine of the Supreme Divinity of our blessed Lord, and to show the falsity of tlie present prevailing doctrine which divides tlie ttodhead into three persons, " the same in substance, equal in power and ON CORRESPONDENCES, &(?. 432 • f glory." or, as It is expressed by the Athanasian Creed, three persons, °* each of whom hy himself is God and Lord," ( a doctrine wliich, and tlie assertion is made with all charity and respect for the numerous class wLo tliink otlierwise, has no existence whatever in the Word, and was entirely unknown in the Church until about the time of the Nlcene Council), it iJa thought proper to adduce the following passages from the Word. First of all, to prove the Unity of the Divine Being, see (Deut. vi. 4.) " Hear O Israel, the Lokd our God is One Lobd." I'his Divine truth is repeated by the blessed Jesus in Mark xii. 29. •' I am Jehovah, and there is none else." Isa. xlv. 18, xlv. 5. " I, even I, am He, and there is No God witJi Me." Deut, xxxii. 39. *' There is none other God but One," 1 Cor. viii. 4. '• Thou art the God, even thou Alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth," 2 Kings xix, 15. " One is your Father which is in heaven," Matt. xxiiL 9. Lfet us learn, with grateful reverence, who this our Heavenly Father, Lord, and God is. Every passage of the following evidence U refulgent with the light of Divine truth, for they proceed from Him who is the Truth itself. "• Unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given, and the government shall be upon His shoulders, and His name shall be called. Wonderful, Counsellor, the Mighty God, the Everlasting Father, the Prince of Peace," Isa. ix. 6. •' Thou O Jehovah art our Father, our Redeemer, Thy name is from everlasting," Isa. Ixiii. IG. " Surely God is in Thee, and there is None else, there is no god, verily thou art a God that hidest thyself, O GoD of Isiael, the Saviour," Isa. xlv. 14 15. This is said in reference to His veiling over His Divine glory with the Human nature, ** Thou shalt know that I, Jehovah, am thy Savicur and Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob," Isa. Ix. 16. " Tliere is no God else beside me, a just God and a Savioi r, there is none beside me, look unto me ; and be ye saved; all the ends of the earth, for I am God and there is none else." Isa. xlv. 21, 22. " Thy Maker is thy Husband; Jehovah of Hosts is His name, and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel; the God of the whole earth shall He be called," Isa. liv. 5. There can be no uncertainty as to who is meant by these announcements. " Thus saith Jehovah the King of Israel and His Re- deemer, Jehovah of Hosts ; I am the First, and I am the Last, and beside me there is no God." Isa. xliv. 6. " I ara Jehovah thy God, the Holy One of Israel, thy Saviour," Isa. xliii. 3. '* Thou hast redeemed me, O Jehovah God of truth," Ps. xxxi. 5. " I will help thee, saith Jehovah and thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel," Isa. xli. 14. As for our Redeemer, Jehovah of Hosts is His Name, tlie Holy One of Israel," xlvii. 4. " Thus saith Jehovah thy Redeemer, and He that formed thee from the womb ; I am Jehovah that maketh all things, that stretcheth forth the heavens alone, that spreadeth abroad the earth by myself" Isa. xliv. 24. " I, even I. am Jehovah, and besides Me there IS NO Saviour." Isa. xliii. 11. '* Thus saith Jehovah, your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel," ver. 14. " With everlasting kindness will I have mercy on thee, saith Jehovah thy Redeemer," Isa. liv. 8 " Thus saith Jehovah thy Redeemer, tie Holy One of Israel ; I am Jehovah thy God which teacheth thee to profit, wliich leadeth thee by the way thou Bhouldest go," Isa. xlviii. 17. " With everlasting kindness will I have mercy on thee, f>aith Jehovah thy Redeemer, Isa. iv. 8. " Their Re- deemer is strong, Jehovah of Hosts is His Name," Jer. 1, 34. " I am thy God fi-om tho land of Egypt, and thou shalt know no God but Me, for there is no Saviour Beside Me," Hos. xiii. 4. " Thus saith Jeho- vah, that formed thee O Isi»el, fear not, for I have redeemed thee," Isa. xliii. 1. '* Be strong, fear not ; behold your God will come with ven- geance, even God with a recompense, he will come and save you," Isa. XXXV. 4. " The Lord Jehovah is my strength and my song, he also is become my salvation," Isa. xii. 2. " Behold Jehovah God shall come ■nrS-fVk a4~ifr\'r\rv a4-fr\'%\rv l^oit^ ■• --•••• «>« *>.f« | t l*t«. ■*.. .^..^.^ •■... .•.>...■. ....... his flock like a shepherd." Isa. xl. 10, 11. The Saviour lays claim to this title, John x. 11. " Let tlie words of my mouth, and the meditation of ray heart, be acceptable in thy sight O JehovaH, my strength, and my Redbemeu," Ps. xix. 14. " But God shall Redeem ray soul from the power of the grave, he will receive me," Ps. xlix. 16. " I will also praise thee with the psaltery, even tliy truth, O my God ; unto thee will I sing with the harp, O thou Holy One of Isrtiel. My lips shall greatly rejoice ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C. 433 Jla. aVioll taati when T sing unto thee ; and my soul, which thou hast reoeemed," Ph. Ixxi. 22, 23. " For God is my King of old, working salvation in the midst of tlie earth," Ps. Ixxiv. 12. " Tliey remembered that G(»D was tlieir Rock, and tlie high God tlieir Redeemek," Ps. Ixxviii. 35. " I will praise thee O Jehovah my God,— thou hast del vered my smii from the lowest hell," Ps. Ixxxvi. 12, 13. " Bless Jehovah, O my soul, and foiget not all his benetlts, who redeemeth thy life from destruction : who crowiieth tliee with loving-kindness and tender mercies," Ps. oiu. 2-4. " Let Israel hope in Jehovah, for with Jehovah there is mercy, and with him is plenteous redemption, and he shall redeem Israel from all his iniquities," Psa. cxxx. 7-8. " O God Jehovah, the strenqth of my salvation, thou hast covered my head in tlie day of battle," Ps. cxi. 7. By which is signitied humble acknowledgment that redemption, protection, and consequently deliverance from hell, are from the Lobd alone, •* O give thanks unto Jehovah, for he is good, for his mercy endureth forever, Let the redeemed of Jehovah say so, whom Iw hath redeemed from the hand of the enemy," Ps. cvii. 1-2. " Jehovah liveth ; and blessed be my rock ; and let the God of my salvation be exalted," Ps, xviii. 46. " Ancl they remembered that God was their Rock, and the high God their Redeemer," Ps. Ixxviii. 35. They forgot God their Saviour, which had done great things in Egypt," Ps. evi. 21. " The salvation of tlie righteous is of Jehovah ; he is tlieir strength in tlie time of trouble," " Truly in Jehovah our God is the salvation of Israel," Jer, iii, 23. In the New Testament. James calls our Blessed Redeemer, the " Lt)RD of glory." Tlie Lord of glory can be none other than the King of glory. "Who is this King of glorj' ? Jehovah of Hosts, he is tiie King of glory," Ps, xxiv. 10. In Rev. xix. 16, the Lord as to the Word, is described as having on his vesture and on his thigh, a name written, King of Kings, and Lord of Lords. This sacred truth is re-echoeil by Paul when he declared Chiist to be ♦' The blessed and only Potentate, the King of Kings, and Lord of Lords, wJio only hath immortality," 1 Tim.vi. 15. Elsewhere he says, "For of him, and by him, and through him are all things ; to whom be glory for- ever. Amen. •Jehovah thy God in the midst of thee is mighty, he WILL save, he will rejoice over thee with joy," Zeph. iii. 17, " I will rejoice in Jehovah, I will jov in the God of my salvation," Hab. iii. 18, *' I will look unto Jehovah, I will wait for tiie God of my salvation ; my God shall hear me," Micah, vii. 7, " llie voice of him tJi'at crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of Jehovah, make straight in the desert a highway for our God. Every valley sUllll be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low,*' Isa. xi. 3-4. , By which is denoted the mission of John the Baptist in preparing the way for Christ's Advent by the preaching of repentance and remission of sins, at a time when there were no truths left in the Church but what were falsified and made of none eifect by vain traditions. Every such Church is truly a desert, in any age or nation. In the sublime vision described bv Isaiah, chap, vi,, the prophet relates that the seraphim cried, '• Holv,holv, holy Jehovah of Hosts, the whole earth is full of his glory." The message given to Isaiah at that time is quoted hi John xii. 38, 41. where it is written, "These things spake Esaiiiri, when he saw His glory, and spake of Him," and the apostle applies the whole as having reference to the Incarnate God in the person of the Blessed Saviour then on eai-th. The Hebrew term, Jehovah, retained in the above passages, is always expressive of self existence, un- derived Being, and the Divine principle as to Love, while the term, God, is predicated of, and covrespoiiiis to, the Divine principle as to Wisdom, or, what is the same. Truth, which always emanates or proceeds from the former, as light proceeds from fire or heat. It was as the Divine lYuth, or the AVord, tliat the Loud was made flesh and dwelt among^us, but still he did not separate from Himself the Divine Good or Love, denoted by the Father, As previously stated, this existed in Him in but a comparatively small degree at the first, and glorification was a gradual work, extending over the whole of lus earthly life, progressing only as what was meteiy human was cast out, or made " perfect through suffer- ings," until at last He comprehended in His glorious Person *' all the fulness of the Godhead bodily," and became God even as to His Human- ity, having all power in heaven and earth. To have all power is to possess 28 434 ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C. nothing leas than exclusive and supremo Divinity, and notliwithstanding tlie dwnlorablo fact that this heavenly doctrine is not recognized in the Srevaifing ( 'hurch, still it is tlie veriest truth in the universe, that He was \G great Jehovah, or '• God manifest in the flesh," [1 Tim. iii. 16,] and also " over a/l God blessed for ever," Rom. ix. 5, for *• by Him were all things created that are in heaven and that are in earth, visible and invis- ible, whether they be tliroues. or dominions, or principalities or powers ; all things were created by Him and for Him, and He is ftM>re all thinys, and by Him all thinos consist," Col. i. l«i, 17. With all tliis evidence before us we may well unite with Jude in saying, " To the «m/yy wise God ot'K Saviouk, be glory and majesty, dominion and power, both now and ever. Amen." We may see from the above passatrea as in the very light of heaven, the great and glorious truth tlmt the Blessed Jksus is Jehovah, the God OF Heaven and Earth, the Lokd of Glory, the First and the LA8T, THE AlIGHTY GOD, THE EVERLASTING FATHER, THE CREATOR OP All things, the Redeemer op the World, God manifest in THE Flesh, the Kino t)F Kings and Lord of Lords over all, God BLESSED for EVER, A JUST GOD AND A SAVIOUR, BESIDES WHOM there is none else, and as such is entitled to our exclusive Love and Adoration. The Lord the Only Object op Worship.— We will now proceed to conclude the grateful task of shewing that the Blessed oesus is the only OnIly True Object of worship, and as such, ought to be recognized in the Ch.irch, and by evei-y human being. In doing this we do not anti- cipate any objections from professed Christians, when we say it would be quite safe to emulate the example of the Apostles on earth and that of tlie angels in heaven. After our Blessed iiedeemer had ascended up on high, it is written that he sat down " on the right hand of God." By this is signilied, that He even as to His Humanity took possession of Divine Omnipotence, having " all power giver, unto Him in heaven and earth," for in Him dwelt all the fulness of the Godhead bodily, "jCoI. ii. 9. After the ascensiou, it is written concerning the disciples, " And tliey worshipped him, and returned to Jerusalem with gi-eat joy." We rend further that " they lifted up their voice with one accord and said. Lord thou art GoDj which hast made heaven and earth, and the sea, and all that in tliera is," Acrtis iv. 24. And Stephen died, " calling upon God, and saying. Lord Jesus recey^e my spirit," Acts vii. 59. Concerning worship iiPheaven, we read tliat " the four and twenty elders [by whom are signitied the superior angelic powers], fell down before Him that sat on the throne and worshipped Him that liveth for ever and ever, and cast their crowns before the throne, saying, Tliou art worthy O Lord to receive glory and honor and power; for thou hast created all things and for thy pleasure they are and were created," Rev. iv. 10, 11. Chapter v. ver. 10, records that " the four beasts and four and twenty eldere, [signifying the hosts in the superior hesivens], fell (Jown before the Lamb, aud gave utterance to the sublime glorification recorded in ver. 9, 10. "And they sung a new song, saying, Thou art woi-thy to take the Book and to open the seals thereof ; for Thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to God by Thy blood out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation ; and hast made us unto our God kings and priests, and we shall reign on the earth," " And they sung a new song," signifies an acknowledgment and glorification of the Lord, that He Sloue is tlie Judge, Redeemer and Saviour, thus the God of heaven and earth. These things are contained in the song which they sung, and the things tliey contain are also signified, as an acknowledgment that the Lord is the Judge in this : " Thou aii; worthy to take tlie Book and to open the seals tiiereof." That He is the Redeemer in this, "For Thou wast slain and hast rcdcciucd as to God by Thy blood," that lie is the Saviour in Lids, " Thou hast made us unto our God kings and priests, and we shall reign on the earth," by which is signified, that from the Loud they are in wis- dom from Divine truths, and in love from Divine good, for all such are spiritual kings and priests, and will be in His kingdom. He in them, and they in Him : that He is the God of heaven and earth, in this: " They fell «iown and worshipped Him that liveth for ever and ever," see ver. 14. Lluce tlie acknowledgment of the Lord alone as the God of heaven and ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C. 435 h withstanding :)giiized in the e, that He waa 1. iii. 16,] and r Him were afi ible and invis- ies or powers ; fore all things, tliis evidence imlji wise God tjoth now and of lieaven, the A AH, THE God rst and the :hk Creator manifest in vvM ALL, God CSIDES whom ;k exclusive low proceed to oesus is tlie be recognized e do not anti- ay it would be th and tliat of cended up on od." By this ion of Divine n and earth," 1. ii. 9. !S, " And tliey >y." We rcMd a said, Lord ! sea, and all pon God, and r and twenty •s], fell down hat liveth for dng, Tliou art for thou hast reated," Rev. and four and !n8],/t!^^ (Jovm tion recorded /orthyto take ain, and hast d tongue, and i and priests, )ng," signifies ) alone is tlie earth. These le things tliey J Lord is the )pen the seals ?ast slain and iviour in tliirt, ive shall reign ey are in wis- all such are in them, and i\ *< They fell " see ver. 14. )f heaven and earth, and of the Divinity of His Humanity, could He be avlled a Redeemer and Saviou^Was not before in the Church', and that in no other way It IS called aiihw song. After this it is recorded that ton thousand times ten tliousand and thousands of tliousands, were heard naying, with a loud voice.; Worthy Is the Lamb that teas slam, to receive power, and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honour and glorv, and blessing," denoting confession and gloriflcation from the heart, by the angels of the inferior heavens, that to the Lord's Divine Humanity belong Omnipotence, Om- niscience, Divme good, Divine truth, and all felicity, " And evei-y creature which is in heaven, anil on the earth, and under the earth, and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them heard I saying. Blessing, and honour, and glory, and power, be unto Him who s^teth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever," ver. 13. By wluch is signiticd. confession and glonhcation by the angels of the lowest heavens, that in tlie Lord from eternity and thence in His Divine Humanitv, is the all of heaven and the church, Divine g(Jod, and Divine truth, and t)ivine power, and from Him m those who are in heaven and the church, " After tliia I Iteheld, and lo a great multitude which no man could number, of all nations, and tribes and tongues, 8too<» before the throne and b*jfore tlie Lamb, clothed with white robes with palms in their hands; and cried witli a loud voice, saying, " Salvation to our God that sittetli upon the throne, and to the Lamb," chap. vii. 9, 10. To cry with a loud voice signi- ties an acsknowledgment froui the heart that the Lord is their Saviour. "Salvation to our (iOD that sitteth upon the throne, and to the Lamb," si*'- inlies that the Lord is Salvation itself, and that the salvation of all is from Him, tJius that He is their Redeemer and Saviour. By Him that sitteth upon the throne, and the Lamb, is meant tlie Lord alone ; bv Him that sitteth upon tlie throne His Divinity from which He came forth ; and by the " Lamb," His Divine Humanity. That one Be'ng is meant, may bo seen conhrmed by ver. 17, where the Lamb is described as being in tlie mulst of the tlirone. " And aU the angels stood round about the throne, and about the ||,lers and the four- beasts, and fell down before God on their faces and^orshipped God, saying. Amen, P essing, and glory, and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and honour, and power, and might, be unto ^^^ 'l^^ ,\ ^^^^ ^"^ ®^'®^' Amen," ver. 11 , 12. Bv this great company is sigmhed all m the universal heaven: " And fell before the throne on tbeir faces and worshipped God," signifies their humiliation, and from humiliation, adoration of the Lord. " Blessing, and glory, and wisdom, and thanksgiving," signifies the divine spiritual things of tlie Lord ; "And honour, and power, and might," signifies the Divine celestial things of the Lord; "BeumoourGoD forever and ever," signifies these things in tlie 1^0 RD, and from the Lord to eternitv. "And there were great voices in heaven, saying, The kingdoihs of the world are become the king- doms of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign for ever and tu^^Av, ^^1' ^^' ■^^' signifies celebration by the angels, because heaven and tbe Church are become the Lord's as they were from the beginning, and because they are now in subjection also to His Divine Humanity, conse- quently that now, both as to His Humanitv and Divinity, the Lord will reign over heaven and the church to eternity. " And the four and twenty elders, that sat before God on their thrones, fell on their faces, and wor- smpped God," ver. 16, signifies an acknowledgment bv all the angels of heaveii, that the Lord is the God of heaven and earth, and supreme adoration: saying. " We give thee thanks, O Lord God Almiohtv, who art, who wast, and who art to come." ver. 17, signifies a confession and glorification by the ang-els of heaven, that it is the Lord who is, who has lite and power from Himself, and who rules all things, because He alone 18 eternal and infinite; "because thou hast taken thy great power and lltlSt reicrnfid " var 17 aifTTiifiiia tVip ii"«v Vo"-""*^ ^-.