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iMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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6
'■\ .
K
THE
«^ -V.
K.
AETIZANS' GUIDE
AND
EVERYEODY'S ASSISTANT,
BMBKACma ZnZABLY
• ■
FOUE THOUSAND NEW AND VALUABLE
RECEIPTS, TABLES, &c.,
IN ALMOST EVERY BRANCH OP BUSINESS CONNECTED
WITH CIVILIZED LIFE, FftOM THE HOUSEHOLD
TO THE MANUFACTORY.
By R. MOORE.
m
Frioe in Cloth Binding, t2.00, in Koroeco, $8.00.
rflS^I"^ PBINTIHOAKD PCBUSHIKO cS.f MONTMA^. P»^8 l^lfSSJIlxS^
:
\
wanfed. Books Bent to AgenU C. O. D. Send KSar.
iWontreol:
Printed by the LOVELL PRINTING AND PUBLISHING CO.
1875.
a i
u? \\T>^'^^i mi^ /?75t
PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION.
This work will be found to embrace an immense amount
of the most valuable information regarding almost every
branch of useful mdustry. The information has been
collected from many reliable sources with much care and
expense, many of the items being valuabfe trade secrets,
consequently obtainable only at a heavy cost. On the
whole, " T^E Artizan's Guide" will be found to em-
brace a vast amount of most useful knowledge in connect-
tion with business and manufacturing requirements, as well
as the no less indispensable department of domestic uses,
much of this information being very difficult to obtain in
books. The Appendix, embracing the subject of Corres-
pondences, &c., having received the approbation of many
worthy persons who kindly patronized the former editions
of this work, is now inserted in a modified form which it
is the intention to continue in future editions. Many
persons who are in proper states for receiving these
truths remain in total ignorance of their existence, and
have no means of knowing them except throu^ ^^ some
such effort as this. These explanations are now append-
ed for the benefit of all such, certainly not for my own
personal emolument, except so far as happiness may be
derived from the consciousness of having tried to benefit
others. The work has been thoroughly revised and late
improvements brought down to date.
April, 1875.
[Entered according t<> Act of Paxliameut, in the year One Thousand
Eight Hundred and Seventy-five, by R. Moobe, in the office of the
Miidster of Agriculture and Statistics of the Dominion of Canada.]
GENERAL INDEX.
Baking, Cooking and Preserving Receipts ... 5
Farmers, Stock^wners, Horse-shoers, Liverymen's
Keceipts
I^ers, Bleachers, Clothiers, Hatters,' Furr'iers, &c* ' 4J
Medical Department, for Physicians, Dentists,
families, Barbers, Perfumers, &c.. Receipts . . 54
Grocers, Tobacconists, Confectioners, Domestic
Wines, Teas, Sealed Goods, Soaps, Syrups, Cor-
;^ dials, Beer, Ice Cream, &c. , Receipts and Tables. 85
^ lanners, Curriers, Furriers, Boot, Shoe and Rub-
^ ber Manufacturers, Harnessmakers, Bookbinders,
^ Marble and Ivoiy- Workers, Anglers, Receipts,
^T": • • • •. . H9
I . Painters, Vamishers, Cabinet-makers. Gilders
Bronzers, Piano and Organ manufacturers, Glass-
makers, Stainert, China Decorators, Potters,
C Pohshers, Architects, Builders, Bricklayers,
Zr w^ . "*'' Kalsominers, Stucco workers, &c. . 139
^ Watchmakers, JeweUers, Gilders, Colorers, Refiners,
^ Gold and Silversmiths, Burnishers, Diamond
cutters, Lapidaries, Sweepsmelters, Enamellers.
Receipts, Tables, &c .^
Engineers, Master Mechanics, Locomotive Builders *
Boiler-makers, &c. . . *
j Cements for all purposes, 48 kinds* .*/.*** 054
i^ »^^ Mills Flour MiHs, Cotton Factories, &c. 258-301-355
r>. Blacksmiths, Cutlers, Locksmiths, Spring, Saw
(^ and Safe Manufacturers' Department . . ' oro
Machinists' Department .... ?:!
•'mt^mmmmm
GENERAL INDEX.
,»
Iron, Brass, and Bell Founders, Iron Manufao-
turers, &g 283
Plumbers, Tinmen, Hardware Dealers, Gas and
Steam Fitters, Japanning, Bronzing, Lacquering,
&c. 806
Carpenters, &c 329
Gunsmiths, Engravers, Die Sinkers, Stencil Cut-
ters, Printers, Photographers, &c 889
Oil Manufacture &c 850
Calculations for Contractors, &c 868
On Navigation, the Compass, &c . 856
On Sugar Refining 861
On Cutlery, Needle, and Button Manufacture. . 862
Lead Pipe, Brass and Iron Tube Manufacture . . 864
Gold and Steel Pen, and File vlanufacture . . . 867
Smelting of Gold, Silver, Iron, Copper, Lead, Tin,
Antimoir , Zinc, Iron and Steel Manufacture,
&c. , , 864
Items for Daily Remembrance ......... 379
Interest Table, Ready Reckoners, &c. . . . . . 383-891
Lumber and Timber Measurement Tables. ... 392-896
Iron, Metal and Moulders' Tables 396-401
Pattern and Model Makers' Table, l^ength of
Columns . 401
Wood and Bark Measurement 402-403
Capacities of Cisterns, Cubic or Solid Measure . . 40^1
Weights of Cast Iron Pipes - . 405
Diameters, Circumferences and Areas of Circles . 406-410
On Correspondences, &c 411
"
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288
805
329
389
350
353
856
361
362
864
367
364
379
383-391
392-396
396-401
401
402-403
40^1
405
406-410
411
^ VALUABLE RECEIPTS-
5* BAKING AND COOKING DEPARTMENT.
;%,.;
*
r
iHff^«?^ BBBAD.--The quantitieg and best maimer of mixinc the
fhf SStinS^®"*® necessary to make good bS, vL to lake
poraxwes weu boUed and mashed in a tub. with 1 hnnkfit n#
r^i ^*° ^"™^' ^^ ^*ter should brabo^milk-wan? to
^^.T""}" ""^'^f' ' -^ *" «««8 *W8 mustX governed X'thS
w«ather), six pounds of flour and five quarts of veaS-nH? S«
^me ^ ^h S^t''Z,«*^ '' "^T- ^^*« beJte^T' V^k tt
however, varies much rsometimS ifwTrise to St hou«"S
tekf 2*i;rckete ol S^" r ^M^^S*''- AUto^kfLs^ngS
raice zi buckets of the above ferment, and 2i buckets nf w«ti»
raaxe w mto light dough, with flour for SDonire Whtn Thii
When it should be placed to the ovnn w n a i^-^„ v V^^i
tt «U ne^.1 .SS^ Sfen-^V 3T.s.""o, ^S^^eS r^aS" itT!
■^ji. .
6
BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS.
Healthy Mixed Bread.— Boil 3 lbs. of rice to a soft piJp in
water ; pare and coolc by steam 6 lbs. of your best potatoes,
masli your potatoes and rub them up with rice pulp ; add to
the whole 6 lbs. flour ; malce all into a dough with water, fer-
ment with yeast, let it stand a proper length of time, and then
place It in ;he oven to bake.
^KATED Bread, without Ybaht.—I. Dissolve 1 oz. of sesqui-
carbonato of ammonia in water, sufficient to malce 7 lbs. of flour
into a dough, which must be formed into loaves, and baked
immediateljr. 2. Divide 3 lbs. flour into two portions: mix up
the first ^ith water, holding in solution 2 ozs. bicarbonate of
soda ; then mix the second portion of flour with water, to which 1
oa. of muriatic acid has been added ; knead each mass of the
dough thoroughly. When this is done, mix both portions to-
gether as rapidly and perfectly as possible, form the mass into
loaves, ard bake immediately. Thfs bread contains no yeast,
and 18 very wholesome.
Note.— Bicarbonate of soda and muriatic acid when chemically
combmed, form common salt.
Si^3Bi()R Bread from Buckwheat Meal.— To 2 qts. of sifted
buckwheat meal, add hot water enough to wet the same ; when
sufl^cientl V cooled, add 1 teaspoonful or more of salt, half a pint of
yeast, and half ^. tetwpoonful of molasses ; then add wheat flour
enough to make it into loaves (it should be kneaded weU) ; and
when risen light, bake or steam it three or more hours If this
should get sour while rising, add a teaspoonful of sugar and a
little saleratus, dissolved in water. For bread from Indian meal
proceed m the same way, using it instead of the buckwheat meal
Corn- Meal Bread No. 1.— Take 2 qts. of com meal with about
a pint ol (thm) bread sponge, and water enough to wet it ; mix in
about half a phit of wheat flour, and a tablespoonful of salt ; let
it nse, and then knead well the second time ; bake lA hours
Corn-Meal Bread No. 2.— Mix 2 qts. of new corn-meal with
three pints of warm water ; add 1 tablespoonful of salt, 2 table-
8iKK)ntul8 of sugar, and 1 large tablespoonful of hop yeast : let it
stand m a warm place five hours to nse ; then add li teacupful
of wheat flour, and half a pint of warm water. Let it rise again
li hours, then pour it into a pan well greased with sweet lard
and let it nse a few minutes. Then bake, in a moderately hot
oven, 1 hour and 30 minutes.
Corn-Meal Bread No. 3.— Take 2 qts of white corn-meal, 1
tablespoonful of lard, 1 pmt of hot water ; mix the lard in water •
stir it well that it naay get heated thoroughly, and add one-hali
pmt of cold water. Wuen the mixture is cool enough, add two
weU-beaten eggs, and two tablespoonfuls of home-made yeast.
Bake 1 hour m a moderately heated oven. If for breakfast, make
over mght. '
London Bakers' Bread.- To make a half-peck loaf take f lbs of
well-boiled, mealy potatoes ; mash them through a fine colander
or coarse sieve ; add ^ pt. of yeast, or f oz. German dried yeast,
and IJ pt. lukewarm water (88« Fahr.), together witli | lb. of flour
to render the mixture the consistence of thin batter ; this mixture
is to be set aside to ferment ; if set in a warm place, it will rise in
■■
1
t
i
t
I
c
s
V
te
i piilp in
potatoev,
; add to
liter, fer-
nnd theu
>f sesqui-
. of flour
id buked
mix up
onate of
> wliicli 1
IS of tiie
tions to-
nasH into
yeast,
lemically
of sifted
le ; wlien
a pint of
Bat flour
U)j and
. If this
r and a
ian raeal
meal,
ith about
; mix in
salt ; let
leal with
2 table-
3t ; let it
»acupful
ise again
'^eet lard
itely hot
-meal, 1
1 water ;
one-half
add two
e yeast.
st, make
fibs, of
colander
d yeast,
of flour
mixture
U rise in
BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. 7
If .fe^'rad'eT'th"^^^^^^^^ colpr. The
blood warm, viz., 92« Fahr a»H . ?,^ 7. . ^ P*- »' water nearly
which has nreviously had ii uz ^lZ^tt% ** ^.^\^'^ «' ^l
should then ie kneadil into lough and^nnwi"? ^*- ' *^« ^^^'e
EI-. for 2 hour., when it B^l/SB^^iiSd teol^vS,"t23
,4rgKruS^^^^^^^ ?- it'^S' It^- 1^ yP '- - *^^ek 'ihien
Jours till !t becomesTperfe^ na^t« Si ^^/V""™ '^^« *« ^ur
flour; adding the usuff mmnS^nT^ ""'l'^® ^*™ w*«» 7 lbs.
Allow the dough to work n^ n^^ ? ^ °' y®*«*' s*lt» and water
into loaves, Zi ^e^t aSrkne^"^^^^''' *^ «^^' then divide
"pX^Biil'^^; '^'- «f very nntri?S^H IZT'"'' ^'*« ^^^^^^^^
thj^»ay« barnrarm^^r?ril^^ *^? ^'T^ ^^" '-
next day^s ba^g One ?>nm,^ .^"^ J^^®'"''^^ ^ » warm pla?e foj
wa^er is then added to thfiiZn^''* "^"^ ^«««^ dissolved in warm
kneaded. As sf^^S V^t ^ZSlSi''^'^^ *^^S t^/.^bole %h%
into loaves, and shortly aflSsMkPd ?h«' '^ K^^'' ^^^^
in the oven v ithout touchinV /a.h il®*^' ^^ ^^^^^ ^eing placed
"crusted "all round touclimg each other, go that they may bJ
flo^r^c^ld^STm'J'td'^SL^r^^^^^ «' ?<^^«^ «^eal a^.d rye
one-half pint of swd ^L^!^? ^"^^^arm add the flour, addS "
«poon, evL fuU TillXd^lTa'^^tV}; mixture, 'a tebTI
mixture well. This kind nf htioS ^ ^^ naolasses, kneading the
flour bread. All the water^dded afte?"l,S? '^/^^ '^"^ ^^^^
be lukewarm. When it has risen weU SS Iff ^^, "^?^* «^'«"^d
oven or stove, the foi-mer should be hAt£i\ho*°>''S '" « ^"ck
If a stove oven, it should be^teaniM iS^ i^^^" ^?^ ^^^^^ bread ;
hour or more ; when done it f« a ^ i*T ^^""^ *^en baked one
for baking thislind of brL is b^L^'^^'^JV. '^^^ ^^«* ^^idl
eight or ten inchps in holrrvi* ^ J. "rown earthenware— say nans
orW theXs. mttAZt^S'Xf^^' ^^ Ba^UasI
water and smooth the loaf • ^S? fi,'- ^?° dip your hand & cold
with a knife qSte deln Somt^f^t ,-f -^ '^*?-^ i**"^ ^«** ^^ ways
to bake. MaL peopll^'prefrfi hr^^^^ ^**i^ ^^^^^^ they put^?
flour instead d one W When it^« rl1ffi?^"J^''^ one-thfrd rye
flour wiU answer for a substitute It p^h^''"" ^ ^?* ^«^ wh4
peal. " ' * ^'*- gmger, and some ground orange-
teste ; 1 teaspooSS^ratS ^^"^ " ""*' "' "'y™" "'e
H..B«XOBKOB«B„VKD,«CAiK.„AK.»a._I.I„„aki.,g.ake«,»«,
^s.
BAKINO AND COOKING RECEIPTS.
•
r<»flnfMl whito nMtfar, although olwin brown migar doen m well. 2.
Ifw good iiwm«t buttor in ovory (vwo. 3. (Jjiko mixture cannot bo
Dmit<»n too nuK^h. 4. An wirthen iMMtn In tlie bout for iMMiting cake
inlxturt* «»r oggn In. fl. A gmid roguliir hcwt inunt Im^ kept up In tlie
oven. .♦». iJho tt brooui uplint to run through the thickortt iMtrt of the
cilke ; if done it will conio out olojin, if not ihmo, thoro will bo »ome
of the (lough HtioMiig to It. Thin rule upnlloH to brwwi iUho. The
following oftken will Ikj found to conio out nil right with a fair trial :
Siii'KMioH INIHAM (Ukk.— Take 2 mum of rmHon meal, 1 table-
HlKwnfiU of molAiiH<ui, 'J c.n\m of milk, a flttlo nalt, a handful of flour.
lUid a lltUe MUeratuii ; ndx thin, and jwur It into a buttered bakel
imn, and ImUco half an hour.
NirT 13a KMH. —Take 1 lb. flour, i Ib.buttor, same of sugar, five
nggii, and spice tt» your taste. •« , «
8«Ki) CakRj-I tea-cup butter, 2 oujis sugar, rubbed into 4 cups
Hour ; mix wi» milk hard enough to roil : toasiKKMiful salcratus :
pee<)s to your taste. •
HuoKWHKAT Cakk.— Make a l»atter ot buckwheat flour, as you
wi*'** 'S**! V"'"'''*'*''^ • '*'' *' •'*•'« "«»»^ ''''>«« to each quart of tlie
imtter add 1 cup of moUuwHs, U eggs, 1 tt«wiHH)nful of stvlemtns, a
few caraway seeds, and 1 tenouiiful wheat flour ; Htlr well together.
pour int»» a greased breadpiui, and liako hi a moderate hot oven I
of an hour. [ *
Almond OAKH.-~Take one iwund of almonds, blanched and
MMten ; ten eggs, well b«Miten ; three-quarters of a iM>und of suinw.
*nd Uiree-quarters of a mnind f flour, well mixwl ami Imked. .
Wkuimnu (UKR.-ralto tl»rt>e ll>s. flour, tliree lbs, butter, three
Um. sugar, two doseu eggs, four lbs. raisins, six lbs of currants,.
iwo nw. wtron, one oum^e mace, one ounce cinnamon, one ounce
uutmng, half-ounw ch>ves, half-pint brandy. Bmt Uie letter with
vtnir h«Mid to crrnui : the« Inmt tl»e sugar into the butter ; add the
m»Ui of the yttlks of the eggs, after iM^ing well l)eaUm, then the
froU» of tl\e whites, ndx fruit, spice and flour Unrether, then add
tliem In, leaking Ave or six ImurH for a large U>af. .«"»"«
IHji'nh O^kk.— One iHMuui of flour, one |mund of sugar, one pound
or imttw, eight eggs, tliree siHXuUtils nwo- water, msu^e, or other snice
lIut^KWiiKAT Shoht CAKK.-l^ke 3 or 4 cu|»s nice sour mifk, 1
teasiMHwrul of smla salemtus iilsaolved in the milk ; if the milk
W vwy sour, you must use siUemtus in pmiwrtitni with a little
MUt; mix up a dojigh with buckwheat flour Uiicker than vou
would mix the same for griddle i-akt^s, say quite stiff ; put into a
buttered tin. and put diret^Uv into tlie stDve oven, and bake about
ai mi«nt«(!i. or as you would a short-wike from common flour.
w^C wid m."^;;^^ *'*'"'' ^ '"** ^"^' ^ '^ **'«'*^» * ^'^ '^^
SmuH IUKK,~-Tiike 7 ^is», be«it the whites and yolks sepa-
rately- : then U^it well ti^gethejr ; now put into them sdfted wWte
SMgar, I lb. ; with melteti butter, J lb.- add a small teaspoonfUl of
imlverl«tHl i^arlmnntt* of ammwila, SMr in just sumcient sifted
fltmr to »llow of its Wlr.« rolled out, aud cut into cakea.
GiNvmw i.\KK.~-Klour 8 llw,. sugar and butter, each 1 IK. ginger
nm.y molasiies 1 pint, mmm i pt and a litUe nutmeg : mix mm
uml l»ake iu slaek oven. ^
'!
BAKIMO AND COOKING RECEIPTS.
9
miik
Serve immediately. *^ ' ^"^' "*™ ^® ®*^e' I»rt over.
Sponge Cakb.-— Sift 1 lb of flonr unH i ik <^« i «
the Juice of 1 lemon, biatioegSve??iiih^^^^ ^^^^J
the sugar, then add the lemon MdAmir- if ' i!?SLi-™ ^®" ^"**
hours fa necessary ^"' ' " ^^®^ "* ? Pan. ^wo
«pou.,d oake, add rair'ri^X''£.»&«rwia'2 -^«i«^1|
i a glU of Bweet mUk. ' ■sMpooMui soda, J lb. o( com Btareh,
Railroad Cakb— a pint o£ flour 1 t>iiunv>nn«..i „• . •
PooB Man's Cake.~1 cup of suffar A onn ^f k«**«- i
=tuV^' ^^'^ «»-«^ toV^^f^rttet rrsisia^s
pin'?S'sS^t';^liV2U^^ a
Undy, and as mucK fruif K s^^™^^ i>' ^°«. 1 of
SC50TCH Short BBEAD.-Flottr 2 noiS.TniS? "^ T ^^™-
fugar ^ pound, blanched Xonds^cS smSll / L^T"*' ^"5^5
ifr-ksft*^";?.Arote^e^l^^^^^^
-'^^^!— ■
10
BAKING AND COOKINO RECEIPTS.
ftrH h'L^^?'"^'*"'® ®* ^ ^^''' ^^^^5 ^«"'' S cups; white sugar.
?l *ow^^ ?i ?* ^^^' ^°^ c"P 5 cream or sweet milk, 1 cup ; cream
«LS /' ^ *r^?^' «°^'*' ^ teaspoon. Beat the eggs with the
sugar ; have the butter softened by the fire, then stir it in • put the
so^a and cream of tartar into the cream or milk, stirtSg up and
mw ng all together ; then sift and stir in the flour ^ ^
eggB,'''^K^;;;'n. ^"'''^^ ^^'''''' * ^''''^ ^""^''' ^ '''^'® «"s^^> ^^
nr w^ffP";"^ P^^'^'l^ ^''''''' f P®""^ ^"**«'' S Pouiid sugar, 3 eggs ;
or, without eggs, wet up, raise with saleratus and sour milk
COMMON —12 pounds flour, 3 pounds butter, 3 pounds sugar 2
quarts milk, yeast, spice to taste. ^ ^ '
LOAP.-9 quarts flour 3 pounds butter, 4 pounds sugar, 1 gallon
milk, wme 1 pmt, yeast 1 pint. . e > s«.iiuu
Cider Cake.— Flour, 6 cups; sugar, 3 cups; butter, t cup •
^hJ^^'L ""^^ ' ealeratus, 1 teaspoon ; 4 eggs ; 1 grated nutnieg. Beat
the eggs, sugar, and butter together, and stir in the flour and
?«iT^ ' dissolve the saleratus in the cid^y, and stir into the mass,
and hake immediately in a quick oven. '
rr.^}^\^T^^ CAKE.-Mola8ses, 1^ cups ; saleratus, 1 teaspoon ; sour
m Ik, 2 cups ; 2 eggs ; butter, lard, or pork gravy, what you would
take upon a spoon ; if you use lard, add a little salt. Mix all bv
fhoi* I?"^"'®.*'^. *wo with a spoon; dissolvmg the saleratus ih
the milk ; taen stir m flour to give it the consistency of soft cake
^d put directly mto a hot oven, being careful not to dry by over
Rock Cakes.— Mix together 1 lb. of flour: ^ lb. of sugar; k lb
Of butter; ^ lb. of currants or cherrir and 4 eggs, leavuig out
tne whites of 2 ; a little wine and canaieJ lemon peel are a ereat
improvement. g^cai,
Jumbles:,— Take 1 lb. of loaf-sugar, pounded fine ; IJ lb. of flour ;
f lb. of butter ; 4 eggs, beaten light, and a little rose-water said
spice ; mix them weU, and roll them in sugar.
Cup Cakes.— Mix together 5 cups of flour ; 3 cups of sugar : 1
cup of butter • 1 cup of milk ; 3 eggs well beaten"; 1 wine-glass of
wme ; 1 of brandy, and a little cinnamon. s » ux
Cymbals.— 2 lbs. flour, 8 oz. butter, ^ lb. sugar, 6 eggs, rose-
water and a little spice. . ^^ '
Fbostino, 03 Icmo, fob CAKBS.-The whites of 8 eggs, beat to
a perfect froth and stiff ; pulsrerize'^ white sugar, 2 lbs. ; starch
l..*«Weppoon ; pulverized gum arable, ^ oz. ; juice of 1 lemon ;
sift the starch, sugar and gum arable into the beaten egg, and stir
ail thoroughly, when the cake is cold lay on the frosting to suit
Jumbles.- Butter 1 lb., sugar 1 lb., flour 2 lbs. : 3 eggs, A cup of
sour milk ; 1 teasixwnful of soda, roll in white coffee suear
This will make a largs batch. '
DouGHNLTS.- Sugar ana inilk, 2 cups of each ; saleratus, 1 tea-
spoonful ; 3 eggs, and a piece of butter half as large as a small
hen s egg, and flour sufficieut.
Ckullers.— Sugar and meJted butter, 6 t^jblespooufuls of each •
6 eggs, and flour to roll. '
^^^.?~.i,C'^9,^»**6^» 1 cup sugar, i cup of veast, h pint of milk :
nuiKu It stifr wmi iiour ; add, if you likej nutmeg.
'''
BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. jj
Hi
CocoANUT Drops.— 1 lb. grated cocoanut, i lb. white sugar, the
whites of 6 eggs, cut to a stiff froth. You must have enough whites
of egg to wet the whole mixture. Drop on buttered plates, in pieces
the size of an egg.
French Rolls.— 1 ounce of butter, 1 lb. of flour, 1 gill of home-
made yeast, 1 egg, milk enough to make a dough. Rub the butter
through the flour, beat the egg and stir in, then add the yeast, milk,
and a httie salt. Knead the dough ; when it is light, mould it out
mto large biscuits, and bake them on tins.
MuFFms.— A quart of milk, 2 eggs, 2 spoonfuls of yeast, 2 lbs. of
flour, a lump of butter size of an egg— which is to be melted m the
°i^i T*" ^ ^^^^^ ^^* ' *^^® °™^^ is to be warmed, and the ingredients
added. Let it rise, and then turu the mixture into buttered pans,
and bake to a light brown.
Bath Cakes.— Mix well together, 1 lb. flour, * lb. butter, 6 eggs
aiid a cupful of yeast, set the whole before the fire to rise ; after it
nses, add i lb. white sugar, and 1 ounce caraway seeds well mixed
m, and roll the paste into little cakes, bake them on tins.
No. 1 Crac.'ers.— Butter, 1 cup»; salt, 1 teaspoon ; flour, 2 qts.
Kub thoroughly together with the hand, and wet up with water ;
ueat well, and beat in flour to make quite brittle and hard ; then
pmch off piecss and roll out each cracker by itself.
Sugar Crackers.- Flour, 4 lbs. ; loaf sugar and butter, of each
i lb. ; water, 1§ pts. ; make as above.
Naples Biscuit.— White sugar, eggs, and flour, of each 4 lbs.
Lemon Biscuit.— Take 3§ lbs. white sugar, 4 lbs. flour, i
oimce saleratus, ^ lb. suet, a little milk to wot the dough, cut
them out about the size of marbles, put them on pans a little greased
and bake them in a hot oven and flavor them with essence of lemon
Abernethy Biscuit.— Take 8 lbs. of flour, IJ lb. of butter, 1 quart
of sweet milk, 12 ounces of sugar, 1 ounce of caraway seeds, 6 eggs ;
mix dough of the above, break them in pieces of about two ounces
mould them off, roll them out, prick them and bake them in a
moderate oven.
Savoy Biscuit.- Take of sugar the weight of 14 eggs, of flour
the weight of 6 eggs, beat the yolks and whites of 12 eggs, separate,
grate in the rind of a lemon ; after being in the oven a few minutes
grate on some sugar. You may add peach-water, or lemon juice,
or any flavoring extract.
Ginger Snaps.— Take 7 lbs. of flour, 1 qt. of molasses, 1 lb. of
brown sugar, 1 lb. butter, 2 ounces ground ginger, and then
take 1 gill of water, | of an ounce of saleratus ; mix them all into
doughj and cut them ouc somethmg larger than marbles, and bake
them m a moderate oven.
York Biscuit.— 3 lbs. flour, ^ lb. butter, | lbs. sugar; wet up, and
raise with sour milk and saleratus.
Traveller's Biscuit.— 2 lbs. of flour, | of a pound of sugar, i lb.
butter, 1 teaspoonfui of dissolved saleratus, milk sufficient to form
a dough. Cut up the butter in the flour, add the sugar, and put
in the saleratus and milk together, so as to form dough. Knead
It till it becomes perfectly smooth and light. RoU it in sheets alxmt
s r.'x Kit iii^ii iitivii, vut titc ujin-cH wiui a uui;w3r or ine top of a
tumbler. Bake in a moderate oven.
^
12
BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS.
^#^'^5'^^l^?^'*^J?. ^^^ Biscuit.— Bicarbonate of soda 4 lbs cream
of tartar 8 lbs These ingredients should be tSroThlv dn^edTnd
8r;^rS;f«'^ Sm P"* "S W ^^^' dampness Lpsell^ut 3 S-
Im ^ Mf^nSJ^iL^''*"^ ''^J^''''^' "^^ "^P ^"h cold water or nSk,
ana pu*, it into the oven at once. "*"n.,
Brown Bread fob Biscuits.— Com meal 4 ots rve flour ^ «to
f"u^rLda"JJe^*n^onfuirV "f'^^^-^' y&tTtX'pSSi:
2 nJ ^ni ,S!~ K * i ^^•' ^"®* ^ 1^»-' currants, raisins and plums
?m«'ta^te fSr^«';?S^XT*'^^' *."«P^«^' «i^«amon and cloH to
fL*S? Pmi^ L??n 1"^**" sweeten. Baked in a short crust.
«.««^ * FIBS.— For all kmds of fruit pies have your fruit swofit-
ened to your taste, and then put in a short cr J BaSin 1^^^
Pumpkin Pie.- Stew the pumpkin dry, and make it likeani««h
me only season rather higfer. In the countrT where thi?W
wkh^tiirHnlSr^TT** in perfection, ginger is aJiort always unld
w th other spices. There, too, part cream, instead of milk is rrS
with the piirapkin, which giver^ richer flavoT ' ^
lassS'Tof water ITh"" ^ Sff ^' ^ 'f ^' VlJP «^ «»^'' ^ ««P «' ™o-
lT^^ PiT^^^^^^^^ ^^B makes 3 pie.
lemof ^« S.T^ ^P **i ?".gar, 1 cup sweet milk, 1 egg, li
i^r\it^ ^I^^ Pu®.^^ *"d juice, 1 tablespoonfui of flour -then
1£ toS^ a ^i?."^^!*^ ^* *" ^^S beaten, Sweetened, and put S
the top ; then set in the oven and browned. ^
and ilS\^nVo^'"''^*?y ^^** ""^a* ^«^y fi»^«ly. season it to taste,
^?h^ f*i '°**\i* Pie-dish ; have some finely-grated bread crumbs
Sgrav%^^XT«^?".^ "i^*Tv?' ^^^ P^»^' intoTe d!sh any
w/^T^ I ^^y ^®,** ^*^d ; then cover it over with a thick
Sr Plat it iS*?hr°''''V^?^ ^? i"^^^ Pi««««of butter o?er the
TOD. nace it m the oven till quite hot.
a c^f of "^we^r J^/iv~^^ 'T ^l.'^!f^"' ^^'^ «^' * «"P of butter, half
a cup 01 sweet milk, 1 and a third cup of flour less half a tZ.
spoonfiU of soda, 1 of cream of tertSr, lemon fliffr Gr^s?^
round tins, and put in the above. Bake until -done Then m^c it
kSid.^tSrnP^fi"' IP'^^d/ith nice apple-7aUTr saucrorany
b Auce'lmTrtt' itT' ""' "^'^^ ^" ^^^ '' ^ ^^ -*^-* -«"'
anSSTf!,^ ^/^r*^ ^"P ®* ^"^'' 1 of water, tablespoonfui of flour, tea-
o?TrSl LifT?.^'^^^%^?'^ l^"^*^P ^*^)' 1 tSaspoonful of creZ
mix ^H'i2^ a te( :poonful of soda, half a cup ofdried currante :
cJirL^i\f^^ ^ P'*^^.^"* *^« flour from settling.
CHICKEN Pie.— Take one pair of good voun«- chickens cut in «»ninii
pi^es, season with pepper and saltind smaU^strips of iKk ^^^^
^riX^rJhr*^'..*^"^^^' ^*' ^« for haw an ho^i'ffihour
and butter to thicken the gravy, have ready a lar^^e dish s^rvpH
— _ 4u»i-fcH oi com
4-1^;..
*«, —
BAKING ANJ >OKING RECEIPTS.
13
t on the fire ; after boiling for 1
Bad dough, pick small pieces, say
pan, with the veal and pork, and let
Serve as soon as taken from the
water ; pepper and salt aL
hour have 3 pounds of ligh
one ounce pieces, put in sau
it boil for twenty minutes,
fire.
Plum Puddino.— Pound 6 crackers, and soak them oven night in
milk enough to cover them, then add 3 pints of milk, 4 or 5 eggs
raisins i lb., spice with nutmeg and sweeten with sugar and
molasses. Bake alK)ut 2 hours.
Tapioca Pudding.— Pick and mash a coffee cup full of tapioca,
and pour upon it 1 pint boiling milk ; after standing i an hour, add
another pint of cold, milk, with sugar and raisms if you desire.
Baked Pudding.— 5 tablespoonfuls of com starch to 1 quart of
milk, dissolve the starch in a part of the milk, heat the remainder
of the milk to nearly boiling, having salted it a little, then add
the dissolved starch to the milk, boil 3 minutes, stirring it briskly ;
allow it to cool, and then thoroughly mix with it 3 eggs, well beat-
en, with 3 tablespoonfuls of sugar ; flavor to taste and bake
it i an hour. This pudding ranks second to none.
Orange Pudding.- Take 1 lb. of butter, lib. of sugar, 10 eggs,
the luice of 2 oranges, boil the peel, then pound it fine and mix it
with the juice. Add the juice of 1 lemon, a wineglassful of
brandy, wme and rose-water. If you do not have the fruit add
the extracts.
CocoANUT Pudding. To a large grated cocoanut add the whites
of b eggs, i lb of sugar, 6 ounces of bucter, i a wineglassful of
rose-water, and baked in or out of paste.
Rice Pudding.- Take 1 lb. of rice, boiled well with rich mUk,
Rtimng well imtil it is soft, and then add h lb. butter. 12 eggs, well
beaten, and pice to your taste, and bake it.
Hard Times Pudding.— i pint of molasses or syrup, i pint water,
2 teaspoonfuls of soda, 1 teaspoonful of salt, flour enough to
make a batter ; boil in a bag 3 hours. Eat it with sauce.
Baked Apple Pudding.— Pare and quarter four large apples, boU
them tender with the rind of a lemon in so little water that when
done no water may remain, beat them quite fine in a mortar, add
the crumb of a small roll, J lb. butter melted, the yolks of 5 and
whites of 3 eggs, juice of ^ lemon, sugar to your taste, beat all
well together, all in paste.
Ground Rice, or Sago Pudding.— Boil a large spoonful of it.
heaped, m 1 pmt milk with lemon peel and cinnamon; when cold
add sugar, and nutmegs, and 4 eggs well beaten. *
Custard Pudding.— Take 1 pint milk, 4 spoonfuls flour, 6 eggs,
spice to your taste and bake. > ee »
Winter Pudding —Take the crust of baker's loaf of bread, and
fill It with plums, boil it in milk and water.
Baked Potato Pudding.— Baked potatoes skimmed and mashed.
12 oz., suet 1 oz., cheese, grated fine, 1 oz., milk 1 gUl. Mix the
potatoes, suet, milk, cheese and all together, if not of a proper
consistence, add a little water. Bake in an earthen pot
College Pudding.— | lb. of stale bread, grated ; the same quan-
"" "; r' - '"-KF^^i rcijr iixic , i iv. VI currants, a nutmeg, a
few cloves, a glass of brandy, 2 or 3 eggs, 2 spoonfuls of cream or
14
BAKING AND COOKU^G RECEIPTS
*i.^fi, ■
them be of flice briwn Uot Si ^L V '" * "*• "' ''""e'' ! «»
soaked in uinirie^"weuK„","L'P»'°'?r^«"»mbe
mace, 6 good tart appl^JSd ^J^J' I *««"?'"' <>' ™gar, little
Cottage Pctddino i arm -i »
and the juice of 2 Temous • '«S fh« JlT*^-,? ^^^« ^^^ beaten
3-ed ,„,ethe. and ^^Ciki^^^^^^'f ^ -J^etgy
oft"Sr/a1S"S^'L','Sl^rr.;i.i'^'^S T=^ quantitie,
flour. 2. Take the iulM of an o^^« i^ J^? '' .*"'' «"■■ '■> » "Wo
let it scorch, wLn iiicelv don? S5 "^^ ^""^ «*^^ ^'^^ o^'^r, do Sot
the steak, then addTm/uaUy'a cun otl'J'''' ? ""^" ««^' «^«r
more salt and pepper? if SsarJ .^ti?! ^* ^T*?®"*' seasoned with
fire and boil agaV and ^^^^^^^^^^^^ the water over the
of wSer\ftSr before'tCs^^^^^^ ^^-^*h -^-^ 2 quarts
is done, cut tiiem Tp, put them ^"'^^^^^^^ """^ ^ ^''^' ^heu the\teak
salt, pepper, and bStter sprlSde 4^th Xnf K «f «««,,^«U ^th
p.ace over the fire stir nffi. ^ P®*^' stir aU well together
a little brownlnd s^ft ' urSttem SfeXXf^^ ' "'^'"' ""^ "«
Seasoning POB.STUppiva i ik / ,f^^: ,
an ounce of ground wWtTDl^Lr'.*? '*"' ^"^ ^^^ «i**ed ; half
1 oz. of dried mariomm • SonL*'^'' ''''/*'^^ <^^ *^"ed thyme;
seasoning is used nKS^^ nnw 1 ^"® '^.'^- .*^* ^lutmeg. When this
cient qn|ntit/to'm're^y"s^ufSigTe^^^^^ The%S!r??-^ ^ «^«^-
h pound of bread crumbs -3 e^i^^-T^h B P'^PPOftions are-
any cold vegetables ) a fcih^?;"il?1 of celery (or the remains of
pepper, a bunch of ' parley TsnrS t '^^*' ^ ^bl««Poonf«il of
Put these into two quS/V? «S5 ^^ jn^rjoram and thyme.
which mutton hasVr boil^ ST Z'^K^^h ^lit^^4 >
— — ;/ •"i'^ icfc uxeiu uou for
>
a
I
1
BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS.
15
hair-sieve, add a pint of
new
*wo hours ;: rub through a fine
milk, boil up, and serve at once. -
a good famify Tup ^"» ta^* j serve altogether. It makes
Pea Soup. — ^Beef 6 lbs watAi* k <iio a i„
turnips, 3 large onionr"^!? sufficient' nu^T ..f?^*"' :? ^P^
fire, let it boU 3 hours, tKn stSaUth?hL\VT * ^"^^ «^«^
vegetables, and then add 3 lbs ofZli? nZf t^'?& from meat and
a slow fire for 2 hours. ttiri'r..X.l^L^ ^.^..^^^^-^ 8et_it on
b.?put'atiS^r"^TJ ?1^V":^„^.- «-n anStti
solve
emmbP ; put aTto^^th^rl^a fPwV/«*^ "V """^^ *^^ ^^^
Fricassee f'mc^NH T«t« ?7 ""^ herbs, and serve hot
put in saucepan to parboU for Clf an hmfr Ji.^®^ ^"^ ^"*' *^e»
pan drahied weU have readv i it 1?^ ?' ^^^"^ *^^® ''^m sauce-
^tr«.i ^Sckti-^Z^EHSF'^^^
«*•>«««? aud p^p^r'fla'kll.f^Le'hT """""^ «"^' ^^
and add butter, salt and pepper to taste ' ^^ ^^ "^^^""^
CO& J.^^^^^^ them up^in the
butter ani^ sugar. Serve hot with t^mmiLL' ' '"^^^ ^^'^ «^"'
^HASHEB M.AX Ta^ 2 ib.^^^^^^ Jbeef, weU boiled and
put ia choppiiig tmy,^ce^t S'Ct ni'i V^'^^ ""^^ ^^^'^^ ?
add 2 ozs. butter ; p4p^ and ^t 't? 45« -^^'^^w?^ *^^^*^^^'
boll In 3 qts of waS with! IK , ™^. *'* ""« "<>™i Pit it on to
salt to tS m1^ thfwitS'hL'".i^i';S'i''''*^'»"^^
quantity, serve in a tareenTasonn '^ *° * *^ ""g""^
Maocaroni Soup. — 4 lbs nf loan k^^* a 4. j>
turnip, onions : set rTor K.nvTSi ®,?*' • ?*^- **' ^a*^^. carrot,
through a siev4 • Lve 2 i '. n?^o'^^ ""^ mix together ; strain it al
inch fong ; imt aU into a^u^L^t^^^^^ ^^"^^T !"*« I^^«<^« «f one
minutes, and serve ?t hot ^^"^ *^^^*^^'^' ^^^ ^^* i* boil for 10
isoi..i> CusTABi,, OR Mock CREAM.-Take 2 Ublespoonf uJs com
16
BAKmo AND COOKING RECEIPTS.
i»
i
of a lemon S a d^* of l2^l^Z''^„*^^^^^^ '^^^ 5 P^* *^« 3»»i««
tUl quite cold P^"' *^® *^''^™ "P^^" »*> stirring
sweet raar>ram,nf you have them^l'n ^?Sf 'vT""^' '^^7' «'
M.f^iJr^SrftT.*^^ tufkey, an the crop with staffing,
on?™i^ch™'ihL^Z.*'tX-'^*^* ™^> ^"'k »»d pick it, andaa
i
'41
(
C
t
D
I]
a
e*
81
(s
dii
pr
4-44.
da email
lio starch,
11 beaten,
► once or
emon or
to it the
the thui
the juice
, stirring
I a little
3te ; boil
1 on the
cellent.
1 qt. of
a lemon
dish or
moky it
ud keep
lours or
gtufBng,
►p some
^ory, or
i fancy
pepper.
stuffing,
over it,
lone, it
! water,
and an
i in the
a cloth,
Ducks
ns, and
le dish,
ing the
Ji hour
le as a
3 suffl-
)ar8ley,
>n with
le next
I color.
9 ; then
butter.
BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS.
J
f7.
flsh'in s^S7K;:^p?re\^n^S^^^ '''\^'^' ^^'^^b ^nd cut the
place tliem in^he ke?tle%%'er^/^i? rtJ««%a^^^^ onions then
potatoes, onions, &c seasnnliff; on i, , "' *^^^" ^^ '^e fried nork
Spit the mearbeppe? tte "Li' S'^^\^ .«"« best for roastine
with its own dnoS «nrt .i?£,' "* '''"*« ■' well whUe rrZS
smoke dmwa toX"1b?r1t'£rZ.?lJ;SS.'"»' <>' »¥'• WheSf
lit
IS the rule for roast-
and clear.
ing.
S^S^^5«3£^«j-iS=TJr'A»
the scum as it rises. From 2 t?'/?« making it tender-take off
rule for boiling. /'^om 2 to 6 liours, according to size, is the
cutXutlTa^^^StSlhivl^^^^^^^^^ «^« ^est steak-
and set it over a good fire oTcoIin f ^"'lu''^ ^^*' P^* on the melt
""roIS' P ^^ rule for broiltog '~*"™ ^^""^ «^*«^- From 8 S lo
skin ir squa^es-m^V A,?ffi P*''^ ^^^^ it clean-cut th«
Sur/tA-^'-^^^' ^ol'eSed wTth^hl ?Sk'V'^^^' «age, onion?
=i|i^^ f- A s^i^^ii-^s^ibr^- - ^
'"S^£^^^' ^^^' ^«^---' -d SPAK.-R.Bareroasted
Ronst^beforetVis^k%?e\S^^^^^^^ ^« i" roasting pork
^^Srr " ^! ""'^^'^ ^^^^^^^ an^Xn^ t'a^ fe/^
^£bmusfb™oneth^e^^ of mutton and
ed with a Quick, clear fixe • bS i/^^^er parts must be roast-
dredge it with a little flour 1n'«fw * ^^^^ ^^u put it down and
ton of six pounds wS reinii ? >, ®^"^.® ^"^"^ *ake it up. A leffS'm^if
To BoirEGGs.-ln 3 StL^S''" ^ ^«^«* before a quick |?e ""'*"
part is completely cookenuo hVSf,'''^^ ^°" «oft,\ 4 the White
laK^i ?~^^ 8^|gs ' Ct'of S' "°^ «"^^«y «tewed,
t5 ^* i^* ^" ^^our. ' *'^ ' ^ ^^- oi milk ; spice to your taste '
A^r^^^a brr^STo^^. B....H.^Boil 2 brls. of new'
diced ancfstill kept boilSbriHv^ mtp the cider thuS rt
prevent burning, till of the^onn'Spi^l'i^^.Y^^oie^^assconstantlv^^^^
^. u. puivenzed allspice, added"feS th^ bS^^ i^S^
^v.
f
18
BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS.
raent. Boil i» a brass kettle, and. when done, put it into a wooden
firkin, or a small cask, and it will keep for years.
Apple Hutter (Pennsylvania Method).— Boil new cider down to J.
Pare, cut, and core equal quantities of sweet and sour apples. Put
the sweet apples in a large kettle to soften a little first, as they are
the hardest. Add enough boiled cider to cook tliem. After boiling i
an hour, stirring often, put in the sour apples, and add more boiled
cider, with molasses enough to sweeten moderately. Boil until ten-
der, stirring to prevent burning. Pack in firkins or stone pots for
winter use.
Irish Stew.— Take 4 lbs. good breast of fat mutton, cut in small
pieces ; 2 large white onions ; 10 large potatoes, well peeled and
sliced ; put an in saucepan together, with fine herbs, pepper and
salt to suit ; a little salt pork is a good addition : \ lb. of flour ;
± IJ). good fresh butter, well rubbed together, and let it boil for one
hour, and have it well cooked.
Apple Dumplings.— 6 eggs, 1^ lbs. of flour, some butter to your
taste, and tablespoonful of yeast, and sufficient milk to make a
dough to roll out : when raised, cut in small pieces, put in the apples,
and cook for | of an hour ; serve with white sugar or wine sauce.
Boiled Poultry.- Take large chickens, well cleaned with cold
water, put in saucepan with water to cover, boil 1 hour ; served
with -sauce.
Hashed Turkey.— Take meat from boiled fowls, chop fine, put in
saucepan, with seasonings to suit taste. Served on toast
Boiled Maccaronl— Take 2 lbs., break in small pieces, put in
warm water to steep 1 hour, drain off, put in saucepan with 2 qts.
fresh cream, with grated cheese ; seasoned with red pepper.
Strasburg Potted Meat.— Take li lbs. of the rump of beef, cut
into dice, put it in an earthen jar, with | lb. of butter, tie the jar
close up with paper, and set over a pot to boil ; when nearly done,
add cloves, mace, allspice, nutmeg, salt, and cayenne pepper to
taste, then boil till tender, and let it get cold, pound the meat,
with 4 anchovies mashed and boned, add ^ lb. of oiled butter,
work it well together vnti the gravy, warm a little, and add
cochineal to, color then press into snal! pot«, and pour melted
mutton suet over the top of each.
Bologna Sausages.— Take equal quantities of bacon fat and lean
beef, veal, pork and beef suet ; chop them small, season with pep-
per, saltj &c., with sweet herbs and sage rubbed fine. Have well
washed intestines, fill, and prick them ; boil gently for an hour,
and lay on straw to dry.
Rich Sausages.— Take 30 lbs. of chopped meat, 8 oz. fine salt,
2^ oz. pepper, 2 teacups of sage, and If cups of sweet marjoram,
passed through a fine sieve, or, if preferred, thyme and summer
savory can be substituted for the latter. ^
How to save your Ice Bill.— Get a quantity of empty barrels or
boxes during the coldest time in the winter, and put a few inches
of water in each; the evening when the cold is most intense is the
best time to do this. After the water is frozen solid, fill up agam,
repeat the process until the barrels are full of solid ice, then roll
them mto your cellar, cover them up with plenty of sawdust
or stmw, and your ice crop is safely harvested.
..
m
a wooden
iown to J.
pies. Put
i they are
r boiling h
ore boiled
until ten-
e pots for
t in small
eeled and
}pper and
of flour ;
)il for one
erto your
make a
he apples,
ine sauce,
with cold
r ; served
ine, put in
es, put in
dth 2 qts.
' beef, cut
ie the jar
irly done,
pepper to
the meat,
3d butter,
and add
ar melted
b and lean
with pep-
Lave well
an hour,
fine salt,
larjoram,
summer
barrels or
5w inches
ise is the
up again,
then roll
sawdust
+
BAKING AND COOKIJfO HEOEIPTS. 19
»nd flour, suit yonr& and' lln^'A'^ ""'• * 1«- beaten 'cre^m
as that would injure the flavor ri i-if", ^"^^^ «»d not burned
^l^e^.' as goo^d, and^fZnyUir^J^^^^^^^^^^^^
me^^nf pS^a tTa's ^ton'^lV^ ^"1^* *-' ^--. or b^ll
vessels should never be used aftiS^ ^""^ T"!- ^^^wn earthen
«W 1 lb. ; Syttd~'Xtnearlv'V ' ^oil ; add
.^mons, and the gmted yellow rindrn? 9''^'*' ^^^ *^« J"^^^ 'of 6
mix weU, strain gff the peei and nnt I •T'^Sf^ *"<^ 2 lemons ;
g?m/iom ^e;/2,.--Hartshorn lib .^w^J^""*^ glasses or bottles
boil over a gentle fire till aniir '*,^^}^T ^ S^i. ; peeloir2 lemons •
«Hgar,*lb.;%htesoflOe^^^^^^ and adTbaf
mix well together then horn? '^^j?*^",**^ » Jroth ; juice of 6 lemons •
aiid 2 oz cloves fnVFga^water^^^^^^^ * oz is'SL'
upon 4 lbs. of loaf sii«?-t . „^^ ' J^" ^* ^^o^ii *« lialf a gal • strain u-
tie. ^;,p;2, ^ir/rofr'd4f 1-Tak^ ri"^S ^"?'« ™ ' the^K
supr, 2 lbs. ; boil to a jeUy a7d wi/ ^'^^^ ^1*'^' «*^a"^^d, 4 lbs. ;
4 lbs. ; water, 2 lbs • boil Wo^S2. •.•.,, ?^^*^*«»^ «/e%.—Suffar
to this syrup,'add an' eq'Sa^lS^fl'l^lSit^ nearly^olid 4en S';
boil cool then pot it.^ Cu7rSjp!^?''^?TFJ'''''^'^ give it a short
rants, and loaf sugar emi^\ni^L'J ^'T\^^^ t^^e jmce of red cur-
bours ; put it inSsS V. H^^'Jlf '^ ' 5^" »"^^ stir gently for thre:
afirm jeSly TapS^iy^^^^l^lZ^^^^^ cWeLate iJto
a^ecable than the to"~^t?.frilT^T ^* ?^^^^a«klt>erry is more
not agreeable to aU.^ ft' is made If, tU*^"""^^ ^^^ wholesome^rl
but the fruit is so swppf thnfT ^^ *^® .^a°^® way as currant iellv-
juice in sugar ^* *^* '* ^^^ ^^^"1^68 half "^the weight of &
pufthe p''e^s^tra";^^^pl^^^^^^^ ,*f '^^ ' ^^- of sugar •
and set It over the fire uX^D •* •'*^*^^ ^old water ; covefit
cold water ; pare, quarter «n?^ *"".*, '" '^^*' ^^^^ P«t them into
cups of wat^rf set' tl" m o^-ertheXe *''ro^l ''t^T *" 4^ *^'^« ^'
i^K^^? and smooth, put tL suSir to^? =« >"^^'i *'"^' "^""^^ *^e
i^K.SM.viB Cn.o..^Pare and cut open the citron ; clean aU oui
le
s^e
BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS.
I.
is
t
i t
if I
t (
f^xoopt thn rind ; hoil till soft. To 1 lb. of citron add 1 lb. of pupar.
and a hurion to each lb. , put tlje Hiiyar and lemon tofxethnr, and
boil it till it be(H)iucH a Hyrup, Bkininiing it well ; then put the syiui)
and citron toj^cther, and boil it an hour.
S(;oT(;n Maumaladk.— Take of tiie juice of Seville oranges 2
pta., yellow honey, 2 lbs. IJoil to a proper consistence.
Kahimjkkry Jam.— Allow a pound of sugar to a i)onnd of fruit,
mash the rasi)berries and put them, witli the sugar, into your
preserving kettle. Boil it slowly for an hour, skimming it well.
Tie it ui) with brandy paper. All jams are made iu the same
manner.
B'UKNCH Honey.— White sugar, 1 lb.; 6 eggs, leaving out the
whites of 2 ; the juice of 3 or 4 lemons, and tlie*gnited rind of 2,
and i lb. of butter ; stir over a slow fire until it is of the consis-
tency of honey.
Almond Blanc Manoe.— Take four ounce of almonds, six oz.
sugar, boil together with a quart of water, melt in this two
ounces of pure isinglass, strain in a small tin mould to stiffen it.
When wanted, dip the mould in hot water and turn it out.
Lemon Blanc Mancje.— Pour a pint of hot water upon half an
ounce of isinglass ; when it is dissolved, add the juice of three lemons,
the i)eel of two lemons grated, six yolks of eggs beaten, add auout a
food wine-glass' of Madeira wine to it ; sweeten to your taste ; let it
oil ; then strain it and put it in your moulds.
Molasses Pkesekves.— Boil 1 ot. of molasses about ten or fifteen
mi)iutos to a thickish consistency, then add (5 eggs well beaten, and a
Biwonful of ilour. Boil a few minutes longer, stirring constantly,
then set off the fire, and flavor with lemon or allspice as desired.
Fruit Extracts, &c.— Good alcohol, 1 qt. , oil of lemon, 2 oz. Break
and bruise the peel of 4 lemons, and add to them alcohol for a few
days, then filter. For currants, peaches, raspbenies, pine apples,
strawberries, blackberries, &c., take alcohol and water half and half
and pour over the fruit, entirely coverhig it, and let it stand for a few
days. For essence of cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, vanilla, &c., pulver-
ize either article thoroughly, and put about 2 oz. of the resulting pow-
der to each pint of reduced alcohol, agitate the mixture frequently
for 2 weeks, then filter and color as desired.
Measures for Housekeepers.
Wheat flour lib is 1 quart.
Indian meal 1 " 2 oz *' 1 quart.
Butter when soft. . 1 "...." 1 '•
I^oaf sugar, broken 1 " <' I "
White sugar, powd i " 1 oz. '* 1 "
Best brown
sugar lib. 2 oz. is 1 qt.
Eggs 10 eggs ai-o 1 lb.
Flour 8 qts. " 1 peck.
Flour 4pk8. "Ibush.
Liquids.
16 large tablespoonf uls are
8 hu'iLfo tablespoonf uls are
4 large tablespoonf uls are
2 gills are
2 pints are
1/2 pint.
1 gill.
Y2 gill.
% pmt.
1 qt.
4 qts. are 1 gallon
A common sized tumbler holds 1
pint.
A common sized wiue-glass " 14 a
gill.
25 drops are equal to 1 teaspoonful.
V2^
•f
! I k
b. of 8upar.
;t^thor, ;imi
t the syrup
oraugeH 2
id of fruit,
into your
ag it well,
the tuiiue
\g out the
rind of 2,
the couHis-
ds, »ix oz.
this two
) still'en it. .
on half an
ee 'lemons,
Id about a
iBte ; let it
1 or fifteen
iten, and a
constantly,
3sired.
oz. Break
I for a few
ne apples,
If and half
I for a few
c, pulver-
Iting poAV-
frequently
farmers' receipts.
21
J oz. is 1 qt.
* aio 1 lb.
" 1 peck.
•' 1 bush.
. . 1 gnllon.
• holds 14 a
188 " 14 a
aspoonful.
FARMERS AND STOCK^OWNERS' DEPART-
laws that govern them. For SsSp ^> 1 1^ f^ ?'"? ''''^'"" "'^*"ral
whenev;er lie gets badly frightSed^ ft k n«?nv"w 'T-^"'" *« ^''^^
from whatever he thinb wil do hiin haJm w?^^'''' f}^"" ^ ^^'""Ve
heanng, and smelling, have been Sven bin, ?''' faculties of seeing,
new that he is brougfit in contfS Av^Ih l^^^ examme everything
him with nothing that offendrfl pI^^ ;Andsolongas you present
. handle him at will, noLXSdbin- h^V'^^'f ' ""J .^?:^«' y*>" ^an then
that in a short time hHil S^ ffV^fn "'^^ be frightened at first, so
contact with All of tiilViir- ■ '^"^/<^ «* anything he is brought in
stumbling &c.,1\?4£,^fc^,f"d^^^^^^^ of Worses fS^ng^
for it, it o^Aly adds ter or and m£s the owf ?' ^°^ I^ ^^'^^'^
otherwise be ; cive him timi /^^ • v'J^^* larger than it would
He should ne^erie hit^w h ti?.^T?""^ '\ ^^^^^«»^* punishing him
for anything tlmt he doe^ A« t.^^P'n""^"*^ '''"■^ circumstances or
assists the trainer to tame hi«lf.*'' smellmg oil, there is nothing that
colt with the scent of ZL^'orchm^^^^^^^^ " '' ^^"^^ *« appr^ch a
scent of hogs, for horses S„r«iw^2r^^il "''''" ^^^^ ^^^"d. than the
attempt to escape from ^wSi^tfT^*?^ f^"* ^^ hogs,' and will
namon, or salt. To Xct a ho Ji J m ^ the scent of^honey, cin-
preparation of opium S wi^^.T,? .f f'^-^^ .X^ "^"^t give him some
-nnot teach hhi -ythh^ mo^Tha^^m^^^l ^^R^^^^^^^
29
FAIIMEUS' UKCEIPT8.
with liquor. Another thinpr, you must romcmhor to tro.it hfm kindly
for there vou rc(iiiirn (.|M.di«mco from any .sulmict, it \h hotter U) hnve
it rendered from a HenHO of lovo than fear. You nhoiild be careful
not to chafe the liim of your colt or hurt hin mouth In any way ; if
you do he will diHlike to have the bridle on. After he i.s tJiUKht to
follow you, then put on the harneHH, nutting your linoH through the
Bhaft Htraps alon^ the wide, and t«ich hin to yield to the reins, turn
short to the right and left, teach him to Htaiid still before he is ever
hitched up ; you then have control over i.im. If hegetrt frightened
the lines should be used m a telegraph, to let lilm know wiiat yoii
want him to do. No horse is naturally vicious, but always obeys his
tniiuer as soon as he comproluinds what ht would have hin> do •
you must be Arm with him at the same time, and give him to under-
stand that you are the trainer, and that he is the horse. The best bits
to be used to hold a horse, to keep his mouth from getting sore, is a
straight bar-bit, 4^ inches long between the rinj^'s ; this operates on
both sides of the iaw. while the ordinary snaffle forms a clamp and
presses the side of the jaw. The curb or bri<loon hurts his under jaw so
that he will stop before he will give to the rein. To throw a horne, put
a rope 12 feet long around his body in a running noose, pass it down
to the right fore foot through a ring in a spancil, then buckle up the
left or near foroLfoot, take a firm hold of your rope, lead him around
1
1
t
t
I]
e
1
ti
n
o
w
C(
te
8f
lim kindly,
ttcr toluive
be careful
ly way ; if
f tau/,?ht to
lirough the
reins, turn
5 he is ever
frightened,
what you
H obeys his
e hinj do ;
Ji to under-
lie best bita
? sore, is a
»I>e rates on
clamp and
nder jaw so
I horno, put
s«s it down
;klo up the
dm around
FARMERS' RRCEIl'TS. 23
S"!^\^lVu'r.VheUlM at the «a.ne
h.m Htoady, and in a few momon^ he wufn h '" "" ''i? •*»«''«' »">'^l
hocks, HtopniuK' immediately XnS\?S?t*^r;?!;rK ^h'^»b«vo the
you; while his head is tf.waWir^^.,„ colt tunw his head towards
extended toward hhn? Si^ /our' wEKlh!.'"^, TI'^ '^^ >«" ^"'"d
him as soon m he turiw his h^Xm vou fn .h *^^*' '^^^^ ^' «""P
Ret your hands ui>on him J^tuS^^ ^?"' i '° ^5^** ^»y /«» «in soon
to oaresa him for his oSdiennA^!^ ^''"^^l«^'« (*on« this, be careful
In tills way he will Bo^S^tnuC he"'i!f L?''? •^"'' ^'^ di^obedieS
his head towards you, and in a verv ghort^&! "' y^"'' Pr««e"^'« with
^l^l^'^yo^- . Speak kindl?a'rmW iT, J«!!nT"?.l'^««P hi«»
away from you. SpeaiTldndiy andTCly tL hi,raim« ? '^^^'^ ^'^
1, mllhiff by name, and naying, - L Ik>v A ni - w*^Tv '"^'.^'^
imiliar word that he will W earn ' ^' "''' ^'"*' »'
i«l« i"' \7,""**^ "^ uame, and Havlnff. «*H(
ff /;^n?M^^' ""r^^ *5»' ^« ^'" W earn ' ' -' -
If a colt IS awkward and carelesa nt ^n.^'
rnemberlug that we, ?S,TerTa''il,l?^^2;Lri' 5?" »'".!' "to,
or
renieinlMring that we, tiorwerTawkwrySJw"'" "*'" *"•" '■'">.
:o your course of t.rfi«fm«„* i" „ "^'^T ^^ ^""I.
Jo'Jmt^tXreLliryo^Z^^^^^^^ Ttje is"^!/^
such a way that he in iwvverlesrfor harriZ?!' ^^ ^«n«ni^ff him in
disposed to run, use my pole check oS /nm Vf ?^ fl^^mits. If he is
around his under jaw, pS it thrmia? ?i? ' f *^ H^^' ^^*«n » rope
hind feet In this way Kktlwrn!?^ *\®.<^o"ar and attach it to his
falls on his jaw. iTh^ shoiSd be sSbtor^T.' as the force of the blow
him until you subdue him? without pu^iS'in^^h?i^ ^Il^v.^**^ ^'°»fi"e
, Colts should be broke withmit hK k •^?"*'" ^^*h the whip,
broke, then you may put m bH L ""p'^il^^^^ i ^^'^ they are well
best unless /ou^SrspTedyou^o^^^^^^^^ are the
keep him from seeing the whin rHu^t'i, .^ ^V'^^^ he necessary to
tau-ht to give readil? tr tiiH^n bofni^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^«" handled and
hitch them up the ifrst thin^ «„5 *i ® l^^^ ^'"^ hitched up. If you
have no control overlem1,utH lon^t^f ST ^"''^htenedrthen fon
stand at the word before tT^eV are hitohed^tn^^"' ^ '^^' «^P? and
Cruelty to HoRSEs-Besidls the m?;! i^,f -^i?'' ^'\" .^«^«™ ^^^em.
horses, by the careless and heartleL^^^^^^^^
vere punishment in the winter se^nS^^^^^ *« subjected to se-
frozen bits into his mouth ki cold wS'eXii^'?'^ compelled to take
tongue and the roo^ of ]Ss mouth ^i3^^?n' *^"ng the skin from the
the mouth and throat • he S JJ»n?^l3o^^ a heavy inflammation in
nerves of the head take upThe &mma?kS.''".o' H l^" «yn^Pathetic
ev;es, frequently producin"- b inlw«?^ 5 "'tP^^7 i* ^ the head and
I^he whi^shoufdWSs anlS^^^^^ f ^^'^ ^'^^asel
ture ; and your bits should be wo^T^fSf Sl ^^T"'? ^^^^^^^ «f ^r-
no frozen iron will come in pw^ with flannel or leather ; so that
.Rarey's LrN^EN^l'suVhTric etTer 4^n "'^•^?^'3?^ or'tongue
oil of origanum, 4 ozs. calcohir 4 ?./'•* "^^^'j hartshorn, 4 ozs.,
well before using. For spJainfon wf«; '/^^^ Shake
cover with a tight flannel baSSe v^\ ^^^ t^P^^ hy rubbing and
temples and apply a baSSe wef With t w^^'^^' "»^ « ""le on the
Rabey's wJLrd S-Oirof orwSf,^^^^^^ ^ *h« forehead
spirite turpentine. 1 oz. ; camnhrr* ?"f ^»,i«!«-J,*l«ohol, 6 ozs. ;
'4 i ■ 8.T i i |tt.Ttftv.»y>
HiflP^aiB^li
2-4
FARMERS RECEIPTS.
\
Rarey's Directions for Shoeing Horses.— " There are very-
few blacksmiths that ever once think vv^hat a complicated piece of
machinery the foot of a horse is, and by one careless blow they
frequently stop the working of this machine. The majority of smiths,
as soon as they pick up a horse's foot, go to work paring the heel,
from the fa(;t that it is the most convenient part of the foot, and there-
by destroy the heel and braces of the foot, causing, in many instances,
contracted lieels. The heels of a horse should be well kept up and the
toe down. By lowering the heels yon throw the entire weight of your
horse Jipon the back tendon of the legs, and thereby produce lameness
from overfcixing a very important set of tendons. By keeping up the
heel you throw the weight upon the wall of the foot. In this position
you prevent stumbling, clicldng, &c. Next the shoer commences to
]iare away the sole, thins it down until he eim feel it spring with his
thumb. Ask him why he does tliis, and he gives you no reason,
except from custom ; next comes the bars or braces of the foot, they
are smootlied down ; next in his ruinous course, comes the frogs of
the feet, they are subjected to the same cutting and smoothing pro-
cess. All the cutting, paring, and smoothing of the soles, bars, or
frogs IS a decided injury to the horse as well as to the owner. All the
corns in the land are jjroduced by this process of paring. The frogs
have been placed in the foot by nature to expand the wall of the foot,
and as soon as you commence to cut it, the oily substance commences
to leak out, it drys up, becomes hard, losing its oily substance, makes
tlie wall hard and dry, inducing it to crack. The nerves of the feet
are very sensitive, and smiths should be very careful not to prick the
foot, as it requires nuite a time to relieve tliem. The foot is a very
complicated piece of machinery, and if you keep a horse well shod
and his foot in good condition, you can then generally manage the
balance. The feet suffer from being kept too dry. Horses that stand
on iKiard floors should have their feet wet every day, or there should
be a vat five inches deep, five feet long, and three wide, filled with
water and clay, in whicl) each hoi-se can stand for one hour per week, •
iinless his feet are feverish, then he should be kept in it an hour per
any, or until tlie fever subsides. Another source of injury to horses'
feet, is the habit of patronizing cheap blacksmiths. If a man can
il
FARMEIia' RECEIPTS.
25
are very
I piece of
)low they
jt smiths,
the heel,
md there-
instances,
ip and the
tit of your
lameness
ng np the
s position
nences to
with his
reason,
ioot, they
J frogs of
hing pro-
, bars, or
All the
rhe frogs
the foot,
mmences
e, makes
f the feet
prick the
s a very
veil shod
nage the
lat stand
•e should
Ued with
er week,
hour per
horses'
man can
frog and the elasticity S^naturl?/^^^ ^ '"PP ^ *^^^ ^a«t«^
with one of mv com shoP« • hiti^^i *v. •' ^ ^^^ °^ ^®^" ^^^^^ shoeing
cure contracted fe™ bv ?hmww!L*^''- 'L*^^ ^"^i^ ^«"»We way tb
the imide otXeZu^hF'?Z''SZ'^J^'ii^.^}^I'tL°*_^'^ l^lto
cpm«, put on a shoe with anronff forthTmnlnri^"!^"™";"" "'""; ''"'
t.refrog,paretI.owaUlowe?th'S'ii°n?4^S1Se^'=S'>;'&l-
26
FARMERS* RECEIPTS.
thrown on the fro^. Have the inner cork not quite so sharp as the
outer one, so that if he steps upon the other foot it wiU not cvt it •
make the slioes as light as possible consistent with good service, as
thejr are ordmarily made just about J too heavy."
To Prevent Horses Kickino in the Stall.— Fasten a short
trace-chain aoout 2 feet long, by a strap to each hind foot. A better
way IS to have the stalls made wide enough so that the horse can turn
In them ea«Uy. Close them 'with a door or bars, and turn the animal
loose. After a while he wiU forget the habit, and stand tied without
further trouble.
To Cure Broken Legs.— Instead of summarily shooting the
horse. In the greater number of fractures it is only necessary to par-
tially sling the horse by meai of a broad piece of sail, or other
strong cloth placed under the animal's belly, furnished with 2 breech-
mgs and ^ breast girths, and by means of ropes and pulleys attached
to a cross beam above, he is elevated, or lowered, as may be required
By the adoption of tliis plan every facility is allowed for the satisfac^
tory treatment of fractures.
Lampas.— This consists in a swelling of the first bar of the upper '
palate. It is cured by rubbmg the sv/eUing 2 or 3 times a day wkh h
oz. of alum and the same quantity of double refined sugar mixed with
a little honey.
Gravel.— Steep \ lb. of hops in a quart of water and give it as hot
as the horse can stand it. » osuul
Halter Pullino. A new Way to prevent horses pulling at the
nalter. is to put a very small rope under the horse's tail bringing the
ends forward, crossing them on the back, and tying them on the
breast. Put the halter strap through the ring, and tie the rope in
front of the horse. When the horse pulls, he will, of course, findliim-
self m rather an uncomfortable position, and discontinue the effort to
free himself.
Hide Bound.— To recruit a hide bound horse, give nitrate potassa
(or saltpetre) 4 oz., crude antimony 1 oz., sulphur 3 oz. Nitrate of
potassa and antimony should be finely pulverized, then add the
sulphur, and mix the whole well together. Dose, a tablespoonful of
this mixture in a bran mash daily. i' ui
To Prevent Horses from Jumping.— Pass a good stout surcingle
around his body ; put on his halter, and have the halter strap lonff
enough to go from his head, between his fore legs, then through the
surcingle, and back to one of his hind legs. Procure a thill strap
and buckle around the leg between the foot and joint, fasten the
halter strap in this— shorter or longer, as the obstinacy of the case mav
require. It is also useful to keep colts from runnhig where there is
Ukely to be danger from the result ; if the thill strap should cause anv
soreness on the leg, it may be wound with a wooUen doth, and it would
be well to change it from one leg to another occasionally.
Big LEtf.--To cure, use the " Bliste,ring Liniment" with regularitv
every third hour until it blisters. In 3 days wash the leg with linseed
ou. in 6 dajs wash it clean with soap and water. Repeat everv 6
days until the swelling goes down. If there should be any callous
left, apply spavin ointment.
Sore Breasts.— This generally occurs in the spring, at the com-
mencement of nlowiiiff. At timAa tha fonif • • ^ - °!
~c?* '■
^l
iViiig poor
farmers' receipts.
27
n
o?S; iif"? ^'^^ having the collar weU fitted to the horse's breast; and
often the hames are either too tight or too loose. There is a great
sefrn^d 5^ h^^""^' -n ".* getting chafed or galled, and at times ifhas
seemed to be impossible to keep their breasts from getting sore • but
br^t^nf LfF^'^^r^^J^ strong alum water or whiti oakC ti the
tSw wm ^'T^l' ^ ^^y«i>«f?^^e going to work, toughen them so
vinr r.^ will not get sore. Another excellent plan is, when you let
nuU itTiSf^ ^r * ^!J ^<^^^^^ during work, to raise the colfar and
SSked hLd ' ™^ ^^ ^'^'* tWoughly with your
r.rS«f ^^^^.5^^^^? HoRSEs.-We desire to register an earnest
ttth^i^i*^'" barbarous appendage to horses^ harness. iTre-
^iTti^l /^"^^ s progress in every position both while he is at work,
ever^ie i'ST^^^^^ Z^ ^T''7' ^* '^ ^^^h useless and cr^l S
mS ft Mr A n Jif "^V T^u"^ ^°/ Compensating dualities to recom-
PrniitJv^ A • "PS' "^J *^® "Boston Society for ttie Prevention of
,??^i ^ ^^ Animals," wlio has travelled over a great part of Europe
S ^t ^?^^;^«t«.«f.humanity to our dumb servants, says, Sat the use
«f ife^^'®''^ ""^'^ '^ confined to America alone, be ng deservedly dis-
r^^o^XTf ,^^f^-^"*!i '^ ^^"-'^^^^ ^"^ «^ the Continent ^ The
reason why it is so discarded, was very graphically explained bv an
S"MrAZ1,XT«Hr^'^'^^^' ^«>^e^^^ke^. in^S?ersJtioS
Se check rSf!' tJ i ^^ ''^"'^ F^^ *^® ^*^^^ ««* «' *^e f^orse wi'
rn w.f Av^- , To^lieck rem a horse, is equivalent to trussing a
man 8 head backward towards his back or heels, and compelling hW
Fi^^?'"''^Ti" *h^« P««i««n. to do duty with a loaded wheelbafrow '
feed Sr hn?<!i?f ^ '''' u"^' RoAD.-Many persons, in travelling,
Ir^^i? n^-^^^l"^ ™"^^' ^"dtoo often, continually stuffing them
suffer frl''nl°if?"'*^""'i and digest their food /of courfe thej^
Z>nld E^v.^wri"^".T' ^""^ .carrying unnecessary weight. Horses
thP^n^l ^" ¥i" f"" evening, and must not be stuffed too full in
thi iTorS hfl n"f t^^^travehng should be moderate on starting when
can io 20 n? 9R !^- i'*"'^ir '^'V ."i^. ^^^«^ '"t^^*^ i« J?ood condition, he
ho?J^ lhn« f ^'^n- '^'*^''"* *^^^^"^- The provender required by
!!PJ:!^.^^M^,*n^v«"»l?or engaged in ordinary farm work ner dav^
wrtL^Ta^'^^l^V' w • ^V^^ ^^ ^^^-^ ^^^^ ^ gais-' "water 4 gals. ' ' Muddy
water 18 the best for horses. Beeves require 20 lbs of hay and 6
28
FARMERS* RECEIPTS.
gals, of water per day. Quantity will vary in every case according to
the Bize, condition, breed, &c., together with tlie kind of work in
which they are employed.
Itch.— To cure a horse affected with itch, first reduce his daily
allowance of food, p ittmg him on low diet and then give him a tea-
spoonful of a mixture of equal parts of sulphur and antimony, and at
the end of a week or 10 days the sores will have disappeared and the
horse will be covered with a fine coat of new hair.
Stoppage of Urine.— Symptoms : Frequent attempts to urinate,
lookmg round at his sides, lyihg down, rolling and stretching. To
cure, take Ub. of hops, 3 drs. oil of camphor; grind and mix. Make
tnis mto d piUs. Give 1 every day, with a drench made of a small spoon-
ful of saltpetre and 2 oz. of water. This will cure as a general thing
lo Cube Balky Horses.— One method to cure a balky horse
18 to take him from the carriage, whirl him rapidly around till he is
Fm ^'t^ ",'*equires two men to accomplish this,— one at the horse's
tell. Don 1 16t him step out. Hold him to the smallest possible circle
1 dose will often cure him, 2 doses are final with the worst horse that
ever refused to stir. Another plan is to fill his mouth with the dirt or
gravel from the road, and he will at once go, the philosophy of this
being that it gives him somethmg else to think about.
•P."; ^o^^'^ ^^^^ ^^ Oils.— 1 oz. green copperas ; 2 oz. white
vitriol ; 2 oz. common salt ; 2 oz. linseed oil ; 8 oz. molasses. Boil
over a slow fire fifteen minutes in a pint of urme ; when almost
cold, add 1 oz. of oil of vitriol and 4 oz. of spirits of turpentme
Aptly to wounds with a feather. A very powerful liniment.
Sloan s Horse Ointment.— 4 oz. resm ; 4 oz. bees-wax ; lard
i!f \ ' ^??®y' 2 oz. Mix slov/ly and gently, brmg to a boil ; then
a^a less than 1 pint spirits turpentine ; then remove and stir till cool.
Unsurpassed for horse flesh, cracked hoofs, human flesh, &e.
Mexican Mustang Liniment.— Petroleum, olive oil, and carbon-
ate of ammonia, each equal parts, and mix.
Merchant's Gargling Oil.— Take 2^ gals. Imseed oil ; U gals
spirits turpentine ; 1 gal. western petroleum ; 8 oz. liquor potass •
sap green, 1 oz. ; mix all together, and it is ready for use.
Arabian Condition PowDEits.— Ground ginger. Lib ; sulphuret
of antimony, 1 lb. ; powdered sulphur, 1 lb ; saltpetre, 1 lb. Mix all
together, and administer m a mash, in such quantities as may be re-
quired. The best condition powder in existence.
Blistering Liniment.— 1 part Spanish flies, finely powdered ; 3
J^ jj' t^^ ^ ®* yellow resin. Mix the lard and resm together,
and add the flies when the other, ingredients begin to cool. To render
It more active, add 1 pint spirits turpentine.
Medicated Food fob Horses Xnd Cattle.— Take linseed
cake and pulverize or grind it up in the shape of meal, and to every
50 lbs. of this ingredient, add 10 lbs. Indian meal ; 2 lbs. sulphuret
of antimony ; 2 lbs. ground ginger, 1| lbs. of saltpetre, and 2 lbs.
powdered sulphur. Mix the whole thoroughly together, put in neat
boxes or packages for sale or otherwise as desired, and you will have
an article equal in value to " Thoriey's Food," or almost any other
preparation that can be got up for the purpose of fattening stock or
CUrmjOr disease in everv mnP. wh^n fnnfl nr niorlini»a noil Ko ^# ««.. ,,,;„
wiiatever. Ihis article am be fed in any desired quantity, beginning
ti
farmers' receipts.
29
with a few tablespoonfnla at a time, for a Iionp miVin^ » ™-.i, i-
gram, a«d in the same propoitiwi to sm^le?SS"fe,^aW ^1
cations known for reducing swellino-s ® ^^^* ^P^^*"
honey. Administer Kwa?m. If There should iSv"^^^^''^'^ ^'
of ;^a«e5, put a spoonful of g^oimd SerS,o?nP. JL^^^^^
vender, and aUow^^him to drinfSSy^S^uLe watS ^ "" ^'' ^'^
soon grow together nooi-oound liquid, it will
mw°»ttoS™r5"ihfou'S°dl^tl''^,^^^^^ "">»* ■■ *,» take J lb.
5»' IS- te>SS "^« Xre«
*hisha«--romove"d^r;yTSS„|So„i:. ""* " *""''■ ^^''"'' '^«*'-
80
farmers' receipts.
Another CmiE.-Tako sweet oil, 4 oz. ; spirite turpentine,
7* ?u l ^^^ . ^*^"^ ^ ***• ^^' »»d apply three times per day!
If the horse is over four year old, or in any case when this is not suffi-
cient, in addition to it^ you will fit a bar of lead just above it, wiring
the ends together, so it constantly wears upon the enlargement ; and
the two together will cure nine cases out of every ten, ui six weeks
Cure for Bone Si'AviNS-iSOO RECiPE.-cSrrosive subUmate!
qmcksilver, and lodme, of each 1 oz. Rub the quicksilver and iodine
together : then add the sublimate and lastly the lard, rubbing them
thoroughly. Shave off the hair the size of the bone enlargement •
grease all around it, but not where the hair is shaved off, this pro-
vents the action of the medicme, except on the spavm. Then rub in
as much of the paste as will lie on a 3-cent piece, each morning, for
3 or 4 mommgs. In from 7 to 8 days, the whole spavin will come
out ; then wash the wound with suds for an hour or so. to remove
the poisonous eilects of the paste ; afterwards heal up the sore with
any good healmg salve, or Sloan's Hoi-se Ointment, as per recipe
above, keeping the sore covered while it is healing up
Another VERY Valuable Recipe For Ring-bone.— Pul-
verized canthandes, oils of spike, origanum, amber, cedar, Barba-
does tar, and Bntish oil, of each 2 oz. ; oil of wormwood, 1 oz ;
spints turpentine, 4 oz. ; common potash, I oz. ; nitric acii 6 oz.
sulphuric acid, 4 oi ; lard 3 lbs. Melt thclard, and slowly kdd the
acids ; stir weU, and add the other articles, stirring till cold : dip off
the hair, and apply by rubbing and heatmg in. In about 3 days, or
when it is done runmng, wash off with soap-suds, and apply again
In old cases It may tajte 3 or 4 weeks ; but, in recent cases, 2 or 3
applications have cured , v* u
Another.— Pulverized cantharides, oils of origanum and amber,
and spirits turpentme, of each 1 oz. ; oUve oil, * oz. ; sulphuric acid
3 drams ; put all, except the acid, into alcohol ; stir the mixture, add
the acid slowly, and continue to stir till the mixture ceases to smoke-
then bottle for use. Apply to ring-bone or spavin with a sponge tied
on the end of a stick, as long as it is absorbed into the parts ; twentv-
four hours after, grease well with lard ; and in twenty-four hours
™T'- "^^^f^ ^^ ^^" f ^*^ soap-suds. One application is generally
sufficient for spavms, but may need two ; ring^nes, always two or
tiiree applications three or four days apart, which prevents loss of
hair. This will stop all lameness, but does not remove the lump
Splint AND Spavin Liniment. Oil of origanum, 6 oz. ; gum
camphor, 2 oz. ; mercurial omtment, 2 oz. ; iodme ointment, iSz :
meltby putting all mto a wide-mouthed bottle, and setting it in a
kettle of hot water. Apply it to bone spavins or splints, twice daily,
for four or five days, and a cure is guaranteed ^ > ^'
r„F*^J:\ ?J^^ i^^i Vistula -Common potesh dissolved in h pint of
water, 1 lb. ; add | oz. belladonna extract, and 1 oz. gum arlbic dis-
solved m a httle water ; work all mto a paste with wieat flour, and
bottle up tight. Directions : wash the sores well with Castile soap-
suds ; then apply tallow all around them. Next, press the above
paste to the bottom of all the orifices ; repeat every two days tiU the
callous fibrous base around the poll evil or fistula is completely de-
stroyed ; pt a piece of oil-cloth over the sores, and afterwards heal
iiOuH a norse \ Jinrmp.iir
Up with SLouh's Horse Ointment.
P 1^
farmers' receipts. 31
diJ^ Mcn'i'e^^r^r SITS tz ""'?,'• °"£ <" '"«-
801 Of the oil of cumin on vm,r }K ^i^"^®^ ^®" worked ; put
the cumin on his nose, give him a S of K' ^l'®** '"'^^ »«"»« ot
helike8,andgeteiirhtortPnHr«r!; -1 * t,®'..*^® <^8*o' on anythimr
can the^ get ^imAZ^S^g^'n^^^^^ his tongue.^^
the animal, and your controlS cert^i^^®- • ^® ^^ *°<1 attentive to
m^%TS, a^d ^^Slfl^te ^' ^' ^^^ ^^«*- o' CO.
to make it into baUs • iS^o o ^A^^^ magnesia sufficiently thick
ing for a w?ek or ten'dTys^"^^ * middlmg^ized baU night and mom-
--^'^KZaT^n^^rS^Sl-r^'^^^^ «-*. 2 quarts of
very strong sa^e tea ; 30 minutes afteTth l^l^'^'^'^t'''^^ ^^« ^ quarts
to operateas physic), of cumW nil thJ**' f""^ ^ P^°*» (oreSough
the bots to lot go their hold^ thA io ^^f molasses and milk cause
carries them colVeteiy awlv c„^^ tT ^P' ^^ '^''^
Liniment for Sweeny -1a inr^K^?' certain, m the worst cases.
8oz. ; camphor-gW'Sriiti^^nthn^i^ each
1 oz. ; oil of spike^a o?. j^^B^the thfcf I'- ^^^ c^P?icum, of each
iron, and a cure is sure t^ Sw ^ Imiment in with a hot
t/rt,^l2>re".^5^ 'Sofe^r^ToJfe^n"^ o- C T
stirred into 1 pint of milk and Sn- J^^^J ^ ^ l* oz- K may be
pints of mUk, then SvTSom fhSIt ' •''\}^ "^'^ ^^ steeped ih U
^ Scours an^ PiN^oRMnN Ho^.'f .^'^'^'^^^y' ""t" cured. *
bark burnt mtoashes/rdmaS StoT^thp? ?^^^^f-White ash
f P nt of it with 1 pint warS wite? and^JSf ?w"" ^^^ 5 *^en mix
daUy. This will certain!? SJy off' thl S.l.'^^ *^.'', '^^ ^^^^^ «mes
"^E^NOLi^rs^^' of sSrs^'anJ I'oVe'nesr™^' "'^^^^ ^^^ ^? ^-««>
ammS.^annrof'^tSSAe'^S"^^^^^^ «' «P«^e, aqua-
*^5fr, e^ch, 4 oi ; oil?,?o?£^d oV'l^i^^"^* «^' *^^ ^^ «'
a.?r^u^aS^mrfo.^T5%^nffS^^^ t«^entine,
best ^wdered aloes,TeU Solvel^Turt^^^^^^^ ^ «^^^ «^ «^«
tea^Srr'^efk^r fe^^-^^"-^^
pulv™eTJalIpe^fflb ' mL' an? ^^f^^^-^est vinegar, 2 qte •
%torixl^£rKf ^^^ '^^^^ '"^ '^^"^^•
that he would w'i^irup"^^^^^ ^«f ' ^^^^ ^ho said
cause the loss of a horse wortE a thnnlSI^*'® was lost, as it might
as foUows :-As he drove Thfin^tifr^^""^ pounds, fastened the shoe
to the hoof, without Sw?hlS off Tfh^^ f^" P^^"*« drwn
then drove the nails hoTriP«?,5 «??«?' ^^.,-*^® "^^^^ practice is : he
HOES,. Az,..-Make a slow fire o£ old shoes, rags, herbs, fe. '
- r-HT-i [ iiiii,!
32
FARMERS RECEIPTS.
Wlien fired a little, smother so as to make a great smoke and steam,
then set a barrel without heads, over the fire, and hold the horse's
head down in the barrel, and smoke him well. This will soon pro-
duce a copious running at the nose, and he will be so well pleased
that he will voluntiirilv hold his head in the smoke. Continue this
half an hour or more daily, meanwhile give him potatoes and warm
bran mashes, and gently physic if there be much costivoness which
the laxative food will nofr remove. If he has fever, treat him for it.
Saddle and Harness Galls, &c. — White lead and linseed oil,
mixed as for paint, is unrivalled for healing saddle, harness, or col-
lar galls and bruises. Try it, applying with a brush. It soon forms
an air-tight coating and soothes the pain, powerfully assisting nature.
Grease Heel. — Ley made from Vood-ashes, and boil white-oak
bark in it till it is quite strong, both in lye and bark-ooze ; when it is
cold, it is fit for use. Wasn off the horse's legs with Castile soap;
when dry, applj^ the above ley with a swab fastened on a long stick
to keep out of his reach, as the smart caused by the application might
make him let fly without much warning; but it is a sure cure, only
it brings off the hair. To restore the hair after the cure is effected,
make and apply a salve by stewing elder bark in old bacon; then form
the salve by adding a little resin, according to the amount of oil when
stewed, or \ lb. resin to each pound of oil.
Valuable Remedy for Heaves. — Calcined magnesia, balsam of
fir, balsam copaiba, of each 1 oz. ; spirits turpentine, 2 oz. ; put them
all mto 1 pint best cider vinegar; give for a dose, 1 tablespoon ful in
his feed, once a day for a week; then every other day for 2 or 3 months.
Wet his hay with brine, and also his other feed. He will cough more
at first, but looser and looser till cured.
To Distinguish and Curb Distemper. — ^Wet up bran with rather
strong lye ; if not too strong, the horse will eat it greedily. If they
have the distemper, a free discliarge from the nostrils, and a conse-
quent cure, will be the result, if continued a few days ; but if only a
cold, with swellings of the glands, no change will be discovered.
Remedy for Founder. — Draw about 1 ^al, blood from the neck;
then drench the horse with linseed oil, 1 qt. ; now rub the fore-legs
long and well with water as hot as can be borne without scalding.
Physic-Ball for Horses. —Barbadoes aloes, from 4 to 5 or 6
drams (according to size and strength of the horse); tartrate of
potassa, 1 dram; ginger and Castile soap, each 2 drams; oil of anise,
or peppermint, 20 drops; pulverize and make all into one ball, with
thick gum solution. Feed by giving scalded bran instead of oats, for
two days before giving the physic, and during its operation.
Physic for Cattle. — ^Take half only of the dose above for ahorse,
and add it to glauber-salts, 8 oz. ; "dissolve all in gruel, 1 quart, and
give as a drench.
Hoof-ail in Sheep. — ^Muriatic acid and butter of antimony, of
each 2 oz. ; white vitriol, pulverized, 1 oz. ; mix. Lift the footj and
drop a little of it on the bottom, only once or twice a week. It kills
the old hoof, and a new one soon takes its place.
Superphosphate of Lime, the greatest Agricultural Dis-
covery OF THE Age. — Take a large puncheon, large tub, or barrel,
and put into it 200 lbs. water; add, very slowly and cautiously, 100 lbs.
Ui puru BUipiiux'iu av;iu, yxju. iii.uaL 00 vcxj i;aici.ul, wIiulc uauuiiil^ una
'
id steam,
3 horse's
loon pro-
l pleased
Inue this
nd warm
jss which
im for it.
iseed oil,
IS, or col-
on forms
g nature,
ehite-oak
v^hen it is
tile soap;
ong stick
ion might
are, only
eilected,
hen form
': oil when
)alsam of
put them
oonful in
3 months,
ugh more
ith rather
If they
a conse-
if only a
sred.
the neck;
fore-legs
scalding,
to 5 or 6
irtrate of
of anise,
>all, with
oats, for
r a horse,
uart, and
mony, of
foot^ and
It kills
RAL DlS-
)r barrel,
f, 100 lbs.
^iv^
FARMERS' RECKIPT8. gj
bulk of dry bog-earth or dry roadHd^,Hf.^>?? the mass four timesifa,
with a wooden shovel TK« ^^**** ""st; mix and pulveri?P Pftml^iT* i
mUl four days wiU be sufficient tm ' '* ^^^^ ^'^ ground in a bm.«
^■eoimnfihJ^K'^^^^ ^^^ attention is «]fh!^"'-^^* ^''<'"' wliiJe
le one of the most powerfnl w.-r . ^^ *^at is reouirpfi f^
contains phosphate othZlJlhth-^^''^ "^ existence. Xht «n^
manaofeablp nnH in^wtr • "^ order to receivp th^ ""»iJiiere nice
84
FAUMKIIS' UECKIPT8.
I
The ^mp^ym!Sot wlops and disli water in tlio box sliould l)o Htrictlv
prohibitod AVlion the box is filled, you cmi remove t ■in i convS
It uito po.idrotto J\)r thiH i)uriM,se it^iniHt be wXed o^er w^^^^^^^^^
ftdditional quuntity of n.uck, or other ubsorbeiiC n murpro.Tort ouh
that It will lorni, with .what hoH been I.rovi.,UHly adde laC uK
quarterH of the entire compound. The working Hl3d lie do o u der
and mxed several tunes at interNaln, and finally Hcreened, and niado
5h;;;'i[ irkc^rur'be!^::^/*"^^^ ^^^^ ^"^^^ '' >« ^^"^-"-^' - "^^^^^
HoMK-MADK Guano of Unkquallkd Excellence —Save all
your fow manure from Hun and rain. To pre, le it for ««o h read
^lyer of drv Hwa.np muck (the blacker it in the better on voiKr
Hoor, and dump on it the whole of your fowl manure- l^at it inf?.
line i)owder with the back of your npade; this Ce /idd haid ™d
the loUownifT j)roporti<)nrt: dried muck, 4 bushels; fowl manure •>
bushels; ashes, 1 Lushel; plaster, l.^r bushels. M ^ thoCS v ^iJ
rirrS^fo^"''i"S'tHi V;;? '»'^tter tSe.elbow-Krease exp'eS^v'ill be
r^ bSter i%\ JJ "^ ^''*"'''' l»''"»t!"{f. J»'>i>^ten the heap with water,
or, better still with urine; cover well over with old mats, and let it lie
till wanted for use. Apply it to beans, corn, or potatoes, at the rte
o a handful to a hill; and mix with the soil before drSntf the see^^^
Ihis will be found the best substitute for guano ever nvented^a^^^
"olL'c:.tr''^ '" '''' ^^"^'"^^ greatSropsTtuS com'
To Dissolve Large Boneb for Manure without Expensf —
Taico any old flour barrel, and put hito the bottom a layer of Imrd^
wood ashes ; put a layer of boies on the topof theXs ^uidadd"
K^L^fiV^' ^^ ashes filling the space between thrboi^^s with em
then add bones and ashes alternately, finishing off with a thick Sver
n-n^inffl • ^.^r, ^^"" ^'"^^ *" ^"«i pour on water (urine is better )
just sufficient to keep them wet, but do not on any account suffer it
to leiich one drop ; for that would be like leaching yoi^rLS^^
??..< v^r"'*'''^ time they will heat, and eventualVsofLn down so
Uiat you am crumble them with your finger. When sufflci^ntl?
softened, dump them out of the barrel on a heap of d^v loam and
piUvenze and crumble them up till they are coinSely amSmt^^^^
Into one homogeneous mass with the loam, so that it ^He easily
handled and distributed when required. You may rely on it Sis
manure will leave its mark, and s\ow good results whLver used
Substitute for Sui-ERniosPHATE^-If you L'J^e inch bone
groimd in a bone-mill, and cannot afford to purchasrsulphuric acW
to work it up into superphosphate of lime, yoS can reduceyo r bones
sou to eveVJTr^f ^"f ^^"^^f ^^ ''"^^^y ^^ « reelZeCf loamy
sou to every barrel of inch bones ; mix them together. The bones
tTeV^ll &ct>l'nff^"V''"^r;i^°^ cont^nue^ofor sometime
c.iey will then cool off. You will then proceed to chon down anr^
pulverize and work the mass thoroughly ;'^it wiU beghi to rehlat ?nd
fnTh."" .o"i?.^ T^ '^T" •'^'f'" ' ^«^d youVill continul workbigTt^^^^^^
wm ha^e a lei^elSor^'"?'^^^ *^^^^-" P^'^P"^ '^^^ ^^ fineness, wten you
wui nave a teitilizer ot astoxushing power. It is only a vear or twn
Bmce a statement appeared in the ^'Country Gentonan'" of the
1)0 Htridtly
ul convert
sr with an
roportiouH
•out thrce-
lono under
rolled over
and made
i, and the
-Save all
5, Hpread a
n>ar barn
it into a
ard wood
iiposed of
nanure, 2
;lily, and
ed will be
til water,
d lot it lie
• the rate
the seed,
iited, and
)S, corn,
[•EN8E.—
of hard-
and add
;h them ;
ick layer
J better, )
suffer it
mgheap.
down so
fflciently
am, and
;janiated
e easily
L it, tliis
Br used,
h bone
iric acid
ir bones
f loamy
e bones
e time ;
wn and
eat and
: it over
len you
' or two
of the
FAKMKH8' RKCEIPTS. *«
So
expcHuiontH of a Mr U^»u,.,r ...
«i() I0..111 or mould. Koiuovo ?(,r , ' '"?"'' »» """"l, on tho ton n>
crop Jiad increased frn»>. on *.. o7^; ,**' *'o 'y^^t m twentv vnn J m,« 1."*^
« you have an"dt.<rSr "'^'";'"' ™« almost NoTHmr
W-donotsiffe?^?to^i Q^/' '«• r''™f«. t^ boSy of'I
»&;r (Xlf ffita the «vm? ;;^7S t e 1
86
FAIIJIERS* IlECEIPTS.
dnrk-greeii, and stirtH it vorv ranidlv Onn nf ♦!.« i.« *
hardwood JieH tw^^ MrrX if^^^ loam(,r pout, Hove.i barrelH ;
bushel. Place a tiShwoi .^ ^ one barrel ; «laked lime, one
a Werof aHhe8/o^r4^'''thethe^^^^^^ H'^' '•'«» **
loam, or peat ; timx another thiinaveroV^^^^^^^^^ '!' l>o«-earth.
80 on tllf your nmtorlalH are worked in ?hh /JT' ?t'^ .t^*^^*'' "»^
layeroftlieabwjrbentH torotoinihafJJi} 5^" ^^ ***^ ^^''^ » tJ»i«k
Bltion of the flXwH i^K.ftorf il^^ fert lizing gaHes. The decomijo-
will be the ren ir It^K^onlH h« ii '^'^T."^' ''"^ ^ ^^''^ "«h coni.i,8t
ou^hly intennixed and uJ^^ritd "p'i '^,1^^^^^ ^"^ ."?'' ^'^ *'^«r-
.made into a comiwst with loam MiidnHf fin r "'^ *"y "^^' ^^^^n
yields a very i)owerfiil ri'innro mliil ^.^"^^ ^V"0 or wood aHhes,
and appliedV tTe ei d S le ?AS '^Tn'^''^^ with absorbent earth
of 40 gkUons per acre, has roduced a cro7oM2-U f ^'"*'H' f ^ "^« ^'^^°'
acre ; while on the^^i ne Lil am? .?„tvi ^.i ^"^ *""^ ^^ *""*'Ps Per
mou "d1l7eetl,^^^^^^^ fe'e^wldr?^ fi'^r^^^^iTT^^'- vo.tr
FiiNt a layer of dFv sods or naH ..fj J ^'^^ ''^^ ^^ ^"«^«^» "^ "me.
spread, mixing sSvvUh ?t ^Hf.r.'^^^'^^^ "me «
on which the o'thS^half of the 1 met ^rS^ ^^/^«^^* '¥'^^ «* ««ds,
the height of the rnZnd S.;™hnn?^f^^'/^^^^ thick
it wiU take fire Xe lime ion?dh« ^?'^ J" twenty-four hours
better to suffer t to im! J 1 if^o?f If ^^J'^^i' ^^'^ni the kiln. It is.
of water. W^enShe frel^pfrvtf^?'/^/"*/* ^^ th« operation
plied : but get a good body S asC t'tl;/^^! '?^« "^"^^^ ^« «1>-
may he fairiy supposed thVth a itfr.lo*]'^® first place. I think it
quality of the asSs and whpn ij.il"? ^^^^ ¥^ '^^ ^o^h to the
vise tie burnini a small' a^antitvTX^^ '^" S^ ^ot, I would ad-
a great improvement to tie^S?^^^^^^^ T^^^^ 7«»ld be
Substitute fob RABN-MAxrmt K?^^^
water enough to slack 5 o?6bnsS";;im^^^^^ ?^/^^' ^
panug the compost heav in IhulJ Z\y.-H^^^^
swamp-muck, intimatelv^nix^d fh^? I q^k*^!!* ^^''^^ *» 1 load of
a very good imnure S faJiW' nS th^i'r,'^ bushels to 5 loads makes
and lime be thhi, so that ^d^nmLi^- ^^""^^ ^^l*^^ ^^ye^' ^^ muck
complete. When lime cannot hPcKJ''*''''' "^F S^ "^«^« ^-^P^d and
bushels to a cord of mudc In a m^^fTr. unleached ashes.-S or 4
.work over the heap, when it wll hP rP^H ''? '^^^^^' ""^'^^''^ ^"d
•«ilt water on the lime Is the help goes uT^ *^" "'"• ^^'^^'^^ "^«
c^yeTe^lS^ferf 2 oSr™S-~n^1^ f f'' ' ^^'™' « «^^"««« i
usmg th4e proi')ortior^ biD vmiVS^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ y^'i ^«q«ire
Oat OB Wheat Stbaw made equal to HAY.-Brin.^ 10 <.niin.«
1 barrelH ;
lime, one
11 ; ou the
i»e, then a
bog-earth.
wheH, und
th a thick
deconiix)-
I coniix)8t
and thor-
^0 400 lbs.
it to com,
the grass,
e of other
acid, and
!• niakhig
ah, when
)d a.she8,
5nt earth
'• the rate*
mips per
t took 40
ike yonr
I of lime,
f lime is
of sods,
ot thick,
ur hours
n. It is.
peration
t be ai>-
think it
1 to the
>uld ad-
onld be
s fire in.
salt in
for pre-
load of
i makes
f muck
M and
-3 or 4
ml and
kle the
unces ;
eqnire,
mposi-
>-n.llniio
FARMKKS' RK0EIPT8.
water U) y, boiling heat • tiko if « *u
coal oil in/T Cu«cuL,J miWir'i^'^^^^^^
iVe • or' ?,?f P'^'''?^ a' <^he roots of the t?P?t^?^'^'^"«' naturated in
.«ufflcient to soften untiU ^^^ be'readilTS )^ !?' ' -^"^ ^"ow or lard
10 Cultivate Tobacco "^ "^^^^^.^J^ applied with thehand- m«ir
situation, where the yotn.nl^n^a '"'"''' *<^^''^'««: select HheltPr^
;-> ...=. ..en .uach „, gmpes-iiieidTtt" h^d "o^o^^^
FAKMERS' RECEIPTS.
sccWdVe? a/tirfirHt,^n d so in^^^^^^^^ fegili the
bloom of the fruit is thus DreservpV «« f '*^^ "^^l"^^, '« ^""- The
jonniey of 600 mile^ «« if ?hl ^^ ^^®^^^' '^^ t^^e end of a
is^over fails to preS grapes e^Z^n," -^^^ *^^l^'^ ^'^'^^^^ «,e tree
make 1 ton of the food : take of hXlnnonl ^^\T''f '^ '\ ^^"""^^^ *«
ground GOO lbs., best IhiSed c£iK^^
Bulphurof each401bsVsXetreJ^?lb?^ no-' ^'""'liT'^ turmeric and
. jnJse-seed, 4 lbs., coriander In J^^^^^ 8»^ger a lbs.,
2 lbs., carbonate of soda and levio- pTn?,i5?.f ^^ ^''?-' ^^^'eam of tartar
salt 30 lbs., Peruvian barr4 £ ^ft'.tS^^^^^^^^^ lb«-' common
Cure for Swelled Bags ix row« \ ^'^•' n"'' «ioronghly.
swelled bags in cows caused hvpnli!'"^'' excellent remedy for
if yon have not tried ?hrdail/,?,.acaco ^Zt "t J'*''' T^- *«' ""d
cent, more milk and «he „'ni i'„ ' """ "'•' "ow wil give 25 iier
that She will ;^f uSttinr leS w^^^^^ attached fo the dTe
mess she will drink at .Ciosf anvlim?^ «n^ ^»* «"«
amount of this drink necessarv S: on i^'- ^"^ ''^'^^' ^°^' ^"^^e. The
time, mornhig, noon and niS7 A vniH '^"?''''^' water-pail full each
are no more §t forThS &^^^^^ «°^^« " ^'^K' ^sthey
Home-made Stump Machine —Tni.pqS
put them together in form likP n ;7^.;,t ? 1'^^^'^'' ^^ common joints,
ends lap by each X^somefiithn "''''', ^^''''''''' ^ettingthe tapering
rest in.' Cut off the r^ot^^? ^ivAiAnrf'''^ ^P^^'" ^^' «^« «^^^"» tS
place the machine at on?sfde oTtt sS^^ ^^"^^'^ ^'.^^^ *^^« «t«'"P.
Cham on the opposite side mid msritm^^^^^ '^1^5 hitch the
good yoke of oxen thS Svou^ machine ; then hitch a
method is as foHows- in 'the f-VM oTJlf *^'^ f*'™^ "^^- Anotlier
mches deep into tl^cent e o} the stnmn fn^/''^^'^"? "" ^""^^^^ ^^^'e 18
filling up ^iith water S^^iU'S^^^^^^^^^ I'lV ^* •'^''^^*l^^*^-^'
out the plug, put in hAlf a gill S? kerosene and S fii i *-}^ 'tP'T ^''^^^^
out the stump, to the farthest rnnfwi/- ^^^fi^etoit. It will burn
Jith an incli a\iger, boJe a hole hi th? o.nf.f f l^ ^^'"^ • "^ "^^ f^".
deep, and put into t a f lb of vitrio aXnri 1*¥ f ""^P ^^ ^"«^^<^«
In tlie spring the whole stumn Vn^vi'^. cork the hole up very tight,
ramification^ will bSn IsTrin^^^^^^^ ^^^ .f^^'«"^^ «^eir
To Sprout Onions -Pour w^ be easily eradicated.
ZTSL-i rr^wir rrM "^ t -?;"» »« 's^.i'd'
lime, and tlie same'o/'Znnd Sr.nn? ' ""'"/ H' " ""^f^"' «'
apply dllnted soft .™°' fr"""!.,'?''™''' »'""' ««=h tree. Tlica
. -..,., ... „„„,,j. .iu;,|,.5„ag^ „„ yi^ tnuilis Mid
4
)i'onolit np
I the box,
a layer of
Begin the
fnll. Tlie
end of a
n the tree,
fruit,
ornuila to
sans finely
neric and
?eraibs.,
n of tarta r
common
roughly.
«edy for
h oz., to
nre.
)ur cows
:iich bran
will find
ve 25 per
the diet
but this
re. The
iill each
' as they
1 joints,
tapering
chain to
3 stump,
litch the
\. hitch a
Another
hole 18
dtpetre,
ng take
ill burn
the fall,
) inches
■y tight,
;h their
iicated.
smain 2
me up
?h tlie
5iug of
he old
3her of
Then
fs and
limbs, as high
FAR3IKRS' RKCEIPTS.
39
bh>on;,\Lo;f o?e^Vi?n\r"oirn^^^^ *"« *-«« -^- m full
two white dishes tbec?u"e^^t'nS'~^^'- ^^^erman says, -I took
ixi^^it) or deep plates and nlirl^ ^?'"'^^ "•^"" ^ittentiin in the
and filled then/ about half f.K ''^"^"" *^^« **^P of the hiveT
moniing I had about 50 Serf oat hT'?""'^ ^'"i^S"xr. The ext
50 more ; the third night, bein^^^ night I caught
. of good yeast. Place the TIsk hi . w^^^ ^V^^"' ^"^^ «^dd 1 pt
fifteen days add a sheet of Smmon w,^™ ^'^''''^> ^"^ "^ ten or
molasses, and torn into narroHS ZH^^'^'^^^lf P^^' «'»eared with
The paper is necessary to fZn the'' W^?" ^'" ^ave good vinegar
Mr Pulley's Ked Salvf to rriRS i '""'''o ^'^ "^^ «f t^e liquor
oz. of the best honey 2 oz of TS J?,?^ ^"^ ^^^ ^^ SiiEEP.-Aii^i
iapoimd of ArmS,n bole w?th * ^^^^^^^l reduced to powder and
convert these JnoredientsinS as much train or fish oil as ^n
must first be gmdua%1i;^^^^ when*SV^ ^ '^'''- T^>^ Wy
stu-red m ; afterwards the aluSndSn^iltf^f^t^" 5^^^ "^»«t be
To Improve the Wool op ShIt.1 il: q ^'^ ^'^ ^^ '^^ded.
after the sheep are shorn, soak tlS rook of ^.r^'^'r'— ^^^^^diately
over vvith oil, or butter, Cl brimstone -^^^^^^^^^ 5^^* "«™^i"« ail
wash them with salt and water ThS w,L? 1' ^ '''' * ^'^^s afterward,
much finer, but the quaiSv will k! ^^""^ ""^ "®^* season will not be
be depended upon, thlt S^C" ^TnStu- ^^r.^^^^^' ^^^'
ZJSIZ^'^-' ^^^^--r^a-^If^enretS"-^^^^
made, it has Leif ns^^Jild ?o''/'*^^ experiments lately
tnbuted by a machint S^^n?f.mlV^™^^ 'T' ^^ ^^"^^' or S
the ravages of this destructitt w^^^ *" ^'^""P^ against
soon as the turnips come in am '?,?*\, ^* ^^'""'^^^ be applied s
which, they were smvn. The line . o.i !'hf T,^^"-^ ^'"'^^"o" »
before It IS used, if the air be nSf s£ inf ^"^ ^^"^^'^'^ immediately
operation unnecessary. sufficiently moist to render that
Coloring for CuFF-m? TUr. ^ i • .
sbould be, Sp^mish amfaiio bS "i"^ *^" "^^^«« ^«' or at least
general in this ft)imtrv a (tSn.^/o' ^% '?''*''^ ^« coloring betiime
for sale in aluK).st^ ^n ,hon Th? ^^.^^ <^f a^ed kind was expCd
vl r„;h.- ^f •'■ C"»Hulerable Dart of thp Vro-Zr^^ f? ^ -"^ ^'"'"^d^'
-■-. ucuvcii lor butter, more colorine- will iS • •.'" "IgUt s milk
tlie cheese is, the more coloring S^^^uirll "?|;r^'- '^'^^« ^^^"^^^
8 It lequiies. The manner of using
40
FiiRMERS' RECEIPTS.