^A +T,„ ~.^^. i-i-u,. v i, tJiey acknowledge Him to be the onlv God. " And they sing the song of Moses, the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb, Rev. xv. 3. 4, signi- fies a confession grounded in charity, and in a life accordhig to the com- mandments of the Law. which is the decalogue, and in a belief in the invinity of the Lord's Humanity; saving, "Great and marvellous are iny works, Lord God Almighty," signifies that all things in the world, in Heaven, and in the Church were created and made by the Lord, from x»ivine love by Divine Wisdom. " Just and true are Thy ways, Thou 436 ON CORRESrONDKNCES, AC. King of saints," sicnitloa thakflU things wliicli proceed from Tllm are jnst and true, because Re is Divffll good and Diviiie trntli in heaven and In tlie Ohiirch ; " Who sliall not fear Tlieo, O Lcuin, and glorify Tliv name," signifies that He alone is to be loved and worshipped; " For 'JMiou only ait Ijoly," signifies that He is tlie Word, the truth, and the illumination. *' For all nations slnill come and worship before Tliee," signilies tliat all who are in the goo will give from Himself through the Word. " He that overcometh Bh.all inlierit tM things; an God ,ngelB of the of the angels i the Church MB'8 wife, or ■m '« God," in ZBVH in itev. ititi8]>ivine ul." HignilieH, things in the y^ His Divine that is athirnt to those who rom Himself hings; and I ey who over- self and tlie heaven, and testimony of mgel: " Fear shall be to all , a Saviour, lessed Lord e seen. Matt. Luke xvii. 15, eh meanings iripture, yea, gin embodies comprehend, in very deed le Tiinity of it. and where Go then, my le *' a .N an of is command- e, and faith word behind tie face of all lis words to ention to the of Scripture, lear thunder- rom eternity, '^orld in order rson, and ap- jcount of the himself that punishment, which would otherwise have descended on the sinner, tho impU(!atiou being, that the attnbiitos and iMjrfoctions of God the Father rendered it hnposHil)le for him to forgive <^ sinner until the majesty of his outragetl law wfis vindicated and satisilcd to Uio uttermost, by' the in- fliction of ade(iuate punishment either on the innocent, or on the guilty The great majority of professing Christians retain this belief, together with the doctrine of tliree joyful thought. He was indeed and now is, God with us, so that 438 ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C. all vm\ HJiy " Lo, thlH Ib our Oon, we havo waited for lHm, wo will ho plad and roioioe in lilrt Halvatioiigl The HiiffeiiiigH of Chiint were great, be- yond all hninan eomprohoiiHioK, and they were endured solely on our ac- count and for our Halvatlon, hut not to natisfy or npnease the wrath of any one. but to natlHfy 11 in own J)ivine Love, for thai (leHiroH nothing in com- partflon with man's nalvation. and tliat it may communicate all ilH fulness of joy and unspeakable delight to every soul it has created. It is thus that " (lod connnendeth flis Love toward us, in that while we were yet sinners (Jhrist died for us," Kom. v. 8. And not only so, but " we also joy in God through our JjOUO Jkhi's Cukist, by whom WK have nowr(!<;eived the atonement," ver. 11. It is thus seen that it is we who received the atonement, not God, as is commonly supposed. It is man who wont astray, became wicked, and tluis became an enemy and needed reooncili- Rtion, at-ono-ment. or beinc brought atrone or In agreement with his jVlnkor. And tliis that Intlnlte Love tlmt never slumbers nor sleeps, has been incessantly endeavouring to do ever since man declined from good- ness, for it followed him step by step in his downward career, until at the veiy moment when hell w.as about to claim him for her own, the great JiMTOVAH assumed the Hunuiidty, tlius supnlylng the last link of the golden chain which was thent^eforward to nnlte God more «losely to His erring children, and enable Him to become their Saviour. In this Hu- manity He enco intered the i^)owers of hell, and executed a judgment in tlie spiritual world, on those infernal hosts who were infestlnf^ and obses- sing mjjnkind, tlie indwelling Divinity sust-aining the Humanity, and en- abling it to overcome in the midst of combats, temptations and sufferings so dreadful that it is impossible for tlie mind of man to conceive of them, among the last being the temptations in tlie garden, and on the cross. ]Many of these combats are described in the internal sense of the word in tlie following, and many other places which cannot be mentioned here by reason of their abundance : Ps. xviii. xxii. xxxv., xl. 1, 2, v. 1,6, Ixix., cii. 1, It, cxxx. I, 21. Isa. liii., lix. 11, 1!». Ixiii. 1, 6. Ixiv. I, 13., Mai. iv., 1, 3. Matt, iv, 1, 10, xxvi. 38, 44, Mark. 13. Luke xxii., 42,U, John xiv. 30, xvi, 33. In these passages, tlie temptations, combats, aiW victories refer- red to are described in a Divine manner by mere correspondences, each f)OssesBing an internal or spiritual meaning. These are some of the ways 11 wliich the " kindness and love of God our Saviour toward man appear- ed," Titus iii. 1, " This is the true (5od and eternal life," 1 John v. 20, and the Beiuilicent Being whose kindness we are exhorted to imitate, '* by for- giving one another even as God in Christ hath forgiven us," Ej^ies. iv, 32. Tliis is tlie liglit translation of the passage. In the English Bible it reads, *' even as God for Christ's sake hath forgiven you," but this sense Is unscripturtil, and does not exist in the original. The prevalent custom of asking mercies from Goi> for Christ's sake is the result of ignorance re- dardiiig the true God in the mind of the worshipper, Avho in such a case is actually thinking of two or three Gods, althougli he does not say so with his lips. " Save us for Thy name's sake," and •' K< deem us for Thy mer- cies sake." are common expressions in the Word. The great tlEHOVAH, whom we have seen to be none other than CuniST Himself, says " I, even I, am He that blotteth out thy "transgressions for mine own sake," " What- Boever ye ask in my name, I will do it," and thus it always is. Much of thk "Word Wuittek According to Appearances.— Tlie question will now be asked, if these statements are true, how does it come that wrath, anger, annr body, what .tells US that it I us that Christ ather division, that unless a 1 brothere, and sciple. JSvei-y I literally, and ON COIiUICSrONDENCKS, &C. 439 BO it 1h In tho case of anger, wrath and vengeance when Buch qualltloB are ascril)ed to Clod, l)ut it is most true that to thu wicked ho npiwarH t/) bo invested with Huch attributes. The chlldie^of Israel are ivine providence, perceives that the removal of the wicked is necessary for the preservation of the gfwd, the law of permission can no longer l)e withhehl, and evil agents perforin the evil woric, and this actu- ally appears to be as if done by the Lono, and is so expressed in tho W Old. '< He slew famous kings, for His mercy endureth for ever." " He sent evil angels among them," and so on. Many other things are de- Bcnhed m the Word according to appearances, Biich for instaic e as the LORD repenting, being grieved at the heart, &c., the internal sense of these expressions being very different from what appears in the letter. ORKJiN OP Error in the Church.- Such is the Doctrine of the Lord as taught in tlie Word, and such was tho doctrine held bv the Apostles and and the primitive Christian Church (as mav be seen by consulting the the wntings of the early Fathers)-, iintil the time of tlie comii-il oo«v!r«.'>d at Nice, in Bithynia, by command of the Emperor Constantjne, A. D. .^2r». J ms was called for the purpose of repressing the Arian heresy, and a creed, uie lirst that ever recognized the existence of three distinct Persons in tJie I nnity, was drawn up by Hosi us of Corduba. at t,he instance of this council and hence was called the Nicene Creed. What is called tho Athanasiau creed came out about a century later, but it is now known that A thanasius never composed it. The assertions and clauns of this last mentioned 440 ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC. f I (loctiment are really ofltoundlnp. for aflor pnimiHlnR tlmt the dortrino of tho Trinity iHnnlncoTuprolu'yalnlo injHtory, It forthwltli procewlH toexplaln or untold th« aIl«)Kc;d uiyHto^, and in tl»» foin-me of thin pretondoil explan- ation contradict HitHolf at every Btop, and conslgnH to evorlaHting perdi- tion whoever rofuHOH (o receive or accept IIh very qtumtionabhxlelinltion. No wonder that ArchhiHhop llHher, and many thouHands Hinco IdH day, have wlHhed that they were well rid of HiK'h a (!ree«l. From tho doctrine of 'I'hroe I'erHonM in tho Godhead a8 tauuht by these creotlH, How many other d(M^trinoHe(iually Inimical to truth, aH for Instance, that Omi the Father ImputeH the merit and riKhteounneHB of His Hon to thoHe who believe tliat he died for them, and that ChrlHt havinij obeyed the law in our room and stead, we are thereby exempted from all obligalion to obey it except as anoutwaid rule of life, thus nullifying and making of none effect the spirit luility of thoHe commandmentH of which it is naid, that " if a man do, he Bhall live in tliem," J.evit. xviii, 5. It is certainly true that man has, and can have, no goodnesH or righteous- nesa but what emanateH from the Lokd alone, from which ground he is CiUled " JKiroVAfT our IIuihteouhnrhh," Jer. xxxiii. 16. It is also true thattheLoiiD'smetliodof imi)artiiig tills righteouBiieHH involves continual warfare against evils as sins, on the part of nian, for goodiiess can only enter as evils are expelled, but this is a very dilferent thing from the imputation of the Lokd's merit and righteousness, which IsDiviiie, inllnlte, and eternal, for it is no more possible to ascribe, impute, or adjoin, what is Divina, Inttnite and eternal to any human being, than it is to clothe him with the attributes of Omidi>otence, and emi)Ower him to create a universe. It would be like i)lunging him into a furnace heated sevenfold, which would consume him in a moment. The righteous Lord can never recognize any righteousness in a man which has not been Implanted in his me. Christ says, that he " shall reward every man according to his works," Matt. xvi. 27, Kev. ii. 2.?. xx. 12, 13, xxii. 12. It is never said accortilng to his belief, but ac(;ording to his works. " And it shall be our righteousn-ss if we observed to do all these commandments before Jeho- vah our God, as He hath commanded us," Deut. vi. 25. "1 command thee this day to love Jkhovaii thy God, and to keep His commandments and His statutes and His judgments, that thou mayest live." Deut. xxx. IG. "Ye shsill command your children to observe to do all the words of this law. For it is uot a vain thing for you, becanse it is your life," chap. xxxii. 46,47. Concerning the violation of His law it is written, "O that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would c words of this ar life," chap, ritten, ''O that [ consider their i hearkened to I thy righteous- ompense them irown hand," ;he children of cording to the man, what is justly, to love "According to 1 ns," Zech. 1 , th them, I will ck— and every not, Hhall be iid," Matt. vii. things which I e forth to the ». happy are ye )rified, that .ye ncnts ye shall whatsoever I , and keepeth )thing and un- ents of God." His command- V. 3, "Ye see ly," James ii. at the deeds of the law," Rom. HI. 2», wo are to underHtniid this pasflage m having solo r«;ferenco to tlm liiw of outward clrcunu'lHion and external wuHhliit^s antl purifyingH, wliich being merely reprcsentallve riU-s, wem nboUwhed by the coming ol Christ, H«!e v. .■«>. ActH xvi. l-'.'4. In what was willton to the seven churches in Asia (by wluMn in repn-sented the Church of Chri^t as to every |>o«Hlble state) thn Searcher of heartn Htates in «nch and every case, "I know thy works," and rewards are jtroniiscd to lhos«i who over- come evilrt in ttiemselves. or, what, is the same, obey tlie commandments. These rewards are describtid in a figurative manner by correspondences, whii-.h in the internal sense are signiUcative of every variety of heavenly joy, and siipreme felicity. Itegarding the ha|)i)iu(;HH of heaven, we quote the following from the writings of tliirt illumined author: "It is said in heaven, that innocence dwells in wisdom, nnd that tlie angels have wisdom in proportion as they have innocence. 'J'hat this is tlie case they contirm from tlicse considerations. That they who are in a state of innocence attribute nothing of good to theniHelves, but consider themselves only as receivers and ascribe all to the Loun: that they are desirous to be led by him, and not by themselves ; that they love every thing which ip good, and are delighted with every thing wliich is true, because they know and perceive that to love what is good, thus to will and do it is to love the Loud, and to love what is true is to love tlieir neigh- bor; that tliey live contented with what tJiey have, whether It be little or much, because they know that tliey receive as much as is profitable for tliem, little if little be profitable, and nuuh if much, and that they them- selves do not know what is profitable for them, because this is known onlv to tlie Lord, who hath a view to what is eternal in all the operations of His providence." " All who are in the good of innocence are aflected by innocence, and so far as any one is in tliat gootl. so far he is aflected. The inmost principles of heaven are two, viz.. innocence and peace. They are tei-med inmost princiifles, because they proceed immediately from the Loud. Innocence is that piinciple from which is deiived evei-y good of heaven, and peace is that principle from which is derived all the delight of heaven. Every good is attended with delight ; and both good and delight haverelation to love; for whatever is loved is called good. ani for tliey love** their noiiCr inoithn? «.*"'"'"? ^""^«*'« «f ^1'" tlu8 feeluig exists, tliere Is lierveu Zi i^ h .^ ""'^ ^^^'^^'^ from uHe, and accordliiir to uhh ni- i.. "^m*' ^ "iippinoHB, then, is in une Beat in the inmost croumlS of «'.«/« ^fn ^««'-ii '««», I>ecau8e It h^HTS pjuticular of tludr Uim S« iL ''."F '"• '"'^* "»«"«'« i" eveiy particulMT of U,eir HpeeS an d a,£ ^"''u^^ tJioHe agalai 1„ evmy expande,! to Uie recepUon of le S A,ui i? ^ ^^, ^^''^ interiore were fully into all the flbre«, and Uiuh ti.m ffi tifi ^''\''""*^*^'^««'*' "^^'^^^ Is dillusea lion and senaation are 8uch as to .uinit n'f\?^^''"«t^ ' ^^'«"*'« it« l'« "ep- inences from tlie i.miost i^S8? ioni i^^^^^ ^om- propagates itnolf with coS nued an JnSbft n.^ *^ r^\" ^-h^'"' «»tl toi^vl Hpirlta who are not as vet in tlfSl'K^ exteriors. up into heaven, when tliov DerP«Jv« rT 1» ^"';, ^'^^'^"se not Jis yet raised «p]u.reofhi8loVe,ai" tilIeYwiSsm.hd!^!^ «" ""g«l l>y the ;i,«:.7><>'V,tlxrough the sweetnis of 'til seS m '' "! 'i^> •'*." ^ ^f^^^^ "'^ what 18 the nature of Uie deliirhta »? w.„. , V"- / -iliat I might know i»e by tlie Lokd to perroivo fhem ^i wfr^^^ -"^^^'^ ** ^"^^» l>««» granted experience, lean lofovrbutnS/aTS^ ^ ?"^^'« I'Hif living beaaidto.give some idea of tliem it '" L'^"?' ^^''^"""^"^^ delight came as froin the iieart(l?(rn«i,.,r7ii perceived tliat the joy and ness throujgh all the inmosUuJres u^^^^^^^ ^'^ utmost eoft- m>re Is as ft were noSinrb. i lo^ "'«tthe l)erception and «ensatioii theiwZlerived Siili^^ y of bodily pleasures, SumedwitHTi'll'*^*^^ H"" ^'■*"" happiness, puiigentdotcoinparedwiti Si'i^^^^ ^« as a gross and that when I was Aesirous to t?a sfer 1 ±^^',"5 ^'r^'*'- ^^ was observed fh,y cannot be i^eparatU ihlhX^^^T^^ ownjnmhlnne ttliaf more than to do e/il, especially to nfliotnnS '^^""T ^"^^ '^ve nothS they likewise do evil and inllJt nn i«i?i^ l'^"^"^*^"* *^"*1 torment ; and tected by the Louu ;' wl leref re w in Lvi? « ""a ^^^7 «"^ ^^'^ '« "ot p?o- heart, since this rejects from SeKiw^^^^ ^'^ ""^ ^^^i" an Svil spints rush in upon him who do^u i/ii V^^tection from the Lord, inferinl is-which is Hieiitioned in he Woid aft^r*^^^ Wni"--What infen.al K hell, hath as yet boeii known srH^l^ivL^ portion of those who are in have thought^materiaU^irspecSni^Le tlZT^}^^''^'''} «'^t ^"ankii 1 not being acquainte»i with its 8i.ivt„ait things mentioned in the Word Imve unSei-stood materi^al fire,TmS,^t«\'^?'i "^^^^ ^y this tire s S conscience, and some Imve S nS^W i */!' T'^l^^' "^1"^« "^« Pang« of press the wicked with teiTor '» TMm i. 1 -1* *f "mentioned merely to im- is Ihe heat .>f his life beoaise in S «„i?'*"^} ^^^^ appertaining to rmn 18 meant in the Word by Tre lo e fo T^i'^^J^ '" \^^«- '^^'^^ heat is what meant by heavenly lirefand neif k vl nnd'o"" "^''^ »«lghbourly love S g meant by infernal fire and since su-h W ^'^ ^""''^ «* «'<^ world bei f hells, tlierefore. likewise when Ihe eL"fp'A?""