11 ti
'"IJ!
costing $50, /or miM-s, &o.-Unslaked lime 1 Ih"^ !!?• ^"o'^"".
3oz., or mnrmte of ammonia, 3 ozM™t'n<f J,al^^St';''T°"^'
Lepiua'^™kSl "bottle ' "' "" ""= «™™'' ^"""^'^ fo trap.
ttti'f/;si%^^Yer^'^r''s???^^^^^^^^^
honey. Sligllt Iv crok for a few Si,.^ . "''?■ ^•'"'- '""'*'■ ™<i ^ oz.
newmilkluiruponc&^Sikellb o"f W^/''t* \" ^ '"■ "'
ing this secret for $S *" "' "' ™'""^- ■Ag™t» are sell-
,uSt1f;Kforfd?of°lto"'' The^L^r' T-'^.«'P °" ^-d ■*
ft dryai arom.d their hauTts alilnto tofrZlesTf^J" '^''^Sfr'S
w&p^eXSe'dTforSfa^iJo^^'^S'rj^tL
weight, turning it round, aS foS ft ,m ^Jl L "l "^^ * "™
water is found Denressed SnHnn? i ''^.'^""^ the hole after the
™.£'* P",?''"-<=J FKU1T-TBKK.S FROM ATTACK OP MiCP FTf T., ,
{St' bJllSr:' ' '"* ■ '"'"• ^PP'-' "»' 'o "'» tark o'iVeZTl?t'(, i
r
<f
I sufficient,
iiifusiou is
fc infusion ;
le palm of
'f egg will
B Game. —
red at the
on the bait
Another,
immoniac,
'Keep in
are takes
the trap.
ulverized,
'iled eggs.
i the mix-'
and 2 oz.
en set off
zed alum,
bottle for
> 1 pt. of
s are sell-
i hand a
scattering
will leave
trance of
•y boring,
f its ovvn
El sprlng-
■eral feet
liter the
>xi3osuro,
IS in tlie
3 of large
Littiug in
over the
Japs are
mpletely
y closed.
)oonful ;
sh made
-Tar, 1
& with a
Tn P
have them^Se^edl v.T.^^.i^^"^'^ Implements — Wi,p„ „ . .
■ means, sleiX .In ^""^ *^^® «"», wind rnin o,!a ° "°* ^ "se
perfectly "clet. pL^e 'a^ ?'"?"'!''« S ta dyS«5 '|S'\'''1
and water, wa«hS th^ / "^^ scouring wrtl lifh ^"P'
warm water nr<.«i„. *» r°e soap well out o^j i.""* soap
fcsAxoN BLUE.--For 100 lh« f>,n* * ^"jury to
4,2
DYKRS AND HLEACIIKllS KECEirTS.
n\
f'lniHliinj,' in tlio bliio vat, tlie fjint pnrplo or dahlia, ho much admired
in (jorman Ijroiidoloths, will bo produced. Tin acids must not bo used
in this color.
Blue Dyk foh IIohiehy.— 100 lbs. of wool are colored with 4 lbs.
Gnatoniala or 3 lbs. Bengal indi}j;o, in the soda or wood vat ; then
boil in a kottlo a few minutes, 5 lbs. of cudbear or 8 lbs. of orcihil
paste ; add 1 lb. of soda, or better, 1 pail of urine, then cool tlie dye
to about 170° Fahr. ; and enter the wool. Handle well for about 20
minutes, then take it out, cool, rinse, and dry. It is all the same if
the cudbear is put in before or after the indi','o. 3 ozs. of
analine purple dissolved in alcohol, ^ pt., can be used instead of
the cudbear. (Wood spirit is cheaj^er tuan alcohol, and is much used
now by dyers for the purpose of dissolviuji' analino i'oiors). It pro-
duces a very i)retty shade, but should never be used on mixed goods
which have to be bleached.
Logwood ani> Indu^o Hluk Dye for Cloth.— 100 lbs. of cloth,
color the (doth first by one or two dii)s in the vat of indigo blue, and
rinse it well, then boil it in a solution of 20 lbs. of alum, 2 lbs. of half
refined tjirtjir, and 5 lbs. of mordant, for 2 hours, then take it out ."id
cool. In fresh water boil 10 lbs. of good logwood for half an 1 ur
in a bag or otherwise ; cool off to 170° Fahr. before entering ;
handle well ove^' a reel, let it boil for half an hour, then take it out,
cool, and rinse. This is a very firm blue.
Dye foh Wool or Sflk.- (Mor between Purple and Blue. For
40 lbs. of goods, take bi-chromate of i)ot{ish 8 ozs., alum 1 lb., dissolve
all and bring tlie water to a boil, and put in the goods; boil 1 hour ;
then empty the d.vo, and make a new dye with logwood 8 lbs., or ex-
tract of logwood 1 lb. 4 ozs., and boil in this 1 hour longer. Grade
the color by using more or less logwood, as you wish it dark or light
in the cok)r.
New Bleach for Wool, Silk, or Straw.— Mix together 4 lbs.
oxalic acid, 4 lbs. table salt, water 50 gals. The goods are laid in this
mixture for 1 hour, they are then generally well bleaclied, and only
require to be thoroughly rinsed and worlced. For bleaching straw it
is best to soalv the goods in caustic «oda, and afterwards to make use
of chloride of lime or Javelle v/ater. The excess of chlorine is after-
wards removed by hyposulphite of soda.
To Fix Dyes.— iVe/o Process. Mr. Ki])ping, of Manchester, England,
Ivas a new process of fixing dyes. He dissolves 20 ozs. of gehitine in
water, and adds 3 ozs. of bichromate of potash. This is doiie in a dark
room. The coloring matter is then added and the goods submitted
thereto ; after which they are exposed to the action of light ; the
pigment thus becomes insoluble in water and the color is fast.
Scarlet with Lac Dye.— Fox 100 lbs. of flannel or yarn, take 25
lbs. of ground lac dye, 15 lbs. of scarlet spirit (made as per directions
below), 5 lbs. of tartar, 1 lb. of fiavine, or according to shade, 1 lb. of tin
crystals, 5 lbs. of muriatic acid. Boil all for 15 minutes, then cool the
dye to 170° Fahr. ; enter the goods, and handle them quicldy at first.
Let them boil 1 hour, rinse them while yet hot, before the gum and
impurities harden. This color stfinds scouring with soap better than
cochineal scarlet. To this dye, a small quantity of sulphuric acid may
be used, as it dissolves the gum.
Muriate of Tin or Scarlet Spirit.— Take 16 lbs. muriatic
eh admired
notljo used
with 4 lbs.
i vat ; then
>s. of orchil
ool tlie dye
)r about 20
the Haine if
3 ozs. of
Instead of
much used
0; It pro-
lixed goods
)S. of cloth,
!) blue, and
lbs. of half
e it out ."id
ilf an 1 ur
entering ;
take it out,
Tiluc. For
b., dissolve
oil 1 hour ;
lbs., or ex-
iv. Grade
rk or light
3ther 4 lbs.
) laid in tliis
i, and only
ng straw it
) make use
ne is after-
r, England,
gehitiue in
le in a darl?
submitted
light ; tlie
ast.
rn, take 25
r directions
, 1 lb. of thi
leu cool the
idy at first,
e gum and
better than
c acid majj^
. muriatic
I^YIiUy AND ULKACUEIIS' UhX'EIPTS. 43
mixtureshouldbekcptaf^wd^^^^^^^^^ ^"'^.T ^ dissolve ; Ihe
or granulated by melt n^ in a Sbi. v. ""T^' J^'^ *^'" '^ leathered
heghtof about'sfeeti^^,".;-;^^^^^ and pouring it from a
ful/igent m certiiin colors, such as sraXt^ ;...»"' ^^- ^. "^"«<= P^^er-
Scarlet Dye with CociiNFlr i^^r^^^^^^^^^^
cloth, use cream of tartar lib To1.u''''^u-'^^^«- "*' wool, yam, or
muriate of tin ovsl^r^tJ^r^-An'*' ' ,«««hj"eal pulverized M "zs
goods, work them wdHoTl^^^^^^^^ the dve, 'ent^S
4 tea cups' puwS'Jcd^SneaU^^b'^'A.f/ ^^'J? ^ ^^^'^ "^""«te of tin
alum tin, 'and cream of S for 20 mSo^^ l^'J^T^ ^ ^^'\ ^«" ^^e
boil 5 niinutes, innnerse the goo(L 2 hZ« rn^^^^^ *^'^. cochineal and
a new dye composed of lira/H wood i nlf '/^"'''''^ ''^"^ ^"ter them in
muriate of tin 8 cupfuls addim?. IJf '' ^^^^^^d 7 lbs., alum 41bs.
follows: ^upi"i«, addmg a httle extract of indigo, made as
andXfmo i tllferiS;^^^^^^^^ -^ of vitriol 2 lbs.,
first i hour, then cc^i'erit uTandstlSo.^ «*'?«" l^riskly for ?he
tlien add a little ptilverizey'ch ill/.fivts! '^ • "'''^ "^^'l^ ^^^'^ lewdavs,
as long as it foan/s ; It will neuS^^ "^^ '''"^. ^««P addin/it
Light Silver liuAir-For 50 nf.^^ f^^ ^eep it closely corked.
alum, about the same au-infftv • }tf^ ''^pods use logwood i lb
them for 1 hour Gm^ le^co^^^^ ^f^^ *!i^ ^'ood«' <»?d dip
equal parts of logwood and ahim "^ "^^'"'^^ «^^^de, by using
'M^'^^^SnZ:!'^^^ ^oo?«. use blue vitriol
'zis'^^ i»£^ ^»acX^^^ ^ «^ -
bi-chromate of l^tari^fe.TJzs'^'glSa;:;! r; ^ ^'^%«^ ^^^^ *-ke
aud put in the fabric, stirrinrwelf 3 lot^f/^ °^.'-' .^°" t^^'ether
hours; take it out, rinse slVht)v,s?;'i« . '* remain in the dye 5
into which put Io.^wood Mlh/ n .n ?1 T'*^^' *'^^» '"^^^^^ a new dye
Pt^ Let tlfe fabric^ eLSin all nio It ^ nd wn' f"^^ ^''^^"'^«^ 5^5
Red MADDER—This Slor is „Slv\ «i^ T'^' """^ "' ^^^''^u water.
To 100 lbs. of fabric use Ss ofahim ZtZ f 'T^ uniforms, &c
muriate of tin. When tho^P .„ n .ti 1' i"'^' ^^ tartar, and 5 lbs. of
them boil for 2 hou?s heSceTht'o'^^^^ '^', ?««^«' ^"d let
Into fresh water stir7K n.^^f ~ i ? , ' ^^'' '^^ol, and lav over nip-ht
Fahr. and"brii?gitVtX'ofrth"^^^^^^^^^ .
seciire evenness, then rinse and drv ^''"^' ^'^'^dle well to
Dark Snuff Brown on Won/' Vr^r. ko n
wood 10 lbs., boil for 20 mhiS thTu dh.^^^^ ^T'H' ^'^'^ ^^'
then take them out and add wv^o i^ f .■ .^P^ds for | of an hour
and du, the go„dT|,5'^i''S*° ten'a'KSl io":! '' """""^
WiNE C,„,„n DvE.-For «0 Ibn, of good, „,o camwood 10 lb,., W,
44
DYERS AND BLEACHERS RECEIPTS.
m
20 minutes, dip the goods ^ hour, boil again, and dip 40 minutes,
then darlcen with blue vitriol 16 ozg., and should you wish it darker,
add 5 lbs. of copperas.
Pink Dye for Wool.— For 60 lbs. of goods, take alum 6 lbs. 12
ozs., boil and immerse the goods 50 minutes, then add to the dye
cochineal well pulverized, lib. 4 ozs., cream of tartar, 5 lbs., boil^uid
enter the goods while boiling, until the color is satisfactory.
Dark Blue Dye. — Suitable for Thibets and Lastings. Boil 100
lbs. of the fabric for li hours in a solution of alum 25 lbs., tartar 4
lbs., mordant 6 lbs., extract of indigo 6 lbs. ; cool them as usual. Boil
in fresh water from 8 to 10 lbs. of logwoo(l; ta a bag or otherwise, then
cool the dye to 170° Fahr. ; reel the ffc,'^i >: :' -ckly at first, then let it
boil strongly for 1 hour. This is a verj {\ litntion of indigo blue.
Qbange Dye.— For 50 lbs. of goods, lifc gal 6 lbs., muriate of tin
1 qt, boil and dip 1 hour; then jrad to the dye, fustic 23 lbs., madder
2i qts., and dip again 40 minutes. If preferred, cochineal 1 lb. 4 ozs.
may be used instead of the madder, as a better color is induced by it.
Sky Blub on Cotton. — 60 lbs. of goods, blue vitriol 5 lbs. Boil
a short time, then enter the goods, dip 3 hours, and transfer to a bath
of strong lime water. A fine broion color will be imparted to the goods
if they are then put through a solution of prussiate of potash.
A Brown Dye on Wool may be induced by a decoction of oak
bark, with variety of shade according to the quantity employed. If
the goods be first passed through a mordant of alum the color will be
brightened.
BitowN ON Cotton.— Catechu or terra japonica gives cotton a
brown color, blue vitriol turns it on the bronze, green copperas darkens
it, when applied as a mordant and the stuff boiled in the bath boiling
hot. Acetate of alumina as a mordant, brightness it. The French
coloi named " Carmelite " is given with catechu 1 lb., verdigris 4 ozs.,
and sal-ammoniac 5 ozs.
Brown on Wool and Silk. — Infusion or decoction of walnut
peels dyes wool and silk^brown color, which is brightened by alum.
Horse-chestnut peels also impart a brovTn color ; a mordant of muriate
of tin turns it on the bronze, and sugar of lead the reddish brown.
Solitaire. — Sulphate or muriate of mr ;unese dissolved in water
with a little' tartaric acid imparts this I) autiful bronze tint. The
stuff after being put through the solution must be turned through a
weak lye of potash, and afterwards through another of chloride of
lime, to brighten and fix it. Pnissiate of copper gives a bronze or
yellowish brown color to silk. The piece weU mordanted with blue
vitriol, may be passed through a solution of pnissiate of potash.
Fuller's Purifier for Cloths. — Dry, pulverize, and sift the
following ingredients : Fuller's earth 6 lbs., French chalk 4 ozs., pipe
clay 1 lb. ; make into a paste with rectified oil of turpentine 1 oz.,
alcohol 2 ozs., melted oil soap 1^ lbs. Compound the mixture into
cakes of any desired size, for sale if required, keeping them in water,
or small wooden boxes.
Green on Cotton.— For 40 lbs. of goods, use fustic 10 lbs., blue
vitriol 10 ozs., soft soap 2^ qts., and logwood chips 1 lb. 4 ozs. Soak
the logwood over night m a brass vessel, put it on the fire in the
momuig adding the other ingredients. When quite liot it is ready for
■|
dj-eii
iv^
^s> >
minutes,
t darker,
5 lbs. 12
t the dye
, boil juid
Boil 100
., tartar 4
iial. Boil
ivise, then
then let it
digo blue,
late of tin
., madder
lb. 4 0Z8.
iced by it.
bs. Boil
to a bath
the goods
h.
>n of oak
oyed. If
or will be
cotton a
IS dai'kens
th boiling
le French
;ris4oz8.,
)f walnut
by alum.
)f muriate
irown.
i in water
int. The
Jirough a
liloride of
bronze or
with blue
lash.
1 sift the
ozs., pipe
tine 1 oz.,
rture into
in water,
lbs., blue
izs. Soak
fire in the
I>YERS AND BLEACHERS' RECEIPTS. 45
may be obtained by. letting part of the goods remain longer in the
ib8^:muSo7thi2njr"To^n^^^^^ ««« -^wood 20
large vessel, add the muriate St na,idZt1.,\?2"'' *i^™ «« '""^ *
solution containing alum 2? lbs Shon^d « lil^' """"I ^'V'^ ^ ^^^m
add a little extract of iSigV ^ ^ "^^^P®"^ ^°^«' t« required,
alu'^n 2YbI,"entl;"tSe";oS^^^^^^^ "^ -?^' «^ '^^ ^ ozs.,
pi[crirtLSrJSs7h^^^^^^^ «^«-. enter 3
tub, give them 5 ends hS nnf \!.n? *^®°1 ^^ » clean alum
hquor enter, give tS 5 elds h£* Z ^r?^"' ^""^ «' ^«^««d
give them 5 ends in that, and finish ^ ' '^"^'^ ^^^^ ^'^^ *"!>.
hou?,1^f the goXs^e^/^v'^^^^^^^^ ^^- ««r« 30 lbs., boil f
40 minutes, rmove and aUow tbpm f^A ^.n^^erse them in lime watef
4 lbs. to the sumac uXr and din ?&^^'''"'"' »«^ add coppera.s
through lime water fS mhiute^ J,^"'', ™°^^ ^ next work them
20 lbs., boil 2i houra, Ld Stef thk^^r^^^^ ^ ""^"^^^^ «* dogwood
mate of potasl 1 lb to ?heTew d^l S din T""' *^'^^ ^^^ ^^-«^^«-
clean cold water and dry outTf Fh^e 'sS ^ ^ ^''"' '^'''^' ^ork in
pafMlcVy^anT^^^^^
Now take tartar 4 Ibs.X iSuor 2 Ih? sl^'"'^ '*^^ f^^^ f«^ a day.
paste, make a hot bath ^^thSdent 'w.?i^n'''.''li^ ^l^^' Z^ *^e ^^ove
I hour, afterwards careful? Se aid Z ' ^"^ ^"*'' *^" S«^« ^^^
8 SXth^g^Sali^ls^'^Mi'k^elf^ «"-^-^ ^-d 3 lbs.
potash 2 lbs., dip until the color fnitt^fZ ^\^ ^^^ bi-chromate of
enough repeat tfie opemtfon ' ""^ """^ ^"^ ^'^' ^"^t yellow
by pSig t^e goods fira^ thmS n 'i:;^^ ^"""^^ '^^^^^t dye may be given
a decoction of f^wocS an^^^^^ ^^ W«. then th^ug
given by dyeing the good? criSi ISfh ""^f • ^-^^^^ ^^<>^«^ may be
terter, ani after rifS paS-ThL'^.f'''^^^^ Y.^*^^'^* alum or
A•ne/,.orC'^«on.areffiSTIithl8o|^^^^^^^^^ ^"^^^ ^^*-
through a mordant of alum iron lionor^rfH^^^^"^*!' "^^t passed
working them weU, then wokeTin ? rSo' i^"""* .f'S'^^*^ of copper,
equal weight of root, and iSfbriSiten^d i^- ^^*^ "^^H ^^^ an
Slate Dye on siric —F-nr a oSi ^-- ^'''" ^^^p or soda,
water, and a£>ra S^f^ oV wln^d t/"*'*^' *^^1^ P*^ «* ^arm
piece of pearlash thTS S a nuwli'^''''''' Pretty strong, and a
handle a little in this liauid and i?t k^^^ FH. ^^^^^^^^ ^'oSds and
i!^-?'*he color wiWCVaVk'.'T.^^^^^^^
ready fo? I '' "«^^' *he color wirEe^ 'too dark A^^n. ^/^ "^"^*^ l«S^««d
IT^AZ m smartweed, boil in a hr^^^^ ^J^I^a A3rJ''^, «<>^o^ on silk.-Use
46
DYKRS AND BLEACIIKRS' RKCKIPT8.
well with tlio liquor ; nmko it boil J hour, dip l^lie nillc (juiekly. then
let it {!()ol, Hud wuHh it in river wiiter, and a fine half violet, or lilac,
more or less full, will bo obtained.
GiiEHN DvK ON Silk.— Take green ebony, boll it in water, and
let it nettle ; fciko the clear liquor as hot as you can boar your hands
in it and handle your floods in it until of a bright yellow ; then take
water lind out in a little sulphate of indig:> ; handle your goods in this
till of the shade desired. The ebony may previously be boiled in a
bag to prevent it sticking to the silk.
lYiiowN ON Silk.— Dissolve ainiatto 1 lb., poarlash 4 lbs.. In boiling
water, an(i ])ass the silk through it for 2 hours, then t-ike it out,
squeeze it well and dry ; next give it a mordant of alum, and pass it
first tlirough a bath of Brazil-wood, and afterwards through a bath
of logwood to which a little green copperas has been added, wring it
out and dry, afterwards rinse well.
IJiiowN Dyk on Cotton on Linkn.— Give the pieces a mixed
mordant of acetjite of alumina and acxitjite of irtni, and then dye them
in a bath of niaddor, or iruiddor and fustic, when the acetate of
alumina piedt)rninates the dye has an amaranth tint. A cinnamon
tint is obtjiined by first givii\g a mordant of alum, then a madder
bath, then a bath of fustic, to which a little green copperas has been
added. }
MuLnRituY ON Silk.— For 5 lbs. of silk, use alum 1 lb. 4 ozs., dip
50 minutes, wash out, and make a dye with Brazil-wood 6 ozs., and
logwoo<l l.i ozs. bv boiling together; dip hi this ^ hour, then add more
Brazil-wood and logwood, equal pai-ts, until the color suits.
(iitioKN DvK ON Wool and Silk.— Equal quantities of yellow oak
and hickory bark, nuike a strong yellow bath by boiling, snade to the
desired tint by adding a small quantity of extract of indigo.
OuANOE Dye.— For 40 lbs of good's, use sugar of lead 2 lbs., boil
15 minutes, when a little cool, enter the goods, and dip for 2 hours,
wring them out, nuike a fresh dye with bi-chromate ofpotash, 4 lbs.,
madder 1 lb., immerse until of the desired color. The shade may be
varied by dimming in lime water.
Bluk'on Cotton.— For 40 lbs. of goods, use copjleras 2 lbs., Ijoil
and dip 20 minutes, then dip in soap suds, and return to the dye 3 or
4 times ; then make a new bath with prussiate of potash ^ lb., oil of
vitriol 1;^ pts. ; boil J^ hour, rmse out and dry.
SoLFEumo AND Maoenta Dyes on White Woollen, Silk, or
Cotton and Woollen Mixtures.— For 1 lb. of woollen goods,
Maifcnta aJutdc, 96 grs. apothecaries' weiglit, of aniline red, will be
required; dissolve in a little warm alcohol; using say 6 fluid ozs. of
alcohol, or about gills alcohol per oz, of aniline. Many dyers use
wood spirit because of its cheapness. For a Solferino shade, use 64
grs. aniline red, dissolved in 4 ozs. alcohol, to each 1 lb. of goods.
Cold water 1 qt. will dissolve those small quantities of aniline red,
but the clofinest and quickest way will be found by using the alcohol,
or wood si)irit. "Clean the cloth and goods by steeping at a gentle
heat ill \veak soap suds, rinse in several messes of clean water and lay
aside moist. The alcoholic solution of aniline is to be added from time
to time to the warm or hot dye bath, till the color on the goods is of
the desired shade. The goods are to be removed from the dye bath
Bolutioii, and the buth la to bo
1 — .i'.^-..
^ V. ~^j:x3 .._
uit;
iUCOiiUiii;
DYKIIS AND bleachers' KECEIPTS.
47
Sm [ ^^^^o'^e tho ffoodH are returned. The alcoholic solution
b itli for 1 i.\ ♦• ^^1 *" ?^® ^^**®- Use al)out 4 ^als. water for dve-
i lou.n f\vJ'^^^^'' ^T S?**^' ^«' ^'^rger quantities. ^
invito with l^i^Tf'T.^- ^''*f-. ^'']}'^^ ^™ t>l"« <^r «»ll'l»Hte of
chalk 2 /W^> • IL'^rl*?** f*""" 1^"^*^ ^^^k, neutralize with
wood 3 «rt?„ nf ^"^1* ^'"^^ *^"^ ^ ^ strained decoction of loif-
IMtatoiiveWet ' ""tmaps. toita, artiticial flowers, &c., or to
urin"^ fn^-^lf »*?,?'' ""*'■''''* " '"'« '«"1' oomposcd o£ water 4 parts
the lS^S,,l «HnS I ,A 5"^' ^,, ""».'"««. Immersion, remove from
wwi „ "^'^^ ™^y penetrate the better into their substance^ aS
which a proper qtiantity of vitriol and decoction of logwood With a
..„V4*'^^^i?Yu ^«owN ON Straw Bonnets.— For 25 hats use ^rmmH
s^mders H lbs. , ground curcuma 2 lbs. , powdered gal S, or sSs
lb msped logwood ^^ lb. Boil all together with the haL h, a^rgl
^n?l J H,f^°''* to crowd), for 2 hours, then withdrawthe hats S
and let them reniani over night in a bath of nitrate of 40 Baume wCn
Sua^itltv nf ^^^^ ^ darker bro.vn maybe obtained by incre^inrthe
bSecf w/fl.Thf \ ?^ ^^^. *^^^ ^*« ^^^ desired lustre, & are
Vrli^tr A ^ ^^"^^ ^^ d«^^^ ^ouch) grass, when dry. ^
.i??^i^'\?rf:P5_ST«AW,Bo^^P«:-Take alum ^' lbs., tartaric
|| acid 1 lb., chloride of tin 1 lb.
I licla/~i]XTZ\ n«-«^ I^.n.^1 _H-_ 1 -m -m
48
nVKHS AND IILEACnKIls' UKUKIl'TH.
vlj. : lUiiin 4 Ift S ri, »r S an. "' " •''>™'="»" "' th« following,
omtnliw ..f hX ,. i 1 Jtte 3ni,^^^^ «mmonlao»l coohlneal, „,*
nilnuto», thenVn' S M,,tr L.op.r'f'' ' '■''"'.'"■''•'S """ '•"■Tors
e.«1r;5;; w,mn u^lr for a H„'^i"S ^-^'V"' " '«"' «™» -•''»»'ves
add. ™ '^ **''• "'"*'• oontaming 1 oz. sulphuric
Jsl^ZrmfdTb. ."i^lphSaoid-'^.,?^^^^ '^ «'^'»''^''- »
hot water and niav lio c3 dim?iKf Jj*'™*" diaaolves easily in
oAa^feiSw
cu w ^1. am. A greyish green is produced, which must be
4^
t
a
ii
11
tl
ft
C(
tl
Pl
sp
ai
DrKRS AND BLKACHEUH' RKUKIPT8. 49
Htiiiico out. Then lininerso thfi 3;wiu f^ V ^^*.^**'^ *""^ "'•> t'»o huI>-
tiiiio thoy Are doiie/rtTmprovesTho 'corn..";!' ^ •''"'''*;, ""^ "» u nhort
Htroiiff Hoap 8ud8 »«.,
color on wool or Hilk - t— "•c.«oin
acidrorre sTilpSe of L^^^^^^^^^ *ho bath by Hulphurlc
wool a quantity of Holutlon tmv!uA fa '"^^^t'l^ «ha(lo to 10 Ibw. of
mm/rod.' Tl»e /olor of U e dy^ '?ibriJ i^lfunrovii '.f ''""l?^^ ^"^ be
ana water, and then paHsin? throu h a^b^^^^^^ ^^ing: n 8oap
Aniline Black ^ou Dyicino -Water ^??i!f-i\*'^ sulphuric acirf.
potassa 1 part ; sal-ammoni/il. 1 »«,!* . 1 1 .^* *^ l'"^»' chlorate of
aniline hyirocl loricS of p^ijf^ \''^''*'"f^<' »' copper 1 part-
It is essential that thrpremraH^^^^^ J'^^'h PJ«^i^:"«ly raliid together' •
it is the more mpid wTbX^^^^^^ 5? if I rt '^■'. "^"^« ^^^^
80 It may injure the fabric P'^^^"^"^" »' *he blacks; if too much
BomrhotTrbaTof^cSd'^-^r^i;^^^^^^^ *h« ^-«ds for
zinc has been dissolved until tlTo Si « "^^^f^ chloride or acetate of
wool the nmrdantKatK^^^^ Baume ; for the
Hhould also be placed in a wa?m tSj, nVfi'"' "'^. ' "^^,' '"^^ ^^^ goods
liour. m dveiJiij. a hot sohfn^n oi Iv^^ *",^'""' ^ *ah„ for hSlf an
should be addS Si thVca f of thf co'£^^^ ^?,"«^^ ^ ^^"^
and, in the wikc of the vvoo in olJ!!^ "^*^"' ^ome chloride of zinc
, To Dye Ai^iLiNE Yfil^^
water, and for dyers' use mnvl^:^^i^•''*'^°^ '» s"ghtly soluble in
the bath dve, but ^s bestT,«L k "'^^•'^ ^J'^'^^-^ ^«" «»« Preparation of
alcohol. I'empSfre of hnth „i^^ fiT^''^"? ^ ^'^^ of dy/in 2ga]^
is much iinpro?S a Id bLM^nnS?'^^ ^'^ ""^^' ^«^ F'^l»- The ^C-
, To Dye with aSli T rmilr^T^ *'^'^ «*" «»lph»ric acid
b. of the dye in togalS boWn/watfr'THH''Jh?^'? BLUE.-Dissolve 1
phunc acid. . ^ P^^^ through a bath contaming sul-
spirit, 8pecificS?t^820(ri?M'^?^Inffl ^^' ?^ ^^^ ^^own in 2 gals, of
!S?i^r- ^e faJJ?!^'^*J'ol'rsfe^r„^^
—Tc wiui iiuu no moiuant is required. '"""'^ ="uii^ ummiiy lor
50
1>YKRS AND MLKAcilKUa' KKCHIl'TS.
To E
lOODH.
Hit
It.
,.r.,™ w».. „u,r„ hk i„f„r;u;j";;™'2- ir ;;/;t
TJiA(r
with beuzino,
and two uimmi
ftlmorlml.
hea
Cinnamon on Buown on Cotton avi. «i.,.^ n- ^i
much color, from u HolXHf bhTo vftrkf o^ . V^'^^ "''^ fc'oodsas
tobo run through a solution 'oi pr„»,Jo"'o7 XXl'i^' i^lS,
Aniline Black on Silk ob Cotton —Water 'Xi to -sn ™ .
toKCther. Tliokbr!corvimiiKdrfpHi,?„',Lj^'' I'^^'o'^'y ntocd
dry, coU each fibre seVraWy wV a btottaSferor ivoi^TfoC"^
f
I)lt<! tllO Hpot
|>ni)er imdor
>iiHo will b6
^lum, 211)8,,
inHlbs. of
I. of water ;
)luti()n8 aro
Lriol, which
hours in a
eautioiiHly,
To remove
. dilute Ho-
rs become
Boap aiid
It, 1 hour;
) mimitoH,
r, ioz., in
lie heat to
3 goods as
uegal.,a8
ne- water;
has now
to water,
30 parts,
f cooper,
ly niixed
low tem-
5 LATE, —
inntes to
t out tiie
lie hat or
ou get a I
e extract
the thit
1 in the
B will be
soap in
arl ash.
ugh for
through
through
ter with
;o shake
erfectly
ler.
DYKR8 AND BLEACHERS' RECEIPTS. (^^
To Clkan F(rRa.»,Fn^/faJ•^fllra• w«
n IMin, talking mro that it domnThu^ ?' "" ^"^""ty "' now bran in
I'llMkly Htirred. When w«ll w,?! V'' ''/ I'"'vent which it must be
wifcli the hand, Uomat 7ui! .^ ""'i'/ ''"'' '' tiioroughly into to fi^
yudgiveitanothe h'X Ksldn^'nnJrr ""T' "'«« H^^'uke t e'/jt'
fors; lay them on a Uible ,^ rub ZSl '?.? '.""" ^'^^«'- ^^r white
warm water, rub unti uito drv a.J« ."^^"^ i'"*" ""^^« "'"'"t S
WHt bran should be l)iit o w 1? H '^^|''^"'i'^'* ^i'»' dry bnin, T^
Light fur., in addition t<> 1 e abovr sh^ w ^ "^'^ .^^^^ »'*'*"^ "'"« in
liosia or a piece of book m wlh ILr fh'i'*,^ ^«" '•»«'t>ed with magi
wtij^of tiie fur. '"*^"*' *"*" <^^e bnui process, against tlfe
qts *nS;^'[;Talimrt^Lle let ft.^i"^' ^^^ '''<^»« "'"e, andfl
ll<nd int<> a sU)ne j^ig, S CO R f niL"*'"^ I>"»r olT the clear
iHght in simple witer. wrin^ ut unfi ' **"'"'' ^V"^ white clothes over
;lirt^' or st/JiAed places- hav«n,MK^n*'"''^^^ wri.stbands, collara and
hogfnningi boif then',.,,M^^ i^ * ^''"^^ ^'^l' «^ie<l with water full
put in yo'-ur oloth^' a .f .yVi^^.Xn b " ''T^'"''' «^ ""'^^'h. S
""Cmv '"'%' ''"^ "" ^« eomplite "" ''''"'"' **'"'" ''"l^iii^htly through
them'thr^^e or'fmJl Sn^'a s^rin'JT '"^^Vr ^>^^^ ^'^^^ by boiling
copperas oco.wionally. lit tlie Sif'"''' "'.^"KW'>od, nddingal ttif
then tiike out to dry in the ai 7""f^ 'f "Hm m theliouorallniiht^
ttgJiin after drying R,,b i„" I'l " /''" ^^'"'i* i» "ot sat/sfactorv dv«
«"ooil; thenffic. Trf'K"A"ir^* witj» a siK,nge moSd f,?
P.ota«h, and toil your straw iSTI? if ?/'"'^i//''^^"-^^^^^^ i» a lev of
cient quantity ofl,ofcush ley/llb' o/iit n. « o/h"' ^^^^^-Take a snffi-
the London maS^ures "conS ^f 'V^'^^.^-V^ing hats, employed by
o^wood; I21bs, oi.^:XSTe,fV::tl±^h^^^^^ i^H o?
coH«ive quaVS;3inTe^Sr"' verdigris are' addeTi^ri suc-
successive two or 'thi^e dozens of ZtiT^'^^'^r^' ^^'«"g witlx ev^^l
machme. Each sot of hats afti. k*! •^"''^^"^ upon the drippiS
occasional airings during fSvm^m,t«^"•^^^^I^^ ^ the batli witlt
out uimn the ground to Lr3 "^^nu'es, is talcen off thene^s and i«S^
dizenfent of tfrimn with the «^.^''"'^^i''^^y blackened by tie pwoxv
hours, the dyeing S cSle od S^S^T ,?^¥""- 'n three mfou;
washed In runni% yr^t^r^ • ^^^^'° ^'^^^ ^yed, the hats are well
Ih IbfSKlafeSoin^^^^^ S>r,T^'.\\« ^^- -' «hellac with
materials are to be put in a f-St^l^^^i^^' ^^^^igals. water. These
the lac is dissolvedf when the In'nS'^ T^^ ^ boil gmduallv tm
wi houtany scum upon ?he top ZliT\l^T'^\'^^<^}^^
crust upon the surface of whii^K :^ ^?** ^ cool, will have a tliin
ties of the gum W^^^^ ^^^t, mixed with the liSit infn, S
dipped into^l™ nnSr?in^^co1dVat^^^^ "^' *^« ^^^' body Xbe
possible of it; or it may be annlied v^lh' ?V^ ^ ^^^^^^ as much as
b<)dy,beingthus8tiiTenid mnvSfnTiJJfU^ ^'^^^^ «r sponge. The hat
after it has been brusS KSt hS^'^^^^^^^^dr^^ ^rLarlyso a^^^^^
or acetic acid, in orS«rf?'i:.!!L"«* beimmersedin veHr dilute «ffl„^"?
, ... «.u.x-aiize ine poutsh, and "cause the sheS
5i
DTEBS AND BLEACHEBS' RECEIPTS.
Ill
white, and its fleSt? to toS'^d ^^ " **"' '•*"^'''«' ™'y
barrel is the apparatus most iSfn^.f 5 "« sulphur, an old Hon?
stone being iWl^iC ^md the snth!l?'iK''t 5^ ■-'"taers, a flat
ba^el »n£ai,,ing the go^d'stttel'ffi^^^^^
should be previously washed in pure water ■ ^°°''"
JwrSe'CeXj™''™ GOODS-Blaok Japan varnish dilu-
. above; and lastly, wa"h' i?iu the usual mt^^^^ ^^^^l ^^^^ ^
muslin may be restored bv imtfchi^ « ^n^tiV^ * k, ^^s^olored linen or
the tub whirem the Sic&arf solik^^^ ^^ ^^'^"'^'"^ "^"^^ ^"*«
at'fi'rst^rofloTwo^VK tf Jf,^ ^o' 2or3days in a bath,
1 part. Blue: with the inS^^V^t n^^F^'^''^'''' ^.'^^*^ ^^ "'^^
brown dyes for s Ik or woollen CTW^vtr^* ^^ "«^?g/°y of the
lowed by a hot bath of BrS wS^ S;J; T^'k^''* ^* ^,^"«^' f^l"
cudbear. PwiA; or Rosp • w?th ^f a ' ^"^^^rds by a weak dye of
A^ith the red dye, olSwed W an SkSbZ ^'TS ^'''^^"- P''"^ ''
alum, followed bv a bath of T^T^-I^f. 5'^^^^ ,?''^-* '^ "mordant of
alum follow^ byVbath of turmeric oT^^^^ ^r'"^' II ^^^'5^"* «*
verdigris and verditer of eaoh^ nt ?^J^^^- /^^^'^.^ -^^^e. Take of
well and dip thr/eatheVs tSy hLi^^^^ i 5*-. ' l^'"" *^«°^
into the said mixture. ForKr^li^lflTl T^^^^ '^ ^?,* ^^*e^'
nation, vermilion and smalt Th/n'n?f« ^^ .^^\ '^^'S«- ^o»' <^«''-
used iA dying feathers ^"""^ '''" ^^^^^"^ ^^^^^^ ^^^o^^d be
COLOBS FOB AbTIFICIAL FlOWEBS — Thp TTi-o^^l, « i
J«^ camftnc and kid for the iJetals nifd /^/SL? "fi^ T^'^^^ ^^^^«^
recently thin plates of feSS wh«tJ^n f/?'' ^""^ *^'^ ^^^^^«- ^^ry
portions of the artLWrwersS^^^ T^ *«?««P^
dissolved in oil of vitriol and the nH^ ,J,S '^^«f «:. ^^^e.-Indigo^
fcirtar or whiting. S-A solution ^
Liquid archil. W-SmL diSoived fn t'^oM^^^^^
tar, or m spirits of hartshorn FzoZeJ^— T ion,-^ ol k?, °^ -^^^^ ^*. *^^-
little salt of tartar YeuZ^TiiZul'r^T^^ archil mixed with a
generally applied with the fingSs' ^^ *"'"^'"'- ^^^ ^°^«^« ^^«
4o^Tpuiv';s^^iiarseX^^ fr.^?isr?r ^n^«^'
fm?if rw\?^^ ^^S^^ rshSg^^oS.?i.a^3^
in the sun. W£ mrij^atatfi?if ^^^^^ --^ ^^^-^«- fi- o?
JpS;kKrf:;ro/5i^fi^f!f^^^^^^^^ ^obs.ob woo.™.
•" " >^v«^.B, i^s wuii as me aiawers or boxes
ley may be
ited.
solution of
3xygenated
idered very
ily exposing
n old flour
iners, a flat
on, and the
The goods
iruish dilu-
n the pro-
three days,
of soda to
12 hours,
)r, made as
ed linen or
liquor into
in a bath,
e of iron,
my of the
alum, fol-
ak dye of
. Plum :
lordant of
ordant of
Take of
nix them
lot water.
For Car-
ihould be
5y velvet,
ia. "Very
for some
. — Indigo'^
th'salt of
Lilac. —
It of tar-
id with a
olors are
alcohol,
a phial,
isionally
e fire or
0LLEN8.
or boxes
i-^
t
DYERS AND BLEACHERS' RECEIPTS. 53
^^^^''^^2'^^^^^ the unpleasant
the air. Some persons place shX n/^n exposure of the stuffs to
of turpentine, over, undevLh^t^.^!, P'^P®"" T'^*®^^^ with spirits
it a very effectual method ' Manv wS^lfcn'5' ^* "'^*^' *«" --^nd find
phor, the size of a nutmeg in pSrl on H^flSSf" £"* ^^*« *'* «a^^-
m their shops, and as they Sush their Hntfr^"^* ^^"^ «^ ^^^ sl^elves
mouths, this keeps them free from m^^^^^^ three or four
111 boxes where tfie furs, &c are i^t a VoiV"* *^"' ^?«"^^ ^^ done
put within each muff when iAidbv^Sn.fff^!^'''^ "^""^^^ '^ frequently
Clothing Rknovatoe -Soft water f^^^^^ ?^PPf ^« very gJod.
tion of logwood by boiling the extract wftifij ™*t^^ ^ 'o*^""S ^^^coc-
cool, add 2 oz. gum arable talowder bittle cnrw^n ^^1^^ ^'^^^
for use; dean the coat weU from i^ea^^^^^^
above hauid with a spoiifje evenlv^nnntf ^ ^"*' ^^ ^PP^y th«
hangmtleshadetodry ; aftlmard^ wi.JP ^'^ *^^ ^«^«r, and
will look like new ' ai^rwards brush the nap smooth, and it
4gTirS1^1Xe^riS\?r«r^^^^^^ -I"- in
acetate of lead in the samrqSkntit^nf^^^^ ^°^^ ""^'Sht ot
dissolved, mix the solutSto-ethS.P«nf^'i, ^l'^^ ^«*h ^re^well
resulting from this mixture hSw' *'''*' -"^S^^ *>e sulphate of lead
thevesselinthefornf apo^er^^^^^^^ ^ *^^ bottom of
into it the fabric to be renCd wJp^w^S t^«, solution, and plunge
s/t^e?rr/£4-T^7^^^^^^^^^ 2 o^.jYoft wator, 1 quart ;
altogether ; dissolve the soap wIlTlnd^L^.?'''''"^.'.' ^ ^«^- ' «»'x
be removed with this premmti^n 'Tfn^K- ^ P^^^® or dirt that cannot
1 lb. ; ground lithargrts lbs • S"7n^'l'*^ i*""^' S^^«- '' ^^es-wkx,
article, previously st?SchedLaiS^f«wfii*PP-y.T,^^ ^ the
washing and drvme- iaph n^fV^ ^ * ^*^^ *^'* * table, previously well
To RLErolK^Ks -^ui^^^^^^^^^ the'cSmposition. "
them with cold water^^et tiem S^^^ '^^V e^"^' ««ver
down, but do not wring h(S/ , n S^T.^"""'' '.^^ ^^^"^ ^^P and
damp, and the;^ will loo^lJeSir '^'''' ^°^ ''«" while'^very
rec:^m""Brt^:-7lr^^^^ tV^!? '^.^ ?es-bed in these
wood, 4r lb • watPr il^i,o^ of logwood. Red, ground Braril
in the ^a?er Te'to^^r^Ttmhi and "«Th ' t'' ' ^^ '^' Brazil^^^o^d
minutes. Searlet co^o^ MToz^ffmn in ! «.«f^ineal ; boil fifteen
over the work before apiSI ?he rod R^'^"?* ""^ '^^*^^' ^d pass
vitriol, 1 oz. ; water, 22 oi hnii p ? i ' ^og^ood, 7 oz. ; blue
6 oz. ; water 29 oz (^jv/w 'Jlr!L ^'''^^^' logwood, 11 oz. ; klum
2oz. ground fine" 8m^SpnT£'''"^^^''',?^P^°*« best verdiSS'
PoTxWs iNvisiBLT^Sf^^o^j?"^ 1^ together and boil. ^''
wrong side with a solution of SnXro?-""^"'^!^'' the cloth on the
water, forming an emulsion (H miiifw^S'^r^ ««^P di«««lved in
brush, rubbing in well. When drv ?t « V ?5^'^ ' -^PP^^ ^^th a
agamst the jrnun. an^ Vi.^!! -!"- ^^'.^* is brushed on the wroni? sid^
afterwards brushed down si^ootii"''''' ^^ "" ^''"^^ ^^PP^** "^ ^'ate7 ;
To BAisE A Nap ok CLOTH.-Clean the article well ; soaJcIt in
H
MEDICAL DEPAUTMIONT.
teazle or a prickly thistle nnJ i .r»„ ^ • "?^ ^^*^^ ^^"cks. or with a
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, &c.
Rur.Es FOB Action wnv «,:r/^T,^
and disease ei,deavo?'aS to H ve oTS,/*'^^ SAFE.-Fn healtli
Wyho late physician to Se Ernperorof Rn«?^ ''^^- . ^''' J''*"^^^
loDK observation in the hosiA^Unflhui^Lr^^^^^^ remarked during
occurring in rooms uve S W the 1?Z^^^^^ thecasesof deatS
more numerous than the fatrUases n th2^?^ '""' ^^^^ f^^^r times
rect action of tne solar ravs Whln ■ ^"""^'^ exposed to the di-
hand remedy is to mixTalt Zf^JT"'} l« ?^^^"«^^ed, a good off-
ench, in , g4s'of wa er tiVd^L rmS teaspo^onful of
operation. Then give the whites of 9 iS..-''^^- ^* '''* ^"^^k in its
eggs alone if coiTel cannot be had ^mS? ''■''''^ °^ ^-^^^^e, or tlie
eases nf «r.j»„. ^^Ti""^'' ^^ ^ad. For acid poisons give acids. In
F^lisirtbT;rorSMrd7n?,^^' ^t'^"« coffered 1e/movin.
skin is'^de^tro^ed^reltith^^^^^^ i? ^olf fr/J'^"^./" £11^^^
on the back, with the nose aS mAnfl ^'''^^^il "^^o the water, float
raise the head and bodyTf or /ifntTn " ?n ^.T^'^'^'S- J^r apoplexy,
oned wounds, unless your iZith ?s s^;. ¥n5^ ^?k'^" ^^*- S^^lc poisl
cut out the part without dSircaSizett w^^^ *^^ T"".^' °^' ^^"«r
cigar or a hot coal. If an arterv iiS 1 '*^ ^''^'*^'*'' *'i« end of a
a veuiis cut, compreS beiow Vf \^?'^f ''^'^ '^^^^^
cough. Before pasffgthroS smoke S ^^""^^"^'^ ^"^
then go ahead ; but if' yoSr SnfnW -^^ fall breath, stoop low,
caieful. SmothWafireSblankttsor^^^^^^^^ walk erect and be
burning oil and increase SiHaf-er K^
by dashing water into them 'mH^o^V V?in«ve dust from the eves
with a soft! smoS woodin nS ""Tl '''^^"5- , ?^"^«^« «i»deiS, &^c
cold, by regular dielhSl y food a^d o?.^? v^""^^^ ""l^ '"'''''^ ^^^hinS
said: -The methods by ^1^1 have^^^^^^ Sir Astley Cooper
temperance, early rising, SsponS ?refnT^ "^^^"^^ ^^«'^^"^' '^re
cold water, immediately after |ettfe"!)nInfMlX ^^^'^ '"''"''''''^ ^^it'i
have adopted for 80 vearTw^ti^r^^ F °f ,^.®^ 5 a practice w^iich I
luted vyitt 2 per ceV/of ILToil acir^JM '^"^^^ Water di-
mg, if liberally used as a SnWo n- i^i*^^'^."^*®^*^^^^ ^'oom or build-
gle of lemon juice sw^lloSnlitf?.''^'*^^?^ "'^" ^^ «"red by a gar-
parts. ToavirtcoldfrShf ?ee w^^^^ "?^"\^" «^« affeS
from dilFe vent fabrics one inir nf oAfT ^''^•nP'",^ of stockings made
the natural heat of tfeS^e nreiei-v?^^ ^««1' ^^
In arranging sleenino- momaVhi l^^^^^ived if the feet are IceDtcle'in
her will T;i^^Jii.iT^i"«*»s *?e soundest and mo«t rpf,.ooi.-:,r°l®;i^-
~" ■" ^"•'"•^^ """° ^^« ^^«^d is towards the north.' ^Lafe ho"S
b the thread-
)cks, or with a
■y the nap the
•• ; logwood,
lours ; Htraiu,
!.— hi health
. Siv James
trked during
ases of death
re four times
ed to the di-
) a good off-
iispoouful of
qiuck in its
oifee, or the
'e acids. In
!ep moving,
flour, if the
water, float
r apoplexy,
. ouck pois-
id, or better
he end of a
e wound; if
1-fours and
stoop low,
rectaud be
is to spread
Q the eyes
uders, &c.,
id catching
tley Cooper
health, are
inin^ with
ce which I
Water di-
n or build-
1 by a gar-
e affected
i"gs made
wool, and
cept clean.
it-^n. -.1
-ate hours
MEDICAL DEPAliTMENT, ETC. 55^
Take abimdant exercise and recre ition ifn ^ «tudy should be short,
dnnkmg, using simple and pS S 'vniwf ^^^^^^te in eating and
snuiT, opium and every exS Kpp J t fi'W l*'"*"^ ^""k' tobacco,
ca m, serene and placidf shimWle^e^^^ S^ ^'^'^vT '^^™' th« temper
^;^lir'P^py^^' attend to the SSLi o^f^'v. ^^^^^^ «^e-
health giviu"- frosh nir .rr.+ ^.u "'^" ^^ Yowr muids For nnrr.
Berts thiti?alUhei,ihAw?^^^^^^^^ ^'' StockSn Houglf as!
magnitude of London? £ human r^^^^ ""T^" 1^""^^"^ "ti«" « tZ
century or two. The m«-mn ,!«!.? Tt^^ ^^'^'^^^ become extinct in -i
mm years, while in S^eTroTKhSS '1'^^ '^ ^''' United Stltes
about 60 per cent, of the dP'!th< J!! ?i ""adelphia it is only 23 years •
derfiveyWsof age A cf;eS^^^^^^^^ cities being of childrin uL'
'^tTIs ^^ ^'''''^ ^' and bad ?ood ' ^^" «^ ""« excessivo^noitality
brea'ih^'asTol^'c^nvSeSfvP^n^^^ '^'"'^ LuNos.-Draw in as much
slowand u'diblevoce^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^«,lon.^as pJs^ble i^a
of seconds must be carXllv noted ^. "''^'"^ ^^^^^^- The number
not exceed 10, and is freqS f le,s tlxn .^^^^^P^ive the time does
witli the chest ojieii chamJl^thl . ^^"^^ ^^^^'^^ t^e arms backward'
breath, till the Cgs are^emp?iS%''^% ^^^? T" d^aw in^our
times a day, and it will emS Sp .£ .*^^''"«^. *^<^ P^^^ess several
Remedy for HEADArRir a p, • •
''ZnT''^^ f«r headthS:-ifSra^Sr^ ^/-^^ P"^»'^hed a
propovtion of one to one-half afa cS mlf ^"'^^ P^ '«« ''^«d salt, in
by means of a little purse SVnr?,nn"^^u^^^^' ^^^ ^^is he apples
limited spots on thrSd w>^irT' "^'^^ ^ "™ of gutt^
gives inskntaneous reUef ' The \m h^'T^^^'^^^^^^^^^ arffelt ' It
mmutes and the skin is rendered w&^^^^^^^^ ""^"'te to 4
■Jhnt^n'''''' ^ COLD.-Before reLhi" soi tW^.^-*^^ applications^
as hot as can be endured tbp fpf.Vti.T? ^A. 1'^^ ^^^^ "^ mustard water
half full of lukewam ^iter add rn^h ^'!^'''* ^''* ^^ Pl"«Sed in ^^1
bfnn?'f '"^ heat is^tSned, p?StiiL^ 7'^ 1^/ water nSt
Il"'f *^T^^ to direct the var,o?^frnn ll^^ f^^^^ ^^^^ ^nees with
sweat, ^ext, to 2 table sjoonffi nf i?"i "^^ '^''*^'' ^« to induce a good
of white sugar and 14 drnn«^i \ ^^^^^^^^ water, add 1 table snoonfnl
whole and clddK/Ld u^fde p Sf ^f^^^^'^T Sthe
REMEDYFOBCoNsuMPTTn?L!ST,*?L^?d«iol^iies and sleep it off.
romeay, and will in time comnlpfX ^ Ju^-^^ '^^^i^ to be an effectual
56
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
I
'r ■
III
in,
!r
oI^o^SSTJa^jS^^^^^^^ with a Wine ,1..M
" Four weeks' use of the hoShnnnH o^^' mP"® ^^^ ha« tried it says
br^st, gave me aSility toXeXe de^Tnn/'"r.^^
and harmonized mv voice -iiirf^tt?!^^' ^^^1^ *°^ ^^^^^ strengthened
than I had enjoved for yl?" " '^'"^'^ "^^ ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ofhS
wo^n's^jf;^^^^^^^ ir^rvr ft ^"^ *-^^--t
discovered to exist naturally irtLmS^Af^'-^' ^^^ recentl} been
transferred to the humanXmaoh wW . •'^'"^' ^°^ ^^ frequently
of these filthy parasit^havX^n detected tl.lJff'^^ ^ *""^.- ^"^^^of
to engender 30,000,000 more thrfpSLi^- ^^* * P^"^^^ of ijork
mg bfrth to from 60 to 100 younV 1^5 ?v?„^^' ^^ each giv-
thread-Uke worm at first r^n^pf^to? I'"^- ^?^" »^*«r- The youn-
testines, remaining fo^ a slToTthS^I^^^^^^^^ *^^ ^^^'"^ch ^St
mtestmes, causini irritat o? Sw ?n^^^^^^
ptesent in sufHcient numbere ' As thpfJlL.^"^ sometimes death, if
to penetrate the walls of the intettii^ls\ oX^,^^ ^^^ ^^S^n
the voluntary muscles, causing Snsemnfp^fi^ ^^-^^^ a lodgment in
dunng cramps, and sometimes teSnics^Zn?7f^"' f'^ T^*"^^ «""
tion they encyst themselves pS.anP,5fvn?^^^^^ After 4 weeks migra-
begin to secrete a delicate sa^cwTSJLnJ^^^ fibre, and
In this torpid stalte they remain dnrfnlf^T "^^®^,^"*®8 calcareous.
Remedy I on DiPHraEmf TuiJ^ ^^^ person's lifetime,
swabbing the back of the mmV^.^^^*!^*™^"* ^^^s^ste in thoroughly
Table salt, 2 drams hi J^t ,^?' ^"^ *^i^^* ^'^^ * ^ash made tff
alum, 1 aAm eaT mS"and^S?eJi.f t? £' f *^*^ ^^ Pot^^h,-
water ; stir well, and then fiU mV^h .in?.^ ^^ ^ ^^^^'^P ^^^ fill of
hour, one, two, and four LniL n™/'^'''* vmegar. Use every half ■
may swallWa'little each time^' IwWloISo^?T^\ ^^'^ P^^^^"*
sweet oil, and aqua-ammonia mfted pv^?; h^^ ""! ^W^^^'' turpentine,
throat, and to tfie breast boAee^er^ w^^'''''" V ''*^^: whole of the
the part. '^^ '^°"^ ^^^^y f^^ir hours, keeping flannel to
HoLLowAY's Ointment AND PiLTs—Rnffo. oo
oz. ; yellow rosin, 3 oz. ; melt add v^iT^St^J' ^^ ?^' J.^^eswax, 3
evaporate ; and add CankS balstm 1 nFf^! cantharides, 1 oz. ;
bals?m of Peru, 15 drom P?-^;^^'i ^^; ' ^'^ ^^ n^ace, i dram •
ginger, of each 2 Srts?mucUage to^'mS' ' ^^ ' «^yrrh,'jllap:^an<i
3 4S=i^d^S«;^^^^^^^^^^ 2 grains of blue piU and
mi^wTh^m^liS?:-^^^^^^^^ ; starch 5 oz. ;
1 ozT™ a^d?on ^ aS^'iln"' peppermint, castor oil, of each
"^|ifi«ge^, 40 g?^n^f ,'waTer^^jr VhKuir to T^^^ ' ^^^''
Soothing Sykup —TakP i ih «/ W^ '^i^?^'^ *o form a syrun
paregoric and the same of Ji VLlT'sL'd^-^f /. tablespoonfiKf
make a thick syrup, and bottle For pfn^ ' ^^? ^^9"^^ ^^ter to
spoonful occasionally. • children teethmg, dose, tea-
h ~TLl?seed7^^^ *tlii .V'- ^.^?* ^- --^-^ ;
anise seed, and mjf *ho iT^»:.:'^^^_ .^^^"S? ». spht the raisins. noTind «ia
I'
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
ine glassful
iried it says,
pains of my
lengthened
te of health
transparent
sentiy been
frequently
'd. Enough
id of ix)rk
', eachgiv-
fhe young
ch and in-
ra,ne of the
death, if
;hey begin
dgment in
severe en-
3ks migra-
fibro, and
alcareous.
loioughly
ide thus :
f potash,
alf full of
ivery half '
te patient
rpeutine,
)le of the
lannel to
seswax, 3
s, 1 oz. ;
h dram;
ilap, and
pill and
h 5 oz. ;
calomel :
of each,
;.pulve-
1 syrup,
nfuls of
^ater to
3se, tea-
raisms ;
•nnd the
I water,
expels the wmd. and Mcorice is JphyTif °' ^t-engthen, the anise
Peypei^mt, and 1 fluid^dram'o^SaS.' £, fcrLlSf
plSrtTlb^Tpowdered ^ST "peT^r'AI?^"^^^^ ^^ ^^«- ' ^-^'
ammonia, 1 lb ; powdered S^ ^1 RP . '^^* ^^^'A caustic liquor of
32 gals, alcohol for two ^ekC and liter' ^^''* *^^'' ingredients in
grs^'SThy^SLTit?s"of ST^^« ^r I«o--Bissolve 256
hwphos^hite^Wron^t i2oz^w^^^^^^ potassa and 126 g^
add sufficient water i^ make fm fnl t'h^ ^ ^^^"^ .^^*^- ^i^^er End
sugar by gentle hS to makP 9^^fl»?J *^® evaporation. Add 18 ozs
^^^^Srs.e^chTih^^^^^^ Each fluid OZ.S: '
8K grs. Sypophosphite oflron ^ ^''^' ^'""^ ^""^ Po**»8sa, and
th^JSrto'l^^™^^^^^^^^
cretion, diluted with § of water as mi^h w?^^ favorite liquor of dis-
he desires, but contaiiw j S'soiri^ all f?«'f^^^''' ^^^-^ a"dteaas
and vegetables steeped in spirit lnTwn2>r *^^ ^o^^-iJe bread, meat
treatment he has an eSreme di^u^t^^ snh-if w^*^ ^^ P^ *Ji«
drunk. Keep up this treatmont 5ii i.^ f^"^*' ^^S continually
drink, and the cSre is ceS "'' ^''^^'^ ^^'^^' ^ ^* «'
Fahnestock's Vermifuge.— Castor nil nil ^f ,
oz. ; oil anise, i oz. ; tmcture mJSh i'^ ^^ ^*??™ »®e<i' each 1
minims. ^ Mix. ' ^""^^"^^ myrrh, J dram ; oil turpentine, 10
SwAiM's Vermifuge.— Wormappri 9 «» . ^„i •
root, white agaric, of eachU^^-t'J-' ' ^^^"an, rhubarb, pink-
quarts of decoction randadYto 'it ?Od?on«^ water to yfeld 3
drops of oil of cloves dissnivpH i!, « .^^ ^^ "^^ »* tansy and 46
1 tablespoonful irnllht ^ ^ ^"^'* ^^ "^^^^^^d spirite. Dos?
2 fluM^ramTof lin'^S^^^ of morphia ;
Sle™ U-^^ Of %?Sra; Lr3%1:a-rof s^L^'^^i
ph&7,ror^SJphTrtl^^ -1 volatile, 1 oz. sul-
^^';^ wS' aLl^lTdtirhcJ-^^^^^^ ^^ *" ^'^^-^
an&^L^^--^^^^^^ tincture of ginger
exS ofX'amfa'ifd^f^t'f^ of alcohol, fluid
yellow-dock and of pTdoSvU n 1 0'=^ ^^"i? ^'^^ ^^«^^
potassium, and 10 gr8.Iodidf of Son ^ ' ^ ^'^- ^^^^^^ of
nf 1?.S' Pi^ONCHIAL TROCHE8.-Take 1 lb. of nnlv..,',.^ ....„„.
58
MEDICAL DEPABTAIENT, ETC.
'^^fotly^S^^^^^ St^ «f r"«^ ^^ «"d Hweet oil •
of glycerine. GoS « klidrXr^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ «^»^^" "i^'^^^y
Dentists' Composition for F^rrT^^n^' *^°-
part ; mercury, 8 pa £ • inco^nni^t«T^^^ Teeth.-GoW, 1
mixed Pourt^miStoTokS^f^d,^^^^^^^ together; when
together iii a convenient vesri toke i 'smnffnrf ''t.^"'.^^'^"^^^ 5 m<^lt
palm of the hand, and apnlv a.i^k nl • <l^?PtJty, knead it in the
glass with some miner3 sfflinm i'S'"'!'^'"^^ ^^^^^-Po^
some mineral succedane nrand S^o'm^^f/j i^", "«"^^A ^^^ ^^^^"^
succedaneum mixed Avith loviSed T^r^.w »<^«\du8t. Or, mineral
1 part; levigated poivSair t i.^l'^i^^.^^". ""i" ^^"^a- Or, gypHum
■ make into a ^aste Si eq^ai m?te o ZT"^ -^'^^ filings,^! ^art J
varnish. Or, quicksilver; 4S VSns • stTii filhf •^'"L'^'P^/ ^""^ mastic
• ver, 72 parts ; tin, 20 mrU-^no V-T 1*^^"*,P' 26 grains. Or, sil-
gold, 1 plrt ; Silver, 7^ ; 'tin "2'parL^i't p1?S*'^ *^^" ^"^y^ ?""«
.a, recUiceall to a .ife ponder; lie^tiTei^l^^^Sy'Z^i^.
vis»S^^a^'^:^^^^^^^^^ Dr. Rollfs ad-
ducmg it while warm. ""^«ouc at the end of a wire, and intro-
«ilveTt&^^ or silver, and quick-
gam used warm. Inferior khid8a?«?S^^^^^ ''?? *^« stiff an, 1-
or zinc A jK>pular nostrum of S kind Z'^^' .^"'cksilver and tin,
^^^^;^yevand 20 of fine zhic filiZ n^? "^n?.^ ^f ^^ S^^"« «f
rne followmg is said to be the moTt l^^? ,\^ ^*,*^^ *""^ of using,
amalgam : Melt 2 pai1» ol^in A^th 1 o? "5^" ^^'* objectionable
got, and reduce it U> fHiims Form thpi^?™'''']?' .^^ i* "i^o an in- •
mercury, and squeeze ouf ihe exces^'^^^^^ '' Auid amalgam with
Woi-lc up the solid residue in the hind .^Tf."'^ t^^^"^^ leather.
Another cement consists of about 73 m :^« 5 P-?"' '*."^*o «^« tooth,
of zmc, amalgamated withSsilveF^t.. '?^n' ?^ ^^ *^"' ^"^ «
IS the best filling in use 'l"^«^«"ver. Beyond all doubt, gold foil
aiSTo bir SSm '!;?^silv^e^^?r ^ "^^^^ «- --e in Paris
an excess of mercury, Sht 'ptesseSS' ^"^ ^™™o«ium, with
To Extract Teeth with r?T?T^7.^ ^^l^^^ ^^^^S it.
nite, chloroform, and alcohof of each ? of ^^^^-Tincture of aco- .
gets of cotton with the liquS, and am)lv t^ kT "'^^^^^^ two pled-
the tooth to be extracted, holdS themiJ^tJ? ^T' ^" ^^^^ «''le of
Jr? '^.^rh^je^^^ror ^^i^ ?s7^?,t-«« -^^^ ^ «- ;
freely with this preparation, 'aSbrisWvnfh*S^*\"i^T^' ^"^ ^^t it
a moment's time tSev will be nerfectL li-?^ ^fe^^ *<^^*h' «»<! i"
wash out the mouth with wate? t£t ?b Jo^J'*^ ' *^^^ immediatelv
enamel of the teeth. ' ^^^ *^^® ^^^^ "^ay not act upon the
'i^st^rtf^^^^^^^^ rosepmk,2pai1.. To
viously moistened\v1th creoLK?. f^^^^^^^ pledget of cotton, pre-
«mm 4 hours, then ^vZTo^'L^L^::'!.?.' 'l^.^ot^let^lre^
="v "ii-" -.Tfiiiur. another.—
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
59
sweet oil ;
ill qiuiutity
I.— Gold, 1
ler ; when
Iver ; molt
wi it in the
-powdered
Or, tfilce
T, miuejjil
', gypHiuii,
s, 1 ptirt ;
md mastic
. Or, sil-
any, pure
), add the
y of pure
iollfs ad-
nd intro-
id quick-
tiff am 1-
and till,
grains of
)f usiuff.
3tiouabTe
to an in-
am with
leather.
G tooth,
a, and 6
fold foil
in Paris
m, with
of aco-
i'o pled-
side of
liers or
m iree-
1, 1 oz. ;
wet it
and ill
diately
•on the
H. To
11, pre-
; itre-
her. —
paste"" Mfx''^' ^ ^''' ' ""''^^^^ °* '^^^P^^**' ^0 grs. ; creosote, q. s. for
^fi^r^^^^^''^." Dentist's Moulds and Dies.-1. Tm, very hard.-Tin
Dentists' Emeby Wheels.— Emerv 4 lbs • shfillin l ik . ™«u
01 piaster of Pans. When cold it is ready for use.
J3ASE FOR Aktipicial Teeth.- PROPORTIONS —India-rubbpr 1
lb. ; sulphur, ^ lb. ; vermiUion, 1 lb. 4 oz ' ^
«if?iJ?^y^ ^^^^^' ^." ^AUQHiNG GAS.-Take two or three ounces of
thS^«''L^'i"i'^'"^ "^ ''y'*^l« ^d put it into a retortrteS^re
that the heat does not exceed 500° ; when the crysfcils begin to i^lt
^L^ ^"^ be produced in considerable quantS iTe gas^?av
«iiv^h.f^"'^^\?'^^ Laughing GAs.-Procure an oiled or varnished
silk bag, or a bladder, furnished with a stop-cock, into the mmitti pnH
o ^H'tT^" ^™°>^^^ *^' "^«*"^«' ^»^d the^senSon produced te
of a high y pleasmg nature ; a great propensity to laughter a ranid
flow of vivid Ideas, and an unusSal fitnesJ for miScuKSrtfon To
the ordinarv feelings which it produces. The senSns prodSd Iw
breathing tliis gas, are not the same in all persousVCt thev are of aJ
agreeable nature, and not followed by any d^Sion oHptrits li^^
those occasioned by fermented liquors. ^ . ^®
Magnetic Pain Killer, for Toothache and Acute Pain — T ah
??i"?T,^ ^\ ^'i''' camphor 4 drs. oil of cloves A d" oU oflavt ider 1 dT
add then to 1 oz. alcohol, 6 drs. sulphuric eth^r^nd 6 fluid drs*
chloroform. Apply with lint, or for tiothache rub on the eimis and
upon the face against the teeth. « ^uu on tne gums, and
Cure FOR Lock Jaw, said to be positive.— Let anv one who hn«
an attack of lock jaw take a small quantity of sS ofTrnentin?
warm It, and pour it on the wound-So matter wKThe wouSdS S
Tinnpitinll^n? ''~^"^ '^""* ^^" *«"«^ ^^ !««« than one minute
r^w^^f^r^-*^^ ^/ EMBALMiNG.-Mix together 5 pounds drv sul-
l^T InferCr 4 n'^Z^ nfT"^ ^\*^^' ^^^ l«>g-^ms of aSiious
dcia. inject d m- 4 quarts of this mixture into all the vessek nf thA
human body. This applies as well to all animals, birds fishes &c
rhiB process supersedes the old and revolting mode and has blen in"
troduced into the great anatomical s hools of PaUs
Nitrate OF Silver.— Pure silvei, 1 J oz. ; nitric acid lay dilntorl
I'^Zt'^f: 2_0M heat by a sand-ba4 until ebuSn ceasff 1'h
beVepTf^om'^^r^ht"'^ ^""' ^'" °^«'^^^- ^^^« substance musi
60
MEDICAL DKPAKTMENT, ETC.
-No 2. Nitrate of silver 1 ^^ ^- /yrogallic acid 1 oz • wof. .
BXY RuAi -Zjven S i''""',^''^* cleanin^r tlie hair vl^f *"• "^^^^^ ^^^
rosemarv. 2.. h...„^".^« «^^> .1 lb. ; otto of roses, 60 drops ; oil of
muttoa or veniso« . q*"" '*'^® ^ ounces of nerfectlv fr.^ i
powder, and foz'fn'^J''^^" «^ «»^e oil^ f o?\ff^« V"^*' .^^*^«r
which if ^i5 ?• ^^ alkanet root Pnf V i. . u ^"™ benzome in
Are,-' Digest TrVT,. f'^^bHag boUing w*er it^hf' ^J"" P'^
oils
.1'
■ i:
X
ti salts tar-
^ater 1 qt
oz. Keep
pply each
and color
It ; castor
oz. Mix
tlie hair,
■ oil, mid
I ; oil of
) 12 oz.;
^ remain
■ Castile
orange
•orax, 1
fie mLx-
&c,
ax and
orange
St.
oil, of
''indsor
either
me in
ni jar,
place
of the
fluid
am of
ed.
m of
id let
s face
astile
ppen-
r the
le or
ts of
)chi-
oz. ;
)P8;
Its.;
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
J
geranium and verbeim " "** ^^*^'' ''^ > Perfume witll
yeHor;^^1^rrp"s75acto?ailP*^5,T*- ^^-^«^' «ol-e<i
perfume with a littrbe^gamot ^' "^"^ ^ '''=• castor oU, and
cob?eTbyl^eTdfor?i?Xr «^ ^ P«^ «ent. alcohol
tor oil, and ^rfume iith riZoiS^S^hJ '^^'' .^^ ^ «^- «^ ^
and orange. compound of bergamot, neroU, verbena,
part?f stlt^vateVadd f oz'of'LS ^^^^^^ diluted with an equal'
solveffir alc^Sif S'd'^^^^ of^gaUic acid, dis-
of sUver, dissolved iK 1 oz ^f Sn±tmtoJ « ^°- ^'•'^^ ^ «^- "^^^^to
Bojtwater. Apply each No.' aftSlT^-^St^erXb^^^^^^^^^
Chbistadobo's Haib-Dye —No 1 T« 1 «, *
PHALON's iNSTANTANFOnt. Wat2 n xt .
solved !iToz. aShii^dd fo^^t^l^ ^Hv^ «^- of tannia dis-
tallized nitrate of Kr, dissolved ii,7nf' .^^- ^^ '^^ ^ °^- «^y«-
ammonia, add 5 oz soft wate^nnd i^ ®''- "^^ concentrated aqua-
^rfwl /-P -y?;^^^^^^^^^ ^^«^ -lor'if^h^l
sil^tZsoU'd'Tn'?^^^^^^^^ !-• -r*^lli-d nitxate of
This is not an mstent^neol dT b^a f^r^^^ ^ ""• /«^* ^^^^•
and a r, a dark color is produced Lnfh.''^f'''^ *° *^^ «§!»*
18 applied. Remember to remove an ^rS?Pn J"^ ^i^^^^^ ^ ^^"ch i*
applying these dyes. ^ ^^^^^^' *^«-' ^'o^ the hair before
Professor Wood'«4 Tr» « ^„ •
part of soft water add 2 drs suloto anf 9 'Z"''*^ ^*»^ «^ ^Q^al
Alpine Hair-Balm --To Ifi ni^ nf ^^^. ^ ^f " ^"P"* ^^ ^^ad.
and I oz. spirits tul^fWe i oz sulnhnr TnH^i ^^^ ^ «^- «* ^l««hol
Glycerine PrepIraSSn -New rum S n? * ''^^ '"^^^ «* ^«*d.
of ammonia, 15 drops • elvceidnft nfi ?'« ^^S' concentrated spirits
sugar of lead, 5A drs • r/nt tK^,!. -^'.-^ ^^- ' ^^^ sulphur, 5i drs •
th^n the other lomyeil'^ it'' ? ^°**^"' ^^^ *^^ aionia,' .
four or five days. "P""^"'®- ^'^^^^ ^^^ compound occasionally for
-.. ......... w.i.AM.-uii Of almonds, 8 oz. ; spermaceti. 1 oz. ;
62
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
liNE Shampoo Lronrn n.-c i i
of borax in 1 qt. wlt^thTnSZl ""'{ "''"'^ «^ ^"^'^^"'-'^ ^nci 1 02
land rum, und^lqt of W rnm . ^ ^''.- g>.yce"ue, 3 qts. of New W
shampoo witJi the l^nds unS h'^h ?f^^,*^'« hair with thisTinuo?"
off with clean water '^ "^ "^'^'^'* ^^^^^^r is formed, tlien wash
Barber's Shampoo Mixturf- ^r.f, .
withoilolBayfpS™a\%ii'': "look of carb. of m„..„e,ia
water through t untU tL L"^"™' '''""'= " '■> a '"ter a, <? ,?f, r
alcohol, Tht qia, Uty of watranrt''T'5T " °btain< I on'ad
i/i;Trt°ss°es™fsr"oirst«°°-^f-^"<'"M ■
spirits or warn?wat^^drv^nS^.«''^''.'^'*'' "^ sohition of isin-iass in
upi^iaition apply sfverlfCt' STusirof p'"^^^% V^^S
off^nSi r""?^^' ^^ warming it Lid ^"V.^L^^'tI- J"^'"' *« close
bS t P^^*^^"y lieaJs. '^iwmg. It does not wash
white bar so4Cz'''\wX'''''-~?"''*^«^ed alcohol, 1 pt • nice
JocKEr^CLUB-SpS of wioTSr' ™''""'' -°^- mS *
"I wino, 6 gal. ; orange-flower water i
7 —
1
P
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 63
gal. ; balHara of Peru 4 07 • nooo,,^^ * i,
of musk, 8 oz. ; e88onco of 'elfZTff ^erj^amot, 8 oz. ; essence
4 oz.; oil lemon, 20 drops- aSnt «rnn l- """"^^ °''-5 P^<»^« of ros^H;
oz. kix and strain ^' "^ aroniuticus, i 02.; essence neroli, i
drops ; oranse%owei?ss£ ?n.°^^Y''f '* ""• ^ ^'to of 'roses 20
bergamot and noroJi eaci i oz ' ' °'^ ^^ rosemary, 30 drops ; oib
bmn4 1 gill ; water' to S'oneU t • do«' 5"t^.^n "' ? !' '^'"' '
2 hours, m the absence of fevpr • im n. L'n ! ' ° teiwpoonfuls every
Fekripuge WiNi"_Onin ni ' On ^'^^^"^"t lemedy. ^
add, 16 drops emSmsS?^',^ ¥*"■ ' -T*®^' ^ P^^^ ) sulphuric
Dose, a wiiTg'lSI SmesM'.er dai '^t^h' '"^-^^^ ""'*^J!^^ ^^ ^^<1 «^"d"rs
icine. ° ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ This is a world-renowned med-
Barkell's Indian Linimpvt ai^^v1,^i i i. ^.
sicum, 1 oz.; oil of origa^num s^^^^^rnl'''*^^ ^*-'i *"'^*"^^ «^ ^aP"
each I oz. Mix. ""^''"""^' sassafras, pennyroyal, and Jiemlock, of
oiSrmeTby'^^^hi^^^^^^^^^^
of its virture. Cod oil mi be mirch n.?H f?''^'"''^'^ "l^ ^^^^^^ »'«^^«»re
er for one thirtieth part o • the nrW nA .?'^- '''''^ Y^olesale oil deal-
and it is easy to c?arify it nSer^ Jn??h.^r^' ?^-'''. "^^'-^^.V «old,
good account. To make it more StS * ^T ^^"?, "^formation t^
Siie table salt to each miait bottle^ ^"^ """^ digestible, put 1 oz. of
heat"edp?ai?,^^nlXn^^^^^^^^^^ s^.S^S^ff r!f. 1 , ^^'^^^^ P-
summer, and the incongealX^tLilte^^^^^^^^^
cf bJpS^e^ i- fibout 2 t^blespoonfuls
clarified honey, 1 oz • cannXor mi,n 1 * ^^- ^^^^of ''^uise, |afluid dr. ;
11 fluid oz. ; distilled w3r 4 ffi'oz nSi ^ '^?/'^' ^^ P^^ ^«»*-
two weeks. Dose for childr^!^^Vl^ Z^^^^TP^^
a tablespoonfid essence oHemonT^^^^^^^^ off- »y^''\P of squill., and
or as the cough requires tablespoonful 3 times a day
grs'^Ts^hltro^f ml^^^^^ 8
1 02. ; water, 1 oz. ; S Dose^for -in nS^'^ ''''^^'^' ^ ^"- ^ ^^^^^y.
peat in half kn hour if it doS not rebpvf A^m'^^^^^ teaspoonful; rel
Vvnvm A T., ^ o : "^"^^ not reiie\ e : child ni nrnnortiVm
^^^"^" ---«xxruTE FOB CAi.oMEL.-Jalap,l oz."senna, 2 oz. ;
64
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
not onemto in n hA^-" "V''" ">.'». t^»e raoniinir: drink: wu,*/. ^,'*^/'
drink HU ; toiie tik:^S.;jKe'moi;;i^>'^*^ ^f^;^^n^:Jl
to in 8 hourn repeat ithfn.S/^'.'^"'}'' ^"^^'y'' ^^ ^t does
?ff nT'/ '"™^«»' «« "^"cht^w^uH rL^'^fr^^T^^^ lb. of oat
f lbs of lean veal. One Ih of L.** , ' ®^ ^^^»d, and more than
that of 9 lbs. of >o«Sh 12 lh« if'^nT^'' ^ ^^^'^'"ff fonre ejua t^
lean beef. 0„o if, of Inmnl, * ?' "'"'^ ^^d more than 6 IhH ^t
toiiealth, and inevifiblvtendH t/1 aiwl.^^ iT"*?""** l'<l""rs iHininnVvi
man of avera^^e m^e, roqS\^corcC"^,& ,^ mechanic or labo S
solid matter, daily one fi ff jriJ j,*'^^^""^^: to Moleschott, 23 ozs of H 1 v
confcunsSOper A of wator'wS w ?^«"^*' «« "«"altyXire f
0Z8., or 3 lbs. 14 ozs wifh ol i i^" ^'^"^^ increase the uniuititv K
dally. The .sumeSiiSvUdSr «r»^» ^l^'htof watlr S,^ ^^^
nous matter 4.687 ozs^tS^t f rn^r | S^^'^^' l"-VP«rti«"«, of al bS-
• 1.058, total 22.859 oza for Hnluf.^Vn^.^^^-^'.^drfite 14.250 sa ts
vary greatly in the requirement Jf'JSivi^'l ^"'"^***-^ «f ^o^l ^
employments, or of fjerXs with "l^^d"al« e'W«f?ed in .sedent^ rv
digestion, as also whether PmJ^l^ ^ , constitut ons or inimh-j.;^
much, also, dependSif on Z 'iL^^^ *^^ "1^«» '"^ or w thi 00 r''?
given to the foid wffich most LnS^'^^'^^fr^- Preference should be
nature in the formation S the W LT'"^' ^^'^ materials reqSd bv
lbs. of such minerals in every im^L^"^??^.- ."^^^ eontain.i about 4
tarns 21 lbs. in each 100 lb7 Rri^H J^^^d extract of beef con-
flour is also very rich in such ^lem pX^ Ti^ ^^"'« unbolted wheat
flour; hence the common use o^rJ^i"^"'? "^
im^' ''^il^^nta. TheanalysS of Lie?.fS^ ? ? ^^"^ ^"•' dyspepsia and
100 parts, the following pronitiZ^^^^ ^'"^ othersfgive S
forms of vegetable life TheTe bf ^L"'^ *"''®' ^ ^^^*^;V the colmtIe8^
^w by yielding up their substance fo? the w' ^"^^^ *^«^^ appSnted
What a suggestive comment m, r^l, *^™'''^*^o" of «ther bodies
present inhabitants ot vJ^l 2 """"^^ ambition to witness thp
fucrative commence of qS^Lr^^^^^ «o„S Se
itants from the catacombs w£f thlJ^t ^i"^' ^^ *^« ^^^^ut iuliab!
Gove™,nent .porta ,Ha. ?f^<L'r01 ^^t^?, ^L^^-J-J
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
M
ftd|niiiistored 207 virtims have recovorod, and in the cured Jn«ta„-^a
the re.uedy w,vb not adn.inistered till alxmt "i hou^ aftor f ho at^^
.wa.4iruT'''^^''^'^ "^""'^^ com^po^idinrduni^^^^^^^
M^-fu^'T.^^^ ^^^\'^ Pox.-Sulphate of zinc, 1 gr foxirlov«
[d.Lntalis,] 1 gr gugar i teaupoonf uh mix wiUi 2 teasUonfuls of ^ter
add 4 oz. of water, Do80 1 Hpoonfni every hour, ehSd in prono^ion'
From experience it is Icuown tlmt nothing wiU breTupMs ffi ful
atarmToZLKmr^u^r^^^
o itd wlJ /" ""f^' Hweetened, e^ery 3 hours. ^xL^ltiro bod7wi«
oiled with crude petroleum applied by hand. Next moniint: tin- eru >
t on was killed and dry; and tlie disease broken up. To prev«i^^^^
t^rig with small pox, as soon as the disease is distinguisLd mmlv^an
ointment made of hird and charcoal to the face, S LhIs &c
^seTfZ.^al^n''^''? ?* Bunperative fever' h"as ceased "' &,
fpr^Kil 7. ^ Of notice being that of a gentleman who sulTered
dnT. LT-""*"?/ J^^y^ :^^^ *^*« dreadful diiease. Evefythi ™
s^"htest r^Hef '^ Fin™„ n'^''^^ skill could suggest, without pivhfgZ
hSS ^A , ^^""'lly' as a last resort, lie was removed from the
delht?u\Z?ir ^^^'"^ *^''^"«i*»»" was so soothh^^and
^?eat rel if M^ TnT>^ ?^ "^^ ^«d. I thank Thee for this
Meat relief! In a short tune he fell sound asleep in the bath a3
coiitinued in this position for many hours, the watir be^iff renewed
iS^fnlTni*? *™^ ^ ^^^P "P *h« tempemture. The cml proved to
be immediate and permanent. Nothing is so conducive to health nf
Kur? wator S^^^^^^ ^T'' *^f •'^«'"' as t^e intdligTnf'usi
^^^^ sttJem^a^S, tt^^^t^S^m^^taS
tT^&^^ ^V ^aveyard," but it is scarcely possible to makSimS!
toke with water, as no diseased person can fail to derive benefit f?om
fi+^2?'^^®^^- ^^™.— Make a small circular boiler of copper or tin and
fit he same mto an upright tin stand, in which, diSv undS the
pSntW nSds ft^Uf ^ ^- ^'""J}?^ ^^*^^ ^^'^^ small tubes
pumtuig upwards, ihe boiler being tilled with wator n^H fha loX;^
She patieT 'tit'/'''''' ^'"^ '?> --"s thTolg^^^^^^^^^
S^lo^P . *' ®®^^^ o^ a cane chair, with his or her feet in a n«n
of warm water, with a suitable cloak tightly fastened aroimd thS
neck, IS speedily enveloped in a cloud of steam TeS miSS i« Ht
time recommended for the duration of thfS'few Shs It m w ^^
of thT''?'^l."'T^'^^.' ^""^ ^°* beyond half an houT. On -ett i^ou?
?v w-if ?i^' P*.''"^"® ^n*» a ox)ld bath for a few minutes thSnrh thl
lood h „> S2^"*' ^7 *"^ ^^?^°^ ^^'^ * colrs^rwel' and a mir of
Sin * r^^^^^^- ?er8ons in healtli or disease will experience i
wfl? ISh^^'^'^P^"^*^^? r^^^ ^*n *he frequent use oTthis SKid all
whatever ?i'?."?P^^^bly f.^P^^o^ to the use of drugs iTanyfom
Sled Spong?o fcrifr ^ ^^'^ rf ^'^^ '»^«ni«"« i^^enS
sisrofwSd'^Jrif;^^^^^^^^ It con-
.- ^ 1..., ... ^i-..^,-^- iciiuu tu^ouiur, ana attaeiied
66
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
^esV^fd'c^'Si^^^^^^^^ about half an inch m thifik-
wate'r, &c., to sS exterior w?t^ TT. t^'^^^^l''^ "«^^ «^ t^Jid
nearest to the seat of paS or Kse Th^ J; "i^""- ^'^"'^ *« "'^^ be
felted surface, the suiSS if anv winoH i*"^ v^?" ^^ sPonged over th^
Bkin, and covered o'Twfth sSaffiM^ ^' *^^° I?^^««<i «» the
retaining the heat and moistu?! th.,; l^ '^^^a»<lage8, which assistin
part, from which naUirSS such fond'n'*-"^ healthy blood to the
pel disease and build up healthy tissue ' '"'''* conducive to ex-
the viniijhimm dr^4^P"' ^^*^ *"^^^*^°« varnish, and oil it tokeep
filter. A teaspoon™ ma cud of hot ia« ^^* !*^"^ ^ weeks^and
until free perspiration S indfced Xd fn ?niS*'?P *'^ ^-^"i^ hour
er^r^^ii\£SSF^^^^^s^5^^
water; 8tmin,Tid b^il down t^i i^ ^et the strength in 2 or 3 gals
best honey, and 3 pSts bS bXdl i^.JI?^" ^JT*^ ^^^°^' add 3 lbs
Dose, dri4freely^ont3timer'^^^^^^ \^ cool place,
more; cure very?cei-tain ^ "^ ^^**^*^® °^®*^«' a* least a gill or
^^COMMOK CASTOR OiL.-Pale vegetable oil, 1 gal. ; castor oil, 3gals. ;
paS ; gSm,'Zl^^^^^ "««ri««> ^nd starch, of each 2
cariuAif2 pk^. Mix,ZSivWe Ef^fi'^^^^^^ ^^'^ ^ P^^5 ^actu!
drarns; oil^of Pe^Pet^n^-^t^^^^^^^
Vegetable OB Composition PoWDFH r,,,,.!,. i, v ,
ginger 8 o»,, common caveime 3 oz^,v~?l bayberry bark, 1 lb ;
cup of boiliig water, swS k- Ad Tuk ''' ^ *«'«»«<'■'"" i" <*
to IXpSf ''proil^'ji* /et?t ?' «h'™' "»'• »' "«*. *«•. dried.
E88EKOE3 are^ made'^S ' 1 ?z n?"!"™- '>'««'^.,'>od filter. "'
alcohol. Pepperminte ^rcolored wtt^tS):,™*''"''"^*'"'?" ^ P'"*
lawn ; yields 100 lis. ejt^lEai?wri,ot *'"'' '"" '"* '*™»8'>
reS,°Sn^dSf»B-vS5?S""' 'i"^ -'- --
cochineal, to color. Blue i^£^o' i S '^m"*T ?/.^^^ ammoniac,
solve th,n dilute v^ithV^tS %'rLr^Te\^d^^^ 7 n"^^' ^ P^?*«' d^"
3 parts dilute with water. Pm5/f coJhhfpf i ^^ P'''^' ^''^^'^ ^«^^'
1 oz,. dissolve. -^t^'piey cocnmeal, 26 grs., sugar of lead
>'Spr«»s«""''
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
67
.tinct. steel, 20 dropsTdistiUerwai^?^^^^^ ^^^'^^^^ 5 g^ins ;
oold wate^ontMespooffi^^^ ^ ^"^P^ 5 P"* 1 Q*-
work 2 hours and then Kle ^ (^"^^^ green oU wiU do), let it
m^esia..loz. Add to io gKf water Ldttn^^^^^ ^t'^^^
KissiNGEN Water fob FouNTr^v« ' S? i ^ i'^^^^ ^^*^ gas.
carbonate of lime, 2 drs and 2^«p1:^!C^'^'"?^''^*^ «^ ^o^*' Idr.;
2 8cr. ; common ^It, 8 ozs mlSi. ^n^'^'*^*^ .^^^°^*^ of li«ie
of sod'a, 2dr8. and 2 scr sillS nf n.a^°'"'?''''Ji * g^« 5 S"iphat4
of soda 13 grs. ; phosphate of wi magnesm, 2 ozs. ; phosphate
water I of afal.' ffft stSd for 6 w'' mt ^TI' ^^- ^^^
mameeia, 3 drs. and 1 scr anrT pL^„? ^*i! S*®^ ^^ carbonate of
sulphate of soda, 25 ^s ; common sITt fid r«*^ f-* P^^^^^' 2 drs.;
monia, 10 grs. Mix Add wSS.^ V ^ ?^®-.5 l^icarbonate of am-
and then cfar^e wSh 10 gal X'ater^^^' ^* '' ^^'^^ ^ d^^' ^l^r
SO&; pmhrinS^nf;fe%-^^^^^^^^ <^ bicarb.
wMr%X^ a'Sta^^E!?^^^ ^"^
and drink ^uick. ^^^ *° *^® ^^^^^^ *lien pour together
Bottled Seidlitz Watpr pm o^^„ j. ,
water ; add to each i below ^r^XL^'^"'^*^'' ^i^**^^^ with clear
saUs, 3 drops ; bicartoate of 'soda ??1?'^ immediately : RocheUe
Excellent Tooth Powder «^,S«^? ' «" Ph»"c acfd, 11 drops,
camphor, of each an equafSi'^tv ?fi.f i.^'^'^V°^P*"<i spirits of
of pulverized chalk ^d chSl S 'a Sw"^?*" ^^^l quantities
finger or brush. ^^♦ircoai to a thick paste. Apply with the
rufl^!T™nd?£eIeT-^^^^ 1 qt ; lard, 2 lbs ; phospho-
covered with sugar ^^^ ^''''' ' ^ ^^ spread on bread and
mSc,Toz'T m^^Sa^^^^^ 4 P-t ; crude sal am-
a few days, and it is readf f or le ^'^^'* ''' ^ ^*^^ P^^^e for
Medicated Cough Candy — Tn r iv.
on the slab, add the follSrm^xt , 5^* ^9 ^""^ '^^^^y *« Ponr
correspond with the pri?e aHfS tho^' -^t- ^^."^ ^,^*« ^^^^s to
phorated tinct. of opinm and t,W rS^ ^"^^* squUls, 2oz, ; cam-
ipecac, i oz. ; oils KiilthPn^ 1' ^^ ^^''' ""^ ^""^ i o^. ; wine of
of aiiiseseedoil, 2SoSSu^«thi??P^^ sassafras.'s drops ; and
Ague PiLL.-QuSe' 20 .rr. • n' ^""^^^^ '"^ common coughs
carbonate of iron lO^'s • J '' ?^over's powders, 10 grs ; sub-
form into 20 ml Dof e i e^S W °'"''^''^' ^^ ^""^ ^^^^i^ ^d
the chill should set m Then Se 1 n&hTTT''^"^. ^ ^«"^ ^e^re •
taken. ^"*^" ^^^ 1 night and morning until all are
68
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
oS=ur<S*fSSS§S'eT '""^'- ^ ^''^ «^ mei^tenation
At the age of
9 in 3 cases.
14
60
170
353
560
540
455
272
10 "
11 "
12 "
13 "
14 "
15 "
16 *'
17 "
At the age of
18 in
150
cases.
19 "
76
<<
20 «*
29
((
21 "
7
(<
22 '«
3
<(
23 "
2
((
24 "
((
25 "
((
26 "
2
((
It thus appears that it is most common a* 14 vpo^c ^f
reat care should be takpn nf f h^ tT^.^*^ _^ 'It ^^ ^^^ «*
re, and
these
greatlare'KM briken ofX hSon Ui^ ^^^« "* ^
important periods *^^ ®° *^^ occurrence ol .„._
6 drs'^TS' Vr^'S!" P«^.SEiiVATn-E.-Carbonate of magnesia
lauduAumf 1' dr ; WmlrSffron' To^l^ f l-olatil^dT';
caraway Water ^ sattron, 1 oz. Make up 1 pint with
(or about 10 teSonfids^f^?^^ ^J^l""^!' °''''' .^^^^ ^ 1^«"^S'
laxative state ' sufficiently often to keep the bowels in a
_,5^^PlS^ASE OF THE KlDNEYS.-Boil 1 oz O* -«...„ v .•_ .,
pu,«. ox wai^r uown to 1 pint. Dose, a wuiegl^^fS¥timer;e?dSy!
grs. ;
For
drs.:
id
of
Q
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
enstriiation
69
To CUBE VOMITING IN PbEONANCY — MiV ^ A^
magnesia; i oz. tinct of colomhn- ^i^I^ ^ ^ ^^' ca^^nate of
1 tablc«pooJf,il 3 times a day ' ^ ''^' peppeimint water. Dose,
^''ot''^MCJZlZ%?''^^^^ I--<iered cubebs,
raou water, 3 ozs. A to&esDoo??^l of fhf'^^^^ i'^^^^^' ^ ^^ ^ ^inna:
intervale 8 times a ^ay ^^''^''*"^ ®^ *^^ mixture- to be ken at
macerationSdlplac^ntff^ Treat tiie leaves by
then with the remSde! Sd SlTfhP w^^^^^^ ^^ *^^ ^^^^l^ol ^nS
ing liquid with a gentle St to {brJ?^S**'^' ^I^^J^V''^ «ie result-
conHnue the heat till iUs dissolved «^^^^ ?f?^' ''''^ ^^^ ^^ ^^«- s^gar,
add oil of cubebs, o 1 of Sper' o? /n^^
mumanrs"ulSe^orq\"S^^^^^^ stramo-
peating once or twice onlv an fV ^ • . ^ P*^*^- I^^se, 1 pill re-
not subside beforrtWs time P.^ T'^^^^^X'S '^ *^« V^in does
this pill, and costivenSsL not in^eal^^^^^^ '''^''^' ^^'' '^^ "«« «f
each Tk?.1 sugar of Teld^^^XT T^^xT^ ^"^^ ^^ ^'^^^^^
thoroughly m6, then dWid^hiST^A 10'.^ ^^^ P^^^^^ aU and
evei. 2 or 3 hoi^ until che^clerth^e^VeLS S^Tetyl ^^&Z
is ISTp'^epa^e'f tT^^^^^ ^^^^-^7 --««« discharge
called spotted aide?) leaves ^^^^^ f"^ V^^' ^^""^^ («ften
enough to fill the vaUnr^nd fniPP? iL^^''^ ^ ^^"^^^^ syringe large
sionaliy in bad casl^say' ^wkH wee^ inTJ^^ ^^^^ ' P^^ ««<^-
lowing composition • For CbrZtr S.!;^®*^* ^, ^^^^^^^ <^f ^^e fol-
aud sugar of lead each in.. ^^^"^ Complaints. White vitriol
loaf sugar, each, 1 dr 'soft w.Vp?'?"'."'' f ^^ pulverized alum, and
For Prolapsus' Ui™ o« f f t V ^*' ^""J^^* ^« ^^o^^-
the cheapest buuLbesfkpwrt^w^^^^^^ the Womb. -Not only
firm sponge, cut to a U^ersL^r Jo Lr^ll ^ ^^/ ^^^"^ ^^ ^^^
pressed up the vagina t^h^M thp'w^^A^'*.*'^^^? ^^P «f being
should have a stout piece of Imi! o^^^ '"^ !fl P^^^^- The spongi
its centre, up aSd down and wf «„ffi^ ^^f ^ °^ ^ *^°^es through
taken hold of to remove the snon^P nT^^^^i^"^ ^ allow its beiSg
at the farthest, fo?Jhe pi^se^ of^Sn«h?n J" ^f^' ^' ^^^^ «<^«^' day
necessary injections and tH« IZfi^^,' ^^^^ning, and using tiie
lying down, tr/pireilt the womb frolH.n?"%Tr^"'" *^^^ P^^^^^* «
After having injected some^HVp . , hi t^'" ^«llu}g or prolapsing.
70
MEDICAL DEPARIMENT, ETC.
or use the following • ^ *® mucilage also through the day,
1 St. ■ knd oil of ^vin' 1 d^ 111 tST^'^ >"" ^P^i""'' «'"". «' S
100 pill, by iwing Sk cum aoMo^ be pulvemed and made into
"^"y. b»t not to^nove tSetowiSS mS'' ^ "■"' '""" * '^ » times
minutes, or the dose increased biifin^ ^^ repeated in 30
profuse wasting, repeatTonc^ at'tiie I'd l^^^'^ ^'^« «^ ^^^^^^
urgency of the?ase may require *^^ ^ ^''''^«' «^ »» ^^e
jttTsr^. tt^^tW^ V^^^'^l r «^ -"' - the
fine iron filings with as midi ground ^in^2f^ n ^^^^^ u*"''"^^^' ^ix
spoon 3 times daily in a mtle honpv «? ^ T^"^" P"^^' ^^a" of a tea-
ing the dose to prSuce f btcSss ^ ^^^^^^
course until well J "idciuiess ot the stools. Continue this
Ofp=,S,?Srorofh?Xl''AT o^l'T" COMPr,A.KTS.-OiI
jnise, i oz., alc.hil, 1 nint^iS' r^L 1 sassafras, J oz., oil of
times a day, in sweetened w?t'., £?,"i*' '"'•'"' J *» 1 teaspoonful 3
stent weakness is Serous tir5S^;,n^f T'l «!™ '•«"^' ^'h™ eon-
affections causing pain''SSt'lhe™toeys *' '*"'' "^ ''«"=« S^'veUy
appSTr.^STsw^eerjtn^^-y.T''' "',>«'=*- » »-. ^'^^
gnm i oz T^ use, mix S pi^miit =^ i oz., best
times per day: cure certain in 9 day" ' **""* * <w>spoonfiU 3
Phate S m"™iCll i^™a^T?;'}U' ?'^'«"- »' >««J. ioz., sul-
Srops. Mix and apply%n?es ™?dav „?i'"l.t,"'' ^ ?^- ' ""^ »". 20
^no(A«i— Powderid iintlrTii'^o j ^' "' ^J^^ Pam may require
10 oz., tincture of opium 2 to ' mfe"" '^"'P'""' ^ <''■•' ""IM wSi
there i?SiItomSKe*'orSkn^^^^^^^ T^ •« ™"'<1, where
for three or four months in th.^r^'^'*'"'?'*''''''' by Preaeverance
the teeth closed! fTa?K fl:Z''^S^ <" ^'"'"'' '^''»<'. witli
heS'cL'V™u^^ri?b'alK"S^^^^^ FraJce says that cold in the
sirvSf«nSH{r5F--'^ -^" ■ --
moulds, if desired to S- th?n mn^i -...y'"'? '?'*™ .P"'"- mto small
chaps on hands or lij^ ' ^^P''' '"'<' P"* "••» tinfoU; used for
lalyTve^^yX wXome ^IT"^ FEVER^-Open the bowels regu-
senla, etZ ; aldTeelTe ^^r TlS'l^iPt^iT'L- -stor f !1,
and keep fte^p^laS't at rL™ S'<i,Sor
warm
erot,
Iceii,
3 drs. ;
Dose,
pery elm or
gh the day,
II and gum
ies, of each
made into
1 to 3 times
ad, 10 grs. ;
prized, and
r syrup,
sated in 30
;s of rather
or as the
•
ron, as the
ible. Mix
of a tea-
r or lessen-
ttinue this
INTS.— Oil
oz., oil of
spoonful 3
vhen con-
.8 gravelly
oz,, bitter
h oz., best
ipoonful 3
lroz.,sul-
ive oil, 20
' require,
ted wax,
>d, where
Jverance,
Hid, with
•Id in the
a by the
ail sweet
till dis-
ito small
used for
}ls regu-
-stor oil,
warm :
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC. 71
sponge the surface with tepid water, two or three firaes adav • whn^
It IS hotter than natural, admit fresh air ; live onTbland (Set ^S
as a cuptul of^arrowroot, several times a day ; toa^t-water for com-
r mavt; nSf " ^f "^^ ^*^^°S sagetea, h^neplJ^ralum or C:
ax, may be used from the commencement, if the throat is affected
Nerve AND Bone LiNiMENT.-Beefs gall. 1 qt ralcohol 1 nt •
volatile hniment, 1 lb.; sirits of turpentme, 1 lb.; oU organuni'
4 oz.; aqua ammonia, 4 oz.; tincture of a^yenue, i pt • oU^f
amber, 3 oz.; tincture Spanish flies, 6 oz.; mix well ^ ^ '
UBPHALic Snuff.— Take asarbacca leaves, marjoram, lio-ht Scotch
snuff, equa parts ; grind and sift, use like common snuff
DowNEK's SALVB.-Beeswax, 4oz. ; opium, i oz -suear of lead
op"ui^Th1n?Hn'or^"'r^-r>*^^ ''-^^ up'4'?h'ewfx,'th n'The
opium, then 1 giU of sweet oil, incorporate all thorough Iv together
spread lightly on cloth; good for burhs, pUes, &c ^ ^ together,
.r^A^J^^^ Salve -Burgundy pitch, beeswax, white pine pitch
and resm 1 oz. each, mutton tallow, 8oz. ; go( se oil, 1 gSl • tar 1
gill ; melt and mix thoroughly. A first-rate salve ' ^ ' '
Whooping Cough SYRup.~Best rum, 1 pt. ; anise oil 2 ozs •
ful, 3 or 4 times per day ; children 1 teaspoon, with sugar and water
. Liquid OpoDELDoc.-Warm brandy, 1 qt. ; add to S?um ^amnhor'
loz; sal ammoniac ioz. ; oils of oS^aSuiii and rosfraS-^S^^
soa^ wormwood, i oz. ; when the oils are dissolved, add 6 o^s^ft
ba?k o?sid^T''^X^A^'^^-~?^V^""™f*^«"^' ^"^°«' Pai«« in the
oacK or side, &c., take 2 lbs. resm, burgundy pitch, i lb • beeswax i
feiiisrroz*'"Zisim\vT'* «^^^^^^^^
cedkr 1 n^ ? vi.^l^?"' ^\^ ^'^ ' "'^ «* origanum, 1 oz. oil of red
di^H« iZ- ' Ti^°'^^ turi^cntme, 1 oz. ; oil of wormwood, 1 oz. ; ver-
thf iiis*. thPn ii/o^'^W"' """'i ^^ ^/^?ly pulverized and mixec^ with
enouih t^ vnn lif f^l' ^"^^ '^^^^. ^ ^^^^ ^'^^^r like wax till cold
fSt^„ pli^''"^ ^ '^''^)?^ ^°"^' ^ i^^h diameter, sell for 25 cents.
rnn^^T^ '^^f^^'l l"^^ CANCER.-Take chloride of zinc, blood:
f™?i applied. First spread a common sticking-plaster much
fXio ^'''' S^ ^^^P.^^^' ^^^**i"S * ^'i^cular piece from the centre of it a
hoiir« rS. Jr^ ' *^®n.,aPPly *he cancer plaster, and keep it on 24
hours. On removing it, the cancer will be found to be biinied into
and appears the color of an old shoe-sole, and th^rim o iSo whI
ea«h tune for four days ; Hien twice a day for theTsSme uerlod "tK
Sriutae'thS '"^ '""' """"""'' ""^ By^Ptoms^rwefelVeslt
Gout TiNOTtr^K — VAmfi-nm ^w^jyi^ / i. .„ , . ,
opium, ioz. ; ^i;ivC7luihour^,AZ7Z,'^"'^l^''jV"ii ■
72
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
2**^4^."^^^^^'^^^ *« *^« ^«^"«tness of the patient, at intervals of
lan'darm^oi'ToTof la7Sl^^^^^^^ ^*'^^ ' ''X ' ^^^^^^^^ 2 oz. ;
recent case of paraSJsis iS The wL^^^^^ 'IF^*^^- ^^ *
thoroughly bathed and rubbed Sith fhf« the numb surface be
minutes, using the hand at IP^^fTwn*^ Preparation, for several
take intemailf ,^ drops' oAhTim^^ ' f * *^^ «^»^« ti«^e
CiiAKcoAL A CUKF FOR slrif SS'a^.* ^'"^^ sweetencd water,
spoons of finely powdered chS?co?i d?nnvt"~? H'*^*^^ tJiat2tea-
wm, in less th^n fifteen mSto^ivf?S^ ^^t^r
when caused, as in most casl^ it'if if, ^* *? *^^ ^^^^ headache,
the stomach. ' We haT^u^t I tHpte'^"^^"^^^^ «* a<^id on
%^I?3:Sr rv^r 4^^^^^^^^ Sfl^i^,^^."^^^^' ^^ ^^ ^^-^
barif o^rroot^^riS" and Ked'f ;>.' "^ ' ^«***^^-t^ ^^^ inner
feimel seed, Aoz • alcoho? int • i^^^^'i' P^ppermmt leaf, ^oz. ;
all into the'spi^S knd wat^ Ixcen7^h^^^^ P*"" ' ?^P^'. ^ It's ; put
weeks, then strain presZ? oi.t S ^l ^"^*''' ^^}. ^^^ i* stand ^o
Bimm^ng a fe^^^^^f^^ SXiS' fe^^^^S «T' -"^
griping m any case, increasp thp fo«r;ii .^ J P"^ ^* ^* should cause
pose,! tablespoon, on^e a d^^^
loose, up to the liex^ rPrimf wh^n ?>,^^ ^ *^^ ^^^'^^^s become too
eWteilandit^^otlSl;^^^^^^^^^^ ""^^^* ^^^^ J^een
melurai^S'^S^el^SalS'SlM ^^ ^ach^lb.,
contmually with an i4 g^on nSL^''^^^ ^^ '^°' ^ «2- ; sfeing
color ; then let it cool LTS v^^ *^! ""^^^ ^^ ^^ * uniform blacl
bole, i oz. ; on of Srgamot 1 dr xTn ^'Pf k T ' ^•?^- ^ Armeni^S
oil before putting it in ' ' '"^ "^ ^® ^^^ ^^^^ a little oUve
1 o^TaS pit i?toTffi teT^^^^^^
stick until the mass loolr« ii£ Eo«i-*^^ 1^^*®^' ^nd stir with a rough
coat on a c otii, and wmp arou^^h'.^ ^^^ ' S'S^P^^^ a gold
as^rn'pSSi^^if^nri^^^^^^^ "
to relieve the paint and cSr^Se felon In ^hS ^*tb?nT' \^ "^'^
cream two oarts and «nft ar^o^X.^^ i? a "^^^rs then heal with
01 tobZ,^f SuftJSf»r'?* "'!' * S'- "»« ^t^" a 3-cent ping
, add red Sid" 1 oT IS mSi hi.TP'''i **" ^^^eze it out,S
Werized camphor gum 1^ ^^ ^^^^ ' ""*" » "*«« «»ol. add'pul-
k^^V^S.^n/tkll^VlI^'' M.NUTEs._Take a smaU
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
73
cent, alcohol. Dose' for onU^ ^r,^' ^r*" i!"T°' **"" "" witn 9& per
horse, i to 1 o. , in a ii^e ^arm waterevVr^v^^^ * .tea^poonful • fo? a
LivT^B-xr^ „^',. ^„ " Alwfhol 1^ ? minutes, till relieved.
oil of origanum, 2 oz. ; camDhor m,m V^' ' ^^ ammonia, 4oz. ;
myrrh, 2 oz. : common salt t£o LS?. ' ^ °^' \?P'^^"^' 2 oz. ; gum
sionally for a week ' ^"^ t^Wespoons. Mix, and shake occa-
^'^^'^f^-^^^^^^^ alcohol, 2qt.. ;
spirits of turpentine, tincture of^vln^P nit. . ^«^^'^' hemlock,
budanum, of each, i oz. tiucture^ofT^J^S ft ^'^f^(S^^<^), and
J oz. • oil of wintersTPPn i.^rr . \Z "*j'^^") *oz. , oil of onganum
form,'Hoz. ffs iS oftthe L^"^ ^^mphor, 2 oz. ; and'chlS
known ? it is superior to a^yttLrtL^S^d^^^^ "^'T'^^ ^^^
Inhalation of T^r poh Pr^xTurr^,^ "^^^",1° *his work.
liquid tar and one flufd oz lfanToTnX-~^l^.l^^^*^«^ 1« ozb. of
minutes in the open air then iPf if •^^*^^^' ^^^^ *hem for a few
spirit or other lamp Si the chamber f thT^^-'^.^" iron vessel overl
excite a dispositio^ Slough, b^tki^a ^oitS^'hf ^^'' "^'t^ ^' ^''^
moves any tendency to it *™® ^* ^^^ys it» and re-
abSm ?q? pe?d^7SSS?d\J?n^"'"^•^^^«"^ *^« toP« ^^ red clover •
usedas2wSiSepe^i,^v . vprv^ and^thetea shoSdbe
Taylor's Remedy |oRft^/S«^°'^^y recommended;
lib. oil of almonds forrwee^'^anS^l^^Ti^^"'- bruised garlic in
18 effective in tempomry Sfu^s ^ ^''''^ P'^'^'^^ ^^t« *he ear
nu5i^,"dy^?ie^;fo^^^^^^
dock, and winter S"*^? PPnh ^m «* ^^s^afras, allspice, yellow-
i oz.'hops and 3 qg molassis Po.ri'^,^^-''^ i"^^ ^""^ corikndeT;
ingredients and let tiiSS sSnd 'MhZvTmf.Tiu'f^^ ^^*«^ «° t^o
yeast, and it is ready for u7e hi 24 hou^^ ^^'^' *^^ ^^^^^^^ ^nd add ^pt.
l«-~T^k« balm, mintrsaieror a^^thirherb'trpStTt^iJ^f ? .'
il a sDoonfni nf ofiiii» . , ' .^-f PUt « iiito a bot-
&raKKii%iKtr^'thti^
^X^X^itl^^^^^XTi?'^^^^^^^^ essential Oil Will
of alum 1 oz^^^l^rT^^^B f ?a^4^^^^^
mixture of equal parts & gum LimWnloL^ ^^ ^"^ side spread a
melt the guSs in^an eart&areXh ^^^H^anum or Peruvian balsamr
slips of the paper are hSd ovlfa fi wltrf ttf.^ T*^ ^ ^°* «P^*^^a
be evaporated, the alum nrevPn«,ri'?i.o ®° the odorous matter will
. Transparent CeSTob ofA^^^^^ ^T"^ i''^^ '^^^S-
m chloroform, and add S^iS bv mea^?i .f^^"^^ ^ P^^ India-rubber
Digest for 2 4ys, shakin/the SSf fS ® ""^.f ""^ ^^stic in powder.
camel's hair brusi ^ *^^ "^^^^^ frequently ; apply witll a fine
Mu.THWASH.-Pi.of spirit., iqt; borax and honey, of eachloz.;
74
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
gum Hiynji, 1 oz. ; rod Huiulors wood, 1 oz. Rub the honev and bomx
wo to^rothor in a nmrUir, them Knuluklly add tho Hpirit, tho yrrh Zd
sandors ww)d, and macoi-ato 14 days. 'f, tiiumyiruaua
.r,.:Tweir„^'«;S' '""**- ■■"'''^ «'-««' ■'y "'"-i'S^ n^r
To Rkmovk Tumouh -Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh introduces a
(.Ilmv acupuncture noodle, or very fine trocar (a surScrl instrument
in the f.)rm of a fine h(,ilow neoaie) into their tissHo an iii ieits a
few drops o some irritant licpiid, such as a S()lution of chlor&
zhu^ percholorde of iron, or treosote. Tho effect is to dostrov tl?o
v\udMy of the tunM,rs B'^ tr«it(,d, and admit of sei«irating tliom
Compound Svkupof HYi.(,i.H()HrinTKH.-Tako of hyp. plmsnliite
assa, Joz aino sugar. 111), troy: hoLwater, 20 fhiidozs • orimsifj
fll{«'/'tl , :;*' "'• ^V' «?^"<=r «t' the mixed salts ii the hot wS
strain m^i}T' "^'"'"^^^^ "'*^ ''"«'*^ ^'' *'^« ««^"tio» by heat, and
strain, and add the orange flower water. Dose, a teaspoonful cou-
taimn/T nearly five grains of the mixed salts. "^^spoomui, cou-
nf nn.hn!! ^;i''«<'TUO-MAONKTIC LlNlMKNT.-Bost alcohol, 1 gal. ; oil
07 S's Si ' f r .«'""1^^«'^'. « «!• J ,<^^astile soap, shavef fine, 2
oz. uoot 8 gall, 4 oz. ammonia, 3 F.'s stronc. 12 oz • mix ruH
Bhafio ocaisicmally for 12 hours, and it is tit for use. Tliirwlll be
found a strong and valuable liniment.
London LmiMENT.-Take chloroform, olive oil, and aqua ammo-
Tinrinr ^e*;^ ^SSH '' ""^^^'^^' '' ^''' ''^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^
lP,I^'7r'!''T-~^I'''? ^'^^. SoREa.-Red precipitate, i oz. ; sugar of
lead, Aoz. ; burnt alum, 1 oz. ; white vitriol, i oz. or a little less-
all to l)e very finely ^)ulven.cd : have muttoA LloW made warm i
lb. ; stir all ni, and stir until cool. ' ^
JuDKiN'a Ointment.— Linseed oil, 1 pt. ; sweet oil, 1 oz • and boil
them in a kettle on coals for nearly 4 Lurs, as w rm as Ccau
gLrie.i;f r'^ ""^f r'f^^ t"^' 5 r«d lo^dr4oz";'^S^
sugar 01 lead, 1^ oz. remove the kettle from the fire and t^l-lcpn
stir in ^iT^nV ^^V^^J"^T.*'^^ ''^r''"'^ ""'''^ «««l«d to bloorheat. t e
thiV i iSrniA T'a^""^ tiirnentiue ; and now take out a little, let-
ting t get cold, and if not then sufficiently thick to spread unon thin
Us S for all^il^l^J"? '"'^'' ^'^ .^^^V» »«til this pS is rCched
77^:^^:^^:^^^ ^^'^""^^^ -^^^ advantage^Vapp^fnl
. MAaNETic Ointment.— Said to be Trask's.— Hard raisins out
in pieces, and fine-cut tobacco, equal weights ; simmer weirSher
then strain, and press out all irom the dregs. wgttner,
Mead s Salt-Rheum Ointment.— Aquafortis, 1 oz. ; quicksilver
IZV T^ ^'^'^ soap, dissolved so as to mix readily? 1 ozTprepS
chalk 1 oz. ; mixed with 1 lb. of lard ; mix the above by putffi the
amiafoilis and quicksilver into an earthen vessel, an^whei do e
^?a iS^/fr ?7nf . *^''^*J?^^ insrodients, putting the chalk hi last ;
aaa a little spirits of turpentine, siiy i tablespoon.
MEDICAL DEPAttTMENT, ETC.
7&
digriH, finely pulv^rizotl, foz- l/mlAh """"''. ''''^''^ ^ «^- 5 ver-
a copper kottli, heating hIowIv ' ' ^ ^^* ' """^ ^^ * "'"^e fire, In
JpSS^SSeT^^^^^^^^^^^^ ; burgundy j^tch, 2 o. :
tfio pitch ana add the butter hK,&w5^ \i''^- 5 "'el^
from the fire, and when a littlp ?« i fi^"" to^^ether ; then reuiove
lastly the preciniitr^' H^„t Itfr ' nW cJ^^ '^'' '^^"^"^ ^^ turpenthie, and
iodideT p^otoihun' cj^r.'' J^"^.^--;^^^ ^^^'^'d^ «f "mercury, 7 grs •
day until 12 or 16 drops Seiven at a dn«n ^% ^^^easinff 1 drop a
lmniediatelyaftcrmeil« if^tcaSBeHa^^^^^^^^^^ ''■ i^*'« ^^'^t^*''
and fulness in the head, when ?oiflt un /JJ^i'^^ "'^'^^ bowels .
RemSK l"l"^ ^^^^° as before! ^ ^ """^ ^^ ^'■"^«' «« ^ac'
spirlts
tur
honev 1 pt. Dose, a tablesnoon tluZLt ^^' ' ^I^^^^ ^"^ «teep in
rel eZ/g obbiincd, ihenmySll^h'^Jl''^ e%^ry few minutes, until
Anothei{.-Oi'i of tar 1 Sr ^fw^^^ "i"*'^ * «"^e is effected,
simple syruj) 2dr8 • m^v n ' *^»/*"^e «f veratrum viride, 2 drs •
dai/y Udetf pot^sITn, h?,^«,^^^^^^^^ 16 drops 3 or /&
hemlock bark 1 lb LS7r^T T^'^i-^^^be^^ bark, 2 lbs. ;
2oz. ; all finely pullSKa'SVei^'mxTTo^^P^^^^^
and a spoon of siurar • nut nZr^ u.i mixed. Dose, J a teaspoon of it
I>oiling>ater iS It^nC^ty^'^l^T':^^ A^^' ^' b^" f «" ol
G&Vt^-J^^^^^^^^^ Bonnet, of
has been long in Ihe hal^it of prescrfbW - h,.^"^ Medicale," that he
tme by friction for rheumatism •«Tr?S?f ^^^l essential oil of turpen-
perfect success, havhigSoS In^lfn^* ^"^ ^^^ "'^<^ '^ ^ifoself with
Pi^^^'aTcSfSkc^'tT^^^^^^ .^,- -Solidified copaiba, 2
fittle oil of jimiper. Dose 1 or 2 nil£ % nl ??"'''* '^^ P"^« ^^^h a
has been found verv va}^XLL ^.^ ^r 4 times daily. This pill
and urethm a' inflLmaCf^"om^^^^^^^^^ '^^", ^"^"7«' blaVer
leucorrha3a, 'common iSmmat^oT/ &r\^.Tn?^-"''^^ ^bites^
coat, see that heading, if desired ^ '"'^ *bem a sugar
oz^TS ?A^I«:-Oii of cubebs, ioz. ; sweet spirit, nf .,>.. .
■ ' ~~ ' "^ ^"^"'""' ^ °^- • -"^^iem oil, 1 bottle ; oilof "lavendy
76
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
20 iropK ; npirlte of t.irpentino, 20 dronH : mix. Dorto, lo to 25 droiw.
jw t!m Htouuich will l)car, tl.ruc tinu^rt .V'lily. It may h^ UHod in uny ,
tlio al)ovo disoiiHOH witli Kmit HHtiHfiiction. ^
DiiruK-rif) TiNOTUitK.— Green or Krowini; Hncarmint inaHliod iMit
In^) H Lottie, and covered with gin, in an oxcellLid diim-tic ' ^
Hn^an?fhrL?l^l'n''T''' •"t^'-'^^' «f "itrc^-a few drops in a little
Hpearnilnt tea— iw all Hnf(to»i.jj fui. very vounL' children nninnldn
seed, or water.nu,loi,...n.,d t.,. i, perhaps the S. ' ^"'"'1''^'"-
ni, il*'<r^-"~''^V"- ^- ^^" ^'iJ^^^f*--QiiOiin-o(-the.mGiu\im root, dwarf-
older <lowor» berri.'H, or nner bark, jnnh.or berries, horse- radish
root pod uulkweed or silkweed. often called, root of ench, 4 z •
prickly-ash barkof berries, nnin({rake root, bittersweet b»,rk of tin;
root ot i^,^, 2 oz. ; white-musf ird-seed, 1 or. ; Holland i-in 1 it
. Our lH)ili.TF water on all except the ■ ;, Lid keep hot for vlhoS-
w -m! l"'f ^*'*"'' *'^ ^r^'V'^ ^"^^^ '^"^» ^^ '^ <lta., and strain, jiid:
ni "i« , I"' ' '"^"V'. ""{i l'i«tl V the Ki„. Dose, take all the bUiiuA
\vill bear, say a wine shisa a day, or more.
Urophy Pills.— .lalap, 60 kts.; gamboge, :V) ^rrg. ; podonhvllin
20«r». ; elatorium, 12|5rs. ; aloes, W^rs. ; cayenne, ;}5 grs ; CastHe
soap, shaved Jind pulverized, 20gr8. ; (^roton oil, iK) drops ; powder aU
linely, and m x thoroughly ; then fonii into pill 'mass, by usS^a thick
nmc lage made otojjual parts of gum arable and gum tragac^S^ith, aid
divide m three-gkin pills. Dose, 1 pill every 2 days for the ffl
week ; then every 3 or 4 days, until the water is evacuated by the
combined aid of the nil! with the alum svrup. This is a owerfid
inedicme, and will well accomplish its work i"Jwtruii
Liver Till.— Lei)tjindrin, 40 grs. ; podophyllin and cayenne, .'JO
grs. each ; sajiguinarm, iridm ami ipecac, 15 grs. each ; see that all
rr/h!"'?? "f well mixe^ ; theif forn'i intS pill ma^s by usiiigi
dr of the soft extract of mandrake and a few drops of anise oil • tlieil
roll out into three-grain pills. Dose, 2 pills tfiken at bed-time will
geneniUy oi)erate by monnng ; but some persons require 3
IbritatinuPlasteu.— ExtensivklyUsedky Eclectics.— Tar 1
ir-i J^'""S""<ly P^^ch, .V oz. ; white-pine turpentine, 1 oz. ; resin, 2 oz
JJoil the fcir, resm and gum together a short time, remove from the
i^S S r i-"' /^"^'.^' pulverized mandrake root, blood root, poke
root, mid Inilian turnip, of eacli, 1 oz ^
.irJ? «ff r"'^^ ^.?"'^" .^^^^'^-Pills to bo sugar coated must be very
(try otherwise they will shrink away from the coating, and leave-it a
"mn .?.?--^ crushed ollf. When th^y are dry, you will tS<e sl'rdi
gum arabu;, and white sugar, e(pial parts, rubbing them verv fine in
a marble moitiir, and if damp, they must be dried before rubbhi-
together ; then put the powder into a suitable pan, or box, for shak"
ing ; now put a few piUs into a small tin box having a cover, and
l>our on to them just a little simple syrui,, shaking well to moiste
the surface only ; then throw into the box of powder, and keep i
motion until completely coated, dry, aaid smooth. If you are no"
verjr careful, you will get too much syrup upon the ])ills ; if you do
put m more, and be quick about it to prevent moistening tlie pill too
much, getting them into the powder as soon as possible
1 < .siTi VE Cure for HvDKopHOBiA.-The dried root of elecampane
STn/S' ^'^ '"^'""/T ?''^}^ ^'^'^^S tablespoon!, lis, and ini:c it
with 2 or 3 teaspooiifulH of pulverized sum arabic : tlifin Hiv iriA j«f^
i:
MKDICAL DEPAUTMKNT, ETC.
77
drop or two (n the eye, 2 or :t times dailv ' "' "
ANOTiiEB-Sultihatc of zinc, acotat^'oe load, and roolc salt of
aTfntraVoril-Jg'^a'C ' ^'IT^,^ ^ wX Aat
of tM^ nf ..nC; '^''* ^^^"^5"^', t'»<^turoof uinica, British oil and oil
4tar™d°oH oTa^b^of S^aT'Xw'A'^,'^,''' «"'?»"-
and. evening. AmonS the WeS' .n'',r4i^„!'.i'^°I'»l.™»™ln«
«»ea Jor strengthen,- i the «ton«ch, Tidrteys?lh^er, 'Ud irn^f^^^^
78
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
aciw r^f 'hy" k ; jYt'i'^i.S^^^^ heart. gIddlneB, h Ju
Kino OF Oils for Neukalgia and Rheumatism — Bnmincr fl„^^
wet It well with the copperas water, ouce daily '
w
tirofa-n
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
79
stand till coFd S »a thmtl.''a'cloth a^rt-.t^irr i ¥' "
fire, and n.lx K^S^™ ^XHi,"*'' VT^^^ *^T 'S?™ *e
after this take (Sstor oi7ro7 Th. i.?* •'""S"' !"'<"' * '«'• ^ hours
m^tso.andalway/ATeheSS'lXt"' " -^^harged entire or al-
esSrd'lJth^e^h^siSJ^SySrnTM' Z,T r^ '^'™^!^
its enemios and itselfdi rin^ t^lT *"»» *hi8, that the brain expends
think most liio do th^emts^LS^^^^ ^'^' Those whS
The time '' savpd " frr^m «l« ^^\'^' require the most sleep. 2d.
mindXdy and estate'^S. Gife yZ?sl f ?o ^S^^^ ^^^^--^-^ ^
give all that are mider youX Sst ainSt n/«^^^^
by compelling them to ao t!. LJi 1? amount of sleep they will take,
for the want^of the sv?tem tSTi!''"^^ ""^P^^^ ^''^^ ^^^^ «^cured
Signs orD^Ll^sE m rRirnSl^' *t^ ^^^^ '^^^ ^^^ ^^^i^"* dis-
able to talk, uZtrc,^/ wh?n ftSnr Thp^ T^ ""^i^ ^^\ "«* y«*
loud long, W passioltefy and 8& te^rHto^^^^^^ ^^^ '^
and beginning again. tears— stoppmg for a moment
^iJLft^^^.?P* is. affected, it gives one sham crv. hrPniHn. .«= ,-^^.
i*«ivcij, ua ii crying Hurt it. » ^ ? o -^tz. xtxiiuc-
80
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
It the head is affected, it cries, in sJiarp, piercinr; shrieks, with Imo
moans and wails between. Or there may be quiet dozing, and start-
ings between. •
It is easy enough to perceive, where a child is attacked by disease
that there is some change talcing place ; for either its skin will be dry
and hot, its appetite gone ; it is stupidly sleepy, or fretful and crying ;
it is thirsty, or pale and languid, or in some way betrays that some-
thing is wron§. When a child vomits, or has a diarrhoea, or is cos-
tive and feverish, it is owing to some derangement, and needs atten-
tion. But these various symptoms may continue for a day or two
before tho nature of the disease can be determined. A warm bath,
warm drinks, etc., can do no harm, and may help to determine the
case. On coming out of the bath, and being we!l rubbed witl: the
hand, the skin -v^ill show symptoms of rash, if it is a skin disease
which has commenced. By the appearance of the rash, the nature
of the disease can be learned. Measles are in patches, dark red, and
come out first about the face. If scarlet fever is impending, the skin
wJi look a deep pink all over the body, though mostly so about the
neck and face. Chicken-pox shows fever, but not so much running
at the nose, and appearance of cold, as in measles, nor is there as
much of a cough. Besides, the spots are smaller, and do not nui
much together, aiyi are more diffused over the whole surface of the
skin, and enlarge into little blisters in a day or two.
Let the room where the child is sick be shady, quiet, and cool. Be
careful not to speak so suddenly as to startle the naif-sleeping patisnt
and handle it with the greatest tenderness when it is necessary to
move it. If it is the lungfs that suffer, have the little patient some-
what elevated upon the pillows for easier breathing, and do everthing
to sooth and make it comfortable, so as not to have it cry, and to thus
distress its inflamed lungs. If the child is very weak, do not move it
too suddenly, as it may be startled into convulsions. In administering
a bath, the greatest pains must be taken not to frighten the child.
It should be put in so gradually, and so amused by something placed
in the water on purpose as to forget its fear ; keep up a good supply
of fresh air, at a temperature of about 60° Fah. If a hired nurse
must be had, select if possible a woman of intelligence, gentle and
loving disposition, kind and amiable manners, and of a most pacific
unruffled, and even temper. If a being can be got possessed of these
aiigelic quaUties, and we believe there are many such, you will be
quite safe in intrusting to her care the management of your sick child
or yourself either, in case of sickness. She should 'not be under
twenty-five or over fifty-five, as between these two ages she will, if
healthy, be in her full strength and capacity.
Whooping Cough.— To empty the child's stomach by a lobelia
emetic, is tWB first step. After this make a syrup of sugar, ginger-
root, a little water, and enough lobelia tincture to produce a slight
nausea. This, given two or three times a day, will loosen the cough
very much. See " Whooping Cough Syrup.'"
DiAKKHCEA.— Nothing is better for looseness of the bowels than
tea made of ground bay berry. Sweeten it well, and give a half-
teacupful once in two hours, until the child is better. Bathing must
not be neglected. For Croup Remedy see " Cure for Lockjaw."
Colic. — This can be cured with warm injections of gimnle soar)-
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
81
A^ rgTveTlTtl^^tLT^^^^^^ - ;*• A little warm
family should have a sma rand SrS avS^]^ ""'^^^^^^^ S^^^
synipof rhubarb, a waim Sctton .Sh^'''^' give a teaspoonf ul of
generally be all that iWdS" ' ^"^ ^Po^ge-baths. These wiU
thesrdSst';^a%Td^^;^u^t^^^^^^^
alkaline-bath, a lit! le llml^^^^^^^^^ slylVJ^.^^'K^fS''^'''^- Then the
ciidrftvi'rsriS^^^^^^^
emetic, rub the skiiibrisld^etf to^e?u«\^^^^^ water, or a lobelia
the warm water is equaUv useful fn S f ^^"- , ^'^ ^'^^^ disease
enlargement of the brain are dn^n^Jf i? ^f^.T^' • ^^^ symptoms of
temal objects, irritcS^ttmne^ S,»^* "^tellect, indifference to ex-
habitual iteadacheslS^^^^^^^^ giddmess, and
and idiocy. There is also a pfcuKrS^flornf T' '' ^P^^^P*^^ ^^^
m this disease. pecmax projection of the parietal bones
DoJSSrThtS^^^^^ ^" -ercise of the mind,
and muscular exercise in t£e opeS ThP U'^l '* !«J^^^ "^^^t active
m the to,) of the head, applv Sd^ater fn? .^^'1*^^^^ '^ ^'^ ^^eat
lateSom^^SS^^ offensive breath en-
from having no bile, or dark S Vu& S '^ ?^^^
slimy and lumpy. The cliiid erow«, n?io o A'l^' ^^*'^' sour-smelling,
gu d, dejected! it is fretS iSie^^^" ^^^^^^ ^''^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^-
in Its gait. . ' 'rritaoie, uneasy, and apt to be tottr-T-ing
beSL&^,4^g^^^^^^^^^ «ij;rrd^' ^/ P?- - ^^e head,
child to waken and shriek out As the drr.^ shooting causing the
shrieking gives place to moanttig There U^Z t^i^ '^dvancesf the
of the neck, pain in the limbs tendenipL i» S®""* stiffness in the back "
ing, mtolerauce of light knitthit of Sff "' *^^ «««^P. vomiting, sigh-
ance of the stomach^ Sid bowels TWs Zv'^? T'^^'^^ ^^''^tufS-
teen days, the patient growhig more wSt% *'? ^^"""J ^^" ^ four-
form of attack is marked bHc^utSn n thi^f^ Tt^^^.^- ^"^^^her
vulsions, flushed face, brilliant evef^ntni^'' ^^^1',^^^^^ ^^ver, con-
mm. tfinrlpvnoqq j„ ti^ "t";!^"'' ?y^^i intolerance of lie-ht.nti/i .L.,.a
' ' — '' '" *^' ^'"•^' ^7^^' Sve^^ irritobility oF^toniS;
82
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
mod a of 'nSfe''"^ vomiting on every attempt W sit up. The third
1? ^t ^.*^,^^ ^^ "^^^y insidious— the early symptoms heinff so miiS
as hardly to be noticed. In this case, the convXons or pllsv c?me
t£n "ViT'tK^"/ r*^'^'. S"'§^"^' «^i" ^"d une^Jpected dest^c!
tion In the first stage of the disease thers is increased sensibilitv •
mthe second decreased sensibility; in the third mlsrcoTvnlS
Ann ''• ,?^^« o^ie teaspoonful every hour or wo tiU t o Ira^^^^^
Apply (.old water or ice to the head. In the second sta-e mit fu tPr^
ff Z'lbirH^'t ^* '^'^ ^if^^' ^"^ °^« «'^ the wis if vSy tender
Vnvl fZ^ f'^^ "'''• H^*^:.'^^™ ^'"^t^^' '-^l^^ alteratives anniiiretics'
ouLe mif 'ThSrS Poti^^smim, one dram ; wateisZlf an
T"^!: „ li- ;• ^^"^y di^ops to a child seven years old evei-v hour
For a diuretic, use tincture of digitalis, one ounce svrun of sn mH^"
hourrTh'e';;S.J''; ^^rJT ^ *^^^d sevenrears'^olTet ?fo^
nours. 1 he patient should be kept in a dark room awav f rom "i i
noise and excitement, and should lie upon a hah S^ttS with ml
tir thtiirtri^^^^^^^^ ^^ ''' ^^f . ^4?Sd' b"i?oS;!
lUf, more man gruel , after that, more nourishina- but paav of rii,Toa
tion, such as beef-tea, plam chicken-broth, SaHelUeretc^ At
tt^e same time the patient should be supported by the-'caSus use of
™ryTaur\ou1r"' "' ""'' ^^'^^ o^ aromatic^pirit'ofTrno^^^^^^
Mr;Mi>s.— This disease, most common amoua cliildraii hpodiw wiH,
soreness and stiffness in tlie side of the neck sS a swellif^ of the
paratoid gland takes place, which is iKiniful and Z tton^fto SicreSe
r^n he mo^,th'*''ffieir.1fi'"'' ""%"« " ^fflcnltTswalloT??
i ea«men«.--Keep the face and neck warm, and avoid takiuL' cold
Drmk warm herb teas, and if the symptoms are severe 4 ^^^2^2'
of Dover's ppwder ; or if there is costive less I slM," ' tv^io fS
observe a very simple diet. If the diseasel^^'a^ravated ?4 ?4kin2
hP ?,U^^V' T^'-T '^l^^'"' ^^ '^ translated to other1>Sidrphv&c must
be used freely, leeches applied to the swelling or eooW Sltfnpf
Sweating must be resorted to in this case ^ poultices.
pfaTft^Inr. ^^^Z^ ^fSkreSSS
The third
ng so mild
palsy come
d destruc-
lensibility ;
)uvulsions,
id, thread-
rtant, and
purgative
ur drops ;
?ether iu a
; operates.
Hit blisters
ry tender,
diuretics.
*r, half an
ery hour,
of squills,
Jvery four
f from all
i, with his
I be noth-
of diges-
, etc. At
3US use of
ammonia
(gins with
ng of the
) increase
allow, or
side at a
ometimes
d bowels,
as.
ring cold,
to 6 grs.
ysic, and
.\v talking
^sic must
joultices.
•th exter-
ays after
es out in
ead over
?ins with
isea and
)ears the
lelirious*.
d in the
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
83
~ I^S^-'^Sf S.S"ge1^^^ f?^^-f<^ point. 04
By the evening of tlie third or fmfSh 1 ^"' ^'^^ *^^^ ^^^roat is red
r STIerfCcI tin4n5£r ^^^^
tonsils. The iustachiirt be whfch^^^^^^^^ l««i-« form on the
under the ear and jaw, someSs iXmp ' P,*?, *^^, ^^^' ^^^ S^^^^^
scesses formed in the ear fr^nnrrft i "^®. ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ; and the ab-
difficult to cure. The symptoS^^^^ ^^^^^^«« more o? less
. that of measles by the Senc^'of cS bv'thTY ^^ ^"^°^° f^oS
scarlet color ; by the rash ar.np«r.iS?,^ '*u^ *"® ^^^ ^'ash ; by its
'X^±y Vn^k*^^ "'-^^^^ mstead'of^the
^"^'^^"^^^ZTi^^t^tl^ i« very simple,
covering light. The wtt body shotd t .n^^^^^^ I'^^Il'''"^ *h^ ^e^"
often as it becomes hot and dT S coolinK •"^'^ ^}^^ ^^ol water as
jstered. Afewdropsof ^^^^o^l^n^^^^^^X"^,^^
^^P^lt^^^^^^^ the following
Tmcture of American hellebofe 1,1,^.'^^ ^^% P'^^^e =-
"W wiuld Ifs'oVe^Sli?^ ''^^' "'"'' '
and to'Scth'e'LraSi' tStTot*^'^^"* -^^ --emetic-
mustard, or cayenne pepner ponLns ii'^'^t^^ containing a little •
a day, for 2 or 3 days.^ ^ tU coW SS *v^"? ^^^^ ^0 minutes, twici
havmg set in, warm^ Ver mlv ^f I'^d'^^^^^ and the feve?
pepper. If the head is affected nnLl^ without the mustard or
^^r'^'.^l^ostive, give a S' physi? Solf^f *^^ *"f ' ^^^ ^f ^^^
allowed; but when the fever set<^hwSniir,^^ f^^d should not be
tamarind-water, rice-water Cse^l tjf ^tllT^'^' '^'^^ ^^ ^^^-o-^^^^^
may be g yen in reasonabir(Xtitfe;^ t^
muriatic acid, 45 drons in a tnmwi;^ii ^^- • , stimulate the skm
c^^lor ; the tongue /a deep red or 'has on ft "i"!!"^^^^
the ulcers in the throat become nnLf/fK^.^* ^ ^^^^"^ ^^^own fur, and
«!'t ironi the above. In tSSe^X,^?l*T*"'^'^*;?^'^«^ l>« diffe"-
ffu en freely ; and wine Xy mixed with ^1 ^T^l Q"^"^- ™ust be
Qumia is made as follows :-SiZhate of n^^^^^^^ ^"^ ^^ "«ef„l
4pzs. : sulphuric acid 5 drons m??.- ^"Pine, 1 scruple : alcohol
wine-glassfuls a dav'mSre' of ?«^r'^"''' ^ ^"^"^ ^ mix. TVo
be given in small doses GarSesarS.^' "' ^'^^^^t^-ed waf.r, umy
made of pulverized cayenne IdLm- ^i'l "^^^f^- ^^ ^^od oi^e is
1 gil . Mix, and let them stand l?m, •',,,?*' "^^ dram ; boiling water
Let it stand an hour and ^?rol ^^"^^^^^1 ^hen add 1 gil] vm^^'
mouth once in an WntS ,^S^ l^S^^^^ ^<^^ S'^
"'• "^ "s'^w aaii^ as soon
84
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, ETC.
■ ! H
•?L iM " ^'^?'"^ ^" 1'^^^ *^^' ^ prevent dropsy. If dropBV sets in
^he bath once m 3 days is sufficient, and s^veat ns should be m^^^^^^
bygivmgthetnictnreof Virginia snake-root rtnd Skr aSs a
fhlKstil^ir''^^' '' ^"^"^' '' *^^ ^^-^ *^-^' to "4^3 th^
Sfv^;*^ fv" i ^ *^®^^' ^^^^^' ^d ^"«^s. q"iclc pulse, soreness of
throat, thirst, nausea and vomiting, a dry couirh and hii?h r olm-ni
i\^h-fl ^^r ^V"^^*r^ ''''''^'^ in violence for foiir days ^Tti^^
aij mflamed and weak, and the nose poifrs forth a wSy secietion
with frequent sneezing. There is considerable inflainStion in the
larynx, windpipe, and bronchial tubes, with sprei Ss o^tSkst -ind
hoarseness. About the fourth day the skin is covered with a brJ^l'fr
out which produces heat and itching, and is red iirsS^ unon ^^^^^
face first, gradually spreading ove?'the whole tdy.irgoeiolT^u
the same way from the face first and then from th^ bodf !4d the
teas, and frequent ^ponge baths with tepid A^tei^sen'e to a lay the
fever; care should %e taken not to let the patient take cold Tf the
fever is very high and prevents the rash coming on , a slM;t dose of
salts, or a nauseating dose of ipecac, lobelia, oi^iive^vrup fhou W be
given, and followed by teasponful doses of conmoimd tinSre of
Jirgima snake-root until the fever is allayed. If the mttiS £^^^^^
derangement takes on a low typhoid type of fever, aid £ AsK^^
not come out until the seventh day, aiid is then of a dail S livM
color, tomes and stimulants must be given, and exDectoratioifnrmm*
ted by some suitable remedy. Therf is ^^Iwa.^s dan^^^^^^^^
bemg left m an inflamed state after the measles, miless tL n-eS
care IS taken not to suffer the patient to take cold. Should There be
usually, some pain in the back and read, loss of amietjJe nnri
drowsiness, though not rest. The disease shows itself ^by a chf
Durmg the first week there is increased heat of the surface f?equei
S'^/r'"'''^ *''>^"^' restlessness, sleeplessness, headacheTand S
the back; sometimes diarrhcea and swelling of the belly and some-
times nausea and vomiting. ^ ' ^"^"^
The second week is ofteia distinguished by sm.all, rose-colored snot^
Wh.l^f ^■^' ^"^^ "" "'''^' *?*'"t«e watery pimples on ke neck and ch^^^^^^^
^?d h-^,?irnF'\''^"f ^^^^iV"t^^^'oi^'^ «* ^^eat; the tongue is dn'
and black, or red and sore; the teeth are foul; there may be del rium
and dulness of. hearing; and the symptoms eveA way are more
serious tlmn during the first week. Occasionally, the boAve^s are it
BuX?vsiK£^'T th'/S-' through by nlceratiXn, and the" pSfen
wiii iLi? • 1 " *^'^ ^^iiease proceeds iinfavorablv into the third
week, there is low, muttering delirium; great exlmustion ; slSg
4y sets ill,
promoted
Lrticles ; a
ng up the
iiid extev-
;d drowsi-
^reiiess of
:h -colored
The eye.
secretion,
on in the
)reast siiid
. brcaJving
upon the
oes off in
, and the
e outside
iglit diet,
arm herb
allay the
.. If the
it dose of
should be
iK'ture of
from any
msh does
and livid
n promo-
tlie lungs
greate'st
there be
separate
eral days
! is also,
tJte, and
a chill,
frequent
id ]iain in
ad some-
red spots
lid chest,
e is dry
delirium
re more
51 s are at
s patient
the third
; sliding
GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 85
skin. If, on the other hand ien'iSi^^^^ "P"*'" ^^P«» *l^o
brightens up, the pulse modeinti IS "^P^^^^s, the countenance
charges lootc healtEy "'°^®^'^<^^«' ^^^ congue cleans, anu the dis-
aiid be more afraid of diarrh^o fhni^^:. ^.-^^ *^® howels in order
be restrained bra littinSv rT*'^^""^'!^ . Diarrhoea should
powder. For coJtiveness -h e miklfn ^^ /^P^ated doses of Dover's
ing by castor oirorcSo^nmo^ases'^o^^^^^^ 'Hf ^i^ ^"^'^-
produce perspiration ffivrtinpfn •« Jf '. To keep down the fever, and
lour. If the bXels'afe siSed^ 'T^^' ^^ ^^'^P^ ^^ery
hops and vinega^ If the min^n^hl^h^^^ ^^^* fomentations of
let the hair be cui shoiT S ZhJd^^^^^^^^^ «o^^«*««it,
water. Give light nourishment and ffth^^^^^^^ "^'^^^ ««ld
wine .will be needed aSis^the,^^^^^^^^ ''^^''^*' ^^othand
hyson. If tlie fever runs aTow cour^o nS ^Y.f' T- '^. ^"'^^ *^-"ld
quinine may be given from th^ hpSnri'in i *^n P"^?^^* ^^ ^^-y weak,
nursing are very import ^^^^^"^'- Constant care and good
GROCERS AND CONFECTIOKERS' RECEiPTS.
mo'iSts^Id UaTyT^fandfe^ ''^ ^^^ -^^^ 4 gals,
bestof vinegar; keerSii^^SthesVa^^^^ ^^" soon have the
stock is sold. ^ *> ^^^ articles in these proportions as the
you?"vii^"g??rr;e?t mUM^^^^^^^^^^^ T ^^ t^-- be'
molasses, 2 gals.: soft wateiNl gal? ^i**^
portions in filling up the vvhole three 'iS'c, ^*; '.^^eping these pro-
your old vinegar barrel OS sC as i?t^^^^^^ sell the vinegar out of
time ; when nearly empt? S it uiAv1<^?ffi'/-i'^ T" ^^ ^^ ^ ^^^o^t
on to sell out of the next barrel bv the tim? n'^'^r^ ^^^"/^' '^"'^ ^^^^
the last ; then go back to the fiS filiin '* ''' disposed of go on to
case when nearfy eaintv and von ^^n?^ ''P T"^ ^''^^'^^Is hi every
vinegar on band^mifessyur sE ^ ^^'P ^ ?^^^'^ «f S«od
low the next proceS Have the huZiJl^''^^ ' "\ ^^I.-h case,^fol.
admit air. The frv. iwiSn nf wn5 ' • ^"v" ^''®" ''^ ^^'^ ^^arreln to
bassAvood chipsor s?l7in4 liilSlkthe^s?^^^^^^^^ f -^"^^P^"' ^'^'^^ ^'
three days. With the. "^h^rvoTwiil fin n f ""^ "?^^%^\iov two or
pierced with a Lirge numbeJ of inohTi 1. nil o^''''''^]' J^^^^^ ^"^^ ^^en
free admission of air amw ^ the chtr "'"''"f ^, ^^'^ ^'^^-^ foi' tbe
!;^i^^-.^-them.S^S^thr«^5sli;^\s:st^
^a...... uarrei m two halves, place one half below i^e ^rlSuSth ihe
I
iff
■ I-
Hi
86
GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS* RECEIPTS.
Chips and the otlior half above it. The top tub must have its bottom
pierced with a number of gimlet holes, in which are placed several
threads of iwme, to conduct the vinegar evenly over the chips The
liquid drams down slowly through the chips and out of a faucet near
the bottom of ti. > barrel into the lower tub. It should run through
every four hou,.^, and then be baled or pumped back. Directions to
make vmegar from sugar : Use IJ lb. to each gal. of water ; of tlie
dregs of molasses barrels use 2 lb. to each gal. of water ; small beer,
lager beer, ale, &c., which have become sour, make good vinegar by
being reduced with water; snmll beer needs but little water, lager beer
as much water as beer ; to 2 gals, cider, add \ gal. of water ; you can
also make excellent vinegar out of the artificial cider mentioned below
Use, m every case, soft water to make vinegar, and use 2 qts, yenst
^wJy barrel. It makes much quicker if 'the fluid is slightly
lukewarm. Leach either of tlie^e preparations through the shavings
This process should be attended to during \varin weather or in
work o\hmvise'' ^*'*'"^ ^'^^' temperature is kept, up, as it will not
Excellent V xeoab, Cheap.— Acetic acid, 5 lbs. ; molasses 2
gn,l. ; yeast, 2 qts ; put them into a forty-gal. cask, and fill it up ^\•ith
ram water ; stir iV.p, and let it stand one to three weeks, leSin- it
have all the air possuble, and you will have good vhiegar. If wan'tod
stronger, add more m.^b. .es. Should you at any tilne have weHc
vmegar on hand, put molasses into it to set it workin<T This will
soon correct it. Make in a warm place. »'"^^^"i^- ^nis \n iii
w^e?^-^!^«<^*--*-^^^^^^'"^^"^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ add 10 gals.
pure
same way.
To Preserve Er-GS. -To each patent pailful of water, add 2 pts.
of fresh slacked lime, and 1 pt. of common salt ; mLx well. " Fill y!)ur
barrel hab. full with this fluid, put your eggs do\vni in it any time af-
ter June, and they will keep two years if desired
irrpK\i.3f;A "^i^^T^'',^*i'A'''^'^"^ kettleor water bath ; when en-
ThJi 1 'li^'*'^'^'^'^ ^^""^^^ ^^,«^«- ^^^^''"g i"tric acid, setoff to cool,
llien bottle, adding m a couple of cloves to eacli bottle
th?nX"?he™urnS"d^^^^^^
«nd^'''q'5?/'*'^'?^f •~7''.''*-''^^^ ^«^' ^ lbs. ; pure sesquicarbonate of
soaa. » lbs. , potato farina, or other flour or starch, 16 lbs Drv
sepamtely by gentle heat, IV^ix this perfectly in a dry room, pass
w^ "'^ through a sieve and put up at once into damp pVoof
hard pressed packages. To use, 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls are mixed with
d5fpw"'''Zn;? '"?^i' mixed with cold water, and baked imme-
diately. ylnofAer.-Tartaric acid, 1 lb.; pure bicarbonate of soda ?
lbs. ; potato farma, | lb. Treat the same as the last. '
.^Zlt^.^tl S,^r:«^ir:T'll^^2 drygoods lx)xes,_ one of which is
X ; let It stand m a warm place for one month, and you will have
white wme vinegar. The raisins may be used a second time the
l^Tf^A T"^r .*^'^" the other to leave a space of about 3 inches all
around when it is placed inside. Fill tlie spKce between the two with
u^l^tlf Vf'f^ ^^o^fy, and cover with ;. hea^ylid made to fit neat-
ly uiside the larger box. Insert a small pii,e in the bottom of the
chest to CJinV OflF tbfi wnfot. fr,w„ fK« ...,.Hjt,.f J,„ t;. „ r ',
''-■ vrtv -:r- -rrrr - itr- T lU" Kllliliy UHC t d'
ixyo.
s.
■ts bottom
3(1 several
lips. Tlie
meet near
a through
'ectioiiH to
)r ; of the
mall beer,
inegar by
lager beer
; you can
led below,
qts, yeast
H slifjhtly
shavings,
her, or in
b will not
Dla^ses, 2
it up with
letting it
[f wanted
ive weivk
This will
d 10 gals,
will have
I time the
Ldd 2 pts.
Fill your
' time af-
, 10 o/i. ;
when en-
f to cool.
n syrup ;
jonate of
lbs. Dry
om, pass
mp proof
xed with
Jd imme-
>f soda I
■ which is
inches all
two with
) fit neat-
m of the
iy use i>Y
UUOCMS AND CONPKCT.ONEBS' RECEIPTS. 87
^%'.£t'Uch.l-''™--<» -rviceab.0 a„ roM«er«h.n that c<«t
Imdit is usual for Hoanmonnf.w.r^^^^ ^!^^^^^ cannot conveniently hp
<;'ntly slacked lime, aniSi^^^^^^^^
enough to give the ley suffloiont strr»Si ?"* '^''"^"''^ ««d''^' "«inff water
must be very strono- Ti.i i" *• "^th to support a fresh PrJ tf
«"g, or by b^ Sod^finai "^^^^^^^^ ^e efY^Jted b.y heat, ofstiJ
clear of sediment, prevSslv thJ«. '^ '"" "^' "^ baihng out the lion S
sediment to settle^TS"o%
tallow and .^w ik^ ,.^„:„ •^r, ,*^ *oap will reou ro fih««<- 1nn..^■^
pediment tosett;^rrS'^;^ir;g,r^r"^ ^^
^""— and aw lbs. resin, vSry suXiV "^^T'^ '^^"»* ^^^^^
white soap will requirnearifKS ff Sow T-^^"'- ^'"™-V «
with the proper quantity of lev m IS" u ^ ^ ' ^'''^"'S m every case
neons mass by a perfect blendiSofthi * ^"^'^ '"^ perfectly homoS.
when it is poured^ out into suiSfje f ro Jf" W^"5 P"^t« all togeE
aftenvards cut up into proS™ d w«? ^'^ ^''''^^" '^"<^ ^oof I S
'^s^^.sfer iSf wr-^ -' ^^^^^ ^ -^^^^^
jngs ; put into a brass, tin or ( on, S-w^-^^^l^ ^'-soap into shav-
ng gradually over a .slow fi re Xrh^S'nn'-^' i'^^^^^^' ^ g^l-, heal
'"^^.TsH^tV?^^'-''^ '"' -to'square^St:
?^,£^^^^«"^^;'??C^^^ lbs. good stone lime;
dissolved, add the borax iSn 1,1? ^™^/"^ «"^a '' ^^en these arl
then add the fat, reJnXlr'^tlZ'Sc'-''&^^^
Pyf^^ight ; in the morn/^ bo fit^'SL'fi IL^^^^ ^''^^ ««f* ^'^^ter
Soap wi'thJ^"'^' 35 gals, soft wSter';'^"'^ ^'- ^''^^''^^ ' ^^'^^^ P^^t all
lioil the mixture 15 n)inutes and v,, ,•>, J '"^'^^ P*^- «f f<oft water
et it settle, and pour'off' hf i^'^ I -miiY^nf "'""f ^^ ^^
lesm, and palm oil ; having it hot tliV Ivp w *'*?''' ,"^''^^' *^he tallow,
all together, stirring well aSd the Vo^k fs don "^^ S '^ ^^*^^^if«' ^"•*' ^^
I'^lTS Tf"^ '"''^^-'^'^^'•^ each, llir reJn Tl^''';'''''^^^'"^^^^^^^^^^^^^
palni oil, 1 o.^. ; soft wrter 1 at ' ' ^ ''^- ' ''''""^ ^"^^e, 4 oz. :
HARD Soap with T awt\ g),i ^^
lime, 3 lbs. ; soft wat^^ 4^^ S\''"'y''^^^.' ^^^^^ « l^s. ; stone
water by boiling, stirr£ ^Itibn'o-^S "'^^ ^^'- "^i ^^d soda' in the
thekett;e(brassor(.<,,,,.f)jr,:/'.^^', t^^,^^''''^ ^^,- then return to
--J^jH.npourintoydisKluoulJ^:!;^;!'^;l^^^^
m
II
'if
88 GR0CER3 AND CONFECTipNERS' RECEIPTS.
WuiTE Hard Soap with Tallow.— Fresh slacked lime, sal-soda,
and tallow, of each, 2 lbs. ; dissolve the soda in 1 gal. boiling soft
water ; now mix in the lime, stirring occasionally for u ffiw honrs ;
after which, let it settle, ponring off the clear liquor, and boiling the
tallow therein until it is all dissolved ; cool it in a flat box or pan, cut
into bars or aikes as desired. It may be perfumed with sassafras oil
or any other perfume desired, stirring it in when cool. One hundred
pounds soap, very cheap.— Votanh, 6 lbs. ; lard, 4 lbs. ; resin, ^ lb.
Beat up the resin, mix all together, and mt aside for five days ; then
put the whole into a 10-gal. cask of water, and stir twice a day for
ten days, when it is ready for use.
Vauiegated Soaps.— Soft water Sqts., nice white bar soap 3 lbs.,
sal-soda 2 ozs. ; Chinese vermilion and Chinese blue, of each about
7 grs., oil sassafras ^oz. ; shave the soap into thin slices and add it to
the water as it begins to boil, when dissolved set it oil: the fire, fcike
out a cup of soap and stir in the vermillion, take out another cup of
soap and stir in the blue ; then pour in the contents of the first cup,
giving two or three turns only with a stirring stick, then add the other
cui)f ul in the same way, then pour into moulds, or into a proper box,
and when cold it can be cut into bars ; it will present a beautiful
streaked appearance.
Caiuphob SoAP.;-Curd soap 28 lbs., otto of rosemary IJlbs. Reduce
the camphor to powder, add one ounce almond oil, then sift it, when
the soap is melted and ready to turn out, add the camphor and rose-
mary. Whits Windsor Soap.— Cnrd soap 1 cwt., marine soap 21 lbs.
oil soap 14 lbs., oil caraway, l^lbs., oil thyme and rosemary of each ^
lb. oils of cassia and cloves of each ^ lb. Broion Windsor Soap.
Curd soap f cwt. , marine soap ^ cwt. , yellow soap J cwt. , oil soap J cwt.
Brown coloring (caramel) J pt. oils caraway, cloves, thyme, cassia, petit
grail) and French lavender of each 2 oz. Sand Soap.— Curd soap 7 lbs.
marine soap 7 lbs., sifted silver sand 28 lbs., oils thyme, cassia, cara-
way, and French lavender of each 2 oz.
Solid Candles from lard.— Dissolve ^Ib. alum and ^ lb. salt-
petre in i pt. water on a slow fire ; then take 3 lbs. of lard cut mto
small pieces, and put into the pot with this solution, !:.tirring it con-
stantly over a very moderate fire until the lard is all dissolved ; then
let it simmer until all steam ceases to rise and remove it at once from
the fire. If you leave it too long it will get discolored. These can-
dles are harder and better than tallow.
Tallow— To Cleanse and Bleach.— Dissolve ahp^i, 5 lbs., in
water, 10 gals., by boiling ; and when it is all dissolved, add tallow,
20 ibs. ; continue the boiling for an hour, constantly stirring and
skimming ; when sufficiently cool to allow it, strain 'through thick
muslin ; then set aside to harden : When taken from the water, lay
it by for a short time to drip.
Imitation Wax Candles.— Purify melted tallow by throwing in
powdered quick lime, then add two parts wax to one of tallow, and
a most beautiful article of candle, resembling wax, will be the result.
Dip the wicks in lime Avater and saltpetre on making. To a gallon of
water add 2 oz. saltpetre and -^ lb. of lime ; it iniproves the light.
and prevent!!* the taliow from running.
Adamantine Candles from Tallow.— Melt together 10 oz. nmt-
ton tallow ; camphor, I oz. ; bees-wax, 4 oz. ; alum, 2 oz.
I;
s.
, sal-fcioda,
filing soft
w hours ;
oiling the
rpan, cut
ssai'ras oil
G hundred
isin, \ lb.
lys ; then
a day for
oap 3 lbs.,
ich about
I add it to
fire, fcike
ler cup of
first cup,
the other
oper box,
beautiful
IS. Reduce
fc it, when
and rose-
ap 21 lbs.
of each ^
sor Soap.
oap J cwt.
ssia. petit
ioap 7 lbs.
isia, cara-
tlb. salt-
I cut mto
ig it con-
ed ; then
nee from
lose can-
5 lbs., in
i tallow,
ring and
.gh thick
^ater, lay
■owing in
low, and
le result,
gallon of
he light,
oz. niut-
GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 89
of'^h;YrTSn' Sferel 'or^^'''''' ^^f « ?' '^^ ^^^ate to the time
It is a geneia? r?^^e that all t^Tl ^^P^'^'^'^^^y ^? their manufa<;ture
and immaturitrof'the ieavef Thf "' T>.^«l^ortion to the tenderness
B^^i^^I^^'^ri^^^ begin/r:^pan,, it is
feaved Pekoe. The next pickiW Ifo' i PH^'^sf T*^ P'°^"'^« ^^^^^
grow larger and niore mStn -f tJXx f^ ^ ^Souchong ; as the leaves
acJountof the mS v •indti.Jn?fiS'f "^^^^ ^«-o/i« (large tea), on
proportion of woodv fihi thn^ J *^'* ^^^""^^ ' ^^ contains a larger
Sarker co or and co!arser fl i^Sr nT *^''^«' ^^"^^ "« intimon is of a
named from :rcornfpTon o/?he ChinSVnn ''J' ^'^^''' ^^*"d' '^
assiduity). This forms the hniv n? ?if. i f'''>''{f-foa (great care, or
mostly valued for iteXe^th '^' ^^^ ^"^1^°"*"^' ^"^ ^^
Bt;SS?^^S^-^l^--;i -- 1^^ iB the finest of the
is much esteemed for itJ frno.ronppT,i^ generally entire and curly. It
tion of the Canton name pS /?o ?whl ^'"^ ^T^'' • ^'> '^ ^ «orr"P-
of the leaf-buds thrv^i^lv^^^^^^^ ^''^ «P^o«ts
spring. /i7/so7i from the riwS' ''^^^"se gathered in the early
flobrishinlspring Th*s fine ^ Sf"* ^e-te^K7ie, which means!
prepared wiSrgfeat care and It w S'^*^^^f ^ ^^rly in the season, and
and nipped off Ibovftlfefon^^^^^^ i« Peeked separately,
rolled in^he hancL It is mndS^^^^ every separate leaf is
Tea is only Hyson rolled and ronndp??^ I^ '.^^ ^^^or. Gunpowder
ance whence it derives itsn'unT t^^^^ '* *^^ fprmular appear-
tea). ^^son-6^yS7s so nS fmm tt l" rifi,?f i* C'^^<>»-<^/^« (peal
connection .sA;m means the Sn^Pmnvot-P"T *^T' ^'^ which
Hyson, all leaves thTt a f o a Srse ve^^^^^^^^^ In preparing
appearance, are separated nnd JSS n/o/ • / °^ ^Perfectly twisted
Twankaijis thXt pickinfof giee^^ S^nd'tf.Td"*""^^ 1^"«^'
or twisted as much as the cTearef dSc^S^^^^
less trouble bestowed on the prlparSSn ^^^'^ '' altogether
drErdSellorrltTIS-'^cW^^^^^^ 20 lbs. ;
well together. ,.chiccory, 13 lbs. Roast and grind
very^^finr^'"^ ^'^'^' "'' '^^ ^"'^^^^^ ^^t^ ^ «t«e butter, and ground
l>If, ?rrcS^^,"3rs ^^^m^S -^^"^* --*^^ -^h a mtle
haS™dToa''?Sr-%d7^^^^ ^^'^^^^^^ «U
lbs. of the raLxtiu4 pS \^J . ."^^ good Java coffee to every 4
paper packages ^ "' '''•''''* *^ "'''"« «^ ^^^-«gtit
Coffee for Pound Packages. -Best Java c-ffee
J X i
lb.
— *\
90 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS.
IbB. ; carefully dean the rye from all bad irraUiA, wash to reniovf
du8t, dmin off the water, and put the arn'm into your roaster,
f«irefu!!y ntirring to blown it evenly. Brown the ryo and coifco
separately, grind and put up in tight packace-s to tjreserve the
lipoma.
To Flavor Tobaoco.— This is done by means of a mixture of 1 pait
each of lemon peel, orange peel, figs, coriander weed and Has.safraH
i part each df elderfloAvers, Iderberries, and cinnamon ; 2 parts of
saltpetre, 3 of salt, and 4 of sugar. This mixture must be digested in
50 iwiftsof water, and, liefore applying it flavored with an alcoholic
solution of gum benzion, mastic, and myrrh. It is said that this
decoction gives a flavor to common lejives fesciiibling Porto Rico, but
to this end the leaves must bo well dried, about a year old, well per-
meated with the prei aration, kept in a pile for 8 dfays, tununl daily,
and finally dried.
Flavor for Cigar Makkjjs.— Take 2 ozs. tonqua beans and 1
oz. cinnamon ; bruise and pulverize them to v i)owder, and put
them into 1 pint of Santa Cruz rum ; let it stand for a few days to
macerate ; stir all together, and with this liijuid sprinkle your
connnon or inferior tobacco. Dry out of the sun, and the flavor
will be unequalled.
Tabac Perfumejk aux Flkurs is made by putting orange flowers,
jasmines, tube roses, musk roses, or common roses, tosnulT in a cloj^o
chest or jar, sifting them out after 24 houw, andrepeatnigif necessarv.
Maccahoy Snuff is imitated by moistening the tobacco with 'a
mixture of treacle and water, and allowing it to ferment.
Spanish Snuff is made, from unsifted Havana snuff, reduced by
addmg ground Spanish mitsheUs, sprinkling the mixture with treacle
water, and allowing it to sweat for some days before [jacking.
Yellow Snuff is prepared from ordinary pale snuf, moistened
with a mixture of yellow ochre diffused in watei\ to 'which a few
spoonfuls of thin mucilage has been added.
Perfumes for Snuff.— Tonqua beans, essence of ditto, ambei-gris
musk civet, leaves of orchis fusca, and essence of orris root, essence
or oils of bergamot, cedar, cloves, lavender, petit grain, neroli and
roses, as well as several others, either alone or compounded.
Unerring Tests for good Flour.— Good flouris white, witli a
yellowish or straw-colored tint. Squeeze some of the flour in
your hand ; if good, it will retain the shape given by pressure.
Knead a little between your fingers; if it works soft and sticky, it is
poor. Throw a little against a dry perpendicular surface; if 'it fall
like powder, it is bad.
To Correct Musty Flour.— Carjjonate of magnesia, 3 lbs. ; flour,
765 lbs. ; mix. This improves bad flour, causing it to become more
wholesome, producing lighter and better bread than when alum is
used, and absorbs and dissipates the mustv smell.
iERATED Bread.— 1 lb. flour, 100 grs. carb. of soda; 60 grs. com-
mon salt; 1 teaspoon powdered sugar; 120 grs. muriatic acid, more or
less, according to its strength ; 1 wine pt. of water, inferior flojir will
require less. Well mix the flour, soda, salt, and sugar in an earthen
vessel, then add the acid mixed with the water, stir with n wooden
spoou. Bake in one loaf about 1 hour. Bake in tin or iron pans, but
avoid the use of metallic vessels or spoons while mixing.
b
P
Oli.lCEUS A^ CONFECTrONER^ ' UHCEirTS 91
water and salt or mSt t I buttp; S f ^^^''^i'^^^, ^^^'ash in col(i
squeeze them through a m^^ whe «tvi- ^rinlfl **^^ .^^^^ ^"^^ ^^^^'
iShtlnd flame tL rartV ™i li'lTf „ '^ " ""r"' ""S"^'' ™''"™ °«
bSnier, such as «fe,™, burner to elevTfhJfl" "'<' ""H' " "'f"
lamp, in order to ke^ntt "o™ oj- imteS thpw''f '"'' ^^7 '"■" "'«
vided with a tube for the oscai?e rf !?,»„., ' '".T," '''"™'' l™-
such, for instance, ;^ fte i!3eu iumef" *""''""' '™"' '"' ""O.
se.S;;?S™ateS,r(?n!«wtof •il'd.'^'l^^^^ ">■>"• ^ 8»'- ^
powdei-pfl ^u(T.^vai y^, T ' "'^"i constant agitation :
powaeied sn^.u G^ lbs. and complete tlie ovapomtion
lit u rcu
ticcd
^
^!^^<
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
/>
1.0
I.I
1.25
liaiiS 12.5
u liii
U
l^l^
U 11.6
6"
Hiotpgraphic
Sciences
Corporation
13 WEST MA I* STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14Sr;0
(716) 872-4503
'*b
•\^'
^
92
:
GRQCEHS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS.
I
temperature. Reduce the dry mass to powder, add the cream well
drained, which was taken from the milk After thorough admSture
Tc^^X^'ftT^''^^^'^ ^"l^««?- «««>ar,dTeStiSlfa
,tni !® ®* soda, i dr.; water, 1 fluid oz.; dissolve: add of fresh
ind''C«l?*Vf.«"^f ' ^ ^^- i.'"^''"" ^y ^^^* t« **^« consistenc^fa syrup,
d-nd firasli the evaporation on plates by exposure in an oven
Venice terpentine, IJ oz. Mix, and lurthep^rfk vSliTi' „, .
Kunove the pan f lom the fire, and ponr into a moiUd Fo A 6?,tii:
S^I^S^S^titr'^-'**''''-"^*'™™"^"^^^^^^
,»&^Joty^lS^%Tbr£Kkffi: ' ^^r'tl.\;fC?
sttbstitute Venetian red, or red lead, for the IvorTblkct '
.o^°e^s^lTrDu?sfI;^g;siS1ror1s^^^&y^^^^^^
ciust. mix with a gentle heat, and pour into moulds
>,„ i^? n^^"^^^'^ Ink.— Venice turpentine 1 part, lampblack 2 mrt«
hard taUow soap 6 parts, mastic iii te^-s, 8 S Bla? 12 mS^'
wax 16 parts: melt stir, and pour it out on a s^a^' ^'''^'
INKS.— 1. J^me Black writing Ink.— To 2 jrals of a sfrnno- H^nnn
eTjyr.^^^ r" ^''^^^^^d' ^d<i 1^ lbs blueta is^i coSselow^^^^^
6 ozs. sulphate of iron, 1 oz. acetate of copperf 6 ozs of well ffrnnfiH
sugar and 8 oz. gum arabic. Set the above on thXe uStleri.
Wack'' 2'Gre:;;'\nr ^'* '' ^^7."^*^^ '' haVacqS?edX7esfed
S ed'tiri "^SS' ff %i*^it^,4^r till itVoducfs the^'^:
|g|^teA>^ijiSe ScSla^^iS^ Se^
?nn o, !? 1 ^i: ?^''?'' ^^^' Triturate in a mortar equal parts of silver
foil and sulphate of potassa, until reduced tea fine pXler then wish
the salt out, and mix the residue with a mucilage of eaualmrtaaf
C^Wetic nH? ^i^v ''^'■^''2''*^ ^^^.f^^; 1 1^- sulphate of iron; U
IDS. acetic acid. Stir over a fire until thev combine- tlien ada q iW
pnnters varnsh and21bs. fine book ink.^^d .t f untn weU nSied
Add 1 lb. of Lthiop's mineral. 8 Exchequer Ink Bru sed ff^ 40
Maifar fi? fc.P^%^"Jl*^*^ <^^ ^^«»' 9 lbs. ;• soft ^ter,^& gklt
wm endure L Z. ' T^^j w'J"?"^ ^«S'''*^«" '"^^ strain. This ink
wmenaureioi ages 9. Asiatic Ink. Bruised £jalls 14 lbs • mi m !-.
Aflnw^tt*^'^ iV ^^^^ ^'^' ^»d '"^dd of boili^liVtater ' 15 gals
Allow the wh(,le to macerate, with frequent agitation, for two we^eksi
\
GR0CEK8 AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 93
and strain Product 6 gall 11 'iri.A S ' a f ^^'- ?«" ^ li««^
catechu The shade may be varied hvth/^,;*- ^ ®*''??^ decoction of
weak coluMonof bichromate 5^ po^^^^
of silver, i oz. ; water, | oz Dissolve prli;/**"^^'!^^^. ^'**- Nitrate
^iguorof «mmoma as Will dissolve thp'rfrS *^« strongest
addition; ttien add of mucilSTd^ aX^^^^^^^ «» ^t« fir«t
buckthomf or finely powdered inli^oVSni ^'^^^ ^*P ^«e°' syrup of
held near the fire, or touS withM S^' ^q"'?^^^^^ «» ^^ing
.^^ass or Metal. Borax, 1 oz- shelhin 9 n? ' l^' ^f^^^'&^e /^/fc /or
in a covered vessel, add ofthidc mucLl r^^'l^.Moz.; boil
levigated indigo and lampblack qs to oifAVV""- ^ tnt"rate it with
hours' repose, decant from Se dre-s an! bnifi. T"^ ^^^<^'- ^^^r 2
, bronzed after being applied ResfstsmoiJtf!!^ ^^i "?^- ^^ «»ay be
14. Common Ink To 1 o-oi h^S S^o^^ture, chlorine, and acids
wood; boil two minutes;?emoveK ^1? 19^- ^^^ct Tog-
bichromate of potash, and sTmlnsSSsfole^o^^^^^^^ in 48 grains
|aje2.als. -i^ wateird pi!t'intt^^^^^^
t lb. ; clean copperas, } lb. : powdered n,TfoS^o a',! ^"- ' P^'^^^ s"gar,
occasionally for ten 4ys aul strafn Mf SS'V * ^''- ^ °\^' »nd shiko
an iron kettle until the strength! ob^^ 1^* i* s^jid in
action of the atmosphere to? ceiZri?ri?\3' '^^ T'" stand the
In an ouuce phial put 1 teaLooS^f 1 required. 16. Red Inl:
size of two or three peas; S Ss of ??o 'IS'"™^^*^ gum arable
soft water, and it issoon'ready for Jfse ^^armme; Sll up with
eoars^e^ugar, i lb.; and dilute wlh fc fol^i^S ii^ncJtl^
6 ^! wfterT^'d^^S ?Sf rtt-;Puilf" ^«^- ?? ^ --^ic -
drop black powdereTand^iroLdtiST^^ ^^««^ <^olor, use
ness ; for blue, ultra-marinf Hl^^n fh. ^^^^^^g^ *« extreme'fine-
emerald green'; for rvhU^^llie^ti^^^to^Z '°^"^?,^ ^ for .^reen,
carmme ; for yellow, chrome wOinwwi '^^' ^^rmilion, lake, or
thinned with a little water A. ^SHj^' .J^^^" ground too thick they are
y cards may be si?ed S a'thlS^ifu? aud'Sterv^i^H ^ '"^^^^ Jrush.'^Thl
\de8ired to preserve them ^ ' afterwards vaniished, if it is
/^d'i>SrfoSe"lSl^?aSif"S^^^^^^ "'ue, powder it,
lbs*?S^STi"r poS"T„^^a*<;--T° * g^»- ™<-', add 8
BoU together, siim when cold ' 4? •In'S^'l'r > ^ """■ ''"■'"™ "'Pr
meat ; hams' to remain in eShf^etowT^^^^ *•»'■«•
. haras dry several days before smnS' mLJ T .T"^*^- I-et the
and other fish. lo.«te^, &o:maXSerfeS'L?'y5!is'gy"'a*'i,|S"^::
oi OROCKUS and OONFECTIONKRS' UEOEIPTa.
pUiaitlim of pyrollKnooiw iwM apnllod with u bviiHli, Hoaliiiir up In cftiw
»w iiHuiil. t luiivirtH H nplcMidld fkvdi' to tho moiit, Ih very chwip, and
To PHiwicuvK Mkath, Salmon, Lomhtkiw, &(!., iiKH»iirri(iAr.i<Y
SKAi,Ki).-lho nuMit to b(5 pi'twtirvt^a Ih flri^t parboiled or Hojninvhut uioro
ttud fr«o« Ji'oin bouoH. It in then put into tin caHeH or ainiMtorn, which
are qnito HI1(mI nj; with a rlcli Kravy. A tin cover, with a ninall apor-
turo, Ih thou caroluHy flxod on l)y wohlor ; and, wliilotho v«SH(il iH por-
reotiy full, it Ih plaood in boilinkr wator, and undmxoos tho roniaindor of
thjM'ookUiK. riio small hole In tlio covor Ih eonipiotolv (!loHod up bv
Bolilorinu while tho wholo Ih yet hot. The canister, with Its ii«rcdientH.
IH now allowed to cool, In couno(iuouco of which thono contract, and
tho HidoH of the vortHol an Kll«htly forced inward by atniosphoric proH-
8uro, and boconio a little concave. The vokhoI beiuK tliun lu^nnet-
IwiUy Healed, and all acccsn of tho air prevented, it uuiy be sent into
any climn,te without foar of ixitrefaction ; and tlio 'most delicate
food of one country uuiy bo used in another in all its original perfec-
tion, uionths and yeiirs a{U)v its preparation. J.obsters should be boil-
ed longer than ujclTts, and the scales removed lu-evious to i)UttinLr into
Uio winlstors. Salmon i)ut uo by this process is most delicious. iJv tho
I'ronch process tho nunit is lK)iled till it is three-iiuartors done,' whou
two-tliirds of it are taken out, the renuiining one-third is l)oiled int<j a
ooniMJuti-atcd soup, and tho meat previously taken out is j)ut into the
eanlstoi's, which are thou lillod up with the soup : tho tin cover with
ai)erture is soldered on, juul the canister with its contents sub-
mitted to farther boiling In hot wator, when the aperture is dosed, as
above stjitcd, and the c^iuistors laid away In store.
To iMiKSKJtVK FiuriTS WITHOUT Sdoaii.— Fill some stone wido-
mouthwl l>ottles with tho fruit carefully picked, and sot thom in
a copper or larKO kettle ; thou 1111 tho kettle with cold water nearly
up to the u.::uths of tho bottles. Corks should be i)r(M)arod to fit
the bottles, and a cloth should be put vmder the bottoms of tho
bottles to i»rovent their crackini? with the heat. Liijht tho fire un-
der tho kettle, and heat the water ^o KKP or 170°. This hoat should
be continued for half an hour, wlien the fruit will be sufflcientlv
scalded ; after that, All un the bottles with boiliuy water to within
an nich of the cork, and cork thoni tlj-htly. Lay tho bottles on
their sides ; change the position of tho bottles once or twice a
week durn^ tho first two months, turning them roimd to provcsut
any formontjition that might tjiko place. Fruits could also bo
kept l)y the process mentu)ned above for moats, romombcriug that
they are to bo scalded (mly, not boiled, as in the C4ise with nieats.
Anotheu Mkthod.— After paring and coring, put among them
sulflcient sugar to make them palatjiblo for present eating, about
a or 4 lbs. only to e^ich bushel ; let them stwnd awhile to dissolve
the sugar, not using any wator ; then hoat to a boil, and couthme
the iMMlnig with care for 20 to 'M) minutes, or sufficiently lon««- to
heat thom through, which expels the air. Have ready a kettle of
hot water, into which dip the can or bottle long enouuli to heat it
*^^^^^*l^^J" *^^^ fruit while hot, corking it imimTdiatolv,' dii)piiig the
.v»ri ..t the cork mto the bottle-wax preparation described
else-
end of
where.
WoitiESTERSHmE Sauck.— White vinegar 15 gals.; walnut catsup
OROCFRfl AND OONFECTIONKRS' RECEIPTS. 95
from time to tin o Tikeo^^^^^^^ water
thron«h a Hiovv«.l inix XtS," ^uce^"^ **' "'^" ^^**^ '^**^^' ^"^^
l><»int, and a/ain tHiurol m t ho f K t,"^^' ^'^^¥ *^^ **^e lK,JIlnff
"••0 draiu6H on a 'Ze w ped d " * mt hS^f 'iwH ^ the gherkin!;
Honu^ H|)h!fl, .rhiffor ueimoi- or r.«v^'„I!« "5' 1'*^*^^*'*' "^ J"''«> with
Htron^r pickling viiie£!J'' '^^''""''' *'"^ *** «"«« ««verec{ with
it up cfoHO, and lot it Htand for a'" .I'th" wX""*'' vui«Kar ; Dung
;r<) PimmnvK FmriTXiOE without H'n-Ti f"^^^"}^^ ii&UMion.
of froHh-gutiiored, pierced red rinflnnL-^*^^ ^^^^»-
cold water, 5 oz/bKio addTlh?^?"? """^ ""^^l ^'''"*' 2 nt8.
the fniit ii'ito a largVoarthen m^ ,v.;ir Jhn°*''f "'"^5 «"ffa^- P"t
add dlHHolved in it .veHhe i?S?t ?^vL IL'^''*^' "^iJ^ *^'« ^^^^^''^
lid, and allow the whole t^Ht^ut^Sh!^^ ^^ "^'^^ «'''»*' ^^^ «f
it would bo all the Ster if th?nnn ?^ ^''■^^^^ ^"/^ ^^^^^ l>^'i«e, and
immersed in rough ?e nL Xr the"^^ * '" •??* ««"^^ ^«
pended stout flamiel bag. and vC »n thi ^^' • "^ ?'"* ^"'^ » »»8-
tio up the open end of tke Ivi^ «n^ ii^® ^."^^® ^'''» '"° through,
dish,Vith aiother dish upoiUt'-Sce^SniiS''"/ i""'^^ ^^^^^^n
this, to. press out aU the rSiinS iuice ^ni'^V^''**''^^ '^?'^^^* '^P^'^
other juice. You now nut th« «fSL^ ' ^"? *'*®J^ '"^^ it with the
both tigether o^^sionaFly Sitif Sie Sr "^^..^^^J^^. and stir
Iwttle up the svruD (irl7 flni"L X. ^^u ^l ^^issolved, and then
keep the?n in tKS wdH)! S?a^^^^^^^^ wire, and
To RKSTOBE INJUIIED MEA^lwhej^the hS^^'""'^ P"f ^«°-
tlie meat, pour it off ; boil it skinTit wJ? fi ^"*^ ^'^"^'^ ^"^ tainte
ou the miat boiling ' hot ; tC will ^e^^^^^^
injured. If fiintod meat is i iur^d dKin iV«ven when much
ride of lime prescribed for rancid hnt£r S *^ f, solution of chio-
blown meat kn be completeirSiorpi i ' • * "^'^ .""^^^^^^ ^t. Fly-
houi-s in a vessel conSnff a smS m,n i-i!.""'f ^"'^' ^* ^^^ » ^^w
^int and impart a l^^tmluTlru^^r 1*7"^
fish, &c., can be preserved for an indefinite W.rfh^] i^^*^' ^?™^'
salt, by a light application of pyS?eo^^^^^^ «f nK'^l^J'^*
brush ; it Innmrts a flue smokv fl?3 S> vJ.i ? "Ppli^d with a
ual preaervatL. But PurraSc"S"/X t'SC^Sf" "*"*-
96
GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS'
RECEIPTS.
many articles by X do" J^ l^^h^n.^^^'f'' H ^^'^o^esale, bay a great
and iiotiou.'+ of variola Ss now th^*' '^""^ ^^f^^' ^^^*« ^^^ Saps,
stance, a do^en SlknZje^^l^^^Lf^^^ ?»y"^^^ ^^r Inl
for in the market where lip don^a • ^ J 1^"^"^^ ^^^^"^ ^'^^^ ^i'l i'«t^»
it will often iX Wm some tb^ « fn &"'^ •'' ^\« » good accountant,
to purchase the doZSs and mnL^^^^ «*» afford
the single hat • and bi buvh^^ hSnni'J'S^ ^""5*^^ sellmgthem by
often dSes, he CnoUime toi«i Ji 2'*^^^/'V?''*^ ^« *^« merchai^t
bid off. He the7e?ore Ks ?lZh n,?^ calculation before the goods are
ing afraid to Wd at mndom nr ff Si w^^ """"^^T ^'^^^ bargams by be-
he may Imvemadea^orh'lvZi^ k^ bids and the goods a?e criecf off,
becorai a iSl an(nraS^;oiL^'^^/"^,^ ^.* ^ ^'^"t"'-^- W then
percent, he ^rgairif he S^^^^ determine m.ton% what
tell what an article shou dtp J-?*??? the hat at a certain price, to
by removing the decimal point one place to t^V ' ^^"^^ '* '^'''''
apiece to gain 20 lirceiron^^^ !^^"^^^ ^^ sol^ for
to make 20 per cm5 en thf w^lf;?"?''' ^I'"'* ^ t^^n "we wM' '
per cent, wfiicli k i:.?Vtl?« T^ (cost being 1-1 or 5-8), we add the
multiply'Cott dirile?b% ^^rJ^iT,?^^ RIO i then as we
must be sold to sain 20 nermft » li . ?;^".*'iv*'"',''* "'«" Pri«e one
2oJ^rTft^lSfdfcr^^fr''r'lS;^^ ' «d «.ake.
of?To'.f„s?itiivistiz?e'tro??*^^^^^ -'
cent, added to the <^s™ S m ffiSJ^f o ^ *"?»'? «?« w'th 20 per
it is obvious that the selC'pri^wonW he^ S?"^* ? 1**P«' <=«»*•.
per cent.; hence, to f&r W plr cenf P^' Sf * V™T' »' 120
make the sellme nrice \^ noi L„; P'",".' ^'""l' would
cf e5' ^, !££« «a"Sf "V""
article at any per cent, pmflt weS the foilowin^ °' '" "^^ "^
*A», a. 2o;.rL* w?i,''4^,.trj.srss&tii
\*
GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS.' 97
S^orS/SSo ^^"' ^^' ^^^ re77«VefZper cent, added to 100 is
Merchants, in marking goods, generaUy take a per cent, that is an all-
?ZVh 11^^-'/' ^l ^ V3. 50, &c. The reason they do this is be-
watii™*^^^ 'V^'i''^ ^^'^"^ ^ *<^^ 8"ch a per cent, tb the cost ; for
instance, a merchant could mark almost a dozen articles at 50 per cent,
profit m the time it would take him to mark one at 49 per cent
The following is arranged for the convenience of business men in
marking the prices of all articles bought by the dozen.
To make 20 per cent, remove the point one place to the left.
(<
((
((
((
<(
((
<(
((
60
60
44
40
37
36
33
32
30
28
26
26
12i
162
18|
1-3
((
K
(I
((
((
((
((
((
<(
((
((
((
((
((
((
((
<(
(<
((
and add h itself.
1-3 "
1-4 "
1-5 "
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-12
1-15
1-20
1-24
1-16
1-36
1-96
retail them for to
((
subtract
<(
((
If I buy a doz. shirts for $28,00, what shaU
. make 50 per cent ? Ans. $3.50
itseS^^''^^'^^^^^'"'^^"^''''^ *^^ ^^"* ^^® P^*^® ^ *^® 1®^' »»d add i
Aliquot Pabts of 100 and lOOO.-Merchants in selling goods gen-
erally make the price of an article some aliquot part of IW, as in feU-
ing calico lor 16 2-3 cents per yard, or 6 vds for ^1 00 t^fc
foDowing table will be found^aluble for aVsuVSlculations
The
12A is 1-8 part of 100.
25 IS 1-4 part of 100.
37i is 3-8 part of 100.
60 is 4-8 or J of 100.
62J 5-8 part of 100.
75 is 6-8 or 3-4 part of 100.
87* is 7-8 part of 100.
6| is 1-16 part of 100.
181 is 3-16 part of 100.
8J is 1-12 part of 100.
16 2-3 is 2-12 or 1-6 of 100
33 1-3 is 4-12 or 1-3 of 100.
66 2-3 is 8-12 or 2-3 of 100
83 1-3 is 10-12 or 5-Q of 100
125 is 1-8 part of 1000.
250 is 2-8 or i of 1000.
375 is 3-8 part of 1000.
625 is 5-8 part of 1000.
876 is 7-8 part of 1000.
tn
31j is 5-16 part of lOOi o,
To multiply by an aliquot part of 100.
om^d^Zm^Ifl'^rTot^^'^''''''''"^^' '""^ **'^<' ™* ^
a dlkSJofto ?Srbl?e dMfnl™"^^^ ^'"'""^ *« '-^«»" *»
,-^-.?' ,^<^^„*he sake of uniformifv, it has been thouffht hp<if tn
98
GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS.
Fkesh Mkat— to keep a Week or Two in Summek.— Farmers
or others living at a distance from butchers can keep fresh meat
very nicely for a week or two, by putting it into sour milk, or but-
ter milk^ placing it m a cool cellar. The bone or fat need not be
removed. Rinse well when used.
Milkman's Process.— To give a body to diluted milk use the
following nntntive and healthy compound at the rate of 8 oz. to
every 6 gals., stirring it up in the milk, till all is dissolved: arrow-
root, 6 oz. ; magnesia, 6 oz. ; starch, 1 lb.; fiour, J lb. ; white sugar
in powder, 1 lb. ; mix all intimately together, and keep in a dry
Custard Powders.— Sago meal and flour, 1 lb. each; color with
turmenc to a cream color. Flavor with essential oil of almonds, 1
dr. ; ess. of lemon, 2 drs. Use with sweetened miUi to form ex-
teraix)raneon8 custards.
Curry Powder.— Turmeric, and coriander seeds, of each, 4 oz ;
black pepper, 2ioz. ; ginger 14 drs. ; cinnamon, mace, and cloves, each,
i oz. ; cardamon seeds, 1 oz. ; cummin seeds, 2 drs. ; cayeime pepper,
1 oz. ; powder and mix. i f t >
Napoleon's Camp Sauce. -Old strong beer, 2 qts.,white wine, 1 qt.,
anchovies, 4 ounces; mix; boil for ten minutes ; remove it fromtlie
lire, and add ^peeled shallots, 3 ounces; macerate for 14 days,
and bottle. ^ '
Pickled Onions.— Choose small round onions, remove the skins
steep them in strong brine for a week in a stone vessel, pour it off
and heat till it boils ; then pour on the onions, boiling hot ; after
M hours, dram on a seive, then put them in bottles, fill up over them
with strong spiced vinegar, boiling hot, cork down immediately, and-
wax over the cork In a similar manner are pickled mushroons
cauliflowers, samphires, peas, beans, green gooseberries, walnuts,
red cabbages (without salt, with cold vinegar). Observe that the soft
and more dehclite do not require so much soaking in brine as the harder
and coarser kinds, and may be often kept by simply pouring verv
strong pickling vinegar on them without the application of heat For
peaches, select ripe but not soft ones ; rub with a dry cloth ; put four
cloves, free from their heads, in each large peach, and two in small
ones ; to 1 gallon vinegar, put 6 lbs. brown sugar ; put the peaches in
a jar and put the vinegar (diluted with water, if too strong), and
sugar ma preserving kettle over the fire ; boil and skim it : pour it
boibng hot over the peaches, covering them closely ; repeat the
operation three times ; then seal them tightly in cans or bottles
French Patent Mustard.— Flour of mustard, 8 lbs. ; wheat flour,
8 lbs. ; bay salt, 2 lbs. ; cayemie pepper, 4 oz. ; vinegar to mix.
Common Mustard.— Flour of mustard 28 lbs. ; wheat flour, 28 lbs •
^'?/.f ^^ P^PP^r, 12 oz., or as required ; common salt 10 lbs. ; rape
oil d lbs. ; turmeric to color ; mix well, and pass through a fine seive.
bTARCH Polish.- White wax, 1 oz. ; spermaceti, 2 oz. ; melt them
together with a gentle heat. When you have prepared a sufficient
amount of starch, mthe usual way, for a dozen pieces, ])ut into it a
piece of the polish about the ^ize of a large pea ; more or less, accord-
ing to large or small washings. Or thick gum so3ution (made by pour-
ing boilmg water upon gum arable), one tablespoon to a pint of starch,
gives clothes a beautiful gloss.
I
•TS.
GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 99
II. — Farmers
fresh meat
lilk, or but-
leed not be
ilk use the
of 8 oz. to
i^ed: arrow-
(vhite sugar
3p in a dry
; color with
almonds, 1
» form ex-
2ach, 4 oz. ;
iloves, each,
ime pepper,
>wine, Iqt.,
it from the
r 14 days,
! the sldns,
pour it off,
hot ; after
» over them
liately, and
tnushroona,
3, walnuts,
hat the soft
i the harder
►uring very
heat. For
I ; put four
vo in small
1 peaches in
Tong), and
it : pour it
repeat the
)ttles.
heat flour,
mix.
UT, 28 lbs. ;
lbs. ; rape
1 fine seive.
melt them
i sufficient
t into it a
iss, accord-
le by pour-
t of starch,
FiKE KiNDLERs.— To make very nice fire kindlers, take resin, any
quantitv, and melt it, putting in for each pound being used, from 2 to
-'* "'^ of tallow, and when all is hot, stir in pine sawdust to make
3
I
very thick ; and, while yet hot, spread it out about 1 inch thick,
upon boards which have fine sawdust sprinkled upon them, to prevent
it irom sticking. When cold, break up into lumps about 1 inch square
But if for sale, take a thin board and press upon it, while yet warm,
to lay it off into mch squares ; this makes it break regularly, if you
press the crease sufficiently deep, greasing the marked board to prevent
it from stickiiig.
To Keep Cider sweet, and Sweeten Sour Cider.— To keep
cider perfect, take a keg and bore holes in the bottom of it ; spread a
piece of woollen cloth at the bottom; then fill with clean sand closely
packed ; draw your cider from a barrel just as fast as it will run
through the sand ; after this, put in clean barrels which have had a
piece of cotton or linen cloth 2 by 7 inches dipped in melted sulphur
and burned inside of them, thereby absorbing the sulphur fumes
(this process will also sweeten sour cider) ; then keep it m a cellar or
room where there is no fire, and add ^ lb. white mustard seed to each
barrel. If cider is long made, or souring when you get it, about 1 qt
of hickory ashes (or a little more of other hard wood ashes) stirred
into each barrel will sweeten and clarify it nearly equal to rectifying it
as above ; but if it is not rectified, it must be racked off to gA clear of
the pomace, as with this in it, it will sour. Oil or whisky barrels are
best to put cider in, or h pint sweet oil to a barrel, or a gallon of
whisky to a barrel, or both, may be added with decidedly good
effects ; isinglass, 4 oz. to each barrel, helps to clarify and settle ci-
der that is not to be rectified.
Ginger Wine.— Water, 10 gals., lump sugar, 20 lbs., bruised gin-
ger, 8 oz. ; 3 or 4 eggs. Boil well and skim ; tlffen pour hot on six or
seven lemons cut in slices, macerate for 2 ho? rs ; then i-ack and fer-
ment ; next add spirit 2 qts., and afterwards finings, 1 pint ; rum-
niage well. To make the color, boil ^ oz. saleratus and h oz. alum in
1 pint of water till you get a bright red color.
Ice Cream.— Have rich, sweet cream, and a half-pound of loaf
sugar to each quart of cream or milk. If you cannot get cream, the
best imitation is to boil a soft custard, 6 eggs to each quart of milk (eggs
well beat). Or another is made as follows: boil 1 quart of milk, and
stir into it, while boiling, 1 tablespoonful of arrowroot wet with cold
milk ; when cool stir into it the yolk of 1 egg to give it a rich color.
Five minutes' boiling is enough for either plan. Put the sugar m af-
ter they cool ; keep the same proportions for any amount desired.
Or thus : to 6 quarts of milk add h lb. Oswego starch, first dissolved ;
put the starch in 1 quart of the milk ; then mix altogether, and sim-
mer a httle (not boil) ; sweeten and flavor to your taste ; excellent.
The juice of strawberries or raspberries gives a beautiful color and
flavor to ice creams, or about ^ oz. essence or extract to 1 gallon, or
to suit the taste. Have your ice well broken, 1 qt. salt to a bucket of
ice. About one hour's constant stirring, with occasional scraping
down and beating together, will freeze it.
Chicago Ice Cream.— Irish moss soaked in warm water one hour
and rinsed well to cleanse it of sand and a certain foreign taste ; then
steep it in milk, keeping it just at the point of boiling or simmering
100 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS'
RECEIPTS.
:-'* I
for one hour, or until a rich yellow color is given to tlio milk • with-
thi6 will do to Hteep twice. Sweeten and liuvor like other crearm
SirBSTiTUTE Fou CBEAM.-Take 2 or 3 whole ejjgs, beat them well
up in a basm ; then ijour boiling hot tea over them ; pour gradually
to pevent curdling, it is difficult for the taste to distinguish it froS
ncD cream.
GiNOEii Beeb.— Take 5J gals, water, f lb. ginger root bruised
w.?'in'^^' t,?"-' ^»"t« ^'ig'-^r, 2i ibs^, whites of 3 eggs well
beaten, 10 small teaspoonfuls of lemon ess. ; yeast, 1 gill ; boil the
fn whn«f r' • *"' "\^ S'"^^- «* ^K'' ^*^<^^^; «t^^»" ofiP,'anlput the e s
IpJ^ w Inf ii"""^' make over night; in the morning, skim and bottle,
Keeping out tlie sediments. *
PiiiLADELrHiA Bekb.— Take 30 gals, water, brown sugar. 20 lbs
ginger root bruised, i lb., cream of t^vrfcir, li il^s., ca^^DoK of soda!
3 oz., oil of lemon, cut m a little alcohol, 1 teaHpoonfSl, the white of
10 eggs well beaten, hops, 2 oz., yeast, 1 qt. The ginger root and hops
should be boiled for twenty or thirty miSutes in enough of the wate?
to make all niilk- warm ; then strained into the rest and the yeast added
and allowed to work itself clear; then bottle
CiDEB WITHOUT AppLES.-Water, 1 gallon; common sugar, 1 lb •
tartaric acid J oz,; yeast, 1 ttiblespoonf ul ; shake weU, make in the
evening* and it ?will be fit to use next day '
Fob BpJTLiNG.-Put in a barrel, 5 gals, hot water; 30 lbs. common '
su^ar ; | lb. tartaric acid ; 25 gallons cold water; 3 pints of hop or brew-
ers yeast, worked into paste with 1 pint of water and 1 lb. flour. Let
hnnShiii^iwi,^''.'^^^ forty-eight hours, the yeast running out of the
I^ fi''^-®.^^,f^!i*"''?? P'}""^S "^ •'^"**16 sweetened water occasionally
t K^AV"^^' then bottle, putting in two or three broken raisms to
each bottle; and it will nearly equal champagne.
Cheap Cideb — Put in a cask 5 gals, hot water ; 15 lbs. brown su^^ar •
I gfU. molasses; i gal. hop or brewers' yeast; good vinegar, 6 qts -"stir
well, add 25 gals, cold water, ferment as the itst. ' ^ '
+o;l^'^^5^?,P^^-~^^^'^ ^''^*®^' 20gals., brown sugar, 15 lbs., tar-
^ni /ik"^' V5- ? ^""^"I'^ge T^" together, and add, if you have them,
fn ?.l?^- oy^ed sour apples, or boil them and pour in the express-
ed juice. . This cider will keep longer than the others
II It^^^ ^^? Gingeb BEEB.-Cold water, 10 gals.; boiling water,
11 gals.; mix ma barrel; add molasses, 30 lbs., or brown sufrar 24
lbs. ; oil of spruce or any oil of which you wish the flavor, 1 oz. fadd 1 '
pint yeast, ferment, bottle in two or three days. If you wish white
spruce beer, use lump sugar; for ginger flavor, use 17 oz. gmger root
bruised, and a few hops; boil for thirty i.inutes in three Sals, of the
water, stram and mix well; let it stand two hours and bottle, usiiiff
yeast, of course, as before. ^
^Sf^^^fu^' ^^^u ^/«?.-Mix 14 lbs.of molasses and 11 gals^. water
well together, and boil them for 2 hours with 6 oz. hops. When quite
cool, add a cupful of yeast, and stir it well by a gallon or two at a
^Z% ^^f Q* ^T"^^""^ ^""^ 16 hours, ill a tub covered with a sack, then
put It in a 9-gallon cask, and keep it filled up; bung it down in 2 davs
pSrter ^^' ^ '^"''^' ^"^ ^'^^^ '^'^^^S^^ than London
Edinbubgh Ale.— Employ the best pale malt— 1st, mash 2 barrels
>
IPTS.
) milk ; with-
Bcesaary, and
3r creaniB.
9at them well
>ur gradually
guish it from
root bruised.
3 eggs well
?ill ; boil the
put the CHS.
rii aud bottle,
!ugar, 20 lbs.
late of aoda,
the white of
oot and hops
of the water .
! yeast added
sugar, 1 lb. ;
make in the
lbs. common '
tiop or brew-
I. flour. Let
ig out of the
occasioually
m raisms to
rown sugar;
', 6 qts. ; stir
15 lbs., tar-
have them,
;he express-
iliug water,
n sugar, 24 .
1 oz, ; add 1
wish white
ginger root
gals, of the
ottle, using
gals^. water
iVhen quite
or two at a
sack, then
[1 in 2 days,
an London
h 2 barrels
GKOCERS AND CONFECTIONERS* RECEIPTS. 101
pr. quarter, at 183o, nuish three-quarters of an hour let it stand 1
fiour, and allow half an hour to run olf the wort 2d mash 1 b irrel
{Kr;Sl-.s''"m'd"tif three-fourths of an ho.frl let'it"slti aS
at 1700 i' \"^*?, t*^l\"» before; M, mash 1 bai-rel per quarter
ttnrT' iZV'^f ^A ^'""^^'* '^ «*''^"*1 half an hour.Sui^Sp^
before. I he hrst and second wort maybe mixed together boi in^
. them about an hour or an hour and a quarter, witlfa quint tv of
hops proportioned to the time the ale is required to be 1 ept i-he
lioTTLiNO POUTKB.-BUOWN Stout. Pale malt, 2 quarters • amber
and brown malt, of each li do. ; mash at 3 times, with 12 '? and
6 barrels of water ; boil with hops, 50 lbs ; set with vca«t 2*) ?h«
Product, 17 barrels, or U times the malt ^ ' ^^'•
Lemon Bep:r -To make 20 gals, boil ii oz. of ginger root bruised
i b. cream of tartar, for 20 or 30 minutes, in 2^ or 3 gals water'
this will be strained in 13 lbs. coffee sugkr, on whidi you have
put i oz. oil of lemon, and six good lemons squeezed up together
having warm water enough to make the wl ole 20 gals S so
hot that you can hold your hand in it without burning or abou?
70 degrees of heat ; put in 1^ pints of hop or brewers' yelst?worked
fi^r^f Beer —Hops, ounces ; molasses, 6 quarts ; boil the hons till
the strength is out, strain them into a 30-gallon barrel -adf the
wPlfnn'rl^'^^ One tcacupf 111 of yeast, and fill up wVw?teV; shake i?
S h'n^a ^T^ *^^ ^'"'f 5>»t .till fermented, which will be in about
24_hour8. Bung up, and it will be fit for use in about three davs
Molasses Beek.-Hops, 1 oz. ; water, 1 gal. ; boil tor ten mlnutS*
Fennent '^ ""''"''"'' ' '^- ^^^ ^^^^^^ luke?warm, yeastlsSSS
\i^o?'^ w i?^;7To*r ^^ ^^^^^ h.«^* ^ ^^° F^h- *hen add 3 gals, mo-
SI^ '* f^""^ 2 hours, pour it into a bowl and add powdered or
bru sed sassaf rasj and wintergreen bark of each A lb • veast 1 nt^
ar'Ftm?K"\Vr*' * \' ^i^ ^^^^^ enoughi ma/e 25 gila iii
an. i^ermeut for 12 hours, then bottle. s • "»
8 ozfnfTflSS'?*^''^ ^Z?"?^^ ALE.-Ottawa beer is made by using
lbs of?^HiKn?*'^^* "^^1,'?' ^?^*^h« *h^ concentrated stren^h of I
•;i, . P different roots and barks, added to 1 gal. syrup which is mixed
olm]i Sf «v7^t«^' l»to. which carbonic acid fas iffS at a prSSre
Pvpl^t'i; ^??^^ ^n^""^ "^^h- ^^"^^e^ ^^« Is made in the same way
except that 4 ozs. of extract is sufficient. When the gin-er ff reaU?
w&^" ^''*'^^* ^"PT^d «* ^^^^"O'^s impurities is^made use o^
which gives a clear amber colored drink. '
hnr^f^'^r.^^^^^-T^i**^'"' .^^ ^''^Is- 5 bo^l half the water with i lb
hops ; then add to the other tialf in the tun, and mix weU with i
gal. molasses and a little yeast.
Pu^ hfthe'^hSp n?Sf.^''t"-?r^ hops, i lb., powdered chalk, 2 lbs.
Put m the hole of the cask, and bung close for a few days ; for frosted
102 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS*
IlKCKIPTS.
1:1
beor, add nonio flnln«8, a fow luiiulfiilH of Hour, and sorao Hcalded
with a Uttlo i><)wdoro<l alum to oach barrol. Uu.nma.ro vvoll
To IMPHOVK THE Fla vou OF BKKR.-IJrulHod KluKOf, 1 oz. ; bruiHed
Crkam Soi)a.— Loaf HUKar, ten lbs., water, a^alH. ; warm uradu-
ally HO aH not to bum ; good rich cre/im. 2 quartH ; (^vtr "t vani
li ounces ; extract nutmi'j;, k ounce ; tarfairic acid 4 <.u u.tvs Ht
briny to a 1k>i1uik lioat ; for if you c<u)lc it any ]en;,rt i of u'' it will
crystallize ; use 4 or 5 si,oo,iful« of this syrui, inste^id of three a^i
other syrupH ; put i toasnoonful of soda ti) a Klass, if used without a
fountain. For char^rod /ountjiius no acid is used wunoui; a
I" KKEZiNo PiiKPAitATioN.-Commou siil-uunuonlac, well pulverized
1 i«irt ; 8alti>otre 2 imrtn ; mix well together. Then tjike common
Bocla well pulverized To use take ecpml q.umtities of use repa-
mtions (which must be kept separate and well covered previous to
using and nut them hi the freezing pt)t ; add of water a urone?
quantity, aiiA put in the article to be fn.zen inapropervessel -^ Jov '
wL^s'JiijrmrtbSi^ """" '" ^"^•^"^'- '^^'^ ^^--^« -- -
Sabhaparilla Mkai> -1 lb. of Spanish Sarsjiparilla, boil 6 hours
and strain off 2 gals : add suL'ar 1(> lbs. and tartaric acici 10 ozs half
S^Ti-'^ri"^ "^'".'' ^ '^^" ih^ V""*''«^ "*■ ^'^t^'-' and half teaspoo 1-
f ul of soda is a fair proportion for a drink ^
PoRTAiiLK Lemonade.— Tartaric acid, 1 ounce, white sucar 2 lbs
essence of lemon, quarter ounce ; powder and keep dry for use. One
dessert si)oonful will make a glass of lemonade ^ ^ ' ""*'* '^"^
Imperial Chkam NE(!TAK.-Part 1st, tafce 1 gallon water loaf
sugar, b lbs., ttirbiric acid, (J ounces, gum arabi(!, 1 ounce. Part 2d
flour, 4 teaspoonfula, the whites of 5 eggs ; beat finely toirether '
thenaddApnt w;ater ; when the first part is blood warn, imtin th^
second ; boil 3 m nutes, and it is done. Directions : .'i tab espoo f uIb
of syrup to two-thirds of a glass of water ; add .me-third toaJpoonful
of carbonate of soda, made fine ; stir well, and drink at yourleS
Peppermint CoRDiAL.-Good wliisky, 10 gals., water 10 eals
SiLVER-TOP DRiNK.-Water, Sots., white sugar, 4 lbs. , ess. of lemon
4 teaspoonfuls, white of 5 eggs, teat with 1 tablespoonful of X??';
bod to a syrup ; then divide into equal i)art8, and to one add 3 ounces
tartanc acid, to the other 4 oimces of carbonate of soda ; put "^ I
teaspoonful of each of the syrups, more or less (according to the size
of the glass), to two-thirds of a glass of water ; drink qiifck
hANo.AREK— Wme, ale, or porter, or two-thirds water, hot or cold
W W^*:;.^5! 'T"". "* ^^'^ -r^i' ^^-^^ '''^''' ^ ^^^^^^ ^ith nutmeg:
tM)i>A Sirups.— Loaf or crushed sugar, 8 lbs., pure water, 1 gallon
gum arable 2 oz. ; mix in a brass or copper kettle. Boil \mtn the
glim 18 dissolved, then skim and strain through wliite flannS after
[»TS.
«tno scalded
lino of hops,
I well,
oz. ; bruised
!ir.HC biscuits
0, OHsonce of
nirni /jradu-
mct vimilla,
micas. ,hiHt
timo, It will
three, as in
!d without a
I pulverl/ed,
ke common
huse prepa-
provfouH to
or a proper
sssel ; cov'7
ig croam or
Ijoil 6 hours
LOozs., half
If teaspoon-
iigar, 2 lbs.,
r use. One
water, loaf
. Part 2d,
' together ;
, put in the
le.spoonfuls
easpoonful
)ur leisure.
}r 10 gals.,
A, 1 Ib.flour
c, and let it
srmint, and
i. of lemon,
1 of flour ;
Id 3 ounces
; put in a
to the size
:k.
lot or cold,
;h nutmeg,
r, 1 gallon,
I until the
nnel, after
0H0CEU8 AND, C0NFECTI0NEU8' UECKIl'TS. .103
which add tJirutri" acid, O.J ok. ; diH.Molve'in hot wutnr • m n..,. „
extract of lomo- ntngo, luuil/a. rose sa'j^^n^r ^^^^^^
&o., .i oz. or to your tiisto. If you use juice of Ici. oirad • i'\{,M .if
sugar t() a pint you do not need any t.artjiri(. a<S with t • "ifow i>l
r.Wni; ; rr^" l^^'^'^'«'*'^-«^"'thtu, 4 <,unces, .orange peel, To mlce«
wi5f •J''iT'"*'5 ^n^'^ WITHOUT RAsr.iKRRiKs.-First make a svrun
with M> lbs. of white sugar, and 10 gallons of water and nut it inS
a clean mix ng barrel. Tlion dissolve 4 lb. of Siric ac d in 1 n^
of eoW water, and add to the syrup. Next take A lb orir ISi-
■ To C( o f"'!?//!? r* '^ ^'^^ 't^ ^»^^^»? barrel, stirr ig i? we 1
per gallon If t ^ desirable to produce a SersvruuadrmmS
UOTTLKi) Soda Watkk without a Maoiiine.— In each ffillnn nf
r.nL*" ^' fed, carefully dissolve .? lb. crushed suglr,S one ounce
vL^t^n T'''^'"i''*'' ""^ ''•'^•i ! *^«^ «» Pi»t bottles witli this water have
^oZ^oT^'' ready ; now drop into each bottle A dram Smlv4r zed
citnc acid, and immediately cork, and tie down Handle tW wS
Sel!^' '"^ ""''^ ^««^ ""'" «^^^^^- MorTsugar ma^^adtd if
Oystek Soup.— To each dozen or dish of ovsters nnt I ninf «f
ffJihA^"^'/ g"l; butter i oz. | powdered ScSrs^ to ttSen "
brm^ the oysters and water to a bo 1, then add the other inJrldSj
previously mixed together, and boil from three to five iniSsonl^
Season with pepper and salt to taste. minutes only.
Mock Terrapin.—^ sappei^ 'dish. Half a calf's Hvpr • spnfl^«*./i
nil mixed mustard, as much cayenne pepper as will lie on ah'ilf dhnA-
2 hard eggs chopped fine, a lump of bfitte? as laSe ^an eL' a te^^^^^^^
of water. Let it boil a mmute or two ; cold vealiill do^ 'f%ver is not
, Blackberry Wine:— Wash the berries, and nour 1 ni of >v.i-i
mg water to er.ch gal. Let the mixture sfciAd 24 hCrs st?rrin^ o^f
sionally ; then strain and measure into a keg^ddhfg 2 iKS"
?Sl^^''?/^^'^biskey 1 i)int, or best alcohol, i Snt to each ?al'
Cork tight, and put away ior use. The best wine tff c?n be mfde
104
GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS.
rTJ^ m""^' """^ exceeding 5 lbs. to each gallon ^^^ *^®
c ',. Bottle while f&r.ner.tlng ' ^ ^ *^ ' ^^' ' o^ris-powder, i
ment, next add ruisin or Cape wine 3 ntf • bin„^v' •'i if ^ ^^^o
iuiee, add 2 gals, -frwate^; eWbS™!^.^^?.^^^^!^^^^^
^J
>''> . .- 4'
rs.
mall chops,
id a night,
)ur, butter,
8, cut them
e yolks ol
is&es 1 qt. ;
take it off,
ike a bat-
minutes,
to a quart,
c acid ; let
will much
1 free from
gals, soft
casionally
iter; color
aisins the
lantity of
4 lbs. of
italks; let
move the
o another
tnes fine:
. of good
2 qts. of
ing. Let
lould re-
ra, when
n remain
12 gals;
ries and
color for
he best),
^ wine, 5
i a short
pale), 48
a proper
6 gals.;
)wder, ^
2 gals. ;
b. Fer-
herry, 2
?ain*±'or
pressed
1^ oz. ;
GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 105
SnfnSn ^f^^^^^^ ^-^^^'i ' 'T" ^'^^^' ^* ^i*h««* brandy. After
Bu^aT4^^'rwSSTa'r?^^^^^^^ -ft water, lOO gals. ;
It filled with sweetened water as it works ofF nnHi^iio^ a ^u®P
c JdtTrV.^]!'?^-^-"?^?.^ ^f^- ^^^"fi^<i «der add good brandy 1 ea^ •
crude tarfcir (this is what is deposited by grape wines) 'mnktoSiJ
It, i pt. ; draw off 36 hours after thoroughly miS^' ^ ^^"^^
Ginger Wine -Put one oz. of good Singe^ot touised in 1 of Q-i
per. cent, alcohol; let it stand nme^daysT aSd stm^n adT4 ats wJfPr
s"nVers'-t/^S.^"^" '^"^^^^^ '^ ^^'-^*-' -Z' ^I'&r^Jl
Another -To 1 qt. 95 per cent, alcohol add 1 oz best ffino-f^r rnnf
(brmsed but not ground), 5 grs.. capsicum and 1 dr taSc?acfd ?pJ
l^ stand one week and filter; now arfd 1 gal v4ter hftwch 1 1h nf
crushed sugar has been boiled. Mix whin col^ To mike the coio?
boil I oz. cochineal, | oz. cream tartar, h oz salPratns nSS 1 !r ? ''
in 1 pt. of water til'lW get a bn^&Id color '' ^""^ ^ ""• ^^"""^^
lo RESTORis Flat Wine ^Add 4 nr k o-oi a ^* r.
bruised raisins to everf 100 gals and bun-!w n E'' ^"^f^^' ^'^
be added, to roughenfteke C^eT2es%?^^^^^^^^^ S
add to the wme in suitable proportions, or add a smSl onanHtv ^*
a htUe of the wme, before adding them to the Uquor RuS|^^u
1
106 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS.
milk j: i ' 1 i ^ ^''■u\ '**'"'^ ""« fortnight; then line with s immS
erlv l)t ok f7li\^f,T^ i^"^^' ^"d ^ «i'"'l'^' '-article, whe Z-
E^S^f^f^^ ^^-t even g^od Ju^^
ink tlu^ W^'/irli? ?i ^*^^^ bruise all these articles, and put them
X™ , „;. , n„ ^'''- "S.*?? ' ^'of "itli uisUIow or malva flowed
of nSJ; r2^?reT VchSroiTf'or %":S ''"'*"'«?«f C^^^^^^
hol Di^^olvfl Vhl ni,.?] ' *.®^-J '^ ^^^' "^*c®» mfused in alco-
C^^.A,l^^^?^ i>'HoLLANDE, 20 Gtils.-Curacoa orange-peel 2 lbs • A lb *
■I ,St^*.k"'~?'''**'* "."y *« """'e with the juice ol aiiv Imit TnU-o
oz p.S^lSe!v», -Yi^^ K^"*r i 2 "*■■«• «™an'"U, 24 010^416
iTq-niSriud fli4; 4ata """"''^ "'''"■^ ■'<'"""»• ^'O'-' "^ t«*
KentKfe^tr,H ?1^„' tSi'Jlf."<"o»>7'* ...Tl^o .^^hp is to.be n„fde with
.j..^.«. ^. .xjc/rtwj— a— urateoff Uio yellow rind
'8.