^ ^^'^ »»■« i" ^lo f„ ""V ;r!i""^""""^> "^"1 smoke Issiiiuw frnni if o.V'i "' '^^^" ;t sort fioni buildings on fire. But whenXsM m?/li ' ^^"'iV.as is usuallv seen i« not seen but in its place aJT SeSco likl""*'?' V"' "^^^^ aPP«i"ance smoke. It is however to be noS F t1 *it biv . i*" *'ark mass of condensed immersed in fire, but tliat S^o fiie is in ^^f ,^,^1^*^ are in the hells are not to flre and all things which ^^^^t^t^S^^^^^^^^^^ ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C. 443 Piripfi: thorn with lit on thuin from ml life, and nfter- |>oHHib]o, tointro- i:t)8, tliey poneivo 10 lniaK08 of tlio )lvo8, and whore , then, is in uhh, perceived during " Heavenly joy eonuse it liaH its I tlience in every ^e again in every erioi-8 were fully hi«h is diiiused en«o its percep- ; for what com- from them, and IS the exteriors, ot fm yet raised in angel by Uie lias It were into ; I might linow 1 boon granted ave had living waething shall at the joy and die utmost Bof t- yment, that the manner every lom happiness. 18 a gross and t was observed lothor, a more perceived that following from 8, that by pun- irs as if it were om the LoiiD ■nishme t that love nothing torjuent ; and i'ho is not pro- from an evil 'ORD, infernal It infernal tiro le wlio are in that manliind in the Word, ihis tiro some 3 the pangs of merely to im- "ing to i;mn Jieat is what t'ly love being world 1)tung are in tlio reen ,-* sort usually seen apj)earanoe f condensed ells are not «'<)rro8ponds )ear accord. iiig to correflpondfiTices.'* " Ah by infernal fire i« meant ©very lust to do evil llowing from tlie love of self, by it is also meant tormt^nt sufh as has nlaco in tlie hells. For the lust d(!rived from that love is the lust of hurt- ing otbei"S who do not honor, venerate and pay court to tlie subjccjt of it ; and wlien snch lust prevails in ev(uy onti. in a socit^ty wliich is restrained l)y no external bonds such as tlie fear of tiie law, aiul of tlie loss of repu- tation, of h»»iu>r, of gain, or of life, every one under the impulse of his own evil, rushes upon another, and so far as ho prevails, enslaves the rtist and reduces tliem under his dominion, and from a iirinciplo of deliglit exercises cruelty toward those who do not submit. All tlie hells ave sucii societies ; wherefore every one there boars liaLred in his heart against another, and from hatred l)ursts forth into cruelty, so far as ho prevails." *' As rebellious disturbances constantly exist there, since every one tljcro desires to b(j greatest, and l)urns witli hatred against others, hence come new outrages. Thus one sciuio is (;lianged for another; whonsfore tliey who had been made slaves are taken out to lielp some new devil to subju- gate others; when they who do not sulimit. ami yield im[)li(lt obedience, are ngnin tonnented by various methods, and so tlioy go on continually. Such tonnents are. the torments of hell, wlilch are called infonial lire." Besides these general miseries, in tlie lirst volume of the Arcana ( 'aikatia, are ilescribed a number of specille inliictions wiiich follow tlie perpetra- tors of various crimes. Concerning the medium of sfilvation. we note from the JpocalypHP, IJxpiahii'd, Ko. HO.S : "It is known that fai.Ji grounded in love is the essential medium of salvation, and that hence it is the (ihiof thing of tlio doctrine of the Church, but inasmuch as it irt of importance to know how man may be in illustration, so as to learn the truths which must constitute his faith, and in all'ection so as to do the goods wliicih must constitute his love, and tlius may know whether his faith be the faith of truth, and his love the love of good, tliis will be sliown in its ory the Word mav be seen in the w<,rk conoeming Heaven and Hell. No. 303 to 310. So f? thiSTs man detects tho.se sins, so far good affections enter, as^for exaS^^^^^^^ as he detests adulteries, so far chastity enters; so far a» he detests fraus and unlawful gains, so far sincerity and justice enter ; so f ai as h^detes s h itied and revenges, so far charity enters; so far as he detests lies -iiid blasphemies, so far truth enters ; and .o far as he -letests pti\le and seU-con- mt, so fur enters humility before Goi>, and the love of hiWghboi as hTiS- f^'/foV^ "''*'"' ^ro™lfn«e it follows that to shun evils is to do goodT 6. So far as man is m these good affections, so far he is led of thp Trnm and not of himself, and so far as he acts from them, so far he dies iood works; because he does tliem from the Lord a d not from himseLE ^ he tlien acts trom charity, from sincerity and justi^^ from cSitv irom truth, in humility before God, and from these no one caTacto^SmseL? Li^^^K*"''^ ^^^^^^^'^^ vvluchare bestowed by the Lord on ffman l^^^.^!l^^!^^:^]^,i^}^^--^ them, ar/the affictr^of k^fow" thPT.rwith >;^ ,»«Jvf o, 1 "^.i',K"w"g agnmst; raises and evils, and dissipating We h?h^ hftllH^l'^i"i'*^^'^''^^^^^ "'«" has faith and love, anS nJ&^^i^'^S'^^r^ '^"^^ ""*"^-^^ ^^^-- B^MtuSr^n'Sle^S: tl ev aniK?r MS J^/Jl ^^u?/^'*^^^ ""I^ "^>t good nor true before God, however SI nTfrmn thi 1 of A*7S ^^^^^® the world ; tlie reason is. because they X-ld frZ^^Jbivt thf^ ^"* *''''?" n^?".' ^^'^ i* i» *^e love of man and of the davltw^ /b t tJS^y,'*''^,^'''^ ^^^^"^ ^« i" ^^^^'' Mo»t people of this clay beheve, that they do all come into heaven if they have faith, live rn?,s« T^«v ^^^ ^^^""^^ ' ^"** y«* t^ey do not hold evils in avei-sion be- nCr 1 ^ ^ !i"^' Il^^l^**, *^®y ®^*^er commit them or believe them to be ^|f^J'P^«' a?<^ t^ey that believe them to be allowable, commit them when ?ffi "^il*^ ^^ ^^^." • ^^* ^®* them know that their f aitli is not faith, that uieir piety IP ■""■'" '^'"■'■" «»,.i *v.„j. a\,_'.. — ■, , . _ ' .. . , "^«v/^^, VXV.CW100 iixou Liic uiBiueojL iiitj cup auu piatier, mat ine our- siue niay be clean also, Matt, xxiii. 26; from these considerations it may now be evident, that if man should fullil all things of the law, if he should give much to the poor, if he should do good to the fatlierless and the widow, nay, if he should also give bread to the hungiy and diink to tlie tliirsty. gather the sojourners, clothe the naked, visit the sick, go to tlie bound m f>nson; if he should preach the gospel strenuously, convert the Gentiles, requent temples, hear preaching with devotion, attend the sacrament of the supper frequently, devote time to prayer, with more such things, and his internal is not purified from hatred and revenge, from craftiness and malice, from insincerity and injustice, from the tiltliy delight of adultery, irom the love of self and the love of ruling thence derived, and the pride Of self-intelligence, from contempt of othere in comparison with himself, nls and the falses thence derived ; still all these works and from all other evils .,..., „.^ :.^.^^<, uncmo mcj are hypocritical, and are from the man himself imd not from the Lord. iJut, on the other hand, those same works, when the internal is puiitled, are all good, because they are from the Lord with man; who cannot ^^ unV,^*^® than do them, because he is in the faith and love of doing them." ■~v 1?^^^® '^^^ the works, which are understood in the Word by works. which cari hx no means l)e separjited from faith, for faith separated from J "xiT '■^'"^' •:j"" <^^*"» i^'i!" IS Ji lairn ot wnr.t is false, from an evil love, or is the thought that a thing is so, whilst the life is still evil."—" That to ahstain from evils from any other cause whatever, than from the Word, rtoes not pnnfy the internal man. is evident from the origin of evil works ana trom Ijie origin of good works: as he who abstains from adulteries irom tear of tjie civil law and its punishments, from tear of the loss of fume ana thence of honor, from fear of hurt arising from poverty, covetousneas ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C. 445 called the Word, nee, there is coii- ord, may be seen . So far then aa r example, so far tie detests frauds far as he detests detests lies and ide »ind self-oon- neighborashim- is is to do goods, ed of the Loim, ar he does good om himself , he m thaiity, from I act of himself. jRD on the man ection of know- and the chui-ch, tewise theaffec- , and dissipating ti and love, and lot otherwise, is and does them, lal, in lilte man- ngs which man e God, however is, because they man and of the ; people of this have faith, live i in aversion be- lieve them to be imit them when s not faith, that : good, for they man, the exter- iHDsays, "Thou $r, that the out- jratioiis it may iw, if he should and the widow, to tlie tliirsty. to tlie bound m rtthe Gentiles, le sacrament of ich things, and craftiness and jht of adultery, . and the pride n with himself, aU these works lom the Lord. iial is puritted, a; who cannot if doing them." I'ord by works, separated from m an evil love, il."—" That to om the Word, II of evil works rom adulteries he loss of fame , covetousuea? or avarice ; from fear of sickness from tliem, and consequent in tranquility of life, from infirmity arising from abuse or from age, or even from natural good and the moral principle thence derived, as not 1)eing becoming and proper, &c., and from these causes alone lives chastely, still he is inte- riorly uiK^haste and an adulterer, if he does not abstniii from them out of spiritual faith, whi(rh faith is, that adulteries are infernal, becaunn they are contrary to the IJivine Law, and thence contraiy to the fear < God, an(' the love of the neighl)or. And so in all otlier cases." As many may desire f urtlier information respecting doctrines 'lich are silently but surely tinng all classes of Chilstians, I will now insert in their order. 1. Who are l se new Church people ? by Rev. Dr. Bayley of London. , 2. The liibbanu of Blue, from " The Divine Word Opened," by the same author, intended to illustrate the correspondence of garments, colors, &c., in the Word. 3. The substance of an interview held at No, 20, Cooper Uuion,New York, by a Sun Reporter. WHO ARE THESE NEV/' CHURCH PEOPLE ? The frequency with which the sentiments unfolded in the writings of Swedenborg, and others in illustration of tliem, are met with from time to time, imfiels many inquiring minds to ask the question above recorded, and has induced the information to be given which la alforded in the following dialoijue : — Q. Who are these N^iw Church people ? A. They are Christians who believe that the higher culture and greater progress of the world towards liulit, charity, and peace, depend upon a closer communion with the Lord Jesus Christ, as the all m all to His Church, God over all, in Whom dwells all the fulness of the Godhead bodily. Q. But why do they call themselves Swedenborgians ? A. They do not call themselves Swedenborgians ; but New Church- MEX, or Christians of the New Jerusalem Church. They esteem very highly the writings of Swedenborg, who was an illustrious servant of the Lord Jesus. By the truths in ids writings they have been greatly profited ; they ttnd themselves assisted to draw neai'er to the Savioiir, to under- stand the Scriptures more thoroughly, and perceive their wondrous Divinity These writings also contain much concerning the laws and circumstances of the eternal world. Q But what is tliis about the New Jerusalem : Do they think a great golden city is to come down to the earth through the clouds ? A. Not in the least. These outward wonders and spectacles in the skies they leave to others. They understand that sentiments golden and clear are to enter men's minds. They only expect the world to become nearer like heaven, as new principles of light, love, and justice, become more fully received, and extensively spread among men. They believe thoroughly the words of the Lord .lesus, " The kingdom of God cometh not by out- ward observation ; neither shall men say, lo here ! nor lo there ! But the kingdom of God is witliin you" (Luke xvii. 2 1 ). We can make our little world happier to-day if we will, and the whole world must learn to become wiser, and will and strive to become better, and so the Lord will bocome King over all the earth (Zeeh. xiv. 9.) Q. But why do they talk of anything new on such subjects ? How can there be anytlung new in religion ? Christianity is old enoujih, and if they are Cluistians how can they be wcw, Ntvo Churchy or anything of that kind ? A. Religion, though always pure at first, when revealed from the Lord, has a great tendency to become corrupt, in time, by the self-seekinsr dispositions of worldly Christians, who hope to acquire Pftlf and power by making religion popular, and debasing it by popular errors and human traditions, rather th n by elevating the people to justice, judgment, and the love of God. So the Jews made the commandments of God of none effect by their traditit uis. So Christianity, by corruptions commencing m the time of Consantine, became a mass of mysteries and superstitions. The lli-st great error was a god said to be of three separate Divine persons, uud then the worship of Mary as u semi-divine person. Next cam© pray- 446 ON CORRESPONDENCESi &C. I i lip IhL f^A '^ ^ll'*^** "'^"' **?<* ^''^'^"F ™^''« ^ot their bones and relics Umn for keeping the coniniandnientH of God. The Scriptures were sJi.it np away from the people until the time of the Ref oi-niatiSn, and though in this country and America we have the Scriptures fully now, many of the leading corniptions of dark times remsun. These pen'ersi'ons and evilS which unite with, and others which arise out of thein, make lelig on old ulul o^^\lVl^ '"' ^"**i^ ^^'^" ^« ^^*^^"^ J««"« '•«^«'^1« «t«rnal trutlS airesh and cal 8 theni new ; they are new to us. It is written in relation tU Q. What ai-e these new principles you speak ? Tell me the first A It 18 new ; yet it is truly old. It is that Jehovah, tlie eternal God So^SrA^'"'/" absolutely ones and He became om- SavUr JeZ Chiit! So that in Jesus Chnst is the tii-st and the last, tlie human and the l^aH MlftSn^Ti' "I? ?^''' ^"^ ^h^ *^^ly ^I'i"^' tlie eternal IMni^y^ He is all m all to us, the Father is in Him as the soul is in tlie body. Q. Yet Chnst prayed to the Father? ' %T^l '^^^ "^^l while He was in the worid in times of temptation, while He had our nature with its inlirmities and imperfections, and He'had to teach us how to suffer and to pray. The human prayed i^ tlie BivSie a^ our lower nature appeals for succour to our better nature in times of distress. It seems to us, in deep trials, as if there were two persons in us • JilL^^/f/® T^* *'^*? persons, and when the trial is over and perfection attained, then there is entire unity. So when Christ's trifds were over and His humanity was glorified, there was no praving to the Father but Hh was manifestly the Father in the Son (John xiv. la^ He who sees Hhu sees the Father (John xiv. 7, 8, 9 ). He is the e veriasting Father and the Pnnco of Peace (Isa. ix. 6). He is the root and the olfspring of Dav?d the bright and the morning Star (Rev. xxii. 16). He is the Sun of riS 1 teousness (Mai. iv. 2) The Bread of Life (John vi. 48). Tlie Light of Se worid (John IX. ,). /Phe King of kings a Ad Lord of lords (Rev. xix. 16 ) Come to Him, pray to Him, follow Him, sei-ve Him. ^" (^. Biit how about the Atonement ? A^^ /,'l»rlsti'«i8 of tlie New Jerusalem believe in the Atonement as the H inseff T 1 • ^ . mpr\t^'nf'hu,'^J^''Ti"lT" "'" T''^ "^«'^^« "i nlB^avlou^, aiul lie has nu Sflf or hi ponw u?"* ^^^ "'Ti ^l^''^''^^^^^''' ^^^^' ^^^ ^o his Saviour's minoh2 t^I^rl,^/'^^^^^^ religion, love is the great Apostle Paul said. Now abideth these three, faith hone and chaHtv Cor love), and the greatest of these is charity (or iove) (Co? xiii " 3) '^ ^ CoS?namL«,T ^^1? •lf'''\ '^««P' /vi" BELIEVE Tils woids, and Do His commandments. Fmth alone is dead, the apostle said (James ii. 26) ; t^t^ioS^. ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C. 447 ow. many of tho [ ALONE in the whethor it is in the merits of onr Saviour, \vhi(;]i are tnily infinite or anytiiing else. The faith which loves and works is tlie only faith which saves "' Q. How is a heavenly character f onned ? A. First, by a conviction of our sinfulness, then by repentance and prayer. Next, by perseverance in well-doing, by conlident faith in tho Lord Jesus, faiUifulness in the times of trial and temptation ; by daily rea: Enh v;2- ^.^ Is not-. S''^""^**'"f'i' view far more sensible than to imagine'that ail who have aiett are without bodies, until the scattered dust of bodies which had .-wr?/ flour htmv cfinnffinf/ during life, and had l)een taking new forms in me vegetable worid, been eaten by animals, and then be.-ome partb of >l;!f^i }^P'^"., *'*^^^^' ^^^ "^ <^"® knows how many thousands of years, is biought together !i gain. ' Q. But cannot God's omnipotence do tliis. A. God ne\ ir uses His omnipotence to do what is foolish and wrong. 448 ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC. We JiRve no warrant to call in God's power to jiifitify our blunders. "Whatever God does is the heht thing, done in tlie wisest way. Q. Wlien and wliere does judgniout take place ? A Tlie true Christian judgiis hiniself from day to day. But, after death, he appears before tho judgniont seat of Clirist in the spiritual world, which is an Intermediate state between heaven and Iiell. After di^ath the judg- ment (Heb. ix. 17). Q. Is tliere much said in Scripture about this Intermediate state, or world of judgment and instruction ? A. Very much. It is the world the prophets saw in vision, or when their spiritual eyes were opened (Numb. xxiv. 16 ; 2 Kings vi. 17). John in tlie Revelations describes what he saw in that worla tlirough all its chapters ; heaven was above him— the bottomless pit below him. Q. But what, then, is meant by tlie judgment at the end of the world ? A. The end of tlio world, in the original Greek of tlie Scriptures, is the end of tlie Agk or Dispensation; and when a Church has been for ages corrupt, tlie bulk of the people have been cherisliiujg mistaken principles and in many things doing wrong the greater nart ot their lives as in dis- liking and liathig others liiat wore not of their own Church, and suppos- ing that it was right all tlie while. These cannot be so soon ititroduced as in purer thnes, eltlier to heaven or to hell, and great numbers gather and remain ii» the spirit world, the world of judgment. But, at the end of the age, all are judged, and a new cge or new dispensation is begun in the worltf. The end of the world means tlie end of a dispensation, not tlie end of tlie univer -e (Ps. Ixxv. 3; Isa. xxiv. 16,19). Q. Then is ii^i, the natural world to come to an end at all ? A. Certainly not. According to Scripture, the world anil the universe will endure forever (See Eccles. i. 4 ; Ps. Ixxii. 