Is. ; sugfir,
skiimued
when pro-
id judges
eiit. ; 1 oz,
bs. 8Uffar;
iiid filter,
n gentian
)ed, ^ oz. ;
Peruvian
put them
ir off the
of water,
«ar, 1 lb.
me spirit
stand on
z. ; pow-
il, 2 oz. ;
then fil-
>wers.
oz. ; ess.
I in alco-
sr cent. ;
26 gals.
spirit as
bs ; ^ lb.
for five
in 'white
r ; color
jr.hol, 75
gal. 95
m drops
:t in the
ninutes,
lieets of
. Take
e juice ;
ves ; 16
ix both
Boil up
md stir
ly cool,
3 sugar,
jlass in
de with
[>w rind
GROCEKS ANL )NPECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 107
QhrT,?!^ wutil tiie sugar 18 disHolved and strain. 3. Limon—h-.
fh« K ? T^"^ ^ ^'^^-'-J?" ?^ ^^"^«» '^ drops, citric acid 10 drams Rub
m4 A \v^"'T '''*^' the acid, add-a Uall portion of symp aSd
m X 4. ^<rat«&er?i/— a-Strawberry juice Ipt, simple svmn ?niS+i^
solution of citric acid 2 drams. ^^'itrawhiry-h-Yv^iV^^^^^
Tev?^l7rtH%ST'^^^^^''/'^}f'''^^^- Sprh4le some of the ruga;
h^nL !. "* ^u ^^.y?''^' ^"d ^"ow tha whole to stand for sevCTal
iSn?!.'! ^^P^«.««ihe juice and strain, washing out the milp w?th wS-
add the remamder of the sugar and water, brmg the fluid to th^S
?i^'''^'"#' ""'^^ ^^'^'} «<^^^"^- This will keep for a long t mf 6 XS
bern/. Raspberry juice 1 pt., simple syrup 3 pts , c trie Tcid '?draX
Raspberry syrup may also be made In a wiv similar to No fi?n;
strawberry. 7. Fanrf/a.-FluidextractofvanniToz citric add I o^
simple syrup 1 gal. Rub the. acid with sonie of th^' s™ ad'l th^
It']^ l«z., simple syrup 3pts., cream or condensed milk 1 pt mav
be colored with carmine. 9. Cr-eam. -Fresh cream 1 pt freSi Aiill {
fe^rnir^ ?^^^i ^ ^^- ' ^^ ^y shaking, andTeepTn a coo plL
Aifo 1'*'^" ""* ^ *®^' S^^^n« of bicarbonate of soia will for some
S^^ii"^^'^^ r^i""^'; ^9: G^We^.-Tincture of ginge™ fluid ozs
d Z^ '^"'P ^ ^'^- ^\ Orange.-On of orange JiO drops, tarteiri? acfd
svnmS;~v^ ?.* P^^P^^^ ld^^"i' "^"tjiric acid 1 dram, s mple
^3o^P*" ^^^r^erry, .raspberry or lemonTpg^m'CS ~
Vanilla sv up 3 pts., pineapple 1 pt., lemon syrup 1 pt 16 Gwt
Brandy I ol a pt, spirits of lemon f oz., tincture of red sauders Sr
f SS^^/y^'^1' ? ^^^- ^l- ^«^««--Oil of bananl 2 drfms teSic acla
1 dram simple syrup 6 pts. 18. Co/fec-Coffee roasted^ U)slSn2
water 1 gal Enougli is filtered to make about iffa of the ikf us Sf
to which add granulated sugar 7 lbs. 19. Wild cSn/.- Wild ch^^^^^
bark coarse powder, 5 ozs. Moisten the bark wiX ^terind S
stand for 24 hours ma close vessel. Then pack t firmwlna per
CO ator and pour water upon it until 1 pt. of fluid is obteiied ^Tn
this add 28 ozs. of sugar. 20. TFmter/em^-OU of winSen 2?
.olT' 'in> '^'"P ^?^'- ^^^? ^ «"ffl«i^"t quantity of b init^suc^ar to
color. 21. Sarsa2)anUa-a— Oil wintergreen 10 drops oil of Sp in
drops, oil of sassafras 10 drops, fluid extract of sSsaparillf " ozs
simple syrup 5 pts., powdered extract of licorice 1 oz.2TTi^^^
^r;;?elTi^n'i'"^-i*P.*'-'-'rP^""^ ^y^^P^* sarsapariilafflSozs
^ Mail} M;'nS^ ""* wintergreen 6 drops, oil of sassafras 6 drops'
26. Maple.— Maplo. sugar 4 lbs., water 2 pts. 24. Chocolate — Be^t •
chocolate 8 ozs., water 2 pts., white sugar 4 lbs. MirtCcWolatft
m water, and stir thoroughly over a slow fire Stra n and nHH fh!
sugar. 25. Cofee Crcar^.-hofioe syrup 2 pts , cream I'pt 26 im
ftyma.-Raspberry syrup 2 pts., vanilla 2 pts. , hock wine 4 ozs S"
fckancl daret-Uock or claret wine 1 pt., simple sv?nn 9 'f; %'
buijcnno.—Bva.m\y 1 pt., simple syrup 2 pts. 29. Fmii'£;id-m£i
in some of the syrups). Citric acid 4 ozs., water, 8 ozs. Most of the
li
108
GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS.
^lf::l.:i£s^j^^ -y Wealittlogumarabie added iu
-m^^KrSi^^^^^^^^^^^ anple flavor to
essence. From 20 to 2^ drons of tin« n ' ^* ^T''^ *'»« mie apple
containing a little citn?a?[dfLi^^^^^ ^^ded to I'lb. sugar?
pme apple. ' "aparts to the niLxturo a strong taste of
die'^uteyaSSiSdiSwifc^^^^^ and other ingre-
pear, and is used for flavSgdJ&J^
acetic ether, with half a nart of oppHo L.^^^^." ^ ^^^^en parts amvlo-
alcohol, form what may Se caU^ tho Sf ^' .^^^ ^''^'^ "^ 1«0 parts of
when employed to flavor suSiroIln if ^!^^''vu^■^'''«^• ^•^^^"^v'; which
parts the odor of th^CgaSpSr an f n 'Jr^V ""^-^ '^''^ ^^d, ml
agree^ible odor of the quill ?„Hwh^^ (pelai^'onic ether)* has the
P^^f ion, forms the ?S5mL7^'^ ^'''^'^^^ ^« ^^«°hol in dul
^^'^^^^^^^^^^ ether), mixed with
ether in the proportion of Ip'ar^toOm^A^f^r^l'^ of this
IS^LrpS'.^'^ "S^ «^ «i'K.e!:c"! ' "' '"''"^^^^' ^«'"^« - flavoring
water,;if5L"eXf,t^^^^^^^ 2 ditto of
blerful of shaved ice; fill with nSlf^' 4. f "" Sf"^'' ^'^^^ ^»m, ^ tum-
ge her, and gmte a littTe nSeg in "ton 1^^^ insredients VeU to-
. and no ice. ^-^u^e, on top. To make it hot, use Ao« milk
of a'^coiXof^Siri^^^^^^ SS?d water, with the juice •
bet, and most be well' iLfS^'iS nd^X''? "^'"^^'^ "»« is si^r!
of rum to five of sherbet '^ Cut a cnm^t .f''\'* '^^"'^^^^ "^™» one part
-S/"'*^^'^ rapidly around the ed^e o? th^T' "' ^^'^^^ ^^"
water; mix well wit^a spooT 5^^^^^^^^^^ 2Hitto
them well in the sugafand water adSil"^''?^"^^,*^^^^"""*^
brandy, and fill the glass withTS^ • 3 ^^^^ glasses of Cognac
inint, and insert them in tlfe ice w1?h' «' *\^" ^^'^^ out the sprifs of
the leaves ^vill be abm4 in the 'ha^e of 1 ho'^^ <lownwards,^so?hat
small pieces of sliced orangron toiv S,^?Tf ' ""'"'^^^^^
J^iaica rum, and ^P^inklf sS^i^^n^^^p.^^^^^^^^^^
1 ^^^'^n glS^^^^^^ «oda water, 1 glass sherry
glasfofcid"^^^^^^^^^ of fine white sugar, 1 wine
- -- ^.., X. a chma dowi slices of apples and lemons
OE00BB8 AND CONFECMONERS' RECEIPTS. 109
fill biilance with wine: ornament in ntoif "" °' ^^aved ice, and
mmoi, ; sip tliroiigli a straw " '"^'y '»""'"='•• «''«! berries in
2 I«f Ste^ra^bsTr^'f/'^" r^a^. ^ S»i'?.. ; brown sugar,
slow fire ; when done enouS it wm /i,jl F«.f "mg Icettle over d
and when nearly done, sttr in thr ni™ „f f °"'T ' "^^ frequently*
«poonfu,s „, essence ohe,n„S ^'^JtZ-dl 'SS^^T^,,'' h" ^^,
&,'pi^"assir,^jr%e£?£r^'-^v«^4rtr
required color is got FeS n h .Sfvf^' ''''^ ^"^ ^" indigo till the
gamboge on a plati, or infusTthe hpIJ^^ f'^'i ^^^^ ^ «t«e yellow
milk-warm water. ' Green ZiltL^t^l ""^^ J^ellow-lily flower with
Of -^t^^'^Gr^^^^^^^ sugar in 1
over and that the sugar is not burnt Thl S'VF''^ ^oes not boil
thread, which is subdivided into ttie mhu ^f^ ^^^^^^ ^» called the
dip your finger in the syrup and am.lv^A^'^,^ ^u^^* *^^ead ; if you
of the syrup will, on seiyiStin,r?i,i^i^ ^* *^ *^^® thumb, the tent^Sv
tW*.'r .^^^"^4 ^^ the^^uUtt^Sen^i^^ of %'*^ ^^ ^^ ^'^^
this makes candied sugar: by further SnJ^ ^"^f ^»<^ *li«rab ;
which IS known by dipBino- a^kimmo^ -}l^i 7®" «^*ain the blow
blowing through them if hni hw ^ ^'^^ ^''^^^ in «ie syrup and
blow Thofeather^^i^'Lor?^^^^^ y^n ha/egStthe
Avillfly off like flakes whirtheSm^-^^!^^^^^^
ing longer, you obtain the crack • V^mfJ^ ^T^ *««»ed. By boil-
not stick to the teeth ; dip rteasULr^n.^fi?^ ^^^" ^^oken, and does
the bottom of a pan of coUl wlS Jf t£ l^^ ""S''^'*' '^^^ ^^t'lt drop to
attorned the degree termed cTS ^ '"^^' '^"^^^^ hard, it hS
BlowV^'when^do^^^^^^^^^^ of water ; set over a
stoned raisins for the fi^^s Common mSr °^^"^^f ^' substituting
with all kinds of nuts j..\ ' ^i common molasses candy is very nici
fecoTCH Butter CANDt'— TakP 1 m «f
dissolve and boil. When •doS.^^Ji^«//»f<!pnd l^p^^^
^ANDY. lake 3 lbs. coarse brown sifgar ; add to
110
GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS.
f
it three tCcaciipfiils of water ind c«f
an hour; put to it a little SaraL^^ ^'^ *°' half
to clear it. Continue to taki offfS ^*««olved ui hot water: this is
perfectly clear, tryTby Sppil aZl'T^ ^i^"? ^'^^ "ses. ' When
cold water, or by 'taking a Kfuff it n^ n''^ '"*^ '^■^''^ *hen into
snap hke glass. Flavor witHssence of lim?.,? '''"'I'^^^'i * ^°»^' ^^ will
R^PPEimiNT, Rose, or HoREHfumn n .J"" """'l?^"^ ^* »»<« sticks,
as lemon ciindy Flavor with e^ipnp?^/^'^^''''-^^h^y ™ay be made
powdered horeiomid %^ur it ouTin a Zh^' ?^l>P^^'«"^t or finely
square tin pan. ^^^'^ ^" * buttered paper, placed in a
angSnSy^^PP'^^
whlt'l^'^g^irf filteTl^^ Td^ boiJ' VTin if'f/' '^'^"*y ^^"''l^ refined
boiled to a blister. The boiC- su^rar rin„t' ^^ady to crystallize, or
weigJit, a degree more or less Drivf nLT "measure mo on the syrup
a brass kettle, of about 16 of li iSt dSS'^'"!f f^«"- Then We
deep smooth and l)olished on ttie S? at* ?'" ""^^^ ^^^"^ ^' ^ 8 inches
equal distances from each other T^m ^^''^'^ ^ ^^ ^^ «"«ili ^o^es at
kettle, about 2 inches from the bottc^^fi^^ of the
from one side to the other a nrJ«Wffi' V'^*^^ threads through these
or paper to preveiit the symp^^^^^^^ ^'u^nnt^ "" f^ outside with paste
pared the kettle, pbur in the svrn f fTT^ "''*S ^""^^'^S thus pre-
the threads; thenVce it iVrsW n Ll^'i ^^"* ^" "^^^ ^^ove
to crystallize, agitating it from t'mlti t^^l'^^^T ^^^*^d' ^"^ leave it
take place in six or seven dlys As ^ooT^^thV'^ crystallization will
pour off the remaining svmn «nHi fif ?^ *¥ crystals are formed
crystals that are ?e t at thTSttom of 'Z "' ^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ter to wash the
IS thoroughly draiend seHt in a Terv hS IfT^\ ^" '.^«^ ^« «ie "^ass
when it is fit for ii«p cv,. ^^ ^^"* '^*ove, leave it for two d'iv«
stituting brown tor irf'sutar'TT/r ^ '"'^ ^^"^-^ i« made by sK
of teaspoonfuls of tmn^ S,we?^a^^^^^^^^^^ '^^J^np with a couple
just as the syrup is about to be teLrfrom tSp^i^"^^ "^S^ ^^f^on,
IS flavored with rose water ni^H !^^i ^ the "fire. Eose Rock Candy
^^^^lla Rock CaZnl^lriZL^^^^^ '^"fi^,^ carmine lakt
y^olet The degree'if cSw nuv^^^^^ and colored with liquid
spS^wfte^f S^^^^^^^^ sugar m J pint of
Havereadyateaspoonfu of now^P.f:5 -^^^ '* ^^'^ ^ ^ thili syrup.
2 or 3 spoonfuls of the svmn thpf 2 ^?,"Ser, mix it smoothly with
Boil the mixture into a X>ff'iof"i -^"^ •'* gradually into the whole
exceed this pS- Then affi^ ^* «arefully%hat it mly not
and stir the^sugar conL^nO^'^ni^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^-ge leLon
the spoo^., without sinking VhentfSpdnLy''" ^^."^ mass from
for a n ment beyond the°pZt it w lfnllTf° ^ ^'^''^^.- " foiled
t as happen by mistake, add a Httle v^ter in??? .f Powder. Should
sistency. Dip the candy from the ^^mI' ""a J""'^ *? *^^e proper con-
U'^on ix-Ha—j - -. ^'^"-^y nom tiie kettle, and riron it in arnon ,^i
i-,.on b.t.texuu pans, then set it aAvay to cool." ~ m smaal cakes
for half
er; this is
8. When
• then into
ne, it will
« sticks.
' be made
; or finely
aced in a
ler, forms
3 refined
allize, or
ilie syrup
'hen take
> 8 inches
1 holes at
Bs of the
gh these
1th paste
hus pre-
ih above
leave it
tion will
formed,
rash the
;he mass
vo days,
by sub-
r a very
is of the
cess, to
I couple
saffron,
' Candy
le lake.
i liquid
little of
pint of
syrup,
ly with
whole,
lay not
lemon,
is from
boiled
Should
3r con-
cakes
GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. Ill
ov^rTslSTeVUJ'^ntS' S^^'d^^ ^F'' -*-' -^ -t it
?,f bi« dissolved, and a tii£Um^A^ ^bK?^ •."' F^
gum arable solS"cX-sT^^^ over theA a little
them another coat ng of gum'araWc S.d"^^^.).*'." ^^'^^ then give
swing them again till dry S no firpw^^^ '""l*,^ ^ ''^- «"«'^^' a"d
dry, set them over a mSW'ite^C ni«aT^''''' *^'^^ '^^^ thoroughly
or rose water, nottooThhi setitovprH^'^^V''™.^ ""^^i" i" o^angi
through a sieve, and po i'it over ^hp iL^''!^^ ^"^ ^.^"lutes, strainlt
them till thov are thSuc^hlv co«tpH o f^'l^' i'' 1^^ h^«"^- Swing
coating, composed of 2Tafe if carmfne'^^^ ^^i ^"««^«r
of sugar, and proceed as Lfo?e rrthpnff^^^'''^'^°d ^"^i^art
covered, give them a coatin- in Shi.h Jl '^l'"o»tls are not perfectly
when thofoughly moistened" thr^w 1 th^ '' ^^^^^derable gum; anS
till the mixture is all fhSed tlZ « dd «?. " '^ • '^ "'"^^ «"^^^ «tir
tm they are large enough and m t thPm inJf .T'"^^. ''^'^^^^S'^ «^ «»gar
the next day, when in orde??o SiL^T "*^ *^® ^^^^^ *« remain till
6 or T lbs. of fine clariSd suSir ^^^^^ ^T^ 7'^ P^««eed to boil
takmg it from the fire stirKnonJlo'*.?'' v^? ^ ^^' *^^ ^^'-^^ch after
little thicker tha^? that ifseTf^fSilW ^ ^1^ V^'*^ '' ^«'«^^d a
may be added to produce a pearl Si Pn. f?"^ drops of blue lake
to the swinging ba^3in add el nnihnJS;. ^"^^ the almonds, warm, in-
swing the basiS tRev are nioS^^^^ the prepared sugar to coat them,
the dW then take ?KIsro^^S7^^^^^ Z'^' ^^' ^ «"'«^
die, so as to allow the bottom nffh a .f^o^'/^^ ,tnem up m the mid-
ing of sugar, swing aU dr^h em a^h?w^ ''T^' *^'?^ '^^^ the coat-
until 4 successive coXi^s of in^n? t?f ^ '^®' '^''^ continue the process
heat them weinrtffSLpufthem^^^^^^^^ have been give/i ; then
stove to remain over nS You w S ^^ ? ' "^"^ ^^^^^^^ in the
giving them a coat of t fe prenaredT^^^^^^^^ ^ ^'^^^'f them by
violently until they are quiteTv J^^vfth^^^^ """^ 'hake them
ceed as, before, a/d conSI th^Sfmces "miSlh^v 'Sf"^ ^"^ i^^^"
successive coatings, when thpv win oSl i, ^^ey have received 4
polished. When^tL pXhSl^s^kfiin^ ^^^^^^^^ sufficiently
and stir gently till all are thnmno-hu 1.^7 ^ I, ® almonds over a fire
the nextW/. a wtte StTtoe^'^tKapr'''^^ *" " ^""^ ""
ab„stTe"izl;of''^gL&rwite?Lr^
vious directions, anl mhit Me™? ,t • '^ •'?"''' *■"»" ''y the pre-
SiiPERFiNrV AsmLTsiTrTi^iS A^"'*"" "" 'li?"" ^''en completed
maimer as hi the^4uf»*,"^ „f'^''''3™^--f'™'=^<^ in the same
the solution of snsa"!^^ water '^n,?^^^^ '"™»^'. ""k^
»'*«»tt'e«««."ra„dpnKuhe?oi,,'tior'' "" ''*''™' *>' *™""'
basin, when they boil m-ike tiiom^ini I f^^^l^ds m the swinging
112
GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS.
t
m^SjSI^S^i'tl^itri^'i"^^^^^^^^ coated u, the
Superfine Sugared Filberts -VUhl^^
color and fagrauce generally preferred on account of it,
are used to wliiteu them o^T? f?^^^^^ ^^s- »* ^ugar
polished w?th"<^^itSxs^^nUre^a^^^^^ ' ^«^°^ ^^^^^ ^•«"^g
fo^trtfSinra^^^^^^^^^ 10 lbs., sugar
do not.require brUliancy Thev ire m3« nf J^ «^?"Ply colored, and
and are pit into iTttKokes ^In maW^^ ?/ «"^^". P««-^.
common sugared almonds ^ ^^ ^''"'^'^ *^'^ ^®<^eiP<^ for
Anise-seed Sugar Pr,uAm Ttrv o iv.o «^*
stove ; rub it in the handsfo" hrp2 ?.i !i ""^ F^®"" anise-seed in the
dust, then put S in asWin/bast and nlf T''-.r^"^^.*« "^ ««
a thread so as to render the clinSs'h^^ 3 briltli' ''^??^"^1.*5
sufficiently, whiten and DolishthPmi/iSfh^^^' ^^^®" ^^afed
whiter than rape soedrwhiton anrfl, fsM Le"STey'ThTA ''?
coM,„g .s sometime, composed o( eqn'al'iSte'Tp'e'pperm'i'nt tl
th?n7oS,Vc?f In'U°i"S'5fl^^^^^^^ " fe very brittle,
is cool eno4h to re?eive an imp?e Jforwifh^'^^^^^^ "' "T =*? "
h^fr^S.- fer ErSS r- " ^^^ 'Se-ij}
slab with a common 4rSX?wi^ "^""^ ^^^^^ ^* «^ t^e
other coating wXsu^ar KePu tw « 'k^, ^^^^ ^^.^ ^^^^^^ ^^t^ an-
ter they are made ^ ^ ^^^'^ ^^-^^^^ ^^^^^^ from the air af-
wiiTfumP^Sga^^add'to^tf??^^^^ yellow rind of a lemon
wnt^r«r,«n!,^», /^^KJ-A^5 ^ ^^^^ ^ f ew drops of lemon iuice with
""" '"^" '■^ "i^suxvu uiu sugar comDleteiy, and stir the whole hi^
ill
'S.
ited to the
^' put them
lie process
laeaonuts,
illa4drs.,
superfiue
3 coatings
ly broken.
ir, 4 lbs.,
londs and
unt of its
)s., sugar,
nder and
I that has
of sugar
ter beuig
)s., sugar
3red, and
lall peas,
3ceipt for
ed in the
to rid of
boiled to
n coafed
ilnionds.
;ove and
ever, be
rhe first
lint and
1 sugar,
buttered
I cooled,
B ; then
brittle,
3n as it
imping
mould ;
any oil
place to
on the
i^ith an-
! air af-
lemon
ce with
lole in-
Jk
GR0CEH8 AND CONFECTIONERS' BECKIPTS. 118
an infusiin of the coffee usfiL an Si '^^^^ ^ ''^•' ""^^^ ^ ^^- Make
through a cloth, S stir TtlraduaHv iZ^hf , ^?fT^^ ' ^^'^^^ '^
minutes before fcikingTfiom the fi?^ ^^'T "" ^^^
mixed Avith a little water If too linnfd th^ 5, 1^ flavoring extract,
and the drops will run together -wffiw I ^J^'.P 11'" ^® *«o thm,
top compact: and caZK poured out eaSv'feh^n T^^ ^^"^ ^^
mixed in a rather stiff DastP nnf if i« „ easiu. When the sugar is
W taking it from ttoflre "^ *^"''"' *'«y™P i»8t be-
sI?FRON D^T/'m f '"^'' 'i'f "<=* fr°» lettuce is used.
tnbc-rose, and color violet ' '"■™«*' Ja™me and
cofor'^ith"Sta?fr/ '"* '^*« """ ''™""« «' ™l Ptoto. and
stickXsu™ ' ^^ '"" '" ''"''y powdered sugar or flour to forS
&'lS'"'lC°tiS'f ""T ^'T ■"" "^de the same way
Jnelak^'^^^'^'^dt'aCt ""'^ "^' "■"«'• "-<* '»"-"■ -ith
o
f
lU
OBOCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS.
wiU adhere to tlw sheets otUn ™ »""' "' ■'"<"■. ""e caudiei
and'^w^rta™ mt^Ces*'''? Ji^""' °^FIore„ce iris,
maj- be lidded to sustiiin the bhw '''"P' "' ""'"* acid
for'wS?i?S;;;:?,rS'' " "'""'«• «'«««"» '-'-'on ol co,Iee
,.UoS?"™lv?S-Fo--^^^^^^^ sugar, talce5 pts. good
J.liSva^iilX.'^-S'^aS'rztz'' n™"'"/™-"'". or iiaely.
solved iu water, to sust-iin thn i.w -^u "^ ^^^- ®^ tartaric acid dis-
iMiTATiox CuHulNtDi x%^'r^^^^^^ disin'pear.
litUe essence of raspberry and of vSt m-^S^*^ with water, adiiiig a
ta^anc acid dissol.^d i^-Jif c^^KSe/i^^^^^^^
str^nr™?;fn?S^^^^ sugar with a little
thoroughly dissolved, add an eZa? n uaiS v o/^^"*' ^« «««" ^^ i* i«
with a few drops, more of tKemS^^ coarse-grained sugar
moments, then dW the mixtnriKHo'^*' ^^^I ,*^^ whole for a few
^ the same way Le made ?emon ^Ze'' vn?-?r^ ^* ^? '^'^ «P«" ^^^
Citric and tartaric acid may b^TeS' Kcrirt1le^d?t5?S &
flafoWeTafeTd^X^^^^ --^^ -tHout
hours, tTien take them off and^n^^tJifr,?^'^!'^'^^^^' ^^''^^^ ^^eiii for two
wanted for use, put the auSifv J^?" "?*? ^^^ »*«^e to dry. When
and flavor as dSed '^C *Ln^^^^^
drops, take 5 pts. of sulphuric ShS & wh,Vh ^? ^^^ «! P^PPe mint
of essence of peppermint, and pour^tovV^ ff.^ ^'^H^''^ * /^^ drops
the jar, and shake it until thev are thom^M ^^ ^i''^'®^' *^en cover
them on a sieve, and set them in the S? J"'?''*?"^^ 5 *^«n Place
J»tt:Ue/o^^o=l"?£S^^
acetic acid or the juice of half a lemon : hT* 'Ji^^^*' ^ ^^^ drops of
of Jamaca ginger. Boil the sS 'with ''f't'^^^.^*"^ «f essence
dissolve it to the ball deeree th^uLHu ^^^i ^^^^^ enough to
and rub the sugar with tKack part o^^ ^l T^i ^^^ the esienc^
up agamst the sides of the sSr^SlPr fn ^ S T^ ^* ^ ^^l^^r spoon
ciently to give to the Xle In S^^ «'''^^^'' """^ ^'^^ ^* «^ffl-
mto very small-sized m™ds L£^ S TC^''^''?^ 5 *he° P««r i^
oblong square, or else iiZa tiHSn th! i^^ '''' ^'^ ^^ "^ '^^^
marked out in smaU tablets so that ?hP pL^**''"' ^^^ «* ^hich is
^ux 1 ABLETs.-Ingredients : 1 lb. loaf sue-ar
C7 7
M
#
PTS.
ke or saflfron,
, the caudies
Horence iris,
taitaric acid
ion of coffee
S Pt8. good
idy directed,
and become
a, or flnely-
ic acid, dis-
i disappear.
T, adding a
kvith a little
proceed as
with a little
soon as it is
ined sngar
for a few
le open air.
ther drops.
y of lemon
tl, without
3m for two '
fy- When
uthed jar,
eppermint
few drops
hen cover
then place
evaporate
tube-rose,
lade, dis-
' drops of
>f essence
lough to
essence,
'er spoon
1 it suffl-
h pour it
' an inch
which is
y broken
)il of al-
le screen
if sue-ar.
J
GiNGEB Lozenges -Pm...^ . ^ *^
essence of o-ino-^v ^^-.-^^^peed as in the last; 7,«o o ^^^r
Ill
116 OU0CE-.8 AND CONPECTIONEUs' REOKIPTS.
ffihImlXli iS'S tei.S'S;" V'" "^^«^^ «^-"« -tmct
mint lozeiiireH (Mnnnmnl r^. ^^^^- ^ roceod uh for tlio pcnner-
8lMX)nIiil (,f esseiu^e of (• iinmi n l« i. hn "^ « i ferenoe only ; a dcssort-
a few drops of thick, Lmndw^tiJ^i^? "'^? ""' *^' n.-ivorin^ of tliom,
lozeuf/es. TIio same an pemWintloip^^^^^^^ cinnan.on color C7or«
for ilavorin^, and burnt iSr t^ c^Jlir ff fl^^^^^ «l«ves
IngredientH: 1 o/. prepared guni U Ibn «nin. 9 ^''T^'^ ^^ozenf/es.
the Kimi to he Hoaked in 2 oz of nrLv,l « ^^^' ^ "^- "^ "range-sugar.
gum, li lbs. of ichig Huear 2^,./ S C I"«''«d»ent« : 1 oz. i)rei,ared
. acetic acid. ColV s fZh'J,uL r®"'"!}. ''"«'^^' ^^'^ 'i few drops of
soaked in 20/. of mu ge Cer UlW^"""^^ i ^'-"^ ^'"'" '^'^^"^^^"
|oz. of e..en(eof (^olt^H fS C^'^^t fo? nof ^^^"^'r','«^^'-. ^"^d
C'«//r»w<. and VaWchn I^zenm'/ UuZ^iT ? l^ei)permnit lozenges,
soaked in 2 oz. of water JZ" fi f .v1 f"*"" ^ "'1 ""^ ^'"'" ^^'-^^on
S;-::^ and i oz. or prepareH^^ar 'gS^^^ ^ ^- ,^
orange flower water," and 1 pt tei d wnf«r S^^^ '"'Z*!;^' * ^"^ "'" double
18 afterwardHto be straiiVd Wlea,r Pnf^r''"'' "/^f"»" "^' ^^hi^h
gum into a sugar boiler wSh the suSr and ull '"'f ''^ ^"^ -^^^'^^^^d
It over a very moderate fire, 'Xle Tbol I «nH '^ li^'^'" '»^""" *« ^^'^
pearl degree; then add the ornni! 5 ''""^ and reduces to the small
the fire. remcWe the preSira^^^^^^^ ««? all together on
and use the mixture to S the iJrbei In w.'ii'^"!' ''^ ^^'^ ^^""i,
powder contjiined in a flat box ^"^"^^^ "^ levelled layers of starch
Spanish LicoRioB, Jujubes.'— lnffrediPiit«- in. ^- 1 ^
14 oz. of sugar, and 2 oz. of Snai lYfSS" J lb picked gum arable,
water, and afterwards stmineTSein FW '"'^^''^^ "? "" ^'^" ^^ hot
boil it with sugar as directed in ft 1" *^^i^* .Prepare the gum and
reduced by boiling to tCSlnearldpi^^^^^^^^ ^'"'^^' ^''^ ^l^en
Spanish licorice uith it, reiTveEclfm I?A,"'h '^^^ *he prepared
the ju ubes in the m uuiT ind^aS awi ^^^'''i^^^^ ^"^^ Aninh
Ingredients: 1 lb. picked guni arSn ^n^fe • f'^P^^'V/ Jujubes.
and afterwards st4ined, 14 oz ofsiUr 'f il" i ST ""1 ^"t water
juice, and a few drops of cochbiPni^ p ^ "^"* tilteved raspberry
foregoing case, adding the ra«pCf„,,/^^^^ ^^« directed in tlie
rantJtijnbes. Proceed in alTrScts «« ^.'i"'^.^^''- ^"'^^^^' <^''"'-
jujubes, omitting the cochineal hi ! w, ^ indicated 1,- rh pberry
iuice being^used'anda few dr^xs^o/cochS 'X^^^ ^ed currant
Ingredients : 1 lb. gum arable soaked in 1 ,\? l' , ^^^"«'7/ e/r/iw6e,s.
M^ards strained, 14 oz. sugar Vozefsenni^^*f ""^ ^'°* '^'^*^^ '''"d after-
of prepared cochineal Let the nSn^! Z^ '''''^^'' '''"d a few drops
jujubes, but instead of castU them^n ?r.^^ Prepared as for othir
powder, v.'K- the preiSSm is TeSv^S.'nf •^^"^^^" "^ ^^^^'«h-
smootnt..mvd baking sheet to thfdenthn'f^r 1"'^^ "'^^^^ clean
set it to d-y v. t'>, sc?epn nr h^i «i ^ w °' ^ quarter of an inch, and
^..., ,,,„,„ .jie suriace it proves somewhat
t
g
r
t
c
P
tr
hi
hi
b<
rs.
"»K oxtruct
I'o pcpper-
tlie Hjinie
a <h's.s(!rt-
K of thom,
Hed with a
lor Clove
e of cloves
Lozenf/es.
nge-sugar,
'eed HH for
. prepared
V droi)H of
im dragon
iiigar, and
lozenges,
in dragon
Hsenoe of
3ppernilnt
!ked gnm
of double
in, whicli
strained
)n to stir
the small
f ether on
he froth,
of starch
m arabic,
ill of hot
nim and
ud when
prepared
nd finish
Jyjnbes.
lot water
aspberry
I in the
ic^- Our-
liPberry
>tl. Red
currant
Tvjnbes.
id after-
w drops
or other
I starch-
'y clean
>ch, and
m suffl-
mewhat
OROCEUS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEfPTS. 117
elastic to the touch, remove \t fr/»... ♦!.„ i ^
cold ; the sheet of juj, brmiv thon « ^''"'•*,' *"."^ '*"*'^ '^ ^ hecomo
till they are perfeca.y'iowTwhm^SLS'';; "fV/"'' ^''*^''" "» ^^ «i«b
and put them in faiicy envelopes "*'"'''^' '^^^^ *''«'» »" tissue-paper
afterwards rubbed thro g a H7ev^)^"i S"o K;'.''^"''"'^ »>*"»«d, aifd
together in a copper suirar-l.oiw ..r '..i • ^^^^*^^ ^"«'ir. Stir both
imtil the paste l.econ;e^' „'S cmSVSm^ed^ over a brisk fire,
the preserving pan as vou draw t . . Jt. . ^ 1"'^ *^>o l^^ttom ot
lay out the drops about the Sfj^S,''^''"^ ' "'^n proceed to
for the purpose. The drons «h , 1,1 J "' 'T''^'^ H>onted sugar boiler
dry,atah)^^heat /or af Kr rt Wh^TtST^ i» the 1,creen to
thm knife to remove them from 'hetin s o /. ? 'H''-^f '^"^ '^'y^ "«o a
out, and put them away betweSrsheeti of 1 '^^'''^' >''*" ''"^ them
pulp, 1 lb. bruised sugar. Stir the Ymln . ,?i ^ '^- "^^ ^'^i'*^"" thick
reduced to a thick paste, thei proceed to 1 J n?K' ^^ *^'" «'« '"^t"
.sheets of polished tin ; dry tiemlS t he «.,51n / ^^''^i ''^^'1*« «" «q"<ire
remove them in the mmnidr S, ,1.1 iF ^ (moderato heat), and
with all kinds of plum^and also with - ^?^" -"^"^ ^« ^^''^^'ed
Drops ~^He 1 lb. niar pulp ^nade bv neebw h'"'^"'"^^''^- -^^'"' ^««<e
them to a pulp witli h pt. of cider or^.£^vcf ^^'^ ,^',^^'«' ^"^^ l>«»lng
a coarse sieve), l li of bruised s"-^/' p '"^ ^ ^'^ *^"" **^^""^'^
"ig, slicing and boiling the apnTes with V ^f^'^""- )'" ^^ (^"'^^« ^'-V Peel-
HiW Proceed as m tl,rfoSn.. i*^lA^*- ^''[^^^' ^ ^^' ^^ ^^ i«ed
cochineal to half of the paste tor tL?'^' "V^^"^*? « few drops of
Pa.sfc i)ro»8 — Use 1 ih \^f S *^^ ^'^e ^"'^'^e of variety. Pine Jnn/^
and then i^rating thl XtiZtTi'^:!!'' ^^^^^ 4^ firsM^eelff
pter for the puri)oser 1 lb of brute^ «'. "''°^ ^ ''^^^^ ««^i'«e tfe
fomer cases. ^' ^^ oruised sugar. Proceed as in the
Thlriwthrboif^^^^^^^^^^ ^S^r- ^«-u^^Ghai.ed Suoak^
ac^d, and work 'the s^ar^^^^^^^^ ^^ bafK^^V,/^^' ^^«1^« «f <^"etic '
fciblespoon up against the side nf fi?f ^^^ ?^ .*^*^ ^"wl of a silver
whole in tunis,'so that every portion ZfJ ''^"^'' ^^*«^"»g "P «^e
whitish color. As soon lu ti,? " Z"*^-^ acquire an opalized or
sfette, which consS 'Uini,t"^^^;o^^^^ £^^» ^^.^^^^d ip to this
ready prepared mould- and wrpn^fi,^ it immediately into the
ttie centre, you niay tuVifthel^^e basfcef ?'"?" ^T^^'^^^ ««* fi^™ in
object may be, out of its mould kndfi.r"^?'''^'.,^^ whatover the
closet to dry, at a ven/ m?de "ate hp4 1.1* '^ *'i^ ^^^'^en or hot
pamtod in colors to imitate uatlfre Afterwards they may be
EvERTON Taffy —To m^ v^ +^"- i.
^jvlce 11 pounds of moilt s^ar" l^ou^ciro? f"?. wholesome candy,
half the riLd y ti e eVoTtowi^^^ '^'% '-''^^'^ ^"^e.
be known b^ d-;iL^!'"?-^*««?*'^e^; and, when done.
-^ a...^.^.„,„ ,„^^^ ^.^J.^ water. wTmn i* „i. '
""" '"'« "''^'o'-. ■"'lien it should be qilid
h
*^'
:|
nS GEOCERS AND CONFjfiCTlONERS'
RECEIPTS.
fhttul^l'oUh'lelnir^^^ ^^^-J.. and then stir in
of an inch in thSeHs^ THa fi^^^^^^ about a quarter
stirred all the time ^^^ ^'^ ""^"^ '^^ ^^^^J^' ^^»id the fc.ffy
InSplntoarwroftatr^T^ ""''' ?"^^ «"^^^^'' <^^P «-«h
kettfe. BoiJ it do^ and' S^S- n?,J-,^"^15- '''f^ y«"" preservhig
candymg state vn?en.ufflpt?iA."^^^^^ «^^a^' a"^ i" a
cent bottle of extract of VnWuu .}J u' ^^^ }^ ^^^^ ^ twenty-five
flavor you desire fSjeSy''' ^^^^b^^'^' l^mon, or any 'other
JSS:^iyT.Zn^^^^;ss^,^iZ- id^^Vib^C'-'b ^'^- ^">^
drops essence of nennprmint rt^^ a '■ . "^- '^^^^ honey and 4
sugar and water in a suitable W^f f lo ^V. tv^T « <i,^^ops. Put on the
Tori's j-r ¥ TpSrs^ci^^^^^^ ■" ^ ™»' !*-•
eggs; whisk rapidly and Se im^e f5^^^^^^ "le whites of 4 or 5
cream in trla^sAa a«^ ^ji",,^:^- ^i^ F,"^ ".^*" on.a sieve. Serve the
']
then stir in
lit a qiiarten
d the tufty
ir; dip each
' preserving
r, and in a
3 fruits you
i into small
I dried, are
is hot; put
alum; boil
le boiling a
twenty-five
any other
lbs. bring
oney and 4
, use white
rtar, 2ozs. :
iten; bees
?*ut on the
iwarm stir
e "sugar is
)il; take it
of honey-
inothe7\— '
boil, and
fire, and
e, 1 table-
»ees'-wax,
)il. Take
•r whiting
ip it into
ting, then
ool place.
>f double
;he sugar
s the pan
, remove
le fire for
, and let
fops in 2
5z., thick
amove it
>f 4 or 5
erve the
LEATHER
WORKERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
119
BINDERS, &c. ^^^^^^^^ WORKERS, BOOK-
llf^dB l\-'™'t;S.o1rd™! Jj>--Aleoho., I pint ,
^ insoluble aniltoe vM™rn^1t^r»r'"^»l™ a little of the so «fll
Fofa^Sll"™"'-'"* "' PotS '• ^°^- *"=''n>mate of potash?
remove from'tn;ISai„''tt'Jtir'"'=^"; 'h*^^^^^^
For tanners' surface blacWni „m l"'*' ""'' " » ready for use ''
*
-A^mmmmmtiAtmu^,.,,,.
120
LEATHER WORKEBS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
oil, 1 giU; and color it if you wish with lampblack, 2 oz. This will
not crack like the old vaniish. * « wm
Harnesh oil.— Neat's-footoil, 1 gal. ; lampblack, 4 oz. Mix well
BmLLiANT Fbench Vabnish for Leather.— Spirit of wme, f nmt •
vmegar, 5 pints; gum Senegal in powder, ^ lb.; loaf sugar, 6 oz \
powdered galls, 2 oz. ; green copperas, 4 oz Dissolve thf glim anci
sugar in the water; strain, and put on a slow fire, but don't lioil: now
put in the galls, copperas, and the alcohol; stir well for five minutes-
set ofe; and when nearly cool, strain through flannel, and bottle for
use. It 18 applied with a pencil brush. Most superior
Liquid Japan for LEATHER.-Molas8es, 8 lbs. ; lampblack, 1 lb. ;
sweet oil, 1 lb ; gum arable, 1 lb. ; isinglass, 1 lb. Mix well in 32 lbs
water; apply heat; whc i cool, add 1 quart alcohol; an ox's gall will
improve it. -^ , o ^a^i. mu.
Waterproof Oil-Blacking. Camphene, 1 pint; add all the
India-rubber it will dissolve; curriers' oil, 1 puit; tallow, 7 lbs •
lampblack, 2 oz. Mix thoroughly by heat. . -*^"w, < ids. ,
SIIOEMAKF.RS' Heel BALLS.-Bceswax, 8 oz.; tallow, 1 oz.; melt •
and add pr)wdered gum arable, 1 oz., and lampblack to Jolor.
Best Heel Ball.— Melt together beeswax, 2 lbs. ; suet, 3 ozs. ; stir
in ivory black, 4 ozs., lampblack, 3 oz., powdered gum arable, 2 oz.
powdered rock candy, 2 oz., mix and when partly cold pour into tin
or leaden moulds. r ./ r -" wu
Channellers and Shoemakers' Cement.— India-rubber dis-
solved to a proper consistence in sulphuric ether. •
Cement for Leather or Rubber Soles and Leather Belting r-
Gutta percha 1 lb.; India-rubber, 4 oz.; pitch, 2 oz.; shellac, 1 oz.;
oil, 2 oz. ; melt, and use hot. '
German BLACKiNG.-Ivory-black, 1 part; molasses, i part; sweet
on, i part ; mix, as before ; then stir in- a mixture of hydrochloric acid
5 l^art; O" of vitriol, J part; each separately diluted with twice its
weight of water before mixing them. This forms the ordmarv paste
blacking of Germany, according to Liebig.
nii^'i^^'^^'^f ^'^^^''^iTVu Ivory-black, 4 lbs.; molasses, 2 lbs. ; sweet
oil, 1 lb. ; oil of vitrol 3 lbs. ; mrx and put in tins.
H,S*^^o^ YARNiSH.-Turmeric, 1 dram ; gamboge, 1 dram ; turpen-
bne, 2 pints ; shellac, 5 oz. ; sandarach, 5 oz. ; dragon's blood 8
drams ;thin mastic varnish, 8 oz. ; digest with occasional agitation
for fourteen days ; then set aside to fine ; and pour off the clear.
Grain Black for Harness Leather.— First stam in tallow •
then take spirits turpentine, 1 pint ; cream of tai-tar, 1 oz. ; soda 1 oz.'
gum sheUac, | oz. ; thick paste, reduced thm, 2 quarts. Mix well.'
This will finish 12 sides.
Beautiful Stains for Boots, Shoes and Leather Goods.—
feolt water 1 pt.; oxalic acid, 2 tablespoonfuls or more; if required
stronger, dissolve, and for a red color, add finely pulverized rose-pink
vermihon or drop lake. Blue, add finely pulverized Prussian blue'
or mdiga Yellow, king's yellow, yellow ochre, &c. White, flake
white Gi-een, blue and yellow m^xed. Omnge, red and yellow
mixed. Purjile, red and bine mixed. Pulverize the ingredients well
belore mixing Avith the water and acid. Any other shade desired
can be selected from the " Command colors" in tli« novt dpnm-tn.ni.f
Bridle Stain.— Skimmed milk, 1 pt. ; spirits of salts, foz. ; spts
This will
Mix well,
wine, I pint;
igar, 6 oz.:
le ^m and
'tboil; now
ve minutes;
d bottle for
black, 1 lb. ;
311 in 32 Iba.
:'8 gall will
idd all the
ow, 7 lbs.;
1 oz. ; melt,
lor.
3 OZ8. ; stir
rabic, 2 oz.,
)ur into tin
•ubber dis-
BSLTING.r-
)llac, 1 oz. ;
part; sweet
Jiloric acid,
h twice its •
inary paste
lbs.; sweet
n ; turpen-
's blood, 8
il agitation
3 clear,
in tallow ;
soda 1 oz. ;
Mix well.
1 Goods. —
if required
I rose-pink,
issian blue,
Hute, flake
ind yellow
dients well
do desired
7^ '•••
toz, ; Sptrt.
■
LEATHER WOBKEBS', &C., BECBIPT8. 121
In lesB red lavender. ^ flannel. II wished paler, put
wh^\S,TtM?Sir„t''o?ffiP£? '^1'" *» T ™tber goods
ed Java mbb™? Z Pa'^'mbfef^f ftf ''•-^.''"^*<'S*"'«">«»-
goo,i purifie'dT™ ?ute .^Xffht be subBtLtlfPh P'" *? '***« *"»
cloti, wMchVeighV/o ir^1fei%eS;™vff"^°''^
Best Pure Spring, or WAsnERs-Grind together Para gum, 30
122
I
LEATHER W0RKER8^ &0., RECEIPTS.
lbs ; Porcelain or 6ori waflK »»««^. 2 lbs.; common chalk 8
^^V^aJ^^;; Porcelain crrC^ntSciTv^^^^^^^ ^ "^«-' ^^ide of
Hypo" Cloth for WATirm.T»S!^-^'/5^^^-5 P" re sulphur, 32 oz
fS^""?' ^Ibs.; lann,blao^^lh«^*:,^'*^™•~<^ri«d to^^^^^
sulphuret 01 lead, 6 lbs Th/ AP^' ' ^•^' "^^^^^^ or whithiff li iS
garments. ' ^^'^^^ This composition is applied t<;"iatJyroe;f
rlS^f '^r^^^ P--«« patent.
iiitiber from 3 to 10 iier cent .,f .;..? i """* *" incorporatini' witli til
JSX"*?;"""! l-y «« de^eo o tola acitlT'"'' "'• ««' l»«eTSlS
Binf?p4;erand%^''?^^^^^^^ WAsm-The waste is cut into
maTeri.?/ k'^^^'^^' ««»^"^'^I 3^r "^^t"' of ''^"/ ?^" .^^^''-^l''^' ^heii soak
inateml becomes sort and nlaiiiP fh^ of sulphuric acid until to
=ss;r •"''*■•" s-js-ss'si
skin, take a'bucke^''S''SefSd^''7-?^ ^«« Glov^s.-Foi- e-iol,
skui or skins liem fnL-if^Vl^^ i'"* ^^ into 1 qt of iLo . L^ Vi "
mmmmsM
' "•'■ '~ ^-"^^^ueni, and spread on ^yith a
LEATHER WORKERS*, &C., RECEIPTS.
123
I chalk, 8
oxide of
', 32 oz.
«er clean
, 11 lbs.;
aterproof
3 patent-
with the
iouM me-
p articles
) desired
lized in
ud from
1 hinges
i/cd are
is shut,
hwit is
ined by
iolidity,
articles
iwg this
d great
ti char-
tnpera-
emove
found
t into
closed
lite al-
iirsto
lough
d into
f the
soak
1 the
idry
dded
Uers,
soots
each
; the
lair,
now
take
lese
in It
tha
brush i pint of curriers' oil. and hang in tiie sun about 2 davs • nftei.
SlV«rf^.T"r"^S"* 'K''^ wit\soap.sZ, a?idhLg JSt'aS^
?mVifPnSf^'*y^'**^^°.i'"" and work them until tlieyare soft •
and if a reasonable time doestiot make them soft, scour out in suds
again as before, until complete. The oil may be sieved by Zirine or
'rl^"!^i* from the top o! the suds, if left standing as ortSle
The bufE color is given by spreading yellow ochre fvenlv over The
xXma wf^i" aIT ^"I't'^ ^"^^^« i* ^«" with! brush *^'
1 ANNiNQ WITH AciD.— Alter hav ng removed the hair Hconriro.
soakmg and pounding in the suds, ftcfas in the last redSe in n £
S tio?."^^!^*? ^.i*"«lu^i»"\' a»d «^ilt as there meiSfoneWk^^^
wp?f 1 1'« ^^' '" -^f a^J^A^^I ^a*^*"' ^H»«l parts of each, ani thoroughlv
n^n^^^''''ilff^^^^ '^'' r^V*' ^y "^^ans of a sponge or Sot J
upon a stick ; then folding up the skin, letting it sfcmd for 20 minutes
only, haying ready a solution of sal-soda and wate?, Sy 1 Tb to ^^
bucket of water, and soak the skin or skins in that fS two hours
when you will wash in clean water, and apply a little drv salt K n^i
lesh wftlf a bW IMA oT ^51 l-^h^of tfmettl^^^^ reive «f
nesn witn a blunt knife, or, if doing business on a lai --e scaln hv
means of the regular beam and flesh-We ; when dr^of ne^rlv so^
o? nWn^iLn"'"^' and rubbing with the hands, and also wKK
of pumice-stone. This of. course -is the qu ckest way of tanidnff
at2yr?ri;v^^^^^^^ *^^^^«^^'-^ soaijnroSrfd
^^fj^'^'^^^'\^^^^l^'^^^it'^^rid vitriol j'stir the skin in the iAJd ^
the Sove ^'^'"^ '* "^^""^ ' ^^'^'' ^^y' ^""^ ^«^1^ i* as direS i^
f>,?t^^'^^-^^ PROCE8s.-The Canadians make four liquors in usinc
the japomca. The first liquor is made by dissolving, for 20 sides of
upper, 15 lbs of terra japonlca m sufficient water to fover the uppeJ
BoSL^d1ih«^nf 'T"?" "^"«r ^^"tains the same amoCti?^a!
ponica, and 8 lbs. of saltpetre also. The thikd contains 20 lbs of la-
ponico and ^ lbs. of alum. The fourth liquor contauis oi ly 15 iS
dnv^«''LTS i"^ ^^^}'- «f «»lP^^^^ric acid ; and the leathe? remains 4
are^ both dm,&' Th' "^'P'" \^^^ *?? ^"''^ ^^^ quantities and «me
are both doubled. They count 50 calf-skins in place of 20 sidps of
upper but let them Me in each liquoronly 3 days
10 Tan Fur Skins, &c.— To remove the legs and useless imi-ts
soak the skm soft, and then remoye the lleshylubs^SeTlncfS
and nSX'rtu ?°^''i 1^"^ *^^'i^^«^ each skin, boral s^e^re,
^nfflSSfolf^*^' ^Z.®'''?^' ^ oz., and dissolve or wet with soft water
sufficient to allow it to be spread on tlie fiesh-side of the skin Put
itonwithabrushthickeHt m the centre or thickest part of the sldii
and double the skin together, flesh side in ; keeping ft in a cool nlace
for 24 hou^s, not allowing it to freeze. Then walh the skhi cW
and take sal-soda 1 oz. ; borax ^ oz, ; refined soap 2 oz • me t them
slowly together, being careful not to allow them to boil and anSl^
tlie mixture to the flesh side at first. Boil up again and keep n a
warm place for 24 hours ; then wash the skm clef n TiJ^ahV. TLnJ
""" "'ive saieratus 2 oz., dissolved in hot rain water siifflcTent to" well
mturate the skm; take alum 4 oz. ; salt 8 oz. ; and dissolYO aL in hot
199%'"'
■■^'"^mfmig
124
LEATHER WORKERS', 40., RECEIPTS.
; I
^^^^nl^^tVl'^t^lrf^.^-^o^tU handling „, it with
pomoa, common salt, 2 Ib^alaml^h"''™.'.^''^ »"»•«( t "rra iS
ma, sufficient water to &lve t^'eV?; /" ■•1''™ *" a copper kettS
. »A^lTf.Ca^»J w^
gftenlnXS? £^^^^^^
keeping these proportioiis iL anv|,T^?," ? each time, by
• (lark CO or to t&e leather vou wSin. ""*i ,J^ -^o" desire to give a
a^'ShrsSrtonie^ldtS^*^^^^^^^^^
!i«ke it soft lil,e hSnes^ leathef mrtZ/" fl *"?"■ ^'''^'d' S to
11 the Sim again; tlien mb out S;Vh?i-t'°°' "" "■' ". fasten tun
pulverized borax, 1 oz ■ sulnhnrif o«-!i o^^®^* ^^a»» old soap i nt
>een salted, addkalt iptfcnS/ ?"'-,. ^^ *^^^ skinrhavlSot
than 8 to 10 hours. ' D?y onS sL/ilTcn ^ w ?, ^^* ^^ soaked more
phuric acid hastens the soakiL nrll ^""^^^^^ very soft. The sul!
S"*'' *? setathicJ. S ; m Cn„ ' ^wln*"'"' ''"^^ > ae.rM
little S"*'"™' PS'" '"*'« Mlo V "v^thT aS r™ ■'■ ™'' '■> «><>
attle soft soap, and use it in flie ™^.,i„ ' " *'" " second time i
leather will be'soft anr,iiable 'uklf^^a^;,^^^^^^^^ and yo»?
LEATHER WORKERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
1^5
French Patknt LEATHKR.-Work into tho skin with appropriate
chalK'?d'Sel.\'nn-\ Jt:«^y W^e.k i« then suULted for th|
« ,t ^1^^*- ,®' 1^ varnish thinned with spirits of turpentine and
five additional app ications made in the same manner as Sre LSS
that It IS put on tW and not worked in. The Ser fs ruXd Sj
.'^.f.FTi' ""'^^T'/' r^:?,^^' ''""^ th«" Pl'^ced n a room ^i^j^deSZ
process and then stirring in 5 lbs' °o^a VaSh and 10 lbs oft™
tme. It must have 1 month's age before using it ^
CHEAP Tanning without Bark or Mineral Astringents — ThA
aatrmgent liquor is composed of water, 17 gals ; Xpn^Ss Tlb^
. Bengal cutecfiu, 14 oz. and 5 lbs. of tormentil, or septf(5^??oot Powdet:
the ingredients, and boil in the water 1 hour ; XTcool put iiTfhM
skins (which must be prepared by bemg plunged iito a 5^?epStio^^^^
?Kst 3''d1f.'r/t'.h"^'"^r^H^^^^ ' Sa^ndle-thein f'reqStt^^^^^^
foL times^Zni dnv ""i^/T *h^,."e^ 3 days, then handle three of
i^Vryo'ceTwrn^ect^^^^^^ "^'"*"^^^^ '^^ '' ^-^^ »--^
q Jf T '^^^N^^G Composition.— >or harness leather, 4 lbs catechu
fhf ^oToT^"". ^^7' ^ ^^- °^ ''^l^^^- ^^>' ^««^ ?ea«;^er (split leSer) 3
lbs. catechu, 3 pts. common ley, 3oz. alum. For calf-siinlirhf
catechu 1 pt ley. For sheep-skiks, 1 lb. catechuf 1 pt ley 1 0/ flmn"
S? «Tf>!'^-i ^L'*'f * ^l^ ^^^^ *b« leather hard and brittle ife
w 1 soften It; the alum being only used for coloring, can be dispensed
with, or other matter used in its place The niTvtnr^ fu ,•« ^
case boiled and the leather i^tMrnmers^d iS^J^yon'^^'eiSu^^^^^
be Sed^¥r^m ?rf^'9^^^^ ^""^^T '^'^ harness leather &M
oti-rc fP l?^Jf ^ ^^ d^y^^' ^»x leather from 12 to 14 davs c^U
FrVvpS Pn^f ^^y^' ^"^ «heep-skins from 2 to 4 da^s ^ ' ^'"
IRENCH Polish or Dressing for Leather— Mix 2 nt«« hpa+
vinegar with 1 pt. soft water; stir into it i lb glue broken up \m
logwood-chips, I oz. of finely 'powdered indigo.Toz oTthe beit «nf;
soap, i oz. of isinglass ; put the mixture ovef tlfe fire aifd let it boH
S .;nf T ^^^%^^^^ not been salted add a little salt and soak it n
the same quantity of wood ashes. Soak until tie hal? or wS)l' wul
di and Wn^VliS ^.* *?q"«n«y happens it is desirable to cure X
v-?'Al^^^P. *^". Si^! ^L^t^' the following paste should be made
...i. , rtv-, wi. ximc Mild iiara wood aslies (lime should be slakpH^
^nd made into a paste with soft water. This should be rreadm.thi
flesh side of the hide and the skin rolled up flesh side in^mid placed
126
LEATHER WORKERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
skiBT L tor' ;;;? ^'■"- . ^^^^- ^^^^^ ^nish tSe'sldes:
.roil } i^~*^^,*^^® S^'^^" *o imitate oak tan Take of
yellow, I lb. ; _yellow ochre, ^ lb. ; cream of tartar loz
soda, ^
chrome
soda, 1
turpentme, 1 jjt. ; mix well. This
oz; paste 2 qts; ; spirits
will finish twelve sides.
Dyes for Morocco and Sheep Leathpr ~( nu,^ \ n^ ■
they will be verv blue —( Jioti \ M^i„ ^ i. twice, ary them, and
laying them 2 hours in ^U ' fc^ wi-.^-^^"'!^ y^ti(ihmg the skin and
smearing the sk n with sap-green and alum boUed TISnfc SrZ ^^
««.».-Kmg'B yeUdw, yellow ocWr&i/ iS-Fiakrwh£
4
LEATHER WORKEBS^ AC, RECEIPTS. 127
term'df de^r,VSdo "^t ^^^^^^ ^''-^''n.-Umber, burnt do •
makes brown. 'S-BlnS' ''^^^^ ^^*^ yellow or rS also
yellow mixed. PnZe ~Red\n/f ^^"^ °?*^«^- ^^•«n7e.-Red ^d
must have two cups one fnr ?hf "*, ^^"^. '"^^«d- For e/ch color ^u
it with ox-pll, wTcCu rb^usTXll^^^^^ the other to S^
If too mucH gall is used, the coIom win Ir^L}'' ""^'^^ ^* discretion,
place on the surface of the tooS X^movli ^^.^^^ «»«y keep thei^
fit for use. All things in rSnTs*. /?? ^'^i ^^*^ * ^"^1. they are
spnnkled on the surface of^he^l^^SeSfh^'^^'^ ?'« successfvel™
and are waved or drawn Lhont^^h F "^,f^® *'^^"&h with a brush
taste. When the design is iustfo^\,t Jtt ^', ^ «*^«k' according to
cuttmg boarOs of the ^ml Ifv^ f^^i ?,' *^^® ^"^^^ ^^ed tightly between
surface of the liqiSd^Xm ^nJ^K^^^^^T^'d with its e^e on the
covers may oe marblellnlS^n "^ ^^^"^ withdrawn and drfed The
run over tLm Tmtuit^Z 7lf/ ^-5^^ ^'"^"^' "^« liqS'colorl
applied to the colors ii thelfouX Thp'i'?^' ^* *^^ P^P«^ ^s gentiy
may be as thin as possible andff '«« ^^"^ ®* ^^^^"^ ^^ the trough
may be taken off ^bTi^yW 'piS^r^'oT'S^/^ *^« marbSg^U
parts^; gum mastic, 2 t)rrtf.Iru?se^^^ ^"^ ^^^^om, 3
oil of lavender, A nart Or J? J and digest m alcohol, 48 narte •
alcohol (95 per cent), 28 parts ^^'P^^tuie, of each, 1 part; witli
parts? alZy^aTy^^'lTrf'^ UsE-Brazilwood (ground) 4
reduced to 7 Wr£!thVn"X^ quS^; o7 w' ' ^^''^' ^oil until
tie for use. -B;?/e —Stmn^ aXi,-^ ®* ^®af sugar and gum • hot-*
powdered, 2 ozf^ mix intSfttletfer^ SpanisfTiid^o^
• a warm bath U) promote solution Sl ""^^ 5-?"^^' ^^^ P^ace it in
required <»lor m a tea-cup.^fc^A^^ ^^"^^ <» the
than that made by the receipt Ced^^^'il^'" ^^^""^ ^^ ^e procured
see. Orange co^oV. ~Ground£zU wood i'^^^^ '" *^'« ™J^' ^'''"'^^
aluni, sugar, and gum arable each 1 1S- ' ^^F^'^^A annatto, 4 parts,
and bottle. Pw^e.-LolwooTcW^^ 4 ^Sf ^'' ^?,P'^"?' ^^^^^' ^^^aS
oft water, 24 parts; boil miXSuced t.?i«';i^^^ ^1"^^' 1 Part
Gfr-een.— French berries 1 mi ■ 2!!-+ . 1^ parts, and bottle for use
little powdered alumTtheJiS'c^XT^^^^^ ?«"' and add a
addmg liquid blue Brmim W tje required shade of green bv
boil i wV 6 partslTtoo~lteSH^ annatto, 1 p'art^
of a pea. ^ •*' ^''^ ^^^t add a piece of copperas the size
beidS|th?br^^^^ ot trees maybe done by
the common marble havinVth?pll ^^^' "^^^^ ^^e same method as
of a candle may be mffi^n ^1^1^^"^'^"^^ The end •
knote. mce-MarbleJ-Colovthe cof er tVf "*"• ^^ ^^f ^^^^^ to form
meric, then place on rice L a rSnfJr-^, ^P'""'!? «^ ^^^e and tur-
Bprmkle of copperas wZ^tm tSi^^L^l^^^^^,' t^^ow on a verv fine
mam till dry." 'The covpr mPv"i;o""'''^^f i^^^^^^ '^^ack, and let 'it re-
128
LEATHEK WORKERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
Spotted Marble jor Books, etc-JiUar the fore-edge of the book is cut
let It remsiin in tlie press, and throw on linseedH fn a regular nuniier
S^i'i'i^* H ^"^^ V'"\ry ^^^'•'^ ««^*''' "" <^he paper is covered then
shake off the seeds. Various colors may be used; the edge raav be
colored with yellow or red before throwing on the seeds, and m,rfnk!
Img with blue The seeds will make a fine fancy edge when placed
very thick on different parts, with a few slightly thrown on the spaces
between. Japan C\lorlng for Leather Book-Lers, e"c. - A?te? the
w^?h nliSr'T^. ^"^- "^"^ '^^:?' *^^« ««^«' ^"^ potAsh-water mixed
with a 1 ttle paste: give 5 good coats of Brazil wash, and glaze if put
the book between the hands, allowing t boards to sfepe a 1 ttle
dash on copperas-water, tlien with a sponge full of red liquid press
out on the back and on diuorent parts large drops, whiTwiirrun
down each board and make a fine s^ded red; when the covers drv
wash It over 2 or 3 times with Brazil wash to give it a brighter
color. {See the varioiiH dyes for lenther.) "nfenier
Gold Sprinkle fob BooKs.-Put in a marble mortar i oz. pure
honey and one book of gold leaf, rub them well together imtil they
are very fine, add \ pint clear water, and mix well together Xii the
water clears, pour It off, and put in more till the honeTS'extracted
and nothing remains but the gold; mix one grain 6f corroTive subi
limate m a teaspo6nlul of spirits of 'wine, and when d ssolved putlhe
same, together Avith a little gum water, to the gold, and bottle tbr use
The edges ot the book may be sprink'led or colored verrdark wftli
green, blue, or purple, and lastly with the gold liqmd iirsmalT or
Targe spots, very regular, shaking the bottle lef ore using Burnish
the edges when dry and cover them with paper to prevent the dust
jn extra wor^- ' ^^"^'^^^ """^ ^^^^ ^ ™^^* ^'^^^*"^^^ appearamS
\ '^^^ ^^^ THE Edges of Books.— Armenian bole, 4 parts; sugar can-
^J'vJit'*' ^^'^^ "^^ ^^ *S ""^- ^PPly *^»« composition to he edge
of the leaves, previously firmly screwed in the cutting-press; whfn
nearly dry, smooth the surface with the burnisher; tWu take a •
damp sponge and pass over it, and with a piece of cotton ^ool, take
the leaf from the cushion and apply it to the work; when quite dry
t^^ik&Tl^Ti^t^'"''''''''''''' '' ^^^^'^^ -• ^"^- paper between
n^H^i^^^fi ^^?^, ^"^^ BooKa.-Color the edge with light liquid blue
and dry; then take a sponge charged with vermilion and da§on spots
SS Wue ^"''^' ""^""^ *^''''^ '''' """' ""'^^ ^"*"^ *^^ ^^^^ with dS
f^J?^iff.. "^-^"^A^ ^""^^ Pabchment.-To produce this transforma-
tion take unsized paper and plunge it into a solution of two parts of
concentrated sulphuric acid combined wit.) 1 part water; withdraw
it immediately, and wash it in clean water, and the chan^ris com^
?id% tll7 ^' *r ""'^^ *^^- '^'' ^«^d supplies the wai't of S
and It becomes jo strong that a strip 2 or 3 inches wide will bear
S^y Xut?5 Ibs."""'^ *' ''^"^' ^ "^" "'"^P ^* parchment will blar
To Manufactube GLUB.-This article is usually made from the
parings and waste pieces of hides and skins, the refuse of tanneries
the tendons and other offal of slauirhter hoUe« T}{..r L^'^^.l^^^X
obtamedand kept in the dry state/ to prevent'decomiosition ^V^
LEATHER WORKERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
129
1180, they are hi-Ht Bteepod for 14 or 16 days in milk of lime, and then
draniodand dried ; tliig constitutes the cleaninj? or the piVnamtion
Before conversion mto glue tliey are usually steeped in weak nd^k S
h me, well worked m water, and expcsecT to tie air for 24 1 lourl
They are then placed in a copper boiler ^ filled with water mid fur^
niBhed with a perforated false fottoin, to Jrevent them f Zi bfiniW
ft^ iw "i'^ '' ^^^"^ ^.'-^ T ^"1 fi" *J^« ^««««1 a"d rest on the ™p S
f;,.iJ^* ^^ '\-''^ applied, and gentle boiling continued until the
liquor on coolmg becomes a gelatinous mass The clear porti m is
then run off inU, another vessel, where it is kept hot by a wS^r ^th
and all around to repose for some hours to deposit, when it is ruiUnto
the congealing boxes and placed in a cool sitilatioli. The next noni^
ing the cold gelatinous mass is turned out upon boards wetted with
water, and are cut horizonbilly in thin cakes with a stretched Siece!^^^
brass wire, and into smaller cakes with a moistened flat ku le. ^ These
cakes are placed upon nettings Ui dry, after which they are dipped
one bv one m hot water and slightly rubbed with a brush wetted
with Uluig water to give them a gloss ; they are lastly stove dried
for sale. During this time the undissolved skiJs, &c., left in the cin-
Sndlr*'^'''^^T*^" ^"^ ^'^ ^1»'^1« operation is^epea?edagam
f l;ii ^'"IV »«/'^y gelatinous matter is extracted. The first runnC
«^'inH^'L?i"''*.^"^ best. glue. The refuse matter from ti^tef-
SoT4 w^huflfr '''''' ^" *'^ "^"^^^' -^^- ^"^^' ^ P^'
To Dye Leather YELLow.-Picric acid gives a good yellow
n^Zr'^^^^f^iU'lr'' ^" T.^ ^ verf dilute s&utiorand
r^i^L;^ " TOO Fahr., ^^ .^^ ^^^^ ^ penetrate the leather.
Green Dye for LEATiiER.-Aniline blue modifies picric acid to
a fine green In dyeing the leather, the temperature of 85° fir
must never be exceeded. See AnilikeDyes in Dmr^Dep't '
fn??' ^?u ^''^?^' ^^«^' ^^» BONE.-.5M--1 Laf the articles
S t^e iSt '2'1Sl^tfiT^T^"/°" ^^ »^*^^*« «* '^^^l and ex^se
to tne light 2. Boil the article for some time in a strained decoction
of logwood, and then steep in a solution of per-sulphate or aceS o^
iroi^ 3 Immerse frequently in ink until of 8uffidlnt%?th of ^1^^^
BJne.-l Immerse for some dilute solution of sulphate of iidhjo nartl v
saturated with potasli and it will be fully stamed 2 Steep in a
■strong solution of sulpliate of copper. Green.-h Dip bluSined
articles for a short time in a iiitro-liydrochlorate of tin and then hi r
until the desired color is obtained. Recl-1. Dip the article fiSt in •I'tfn
wnnS r? ^^ ^^r^' 'T^ *h^" plunge ^ a^hot deletion of B^^^^^
fTn «^;;i-^-.^ ^S^^^T °/, ^^*^^ or~cochineal. 2. Steep in red iitk
Sin^^TSS '^'^^- J<',^riet.-yse lack dye instead^^the p"S
ceamg. Fiolet.~Dip m the tin mordant, and then immerse in a derno
to""* f ifir^f.- r«"*^-Boil the articles in a soSn of a lum 1 T
TaL ffl Tf'v^^'' '°?™^'f tZ^^^^ ""'' 1^«^^^ "1 «^e following mikure-
lake i lb. of turmeric, and | lb. pearlash; boil in 1 gal water^ when
MoxSoF IeaL^^^^ V^,"^ tS aC'sohS
«of; • -f . ^^^-' *»<^BK.— This delicate substance reauirea e-rpnt
180
LEATHER WORKERS^ AC, RECEIPTS.
?4*rns''si1d''rJte^^^^ rn all onmmental work, whm^
liito a tl iT Lf„1?^""'i'r" **"Hty I>u'verize(f rotten Htone aud make
be nSr ilt h fiZ^v '""r a»y "cratches or flie marks that may
u^iJr tL. I *'i*'*^ pulverized pumice-stouo, inoiHtened with
wator.-lhen wash the ivory aud r)oli«h with preDared chalk aniS
mo Ht iiimi a piece of chamois leatWr, rubbing qS.klv ' *^
o» 1 ♦K "'*^ IvoiiY —Immerso it in a solution of nitro-muriate of unld
in clean r^^^^^^ '' ^ ''''''^^'"^ ^-« -'^"^ ^^""P- VVaTiul^t^rw^a^rd^
mJi^i^^'o JI" {yoBV.-Pound a small piece of nitrate of silver in a
r^se wZu T^' V> it, mix them >iell together, and keep in ^al
depicture a ti jure, mime, or cipher, on your ivory, dip a mmeTs-ha^
t^n^'" ^f ^ •*^'"',^"' ^"d ^"^^ the subject on th^e ivo^ry. Aft^r i Z
turned a deep yellow, wash it well with water, and plat^ i? in th«
wS tnvn' ^/"^r^'^^Jl^ ^""'"S ^* ^ith pure water. In a shorf ti^ne it
rbiilSantlilver^^^ """^'^ ^'^'"'' ^^^^^' '^ ^«" '"^^d' ^"^ ^^ange'to
To Soften Ivory.— In 3 oz. spirits of nitre and 15 oz of «nrincr
sr ?t ^i?ii*7;^^^^^^^ ''''' "^ ^^^' ' ^"' ^ ^^ "^ ^'""'^
looks quite white. To polish it afterwards, set it in thXirner's wheel
and after havmg worked, take rushes and pumice-Ses Tubtil^
w'^hLA'^^ r^r. '.«b it till it looks perfectly smooth Next to
that, heat it by turning it against a piece of linen or sheep-sk n Ser^
and when hot, rub it over with a little dry whiting diluted iS^oil of
ohve ; then with a little dry whiting alone : fiimUy w "h a p ece of
S "e^^rZie. "^^'^ '" *^^^ '^ ^^^'^'^^^ ^« direc^^SelvSrwul
Another WAY TO Bleach IvoRT.-Take 2 handfuls of Ume slake
it by sprinklmg it with water : then add 3 pts. of water and stir thp
whole together ; let it settle ten minutes, aid ^uMhe water iLt^^'f
affo^rTfo3 af JtT- ^^^,T.^^«^y aiKLep ItTfthe Ume"
Tnd drjTt^ the ai'r '*"' ""^''^^ ^'^ it ma strong alum-water 1 hour,
Horn in Imitation of Tortoise-Shell.— First steam and thon
press the horn into proper shapes, and afterwards lav tZ f "llow n^
S"'T?u7i*^ ^i'""^^ ^T^^.''' i"^^^*i"" «f ti^e mottle of toSe?
shell , Take equal parts of quick lime and litharge and mix with
strong soap-lees ; et this remam until it is thoroughly dry Kh off
and repeat two or three times if necfissflrv S"oh .^".X o7„L. -^?„..*i'**;
I
LEATHER WORKERS', AC., RECEIPTS. ISI
^nd Vi Hto."^*"^ ^"''"''' '^^"^^ ^ '«^««^^ ^i'h a mixture of whiting
To OUT AND POLISH MAUBLE.— -The mjirhlfi aaw la a fV,J., i * «
«oft iron contimmlly Hupplied, during ir^wi.rnmlv,, ' U''*^^^^^
b?h^'d ffiofZi in' ^^^'"«/^' moderat^epiecenikpir omed
in^il "n,; «iilu..K »*^® "^'''""^'1 '"'^"^ ecouoinioallv done by a pn)Der
h u^ ^^^ »ub8tance used in the polishinir pnicesg is the Hhap.E«f
«ind, which nu.8t be worked with till the mS^comeH S^tfv
tiat Then a second and even a third sand, of hicrS rSu^eneHs 1^
to l>e ap,,hed. The next substance is emery. oM)roX?sivrS;««
of h.ienoHs ; after which, tripoli is employ7^ TaiTtKLt wZhlS
PowEitFUL Cement for Broken MARBLE.-Take irum amliJ*. i
Vl^ s1?JS'^.Sn'i' r^ "^r^^"^ ^^^ *« '' ix)wdered UtSof iSris
gamboge m spirits of wine. Gold Color ; saCZonirc sulohS ni
zmc. and verdigris equal parts. Orem sap greZ ,, soir^^^^
Perpetual Ink FOR ToMSTONEs, ETc.-Pitch lllbs • lamnhi«,.ir
1 lb. ; turpentiiie sufficient ; mix with lieat. ' ' I'^mpblack,
To Clean Old MARBLE.-Take a bullock> gall, 1 gill soap lees,
r.a.i|Ts^E.S«a'S
icijuiitJU
the marble
""^rESttAc? oT U* '^^^^^^'^ applicat^n.
JSo^r^d rs'^/'tr %^:trfd"S" Ti?tV r -r-
^ma pui iut„ it 2J drs. 01 camphor i ■ siSto oFwiiVirdr'whS'S
132 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS.
CMinphor ia dissolved, add to it the following mixture : Avater drs •
HJiKpetre, 38 grs, ; sal-ainnioniac, .'58 grs. Dissolve these salts in the
water pnor to mixing with the camphorated spirit ; then shake all
well together, cork the hottle well, wax the top, but afterwards xiake
a very small apertiire in the cork with a red-hot needle. By ob-,erv-
mg the different appearances which the materials assume as the
wejither char.ges, it becomes an excellent prognosticator of a cora-
nig stonn or of a sunny sky.
Tkappers' and Anglers' Secret for Game and Fish.— A few
drops of oil of anise, or oil rhodium, on any trapper's bait, will en-
tice any wild animal into the snare trap. India cockle mixed with
flour dough, and sprinkled on the surface of still water, will inttix-
icate fish, rendering them insensible ; when coming up to the surface
they can be lifted in a tub of fresh water to revive tliem when they
may be used without fear. Fish may also be caught in large numbei^
during the winter season by watcliing them through the ice and strikin"
it with a mallet directly over where they happen to be. The shock
fc ins them, and they will rise, belly upwards towards the surface
when they are easily secured by breaking a hole m the ice.
PAINTERS, CABINETMAKERS, GILDERS,
BRONZERS, GLASS STAINERS, &c.
Compound Colors— 62 Tints— 7?/^/6._Grind Prussian blue m
turps, other blue, very fine in linseed oil; mix with white paint to the
color required. Straw.— A mixture of chrome yellow and white lead,
oil and turps. Steel— Mix ceruse, Prussian blue, fine lac, and
vermilion, with oil and turps. Purple.— White lead, Prussian blue
and vennihon, Avith oil and turps. French (??•«?/.— White lead and
Prussian blue tinged Avith vermilion, and for the last coat substitute
carmine or lake for vermilion. Drab.— White lead with a little
1 rus>iiaii blue and French yellow, linseed oil and turps. Another
•1 IT ^^^,1*^''^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ Prussian blue and lampblack, linseed
oil and turps. Dark Red, for common purposes.— Mix English Venetian
red, m boiled oil, with a little red lead and litharge, to give a drying
quality. Lic/hter Red.— Mix together equal parts of Venetian red' and
red lead in boiled oil and turps. Imitation of Vermilion.— Grind togeth-
®^' "V""; ^f^ ^®'^^ '"id ''ose pink. Deep Red.— Mix in oil, vermilion with
a d ust of Venetian red, or red lead. Unfading Orange— This is a mix-
ture of orange lead (orpiment) and French or stone yelloAv, oil and
turps. Bnuht Yelloio, for floors.— White lead and linseed oil, mixed
with some French yellow, and a little chrome yelloAV to heighten it
some red lead, burnt white vitriol and litharge, added to give it a dry-
ing quality. This color mixed with *qual parts of boiled oil and
turpentine, and used very thin. Dark Yelloic.—Mix French yellow in
boiled oil, adding to it a little red lead or litharge to give the mint a
..!_)!, .J, .'^ ,'•',' -^'■9"'^ j.vituLu. — iiiiK io a mixture oi Irench yellow
and white lejid, with oil and turpentine, ^no^/ier.— French yellow,
lEIPTS.
water drs. ;
se salts in the
then shake all
erwards I'lake
e. By ob.-^orv-
assurne as the
tor of a corn-
FiSH.— A few
bait, will en-
le mixed with
er, will inttix-
to the surface
m, when they
large numbers
ee and striking
B. The shock
8 the surface;
ice.
LDERS,
&c.
sian blue in
te paint to the
id white lead,
fine lac, and
Prussian blue
hite lead and
)at substitute
with a little
rps. Another
black, linseed
;lish Venetian
give a drying
etian red and
Grind togeth-
ermilion with
This is a mix-
)llow, oil and
ed oil, mixed
I heighten it,
give it a dry-
iled oil and
nch yellow in
e the paint a
leuch yellow
euch yellow,
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 133
White lead and red lead. Another.~T\x\^ is a mixture of Prussian blue
Ji^S^} ^r"*"'^' .^?•"^" 1'^'*^*^" «* ^^'^^-key umber, and a litttle buS
V trio . Ground the same way. Another, in oiY.-Mix Pr.issian b ue
and chrome yellow. Ground the same. Another 67iarfe— A mixture
t.\TT^ bne and French yellow, with a small q^ttity of w^^^^^
^wT'^/T^'w?'.''"'^?''.^^^.^^^"^* ^itri"l. ground^ the same. ' S,?
other li(,ht-Wint^ mixed with verdigris. A variety of shades may
be obtained by using blue and yellow with white"^lead AnoS
Otee.-Black and blue mixed with yellow, in such quantities as to
obtom the colors or shades required. -"For distemper, uTiiiSo and
'lZTi^^^;^7^;:!S^J^.:^ lead Vwder. fZ^^^
French yellow, in boiled oi\, tiien mixToThe tS^^
outside work, such as doors, carts, wagoAs, railings, &c. LiSit
Gm?/ IS made by mixing white lead with lam'pblack,"u8ing more or
less ol each material, as you wish to obtain a lighter or a darlcer shade
Bu:(t IS made from yellow ochre and white lead. MYt'e/ or Si
gra?/.-Mix white lead, Prussian blue, and a very slight portion of
b ack, regulatmg the quantities you wish to obtain^ haxfnGmyt
obtained by a mixture of white lead and Prussian blue, with a small
E wfii?J ^^^nnl. fj^'^ ^f'''-^^^}^^ ««^^re and red Tead, wi h a
litt e white. Oak Wood Golor.-% white lead and i part umber and
yellow ochre, proportions of the last two ingredients being determined
by tl.e desired tints. Walnut-tree Color.-^ white 3 and ^rS
ochre, yellow ochre, and umber, mixed accoi-ding tc^tSade sought
If veimng IS required, use different shades of the same mixture Id
f?.'d Tinf ?T* ^^^'^'f ^^'''^' JonquiL-Yellow, pinlc, and we
lead. This color IS only proper for distemper, iemon Yellow-
Realgar and orpiment. The same color can be obtained by Sinjr
yellow pink with Njiples yellow; but it is then only fit for Semper
Orange Co/or.-Red lead and yellow ochre. Violet Coloi^-YenSn
or red lead, mixed with black or blue, and a small portion of whSe
Verimlion 18 preferable to red lead ii'i mixing this ?olor? PmS-!:
Dark red mixed with violet color. Ca ma W -I X and white
Gold color.-Mamcot, or Naples yellow, with a small quantity of
rea gar and a very little Spanish white. Olive Color may be oSned
by black and a little blue, mixed with yellow. Yellow-pink ^Xa
htte vei^igris and lampblack; also ochre and ^81^^11 quanritv of
white will produce an olive color. For distemper, indlgi aM yellow-
l?^^"?*'^ with white lead or Spanish white, must be used H
Se ' cZ^u^n'r '"'ST'^''- ^^«^^ <^o/o;.-Prussian bkie and
To mpUp^t f hf ^^^^''T^ed ochre and black, for a dark chestnut
Sr Snr X nni^r^^ "^ ^ mixture of yellow ochre. Light timber
co^or hpruce ochre, white, and a little umber. Flesh Color —Lake
white lend and a little vermilion. Light Willoio (h-eem~wS
mixed with verdigris. Gra,s ri/wn.-Ye low-pink niixed with vir'
dgns. .^one CWor.-White, with a little spriv-e ochre % w-l/JS
CWor.-Black and white, with a little Prn««inn hina iprJi>yti"l_
lLlnnbSp2'«n^"l ochre, with a little Vemiilioii."" "(7Aoco/ate Color.-
Lampblack and Spanish brown. On account of the fatness of lamp-
'I, I
134
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
Um?m™J5lorn!.hr^5S ^"^. red lead. Portland Stone Colon-
uniDei, yellow ochre, and white lead. Iio8e Color.— Whito IpiH unA
carmine or lake. Scdnion Color.-White lead and blue yellow and
w. ^^T^ CUyr.-White lead, Pru8«»ian blue, and red iZd^or
-White lead, black, red, and blue. Pea G'^erI-Whitfi ?paH .i^!i
m„°.h'^ boil aj. boilir'g will render T,Sm or usT ThenS&S
f? n »& "'"""^/"yon think you wiU use for your first (Sirt bet!
It up thick with water to a perfect pulp to get rid of liimM &f ' N^w
put m a paU as much of this whiting mixture as will be Sn^LrfZ
sic^nii^tttt'd sSfst^pirr>oo#r,^i?^^^^^
Sm^ne.*°LfljXrX"Kf r"*' 7'"4" '^•' ^o' »'
dryeraswilldrvitWi-Wn.J,, I!f jj?'"' ."''"« »« ""«=•> Japan
si»il the Tubs^^ient work °' ^'''"K "^ ""«"' «"' »" " ^'i
wa^'L^St^S tor 'the"fir'/;;',^ '^^ ''r'"»8- «° "^er the
wuiicuuy iaia out. " • ° x— "-"^^ia
L/C OU
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 135
To prepare old walls or ceilings ; if there are any stains or cracks
in the plaster, repair with size putty, 11 smaU, or use plaster of Paris
and a little putty lime if the cracks are lar^e, daniplni? the places
with a brush and water, then applying the plaster with a small
trowel, afterwards smoothing off neatly. When all is dry and hard
prepare the walls or ceilings with a coat- of paint prepared as before
directed, or Avith a preparation coat in size made of whiting with an
exti-a quantity of melted glue containing a small quautitv' of alum
Give the walls a good coat of this, let it harden well, then ai)i)lv
another ; this ought to be sufficient if good flowing coats are applied
Now mix the colors to the proper tints (in oil), lav in the panels
first ; then the stiles, and when dry, put on the flat or last coat (spirit
color). When the work is dry for panelling, use the foUowing for
mixmg the finishing colors: Turpentine, a little mastic vaniish, a
httle white wax, and a Uttle pale damar. Varnish, use but little
vanush else too much gloss will be produced, the only use beine to
cause the color to set quickly to permit rapid work
The fresco paiiiter will find contmued use for a book of designs to
Illustrate the different orders of architecture, pillars, columns, scrolls,
borders, &c. and should make a particular study hi the line of sketch-
ing any thing and every thing calcuhited to assist him in the business
House Painting.— Pnmm//, apply as thick as the pamt will
spread easily, rubbing out well with the brush. Use litl^rge as a
dryer. After sandpapering and dusting, putty up all the nail heads
and cracks with a putty-knife. OxUstde second Coat. Mix vour
pamt with raw oil, usmg it as thick as possible consistent witheasv
spreading. After It is applied, cross-smooth the work until it is level
rJi^r"!}. •^^®'^^'l'''^A^"iSthwise with long light sweeps of the brush.
Outside third Coat. Make a little thmner than the last, rub out well
S'''"'^*^^^"^.^"^ "'^^y "S^*ly ^^*h the tip of the brush!
Inside second Coat. Mix your pamt as thick as you can work it
Sn??"^^ ^?^'^^ «*J^ V" and turpentme, rub this out well and
caretuUy with the brush, cross-smooth and finish even and nice
Inmh third Coat. Mix with 3 paits turpentine and 1 part of
^Z?ll' '"'V''* y,?ll and smooth off with great care. Fourth Coat,
fjattmg. Mix with turpentine alone thin enough to admit of spread-
2l^.i??r!Sv,^*- ^®*^:.u^PP^y quickly without cross-smoothing, ^nd
finish lengthwise with liglit touches of the tip of the brush, losing no
S.?v%^' 1'?*" "^P^^^y- ,^'"«^'^ i^/a«m.^. *^ Ground white lead "s
?l^i with turpentine almost as thin as the last-named mixture
nnn.ff ff^*^^!*''''^ sett e and the oil and turi^entine rise to the top,
pour It off, and repeat the mixture until what rises to the top is clear
mS'w-ti 7^^ ""^.^^^^ ^/ withdrawn by this process, tiie feSs
Srp TV^'-*"'^^°*"'^'/"^,*PP"^^ thickly and evenly with great
^H V.oT f '^ ""a^^ ^If ^°^^^' ^«**' and the room must be kept shut
Pnt£®^ ^'""'^ draught,, as th(i color sets as fast as it is put oi. See
Porcelain Finish for Parlors. Plastered Walls, ttive them a
?V/»fi/ w^"^^ ^^^''It P^^"**}"^ ^" «^^- ^^^^'""ff ^^^M/ Walls or
oeijinf/s. Wash oyer the smoky or greasy walls with nitre, soda, or
thm hme wliitewash, the last is the best. ' '
Useful Hints to Painters.— Pampers' Colin. Tn 9X o^u
Sf qSt" ^^^^}Tl ^t ^ ^I^^^cP"^ sulphuric acid, mix well aiid Fet it
stand 3 hours. A tumbler full 2 or 3 timea per day is said to be very
:ll
136 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
}uriii.T tho^G von nnTnff o^^nan^^e your gn "ments every week, well
alid avXleS^^^^^^ at S Sne ^'"r ' T^' '^'''^' ^^" ventilated
foSeds.SkiPrSn }^'*-^ ^*''°"^ ley, hot. Sandim/ The per-
7beUoX ff w r^t«*T"f .1^^* ^"'f^^^d *« the nozzle of a pair
RosR PiNK.-Bmzil wood ilb., and boil if. for tw^ !,«„.. V„„:„„ .
gui. oi water at the end ; then strain it, and'boll "alumrnb.rhrtiie
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTEIJS', &C., RECEIPTS. 137
water until dissolved; when siifflc.iently cool to admit the hand add
muriate of tin, i oz. Now have Paris white, 12^ lb Tmo «ten up tea
wIfi?"''fT.^' ^."^ ^^^^" ^^« fi^t i« «"«i. «tir them th?rou.^hl?
together. Let stand twenty-four hours ""uroueiuy
Patent Yellow.— Common salt, 100 lbs., and litharee 400 lbs
are ground together with water, and for some time in alentThS
riSi'?"ir^'^^^J^J'"P?^y *^« ^««« ^y evaporation; thf carbonate
of soda IS then washed ou^ with more water, and the White residuum
heated till it acquires a fine yellow color. resiauura
Naples Yellow.-NoI. xMetallic antimony, 12 lbs.; red lead 8
lbs. ; oxide of zinc, 4 lbs. Mix, calcine, triturate well together and
iZ^rfowdef '= '^' ^"'"^ ^"^^« ^""«* ^' ^'■^^''^ andXSed u1
Cheap Yellow Paint.— Whiting, 3 cwt. ; ochre 2 cwt • frmunA
white lead 25 lbs. Factitious linsee^^ oil to grind ' ' ^
leadTc'lf^wStw'Tr?^*^-^"^ «^"^^' 2 cwt.; ground white
jeao, i cwt., whitmg, 1 cwt; ground umber, 14 lbs.: lime water fi
gals. Factitious linseed oil to ^ind. ' ^'^' *"
tJ^.'^v^'''^^'^^ PuTTY.-Whiting, 70 lbs.; boiled oil, 20 lbs Mix- if
too thm, add more whiting ; if too thick, add more oil. '
10 Imitate Brown Freestone.— First make a prettv thick oil
pamt of the same color as the stone to be imitatedf Sh mav be
done m different ways, the basis is white lead or zinc wlUte, Sed
with umber and mars red, or any other pigments which suit von i.i,?
|n\;f, "Tif ' ^"^^hile yet sticty thro^ Smon Se "anfagki^^^^^
It tins wi 1 not affect the color and will make a rough sandv co-it
mutating the surface of the stone. ^ ' ^ '^'^
German Carmine.— Cochineal, 1 lb. ; water, 7 gals • boil fnr a
minutes, then add alum, 1 oz. Boil for 5 minutes more filter and se?
aside the decoct on in glass or porcelain vessels for 3 ^ys then decant
tti,e liquor and dry the carmine in the shade. The remauTg iSr
will still deposit of an inferior qualitv. by standing "'*"'"'« "q^«'
bTAiN for Floors.— To strong ley of wood-ashes add Piinnah
oil It dries quick and stands well in any weather
Ki,n«f -^^ Imitation of Gold.— Mix white lead, chrome yellow and
burnt sienna until the proper shade is obtained ^
Beautiful White Paint.— For inside work, which ceases to
tS add 1 'nf 'n?^TS-'* ''^^l'' clear fire, strain it, and bottle it for use;
men add 1 pt. of this mixture to 4 ptb. bleached linseed oil shako
17" .yell together, grind white lead in spirits of SiA
fn^ iJV *fS? 1^*^^ '".®^^"?* «* *^^ ^«^d ^ «'^ke it propw for paS
S?i\oL • *^'^^' "' "f'""^' *^"" ^'^^' turpentine, it bein| suitable for
the best niternal work on account of its superiority and'expense.
usS::.d"d^orth]S^rjpi;^t^ni^^^^^^^ '' *^^^ ^^^* - '' "--^ ^'' -
To Mix Common White Paint.— Mix or e-rind white loaH i» u„_
S!?»l'" ^'H'^ consistency of paste ; add turpelitine in tiieproportVon
of one quart to the gallon of oil ; but these proportions nXt be va"
138
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
oil ; i „,ix tht7S?Ktfef v^3''„,'r".!^Slet''i'" "'"■"t^
sufficient only to bind the cnlnr i ' . ' • ---^ a little resm vaniwh,
X. ^insr -» SS -T '-1 «fe
must be „«od when ,ui.e waL, ^ gJJl 'the Tuish^^'-ii^SoSn^e"
pea-green St ire^rv^a^^^^^^^^^^ 1 1?; ^* J'P ^'^^""^ ^ ^"^'^t mineral
atore«„d preparations U wuf retain a wrL^wW^Us v^erydUh!
rel'£.d'^°plSTf-aX'^'«''°giri^jrT%".^^^^^^^
... ^..^^. ^,,^ fti^J^aga are supported a little above the
and carboi
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC.,- RECEIPTS. 139
termite layers with spent Snners' bark un«t 11.^; ^.""*= "]? "^ Al-
layer of iK)t8 being covered ^vlth a h^;H S ^^"^^ *? formed, each
place in the tan, and serves tlie dm,M; ^^^^^n^ation soon takes
supplying c^rlxmic acfd After th«^'- generating heat and
metalliclead is found converted ?nf!, S^^^^^ ^'"^ or eight weeks, the
with hydr8,ted oxide It^then levtjl^ ^ maj^sesof carbonic mixed
with oil. '^ ^''®" levigated, washed, dried, and ground
tar^'fS'^L'ar^/^e^trmr^^^^ IZ it ^^'^^^^^^^ 2 quarts of
pounded glass, lib, ; Lked lime ? f^ f"" ve««el, and have ready
and sifted through a iXsLrVdil'^fl^ "^^^^^ '" *" i''"" P>t
glass, to make ft thrthicCs of tShf n« ?^'^ ^'T ^ **^« *»'' a»d
square foot at a time as it hlrHpL ^^-^f' s^P^ent to cover a
eolith of an inch tMck '*''^^"' '** 'l^^^^' ^PP^y i* about an ■
Ja^fTpSs'^fTmnaSTn t^rSrT" ^^ ^^ «•
and 1 pock of white sand S^ftthem fin/'o' i ^^^J"^.^^ wood-ashes,
cient to use with a paiit brush -thS S^%r^^ ""^^ ""'^^^^ «*' «^ffl-
it will work for the second coat' Snd^t fin? """"^i ' i'^^ '^ ^^ ^'^^^k as
and it is a good composiSon ' ^ * ^''^' ""^ ^^^* ^* »» * trough.
Putty fob Repaikino Bkokpn Wat ra tk^ u .
IS composed of equal parts of Shig and nllJ^^^^^^ ^""^ ^°' ^^"«
ly hardens. The walls ma v iVa Irrfrf ^^ • *^, ^*®f ^* ^a"«' »« It quick-
painters use whiting witffie CtH^^^^^^ »P«n it. Some
blocked up and shS S bu^iit s^^^^^^^^
ouawhitemarbleground blocked nrf^n? V i^^f^^^'-Gold letters
brown or burnt sienn^ (>.rX?-L1S i^^^ ^f^ transparent
chocolate ground. Onarioh Wn^^J ^^^*^.V^^^^' «» » scarlet or
black and white W^Ste "etteri on f h/nl' ^^^** ^?*r ' ^""^l^ «baded,
look very well. On a purple ffZnS n nlY'J?"^' "i^^^^^ ^^^^h black
Mix ultramarine and^vSmilS fo; ? ^rif *h'' '^*^^'* ^^^^ ^^^te!
shaded with a light grey vSlion.?..fT't''''^"^' ^'"'e letters
with vermilion and lake for th?lPtfpr.!'l"*i' ^f*?'"^ y^"^^' stained
for tl e above bolorsTRose o^nVl^^^^^^^^ ^^"^- ^ substitute
stone yellow, white ead and Vph^.I ^^ lead; and for the letters,
gold is obtain'ed^SrgSn "^^^^ good substitute for
vermilion together.^ Mix yo^r colori^- ?^^^^^^
use for drie? gold size CHhL Z a '"""^ anting m boiled oil, and
blues, vennili^riake and Saxo^r A^r;"'*^" ''^^ .^"'^ ^'^^ ar"l
gilding, follow the toSnrmVe^^ m,d?r ff "', ''"^ '^ ^^^^^ ^^^
Letters on Wood." '^'^'^^^^ g^^en under the head of '' To Gild
..J^- ^/7® Lustre to a Light .Bo™ o^ottxtt. _ *fx„_ ., , ^
£"c wnccen and drv naint thpcTfrvur.^ VT — '-•.-"• — -t-Icci me letters
With the san.e colo^; a^rwSl^Sf ^S". A"^^C^bK^^
V- I
f i
140 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
& Zr^^: JS or^^lt^ r..y .e,.ed instead of or
utmost smoothness by gS^r^^^^ ^^j'^^^^^^^^ reduced to tho
To Gild Lkttebs on Wood ip wli "^^'^^P^^^'^^-
smooth as iwssible, go over it w^^Vh « .7- '^" your sign is prepared as
dissolved iA about f5?r timcL ite w^l^"? "?^^^ ^^ ^^"^^ ol an e^g
quantity of fuller's eart Vh . f ^^* "^ ^-^^^ ^^^er; addin<r a sinall
part bul the letterl'' W le ^d%^ s^e? out'tf.lfi^t:'^^ sticking to'an'y
writing luyng on tlie size a" thiniv as n Lfhi« ^^"^k' ''"^ ^ommencJe
I^et It stand until you can hiirp v f^li^^^ ®' ^^*^ * sable pencil
Avork with your gofd leS k, I?^„^^*^^ "" f '.^^^* stickiness, then rr" to
IJikoaieafVonTeSti^^^^^^^^^ ^"d ^'i/d the iXl"
• into the back part of your cushion Jni' '^"«^ Saving it a slight puff
the cushion as straiglTt as nossi Se' J ll, '^'-^^ '^x*'" ^^^ front part of
your mouth to flatten itZS^ Now^^u^^^^ ««Sht puff wi h
with the heel of your knife forwIrdJ M!"" *''^t P?P^^ «'^e, cutting
your hair; tjike lip the gold on t^« ?w /«^ »'"b the tip lightly on
letters; when tljyave^all Zevy^S^' """^ P^«^ ** »«^tly on the
and ^^ently rub the gold mitrinssnlt'HnrP^- ^"" cotton woo^^
tjey with Clean water t. taL'irri^^^^.^^, ^^^^
or^wlJS^su'^^^^^^^^^^^ lay out on a lead color
eacJi letter with /a<oi7 5i2eTWs ^"5^- «i^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^''« o^
togett^ckyand ready for gilding A fl^^ f^r^t^'^ ^^""^^ ^^ hours
perfectly dry, mix up (for blue sm«if=rp ^^ ^^^^ ^^'^^ ^s laid and
with oil, adduig amy drvern,?;i-^ Prussian blue and keg lead
a«d fill ;,p all Sie Ztsirwith^blu^^^^^^ ™°d the ittteTs
81ft on the smalts, allowingXe sim W. V *^-®'' ^'^^ » small sieve
part w th plenty of smS^and Xw itt. rT"^P*''*"y- ^^^^'^ ^^^ry
the paint is dry. Then carefiSlv slmke off ?i^^"' unmolested until
the work is done. ^^^^luiiy snake off the surplus smalts, and
Superfine Size fok Girnrvn r^ ^ j •
auimi, powdered, 4 ozs^ iS^ng the;;il ^T^^^^r^.^"^^^^^ ^ 1^- > P"regum
eovere(f metal pot, add Cfr fnm Z/^T*"* *^.*h^ ^o'""? point in a
stirring all the^time ^ S !^ fSetSv ''^i?^*!^"^^^ ^ *h«" "?
sistency and strain while wS?h3h«m^-- *^^'^ *« * *arry coni
a wide mouth; keep it w^U ?orkeTf J'^^^^ »"to a warm bottle with
turpentine. This is the celebiSpd RJrmf T ^'e^A"^^' thinning with
unequalled for tenacity and durrbuSvSIl^."' J "^'^'^* «^^«." and is .
£w 1. Copal varnish iSc^^^^ •
upon a frame^'rSfeSeSS^^^^^^^ *^^ f^-^'^^^^
of bleached shellac dissolved in ^iS^^^^^^
consistence, go over aiii.hnnT.f a « alcohol, thinned to the nroner
ninning the^outS^tev' fo !!vf *^ ^.i^^^^^^ or painted,Tv^S-
For inside work the white if 'Itnt-m.^^^^^^^ ^ '"'l'''^- ^'^'" spreading,
while the size is still wet^ wheS 1?v '/ ^ ffofd
proceed with the shading miitiTfJ^' 2 ^* off the suri)lu8 gold, and
with thick iTina ,-a „::::ru^?'_i^^"*?"^. &c. a iittie honev n^mi;^.;!!^
- => } •>» miivrnucr KOOQ t>126 "' ' "'-"■"■'■'"VjU
CABINKTMAKKKS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 141
cotton Thia «Tiii C« i^JtHJiLu ic Willi aiiuted alcohol and a Diccfi nf
when dry enouKli fo^^^^^^^ TJL ^°,T f ^^^ ^"'^ «" «i^«' «nd
thorou^^lfly, aftliward^ i,S -'''* "^''^ ** ^^^"
camel-hair brush or cotton " ^ **'^ ^*^'^ ^"^^ ^^^^ yo'i^ ««*
an^^itra'pJSeeiln^ mo'iSSn;^ ri^lfd" 1?%"^ ^^^ ."T' — ^^
into the raouldiiiff an iS ? v.h- i?i«l 1 *' ^u"^ ^"* *^"" grooves
surface of the S In eaJh i^^ ^^^'^ «»* ^ ^^acli to the
order in the grooves Thi'Jwmnr^.;^^^^ painted tin steps in correct
«t™ in one,?8 viewed lZ"d&tpo?«on""°"' ''"™"'' "' "'"'«
8 orCerd^i^n^e°Jd"olI°i^r^Sri'''«''°!'». P«'veri.ed.
cl* or pap&m ^itl^oVS rai"4r " *" P^"»'»« »»
temperature, keenin] a,e » ««? lU^,?''^ ^'^^'^ f* -he ordinary
vanllshed. Tl^e effect trod,, rS ifH;.*^"/ protection it may \i
;Si^nf,^et^^»-^r,s?*%S^^
panes ate thus painted, takef^ry ^^i'^„^;u51V~^^^""^^^^ "^ *he
the bristles on the glass in auick suooesi^iA,? hiT ." "' .""".,^^e eiiUs of '
appearance. Repdt tliS ^oS^KfJe*^^^^^^^^
t
f
142 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
water, ^no^fc/'if^^rf is.SL of ^ ^^y"«»»S strong pearl-ash
sulphate of coj)per, 1 oz • Jum ftr.?hif i ' ^^""-'^ "^'K?^ ^'^"^^ 2oz8. ;
and dab on tl e iil^ wifh a bS ' .1.?'';^ '"'''t.*^^ ^«" together
regularly over with putt v-whfinSi^ -4^*"«%.-Dab your squared
tion wilfbe cmnpleU •^' " ^^^' ^" ^^^' *^«"» ""S^^l thelmita-
He^XTaSl?nXriIf li'c^lff^ ^ff ' I ?' -f ^* ^» *»» iron ves-
oil of turpentine suffldent to L^^^^ little bu not harden ; then add
use it with eolorH gSund in^oH ^ ^ * ^'^"^"^ *****«• ^hen cold,
y^'^^'Z^'^ili^J^^ -y other color
very hard for counter tops &c ^^''''^ J^^**""- ^* ^"^ ^'y
iu a pail, beat it w4ll to bVe- k th^ inm?. l\'^ ^'Yi^^* '^**^^ ^'^ wator
2 ozs Into this mX bc^liti wif J^^h^^^^ then add pulverized alum, .
the batter thorou^ilv aU thf tTn 1 ' r^"-?^ ^"* ^^'" *''« fire, stirring
white color, and when cold w*lTS,u^ T^'}^ «we"« and'loses its
Thin with cold water t^«d«^li?^?^^'^^'*"^ ^ «' ''* P*"^ «f thick paste,
painted or vaniKd walls add \ n^ ^T ".'^^•*'^ ^^^ I'rush.'^ For
paste, and reduce the mass witlf ?Ki,' P"^''^"^«?. '"o^i" *« each 2 qts.
little pulverized corrosive snhTinLfin^'"^ ''"''^•^^ «'* '^''"^ W''t<^^'-- A
Of pa|e, ln.t al^SL^fblJl^etilTd^^^^^^^^^^ '^^«^-'^' <!-«*-
1 gal fr=a,?e\^i^otThe7'^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ i'^^- = ^^t water,
it on tSe fnd yoi'cmi treSZ'oH' ^^^- ^i""' ^**'^ benzine iet
Do not attempt to go oTer tooiif «n.?^ Pai"t as quick as you like.
murwater^fg^al nov^r^iS'f .^^^^-^7?^^^ ^^ «o<^-' ^ 1^., iu
adding oil to riduce [t to I proner^ns!S":f J^ ^ ^^?' ^'^^^ ^^^^ ^t,
ing. '3 It lo d, proper consistence for painting and strain-
apo'^Tof^golS Si?rdo;Tr-fi?""^.^«^ ^h**^"^' Huanerof
tinge your whitim^witSvnnHi^ "^'^^^ spirits of turpentne; then
Stilk/out /ot'hlhTs wiJfSttch dhJSlnV'"^^!^""^-.^^-^""^ fi" "
little color to shovv the liStt If v.^K 1? 1 turpentine, tinged with a
a little more turjSe " Tu^^^^^^^^ ^^ "^'* appear clear, add
'^t^gS\?^l^ Strong beer must
addasSfgo1Se^?tvnU^^^^^^^ i» *«^Pentine,
it stand the conib. Ilfouhii set t^ ^^ ™m ^ '^^] '^^^P ^« ^i" '^^^^e
Put a.teaspoonful of ^d sLe Ualf^^n^^^^^^^ ^ "^*i^ ^«"«^ «^^-
much soap as will lie on a twenfv #vp .P,,? -^^ turpentine, and as
soda n.ixed with water and £Kuhrv'^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ '^''^
iJl^^iV'^^^^'^^^^ Ground foh Oak Ror r .hs _st.i„ you-- v-^--
W .ua raw siemia and red lead, or with chrome yellow S^ene"
rpTs.
ass requires
ig pearl-as2i
triol, 2oz8. ;
ill together,
)ur sauares
; the imita-
an iron ves-
i; then add
^Vhen cold,
other color
It will dry
&c.— -Good
cold water
ized alum,
ire, wtirriug
lid loses its
;hick paste,
rush. For
each 2 qts.
water. A
Ig qualities
hot water,
lile warm. ,
it. Ano-
enzine, set
8 you like.