5, 17 ; Ixxviii. 69 j civ. 5 ; cxlviii. 6 ; xciii. 1; xcvi.. 10). Q, What, tlien, do you understand by the second coming of our Lord In the clouds of heaven ? A. He has been banished fi-om His Church by grievous errors and evil Eractices. He comes nearer when men receive His truth in love aud obey Lim. He comes nearer in the fuller opening of His Word. He comes in ti-uer principles into tlie hearts and minds or men. He comes by the ex- tensions of His truth into all the ways aud works of men. Light is like the iiiward glory of the Bible ; the clouds mean tlie outward language of the Bible, through wluch an inner glory shines. He comes in clouds when He makes Himself known to men in the language of His Word, which is plainly there revealing the true character orHunself , His will, and His kingdom, though they had forgotten or ignored it. All the writers of the Bible are called a cloud of witnesses (Heb. xii 1) Those who take the letter without the spirit are said to be clouds without water i'l^'^^J^K ^^^ ^?^^ ^*^™®^ *" ^"® clouds of heaven when He apples His Word to the hearts and minds of men;— in power and great glorv. the doms of this world shall become tW "kingdoms'of "our 'lx)rd"m His iJhrist, and He, as One Divine Person, shall reign for ever a. id ever (Rev. XI, 15). Q. What is taught as to heaven and hell ? A. Very much, so that the laws of bollimav now be fully understood. Heaven is formed of the heavenly minded, who have been made such by regeneration, more or less perfectlv done on eaT\h. Tlie heavenlv ones are arranged in most perfect order^ bv the laws of * v; vine love and wisdom; form our Father's house tliere are manv mansiojss (John xiv. 2). Hell 18 composed of those who h.ave made hell upon earth ; they take them- selves, their passi' us. and their lusts with t> la ! nto nain and sorrow Thfl rage, the hate, tUe torment, the misery the> excite and inflict upon one another is the hell-fire in which thev live. Tb' i.over dving worm is the symbol of their low, grovelling selfishness : it it. Wx-lr worm (Mark ix. 14), not God's. The wicked create the fire, they kcop H alive themselves Isa. IX. 18 ; the false and insane thoughts of e\ vv kind which thev conceive, and in which they live, make the utter • ' i ; iness of their abode of wliich the Saviour speaks (Matt, xxii, 13.) ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C. 449 ediate state, or S. Do yon use the two socraments instituted by our Lord, of Baptism the Holy Supper ? A. Oh certainly, and we see a sacred and most edifying meaning hi each of them. Baptism we administer in tlie nanve of the Fatlior, Son, and Holy Spirit, as a dedication of the poi-son baotised to the service of the Lord Jesus, and the water is a symbol of that living truth which is the Water of Life, and by wldch tlie soul is to be purified. The Bread and the Wine in the Holy Supper, are the symbols of tlxe goodness whi(!h our Lord calls tlie Bread of life, and tlio Wisdom wliich Ho calls the " New Wine op the Kingdom. " When we sincerely receive thone, we receive Him. We eat His flksh and drink His ulood, and have eter- nal life. S. But do you think that other Cliristians have not truth as well as you ; that no one can be saved but those who join your communion ? A. Certainly not. There is much truth in every denomination of Christians, '^Gpecially among those who possess and read tlie Word of God with diligence and prayer. We believe, moreover, that every one, will be saved who loves God, and strives to do His will in shunning evil and doinc good according to what in his heart he believes to be true, whetlier he be of tlie Church of England whose pious and learned clergy, notwitlistanding many exceptions, wo revere and admire, whose Prayer Book, with serious doctrinal defects, has maiiy excellencies, and whose reverence for tlie Word of God is her chief glory ; or worthy zealous Protestant Dissenters, or good Roman Catholics, good Jews, or Gentiles. Those who love God and work rigliteousness according to the best of their knowledge, will be relieved of their errors after death, and fomi part of the sublime fold in heaven, of which our Savior speaks. "Other sheep have I that are not of this fold, them also must I bring, that there may be ONE fold and one shepherd" (John iv. 14), The Apostle Peter spoke very clearly on the same point when he said, " Of a truth I perceive that God is no respecter of persons ; but in eveiy nation he thatfeareth God, and worketh righteousness, is accepted of Him. " (Acts x. 34, 35 ). Q. Is it, then, of no importance whether we belong to a true religion or a false one ; whether we believe truth or error ? A. It is only trutli, in any system, that does a person good, hut there is much truth attached to every religion. Error is alway a hindrance and a detriment. Truth is clear and full of comfort. Error is obscure, per- plexing, and leads to distress. Truth is day liffht. Error is a fog. It is because we believe tlie Lord has given at this time abundance of truths which are far from being generally acknowledged, which are edifying, delightful, and stjengthening to us. that we wish all around us, botli men and Chui-ches, to accept them, and be strengthened and blessed also, so that the will of God may more perfectly be done upon earth, as it is done in heaven. Dear reader, would you possess a scriptual, spiritural, rational, saving religion to aid you m your walk towards heaven, come and hear these (.hnstiana of New Jerusalem, let them be called Swedenborgians, or what you like. Do you wish to see mankind issuing out of superstition, sectarianism, rationalism, narrowness, and darkness, into the glorious liberty of the children of light, then come and hear. Do you wish to see goodness and truth extending their sacred influence, and sin and fol] / shown to be the disorderly, brutal, coarse, and worthless things they are, then come and hear. We address you in the language of Moses to Jethro, We are journejing unto the place of which theLord said. I will give it vou : come with us, and we will do you good: for the Lord hath 8r)oken good concerning Israel And it shall be, if you go with us. vea it shall be, that what good- 90 ^qo\ ^^ ""*** ^^' ^^^ ^^"^® ^^^^ ^^® <^° "^^^ ^^®- (Numb. X. THE RIBBAND OF BLUE. "Speak unto the children of Israel, and bid them that thev make them tnnges in the borders of their garments throughout their generations, and that they put upon the fringe of the borders a ribband of blue : And It shall be unto you for a fringe, tl.at ye mav look upon it, and remember m the commandments of the Lord, and dothem."— Numb. xv. 38, 39. ■fitf I III 450 ON COHIlK81»ONnKN0KS, &0. }Z}?i r-'^^T^ni'^lv to 1)». roKr«)t.ttul lluvt rinlKtlan havi! tljn in..st liuul,,.,..,., UHk tluMii vvlmt thoy M.liik of |ll« p.ln ' HO iimny wlioltoar tho niuno of rWi " y'*'"' *'!. i:\''«''''':. ;«'«> «"H.iy II, in i.ut •Muuiiool' UiiHoi of llmtKiuHl, IwmIv, |)ut lii« pHimlpUiH, bill :^i!;MV:rr/".v..--s*'" "".v; i;;".r;:a ii.':;^^^^^^^ inc(lltHU) Uttlo'iiiMui iticiu haiuUul 11)011 of Henjaiiiln and pnuiUno thoin Iumh. Th ainoiiK tJi.i iHiiU'liloM of ol,i wl tMoaiollktitlMtUtft Htomm at an lialrbioadtli ami not, utiHH Thov ln_ wju'. Jar n»or« itlodiunitlv an.) o,„», (, lo " oonltl Mlinu air not, of unioh iiho oxcuipt In wm-. Far nu.ru dK.., „. .„,„ ,..„,vim thoroforo r.Huiinn..n\rn.... u". V/.V.'. '•^!*.'^V"K"»• "«'>'' «i!'«l I'lcMHlnu : ami =^^'^v^-i!v'-<"?yy.;; ,:;rz,rc'ix; thorofon, roconinuMnUng It In dmu 'an iff n iJ.^.^^^^^^^ .lii'i ''''""'"H ' '""^ mo our opiHtloK " Halil tbi» .il o-lnV. '.. i ^ M!coinni<-inl It In WDnJ. "Yo dothiiiK for tlio Houl wo now mn^^./ ' ^" ''" 'i«'<*'»'f"Htnr.,, ItH boinx written. '< iH ho tT.at \vZSi ,. kL^" ni "•;^*"'^'*'"- " I»I«'hh.mI/' It 1m i.ake.l, and U,«y hoo 1.1 Him;ne."-!l\»n"^ «H.n.ont8, lo«t ho walk That uannonts. ov.m in ii.-. .t....,i 'i. i:..^.^'' "'•.. Kina or clothes mon Hhonld wi'iir " Tii.Vv., la 1'" ^vl'o ^"l^'tlios Himself wkh llJht as wit" a S L [Ps. civ .2]. " I counsel thoo to buy of mo liold tried in thofr iK. f !k ' mayest be rich ; aiul white raimen?. tluit uKiayoHt e clo^ the shame of thy mikedness may not appoar."-lfov il< /„"""' '""^ ""^"^ nie chief use of " ooultl mIIiiu Jlich IIHO «X(H)pt t Mnouk for IiIm Imlvtm fnuii It bloMHhig ; iiiiU till WDnJ. "Yo 1 lUUII." <»ii oj n^llKlon iniM. II iH tho UtlHM,ltH lujiiijj HIohhimI," it, 1m i, loHt ho walk luililK HviiiholH I'lom thi) lawn ro \vaHaH|)lrlt- f llio lli|{huik hIiIiio upon tho road, Whlnh loadit nio to tho l.aiiili. Wlmro Ih tho bloHHodiioHM I know Whoii iliHt I Haw Mio I, Old ',' Whnro Iri tJio Moiii-rt'l'roMliliig vlow Ut doHiiH, and IiIh Word ? " What iMtacHiftil hoiii'N I onoo onjoyod How Hwtiot tholr iiioiiioi'v Htlll ; Jttit tJioy havo Ml an attli^nu void Tho world oaii novor Jill." TnthlM wintry Hlato,Ht(MinM of dlHtioHMliig foain and daikonlnu doiihtn will niHh upon tho hoiiI. HIroiiu dcliinioiiH,T,lial, w.» may bolhtvo a llu. will, llko loido t,niiii,oHtH, howl about im. (old. lmiaHHln«, <-,hon.|oMH I'laiiioM .,f nind, dlMplillinjuJ Hliairi)o jovfufhrViiV'S'; for lio^hatli U\u tJiHUiHolvoH to alftho donartmontH llff), thoy mako a oomj.loto droHH. IIoihio it iMHald In lHaiali,""Twiil k»3 liuman amotion, thought, anil, .J '"J".'"" •" .""" ""I'*, loy Hoiu Hiia 1 )o joviul In mv (.l.h <,o,iioim. ouH practi !o SilcKo iw?^^ ^^^ <''"" pHiM'lr»]<*Hof vlrtu- th^w"""?* Ih" ah?o?n^r'''\'" ''"''"'''?'^ ^^' "" ''^ «"' T)lvln« Word in Mat- the KIncr of Wvl. ' a,w/''V'''"''?, '"/^ '"^•^"''" "'' "'" woddln« foaHt of Hawthwe a iS. wlih A \"'^'f" *^*"' klmroamoin to hoo tho ,'!'" into onU^r dark m«h J^^ u f« i.^" Hr woopiiiK Hiid Kiu.Hliin« of to«th"-xxli. 11- l.'J v" o,,^: S bX"" *i?.J *i'Z;Yr r'^".'"J/'^^••'»•■"'•••'^^'• .anhlvllroHH not bol s viow i,rSn^ '.^* ®"*^'^ the Lord'H klnfrdorn. But in a Hidritiial Mnt o^ Yiow, nothing can excoed tho value of tho intiinatiou it oontaiiw. 'JIiq 452 ON CORRKSPONDKNCKS, AC. kiijgdom of heaven, in fjiet everything heavenly, is the reHftlt of a mnr- rmgt». VVistioni sweetly bUinds with love to form Uio lujavenly Htate Jt i« iiotH kliijjdoni of fiiith uloiio, Imt of faiih nnited to cliarity. No o<>ld KnovvUfdjio iH toler.'ited thoro, but nniat bo conjoined with iilfoctlon lor whaL IS Jinown. All ia uiuoii in an angelic mind. All lieaven is united to Its Divine Hpfid. ih.i Lord JesuB cJluiHt. The niarriaKe ordor reiuna complete, and J y i- ! i» iv h i It. " Tliou shalt no more 1 .e t<3rmed Foi^a- ken : neither Hftrill th^ u,ud any more l>e termc^d Desolate : but lliou Bluilt be called ll.phzib.ili and tliy land Bculah ; for the Lord deli«hteth in tliee, and thy land uhall be maiTied."— Isa. Ixii. 4. Not to h;i,ve on a wedding garment, then, is n'ot'toliave adoctrfne which untolds this glorious union of truth and love in religion, and in heaven It IS to be practically among those wlio^^uy, and do uot. It is to make a parade ot our piety and profesaiou, it may be, but to negU< ; that without wlucli piotv is nolhm.r, faith in uc Iui,,„ doctrine is nothlnt,', name is notldng; that pure and holy love, which workcth, which liopeth, which belie veth all things ; which in sight of all the Christian virtues, is deserv- ing of the apostolic declaration. "And now abidelh faitlx, hf)pe, cliaritv. tliese three, but tlie greatest of these is charity." 1 Conn hians, xiii, }\i Wlien we have taken for our religion oidy that which relaies to belief, and not that which concerns love and conduct, the heart un- ci) acked and unchanged will i;e the home of sellishness and impurity • and the time will come, either in this world or hi tlio next, when there will issue from tlie um-egenerate heart tlioae virulent evils, which will paralyze every power of good, will bind the hand and foot, and ulunke the si)irit into the darkest abysses of folly / With these views of doctrines fonning the clothincr of the soul, we see at once t,he importance of tliose allusions to garments which jivh ^n fr« qnently met with in the Old as well as the f ^ Sament Wh wlio inhabits etermtv had for our saJics condescended to appear in the extreme of His vast domains, the skin of tlie universe as it were, and by assuming and mainf'iining a connection with the outer univei-se. he be- came First and Last in Himself, and from Himself fills, sustains, and succors of time would be introduced from heaven among men, is represented as coming down " as a bride adorned for her husband ." And bv this language, we are assured. no doubt, not only that this church would regard the Lord Jesus Christ, tne Divine Lamb, as the only object of her supreme love, her husband, Uut that her doctrines would be beyond all precedent, beautiful. She ON COERESPONDENCES, AC. 4^3 *t!Mftlt of a mar- iiily HtuLo. It ia arity. No o<»ld Lh iill'uctioii lor !avon ia united ^0 order reigns termed Foi sa- ; but lliou Bluilt 1 delighttith ia doctrine which and in heaven. t i» to make a < ; that without thing, name ia hopetli, which 'tues, is deserv- hope, cliarity, ►rinliians, xiii, aich relales to tJie heart un- and impurity ; tt, wlien there ils, whicli will ot, oud pluii'ge 3 soul, we see ich are ao fre- nt. When ilie 1 thus opening f th6mi8eral)le thy 8trength,0 holy city : for mcisedandthe which becins, !i anointed me o bind up the iou8 purpose of rn in Zion. to ^. the carinent sailed Tree:', of jlorlfled."- Is. 3 flesh, ianian- it could more the perception nd Lofty Ott> appear in the were, and by iveree. he l)e- sustains, and ven in Sardis, Ik wifh Me in ihixW be cloth- n of those who with impurity eternity their white. Doc- s herewith we timo would be ig (iown " as a ) are assured. Jesus Christ, her husband, iautiful. She would be adorned for her husband. Such a glorious syatcm would she have of celcHtial truth,— such ^liscloHures of heavenlv onfer,— such discov- eiies of the Divine laws as exfctent in tlie soul : in the rejjenerato life ; in tlio heaveidy world ; in the spiritual sense of the Holy Word ; in fact, on all subjects ol JJivine Wisdom that to the tnily devout and thought- ful spirit, she woidd truly be " adorned as a brirepfire them to be worn. And when the judgment under the impulge of a humble detennination to live for heaven, adapts these doctiijies to its own special states and require- ments, the Christian is equipped in the garments of salvation. " He is glorious within and his clothing is of wrouj/ht gold." And here, we w(mld strongly piuml against one of the most dangerous delusions which has crept into nominal Christ i.inity ; the idea that we are saved by the inlinite puitty of Clnist's righteousness being imjKirted to us, and not by actual practical riyhteousness. It is true, our righteous- ness is derived from the Lord, " their righteousness is of me, saith the Lord."— Isa. liv. 17. But no n<,liteou8ness will be iinimted to us, which has not been impart e put down to our account. When our account is mad. up we sh.ill find the rule to be " Tliey that have done good shall come for, a to the resurrection of life, and they that have dono evil t( the res irrection of condemnatioii." John v. 20. He comes quickly to iiive to ever\^ Tn*ii'- ns hi-H ivovL' sh;ill be ^I'tev. xxii 12V Tslessed Bli'iil we be, if we watch :> 1 keep our garments, made white by His l ruth, and thus are ready to follow our Di\ine Lemler in the realms of peace, ador- ins;, in humble love, those inlinite p' ections which make his face to shine like the sun, and His raiment wlii, as the light [Matt.xvii, 2], Wo are, tlr^':, +a speak to the Israelites, who ■■' ro tyniliud by those of our text the spiritual Israelites, who are as our Lord said. Israelites indeed, and 454 ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C. f?.Tf I ',A^"A ^^^^ *^^^^^^ theniflelve« with ffotiuino dootrlnoB of Divlnfi trtitli wltli tlh, garment 8 of HHlvation, ftp^P tluit theTeH eclaUv mi k^ tli«m frintreH in' the ho.dora of tJ.eir gan lontH. >ift«r we K me^liyft^id niimi and heart, thuH clothe?.iJ^>ii«L\l^^"\'*j«ri'*i <>f which It £ comp'^^d t'Xrdorilr ate ion great the leant is unj„ ^ .„ „ .. .^^^^ ^„ j„ This practical ndmoniiion is of the very highest cohgennence On« nf the moHt serious errors of life is that our religion is onirti lie bm.iih] nnf on giand occasions, as some think, or on Sundays, ^^otJierH i?AaT^ fnn r^i/r^.""^^-''?- • 9'*" «nly. ^ay in which we mkke the tSis of reffi ion really ours, is to infuse their spirit and tone into all our little aitiTn our daily conduct. Life is ma.le u . of little things. One circumSiia follows another one act coines after another, eatih one 81^^ Stself ut to do it in each circumstance as it comes to hand, and to do it no w not wait for great occasions. Let^ the border o^^ yo^g^ar^^^^^^^^ ^fZ^t Many ve?y many, have no ob ec io " to ke Kd^oTthe brl^t1"^^• I the church, but the feet tliey ima nne mav im nnifo f^ ^^®*'^* ^*^"'^ ut the true disciple of our Savior aduptr?L?aS^ ••Our feet shall stand within tiiv ga^es.^O Jerusa leir^-pf *cxx» "9 w*' IS particularly watchful over ^i^ feet, or his'dai?y jTrrciice'^^If'in M. -If against a stone.-Ps. xci 11 12 ^ a„,i „ „r"^"^'V'^®'^V'^*^'^°*^''^»feet occasions gratefully to exc a iri " 6 bl^la oS o";, t"^ ^^''i*" ^'}^ ^« «"'* voice of Bis praise to bHieard • t^?.^^^T A^®P®"P^®'^^^"^'*ke«»e suffereth not our feet to be frmved "-Pa Ixvi « T tTi-,^" i'^f' ""''^ first, he thinks it quite beneath his MasTer^ dfJ, it.; ?,\ •^*' V'®.?