Jrwise you
h lb., iu
m heat it,
nd strain-
q natter of
:ine; tlien
3und fine.
:ed with a
clear, add
*titute for
ihed over
>eer must
irpentine,
vill make
)oiled oil,
', and as
e a little
>ur Wuito
id Vene-
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 143
pmmcfUir^ t^-i" for use. When the
little burnt sienna/fofThe^rainfniVnw'*^^ ^'°^"' whiting and a
with a little whiting, urXS&"^ ^'' ""' ^"'^ '"^^ "«« «^^ «ieniia
imi^u!ro7 ol^o'ak'Z-^^^^^ an e.eeed W„ rich color for the
orange chrome and burnt EL fh.* composition of stone ochre or
or Vandyke brown, to dLSTt'a lltg^^'oP"'^' 't burnt umber
^^^^^^'^^^^^^^ whitnig in
thin it with boiled oil ^ ™*'^^ *' ****"d t^^e comb, and
f^^^'oi'Z!^.e\'S^^^^^^^ V-pared with a
buff. The graining colors arrVanHvl« 1 "*® ^^^^^ ^ * ^^""^ ii«bt
raw and burnt sienim S lakeSnS ^n^^l *"^ ^'"all portions of
tool with color, spread over the surfTnA Ji *'^ ""■ '^^''- *^" » ^^^ge
the badger hair brush t\H\ Z^St ^^^ grained, and soften with
and fin.?er, and daSe romid and^rmmdt S^'f l'^^^^
very lightly; then draw a softpnpr ?ill!« "^ ^^^^^J ^^ knobs, then soften
while wet, to form a mTiltiSf v^r ™ ^'''^ ^^} ""J ^'"'^^^ ^ «»« other
th JUflSfgifsh^^erthn reHedY.^r ^^!? ^^«""^ '' P^-P-^ed with
lead. Tli£ gmhiinrcolo?s are it^^f'- """^ ^ ""'^^ P^'^ioS of white
small portioi^fV^fnd^bZnsS^cL^^^^ ^" ^^^' ^^^^ a
pearance of the sienna rr.vprfAfi^*^^ ^^® ^^^^ tbe fiery ap-
the badger iS? brush and whn. '"*?? *^ ^^ ^••''^»^«^' soften\^ith
overthlli..htsaSonH?fma • ^^®*.*^^^* '«ottling-xoller and go
blend theThl%T?wS;Xt^^ ? T^'^ of shade^thfn
gmin on with the same Zlr. When drf ^^^^^^^ ^"' *^^ t«P
wl^?eS^?J,«thTgTrr^,^^^^^^^^^ «-n quantity of
lampblack, or Vandyke brown and irfn/'""^' ^*"'«?^ ^^^^ •'^ "'tie
a flat graining brushVwithtTieha^l?^^^^^^^ "' °"' *^en t»ke
andcutdownthe 'rairasif wpnZ^ * away at unequal distances,
dry, take a graininft^JU thaTiSl -^ 7""^ t ^"^i* ^hen nearly
grain. This will-iVp if tlo V '^^^ ^^'^ ^^^' »»d drew down the
varnish. Amhe^^!l^Che gtunTcolor^f^ ^^ "'"^T " • ^^^^^ ^^^
and small quanti ies of |Kte leS Lh n^'^P^^^,*^,^^*^ vermilion
ground is dry and made v^v sraoolh tl?v '''> ]^^t: ^^^^ ^^'^
i« oil, and with a Bmall tool LrShp Slwy^"" T'^ ^^«^»- ^'^""d
ferent directions forminSd of knoti iS """"t^ *''^ ^^^^^^^ *» dif-
a piece of leather, aS with oreat f^^^^^^^ ^^'^ Y^? ^« ^^-V' take
having previouslv nrpno v^/lu i^, "* *^*"ke out the light veins-
gum aUaltuT LS'^^^^ ''• ^''"^'^^' ^'^^ '^
hairs in it, draw the gr^^ovJr S«t*!!,? £^i £J"l^^^„VP«h with Jew
"io imitation will beexcellent "' '"' ' n^itcii. >v nen varnished,
Anotheb KO.EWOOD I„„.^™k .» SizE.-Mix Venetian red,
144
CABINETMAKEHS, PAmTERs', AC, RECKIPTS.
tills corapoHltion |.alut tl e work w"oe «vpr' wr'"^^^^ J«".V- ^i"»
take Homo larni.bWk, flutU/Jmnn 1 ,? h/«. ^i"!" thoKrouud in dry,
egg into it; take the i^atim^.^iuri rul^^, X;." il ^.?* ^''f "'"*« '>f ^"i
on the grain. When dFv "S the fl... '^ '4 *') "'® '^^'^•«' »«<! put
ptok, fiiTely ground in turpeSeflSrfSfi ?'***, ''^ varniHh with rose
coat of cle.ir vlvrui«h. '"^P®""**®' ^^^ «"i8l» tlie work by giving it a
l>a^'d\S' wWte^^'Xon^^^^^^ J« ^ "«ht buff, pre-
liHh Venetian red totiike off ?»Xf ""'^' '''"* !^ "*"« venntllon or &
ing color in e^^^'^rUotml mSrS ^ *^« y«"«^- The^a S.
proper ccmsLs oucr SpreS thT-nrfn ""* ^^T''^ «^"""^i i» «il to the
Hiid, having Hon.e'^Df thKLXTS'a liJlt hT^ ^'^^» '''^« ««J<'r'
take a wish tool or HpouKO, imd nut o" th« if i^'^''""?' inJ^'ediatol^J
with the budKer'8-hair briSh befor« th« n i dark whadef^ and Holteii
by dabbing the dottinlr Sine o,?th^^^^^^ '\.^P' I'"*«" "»« eyes
grain with the eamel's^-ha r pe^^^^^^^^^ >^^":" ^'-V, put on the
groundX^JJ^iJ^S^,^^^^^^^ a light yellow for the
tian rea. The ^minin^ color » a n Itnli^n^f^'"^' * "^^^ ^'*h Vene-
sienna and VknSyke, grorn d iil ate inr^H In '^"'^^ l'"^^«»« «' '^^
in an even manner; t&n wSh a nfece S?nrW i"'^*'^ ^ ^'« S^^i^^ed
and^fro, to form th4 grains w^iiKrir.' t^ Sf thrJr?
fr^^Ty^^TcZr^^^^^^^^^^ .?SS WoHK.^p ,,, a rich
the graming color, crind ennni ,v.Vf ! * ^^^. ^"^ '^""'^ sienna. For
little bunit copperaf 'n tStK ^nH"^"^ ''T}^ ^"^ "^nber With a
gr«lner'8 creaS^ ThS the^Sr wi?h InS ''^^^^ «"»**" quantity of
Bpread the surface even and rub out t^re11^.h^^^ *\f\.^"^ ^>«l^nd
of a piece of bulT leather which must now A "^'^ ' *^^. ^^^''P edge
it clean ; soften the edges of the work vl, r ^IT ^^ ^^P^d to keSp .
put on the t<)p grain witXrn?nmW V ^'^^^^^^ ^^ when dry
with the white of an ^g SuZ?^ w"^ "^"^ '^^""*' ^'^^^^ male
SATiNwooD.~.This^)u,yi™ • Fl^^dry, vaiuUh.
and small quantities otZomeSrandht"^"*-''^"^ «^«« ««h-^
mg color is one-third of raw siennn LS P-1^^' ^*^""»- The grain-
very thin; then spread tti^ colTo?er the" suS^f.^?"!^*^ P^^« ^^^^^
While wet, soften, and have rmXnwJtriL"^^^^® to be grained
paining color grind in li^Innaf'^rr '' ^ Tx^^^^^^ ^"ff- For the
burnt siemia, with a sriVquaSt Wo^f i^^^^ ""^ Vandyke brown and
18 dry, spread the surf^c^evS w ^ thelln??,. ^.l^"^ *^« ^^^""d
a piece of cork with a shan) edTri\„{f*?'^'' **Vd soften; then with
order to form the fine gmki^ wgen drVn? r^^.«^««/ and cross in
inthegrainint^cciorf/Tfnr^ vvnen dry, dip the tip of your finirers
touch^ with"^a S'^-&pe'Scif^VL^^^^ "^^'4' ^^^ "S
and when tliis is dry, vaniislV ^' P"* ^^ *^^ *0P grain,
CABINETMAKEK8, PAINTKRS*, AC, RECKIPTS. 145
To IMITATK HLAf;K ANT) GOLO MARBLE,-Tlli8 dOHCrintion of
marble in now m gmit do.nand. The Kn.und in a deep jot blick. or a
dwid color, in K<Jld hizo, drop black aud turpH: second coat. i)lack
jai)an Comnionce voining; mix white and yt)lh)w ochre witjj ji Hrnall
(,uantity of yorndlion to Kiye a gohl tinue; dip tlie pencil in thia color,
am dab on the Kiound with great fi-eedom Bome Uirge patches, from
which small tlireadH must be drawn in various dlrectbns. in the
deepest parts of the black, a white veui is sometimes seen running
witfi a great number of si6all veins attached to it; but care must bi
taken that those threads are connected with, and run In some decree
in the same direction with the thicker veins. If durability is not an
object and the work is required in a short time, it may bo oxecuUid
ver^ qu'ck in distemper colors, and when varnisliei, it will lo<^k
Rkd Mamble.— For the ground, t)ut on a white tinged with lake or
vermilion; then anp y deep rich reds in patches, filliSg up the inter-
med^ to si)acos witli brown and white mfxod in oil; then Y.lend them
'?i^^' wi ^' \" ^"'"'^ f 1^*"^ .^«^"''«' "«« ^^^''^ half turps and go d
size When dry, varnish; and while the varnish is wet, put in a
multitude of the fine white threads, crossing the whole wort in aU
directions, as tho wet varnish brings the pencil to a fine point
JAsPKii Marijlb.— Put on a white ground lightly tinged with blue-
then put on patches of rich redsorrosepink,leavingspaces of the
white grounds; then partly cover those spaces with "various browns
wh£'"\f'''''^"' ^1'^'^" running reins; then put in a few spote of
white m the centre of some of the red pitches, and leaving in places
m^ses nearly all white. When dry, use the dearest varnifh *
Blue and Gold Marrle.— For the ground put on a light blue-
then lake blue, with a small piece of white lead and some dirk com-
• mon b ue, and dab on the ground on patches, leaving portions oUhe
ground to shine between; then blend the edges togeth^ with duste?
or softener; afterwirds draw on some white veins in everrdirectron
eavmg large open spaces to be filled up with a pale yellow or cold-
iShatSst *^ '°"'' ^"' ""^^^ rurmingthrLds,^and acoafof
ul^^l^^'^^'^l.?^^^^'^^-'^''^ the ground color, stain your white
T^t^ a light lead color, with lampblack and a little rose Sk
^?;^Se'{^tri?e ,CnZrd^^ ^ P^-^^' -^ ^""P
dee,f Xv aTid >^aj^ goTs"'' "^'^^ ^^" ^^^' '^^^ ^ -"-"-n, a
nZ^^yl^^l^'^^.Jl^^^ WooD.-For the ground color, take white lead
and thin It with turpentine, and slightly stain it with equal quant tfes
of Prussian bhie and lampblack. For the graining color gffl in ale
a mixture of Prussian blue and raw siennaf when thrSoS is d^
spread a transparent coat of the graining color on the Sace of t?e
work, and soften; then with the cork, mottle by rubbTng it t^ and
fro across the work, to form tlie fine long grain or mottle When
ttaT?^?n%Kren%.^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ §ut perpendt^ar I^e^c^
Substitute fob White LEAD.-Sulphate of barytes ground in oil
and applied like paint. It can also be used to reduce Si ^S^l!!
any desirud extent
10
"6 CABINKT3CAKEKS, PAINTBBS., *c., BKCEIPTS.
brickT!^t,TpirtTafdSS"?™'l Pi'lvemed iron fflin™, j ^.j-
BILLING COMPOSITIOXS— 19 xr «ciou
pentine. Grind fiue ii^a miir t ^^^f,?' 2 «* ^^^ed oil, aiidT^t' f?r
tori pT: irsiar^n * »» ^MiS''Se!d'oi,''r, '"""^wy-
'vood ' SnVXut wJoS' ^d'a-'lSS r\'"S''*" and^afet' the"
Veneton red, to the aWe mixture inl i""^'- ^ "h^n'y a liSlI ■
t-r.l^^'-rrrd'f.rel'niSre^^^
ra alba is a very good a,?Hvi ".'' °°'y »™ Wat of varSsh n T^
been .„<«t shaiffi^ tapoJeTon^feStni^,? ™*'«<'i h^v^
piice. (>. ^^ui^niturp r>ntt^» ti -^ *^"®^seiiiuor the stuff at o i,,- u
< eqna, part,!" S aS'lS^^T^B^eesrx ^P''"''"* "^ '^-ed
J^nal,5S: t^Ss^^ i oz., ted S,d"?SVrrtS-
fcddf *™*" «»«Syl4oS^Kyd
tnen add beeswax scraoed ^jmnii i^ ' " ^^^ beeswax till dissolv^V^
and stir till dissolved^ u'^^'ttj'ilj ^^^ ^^e vessel into hof^i^e?'
omitted. 10. (Wldte.) \^itrwal^'*?*h?.alkanet root shoSd be
parts; Iinseef oil 6 Darts ^P^..; !l!^^?l .^«ot. 1 Part; turpentine «
' " ' "'"' "'"'^^ "^" ^^^*^"«t in oU Withhe^t;
CABmETMAKEES, PAINTEKs', AC, BECEIPT8. 147
wax, t lb ; soap, 4 o.a. f^SJI^ozs f ift wSr 1 »r-.7.^'r
gether until mixed. ' waier, igal., boil to-
To Repair the Silvering of Mtbwawci t>-^„
tin foil 3 dr«. of quicksilver to thTsauS^foV^S.^n^'P^^ t '^^^* «'
into glass tubes or hollow reeds """^^^^ irequenuy , then pour
alsiEssslilf
beniamiu, 2 oze • ffum sand^rnn 3 A^ . L '^^^^^T^o% -fohsh.— Gum
wax, the color desired, 8 sticks : dtaXe bfliMt. nnV'l!.'^ ' ""^"W
when applied. A spoAeo is the wTl,K''i-.r'' ,*"'™ !* ™™
spirits o, .urpeiiiie'tS ^uieTintoT^a-ste.^riL'SISLrSj^
118
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS.
appea. ^ if highly ZS°heI""lS ^"mrrffoSTi*- '« '^f
lb., andiof anoz of nitui.af ,^J:* ^ ^''^}''Ure i^oiish.—Beeswax. A
peutme, of each half a gill' Itllfn ttnTf ^'^ ^^^ «J^"'"« «f t^"
solve. 2. SheUac 2 lbs • powdered mLV^r'^'i^^P^*^*' ^ P*«- 5 dis-
oz.; copal varnish Anint- «S * aiaatio and sandarac, of each 1
^^disiolvld itM^tZS'ut^nJ^^' ^rh ^'^^'^ i^ the cold
turn; putitinajarorLttlet^urfvi?^^^^ pulverized asphal-
pentine or benzile, put Si a warm niVi*^°"i ^T'^f '^ '^"^^ »* tur-
vvhen dissolved, strain and aDnTJTAf' ^"? *6?^^ oocasionally;
brush; should it provVtoo X^ditte I7tw "^'^^ .^ "^^^^^ «^ «t^ff
If desired to bring out tlS grafu stin n^^.^^^^^ furpentnie or benzole,
oil and turpentini; this is better tS^noT^Ji^^^^^ ^,J^^^^ boiled
the woodcin bepolished wftl th^ fniw-^^''''\ When the oil is dry,
boiledoil, Ipartj^shake it w3l befor^usiW^^ shelac varnish, 2part?
bmg briskly. A To PoMWooTtTI-. APPly with a cloth, rub^
water, and pass repeated^^overth^rk „n^^^^^^^^^
18 cut do'vn. Then take nnwrw!5 ^^ , • ^^I^ *^® "»"ig of the grain
polish the work to a bSfsu^^^^^^^^
Frame Finish.-l-Coval vamisii 2^htHn ' P^^^f* ^'^« «^^ Pichire
well, shake often, and S'n I wa;m/rSf.'^ oil varnish, ^ oz. ; mix
nished is prepared with a thin rnnT i i^^*' ^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^ var-
with tine pumice-stone or sLeth^n^ glue-water, and* nibbed down
wood, a lilht pigment, suchTs cffi TaTdeTto iL"f *^^^^^^
in dark wood, a dark pigment Si aSpH ' wt *? *^® glue- water:
varnished with the abovlSture Ind ^^^^V^^^' ^^^'-^rticles are
solution of wax in ether theielw?pSi\**^'^i •'^1^"'^' ^"^^^^d with a
Polish for White Sf-Wlfite hl^^^^^^^^ ^''t^^^^ ^^' ^'^'«^«
gum benzoin, loz.; gum aandai^^n l i? "^ shellac, 3 ozs.; white
1 pt. Dissolve. ^ sandarac, J oz. ; spirits of wine or naphtha,
«alts,.2ozs.; melt?he\Vin?^;i ^S^'^j ^^^^^^^^^^^ spirftof
l'fnraTtiira!Jd'^^^^^^^^
I^eedoil, li^^%^^^^fS^^^^^ n
«Ni dr. ; 'rectifie^d spi4s i'd?^ih.f^.:f^?^5 i^l^^' ^ drs. ; oil
Svendei;fdr-VeTfi^^^^^^^^^ ^' ^cetrcTci
oil,lpt.; alklSeVrS f oj^^^^^ 4. Linseed
be?:2p^':tsTr"osr;ZT'paS^^^^^^^ ^^am-Burnt um-
together and disS com%?' apS^trthl '"^f^i?*' ^^^^<^ ^"
sponge, then go over it with a Sh n^/ ^ *'?® ^^'^ ^^^^ with a
2. J5;6om/AV«f«_i^J.^™\_^^^"sh, and varnish over with s},«ii«n
' """ ^''"^ '""^^^' ^ P^"«' i'««« Puil^, Ipart; turpentiirera
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 149
aquafortis; vaniish or oil as i^,^^'"''^' ^^^^^"8^ it over with weak
into the vaUsh wUl^ve a S veUowlw^^ T" ^^^^ ^1«^« P"*
Bl(wk Stain for Wood^VonrinnZi^^^^^^^'^'''^- ^' EMra
powdered extract of lo|WoorLd^XnfS«'^?^7^*?^^^^^ ^ «^- of
of yeUow chromate of %^ti ^stided J^?h th« *'T ^f^^^cted, Idr.
It i8 then ready for use a^ a wn^ .??' ^" )^® ^^^^^ well stirred,
rubbed on wood, it products Inu're^^Vt ^% ^"*^^ ^^' When
applications, tiU 4 deep blSsorSopH^' rH'^^.* ^^^h 2, 3, or 4
Let the first'coat of pffing be^wMt^fead th^I^^^^^^^^
the last burnt umber or siemia • iSthfAf^- ^®^^^ orange, and
taste and practice 8 ToTmit^f^^ *^^ ^'T« according fo your
white; theiecondXlfwhiteTndvPlS'^^ lirst^coatbe
ochre only; shad^rwTLnber^t lieim^^ ^^ *^VH^d yellow
>rood— Take wliite for your first Pftfltin^JS;* u,' ^^J^^^ate Satin
and dark blue or dark gS for tho?& fn' ^.^""^ ^^^ *^^ second,
6nsrJ« .^ade-f/^eci (7? /^-Se alcoh„l' ^^'J^'^ood Stain, very
set them in a warm nlaoe 24 w.L?. ?? ' \P^''^ camwood, 2 oz.:
oz.; aquafortisTHz • and^M^heTr^i«L? ^f ^•.^?*"^«* «* logwood, 3
make? a very brS'it Soiuld hke Z i^^' !* J" '^^^^ ^^^ '^«e;'it
1, 2, or more coats & vol dSire 11 r;,.^.'''* beautiful rosewood;
qts. ; amiatto, 4 oz.f boil in T co„iJ.' SSitl?''— ^^" ^^^er, 3
solved, then put in k S of nS thi -'^ *'? *^^ ^^^**<^ is d s-
. tt^e fire about hainnTouiC^f^^^^^ keep it on
12. Rosewood Stain verSllh^^^tLT^ ^ '^ f ^^^ ^ bottle for use.
redwood chip.s S wIS in^wate^stffl7i^^??i ^^'? ^^ ^«^««d ^"d
apply it to the furniture whiirhot 2 or ?^^o^ °'^^^.^ ^*^«^g stain;
of color desired. 13. K ArVf Svi?J^^w^*^^''^^^^St«t^e deptl^
potash in 1 qt. water wSi red sand iTi?"*^ Varmsh.-Pnt 1 oz. of
the wood aid strait .^tKdTglJm's to
brisk fire. Used unon ino-w^^^ + • ^jieiiac, ^ lb., dissolve it bv a
i?/«e ,SYam /brToT 1 !)Tsi for rosewood imitation. 14
the wood With it, and then go'over tirwo^^c"^ ^? aquafortis, brush
pearlash (2 oz. t<^ l pt of wlterUni it tJ ^'*^ ^ ^^^ solution of
16. Boil 2 ozs. of indigo 2^ wood «nHT^' a perfectly blue color,
brush weU over until thoroughl7stebtH ir' f ^^' '^ ^ 8^^- ^^te^.
^ay Wood.-Bon ^ lb FrSh^wSp^i^Vth^ ^^.^^^^^f* ^f J^otany-
Iihamnusinfectorls)\xln^\^^^^^ berries of the
boiling hot, iive 2 or 3 coate to Se work t? A^^^ y^"«^' ^»^*^» ^^i^^
give a coat of logwood d3ctk)ii nvm? tiU ^\f ^^^^^^ color is desired,
form the grain with No s£? / •' *^^ yf^^^^- When nearly drv
and vaxiiiSh. TS/a'^^'^J^o^^^^^^ ^^1 TI^^"/^^' ^^«*
and 2 ozs. logwood chips in a i^llnn ^r;~J- ^"""^^^ lb. of madder
while hot; when dry glover SwhL^''*?.'> ^
(li-s. to the quart.. 2. ^^2 ozs dm.W« "hi ''^'f^ ^^^'^^^^ ^^^"tion, 2
of oil of turpentine ; let the bottle Sul in «' ^'"'' i^' '""^ ^ ^^^^
quently, and, wheA dMvin if A«;?f. " ^ T^-^"^ place, shake fre-
%xJood Brown St^SnSSti yoSC'rir?L'^fi the mixture. 18.
ceive a gentle warmth • then tSp o7 +• ^-^^^^ ^^^' ^^'^t i* may re-
pass it oW the worHli vo'f fi,?f i.^S£???«' _^^d, with a feather,
kcqjmg it near the fire) vou "nn v "n^^f ';.. • V"^ Drown (always
I
■I
' il
■I!
150
CARINETMAKKUS, PAINTERS*, &C., RECEIPTS.
brush oyor t^ie work, wlioii boillnff hot. imtil Droneriv tdsi\ni^A on
itti .^^1^?^' ^"f ^>" « ^lood awd 1 oz. soda, both well brnisedT)
Kal olwntM- aiVrt iiJlhi'?- B"»'l wood mid 1 07,. pearlnsl in a
K^iAr ni I "'l?'™"'? not. brush over the work iinti ol a nroi.pr
add tliecoelimeal; Ml gently lor half a„ hour, when it wU to fit f ,'■
iiiS^iJTiis'^i^it^hrr'^'^^^
pXhft 'P?o^TXJ^^V7'' ''''"^' ' after which, Ss and
R J it «f.;,wi% *^'^^ vinegar, add a quarter of a pound of iron rust •
JhJl "'J ^'''' '} '''®^^' > ^""^ '"^^Id a iwund of Jrv lamnblack md
three-quarters of a pound copperas ; stir it up for a Sle of d-i v^
Lay on five or six coats Avith a sponge, alloAvW it to drv hltwin
mdi ; polish with linseed-oil and a solt\voollen mg and it^^lUook
above stain, nut-galls, 1 oz. ; logwood-eiiips, i lltrconneris 5^1h
stflnd any kind of weather, fmd is well adapted for shii)s' oornhino^
&c 0. Log-wood-chips, Mb. ; Brazil-wood,|lb; boil for i^W^^
1 gal..wale. ^^--^ the wcx^wmi this dec^tion whiK^;^Sea
wood three
#
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, &C., RECEIPTS. 151
coats, and, while wet, lay on a solution of sulpliate of iron (2 oza to a
quart), and, when dry, oil or varnish. 7. Givrthre^ctiirwith a
^TlV\ ""''^'"^ 5^"^^'^"^ aqiutlortis, and repeSy Csh ove?
doS roved ThoIi iTt" ""'/^ ,*^" ^'^^^"^««« «^ ^'« 4porT
aostioyed. 8 Boil 4 lb. logwood-chips in 2 quarts water • add an
ounce of pejirlHsh, and api,iy hot with a brusl?. TherSke 2 qte of
^ris'^Ttrah/S'H'"' ^"-^ ^if ' «/ .^«'^^^*^"«' ^"'i «^e ^une ofco^
«.Ji!il"^ Walnut STATN.-Spirits of turpentine, Igal; pulverized
asplmltum 2 lbs. ; dissolve in an iron kettle on a sU)ve stirr 12 con-
stant y. Can be used over a red sfaiiu to imitate rosewood T(>,rn^^^
LdlS^wTtlTaThln ^ «^«Pt^Per BHould bi .iLed oiTaSehe?
wlTsot-rSn^^^^^^^^^^^ '''''^'-'^ ''' -^*«^' ^"d dried. Apply
wood ^ul'lvhfX ^lA^'!r^''' ^^' \'*'"^,^' •''^"" «f ^°PPeras and log-
woort, to which add powdered nut-gall. Stain vour wood with tlm
ablv dark with mdigo or finely powdered stone blue
...^'''''K^-''''''''? STAiNS.-ye;;o2« is produced by diluted nitric
acid. Med IS produced by a solution of dragon's blood in soiritsof
wine. Black is produced by a strong sohition of nitric acid &l
produced by a so utiou of verdigris^in nitric acid ; therdippeX a
ot solution pearlash produces ^Bhie stain. Pi^r^Je is produced bv
a solution of sal-ammoniac in nitric acid proaucca by
1 SS'^y^'Z'-'r 7^«^^«« ^oj* Violins, &c.-Rectified spirits of wine,
ijiAl. , add 6 oz. gum saudarac, 3 oz. gum mastic, and A ut turnVn
hniKiM,. dissolved : stram and keep for use. If you find it
il ^i ""' ^^'iV "^i^^"' *^"^ ^<^h ™ore turpentine varnish.
,>f tnrl'J,^ "•~^^^*'' together at a low temperature 2 qts. of alcohol i
It. turpentine varnish, and lib. clean gum mastic ; when the latter Lh
thoroughly dissolved, strain through a cloth ^
^ilvpw^n ^ *'''" Frames, ETc.-£ay the frames over with tin or
t^l^^r^ t&^^J^'^^fi-S^^ --»t of some IdnS:
powdered shellac, fibs' ; spirits of wine,'2gals: : dissolve aiid stri:in
oVpf .n?'v '"'" ^''^"^^^ ^ P*- 5 ^"d it i^ readv for ilse '
Dies for YENEEns.~A fine Black—Pat 6 llis. of louwood chii>«»
m,^ too tijjlit, fill It with water, let it boil slowly for about 3 ho
S^a^T.^'' k!::1,?^ ^iS«l' .1 »^- ' .^"^d 4 ozs..of the best poSed in<^go
Now ^7,7. ;^""''' *^'''' ".'" "■ ^'^'^'-^'^ earliiea pun, as it will ferment
Now put your veneers into a copper or stone trough ; fill it mther
' in
152 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
more than oaie-third with water, and add as much of the vitriol mid
mdigo (stimng it about) as will mal<e fine blue, testing it with a
luis struck through. Keep the solution of indigo a few weeks beforft
rTf^ i* 1*^'" ^°^Pr«^eo the color. Fine Fe^^ott-Reducn lbs of^e
trnnc^f ^^iJ^J"^ ^ ^""^^ ^^ «*^^g' ^^ich pS in a copper o^ brass
*7?£iJ add turmeric, 4 ozs. ; water, 4 gals. ; then put in as manv
whi* holly veneers as the liquor will cover. BSltEem together^
hours, often timiing them. When cool, add aquafortS 2 oz and
the dye will strike through much sooner. Bright GrZ^^Fvo!eed as
ort?s'SrZchofth^ ^^^T. 5 yf^'^^^> instead TAua-
lonis, dua as much of the vitnolated indigo (see above under blno
ihl^^.^.'^!?'^^ ^r^'^r ?^^ ^^«"-«d ««l«r- ^W/^< i?ed-Bra3l dust 2
SvVr boiuifr;,!?.. ^^^* S ^ !?.^"y vliieersas the Hquidl^iU
^7aIi^ •} ,1 ^°^ ^ ^°*^^'^' then add alum, 2 oz., aquafortis 2 oz •
fh- 5^5!S.-* ^^^^-warrn until it has struck tWig^^pS -^^^^
S;. i'S-P ^'^^'^''*''^ ^"^ * 1^- ^^^2il dust, add 4 gals, of water -and
after putting in your veneers, boil for 3 hours ; then add oeariashq
ozs., and alum 2 oz ; let them boil for 2 or 3 houra e/erv dlTtUl the
color has struck tlirough. O^-anrye.-Take the veneere out of thl
bSt JeTdve^ffitt^^r^" ^n4^ saturateTtraSrthem to t*he •
ongnt red dye jtiU the color penetrates throughout
lO IMPROVE THE COLOR OF StAINS — NltriP flHd 1 rs'r • r«».^„««
acid, iteaspoonful; grain tin, i oz.fr^Jn watS-^toi' mx'itaUet?
&n^!!^? ''''''^^ ^? ^^^P your'bottle well corked. '*
ferRONG OrLUE FOB INLAYING OR VeNEERING.— Select thp hP«f-
ight brown glue, free from clouds and streaks^ Dissofvt this Lwt
ter, and to every pint add half a gill of the best vinega7ajiKz of
isinglass. For other glues see Eriineers' Department ^
Inlaid Mother of Pearl V/ork, on sewing machines and other
fancy work is performed by.^electiiig the thilSs 3 the shell
and cementing them to the surface of the material ; the rest of the
surface IS covered with successive coats of Japan varnish gLerall?
Whe'nth^'frnhh^^^^^^^^ ^"^.ij^^ I'T'^ ^^^' eS%Stio|?
v*ueutne\cirmsni8as thick as the shell, it is nolished tho o-ilrimo-
and painting added, and a flowing coat of Varnfilf put ove^^^^
f lirflT ^«//^o^.-Prepare the job with a heavy coat of black Japan
then before it is dry, procure flakes of pearl Ind lay them on the
b ack surface, pressing them in,o the Japan until they are leverwith
the surftice; then with colors ^orm vines and flowers allowfn/fhp
'"'TRA^SsPARFi? '^^^ "* *^^ «^%f. 1^^*' aiSlhS up'afS^^ ""''
IRANSPABENT PAINTING ON WiNDOW ShADES.— The mu4lin is
iSireo/fin?H'„^^^ secured tightly with tacks, then sized t^h a
mixture of fine flour paste, white ,?lue, and white bar soan- the soan
renders tlie muslm pliable and soft. A thin coat is anXd whioh iS
near y invisible when dry. A coat of pure Sed SS dUutld with
spirits of turpentme, is then applied, to the whoL, or part as desired
lay It on quickly and smoothly, to insure an even tonSent sfirface
The colors used are ivory black, ultramarine, pS gre^^^^^ s eima'
Z Hp'^r"?'^"/'' ^«P^»«:'V""' ^'' ^^«^«r «^"^We colors Tn outm e of
the design is drawn with a small pencil with black or umber 'ifter
t^?3!L*i-l«„«¥^«»'y ¥ applied, more or less dilute! as ZreA;t'«
t.c.^.i,a.cuc^ ia uuBirea. m general, the brigntegt colors should be
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 153
color gets too dry The hS H*^«?^,o ?i^ r^7^*^ *?**^^ ^^^o^e the
views, andXSalwaJsSdIfsIS !^^^^ consists of landscape
teS To mJ^ tifi',"' 't »!r'«-'"-y >» make the patotlay well muat
beautiful imitation of tort^isrshell ^' ''''' "^'^^ ^^ ^^'^ ^^^^ «•
chff r^ c?^;onTe^i^?;.rth*^^^^^^^
paintmg easy. On large work a stencil wiU be f^Snd uVf n T.t!
saKof tnk'Zt^ ^'^"^^* ^^^^ to,tl.e mLkT^Kv;' wftfa
letter Tf««^««^ -^f ^^©ans you will make a very clean-edeed
Ott /J!^^^*'*^'™*^^ pencils in painting on canvas. ^ '''*'''° ^^^^^^
teSJ^~? '=Sle1Sh„„«
A^intw,.!^ ^ black surface with colors, using a feather and nencil
arpp^^JJ ^'' '^ *^ S*^* VP a smooth black surface ; then take the ?oK'
viUl^^l'/"^^^^^:? to a level surfacre with lump nuSice-^lIr
■"ETCHmr n"^ Pr?'™^ varigHted marble will be the result.
1.TCHING ON GLAss.-DruggistB' bottles, bar-tumblers, si,
signs, and
p.
154 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
glassware of every description, can be lettered in a beautiful style, of
ntlhl f,V"^'^^ ^'.'''"'^ the article to be en-raved, or etched, a thin coat
of the engravers varnish (see next receipt), and the application of
fluoric acid. Before doing so, the glass must be thorouSily cleaned
^nni^.? r^UT *^*^ '^ "^5 ^^'i^y ^^ ^^^^^- The varnish fs tLi to be
hLK nf «//ra 7^^'.>f "I'^'^^^.r^'^*^ ^y <i^bbing it witli a small
ball of silk filled with cotton. When dry and evenfthe lines may be
^Z^ %V1 ^^ ^-'^'i' 'i'^^' """"^« «1^^ t^'-o^gh the varnish M
^^^^:, The varnish must be removed clean from each letter, other-
wise It will be an imperfect job. When all is ready, pour on or apply
?fff?>"nT "t?"^ ^'^^'■'' i^'i^^'^l^ fi""^S «^«h letter. Let it remain uM
the vamiSi '^^'''''^^ "^^^P*^' *^^«" w^^^^ «« with water, and Smove
nJ^'^^rwS'J'^X^^''A~^''^^ ""^ '''''Sin wax and asphaltum, each 2
oz. of black pitch and Burgundy pitch, each * oz. ; inelt the Wax and
ff l'"i? T"" ^^'^^'T""^^^ S}'"'-^^ P«<^' ^»d ad-d to'them, by Sees,
the asphaltum, finely powdered. Let the whole boi , simnierin-
gradually, ti 1 such tune as, taking a drop upon a plate, it will breag
when It 18 cold, or bending it double two or^ three times betwixt the
hugers. The varnish, being then boiled enough, must be taken off
f nt ft^?^' ^"wl* ^^^^' ^ ^"*^f ' ">"«* b« P^'^-ed into wamiwater
K tT^ i^^f^ the more easily with the hands, so as to be formed
sp Thp'«oni' li^l'-* ^^ kneaded, and put into a piece of t.-iffety for
v\ TT^^T^^ a"^ ^^^""^ '^ '^^"^ '"^ extensive use for ornamenting on glass.
Fluoric Acid to Make fob Etching Pubposes.-You Sii
make your own fluonc (sometimes called hydro-fluoric) acid bv
f in?<? *^^ ?''*'' ^' S^'Wl^e •'^P^^' P^lverizmg it, and putting all of
It into sulphuric acid which the acid will cut o? dissolve Inasmuch
as fluoric acid is destructive to glass, it cannot be kept in coinmon
bottles, but must be kept in lead or gutta percha bottles ^^'"°'°"
Glass-Grinding fob Signs, Shades, &c.- After vou have
ft « W^ff^rw,?^'^^ ^^'1^' 'T'' »n«ol«^ed glass, and wfsh to have
It show off to better advanfeige by permitting the light to pass onlv
through the letters, you can lo so by taking a piece of flat brass suffi-
ciently large not to (Tip into the lettors, but pass over them whin gUd-
mg upon the surface of the glass; then, with flour of emery,^^Ki
keeping it wet you can grind tlie whole surface, very quickly, to look
like the groimd-glass globes often seen upon lamps, except tfi'e letter
which IS eaten below the general surface. ^cttex,
To Drill and Obnament Glass.— Glass can be easily drilled
by a steel drill, hardened but not drawn, and driven at a high velo-
city. Holes of any size, from the 10th of an inch upwards, can be
drilled,, by using spirits of turpentine as a drip ; and, easier still by
usu^g camphor witli the turpentine. Do not press the glass verv
hard against the drill. If you require to ornament glass bylunu^n J
Z^ In*?^' -n'S ^^-r^ ""'^ ^^^ ''^"^ *^^ turpentine and campWS
and you >vill find it an easy matter to produce any shape y5u choose
Gilding Glass Signs, &c.-Cut a piece of thin papk- to the sfze
of your glass, draw out your design correctly in black lead-ueucil on
the paper, then pr ck through the'outline of the letters wit^h a fine
needle; tie up a Lttle drv white lead in a piece of rag; thij is a
pounce-bag. Place your design upon the glass, right side An, dust it
i •"^) ^^"^y '^i'^^ taivui^ Luu paper oir, the design will
r, and remove
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 155
toctlii Whpii thiu iu A^^X ^«"i".y ior use. i^iean the glass ner-
gold 18 laid on and perfectly drv take a hnii J iJf i !* Y.^ *^®
W^ dt With r.L'rPM^"^ ."^^^^^^^^ lampblick letters f rom t&
oold 4^^i, i^Tw/ '^"er It IS dry, and put the colors on the back of the
S wmJook' wefr'''^' ^' ^ '^^^'^ ^^**^^ ^"^g^d or - Lt up" wi"h
^^i^tmy^ S'^t^''^^ .^T^^""-^^^^^ ^ ""«e«d oil an equal
wiKabfe von t^ri^nifth^^^ ' ^^\^^ "^-"^^ °^ «* turpentine as
.as.pos;lS:,rth; SlS^thriSrL^:,«.^r.*^r i!^--.^,; - thin
dle'd "'.ffiff "' ^ ^^*7^ t"! ^* w^iirahnost burn the &rgers whenS
died , at this teraperative the size becomes adhesive/and a piece S
156
CAIIINISTMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
pfflhe'^JS^^ Btick. Sweep
the gold and the immLhS ^'^ * ^^""'^ «^ ^"di* l^P«r between
andeme;;^rn!iS^^^^ «hi»a use a coppr driU
a Hteel dnli temped ariarSposiibK^^^^ ^ ^"" ^'^««' "««
a l«bri(^iit. ^ possible and camplior mid water ad
re.t:^&tS"%rofv?U^r^^^^^ Sn^' ^f-^ol^, 6 part.; aqa-
Sttiplinr, 'A parts ; oil ohi^thl ?',?oP?''*i/^^* ^^^^ balsAra of
moitar, and rub it w tif thnSS« }j^'^' J^i^>'»adually into a
turpentine, 4 parts ItVtL^i^^ becomes bard ; then add oil of
the purpose ^" **" ^"^ ^bed to a groilnd prepared for
a.id™;ftl"^^^^^ gold is mixed with borax
Heat is thenapplied by a sCe u ; t -^ a camel's-hair pencil.
18 fixed and alterwardJ buSied ^'^"^ *"'^'' when the gold
threeTatsSr pSSs^n/ri^^^^ ^« "--' ^ -PP'y
to use, say S drviifff oil Lh^T*^^ to commence with, and it is^li
ground in^lbS 2l>z8 tStvlrv ST^^^^^^^^^ ""''^ * ij.?^^ ^^^ "t^aTge
priming be^er than patent dryer and * worff f V. ^^"' l'^''^^''' *i^«
paper. When the first oo'itin7?«'), .^^ a^.^ ^®**^^ '^"^^i" the sand-
sand-paper and be sure t^,nl ^ f "'Ji'^^' ^^^ ^^^^^ with your
irregularities deficiencies h^kI rtt«i'f '^f?^^ ^^/^^ ^"^'^ among the
. Next dust your wS mrtffui^^^^^^ '"""^^"^ «^ ?^«"i- ^o^^.
tlie wliole surface and ^uttflll T^ ^'^^ ^^"^ P"**^ knife go over
hole with the hard drvinroitf^^^^ ^^'^^' """^^^ or knot-
f ul not to overlook th^sllS Saw b.^' ^lentioned. Be very care-
and perfect level. Now di «t <7ff t'hp l^?"* ^"^^^'^ ^^P^^ ^'^ a true
• second coating. ThirvoS L f SthT''^ ^f^"'^' Preparatory to
thick, but do not useThircolors for^J^.pS'^*'''*"'^' " *«" «<^>"t or
down well. For dark 1 ninv. ,, i V* ,"ejther covers well, nor rubs
but, for p^eparinrfor'su'ch' rcolor^^as^i'l?/^ '''''' '^ *^^« «" «<^^
light l«id color, if for a vellow w^» 1^^^?* ^1^.^611, lot the color be
with chrome yellovv ^ ' ^""^"^ "^'^^ ^^^t«' «i' «"ghtly tinted
ov?r Sh aid^'ever^^^^^^^^^ '^^^ '' !^'^ regular, and equal,
rub down with a tin?r ninf f'' ""'i"* "^^'^^ ^^^^ thorqughly drv
careful to inTiketLsSar/i^^^^^^^^ *^^" the last, bS
mence to giv^the L'rd cSt^ tP^^^^^^ T'^^l ^''^ ^^^^^- Now com?
not lavishTy, but rub it out well '^"'*'"« ^"^' P"**^^ on the paint,
up coaS'^'Vor^i JoodVomiSsftf ^'^ ^"^^ .^^' ^« *« Wly the filling
carriage work Inother S S^^^^ "^"^ P.* ^«^" ^^uff^ ^tuff^^
a smafl quantity of whfte WJ f^l "^ *'''""''*'* «^ ^^^ ^'^ich yellow,
,. , „., J ,...^^^^.^ iu ^^^^^. imrtci, iuiu when
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 157
"upii^iis .rB-m* 'r/oS;'^ ^'ia'^'t^-e' ™'"l ^'""
avoid cutting throuffh and fon? tL rJnil ] ' ^^ 7.®^ cautioiw to
Before SviWthr.i ^®, necessary; use sugar of lead as a dryer
SrS"Vr?oth Th^/^'^'i"^^ i*^^^ ^^*1^ ^0"nd pumice and
trSent Aftei « fii H^o "^"^ 1?"^'* ^"^ ^^^^ ^" t^e better for tJiis
and witer ;4sh and di^'SSfJ^'v '^^'^ ''^^?" T*^ ^«^"^d P"™i«e
A^ill be alrp^H'xr ?1^,^^* -^^"^ chamois skiii, when the work
VermiLf and rosf DiEf ^^ '*T"^; ^^^«^«^ ^^^ ^^«
When hard?nVdry ^Sve anXer Kt^^^^^^^^^ last, for first coat.
rtn^Lfe^r ^"^^^' p ;ate?- drcteTC^A^n'o?!
Grind dron hl«?v^t T and apply two coats. Japan Brown.
cS^me(^.et Grind C ^''^'"'" ^' ^''^^'•
posed of chrome velw 1^ p^'^^® ''" V\ '^^P^!!' <^^ "^e greens com-
vemilion thprT oTi^ wie«/iOf«. For a ground, use the b< st English
vow bod; flo^-J '^ pure carmine, ground in a little drving oH to
me Ld eltenTthi 3'"'^' ^^^ ^PP^^ *^« ^^^ts carefully^ Thi?
carriage^mad^^^^^^ '^ *^^5r^^ ^""^« ^^ «"««« for a
St ^ ^^ j^1-:^ei^^Ss^^j^ S^
t«impart-tklw^SrS^5^;:^r^^ .
158
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTKKs', AC, UECEIPTS.
^iXV^^JM^Jill^lf/^::.^-^^^^^^^ Fa.n Volar. U«e
may bo added U> obS Vo rSht ihal TT'n', ^"''"^^ "'"'^«''
mw umber form a cool dr-a. w hth n 1 ' v ^^"'^- ^"''''•- ^»»*te and
red, an may be desired Mumf^ij^'^u ^'":'P^,^'tli chrome, or
makes a ve^ good color at a chefp X ^''^ ^'"'^ ''"^ "*^^'^"^^""
that the /incH n^Sybefiwu eauidiS ^Z ^"^ *\ steady hand ho
lines, grind the color hi dStr o r nilf »!' ^'^"!l ''?'^ "^^*- ^'«r ^"6
color will do for bm^ o? colirse ^nllT^J? "'^ best work. Jaimn
carriage, with heavy vdieels drnw ii,?f ' 'J^i^^ gr"«md. If a large
. n.ixed color frorrtYreTiuarterTnTh^^^^^^^^^^ FrankiV.rt-black, Japan
the carriage, wheels spCgf spokes inZw l^^^^"" ^'l^'^ of
of light orange or light ,rimroHe,?5nr\n!^^^^ **^^? ?"'^ «"« lines
inch from thS broad^ bKK ^ t^n,^^^^^^^ three-eighths or a quarter
the black nuts and bSoadi ' nf, ""^ ^^ ^"'^ /''^«""*1 ^he tulges of
<)r (leep orange iernmr>«*^ ^" »"Perior work, pure white, gold
lines, rWSgaTeryX^^^ down tlie middle of the'b^lacJ^
lisht green, burck lines wUl 1 1 ^nfflnlTT', ^''^^ ?''^ ^^^^ ^lack, if a
centre of the W^ck Tines wh wldt? m^t'^tl"?'"'^ ^??"'''. ^"" »i> ^^'^
pick out with black ri rinhT.r ™ i ' \"^ ^^ ^'"®- ^» dark green
three-eightSb an InToff thelick T '"'i^ «^i« ^^ "^« ^^l^*^"
green to^od advant^e SfSe^. iSScti? w1 hh? ^"^^^ t"^^^>*
niilion or ricli, orange fine side W« nl^r ^1 ^^*^ ^^>V^^' ^^^^ ver-
vermilion line run Sn the ce,itr« nf 4^ k '^^ """^''^^ ^^^^ ""es with
the centre of one"arge blaclS ^' ^'^^^'^ ^^^^l !"»« ^^P
black, fine line with vLmmon or medhi^ffnf T"^' ^^"^ «"* ^'^t^
slight tmt of red in it • or nart tJS hSi * •'* ""^ ^S^°T ^^^^^ with
centre. On Fawn CoCh SfoW on? ^^i^'^^^l^^ ^^^^^ down the
white on eacredgerr'b?own drablhar^ n^''^^ ^"" "^« ^^^^
i?roMJn.s', vermilion line La thAhSio ^d^- ^'^j^apan or Plum
kers'o;eens, pick orwfth^tck^'^ trafiS^^^^^ «"«"
or hght green. On Drabs uick out witiTS^.i^^v^'^^^ ^^ orange
ion, or high colored oSCwh^w^nf^^r^' f^^ ^"^^ ^^"^ ^ennil-
Purple, lick out witii bB Ve Ihie w^t^^^^^^^^ ^?l ^^H^ .^^^^h. On
vermilion. ' ^"*® ^^"" ^ bright tint of orange or
the^Snrde'pLmeTXorte^^^^^^^ ^ -«" as in
regards brushesfpotrfreedom fron^Ti ^^"idispensable, as
i« ready, if it is th^e imde^Sge appf^^^^^^ fnR". ^?''' ^^
varnish, and when throusfh with t'hi? ^L? ^?Z^ ^^^^ ^^^^ "^ ciirriage
again, this time using &v vSh A fSv ?/• * k^ W^'^'Tj ^o over it
to " flat " the work mi^Zwvlmn:Hr.i^!^ \* ^^ ^^.''? '"^"^ ^ry proceed
water, and a wooTWcloth S"^^^^^^
ground ; then clean away all tEimice and ^r.fnV''^ *i^^ ^^^^ «'
chamois leather slightly wet If von h ova 1?^! ""^ T^^^ ^^*^ *^^e
repair with Japan color previout t^^A^n^ J ! ^"l* *^"'o»«b in any part,
H the se«,nd coat b not eatis&ctory, repeat the fla««„-n.. r-oc<B,
CABINKTMAKKRS, PAINTERS', ^C^ RECEIPTS. 159
^tl^you.pnmi.e, cioth and water, clean off a« before and varnish
^;nr;^nr^»rr1;^tff^^^^^ ^^^^ «ne«t
nmooth suite, then waHJi off very clean^ and n.1 ^h^ '^"''J ^' " ^^^^
Use every premution against dust bv .welh, ' ^J^ «"d dnnt well^
floor in every stage of polisbinriin?/ .T •' ' ^ ""^ Hprinklin^' your
ifMuu^ is L ui a fln^ oh h V" r^^^^^^^ '^^ "ext st^ i„'
tm,uKh muslin and mixed with o ive Sf ^nl?''"•?.**'lV^i *^*'^^^^^^ «»«
«IoHs IS restored, occasionally (^xan^lnim, k/"'' ^'^^' *^^« "n«l the
IhiM step being ^nished, wipe off w thT nerfpS.T^T" ^^ *^« ^^'J^-
with a piece of the finest flax f u o7 fine vRS"^?/'^ '^^*'*" ''''^>» «l«th,
go over the work, rubbing we II t^ r^ 1 it ttnf 'fL?' I^""^ I>"^der
every mrticle of the oil and rotten K«M *• " ^'*'^''*'''' ^"^^ remove
by rubyng the work bri8kirwUran\7J!T/e^ 'T^' *^J»lsh off
will indu(.e a beautiful fire Soss In «vL?\'' ,^-"»^'*?»-^'hief, which
and varnish fininh is required, do no?omftYn 1"'*^"'^ ^''^'" ^ P'>««h
varnish, as it will greatly enhaiu'e ?hfi « '^ °" "^^ ®'^*''*^ ««at of
best for this purpose. If yZcan^t "f ir*^'f ^ ^"^^ '*"« ^« "'«
Hubstitute by using EngliJirvaSh and T.,r'''^-^ Prepared, make a
the gilding is for striping von ihonSl '?^I^»",.»» equal parts. If
with it, to be able to se?tir inesThP wl* ^it«o/hrome yellow
coloring is required. Rub yonr fob dnL^**^""' .?"* *"^ lettering no
muslin and tie up in it a iiH?i i?!?-*^"^" smoothly, take a piec-e of
witli this dust oZ every part of ttw"'^ *^ J""" a " pounce^ bag ''
be put, to prevent the TeSflt^ck n J Tn'L^^Z^ *^^ ^^^^ leaf i! 'to
the size, or wash the job over wm\L,^^ "«* ^"^'^''ed by
the raw surface of a potato c« J /« k i ^^*?' «^' ^"^ it over with
soon dries, and leaves TtWn fi'lm Z wWch%'h?' ^'^-^^ *^« l'«t^'to
R ther of the above methods ^^11^^^ !^® ^^^^ will not adhere
when the gilding is drv tL ?''' ^"^ <^''^ coating will was off
put on the^stri^s 'filj'Ses or ZZl T^^^'S^' ^'^« «^« «^^e and
enough to enable you to pass vom fi. ' """"^ ''"^^ '^ ^ drvjist
but if it is -tacky" whery^u^^if^FJ ''''%'^ ^^<^^«»t ««cki"g
orSS^y^g-^^ trs'irrri ^" ^r^^-^^e parts for striping and
teking up and ap^ySg he biv.n/e^LJf "?'^ ^^'^ ^^^^ 1^^" Fo?
and make a '' pounce w-i'^iY.?' ^^ '^ I'i^^'® ''^ P^"«h or velvet
bronze gently over ?he sfze To V ? v'lh« ""^^ "^ "^**«"' ^"bbing iht
copper, gold, and silver Tronze mat Lln.K^ « ""-^ti^re of
bronze, cutfJut any desired nntti^^^-^«*i^-^'^'^'^^- ^^^r fancy work in
or paper, and applj it to anrSvXf ^"^^f ^^'^^^ P^eboar "
, |reen7 ^^^^^o/nV'^^^^^^ ^oc..^Chrome
wT''''^r«^' -Cream CO or strhS^^^ or cream color
[black, and red fine line. NrT o T±'!'^r'^?,^' ^^?e or dark trreen. nv
j-- blue or white. E^^^ ^-^L^r:iJS,^fS '
160 CABINETMA^RS, PAINTERS',
black and white. No. 3. Bod^
AC, RECEIPTS.
»*/.-Carmme glaze over Indian red.
No. 4. Body.— Deep veriniUou. Ban-
Jiunnmg f/mr.— Vermilion.
mng .rymr.— Light verniilion.
wate^rtl^^Te^rnSv'lir/-?^^^"^^^!"^- ^^^^ ^^ 3 pts.
until it is as thick' as ?ou^h^«t r°^^''^ Zf^""^ "^"^^^^ dry plint
and after TlitSe it wiU ?im« nJ^ ' T^'''^ ^ "« «^«^ y^^^ old paint,
with soap anHatfr to remZ?nt^«'*\^''?"^' ^^^^^ ^^«h the W
vessel aswiU stand one inch deeVfhp,^
cover with a line doth aid let th?wh nil Pf>^^'n« "ches of water,
weeks until the liqiM becomes t^cl^w^^^^^^ '""^ *^' * ^^^
a phial and submitted to aTentirfit aC ^"""^^^ ^°*^
^'t^C<^'^^'^'^ thrfughVaefcK^^'^ *^' '''"^' '' *° ^^
inJ^h^eTr^reSg^nTa^a^^^^^^ ff •- ^^^^ contain.
may^'L^^iT/'tmnsf^^^^^^^ «^«"^^r gilded pictures
colorbeformTxW^^^ add to the dry
milion is used wfipi^g ^,?famentin5 nv^F^"' ^^f ?* ?^^"«1^ ^e^"
ion having less body will nTSfv^r 5^5 ^^^"^^5 ^^e deep vermil-
the best color 01724^ w* t I^^rr?' S^^^^f^' vermiUon gives
and oil. AmericairvSiZ L^?d nS^f '^'*^' i"^^"^^ ^^"li^h
would change it to an oranircoio? th^^ 5^ ^'^r^f-' *' *^^^ Process
yellow, andliU heavy bodf colors are a^t^^^^^^^ cl"'«^e
as fine as possible. ^ Raw STorefe"^^^^^^
lead ^^v^won^a^'^jZn^?';:^^^^^ "T ^-^^ ^^«^- Mix white
coat, adding a very mtle EntiS^^^^^^ ""f^'^-? P"«P^^ ^^^ ^ thick
carriage paits add a littlff rfS^ k , K "^'^^^^ '* ^^^^ easily. For
co«io>7eV Mix wWtM^^^^ "«*.f«^- 5odies.-^wJ
and a little turpentine as beforrnniiiS^c. '''T,"'^ ^F''^ ^ P^^<^« J^P^n,
but none for the body -rS 1^^^^^^^^ for carriage parts
tliick paste with turpentine aM,b/r2t T^' ^^.^^ite lead hito a
to bind the paint wdi add ?«; f h! ^'- ' "^^P'"^ ^^^^ rubbing varnish
•and a little red le^d ' ' ^"""^ *^'^ "^'"'^^e parts, a little lampblack
wiS^"a^aS^;:.b'^^^^ dr^ white lead
beatmg it with a smaU maTlet S^ S the lum.r^
not in use, in water, to prevent it dVyS ^^^"P^- .Keep it, when
(groTnZtater2-;^^^^^^ ?H^ ^f^^ ?' English filling
with Japan, 2 pa?S rubbiiivSrS' \ ^'""^ ''\'}^ ^^^^ "^ '>^- Mi^
oughly by rn«,tj»J"„S, "P-"^, ^^.^"isl^, 1 part. Mix and crush thor.
^ "^ -^ •"« "" liiiuugu me imu together.
KECEIPTS.
CABINETMAKEBS, PAINTERS', &c., RECEIPTS. 161
Kill IT" '"'""^'--^ ■» •»»"- '^-"^^ Sfsr^VSl
Pkepared Oil fob Carriapk« Xm t« i „i i- ^^ ?;
add red lead S mhi,|^'^ad.Vlb8 Tw umberf+lh""' " ^-"^-i
lead mid siilnhate of ziiic Mnh^ ih .' . ^ ™°*''„'i"'*- ' ™garol
gether, and bo to Se in titf J^'.,*i 'J P" ™nz<;.aU the articles to-
ttirneiitiZ fiTnii Q ?• ™ dissolved; when a little cool, thin with
K iSl.te'^V i;/''r*'"' °". * «"!«• ■■od lead and umberTof S
lo KEDUCE Oil Paint with Water Tato s ii.c ^*
OIL Paint.-To bkduoe with WATEB,-Gum shellac, 1 lb. ; sal-
il I
162 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
aLu^^'I ^\-, ?*'''' *^^®" a^d bo"ed oil, 12 gals. ; vellowresS 12 Ih^'
■="' i--"^, «" wiuisuu, wwn aicoiioi, oue hundred and forty-
; \'
RECEIPTS.
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, &C., RECEIPTS. 163
pS SC?t^ifSfrt«^:^^^^^^ of each ei.ht
tine 81X parts; turiSeric/ louf parts "^hV.^^^^ *"rpen-
hundred and twenty parts BeeDGnM'n.5''^%^r'^'^'^ alcohol, one
^oz.;tnTmenc, 1 oz. ; dragoif^sTlo?d tiS^t^f^^^^^^^^^-Seed lac,
pt. ; digest for a week frequentinhak?, ^^ ^'^^^.*'''"';' ' ^^<^«^ol> ^
quers are used upon po ished Slf«„ri^f * 5^^^".^' ^"^ l^r. l4c-
ance of gold. A ye^ow is reqS Sse t^l^ ""Pr' ^ ^PP-^
gamboge ; for red, use anuatto or dmo-mi^« ^""aT^ ^^^^ ^ffi'on or
gamboge and dmgon's blood geneSuv.ff^^^'''^' ^ ^^«^- 'rmeric,
colors. Gto^c^ iiac9Mer.4?t ilS^!?f;L*?^^^^ a sufficient nmge of
turmeric, 1^ oz. of gambo'e Si ih! " ^^ *i" ^ ^^- «^ S^^'^^nd
pound of shellac, and 2 gaV of stirit^J'''^.^^''^^ i?^^"i sandlracra
solved, and strained, add 1 p4KrnlJ-''^- ^*^^" shaken, dis!
FamwA For Too/s.-Take taliow 9 nf ^®"^"- ^ varnish, well mbced
geth«r. Stram while hot, ^ ^ ^ «^ • ; and meKl
apply a slight coat on yoilr toSls with o^i '^^^'"^^ ^^« i" tl^e resin •
rust for any length ot^rv^ nS^ t^ ^^^^^> ^^^ it will keen off
gamboge, 1 dram"; tu^peiS" 2 Si ^^^^^^'-^^^^evic 1 dLm
« drams ; thin mastic vSish 's o^ -^dlfilf ^•;i?^"- ? dragon's blood,'
fel4 days ; then set aside to' fine anfcurnSV'T^""^^ ^^itation
.f/A^'^^'' ^«'^^«^-Amber naI?l?H , ^*^^^^ear. Beautiful
and 'ifil^^^ «"«f *»rP«»tinef4ta'ls Thkln^^^^^^ '*'«""^^' ««ola
I and IS the most durahlo nf ,.ii , • , "'^ ®*^<^'^ becomes very hard
quteker drying oil nmy be subs^inTpy'f?^'- * ^^^^» wanted k>diy
t?„dd«ddimng'the cooMn^^rcr^oi^^^^
lase; add hot di-yinq oil i ?/ . t^^T'^ /?''««^i--Amber, 1 lb •
oU of tarpStine, 3i "ik ^ ? *'?"«/ ! '»»1 a little, knd thin with
ioz. ; turpentine, 18 oz -fL^l^^hl ^^,^y,Pale transparent resin 12^
for the internal parts of 'SaL^^&^^^^ alcohol. 6 i>ts. f dissolvr Use!
Vmakers' Farma.-Verv mlS' Til PfJ^s m ten minutes. C«&S.
LTfS.n^'«^^P^ <i^^^^^ ^ oz. ;Xhol,
Mmes,re'movVfetS«^ o^ i gah tolZ'
kHls ;mixweU, strain it iiito the o1i«v„ ^^'^"'S' «^^ »* turpentine 2
Used to varnish furniture pn^H ?^^*®^"' a"d cover it upimmediatSv
ram,M.-Paie hardconal glh/^?^ «oach-makirs X £aZ
on till it strings stfoug^y ' cUi a i^tlP ^„^*A^"? P^^^ drying oil'2 gals ?
>f turpentme, 3 aals • «nS .i ^."™e, and thm with hot rectified nil
'rSj; ^"^- ,^^^^ ^amisH/ Wa^ 'T^t'l'/'^H *^eTt^r^e'tn
rains, gamboge, drao'on'^ hUn/t^y ^^^^^^ Arlides.—Gam lac ii
wii 01 eaea mixed too-etliPr^V^'i^I^^ ^^ oijirns ; ana a proper nronnr"
164
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS.
the caif in hot water wLndlgoh^^
Black Varnish for Coac/is-MHtTn a« "^ ^^'Y^^ ^^^ ^^^' ^^ne
resin 6 oz • aspialtum^G ot ;dryL. liSse^Tor ' .r^'!;' ^' «^- ''
cooled, add oil of tunientinP woVmrH ""^^®?^^o". J P\- ; when partly
dissolve 1 oz. mastic?! ozlSiti L^'"*' ^^^'^"^^ FamM.-
turpentine in 6 oz. spirite turShip ' L.' fT ?^^«H'e, and i oz.
that procured by dKinl ThSV h^Z ""-^ *if • '/™^^^«<^ i^ordants is
effect of greatly^heShiS^^^^ *'"«k glue It has the
extremely Well CwS/^F^^^^ sticks
Put 4 oz. best ffuin SbZe^^^^^^ ''?"?^' P"^^ ^'' '^'^'^^^^^ <^'^-
dragon's blood into i?oz s^fir foff uroonK*' "^i^P^^^^ne I 4 oz.
into 8 oz. spirits of turpentine Iffi Ih^l' """^ ^ '"''■ ^^ ^'I'^atto
vessels. Keep them in a wnm. ni?! ^^^® i mixtures in different
possible, for Kut 2 weeks wLS^eV S^^^^ ''''''^ ^'
gether such quantities of Sell Mn, for ^^^^^^ K'^ ^* I^'l "'^- ^^d to-
desirous of obtaining will '^^^^^^^ ^^ the color you are
IFood-Bestalcohol l^al -EL -1 ^'''''^m^rent Varnish, for
or bottle in a s tSn il keep ft fusT f fS.T' ^* ^'^'^ ^^^'^ «^^ ^u^
solve quicker than if hot oi ffft Jd k?"f l^^"^"".' .^^^ ^^ ^"^ ^is-
C'a/it'a^.-Take spirit? S^nrnpnt?! 'i ^^^^"-^ Varnish for Wood or
them into fin iro?kettlf whk^f w ii «/ ^^^ ' ^^^Ph^l^um, 2i lbs. ; put
gum by heat. wLifdisTKl an^^^^^^ ^ f ^^^.' ^^^ ^^^^^l^^ the
1'^; and boiled liiSeerS 1 Sifj^ cool add copal varnish, 1
Perhiips a little lamSack Ui^^^^ '* ^^^«^dy for use.
Mosaic Gold FowdeTZ^u^^^^
crucible, a'-dilb. of^Kirffied auh?'nv^ &c.-[lelt.l lb. tin in a
is reduced to powder and cfiouTd S i i^ it: when this is cold, it
flour of sul])l^^r till ti p ihT • ' ^Y^^h h lb. sal-ammoniac and 7 oz
calcined fHiias" ; td itsuSSW^^
leaves the tin convertedStotl.P mnJ^S. "i^"'^ *^'^ other ingredients
at the bottom of the iiai r^^^^^^^ f?^^. ^^"^/^^ ^hich is found
The sal-annnoniac n/uSe ^^TZ^S^J\''±1' ^^^^}2^^^^ P-ticles,
i»ut sonie gold S w tir^ iSlpT''^^"^^'- .J^"^ Gold Powder.-
with gum a!ab c, iiTto .7n e-iShi^fn. ?,r^^' ^^ ^^^'^^^ g""^ ^'-^ter made
the gold is reducS to verv sSl^S ^M ^^^^^ ^^e mixture till
or gum repeatedirwftl wLm wa^^^^^^^^ «"* the honey
nitrous acid in a rSer ^ wS thf ^-'i'^' ^/ ''"^^ «* copper with
be removed ; or if fiTna^ bfemnWd"?)' ' ^'-^^^^ated, the slips are to
off from what remains undissohed^Smn^ '''^''*'?. ''' to be poured
will precipitate the co per powder f^^^^^^^ bars are then put in, which
tlie liquid being pourSSm^JiTpnL?^ 3®. ^^turated acid; and,
off the\rystels by^Tp^teSTaters"^"^^^^^ *^"' '' ^ ""' ^'^^^"^ «^ean
L^..^ rowDBii oi ^paie gold color is produced from an aUoy of
tECElPTS.
)ra an alloy of
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 165
13i parts Of copper and 2| parts zinc, of a ci^mson metallic limtrA
rom copper, of ^ paler color, copper, and a very HtTe zkic arfea
bronze with a proportion of verdigris, of a fine oranaem\ov\lxvSi
parts copper and If parts zinc ; aSotii'er orange color ll^mksW
per and 2^ zinc. The alloy is' laminated int^ very fineieavS S
S^ wi'thT & 7% '^''•? T ^"^^Sated into im^Hble powder^
tile ligation ' ^ Prevent, oxidizement; and "to favor
Gkmkbal biKEOTiONs FOR BRONZING.— The choice of the ahnvA
to oMain'' ^^ ^ifl^'^^.^etermined by «,, ^ of Siancy j4fS
to obtain. The powder is niLxed with strong jrum water or i^ino-inaL
and hud on with a brush or pencil ; and, no? ?o d7y as to have^ stm
certain clamminess, a piece of soft leather wrapped round the tin-er
s dinped in the powder, and rubbed over the work. When the wo^^^
has been all covered with the bronze, it must be left t<> dry and an v
loose powder then cleai cd away by a hair-pencil ^' ^
Bronzing Iron.-TIic subject should be heated to a greater decree
J^tv"^^«,SS^'''''' ^'^'' '-^^d Geman gold, mixed with a^ small qS
tty of spirit of wme varnish, spread over it with a pencil • should
a little common salt and some vinegar are added Sis mixS
with as much good glue, and the mixture sprea^d iii a hot state with
a brush of boar's hair. When plaster or marble is gilded leave onJ
the salt. The f^rst glue-coating is made thinner than he second 2
Wutep7Yparato consists in coverm- the above surface with « 10
or 12 coats of Spanish white, mixed up with strong ske- lach w/l?
worked on with the brush, 's. Stopn^ the p?reslith thick whiS
and glue, and smooth the surface with dog-skin. \polUhthZmSS^
sTmu'lZnnef °« rf ^^^^ «o\d water. ^5. i^ko'cf thf^t e t'a
Konoe 7 !»/, wifh^f !f' '^>^\ % fT^P ^"^^^ ^g' ^"d then a soft
sponge. 7. Hub with a horse's tail (shave-arass) the rnrts to hP vpI
lowed, to make them softer. 8. Yelloio w&hye\lS^l^^^^
grouna m water, and mixed with transparent coloSs size TT^p th a
ttinmer part of the mixture with a fine bruS. 9? N^xt iub th^ woJk
with shave-grass to remove any granular apnearance 10 ^nfZ,?^/
rnS^iSfLltT"!?" ^'4V^ ; bSSnelhematifet^^^^^^
ana as much galena, each separately ground in water Thpii mi^ ni
together with a spoonful of olive oil. Thiris t^nSred wiS ^whttp
except the parts to be burnished, which are to receive other 2 rnnt«
ot the gold size, tempered with ilue. 12. The surfaci damned wfth
S ;r*r//''^ "^ summer), has then ihegofdleaf apS/ed Ji?
Gdd^the hollow ground before the more proininent ptrte^.Tat^be
leff^bSt^^^^^^^^^ ^ '"" ^^^^^^' fmmediatelyTehiJid the gold
div brush 1? rLI-?;"''^^.,' F?"^T'"'S ^^'J excess of wator with a
uiy prusn. is. Burnish with bloodstone. 14. Next na«s a thin nnnf
of gme, slightly warmed, over the parts tliat are not ITvl tn v,!" k^*
gold S'to ?hpm """J^ ^T^T i,'"""'*" ^^*^' '' ^^^«b, and^appiybits of
gow leaf to them. 16. Apply the veimieU coat very lightly over the
166
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
:r .■
X .;
1. ' il 1
r m
t
I
i i
then pass the whole tl rS a slTk or',^ir '^ ^^^"^*^ ^ » f^'^rth ;
over the dead surfaces a slcondPn^f^f^"^^^^ ?'®^^- 17. Next pass
the first. This fiiSs the Zk S iive^^^^^^ fi""' ^'«"^' '^au
Composition OBNAMFiv'^^n« p?/ ^'^ it strength.
much whiting asyouSk w ,"be remfirp/r^^^' ^'—^'^^ ^«
thinimhghie,tothecon«i8tencrof my;^'"f^^ l''^«^''* »«e. with
rub It well all over with sweet oil ^on/r.\^^ ^'^'^"^ ^^ "'O"^^ ready,
take it out and you wil ^1 iL^ ? P'^"*^ y^""'" composition in it
by to dry ; or, i? wanted ^ounfav beX^^ y"" ""^^ ««*
your work with thick ghie,S bend it inS H^f^ ^'""'"^^ ^^^P^y it to
Bronzing or Gilding Wnnrf ps. , « ^^^^ required,
patent yellow, raw iSr laZwacf^^^^^ «"v ^ P'"«'^i^n blue,
K'tely w;th wateronastoneaSmuoiiof?;^?'' ^ ''^:,V ^rind sepal
color put into a small vessefl ful?of sh^^^^^
viously cleaned and smoothed Vn!!?!*^®' -J^^ ^^^d' being pre-
side. ri lampblack, rec^h^es a new ?oaS^^^^^^ ^ ""^"^^^,^ «* «lean
above compound, having allowed SffiStTi/"''''^^^^^^^^
bronze powder is to be lii^ A.? .^?il ^* ^. *^^y- Afterwards the
nished o? '^W aiSw^o^^r^S 7^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^l^hole bur!
m;|ured by this operation • n^vf kl^ V ^^^ P^^s which may be
thin laye/of CasKoap,' whSh tHrSakp";;;? \' ^^''^^J^ «^^^ ^^^^ ^
mg, and afterwards be ^rlfuTly n bbfd wSf f ^""'^ n^ *^^ humish-
potashrsVa??o^.Tml^^^^^^^^^^ I chloride of
then go over them with a s^t Lush dinnpS t^^^^^ ""^ *^^ ^'*™^« 5
wiU appear equal to new. ^^^^ "^ ^^ mixture, and they
prepS'Il'^c'^vrrerwith a?olV nf ^' /5^ .'^^*'^' ^^*er being properly
oil mixed with yefloTtw wLir?^^^^^^ dryiViiPS
adhere to the fin.rers withnnt l^r ^^'^ ^'^^ become so dry as to
with great care a"rddexter?tv «nJ"^ t^em, the gold leaf is Ld on
places that have been S^' .^^ P"*^^"^^ ^^^''^ with cotton wooP
eaf, and when LewLSfdrrth'^^^^^^^^^ «"^^^1 pieces of gohi
the cotton. This is bv far ?ho'oo • f^^®*? bits are rubbed off with
meUtUic leaves may bL^ied ira^fml^o^^' ^* ^'^^^'^ '- ^ny oTher
J«f* greenish yellow coSrSS^ ^^.fe ^Z" ryo^rf
gold leaf is only copper le if colored w Sf ?hi^ f^"* """^ f ^^^- ^^'^^cb
much cheaper than true ffold ipni Ifl the fumes of zinc ibein*'
ties of gildi^ig are r^irfd t '11^X?pT/"^ T^"? 1^^^« H^'-SS-
the weather, as it changes color if eS^^^^Ht!.!^'^". ^^ defendeti from
be covered with varnish. Ser W' & ?1* .^^^^^^ > »"d it should
as gold leaf ; but when applied sKo flf KJ*.^''^^?; ^^^ *^^^ «ame
4a;e"'''2''^lS-;;;f' iTi AP^rt ; ^^".. ..•.:.■ of «oda. 2 „,„., . „...
■ """ "' ~^ 'O'y). -^ l«rtt ; diy caffionaie' of
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 167
narha • fiia«
potaspa, 70 parts ; silica. 192 parts ; soluble in boiling water, yielding
a liive, transparent senii-eUimtic varnish. 3. Carbonate of potassa
(dry), 10 pai-ts ; powdered quartz (or sand free from iron or alumina),
15 parts ; charcoal, 1 part ; all fused together. Soluble in 5 or 6
times its weight of boilinf/ water. The filtered solution evaporated to
dryness, yields a transparent glass, permanent in the air.
Glass Statnino.— The following colors after having been prepared,
and rubbed upon a plate of ground-glass, with the spirits of turpen-
tine or lavender thickened in the air, are applied with a hair-pencil.
Before using them, however, it is necessary to try them on small
pieces of glass, and expose them to the fire, to ascertain if the desired
tone of color is produced. The artist must be guided by these proof-
pieces in using his colors. The glass proper for receiving these pig-
ments must be colorless, uniform, and difficult of fusion. A design
must be drawn on paper, and placed beneath the plate of glass. The
upper side of the glass, being sponged over with gum-water, affords,
when dry, a surface proper for receiving the colors without the risk
of running irregularly, as they would othei-^ise do on the slippery
glass. The artist draws on the plate (usually in black), witL a fine
Sencil, all the traces which mark the great outlines or shades of the
gures. Afterwards, when it is dry, the vitrifying colors are laid on
by means of larger hair-pencils ; their selection being regulated by
the burnt specimen-tints above mentioned. The following are all
fast colors, which do not run, except the yellow, which must therefore
be laid on the opposite side of tlie glass. The preparations being all
laid on, the glass is ready for being fired in a muffle, in order to fix
and bring out the proper colors. The muffle must be made of very
refractory fire-clay, flat at its bottom, and only five or six inches high,
with a strong arsjhed roof, and close on all sides, to exclude smoke
and flame. On the bottom, a smooth bed of sifted lime, freed from
water, about half an inch thick, must be prepared for receivhig the
glass Sometimes, several plates of glass are laid over each other,
with a layer of lime powder between each. The fire is now lighted,
and very gradually raised, lest the glass should be broken ; then keep
it at a full heat for three or four hours, more or less, according to the
indications cf the trial slips ; the yellow coloring being principally
watched, it furnishing the best cnterion of the state of the others.
When all is right, let the fire die out, so as to anneal the glass.
Stained-Glass Pigments.— No. 1. Flesh-color.— Red lead, 1 oz. ;
red enamel (Venetian glass enamel, from alunf and copperas calcined
together) : grind them to a fine powder, and work this up with al-
cohol upon a hard stone. When slightly baked, this produces a fine
flesh-color. No. 2. Black color.— Take 14^ oz. of smithy scales of
iron ; mix them with 2 oz. of white glass : antimony, 1 oz. manga lese,
* oz. ; pound and grind these ingredients together with strong vinegar.
No. 3. Brown color.— White glass or enamel, 1 oz. ; good manganese.
t oz. ; grind together. No. 4. Red, Rose and Brown colors are
made from peroxide of iron, prepared by nitric acid. The flux uon-
sists of borax, sand, and minium, in small quantities. Red color may
likewise be obtained from 1 oz. of red chalk, pounded, mixed with 2
oz. white, hard enamel, and a little pfiroxide of copper. A red mav
also be composed of fust of iron, gla'ss of antimony^ yellow glass ot
lead, such as is used by potters, or litharge, each in equal quantities,
168 CABINETMAKERS, PAmTER8^ *C, RECEIPTS.
~ p?o^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This composition, weU
of brass, calcined into an oxide SZ " "/^^?»: No. 6. Green.-l2 oz
sand ; reduce them to riine nowdp; IvT^"^""' ^^^»oz. of white
well-luted crucible and hPQf!/* ®^,' ^^^^^ w to be enclosed in a
When the ly^^Ze ^''^if^^^^^^^^ air furnace for In hour
however, be advantagSlf^ ?odioeS hJ'r',?^^^'- ^'^^^n may
blue on the other. Oxide of Irn^^^
stain ^lass green. No 6 A nJZZl ^^- ^^^"l ^^° employ edtS
inate(r thinfdissolve h nltric-Tif Si^"'";r^?^^^ ^°^ «"ver, lam^
and precipitate with solSn of ek-S^m^f ^^^^^ «^ ^«^r
ma ary pow-der, with three times ftswi-h^^nf^' """'^^ °* ^^^^^
fit l^"""^«d. The back of tS glal mnp i/y^K^^^ ^^" *>"™t
this powder : for whpn r^ni^f^J^ ^ f, 1^^"^ is to be p£,inted with
the other coloVs. \ w^^^^^^^ >;e, it is apf to r„n TnS
sUver with glass Of aSny LrveiWoo?^^ "^'^"^^ s"lphuretof
to a red brown tint. Work all til^jl i ^^^*^^^' Previously calcined
the back of the glass. Or stiver TaJiw^"" i^^."*^"^' ^"^ paint on
glass of antimonv th^wn iX„ i?^*T' melted with sulpLr and
powder, affords I yellow TmlfZT ^°^ «?erwards |ro" nd t^
powder resultingirom bmsssufinri^T ^^^ ^^ made with the
together in a^rifcible tillTeV Sse^^^^^^^^^^ «^^«i"ed
a little bunit ochre. The ffnevdlowrST^ and then mixed with
chloride of silver, oxide 6f tS^o If M. Meraud is prepared from
simply ground, is applied on tRlass J^t ^^ "'^^- '^^'^ "^^^^^t
of silver powder as iirppinltn^n^ f ^- ^S^^^^f^ co^o?-.— Take 1 mrt
. P^\tesofWper?andS^e? mil'r^^^^^^ "!?^*," ^^ *^^* metal,^by
yellow, by careful trituration • ^(rhUPfK"^ '^^ ^^^ ^^^^^e, and 'l of
the size of theXe S gL^fs'eTenlf fnl"'^^^^^^^ corresponding to
and solid marble t^UeXr^ivei^^Lfii^^^^^ smooth
rubbed down with a brush a\S,V^n .f^ '''' ^^ ^V^'^^e is carefully
and rubbed over the foil with a^p^II^ ^^ mercury is then poured on
which, two rules are a^iS to the eSrfr^*™^^^^
the depth of a crown piS 4 ; when anfoviSo"^ ""^f '''-^ poured'on to
fully removed, and the sheet S^SairnpJwi^'' ,*^^ '"^^«« »» «»re-
along over the surface of Se li&iSr « ^ 1^^^ ^"^ dr^ is slid
oxide can possibly either remaS or ^t^lv ^"^ *^^J "^ ^^^' ^i't» or
glass has arrived at its prop" ?^osftion IfZ^^"" *^'^°^- ^^en the
and the table sloped a littS t :Sri^ nW^Si*^^ W^^^Vixe is applied,
which it is covered with flannPi f^7t ^ *f^ ^^**e mercury ; after
tvventy-fourhoursitisrernmS^V^ "* ^?^^^^ with heavy weights -in
and this Position'is proSivel^lSci^^^^^^^
becomes perpendicular. ^ mcreased during a month, till it
in the^'ceJ^i^^^^^^ some of the colors used
IS melted, by whichS't is ^onverte^^^^^^^ This mixture
l^^I N«; 2. Cmyy?..x.-Of No Tlt'li^.^S^^^^^^^^^ glass,
i/a... xnis mixture is melted. Flux No 1 * »'^«''" ""'"'''' ™ powder, 1
xiux ISO. d. jior carmines and green.
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 169
—Melt together fused borax, 6 parts ; calcined flints, 3 parts ; pure
minum, 1 part. No. 1. Indiao o^ue.— Oxide of cobsilt, 1 part ; flux
No. 3, 2 parts. Deep aziire &me.— Oxide of cobalt, 1 part; oxide of
zinc, 2 parts ; flux No. 3, 5 parts. No. 2. Emerald (?reen.— Oxide of
copper, 1 part ; antimonic acid, 10 parts ; flux No, 1, 30 parts. Pul-
verize together, and melt. No. 3. Grass .qrreen.— Green oxide of
chromium. 1 prt ; flux No. 3, 3 parts. Triturate and melt. No. 4.
Yelloio. —kwtimonxc acid, 1 part : subsulphate of the peroxide of iron,
8 parts ; oxide of zinc, 4 parts ; flux No. 1, 36 parts. Rub up together
and melt. K this color is too deep the salt of iron is diminished. No.
5. Fixed yellow for touches.~No. 4, 1 part ; white enamel of com-
merce, 2 parts. ■ Melt and pour out ; if not sufficiently fixed, a little
sand may be added. No. 6. Deep Nankin ?/C'Z/ow.— Subsulphate o'
iron, 1 part ; oxide of zinc, 2 parts ; flux No. 2, 8 parts. Triturate
without melting. No. 7. Deep reti.— Subsulphate of iron, calci ed in
a muffle until it becomes of a beautiful capucine red, 1 part ; flu.^ No.
2, 3 parts. Mix without melting. No. 8. Liver 6?'own.— Oxide of
iron made of a red brown, and mixed with three times its weight of
flux No. 2. A tenth of sienna earth is g,dded to it, if it is not deep
enough. No. 9. White. — The white enamel of commerce, in cakes.
No. 10. Deep 6/acA;.— Oxide of cobalt, 2 parts ; copper, 2 parts ; oxide
of manganese, 1 part ; flux No. 1, 6 parts ; fused borax, \ part. Melt,
and add oxide of manganese, 1 part ; oxide of copper, 2 parts. Trit-
urate without melting. The Application.— Follow the general direc-
tions given in another part of this worlc, in relation to stjiining glass.
How TO Write on Gla^s in the Sun.— Dissolve chalk in aqua-
fortis to the consistency of milk, and add to that a strong dissolution
of silver. Keep this in a glass decanter well stopped. Then cut out
from a paper the letters you will have appear, and paste the paper on
the decanter or jar, which you are to place in the sun in such a man-
ner that its rays may pass through the si)a(!es cut out of the paper, and
fall on the surface of the liquor. The part of the glass through which
the rays pass will turn black, whilst that under the paper will remaui
white. Do not shake the bottle durmg the operation. Used in let-
tering jars.
To Stain or Color Glass. — For amethyst, oxide of manganese
is used ; blue, oxide of cobalt ; for brovm, oxide of iron ; for green,
black oxide of copper ; for purple, oxide of gold ; for ruby red, sub-
oxide of copper ; for white, oxide of tin ; for yellow, oxide of silver,
&c. These substances pure and well powdered, are either added to
the melted contents of the glass-pot, or are applied to the surface as
in glass staining. Fine Blue. To 10 lbs. of flint glass, previously
melted and cast into water, add zafiPer, 6 drs. ; calcined copper, ^ oz. ;
prepared by putting sheet copper into a crucible, and exposing it to
the action of a fire not strong enough to melt the copper, and you will
have the copper in scales, which you pound.— Bright Purple. Use 10
lbs. flint glass as before ; zalf er 5 drs. ; precipifeite of calcium. 1 dr.
Gold Yelloio. Flint glass 28 lbs., of the tartar which is found in
urine, | lb., purify by putting in a crucible on the fire until it ceases
to smoke, and add manganese, 2 ozs.
Bottle Glass.— No. 1. Dark Green.— Fxined glauber-salts, 11 lbs. ;
soaper salts, 12 lbs. ; waste soap-ashes, ^ bush. ; silicious sand, ^
cwt. ; glass-skimmmgs, 22 lbs. ; broken green glass, 1 cwt.to 1^ CAvt. ;
I f
170 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTirim' *o «
^> rAiwrERS, AC., RECEIPTS,
basalt, 25 IbM. to i cwt No 9 p^; ^ •
. pipe-clay, | cwt. : cullet or wJ!« ',^* '"^^ 5 ^^sh do. 40 Iba •
wfute Hand: 120 mrte wood mm^I V"""' ^ «^t- No. 8. YeHow or
. common Halt, itjZ; Xhiie I^lZ ^^"^ ' Pearl-asl.e«, 20 pa^''^
IhB ; nitre and wait. .JseiJk? o^ e^ch 2 ^h?"^' ^•?' '^«- ' «h^< ^
to^f oz. No, 2. P,.,o Hhite fJind i9n ' J^^" ' ^'"'^^ of manganese 1
saltpetre lOpartH ; white arS, K^oii^'p^nT^ '^'^•^' ^^ V^^
•NO. ,i. SniKi, 120 parts • r^ri jnuV^J^ ' ^^'"^ ♦'^ "'anganese. A ofti-t
IMirts; nitre 20 pKT- ' mamlm,^^^ /'^^ PurlAed^ peari 4%
hienne).~Fnro siliS,; ZK ?^' J ^'^' ''^''''^ Glass W St
parte ; heavy ep^ir, ^^Z^Torvi^ Tf^xL^"^'^' '^ ' '-^^^ 5 "'"i 21
Oi-ystal G/a«.<j.— Take l'>o 1 ^# i ' anganese, q. a. Best German
JVo. 2. iCheapcr.)~Siind or flint i'>niK^' * lb. and 5 oz magnesia
IbB. ; arsenic, 6 lbs • nnfrnS ?^^*^- Lpearlash, 4<> I ,8. -nitre 7
coiit/nuance ik the f^VnaSfTsTo 'alf .X ^T ^"' ^^Huire' a loAg
is used. Plate Glass - No T pJl 'Others when much « f the arsenif
8o.la,26i parts ; lime 4 parts-^Se'^lf 'n^^^^ \^'y <^arbona?e of
parts. 5ro. 2. Ure's ~0i /i?:.^nS ^'lA^ P'^^'*' ^ broken plate class 2.^
soda, 24 part^ ; ji^fe, 8) paS'""c1;ile?o?"«nV ^^^^"^^ s"lpffi ^
a nenna.— Sand, 100 parts -r-niSn^ »* soda-glass, 12 pa As No
lime, 20parts; charcoaf |\,a?i^"^"^,«"iPhate of sodaf 50 paiS^'-
sand uLd cnllet, of each son .J ^i., ^®- ^' ^*'ench.~White ouaS^
slaked lime, 43 parts C^JT^r/ ^'^ ?/^onate of soda, iw Zm
ash 2«) lbs.'; luL 3o'u> aTK^'ISV^^i.l, S?f ' ,^ Cj^soda-
2. (Bohemian. -Pure silidous sAnd fS^A^"^^- ®^ ^^"^-^^ giass- No
12 parte ; oxide of manganese Ta^^^^^^ ftY^J pot-'^sh, 22 parte ; lime
Pure sand, 100 lbs. ; dry sulnhate of «nZ 'k^- '^^^•^' Schweigqers.yl
powder, 17 to 20 parte ; chSaf 4 nart, ' ^P^"**' ' dry quicklime b^
fi,^^«« f '^^ow,-6^/a,9s.i-No 1 Takfr^^ white and good.
fiedpearlashes,301bH : of i^ltnpfr« iku ^^^^e sand, 60 lbs • 1,3:
h lb. This wili be verlSr Ci p'nfnJ^- '.^^L^o^^X' ^ ^b. ; of a'rsenk
SnnrH ^^' ^'?^>^ deur.^jt.l7&ti^^fl^4*h.J ingredients be^S,*
punfied pearl-ashes, 25 lh«» fA "^'^^^^'^- >— White sand, 60 lbs • unl
^^«»^ -White sand, fK) lbs • nnnnrifii^ • ^'^^^o'^ .<5'^'''?n M>m<«o?/;-
salt 10 lbs. ; arsenic, 2 lbs! X'^faTof'^/^'z'^^^^^i ««'«"^on
—•NO. 1. Cleansed white ««inH «a1i ^' '^oz. Lookinci-Glass PlotP
saltpetre, 16 lbs. ; boiax '^ lbs Thf " P^^^^'-^^^es, ]'nrified & ibf :
«cd long in thfe fire w^i'ichshonTd f/''"'P^f.'*^*^" niiould I e contin^
wards more moderate, That tho^^^^^ and aftS-
Wes before it be worked. No. 2 VVh o ««» J S n "^'^^^^^ ^^^^ from bub-
common salt, 10 lbs. ; nitre 7lbs S^^^^^l'- 5 i^earlashes, 20 lbs ;
^frtf.T,"**^^ heat as the former • frft' wn?K ™^ ^^^^« ^" " n
refract the ravs of Ho-iit ;,. "*"»«i , out u will be more hrittiA ^Ja
lbs. It property manaJnrt ti '/'' ™: '' ""re, IS lbs. ; borax 7
&;:?''•'■ ^™" "Ste of"s;S"VTi ""^ «<"<>"«'«■ »^«iJ
Imviated soap wa«to, i biwh • .^' il 1'"^ ' *'»?"' «>lte, 10 lbs ■
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS,' AC, RECEIPTS. 171
part
part ;
green
lb8. ; oxide of manganese, 2 to 4 oz. No. 3. (Very Pale.)— White
sand, (50 lbn. ; good pot swhes, 25 lb«. ; common salt 10 lbs. ; nitre, 6
lbs. : arsenic, 2 lbs. ; manganese, 2 to 4 oz. as required ; broken pa/e
window glass, 14 lbs.
CoLOiiEU Pottebh' Glazinos.— White ; prepare an intimate mix-
ture of 4 parts of massicot, 2 of tin ashes, 3 fragments of crystal glass,
and i part of sea salt Tlio mixture is suffered to melt in e.'i ^hen-
vare vessels, when tlie liquid llux may he used. Yellow ; take i jual
parts of massicot, red lead and sulphuret of antimony, cjilcine the
mixture, and reduce it again to powder, add then 2 parts of i)nr«
sand, and li parts of suit ; melt the whole. Green; 2 parts of sjind,
3 imrts massicot, 1 imrt of salt and copper scales, according to the
shade to be produced : melt and use. Violet ; 1 part massicot, 3
piirts sand, 1 of smalt, ^ part of black oxide of manganese ; melt.
IBlnc ; white sand aid massicot, equal parts ; blue smalt,
melt. Black ; black oxide of manganese, 2 parts ; smalt
burned quartz, 1 part ; massicot, 1^ parts ; melt. Brown
bottle glass, 1 part ; manganese, 1 part ; lead, 2 parts, melt.
MoiiTAK, Plaster, &c.— 22 kinds.— 1. iitone Mortar.— Cemoixt,
8 parts; lime, 3 parts; sand, 31 parts. 2. Mortar.— Lime, 1 part; sharp,
clean sand, 2^ parts. An excess of wat(!r in slaking the lime swells
the mortar, which remains light and porous, or shrinks in drying: an
excess of sand destroys the cohesive properties of the mass. 3.
Brown Mortar.— Lime, 1 part; sand, 2 parts, and a small quantity of
hair. 4. Brick Mortar.— Cement, 3 parts; lime, 3 parts; sanrf, 27
parts. Lime anv sand, and cement and sand, lessen about J, in
volunie when mi>ed together. 5. Turkish Mortar.— Vowdered brick
and tiles, 1 part ; tine sifted lime, 2 parts ; mix to a proper consistency
with water, and lay on layers of 5 or 6 inches thick between the
courses of brick or stone. Very useful on massive or very solid
buildings. 6. Interior Plastering— Coarse Stuff.— Common lime
mortar as nade for brick masonry, with a small quantity of hair ; or
by v^ 'lume.s, lime paste (30 lbs. lime,) 1 part; sand, 2 to 2i parts; hair,
J part. When full time for hardening cannot be allowed, substitute
from 15 to 20 per cent, of the lime by an equal portion of hydrrailic
cement. For the second or brown coat the proportion of hair mj' be
slightly diminished. 7. Fine Stuff.— (L me putty): Lump lime si .ed
to a paste with a moderate volume of w; *or, and afterwards diluted to
the consistency of cream, and then harden by evaporation to the re-
quired consistency for working. In this state it is used as a slipped
coat, and when mixed with sand or plaster of Paris, it is used for the
finishir i coat. 8. Gauge Stuff' or Hard Finish is composted of 3 or 4
volun , of line stuff and 1 volume of plaster of Paris, in proportions
regulated by the degree of rapidity required in hardening for cornices,
&c., the proportions are f'qual volumes of each, fine j^tuff and plaster.
9. Stucco is composed of from 3 to 4 volumes of white >: \\d to 1
volume of fine stuff or lime putty. 10. So'atch Coat.— Hie tirt<t of 3
coats when laid upon laths, and is from J to § of an inch in thickness.
11. One Coa^ TForA;.— Plastering in 1 coat without finish, either on
masonry or laths that is rendered or laid. Work on well.
12. T'lco Coat Work. — Plastering in 2 coats is done either in a laying
COnt. nnti StCf nr in n et^^carl nnnt ntirl oy>t TPVia .C^vw/j/iW f^fM§i \a old.-, frti.rr.'ul
a Floated Coui. Laying the firi^t coat in two coat woric is resorted to
172 CAlUNKTMAKKUa, PAINTRRS', AC, RKOKirTS.
>
incommotMvorU hiHtoiMlof {«frm?/»,7, whoii tlio flninliod mirfnro i«
not muilmUo bo oxjict t<> a ntmlulit «mIko. It in livid liui coat of
nbout A Inch In thk-kncsw. The Uiyinu coiit, oxc«M»t foi* vory rommon
work. Mhoiild \w hand ,tt(>(ttr<l, i\n i\w tvwM'My aii<l nnnn«'H» of the
work Ih nuu'U lncrtnw(«d therobv. Snrnh iiro Htrlnn of mortar, 'M\ to
2H Int'lioH in width, jindof tho roqnirod thlcknoHf* of tlio flrHt coat, ap-
i>lU>d to tho anKh'H of a room or odp;o of a wi-ll and punillolly, nt In-
torvalrt of :i t(» 5 foot over tho snrfnco to bo covonid. When thoKO
havo bocomo niifflclontly barci to withstand tho uroHHiiro of antniiyht
oduo. tho IntorKiMicoH botwoon tho Hcrcodm nhonld bo fillod ont (IuhU
with th(Mu. MO »H to produco a contlnnouw and Htralijht. ovon Hurfaco.
Slim^'d (^Mt l» tho Hmoothin« ofT of a brown coat with a umall
quantity of Ilmo puttv, tuIxcmI with throo jior cont of white wand m as
t«» nuiko a companitlvoly ovon surfuco. ThiH lb\lsh njiswoTH when tho
Hurfaco m to bo tbdnliod" In dintompor or j)apor. Hard Finhh: Fine
ptntT applied with a trowel to tl>e deoth of about J of an Inch. V\
Cftnent for External f7a<>.— AnhoH, 2 parts: clay, '.{ t)art8; sand, 1
imrt; mix with a little oil. Very durable. 14. Cominmtiona for
hn'ets and Roads— IWUuwm, 1(5.875 i)art!«;Rwphaltum, 2.25 parts; oil
of resin, «.25i sand, !.:« parts. Thickness from l.t to 1| Inches.
Asphaltnm, 55 lbs., and gravel 28.7 lbs. will cover an area of 10.76
8<iuare feet. 15. Asphalt, f/omp«>.sj/l/on.— Mineral pitch, 1 part; l)ltu-
nien, 11 luirts; powdered stone or wood ashes, 7 parts. 1(5. Asphalt
Masth is cx>nuK>sod of nearly pure carbonate of lime and about S) or
10 per cent, of bitumen. When in a state of i>owder it Is mixed with
nlxait 7 per cent, of bitumen or mineral pitch. The powdereci asphalt
is mixed with the bitumen in a melted state alon,-? with clean gravel,
and consistency is given to pour it into moulds. Tho asphalt Is duc-
tile, and has elasticity to enable It, with th« small stones lifted upon
it, to resist ordinary wear. Sun and rain do not aiTect it. wear and
tear do not seem to injure it. The nedostrian In many cities in the
United Sbites and Canada, am readily detect its presence on tho si<lo-
■walk by its peculiar yielding to the foot as he steps over it. It is also
a most' excellent rooting material when rightly a|)plied, it being on
record in France that a stout roof of this material withstood the ac-
cidentjil fall of a stjick of chhnneys, with the only effect of bruising
the mastic, readily repaired. 17. Asphalt for Walks.— Take 2 parts
very dry lime rubbish, and 1 ]>art coal ashes, also very dry, all sifted
fine. In a dry place, on a dry day, mix them, and leave a hole in
the middle of "the heap, as bricldayers do when making mortar. Into
this i>our boiling hot coal tar; mix, and when as stiff as mortar, put it
three inches thick where the walk is to be ; the ground should be dry
and beaten smooth ; sprinkle over it coai-se sand. When cold, pass
a liglit roller over it; in a few days the walk will be solid and water-
proof. 18. Mastic Cement for Coverinff the Fronts of Houses.— Yiitj
iiarts, bv measure, of clean dry sand, 50 of limestone (not burned)
reduced to grains like sand, or marble dust, and 10 parts of red lead,
mixed with as much boiled linseed oil as will make it slightly moist.
The bricks to receive it, should be covered with three coats of boiled
oil, laid on with a brush, and suffered to dry before the ma.^tic is put
on. It is laid on with a trowel like plaster, but it is not so moist. It
Decoraes nani as siouc ui ;4 - - ■ - - --
iCU
iiiuiitiin.
i"ir»+
to use too much oil. 19. Cement for Tile-Roofs.— Fx^wai parts of whit-
CABINKTMAKEKS, PAINTKllS', AC, IlKCKIPTS. 178
iiiK Hinl dry jJHiul, Hud 2ri i>er cent, of lltlmrge, mado inU> the cmwlHt-
oiicy of putty wltli HiihiusU oil, UIh not liiiblt! to cnuik when cold, nor
njoit. lik») coal-tiir uiid UHnlmlt, with tlm hrjut of the nun. 20. (Jcment
for Oiittiide of Jirick WalU.—Cviminii for tlio outwlde of brick walls,
to Iniltato Htono, in nmdo of clean sand, SX) paits; litharge, 5 iwrtH;
i)laHter of I'arlH, 5 part**; inolntened with bolkul Ihrneoa oil. The
orlckH whoiild rocolvo two or throe coat« of oil before the cement 1h
applied. 21. Water Liim at Fyty Ontn per lian-eL— Vine clean Hand,
100 llw. ; qukk-llnie in powder, 28 IbH. ; bone arthoH, 14 lbs. ; for u»e,
beat up with water, and nwe aH oulck aH poHHlble. 22. (Jeimmtfor
Seams in Roofs, — Take t^pial (luantitleH of white lead and white Hand,
and as nnich oil as will make It Into the ct)n8lstonce of putty. It will
In a lew weeks become as hard as stone.
Sii.VKK roLiHii Kalhomink.— Take 7 lbs. of Paris white and 'J lb.
of ll^ht tjolored glue. Het the j^lue in a tni vessel conUilninj; .'J pts. of
wattir, let it stand over nl^lit to soak, then put It In a kettle of
boilinj? water over the fire, stirrln;,' till It is weh dissolved and (pilte
thin. Then, after putting the I'arlB white into a lartjo water pail,
jMMir on lu)t water and stir it till appears like thick milk. Now mhigle
the «lue liquid with the whiting, stir it thoroughly and apply with a
whitewash brush, or a large paint brush.
MKAHUlllSMlCNT OF STONE OU BKICK WOUK.
1. Perchy Masons' or Quarrymeius' Measure.
Ifli feet long
10 inches wide
12 " high
lOi feet long,
18 inches wide
12 " higl
i-1
22 cubic feet. To be measured in wall.
i'dei
Igh )
=. i
24.75 cubic feet. To be measured in
I pile.
1 cubic yard = 3 feet X 3 feet X 3 feet = 27 cubic fbet. The cubic
yard has "become the standard for all contract work of late years.
Stone walls less than 1(> inches thick count as if 16 inches thick to
masons ; over 16 inches thick, each additional Incli Is counted.
NUMBEB OF BRICK BKQUIUED IN WALL PER SQUARE FOOT FACE OF
WALL.
Thickness of wall.
Thickness of wall.
4 Inches
n
8
((
15
12
((
22i
16
<(
30
20
((
37i
24 Inches
46
28 "
52i
32 "
60
36 "
67i
42 "
76
1 parts of whit-
Cubic yard = 600 bricks In wall.
Perch (22 cubic feet) = 500 bricks in wall.
To pave 1 sq. yard on fiat requires 48 bricks.
" " 1 '^ " edge " 68 "
Best Wash for Barns and Houses. — Water lime, 1 peck;
iresuiy slaked lime, i peck; yellow ochre in powder, 4 llw.; burnt
! I
174 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', AC, RECEIPTS,
umber, 4 lbs. To be dissolved in hot water, and applied with a
DuuABLB Outside Paint.— Take 2 mrts (in bulk) of water lime,
ground fine ; 1 part (m bulk) of white lead, in oil. Mix them
thoroughly, by addmg best boiled linseed oil, enough to prepare it to
pass through a pamt-niill; after which, temper with oil till it can be
applied with a common paint brush. Make any color to suit. It will
iaet 6 times as long as lead paint. It is supeki'or
Fabmeks' Paint.— Farmers wiU find the following profitable for
hQuse or fenee paint : skim milk, two quarts; fresh slaked lime 8
oz ; Imseed oil, 6 oz.; white Burgundy pitch, 2 ox.; Spanish white,
a IDs. 1 he lime is to be slaked m water, exposed to the air, and then
mixed with about one-fourth of the milk ; the oil in which tiie pitch is
dissolved to be added a little at a time, then the rest of the milk, and
afterwards the Spanish white. This is sufficient for twenty-seven
yards, 2 coats. This is for white paint. If desirable, any other color
may be produced; thus, if a cream color is desired, in place of part of
the Spanish white use the other alone, ^
KSTIMATB OF MATKKIALS AND LABOR FOE 100 SQUARE YARDS OF
I LATH AND PLASTER,
Materiiils
and Labor,
Lime . , .
Lump Lime
Plaater of
Palis , .
Laths. . .
Hair , . .
Sand . . .
Three coats
hard liuiMh
4 xJasks.
%
'3
%
2000
4 bushs.
eWoads.
Two Coats
Slipped.
31/2 casks.
2000
3 bushs.
6 loads.
Materials
and Labor,
WliiteSand
Nailp . .
Masons ,
Laborer
Cartage .
Three coat«
hard hnish
2*4 bushs.
13 lbs.
4 days.
3 '<
1 '«
Two coats
Slipped.
13 lbs,
8l^ days.
2 "
% «
Painting in Milk.— Skimmed milk, | gallon ; newly slaked
lime, oz, ; and 4 oz. of poppy, linseed, or nutoU; and 3 lbs." Spanish
White. Puttheume into an earthen vessel • or clean bucket; and
having poured on it a sufficient quantity of milk to make it about
the thickness of cream, add the oil in small quantities a little
at a time, stirring the mixture well. Then put in the rest of
the milk, afterwards the Spanish white finely powdered, or
any other desired color. For out-door work add 2 oz. each more of
oil and slaked lime, and 2 oz, of Burgundy pitch dissolved in the oil
by a gentle heat.
Premium Paint without Oil or Lead,— Slake stone-lime with
boiling water in a tub or barrel to keep in the steam; then pass 6
quarts through a. fine sieve. Now to this quantity add 1 quart of
coarse siilt, and a gallon of water; boil the mixture, and skim it clear
To every five gallons of this skimmed mixture, add 1 lb. alum; i lb
copperas; and by slow degrees | lb, potash, and 4 quarts sifted ashes
or fine sana; add any coloring desired, A more durable paint was
never made,
Urben Paint for Garden Stands, Blinds, etc— Take mineral
pplied with a
JE YARDS OF
lt«
ih.
Two coats
Slipped.
IS.
13 lbs.
• 8l^ days.
2
CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 175
green, and white lead ground in turpentine, mix un tlie aiiantitv von
will proiee aVi^d X^ rT* ^'7^^'^ ^^^'-"1^^ "^ y^"'' ^i^t*^'^^ *«
wiu pioauce a good gioas. It you desire a brighterVreen add a littiA
Prussian blue, which will much improve the color ^ '
mi^'^'^ ?'^'^''' ''^^ ^^"^^' ^^^ CoLOR.-Mix wkter lime with skim
Z ' S wiKwr''',^r^ *^ ^PP^? ^it^ ^ br"«h, andiJ is readTS
frfnAfoi ^^"/dhere well to wood, whether smooth or rough, tobrick
TsS exC/tf ' J:;S w"*" ^ "«S^^° "«^ ^^ which Sit cSve^
best oU S^' T? if *y™\* "^^7 ^'^'^ substance, as durable as the
nest oil pamt. It is too cheap to est mate, and any one can nut
It on who can use a brush. Any color may be Xen toT ^hv
using colors of the tinge desired. If a Ws preferred ' nS^
Venetian red with milk, not using any lime. It looks well fofiifteen
Paint.— To Make without Lead or Oil —Whiting 5 iha •
skimmed milk. 2 qts. ; fresh slaked lime, 2 o^ Put tl e ^fine mto a
stoneware vessel, pour upon it a suffic ent quantity of the m"/kto
iTaddeHuTli'Sr™?!!"^^,"^^^ '^^ ^^^^"«« «f the milk is S S
?.fS?^^ -A^^ ^uH' ^^^ whitmg is to be crumbled upon th<^ surface
wen stS in nr''^ " f ^^"^"^ '^^'- ^* '^'^ P^^^d it must bl
wen stured m or ground, as you would other paiit, and it is fit for
^^^.^^^^J^^^f^—T'A^e unslaked lime of the best qualitv slak^^ it
with hot water; then take the finest part of the powder knd^dd
f^2'':^^''^,'^'P''S as it can be made, suffldlntTform a tWck
S? lihi'^ni'^^'''.'* ^^^^ bichromate of potash and7ulphate^f co^er
mitil the color suits your fancy, and dry it for hha ntI tko i.,i
bl?c''vita'ila?,S/'S!'STK"?<''; *&-B°" 'lowly for 3 hours 1 lb.
fiTOuSiUv whil*lSii^ *" S^^f ''"""S 'II "bout 3 qte- water; stir it •
1^ Pint Of Zfr ^pf '''^''l''-T^^ ^P^^' «f common whitewash add
Then add 6 S ^fT.T ^"'^"i" ^^^' ^" ^'^^^^^^y ^ ^^cken it
ixi«ii dua gals, ot the hme water, and sti'- weU
WHITEWASH THAT WILL NOT RUB OfF.— Mix' UD half H n«ilf„l «f
Fake mineral
ii/, men pour it Avnim hnt inf/^ +h« ,„u;4. 1- _^/-_ ,, "^ „
f,anditiiire..,dvfn.T,;o "*^ ^"" -x.x.c>.uBii, sur uu weu
thicken
Ujgetlier, and it is ready for
use.