^*?^' ""^ concernsof life, and declaiprThnV^S ^"*^^*** ^^"'•^y *he l^>wer better inf ormeS, S heS, ' ile^SaTiour^^^^ "^n^Zl ^^.5' ^'^^'^ ^« ^' hast no part in liie," he, with an enti?e IXA 11^^''%^^'^^ ''''\' t^'^" ;;^LoxHl, not my fW only, Ci^'To'' ^'i^.^'^^tZT^:^^^^^^^ ^t;i:^^^^'^hS^'^^'':'''-^^^^yiodtnly life. Let there Then "be a ON COUUESPONDENCES, AC. 455 tliough the liorrt walked witli them, and they felt the holy glow of hlH proHencH when ho tjilked with thoiu on the way. he only became known to them in "tlio breaking of the bread." It iH ho witli HIh diHciples in all uJ;»iH. Ah long as tlie "breau of life " in received In a niaHH, and renuiinH tlniB, tlie bleHHing of conjunction with the Divine Heing in unknown. He 1h witJi them, but as a Btianger. But let them break the l)reiul ; let tliem at home and abroad, in the counting-houHe and on cliange, in tlie workHhop and at market, in tliclr pleaHuroH and in all tlielr fandly duties, break tl»o bread of heaven, ancl applv it to every work and word, and they will tlien know the Lord. " ThenHhall we know, if we follow on to know tlio Lord : HIh going forth Ih prejtarcd aH the morning, and He Bhall come unto uh as the rain ; aH the latter and fonner rain upon the earth." O, then let our religitMi not be like a Sunday drewH, put on only for f)arade on Btate occartions, and olf when the occaHlon Iuim pawned by, )ut like a Himnle daily robo, whose UHef ulneHH Ih seen of all, and vvl»one f dnge gi)eH all around the hom of our gaiineut, »o that it extendH over tlie whme circle of our outward lile. We are, however, not only commanded to have a fringe to our garments, but to hrfve upon the fringe a ribband of blue.. And thiH h^adH us to couBi- der tlie correspondence of coloi-s. Natural coloi-s we know originate iu natural light. They are tlie 8ei)aration of the beauties which are bound up in the sunbeam, and their retloction to the human eye. ' There is a trinity of fundamenlal ••oloi-s, red, blue, and yellow. From the blending of these iu vailed proportions all others aie mude. Blue and yellow tonu green. Bearing in mind that the Lord is the Sun of the eternal world, and that essential truth shines as a spiritual light from Him, the three essentifll colors into which light divides itself, will represent tlie three esuev.tial featureb of divine tiiith, in its application to man. There r.ie truths of love, which apply to our affections, truths of faith which apply to thoughts, and truths of life. lied, the color of fire, is the symbol of the truths of love,, the tire of the soul. Blue, the color of the azure depths of the sky, is symbolic of the deep things of the spirit of God, on which faith delights to gaze. Yellow, is the hue of truth which applies to out- ward life^ and in combination with blue it makes green, which corresponds to truth 111 the letter of the Word, made simple to the conunou eye of mankind. Blue gives a sense of clearness and depth, in which it surpasses all otiier hues. When we gaze into the blue depths of the sky, far above the changes of the clouds, their tranquil grandeur, arching in peaceful majesty tur over the turmoils of the world, strikingly images those depths of lioavenly wisdom from which the good man draws strength and peace. ** ITiough round his breast the rolling clouds are spread, Eternal sunshine settles on his head." Bine, then, is the color which represents the spirit of the Holy Word, tlie depths of heavenly wisdom. • There is. however, cold blue, as it h.is more of whitn in it. and warm blue, as it derives .a certain hue from red. There has also been some ditH- eulty in determining the exact shade meant by Techeleth. the Hebrew name for this color. But from a full consideration of the subiect we are satisfied it was the name for blues tinged with red, from violet to purple. And this very strikingly brings out the divine lesson by correspondence. Wliile the blue indicates that in our demeanor or in life we shonld be correct, in harmony with the spirit of truth, the red hue indicates that all our truth ought to be softened, and warmed by love. " Speak the truiai in love, " said the apostle, and to remind tliem of this dutv. God com- itianded the ribband "of warm blue to be worn upon the fringe of their gaments. by the sons ot Israel. Trutli without love is cold, hard, and unpitying. and therefore repulsive. Truth with anger is scalding hot. and, like medicine, impossible to be taken, useless or injurious; but truth coining from a loving heart, firm but gentle, and sweet like the warm sunbeam, is welcome to all. The loving blue of the eye, which reveals the sweet impulses of a soft 466 ON CORRESrONDENOKS, AC. f an.! KonU<> honrt. 1h llko tlio color of Mu, Hhlmn.r iM.roro w • u m.naka nf lnstou.l<.t mnoiu inoni,. w« bir.od ov ,,' A,,, 0. „;!^^ Quiu-i.-Im «iimi(*, l«Mv.M>*l(yofnuvMktiHli,,)i,'.w it !,.?.. /A^ iollmo, mid wuiulvr m tho " p 1)0 Ulmllo oiifh olhor, «f ""*' "'K'»<'''< <'<»iilnK on. WluMi I'rliMKl mill whou luodicr rmohmui! juii.v 1k) goiio." too(,lu,rH;i,„tlH H kv o Hi n. t^ Ku '''^ "■'•'" ':""t"'«y not ling wil bo atni..r H)mco of .ill llww. Hv antl.-in,i- tlon tho trinnijjhyou will havo whon nil tho dniiKciiH of Jifo aro u<.no I.v annu>mbov tho cliarKO of .loHcmh to IiIh VoidB, let thoro 1)0 noon npon all your filngo, tho ribband of hoavonlv DJUO. wwi/IV"®' V^f • i^./^^IP Jl^^"''*^'- oonneotion, which wonld often ho more DJoatlf the spirit of thiHjlivino commmid were mom fnitlifully carried out. i^iil^i * 4 "i<''«*/n<'i'«.' ^* ^i *i i no imperfection can be seen. A"na. whenthe hope's of ' both' are' crowned mS^eJesX^^offoi^'n^,'?^" ^^^^^'^^^"rr succession of .loys and blesHinga. Yet both particBhave fnillncs The ncr- Hr^t«"*^V'5^Vf I'^^'i^^''^' ^^"^' *" '''""yrcHpectH.lH. found to. ov(i- drawn. The bloom of outward beauty will wea^ oit. PohVobhIou will rt ; It njioakB of , tlUMI, ll«l l|))OII moiit liicronHoH -IIIOlljil i,nlvl<'»i, llh Min loiiyh, i\'v Hvn Huni wo wonder iil th« I on tlu) I'lliiKo •I' )lu,t \vu inn Hi <»f kilMllH-HM H'lir our ruiillH inul liiHoloiifo, W(- dt'llKlii to Uh Mum) tlio [)p,v will eh jiro fioin coiiitcHy mil |i<>lti(*iifHH, wt'iif iliii Idiio IllllliHtiV IlIlK iiliii, ii Hhotild oi' nil Unit Ih K iii*M». Aiul I I" Hixink (o ncli ollior, l('t V llKtilCiMirHO iJi.niKl on (])<» idnoHH <>!' r«)Hl lioiiHd. You II iin UHHlHlJnjf to cluior Um to oncoiimjio i I)10Hl)(!('t, to 1 Iiy Hlidrinji- Hio nl« with any ono c HO, hav«| been tlio eiilel attnuitlourt ; and lor their HakoM, thov can well adord t.. boar with Monu, dofo.H.n. liiHtead ofbelnuaHtonlHhed lolind that tlio mere niortalrt wo have niaiTle aHHlnt each ol,ber,to emove lniperf..(.tloii;H from our (Conduct, which U nplrltually wawhlnK ono nother'Hiej.t Hadiity weowe to our ordinary ('l.rlHlian^rlendH h. v T,:',,l i'T\'n''' '''"■•\*" """'1*' '" •••"""VJ'.K the HpotH widch Holl tho cliaiacteiH (.1 tlioHe wo have und<»rtakeii to love and to<-b<-rlMh. Yet wiiuL |nder can, hlH duty needn The true wlf(,, or lumbaud, .■annot b-ar to t ink that the decply-priz-ed love of tim other Ih b.^iuK ..«(„ Notb-inr a fault rudely, belrayH the appearau<-,o of dlHlIke, and w(>iindH f'«. Swcet.ioHH In our Ko-,dneHH and ; ( /^Z^r^"r'fV.l^'^ "'""'l' ^'•' !]'« 'T'""»«'">t law of married partMcrn u\ ril I V ;,.,. 1. "i^"''"'"" ^'f '".i"rt»« tho f«,ellnKHof the other : A i.lend- . tfon o ^Ir .Vj"^'""' 'i'.'y "'V""'^ "'"'<' '''"IMlrcH attention : A determlna- .Kme.P L .Ih^ whj<,h do(5H not manlfe.Ht a couHlaiit alToction : A he . L ho ^ 1 ""'' 'an'"* "'^"''"" = ^ manKcHl ictivo effort to r)romoto tho ^ 1 L»J"V*'/^'iV"^' ? ¥*"" "'" ^''" '""position whha» can alone pn.Hcrvo and comprotothatcliob.oHtof nil Divine Bl(mHin«H-Kenuin(,,;onjuKal lovo. Jb wn nV // *'''\^/'''*y are hurl, their nain lilionhl not bo treated liKhlly. V .t ^w '^ '^" til ouKht cnud who tramt.hfd on tho inflamed fo^rt, of anothei Wo.vi^f?"^"!"^**', ''^*'"'^ ^"J '^'"'"'tlmoH toi-turcd with KtinKinc wordfl o7 •mrSi.''""* '^V/^''"'''"/''^''^'' nnd.ir Iho debinion Ihat it Ih ifocf.HHarv t^ I'l.imo Wliero fault hnn heeti />/.rnir.n*/./l 'I'l... rot4iln or nwaln tho atVoo.tionH of tliat. ono, on whon» all Ium- n^al hapnlnoHH d^^pond». Tho gontlo. conciliating woni, for whlcli lior huBhand'H lioart, buuoath a tlrin oxtorlor, is longing, ulio will not. npoak. Tlio ono aho won bygontlcnc8n, and grace, and all the feminine vJrtuoH. «ho will notprortorvo by growing in thoHo virtncH. Imt rudely repels. And the heart whowo faintest tlu-ob 8ho t)nco valued boyond all earthly richew. h1»« rudely throws nway. O married partnerH. lenantH of the name house, who Bhouhl bo all in all to each other, for time and for eternity, never neglect In your HentinnmlH, your Hj»irit, your acts, and your wonlw t«) each other, to \ol lltere be viHil)le on all tJie V,uinifestath)n8 of charactiir with which vour life'8 droHS irt fringed, the trutli and the love of celestial blue. () wife, matron, mother, rtnnen»ber your strength is in tenderness. J\>u. if yon were driven from the common raidr luiart would !• liapoiMOHH, irt old, ivipulrtivOj ;('ntlont',HH ana (1, lihon. to s<'o arnith of true tmth. bl(^ndcd u all <"ur intin"- 1 choerfulnoRS, lo of Hh influ- iingthena thoir ;l(>rly denunidrt )ld in ore pnin- tion. and tlu^ir riffht when it (1 Moen by your I your couushI ronr proBcnce ; :hem no moro, isdom of those ho early walks iig to welcome Is frauRht with strength to Ix' it the worth of if 1. nU *hc said within i made wholf, led. words, in tho iresent ffU" th' hat virtu^ will .leruHHlom, ascd m. tEreal 'irH^^^'r ^^^"-t J*<^ yo" mean by " appearances"? ti.f r* "'"'^^ *"'' ^^■''■y that things appmr to the senses. Thr examnle the sun appears to rise and r,et, und to go daily round th. earth The Kkv hSn %W,.^.?^" ^ ^'^"f ^^' ^" ^^•«""*^- f^^i«^ ^^^t we call tS Thp sun Jn^«..*,!lh'f ''*''' ^n l^« «t^'tionary in the . enfre of our universe. eithMhSon^J''*'*''''^™,*'^" orb not a millionth* nart as large a« the S h« 'm?v/l ".^^^"^^^"^ "? '"8ger than marbles, and the fixed stars appear l^y sciSe Mrd^^T^i"!!'''^"^^ ^^} *^«",«. appearances are oonfJovSd u.\4.ir 1 ' i''" , t^® senses have to yield lo reason. Tt is the samp in HI>iritual and reiimous matters. ivhinl/ab^>""'i ..^m' >„ii„L„!: VH*.^ !1^^.^:^V^ SUX Wr.m «^L*^^^^ are correcte of Spirits, as though it were a place to which good and bad spirits go in common, prei^ious to tlieir being sent to heaven or hell Mr. H. Yes, the world of -spirits is an intermediate state between heaven and hell. It is where all go immediatelv after death, before we are finally arranged and disposed of according to our real characters. Now to com'e back to the spirits which a man draws about him in this work' by his life, and on which I must predicate my explanation of the work of salvation which the Saviour did for us ; By the instrumentalitv of good spirits and an-'els, the Lord is always trving to save u-s from tlie machinations of evil spirits and devils. But when the human raiie is unspeak- ably wicked, as it was at the time of the Lord's appearance on earth, special efforts to this end are necesaarv. At the time of our SAVior ,'9 advent, the evil spirits and devils had sot siich a hold upon men as to fe \q possession not only of their luinda and hearts, but of their bodies also, is we read in the Gospels, and the instrumentalitv of angels and good sjiirits was not sifflcient to resist them. The Lord, therefore, came Himself down to the plane of human life, and on that plane fought with hif. own Omnipo- tence ag.ainsthell, audits allies, drove them back, and thus saved man from dcritruction. lieporter Do you mean that it was God Himself who did this ? Mr. II. Yes, I do. There is iMit one God. rhe Son of God is the name given to His manifestation of Himself here on earth, and the Hol^ Spirit fe the holy infl'ience that proceeds from Him. Reporter, What becomes of the vicarious atonement then ? ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C. 461 epravity, you Bings are bom )vil).butn(;ed. lilted guilty of hey reach the >w wicked or )r to BUppOBO conies of the >uld send the e, what need )m actual sin In order to views of the i^orid, itichul- rld, on some , close to this draws angels if he lives an an angel, and ed from this good iiuman trie status of dl spirit is a ; has not yet avin^ passed jvillibod, and gh it were a o tlieir being bween heaven we are finally Now to come Why his life, of salvation od spirits and chinations of is nnspeak- ice on earth, irSAVior ,'9 len as to tj ^o rtdies also, is d good spirits timself down own Omnipo- fcred man from his? is the name e IIol^ Spirit 3/r. IT. The yicarlons atonement, as expounded by old fashioned theo- logians, is a iniscoiicoption oi the truth, just as the Ptolemaic system of astronomy was a misconception of astroiioiuical facts. It rests upon tho ussuinption that God was angry witJi His creatures and needed to bo pacihed, and would not be reconciled to the olfendeis until some one had been adequately punished for their oJlcnces. God'h alleged anger is onlv an appearance induced by our guilty conscience. The tTutli is that God loves the sinner just as much as He loves the saint, and always seeks tho sinner sgood, for "His tender meicies are overall His works," extei.ding fu^l^^ u lowest hell. The intinite love of our Heavenly Father is such that He "makes His sun to nse o: tlie evil and on the good, and sendet'- ram on the mst and on the unjust "and "iw kiuj to the unthankful and m tbe evil. lo remove the appearance of auger, it is only necessarv for uh to repent of our sins and turn to the Lokd ; just as, to come from niirht to day. It IS necerisary lor the earth lotuni, and not for the sun to cSaiiao Its position. Ihe sun sluiies on just the same all the time whether it bo hidden by clouds or shut out from us by the earth's turning awav from it • and so, too, does the Lord's love shine on iust the same all ilie time, no matter how it may be obscured by the clouds of evil, or shut out from our hearts by our turiung away from the Lokd. So you see that redemption was a deliverance from the powers of hell, to enable us to turn again tS God, and was not a deliverance from the wrath of God a-i the nhmHe iw usuaUv understood The work which the Lord did in\-eLinption^^^^^^ indeed vicanous. He did in our place whe*. we could not dr/oi ourselves! Alonement again, means reconciliation^or, as it is sometimes spelled Cdo;f nnt'.^'in " ^ ^^ ^'^^i^"^" reconciled to God, and not GodTo ut He doea not need any reconciling, but we do, because it is we wlio havo ,^P«ni?^«tvr«^^^ f^ "^^ Y^'"" "^"i^^ ^^ brought bfx-k. To repeat our astronom- i<.al lilustiation, there is no change m God f.ny more than there is in tiie ?"?i Jf t!?<^,?ai'th that must tuni in order to receive the sun's heat and light, bin IS the great cloud that intercepts the heat and light, or the pi vine love and wisdom, proceeding from the Sun of Kighteousness, "Your imqmties have separated between you uiid your God, and your sins have lud His face from you." lit^orter. All the preachers say the same thing, that we must turn to thlirsT^ salvation. Is year way of doing that different from Mr. H. I will not attempt to state their method, but will only tell you What ours is. Our way of turning to the Lord Is to repent of one's sins, pray to the Lord for help, and above all to keep the commandments. Meporter. That seems to be orthodox. I was brought up a Mettiodist, and that IS .pist what they preached. There does not seem to be much practical ditlerence, after all, between you and the rest of the religious world. ° Mr. H. I should be very glad to believe that that was so. ITie use of all religion is to make good men and women on earth, and angels in hea- ven ; so far as the Methodist. CathoUc, or IM^ometan religion can do that, it has my hearty sympathy. Indeed Swedenborg teaches that in yjie providence of the Lord, believers of all forms of religion are saved If they only L^ad good lives, according to their religious precer)ts. Reporter. What is the advantage of your form of vehgion, then, oyer others? o » > Mr. JR. Th i) . • .ftage consists in being f^ee from the error.^ and mis- conceptions -yhv t embarrass and mislead believers in otlier systems. lipportcr. v«'^;> t errors and misconceptioijs do you refer to ? Mr. //.Tiiatof God's being aiigiy with iis and demanding a victim to apnease his wrath, for example, and the CQiisequent misconception of the r;^al nat;ire of the atonement, the trinitv of three distinct persons, the clcctrliu that heaven and hell are arbitrarily given by the Lord, and are -loi; tne lewulL of eternal laws, these and kindred errors following from tJiem. puzzle and confuse people's minds, and prevent them from doingas well as ;;hey would if they knew the truth, Jippiyrier. If the Lord does not send a man to hell, who sends him there ? Mr. H.TiQ goes there of his ov/n actord, and because he likes it better than he likes any other place. 462 ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC, Jteporfrr. If you will enable me to compreliend that, and see that it Is true, you will contribute much to my poac%of mind. AJr. H. How so ? would it contribute to your peace of mind to see that if you Hhould ever become an inmate of one of those loatlisome hells of the J? ourth or Sixtli ward of New York,— Bay a negro dance-house,— it would be because you had become so degraded that you woidd go there, and live theije, /\nd make your Uviug by living there, from pure love for such a 11 10 / Jieporter. The very idea makes my soul tun\ sick. Mr. H. Very well, then, how can it contribute to your peace of mind to see and believe that if you go to hell from the world of spirits it will be oocause you will have become so vile and loathsome in all tlie attributes of your spiritual natura that you will prefer the society of devils to tliat, of angels, and tlie wicKodueas and corrupUon of hell to the uuritv and holi- :iess of heaven ? tr j Rrpirrti"!. On reflection I do not think my peace of mind would be nuuh re-enforced by such a belief. But 1 want you to explain how people go from the spiritual world (o hoaven or to hell. *-*-«> Mr. H. Before 1 do tliat, tell me what your idea of heaven is. Reporter. Heaven Ib the eternal home of the redeemed, it is the home of never ending rest, it is a place of etemal happiness. Mr. H. What makes hoaven a place of happiness ? Reportr, . Why, God makes it bo, of course. Mr. fl. But how does he make it so? In what does the happiness of heaven consist ? neportcr. vVhy. in being happy. I suppose. And the redeemed are made happy by con ton- .bating the gloiies of their Redeemer : by singing endless praises to Him, by wearing golden crowns and robes of spotless white, and roaming tliose sweet fields wiiich as the old hymn says, beyond the swelling flood stand dressed in livincc green. Mr. H. That is to say, the happiness of heaven, according to your views, consists in what might be termed a never ending religious holiday, with nothing to do except to sing praises to God, and feast on what you call heavenly delights ? • Reporters Yes, tliat is about it. Mr. H. How would you like that here on earth ? How would you like to stand in a temple or a garden for years, wearing a white robe, and with a gold crown on your liead, and a gold harp in your hand, and with nothing to do but to sing psalms ? Or to put it briefly, how would you like to live in everlasting idleness hero if you could. Reporter. It would be intolerable, of course. It would kill me or drive me crazy. Mr. ti. Exactly, just as it has killed or driven mad many a man who, having amassed wealth, and foolishly imagined that it m ould be heaven on earth to live in splendor and idleness, has supplied himself with a luxurious home, and quit business to enjoy it. Does not every such man tind out his mistake ? Reporter, Y'es, I went \xp to Connecticut last year aiui interviewed one of these veiy men. He liad an earthly paradise, but the devil was in it in the shape of idleness, and the poor rich old man told me he was going to start all orphan asylum, and run it himself, just to have enough to do to keep liim from going crazy or committing suicide. Mr H, You have lut it exactl.v. Activity is a law of life. Idleness leads to stagnation, and stagnation "is death. Every man must be active. A good man wants to be all the time doing something useful, an evil man wants to be all the time doing something hannful. The old gentleman that you interviewed in Connecticut, being a good-hearted man, his irrepressible craving for activity burst oat in a chaiitable direction, and he founded an orphan asylum. If he had been a bad hearted man his activity would have taken an evil direction. In the spiritual world ever:/ one has tne oaiiic paHBioiis ajiu uesires us liere. Tiie y:ood spirits seek to be useful, and the bad spirits seek to gratify their evil dispositions. The same laws govern the coalescence of the inhabitants of the world of spirits inio societies or communities which govern the same thing here. In this world the vicious seek out and consort with the vicious, and the good consort with i »6e that it Is d to Beo thnt if rie liollH ol' Iho iiKo,— it would tliere, and live )ve for BucU u p<^ace of mind t>int8it will be lo attributes of 3vilB to tliai of urity and holi- voiild be nuuli liow people go Ilia. in tlie Lome of i happiness of imed are made iinging endless less white, and id the swelling to your views, :! holiday, with what you call v'ould you like hite robe, and and, and with ow would you 111 me or drive y a man who, 11 be heaven on itli a luxurious iiu tindouthis iterviewed one levil was in it he was going 3 enough to do Idleness leads be active. A 1. an evil man 3ld gentleman rted man, his rection,andhe lan his activity every one has I be useful, and he same laws 3f spirits inio In this world d consort with I ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C. 4C3 S^.?.f.T'^' ^ w* ^^f ^^^^^^^ ^^^o """^ ve in thlH city, for exarnnlo on an v tfl v^n lue S'^rSlfeved Sn^^^^'i!'''' r ^^ loves the company of Uie vicious will HH«if nnf ,,i..jX!!/ . *^"*"" ,^* where he willoniov Idmself nS wm seek out vicious companions, and go show out and act out tlie love for the Loud an 1 hil ',» ,.n " IL\ -"i"*", "^ "7 devils anmpari8on with the y'ears? As arrivals work of instruction, ind tlie relation of igine what has be- le into tlie world of )usaiid years ago are ho infants that have e kept for ages upon as infants, and sent is of them not one re is to be any such sasonable to suppose wisdom, has made tioii? It would be ountless infants off a for their weKare here any reasonable lat the Lord has not ones that go in their ,r doctrine as to the But if Swedenborg's L Christians are f ore- ven they longed for. jssly says, that eveiy s, hnds exactly the »eople imagine that iiging, or sitting on >rfejisting with the an tliey are allowed 1 that they wish to e place where they tructed that heaven e name of the Lord, ence of heavenly de- [fish frratlfication of not only love their , and find ineffable accordance with the ■ greatest among you Reporter, But what do angels find to do in heaven? Mr. H. Everything tliat good \mn\ and women do in a porfoot etnte of society on earth, with of coui-se such exeeittions as giv.w out of tlio (iilfcr- ence between tlie material and tlie spiritual worlds. Some are teachers of religious truth to new comers from this world. Some, particularly women, tjike care of infants and childnui. Immense numbers are enmiged in watching over us who still live here in tliis world. " Are they not all min- j.tiuing spints sent forth to minister for tliem who shall be heirs of salvji- tion, (Ileb. i. 14), and as nianv, if not more, in ameliorating the miseries of the inmates of hell. It is there as it would l)e here in a communitv of good and benevolent people, eatth one does what he is best qualified for to promote the general welfare and happiness. lieporter. Will peojdo know each other there ? Mr. H. Yes, but if that knowledge is only of the outward seeming, as it often is m this \yorld, and not of real inttuior character, it will koou pass a .vay, because there everybody at lengtli has to show his real character, no hypocrisy is .possible there, lience. nnlei-s jieople have an interior aMimty for one another, they do not renuun together in the spiritual li( porter. Do you administer the usual oi dinances ? -ir^l^-J^' ^® administer the rite of BaiHism, and the sacrament of the Iloly Supper, and carry on our worship very much like other ChriHtians. are liberal in our notions as to other sects, and wit'> tliem all God Bpeed. The fact is the New Jerusalem is coming down out of heaven in all parts of the world and in all denominations. It has transformed the theology and the preaching of Christendom within a century. Heni-y Ward Beecher preaches more of the (^ence of the new cliurch doctrines tlian some of our own ministers. Bishop Clark of Rhode Island does the same. By the essence of our doctrines. 1 mean love to God and the neigh- bor carried out in actual life by keeping the commandments, both in their letter and their spirit. To tfie foregoing, we add ihe/oUowing extracts from Swedenborg. The Earth and the Human Race will Ahide fob Ever.— "That the procreations of the human race will continue to eternity, is plain from many considerations, and of wliich the following are the principal :— I. That the human race is the basis on which heaven is founded. II. That the human race is the seminary of heaven. III. That the extension of heaven, which is for angels, is so immense that it cannot be filled to Eternity. IV. That they are but few respectively, of whom heaven at present is formed. V. That the perfection of heaven increases according to plurality. VI. And that eveiy Divine work has respect to Infinity and Eternity. The angelic heaven is the end for which all tilings in the uni- verse were created, for it is the end on account of which mankind exists, and mankind is the end regai .^ed in the creation of the visible heaven, and the earths included in it ; wherefore that Divine work, namely, the an^lic heaven, primarily has respect to Infinity and Eteridty, and there- for^ to its multiplication without end, for the Divine Himself dwells within it. Hence also it is clear, that the human race will never cease, for were it to cease, the Divine work would be limited to a certain number, and thus its respectiveness to Infinity would perish. The Lord did not create the universe for his o>vn sake, but for the sake of tliose vrith whom He will be in Heaven ; for spiritual love is such, tliat it wishes to give its own to another ; and as far as it can do this it is in its being, in its peace, and in its blessedness : spiritual love derives this from the Di- vine Love of the Lord, which is infinitely such ; from hence it follows that the Divine Love, and hence the Divine Providence, has for its end a heaven, which may consist of men made angels, to whom He can give all the blessed and happv things which are of love and wisdom, and give them from Himself in' them." i. /. 6. ■ Many uus table minUs have raised a hue and cry about the worhl coming to an end, causing much fear and alanu when there was no just reason for it. The earth meant in the Word has come to an end many times, but not so God's fair and beautiful world of nature. 'ITiat is perfect for all tlie purposes of its creation and will remain so for ever. No teiTaqueoua '6^ 4G6 ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC. globe Is meant whon the Word says, " O earth, earth, earth, hear the worda of Jeliovah." Owing to tlio Bignlllcatioii of the have thought that L J _.. ^- „ ,, . . , i < ^ m.4. there fle»cribed, the end of the natural world is to be uJuderBU)od. But - - ■ - ..... .-> — .^v.1 . ..1 1..U It was the last bed by the ^^^ ,»v.»^. -- , ^ „ . '' ^OHD at hifl'Advent intothevvoiTd', a liist judgment wan executed by Him in the gniritual world at His Bcconil advent in 1757 ; it Ih the liittt judgment with every man individually when he dies, but it in altogetlier a vuintlnng to im- agine that eitlier of tiieae viHitatiorw could involve the destruction of the ■world. All such falhicieH have come to an end and will continue to do bo, for the simple reason that the declarations of tlie W*.rd are understood in a grossly liteial sense the sense of the '* letter which killeth," overlooking thatof the" spirit, which giveth life." .^ ^ ^r. . The end of tJie world prophets existed as long ago as the tenth century. ccording to Michelet's French HisU>ry, it was the universal belief of the Acconiing middle age the end of the world, and accordingly an middle age that the thousandth year from ' he nativity of (Jhrist would be U.T. . — 1 °j! i.i — 1^ „..,! ..,.»^...ii.i.,iir oil niinense amount of propen^' Bjuon.Sgive to such and such a Church, or monastery, such and such prop- erty, for the benefit of my soul." . « , ^i. !» Joseph Mede, the greatest autlidnty on this subject, twice fixed the end of the worM during the last century, and once during his lifetime. Dr. Woolf , a missionary to Bochara for the conversion of the Jews, cal- culated from the prophecies that the world would come to an end In 1848. When some one asked him during the following year how he came to make so great a mistake, tbe frank answer was returned, " Because I was a great ass." If other end of the world prophets had been equally candid, She victims of this deplorable delusion would have been much less numer- ous than they are at present. Lord Napier, the discoverer of Algbbra, made out that the end of the world would take place in 1810. In the ''Commentary on the New Testament" published under the di- rection of Mr. Wesley, the period fixed was 1830. Bengal, a mystical writer, calculated that the mlllenium would begin is 1836, and last 2000 years. Father Miller, as he was called, computed that the burning of the world would take place In the fall of 1843, or sometime during the f >llowlng year, and eventually It was given out as a sure thing that the en I would come on the 22nd of October, 1844, when the Lord would appear visibly in the clouds of heaven. Thousands were rendered almost insane wita excitement. Business was paralyzed and stores were closed in New York by the score. One stove dealer cloeed his place of business declaring that no more stoves would ever be wanted In this world. A shoemaker tried to wind up business by giving away his stock. A dealer In fruit, cakes, and confectionery, disposed ot his stock in a similar manner, to the great delight of the children, who wannly welcomed the propagation of this new faith among the confectioners and fruit dealers. The day appointed for the final collapse of the creation came round at last, but as might have been expected, nothing collapsed except the prophecy. One might reasonably have supposed that this exploded delusion would have ended at this point, but even now, some thirty years later than the above date, Mr. Miller's followers are still as sanguine as evor that a literal destruc- tion of the earth Is impending. Dr. Cummings has been at immense labor to prove that the end of the world would take place In 18G7. Thousands In Canada will remember the excitement caused by a ISTr. Baxter, several years ago, while deiivering lectures to prove the impend- ing destruction of our planet at an early day. That day has long since {)a88ed and gone, and the face of nature is still as fair as ever. I certaln- y know that if not admitted into their pulpits, Mr. Baxter wus invited by irth, hoar the the BPiritual d Word, many ion of the age erBtood. But [t WHH the last eri 'hed by the y til.) LoKD at •y Him in the lulKinant with inlliiiigtoiin- ructioii of the Liime to do bo, uiiderKtood in ," overlooking tenth century, il belief of the irist would be it of proper*' ,nd well at til Chiuch lantbi d, I, (Jount or ,ud such prop- fixed the end Btinie. the Jews, cal- n end in 1848. came to make ;auHe I was a lually candid, :;h leaa numer- jrof Algebra, under the di- ll, a mystical and last 2000 Lg of the world the f >llowin2 ;he en I would appear visibly it insane witn 1 in New Tork declaring that oemaker tried n fruit, cakes, sr. to the great Ration of this day appointed but as might y. One might id have ended le above date, iteral destruc- the end of the itsed by a IVTr. re the impend- [las long since ^er. I certain- was invited by OH '"ORRESPONDENCFS, AC. 467 ref?«'• "«»* o/ liJiZS' guide to the right "ideret «rmnff of I hrwnfV^T.^^^'-^^ ^ '^" ''"«" ^4 in this conneoiiou k» cSde^ Si« ,! !f ^.'" ^^ ^^i" »^'t ^>e uni-rolltiibie w;eli as its future. K.-mIH . hiitoSan ^L T^ "Jf "r. '»""*^» ^^-^ the ancient peoples i . rh n ,l i, ^ » S' traces ui) the hi ;ory of Bonic of to the llood,^.nVhtit^, as well as in hiH C'oncordance ^nd t^xl^tinX^^Lt^^^^^ ,^^t a man take then number. The Divi idea is exmtSlI h f "^'^ ^^ astonlnhed at respondence existi ng b. ^n a UooH nf^ul *^'^ '• ''i'"i«^' *^'o^» the cor- llfe and a flood of ii^quity, o^wiikedneL w fio^h'T^^/' *^'^'*"9>'" '"^t'"*^! Furthennore, the narrative ol tlie tin^/i h ■' ^^*«h destroys spiritual life. % e of composition, Xch cVnSsS in t w/ " '^".«" "\<^\« »'^«t ancient and allegories, in the descSptim/of ete' tSr.^^^^^^^ Hi.nilitudes, l't.""^«^"^t^o*i in a ditterent manneVfmn^t^/f^ ''*"^^"'' i» ^ which begins at the end of the Seveifth r> nf , r iteral or true liistorj- glyphics Inscribed on tlie te nnles l.,n! iL^l J'l^n'Jf"'*'- " Thelder(^ nans and Kffvntians ami th« »lii?i ' '"""i^; a"d buildings of the Assv- framed M^ZSQ^^Au^ wrf'i^n ?. ^^'^ "'^^^ *^« early afeeTs tary knowledges reSn ina fh« i^!; ^^'^^ ^" denved from the ^ragnum- ^%*»^Hhlngsf deSvlTfeat anSSs '."'"'' '''''''''' ^^^^'""^ ^^ i%;^~^ 2.00 yea™ ^a«r,n,-lntheisBueofi^'ftSr6otIlr^f/T.*n^ ^^f^^^^^^ ^'-^^^ «^e ^JT^ specnlations on tlK> probaS aS,^^^^ which may well startle even those who hn,ra^ i}>^ *^f *^® *^"»^»« «Pecie8 elusion that 6,000 vears car^ us bi^ ? ^S^n """^ '^^^^ «<^"^® *« ^^e ^on- homo. In fa^t. in Mr. wTlSe?, reokoninTi ^"^ ^""'^ ^ ^^ original a day. He begins by complainin/of tho tiS^f.r^J^^"'*"? ^^^^ a^-e l>"t as treating of this subject and points out tL f n^ ?*^ f scientific men when lowest esrimate in ord^o ^ on the Lf^^^r* ^^^T V^«f«rring the the evideiice tends to .show that the RafXi!?^- ?« declares that all flgnres. He reviews tlie various attemnf« to^*'.P''''V''*bly with the large the human remains or works of art aS'flL«fJ''^^'™'"^ *b« antiquity of have been pretty accurately fixed atT(V)0?n 4 n«n ^''^'"''^'^ ^^« ^" ^"^ope to of the .Swiss dwellings, at nm to 7 m^J^J'^^ T^'^-^^''- ^^^ s*one age period. The.burnttek fo Ko SSn^n^^h''VV *^"*«rio? cates an antiquity of 20 ooo ^r^aZ . f S^^ ^? *^® ^^ie alluvium, indi- 30.000 yeai-s. A SmL skeTetoS^^o inT«^^^^^^ «* ^2 feeT ^ves buried forests superpJsId fpoi" each o?her bt-* k ""^ ^^ ^^^*, below^our Dowler to have an antiquity of 60 000 yeari '"R^.TJ^f^l! calculated by Dr. before those which Kent's rnvAr^'o+n^^- -^"^ ^^^ those estimates nalo of the stalagmite is ?he cSef fTc?o?^n^f^n^^' legitimates. Befe thl drip upper floor Wch ''divide^lL relics of the CP»*^«on giving us aS S^:^^^^^^ Of the bont'^flt'eJS/rX "^^J^^^ cutin7hiB'stala^m"S^San^'^^^^^^^^ words, where the^stalaSe is 12 fi^^t^E^'^Vi'^ '"i^L^ ^^^We ; in othe? more tta a hundredth of a foot hS beef deniJSfn^'^Pi'*"^ "«P^""«' "oj rate of 5 feet in 100,000 ye^rs^'i^i^^'^^Xi^i^^^^l^l^^^^^ t .V IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i W A ^ .^^k^x ^^/ /j^'iL /- f/. ^ .^ 1.0 I.I >^ 1^ 12.2 ^ us, 12.0 1.8 ' 1.25 ||.