R
176 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS', &C., RECEIPTS.
ci^Yn^^^^"^^"-"'^^? ^®«*= method of making a whitewash foront
clay while the firms near Loudon prepare more caref ullv a mixtn^P
dfffll ^r' "^^"^l' Foduce a body of better textura One of the S
difficulties met m manufacturhig terra cotta figures arid oruamenSl
works 18 the contraction the clav suffers after th^T wff hi ^r'
first, in drying, afterwards in Kg iy m£4 thVc^^^^^^^
?otlSh?? /' ^'^*"-'^ 1'^ f ^ diminished shriXje ^'S'ctay^^^^^^^^ "
frnS lli'f-'^' """^^^ed) Shrinks in lineal dimensions Sout 12 per miT
from the time it leaves the mould until it leaves the kiln tlFp mill^
clay terra coUa shrink*6 per cent, or less, aXed clavs shr^^^^^^^^^
f%S:£a:S«SSaSff
counteract excessive shrinkage, act as vitrifying elei££f 4d Wn
the color lighter. In the manufacture the Xture f davs is^roS
under an edge runner to the consistency of flou^ ffi mXwe
either revolving or stationary pans ; the formei- do the n^it wntl
weU ™ff t? h""""*'*"'"' '^'"Z *<' teTn^Se^rtho™ taste
l.hurou8(uel dUensand teSh™ I e Irtacrld it H to be ^vS"
ed. This material admits of being used wiatteTrraJLt win, ^"
v«Tch^D?aa"Tnl^^."^?f^^ 'P"l*'P'';<*'' *° ""y required ex 'enta< a
Sg stone.^*^ ^"'""' """^ '^'O "' *'"^^ '™^» -^ much armosf Cd!
ofSli'^«*^r;^hr EooFiNn.-Have your roof stiSf, rafters made
" I !. X . y, inches, well supported and 6 feet amrt with rihTi
uatd^?fftoIl:h?r"l:l^H^'!,?JLi»l?™'Je^^^^^
. . . ,rt,^ v,„„ii aHii uuvur 6116 rooi Willi thin
CABINETMAKERS, PAWTEKs", &C., KECEIPTS. 177
mU^ S'S>t''';ennw'"^ iu making paper-boxes, which comes In
£ o:?jsr/oC:itht^,:L-ZTLs^ ^^^^^^^
gooa c ean tar, 8 gals. Roman cemeut, 2 gals (or in its r^]»o^^^^l
fine, clean sand may bfe used) : resin 6 lbs • Villnw J nS V^
hot : and let a handillow, and'sift Z'sharp gritS pressiii/ft?^^
to the tor composition. If wished fire.proof,f o X tife aW? w Si
mterl STff iP' -^f ^*T ' «^^^^ «^"^ lime^iuider covef w th hot
Tot sa id 9 on^ ^ ^^ P^^^^"' «^^* ^"d mix tJ qts. of tTiis with
1 qt salt , add 2 gals, water, b«il and skim. To 5 gals of this add i
mdVn?"'' ?"? ^^ ^H- ^^ copperas, sl6wly while boifing,' lllbs ^otosh
and 4 qts. of clean, sharp sand, and any color desired aIdIv a tbSk
thf o^i^We '^■"'''' "^^ -^^^ ^''' ^ ^-^^^ -1^-^^ nolS'can^S^lJrc ttn
ter"rm7he^wo5d^"rM^'V^^?^'''---?^^^« '^' ^««t building ma-
to ten mches m diameter. Form moulds for ^liT^-f K flf ? ' ^
powdered Stag aid h™ it wn flfl 5 ?" " stone covered with
tole size of the m„S"'??.''" ??<',• "' ™"1 ''* ™' '» P'^^es adapted
coa^ides s;s: £s;sT^rssr^?trr ^^^^^^^^^
178 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', &0., RECEIPTS.
poS likeT' ^""""^ ^' ^^'^ ^« °^^^^^^' «"d will take a
To TAKE A PlASTEB OP PaRIS CasT FROM A Pfrsot^j'« VAn^
^^^i^
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLEES AND GILDERS'
RECEIPTS, TABLES, &c.
RECEIPTS.
WATCHMAKEP.S, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 179
going to wind the watch until the cUck rests lightly uuon the mtrhAt-
then with your screw-driver ni'psa thA i^^i^f ^#fvr^ v . ^ . ®''
case may be next, remove the balance with the greatStS-e to avoid
mjnrmg tne hair spring. The stud or small post into wWch the W
spring IS fastened may be removed from the bridie or nl«£ of J^? f
modern watches withbut unkeying the soring bvSin^iSlf o/."^?^*
strnment, like the edge of a bSul knifl^Sr^tS' r of i^and
Sl^ifKr^i^=^^-\{;?«tf^
separated the.plates, otherwise it wiU hang and prSlTbHrSce^^
w,r*^i^^'"^."^^ ^''^" ^l^^^t' ^rush the dust away from ^te dif '
ferent parts and subject them to a careful examination w^thvonr
eye-glass. Assure yourself the teeth of the whS and iLTi^^^^^
pinions are all perfect and smooth; that tLpfvote are aU^?^^^^^
round, and highly polished; that the holes tL-oughwh?chtheva^^^^^^^^
wS -'^ ""'^ ^'' ^^i"^^^' ""''^ ^^^^e not becoi- .e ovaUn shape • that everv
lnthJr!!!!nnl' ^'« P^'?^'?/ «^'"^d; ^'^^ that none Sem are S
shaHow t S. t^ '''^'^ that the esmpement is not too deep or too
n?oT^.^f.r^irP^^^y5 that none of ?hem w^ a^aitu^e „illT
plate; that the balance turns horizontally and does no? rub Hi?t th«
h'S&^^roi'^Jhf iTr^^-^ ^^* '? '''-'' theS Tub on\.ch'oth^^^^
whijfl^^f^^^^^^ r»uirb? *'i
S iViiJS^Sfifl h*^'^,P'"°^^ S'^^° "^ this cha])ter, after which
^i^^^^^l^^ ^ ^^ ^^--^' -<5, therefore, y^
theplato^o^AridU^e'^^^^ ^^''^ breath upon
from wateh m,= ,., .„ute*' u i™'^ toUo™ - '"' '*'""™ decoloration
or with a brush and nrpnni-nJV.'W .'i/^'^ ■'^^^i^" juuiuay ary m sawdust,
gives the work ™ eSSlppeSnT"^ ^'""" '^™^-»'"»«<>- Thii
I!' I!
180 WATCinrAKERS, JEWELLERS', &C., RECEIPTS.
ouIhira±Ln"1L^r^^^^^^^^ your chalk thor-
two pounds to tlie gluoH Sthr well 'Zi T^^'i"! *^'^ Proportion to
minuteH. In this time the ftrittv mattPr li I""!! ^^* '^",^'^ ^^«»t two
t<)m. Pour the water into SlLr vplli ^ ^^""^ ''^"^^^ ^ 'he bot-
.the sf^>i:nffs. Let sS uSu eSirSf LlrJ^ '^^^'^ ""* *« ««r up
befoxe. Tie settlings in the Slnfi^ ^^*"?'*' f'"^ *^e» pouroff as
chaJk. ready for use^as "S^on'afS Tnnirh"lSV""( P^^'I^^^'^
the same way, makes a very S cleaE n.^'rT-' *''^''^*^^ "^
Some operatives add a little jeweller's ronif^o,?H P^^^l^V^g.Powder.
provement ; it give,-, the nowder n fnnJ V ' ^I^? ^^ *^^"'^ »* an im-
adds to its impor,an<.e in thTevL of fhp?,f ^'.-^^^J^'*' ^"^ therefore
« 8hari)«r polishing powder is reo^firi^ ""Vitiated. In cases where
san)e way from rotten-sZie '^^'"'^^^' '^ °^^y bQ prepared in the
nrnteTSdlSTsSlr^atir^^ -tide of watch-
met with in the i)orthern and westel . '^^^^ *<> be
pivot wood. It must be cut wl^nThe So i«*f.^'' '""'^^f ' ^" excellent
'Pi??r"'n*" *J^^""^ "^^ pith ouSe of S md'^'- ' ^"^ '^'^*"^*^ ^«^^^-
1 iTH (OB Cleaning THp of..iv /* */
the best pith for cleaning linLs wJLl <:ommon mullen affords
the thne ^.o gather it CnKP^^l^""-' "^.^'^^ tlie stalk is dry, is
inferior. ^ ' ^""^^ "^« ^ork mstead of pith, but it is
]r'^^i^?^^ yon win hardly be at a
drill into the end of tliepuion or staff "^^th^^^^^^ *^\" ^^^^^^^^ i« ^
inserted a new jnvot, turn Tdown Wlfp nl. '''''^ '''''y ^^' a^d having
by no means a difficult thiig who„ Xl?£o^^' P'T^^^i^^' ^his is
hard, or when the temper mav be « o-iSl ^ ° ^^ "^-'^'^^'^ i« "^t too
the otiier parts of the ai-ticle^ ^ *^^ ^^''''^' ^^^^^out injury to
^<^^^y"e^'^^S^^^ LE.N,n..>You may
ing from the guard point to the pane ^t4^^^^^^^ ^^ .^^^^•^^^-
the roller or rubv-oin fohip • thXJ- . ' ^^^^ ^^en comparing with
be just half teie^ngth measured ^^vf' ?^ *^" ^^^^ ^^Suld fCys
bott ways, and ml/be Se?u iS^c^ses whlT"' '^^^'^ ^"^^ ^^^^ ^^«rk
has to be supplied. "'''^^ ^^^^^ - ^lew ruby-pin table
ting'ox^r£^v^S:^be"^^^^^^^ you are opera-
cutting its pivots a littlfto one Sd^C?rfo'*^^^^"*^*^^^^^^'^r,
change the escapement. Common wM&hif -^f ^'Y ^^ ^^^^ ^^sire to
m much trouble. The usuSToce.Iln f f.-"^'" "''.*' '^^ ^o"^^^, -justify
sfciff, and with a small f^c iHS ho?P niS";^ *^ -^ ''i? ^'^°*^^ out the
to that in which vou desire io mLp If. ^^''^^^^
Htaff, wedge it to the rJqSied noS1/«n^ S"'*' \ t^en replace the
In msfcmces where the ,Aaff i. S in wifh "^"'"'"^ ^^ ^^^^ soldering,
proceed differently. Take out theMS^ ^ ^^^r' ^^^ ^^" ^ave to
lever, file the piu holes to slSiiwhf^' ?-'^ *'^^ P'^^'^^s from the
pallets, without chaSg he r i?e on"ST./"" ^'^^^^ «^«^^ th^
Connect the pieces as thel were hJfnvTa a ^t.^f^ side of the lever,
some solid substance, you S^^y^
until the bendmg of tie'Z^'^'i ami^'^t^l'lt.TB Z^. ^-umer
"•-•2- ° i" «= '•- pwiS into posi-
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEirTS. 181
Compensation Balance of Chronometers.— The balance is a
small piece of steel covered with a hoop of brass. The rirafwStinff
r/pni^o^'^'' 1^"^^'^ 'f ^^^^^^^ ^^ *'^^ *^'« extremities, the onnSS
ricn arm of the balance, so that the increase of teinperature wS
he dW^o*fp'. nff^'W'""^' r^"^'^'^' "^ ^ propoiiionate d^^le
the diameter of the balance, leaving the sprm"- less rpsist-ni?o ^A
rrr^- JY' ^.^^•"^^ ^^«'^ *^^ ^mss LSl^igZucirmore by-
heat than st^el, and it therefore curls the semicircular arcs Sw-irds
an action that will be immediatelv miderstood, if we concS e^^^^^^^
compound bar of steel to be strai-k, as the hek would lender the
brass side longer and convex, anc! in the balance it renders it morl
fnZtt .ili t^«, compensation balance, the two mefcils are united as
follows : the disk of steel when turned and pierced with a central hole
IS fixed by a little screw-bolt and nut at tlie bottom of a small cru^
cible, with a central elevation smaller than the disk ; the brass is
now melted and the whole allowed to cool. The crucible is Keif
Sh H.rfi,i'' brass 18 tunied off in the lathe, the arms are made
with the file as usual, the rim is tapped to receive the compensation
screws or weights, and lastly, the lioop is divided in two places a
the opposite ends of its diametrical arm. The balance sprin-s of
niarine chronometers, which are in the form of a screw, are wS and
into the square thread of a screw of the appropriate' damet^r mid
coarseness ; the two ends of the spring are retain^ bfsldL sc^^^^^^^
hni*J'' -X^^^" '' ^i^r^''^^ enveliped^in platinum foi^and lightly
?w^ Z'^^ '^''*^-, ^^^ '^,^'^ '^ °^-^ l^e^te^i in a piece of gmi barrS
a mollSJo, f r' ""'f P^''"^'^^ ^^*« «"' ^^^^^^ hardens the sprhS
?V HnJ la?- * ^^««olo™g it, owing to the exclusion of the air bf
fot di^^f S'' M^^^'T'T- ^^"^^^ '^ "«^^ removed, and the spring is
let down to the blue before removal from the screwed block The
balance or hair sprmg of common watches are frequently left soft
those ot the (>cs« watches are hardened in the c^il ™ a plSn
of a'b wf .tf o ^^^^^^^^^ «Pi^^l f^^™ betweeTthe e(Se
r/hh ?. ^^^^ ^""^ ^\^ *¥™^' ^^^ same as in curling up a narrow
ribbon or paper, or the filamcnfcs of an ostrich feather The soft
.26
to weigh an oun^e: ^ respectively. It takes 32wl^la^ ^g^
Watch Spring Manitpactitre.— Waich springs are hammered
?. . '^*- ul"'^ ?.^? ^^'^' «^ ^'"^^''^^ diametei^ until they fill the gaiT^^^^
ThP Tni?' ""^'"^ at the same time insures equality of thic?n>ss'
anfhllT ^^^ P^"iclied in their extremities, and they are trimmed
bhidht ^r'^'-^ ^ T^*^ ^*^- '^^h« «P^i«SS are thei/tied up Stb
n on f Zrt^lJ ^''^'f -^^'^ f "^ ^"^ ^«'^*«^ o^'er a charcoal fire
btecl X ? f.l? revolving plate. They are hardened in oil and
la? to tint ^i/f '""^ '' "^"^1 distended in a long metal frame, simi-
empr? avf oil i!J ^^ "", saw blade, and groimd and polished with
(S\(^t Vi^iK'^^"^ ^^f^ ?^^^'- ^-r *^"^ *"^^« '^ olakcAtj appeai-s
evir InfiVoi * f'^'^^^^ ^^"* '^ ^ny direction ; its elasticitv is, liow-
Ztu Sh • ?^ T^'^^i ^y * subsequent hammering on a very bright
S::^ 7S:^f ,P!^i^ *!?^. " ^^««^^^? irito\he spring." The colorm^is done
i^'kPnV''h»^,T^''''"'*r^"^' °y '^^V'^' ^^"*'*^^' ^^^^ich a small s})irit lamp
IS xept burning ; the spring is continually drawn, backward and
I
182
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
II 1 1
purcfager By many toe cofoS"?*'.r^-'f"^«. ^ '^^ ^'^ "^ thi
ornament and noresseutial T^^ « cousulered to be a matter of
into the spiral form that it m^v Snt^K^'^'if *'''^ /« ^ ^'o" ^^^ spring
contjiined This Ts done hv J ^^^"^ ^ul ^"""^^^ ^» ^^"'^h it is to bl
•handles, and does not rSjuir^hea^^ """'^ ^ '^"^" ^^*« ^"^ ^^«h
clelHil^'c^ertween'^S^paU^^^^^^^^ ^^ pRopeb SrzB^The
measure, on the pohits of three teeth o? t ?I?'^'^"^ ,^'V^ ""^ «"*«ide
quired. ^ '^ P^^*®» ^^^ ^"ow you exactly what is re-
head file, a little back from Z nS;;; .1* ^"^""T 'f'^P^'' ^'^^ ^ s^-^ew-
havo thus cut into f to nufflei?TLft?'l*^^ ^?'^^ ^"^' ^^en vou
disfcmce the piece thurpaSSvT^.^S'^^^^ bend forward the desired
Bnapping oftVhile bendS- which ^^^^^ ^\^ T"^^^ *h« P^^^e
down the point ^evel with^het^ a'nTSt^pt ^^^l^
' tempeffrShe^^^^^^ the
then take it oiiand temSiV hnrS ^f""^^ '"^ '^f P'^^^ i» «^« ^atch ;
little fcible-salt to the S; J^^^^^^^ (the addition of a
place it in a sraan shTet-Tron ladS n. /" "^^pi^vement) ; after which
seed-oil ; then Imld the C^^^^^ barely cover it with Mn-
let it bum until the oil is neariv Vn/-^^^^^^ ^'"^^^ ''""f *^^^ ^^^ ^S^it^^.
with oil and burn down as bfean^T/^^^^^^ ' *^'^" '^-^^"^^
wljich, plunge it a^iin Sto wat^; m!?.. *^'i''? *'°'^' ^* *^^ ^^^ of
likemaimer,%etomlfefed bvthfslmp^^^^^^ ^^y. in
and properly coiHnd ctS^. to K,^?^''^'''^
the same as wiTc<SsSs '" ^ "' ^"""^ *^'^'' ^'^'^^^^
silver,To''.%ttLlTjap?rm^^^^^ "^r ^"^^"^' ^ -' "^^^^^te of
hold o?er a spirit-Smn Sii' ?. ^§^^^^^
the watch haffand^heifiLnn^'"*^ ^ ^^'r^' ^PP^^ t^^^ ^
stoid ofihe iS p^fnto"^ shSTn'^t" ^""' "1" ^/'^^^ ^ '^'^^ "-
without brealduff then ro ^^""^ ^^ ^* ^"^ ^^^^
witli a little d ilifcd muSS "^T ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ d""
or kerosene, in which ShttTe Sim ,S^ 'f^^^ "^^^ ''"' "«^ turpentine
your drill. In oiSiL keef/S ^^^^ dissolved with
steady ; and if the bottmn of S,p L?I^T"'*f^'''^ ^^"^ ^^i" ^^"^ and
nlshed that the drill w 1 Z^^^^^^ ^ become bur-
with diluted acid as before thefc^Z nnf .^^^V^^'' ^^"^^^ ^*^"^1^«°
proceed again. ' ^^" ^"* *^® ^^^^^ carefully, and
TATLlJo^L^foLDEBIN^^'^DHr ^^.^?^ ^«^^^« ^^^^^ DOVE-
f^fh ..,""„ .u^_^^«/^9--P"ll a hole somewhat wider than the
tooth, square through the-pS; a mJle below ^^
:i»^CEIPT8.
WATCHMAKEUS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 183
cut from the edge of the wheel square down to the hole already drill-
ed ; then flatten a piece of wire 80 as to fit snugly into the cut of the
saw, and with a light hammer form a head on it like the head of a
mn. W lien thus prepared, niess the wire or pin into possession in
the wheel, the head filling the hole drilled through the plate, and the
projectmg out so as to form the tootii ; then with a sharp-pointed
graver cut a small groove each side of the pin from the edge of the
wheel down to the hole, and with a blow of your hammer spread the
face of the pm so as to fill the grooves just cut. Repeat the name op-
eration on the other side of the wheel, and finish off in the usual
way. The tooth will be found perfectly riveted in on every side, and
as strong as the original one, while in appearance it will be equal to
the best dovetailing. ^
To Case-hakden Iron,— If you desire to harden to any consider-
able depth, put the article into a crucible with cyanide of potash
coyer over and heat altogether, then plunge into water. This process
will harden perfectly to the depth of one or two inchee
To TIGHTEN A CANNON PlNlON ON THE CENTRE ArbOR WHEN
TOO LOOSE.— Grasp the arbor lightly with a pair of cutting nippers
and, by a single turn of the nippers around the arbc, cut or raise a
small thread thereon.
To Frost Watch Movements.— Sink that part of the article to be
frosted for a short time in a compound of nitric acid, muriatic acid
and table salt, one ounce of each. On removing from the acid, place
It m a shallow vessel containing enough sour beer to merely cover it
then with a fine scratch brush scour thoroughly, letting 'it remain
under the beer during the operation. Next wash off, first in pure
water and then in alcohol. Gild or silver in accordance with anv
recipe in the plating department. ^
Rule for determining the correct Diameter of a Pinion
ny measuring Teeth of the Wh^el that matches into it —
The term FULL, as used below, indicates full measure from outside to
outside of the teeth named, and the term centre, the measure from
centre of one tooth to centre of the other tooth named, inclusive
For diameter of a pinion of 15 leaves measure, with calipers, a
shade less than 6 teeth of the wheel, full. '
For diameter of a pinion of 14 leaves measure, with calipers, a shade
legs than 6 teeth of the wheel, centre.
For diameter of a pinion .. 12" leaves measure, with calipers. 5 teeth
of the wheel, centre.
For diameter of a pinion of 10 leaves measure, with calipers, 4 teeth
of the wheel, full.
For diameter of a pinion of 9 leaves measure, with calipers, a litt'e
le.«s than 4 teeth of the wheel, /wZZ. i . -
For diameter of h pinion of 8 leaves measure, with calipers, a little
less than 4 teeth of the wheel, centre.
For diameter of a pinion of 7 leaves measure, with calipers,, a little
less than 3 teeth of the wheel, /m«.
For diameter of a pinion of 6 leaves measure, with calipers, 3 teeth
of the wheel, centre.
For diameter of a pinion of 5 leaves measure, with calipers, 3 teeth
of the wheel, centre. i . »
As a geueiai rule, pmions that lead, as in th« hour wheel, shojild
184
WATCIIMAKKBS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECFTPTa.
lo Polish Wheels perfectly without ivmBv Tot« „ « ..
BRrcv^T ^^^Z'T ?^ f«owciNo IsocHRomsM IN Flat and
will p„«l„ee ImM^oSyevy ntZlXSr't^tTi "/ '"''*■
timt would prevent the perfect fi-eedom of its aftfon '''"°=^
«>e"?sf^r;artTeSS!^ti!r.i,';r4r^^^^^^^
centre, accord ui,' to Fiff II —the fiV^t <.nii hr>/» JV-l ^ *^ "^®
These conditions fulfilled, the watch is run 3 fi or 1 9 hn>.r« w^fi. • *
s>^;5^''sfow^„''^'^e^t«^wtlfT£™'"^^^^^^
V\^ATCHMAKER9, JEWELLERS', &r., RECEIPTS. 185
f,
tpnng mer that point, loill came the ioaf< 4 to gain in the short vibra-
tit fi8, and r'r.ry decrease back of that point loill cause, it to qain in the
loide vibrations. This rule is correct only for certain limitH, is 1 ftiu
cing to explain. Supposing that a hair -tpring of 15 coils is per-
:e(tly Isochronal with the ivfo points d'att(i"he just opt '>Hite each
other, as shown in Fig III., the Mth and the 16th coil, as (!ll af the
15th, will produce the Isochroninm ver nearly at the siuue p-aut
Supposing that wr 'Herons e gradually the length of that hair Hiring
of 15 coils, pinnor' so that the two points d'attavMr are primitively
opposite eacli otlier- so that its length will now be Wh coiL~-th(> two
pomts d' attache are now in the position shown in Fig H^ or what is
called pinned to the half coil. The result will be that tlie hair spriu'"'
will can the watch to gain in the short vibrations as much as it is in
its nowt . M do.
But if we go further than the half coil, we now enter the ground
that belongs to tho. IGth coil, and evtiy increase of Iciigtli in tliat half
coil will cause the hair spring to lose m the short vibrations, in the
same [)roportion that it has beengainhig in increasing the length of the
hrathalf. That char -e will continue until we reach the same point
on the 16th coil that > started from on the ..jth., the two i)ins op-
posite each other; at mat pouit we shall have again the Lsochronism.
The same operation is appliciiblo totlio 14th coil, with the same re-
sults.
Now it is immaterial whether we take tiiat half coil to the centre or
to the outside of the spring, because lioth of these operations will pro-
duce the same results, viz., tho change of the relative places of the
points d'attarhe of the spring. Therefore the artist has liis choice
and IS guided by the size of the spring and the weight of the balance;
for taking half a coil to the centre of the spring will not iiuich affect
the rate of the watch, but taken outside, the difference will be great
On the other hand, a very short cut to the centre will greatly affect
the lsochronism, and at the outside, a full half-coil will generally
produce from 15 to 25'f difference in 24 hours. If then the watch-
maker would produce the greatest possible olianges of lsochronism in
a watch, the change of position of the two points d' attache of the
spnngof one coil arouad, will give him the two highest degrees of
gaining and losing in the short vibrations.
It follows from the following pages, that if a watch loses in the last
running (short vibrations), the first thyig to do is to increase the
length of the hair spring from the outside; if the result is better, but
not yet good, give stiU more length ; if the result is worse, it shows
that you are too far on the coil. Take back the whole length tliat
you had given in the first operation, and draw more length, so as to
aitect the spring the other way; or if your spring is already small or
your balance pretty heavy, cut to the centre so as to come around to
the required positions.
Some springs cannot produce the lsochronism; this comes from a
defect m making the spring, or a want of homogeuiety in tlie metal ;
the only remedy is a new spring.
In the Breguet Spring, the lsochronism is produced in the same
manner as the flat springings, but great care must be taken in makuig
the curve, for if it is not made in conformity to the principle of Phii-
lipps, the lsochronism will be disturbed.
IMAGE EVALUATION
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23 WEST MAIN STitlEET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
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186 WATCHMAKERS, JKWELLER3,\&C., RECEIPTS.
Timing and Adjusting^
Fig. n.
Fig. rv.
Adjustments to Positions.— This niHnofr««.,* ^ i
few watchmakers, and they make it a rSar hnlf ^"tY" *° ^"'
of the operator considemblJinanual skurintrefeTpo^^^^
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 187
great principle is to equalize the frictions, so that the pivote will offer
to the action of the spring the same resistance in the four positions
O^^ y S^^' V'" ^'^^ »|P'.X" "P' ^^ «P and III up. AfteJ
having inspected and corrected the train so that the motive nower is
tmngmittea uniformly to the balance, the pivote and jeweCTthe
lever should be polished and shortened so as to have very little fric-
Uon; next, the lever should be poised as neariy perfect as possible
i «S ' t\;\^ " *^^^ '^'^ ^^r ^^ '"l»y ^^ acts rfJSlud &
K)Ii8hed. The balance jewels ought to be made short enough to
avo the holes «mmrc, rounded inWde, and perfectly polished, the
balance pivots well burnished and their ends half rmA, and the
jaJance poised very carefull;^. The English method of throwing the
balance out of poise to obtain the same rate in different positions it
not accepted eenerally, and is considered a bad practice by the ino^t
?h« hn?n nl*'2l;!?f ^?'- Pf A*^' «?^"« *« P"* ^» ^^ P«8l««n ^ithOUt
Ihe balance, and bent so that the collet and the cock jewel will hav>-»
the same centres. The watt^h being now in good running order is
fuUy noted. If there is any difference in the running with the cock
up. or dial up, making the ends of the pivote even and equally well
polished will remove the discrepancy. If the watch loses witfi XII
up which 18 genemlly the case, and the friction on the balance jewels
being reduced as much as possible, the remedy is to increase the
friction when the watch is either dial or cock up. This is done bv
throwing thfi, hair spHng a liule o^it of the centre of the cock jewel.
thereby adding to the friction on the pivot end, a lateral pressure
against the balance iewels. If the watch is well regulated with XII
V?}-"^?. ^®^ ^1**^ m "P' ^'^''^ ^'^ '^P^^fJ « '««'e towards the figure
i//; this operation hfto up the balance when the watch is in losimr
position find diminishes the friction of the pivote in that particular
case. Making the ends of the pivote perfectly flat has a tendency to
make the watch gam with dial or cock up. The sound of the watch
must be clear in all iwsitions, else it indicates a friction, as for instance
rough jewels or pivote, safety pin rubbhig against the roller, etc.
How TO Regulate a Watch in a few Minutes, and a Practi-
cal Method TO put a new Haik Spring, op the right size and
Perfectly Regulated in a Watch without Running It —First
ascertain how many vibrations the watch beate in one minute bv
counting every other vibration and comparing that time with a well-
regulated watch or regulator. In general, Swiss watches beat 18,000
"?*^"®i!P}l£?.^^^-jJ^ ^" ^^^ minute; American watches, either 18 000
either 16,200, or 270 per minute: and the English levers, 14,400, or
240 per minute, If there is any doubt, it is better to count up leaves
and teeth, and ascertain the rif?ht number; but these cases afe scarce
where watches will beat odd numbers.
Having found out the right number, examine the balance carefully
for one or two minutes, courting every vibration going from right to
left, and m the mean tune examining the regulator or clock, to see
when one minute is up. If the wateh is well regulated, the number
VL^^VoB*''^"!A^'^'**^*^®^^*^y*^»*"o* *he regular first number, viz..
150, 1^, or 120, as only every other vibration has been recorded to
facilitate the observation. If not so, move the regulator, right or
left, until a perfect coincidence comes.
l»eu«irefii]rm.?,"2i /'"^OM is certain whSl ?S*'""'"""*icle,
tion to ahnnf f I J i polished substance so no f« ^"aae to vibrate on
«oon enable thp ^'fi^^d of regulS nm^f \ \Z^ '^P *he vibra-
their weiH f ^ k ^^^Pensatinff powers nf SI ,? ,*^® «<^'ews of the
than a hardened o^p^Vf • ]^^^ affected by chami« 1# ^ chronome-
iincea, where oMip?^/ *^"8 affords a way to coS» "^5 temperature
tion t^ oWe in n^''^ ''^"^ «»es would have ?o T"^*? ^^^^^ bal-
have freed the
RvicwH. ■ ^""•'icn^wou or the rim h f ^^m-
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', &C.. RECEIPTS. 189
Th^SnSe n^^^ !n Z^J^''''^^^ .^J^^^Y around that^crew as an axis
zi *^"i? ^^f V^^ i" the same position as on the old arm A Hn« ^/
cent importance to Uie.polishmg broadT^Th? 8?nc^»h^^i,r^;
inT?^^^^^®" Steel— Take crocus of oxide oi tin and eraduate it in
powdered and washed, to separate the SphS of sodf Th«
JSJ"** ««>«"« i« then t« be^^submitted to a proceL of (iarSu!
dutnation, and the finer particles reserved for th? more d^uSte
l&O
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', *C., RECEIPTS.
•an of couree, oaly be remwedb^m Jh^^.^ "'^ however, th Ji
tag with fliie powW OT flraf? n? ^r*"'"^ "S"*™' »»* a" «cour-
. emery paper. 'lopreVentsZi iLT.y,,"'^ "S:"' "'"' ™ry fine
Ume in¥ oil, or «§a merc^feS^S, mb it with a mixture of
fonnd valnalJle. """""nal ointment, either of which wiU be
^tt fteTcep«"on'SToT"S^l?l™11'' "« 'S ^^ing pivot files,
oUed brass or coDDerii.»21?S h.^? °™ ""'"■ "' «"«"7' on a sUp oi
have become ^^i^^yU^iJ"i^7J^^',; Burnishers wfich
waxoSSSo^f^oTbfShr ^exn-."*"." "«"> >«»-
the pallet staff, should cow43i7itr,Xl^?™J^^ ^^""^ P«^t to
of the ruby-pin tabte and wKnRfow??*^^'*]' *^'^® thedfameter
rect Bize thereof may be knZ^ hv tl^ '' .accidentally lo«t, the cor-
lever between the ^ints Xve nam?d S? ^*".*^-^ ^^^^^ «* *1^«
clear simce between the mUete shS on^l ^"""^T^ ''1® «^ P^"et, the
measure on the P<>int8 of^Steeth nf S« ^f ^'^""^ '^'*^ *^« «»*«i<ie
only rule that ca^ be given without th« nt.^'^^-^"^"* ^^^^^1- Thy
depth of the escapemfitsTiWBS ?t a« pi^^^^^^ ^^g^ms. for correct
free itself perfectly S in rot L Sf/^ '* "^^ ^^^^^ »«"
placing the escapement S^yiurdS^^^ TS ^^ ^°"^ ^^ ^'~ ^*
the correct deptl Then C LeaSi S^a ' ^? then setting " o
tlf^S^f^fS^^
centre of the ^f/e?, are^n a £ S^nf i^"}. *^^T"^*' «°d t^e
ned in, in equal tems as it f n«iii? J^*v^'" ^^^ *he springpin-
higher' branches of™ ringing' bS th^. ^^Z "^^Z^'^ l^''^ ^^^^
or taking from the ffiSS^'and dSL ft tl^^^^^ time by adding to
up for 2^our8, then with the 6 nn^fnt % A ^ .1 "^^^^^ ^^^ the 12
the same time • the tSsLri^^l i ^i*"^^ lying down for
watch has sSoAds-keeD^errhrS?"'!^^ '"^"^ ^« sufficient if the
only a Uttie pCTthe Xatton nf ?hl uT "'* ^\*« aUowthe spring
H lying. ^^' ^»^a«on of the balance should be 1| turn o?
-t^T-zassxatitimt
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 191
LIST OF TRAINS OP WATCHES.
BBOWIXO THB MUMB <& OF TiSKTH IN THB WHEELS, LSAVS& IK TUB
riMIONS BBATS IN A MINDTB, ANI> TIMM THB FOUBTH
WUKKL KKVOLVKS IN.
Train*, Itor Seven Teetli iu the Escapement l¥l&eel.
No. of
Teeth
in the
Centre
Wheel
Teeth in
3d Wheel.
Leaves
in 3d
Wheel
Pinion.
6
6
6
6
6
6
«
Teeth in
4th Wheel
LeATea
in 4th
Wheel
Pinion.
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Teeth
in the
Bacape-
ment
Wheel.
Leavea
in the
Eauape-
mtnt
Wheel
Pinion.
No. of Beats In
one mlnnte.
No. oi
Scoondfl
the 4tti
Wheei
revol-
realn.
72
66
66
66
66
66
66
66
64
64
63
es
63
58
64
68
68
62
61
60
> 9
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
298—
292+
287+
288—
278+
274-
269+
2*/
81
81
81
81
81
81
Trains, for Nine Teetb In the Bscapement nrheel.
68
60
6
67
9
6
299+
66
60
6
54
6
9
6
297
63
60
6
60.
6
9
6
294
66
60
6
53
6
9
6
291+
68
60
6
55
6
9
6
289—
66
60
6
52
6
9
6
286
68
60
6
54
6
9
6
288+
66
6)
6
61
6
9
6
280+
68
60
6
63
6
9
6
278+
66
60
6
60
6
9
6
276
68
60
6
62
rt
9
6
273
84
88
84
83
84
88
34
34
8S
84
Trains, fbr BleTeia Teeth In the Escapement HTheel,
60
60
60
6(
68
60
62
68
68
69
60
60
61
63
69
60
61
56
60
62
63
63
70
70
60
6
49
6
11
51
6
54
6
11
66
6
62
6
11
62
6
62
6
11
66
6
68
6
1
64
6
53
6
1
64
6
51
6
11
64
6
54
6
11
55
6
63
6
11
51
6
53
6
It
•^51
6
52
6
11
55
6
51
6
11
56
6
50
6
U
56
6
48
6
11
54
6
52
6
11
64
6
51
6
11
61
6
50
6
11
6(
6
54
6
11
60
6
18
6
11
54
6
52
6
11
54
e
50
6
11
48
6
56
6
11
7U
7
56
7
n
70
7
48
7
11
60
7
48
6
11
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
e
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
300—
297
230—
294-
292+
291+
290-
287+
287
286+
286
286—
286-
282+
281+
281+
280—
277+
293+
296+
289—
2874-
293+
298X
29S+
86
40
80
80
40
40
89
41
41
41
40
89
89
88
41
40
89
43
86
89
88
48
86
8«?
86
192 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', 4C., RECEIPTS.
No. of
Teeth
Intho
Centre
Wheel.
60
f8
J8
80
80
80
80
80
80
70
70
60
84
84
84
68
63
84
84
84
68
68
Teeth t
3d WhouL
70
60
68
80
80
80
70
70
60
80
80
80
72
68
64
72
68
64
66
48
64
66
ta3d
Wheel
Pinion.
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
6
8
8
8
6
6
8
8
8
6
6
Teeth in
Uh Wheel
48
66
60
64
66
48
66
48
48
66
48
48
60
60
60
60
60
66
66
66
66
66
Le»Tei
in 4th
Whe<)l
Pinion.
7
7
7
8
8
7
7
8
'8
8
8
7
6
8
7
8
7
6
8
7
Teeth
lathe
ISacape-
mc&t
Wheel.
LeaTes
In the
Kecape-
uient
Wheel
Pinion.
6
6
6
8
7
6
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
tio. of
Seoonda
No. ot Beats in the 4tU
one Minute.
2U8t
287-f
289—
293+
298--
298--
293 -
293--
293-
293-
298-
293-
289—
289—
289—
289-
289-
287-f
287--
287--
287--
287--
Wheel
reTol-
Toein.
36
40
88
86
86
9C
86
36
83
33
38
38
38
38
38
40
40
40
40
40
Trains, for Thirteen Teetb In the Escapement Wheel.
-a.
64
66
69
60
64
66
66
67
64
64
60
6(
66
67
62
63
62
66
66
66
66
60
60
60
60
60
62
68
68
64
fro
74
53
63
51
61
63
63
64
53
62
43
51
62
61
61
62
52
62
61
50
62
52
48
60
64
68
60
56
52
60
60
,\}
68
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6'
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
8
7
7
7
62
50
49
48
61
49
48
48
51
60
60
60
49
48
61
60
52
61
61
48
50
48
48
60
56
64
66
61
60
60
68 I 8
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
7
6
7
6
7
7
13
13
13
13
13
13
]3
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
2984-
46
298—
44
2d&-
48
294+
42
293-
46
292—
44
291+
44
291-
48
287-1-
46
287--
286-
45
46
282—
46
281-
45
280—
44
277—
48
H6+
46
293-
46
287
46
286-
.%
46
280H
.
44
292-^
.
44
277-
-
45
289-
43
292+
53
287--
61
800
44
296+
47
285
60
290
60
285
1
60
280
286-^-
6t)
60
WATOHMAKKBS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
198
No. of
S«oon(ia
t Beat! in the 4tli
Mlnuta.
Whoel
reTol-
TWiO.
08t
87-f
86
40
89-
88
03+
86
98-t-
86
98--
9C
93--
86
93--
36
98--
93--
86
36
98-
88
98-
86
89—
88
89—
88
89—
88
89-
88
89-
88
87-
.
40
87-
.
40
87-
.
40
87-
.
40
87-
-
40
mt Wheel,
98+
45
98-
44
96—
43
94-f
42
93-
45
^—
44
n+
44
91—
48
37-4-
46
J7--
J6--
45
45
J2—
46
Jl-
45
»—
44
1—
48
'6+
46
»8-
46
7
46
6-
.'i
46
10-
.
44
2-
44
1 -"
46
9-
48
2+
63
61
44
6+
47
5
60
60
5
60
5
tJt>
84- 60
T«>ln«, Ibr Fifteen Teeth to tHe EMapement Wheel.
He, of
T«eth
In the
Centra
Wheel
Teeth In
3d Wheel,
LeRTee
in 3d
Wheel
l4ni<Mi.
Teeth in
4th Wheel
LeATos
in 4th
Wheel
Pinion.
XOWu
lathe
Xfoape-
ment
WheeL
LeMTeti
in the
Baoape-
ment
Wheel
Pinion.
Ko. of BMte in
one Minute.
No. of
^eooiula
the 4th
Wheel
ravol-
Teein.
Trains, fo, geventeei. Teeth In the K.eapement Wheel.
2994-
2994-
296-f.
292-f
290-t-
289
286-
284-H
288-
278
272
290+
286-
289—
290+
286—
290+
290+
290+
290+
290-^
2904-
290+
290+
290+
I
68
60
68
60
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
60
60
68
68
60
68
68
68
6ii
68
63
68
68
68
nflu '^^^ ^""^"^ ^°^"^« ^««M GoLD.-PlHoe the work in SDirita
of salts^ or remore as much as possible with the «nrRn«r nZ'"^
S»f foWV"*'"^*' ^ u" ^"^ PK""^ ^^^ ^^I'^e*' more' ©"astty. " vtry
brighU^'oteT^SrlT'^"' ^"' soldering is required, fither'il
13
194 WAT0HMAKEB8, JEWELLBBS', AC, UE0BIPT8.
Vralns, A>r Tklrd Iflieel and Pat«nt Secondau
i <»
■!.
Mo. of
VMth
la the
Otntrv
Wheal
8!
eo
«8
eo
60
48
60
60
48
TMtbU
3d WhaaL
72
60
48
60
72
60
60
72
60
60
LMTaa
Wheel
Plnloo.
4tb Wheal
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
60
60
60
60
64
64
64
48
48
48
LaaTee
ia 4th
Wheel
Pinion.
12
10
8
8
12
10
8
12
10
8
Teeth
in the
Keoape-
ment
Wheat
• a
Leavea
in the
Escape-
ment
Wheel
Pinion.
No. of B«»t9 in
one Mlnuta.
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
800
8U0
8
800
270
270
270
240
240
240
No. of
Seoondi
the 4th
Wheel
rerol-
▼ea In.
"oo^
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
Trains, for Fourtb Wbeel Second*, ^ivUb Eleven
lit tbe Kscaipement Wlieel.
Teeth
48
48
48
48
00
60
60
45
46
46
64
64
64
60
60
60
60
48
48
48
06
46
71
6
11
'J
2604>
271--
66
46
6
74
6
11
6
60
46 1
6
76
6
11
6
279-
60
46
6
78
6
11
6
286
60
49
7
74
7
11
6
271+
60
49
7
76
7
11
6
279-
60
49'
7
78
7
11
6
286
60
66
6
74
7
11
6
271+
60
66
6
76
7
11
6
279—
60
66
6
78
7
.11
6
286
60
60
8
74
8
11
6
271+
60
60
8
76
8
11
6
279-
60
60
8
78
8
11
6
286
60
66
8
74
7
11
6
271+
60
66
8
76
7
11
6
279-
60
fA
8
78
7
11
6
286
60
48
8
.74
6
11
6
211+
60
48
8
78
6
11
6
286
60
60
6
74
8
11
6
271+
60
60
6
78
8
11
6
286
31
60
7
74
8
11
6
271+
Train*, for Fonrtb IVMeel Seconds,tWltli Tl&lr(een Teeth
In ibe Escapement w beet.
64
60
8
66
8
18
6
286
64
60
8
67
8
IS
6
290+
64
60
8
68
8
18
6
296—
64
60
8
69
8
18
6
299
60
49
7
77
7
18
7
286
60
49
7
66
7
12
6
286
60
49
7
. 67
7
18
6
290+
48
46
6
66
6
18
6
286
48
46
6
67
6
18
6
290+
48
46
6
68
6
18
6
264—
48
46
6
69
6
18
6
299
60
£6
8
66
7
18
6
286
80
60
10
66
8
18
6
286
64
76
8
66
10
18
6
286
48
60
6
66
8
13
6
286
48
76
6
66
10
18
6
286
KA
d
aa
T
in
A
98A
66
WvJ
76
7
68
10
18
6
,295-
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
<m
60
0BIPT8.
Seconds. ^
No. of
SfloondN
of B«at9 In
th« 4tb
10 MlnuU.
Wheel
rerol-
rea In.
800
60
8U0
60
8
60
800
60
270
60
270
60
270
60
240
60
240
60
240
60
Bleven Teeth
2604-
271--
66
60
279-
60
286
60
271+
60
279-
60
286
60
271+
60
279-
60
286
60
271+
60
279-
60
286
60
271+
60
279-
60
286
60
271+
60
286
60
271+
60
286
60
271+
60
l&lrteen Teeth
286
60
290+
60
296—
60
299
60
286
60
286
60
290+
60
286
60
290+
60
264-
60
299
60
286
60
286
60
286
60
286
60
286
60
98A
m
295-
60
WATCHMAKRB8, JEWEltBBS', *0., BB0WPT8. IW
(f*-
Ko. of
Te«th
in the
Centre
WliaeL
Tndns,
5ee"S^n^**' ''*'•"*•' ^'^ Seventeen
J^;;^^^;j«^|«eAmert«„ w.,eh Company, w...*.
I 60
piS?J?;o^p."L^,m"S,'^^"'»« «e» ofTr.ln«, and the ralo for .i«.i .
196 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
To Pot Watciim in Beat.— If a cylinder esrapoment, or a dfr.
tached lever, put the btUance into a ixisitiou. then turn the regulator
80 that it will i^int directly to the nivot-hole of the pallet HtalT. if a
lever, or of the scape-wheel, if a cylmder. Then lift out the Imlance
with ItH bridge or clock, turn it over and set tlie ruby- pin directly in
line with the regulator, or the square cut of the cylinder at right
angles with it. Your watch will then be in perfect beat. In taise of
an American or an English lever, whan the regulator is placed upon
the plate, you will have to i>ro(^eed differoiitly. Fix the balance into
its i)lace, cut olT the connection of the train,* if the uiainspring is not
entirely down, by slipping a fine broach into one of the wheels, look
between the plates and ascertain how the lever stands. If the end
farthest from the balance is equi-dwtiint between the two brass pins,
it is all right; if not, change the hair-spring till it becomes so. If
dealing with a duplex watch, you must see that the roller notch,
when the btUance is at rest, is exactly l)etween the locking tootli and
the line of centre; that is, a line drawn from the centre of the roller
to the centre of the 8cai)e-wheel. The balance must start from ita
rest and move through an arc of about ten degrees before bringing the
locking too+h into action.
To FuosT w ATCH Plates.— Watch plates are frosted by moans
of fine brass vnre scratch brushes fixed iu a lathe, and made to re-
volve at gieat speed, the end of the wire brushes striking the plate
producing a beautiful frosted appearance.
To Restore Watch Dials.— If the dial be painted, clean the
figure off with spirits of wine, or anything else that will render the
dial perfectly clean; then heat it to a bright red, and plunge it into' a
strong solution of cyanide of ^)otas8ium, then wash in soap and water,
and dry in box dust. Repeat if not a good color. India ink, ground
with gum. water, will do for the figures.
To Whiten Silver Watch Dials.- Flatten a piece of charcoal
by rubbing it on a flat stone : on this place the dial face upwards, ap-
ply a gentle heat carefiJly with the blow-pipe, allowing the flame to
play all over the surface of the dial without touching it, so as to
thoroughly heat without wari)ing the dial. Then pickle and rinse,
using acid enough to make the water very tart, and immersing but
for a few seconds. Silver dials may also be annealed by heating
them red hot on a flat piece of copper over a clear fire.
To MAKE A Watch Keep Good Time when the Cylinder
Kdoes are Worn Off, by Altering the Escapement without
Putting a new Cylinder in.— Look at the cylinder, and see if
there Is room, either above or below the old wears, to shift the action
of the wheel. If the wheel holes are brass, making one a little
deeper, and putting a shallower one on the other side, will perhaps
be sufficient. This must be done according as you want your wheel
up or down. If the holes are stone, shift your wheel on the pinion
by a new collet, or turning away more of the old one, as the case
may require. If you raise your wheel see that it works free of phite
and top of cylmder, and that the web of wheel clears the top of pas-
sage. This last fault may be altered by polishing the passage a little
wider, if the rub be slight. If shifted downwards, see to freedom at
bottom of cylinder, &c.
Poising Watch Balance.— This may be done with suflicieut ao-
IE Cylinder
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEU»T8. 197
Z^y, ^7 nmpfng one ann of the callliieni with a file when the
S; ™,ri. S;'f ^J\ '^^ir ^'" ^"'^^ ^''« heaviest part tSLue
aowijwanlH with ceitHiuty, obHorvlnj,' always that the i>ivotH are nit-nlv
To Prrvknt a Chain Running off the Fuhbe —In the i\r»t
?eH.K:n^^v?^^l^^'^S ^H^-^'H.iin the 0Hu«e of thrdifflculty lit
dmir?ffl«*^wf '*''", ^>»«<^>« '"^-ffe, the onlv remedy if k ne"
the ,.rm)er Hize and shano. Somethnes you find tf.e Sn n-iturtTiv
inclinetf to work away ^roin the body of the fu«ee The W wTi I^
remedy a difflcnlty o/ thl« kind in ^t^ fi e off Hery Uttle f rom^th^
outer lower edfte of the chain the entire length ; th^ as yon S see
will mcline it to work on- instead of off. Some work^ wh^i f h«v
^'Is to^atrt'h?w^T"^""5 T'^'^' ^^'^""^ theTtindin«'onhe fusee
Zt^T tS ^IfZ'""^^'^ '"''^ "i '^ ^''^'' ^ "^«»»e a little from the
to iteplaJ ' ^^^' "^'""^^ do otherwise than make the chain mn
thJsnrb^!?^™ THE HAiB-SPRiNo.-This is often effected by grinding
the spnng down. You remove the spring from the collet anSCA
rt uiK,n a piece of pivot wood cut to fit the centre coUXptS^^^^
Sm^ witra''liS!!*°'? «^. *«.^.?««« freelybetween the CO ^and
armed with a little pulverized oil-stone and oil, will serve as vnni.
lour operations will, of conrsn hA /»n«fin^^ *^ 4.u^ * .l... "v. ''V""^
Vrtii,. «««-..« 'iW^ '""•'^ """" icuuuB me sirengtn or tne sprint
Your operations will^ of course, be confined to the cintre coil, For no
spring will rest sufficiently against the woo^ to en-
l It, but this will aennrnllv.anfflna TKo. ^ff i. ._«,
sufficient ao
able ySu to'^nVCbu^ "this will gS^^sSr The'effect'^^Sl-
hanT^'iS^n^ 'Y? ^'^^ ^^"^'^ «"Pl^««' the^reforeTt Jl L'nd yoiT S
Tt Inil^f'^'^^^,.^ ?y^^ PiN.-Set the ruby pin in asphaltum varnish
h^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ OB TO Draw its Temper.— Bi-ass is rendered
bmt n^ece^sfa^l'ti^e?" ^^'""^' **^"^"'«^^' ^^«» you S afhiug^f
fo?e sSnt tKJfeiT *^^'P^'' y^"" °»«8t prepare the matorial'be-
KK 1.hA^J^®- ^^^iP^"" "^^y ?® '^^^^'^ f«>°» l>ra8s by heat-
iall *? ^" u"y '^' *"^ **^en simply plunging it into water the
same as though you were going to temper steel ^ ' ^^
thin ^ifi^*^^ Gravers.— Gravers, and other instniments larger
lead SaK ^' -T^f"^^ in quicksilver asabove; or you may^se
j|;«air£iryou?^^^^^^^ S'tkiT\^iT
Sf t^S^^^r ;:;S; ?/i-*arteT ^-^ ^^'^ -«" arountit,^^^-^:
yo^^d^rTVm^a^S^lh^e^^^^^^^^
,^
198 ■WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
and always hammer till nearly cold. Do all your hammering in one
way, for if, after yon have flattened your piece out, you attempt to
hainmer it bftck to a fiquare or a round, you spoil it. When your drill
is in proper shape, heat it to a cherry red, and thrust it into a piece
of resin or into quicksilver. Some use a solution of cytaiuret potassfi
and rain-water for tempering their drills, but the resin or quicksilver
will work iK^st.
Otheii Mkthods to Temper Sprinos.— Having fitted the spring
into the case according to your liking, temper it hard by heating and
plunging into water. Next polish the small end so that you may be
able to see when the color changes; lay it on a piece of copper or
brass plate, and hold it over your lamp, with the blaze directly under
the largest part ot the spring. Watch the polished part of the steel
closely, :rnd when ycu see it turn blue, remove tbdT plate from tlie
lamp, letting all cool gradually together. When cool enough to
banale, polish the end of the spring agam, place it on the plate, and .
hold it over the lamp ap before. The mird bluing of the polished end
will leave the spring in proper temper. Any steel article to which
you desire to give a spring temper may be treated in the same way.
Another process, said to be good, is to temper the spring as in the
first instance; then put it into a small iron ladle, cover it with linseed
oil, and holJ over a lamp till the oU takes fire. Remove the ladle,
but let the oil continue to bum until nearly all consumed, ttien blow
out, re-cover with oil, and hold over the lamp as before. The third
burning out of the oil will leave the spring in the right temper.
To Tbbiper Clicks, Ratchets, &c.— licks, ratchets, or other
steel articles requiring a similar degree of hardness, should be tem-
pered in mercurial ointment. The process consists in simply heating
to a cheiTy red and ^.uunging into the ointment. No other mode will
combine toughness and hardness to such an extent.
To Draw the Temper from Delicate Steel Pieces with-
out Springing tkem.— Place the articles from which you desire to
draw the temper into a common iron clock key. Fill around it with
brass or iron Clings, and then plug up the open end with a steel, iron,
or brass plug, made to fit closely. Take the handle of the key with
your pliers ard hold its pipe into the blaze of a lamp till near hot,
then let it cool gradually. When sufficiently cold to handle, remove
the plug, and you will find the article vTitii its terapei^iully drawn,
but m all other respects just as it was before o
You will understand the reason for having the article thus r>lugged
up while passing it througlv the heating and cooling process, when
yon know that springing always results from the action of changeable
currents of f tmosphei'C. The temper may be drawr from cylinders,
staffs, pinioii's, or any other ^.elicate pieces, by this mode with perfect
safety.'
To Temper Staffs- Cylinders, or Pinions, without Springing
tfem. — Prepare the articles as in the preceding process, using a steel
plug. Having heaied the key-pipe to a cherry red, plunge it into
water; then polish the end o^ your steel p} ig, place the key upon a
plate of brass or copper, and hold it over your lamp with the blaze
lUliUVXXiilhX^iy IcilUl^r illU pipe hlll WiU IKiilJSIlCCl piini occoinsB Oiu.6. LsQZ
cool gradually, then polish cgain. Blue and cool a second time, and
the work will be don» ,
WATCHMAKEHS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 199
ti^5 ^^RAw THE Temper from part op a Small Steel Article.—
Hold the part from which yon wish to draw the temper with a pair of
tweezers, and with your blow-pipe direct the flame upon them— not
, the article— till sufficient heat is communicated to the article to pro-
duce the desired effect. *
. To Blum Screws Evenly.— Take an old watch barrel and drill as
many holes mto the head of it as you desire to blue screws at a time.
DM it about one-fouxth full of brass or iron fillings, put in the head,
and then fit a wire, long enough to bend over for a handle, into the
arbor holes— head of the barrel upwards. Brighten the heads of your
screws, set them point downwards, into the holes already drilled, and
exiwse the bottom of the barrel to yonr lamp till the screws assume
the color you wish.
To Remove Bluing from Steel.— Immerse in a pickle composed
of equal prts muriatic acid and elixir vitriol. Rinse iu pure water,
and dry in tissue paper.
To Make Diamond 1 roaches.- Make you broaches of brass the
size and sh^ you desire; then, having oiled them slightly, roll their
points mto fine diamond dust tiU entirely covered. Hold them then
on the face of your anvil, and tap with a lig^ht hammer till th«? grains
disappear in the brass. Great caution will be necessary in this
operatiou. Do not tap heavy enough to flatten the broach. Very
light blows are all that will be required; the grains wiU be driven in
much sooner than one would imagine. Some roll the broach between
two small pieces of steel to imbed the diamond dust. It is a very
good way, but somewhat more wasteful of the dust. Broaches made
on this plan are used for dressing out jewels.
Jewelling.— In using the broaches, press but lightly into the jewel
hole? and turn the broach rapidly with your fingers. For polishinir.
use a bone or ivory pomt, lightly coated with the finest diamond dn«t
and oil, and while usmg it with the one hand, accompany the motion
with a slight oscillating motion of the other hand, in which the jewel
18 held. This will insure a more ev«u polish to the hole, with less
liabUity tO press the jewel out of its place in the plate, than if held
firm and steady.
To make Dla^mond FiLES.~Shape your file of brass, and charge
with diamond dust, as in case of the mill. Grade the dust in accoM-
ance with the coarse or fine character of the file desired.
To MAKE Pivot Files.— Dress up a piece of wood file-fashion,
about an inch broad, and glue a piece of fine emery paper upon it.
fehape j^ouT file then, as you wish it, of the best cast steel, and before
tempenng pass yuiu emery paper heavily across it several times,
diagonally. Temper by h.3atmg to a cherry red, and plunging into
linseed oil. Old worn pivot files may be dressed over and made new
by this process. At ^rst thoijght, one would be led to regard them
too 8 ightly cut to work well, but not so. They dress a pivot more
rapidly than any other file.
To Make a Diamond Mill.— Make a brass chuck or wheel, suit-
able for use on a foot-lathe, with a flat even surface or face of about
14 or 2 mches m diameter; then place a number of the coarsest nifiCRg
f your aiHiuoiid dust on different parts of its face, and with smooth
faced steel hammer drive the pieces of dust all evenly into the bnws to
nearly or quite level with the surface. Your mill, thus prepared, is
fiV^
V I
200 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
now used for maMng paUet jewels or for grinding stone and glass of
any kmd. For polishing, use a bone or borwood chuck or wheelTof sim-
ilar fonn to your miU, and coat it lightly with the finest grade of
yoijr diamond-dust and oil; with this a beautiful polish may be given
to the hardest stone. '' » "''"
To Make Diamonp Dust.— Place a few small pieces of common
or cheap diamond on a block of hard polished steel; in a suitable ves-
sel, and cover it with water to prevent it flying or scattering, then
place a flat steel punch onisach piece separately, and strike thepunch
with a mallet or hammer, with sufficient force to crush the diamond
^AA -f^'^^®^ sufficiently fine in this way, the dust may be coUected
and dned for use ; after drying, it mav be graduated for different
purposes, by mixing it with a little watch oU ; when agitated, the fin-
^t particles wUl float near the surface, whUe the coarsest pieces will
sink at once to the bottom ; and thus by decantmg the oil in which
the dust floats, as many grades of fineness as desired may be obtain-
ed. The dust may be separated from the oil by pouring on a piece of
f^'SilT ^^\i *^.® paper will absorb the oil, or allow It to fil-
ter through, whfle the dust will remain on the surface ; but to pre-
vent waste, the better way is to leave it m the oil and use directly
JJ^efrom as re«[iured, or the oil may be washed out of the dust with
To PRESERVE Pinions oh BEARmas from Corrosion and Rust.
—in case of the lower centre bearing under the cannon pinion cor-
rodmg or rustmg, when you clean the watch, be particular to take the
S?irfi!!l!i^®^ , • Pefi It thoroughly ; if the piVot is scratched, pol-
ish it, then make a litt e hollow in the top hole ; put good fresh oil
on It, and the pivot will not corrode or rust for two or three years
:oL^J "^A^^L^T^ ^" ^^® ^^tch, they should all be thoroughly
cleaned, and old oil cleaned out ; then if no dust gets in, and nolccf-
dent happens the watch, it will nm for years,
n u!f^\^ Clock.— Take the movement of the clock " to pieces '■
Su^^K iT^®^^?..^?^.J^""®"» thoroughly with a stiff coarse brush :
also the plates which the trains work. Clean the pivots well bv turn-
2Eoi*^'r^^^ ^^i**^° ^""^^ ^®ld tightly between your thumb ard
nnger. ibe pivot holes m the plates are generally cleansed by turn-
ing a piece of woKDd mto them, but I have always found a strip of
cloth or a soft cord dra-^vn tightly through them to act the best. If you
use two cords, the first one slightly oiled, and the next dry, to clean the
oil out, all the better. Do not use salt or acid to clean your clock-
it can do no good, but may do a great deal of harm. iBoiling the
Sf «?r ^ ^u*®u' ^ *l^^^ practice of some, is also foolishness.
oJ« «U8H.— The hole through which the great arbors, or winding
axles, work, are the only ones that usuaUy require bushing. When
fSii^^.^-?^'^*™^i^^ ?^"P^ ^«"^' the €reat wfieel on the aSle before *
T^^f2.f? *f . *^u "^l^P'y .^^*° *^^ l'i"i«ns ahove it and stops the clock.
In^S^^ ^^^'2 .^"s^l"? « necessary, of course. The most common
SoIdT^'V^i**^!"^®.* ^*®^1 point or punch into the plate just
S.rZf the axle hole, thus forcing the brass downwards until the hole
s reduced to its original size. Another mode is to solder a piece of
Drags upon the plate in such a nositinn as *q h.iiH tua o^i« Ar.^^, 4.^ j*.
proper place, if you simply wish your clock "to run, and have no" ai^
bition to produce a bush that wiU look workmanlike, about a« good a
; •
EIPTS.
3 and glass of
wbeel.ofsim-
est grade of
may be given
8 of oommon
snitable ves-
ittering, then
ke the punch
he diamond.
T be collected
for different
ated, the fin-
st pieces will
oil in which
ly be obtain- ,
on a piece of
llow It to fil-
; but to pre-
use directly
he dust with
5f Aio) Rust.
I pinion, cor-
rto take the
ratched, pol-
lod fresh oil
three years,
i thoroughly
andnoacci-
' to pieces.'
arse brush ;
cell by turn-
thumb and
led by tum-
id a strip of
best. If you
, to clean the
our clock —
fioilmg the
ishness.
or winding
ing. When ,
axle before
jsthe clock,
jst common
B plate just
itil the hole
r a piece of
lave no am-
t as good a
WATCHMAKERS, JEWEll ', 4c., RECEIPTS. 201
Uiem h that Son Hthm ST^^hS* "*?' "' shaft, and testen
the Imp of the veree ^?e worta^™, S^ l°„'^'i ""* *•'" ?»»>' «'»'o«
batthe'^be8twatc?oir^"d??of.SjlffS2"i.'^S.r"- IJ»« >>»™
centswonld&stTOftwoySatlS yS^J^" tat twentyive
fumfshmg establishment "" "^ """y " "* any watch-
si-j^irpife:^-™^^^^^^^^^^
at the^S where Z iCS'iiiw^' ^^^^ *« !'»«»'»"' "'"
weU.^SmaU as this defect W'seeLt'^stS^'ria^f S'L^TS
Figures on Gold aitd Silveh TtJAra tt«i,i « n .
apj?#„«r^4r„f%"„ij^SSSHT'
ZatS'J^VenoS' '"^""' l-™" ^ -^ 1^1 S^l ^If ^th' ^
marked »nvexspeca."Cr^^^^^^^
'^ViJ'i,!^'?^"!? *"'"*"■ '" preference to silver or braJs^soider '"""""•
i
202 WATCHMA^ ER8, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
■,.\ -
the o«. alloy ; therefore, when you judge how much gold a piece of
work will take, compouud it to the standard weight by the following
directions : Assay Weight. — ^The weight of gold is a pound, which u
divided into 12 ozs. each oz. into 24 carats, each carat mto 4 grains,
and, lastly, each grain into 4 quarters ; then you see the ^ssay quarter-
grain, is in reality IJ grain Troy. <
On Melting and Refining.— In melting Brass Oold, urge the
fire to a great heat, and stir the metal with the long stem of a
tobacco pii)e to prevent honev-combing. If Steel or Iron filings
get hito gold while melting, throw in a piece of sandiver the size
of a common nut ; it will attract the iron or steel* from the gold
into the flux, or, sublimate of mercury will destroy the iron or
steel. To cause Oold to roll well, melt with a good heat, add a
teaspoonful of sal ammoniac and charcoal, equal quantities, both
pulverized, stir up well, put on the cover for 2 minutes, and pour.
To Refine Sweepings Containing Gold or Silver.— To 8
ozs. of the dirt, which has been washed and burnt, add salt, 4 ozs. ;
poarlash 4 ozs. j red tartar 1 oz. ; saltpetre ^ oz., mix thoroughly in
a mortar, melt m a crucible, and dissolve out the precious metals in
a button.
i
QUANTITY OF STANDARD OOLD TO COMPOUND AN OZ. OF ANY OF
THE FOLLOWING ALLOYS CALCULATED TO THE J OF A GRAIN,
AS FOLLOWS :
Carat,
■w
Dwt8.
Grs.
Qrs.
Dwts.
Grs.
Qrs.
1
21
9
19
2
2
2
1
19
T
18
4
4
8
2
17
6
17
6
6
4
3
16
8
1
16
8
8
6
4
13
1
16
10
10
6
6
10
10
14
13
i
7
6
8
8
13
15
3
8
7
6
6
<
12
17
6
9
a
4
4
» -y
11
19
7
10
9
2
2
^
n
10
21
9
11
10
10
12
10
21
9
p
9
2
2
13
11
19
7
H
8
4
4
14
12
17
6
><
7
6
6
15
13
15
3
o
6
8
8
16
14
13
1
1-9
6
10
10
17
15
10
10
1-9
4
13
1
18
16
8
8
<
3
16
3
19
17
6
6
2
17
6
20
18
4
4
1
19
7
21
19
2
2
21
9
22
22
To Fuse Gold Dust. — Use such a crucible as is generally
used for melting brass ; heat very hot ; then add your gold dust
mixed with jwwdered borax ; — after some time a scum or slag will
arise on the top, which may be thickened by the addition of a
little lime or bone ash. If the dust contains any of the more
oxiulzeable muials, add a little nitre, skiiu oft the siag or scum very
carefully ; when melted, grasp the crucible with strong iron tongs ;
T9.
a piece of
following
1, which u
3 4 grains,
y quarter-
urge the
stem of a
'on JUings
r the size
I the gold
e iron or
lat, add a
ities, both
ipour.
iSB.— To 8
lit, 4 ozs. ;
roughly in
metals in
V ANY OP
A GRAIN,
Qrs.
2
4
6
8
10
i
8
6
7
9
2
4
6
8
10
1
3
6
7
9
generally
gold dust
slag will
ition of a
the more
«um very
on tongs ;
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 208
Mid pour off immediately into cast iron moulds, slightlv irreased
The slag and crucibles may be afterwards pulveriz^'^ i^T^k
m^TlZ"!"' "^"'"^ ^~™ *^« ^^ thiSSgh^cu^'ll^Si t
Gold Alloys.— The "New Standard" for watch cases fko {aia
Se'ih«°«4"^?^^'?/^"^y- N?goldoTtfeS''q',^Vy^c^
SSJL^^l ?*" mark;' and gold of lower quality le^ geneiX
described by its commercial value. The alloy ma/ be entir«iv
sUver, whict will give a green color, or enSfy Tpper for a ^
color, but aie copper and sUver are more usually ^edin^
^loy according to the taste of the jeweller. It wS belSdeMtSS
S?ii^T ^IS '^^^^^ ^'^ ^« ««ld, fine silveTlmd Cc55S?
direct from the refiner. Gold of 22 carats fine beW so Uttle u^*
mr^'rllNnf r^^'A^^" c«PP«' 2 dwt, 6 grs. 2. Ooldof 18
mrats, red tint. Gold 15 dwt., silver, 1 dwt. 18 grs Conner 3 dwt
SS^S^^i • * ?"? "^f®? <^^ or rolled very hard makes spriuM
Sz? Gold^'^^iii* '^T^fZ'' ^^ Cfold/yellow «n<, 16 ?J3
K iK' .' 7. ^5- f^^®"^' 7 <*^> copper, 5 dwt. 6. Oold of red
tint 16 carats Gold. 1 oz. silver, 2 dwt rcopper, 8 dwt "^
Sterling Gold Alloy, 78s. per oz.-C ^inegold, 18dwts 12
OTS., fine silver, Idwt., fine copper, 12 grs. 2.--i^ V/w^dOozl
flTr i^,S^«':/i«egold,16<f^. finHilver, 1 dwt. W^rl^^t
Cam/ iiSr^;ii^S'!iL?'^«''''PP?.'' 2 dwts. 6 grs.-^. kmth^, 18
dwS iwtfi '/^?r^'-.o^.® «"^^^' 2 dwts. 4 grs., fine copper, 2^
9^wVi i?^-""^- Z'**'^^''' 18 ^'o^-a^. Fine gold, 18 dwts., fine silver;
Fme gold loz., fine silver 2 dwts. 6 grs., fine copper, 's dwt™
grs.--7. Another, 20 Carat. Fine gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 2 dwts fine
copper 2dwts. 4gr8.~«. Amthef, 22 Carat. Fine gold,' 18 dwte' fiSI
Silver, 12 grs., fine copper, 1 dwt.'3 gr8.-9. Oold fo&f<X''fTl
K? f S?- TS^^?/ the auoyed Jold you are us^g, 1 dJ^ /^e
sdver, 6 grs.— 10. Alloy for Dry Colored Rings. Fine gold, i oz
fine silver, 4 dwts. 6 grs. fine copper, 4 dwts. eVs—ll^Wefer /or
ditto. Scrap gold, 2 ozs., fine silver, 3 dwts., fine S>pper, 3 dwK2
Dry Colored Scrap reduced to 35s. Gold. ColoreS scmp, 1 oz 9
4 dX ^" ^""^ '^^^'' 2 ^^^ ^^ ^PP^'' 17 dwts. 15l?^., siSlter;
Dry Coloring for the Foregoing.— PoUsh your work weH and
-Sf wSi"*-""-' ^^ke saltpetre, 8 uzs., alum, 4 ozl, salT, 4 ozs , melt
a^i together m a black lead pot, stirring with a thhi iron bar when
dissolvmg. Use the fire on a forge and Srge it well with the bellows
H Jn Ji *^ V^*^"^^ ^* ^ ^«*- ■ ^o*^^" P«»«hed work be^gTeli
SS^ Ji^ ^"^^A ^'^^Rl and hot water, is dried in box sawdust, is
^i^Zh alo-''T.^U'^'\^ *^^^ ^^'^ ^^' ^«^^ ; annealed and boi ed
out and a^am dried m box sawdust and finaUy hung on platinum
SI^'l''^*l'^'''^- ,^^!? the -color " in the pot assumes a%rown yellow
flame tiie work is dipped in for two or tfiree seconds, and quenched
♦vT^T — ■"j." •'" •- "itii III uxiiiuu aura, wuicii removes any "coior''
tnat may adhere to the work. This ought to produce the desired
color, but if It does not, repeat the process, previously drying the
^ii
204 WATCHMAKEKS, JEWELLERS', &C., RECEIPTS.
work before" re-immersion in tlie "color." Tlie color-pot mnst bo
emptied immediately upon the forge, so thut it may be ready for
future use.
Wet Colored Alloys.— 1. Fine gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 3 dwts. 12
grs., fine copi)er, 9 dwts. 2. Fine-gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 4 dwts. 12gr8.,
lino copper, 10 dwta. 3. Fine gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 4 dwts. 12 grs.,
fine copper, 10 dwts. 12 grs. 4. Fine Gold, 1 oz., tine silver, 4 dwts.,
fine copper, 9 dwts. 12 grs. 6 Qreen Chid for Fancy Work. Fine
. gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 6 dwts. 16 grs. 6. Amther Green Gold.
Fine gold, 10 dwts., fine silver, 2 dwts. 2 grs. 7. Red Gold, for
fancy work. Fine gold, 5 dwts., fine copper. 2 dwts. 12 grs.
8. Another Had Gold. Fine gold, 5 dwts., -fine copper, 1 dwt.
6 grs. 9. Gold solders for the foregoina Alloys. Take of the alloyed
gold you are using, 1 dwt., fine silver, 6 grs., or, 5 grs. silver and 1 gr.
copper may be used. 10. Solder for Repairing. Gold alloyed, 1 dwt. ,
fine silver, 5 grs., pin brass, 1 gr. 11. Wet Colored Solder. Wet
colored scrap, 3 ozs., fine silver, 10 dwts., fine copper, 5 dwts. 12. »
Gold, 16 caraty cost SGs. or $Uper oz. Fine gold, 1 oz. 18 dwts., fine
silver, 12 dwts. 12 grs., fine copper, 10 dwts. 13. Fine gold, 1 oz., fine
silver, 8 dwts. fin? coi)per, 4 dwts. 14. Fine gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 8
dwts., fine copper, 4 dwts. 15. Fine gold, 1 oz..*finQ silver, 6 dwts.,
fine copper, 8 dwts. 16. Gold solder for the last. Gold scrap, 1 oz.,
fine silver, 5 dwts. 17. Gold good color. Fme gold, 1 oz., fine silver,
6 dwts., fme copper, 4 dwts. 18. Gold costGOs. or $15, good color.
Fine gold, 1 dwt., fine silver, 6 dwts., fine copper, 4 dwts. 19. Wet
colored solder. Scrap gold, 4 ozs., fine silver, 13 dwts., fine copper, 6
dwts. 16 grs. 20. To reduce 22 carat into Wet colored Gold. Ciold
coins 4 ozs. 8 dwts., fine silver, 13 dwts., fine copper, 1 oz. 13 dwts. 21.
To reduce 22 carat to ordinary wet colored Gold with scrav. Coins 1
oz., fine gold, 3 ozs., fine silver, 17 dwts. 12 grs., fine copper, 2 ozs. I
dwt. 12 grains., scrap,. 3 ozs. 1 dwt. 22. Another way with scrap.
Coins, 3 ozs. 1 dwt 6 grs., fine gold, 2 ozs., fine silver, 1 oz. 1 dwt,,
fine copper, 2 ozs. 11 dwts., scrap, 1 oz. 6 dwts. 18 grs. 23. Another
way with scrap. Coins, 2 ozs., fine gold, 3 ozs. 3 dwts. 8 grs., fine
silver, 1 oz. 1 dwt. 4 grs., fine copper, 2 ozs. 10 dwts. 12 grs., scrap, 1
oz. 5 dwts. 24. To reduce 22 carat to ordinary wet colored Gold with-
out scrap. Coins, 1 oz., fine gold, 8 ozs., fine silver, 2 ozs., fine cop-
per, 4 ozs. 14 dwts. 25. Another way without scrap. Coins, 1 oz.,
fine gold, 2 ozs., fine silver, 13 dwts., iSne copper, 1 oz. 11 dwts. 26.
Amther loay without scrap. Coins, 2 ozs., fine gold, 6 ozs., fine silver,
1 oz. 14 dwts., fine copper, 4 ozs. 2 dwts.
To Wet-Colobthb foregoing Alloys.— For 5 ozs. of work take,
saltpetre, 16 ozs., alum, 8 ozs., salt, 8 ozs., all pulverized and muriatic
acid 2 ozs., dissolve the ingredients gradually in a black lead pot.
When it boils up, add the acid, and stir the whole with a wooden
spoon. Having nnnealeJ your work and made it perfectly clean, tie
in small parcels ith platinum or fine silver wire, and when the color
boils up immerse it therein 'for ^our minutes, moving jt about to en-
sure a perfect contact with all parts of the surface. Then take it out
and rinse it well in boiling water, then immerse in the color again for
for 1 i iTiinrites and rinse well once more in frftsh. hot xvntp.y. Kfrtxi?
add 2 ozs. of fresh hot water to the color in the pot, which will cause
it to sink. When it rises put in your work for 1 minute, rinsing in
\
PT9.
lOt must be
B ready for
, 3 dwts. 12
wts. 12grs.,
vts. 12 grs.,
er, 4 dwts.,
Vork. Fine
reen Oold.
i Oold, for
^ts. 12 grs.
>er, 1 dwt.
the alloyed
er and 1 gr.
yed, Idwt,
^Ider. Wet
dwts. 12.
dwts., fine
I, loz., fine
ne silver, 8
er, 6 dwts.,
icrap, 1 oz.,
fine silver,
good color.
s. 19. Wet
le copper, 6
llold. Ciold
13 dwts. 21.
n. Coins 1
)er, 2 ozs. I
with scrap.
oz. 1 dwt,,
3. Another
8 grs., fine
re,, scrap, 1
Gold with-
., fine cop-
!!oins, 1 oz.,
dwts. 26.
I fine silver,
E work take,
nd muriatic
k lead pot.
1 a wooden
y clean, tie
m the color
bout to en-
take it out
)r again for
n f af* "KTrvtiT
will cause
rinsing in
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, &C., RECEIPTS. '205
. fresh hot water agam, when it will begin to brighten. Now immerse
* your work for half a minute longer, and rinse for the last time in
clean hot water, when it will appear of a most beautiful color.
Alloys, continued. 1. Pale gold for coloring Enamelling, <yr
Lapping— Fine gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 9 dwts, fine copper, 2 dwts. 12
grs. 2. Another ditto— Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver 9 dwts., fine cop-
Ser 3 dwts. 12 grs. 3. Another ditto— Fine gold 1 oz,, fine silver 10
wte., fine copper 3 dwts, 12 grs. 4. Emmelling Gold No. 1— Fine
gold 1 oz., fine silver 1 dwt. I2 grs., fine copper 2 dwts. 12 grs. 6.
enamelling Oold from Sterling— Sievling 1 oz., fine silver 8 grs., fine
copper 2 dwts. 6. Enamelling Oold Solder— Gold alloyed, 1 dwt ,
fine silver 4 grs. 7. Another ditto, coat 438. stg., or $10.75 per oz.—
Fine goki 12 dwts., fine silver 7 dwts. 3 grs., fine copper 6 dwts. 8.
Enamelling Oold No. 2. cost 50« stg. per oz.— Fine gold 1 oz., fine sil-
ver 9 dwte. 12 grs., fine copper 7 dwts. 12 grs. 9. Enamelling Oold
No. 3.— Fnie sold 1 oz., fine silver 14 dwts., fine copper 8 dwts. 10.
Enaimlling Oold No. 4.— Fine gold 2 ozs. 5 dwts., line silver 1 oz. 6
dwts. , fine copper 1 oz., ^)in brass 5 dwts. 11. Enamelling Oold No. 6.
— line gold 1 oz., fine silver 12 dwts., fine copper 6 dwts. 12. En-
amelling Gold No. 6. for transparent enamelling— Fine gold 1 oz., fine
silver 14 dwts., fine copper 6 dwts. 13, Gold solder for enamelled
worlo-Fiue gold 1 oz., fine silver 1 oz., fine copper 10 dwts., silver
Holder 8 dwts. 8 grs. 14. Pale Oold all<yys for polishing, &c.. No 1.
—Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver 8 dwts., fine copper 3 dwts. 12 grs. 16
Another, No. 2.— Fine gold 1 oa, fine silver 1 dwt. 20 grs., fine cop-
per 1 dwt. 4 grs. 16. Pale 18 Cfarat Gold^Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver
4 dwts., fine copper 2 dwts. 15 grs. 17. Another Pale 18 Carat Oold
—Fine gold 1 oz. 12 grs., fine silver 3 dwts. 8 grs,, fine copper 3 dwts.
8 grs. 18. Pale Gold Solder— Gold alloyed 1 dwt. 6 grs., fine silver
1 dwt. 19. Alloy for best Pens— Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver 6 dwts.,
fine copper 7 dwts. 18 grs., spelter 1 dwt 6 grs. 20. Solder for ditto
—Fine gold 12 dwts., fine silver 7 dwts. 3 grs., fine copper 6 dwts.
21. Medium quality pens— Fine gold 1 oz., composition 1 oz., 13 dwts.
22. Composition for the last— Fine silver 1 oz. 17 dwts., fine copper 5
ozs. 15 dwts., spelter 18 dwts. 20 grs. 23. Solder for ditto— Fine gold
1 oz., fine silver 2 ozs., pin brass 1 oz. 24. Oold far common pens—
Fme c^old 1 oz., fine silver 2 ozs., fine copper 1 oz. 25. Solder for ditto.
Fme uold 1 oz., fine silver 2 ozs., pinbrass 1 oz. 26. Alloys of Gold
with Brass, No. 1.— Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver 5 dwts. 6 grs., fine cop-
per 3 dwts. 12 grs., pin brass 18 dwts. 27. Another ditto. No. 2.—
Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver 4 dwts., fine copper 4 dwts., pin brass 16
dwts. 28, Another ditto. No. 3, —Fine gold 1 oz,, fine silver 5 dwts
^12 grs., fine copper 3 dwts. 12 grs., pin brass 19 dwts. 6 grs. 29.
Another alloy.— Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver 3 dwts. 21 grs., fine copper
9 dwts. 3 grs., composition 6 dwts. 6 grs. 30. Another ditto— Fine
gold 15 dwts, 9 grs., fine silver 5 dwts. 19 grs., fine copper 3 dwts. 21
grs,, composition 15 dwts. 31. Cmnposition. for the last tioo alloys
Finest copper 1 oz., spelter 5 dwts. 32, Sol'derfm- foregoing alloys-
Gold alloyed, 1 dwt., fine silver 12 grs. 33, Imitation Gold, costs' Zlc.
per 02.— Fine silver 2 oz. 5 dwts^ fine copper 1 oz., composition 1 oz.,
keens its Crolnr Vftrv Wfill .^. finmr\naitin'n -Ffw tJUin ir;n<i /i^^»/v. l-l
- ' . . ~ . --j_. .■ — — ..-^ v' *" "-'-■'■•-'• i" rxtv ^--^^L-ircjL XX
ozs., spelter 2 ozs, 35, " California " Gold—Fine gold 5 ozs. 12 dwte.
composition 7 ozs. 17 dwts. 36. Composition fw '' Calijbrnia"— Fine
^WjyW w if f i!W* » » "-' m w "-^
I
206 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLEII&*, AC, RECEIPT8.
»
silver, 7 ozs. 17 dwto. fine copper 33 okh. 12 dwts., spelter 5 ozs. 12 dwts.
87. Medium Gold— Fine goia 1 oas., fine silver 12 dwts., fine copper 18
dwts. 38. Bi'iqht Oo^i— Fine gold 1 oz., flue silver 7 dwts., compo-
sition marked No. 34, 1 dwt « grs. 39. Common Gold No. l.—Fiiie
?old 1 oz., tine silver 8 dwts., comi^sition No. 34. 1 oz. 12 dwts. 41.
hmmon Gold, No. 2.— Fine kold 6 dwts., fine silvers dwts. 6 grs., flne
copper 6 dwts. 12 grs. 42. Gold for Pi>i«-— Fine gold 1 oz., flue silver
5 QMrts. , flne copper 1 oz. , spelter 5 dwts. 43. Dry Colored Scrap reduced
to 368. or $8.75 Qio/t^- Colored scrap 1 oz 9 dwts. 12 grs., flne silver 2
dwts., fine copper 17 dwts. 12 grs., spelter 4 dwts. 44. Alloy for Gold
C^ci'rwr.— -Fine gold 11 dwts. 6 grs., fine silver 2 dwts. 6 grs., fine cop-
§er6dwts. 13 grs. 4fi. Another di«o— Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver 9
wta., flne com>er 8 dwts. 46. Gold worth 45 stg. or $11.25.— Fine gold,
1 oz., compoHition (see No. 22) 1 oz. 47. Solder/or ditto.— Fine gold 1
oz., fine silver 15 dwts., flne copper 15 dwts. 48. 12 Carat Gold,— Fine
gold 1 oz., flue silver 10 dwts., fine coj)por 9 dwts. tt grs. 49. Com-
rmn Gold/rom *' C'a/^orma"— "Caliiomia." (see No. M) 8 ozs. flne
silver 13 ozs. 16 dwts., flne copper 6 ozs. 16 dwt^. 50. 29a or $7.25
G^oW.— Fine gold 1 oz. 13 dwts. 6 grs., flne silver 1 oz. 12 dwts.«12
grs., flne copper 1 oz. 16 dwts. 6 grs., spelter 4 dwts. Stands nitric
acid very well.
OKDINABY BBIOHT GOLD WIRB, TABLE SHOWINO THE PBOPOBTIOK8
OP ALLOY FROM 1 OZ. UP TO 21 OZ.
Fine Gold.
Fine Silver.
Fine Copper.
Total.
Oz. Dwts. Grs.
Oz. Dwts. Grs.
Oz. Dwts. Grs.
Oz.
Dwts.
Grs.
5 21
6 6
6 21
1
11 18
14 12
13 18
2
17 16
1 1 18
1 15
3
t 15 6
2 3 12
2 16
6
i 12 21
3 6 6
2 1 21
9
8 10 12
4 7
4 2 12
12
4 8 3
5 8 18
5 3 3
15
5 4 18
6 10 12
6 3 18
18
6 3 8
7 12 6
2 4 9
21
To Recover the Gold lost in Coloring.— Dissolve a handful
of sulphate of iron in boiling water, then add this to your "color"
water, it precipitates tlie small particles of gold. Now draw ofif the
water, being very careful not to disturb the auriferous sediment at*
the bottom. You will now proceed to wash the sediment from all
trace of acid with plenty of boiling water ; it will require 3 or 4 sep-
arate washings, with suflicient time between ejich to allow the water to
cool and the sediment to settle, before pouring the water off. Then
dry in an iron vessel by the fire and finally fuse in a covered skittle
pot with a flux as directed on page 202.
Alloys for Gold.— 1. Bed gold.— Copper, 66.67 parts ; gold, 33.-
33 i>arts. 2. Yelloio gold. — Copper, 12.50 parts ; silver, 37.50 parts 4
gold, 50 parts. 3. Green gold. — Silver, 25 panw ; gold, 76 parts. 4.
Ydloio yoW.— Silver, 66.67 parts ; gold, 33.33 parts. 5. Gray gold. —
»T8.
K8. 12 dwts.
a copper 13
iB.jCompo-
0. 1.— Flue
dwtH. 41.
.(>gra.,fine
, fine silver
mp reduced
Ine silver 2
oyfor Oold
, fine cop-
ine silver 9
-Fine gold.
Fine gold 1
;oW,— Fine
49. Com-
8 ozB. fine
Jta or $7.2&
[2 dwts.«12
aiids nitrio
OPOHTIOK8
rotal.
)wt8.
Grs.
) a handful
ur "color"
aw off the
ediiueut at*
it from all
I 3 or 4 sep-
he water to
off. Then
)red skittle
; gold, 33.-
7.50 parts 4
5 parts. 4.
"ay gold.—'
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 207
SUver, 6.89 parts ;gold, 8a23 parts : iron, fi.89 parts. 6. Dentists' gold.
7,7 rf' ,i* ^^^^' platinum, 6d.67 i>arta : gold, 24.29 parts. 7.
^7i//;j.s^ f/o^com.-Copi>er, 8.;i4 imrts ; gold, 9i.(kJ parts. 8. American
j^oW cuin.-Copper, 10 parts ; gold, 90 parts. French gold coin same
If«*i'"S'^- ^®\^jf^« -^"^^ ^'^''^ ^^i^ ^^ Plate.-English
«<mtttard.--Copper, 7.50 parts ; silver, 92.50 parts. 11. American ditto.
-Copper, 10 parts ; silver 90 parts. FrencCthe same.
UiLDiNQ Metal for common jewelry is made bymixtog 4 parts
copper with one of calamhie brass. Sometimes 1 lb. copiier, w th 6
oz. of brass. Umtiats' Plate.—^o. 1 Gold, 20 dwts : siT^er Idwt-
—Gold, 18 awts. 12 grs. ; silver, 6 dwta. ; copper, 5 dwts. '' ^ ^
11 «7"S*'"? ^^''"^'"'fP I'^^V^D-^iuriatic acid, ipt; grain rinc,
14 oz. Dissolve, and add a little common Holder and sal-ammoniac
Jewellers Gold Compositions.— Common tfoW.— Silver, 1 part *
Spanish copper, 16 parts, gold, 2 parts; mix. Ring G^o/d.-SpanisIi
copper, 6 parts; silver, 3 imrts; gold, 5 parts; mix. Martfieim ^td.-
copper, 3 parts; zinc, 1 part. Molt, and stir well. Mosaic Gold.—
copper and zmc, equal parts; melt at the lowest temperature that wiU
P ?.?w. ^® •' S'^i "'i? ^y stiiTing, and add 5 per cent, more zinc.
Parker s Mosaic Oo/t/. -Copper, 100 iiarts ; zinc, 54 parts. For common
Jeweby.^Co^^T, li parte; 1 of old brass,' and 4 oz^of tin t^ ev^lb
^rnn^fSS!: f'^f^f^^i«Gold.--CoppeT, 16 parts; phitinum, 7 pErta;
51' i^'*' 5«»e^ together. This alloy resembles gold of 16 S«it^
rJJ?L? S. and will resist the action of nitric acid, unless very concen-
trated and boiling Harmstadt's True Imitatim of Gold.-iH stated M
dt& to resemble gold in color, but also in spicific gravity and I
l^iiKiJ- P^tinum, 16 parts; copper, 7 parts; zinc, 1 part ; put it ina '
crucible, cover with charcoal powder, and melt into a ma^ Do of ^
«!&Z^o P^'®'"' * ''''• ' ^^f ' ? ^^' » P"^ 8"ver, 3 oz. ; bismuth, 2 oz. ;
in a crucible with powdered charcoal. This compound used by a
nevSdiscoXel ' "^^^^ ""^ '*' ^'^^"^ ^** ^« ^"^
^Jf^}^^?^^^ GoLD^This is a new metallic alloy which is now very
extensively used iu France as a substitute for gold. Pure copper 100
parts; zmc or, preferably, tin, 17 parts; magnesi^; 6 part! ;' sal.
S'l^l.'lS'o^ T^'^ quick-lime, ^ pak; tartar of commerc^e^ 9 parts;
are mixed as fo ows : The copper fs first melted, and the magnesia
sal-ammomac, hme and tartar are then added separately, S by
fn ZilTri^^ K^.r to mix thoroughly ; and when the zinc is added
SitClfS J'h^*^'^'!'i!,"^. ***?'' *^® surface, and stirrmg till it is
for «fi^,tT™ *^S crucible IS then covered, and the fusion maintained
r^d^niSj?'""*®?; ^The surface is then skimmed, and the alloy is
did I J.n«h W- '* ^' * ^'2^ ^^}^ *« malleable, and takes a spfen-
aia ix)ligh. It dose not corrode readi y, and for manv purposes la an
^^'^re;^'f.''i^j:^''^^^ .^^«" ternished KiErc^n bS
SnJ^thi «Lt 1^*«« acidulated water. If tin be employed instead of
5 mntf ni?L^/i,^^ .?^'^ ^^"^"*- ^*^« ^«^y n^««^ "8ed in France,
ana must ultimatGiy attain eoual iM>n»!l'iritv h"~"
New Fhench Patent Alloy' fob SiLVER-Messieurs De Ruolz
6 Fontenay have mvented the following alloy, which may be used
'
tf
■ I,
208 WATCHMAKERS, JEWBLLKUS*, &C.,»RECEIPT8.
for almost all purposes in which silver Is UHua,lly applied. Silver, 20
paits ; puri^.od nickel, 28 parts ; copper, 62 iKirts, Melt the copper and
nickel in tlie granular Htato, then introduce the silver. The flux to be
employed is charcoal and borax, both in the state of powder; and the
inKots obtained are to be rendered malleable by annealing for a don-
siderable time in powdered charcoal.
Gold.— To find the number of carats of gold in an object, first weigh
the gold and mix with seven times its weight in silver. This alloy is
beaten into thin leaves, and nitric acid is added ; this dissolves the
silver and copper. The remainder (gold) is then fused and weighed ;
by comparing the first and last weights the number of carjits of pure
gold is found. This operation is always repeated several times,
and if any diiference occurs in the result, all is done ovei- again,
Jbwrllkrs' Alloys.— Solder, &c. Eighteen-carat gold for rinqs—
Gold coin, 19^ gr. ; pure copper, 3 grs. ; pure silver, 1^ gr. Cheap (/old,
twelve ca7'a^— Grold coin, 25 gr. ; pure copper, 13^ gr. ; pure silver,
74 grs. Very cheap four-carat «5foW.— Copper, 18 parts ^ gold, 4 parts |
silver, 2 parts. Imitations of gold.—l Plutiua, 4 dwt. ; pure copper,
J»dwt. ; sheet-zmc, 1 dwt. ; block-tin, If dwt. ; pure lead, \\ dwt.
If this should be found too hard or brittle for practical use, re-melting
the composition with a little sal-ammoniac will generally render it
malleable as desired. 2. Platina, 2 parts ; siWer, 1 part ; copper, 3
>arts. These compositions, when properly prepared, so nearly resem-
)le pure gold it is very difficult to distinguish them therefrom. A
ittle powdered cliarcoal, mixed with metals while melting, will be
bund of service. Best oreide of </oZd.— Pure copper, 4 oz. ; sheet
zinc, l|oz.; magnesia, g oz.; sal-ammoniac, ^ oz. ; quick-lime, 9-32
oz. ; cream tartar, § oz. First melt the copper at as low a temperature
as it will melt ; then add the zinc, and afterwards the other articles
in powder, in the order named. Use a charcoal fire to melt these
metals. Bushing Alloy for Pivot-holes, <6c.— Gold coin, 3 dwts. ; sil-
ver, 1 dwt. 20 grs.; copper, 3 dwts. 20 grs.; palladium, 1 dwt. The
best composition known for the purpose named. Gold, Solder for
Four tern to Sixteen-carpt Work.— Gold coin, 1 dwt. ; pure silver, 9
grs. ; pure copper, 6 grs. ; brass, 3 grs. Barker solder.— Gold coin, 1
dwt.; pure copper, 8 grs.; pure silver, 5 grs.; brass, 2 grs.; melt to-
gether in charcoal fire. Solder for Chid.— Gold, 6 dwts. ; silver, 1
dwt. ; copper, 2 dwts. Soft Chid Solder.— Gold, 4 parts ; silver, 1
part ; copper 1 part Solders for Silver.— {¥ot the use of jewellers. )—
Fine silver, 19 dwts. ; copper, 1 dwt. ; sheet brass, 10 dwts. White
Solder for Silver.— SilveT, 1 oz. ; tin, 1 oz. Silver Solder, for Plated
Metal.— Tine silver. 1 oz. ; brass 10 dwts. Solders.-^For Gold.-
1. Silver, 7 parts; copper, 1 part, with borax. 2. Gold, 2 parts; silver,
1 part ; copper, 1 part. 3. Gold, 3 parts ; silver, 3 parts ; copper, 1
part; zinc * part. For Silver.— ^\lv&t, 2 parts; brass, 1 part, with bo-
rax ; or, silver, 4 parts ; brass, 3 parts; zinc, 1-18 part, with borax.
Gold Solders.— I. Copper, 24.24 parts ; silver, 27.57 parts ; gold, 48.
19 parts. 2. Enamel Solder.— Coj^pev, 25 parts; silver, 7.07 parts; gold,
67.93 parts. 3. Copper, 26.55 parts; zmc, 6.26 parts; silver, 31.25 parts;
gold, 36 parts. 4. Enamel Solder.— Silyer, 19.57 parts ; gold, 80.43
parts. Solder.— For 22 carat gold.— Gold of 22 carats, ] dwt ; silver,
2 gr. ; copper, 1 gr. For 18 carat gold.— Gold of 18 carats. 1 dwt. : sil-
ver. 2 gr. ; copper, 1 gr. For cheaper gold.— Gold, 1 dwt ; sUver, 10
3 dwts. : 8il-
•.BfctLERS, *c., RECRIPTg. 209
S.e"T/i?*'- ^'-'"-r '"".-Fine g„M. i a„t ; .„v„ i awt
the mixtiiiP « *'^®'- I>iffereiit hues max^ h«^„^ ^*® ^^^^ them a
!;l4»ge the£ toto «,tei~° P^i.a clei coke S* Z'Zr^L^^^
'* (
210 WATCHMAKRR8, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
niac, 4 dwte. ; Halti)et!e, 4 dwte. ; acetic acid. 1 oz. ; pulverize the solid
RrticleB, add the acetic add gradually, ntlrring all the time. IWp
your artlcloH into this mixture and heat then; to a black color on a
Hheetof copj)er. When cold, place them in a middling ntrong sul-
phuric acid nickle, which diBHolveg the coloring saltA and iuduceii a
very fine gold color. 9. Etruscan Gold Volorimj.— Alum, 1 or. ; fine
table-Halt, 1 o«. ; saltpetre (powdered), 2 on,; hot rain-water, suffi-
cient to make the solution, when dissolved, about the consistency of
thick ale ; then add sufficient muriatic ac/d to produce the color de-
sired. The degree of success must always depend, in agreater or
less degree, ujMni the skill or iudgment of the oixjrator. Tne article
to Imj colored should be from fourteen t<^ eighteen cjirats fine, of oure
gold and copper onlj'. and be free from coatings of tin, or silver
solder. The solution is best used warm, and when freshly made the
principle on which it acts is to eat out the copper alloy from the sur-
face of the article, leaving tliereon pure, frosted gold only. After
coloring, wash off, fii-st in rain-water, then in alcohol, and dry with-
out rubbing, in fine clean sawdust. Fine Etruscan jewelry, that
has been defaced or tarnished by use, may be perfectly renewed by
the same process.
Fob Silversmiths, Sterling Silver.— 1. Fine silver 11 oz. 2
dwts., fine copper 18 dwts. 2. Equal to, Stvrlin(/~¥me silver 1
oz., fine copper 1 dwt. 12 grs. . 3. Another ditto — Fine silver 1 oz.,
fine copper 6 dwts. 4. Common Silver for Chains— Vine silver o
dwts., nne copper 4 dwts. 6. Solder for ditto — Fine silver 16 dwts.,
fine copper 12 grs., pin brass, 3 dwts. 12 grs. 6. Alloy for Plating.
— Fine silver 1 oz., fine copper 10 dwts. 7. Silvei' Solder — Fine
silver 1 oz., pin brass, 10 dwts., pure spelter, 2 dwts. 8. Copper
Solder for Plating — Fine silver, 10 dwts., fine copper 10 dwts.
9. Common Silver Solder — Fine silver 10 ozs., pin brass, 6 ozs. 12
dwts., spelter, 12 dwts. 10. Silver Solder for' Enamelling , $1 per oz.
—Fine silver 14 dwts., fine copper, 8 dwts. 11. Ditto, for- filling
Signet Rings. — Fine sUver, 10 ozs., fine copper, 1 oz. 16 dwts., fine
pin brass, 6 ozs. 12 dwte., spelter, 12 dwts. 12. Silver Solder for
Gold Plating — Fine silver, 1 oz., fine copper, 5 dwts., pin brass, 5
dwts. 13. Quick Silver Solder — Fine silver, 1 oz., pin brass, 10
dwts., bar tin,
nickel, 1 oz. 11
2 dwts. 14. Imitation Silver — Fine silver, 1 oz.,
grs., fine copper, 2 ozs. 9 grs. 15. Another dittos
Fine silver, 3 ozs., nickel, 1 oz. 11 dwts., fine copper, 2 ozs. 9 grs.,
spelter, 10 dwts. 16. Fine Silver Solder for Filigree Wo '' —V'ne
silver, 4 dwts. 6 grs., pin brass, 1 dwt. 17. Bismuth Solder — l>i.>itu'.tjQ,
3 ozs., lead, 3 ozs. 18 dwts., tin, 5 ozs. 6 dwts.
Dead White on Silver Articles. — Heat the article .^ .: ..erij
red, or a dull red heat and allow it to cool, then place it in a pickle of
5 t)ai-ts sulphuric acid to 100 parts of water, and allow it to remain for
an hour or two. If tlie surface is not right, rinse in cold water, and
repeat the heating and pickling operation as before. This removes
the copper frort^ me^ surface of the article, leaving p?o*e silver on the
surface. Wher ?'i»fr3 aenfiy whitened, remove from the pickle, well
rinse in pure >» v > >?'■ id place in warm box sawdust.
Pickle, foi». I' d ^sting and Whitening Silver Goods. — Sul-
phuric acid, 1 d.^. ; water, 4oz. ; heat the pickle, and immerse the
sliver in it until frosted as desired ; then wash o£f clean, and dry with
IPT8.
rize the solid
i time. IMp
Ic color ou a
? Htroiig gui-
ld iuducea a
I, 1 oz. ; fine
•water, sufll-
)n8iBtency of
the color de-
a greater or
The article
fine, of pure
in, or Bilver
tily made the
rom the sur-
only. After
id dry with-
ewelry, that
renewed by
Br 11 oz. 2
'ine silver 1
silver 1 oz..
Fine Bilver 6
rer 16 dwts.,
'for Plating.
Solder— Yine
i. 8. Ccmper
>er 10 d!wt8.
)gs, 6 ozs. 12
ly, ^1 per oz.
0, foj' Jilling
.6 dwts., fine
T Solder for
, pin brass, 5
)iii brass, 10
silver, 1 oz.,
lother ditto-^
2 ozs. 9 CTs.,
H^o ■ -F'ue
er — hi, tQ,
le \^ .. ..erij
in a pickle of
to remain for
Id water, and
['his removes
silver on the
3 pickle, well
Goods. — Sul-
immerse the
and dry with
«o>ved in*pt of water ^^V, """^Vnide of potassium 1 o« • Hia_
"«e pliers laeoniJjce w^lH^^^ '^« bUvS* ir^our hands bu^
suspended in dilX sulphurlf add t'iTSfi^ «"^^" '«>» articles are
"J^t^l'o "«on of «uJphate^orzK B„ Zf^;''*"^^ ^" * bkt\ 7S
of l)otaHsium, and tliere rem iln ...hi li^ "^^^^ *^' ^'opper and cvanld«
yTr'de^f'^S *^^^ «-Tnr;S t'l K^V W' ^^^'fo?
_J'ar de of potMslum and «alnh«»« „» » uath of nitrate of silver
oi»"? » """i-'g of siTver P^»«« »' «^''. 'n which they q.Sj '
^HverfaaTrteh^oSrColi^!;™^ -nooth part of the
""I c5? tt-iL?'!'«?^|J^ni-^Sifth'r.&?^^^^^ of
* Y kj^LiOKK TORTOisu- .<E!ui].T r „ -:^"' ^^ ojiuwier srood nux
wS "p^^ce^- ^-r - to'^'- thS'-r,?, l^e^e^f^ ^'^ 5^« J™'
»nd7MZ7ewe?rv''in'^?i'f ''■~?''''°'™ sal-ammoniac in „ri...
■To Recover Gold from p.t J^i/ ^PP®*'^ equal to new.
'^^Ci^lm°Il^'S;^^Ty'.\i <">;?« of nitrate of silver In
X..
ffUmtrm
^^
I
212 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEU'TS.
Jewklleks' Armenian Cement.— lainglaBS Boakod in water and •
dissolved in spirit, 2 oz. (thick) ; dissolve in this 10 grs, of very pole
gum ammonia (in tears) by rubbfaig them together ; then ^dd 6 large
tears of gum mastio, dissolved in the least possible quantity of rec-
tified spirits. Whei: carefully made this cement resists moisture and
dries cotorless. Keep in a dosoly stopped phial. .„^ i «. ^t
Jewellers' CEMB£KT.~Put in a bottle 2 ozs. of isinglass And 1 oz. of
the best gam arable, cover them with proof spirits, cork loosely, and
Xe the bottle in a vessel of water, and boil it tUl a thorough solu-
tion is effected ; then strahi it for use. ,^, ,* „
Gold is taken from the surface of silver by spi-oading over it a
past., mjido of powdered sal-ammoniac, witli aouaiortis, and heating
It tUl the matter smokes, and is nearly dry ; when the gold may be
separated by rubbing it with a scratch brush.
¥o Separate Gold and Silver from Lace, &c.-Cut in pieces
the gold or silver lace, tie it tightly, and boU in soap ley ^11 tije si^e
appears diminished ; take the cloth out of the liquid, and after re-
peJ^ted rinsings of cold water, beat it with a ma let to draw out the
SlkaS. Open fhe linen, and the pure metal wiU be found m all its
'^Ta^nish on Electro-Plate Goods may be removed by iramers-
imr the article from one to ten or fifteen minutes, or until the tarnish
h^ been removed, but no longer, in the followmg solution : Rjiin
water, 2 gals. ; cyaimret potassa, ilb. ; dissolve and^put into a stone
iug or jar and closely cork. After immersion, the articles must be
taken out and tlioroughly rinsed in two or three wators, then dried
with a soft Ihien cloth, or, if frosted or chased work, j»ith fine clean
sawdust. Tarnished jewelry may be speedily restored by , this
^cess ; but make sure work of removing the alkali, otlierwise it
. "^A B^^T^GoLoI'mGE maybe given to sUverby steepmgit for
a suitable length of time in a weak solution of sulphuric acid and
water 8,ronglyimpregnated with iron-rust. 4.u^ ■h„^^r>
To Bbfinb GoLDf-If you desire to refine gold from the baser
metals, swedge or roll it out very thin, then cut into narrow strips
S curl up so a^ to prevent its lying flatly. Drop the pieces thus
prepared hito a vessel containing good nitric acid, in the proportiqn
hi acid, 2 ozs., and pure rain-water i oz. Su^er to reinam untU thor-
oughly dissolved, which will be the case in from i an hour to Ihour
Then pour off the liquid carefully, and you will W the gold, in the
form of vellow powder, lying at the bottom of the vessel. Wash
this with pure water tUlit ceases to have an acid ta^to f ter whicJi
you may melt and cast into any form you choose. Gold treated m
this way may be relied on as perfectly pure. j, a ^
In melting gold use none bther than a charcoal fire, and during
the process sprinkle saltpetre and potash into ^^^ c^^^icj^l^^fi^^i",^;
ally Do not attempt to melt with stone coal, as it renders the metal
brittle and otherwise imperfect. „ ^* 4.i,«
To Refine SiLVER.-Dissolve in nitric acid as m the case of the
gold.* When the silver has entirely disappeared, add to the i^ oz. ol
solution nearly i quart of puro laia-vvatei. DiiiK, s-u^u, a buccv v-^
dean copper into it; the silver will collect rapidly upon the eopi-er, and
you can scrape it off and melt mto bulk at pleasure.