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAINS ;S5" WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ 468 OK CORRESPONDENCES, AC nmch oldior and more crystalline ( t. e. more slowly formed) stalagmite be- neath which again, '• in a solid breccia, very different from the cave earth, undoubted works of art have been found." Mr. Wallace assumes only 100,000 years for the upper floor, and 250.000 for the lower, and adds 150,000 for the intermediate cave earth, by which he aiiives at the sura of half a million as repress ixting the years that have probably elapsed since flints of human workmansnii) were buried in the lowest depths of Kent'R cavern. Mr. Frank Calvert, of the Dardanolles, whose archaelogical and geologi- cal attainments stand high, has informed the Levant Herald that from the face of a cliff composed of strata belonging to the Miocene period of the Tertiary age he has extracted the fragment of a bone of either a dinp- theriuin or Maetadon, engraved with the fleure of a homed quadruped ; from which he concludes that the remarkable fact is thus established be- yond a question that tiie antiquity of man is no longer to be reckoned by thousands, but by millions of years. Regarding the Post Pliocene skull lately discovered, it is admitted by Prof. Huxley tO be a " fair human skull, which might have belonged to a Shilosopher, or contained the thoughtless brains of a savage." These inty facts bear rather hard on the evolution tlieory of Darmn, and cer- tainly go to show that if the human r*e have been evolved from apes and monkeys, accordiug-to Ids account, our ancestors must have lived In such " good old times " that the relationship must be very distant indeed* State of the World and Chubch, after, and in consequence OF the LAhij' Judgment.— *'Thesm apes and ved in sucli Ddeed. rSEQUEKCE nil! be quite ichhasbedl the natural ites, |)eace, societies ox as they ex- tiere will be .cm against ihquakes in things will I them will is not treat ily, of their out of such hese things lTeof the ftimilar in- outward ap- Ineswill be b among the a more free 58 which re- m. For all ► order, and )m tlience— , B, and from )b8erve this , because he 18 it is per- iiuce spirit- tie Word is [lei -18 of it, and he who Hence it is •e made for I by the last Lb, to nnder- itstood, and noved ; and aith pastsed en, the holy ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC. 469 ffi'*®^ Jerusalem cOming down from Goi> out of heaven nreoared aa a SJfhfa*?o""?«^r ''*** been veritied by actual lAstoriSSfwhSe^wI SL??o^^s;,iibe' %^1C?"?^2 «"*'«PWtude which it wouldreqSrea^o - «fif»!? **®^'J'?e. f nWast Judgment -was executed on such of the wicked as had passed mt» the spiritual world from the Lobd's time until th^velr 1757, but not upon those who Uved previous for a last Tii?eme Stay durW ^e f ^Si^*^* ^"^^ ^ ^^ ^*^ "* question, and ventell itself in murdefw ?hT«o"^' ^«^»^and persecuting millions of innocent human beSS the name of religion. To this period may be assigned tiie subUme dea cnptive imagery of tiie prophet^ when he says. "Behold daSsHshSl cover the eartii, and gross darkless tiie pSple," of wMch we 4ill onfv say that we have had the darkness with S nfost te^We verTty, f or even n©w the man of tiie church is but slowly emerging out of it True orde? 3*^%*^!^""*"^"",^* ^""^^^ himself 6f error aifd falsities before he can receive trutiiB, and all experience shows tiiat tiiis caronlv be effectJS Cfh^^S^'if "'^ "*-*^? ^^ ^4' *«*^« understanding be?omeMighSd ea?Ki2'D?odiTo?d\7Z^* substances or matters like those on tiie wfithink tCt thplJSA® ^""^ '7?^ ^^ atmospheres, is aflirpied by aU las?- and «S «?>^i*'® perpetual intermediations from tiie first to the fmm'theFiSt- and ti;?FSf«'1?t^"* *5T * ?^°' ««1^' ^"^ at lenSh butSiiiSfSJ/.^om^^^^^^ mediations from tiie First, c^ot Sn examS hi .f ?^^l^f ?^ disjointed from tiieir causes, which, like houSbuf lii^e hJipsfebish ^ '"^'^^^'^ *"^ ^S«' *PP^^ «<^* ^ ««r are deprived of all that is Divine itsefe ; befng as wa^^en^id Sm ^hSiriUrr*"^**^"' ^* tiie atmospheres, VhoseKthla ended ill wiSKeT^S^i^ii^fr^^i^^^^^^^^ to mSe^^S n^ii^^S^, ''^^^ "*'.'* ""^ notiiing, for nothing is notiiing, ar d TO make anything out of n. ohmg is a oontradiction, and a contradiction is 470 ON CORRESPONDENCES, &0. '^ contrary to the light of truth which is from the Divine wisdom ; and what- ever is not from mo Divine wisdom is not from the Divine Omnipotence. " Inanotlier place he writes, "Since tlie subsistence of all tilings of nature is from the sun, it follows tiiat the existence of all things is so too. " Tlie above wore singular statements to put forth during Swedenborg's day, when it was ahnost universally accepted as a truth tiuit the wond was created out of nothing, in the space of six days, about 6000 years ago. But since that time science has abundantly demonstrated the truth of what he taught, and this so clearlv, that at this day no intell^ent man can be fouhtt who will dem' that this planet derived its origin from the sun, and this at a period of time so inconceivably remote, that the capacity of the human mind fails to grasp the inuogcsity of its duration. " The globe in the tirst state in wliich the imagination can venture to consider it" says Sir H. Davy, " appears to have been a fluid mass, with an immense atmosphere, revolving in space aiound the sun. By its cool- ing, a portion of its atmosphere was probably condeiised into water which occuuied a portion of ita surface. In this state, no forms of life such as now oelong to our system, could have inhabited it. The crystalline rocks, or as they are called by geologists, the primary rocks, (granite) which, contain no vestiges of a former order of things, were the result of the fiiBt consolidation on its surface. Upon the f urtlior cooling, the water whidi more or less had covered it, contracted ; depositions took place ; shell fish and coral insects were created, and began their labors. Islands appeared in the midst tO/ Hie ocean, raised from the deep by the productive energies <^ millions of Zoophiles . These islands became covered with vegetaDle% fitted to bear a high temperature, such as palms, and various species of p^it?, similar to those which now exist in tne hpttest parts of the world. The submarine rocks of these new formations of land became covcjred with aquatic vegetables, on which various species of shell-fish, and common fishes found their nourishment. As the temperature of the globe became lower, species of the oviparous reptiles appear to have, been cres ' '^d to Inhabit it, and the turtle, crocodiles, and various gigantic an- imals of the Saurian (Uzard) kinds seem to have haunted tlie bays and waters of the primitive lands. But in this state of things there appears to have been no order of events similar to the present. Immense vol- canic explosions seem to have taken place, accompanied by elevations and depressions of the surface of the globe, producing mountains, and causing new and extensive depositions from the primitive ocean. The remains of living beings, plants, fishes, birds and oviparous reptiles are found in tlie strata of rocks which are tlie monuments and evidences of these changes. "When these revolutions became less frequent and the globe became still more cooled, and inequalities of temperature were established by means of the mountain chains, more perfect animals became inhabitants, 9uch as the Mammoth, • Megalonix, Magatherium, and gigantic hyena, many of which have become extinct. Five successive races of plants and four £k/ .^-w3J.'e ra^es of animals appear to have been created, and swept away by tJie physical revolutions ^the gloM, before the system of things became so permanent as to Jit 'the world jW man. " The various strata of the earth appear to have been deposited by the action of water, and in reference to this we quote from Prof. Agassiz, " that if the sediment from all the rivers in the world were spread equally over the ocean it would require a tliousand years to raise its bottom a Mngle foot; or about 4,000,000 of years to form a mass equal to the fossiliferous rocks ; and if instead of merely the present extent of the sea we include the whole surface of the globe in such estimate, the time required must be extended to 15,000,000 of years. The fossiliferous strata have been estimated to be eight miles in thickness. " From the above it would seem that fifteen millions of years have been required to produce the strata that have been formed since the diy land appeared, and the herb first grew upon the earth. No man can estimate the time required to cool the crust of the earth sufficiently to admit of the growth of jtregetation, and even now, f roin l'6c6iil experliiidiits maue az ureuzoo in r runcc, it nas uugu uciiit/iiiiX/riivcu. that the internal heat of the earth, 50 miles from the surface, is 4,600*', an intensity more Uiau sufficient to melt platinum and fuse the hardest rocks. ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC 471 ; andwhat- uipoteuce. " gs of nature too." vedenborg's .t tlie world K) years ago. he truth of lligent man in from the be, that the ts duration, venture to . mass, with By its cool- (pater which, If e such as illine rocks, aite) which, b of the tii-st vater which e; shellfish da appeared live energies L vegetables s species of t the world, me covered sU-flsh, and ture of the have, been gigantic an- le bays and lere appears imense vol- Y elevations mtains, and 3cean. The reptiles are ividences of nd the globe 1 establ&hed Luha?>itants, ntic hyena, es of plants reatea, and le system of The various 3 action of " that if the lly over the tangle foot; Bfous rocks; include the luired must a have been would seem e the strata le herb first of the earth n now, from is4,600<', an ixdest rocks. ne^thJfS^/^tel^I^*'® ^t'^Pl^l"'* precipitatedinto an ocean existinir near tpe foot of Queenstown heights, and must have tiiken at lp«st jSj (vm» ?f «^^gTp7n«l;^^^^^^^ ^^^ot c^nel of a river in its couiBe^ l^e vSZefpaS?^^^^ through the lava b^jfc Fr^m if e Vem-^ns-c^f^a^-old rSI^S'^,^^^?^^^^^^^ abovTtSpSrt^^XfS/sai^Sf ^«*^ perpendicularly «iail.ffl^'*ot'^®**,^yJf® learned and judicious Dr. Bayley of London nf%« tH«T^ ^ ^"""^ly ^ »^y ^ther science of creSioi^? W the 3S?er nJ JS« .^J^« ^"""i^^' Geology leads us from the Uving, blooKsffice « J^^^S^??!**"* "^^""^ ^^ f^^^^ through miles upon milis of strate KJd ^niS?^ '^Z'.w"*^ incalculable Ves. but Sways conducte 7^ toX- Seve^^ viJS^J^ilS fi.^\®* w^®"®' pjocene ana eocene, the Indications ox every-varving life, through the seventeen hundred feet deen of aands iS'lk^!^' ^^ I^'""' ^* ^««« *>^ «'«ati^« ene^yet dSinrttecS imr formations, they were not. Through thelyeteceous weSden wSi ?^?«^*'i^/^*''^' again crowded with thl fossil remains of iSe&SS inf^?S l?Z?S^f^"*^*^f J^*'^ *^^ "t^*^^' aJl of which were once s^? 3r!Sl A ^^*^*"«^' ^^K **^®^® was a time, however remote, when thev Trfn f^fL ^"^^'yPT 71 lower still, throueh the lower ooliies, the uS A??i,*i^l?^^4''' ^1^ ^l^® Mesozoicformaaons. or through the 80,000 feet nii^^J^^i?***" ^i?!.®!*^"®' *^® ^oa^ measures, and the Devoni^iS IS- 2blv rfnffi*^U"?i^**?'*r^"^ ^% «'? conducted to periods incTceiv- SSo^^^fV®* ^^ mmd sees as clearly as it discerns it of the daisy of to^ay— all these began to be, and in their beginning, and through all Aeir OnWl wh^^^if*l/^'"l^ «l^« Alndgh4 ener^es of that^AdSl? une by whom all things have been made that are made." r J;;^«^®uT?*^ '^^^ Heathen and other Nations out of the r?,7J^S ;r.^"»?^* common opinion, that they who are bom out of the ii, S f^^ t^^ are called Pagans and Gentiles, cannot be saved by rea- ww.^ JiJJ^y ?*''® not the Wor.T and thus are ignorant of the Lord, without whom there is no s^vation. But still that these also are 8ave(i, may be J^^'I^^/IT **"* .*^???i *^at the mercy of the Lord is universal, that is, Shn^r« t^-fil?r7+i."^' v**""^ ""?"' ^^^ *^®y are equally bora men. as those T^^^J^f^xW^^ church who are comparatively few, and that it is no fault of their's that they are ignorant of the Lord. With respect to Chri». nans and Gentiles in another life, the case is this: Chiistians, who have ««5^'^^®*^^^'*.*^.®v'^'^*^* 9,^ faith, and at the same time have ieda life of f« «,,^^ accepted before Gentiles, but such Christians at this day are few to number; whereas Gentiles who have lived in obedience and mutual chai- +^',, I® accepted before Christians who have not led a good life. When ^loli 'i^*"'^*®**' they behave themselves modestly, intelligently, and To &^-^? easily receive and imbibe, for they have foUed to themselves fio^a^"?.?f contrary to the truths of faith, as is the case with many Chris- ilT^f^52 ^^""^ H.t^^^^ ^^ «^"- A" Persons throughout the universe ^MSif k'^-'^^^^v^ *heLoBD, accepted and saved, who have lived in good, gOOa ItSelt being inat Xirlli^h vanaivaa ^m4-V r^^A 4;t.« ^A „r «J!„ T._s_*Li», _' Ift7n£^"fhl°^ ^^ ^^¥' thaVrsoflruthrevil oTM never'^ec^ivet Tt; fjh« 3L^^L^^*'^^.t.l'L®^^ *^^^^1^ ^« instructed a thousand ways,-8tili the truths of faith with thcim would enter no further than into the memory^ 472 ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC. and would not cntor into thb affection, which is of tho heart; wherefore also the truthiLof their memoiy are dissipated, and become no truths in the other Itfe."^ A. C. 2689. Man 8H0ULI> act as of himsklf.— "Such is the Law of order that man ought to do goo i trom beneath. Augustine's opinion is as follows: "It may therefore be .ruly said, tiiat in- fants dving without baptism, will be in a state of damnation of all the most mild. But greatly does he deceive and is he deceived, who afflmis that they will not be damned." De Peccat merit et Remiss J Ah. 1. c. 16. Fulgentius writes as follows: "We most flrmly hold, and by no means doubt, that Infants, whether they begin to livo in their mother's womb, and then rtte, or, after being born pass from this life without the sacrament of holy baptism will be punished with the everlasting punishment of ETERNAL FIRE." Fulgenlius de Fide ad Pet. Dine. Chap, xxvii. Calvin, in his reply to Castalio says, "Persons innumerable are taken out of Ufe while yet infants,— and God precipitates into eternal death HARMLESS INFANTS TORN FROM THEIR MOTHERS' BREASTS." In his Insti- tutes the stem Genevan further inquires," I ask you again, how has it happened that the fall of Adam has involved so many nations with their xnjant children in eternal death ivithmit remedy, but because it so seemed good in the sight of God ?— It is a dreadful decree, I confess." Inst. Lib. lii. c. 26. Zaneldus, another high authority of the age of Calvin, in his reply to Pighius writes as follows: "even young serpents and the whelps of wolves, ^^J^^'^^^ot_HSy&t hann^anybody, are put to death, and with justice.— i lieicfOru, ISVEN INli-AKTS AKI5 DESERVEDLY DAMNED, Oil account of the nature they have, to wit, a >vickod nature and repugnant to t he law of God." Even tho tender hearted Dr. Watts writer in this way, "Upon the whole. ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC. 478 h-fT«^* ''^/"if^^tn or*firi«a/ /,m, are torUented by God m a3/^»4 T« hfl^2 ca»mYe«« wt^A Ai« ^6so/M^e Katred of the Vessels ofUmSi 4l Fd ?& IkI^S^""^^'*'' ?•r*^«^ member of this famoim As^'birwrite's^It inff whoLxl?ifo^tf ®'~^^ ^'^ ^*"y "^^^« children are andshaU b2 who wJoShnn-E^nS « P^ Canton, a popular preacher at Parlia^m! «M«?oV.*o f^ hundred and thiity-nine sei-mons on the cxlx Psalm comnarpa 1 TT^1.7JHf J certainly go to heaven,) you have heard it evidentlv proved L^ wi*"*"""^ ^'■^ sinners, and desehre damnation. 2. That manv?Eti ThJS^ t?.^!®*^®'^;?^ ^**^' *"<* FIREBRANDS ol ^j.^^^' ,^,"»^™a"y'n^nt^ w« fw«t $! *^ ^l'***^"^^^® '*"^ ^th the sulphurous emanations of the nit ™c2?"^«®^ ^^} l^estion, but thanks to the advancing lirfit of the >£w SL^^d Thenl'nil*' **T^rf f ?«*''*"«' ^^^"^ ^^^^ maSyXS penning to with the good tlSvf^rA^^ Sir ^ ?^® *"'^"^S^ ^"*<* ^^l" a^d falaes, but cheprfin TT^^^ti^^'T.^^"!^,*^®"*'® turned into coloil either sad or Tin^^ d^I ?he niS^«?wte*'fA' ^*^^ whereinlieshid anowl atoad^ v!*.o,,«f I'l • J ^® "^® ^® ^^®" it hatches eggs in which lies hid a dovp a uL w^adSmanirfn, J^^*''""^ generlfwithiXxoutoflhe splS2 Hnt «;i; ^ !2.^" is this, that man cannot think anvthina from hirnsfllf and how man can ^'^''J^^^'^t^^l^.'^ri^U^'Si^^^^^iS!^^^- form conclusions thencft- >». ..a "■■°"'-^"«-* *- ^.^ .,, ,. .. - 474 ON CORRESPONDENCES, &Q. influx canhot think at all, and tliat on the ceesation of Influx the all of thought oeasos." Arcana Ceeltstia. We may learn from the foregoing the inmost ot Icln of all the idea8> thoughts and various shades of deling that can possiblv enter the niind of man, and the source of that wifidom whidi he too often fondly calls his own, euablinehimnotonly to think reverently or otherwise regarding God and the realiues of eternity, but to enter into worldly avocatums, such as the planning and building of houses, palaces or ships, inventing and con- Btructing machinery, prosecuting agricultural, professional, or mechaidcal operations, or in fact e v ery thing without exception connected with civilized or uncivilized life. From the spiritual world, the wprld of causes, flow in those thoughts which as we say, "strike the mind"Jn important or unim- portant occasions as the case may be. The origin W these thoughts is all the same whether or not they may be induced by the assistance of external objects; for instance the swaying of a suspended lamp in a vaulted Cathe- dral was instrumental in conmying an idea of the principle of the pendulum to the mind of Galileo; the nul of an apple lead the mind of Newton to investigate the theory of gravitation ; the rattling lid of a boiling tea-kettle led Watt to form an idea of the power of steam which resulted in giving vs the steam engine; lastly, to adduce another instance, a miner near Newcastle is severly crushed in both his limbs and is consequently confined to his bed for su^ral weeks. He falls into a train of thought regarding the best method of transporting the coal wagons over the tramways from the mouth of the pit to the shipping, without the aid of hoi-ses. After long reflection hk sen^s tothefleldfor two turnips, and after spending some time in carving them into many curiously shaped pieces, he adjusts each Siece exactly into its proper place, and after sending for Mr. George tepnenson the superintendent of the mine,* presented Mm with the first model of a locomotive engine. Such was the origin under Providence of an invention which has done so much for the world. In every such case it appears to man as if his intelligience was self-derived, when nevertheless, the truth as presented by Swedenborg, shows us that his wisdom is derived solely from the infinite source of all wisdom, the Lobd alone. The Ceiterion fob Character.— " Man may know which he is amongst, whether amongst the infernal spirits or the angelic. If he in- tends evil to his neighbor, thinking nothing but evil concerning him. and actually doing evil when in his power, and finding delight in it, he is amongst the infemals, and becomes himself also an infernal in the other life ; but if he intends good to his neighbor and thinks nothing but good concerning him and actually does good when in his newer, he is among the angelic and becomes himself an angel in the other life." '%et a man search out the end which he regards in preference to all the rest, and in respect to which subordinate ends are as nothing : and if he regards self and the Vorld as ends, be it known him that his life is an infernal one ; but if he beards as ends the good of his neighbor, the general good, the Lord's Kingdom, and especially the Lord Himself, be it known to him that his life IS a heavenly one." " A man serious in his duty towards God and his neighbor, may always know whether he is on the right road to salvation or not, by examining himself and his own thought by the Ten commad- ments : as, for instance whether he loves and fears God ; whether he is happy in seeing the welfare of others, and does not envy them ; whether on having received a great injniy from others which may have excited him toangerand to meditate revenge, he afterwards changes his sentiments, be- cause God has said that vengeance belongs to him and so on ; then he may rest assured that he is on the way to heaven, but when he discovers him- self to be actuated by contrary sentiments, on the road to hell;" Arcana CoNCEBNTNO AoE IN HEAVEN.—*^ Those who are in heaven are continu- ally advancing to the spring of life aiid the more thousands of years they live, to a spring so much the more delightful and happy, and this to eter- nity, with increments according to the progresses and degrees of love, chanty, and of faith. Of the female sexj those who have died old and worn out with age, and have lived in chanty towards their neighbor, and in happy conjugal love with a huBuand, after a Buccession of years come more and more into the flower of youth and adolescence, and into a beauty which exceeds every idea of beauty ever perceivable by the sight. Good- ■mb. ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC. 475 X the tXi of the ldea& he niind ox [y calls hlB ftrdingGoD fUB, such as g and con- mechanical th civilized ses, flow In it or unini- uehts is all of external Ited Cathe- jpendulum Newton to e tea-kettle a in giving miner near tly confined t regarding iways from After long iding some djusts each VIr. George ith the first evidence of such case it jverthele^s. I is detived hlch he is . If he in- ig him. and in it, he is [1 the other g but good I among the man search n respect to ;lf and the ; but if he the LoBD's m that his loD and his o salvation a commad- Bther he is J ; whether excited him timents, be- hen he may covers him- ;" Arcana ire continn- years they this to eter- 368 of love, led old and Ighbor, and years coiue ito a beauty 5ht. Good- hesB and charity is what forms and makes a resemblance of itself and causes tiie delightful and beautiful of charity to shine fo^ from Ihe Siv w/w ""^ <^l'ace' «« «»»* they themselves are fonns of Xrity^ SXJSyS been seen by some and have excited astonishment. The forms of charity ^ich are seen to the life in heaven, are such that charitv itself l«rS**o!®«*f 1\ *^^ is eftlgied, and this in suci a manner, that the whole ^el, especially the face, is as It were charity, which manifestly both ffitJ"'aff2fHi'.^">f^\^^%^^i."*^ '^"^' ^^»«» ^* *« behelSTte inoffSblS Deauty, affecting with chanty the very inmost of the mind. In a word fhf?^»?!oiS^**\f"j!L*? ^"^"^^ y^l'^,« ' *^®»« ^*^o liave Uved in love to -S«». KiL^5"** J" charity towards their neighbor, become such forms, or such beauties, in the other life." Heaven dnd dell. 414. ' «,!;+v,Iw ^iv/NR Providence And Trust In The Lord. "They who S^i^Sfiolf.l* ^"^ ^eJlORD continually receive good from him, for whatst^ „X^ »fj[ft"8 them, whither it appears as prosperous or unprosperous, is still good, for as a medium it concfuces to their ftemal felicity : but thev who Fn't'iw *"»8t in themselves. continuallyWduce evil upoi SieSve^ i« nrv%SI!r ^f^^"" j^^™ ^^ti^O'^gl^ it appeai-s as prosperous andhapK? 18 neyerthelewevil, and hence as a medium conduces to their eternal un- happlness. If you are willing to be led of the Divine Providence use pru- Sf-™^.^*®!1!*"* ^^ minister who faithfuUy dispenses th* goodS of K^ ^^^^ ' «^8 prudence is the pound which was given to the servants tor tradinff, of wHch they should give an account, Matt xxv. 14-25. This Is tiie prudence with which the Divine Providenc4 acts as one " ^JlJ^IF^ PKii^^^^'^^ ^» ^ ^^^ o*" USES, FULL OF Delights.—" In \ft^^Z ^ ^^5 it may be observed, that tiey who are in charitV, that ifi'^- ^^i^^y^^^^i *^® "^i^i*^"^' wi^ch imparts a living delight to their ?f ,«iS'®'i'***V''.S.**'? '™iti<*" «i^ »^o pleasure, except in the perfonnance ^l^f ; for charity is a nothing unless it manifests it«elf in &ie woAs of w™„ 2? *"**^ ** consists in exercise or use. He who loves his neighbor as 5nrtSlT^®i5*I^i*y*!*^®°l"«®«' SuchisthelifeoftheuniverBalWven; nf „^- H*^^ kingdom, being a kingdom of mutual love, is a kinKdoAi f^Tus^ rrthT"^ P^^^Vr,^^^^^** ^'•^^ charity receiVes its deS anThftnpU^hl*'?^ T'® exalted the use, so raucK the greater is the deliglt; ««iJ:^*^®i^® angels receive happiness from the Lord accordine to the ireX7he*ilJS?'«*^^ r^ ^^^J P^^^'^'"- So also it is i^tL eve?y plea! ^^ ^l™"^^"^® distinguished its use, so much the greater its deUeht " «J?«^ f5®>f o®^"^^J'*^^— S*'^"** rea^^ dictates that Si are prf des- tined to heaven and no one to hell.-The end of creation is a heaven from ^tver^^e ™^^^?^ "'^^ was created that T might cJme K dIX? Wtedoi^c^nni^n^^''"^^ do Otherwise than will this, and the x/iviiie wisaom cannot do otherwise than provide for it WfinoA ve ww^>f f?? Fcdestination than to heaven is contrary to wW^Islnfinile iWi^h ni*"^^ 'r^?P contrary to the Divine Wisdom TUX 18 innnite— ihrough Divine truths and Divine ffooda as mAAnn tti« who wlKerd ^?i?^' ^^if"^' which%s%he sSvSn of ™anTf^r*hI ^n^laiifnl* end, wills also the means.-The operation of the Divine Sd Ais liff ^n?^!"'*" commences from his bffih, and lite until tbi It is to be krfo^n ?w ^'iT^*^ ^ eternity. That this may be understood, wills to bP th,T« 4, w*y,*¥ ^f^^"" sees what man is, and foresees what he SSiatmi ?Wh«i?®Jf **" ^^' and the yv«er/omo/ Aw will cannot he So^ K'an^iwi??^ S^ ""r' *?^ thence immortal, as has been before andSovidl«X*^ r/^' ^^•^'■^f^f.f *^® ^^»» foresees his state after deaths he D?oSdi iS '* ^""fiS ^'^ ^!J*^ ^^.®" *? t*^« ®"d of his life; with the evii SitS ?iyJ .^^XP®""**^i'S and continnally withdrawing from evils ; but deSe?^oK?,.nnir?''l?;^''^y^^'^^"S.*^ ?^d; thustlie Divine p'ro^- mSretx^^l^f^^V^n^ operation of saving man, but there cannot be ^^^ „ ? T^ *r? «'*'^»»fl' to be saved, and they are willinff to be saved 5?2„«??",«^iedge God and are led by Him. and thev are not willlnfwho heirthftt''mi«''^^2P.^?^'"i'^'?''i themselves. It "is by Influence "from Rnt S^^ k5?®* ®^ii *?** ^J influence from the Lord that he does good. But as man behoves that whatever he does, he does from himself, the 476 ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC. conBeqnence Is. that the evil which he (loe» Adhered to him as his ovrti. It hence followB that the cauHe of his own evil Uoh wltli nmn, and not at all with the Loun. Evil as existing with man, is hull, as existing with him, for whether you nay evil or hell, it uniounts to the Hiime tiling. Now Hliioe the cause of Ids own evil lies with man hiniHtdf, it follows that it is he who casts himself in 10 hell, and not tlie Lord, and bo far is the Lord from leadlnu: m^n into hell that he delivers from hell, go far aa the man doe« not will and love to abide in his own evil." JHvlne Pnwidence. 322. On Hbredit\rv Evil. Everyman Is bom into the world with evil propensities and depraved inclinations, derived from a long lino of an- cestors. These pro{)en8itIe8 and Inclinations, are not Imputed to man as Bins, because they have been inherited through hereditary transmission, and thus he cannot prevent them. But these depraved affections are the aveimes through which infernal agencies How In as a Hood and tempt man by the Insemination of evil desires and wicked thoughts, and it is just here where man's responsibiltor begins, if he, by virtue of the free will given him by God, compels hTmself [and in tlds compulsion there exists the highest freedom], to resist and al)hor these evil desires and thoughts, and turns from tlieni as accursed and aliominable, and does that which is ; ust and right he obeys the commandments, and saves his soul. If, dn he other hand, he does not restrain himself, but yields to temptation, if n his heart he thinks that evil is pemdssible, even though he does not ac- tually carry it out to the extreme of actual prepetration, for want of op- portunity, or through fear, or other causes, In this case he makes it his own by lovirti; it, and doing it whenever he can, and thus disobeys the commandments which says that evils are not to be done. •' He who Is willing t J be saved, must conifeaa his ains and do the work of repentance. To cmifeaa sins is to know evils, to see them in himself, to acknowledge them, to make himself guilty, to condemn himself on account of them ; when this is done before God, it constitutes the confession of sins. To do the work repentance is to desist from sins, when he has thus confessed them, and from an humble heart to make supplication concerning re- mission, and it is further to lead a new life according to the precepts of faith." As to what has been alleged in the above statements concerning the nature of every man bom into the world, even our adorable Redeemer was no exception. He, "the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of the world," did no sin, neither was guile found in His mouth." But for the sake of man's salvation, he assumed tl\e Humanity at the very lowest and darkest hour of its existence, with all its infirmities, inclinations to evil and liability to temptation and suffering, derived from a long line" of ancestry, through Mary. In no other way could the Saviour be said to bear the sins of mankind, as it is written, "Surely He hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows ; yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities ; the chastisement of our peace was upon him ; and with his stripes we are healed,— and the Lord hath laid on him the iniaulty of us all," Isa. liii. 5, 7. These hereditary evils in the form of the love of self and the world, were the channels through which the powers of darkness assaulted Him in temptations a thousand times more grievous than any man could possibly sustain, and these evils, together with the whole infernal crew, He overcame and vanquished by means of His ovm proper power, through the indwelling Divinity. From this ground He said to His disciples : ** The prince of this world cometh, and ath nothing in me. " *' Be of good cheer, I have overcame the world," " I beheld Satan, as lightrdng, fall from heaven," •• To him that overcometh will I grant to sit with me on my throne, even as I also overcame," Rev. iil. 21. In no other way cotild he become a Saviour than by assuming the Hu- manity, and thus coming nearer the same plane as that of the spiritual enemies of mankind, for in His absolute Divinity, God is a consuming fire, nnar^proachable by any angel, mueh less by an infernal spirit. By temptations, sufferings and continual victories over evil. He ovproamo prtncipalitJes and powers, tiiumphing over them on His cross, glorifl6ivine ove. ThiB 1h for their own Bakes bnifnrfifJi^L^V""^*"' % ♦^'^J' *io <^«n> gooU not tiie love ofTmS tS^£iLili^Liiu^'*'u'i' T i^ ^^''^'■^"y n.aSife«t in oaiiHe He ia to be Xrod woVshLnlu? i»^^S''' ?",«\«d, that the Lord, be- Bhlp, and glory for^Hia own S hnt h/^^ loves adoration, wor- since man tJie^bycSne8liftoH.n>^^^ !S 'o^.<^« sakeo/nian, and bo perceived; for in a Htate of tn,Sff' *^"^ """ ^^^^"« «"> A^^ i^I which hinders influx and rocm?tim. hTi"^*' """«" removes hin pronrium, Belf, serving to Se?^Ld^^h^T^ '« tHe fove oi knowledgment that fiom himaelf 7ifn.««^^n P*". ^l ^•^"'oved by the ac- Lrrd notJdng but aooTh^c^elT:iV2'J^'\«^^^^ «"d /rom the r7 A *T 1 1 *»«^"i uuiujcii conies ii lation froinyWc^lowsloVTh'Smtlon «!!d therefore believe, tlmt the Lord !« ^^Yn. «^. t * . -, ■' that He is with tijowe who dn wJi *1 "" ^h^^^ "^^^ «"ly a*lore Him, but with the latter He hrIaHab?de bu? noT^ltrih ' f^'"" ^**.? »^^^^^"" '^^««-- On Man and His dSiny -h,,i „ !^^ ^ *\® fw-mer." n.L. W.,m. - . approaching, iuS ^s'^sulj asl^r.f.^S'i ' f ^H^^r.^l^l^^^?;.^"!^^^^^^^^ unt. ffi de&bircn^,fr.";±"^^ l^^,V>."« .^« ;««« ^e'^ai^ on that account. This desirabl^ coTs .n/nmtioi. ^ iViT® i^^^^'* .*'t'^«*" ^^ *»>»* endeavor to Uve according i^Ji" order VniS»fn«'5*f^ by a universal constant effort for useful McuSuon with r,^iV.i fi ^*^^« «"** esteem in cordance or Idleness in ft«v f/?J^ ^ ; i*"?*''^^'^*"^® *or jarring dis- hapDlneVcan milv tLnlf ^l '^""; ,^*^* *J^ *>« »* once understood that |lir?MM wy,^""® ^'^^'^i^ **«*•; «"<» pernicious to he health Jf conmZ senH« had free swav. if natural laws were obeyed, aiidSessed sufflciVn?t5f"!® f/.iw?^>,P?"l?'*^®"^*''j'^»**on is the existence of the human race i+ swiet WhJ'^«ff«««^"'?"* happiness and pure delight derived from sweet, Dii^ht. affectionate, amiable and dutiful cKlldrATi oitH +1^: S^and'fmlS ^ok^nt?^ ^^-S from "■: ^^ii "^Y^» Do.som^ will be transmitted as „ ^.^x ana uixoagn it to generations yet unborn! What a reflection ! On the 478 ON CORRESPONDENCES, ^C, other hand, ovory state of mind cultivated by the parenUi, as to content- ment, Heron Itv purity peace, goo ^.., «.... p^jr thousands of years mankind Rf ' jaws, iierecuye drainage and sewerage, foul exhalations ; bad air, bad foo« almorunivS f« ^^*^ the human race, yet on the attainment of that desire, it annears £e o1?ls'^eX^rint^Pf"r*^57 ir^*^^''' equally stronrtodeV^^S S«,l ^K 1.4 ?P*"'^®^ beautifully express it, to be "gathered to our teiJ wh'ioh?^n'SS7fLT "ot*«""de™tand, int^i-mentin the same cem^ Sr^S ^tw^^fj?'f^^'*"^^,*'5 our departed progenitors, but a veritable «SlA^ W«Sf r^ ***,*^® ^^^^7 ^\ "l"'^ "^i"? ancestors, who have pre- ceded us into eternal world. A celebrated physician, wLo has devoted much time and extensive observation to the statistics 'and habits of^d Stn«?f' »*te^8tating that temperate living and a high degree of Xl ?SS vi'rf ^^iv^^^K"®*'®'^^ ^ ^f ^^^"8 *^""™»" "^« *o tt^e extreme age of i^ff^X^^JSS®^?'^''^"'^^ *^** **! "r®'^ ^"^^^ a centenarian who was £?.+^^^T"^'',?i^"^.17®l', anxious to depart, and exchange the present for the future life with all its unknown realities. In view Sf the unsneak- able horror with which death is usually regarded, and tHe tenac%*^h m^r^rn%h?l9''?»5^i'^f ^!?'?"f.**! P^T' ^^^-^^^ say that thereVnot mercy in this? Does it not indicate a ripeness for another life which is to be permanent, together with a sort of prescience and tacit aeknowlAda- laCiiii, wia*; alter au tfiio iiio ia lueiely a preparative one '/ ~ ~ ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC. 479 tielr txuUi. WHM to be Arabian e military yet ill tho ; witli the • lich visits tirl fourUi viMitation Good for mankind ilera w6re buientfor that the 1 Bani' vy bad Uyoii, lay tlieir t» is per- remature other life lably tills lal sense, or this is lie spiiit, replenish ) precious tenderly 1 no other 'estment, i mothers lat every lereafter, you and he two it tementa, t univer- b appears Sai-tthis to our ne ceme- veri table lave pre- devoted 9 of aged of vital le age of who was present inspeak- 3ity with ire is not which is lowle^c- child thus aflti^tedls tenfohl nZ dZrvh?,*'^rVr^V'' I'»i'»"l»"'«>'t; (he In Urn education of chlhSenTvi nL^^^^ suasion pf)HM«HM almost omnl^.^tent?' «'*"*t"''«' '"rbearHiice. and iiu.ml brance of youFkhdi^Hs iu emSn*^'^^ *^''*'**. ' 'l*'"''*«"' "'« reinem- best resulu to yo i^Srd^ r ui vo,^^^^^ X^.^Hnh?''"'"^ ^" "iV*^ ''«*^^« ^'*»' ^he are obliged, du^ng UieovenKf life to-'Ua?^^ V*'""^ among outside fiiendrt fnr Hi« uV.iJ.. ' ^. i^?*^ ">r a bare existence selves^KiiousTurorchm^^^^^^^^ them with a never ending flowS b tt"? wordn Th^r^L^^ T*^ "*^"^*""« the sceptre with suuremJ*.H>w«r I'/l'J^? "'..A*^ '«'^«"» !«* ?ye "way ^l^^=ror,^^ftr^ for he must eventually „^ his uST„' 'thr, ^'*"?^« ^^»*» ^^e worl^ covetousness, pride, eU*^ are sinful ^t^^^^^ L^^^' *"'" T"^ Profanity, l»8t as enticing to evil, and if he irnrnnl.ril ^ i. ^V'"^*"**"'^ ^^ dangerous goiKl exai.?nle set be" ore him Cwill iCn '^'{'"^7^ '^'".' »".«^"'*'^*^' **<^ » flon. Let him run and jumpniav at ha i nr IV^* ^'^ .T 4 ""^ *»*" ««^" ^oU- content. There is no bin * ',,^ffit ,f u ;«5 *^'^''® ^^" i^'^P ^ >'*« h«arfg strengthen tbe frame, bStenSemlnH «.,?f'**^;.*^ 'f"" <^« '""scles, •uperetructuro of thf^tutSTm^ Y^^^^^^^ ^^""SilnM \V^^"' who"dTd"not do Te 'Si^Tl^ f„ roJn'^stv'e? thing is in tliem and in them for a good puipose, ami it must cJml Is exercise as thnir nRt.ir« ,.?«»,.>♦!; ♦».T.^lu".:'^r,,'""''.*,9<^"?« Tlie ».K'ia-KSS"-i;F"i^-"'»'?'-'-"--S5: NEW CUUKCH BOOKS AMD PAMPHLEl'S FOR SALE by James Spiew, 86 BlooiMbuiy St. London W. C. England. E. H. Swlhney, 20 Cooper Union, New York City, U.S. A.; Carter & Pettee, SBeacon St. Booton, Mass. U. S. A. In the following list the postaire 18 included, unless otherwise spec fled. The prices In England va^ from tne icllowing, which have reference to American money only. Price. Post. Clowes, Parables l.fiO 9 c. 0. Clowes, Deli ({iits 1.25 r 1.50 44 Arcana CoBleatfa, 10 vols., each Apoc. 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