I
•TS.
water and •
I; very pole
add 6 large
itity of rec-
oiatore and
dnd 1 oz. of
ooriely, and
rough golu-
g over it a
md beating
)ld may be
)ut in pieces
till the size
id after re-
•aw out the
id in all its
by immers-
tho tarnish
ution : Ritin
into a stone
les must be
, then dried
th fine clean
ed by this
otlierwise it
eeping it for
ric acid and
m the baser
arrow strips
I pieces thus
e proportiqn
in until thor-
ar to 1 hour,
s gold, in the
38.sel. Wash
, after whicli
(Id treated in
, and during
ble occasion-
ers the metal
B case of the
the 2i oz. of
li, a, sii^:x:v vi
le eopi-er, and
WATCHMAKERS, JEWKLI irna» t,r, «„
vo, Ji!.WJi^L,ER8 J AC., RECEIPTS. 213
• fe^»''^'^*"S'L*'e^Sl"u"^^^ with the foregoing
the latter would be to S th^aiZ^ ^' *^® ^"^^ ^^P» necessary tc/save
solution poured f?om«^^gSd*^T^^^^^ proportion of waSr to S^|
plate as just directed. ^ ' ^ "'^" ^ P'^^^ed with your copper
pfine^Kf rrfsl;^^^^^^^ *h« -? employed to
iron instead of a copper plate to cSllSth^i^ti?'™''"^^' ^^^^ ""^^^^
^S^^^^d^^ copper, von
in a perfeccTy pure state *^ ^ ^^^ processes, and leave each
wi«?Syrii;r;^Vsh fwi"-^^^ ^ P«^ of chloride of silver
well cleaned), by means of a Pilce^TA^' "^^ ""PP®^ (previousTy
with water aid'dipped ui the ^ISlf w,^^^^ or a cork moistenea
niej.1 «ho„ld be w^^U ^^^^.^^r^^l^^^^^
given m the preceding part You col i^^;,.]^'^' copper and brals are
your solder to small pSclerandi^S SP^'*?*io°8 by reducing
ammoniac and powderid borax in Pn„TiT°£'* ^^^^ powdered sal-
hold together. Having fit?eTup^e^^oint^^^^^^ ^ "^^^ ^t
the article npon a piece of soft cKoi? i?^ soldered you secure
immediately over t'he joint and tSn with I ^"""If^^^^^'i^^S^ fixture
flame of your lamnuiKni it nnfSf.- V, ^^ur blow-pipe turn the
done, ani ready to^rcS>fed"a^^ '^^h ^« *h'n
with copper or brass in accorSce with th^.K^ """ '^ "^"^^^ soldered
solder for steel is pure gold or pure sTlv^r?^^^ ^^I'"'^^^- ^he best
are often used successfullv Pi?t,s^^^^^^
gold; andtheexpeS^f it th Jpf,^^^ "^1 *?,"^y ^^ soldered well with
general use of pfia vLsU eve^f^r nht''^"*f ^ *^^ hindrance of a
areoi so much importance ' ^"^^^^^^r chemical purposes, where they
4^-iTmS;^^^^ be united with
of solder upon the joint and hS over vn„l^f^^ H ^ «°^»" Piece
upon it with your blow-niue nntii ft?lf ^^""^ ^*™P' ^r direct the blaze
from the blaze immediatelv «s ti.n?^",'\^PP^^^"*- Withdraw them
brittle and unsatTsSf;^^^^^ Tender the solde^
to spring or press against each other itTwf^^f'''*'^ can be made •
solder between them before eTT^«,f J'. 11^^^^ ^ ^^^^e a thin piece of
surfaces are to be sddeSLn??n "i^ tte othSf ^^ ^^^^^" two .mooth
eel ent job by moistening them w?th the fl^S ^ ypu may make an ex-
a sheet of tin foil between thimSi- .u^' *^"d then, having placed
over your lamp till thrtoU mSts H^ ^Jethe?
may be made In this way so Xse as to ? p n?^ . • ' ^* "^^^1^' ^ J«int
214 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
to cool, and then boil until bright in urine and sal-ammoniac. It is
now usually cleaned with diluted sulphuric acid. The pickle is made
in about the proportion of one-eighth of an ounce of acid to one ounce
of rain water.
To Clean Silver Tabnisubd in Soldering.— Some expose to
a uniform heat, as in the case of gold, and then boil in strong alum
water. Others immerse for a considerable length of time in a liquid
made of i oz. of cyanuret potassa to 1 pint rain water, and then brush
off with prepared chalk.
Nickel Plating. — The followins is the substance of the patent
granted to Dr. Isaac Adams, March 22, 1870. The process is highly
successful. " This improvement consists in the use of 3 new solutions
from which to deposit nickel by the electric current. 1. A solution
formed of the double sulphate of nickel and alumina, or the sulphate
of nickel dissolved in a solution of soda, potash, or ammonia alum,
the three different varieties of commercial alu m. 2. A solution formed
of the double sulphate of nickel and magnesia, with or without an
excess of ammonia. I have found that a good coating of nickel
can be deposited from the solution before mentioned, provided they
are prepared and used in such a manner as to be free from any acid
or alkaline reacfion. When these solutions are used, great care must
be taken, lest by the use of too high battery power, or from the in-
troduction of some foreign matters, the solution becomes acid or
alkaline. I prefer to use these solutions at a temperature above lOQo
Fah., but do not limit my invention to the use of these solutions at
that temperature. I therefore claim, 1. The electro deposition of
nickel by the means of solution of the double sulphate of nickel and*
alumina, prepared and used in such a manner as to be free from the
presence of ammonia, potash, soda, lime or nitric acid or from any
other acid, or from any acid or alkaline reaction. 2. The electro
deposition of nickel by means of a solution of the double sulphate of
nickel and potash, prepared and used in such a maimer as to be free
from the presence of ammonia, soda, alumina, lime or nitric acid, or
from any acid or alkaline reaction. 3. The electro depp.sition of nick-
el by means of a solution of the double sulphate of nickel and mag-
nesia, prei)ared and used in such a manner as to be free from the
presence of potash, soda, alumina, lime or nitric acid, or from any
acid or alkaline reaction. "
Stalba's Nickel Plating Process. — Consists in plating with
nickel, by the action of zinc uix)n salts of nickel, in the presence of
chloride of zinc and the metal to be plated. By this process, Stalba
■ states that he has succeeded in plating objects of wrought and cast
iron, steel, copper, brass, zmc, and lead. It is only necessary that
the size of the objects should permit them to be covered entirely by
the plating liquid, and that their surfaces should be free from dirt.
The following is the modus operandi : — A quantity of concentrated
chloride of zinc solution is placed in a clean metallic vessel, and to
this is added an equal volume of water. This is heated to boiling,
and hydrochloric acid is added drop by drop, until the precipitate
which had formed on adding the water has disappeared. A small
qujintitj^ of zinc powder is now added, which produces a zinc coating
on the metal as far as the liquid extends. Enough of the nickel salt
(the (!hloride or sulphate answers equally well, is now introduced to
PTS.
iniac. It is
Me is made
o one ounce
e expose to
itrong alum
} in a liiiuid
then brush
the patent
588 is hi|ifhly
$w solutions
A solution
;he sulphate
lonia alum,
Hon formed
without an
g of nickel
ovided they
•m any acid
it care must
rom the in-
[les acid or
above lOOo
solutions at
eposition of
nickel and*
ie from the
r from any
The electro
sulphate of
} to be free
itric acid, or
:;iou of nick-
el and mag-
ee from the
>r from any
)lating with
presence of
cess, Stalba
:ht and cast
iessary that
entirely by
i from dirt,
concentrated
issel, and to
[ to boiling,
! precipitate
d. A femall
zinc coating
e nickel salt
itroduced to
WATCHMAKERS, JEWi^J-LERS,' &C., RECEIPTS. 215
i^jKaS''^?!'*'"'^'^^?'®®" 5 *^« Objects to be plated are placed
Mi^^ ThpS.w"'^ zmc clippings, and the liquid is broi|ht to
fhi S?" /*^®S^l*'®V^ precipitated in the course of 15 minut^ and
the objects will be found to be completely coated The coSir v«
nes in lustre with the character of the mSaEurface when^Si^l"
poished, the plating is likewise lustrous and S"ma SaSof r.2
bait affords a cobalt plating, which is steel gray in Sor not so l.T
trous as the nickel, but mor^ liable to tamisli ' ^ ^"^"
lO MAKE SlIiVER SOI.UTION FOR ElECTKO-PlATINO —Put f^
gether lutoa glass vessel 1 oz. good silver niadethhianrp^?fi,!2:
strips; 2 oz. best nitric acid, and^ ^ oz pure S wate? Tf solution
does not begin at once, add 'a littll more water-JS&ue t^ a^^^^^
very httle at a time till it does. In the event itlSS^Sff well but
stops before the silver is fully dissolved, you may generall^sta'rt J
up agam all right by adding 1 little more watS ^hlu «SuS ll
entirely effected, add 1 qua?t of warm raL water and a I^Zp toTJ
six)onful of table salt, \hake well TufTet settle then Se^ t
KamiTn-Thl*^'^?^^^ other waters as iifth e *(^e orthe^old
Pn ISk • ^^f^ ^^ ^^"S®^ ^^^ ^ <^he taste, put in an ounce and
an eighth cyanuret potassa and a quart pure rain water- aftRrflLS
ing about 24 hours, it will be ready for use ^^ ^^''^-
lo MAKE Gold Solution fob Electro-Plating —Dissolve fivn
pennyweights gold coin, 5 grains pure copper^ and 4 grTuI nule
llir "i 1 «z«- nitro-muriatic acid; which is siinply 2 pafte ZnS
acid and 1 part nitric acid. The silver will not be tokerintoZuSon
as are the other 2 metels, but will gather at the bottom oTSfv^sef
Add 1 oz. pulverized sulphate of iron, ^ oz. pulverized b^i^l^
grams pure table salt, and 1 quart hot rain wa^Sn tiSfthf
gold and copper v. ill be thrown to the bottom of th^ vS wSh thA
silver. Let stand tiU fully settled, then poToff the iSd c^efullv
and refill with boUing rain water 'as befS^e. 5)XK rSt th^^
2n^.?'''S,""*'\ ?^ precipitate is thoroughly wST; or Tn other
ThJ?.\^^ "^'1^* '^"'^' ^°d P«^' «ff so long as the accumulation at
the bottom ottjie vessel is acid to the taste.- You now haXaWan
18 cai-at chloride of gold. Add to it an ounce and aneigS cSure^
Sohir'^hJi^^^^'fi'fv!^ water-the latter heated to ThetoiSng
point Shake up well, then let stand about 24 hours and it w^ hf
ready for use. Some use platina as an alloy instekTofsUver under
he mpression that plating done with it is harder, ^lave SZth
at^to?m1?^l^',?fnr'^.^'^"'T"• Si>l"«o«for adarkrcolored
piate to imitate Guinea gold may be made by adding to the above 1
oz. dragon's blood and 5 grs. iodide or iron. If vou desire ^ IrSS-l
plate, proceed as first directed, without the sliver or cSr^nd wi?h
ai" r.X '^""^ ^ '^^" "' '"'^*^'^^^* P«*^^ ^ place of Siron,"^rax^
.tJa Pi^^.'^J' with a Battery.— If the plate is to be gold use the
S.?he aS pL'h?TWf Si " «^'"«^' '^'^'^' silver sfarVr^
pare the article to be pkited by immersing it for several minutes in a
strong ley made ofpotash and rain wate?, polishing off t™u?hl vat
n'iS!^«" ^"! Jeirl**l^_^»^^/« «orae m confoict with the article while
iYslTf'nrw hriVoM """^^ ''^"««ucy to me vent the plate from adhering;
It should be held in two or three thicknesses of tissue paper. Xt-
m^mmmgmmmm
210 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPT§.
tach tho ftrticle, when thoroughly cleansed, to the nositive pole of
your battery, then affix a piece of gold or silver, aH the case may he,
to the negative pole, an i Immerse both into the solution in such a
way as not to hang in contact with each other.
After the article has been exposed to the action of the battery
about ten minutes, talce it out and wash or polish over with a thick
mixture of water and prepared chalk or jewellers' rouge. If, in the
operation, you find places where the plating seems inclined to peel
off, or where it has not taken well, mix a little of the plating solution
with prepared chalk or rouge, and rub the defective part thoroughly
with it. This will be likely to set all rieht
Govern your time of exposing the article to the battery by the de-
sired thickness of t..^ plate. liuring the time, it should be taken out
and polished up as just directed about every ten minutes, or as often
at least as there is an indication of a growing darkness on any part of
its surface. When done, finish with the burnisher or prepared chalk
and chamois skin, as best suits your taste and convenience. In case
the article to be plated is iron, steel, lead, pewter, or block tin, you
must, after fi«*t cleaning with the ley and chalk, prepare it by ap-
plying with a vsoft brush — a camels -hair pencil is best su'ted — ^a
solution made of the following articles in the proportion named : —
Nitric acid, i oz. ; muriatic acid. ^ ok. ; sulphuric acid, l-9th oz. ;
muriate of potash, l-7th oz. ; sulphate of iron, ^ oz. ; sulnhuric ether,
l-6th oz. ; and as much sheet zinc as it will dissolve. This prepares
a foundation, without which the plate would fail to take well, if at
all.
To MAKE Gold Amalgam.— Eight parts of gold and one of mer-
cury are formed into an amalgam for plating, by rendering the gold
bito thin plates, making it red hot and then putting it into the mercury
while the latter is also heated to ebullition. The gold immediately
disappears in combination with the mercury, after which the mixture
may be turned into water to cool. It is then ready for use.
To Plate with Gold Amalgam. — Gold amalgam is chiefly used
as a plating for silver, copper or brass. The article to be plated is
wa,shed over with diluted nitric acid or potash iye and prepared chalk,
to i-emove any tjimish or rust that might prevent the amalgam from
adhering. After having been polioned perfectly bright, the amal-
gam is applied as evenly as possible, usually with a fine scratch
brush. It IS then set upon a grate over a charcoal fire, or placed into
an oven and heated to that degree at which mercury exhales. The
gold, when tlie mercury has evaporated, presents a dull yellow color.
Cover it with a coating of ]nilverized nitre and alum in equal parts,
mixed to a paste with water, and heat again till it is thoroughly
melted, then plunge into water. Burnish up with a steel or blood-
stone burnisher.
To Make ani> Apply Gold-Plating 'Solution.— Dissolve ioz.
of gold amalgam in 1 oz. of nitro-muriatic acid. Add 2 oz. of alcoliol,
and then, having brightened the article in 'the usual way, apply the
solution with a soft brush. Rinse and dry in sawdust, or with tissue
paper, and polish up with chamois skin.
To Make and Apply Golo-Plating Powder.— Prepare a
:nl«1<-«-M4#l#« A# j^^ly) 4>V«A aoYvkA tkci fr\f T^lo^'inrr TintH n Vioffo'Pfr A rlH irk if*.
when thoroughly waj^hed out, cyanuret potassa in a proportion of 2
ottion of 2
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 217
it you prepare the article in tlie usual wav and hL^nt' JaA^?}:^
lln^ ''i^^nL^'^a ?*.• *°^ * gold-plating powder was to dip clean
ToMakkand Apply Sii>vbr-Plating So™oN-Pnf Wnfi..,
lO MAKE AND ApPLY SiLVEK-PLATINa POWDFR _n?oa«1v« ^ii
Slif 1.^^ 1 .^^sniirxHot It mix 2 drams of tartar, 2 drams of
table salt, and i aram of pulverized alum. Britrhten tho nrSS ♦^
WhL^JrS ""'^^ ^"y .^"^ F^Pared chalk aiid rfb on tL m xtur^
mth .te upper surJace. It will rarely ever tail toZeak perteclfy
win mKut ™.£'{;f''H'^*?''--'^'^*»P''»''''«' ™™«1'- One coat
minS * haudslook as good as new, and it dries in a tow ,
wI^LS""" STEEL.—Pour some of the ethereal solution of sold into a
wineglass, and dip into it the blade of a new ™>,t„i f™ "1. i„..„.*
TO»'hS"'Mr«""'J"'^''"™"t '«■'' allow tiie itire'r to'eraDomte
The blade will tlien be found covered with a beautiful co^ITgdd
218 WATCHMAKERS, JEWKLLERS', AC, RECKU'TS.
The blade rtiay be moistened with a clean rag, or a small piece of
very dry sijouge dipped in the ether, and the wime effocts will lie
produced.
SiLVBUtNO Shells.— Silver leaf and gunr. water, a sufficient quan-
uty; grind to a proper thickness, and cover the inside of the shells.
For a Gold Color, grind up gold-leiif with gum water, and apply to
the inside of the shells.
Liquid Foil for Silvering Glass Globes, &c.— Lead, Ipart;-
tin, 1 part; bismuth, 1 part; melt, and, just before it sets, add mer-
cury, 10 parts. Pour this into the globe, and turn it rapidly
roiuid. ^ ''
Silver-Platers' Stripping Liquid.— Sulphuric acid, 8 parts;
nitre, 1 part. Used to recover silver from old plated ware.
To Silver Clock Faces. &c.— Old silver lace, i oz. ; nitric acid,
1 oz. Boil them over a gentle fire for about 5 minutes in an earthen
lK)t. After the silver is dissolved, take the mixture off, and mix it in
a pint of clean water, then pour it into another vessel free from sedi-
ment; then add a tablespoonful of common salt, and the silver will be
precipitjvted in the form of a white ix)wder of curd; i)our off the acid,
and mix tlie curd with 2 oz. salt of tartar, and ^ oz. whiting, all to-
gether, and it is ready for use. To Use.— Clean your brass or copper
plate With rottcii-stone and a piece of old hat ; rub it with salt and
water with your hand. Then take a little of the composition on your
finger, and rub it over your plate, and it wUl firmly adhere and com-
pletely silver it. Wash it well with water. When dry, rub it with a
clean rag, and varnish with ihis varnish for clock faces. Spirits
of wine, 1 pt. ; divide in three parts, mix one part with gum-mastic in
a lK)ttle by itself; 1 part spirits and ^ oz. sandarac in another bottle; '
and 1 prt spirits and ioz. of whitest gum benjamm, in another bot-
tle; iiL\ and temper to your mind. If too thin, some mastic; if too
soft, some sandarac or benjamin. When you use it, warm the
silvered plate before the fire, and, with a flat camels'-hair pencil,
stroke it over till no white streaks appear, and this will preserve the
silvering for many years.
Refining Gold and Silver.— The art of assaying gold and sil-
ver IS founded upon the feeble afflnitv which these have for oxygen
m comimrison with copper, tin, and other cheap metals, and on the
tendency which the latter metals have to oxidize rapidly hi coufcict
with lead at a high temperature, and sink \sith it into any porous,
eai-tiiy vessel in a tliin, glassy, vitrified mass. The precious metal
having previously been ..accurately weighed and prepared, the fii-st
process 18 Cupellation. The m«#e, with cupel properly arranged
on the ''muffle plate;' is placed in the furnace, and the charcoal ad-
ded, and lighted at the top by means of a few ignited pieces thrown
on last After tlie cupels have been exposed to a strong white heat
for about half an hour, and have become white hot, the lead is put
mto them by means of tongs. As soon as this becomes bright red
and circulating," as it is called, the specimen for assay, wrapped
m a small piece of paper or lead-foil, is added ; the fire is now ket)t
up sti-ongly until the metal enters the letid and ''circulates" well
when the heat, slightly diminished, is so regulated that the assay
appears convex and more glowing than the cupel itself, whilst the
undulatiom" circulate in all directions, and the middle of the
J
rs.
#
11 piece of
3 will he
ent quan-
he Biiells.
[ apply to
d, 1 part;*
idd mer-
; rapidly
8 parts;
itric acid,
11 eaitlien
mix it in
orn sedi-
er will be
the acid,
g, all to-
or copper
salt and
I on your
Euid coin-
it with a
1. SpiritH
mastic in
31 bottle;
itber bot-
ic; if too
arm the
ir pencil,
lerve the
and sil-
r oxygen
d on the
ti coutiict
7 porous,
us metal
the first
arranged
rcoal ad-
} thrown
lite heat
d is put
ight red
wrapped
low kept
} " well,
le assay
liilst the
i of the
J
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 219
metal appears smooth, with a marghi of Uthar-e which is frp^iv ai
fcorbed ov the cunel Whon fim t?.o*«i *, "'^"**^o»'> wnicu is ireoly ab-
or, m teci leal Cguace be-in>^ Zf^h^V'''^ ^^'f'^ *»^ «h^»i»K,
suddenly iish acStlfe elS'. ^nH ^^5^"'* ^"? Pri«nmtic hu?;
foUowed hv fhA mofoi K . '*' a»d undulate and cross each other
iS^rbriXandsS^^ ^le«'. and at
ed, and tKe process com leteT?^^^^^ the separation is end-
mouth of the ''muffle^ nnr^^^^ are then drawn to the
cold, the relultir-ftuWof'-IWa,^"*^^"^^^^^^ When quite
"Dliers'' or"Sra'' ?™Vk ^ of SILVER, is removed by the
^BSaZlot^XhedTeeTl^t^l^'l '?1^ 'li^^/ being flatten^ed on
tach adhering oxide of^fJ^^^^^ «^el hammer, to de-
very ae Jm^VSet^S^^^^^^ ^^rd brush, is
ferenco between the^veightbef^S^^^^^^ ^'^^^^^ Mis-
represents the proprtrtion of aiwirf?! "^,*^^^^
caie of GOLD, the LShJ nex?L"?,„^^^^^^ ^"^^^^ examined. In the
TATION. The CUpelS S^nlf i!^ of QUAB-
puresilver (^ll3X«Z£V-N K^^*^!,'^^'^,^*^ '^ weightof
one-fourth ofX mass less S in 'thf« T^l^ "'^ ^°^^, i«J«du?ed to
bv PARTiwn TV.O .Vii«, A^" "* ^^*? «*^te may easily be removed
intorSirip^5r£7'c^^^^^^^^^^
quarter of an ho w with St 9i t -f^"*^ ^''''l' ^^ ^"^^ '^^ a
gravity, 1.3) ; and thrfluif be n?^^^ acid (specific
similar manner with U tn o ^»»^ poureci off, it is agam boiled in a
were taken ; For the asmvSd %2„- ^L '? '"""^ quantrties
I- . ,..__„ .„ „„„,.„. ,. ^ gi>*., every real grain of
ilAA/CIiS, IS
220 WATCHMAKERS, JEWKLLERS', AC., RECEIPTS.
Joil'* '^^P'^^®"** BO-lOOOths of fineness, and so on of smaller diVl-
^ M^u!^^i^^'^^" ^^.^"^^^^^ OR CoppBR-The basis of all enamels is
a highly tmnaimrent and fusible glass, called fbit, flux, or paste
?S "^^^"^ receives a C()lor on tljo addition of the metjillic oxides!
Preprtro/wn -Red Iwwl, 16 parts; calcined bonix, 3 parts: ijonnded
flint glMs, 12 parts ; fliiits, 4 imrts. Fuse in a Hessian crucible for 12
hours, then pour it out into water, and reduce it to powder in a bis-
cuit-ware raoi-tiir. The following directions will serve to show how
the coloring preparations are made : Black enamels are made with
perox de of manganese, or protoxide of iron, to which more depth of
color is given with a little cx)balt. Violet enamel of a very fine Le is
mjule from peroxide pf manganese, in small quantity, wltli saline or
alJtaline fluxes. Red enamel is made from the protoxide of copper.
lion a solution of equal parts of sugjir and acetate of copper in four
parts of water. The sugar takes possession of a porti.m of the cupre-
ous oxide and reduces it to the protoxide; when it may be prec^ioi-
tatcd m the form of a granular powder of a brilliant red: After about
two hours of moderate boiling, the liquid is set aside to settle, de-
ciinted off the precipifcite, whiSi is waslied and dried. By this pure
oxide any tmt may be obtained from red to orange by adding a
greater or smaller quantity of peroxide of iron, ^he oxide and
purple of Cassius are likewise employed to color red enamel This
S?r.lJ'!" ''®''**?*5 ^ strong fire very well. Green enamel "can be
^wnl f ^^1 '"*'^*"i^ **/ y®"°^ »"d ^^"e» but is generally obtained
direct from the oxide of copper, or, better still, with the oxide of
of wS?^ iVl^ ^T^ r'" '^'^'^* f.^*?"^ ^-^'- Y'^^ilow.-Ttike one part
of white oxide of antimony, with from one to three parts of white
lead, one of alum, and one of sal-ammoniac. Each of these sub-
stances IS to be pulverized, then all are to be exactly mixed, and ex-
posed to a heat adequate to decomi)ose the sal-ammoniac. This oper-
ation is iudged to be finished when the yellow color is well brought
out. Btve.--This color is obtained from the oxide of cobalt, or some
2i ^ combinations, and it produces it with such intensity that only a
very little can be used lest the shade should pass into black, A
white enamel may be nrepared with a calcine formed of 2 parte of tin
2!l1f\r Iw' ^^«»12^ together : of this combined oxide, 1 part is
melted wth two parte of fine crystJil and a very little manianese* all
prenously ground together. When the fusion is complete, tSe vitreous
matter is to be poured into de^vr water, and the frit is then dried and
melted anew. Repeat the pouring into water three or four times to
Kr ^-If >^ect combination. Screen the crncil)le from smoke and
flame. The sma lest portions of oxide of iron or copper admitted in-
to this enamel will destroy ite value. The artist prepares his enamel
colors by noundn^g them in an agate morfcir, with an agate pestle
and grinding thf^ia on an agate slab, with oU or lavender rendered
viscid by exposure to the sun, in a shallow vessel, loosely covered
with gauze or glass He should have alongside of' hi^a stove In
fi'n?.'«''.S'fl^'f^^'^r^.^^^^^^ for drymlhis work whenever the
figures are finished. It is then passed through the muffle.
Black Enamel on Gold or Silver.— Take i pennyweicrht of
silver, 2i penny weighte of copper, 3^ pennyweights of lead and 2i
penny weighte of muriate of ammonia Melt together, and m. r^XI
smaller divl-
x>ur into a
WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 221
crndl.lo with twice as much pulverized Hulpliur; the crucible Ih then
mixture rS'bl^.'rr"? '^^* '^« Hulnhur'muy m.ftuk "Z and the
8uh, nu t burned awav " Th«^ ""^efting fire until the 8ui;erfluoS8
«l;»!jl:j ^ '}} "'^^y- The compound is then to be coarHolv
Z a liHtel^l^h' f r^f "", ^' ^P"'"*'*' «' ammoil^uto beToS
rm«e^i;!^ii^^„«^^«x^
ar&rp"IJ;SI?l^'*"^«^- AftertSIs«atttrth*SS
is made by dmsolving ^inc in muriatic acid; now hold this mrrover
Ptate iipoa it and mb down smooth wtthrSth mSi.ed w«^ ^l'
r.^l'£^^^?2^^'^^f^?^^'^' may be effected by placing the obiect to be
Elkinqton's Patent GiLDiNO.- Fine gold 5 oz rtrovV nitm.
w?*^;,?"^^^' ^2 oz (avoirduiK,i8); dissolve^ 4t?and c&u^ t^
re bi-
nitro-
•e
perfectly cleaned from scale or'ereasft and
.' a proner /«ce, are to be suspended on wires, dipped in% the
?-' alt^nVri";^^ *^°iV* *^«^^^'^' ^1»«»' in'Irom a few
Hn, no il"^\""*®' depending on the newness and strength of the
liqu. .., jie requisite coating of gold will be deiwsitpd on thAm n,r „
duraVoronS^ •*'"' to.lithdW the articffisTead'ly Wn ^fht
duration of the immersion required to produce any eiven effect
gradually mcreases as the iiqu/d weakens bT use. Whin nrooerlv
plded, the ari:icles are withdrawn from the solution of go d Shed
. {S)nTcol«c''^^'^ ^"^' "^^^ *^^^ -^-^« *^« fi'sl^ 1™'^^
artti;^K to the
immersion in the gilding liquor, or thi d^admi^g^mKyZl^n^^^
fS^/i"^ a solution of the nitrate to the newly qiml surfale and
then expelling the mercury bv heat. «»u"in^e, ana
Spot Gilding, or gilding in spots, producing a very fine anoear-
ance, is done by puttine a thin coat nf ^ii nt^ fh-?o "^o^,^.* rvf'PP®^'^;
where you do not wish the gilding to appea^j'the gold willThen'^b^
:#
iflfl
s
222 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C.^ RECEIPTS.
deposited in thoHC mwta only whore there is no oil, and the oil la easily
removed when the job is iinisl>ed.
Watohmakrrh' Oil.— Put thin sheet lead into olive oil in a bottle,
expose it to the sun for a few weelcs, and pour off the clear.
Solution fob Dipping Stefx Abticles, Previously to Elec-
tro-Platino.— Nitrate of silver, 1 iwirt; nitrate of mercury, 1 part;
nitric acid ( sp. gr. , 1.384), 4 i)arts ; water, 120 parts. For copper articles.
—Sulphuric acid, 64 parts; water, 64 parts; nitric acid, 82 parts;
muriatic acid, 1 part; mix. The article, free from ^'r^ase, is dipp«l in
the picl{l6 for a second or two.
Abranoement op Lapidaries Cutting Plates.- 1. Soft iron
(very thin) with diamond dust in oil. 2. Pewter, with coarse emery
and water. 3. Pewter, with fine emery and water. 4. Wood with
sand and water. 5. Pewter with rotten-stone and water. 6. Leather
with putty powder slightly wet.
Polishing Diamonds.— The plan in use at all the large diamond
cutters is simply a cast iron disc of good metal, with a vertical spindle
run through its centre, balanced, and turned, and faced true in a
lathe. The disc revolves at about 1000 revolutions per minute. With
a little diamond dust and oil, the stone is set in a small brass cup filled
with common soft solder; it is then screwed up in the clamps and
applied to the skive till the facets is formed.
RECEIPTS FOR MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS,
MILLOWNERS, BLACKSMITHS, LOCOMO-
TIVE BUILDERS AND METAL WORKERS
OF EVERY KIND.
Instructions to Engineers- Ge«m(/ up Steam.— Hefore light-
ing the fire m the morning, raise your safety valve, brushing away
all the ashes and dust which may impair its free action, and if it
leaks steam grind it on its seat with fine emery or grindstone grit '
Valves with vibi-atory stems are safer than those with rigid stems, as
they are not so liable to bind bv the lever and w^i^ht ffRttino- nnt r^f
true. To guard against loss by leakage and evaiioration, l^ve the
i.
lil Ib eanily
in a bottle,
TO El.EC-
ry, 1 part;
er articles,
82 parts;
i dipped in
Soft iron
rse enierv
^ood with
3. Leathor
I diamond
!al spindle
true in a
te. Witii
cup filled
amps and
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
223
EERS,
JOMO-
:kers
•re light-
ag away
md if it.
3ne grit,
items, as
cr nnt r»f
_, — ._ ....
eave the
gauge (luring worxing nours mp-m oii »„i *' '7 ^y "^ "•*' Becona
furnace and ash pit, and s^Vead ^I i.fil*'^*^''* ""^ «^"<*«" 'rom the
with dry sawluHt, split wi^, &? Vfaen^^?' «*»*^*ng« «ver the coal,
fire even and regular over Vha ,rI„V« i ** ^^^ vour fire. Keen the
soft coal, and ab^ut 3 incVcB wS^^nJ^' ^^^^'S inches tSckViJh
ceHHive firing. Moderate rh^J^Li ''"l^^clte, and always avoid eZ
minutes «iv?the bSt ?^uU^ '^Fn ^ittfn""^ ^ J«*«rvalJof S' to^
he fire should be raisS^^dui y^ toSfolS ^'!^'^J^<>^cold y,^^r
unequal expansion of the iron K.wi*^ d«amaging the boiler by
uacedoor open at the sameTh^P nafvP* ^^^^ *^« damper and fur-
heat from the fuimce SJho AuT*^® e^t'-eme draught expels the
through the d(w teduc^ft ni^n'^^^"'"''-^' ^''"^ ^^e coli air entering
^vherever it ^trU.T'"{l^e i'^SS^T'^^^^^ the boile?pla£f
^K^K^\^y ^^ 12 feet per second SevervirS',^'' **'? ^^ P** ^th a
15.524 cubic feet for its comMon \7<fi^ '^!i f ''^l '•^^»^^«« ^bout
grate surface should be 1 S to l f that f«J Tf H^ ^^^'' '^« ^^^a of
for coa/ burning should be from 2 76 L ?.«?•'* X^J"'"^ «' ^"^nace
foot of its grate surface for^oo/d «V k cubic feet for every square
pyrometer has satisSrily e„tabH^^^^^ The use oV hi
Hat the admission of a 7e^ta^i^?i^ant^v*^^^^ '^^*«- l«t
developes a greater amoimt of heaTfoiHn •''''' ^^^"<^ *^« bridge
combustion and coiwuming the sSJe th« Jv^T ^^^? ^^ »»«J«*ing
always a sure sign of waste 2 A TrS ^xistence of smoke beinS
to thfi fnmnn^ ,«„" " __*f.*^; ^' .-^ regular and continiir.n« a»r.v.i„ „x _.?
fumac; doo/s ;sSrVt%« ^^"' through tlie h
air may var/^?h'"tfe StSU'of Zl^ef'^Sn' ^'- ^' «*/ of
mg less air than caking coal bLaY, J fh J ^$* fuming coal r^iir-
mass in the furaaoe, exSng the afr Jmm ?^h ^^"«T« ^ «o™P««t
18 the reveree. 5. For nerfect Pomi..yT **^® ^*'^«' ^^'^e the latter
necessary. In all cas^sl!tC tfie baT«"/ ^f ^ temperature is
fuel kept from caking. Knock awav ttffni?„£ "^^^ "^^^^^^^^ »"<! the
keeping the spaces open SeerrhVw feP ^i''^? »« formed,
air either by the dampers ashnitf„S?^' j^^^-'ate the supply of
behind the bridge. A jR sttim'fm^.''^-^^*^^^^^ «^ ^^ an on%e
of, and inside tSe door, wHl 'rSv 2=? ^"^^ P^^«^ ^^^oss the top
and intensifying the hSt^ y^eJ^^ J"". '^"'"""^^ *^« «"^'>k^
If steam commences to blow off Wi5 ""W ''^"^ hydrogen,
engme is at rest, start your numn^ t^}f "^^^^^ ^^^^e while the
cover or bank your fire^Si^a diaSe of^n«?i* ^ f ^^ * circulation,
the heat, and allow the steam f^S ? ^^^^ ^^ '^^^^ coal to absorb
valve. If byneglect the wSe^X%frv1fw'' *5^?^^^^ *h««^^eJy
geroiisiyhot, the fire should eitLfS To IJ^"^'^"*^ *^e boiler dan-
Should the fire be verv ImfLt^ +^ ^ drawn, or drenched witli water
stop the engine ftndcov^r Xe frl ^-f *IWT *emporarTly c^off '
absorb the heat, keei)in-?hln=»1 V^ thickly witli fresh fuel to
until the snpply' if Swed^ ZSrtsZnuVir'''''' *^«^'"^r
3 weeks, or as often as mud aniinra Y^ i? ^ ^^''^^ «"* every 2 or
after the fire has been dmwS^?t leai .nf T*^"' ^»* "ever until
dosed, othenvise the empty boiler mSht Sf 5''"''' ^"^ "^^ hamper
. „ „o. „„u«r wtu »W water, « the ^ddenloMraS
224 MACHINISTS, ENOINEEUS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
many times repeated will eventually cause it to leak. Never blow
out a boiler with a higher prejwure than 60 lbs. to the square inch, a«
Ktcam at a high preaaure Indicates a high temperature In the iron,
which under careful management should always be let down gradu-
ally. Previous to filling a boiler raise the valve to permit the free
cfcTess of the air which might otherwise do manifold damage.
Use every p<i8Blble precaution against using foul water as It In-
duces foaming In the boiler ; soapy or oily substances and an Insuffi-
ciency of steam room have a like effect, caushig the boiler to bum
on the spots where the water Is lifted from It. and the glass gauges to
Indkuite falsely, besides damaging the cylinder by priming, carryuig
mud, grit, water and alusli Into it through the pipe, and rendering
the cvlinder heads liable to be knocked out. Steam from pure water
at 21^0 Fahr. supjiorts a 30 Inch colunm of mercury. Steam from sea,
or impure water at the same temi^erature, will support only 22 Inches.
Pure soft water derived from lakes and large streams, rain water
from cisterns, reservoirs, &c., and springs outside of limestone di»-
tricts, Is the best for steam purposes. Water from wells and springs
in limestone districts and snuvll streams, hold in solution large
qimntitles of chloride of sodium, carbonate of lime, sulphate of
me, &c., besides quantities of vegetable matter in suspension. The
carlxmlc add in the water, which holds the carbonate of lime, &c., in
solution, being driven off by boiling, the latter is precipitated and
forms an Incrustation which adheres with obstinate tenacity to the
boiler plates. By contbiual accretion the deposit of scale bacomea
thicker and thicker, and being a non-oonductor of heat it requires
60 per cent, more fuel to raise the water to any given temperature
when the scale Is i of an Inch thick ; the conducting power of scale
comv>ared with that of iron being as 1 to 37. The i-ed scale formed
from water impregnated with salts of iron, derived from percolation
through iron ore, fo still more mischiev&us and destructive to steam
boilers. In no way can the evil be completely averted except by
boiling the water to drive off the carbonic acid, but this is sometimes
impracticable, although many feed water heaters are in successful
operation. A list of scale preventives can be found in another part
01 till is work
In tubular boilers, the hand holes should be opened frequently and
all sediment removed from over the fire ; keep the sheets, flues,
tubes, gauge cocks, glass gauges and connections well swept and
perfectly clean, and ttie boiler and engine-room in neat condition.
Keep a sharp look out for leaks, and repair them if possible without
delay, and allow no water to come in contact with the exterior of the
boiler under any circumstances. Examine and repair every blister
as soon as it api^ears, and make frequent and thorough examinations
of tlie boiler with a small steel hammer.
In case of foaming, close the throttle, ^d keep closed long enough
to show true level of water. If the water level is right, feeding and
blowing will generally stop the trouble. With muddy water it is a
safe rule to blow out 6 or 8 inches every day. If foammg is violent
from dirty water, or change from salt to fresh, or from fresh to salt,
in addition to following the above directions, check draught, and
cover the fires with ashes or fresh fuel.
Great watchfulness is necessary when steam is raised, the safety
id, the safety
MACHINISTS, ENOINEKRS', *C., RECEIPTS. 225
thl"!^ i^""""^' '•\*' ^^? "*'^"*^' ^'"^ *»»<^ *^»!?1»« at rost In even- ci«o
^tonh ,mH"'^'"^ -VV* H""«"'''"^"^'^'»n>tionof heat, hotein,c?Ht?fre
BenX?« 1 Lt ?i.n *^" '^?''' "' '''" '""'•"•^ ^* ^'<^»^ert the latent int^
Kr airi!^^^^^^^^^ "" irresistible force which burstn l.e
^Zfp &ne'i?^or£fflnj;e e |:?l?.'ret!e;^^^^^^^^^^
from a presHnre of 32 Ibn. to the ngua^ h "h to 9oS to U^e souare
mu ht"i.J n' f^"^ T'" Vf f'^«^* »ninute«, with the enKi.^ a re« I?
ought to quicken tiie vigilance of everj^ engineer t<) ilnow S" th«
explosive energy in each and every cubfc f()ot of w ter ri.is iJnle?
at (.0 lbs. presHure, ih equal to that contjiined in 1 lb of iru now or
From avariciouH motiveH it has becon.eq.,ite con ,non t(VZ wo"
d rw^c"'''^^ miHtakes, never scold, reprimand, on exact seS
ST^'n^nT^caslZ'ffi^"?' ^ ^" "'^ event of' lost wX'Ke
If irfa^t dl^eSaS^;^ E^^'fslf efc^
the war vessels which were buift in England! Ind sui «lv the
theTew '<te^"^"^ '\'^:^ ^'-^^^ ^«»d«- ^^^^ getinrup steam
JiL ^j Chief" proceeded to start the engmes A lift at a crank
Fw^^l?" '^«'^^*«' a P"ll at a lever was equluy useless At lenS
fol ^a^r '^'^- ''^A'^ ^^"^^* ^''-^^ cSS Sinking he iSd
got hold of a sure thmg this time, proceeded to give it a twilt wlSn
sweTth^^'^^n^^ ^''^"^^^ ^i*t^ j^^ «^ «*^^« f"" i" the flee 'wh S
iSh« fi.r^"*^"'^^' ^"?>*« assistants out of the engine room
^SnseqfxirreS. ''"" ^^'^^ '^ "^^^ ^"' ^^^P ^^^ -»" Ze
Z>M«e« to <Ae ^w.^ine «;;iew wndler steam.— Before sfau-tinn- fh«
wnicn tnne all pipes and connections should have extra nrntPf./u\,r
J^f^^^^^J^^^^rn speed of the piston should be 24^. per mCteS
?eUTr™sreis'froV^S;-J^^^ The ^ostTono^S
«* oJ, pi«ssure IS irom «0 to 90 lbs. to the square inch on tho niuinn
?haH«teM P'^''""^ '*f "^ ^"^^«- To attain this tTs ueces'ar?
loss of at ?^L'f ?^'T'^ '^"^^ ^^ considerably higher, for thei^K
i?uL?i i .^ ^^ P®^ ''^^t., arising from the irrcgularitv of the Kt^am
?r£*- aiid steam ports, by radiation of heat, by iTi^^^^roDer nackinLl h^
pretrre'UtWr^? ^^^1 "' the goverfiL^aSHy So %^
— ' •''^"'" i'ivcsUit; i;ui- square men ou the
trrsm
II*
226 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
piBton, the greater the loss.cf power from the atmospheric pressiiVo ;
for instjiuce, a steam pressure of 30 lbs. per square inch on the piston,
leaves only 15 lbs per square inch effective pressure for actual work,
tlie other 15 lbs. being required to overcome atmospheric pressure.
In tightening piston rod packing, screw no tighter tlian merely to
prevent leakage ; any more consumes power by friction, and will des-
troy the packing. Spring packing in tlie cylinder should be adjusted
with great care, always kept up to its place, and never allowed to
become loose, or leakage will ensue, causing loss of power. On the
other hand, if it is set too tight it will cut the cylinder, and loss will
result from friction. Keep your pacldng free from grit, sand, filings,
&c., as such substances will cut the cylinder and flute the rod.
Remove all old packing before inserting new, observing to cut the
packmg into ^)roper lengths, and breaking joints by placing each
joint on opposite sides of the stuffing box. Keep the governor clean,
easy in its movements, and avoid excessive tight packing around the
spindle. Use good oils. Avoid waste in the use of oil, as too gi-eat
profusion generates gum and dirt. Use it with judgment in combi-
nation with concentrated ley when it is required to remove gum or
dirt from these ot other parts of the macninery. Do not lubricate
the cylinder jantil after sfairting the engine^ and closing the drip cocks.
If you have occasion to separate a rust joint, or any crank from a
sliaft on which it has been shrunk, the simplest plan is to apply heat,
when the bodies being of different dimensions will expand imequally
and seimrate. Iron when heated expands with irresistible lorce.
Rjiilway contractors know that the heat of the sun on a warm day
will cause such an extension of the iron, that the rails, if laid witn
close joints, will rise with the sleepers from tlie ballast, and form
arches 4 or 5 feet high and 50 or fK) feet in length. In accommoda-
tion to this law of expansion, spaces are left between the rails on rail-
way tracks.
The contraction of iron by cold is equally powerful, and has been
put to good use in trueing up large bulging buildings by fitting iron
girders across them with strong wall plates at each end. Then, by
applying ^s jets all along the girders they will expand ; the screws
are then tightened up, and the girders allowed to cool, and the strain
of these contractions several times repeated is sufficient to bring the
walls CO the peniendicular. Again, in hoisting heavy machinery, &c.
by means of pulley-blocks, if the ropes stretch and the blocks come
together too soon, wet the rope, and the object will be elevated by
its contraction without any other force. These hints will be found
useful when occasion offers.
In driving the, kegs on the crank-pin and cross-head, use a leaden
mallet, or interpose a piece of leather, or a sheet of soft metal for
protection, if a steel hammer is used.
The piston should be removea every 6 months, and the parts in-
jured by friction, &c. carefully ground, fitted, and if need be turned,
trued, and made steam tight. If knocking occurs in the engine it
may arise by the crank being ahead of the steam ; if so, move the
eccentric forward to give more lead on the valve, if caused by too much
lead move the eccentric further back, if ciiufsed by the exhaust (iloainff
too soon, enlarge the exhaust cham be* in the valve ; if caused by the
engine being out of line, or by hard or tight piston rod packing, thesa
rs.
c press uVo ;
I the piston,
ctual work,
pressure.
1 merely to
nd will aes-
be adjusted
allowed to
jr. On the
nd loss will
md, filings,
» the rod.
to cut tlie
lacing each
jrnor clean,
around the
8 too great
t in combi-
»ve gum or
3t lubricate
drip cocks,
ink from a
apply heat,
1 imequally
tible force.
, warm dav
if laid with
;, and form
ccommoda-
ails on rail-
d has been
fitting iron
Then, by
the screws
1 the strain
) bring the
hinery, &c.
)lock8 come
jlevated by
1 be found
Lse a leaden
I; metal for
le parte in-
. be turned,
e engine it
), move the
)y too much
aust closing
used by the
iking, thes3
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. ?27
Jhel^alvl^l^vTS^^^^^^^^ iT' r««n i" thejam nuts on
be thnt knocking is cantd bv lo^^nf^-^"' ^\T ««""e^'t»y. It may
blocks key ot the pisChl L^m™ head"nr^h ''''''^■^'^' PiUoWl
head, if so, tighten the kev or fil«nSfhriL' ^^ ^9''^'' "^ *^^« <^ross-
are too tight. Should knm'ktLiti^n*^® ^^P^ ®^ *'^® boxes if they
on the ends of tCgiSdesXm'LfT^^
Knocking may be cauffby iunmSt Suntr^^-^'"- *^ll ^»"^««-
der, causing derangement in thi«,? counterboruig ni the oylin-
remedy for this is KSl'^e^lo'eTh^^ J^ P^«*«"- . '^^^^
^eep a close watch over thTiouraais oTth? n ^ ^^ ^I''^^'' ^^P"^-
If they are loose in the boxe^ or^Iv? .T i . .,""'"'^ .^^^^ ^^oss-head,
tightened too much, they wU^iieit a^^' ;.*^'7.,^"\ """ b^*"-^' if
not tight enough there is d'inLr,>rnf\^^^^^^ *^'^ ^''^^^ «li'>ef!, if
the engine. ^ "^'^'^ ""^ *^« ^^^^ flyJ»S out and breaking
Jrf^Sr/tCpnS" ^/X't't^ ^f ^^/- " «-ght to
hotter than 212o Fahr and indiS IL^ w ^'' ,^^'^» *^^^ ^iter is
steam from time to timerbu manv^^t-^^^^^^ ^? ^^^ P^«*«'"'« ot
contrivance used by the colored emnCf^^^ much worse than tlie
ing with a gauge altogetC n«PH ?<- o ' '^.^^' ^wdainfully dispens-
when steam waf uHf ffier at LTT""'^ *^-^ "'i^^^*^ ™o»nent
on the outside of the boUer ' ^^ ^^'^PP^^S ^s open hand
mfSt%LlSn^:^;^^^^^^^^ %T^f -r- «-<^. B«ch as
and tiillow m pmper prowrtiom ^ '"""^^V^ «f ^"«k, paper
coils, asbestos jute, Sc An ex^eilS^^^^^^ ^«"«« t^i«ted cotton
in long loosely twistPdVnlia ,^2n J P^?"»g is composed of hemn
Mlow^ith as'^mrh^U"^^^^^^^ pease o?
mg is always applied with the hfi^fSvi J ? *^ i,* ^^^^ absorb. Pack-
are cold, and it? efflcieTicv S Dmmo?£f t "''^^? ^^'"^ -P^.^''' ^^ t^« engine
tallow previous to use P'^^™^*^*^^ ^^ «o»l"iig it in- beeswax and
pr J^suTeTo^l^"^^^^^^^^^^^ yolnme of stoam at 15 lbs.
pater than thutT a„Vgi'ven a.faS^^ i« 1700 times
be derived. When confiniri n, JL^ ^ °^ ^^*®^ ^^'O""^ which it mav
steam engine, it is alwa?^1n »Sto"JS ""'JV^^ ^^'^^^^^^ ^^^
extent, and a vast ^iv^'ZVf f.w.^ -A- . ^W^^^ itself to the fullest
of steam f rom thf Sn bf 1^'/^^^'*,^!^^ «^^^^^^ off the suppfy
reaches the eSd of ite stroke^ S?^ ^ *^f ^^"i valve, befoiie^ J
the full length of its stroke ' '^""^ ^^ ^''^"^^ ^^ *« ^^w during
th Jtefv^'SttlXtr ^^^^^^^ T f «^^^°^ ^« ^' i -^ I of
to the square inch is annhed Jo %),« ^?; " ^*P'''"' ^* ^^ ^^^- Pressure
the average pressuirSrhiV^hewC^^^ cut off at htUf'^stroke,
sive quality ot the Skmwould hrl-u^^ T^^^ *o the expand
the fuU pressure altSX w ? i^^^^^^" ''^ ^^^^ 11* Ib''^- less than
requiring^fuily pesH &^ ^""^ ^^^" *^" *l"^»«ty of steam is used"
at efr^*^^,^^^^^^^^ 3 ft. in leng^h with steam
of the troxr^i .>* 4.il„ . ? " * '.e open jiort. Dunnir tho i\rfit d inAi.^«
^ll^pressureo^the stimS'ii/ontrnip'i^ T'"*.*! ^P^^' Permitting th?
inch marked C, thett^ ^i^^rthT ^J^^^^^^^^^^^^^ f^^^^
!
228 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS.
imprisoned steam will now propel the piston to the end of ^he
stroke, driving out the liberated steam through the port A into the
exhaust cavity B, but by the time the piston reaches D, 12 mches
from C, the original pressure of 60 lbs. per square inch will have
decreased one-half, ort(5 30 lbs., and when it reaches E, 24 inches
from C, it will have still further decreased to 20 lbs. Average pres-
sure 39 lbs. Two-thirds of the stroke have thus been made without
any supply of steam from the boiler, and forms the saving due to
working the steam expansively. The lack of this contrivance is the
true reason why some engines use more fuel and steam, than others
of the same capacity and power. It has been stated that the economy
of the Ci^rliss cut-off is such that it requires only 2 tons of coal
instejid of 6| tons used by other engines of the same power, but the
great trouble with that' engine is the liability of the complex and
costly valve-gear to get out of order, entailing difficult and expensive
repairs.
TAmjB.—Shoioinrf the average Presmre of Steam on the cylinder
when cut off at \, \ and | of the stroke or travel of the Piston^ com-
mencing with 25 lbs, advancing by 6 lbs. and ending at 100 lbs.
25
15
21
24
30
175
25|
281
45
2<)|
38
43i
50
29|
42;:
48::
(i5
38|
55
G2i
75
441
03?
72j
To realize the best results from steam, keep the cylinders, pipes,
&c., well covered with good non-conductors. Various materials are
iised, anchaa common felting, asbestos felting, hair, old wool, tow or
hemp carpets cut up into strips of the i)r()per size and smeared over
with a substantial compo ition of mortar, teased hair, &c. before
applying to the pipes. Cover the whole with coarse
canvas, finish-
s.
nd of the
A into the
•, 12 mches
I will have
1, 24 inches
irage pres-
de wimout
ring due to
ance is the
than others
le economy
^ns of coal
er, but the
»mplex and
i expensive
he cylinder
'istoriy com-
)lbs.
37
ders, pipes,
aterials are
rool, tow or
leared over
&c, before
vas, fmish-
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 229
well clothed Jd JacI^wfSrSd'^ufwood^^or'^Shid'^J^it^^
re8i>ondnig amount of lead it is correct y set The SonderL^.^^^^^^^
either end, if any exists, must be equaUy divided SeSefuf S^J
justing the nuts attaching the valve to the rod tW^hS. ^ I
imp nge against the valves, prevenW it from LtiL * tru/ t?x.?h*
justmg he slide valve to'cut o& atlmy poStTt^f travel o^tt
piston, the eccentric should be moved 4ward S pronortlon^o JSp
amount of lap given t» the valve, without any rTfeSe k, ?he Iv
tTv^l^^fTe'Sft^^il ^^^-' *^^ -^- --* opeJatlirirui*^ X^^
.1^ e^^t?erL^d^sra^ron^r^vai;^i^^^ %^zLz Z
«wr^f fK *T °«ark8 constitutes the stroke of the valve The
stroke of the valve maybe increased as the bearing in the rocker arS
tlt^SstsS^^^ ^"^" '^ ^^^^^-^^ ' shofte^n teTat^ S
To FIND THE Throw of the Eccentric —Measure fhp ppppw,
TTp^H^ti^^'^l^'f*'^^^' ?^^ °^^^«re «n the opiSror Hghfside"
Sie'ecSr ^'"'^ *^' *^^ measurements ^lll be ?he ttw of
Lead ON the Slide Valve.— The lead of a valve is the w\(\th
of opening which the valve allows to the steam port when the i^sS.n
18 at the end of its stroke, as shown on the diagramlt A whi?W
, present, outside lead, inside lead, being shov^StoSie exhaust at r"
which ought to be double the amount ot" outside lead in ordS to m.Prp?i
the exhaust easily, and thus reduce or prevent back Sure r«r«
should be taken not to liberate the exhaust too soo^as ft w7ll%i-Pnt[v
curtail the power of the engine, especially if the laC sTieal^ S
the speed slow as in engines with fieavy tminron up grider&J To
ascertam whether the exhaust opens at the right time ?r not ' immvpr
ll^^^^?. '^^? ' *^^^ "ncouple the valve from the vafve^d Xea
smteKl^ln^^^^ lengthways on the exhausT prt ^ Seii^wlth a
nS «v?f ^W^ Imes on the x alve seat, on each s&e of the exhaust
port, that will appear above the valve. Next lav the batten on t^S
valve on Its seat, and givp 1-M2 nf in, ir.n}. ir^^V^^A -7 A^Pi?:^^ ^^e
vS^e sea? fl6 T^it T?'^^ r>'«t" the ^Ses"des^^^^^^^^ tte"
vdive seat i-ib of an inch, the exhaust opens at the proper time, if it
230 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEUS', &C., RECEIPTS.
does not the exhaust chamber in tlie valve should be enlarged to the
right size.
Lead is given to a valve to enable the steam to act as a cnshion on
the piston, by admitting the steam to it previous to the end of its
stroke, in order to cause it to reverse its motion easily, without jar or
noise, for it is not allowed to touch the top and bottom of cylinder for
fear of knocking them out. The space between the top and bottom
of the cylinder and the piston, when tlie latter is at th' end of its
stroke, is called tlie clearance, shown at C C on diagram The tenu
clearance is also used to designate the capacity of the connecting
steam ports and passages. It is necessary to guard against too much
cushion as it greatly impairs the powers of the engine, causing violent
thumping or knocking, and sometimes a serious breakdown. One-
eighth of an mch lead is sufficient for an ordinary freight and 1-16 is
sufficient for passenger locomotives, the difference being on account
of the greater speed of the latter.
Lap on the Slide Valve.— The steam lap on the slide valve is
the amount by which it extends over the extreme width of the
cvlinder ports, as illustrated in the diagram, the disfcmce between the
dotted lines B B LL, and the sides of the ports P P, being m each
ing the inside lap, E P exhaust port, E exhaust cavity m valve. Y b
vsdve seat, C C valve face, llie emission of steam jnto the cylmder
lide valve is
idtli of the
MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 231
is regulated by the outer and inner edges of the valve and of the
steam ports. When the valve is so contrived that at A stroke tlie
laces ol the valve do not cover the steam ports iuteruaily, the space
by which each lace comes sliort of the inner edges of tiie poXis
SA'^'^'ii^'* ^^^^^^ clearance By means of the steam lap given to the
ex laired ^"^^^ ^* enabled to use its steam expansivel^ m elsewhere
STABLE.— Showing the amount of Lap on the Slide valve at
various points of cut off; also, the travel of the valve in inches.
Travel or stroke of the Piston where steam is cut off.
Travel
of the
Valve in
inches.
J
A
«
M
The correct amount of Lap.
GiFFARD s iNJKCTOR, as made by Wm. Sellers & Co., is a novel
ana reliable invention for feeding boilers, economizing the heat and
dispensing with pumps. By a simple "and well known combination
i^^- ^"^"iv- '"T """^ ^"iiv ijymg steam, tne otner water, bofcii terminat-
ing ima third pipe or tube, a jet of steam from the boiler escaping
tnrough an onfice, of say, 1 inch in diameter, with 60 lbs. pressure.
232 MACHINISTS, EN(5INEERS', &C., RKCEIPT8.
I 1
is coiideiwed in perhnus 12 times its weiglit of water, wliich it drives
ihrouKli the tliird tu )0, cauHing it to enter the boiler througii an
oriiico ruucli nnmller tluin tlie one by wliicli it escaped. Tlie momen-
tum of the Ht«sum impels tlio water with great force and imparts all
its heat to the water during transmission. The following table shows
the maximum temperature of the feed-water admissible during
different pressures of steam.
Pressure per square inch. 10 20 30 40 50 100
Temperature of feed, Fahr. 148° 130° iPOo 124° ^10° 110°
On tub Form, Strength &c. op STi;^ oilkrs.— Regard-
ing tlie /o»*m of boilers, it is now an ascertiii laci that the maxi-
mum strength is obtauied by adoptmg the cylindrical or circular form,
the haycocic, hemispherical, and wagon-shaped boilers, so general at
one time, have now deservedly gone almost out of use. Good boiler
plate is capable of witlistandhig a tensile strain of 60,000 lbs. or
(K),000 lbs. on every square inch of section : but it will only bear a
tl'ird of this strain without permanent derangement of structure,
and 40,000 lbs., or 30,000 11)8. oven, upon the square inch, is a prefer-
able proportion. It has been found that the tenacity of boiler-plate
increases with tlie temperature np to 570°, at which point the ten-
acity commences to diminish. At 32° cohesive force of a square inch
of section was 50,000 lbs. ; at 570° it was (K),500 lbs. : at 720°, 55,000
lbs. : at lawo, 32,000 lbs. ; at 1240°, 22,000 lbs. ; and at 1317°, 9,000
lbs. Strips of iron, when cut in the direction of the fibre, were found
iDy experfment to be per cent, stronger than when cut across the
grain. The strength of riveted johits has also been demonstrated by
tearing them directly asunder. In two different kinds of joints,
double and smgle riveted, the strength was foimd to be, in the ratio
of the plate, as the numbers 1(X), 70, and 5().
Assuming tlie strength of the plate to be 100
The strength of a double riveted joint would be, after
allowing for the adhesion of the surfaces of the plate 70
And tlie strength of a single ri\eted joint 5(5
These figures, representing the relative ^ icngths of plates and
joints in vessels required to be steam and water tight, may be safely
relied on as perfectly correct. The accidental overlieating of a boiler
has been found to reduce the ultimate or maximum strength of the
plates from 65,000 to 45,000 lbs. per square inch of section. Every
description of boiler used in manufactories or on board of steamers
should be constructed to a bursting pressure of 400 to 500 lbs. on the
square inch ; and locomotive engine boilers, which are subject to
much harder duty, to a bursting pressure of (JOO to 700 lbs. Such
boilers are usually worked at 90 to 110 lbs. on the inch, but are fre-
quently worked up to a j^ressure of 120, and, when rising steep grades
sometimes even as high as 200 lbs. to the square inch. In a boiler
gubject to such an enormous working pressure, it requires tlie utmost
care and attention on the part of the engineer to satisfy himself that
the flat surfaces of the fire box are capable of resisting that pressure,
and that every imrt of the boiler is so nearly balanced ir. its powers
of resist-ance as that, wlu>n one part is at the point of rupture, every
other imrt is at the point of yielding to the same uniform force : for
we find that, taking a locomotive boiler of tlie usual size, even with
MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 233
a pressure of 100 lbs. on the square inch, it retains an expanding
force within its interior of nearly 60,000 tons, wliich is rather in-
creased than diminislied at a high speed. To sliow the strain upon
a high-presHure boiler, 30 feet long, 6 feet diameter, having 2 centre
flues, each 2 feet 3 inches diameter, working at a pressure of 50 lbs.
on the square incJi, we have only to multiply the number of the
square feet of surface, lOiiO, exjwsed to pressure, by 321, and we
have the force of 3319 tons, which such a boiler has to sustain. To
go farther, and estimate the pressure at 450 lbs. on the square inch,
which a well-constructed boiler of this size will bear before it bursts,
and we have the enormous force of 29,871, or nearly 30,000 tons, Iwt-
tled rip within a cylinder 30 feot long and 6 feet diameter. Boilers in
actual use should be tested at least once a year, by forcing water into
them by the hand feed-pump, until the safety-valve is lifted, which
should be loaded with at least twice the workii:g pressure for the occa-
sion. If a boiler will not stand this pressure it is not safe, and either
its strength should be increased or the working pressure should be di-
minished. Internal flues, such as contain the furnace in the interior
of the boiler, should be kept as near as possible to the cyliudriail
form ; and, as wrought iron will yield to a force tending to crush it
about one-half of what would tear«tt asunder, the flues should in no
case exceed one-half the diameter of the boiler, with the same thick-
ness of plates they may be considered equally safe with the other parts.
The force of compression being so different from that of tension,
greater safety would be ensured if the diameter of the internal flues
were in the ratio 1 to 2J instead of 1 to 3 of the diameter of the boiler.
As regards the relative size and strength of flues, it may be stated
that a circular flue 18 inches in diameter will resist double the pres-
sure of one 3 feet in diameter. Mill owners, with plenty of room
and a limited experience with steam power, would do well to dispense
with boilers containmg many flues, the expense is greater and the
durability less than where there is one or two only. The foam
caused by a large number of flues is apt to deceive an inexperienced
engineer, causing him to believe that there is plenty of water in the
boiler when he tries the gauge cock when there is but very little,
often causing an explosion. Some mill-owners insert a fusible plug
in the crown of the furnace to indicate danger from low water. As
common lead melts at 620°, a rivet of this metal, 1 inch in diameter,
inserted immediately over the fire place, will give due notice, so that
relief may be obtaijied before the internal pressure of the steam ex-
ceeds that of the resisting power of the heated plates. In France, an
extensive use is made of fusible metal plates, generally covvired by a
perforated metallic disc, which protects the alloy of which the plate
IS composed, and allows it to ooze through as soon as the steam has
attained the temperature necessarv to insure the fusion of the plate,
which varies from 280° to 350°. the reader will 'find a number of
such alloys under the tabular view of alloys and their melting heats,
further on. Another method is the bursting plate, fixed in a frame and
attached to some convenient part of the upper side of the boiler, of
such thickness and ductility as to cause rupture when the pressure
exceeds that on the safety valve. But, bevond all Question, constant
use should be made on all boilers of a good and reliable system of
8t«am gauges, glass tubes, gauge cocks, safety valves, &c. JBy means
■■Hi
234 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS.
of the glass tubes affixed to the fronts of the boilers, the heif?ht of the
water within the boiler is indicated at once, for the water will stand at
the sjimeheifjht in the tube that itsfcmds in the boiler, communication
being established with the water below and the steam above, by
means of stop cocks.
When dry steam is an object, the use of the steam dome on boilers
is strongly recommended ; opinions are divided as to the real value of
mud drums, some reason strongly in their favor while others discard
them entirely ; but there can be no question as to the true economy of
heating the feed water previous to emission into the boiler ; it should
always be done when practicable to do so, by means of some one of
the many contrivances for that purpose which are now in the market.
Regarding the power of boilers, it may be stated that a boiler 30 feet
long and 3 feet in diameter, will afford 30x3x3.14x2 — 141.30 square
feet of surface, or steam for 14 horse-power, if 10 feet are assumed
for one horse-power. Two short boilers are preferable to one long
one, on account of having more fire surface, — it being always necessa-
ry to have as much fire surface as possible to make the best use of the
fuel — as the hotter the surface is kept, the less fuel it takes to do the
same amount of work. When there is a large furnace it gives the
fireman a better chance to keep tihe steam jegular, for when clearing
out one part of the furnace, he can keep a hot fire in the other. For
each horse-power of the engine there ought to be at least one square
foot of grate, and three feet wduld be better. In setting a boiler,
arrangement should be made to carry on combustion with the great-
est possible heat This requires good non-conductors of heat, such as
brick, with which to surround the fire. If these bricks are of a white
color, the combustion is more perfect than if of a dark color. The roof,
as well as the sides, of tlie furnace should be of white fire-brick. The
bars of the furnace should be 18 or 20 inches below the boiler or
crown of the furnace. They should slope downward toward the back
part, about half an inch to the foot. A crack in a boiler plate may
be closed by boring holes in the direction of the crack and inserting
rivets with large heads, so as to cover up the imperfection. If the top
of the furnace be bent down, from the boiler having been accidentally
allowed to get short of water, it may be set up again by a screw-jack,
a fire of wood having been previously made beneath tlie injured
plate ; but it will in general, be nearly as expeditious a course to
remove the plate and introduce a new one, and the result will be more
satisfactory. There is one object that requires very particular atten-
tion, and which must be of a certain size to produce the best effect,
and that is the flue leading from the boiler to the chimney, as well as
the size and elevation of the chimney itself. Every chimney should
be built several feet above the mill house, so that there is no obstruc-
tion to break the air from the top of the chimney. In England a
factory chimney suitable for a 20 horse-power boiler is commonly
made about 20 inches square inside, and 80 feet high, and these di-
mensions are correct for consumption of 15 lbs. coal per horse-power
per hour, a common consumption for factory engines. In the Do-
minion of Canada and the United Sttites, chimneys of sheet iron,
from 30 to 50 feet high, are in quite common use by owners of saw,
diUd other inills, anci tney seem to answer every requirement.
Propobtion'of Steajvi Boilebs. — Cylinder Boil&rs. The length
MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 235
ght of the
1 1 stand at
lunication
above, by
on boilers
[ value of
XB discard
jonomy of
it should
ne one of
,e market,
ier 30 feet
30 square
! assumed
one long
s necessa-
use of the
to do the
gives the
1 clearing
;her. For
lie square
a boiler,
the great-
it, such as
Df a white
The roof,
ick. The
boiler or
I the back
)late may
inserting
If the top
cidentally
rewr-jack,
e injured
course to
U be more
lar atten-
Bst effect,
as well as
ey should
obstruc-
higland a
jommonly
these di-
rse-power
1 the Do-
heet iron,
s of saw,
i6Ut.
'he length
shoiUd neve.' exceed 7 times its diameter ; the unit for it is 12 so ft
of heatragsurlace, andi'of a square foot of grate surface for eacli
hor8e-ix)wer ; a lair evaporation is U lbs. of water for 1 lb of coal.
Tubular Boiler.
Cylinder Boiler.
Very long cylinder boilei-s should have a central support. All boilers
should have an inclination of 1 inch in every 20 ft. towards the blow-
off end. Tubular Boilers— Length 4 times the diameter. Evapora-
LancasMre Boiler.
tion about 9 lbs. of water to 1 lb. of coal
Cornish Boiler.
Heating surface 15 square
ft. and grate surface. * sanare ft. ner horae-nower. Flim Bnilpm
require from 14 to 15 square ft. of heating surface, and \ square ft.
of grate per horse-power. Evaporation 7 lbs. water to every lb. of
236 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
coal. Length of flue boilerH should not exceed 5 times their dianleter,
diameter of flue« not more than VI to 14 m. ; if made larger, use heavier
Iron than that used in the siiell of boiler, and construct with butt
joints. Cornish and Lancashire Boilers. In England, Cornish boilers
are known as those furnished with one internal Hue, and are usually
of great capacity and power, having plenty of steam room, Lanca-
shire boilers have 2 flues. Eeturn Flv£ Boiler. When a boiler is
fitted with a flue curving round at the rear, and returning to the
front, it is called a return flue boiler. See diagrams of boilers.
Boiler Shells. — For a boiler of 48 hi. in diameter, to carry 90 lbs.
{)er square In. pressure, use 4 in. to § in. good plates. Wrought iron
leads for ditto, § to £ inch. Tube Sheets and Crown Sheets J^or ditto.
I to I inch. Rivets on boilers up to 42 in. diam. and | in. iron,
should be | in. for curvilinear, and § in. for longitudinal rivets
for single iHveted work. On double riveted work, f in. rivets
will answer for both kinds of seams. For 5-16 iron down to 3-16
in. smaller rivets will answer. Drilled rivet holes are preferable
to punched. It is higlily beneficial to heat the boiler plates before
rolling to form the shell of the boilej. The fibre of the iron should
always run around the boiler^ never across it. A steel shell boiler
4 ft. in diam. and j in. thick, is as strong as an iron boiler of same
diam. and § in. thick, and will evaporate 25 per cent, more water,
besides being more free from incrustation and corrosion. The work-
ing pressure of boilers should be 6 times less than the bursting
pressure.
Composition fob Covebing Boilees, &c. — Road scrapings, free
from stones, 2 parts ; cow manure, gathered from the pasture, 1
part ; mix thoroughly, and add to each barrowful of the mixture
6 lbs of fire clay ; h lb. of flax shoves or chopped hay, and 4 ozs.
teased hair. It must be well mixed and chopped ; then add as
much water as will bring it to the consistency oi mortar, — the more
it is worked the tougher it is. It may either be put on with the
trowel or daubed on with the hand, the fii-st coat about 1 inch
thick. When thorouglily dry, another the same thickness, and so
on, three inches is quite enough, but the more the better. Let each
coat be scored like plaster, to prevent cracks, the last coat light
and smooth, so as to receive paint, whitewash, &c. The boiler, or
pipes, must first be brushed with a thin wash of the mixture to
msure a catch.
To Prevent Incrustation in Boilebs. — 1. Charcoal has a ^eat
affinity for any thing that causes scale or incrustation in boilers
That made from hard wood is the best, broken in lumps of J to
inch in size, and the dust sifted out Two bushels of this wi
generally protect a boiler of 30 horse-power for 3 weeks when
running, after which the old coal should be removed and fresh coal
used. 2. Throw mto the tank or reservoir from which your boiler
is fed, a quantity of rough bark, in the piece, such as tanners use,
sufficient to turn the water of a brown color ; if you have no tank,
put into the boiler from a half to a bushel of ground bark when
you blow off, repeat every month, using only half the quantity
after the first time. 3. Add a very small quantity of muriate of
ammonia, about 1 lb. for every 1,500 or 2,000 gals, of water evapo-
rated. It will have the efliect of softening aiid disintegrating the
i
'8.
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 237
ir dianteter,
use heavier
t with l)iitt
Tiish boiiere
are usually
lu. Lanca-
L a boiler is
niug to tho
)iler8.
•arry 90 lbs.
rought iron
ets for ditto.
g in. iron,
iinal rivets
\ in, rivets
►wn to 3-lG
J preferable
lates before
iron should
shell bqiler
tier of same
more water,
The work-
le bursting
apings, free
) pasture, 1
the mixture
and 4 ozs.
hen add as
, — the more
an with the
bout 1 inch
less, and so
'. Let each
t coat light
e boiler, or
mixture to
has a ^eat
I in boilers.
8 of I to i
of this will
reeks when
i fresh coal
your boiler
aimers use,
ve no tank,
bark when
he quantity
muriate of
^ater evapo-
igratiug the
carbonate of lime and other impurities deposited by tlie water dur-
ing the evaporation. 4. Potiitoes and some other vegetable substances
introduced into the boiler are most effectual in preventing incrus-
tation, and animal substances, such as refuse skms, are still more
so. 8. An English firm put oak sawdust into their boiler in order
to stop a leak, and to their surprise it also resulted in preventing
incrustation. I should say if oak sawdust could prevent scale iii
boilers, that there is no visible reason why hemlock and various
other kmds of sawdust will not do the same thing. 6. Cows' feet,
with the shanks attached, are strongly recommended as a preven-
tive of scale. Two in a large boiler is amply sutHcient, and those
who wish to do business economically, can get their oil for lubri-
cating purposes cheaply by boiling the feet and shanks for a few
houre in a large kettle, setting it aside to cool, and tlien skimming
oif the oil from the surface of the water, using the feet for the boiler
afterwards. If you wish to get rid of the hair on the shanks, you
can get rid of that by using lime, &c., an done bv tanners. 7.
Sal soda, 40 lbs., gum catechu, 5 lbs., sal ammoniac, 5 Ids., is strongly
recommended by an experienced person, for removing boiler scale ; 1
lb. of the mixture being added to each barrel of water in the tank ;
after scale is removed use sal soda alone. By the use of 10 lbs. soda
per week, a boiler 26 feet long, and 40 inches in diameter was cleaned
from scale equal to a new boiler. 8. A rapid and effectual but not very
good plan to scale boilers is to throw in a few wood shavings along
the bottom of the boiler and set them on fire ; the heat expands the
scale more than the shell of the boiler, as the iisat cannot reach the
latter, the scale is loosened; what remains after this must be removed
with a hammer and chisel. 9. Calcareous deposits may be entirely
prevented by the use of crude pyroligneous acid combined with tar.
It may be either introduced into the boiler or iflixed with the feed
water in very small quantity ; just enough to redden litmous paper ;
consequently it will never injure the boiler. 10. It is on record that the
engineer of the French ocean steamer St. Laurent, omitted to remove
a bar of zinc when repairing or cleaning out his Ixi- rs. On op3ning
them at the end of the voyage, to his great surprise ue found that the
zinc had disappeared, that nis boilers were entirely free from scale,
and the boiler plates uninjured.
Average Proportion of various Parts op Engines. — Steam
Pipe should be J the diameter of cylinder, but varies on large engines.
Exhaust Pipe should be t^ the diameter of cylinder. Piston Rod
should be J the diameter of cylinder, if of ircii, and smaller, if of
steel. For high speeds, steel piston rods are the best. Steam F^rts
vary according to speed, fro 1-16 to 1-10 the ai»a of piston. Safety
Valves should possess an area of ^ square in. of surface for every
foot of grate surface, and should be constructed with loose vibratory
stems, for the reason that they are not so liable to get out of order as
those with rigid stems.
Rule for Size of Cylinder. — The requisite diameter of cylinder
for a 25-horRe beam engine is 28 inches, and about 5 feet stroke.
The nominal horse-power of any sized cylinder can be found by
the following formulae : — For low pressure or beam engines,
divide the area of cylinder by 25, which will give the number of
horse-power. For high pressure horizontal engines, divide the
238 MACHINISTS, KNOINRKRS', AC, RKCKIPTS.
area of cylinder's diameter by 12 rt, which will gire tlie number oi
horse- imwer, including all friction. *
Stuokk of En(}inkh. — The stroke of an engine varies according
to cintmnytances, wliich the dcHij^ncr must taku into consideration;
l)ut the general rule i» to make the stroke about twice the diameter
of the cylinder. The diameter of the fly-wheel should bo about 4
times the stroke of the engine, and the rim should weigh about
3 cwt. per horse-power.
RULK TO FIND THE HORHE-POWKR OF StATIONAUY ENOINKa.--
Multiply the area of the piston by the average pressure in lbs. per
stjuare in(!h. Multiply this product by the travel of the piston in feet
Itet minute ; divide by 33,000, this will give the horse-power. — Jioper.
Example:
Diameter of cylinder 12
12
144
7854
f:'
Area of piston
Pressure, 70 ; Average pressure, 50
Travel of piston in feet per min.
113,0970
60
5054.880
300
33,000)1096464.000
. , 51. liorse-power.
Balance Wheels.— Every balance wheel should be speeded up
80 as to run twice or three times as fast as the crank sliai't it is in-
tended to balance. When a balance wheel is applied in this way it
makes the mn hine run a great deal more steadily, for, when the
balance wheel is geared into the crank shaft, and runs two or three
times faster than the crank shaft, it forms a power of itself
'when going over the centre, which propels the crank shaft until it
reiiches tlxe quarter, where it agam takes its power from the
machine. Although it takes an additional shaft and gears to apply
a balance wheel in this way, the saving of metal m the balance
wheel fully compensates for the extra labor; for, when a balance
wheel is speeded three times as fast as the crank shaft, it needs
only one third of the metal in it that it would were it not speeded
up at all, and if balfnce wheels were applied in this way generally
it would make all engines run far more steadily.
To Reverse an Engine. — Make a legible mark on the eccentric
near the shaft, make a similar mark on the shaft at the same place.
Now place one point of the callipers on the mark made on the shaft,
and with the other point ascertain the centre of the shaft on the op-
j)osite side, making another ijaark there also. Next unscrew the
eccentric and move it in the direction in which you wish the engine to
run, until the mark on the eccentric comes into line with the second
mark on the shaft, then screw the eccentric fast and the ensrine will
run the reverse way.
MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 289
Rur.R TO FIND THE We1(}HT NECES8AUY TO VllT ON A LkVEH
WHEN TUB AHRA OK VALVE, LevKB, &0. AMK KNOWN.— Mllltlfjly
the area of valve by the prenHure in iK)undH i»er Hquaro incli ; niultipiv
thiH i)ro<luct hy the dlHtanco of the lever from the fuh'runi ; multiply
tlio weight of lover by one-half itfl lengtli (or it8 centre of irravitv) •
then multiply the weight of valve and stem by their diHtjince fmrn
the fulcrum ; add thewe la«t two productH together, and snbtract their
fium from the lirnt product, and divide the remainder by the length
of Ibrer ; the quotient wiU be tlie weight of the ball.— i^yper.
Example :
Area of valve 7 w\. In.
Pressure . . (K)lb8.
Fulcrui 3 in.
Length of lever 24 in.
60 lbs.
Tin.
4L'0 lbs.
a in.
12fK)
12(5 lbs.
9 lbs.
12 in.
108 lbs.
18 IbH.
l2<ilbH.
61b«.
3 in.
18 lbs.
24) 1134 lbs.
Weight of lever 9 Ibfl.
47.25 lbs. weight of ball.
Weight of valve and stem G lbs.
Marine Engines.— 7)w<ies to mctchinen/ when in Harbor before
getting under Steam, by a Practical Enqineer. When an engineer
tokes cha-ge of the machinery of a boat his first attention ought to be
an-ected to his boilers; for, being the source of power, they may be-
come the source of great danger if not properly looked after. In in-
snectmg the boilers, three things require special attention. 1. The
ttiickness of the plates above the fires and other places of importance.
^. ibe state of the stays. 3. The position of the gauges, viz.: the
water gauge, cocks, and glass water gauges. Respecting the first, a
general plan is to drill a small hole through the plate, and thus find
t ^?^^ thickness, for it is often the case that a boiler plate may be
lar thicker at the seams than in the middle. At the seams the proper
tiiicKneBS caimot always be correctly ascertained on account of the
way in which they are caulked, by which a plate may appear con-
I ,
'
f- li
n 1
b
i
B
\
■
f 1
L.^
J"
240 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS,
sidemb.y thicker than it reallv is After the hole has served its pnr-
would not be attended by bo much danger.
Cs DreventTliTrSo^l^^^^ on tL rods, etc., from water dropping
enl^ie someSSg wm give way. "^ Several accidents have occurred by
"""f he salt"^ valves'kre now to be inspected to find whether ttiey are
Jt or cortVed to their seatings. If so, they must be freed and made
'"?? f,^.^ood SaXnImuch practised, to give the engines agood
'cSmmaod TgivSfX'eSSer a bav, lever, or generaUy, to large
*°life liSy'bv wUch steam is turned on and off with the injee-
tio?cookhl;rdletr« placed Wde the wheel, so that one mo^ can
now generally »*»" *J f^^^' ^igton so fitted that it rises and falls
6^^^^^^^^^^^^^'^^^^ the- air -pump not able to
perform its work properly.
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*j AC, RECEIPTS. 241
In starting an engine that is fitted with surface condensers, the only
thmg requiring attention before going on, is to open both valves
communicating with the sea above or below the condenser, viz. :
suction to the circulating pumps and delivery from them.
Dutkawhen under Steam.— Always keep looking at the water
level. This is sometimes a source of great anxiety, for some boilers
requure the water to be kept at a certam fixed level. If water be too
high they will not keep steam, and if too low the steam will generate
too fast. Some boilers require a high water level : nothing but practice
can determme it. A safe rule is to keep the glass gauge about
two thirds, full. Blowhig out marine boilers should be practised every
two or three hours. Practice has proved this to be a good rule, on
acwunt of not so much water bemg required to be blown out at a time,
and therefore the steam pressure is not reduced to x very great
extent/. «
In steamers* fitted with surface condensers, a little sea water is
suppLed to the boiler to make up for the loss in the steam pipes
iaekets, caps, in the condensers, etc. -This in time may injure the
boiler if not counterbalanced some way or other. The general rule is
to blow out about two or three inches every twelve hours. The water
"1 tjese boilers is never allowed to reach more than 2-30 of saltness
The fires reauire much consideration. A furnace is best worked
with a heavy fire, but not tok) heavy, thicker towards the back than
? , • J*^"? ?®^^ *"®1 should be placed in front, and then pushed
lack after bemg thoroughly heated. Every four hours (at the least)
the tires should be cleaned out, as large clinkers or refuge of the coals
adhere to the fire bars and prevent the draught, "taaaking the fires
bum dead, especiaUy towards the back of the furnace. Sometimes
the slag will stick fast to a furnace bar, and cannot be removed from
It. Tills causes a great amount of %m>xm^ as m trying to remove it,
the fire bars are oecasionaUy pulled wt of theur places, and the
greater part of the fire falls through causing much waste and often
The i)rincipal thing to pay attention to when the engmes are under
steam, is to keep the bearings cool and the glands steam tight .Oil
IS generaUy used for keepmg bearings cool, but when larger ones are
worMng hard, a jet of water is ktpt playing on them. This is
lound to answer very well when the water is turned on before they
have Had tune to heat. It should not be used after they have been
auowed to get heated, for it may crack them by too sudden contraction.
A good stream of water should be kept running on the thrust block
from the time of st^irtmg, this with the taUow, which is always put
^T?u 5,®*°^^ startbig, keeps this all important bearing cool. T^he cap
ot the thrust block requires great care in adjusting. If screwed on too
tigntiyit 18 almost sure to htat, or fire as it is termed, and if not
screwed down sufficiently tight the unpleasant jumping shake so often
experienced m onr screw ships is sure to follow. The packing of the
gland at the stem tube should be well looked after, and kept quite
tight and well taUowed. f ^ ^
In paddle-wheel steamers there is frequently not sufficient care
-. -r:_"LrttL tiiw uu;.t;r ui;ariiigo Ol cue BliclItB. iu v6iy lOW HlilpH Hre
proper means provided for lubricating these important parts. At the
commencement of a voyage, the outer bearings are well tallowed, and
16
242 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
Often put down, screwed up, and left to look alter t^emf Ives as best
Siev nmv. Very few whips, indeed, being provided with tubes lead-
KSwn from tile paAile boxes to the oil Lies of tlie blocks, or in
which moans are provided for their lubrication. , ^ ^ ^
The coals in tile bunkers must be carefully watched, to prevent
spontaneous combustion. The stoppers over the holes should be
K open^s much as vomUe, and aire taken not to keep damp coals
longer in the bunkers than can be avoided; for it is only damp coal
that is liable to spontaneous combustion. _
In new fast runnhig engines, castor oil is a very good t^^^^^
fii-st .starting. When new brasses have been fitted mto the bearings,
Ull they fo?m a good bearing for themselves, the same should be
used It appears to have a much finer body in it to lubricate than
other oils hSve. The difference hi the cost of the oil is not very much,
coarse castor oil bemg very little dearer ^^a^ .S^J^ machme oU.
Duties to Machineni v^fi-en th^ Ship hasatnved *« P»r«.— The wMte
lead and tallow should be rubbed oft with a Piece of o^y ™iViS?
then the bright work of the engines will give no t«>«hle by rustii^
The enirines should have a good blowing through to drive out aU
waL SltlK. Condensers, then the Kiugston's valves communi^^^^^
with the sea, should be shut, next open the condenser dram cocks,
which let out all water left in them This is allowed to '"n toto the
bilges, which can be pumped out by the donkey pump, or the hand
pump if no steam is left hi the boilers. -. ^ j ,„ ^♦i,^*.
Some engmeers always blow out their boilers after steaming, others
do not, the latter only let the fires out and shut the valves in tiie
steam pipes; both pla^s have their advantages and disadvantages.
Primps the majority keeps the water in the boilers, only blowm^ out
when remirs or an examimtion of the boiler is required. An engmeer
rtioSd^ars examuie for himself, whether all the fires are properly
our^d S toke the word of the stokers for it. A great amount of
damaee may be done by the fire not bemg properly put out in the
S^X Infrequent pmctice is to get a heap of hot ashes together
^d Sh some water over it. This m^kes it black outside and leaves
^bu^^ng rfdr The ashes shovA^^ ^^^S^.^f ^1^^ fife
the water thrown over gradually and gently, to put out the fare
efl:ectuaUv, and to create as little dirt and dust as possible.
To find the amount of Lap on the Slide Vah^es (before settogt^^
slides) Take a batten of wood, and place it on the cyhnder slide
fa?e at right angles to and over the noriis. Mark off on it the edges
of tiie sSS e^aust ports witlfasquare and scriber^^ By pacing
tliis on the face of the sUde valve, the amount of lap can at once be
%f :Se« the Slidea.-Fx^t the piston at the top or bottom of its stroke
If the eccentric is rightly fixe(f on the«hatt, simply fasten the si de
valve on tJio spindle%itli the required amount of lead Then turn
the engina to the other end of its stroke, and see if the lead is the
Sme° or m some engines more lead is given at the bottom than at the
toMasiif vertical engines). If the engine is fitted with the Ini^c
ZtiU the reversing eccentric isjjen connected and the vf ve teste<l |
in like uuiuuer. AiSO Wliu iiic nusi. luvnuu, w^v s^ji'-'- r— 7 ^=
Se c^lre oUhe Ihik; and although the position of the eccentrics ou —
Se shaft ought to destroy any motion of the valve, yet there is a httle
lives as best
tubes lead-
)lock8, or in
MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 243
with a short link. This is tested to see that the steam iwrts are always
closed and tluis the engines can be stopped, even if the full pressure
of steam be admitted to the bacJt of tho slide by the stop or throttle
vaives. > ,
1 of its stroke,
sten the slide
I. Then turn
le lead is tho
om than at tho
with the Imk
le valve tested
id is t>luc6d ii!
i eccentrics on
there is a little
Horizontal Engine.— A B is the cylinder lying horizontally on its
side. V is the valve to admit the steam from the boiler by way of the
steam pipes S P. The head of the piston rod, is seen at g, the cross head
of which works within the guide or guide bars a b, and to the cross
head of the piston rod is attached the connecting rod g c, which works
the crank c r. The main shaft is shown at r, darkened. This carries
the fly wheel F W ; /is the band working the governor g by
meajDs of pulleys, the driver being on the main shaft; of course the
work is taken off the main shaft The whole is generally supported
on firm masonry CD. /
Steam Fire Engines are or should be constructed with steel
noilfira an/I I-tlaaf fiiT^na «^»,-»wi- 4..,v— i -i a-.. ■ _ ■■■
with a good fit out of gauges, safety valves, injectors, &c., with facility
Of gettmg up steam in from 6 to 10 minutes from cold water, and in
»
244 MACHINISTS, engineers', &c., receipts.
alK)ut 6 minutes from w.iterat 130°. These miachmes as now con-
structed are of great elegance and power, some of them havmg pro-
jected a continuous, solid stream of water over 300 feet, through 100
feet of hose, fitted with 1^ uich nozzle. Steam pressure about 80 lbs.
per square inch. The principle is that of a steam pump, bemg
fitted with the usuai^air chamber to induce a continual steam See
diagram of fire engine with horses- attjiched.
R)RTABLE Engines are constructed as light as possible, consistent
with proper strengtii of parts, in order to render them available for^
easy transportation. Sometimes thejr are mounted on wheels, and
are in quite extensive use for driving light saw-mills, threshing,
brick-makuig, pumpmg, chaff-cnitting, &c.
CoBNisH ENGiNEs.-Are usually single acting beam engines which use
the steam at a very early "cut off," and only en one side of the pis-
ton, making great use of its expansive property, and are used entirely
for pumping water in mines and cities. Steam is used in effecting
the downward movement of the piston, bemg the stroke which lifts
the water, the upward movement is caused by the weight of the plun-
gers, rods &c., at the .pump end of the beam. Cornish engines are
usually very massive and powerful, but the first cost is enormous,
and there is quite an outcry against them in some places.
In the line oi pumping machinery, possibly the largest engines in
the world are those doing duty at Haarlem Lake, Holland. The en-
gines, three in number, drain a surface of 45.230 acres, an average
lift of the water, depending on the state of the tides, being 16 feet.
Each engine lifts 66 tons of water per stroke to a height of 10 feet ;
when pressed, each lifts 109 tons to that height. Running economic-
ally, each lifts 75,000,000 lbs. of water 1 foot high for 94 lbs. of Welsh,
cojil. Diameter of cifUnders (annular in form), 12 feet, with inner
cylmders 7 ft. diameter.
iNSTlt CTIONS TO ENGINEERS AND FiBBMEN ON LOCOMOTIVES.—
Keep the fire evenly and uniformly spread over the grate without
elevations or depressions. Fire from large coal, as it leaves wider
openmgs between the lumps for the admission of air," may be deeper
than \.iien the coal is small and lies close together. Remove all
incombustible material and clinkers from the furnace as soon as pos-
sible, they prevent the draught from producing proper results. The
bulk of fuel on the grate should always be m proportion to the
quantity of fuel consumed. The dampers in the front and rear of
uie ash-pan regulate the draught admitted to the furnace, and require
very careful attention, as the stream of air issues with a velocity of
72 ft. per second when the dampers are open and train under full
headway. At a speed of 60 miles per hour the pressure of the cur-
rent of air amounts to 9 lbs. on 6very square foot. One ton of bitumi-
nous coal requires 300,000 cubic feet of air for its combustion, of
which 100,000 is required to consume the gases evolved from it.
Anthracite coal requires 310.480 cubic feet of air per ton for its com-
bustion. It burns without smoke, requires a good supply of oxygen
and intense heat to burn it, but makes a very fierce fire. , Good
practice requires coeaplete combustion of the carbon and hydrogen
available in the fuel ; insufflcent air causes a dense black smoke to
Ibbuc froiii the chiiiiiicy, uiid the loss of heating eSect, and too niueh
air, lowers tiie temperature of the flame and dissipates the heat Of
MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 245
I enormous,
liU iAJV JllUUii
lie heat Of
good coal, 62.2 per cent, go to form steam, and 1 lb. will in good
practice evaporate 7i lbs. of water. In practice the greatest eva^jra-
tive oower of lib. of coke is ^ lbs. of water, in common practice it
is 8^ lbs. and 78 per cent of its products go to form steam, 22 per cent,
being lost by products of combustion, ashes, etc. The heating power
?j[ ^S® a^^compared with that of coal is in the proportion of about
1 *l : ^i® *f njPerature produced by the combustion of coke in the
hottest part of the fire box, may be estimated at 1666° Centij- rade
The temperature produced by wood is usually less than llUo Centi-
pade, (100° Centigrade is equivalent to 212° Fahr). The proper com-
bustion of coal requires the admission of air both through and above
the grate, the nght proportion depending upon the percentage of the
gaseous components m the coal : In the combustion of coke the air
S??/pnhl!?Si^'^/^?*''"^5 ^^ ^*^ """^l^ ^ ^^- «^ ^^'^^ requiring about
200 cubic feet of air. For receiving the best effects from the fuel,
the emission of the gases from the furnace should be retarded m
order to promote complete combustion under high temperature 'for
this reason the grate surface should be as large as possible to induce
a slower cuiTent, and the weight of the steam exhausted and the air
mhaled should be m every case, the same. For the prevention of
smoke, engineers usually rely on the damper, the ash pan and the
fire door, with careful stoking. They endeavor to prevent the
formation of smoke by controlhng the admission of air through the
grate, adjustmg it exactly to the demands of the fuel, also by the fire
door for the admission of air above the fuel, by firing mth large
pieces of coal, and deep fires for heavy duty, and smaller coals with
shallow fires for lighter duty, by firmg more frequently to lighten
the duty, and at all times by keeping the bars covered with fuel to
prevent excessive local draughts through the grate. Fresh coal should
be thrown on under the fire door directly inside, and, when partly
burned, pushed forward towards the tubes; but when the grates are
inclined, It will work downwards by gravitation. Never fill a hot
bmler with cold water, and always allow it to cool off before running
the water out; never blow out a boiler while hot, under any circum-
stances, as the heated plates will be sure to bake the deposits of mud
mto a compact scale of great tenacity ; if allowed to cool, these
deposits will settle down in a soft mass easily swept out with a hose
and water. Frequent duty should be made of washing out all
deposits of foreign matter from the barrel of the boiler, the tubes,
and from the crown sheets between the crown bars, especially while
using bad water, and after heavy rains ; and screw-plugs, made of
hard brass, should be fitted to every boiler near the sides of the fire
box, to per^nit the use of a hose with water for this purpose.
10 avert danger from intense heat, to save fuel, and keep up a
free circulation, engineers should adjust the injector so that the
poller will lose a little water while running between- stations, if the
mjector is kept at work during stoppages, this loss wilt be compen-
sated, and a full supply always kept up, absorbing the surplus heat
and preventing explosion. Incessant watchfulness is necessary to
look out for impending danger in every possible direction, and no
^?o?'J.# driver, while on duty, should relax his energy, care, caution,
watchfulness, decision, and presence of mind for a single morriPnt Tf
viguance and endurance were ever necessary in any business or call-
1
246 MACHINISTS, engineers', 4fcC., RECEIPTS.
ing, mc^t certainly they are of i>aramount importance in this above All
others. See that the safety valves are properly acting, and that
i! ^
lit '
I if
the indications of tlie gt^eam o^au'^e are correct. In exTierimentB made
with a locomotive boiler, the fire being kept regular, and the engine
MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 247
at rest, in 9 minutes the pressure Increased from 32 lbs. to 74^1b8. per
square mch, bein^ much more tlian double, a most surprising increase,
and one which will enable us to account for many explosions which
have happened while engines were at rest.
Pay the closest attention to the cylinder and piston rod packing,
and exercise judgment and care in selecting the best khids and also
in applying them when selected. Use due prectiution against making
niistakes either in packing too tight or too loose, as each extreme in
Its degree is productive of much mischief, waste, and loss of power.
}t reqmres the exercise of considerable intelligence and care to make
the best possible adjustment of either spring or steam packing.
i^qual vigilance is necessary in guarding agamst mcrustation and
scale m boilers. In order to raise steam to a pressure of 120 lbs. to
the square inch, a very common pressure in locomotive boilers, the
water must be heated to a temperature of ,^45°. This involves a
high temperature in the furnace plates and other paits of the boiler,
imposing a very severe duty at any time, but doubly destructive in
*"6 event of the existence of incrustation or scale.
The annexed figures are inserted with a view to render assistance in
adjusting the valves of locomotives. The first diagram represents the
position of the valve as it should be when at half stroke. The second
figure indicates the proper position of the valve when at the end of its
stroke with the crank at the dead centre. A represents exhaust cavity
.^^-
in valve. F ditto in valve seat. P P steam ports. E lead. The third
cut represents the position of the valve when the link is exactly under
the saddle-pin and the reverse lateh in the juter notch in the quadrant
or sector. Y V shows the lap. Full steam is the position of the valve
when fully open, and the engine ia motion. Cut-off is the position of
steam. Angular Advance is the angular measurement of tbe arc de-
; I
. I
.
248 MACHINISTS, ENGINBERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
Bcrijoed by the centre of the eccentric while imssing from the place it oc-
cupiGH wRen the valve is at half stroke, to that wliich itnc^.Sat the
Si'iT^Vf ,™f,"* of the stroke of the piston.. Linear Advance Wth^ dis-
tonce which the valve moves while the centre of the eccentric in describ-
ing the above angle. See diagram of Eccentric, Link and valve motion
A majority of railways allow for the travel of valves, on Express Pas-
aenger Engines, 5 inches, for outside lap, t inches, for inside laoi
incii. for lead in fuU gear 1-10 inch. ^6^ Egress Ac^mmoSA
Engims,iox travel of value, 5 hiches, for outsidfe lap, 1 SdTfof iS^
side hip, i mch, for lead in full gear, 1-10 inch. Ok lleavv Freialit
Engines fof/^ravel of valve, 5 inSies; for outside lap, § incLfor in-
side lap 1-16 inch, for lead in full gear 1-16 inch.
Power of Enoines.— Horse-power in steam engines is calculated
? 2? rl-** *^.® '^*® ®* ^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^- One-horse power is equal
to the lifting, by a pump, of 260 hogsheads of water ten feet in Tn
hour Or it woul(f drive 100 spindles of cotton yam twist!or 6W
spincUes of No. 48,mule yam or 1000 of No. 110, or 12 p^er looms
S wn''^^P**'^®',K^ produced by 19 lbs. of -Newcastle Joals, 60 lbs
of wood, or 34 lbs. of culm. Coals 1, wood 3, and culm 2, give
equal heats mthe production of steam. ' ^
A ^i^^lfS !?/• ""^ ,^«w«|f tie coal converts 100 lbs. of water into steam.
A bushel of coal per hour raises steam to 16 lbs. the sauare inoh
whose velocity is 1350 feet per second, and 2 bushels ra?8e it to 120
lbs., or velocity of ^00 feet per second. A horse-mwer requires
from 6 to 7 gaUons of water per minute for condensaS of st^m
A steam engme whose cylinder is 31 inches, with 17 double strS
per mmute, performs the constant work of 40 horses with 5 tons of
coal per day. One of 19 inches and 25 strokes, of 12 horses S ll
tons per day. They raise 20,000 cubfc feet of Wr 24 fS f oTeverl
fe '^^'fh« ^* T*'; 0"^^"«1^«1 of good cmls raisfd from S
^.fjf '"00^ lbs. one foot per mmute. Four bushels of coal per hour
with cyhiiaer of 31| inches and 17^ strokes of 7 f eet^r miute is I
cXde^r'^ 2*? S ^"T' «onstantl^ A rotative doubren^^th a
a 20 hni«a '^^ '"''^^^' "^^^'"^ 21-^ «*^okes Of 5 feet pe? minute, is
f« « inTt?'''^^'' ' ^""i* ^^y^^**^' of 17.6, making 25 strokes of 4 feet,
is a 10 horse-power ; the consumption of coals being proportional
bLM?t charcoal iron § in. thick, or best cast steel 5-16 in., double rivets
along horizontal seams and iunction of fire box to be double riveted
irm«« fonned of 2 sheets rolled in tiie direction of the fi toe of the
iron or ^teel. One longitudinaj seam in each, above the w^ter w
s.
place it oc-
upiesatthe
3 is the di»f •
! in describ-
ilve motion
press PaS'
side lap, |
nmodation
3h, for in-
m Freight
;n, for in-
calculated
a minute,
Br is equal
feet in an
ist, or 600
rer loomg.
Is, 60 lbs.
m 2, give
ito steam,
tare inch,
B it to 120
r requires
of steam.
le strokes
5 tons of
I, with 1|
for every
: from 24
per hour
aute, is a
le, with a
ninute, is
of 4 feet,
ional.
best cold
ale rivets
! riveted,
•e of the
at-er lin**
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC., RECEIPTS. 249
250 MACHINISTS, ENGINKEUS', AC, RECEIPTS,
t
new of mdUil for Btiirt l)olt« and expftiislon braces. Furnace Plates,
if of iron, !S-U) liu;h, if of crmper ^ in., if of stoel, crown sheets, § in.,
Bide and baelc slieets (steel) 6-l« in. , flue glieets (steel) i in. , water space
3 ins., sides and baclc, 4 ins. front. S'taj/ Holts, J in. dium. screwed
and riveted to sheets, 4J in. from centre to centre. Ci'own Bars, made
of 2 pieces of wrought iron 4^ in. by f in. set 1^ in. from centre to
centre, and secured by bolts fitted to taper lioles in crown-sheets, with
head on under side of bolt and nut on top, bearing on crown bar.
Crotvn Sheets braced to dome, and outside shell. Furnace Door
opeiiing formed by bunging and riveting together tne outer and inner
sheets. Tubes, 11 foot long, and 2 in. dlam. set in vertical royvs | of
an inch apart, give the best insults. Orate Bars, for burning wood
or soft coal, should have i in. openings. Smoke Stack for wood
burning engines should have the '' bonnet stack," from 6 to 5i ft.
diam. at top, with wire netting ; for engines burning soft coal, a much
smaller area of cone is required; but for engines burning anthracite
coal, use a plain open stack without cone or netting. Safety Valves.
Every locomoti\'e should be provided with two safety valves fitted to
brass seats, and secured by springs of sufficient elasticity to allow a
lift of the valve adequate to permit the emission of all the steam the
hoiloT will generate after it exceeds the maximum pressure. Tlie
bearing or mitre on the valve face should not exceed § in. Mud Plugs
should be provided on the side of the shell on a level with the crown
sheet. To avoid weakening the boiler, rivet a welt on the inside of
the shell in the line of the holes. Steam Boom, 6 to 7 cubic feet per
square ft. of growth surface. Good work has been obtained from
boilers possessing 1 cubic foot of steam room to 1 square foot of water
surfacQ, and a water surface 1-13 tliat of heating surface.
Average Proportion of the Various Parts of I^ocomo-
Tiys^.—CyUfiders of locomotives vary in size, ranging all the way
from 8 in. lip to 20 in. diam. Cran,k Pin should be | the diain. of
^linder. Valve Sterna should be 1-10 the diam. of cylinder. Piston
Rods should be ithe diam. of cylinder. Pump Plunger should be 1-9
the diam. of cylmder. Main Steam Pipe. Area should be from \
to \ the diam. of cylinder. Steam Ports. Area should be 1 12 the area
of cylinder. Exhaust Port. Area should be equal to J the area
of cylinder. The width of bridges for different sized cylmders of
locomotives vary from § to 1 J inches. Chimney. Height should not
exceed 14 ft., diameter a little less than the diam. of cylinder. Diam.
of Boilers vary from 3 ft. to 4 ft. 3 in. Tubes vary in number from
100 to 220, top row should be 8 inches under water. Heating surface.
Total shouldHje from 1000 to 1500 square ft. Fire Orate Surface ranges
from 12 to 30 sq. ft, usual rule 15 sq. ft., with about IK) sq. ft. of
heating surface in lire box. Evaporative Power should range from
100 to 200 cubic ft. of water per hour. Proportion of heating surface
to each sq.foot of grate, should be from 68 to 80 feet. Petticoat Pipe
should be | the diam. of the inside pijie of the stack. Ash Pans,
should be 9 inches below bottom of grate for wood burning engines,
10 in. for soft coal, and 12 to 14 in. for anthracite coal burners, and
should be as nearlv airtight as possible when dampers are shnt.^.
Dampers, should when shut stand at an angle of 35<^ from perpendicu-
lar. Smoke Box, diam. should equal diam. of boiler, length from flue
sheet to inside of front door li times the length of the stroke of the
MACHINISTS, ENGINKEH8', AC, BECKIPTS. 251
to ^rthn^Ti 'toU ?, "T/* *?,^ '"•.;'■'*• ""•'" »"' ^ worn down
Jl-XAMPLE :
ssr. •. •. • • •■• • ^^^ r
Diameter of Drivers 1 '. ' M "
Running Speed, 20 miles per hour "
Area of piston, 28;i.fi square inches
Boiler pressure, 130 lbs. per square inch. '
SPOO = ^^-'^ h«^Be.power.
"RoS-T'^I^ "RocKET."-The annexed figure represents the •
weie. (1.) That the engme shou d consume its own smokfi- o \ if fh!
engme weigh G tons, it must draw after it 20 tTs iTSs' m hlnr
Si^.?* '"™,'- '?""« * cylinders ani 12 coupled driririE wheels
f Sr„^J^lffri« !"• Sffy.-ih .2« toche? Btr„ke,7tle«\li''e
= ' •■ "• -"«"^-> ^;.y""«ui-«iom.aiam., and 24 inches Stroke.
#
.!
i »
252 MACHINISTS, KNOINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
Kngli^h (<xi»vHH eiiKlnon have attained a itpecd of 73 miloH per hour,
between Holyhead aud Ltmdou.
Tho illnstrioua Stephenso:; is well deserving of double honor as the
worthy champion of the loftiest description of mechanical progress,
at a tune when it might truly be said that he was opi)08ed by almost
tkie entire nation. In interference with the old state of affairs nearly
every one, high and low, seemed to see visions of bankrupt coach
compiunea, deserted hotels, rumed landlords, roods overgrown with
grjiss, buildings and mansions burned to tlie ground by flying spvks
from the engine, commerce ruined, and jnan and beast everywhere
nm over and crushed under the car wheels. During Stephenson's
memorable examination before the committee of the House of Com-
mons, one of tlie questions put to him was— "Would it not be an
awkward thing for an engine to run over a cow? " The honest
Northumbrian's reply is well known, " Yes, it would be fewkward for
the coo." ,
Fire Cement.— Fire clay, wet, 100 parts, white lead, 3 parts, pow-
dered asbestos, ^ part, mix all together and use as mortar.
Railway Train Speed Table,— A train going 1 mile an hour
travels one and seven-fifteenths — say one and a half foot per sec-
ond. To form a teible of speed from "these data is a mere matter of
multiplication. Example:— A train going 70 miles an hour travels
per second 1 and 7-15 ft. multiplied by 70=102 and two thirds feet
[)er hour,
or as the
progress,
y almost
PS nearly
ipt coacn
>wn with
g spivks
)ry where
henson's
of Com-
ot be an
e honest
ward for
rts, pow-
an hour
per^ sec-
latter of
r travels
8 feet
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 263
254 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS.
I *
i
Latent Heat of Steam.— Take 2 small vessels connected at their
tops by a tube. Let one contain 1 lb. of water at 32° Fahr. , the other
5i lbs. at the same tempemtiire. Apply a spirit lamp below the ves-
sel containmgthe 1 lb. of water until it is all boiled away and its vapor
condensed by passing through the tube and mingling with the 5^ lbs.
of water in the other vessel. At this point the heat absorbed by the
54 lbs of water will raise the temperature to 212° Fahr. or boiling
heat, and the combined weight will be 6^ lbs. instead of 5^ lbs., as
placed in the vessel at first. The whole of this heat has been trans-
ferred from the 1 lb. of water held over the spirit lamp, although at
no time has its heat exceeded 212°. Inasmuch as this heat cannot be
measured by any known instrument, it is called latent heat. The 1
lb. of water made the 5J lbs. to boil, and from this we know by cal-
culation that the combined latent and sensible heat of steam is about
1200°.
The pressure of steam is measured by atmospheres. Steam of 15
lbs. pressure is steam of one atmosphere, of 30 lbs. pressure, of 2
atmospheres, &c. It is frequently used as nigh as 6 or 7 atmospheres.
Steam below 2 atmospheres is called loio pressure steam, and all pres-
sure above, high pressure steam. Heat, by expanding water,
imparts motidtn to the gulf stream, when transformed into steam
it evolves sufficient power to drive the -rolling mill, cotton and other
mills, the machine shop, the. locomotive, and impel the steamship
over the trackless ocean. As the temperature of water falls below
100° Centigrade (212°.) the boiling ix)int. it will contract or occupy a
smaller space until it descends to 3°. 8 Centrigrade, when it will con-
tract no more, as its greatest density is ttien reached. From 5°. 8, as
the water becomes colder, it expands, till it reaches the freezing
point 0°. Centigrade, so that is specifically lighter than water, and
floats on the surface, being about 10 per cent, lighter. Were it not
for the interposition of this merciful law, and were ice to sink in
Wrtter, many of the lakes, rivers and streams within the temperate
zones woula be rendered incapable of navigation during the greater
part of the year by reason of the ice at the bottom. .
Application for Burns and Scalds. The following has been
tested in the severest cases of burning and scalding from railway and
steamboat accidents. Giycerine, 6 ozs. ; white of egg, 4 ozs, ; tinct, of
arnica 3 ozs. ; mix the glycerine and white of egg thoroughly in a
mortar and gradually add the arnica. Apply freely on linen rags
night and morning, previously washing with warm castile soap suds.
In urgent cjjses, if nothmg better can be had, clap on a mud poultice,
a favorite and very effectual remedy with school boys who are stung
while makmg war on hornets' nests.
Cement to mend Leaky Boilers. — Powdered litharge, 2 parts,
very fine sand, 2 parts, slaked quick lime, 1 part. Mix all together.
To use, mix the proper quantity with boiled linseed oil and apply
quick. It gets hard v'ery soon.
Strong Cement for Steam Joints. — ^White lead groimd in oil,
10 parts, black oxide of manganese, 3 parts, litharge, 1 part. Reduce
to the proper consistency with boiled linseed oil and apply.
Cement For Holes or Cracks. — Red lead ground in oil, 6 parts,
white lead, 3 parts, oxide of manganese, 2 parts, silicate of soda, 1
part, litharge, ^ part, all mixed and used as putty.
.
MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 255
Rust Joint Quick Settlng — Sal ammoniac pulverized lib flbur
quantities as required for immediate use.
Quick Setting Joint better than the last, but kequikfs
2^^^'"^ '"'' ®''''~®^^ ^™moma,21bs,Mphur'llbTirorfitog8
xr^i^^"^^ \yATEB inaHT CeMENT FOR CasKS AND CiSTERNS —
Marine Glue.- India rubber 1 part, coal tar 12 narts hftat o-Antiir
B rr^tf^r^ "' POwderedXllai,. .K.^iv!?,nSiXrS
Another Ditto.— Glue 12 parts, water sufficient to dissolve add
JS^hlT tog^tiier.^"'''' °''" '-^'^ ^^^ ^'^^^^^^^ ^ parttmrthor.
C^NT FOR External Use.— Ashes 2 parts, clay 3 parts sand
1 part; mix with a little oil, very durable. ^ ^ '
Cement to Resist Red Heat and Boit vg Watpjr —To 4 or 5"
parts of clay, thoroughly dried and pulverized, add 2 parts of Ze iron
filmgs free from oxi5e, 1 part of peroxyde of manganese, 1 mrt o"
common salt and i part of borax."^ Mingle thoroughly, render^s fine
as possib e, then reduce to thick paste with the necesSanr quantity of
water, mixings well; use immediPely, and apply hS gSll/i^f
creasing almost to a white heat. fi^ y ^^y giduiuiuy m-
Cement to Join Sections op Cast-Iron Wheels, &c —Make
a paste of pure oxide of lead, litharge, and concentrated SycSSie
Unrivalled for fastening stone to stone or iron to iron S^y^^me.
X^^n^ ^^^ BoiLERs—Asphaltum dissolved in turpentine.
bOFT Cement for Steam-boilers, Steam-pipes; &c.— Red or
white lead, m oil, 4 parts ; iron borings, 2 to 3 parta. X
an?TSrr'ed'^,T^^r''" *^^^*''' -sm, 4ipart« ; wax, 1 part ;
Plumbers' Cement.— Black resin, 1 part; brick dust, 2 parts
well mcorporated by a melting heat. ' ^ '
Coppersmiths' Cement.— Boiled linseed oil and red lead mixed
together into a putty, are often used by coppersmiths Tnden^SA
to secure joints ; the washers of leatiier or cloth are smeared wUh
th.s mixture m a pasty state.
, Compositions to Fill Holes in Castings.— Mix 1 part of borax
m solution with 4 parts dry clay. -Another •; Pulverized Wnoxide of
rfrf^i^Tttr^^^^^ '^'^'"'^ '' «^^-^ ^ -^- ^-tel
.^pl^u.^^.:-^^^^^^^ s;i»plT^TlieS
Z t?if« n/ih"' * •"'f '*'''^^^^ ^^^P *^^"^ ^^- When required f^
Sht «nH o^^ ^^^^*iFe, 1 part; clean borings, fiO parts ,^mix thor-.
d ffi^'^^H^-*'^'^ * sufficient quantity of water. A little grind-stone
dust added improves the cement.
WKiirT^j^'"'^- '^^^^^^'^""'^ JOINTS, ETC., WriH FACED FlANGES.—
^se mix th'prSI'fn"^' ^ P^?" ' ""? i"?^' ^'^' 1 P«^ ; ^^d. or other-
wise mix them to a consistence of tiiiu putty ; apply interposed layers,
256 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
I
i
H
with 1 or 2 tliicknesses of canvas, or gauze wire, as the necessity of
the case may be.
Cement fok Joints of Iron Pipes ,ob Holes is Castings. —
Take of iron borings, coarsely powdered, 5 lbs. ; of powdered sal-
ammoniac, 2oz. ; of sulphur, 1 oz.; and water sufficient to moisten
it. This composition hardens rapidly, but, if time can be allowed it
sets more firmly without the sulphur. Use &a soon as mixed, and
ram tightly into the joints or holes.
Best Cement fob Aquaria.— One part, by measure, sav a gill of
litharge ; 1 gill of plaster of Paris ; 1 gill of dry, white sana ; | a gill
of finely powdered resin. Sift, and keep corked tight until required
for use,' when it is to be made into a putty by mixing in boiled oil
(linseed) with a little patent drier added. Never use it after it has
been mised (that is, with the oil) over fifteen hours. This cement
can be used for marine as well as fresh water aquaria, as it resists
the action of salt water. The tank can be used immediately, but it
is best to give it three or four houi-s to dry.
Another. — ^Mtx equal quantities of any white lead and red lead to
a paste with mastic varnish and use as soon as mixed.
Cement fob Belting. Waterproof. — Dissolve gutta percha in
bisulphide of carbon to the consistence of molasses, slice down and
thin the ends to be united, warm the parts, and apply the cement,
tlien hammer lightly on a smooth anvil, or submit the parts to heavy
pressure.
To &EPA1B Leakages in Fibb Engine Hose. — Pass a round bar
of iron into the hose under the leak, then rivet on a patch of leather,
previously coated with marine glue.
To Repair Rubber Hose.— Cut the hose apart where it is defec-
tive ; obtain from any gasfitter a piece of iron pipe 2 or 3 inches long,
twist the hose over it until the ends meet, wrap with strong twine, well
waxed, and it will last a long time.
Portable Glue for Draughtsmen.— Glue 5 ozs. ; sugar 2 ozs. ;
water 8 ozs. ; melt in a water bath, cast it in molds. For use dissolve
in warm water.
Cementing Emery to Wood. — Melt together equal parts of
sheUac, white resin and carbolic acid in crystals ; add the last after
the others are melted.
.• To Coat Iron with Emery.— Give the iron a good coat of oil
and white lead, when this gets hard and dry, apply a mixture
of glue and emery.
To Clean Cotton Waste. — Pack the waste in a tin cylinder
with a perforated false bottom and tube with stop-cock at bottom.
Pour on the* waste bisulphide of carbon sufficient to cover, and
allow to soak a few minutes, then add more bisulphide, and so on
for a time or two, and then squee7C out. By simple distillation
the whole of the bisulphide, or nearly all, can easily be recovered
and so be used over again. This will free the cotton completely
from grease. •
French Putty. — Seven pounds linseed oil and 4 lbs. brown
umber are boiled for two hours, and 62 grammes wax stirred in.
After removal from the fire 5^ lbs. fine chalk and 11 lbs. white lead
are added and thoroughly inuorpumted ; suld to be very iiard and
permanent. •
PTS.
le necessity of
r Castings. —
powdered sal-
mt to moisten
L be allowed it
is mixed, and
e, sav a gill of
sand ; ^ a gill
until required
J in boiled oil
it after it has
This cement
ia, as it resists
jdiately, but it
md red lead to
itta percha in
ilice down and
y the cement,
parts to heavy
ss a round bar
tch of leather,
ere it is defec-
ir 3 inches long,
ong twine, weU
; sugar2oz8. ;
or use dissolve
qual parts of
d the last after
od coat of oil
[)ly a mixture
a tin cylinder
»ck at bottom,
to cover, and
ide, and so on
pie distillation
y be recovered
on completely
4 lbs. brown
rax stirred in.
lbs. white lead
very iiard and
MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 257
To Mbnd Cracked Cast-Iron Vessels.— Drill a hole at each ex-
treme end of the crack, to prevent its further extension, plug rivet
the holes with copper, and, with fine iron filings saturated with
iirme, caulk the crack. Four parts of pulverized clay and one
^i^l iron filmgs made mto a paste with boiling linseed oil and
applied hot is a good cement for the same purpose.
To Pbevbnt Iron RusTiNG.-Give it a coat of Imseed oil id
wlutmg, mixed together m the form of a paste. It is easily remc i
and will preserve iron from rusting for years.
Glu».fob Labelling on Metals.— Boiling water, 1 qt. : pulvCi
ized borax, 2 ozs. ; gum shellac, 4 ozs. Boil m dissolved. Used for
attachmg labels to metals, or it will do to write inscriptions with,
and dust or dab on a little bronze powder over it, varnishing over
CEitENT FOR Petroleum Lamps. —Boil 3 parts of resin with 1
^rt u* ^"f *^^ soda and 5 of water. I'he composition is then mixed
with half Its weight of plaster of Paris, and sets firmly in A to i of an
hour. It IS of great adhesive power, not permeable to petroleum, a low
conductor of heat, and but superficiaUy attacked by hot water
FOR Lute, or cement for closing joints of apparatus, mix Paris
pla^r witii water to a soft paste, and apply it at once. It bears nearly
a red heat To render it impervious, rub it over with wax and oil.
fiJrJ^^^ ^f^'C^i^^^^ "?*®' 1 ^^8h., green copperas, 3i lbs.,
fine gravel sand, ^ bush. Dissolvathe copperas in hot water and mix
all together to the proper consistency for use : use the day it is mixed
and keep stirring it with a stick while in use.
Vicat's Hydraulic Cement is prepared by stirring into water
a mixture of 4 parts chalk and 1 part; clay ; mix with a vert;ical wheel
m a circular trough, letting it run out in a large receiver. A deposit
soon takes place which is formed into small bricks, which after be-
ing dned in the sun, are moderately calcined. It enlarges about «
when mixed with water. "m^uv 5
Glue to Resist Moisture.— Glue, 5 pari;8, resin, 4 parta, red*
ochre, 2 parts, mix with the smallest possible quantity of water
Cement to Fasten Leather on Top RoLLERS.-Gum ar^bic, 22
ozs., isinglass 21 ozs., dissolve each separately in water and mix
Parchment ^LUE.-Parchment shavmgs, 1 lb., water, 6 qts.
Uml till dissolved, strain and envaporate to right consistence,
^^if^-f^^^^^.?^^^ 9^ Metal Letters to Plate Glass.— Copal
lTSi7 o Pajrts; drying pU 5 parts; turpentine, 3 part;8; oil of tSr-
ffiTpaL^o^^lk Wml ^^"^' ' ^^^- ""''' ^ ^ -^*^' ^^*^ -^
evSt.'JJff £'Si?''''^r?T^^^ V^'P^ ^^® S^"^ «' gelatine in ^ater;
evaporate It till most of the water is expeUed; add A lb. of browii
sugar, and pour it into moulds. *- » 2 •
Cement FOR Electrical Machines anitGalvanic Troughs.-
Melt together 5 lbs. of resm and 1 lb. of beeswax, and stir in 1 lb. of
red ochre (highly dned and still warm) and 4 oz. of plaster of Paris,
continuing the heat a httle above 212°, and stirring constantly till all
calcined plaster of Paris, i lb. ; linseed oil, i lb.
17
all
iCu ochre, i ib.,
258 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
Hydbaulic Cement.— Powdered clay, 3 Iba. ; oxide of iron, 1 lb. ;
and boiled oil to form a stiff paste. ^ t... , j -^v. a
Englneebs' Cement.— Equal parts of red and white lead, with dry-
ing oil, spread on tow or canvas. An admirable composition for uniting
large stones in cisterns. . , „ ,-
Stone Cement River.— Sand, 20 parts; litharge, 2 panes; quick-
lime, 1 part: mix with linseed oil. , _^v ^x a
Glue.— Powdered chalk added to common glue strengthens it A
glue which will resist the action of water is made by boiling 1 lb. of
glue in 2 qts. of skimmed milk.
Cheap Waterproof Glue.— Melt common glue with the smallest
possible quantity of water: add, by degrees, linseed oil, J^^dered
drying by boiling it with litharge. While the oil is being added, the
ingredients must be well stirred, to incorporate them thoroughly.
Fire and Waterproof Glue.— Mix a handful of quick-lime with
4 oz. of linseed oil; thoroughly lixiviate the mixture; boil it to a good
thickness, and spread it on thin plates in the shade: it will become
very hai-d, but can be dissolved over a fire, like common glue, and is
then fit for use. ,. , ^„ ,,,
Prepared Liquid Glue.— Take of best white glue, 16 oz. ; white-
lead, dry, 4 oz. ; rain-water, 2 pts. ; alcohol, 4 oz. With constant stir-
rin«' dissolve the glue and lead in the water, by means of a water-
bath. Add the alcohol, and contmue the heat for a few ramutes.
Lastly, poui into bottles, while it is still hot.
To Make Grindstones from Common Sand.— River sand 62 lbs.;
shellac, 10 parts; powdered glass, 2 parts; melt in an iron pot, and
cast int« moulds. ^ . .^ x jh ^ i *•
PoLiSHiNQ Powder fob Specula.— Precipitate a dilute solution
of sulphate of iron by t.nmonia in excess; wash the precipitate ; wess
it m a screw preas till nearly dry; then expose it to heat until it
appears of a anil red color in the dark.
0.^ Saw-Mills.— To Get the Most Lumber from Saw-Logs.
—Experience has abundantly proved to our satisfaction that this can
be done only by the use of the circular saw. Some parties are m
favor of the mulay saw. Human ingenuity has been so prolific in the
invention and construction of this kind of machinery, that the prin-
cipal difficulty with the intending purchaser seems to be an mabihty
to decide whose machine is reaUy the best Every builder or inventor
appears to claim for his machme such A perfect constellation of valu-
able features, that a certain amount of hesitation in commg to a de-
cision seems to ba inevitable. In the stationary form of saw miUs,
. the saws are arranged either single or in gangs. Some of the port-
able kind (circular saw mills) have an upper saw to complete the cut
made but partiaUy through large logs by the lower saw. See
diagram. By the single movement of a lever, the hea^-blocks on
which the log rests, are simultaneously moved up, movmg thelog a
distance nearer the saw, adequate to the thickness of board desired,
with an overplus the width of the cut made by the saw. By moving
another lever, a pinion meshing into a rack beneath the log-carnage is
made to impel the log againot the saw, and run the log backwards
after the board is cut. These movements, on the best constructed
wna/.v,inea a^e niade with snmriaini? velocitv. some of them bemg ac-
credited with having cut over 60,000 feet of lumber in one day.
of iron, 1 lb. ;
ead, with dry-
don for uniting
at
parts; quick-
ie oz.; white-
h constant stir-
ins of a water-
few minutes.
dilute solution
Bcipitate; press
heat until it
OM Saw-Logs.
•n that this can
parties are in
lo prolific in the
that the igpn-
t)e an inability
Ider or inventor
illation of valu-
joming to a de-
. of saw mills,
me of the port-
omplete the cut
wer saw. See
liea^-blocks on
lOving the log a
board desired,
w. By moving
B log-carriage is
log backwards
est constructed
them being ac-
one day.
MACHINISTS, engineers', AC., RECEIPTS. 259
Occasionally we listen ta a great deal of rant regarding the beati-
tudes of "the good old times, during the lives of our forefathers
These times proved very disastrous to the enterprising Dutchman",
who, in 16CS started the first saw-mill in England, which he Wiis
finally oblifed to abandon, and fly to save his life. In 1767 another
saw-mill, at Lime-house, near London, was demolished by a mob of
sawyers, who considered that their business would be ruined to a
dead certainty if things were allowed to go on.
Uj.
;t
260 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS.
Tho old method of manufacturing lumber and dimension stuff by
rilling logs lengthways on the sawpit, is still fresh in the remem-
brance of many. One man mounted the log and pushed the saw
downwards and pulled it upwards, assisted by anotiier man m the
pit below, with a veil over his face to keep the sawdust^out of his
eyes. We hail with gratitude the modem improvements which en-
able us to dispense with every such form of laDor.
Having tried the up and down saw and the circular saw also, we
would again repeat our conviction that the last mentioned is the best
for manuf actunng lumber, and should any person act on this expression
of opinion, let them in the first place be very careful to get, if possible,
the best machine, bring it to the mill, and set it perfectly level and
true. When you get it in operation, see that you handle it carefully.
If you have been used to running the up and down saw only, you wnl
soon find out that your former experience avails almost nothing in
the management of the rotary machine; but when you get the hang
of running it, the comi)en8ation in the way of convenience, rapidity,
and quantity of work, is immense. Some prefer to use the insiented
tooth saws, anii will use no other. They seem to possess many ad-
vantages, and are entirely safe. A late invention of spreading the
upper part of the tooth towards the point during the process of manu-
facture, spreading i* out so as to make the point of the tooth tho
thickest part of the circumference of the saw, enables the sawyer to
dispense in a great measure with the use of the swage. Those insert-
ed tooth saws which do not possess this improvement must be care-
fully swaged and filed at least twice per day, and sometimes as often
as SIX or seven times per day, depending upon the kind of lumber
bemg cut. In filing or swaging the saw, be careful to form the pomt
of the teeth absolutely square, and even across, the slightest deviation
from perfect truth in this respect being apt to cause the saw to nm, as
It is termed, or vary from its proper course while passing through the
log. Some prefer to form the pomt of the tooth a little hooking, just
enough so as to be barely perceptible, and in swaging to use that part
of the die belonging to the swage, which gives the tooth of the saw a
slightly curved or rainbow form, something in this shape ^, or
scarcely so much curved. One sawyer of 20yeaj»' expenence in
running machinery, informed us that he never did better or more
rapid work with his mill than when he kept his saw exactly right on
these two points "ixxBt stated. If you can run a No. Y gauge saw on
your mill, the loss resulting from sawdust will be very slight, and as
large saws are generally thickest at the centre, tapering off towards
the circumference, this sizei)r No. 6 will, as a general rule, be found
sufficiently strong for most purposes. Make sure at all times, es-
pecially during frosty weather, that the dogs have a secure hold of
the log before the saw enters it. It is onhr a few days ago that a
case came to my knowledge of a firm near Fredericton, N.B., having
sustained a severe loss by a log (insufficiently secured of course)
canting over on the saw as it was passing through it. The effect was
to break off the saw from tlie mandril, twist off ther.-i at the end
near the saw, and break nway the two iron pins used fc^j. securing the
saw in the collar, causirs, a stoppage of the mill, and the consequent
J. iranddeby. When you get the '
expense of repa
';i| in operation, see
nxauitaln uneeusir.g watclifulness
engion stuff by
in the remem-
ushed the saw
er man m the
a8t*out of his
mts which en-
MACHmiSTS, ENGINEEBS', AC, RECEIPTS. 261'
good machine, tlie attendants will nnt^«?rn ^^^i^^^^, and with a
selves, I can ^sure yoS Kee^aU ?he Tr^J'Si ^"^^^ P^^ *^«°»-
great deal to do with thA am^rlii i**^ ^®" o«/ed— that has a
machine; aE^d,TThe wa? T^Sh^*^ successful running of tiiS
the only thingkiKs%^SthI?^nrftr*? ?*i «a^-mill8 are not
IfthatimdJovuiffeeSanS ««?.?•*" ^**«' for being oiled,
symbol, perVaded ffif SSs and the'mindl'JT* ^' ^^^ ^ ^« *he
nniversaf expression in every thoiiJht wit/ °5' /*^^^^ fo^nd
dailv mtercourse with ^cTothe?^Yt' ZZ?i'A^ ^^ ^""»J o"'
world from what it is-bS for onVJLZ'^"^^^ ^J" ^^"^ cUFerent
bors. Let us all carry onXf branch Sthf'Jf^ better-for our neigh-
as possible, and weshaU s^n seP I^ Who*?^ hmimss as extensively
in unity." In order toSL«P»ii^^«^''^*^ "dwelling together
of saws, herewiWs appS^l^Sl^^^^^^^ regarding the^ velocity
ascertaining the prope?%eed for ?JSiSg*1^^ ^ ^^"^^ ^ * g«ide ii
TABLK Of SPEED FOB CIRCULAR SAWS.
36 inches in diameter, 1000 revolutions per minute
38
40
42
44
46
48
60
62
64
56
'68
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
Shingle machine saws
950
900
870
840
800
760
725
700
676
660
625
600
676
560
646
530
616
600
486
475
1400
((
<<
((
((
((
<(
((
((
((
((
<(
(<
<(
((
((
<(
((
((
(f
((
u
it
It
(t
«
((
<(
((
((
((
((
((
((
((
((
((
(C
((
(<
manaJacturer,ofaIm™t 4tiT™S„ i'"''''* Procured Jrom the
rates Shingfe iSS^ X to^n1^"\FhTh^,?? ^7 ■*««''»«Me
shmgles per day, carrying two or more^If^ «„™' out over 30,000
262 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
^<
1'
chaninm of a shingle machine the more satisfaction will be derived
from it
In the manufacture of shingles, as well as in anything else, it is the
wisest policy to use the best materials. Get good rut, free from
knots, sand, bark, &c., and you will inevitably get good merchant-
able stuff, with less waste and more pleasure every way, both with
the machinery in the first place, and the satisfactory state of your
exchequer in the last. It is all the bettor if you can lay in a good
stock one year ahead, as it cuts much easier when properly seasoned,
to say nothing of the saving in weight during transportation. In
edging shingles, many prefer the saw to the revolving knives, as it
enables the operator m many cases to get a shingle of extra quality
by trimming a poor shingle down, and selecting the best part. Th is
can be done by a smart hand with marvellous rapidity, but still, to
use a modem phrase, many persons can't see it, and so they use the
knives, giving what they conceive to be good reasons for so doing.
Velocities of "Wood Working Machinery.— Circ?*Zar 8aw8 at
periphery, 6000 to 7000 ft. per minute , Band Sates, 2500 feet ; Gang
l^aws, ' 20 inch stroke, 120 strokes per minyte ; Scroll Saws, 300
strokes per minute; Planing Machine Cutters at periphery, 4000 to
6000 feet. Work under plaining machine l-20th of an inch for each
cut. Moulding Machine Cutters, 3600 to 4000 feet; Squaring-up
Machine Cutters, 7000 to 8000 feet; Wood Carving Drills, 5000 revo-
lutions; Machine Augers, 1^ in. diam., 900 revolutions; ditto, | in.
diam., 1200 revolutions; Gang Sates, require for 45 superficial feet of
pine per hour, 1 horse-power. Circular Satos require 75 superficial
feet per, hour, 1 horse-power. In oak or hard wood fths of the above
quantity require 1 horse-power ; Sharpening Angles of Machine Cutters. .
Adzing soft wood across the grain, 30° ; Planing Machines ^xAm&ty
softwood. 35°; Gauges and Ploughing Machines, 40°; Hardtoood
Tool CuUers, 50° to 55°.
FiJLiNG Saws. — ^The grand secret of putting any saw in the best
possible order, consists in filing the teeth at a ^iven angle to cut
rapidly, and of a uniform length so that the pomts will h11 touch
a straight edged rule without showing a variation of the hundredth
part of an inch. Besides this, there should be just set enough in the
teeth to cut a kerf as narrow as it can be made, and at the same time
allow the blade to work freely without pinching. On the contrary,
the kerf must not be so wide as to permit the blade to rattle when In
motion. The very pomts of the teeth ■^>the cutting, If one tooth
is a twentieth of an inch longer than two or three on each side of it,
the long tooth will be required to do so much more cutting than it
should, that the sawing cannot be done well, hence the saw goes
jumping along, working hard and cutting slowly; if one tootliis
longer than those on either side of it, the short teeth do not cut
although their points may be sharp. When puttmg a cross-cut saw
in order, it will pay well to drees the points vdth an old file, and af-
terwards sharpen them with a fine whetstone; much mechan-
ical skill is necessary to put a saw in prime order; one careless thrust
vdth a file will shorten the point of a tooth so much that it will be
utterly useless, so far as cuttmg is concerned ; the teeth should be
set with much care, and the filing done with the "reRtest af.o.uTao.v.
If the teeth are uneven at the points, a large fiat file should be secured
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS^ AC, RECEIPTS. 268
^^'inteVLTuUheruU^ *h« very nointe only may
line^ or circle, iflJ L a cfel^w eve^v'tf^H ""f^ T. ^" * ^'^Ht
the saw is worked. The teeth S a ' wT ^"'1* ^^'^^^ «"' » "^le aa
should be filed fleim W or 5 an L^S"^ ^^ '^'* *" ^^^^ ^f work
back edges may ZS neal^t^^fj^J}^ ^'*^°* ?^ee. while the
best way to file a circular slwfor^^^^^^^ the blade. The
dress every fifth tooth so u^reiprn«« 3 ^ood across the grain, is to
inch shorter than the oSs wK «Si,T? one twentieth of an
aiigle of about forty de^ees * ^ ^^^^^ fleamingatan
Fia. 1.
of dS^a^c^c^'dSf nT*" \P^^^^e ^^™ «' *««*^ ^hich are capable
slendS^ S^ ^l^i'^Sy?'.^"* .^\^" ,^^''^* weakness lies m ^eir
descri^tior^pas^g\ruig'^^^^^^^^^ *^^«
ftRtftSt Rf.d''"*'0.'V.
lould be secured
264 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTg.
Fig, No. 3 ilhifltrateB tlie appearance of one of those intoldrable
wood KiHps which are altogether Ux) comraon in saw-mills. Only
think what an appalling waste of valuable power is required to drive
a ** jigger" like uiis tlirough a larpre log!
M ^
I
y\
1-
Fia. 3.
Fig. 4, at a, is intended to show the method of ascertaining the
proper-angle, that of sixty degrees, at which such saws should be
filed. The diagram being self-explanatory requires but little further
elucidation here. A quarter circle with lines radiating from the centre
towards the circumference is represented near the verge of the segment
of a circular saw. The lower part corresponds with the level of the
horizon, and the higher part at 90° correnponds with the zenith cr
meridian, where the sun appears at noon-day. Exactly half-v^ay up
is 450 : look up a little higher and you will find 60°, indicated by the
radiating line which runs parallel with the angle of the tooth of the saw
and this is the guide you must follow in filing. The same rule is seen
applied to a straight mill saw at 6.
Many good autliorities contend that mill saws should in no case be
set with the instrument commonly used for that purpose, but that in
lieu thereof the teeth ahquld be spread out at the points with the
swage or upset to a sufficient extent to perm it the body of the saw to
operate without binding. Both instruments require to be skilfully
handled, and che swige. when used in this way, has proved itself equal
to every emergency witnout the risk of breaking the teeth. It would
be quite safe to say that the saw-set should only be used on saws of
this description with the most extreme caution and care. E^ ory man-
ufacturer, however, has his own opinion, and consequent practice on
the subject, some contendii g that one way is right and the other di-
rectly the reverse.
• To Repair Fractured Circular Saws.— The best way to do
this is to drill a small round hole at the termination of the crack, which
effectually prevents its further extension. I have aeen some circular
saws very neatly repaired by riveting thin clamps to each side of the
fracture, both clamps and rivets bemg countersunk go they will be
levtii with the surface of the saw, and placed in such a position across
the crack as to impart the greatest possible strength to the weakest place.
To Mend Broken Cross-cut Saws. — In the first place scaif off
the broken edses in such a manner that when lapped over each other
Tg.
e intolerable
-milUt. Only
ired to drive
/
lertaining the
7S should be
little further
om the centre
)f the segment
3 level of the
the zenith cr
Y half-v*ay up
iicated by the
Dth of the saw
le rule is seen
In no case be
9, but that in
nts with the
of the saw to
obe skilfully
ed itself equal
3th. It would
}d on saws of
E^ ory man-
ttt practice on
the other di-
9t way to do
e cracK, which
some circular
!h side of the
» they will be
position across
weakest place,
ilace scaif off
er each other
MACHINISTS, engineers', AC., RECEIPTS. 265
thfiy wni be about the same thlcknens m the rest of the plate and
^^^t^^^,^^^^^^^r\oom\y with iron rivetn inserted throS Cew
which must be punched for that purpose ; tiie ends muir& unuS
J^Jw^* accurarv so liat the teeth, &c., qf the saw may range
«^i^'oi ^""^ P^^ . ^l^^ ™ *h« fi'^^' then a flux of powder^ borSc
f.?i!SV^i!?r«^Ji« ^. ^^1^\^ overjt after having ¥ raised TSe
fephv'rr.+Kr'LJrrif^'i^' ^T*'£^P*"'f^""'' ^^^^ ^^^ composition.
Ketum the saw to the fire and when it is ra d to the proper welding
266 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
. :i:
heat, tilacG it on the anvil and unite the joint as rapidly an poMilhle
"with tiie iiuinnier ; be aireful not to h«iit ho hot an tij Injure the nteel.
Wliou the job id well doue, and the i>ai-t projierly tempered, it will be
found iiH Htronu an the rent of the plate. I know one bUickflmith in
Canada who UM me that this claHS of work wao the best paying part
of hiH bufliueHS.
Quantity and Cost op Supplirb fob Hokseh and Lumbrbinq
Cbkws in the woods.— The following figures have been kindly
furnished for this work by the obliging manager of Messrs. Giln.our s
mill on the iJatineau, near Ottjiwa, Canada, and are most valuable as
alTording a Imsis for (calculating the quantity and quality of the su|h
plies required for men and horses engaged in this branch of industry.
These calculations are the result of u>ng experience in the business,
and are lMU4cd on actual consumption.
Quantity of Oats for each span of horses, 61 lbs. per day.
« ^ liay *^ " 40 ♦'
Flour used by each man
Pork '^ "
1.80
1.22
Beef " "
0.85
Beans " "
0.33
Fish " "
0.12
Onions " "
0.13
Potatoes " "
0.47
Total daily consumption per man 4.02
Quantity of Tea used " li lbs. per month.
The daily allowance of oats for each span of horses may appear
large, but it must be remembered that the labor is extremely severe,
and more hay will be required if any part of the oats is witlmeld. On
making inquiry with reierence to the item of molasses, so largely
used by our lumbering friends in New Brunswick and Maine, the
answer returned was that owing to the heavy cost of the commodity,
it was entirely omitted from the lint of sm)plies. The following
exhibits the comparative value of Mess and Prime Pork, calculated
from actiuil consumption : —
Mess Pork Pnme Mess.
|;26 t $18 80
25 18 08
24 17 36
23 16 62
22 15 89
21 15 16
20 14 43
19. 13 70
18. 12 97
Mess Pork. Prime Mess.
$17 $12 24
16 11 61
16 10 78
14 10 06
13.
12.
11.
IP.
9.
9 32
8 50
7 86
7 13
640
1 Barrel Mess averages 37 lbs. grease, 6 lbs bones, when cooked.
1 " Prime Mess 24 '^ 13 " "
To Mend Bboken Saws. — Pure silver, 19 parts ; pure copper, 1
part ; pure brass, 2 parts ; all to be filed into powder, and thor-
oughly mixed ; place the saw level on the anvil, broken ed^es in
contact, and hold them so ; now put a small line of the mixture
alonsr the seam, covering it with a lareer bulk of powdered char-
'T8.
y an poMilble
urti the Hteel.
od, it will be
Uickflmith in
paying part
LUMBKBIMQ
been kindly
». Giln?our H
t valuable as
r of the m\\i-
, of industry,
he business,
lonth.
may appear
sniely severe,
ritlineld. On
9, BO largely
d Maine, the
commodity,
he following
k, calculated
Prime Mess.
$12 24
11 61
10 78
...... 10 05
9 32
8 50
7 86
• • • ■ Ai^ f XO
6 40
hen cooked.
are copper, 1
jr, and thor-
ken ed^es in
the mixture
iedered char-
MACHINI8T8, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 267
coal : now with a npirit lamp and a jowollotH' blow-pipe h.)l<i the
<M)al dust in place, and blow Huffldont to melt the solder mixture:
then wiUi a bammor set the joint Hin.K)th, and tile away any su-
norfluous sole or, and you will be surprised at its strei^th f the
heat will not injure the temper of the saw
t.Zu'JTl^'^ WHKEL8, PiJLLBYs, Dbums, &o.-When whoels are
applied to coinmiujicate motl.m from one part of a machine to an-
other, their teeth Hot alternately on each other; consequentiv if one
wheel coutJiins(iO teeth and another 20 teeth, the one^ontoin ng So
teeth will makQ 3 revolutions whUe the other makes but 1 ; and if
drum»or pulleys are taken in place of wheels, the oiTect will be the
Sl?S,Lu^''""r^.*^^''" circumferences, describing equal spaces, ren-
^®M * *^*^''^yu ^""T^""*n"»> : ''•"'" *^*8 t^e "'»e 5 derived, namely :--
♦a.« "^***'Wi^?7®l"''?/ °' V'® ^"^^r ^y "»e number of teeth it con-
tehis, and divide by tfie velocity of the driven. The quotient wUl be
S « o "J!^"^ of teeth It ought to contain : or, multiply the velocity
driven ^ diameter, and divide by the velocity of S
Example 1. If a wheel that contains 76 teeth makes 16 revolutlong-
Sfl? 9A **"' ^TJ""^^ the number of teeth in another, to work into and
« ^i^Ml'^^^;?^"*'^".^.*".*^^ »»"^« *in^e. According to rule, you mul-
tiply 16 by 76, and divide the product, which is lioO, by 24, and^ou
have the answer, 60 teeth. > J' -*»> **"« you
Example 2. Suppose a drum, 30 inches in diameter, to make 20
revolutions per minute, reauired the diameter of another to make 60
revoluticjis per minute. According to rule, you multiply 20 bv 30*
10 inches P''''^"'*' ^^''^ '^ ^^' ^^ ^' *°^ y^'^ ^*^« the answ^;
Example 3. A wheel 64 inches in diameter, and making 42 revo-
ut ons per minute, is to give motion to a shaft at the rate of 77 revo-
lutions in the same time ; find the diameter of a wheel suitable fS
that purpose. Accordmg to rule, multiply 42 by 64, and divide the
Fnch^ nearly ' ^^ ^^' ^"^ ^'''' ^*" ^^^ ^«' *^^« answer 35
. 77)2688(34 10-12
231
378
308 70
■Example 4. Suppose a pulley 32 inches diameter to make 26 revo-
same time ^^^^^^^^^ of another to make 12 revolutions in the
According to rule, 26 x 32 -i- 12 = 69i—
26 and 12) 832. This will be seen to be 69J
o2 '
832
69 4-12= J
a £S^ •„'^"ol*^^®^"'^°^^®'' ^^ revolutions per minute made by
fr,!wi • ^'^.P^^^y 20 inches m diameter, when driven by another 48
mches m diameter, and makinsr 45 revolutions in th« anmo fi«,o Ac-
268 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
N.B.-r-Iri addition to the following inestimable Receipts and pa^o-
cegges, the blacksmith will iiud Iron Tables, and Tables of Circum-
ferences, Areas and Diameters of Circles, for measurement of hoops, '
rings, &c., at tlie end of the mechanical department.
iltpetre,
, TEMPEBiNa Liquids.— 1. Water, 3 gals; soda, 2 ozs. ; sal
ozs. ; prussic acid, loz., or oil of vitrol, 2 ozs. 2. Water, 6 gals.;
saltpetre, sal-ammoniac and alum, of each 4 ozs., and draw no tem-
per. ^ 3. Wat€jr, 4 gals. ; saltpetre and alum, of each, 4 ozs. ; sal-am-
moniac, pulverized, 1 oz. ; salt, 3 lbs. Heat to a cherry red and
plunge in, drawing no temper^ 4. Water, 4 gals.; saltpetre, 1 oz. ;
pilverized borax, I oz. ; pulverized sal-ammoniac, 1 oz. ; white vitriol,
2 t)Z8- ; salt, 3 pts. Do not hammer too cold, nor heat too liigh. 5.
"V^ater, 4 gals. ; salt, 2 teacupfuls; saltpetre, 2 ozs. ; pulverized alum,
4 teaspoonfuls; never heai over a cherry red, nor draw any temper.
6. Water, 2 gals.; add corrosive sublimate, 1^ oz. ; common salt, 2
handfuls; when dissolved it is ready for uso. The first gives tough-
ness to the steel, while the latter gives the hardness, causing the water
to adhere to the steel, which otherwise would be repelled by the heat
7. Tempering Liquid for Mill Picks. — Water, 3 gals. ; spts. of nitre, 3
ozs.; hartshorn, 3 ozs; white vitriol, 3 ozs.; alum, 3 ozs.; sal-ammo-
niac^ 3 ozs. ; salt, 6 ozs., with 2 handfuls of the parings of horses'
hoof. The steel is to be heated to a cherty red. A large jug of this
Preparation should be kept corked tight, m order to retain ite strength.
Fse soft water in all these tempering liquids.
Tempering Mill Picks.— Get double refined cast steel made ex-
pressly for mill picks. In drawing out the pick, use an anvil and
■ hammer with smooth faces, and be careful not to heat the steel higher
than a dark cherry red. Do not strike the pick on the edge when
finishing it, but hammer it on the flat side, striking light and often,
until the steel is quite dark, letting the blows fall so as to close the
pores of the steel. When a dozen picks are ready to temper, get 2
gals, of rain water from which the chill should be taken, if in winter,
by dipping a hot iron into it; add 2 lbs, salt, and it is ready for use.
Heat your pick gradually from the centre ; let the heat ran to the
point, and when it is a dark cherry red, dip the point vertically into
the bath and hold it still. When the heat has left the part immersed,
take it out, and cool the balance of the pick in ordinary water. Be
sure to heat and hammer weU.
To Temper a Drill very Hard. — Heat voiir drill _to a cherrv
red and quench it in mercury. This will drill hardened steel.
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 269
Composition FOR TEMrERiNO.-Rosin, 7i parts- whale oil n
tS Sh fnd dlw Mfif ^ '" *'^'^ "'^\''^% *^^ «a™e as in water,
dioneKhPn l?J5f the temper as usual. Large tools should be
wiKL Sre w^^^^ ^"^ temperas usuaf This composition
SS?i 'J^r' P'Tf,*® ^^ potash, loz. ;charcoal, loz. I salt Jpt • then
Kuire, three or four square files, and round and flat fil^ rii^
whiSi woJld^VLP.?^''"^^^"'^''^^- . ™s kee^s%hem "^stSigh?
iTmlely ^ *^^ ^^ "^^^^ ^^^^ dipped *in tlie water olJ:
^hfoir^ZT^?^''r^^l''^i 2 ozs. ; dilute witii water and mix
* i ?e^' I^'^s^j DO" «i a pot half an hour over a eentle firp tiVo if
Hhe «nn fn; ^^T^' ^""^^.^^ ?:* '^^^ « ""^1^' °i« aU together, set it
IL„5 « ^ • t^X^ *^ *^^e ^orax is ready for use. This will o«
^tr^/S^'n ^ blacksmith's shop as common boral ^'^
Welding Cast Steel.— Silver sand 2 lbs , plaster of Paris 1 ih .
i?S thS^« ^^•- Heat your article and d4t il Cfh the abom' Jlace'
RmJiilroi^T^ ^"^"^ ^? ^ ^^^ ^^^* ^^d it will weld ' ^ ^
ai,?5 * ^"r"-^^ excellent respirator may be made of a thir.lr
sheet of caijed cotton wool placed between two Ss of muslin
Pine 2 o^S hS.hr^^':^"^^'. smaU pieces of steel, take a piece of gas
E^^ oL Ld of tL nf'r^*^''/''^- P"^ *^^ Pi^«^« i^ it' first heit!
SI open to looi?^fn?nP^'wv? *^^^™^ ^* together, leaving the other
«;^fi V •!? ^^'o'^ mto. When the pieces are of a cherrv red cover
^^fire with saw dust, use a charcoal fire, and leave tKteel in over
Jh^« ^^^^ Hardened Steel.— Cover your steel with melted beeswax
when coated and cold, make a hole in the wax with a fine pointed n?e' •
n tric'add'^iSi^i? ^^^'^ ^l^«^^ Y^" ''r^^> put a dm^^of str^^
gSL1i;.^eaTfroug"^^^ ^° ^'"^ ^^"^^ ^^' ^"^ ^PP^^ ^^^i^' i* ^"^
coJL^tonTs K^'^'-T^^'^i^' ^ P.^'^i ^^'•«"^«' 40 parts: form a
composition as hard as the diamond. A high degree! of iiardness
may also be imparted to iron or steel by adding f part of silvlr
ThSTpeS^oVSm^ *^"^?T^^ ^^ *^^ fumfsV'iic'Ld tin:
lie specula of Lord Ross's telescope s 1 part tin and 1 naif-
copper this is as hard as steel, and takes a very high polish Mf
more than this be added it will scarcely cohere.^ ^ ^ ' '^
vitriol^^'and^nH^^T ^r^^-^'^^^ ^'-^Itpetre, i lb. ; dissolve in i lb. oil
vitriol , ana aaa It to 1 eral. wntp.r Aftj»r ana^««r, m,^ ,.4.^„i ^ ,^
not; and quench in the' preparatW.""Then^ waihe'Se^as a
!M
270 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
piece of iron, hammer it very quick with light Wows. It answe^^f
r^nmose much better tlian borax; cork it m a bottle, and it lAiil keep
F^Tars ^SS-^Borax, 15 'parts; sal-ammoniac, 2 parts; cyan-
ide of potassium, 2 parte; dissolve ail in water, and evaporate the
"f^*A' WESTpowr>EH.-Iron tarmngs, 4 parte; borax, 3
parts, borate of iron, 2 parts; water, 1 part. late of Chi-
^ Tempering Swords and CuTLAsaES.-N \,-^S^%!f\e; ^git
copee, Mass., after many costly experiments, found «jatj;hf b^,f
means of temDering swords and cutlasses that would stand tUe U.
rGovernS teft, was by heating in a charcoal fire, hardening
in mire spring water and drawing the temper m charcoal flame
Belgian Welding PowDBR.-Iron filings, 1000 parts; borax, 500
parte bal^m of copaiba, or other resinous oil 50 parta ; sal-animo-
KT 75 parts. Mix all well together, heat, and pulverize completely
The'surface^to be welded are ix)wd4red wit> tfie composition, and
?hen Sght to a chlrry red heat, at which the powdor melte, when
the portions to be unitea are taken from the f.re and joined If the
nieces to be welded are too large to be both introduced mto the forg-e,
Se can be fiTst heated withthl welding powder ^ a f^^^ed h^*;
and the other afterwards to a white heat, after which the welding
"^oStofmoN Used IN Welding Cast STBEL.-Borax, 10 parte;
sal-aSS, 1 part ; grind or pound them roughly together; then
f useTem £ a metal p?t over a dear fire, taking care to continue the
SunWaU spume Eas disappeared from tl^^.Ti^Surl out to
liquid appears clear, the composition is ready to J'^, 1^«^^^._7*:.\^
cool and concrete; afterwards ^emg ground to a fine powder ^t is
ready for use. To use this composition, the steel to J'e welded is
raised to a heat which may be expressed by. ^PS^t yellow it s
then dipped among the welding powder, ^^dagam placed m^^
until it attains the same degree of heat as before: it is then ready to
be olaced under the hammer. ^ _ ■d^„„^
To Restore Burnt Steel and Improve Poor STBEL.-Borax,
3 ozs. ; sal-ammoniac, 8 ozs. ; prussiate of po^sh, 3 ozs.; ^^^^^^h^
ozs • resin i lb : water, 1 gill; alcohol, 1 gill. Put all on tne nre,
and simmer till it dries to a poVder. The steel is to be heated, dip-
ned in this powder, and afterwards hammered.
^ To Restore Burnt Cast STBEL.-Borax 1% l'>>^;5 s^^t t'^i"*°
i lb ; pnissiate of potash i lb. ; rosin, 1 oz^ Pound th? above fine
Idd k gill each of water and alcohol, and boil all to astiff l^^te man
iron kettle Do not boil too long, or it will become hard when cool.
The burnt "steel is dipped while quite hot in the composition and
^'iSoRirBuiNT STEBL.-It is -t generally kuo^tha^^^^^^^^^^
steel may be almost instantaneously restored by plungmg it w.\"le 1^*
iicold water, and hammering it with light strokes on the anvil turn-
iSlit so as tci hammer all over it, again dipi^^g "^^l/^^^^don't suc^
repeating the hammering process as before. Try it ; if you don t suc-
oped the first time, you will soon do so. _,
cim^osmoNTO Restore Burnt Steel. -Two parts horn fil-
. '^^^i^.^"i"x„il"„ . i " „^ a.„i_o^,«n«ian 1 ivirt pulverized charcoal ;
??irt" SdaT pa^erizTiheTard"ii^^re"die^^^ separately, mix aii
3.
nswers the
t will keep
arts ; cyau-
.porate the
r, borax, 3
late of Chi-
at the best
and the U.
, hardening
flame.
; borax, 500
sal-ammo-
corapletely.
jsition, and
nelts, when
led. If the
bo the forge,
ry red heat,
the welding
ix, 10 parts;
aether; then
continue the
When the
Lired out to
powder, it is
)e welded is
ellow;" it is
id in the fire
hen ready to
CBL. — Borax,
; blue clay, 2
on the fire,
heated, dip-
al-arnmoniac
above fine,
EE paste m an
d when cool,
iposition and
m that burnt
g it while hot
e anvil, tum-
)ld water, and
?^ou don't suc-
irts horn fil-
ized charcoal ;
teiy, mix aH
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 271
and add to it 1 oz. borax and 1 oz. salt ^"'^''--^ake 1 gal. urme,
m2^bf;rBh?,7re;i"S^^^^^^
warm water, and dry with artffir'Si £j *®''.*^'^" ^^^^ *^^em in
water in a wooden lL7i\\n^^^^^^ ^ P*- warm
little clay, cover your iron with iT fo^V;^. • , ®"- ^- ^^^^ q,
When thi iron or S i^To^ strewTl eS>rt o'n Tl ?>?; I
the iron or steel in the juice or water of common^am ^^""'^
'^lo^^^Tr fhTi^ ^^«^«f-pe Steel uSsSd be that called
Air hIrdenLg i^ &?^sZlw^'Z wa^f oT"^' " <l-l>*r*^^^^^^^^
dry the springSver^e fire ^I'e ri7of Ite^iKfA?^^^^^^^^ ^" ""^
over with tallow or oil hold it «^1^*12 a i**H^®'^^®"^ ^^^^a^^ i*
passing it to anifro, so that the whole of Jt"" wllf 'h«^f '"^'i^'i *«^«"'
holding it there until the oil or Slow torfil^%y 11^ ^^*^
temperature, or rather rafied to it reduced to the proper
SSrSSSS»^#S™«
quality. '^ ^'"^'' "' ^"^^ *"<• "'"o improves their
the^rtogTrg?enm,gh^g"Sr^hrC£^^^^ 'T ^W"
ue reduced to its proper temper"""" """"'' "'*'' "'" ^^'"^^ "'"' '"'^^
272 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECEIPTS.
, them iiithe u«ual °»a°^J'; ^^S^^^^'u^ 'O Soil containing the
convenient in a vessel '^on^ntog ou. ^^^^ q ^^ ^^^i and let
**^¥CpEKiNO.-The article J^er be^ ^^jOmxgedlr^c^^^
betog heated gradually to a bright r^, a^d ^^n P^ung
water: it is then ^^^Pe^f ^J, ?17|^S?meUl t?U M the Ar cor^
to^^when it is again plunged into water.
C&rre8p(ynding Temperature.
A very pale straw . 430 Lancets j
Straw J50 "J^j^J, . ^11 kinds* of wood tools.
Darker Straw • • • JTO ^^n^^es ^^^^^
l^JJ^yeilow: : :^^&, (Shipping Chisels,
SUghtiy tinged purple 520 V ^|aws^^ ^^ percussive tools.
Dark purple. • • * gS Springs.
Kblue : : : .'eOO soft for saws.
• TEMPERING RAZORS CUTL^, SaWS, ^^'-^^^S J^^ fZl
knaves arc too ireauently l^^^^dened vn^out^he^^^^ ^ .^^
arising from the foregpmg : ''^^.^^^^fS J xheblades are heated
^hehest works, canmt ^l^Zfd^er^iheym^^^^ I^
in a coke or charcoal fire,&nd dipped mi^^^
tempering labors ^hey are ^^^ mif^^^^^^^ ^^^^^"^
half-a-dozen together, and they a^e jemov^ ^^^^ ^^^
edges, which are as yet tek, come clown w ^^^^^.^^lor, the
Should the backs accidentaUy get neatea oeyuu ^^^^ ^em-
blades are cooled in water but ^^^^^^^^Jiron or copper, about 12
pered a dozen or two at a time, on a P^^^^'^^f ^n mch thijk. Tae
Lhes long, 3 «' * J^^^^,. togXr ot^^U L^^ and loX at an
blades are ^^^^^^^^^^!^^t^^come down to the temper, they
angle agams'o each other, ^s xney wmo necessary ;
are%icked out w^h small ^lers^d^^^^ rts of tfie
other blades are then t^i^^s^Jef'Ses cold chisels, and other edge
plate to take tlieir phice ,^^f ' ^ilf Jle compared with the part
lools, in which the total ^''^^^i^.^^^f i^Hhey ^e afterwards let
to be hardened, are only partiaUy ^iPPe^.^ey ^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^olor
down by the heat,of t^^e remainder of Jf^^i^i'^^^^tirely quenched.
brighter face. , ., +oii„-^ wov and resin, are used for
SVriSsT^S'i^'S^ a iiiWe,- degree of hardness ti^au « 8.«a
s.
irgt, harden
as many aa
taming the
fisel and let
le required
ardened by
sd into cold
nd equably,
tie color cor-
ner table be-
wood tools.
rs and pen-
al of the scale
3we»' done with
ies are heated
jbliquely. In
ean fire, about
ime, when the
) straw color,
raw-color, the
ades are tem-
)pper, about 12
chthisk. Tae
ndlean at an
I temper, they
)r if necessary;
r parts of the
and other edge
d witli the part
afterwards let
when the color
rely quenched,
iation acquired
dry salt before
a cleaner and
sin, are used for
ooks, steel pens
3SS Ui'Au ia glv ca
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 273
^^nT?M^' v^"" lock-aprings are sometimes Aied in oil for a con-
Inrei^L^I^mMll^A' ^"^ *" ^^ *^?' *^« ^^'^^ ^^ are then
S?^o ^ sufficiently reduced, and tae thin parts do iot become the
more softened from the continuance of the v^lazin^ heat. Saw-Tand
spnngs are generally hardened in various compositions of oil, suet
K^iw ,1 ^^^^"^f ^'^ ^^^^ ^ ^«»g fumacesUrd then immersed
honzontally and edgeways into a long trough containing the com-
position, ^art of the composition is wiped offlhe saws wSh a Se
of leather, when they are removed from the trough, and heated one
by one, until the grease inflames. This is called ^' biazina^' The
composition used by a large saw manufacturer is 2 lbs. suet and i lb!
airJ^rff; ^rV- ^^"^"J ""^ ^J"^^^ ""^'^ *h« «^^« ^«ed together
and will serve for thin worlcs and most kkide of steel. The addition
of black resm, about 1 lb. to each gallon, makes it serve for tiiicke?
ef'k^;!?^^ ^>?.*-"^^ ^* refused to harden before; but resin should
britfle judgment, or the works wiU become too hard aSd
To Improve Poor Iron.— Black oxide of manganese, 1 part- cod-
per^ and common salt 4 parts each; dissolve in soft water, and ^^
apnJ^'J?®^ ^'^\ pulverize, and mix quite freely with nice welding
sand. When you have poor iron which you cannot afford to throw
away heat it, and roll it in this mixture , working for a time, reJieat-
S^S ^^1 soo^.free it from all impurities, which is the cause of its
com^n f- process you can make good horse nails out of
h£^Tr:frf^^^l^^. ^^^ IBON.-Cast iron may be case-hardened bv
nf^^fi*^ a red heat, and then rolling it m a comiwsition composed
ot equal parts of prussiate of potash, sal-ammoi iac, and saltpetre aU
piUverized and thoroughlv mixed. This must be got to evZ Wt of
the surface : then plunged, while yet hot, u>to a bath containing 2 ozs.
prussmte of potash, and 4 ozs. 8al-ammoni*.c to each gallon of cold
water.
t^^K*^i^'5 CASK-Hi^DBNiNG Process.-Cow's homs or hoofs are
to be baked, dried and pulverized in order that more may be got into
tJie box with the articles, or bone dust answers very well. To this
add an Mual quantity of bay salt; mix them with stale chamber
Jfy? or sehite wme vinegar; cover the iron with this mixtui-e, and bed
l«^!li !^?*"J® *" loam, or enclose it in an iron box, lay it on the
hearth of tiie forge to dry and harden; then put it mtothe fire, and
blow till the lump has a blood red heat, and no higher, lest the iron
mixture be burnt too much. Take the iron out and throw it into cold
For Malleable Iron. -Put the articles in an iron box, and strat-
ify them among animal carbon, that is, pieces of homs, hoofs, skins,
or leather, Tust suffieieu-:' burned to be reduced to powder. Lute
the box with egiual pR-ts ,.i: yand and clay; then place it in the fire,
and^eep at a light re'' h. ., for a length of time proportioned to the
depth of steel required, when the contents of the box are emptied
iiivO \vcttBr,
Anotfjr FOB Wrought Ii.on.— Take prussiate of potash, finelv
pulverized, and roll the article in it, if its shape admits of it; if not,
sprinkle the nowdfirnivm it. frAoiv wTiUo t-Ua iT.^,> i^ u^*- '
lo lEMPEii Springs,,— For tempering cast-steel trap springs, all
18
i
II
Is
"iili
m
ill I
274 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEirXS.
that is necesnary is to heat fj^'il!^ *^^ufe'^^^^^^^^ c^'n t
moniac, 2 ibs.; ^<^"®4^'„«*' ^ lj^p._ «_„„. _Pulvorized borax any
*'^*: wt^n'rAs^T'moV-The best way of weldhig cant iron is to
allowance, being careful ""^^^J^,^^^^,^^^^ "' ^j ^old it on one end on
To Harden and Tkmpeb Cast s^fki. .-
intreneral the following is an e:
5f\' .^«:?n TC'^'Sfasftwo • krSs mu^t^ffi ^p^rviousiy-Vuelted
black resm, 3 lbs. Aj^|>f5^;\;^ ^IC^ ingredients, when the whole
together, and then added to the ouier "|fe.^*'"'^( '^' g^^ed to it,
a flaming body Veins P'e^Jjdtf't^'^™^^^^ heat, and let it lie a
steel in this way may be annealed softer tiun oy puiuug
ashes of the forge. iirhfin vmir furnace is charged
when hardened, ^S^hSftt/^iunSTi^uSBWeth^ta of the
«•>'"«». »'_.?..l;r.„"^.i£;!' "'^.T Take ft almost imp<«ible to
SlSTit, iiid at toe saime time render it Unale when iu.>uenea.
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS,' &C,, RECEIPTS. 275j
• Temt'krinq TooLS.~Drawing the temper of tools is usually done
in a charcoal flame, and to drjiw the temper of a tool properly it
should be held in the thickOHt part, or the part not requirhig any
temper, t** wards the fire, and in the meantime, should be often
wiped witli a piece of waste or rag, dipped in oil. The oil keeps
the temper even, and prevents it drawing more to one place than
another. And in drawing the temper of any tool it should be
drawn very slowly, otherwise it will run too far ere you are aware
of it. Lancet blades and razors should be drawn to a straw
color. Knife blades and chisels should be drawn to a copper or
almost red color. Plane irons, shaving knives and shoemakers
knives the same temper j cold chisels and stone drills, should be
dmwn to a dark blue. Fluted reamers should only be drawn to a
stiuw color, on the end, as they never break elsewhere, and keep
their size longer by leaving the lips hard. Half round or tapering
reamers, also taps, dies, and drills, should be drawn to a straw
color. Jijucs and gauges, also commi»n lathe tools, need no drawing,
being tempered enough when merely hardened.
Hakdenino and Filling for Fire-proof Safes.— Exi)erience has
shown that the fire and burglar-proof diamond chill for iron or steel,
described in another part of this work, has no superior as a harden-
ing for security in the construction of safes ; and, as a non-conductor
of heat, we would recommend a filling of plaster of Paris or alum. It is
claimed by some that a mixture of both of these articles forms the best
known filling for safes, as an external application of intense heat is
ceitain to liberate a large quantity of water, which is transformed into
steam, thus ensuring entire safetv to the contents of the safe. Other
manufacturers employa concrete filling for safes, and extol it very high-
ly. Mr. Moffat, gas and steamfitter, Boston, has informed me that he
has applied for protection in the matter of a discovery by which he claims
that he can fully ])rotect a safe against a double bhist furnace heat, by
means of an outside lining of bricks composed of asbestos and kaolin,
a very small portion of the latter material being used. From the well
known incombustible nature of these materials, there can be no
reasonable doubt but that the claim in qaes^^ion is a just one.
Metallic Bath fob Tempering.— IJs^ a black lead or cast iron
crucible (of the requisite depth), and place the same, filled with lead,
on a fire made of coal or charcoal, and surrounded on all sides by a
metallic or brick wall, level, or nearly so, with the top of the crucible;
but at a sufficient distance (say 6 or 6 inches) from it, to receive the
fuel necessary to mamtam the fire, in order to keep the lead fai a
melted state. Let the crucible rest on iron bars, and leave apertures to
admit air to the fire. The articles, slightly greased to prevent the
adherence of oxide, are immersed in the melted lead (which ie kept
at a red heat) by means of tongs, two or three pairs being generally
used, in order that one or two pieces may be iieat§d while the other
is imdergomg manipulation by the hardening process. Keep the lead
covered with charcoal dust or cinders. This phrn is used by many
cutlers and file manufacturers for giving the proper degree of heat iii
the tempering of their wares. The process is highly valued by those
who use it. See file manufacture.
Concerning Saws, Railway Springs. &c.— When the saws are
wanted to be rather hard, but little of the oil tempering composition
iEiii
276 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS.
is burned off; when milder a large 1^^;-^/^",^^%^^^^^^^
the whole i8 allowed to hurn away. J^'^^^^.S^a^^^ tte re'duction
lose their elastidty after hardenm|^^^^^^ the conclusion of
they undergo in grinding JSJ^^l"'^^^^ principally by
the manufacture, the ^larticity «{ *^;\Xfire to a BtrSw color; the
hammering, aiid partly «^f,'^,* «!!^^Si^ acid after which the saws
tint is removed bv very diluted "J'^^Sa %^ manufacture in-
are well washed in plam water and dnea. ^P^^."'! „ncombined
eludes the heaviest «Pe"{«e«« «* ^^*^^^^ some
with iron: for example, ^w-spnngs for all ^«| " ^^ 50 lbs. each
intended ^r railway use, "'j^f J^^Son %er Sngle springs are
piece; two of these are used m com Wo^^^^
6 feet long, and weigh 70 lbs The pnncii^^^^ archery bow fixed
be immeSiately seen hy coiiceivmg the ^mmon u ^
horizontally with ite cordjipwards,^^^^^ sidewlys witK
attached to the cord sways !>«* V^^^Pf J^i^ h^^^
perfect freedom. In hardening them ^^^Y^^^^^^f J^^^^ hollow, and
Sackwards and forwards through an ordi^^ in tempering them
they are immersed m J t^o^S^^^^*,!^^^^^^ ^uS visS,le a? niglt ; by
they are heated mitil the ^i?;^^ . J^*^ '^.^ " uiece of wood sparkle
daylight the heat is denoted by Its makm^^^^^ ^ ^.^
when rubbed on the sprmg, whidi is then allow^^^^ ^^^
The metal is n ne-sixteenths of ^°.^£^*^^^^^^^ that is sufficiently
|ltrre"^^*^B^5it^ xt^^^^ far beyond their
the tires of the eight ^oo* ^^^^J^^X ?Kes are first swaged se-
about one4hird steel. The matenaisior^ heavy hammer at the
parately,andtiienw^dedto^^^^^^ ^.y^ ^^^^^^ ^
steel works, after which tney are u« redness in a cir-
tumed to certam gauges w\t t eettuiff S the iron wheel, pre-
cular furnace ; dnrmg the time it is gettiii^^^ ^ ^^^^
viously turned to the "gV^hri^^af and whTat a d^^ it i^
plate, the tire expands with the heat, and wneii^ai j^ ^^^ .^
Sropped over the wheel, for whwh t vta« pre^^^ ' .^
also"^ Wily bolt^ down to \^^^^^ ^^^, fi^e
quickly immersed by a svaug craiie mro a ^^^^ ^^^^
?eet deep, and hauled up and ^^^^ ^Xes^f f^^^ of flat-bars
are not afterwards tempered. Jj^^^^^.®/!^^ in the founder's
with T formed heads, these are armnged ^^^Uy^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^
mould whilst the cast-iron centre IS iK)iired^^^ 'periphery of
the T heads are then welded tog^^er to co^^^^^
the wheel or mner tare, and little weageiormp chucked on
where there is any deficiency of ^4«^%^Jhe wheeUs t ^^^^
a lathe, bored and ttlmed on the eage noj y^^
themeetingpf two cones and about one q^^^ turned to the
the middle than the two edges The com^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^
corresponding form, and consequents lar^^^^^ obliquity
that the shrinking secures th^^^^^^^^ ft someti^ies happens,
or derangement, and no rivete are^reqwreu^.^^^^^ ^^^ ^.^^_
that the tire ureaKs m Biii2iu^i"o> ""-" -^ --:
eter of the wheel is in excess.
MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEirXS. 277
temper
,ppear to
BQUction
uaion of
ipally by
)lor; the
the saws
cture in-
ombined
ies, some
lbs. each
rings are
rings will
ow fixed
ige being
ays with
ng drawn
llow, and
ing them
light; by
d sparkle
D the air.
aider five-
ufflciently
rond their
B work, as
consist of
(waged se-
aer at the
!lded, and
?s in a cir-
jheel, pre-
on a face-
y red, it is
Qall, and is
)le load is
about five
steel tires
of flat-bars
a founder's
the ends of
eriphery of
ire inserted
chucked on
ly, but like
ili higher in
rned to the
nder cut so
of obliquity
es happens,
lit the diam-
Making Anchors. — The anchor smith's forge consists of a hearth
of brickwork, raised about 9 inches pbove the ground, and generally
about 7 feet square. In the centre of this is a cavity contaming the
fire. A vertical brick wall is built on one side of the heartii, which
sup^rts the dome, and a low chimney to carry ofiE the smoke.
Beliind this wall are placed the bellows, with which the fire is urged ;
tlie bellows being so placed that they blow to the centre of the fire.
The anvil and the crane by which the heavy masses of metal are
moved from and to the fire are adjusted near the hearth. The
Hercules, a kind of stamping machine, or the steam hammer, need
rot be described in this place. To make the anchor, bars of good
iron are brought together to be fagoted ; the number varying with the
size of the anchor. The fagot is kept together by hoops of iron,
and the whole is placed upon the properly arranged hearth, and
covered up by small coals, which are thrown upon a kind of oven
made of cmders. Great care and good management are required to
keep this temporary oven sound during the combustion ; a smith
strictly attends to this. When all is arranged, tlie bellows are set to
work, and a blast urged on the fire ; this is continued for about an
hour, when a good welding heat is obtained. The mass is now
brought from tiie fire to the anvil, and the iron weldt^ by the
hammers. One portion having been welded, the iron is returned to
to the fire, and the operation is repeated until the whole is welded in
one mass. The different parts of the anchor being made, the arms are
united to the end of the shank. This must be done with great care,
as the goodness of the anchor depends entirely upon this process
being effectively performed. Tlie arms being welded on, the nng has
to be formed and welded. The ring consists of several bars welded
together, drawn out into a round rod passed through a hole in the
shank, bent into a circle, and the ends welded together. When all
the parts are adjusted, the whole anchor is brought to a red heat,
and hammered with lighter hammers than those used for welding,
the object being to give a finish and evenness to the surface. The
toughest iron that can be procured should be used in anchors. Good
"Welsh mine iron" is suitable; also "scrap iron." An anchor of
the ordinary or Admiralty pattern, the Trotraan, or Porter's im-
proved (pivot fluke), theHoniball, Porter's, Aylin's, Rodger's, Mitche-
soii's and Lennox's, each weighing, inclusive of stock, 27000 lbs.,
withstood without injury a proof ptrain of 45000 lbs. In di'y ground,
Rodger's dragged the Admiralty anchor at both long and short stay ;
at short stay, Rodger's and Aylin's gave equal resistance; Mitche-
son's dragged Aylin's at both long and snort stay ; and Aylin's
dragged the Admiralty at short stay, they giving equal resistance at
long stay. In ground under water, 'Trotman's dragged Aylin's,
Honiball s. Mitcneson's, and Lennox's : Aylin's dragged Rodger's ;
Mitcheson s dragged Rodger's, and Lennox's dragged the Admiralty's.
The breaking weights between a Porter and Admiralty anchor, as
tested at the Woolwich Dockyard, were as 43 to 15.
Manufacturing and Repairing Anvils. — The common anvil is
usually made of seven pieces : 1, the core, or body ; 2, 3, 4, 5, the
four comer pieces, which serve to enlarge its base ; 6, the projecting
end, which has a square hole for the reception of the tail or shank of
a chisel on which iron bars may be cut through, and 7, the beak, or
I
278 MACniNISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
horizontal cone round which rodH or Blips of metiil "^^y be tunied in
a circular form, as in muIduK rings. Those six pieces are weld«d
Bepanitolytothe first or core, and then hamnieredmto a nniformlwdy^
In nauuLturing largo anvUs two heartliH are needed, In ordf* ^
bring Sol the tv/o pieces to be welded to a P^oper 1^«^\ ^y^^^^^l '
and feveral men are employed in working the rn together briskly hi
the welding state, by heavy swin ' hanimers. The steel facing is a\>-
Dlied by welduig in the same maaiier, powdered borax with sal-am-
moniac (i part to 10 pai-ts ol borax) being used as a flux. The anvil
Ken heated to a cWry red, and plunged into cold water, a run-
ning stream being better than a pool or cisteni the rapid formation
of^eam at the sides of tlie metal preventing the free access of tlie
water for the removal of the heat with the required expedition. Iq
some cases a stream of water is contrived U> descend from a ciHtem
ab^ve on the part to be chilled, which is sure to render it very hard
The facing should not be too thick a plate for when ^'^F**' ^^^1^
crack in the hardening. It is somewhat dan^'erou to stand noar
Buch works at the time, as when the anvU face is not perfectly weld-
ed, it sometimes, in part, flies off with great violence and a loud re-
port. In the case of broken anvUs the repairs ^i" have to be made
!u accordance with the above description. In tmishmg off tt^e/fo, it
is smoothed upon a grindstone, and, for fine work, polished with em-
^^KNUFACTUBTNa CHAiN8.-For this purpose the iron is cut off
with a plain chamfer, as from the annular form of the lin«8their ex-
tremities cannot slide asunder when struck Every succeeding Imk
is bent, mtroduced, and finally welded. In some of ttiese welded
chains the links are not more than 4 an inch long, and the iron wire
i S diameter. Thene are made with great dexterity by a man and
I boy, at a small fire. The curbed chains are welded m the oMinary
wav and twisted afterwards, a few Imks bemg made red-hot at a
time for the purpose. The massive cable chains are made much m
t Ssame manner, although partly by aid of machinery. The bar of
iron now one, on4 and a half, or even two inches m diameter s heated
and the scarf is made as a plain chamfer, by a cutting niachme; the
link is then formed by inserting the edge of the heated bar withm a
• loop in the edge of an oval disc, which may be compared to a chuck
fixld on the end of a lathe mandril. The disc is put m gear by the
steam engine ; it makes exactly one revolution and throws itself out
ofTotioS. This bends the heated exti-emity of the iron into an oval
fieure Afterwards it is detached from the rod with a chamfered cut
bv the cutting machme, which, at one stroke, makes the second scarf
of the detached link, and the first of that next to be cnried up. The
hnk is now threaded, to the extremity of the chain, closed together
and transferred to the fire, the loose end being carried by a traverse
?mne When the Imk is at the proper heat itTs returned to the anvd
welded, and dressed off between the top and bottom tools, after which
Te cast iron transverse stay is inserted, and the bnk fiavmg been
closed upon the stay, the routine is recommenced. The -Aork conir
monly requires three men, and the scarf is placed at the side of the
oval Imk and flat way through the same. In similar chams made
b^baiXit Srperhaps,Vore ctistomary to weld the link at the crown,
or small end.
MA.CiiiWi:STS, engineers', AC, BECBIPTS. 279
turned in
e wel'iftdi
rmbody.
order to
hy itself,
>riHkly ill
Qg is 'A\>-
ti Bal-ara-
riie anvil
>r, a run-
'ormation
188 of the
ition. Ii)
a ciHtem
ery hard.
i; is apt to
«nd noar
;tly weld-
t loud re-
be made
le face, it
with em-
is cut oil
\ their ex-
sding liulc
36 welded
iron wire
I man and
B ordinary
i-hot at a
e much in
'he bar of
r, is heated
ihine ; the
f within a
a chuck
ear by the
1 itself out
itoan oval
oafered cut
icond scarf
I up. The
d together
a traverse
o the anvil
ifter which
iving been
work coinr
side of the
lains made
the crown,
VuT/^ANiTK Emert Whkels. — UsB a compound of India rubber,
and Wcr igton mills emery, as little of the former as will suffice
t<) hold thu partic les of em«^ry t<^^ether. The materials must be thor-
oup' I! nori)orated together, then rolled into sheetn, »ut into wheels
of til. 'f^^ red size and j:)attcrn, \ ressed into the iron mouds, and vul
canize< o. cured by bemg subjected to a high dejrreoof steam heat
for se^ al hours, maki g it almost h hard m cast ron.
To liRAZB A Band Saw 'Vki, ny's method,— Th(* thiols required
are a small portable forge, ing dauips, &c. and a straight edge,
3 or4 feet long, also some bra8H wire and |)Owdered borax. Take the
paw and cut it to the proper length, scarf the ends from one-half to
three-fourthn of ar 'uch, then put the saw in the clamps. I would
say that I use a ve ^luall and simple viamp in the shape of a double
vise. Keep the back of the saw out < f the jaws « >f the vise, or clamps,
and apply tho straight edge to the back, as i*^ is very necessary to
braze it .straight ; make the fire in as small a compass as iwHsible ;
place the ciamp.s directly over the centre of the fire, and then put on
three pieces of brass wire, bent in the form of the letter U, so that
they will pinch the laps togeth' • put as much borax as will lie on the
saw, cover the whole with e ^ e of charcoal : melt tiie brass so
that it will flow over the saw before taking it off the fire, and c-ool
very slow so as not to make the braze brittle! li.o off what remains
on the saw and it is ready for use.
To Remove Rust. — ^Ii you immerse the articles in kerosene oil and
let them remain for some time, the rust will ' acome so much loos-
ened as to come off very easy.
Damascus Steel. — It is said that this steel consists of a highly
carburetted metai which, by undergoing careful cooling and annealing,
separates into two compounds of iron and carbon, giving it the peculiar
appearance known as '' Damasceening." The wonderful strength of
this steel is no doubt owing to careful manipulation.
Gearing a Lathe for Sc-'Jiew Cutting. — Every screw-cutting
lathe contains a long screw called the lead screw, which feeds the
carriage of the lathe, while cutting screws ; upon the end of this screw
is placed a gear to which is tr;!' emitted motion from another gear
placed on the end of the spindle iiiese gears each contain a dilTerent
number of teeth, f<ir the purpoKe of cutting different threads, and the
threads are cut a cei-tain number to the inch varying from 1 to 60.
Therefore to find the proper gears to cut a certain number of threads
to the inch, you will first: — multiply the number of threads you der
sire to cut to the inch, by any small number, four for instance, and
this will give you the proper gear to put on the lead screw. Then
with the same number, four, multiply the number of threads to the
inch in the h id screw, and this will give you the proper gear to put
on the spindle. For example, if you want to cut 12 to the inch, mul-
tiply 12 by 4, and it will give you 48. Put this gear on tlie lead
screw, then with the same number, 4, multiply the number of threads
to the inch in the lead screw. If it is five, for instance, it will give you
twenty, put this on the spindle and your lathe is geared. If the lead
screw is 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, the same rule holds good. Always multiply
the number of threads to be cut," first. Some, indeed most small
lathes, are now made with a stud geared into the spindle, which stud
only runs half as fast as the spindle, and in finding the gears for these
IMAGE EVALUATrON
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTEii.n.V. 14580
(716) 87'i-4503
€3
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5^.^
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280 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
lathes, you will first multiply the number of threads to be cut, as be-
fore, and then multiply the number of threads on the lead screw, as
double the number it is. For instance, if you want to cut 10 to the
inch, multiply by 4, and you get 40, put this on the lead screw, then
if your lead screw is five to the inch, you call it 10; and multiply by
4 and it will give you 40. Again put this on your stud and your lathe
is geared ready to commence cutting.
Cutting a Screw in an Engine Lathe.— In cutting V thread-
screws, it is only necessary for you to practice operating the shipper
and slide-screw handle of your lathe, before cutting. After havmg
done this, until you get the motions, you may set the point of the tool ^
as high as the centre, and if you keep the tool sharp, you will find no
difliculty in cutting screws. You must, however, cut very light
chips, mere scrapings in finishing and must take it out of the lathe
often, and look at it from both sides, very carefully, to see that tne
threads, do not lean like fish scales. After cutting, polish with an
emery stick, and some eraexy.
Cutting Square Thread-Screws.— In cutting square thread-
screws, it is always necessary to get the depth required, with a tool
somewhat thinner than one-half the pitch of the thread. After doing
this, make another tool exactly one-half the pitch of the thread, and
use it to finish with, cutting a slijght chip on each side of the groove.
After doing this, polish with a pine stick, and some emery. Square
threads for strength should be cut one-half the depth of their pitch,
while square threads, for wear, may, and should be cut three-fourths
the depth of their pitch.
Mongrel Threads.— Mongrel, or half V, half-square threads are
usuaUy made for great wear, and should be cut the depth of their
pitch and for extraordinary wear they may even be cut IJ the depth .
of the pitch. The point and the bottom of the grooves should be in
width J the depth of their pitch. What is meant here by the point of
the thread, is the outside surface. And the bottom of the groove is
the groove between the threads. In cutting these threads it is neces-
sary to use a tool about the shape of the thread, and in thickness
about one-fifth less than the thread is when finished. As it is im-
possible to cut the whole surface at once, you will cut it in depth
about one-sixteenth at a time, then a chip off the sides of the thread
and continue in this way alternately till you have arrived at the
depth required. Make a gauge of the size required between the
threads and finish by scraping with water. It is usiially best to leave
such screws as these a little large until after they are cut, and
then turn off a light chip, to size them, this leaves them true and
nice.
Planing Metals.— The first operation about planing, is to oil
your planer and find out if the bed is smooth. If it is not, file off
the rough places ; then change the dogs to see if they will work
well, and find out the movements of the planer. After doing this,
bolt your work on the bed, and if it is a long, thui piece, plane
off a chip, then turn it over and finish the other side, taking two
chips, the last of which should be very light. Great caie should
be taken, in bolting it to the bed, not to spring it. After finish-
ing this side turn it to the other side, and take off a light cut to
finish it.
:j^
I.
cut, as be-
Bcrew, as
t 10 to the
;rew, then
lultiply by
your lathe
V thread-
he shipper
ter havmg
of the tool
ill find no
s^ery light
the lathe
ethat tne
L with an
•e threadr
'ith a tool
iter doing
iread, and
le groove.
. Square
heir pitch,
ee-fourths
ireads are
1 of their
the depth
3uld be in
le point of
^oove is
1 18 neces-
thickness
i it is im-
i in depth
;he thread
ed at the
;ween the
st to leave
cut, and
1 true and
is to oil
lot, file off
will work
ioing this,
jce, plane
'king two
Lie should
:er finish-
ght cut to
• HACHIKJ8TS, tN .raEERS', 4C., EBCEIPTS. 281
282 ^fAo^mlaTs, knchnkkus', ac^ UKcwti'TS.
I ^
ft
rt.ANtNn rKurKNntrtTi.Aui.Y.— Ill pliinluK pornciulhMiliiHy. It In
uooiMKMiry ti» Hwlvol thp bottom of tlionnmll \mui uroimd, mi it will
hUv\u\ alHMit throo.f«)nvthK of ivii innh iiiHido of Kniiai'n, towiU'ilH tho
{>l»>oo yoii iut> to pijiiio. Thin i>rovont« brwvkiuu tho too! wIumi tUo
mi niDH Ixiok.
(iKAii (Utttint}.— tn cntttUK tfi^iirr*, thoy ftro woUinu^d n, ocii'tiiln
nuinlM^r of t<M»th t*) tho h»oh, moaHurlnjs^ ju'^imh tho (llHinctor t,o a cor-
trttii li»io whioh Ih inavkfid on tho faco or ^Mvh of tho Kcniv with a tool.
ThiH lino if* ono-half tho dopth of tho tooth fi-om the outor diaiiiotor.
That in, if tho toytli of tho j^^oar aro two-tontlm of an inoh «loop, thiM
lino would 1)0 oi»o-tonth of an iiioh h\m\ tho i^dgo and in oallod tho
pitch lino.
Dinnii OK Tkktii.— Kvory Koar out with a dllTorout nutubor «»f
tooth to tho inoK nhonld bo cut of a dopth to tho pitch lino, t«) ooitoh-
ixtnd with tho uuuibor of tooth to tho Inch. Thim Ih callocl piNMxu-tlon.
Thorofoi-e, if you out a goar ciKbt to tho inch, tho «U>pth to the pitch
lino Hhi uld bo ono-oiKht of an Inch, and tho wholo dopth of tho tooth
would bo two-oluhthf«. Ajjiiln, If you oiit a k^mw twolvo to tho Inch. Uio
dopth to pitch llnoHhonld bo ono-twolfth of an Inch, and tho vvlioh*
dopth of ti»oth twoitwolft,h(4. And aKaIn, if you cut a m^ar twenty to
tho inch, tho dopth to pitch lino should bo ono-twontlcth of an lnt!h,
whilo tho whole dopth nhould bo two-twontiothn, and ho on mi in-
Jinitwn,
MKAHlMtTNCl TO FIND TUK NUMnKU OK TK.KTU.— To find tho hI/.O
a cortidn i!:vi\v should bo, for a cort'iili nnin1)or of tooth, in an oaMy
nuitter, if you studv o^irofully those rulos. If you want a goar witli
thirty-two tooth and oijB:iit to tho Inch, it should l)o fourinchos meiisur-
ing across tho diamotor t,o the pitch lino, and the two-olKhths outsider
of tho pitch line would maUo it four inches and two-oiuhhts. AKain.
i: vou want a gear with forty tooth, and ton to tko inch, it should
measure across the diamotor to pitch lino four inches, and the two-
tenths oufeddo the pitch Une would make the wholo <lianiotor four
inches and two-tenths. And ajfain, if you want a ««'«' with elKbty
teeth, and twenty to tho inch, It should measure to tho ])ltch lino,
across the diameter, four iiu'.hes, and the two-twentieths, outsidn
tlio pitdi line, woidd nuiko it four inclies and twi^twentloths, and
these examples will form a rule for the measurement of all except
bevel geiirs.
Bkvkl CiKAits. — These are turned a certain bevel to corres))ond
with each other, accordluf? to the angle upon which the shafts driven
by them are sot. For instance, if two shafts aro set npon an angle of
ninety degrees, the surfaces of the faces of those gears will stand at
anangleof foi-ty-flvo degrees. To got the surface of those gears, In
turning them, put a straight edge across tho face. Then set your
lONol on an angle of forty-five degrees, and try the face of theteetn by
phmlng the level on the straight edge. After tundng tho face of the
teeth, s(puire the outer diameter by the face of the teeth; and t^) get
the size to which you wish to cut, measure from the centre of tlie
face of the teeth. Thus, if a bevel gear is six inches in diameter, and
the face of the tooth is one inch, you will measure from the centre of
the face, and find it is five inches. On this line you c4ilciilato tho
number of teoth to the inch, and if you want a gear with twenty
tooth, and ton to the inch, it .shoidd measure two inches across the
i li
MAciiiNisTH, i*:N(hni.;i.;uh', av., nmw.u
•'i<
TS.
2Hd
tlntw Incline, uitd tin nlh . . / Vi ',"" ' ^"'" *•/<''•" ««»*.• w.miI.I i,n
niloforalllHwnlKl'iii-" iliweoxiuni.l.iM will form ii
nn to lirnmo fchnir flllli,ir ov( v t i.hI it -"^«ll * "f '»''"l'orly «„
llw wt lr.ni t« al., ,"74 f „t ;r,,i I ■ K.i I™' "•"","' ''/.'""-
l.n.|«rtlmi ™voiiitl„ii» =. 11 f„„t |,„r ,„|iiut„, ,rt|,„, ,|,,,„ ,„
iiPiiiiilil
i
i
J I
I
i
284 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
lips rounded, like a reamer, and the hole should be finished without
holding the drill with a rest.
Squabimo, OB Facing up Cast Iron Surfaces.— A round-end
tool is best for this. A rough chip should first be taken off. over the
entire surface to be faced. Then speed your lathe up and taking a
light chip, merely enough to take out the first tool mark, run over
the entire surface again. In turning up surfaces it is always best to
be^in at the centre and feed out, as the tool cuts freer and will wear
twice as long. ,
Boring a Hole with a Boring Tool.— In boring a hole with a
boring tool, it is usually necessary to drill the hole first, and too
much care cannot be taken in finishmg. An iron gauge should be
made first; it is usually made of a piece of sheet iron or wire. The
hole should then be dnlled smaller than the size desired, and then
bored to the required size, and it is impossible to bore a hole perfect
without taking two or three light chips, mere scrapings with which
to finish. Holes, in this way, may be bored as nicely as they can be
BoB'-NO Holes with Boring Arbor.— A boring arbor is a shaft
with a set in it, for the purpose of boring holes of great length, and is
designed to be used in a lathe. In.doing this properly, you must first
see if your lathe is set straight; if not, adjust it. Having done this,
put the piece of work to be bored in the carriage of your lathe, pass
your arbor through the hole to be bored, and put it on the centres of
your lathe. Having done this, adjust your work true to the position
clesired by measuring from the pomt of the tool, continually turning
'round the arbor from side to side of the piece to be bored, while you
are bolting it to the carriage, and measure imtil it is perfectly true.
Having done this, bore the hole, and take for the last chip only a
hundredth of an inch. This makes a true and smooth hole. It is
impossible to make a hole true with any kind of a tool when you are
cutting a lar^e chip, for the tool springs so that no dependence c^nbe
placed upon it.
To Make a Boring Arbor and Tool that will not Chat-
ter.— Boring tools, when used in small arbors, are always liable to
chatter and make a rough hole. To prevent this, the tool should be
turned in a lathe, while in its position m the arbor, upon the circle of
the size of the hole to be bored, and the be," ag lengthwise of the
arbor, should be only as wide as the feed of tLe lathe; for if the bear-
ing of a tool is on the face, the more it will chatter.
To Straighten Shafting.— This should be done by centreing,
then put it into a lathe, and square the ends up with what is called
a side tool. After doing this, take a piece of chalk and try it in
several places, to find out where the worst crooks are : then, if
you have not a machine for springing shafting, spring it with a
lever where the most crook is, and continue this operation till the
shaft is straight. i. ,j
Turning Shafting.— To do this properly, two chips should
always be run over the shaft, for the reason that it saves filing, and
leaves the shaft truer and more round, and on shafts thus turned,
the time saved in filmg more tiian compensates for the time lost in
turning. Before you commence you will put your feed belts or
gear on a coarse feed : turn off one a sixty-fourth of an inch
led without
round-end
)ff . over the
tnd taking a
rk, run over
urays best to
id will wear
hole with a
'st, and too
;e should be
wire. The
sd, and then
hole perfect
I with wliich
they can be
or is a shaft
mgth, and is
ou must first
ig done this,
r lathe, pass
le centres of
) the position
lally turning
d, while you
srfectly true,
t chip only a
bi hole. It is
vhen you are
id^nce CAnbe
NOT Chat-
rays liable to
ol should be
L the circle of
;hwi8e of the
>r if the bear-
by centreing,
mat is called
and try it in
are : then, if
ng it with a
ration till the
chips should
es filing, and
I thus turned,
e time lost in
feed belts or
h of an inch
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', d C., RECEIPTS. 285
Se the^fiiilVrircw'n^^Sfa'.*^^"^? *""!f^ «« ^^s chip, com-
pully wringTaSfut^iS' fi wShoit'mfn/"ffi ^,T« *»^.«
large enough to file and finish If twiS^" ^^ ^ ^^" ^^^^ it
shaft, with holes smallfir thf« Vk^I i ^'^^ ^f® couphngs to go on a
the shaft, wCetheTfiton 8^^^^^ P"".^ *^« ««d« «'
of an inch of the size rfiJifS w '"™^ ^**^ *« a sixty-fourth
finished ; thTt irevlry'iSTfl shlrsh^u^dPhJ't "' ^^^^*^* ^«
a sixty-fourth of an i£ch of fh« SL • ^^ 1"™^^ ^ within
jf it h^s the finish-cTip taken 'o^' C r^^Vtir '"^l ^"^
leaves every part of the shaft V»*»rWiJ^ for that is that it
be the case^JSe itdoueothlrSd^l^^'^'T'^'''^ ^«"ld not
file the shaft so thit ff puUevs^m «ii£*r^ ^r.t *^^' y^*^ ^i"
that they will dnyeon'^tS^*h^}^^^\^^ *^® couplings so
clamps ^dlome eme'ry kntti^ dSne' "^^^ ""'^ * ^^ ^^ ^^'^^^S-
blance required, then w1?ha HaStiTaf *^'^ H^^® ^'^ ^^ resem-
mer the twisted Sgesli thatfhL wTil'^^^^ ^1«>^»' ham-
line of the tool This wiii^li 2^ i" ^ thicker than the central
and, to cut w^ i the c^nLf T,s#"^**^'i^''^"Sth and a better drUL
quite thi Beckrefuli?,Syo^*'' ^i""?"^ ^^^ °»"8t be made
2s upon he ^/ff^ii^^d*^^^ at the pomt of the driU
pomtstraightSa flat drill • ^"experienced often leave the
To COMPUTE THE NUMBER OF TWF-tw »i!.rvTT»«™^
WHEELS TO PBODUCE T mviL ™ KEQUIMID IN A TRAIN OP
number Of teetKtSnVefbv£n^mSJiYf^/f';-^ *he
the product bv th^numW nf^i iT^' ®i ^^^^^^^^^o^S' and divide
75X1.6756
' =10 ins,
T^ r.r..^ 3.1416
loO
=2024, and jrire. of 2024,= 0«88, which X 40=1.6762 ing.
••i-iOTTHiif . Tr I
286 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
between each layer, pounding or pressing thein together as cloHe as
poisible and leaving a perforation in the centre of each, for the sliait.
When vou have got enough of thene layers together to give ,Vou tlie
proper breadth o1 pulley, allow the glue to harden, then turn it off to
a smooth finish in a lathe. Secure each side of the pulley with a good
stout iron flange large enough to cover the entire diameter, or nearly
so, and with proper uHage it will last a long time. ^ i., xt.
On Belting and Fkiction.— Leather belts will last double the
usual time if treated with castor oil, they wUl be rat proof, thev will
always remain flexible and will not crack. A belt 4 niches wide will
be equal to one 6 inches wide without it. It requires about 24 hours
to penetrate the leather, if used smner the greasiness will wiuse it to
Blip. A leather belt should have a si)eed of 1300 ft. per minute, aiid
not more than 1800 ft. or it will not last long. Leather belts, with
grain side to pulley will drive 35 per cent, more than the flesh side,
because it is less porous, thus admitting less air between the surfaces.
Pulleys covered with leather will evolve full 50 per cent, more power
than the naked pulley. To increase the power of rubber helting.
use red lead, French yellow and litharge, equal parts; mix with boiled -
linseed oil and japan sufficient to make it dry quick. This will produce
a highly poltehed surface. Experiments without lubricants resulted
in showing the following co-etflcients. Oak upon oak, 62; wrought
iron on oak, 49 to 62; cast iron on oak, 65; wrought iron on cast, 19;
cast iron on cast, 16; cast iron axles on lignum-vitae bearings,
18; copper on oak, 62; iron on elm, 25; pear tree on cast iron 44;
iron axles on lignumvitie bearings (with oil), 11; iron axles with
brass bearings, (with oil) .07. A belt 5 in. wide, velocity 1000 ft. per
minute, on leather covered pulleys, will yield S-horse power; double
the speed and it will evolve double the power. , . ,
Wheel Gearing.— The Pitch Line of a wheel, is the circle upon
which the pitch is measured, and it is the circumference by which
the diameter, or the velocity of the wheel is measured. The Fitch,
is the arc of the circle of tlie pitch line, and is determmed by the
number of teeth in the wheel. The Tnte Pitch, (chordial), or that by
which the dimensions of the tooth of a wheel are alone determined is
a straight line drawn from the centres of two contiguous teeth upon
the pitch line. The Line of Centres, is the line between the centres of
two wheels. The fiadius of a wheel is the semi-diameter runnmg to
the periphery of a tooth. The Pitch Radius, is the semi-diameter
running to the pitch line. The Length of a tooth, is the distance
from ite base to its extremity. The Breadth of a tooth,is the length of
the face of wheel. A Coff Wheel, is the general name for a wheel
having a number of cogs set upon or radiating from its circumference.
A Mortice Wheel, is a wheel constructed for the reception of teeth or
cogs, which are fitted into recesses or sockets upon the face of the
wheel Plate Wheels, are wheels without arms. A Rack is a series
of teeth set in a plane . A Sector is a wheel which reciprocates
without forming a full revolution. A Spur Wheel, is a wheel having
its teeth perpendicular to its axis. A Bevel Wh-el, is a wheel having
its teeth at an angle with its axis. A Crown Wheel is a wheel having
its teetli at a right angle with its axis. A Mitre Wheel is a wheel
having its teeth at an angle of 45° with its axis. A Face Wheel, is a
wheel having its teeth set upon one of its sides. An Annular or In-
T8.
as cloHe as
or the Hliaft.
^ive you tlie
urn it off to
with a good
jr, or nearly
i double the
)f, they will
les wide will
►ut 24 hours
LI ciiuse it to
minute, and
r belts, with
5 flesh side,
the surfaces,
more power
)ber belting,
s. with boiled -
will produce
nts resulted
62; wrought
I on cast, 19;
tae bearings,
jast iron 44;
1 axles with
r 1000 ft. per
3wer; double
5 circle upon
ice by which
The Pitch,
lined by the
0, or that by
letermined is
9 teeth upon
the centres of
5r running to
3mi-diameter
the distance
the length of
for a wheel
rcumference.
»n of teeth or
3 face of the
'^k is a series
. reciprocates
wheel having
wheel having
wheel having
>l is a wheel
e Wheel, is a
nular oi' In-
MACHmsTS, EN«mEK«8>. ^tC, KKCE«.TS. 287
iP'JJ^^L^^Xh'S^^ Y" ?»--«««* to itB cent™
tlZ'"^^^ "'o ^'^^^^^^iZ^\'^'"'S'^ ?'«««' ta Sid
lama- is when the teeth nf o „i • ' ■* ^"ncUe, Lantern or IKw
»oid cylinde«l^t to two dlf^^lT ""Sf ™^.'«<' «( wind bS
'^'™ <*»"ot be operated Luomlyiv^ S^, "'.t '«»« 'hau eS
teeth. The mater&l of whiih ,.Alr. ? ^ * '?"**' ""li any nnmber of
ttr^ocft ^' ^-^SnTruKat ItT ""^^ ^""^^ '^
wiLe» Se^SL^^^tSW^^
number of teeth inite wheel as fs ^o'^'^'J? P""^" «^^«»W be to Ve
teXU?^? ^"^^^^ «Kd never^xceed 1 T ^.^T" «P««« ^^^ ex!
SsSroft^i.f:ns^ii^^ to ^- to^^Li^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
vide for Uie coSlgencT^^^^^ ??^^r "» »^tion Rde, to^io^
should be as 83Tnd nun Ss^«f •"^^- T^e teeth of a wE
Wheuap/monMd^weTiLTXS^t^^^^ '^ cons stent with strength
f J"^d not be less tlmre^hl When ^ iT^;^^ ^S*^^*^ ^^ ^^e phffon
the number of teeth m th? nin'o^ i ?j^'*«e^ w dnyew hv a olnirm
wtm6ero/tee<AinawheeiSKf/i^^^^^^ r* ^ ^^ss than t?/ Tjf^
the pinion, that is, ?hrnumber of t^^^^^^ ^ the number of
diyisib e by the numl^r of teetRl K^ -''■ *^^ ^^eel should not be
te^^ Xh. ..les-l-- -~X U^:-^'
Jte"k1SHs^^^ stusa 3d
tools. He was laughef a? Sf* *S h^?\";'">,P''»r<''l ««tmeM
WeU, cast metal tools wae teled^t'i,^!- 5'* ?.'?"''»<' to be tried '
when cast steel tools were of n^ .?.'« SlP"'""* chilled, and thev Xnt
metal tools. ^''"' °' "" »se- The article was toned unwJth
pBitLiNG Holes in Cast Innw u
ed and rubbed smooth boil i?^/^?^V~'^**?'* * wooden pulley is turn
then allow it to ly and i? will h^^^^^ miuutes^in Jh\e oU T
, To SoLDEK Ferrules IS ToorTlfir'* '^' ^^^ ^« 4per '
lap round thejointinga ^^'^ iToI^t^^^^^^^^^^
i\
288 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
I }
II i
ferrule, scatter on the joining ground borax, put it on the end oi a
wire, and hold it in the fire till the brass f uttes. It will fill up the
joining, and form a perfect solder. It may afterwards be turned in
the lathe.
Making Dibs for Screw-Guttino. — ^In making dies for screw-
cutting, they should, whenever practicable, be lapped with a taper
tap, as they cut more easily and wear longer than those which are
cut straight, and then tapered off to make uie screw " take."
Very nne threaded screws, however, cut well with straight dies.
Small dies, or dies below one-fourth of an inch in size, should only
have three lips in them. , Dies from one-fourth to one-half should
have four- lips in them. Dies froQi three-fourths to one inch should
have six lips in them ; and dies from one inch to one-and-a-half
should have seven lips in them. The cuts through dies should be
only twice the depth of the thread, which is sufficient to make them
free themselves from chips, for when cut too deep they are liable to
break on the face. Harden and draw to a straw color.
To Dip a Fluted Reamer Properly.— Dip it perpendiculaHy
to a short distance beyond the fluting— that is tu say, about half an
inch and withdraw and return it several times. This hardens nil the
lips, and prevents it cracking off ft the water's edge, which is the
case when a piece of steel is dipped in to a certain depth, and allowed
to cool without moving.
Anti-Friction Miotal. — Copper, 4 lbs. ; regulus of antimony, 8
lbs. ; Banca tin, 96 lbs. 2. Gram zinc, 7i lbs. ; purified zinc, 7i lbs. ;
antimony, 1 lb. 3. Zhic, 17 parts; copper, 1 part; antimony. Imparts.
This possesses unsurpassible anti-friction qualities, and does not re-
quire the protection of outer casings of a harder metal. 4. Block tin,
8 lbs. ; antimony, 2 lbs. ; copper, 1 ft). If the metal be too Lard, it
may be softened bv adding some lead. 6. The best alloy for journal
boxes is composed, of copi)er, 24 lbs. ; tin, 24 lbs. ; and antimony, 8
lbs. Melt the copper first, then add the tin, and lastly the antimony.
It should be first run into ingots, then melted, and cast in the form
required for the boxes. 6. Melt in a crucible IJ lbs. of copper, and,
while the copper is melting, melt in a ladle 25 lbs. of tin and 3 of anti-
mony, nearly red hot, pour the two together, and stir until nearly
cool. This makes the finest kind of lining metal. 7. Very cheap.
Lead, 100 lbs. ; antimony, 15 lbs. This costs about 10 cents per lb.
8. For Bearings to sustain gr%at weights. — Copper, 1 lb. ; zinc, ^ oz. :
tin, 2i oz. 9. Hard Bearings for machinery.— Cower, 1 lb. ; tin, 2
ozs. 10. Very Hard ditto.— Copper, 1 lb. ; tin, 2i ozs. 11. Lining
Metal for Boxes of Railway Cars.— Mix tin, 24 lbs. ; copj)er 4 lbs. ;
antimony, 8 lbs. ; (for a hardening) then add tin 72 lbs. 12. Lining
Metal for Locomotives* Axle trees. — Copper, 86.03.; tin, 13.97.13.
Another, French.— Coyiper, 82 parts, tm, 10 parts, zinc, 8 parts. 14.
' Another, {Ste/phenson* s). — Copper, 79 parts; tin, 8 parts, zinc, 5,parts,
lead 8 parts. 15. Another (Be/jgrian).— Copper, 89.02. parts, tin, 2.44
parts, zinc, 7.76 parts iron, 0.78. 16. Another (English).— <iopper, 73.
96 parts, tin, 9.49 parts, zinc, 9.03 parts, lead, 7.09 parts, iron, 0.43
parts. 17. AnotJier.— Capper, 90.06 parts, tin, 3.56 parts, zinc. 6.38. of
Nickel Anti-friction Metal.— klate improvement in the manufacture
of anti-friction metal is the introduction of a small percentage of
nickel into either of the above, or any other anti-friction composition.
he end 4)1 a
fill up the
B turned in
for screw-
vith a taper
which are
:e."
raight dies,
hould only
lalf should
nch should
f-and-a-half
I should be
make them
tre liable to
eudicularly
>ut half an
lens till the
'hich is the
knd allowed
.ntimony, 8
nc, 7i lbs. ;
ly, Imparts,
oes not re-
, Block tin,
xx> ];ard, it
for journal
mtimony, 8
i antimony,
in the form
opper, and,
id 3 of anti-
mtil nearly
Fery cheap.
mts per lb.
zinc, ^ oz. ;
lb. ; thi, 2
11. Lining
•per 4 lbs. ;
12. Lining
tt, 13.97.13.
parts. 14.
inc, 5,parts,
bs, tin, 2.44
-Copper, 73L
, iron, 0.43
sine. 6.38. of
lanufacture
rcenta^e of
omposition.
MACHINISTS, ENQINHERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 289
Good Brass FOR Machineky.—I. (Copper, 21bs., tin 2ioz8 . zinc
L>S?f*_T^ ^«'"««--:C<>PP^ r, 90 lbs., tin, ioiU. 4. Brass, ven/
tenjkrfotw.-Copper, 88.9 parts, tin, 8.3 parts, zinc, 2.8 parte. S.
f5w±^*-*^*'PP^''^i^'*«'*^"20parte. Q. Machinery f^ngs.
40 lbs. of the mixture. Use stee' piston rods fir high speed ai3
ifeT,"^*?, ""l apple-tree wood for shoes or gihhs on the crcSs-heS
naS?mi^~o ??P^'' ^.^"^^ ^^ 11 ^ar^^i tin, 4 parts; lead, 2
^rts, mix. 2. Copper, 14 part»; melt and add zinc, ^rt^; thi 4
^; mix 3. An<^t Brmze.-<:k>^peT, 100 parts; feadand tinTof
^^.^J^i ""^ > -4,"^ -^^ ^'^^ 0^m^«.~Copper 82
^rte; ziiic. 18 parts; tin, 3 parte; lead, 3 parte; mix. 5. Statuary
^notfter^-Copper, 8^ parts: tin, 6 parts; iincVloi par^s;Tead, 2
^^;. L^riYr^PP^'' OO parts; tin, 9 parts ;le5id, 1 part. 8
.Bron?^/arifeeia;« -Copper, 89i)arte; tin 8 part»: zinc, h pSte. 9
per, 1 lb. ; zinc, 12 lbs. ; tin, 8 lbs.
&UPEBIOB Bell Metal.-1. Copper, 100 lbs. ; tin, 23 lbs. 2. Cop!
per, 25 parts; tin, 6 parts. 3. Copper, 79 part»; tin, 26 parte; m&.
1,^SP^'J8 parts^in, 22 parts; mk. 5. Parisian Bell JM^toT-Copl
per, 72 parte; tin, 26* parte; iron, li parte. Used for the bells of
«™^.®J?**"ll"**i^^^«*^»- ^- C'/ocAM ifetoZ.-Copper, 75.19 parte-
tin, 201 part». 7. Bell Metal/or Large £e/?«.-Cop^r, IW lbs • to'
??lf ^ ^^^iV/ Pf ^4^-^^ ^^^^ Bells.-S^^rs Z. \ S,'
rJ^^'^A o^^^J^'Z ^V^n9)--1. Copper, 61.6 parte; zinc, 35.3
parts ; lead, 2 9 parts ; tin, 0.2 mrte. 2. £rass of JerXappes.-Cov
64.6 parte ; zinc, 33.7 parte ; fead, 1.4 parts, tin, 0.2 iSrts. 3. S
f£.2 ^n^'^n'^'*'!-"** a'? ^'^«i>««e.-Copper, 64.8 part»; zinc, 32.8 parts:
*®^' 2.0 parte ; tin 0.4 parte. 4. D 'Arcets Brass f(^ Gildinq.-^x^
per, 63 70 parts; zinc, 33.55 parte; lead, 0.25 partis; tin, 2.50 parte
6. ^no^AtT.-uopper 64.45 part»; zinc, 32.44 parte; lead, 2.86 parte;
tin, 0.26 parte. 6. /S'Aee<JJm«« o/i2omi%.— Copper 70.1 parte- zinc
^•^P^f^U IJ'^^^''^ ^^«*^ W^re.-Copper,70?29pari8; zlTc S
part»; lead, 0.28 parts; tm, 0.17 part». § Angshurg B^ass Wire.--
Copper, 71.89 parts ; zinc, 27.63 parts ; tin, 0.85 {Srts.
Red Brass, POH Gilt Articles.~1. Copper, 82.0 parts ; zinc, 18.0
parte; lead, 1.5 parts; tm, 3.0 parts. 2. ^/M)</ier.-Copper 82 pkrte •
zinc, 18 parts; fead, 3 parte; tin, 1 part;. 3 ^no</M?r. Copperr82.:l
^rte; zhic, 17.6 parte; tin, 0.2 parte. 4. French Tombac for iword
fli2m«Ze«.--Copper, 80 parte; zinc, 17 parts; tin, 3 ports. 5 Fw
'P(^r^Mn 0»7iam€n««.— Copper, 85 parte ; zinc, 16 parts ; tin, a trace
6. Used for Oehnan Onwrnenis.— Copper, 85 3 prrte ; zinc, 14.7 parts.
7. aAn/sor/m/A;.— Copper, 90.0 parts; zinc, 7.9 parts; lead, 1.6 pails.
8. Red Tombacfrom Pans.— Copper, 92 parts ; zinc, 8 parts.
oaTi?^®?-""!;^??'^^^^^'^*/*^ Turning, (common article. )— Copper.
20 lbs. zinc, 10 lbs. lead, 4 ozs. 2. Another Brass for Turning. ~Go^
La ,'
:-^M
k
I'> ■
290 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, EECEIPT8.
per, .12 lbs. rinc, lOlbs. load, 1 lb. a Red Brass free, foi' Turni)in.—
Copi)er, l(jO IbH. zinc, 50 Urn. lead, 10 lbs. antimony, 44 om. 4. JHeM
Red Brass for Jine Castings.— Covper, 24 lbs. zinc, fl lbs. bismuth, 1
oz. 5. jK«rfrc'?n6«c.—Copf)er, 1011)3. zinc, 1 lb. «. To w6«c.— Copper,
16 lbs. tin, 1 lb. zinc, 1 lb. 7. Brass for Heavy Oastinys.—Cop^r. (i
to 7 parts ; tin, 1 part ; zinc, 1 part. 8. Malleable ^ra««.-~C!opper, 70.10
parte; zinc, 2i).(K) parts. 9. Superior Malleable jBroura.— Copper, flO
mrts ; zinc, 40 i^rts. 10. JSraw.— Copper, 73 parts ; zinc, 27 parts. 11.
Copper, 65 parts; zinc, 36 parts. 12. Copper, 70 parts; zinc, 30
IMirts. 13. German Brass.— Cop^r, 1 lb. zinc, 1 lb. 14. Watch-
makers' Brass.r-Govper, 1 part; zluc, 2 parts. 15. Brass for Wire.—
Copper, 34 parts; calamine, m parts. 16. Brass, for Tvbes.-^Coytper,
2 parts; zinc, 1 {Mirt. 17. Brass for Heavy VTor*.— Copi>er, 100 parts:
tin, 16 parts; zinc, 16 parts. 18. Another.— Gopxter, J12 iMirts; tin, 13
r-rts; zinc, 1 part 19. Tbrnftacorifcti flrows.— Copper, 8 iwirts; zinc,
part. 20. jSrtwa.— Copper, 3 parts; molt, then add zinc, 1 pjirt
21. Buttonmakers' Firw Brass. Brass, 8 iwirts; zinc, 6 imrts. 22.
ButUmmakers' Common Brass.— hatton bmss, 6 imrts; tin, l«part:
lead, 1 part; mix. 23. Mallet's Brass.— Copiier, 26.4; zinc, 74.6; used
to preserve iron from oxydizing. 24. Best Brass for Cloeks^^Eme
copper, 85 i^rts; zinc, 14 ptirts; lead, 1 part.
To Cast Bkass solid.— The metal should not he nm any hotter
than is necessary to insure sharp castings. The most probable cause
of the honey combings of castings is that the air ciinnot get out
of tlw way ; and i,here ought to be proper vents made for it from
the highertt pails of the mould ; the metal should be run in near
or at the bottom of the mold. If about 1 lb. of lead be added to eve-
ry 16 lbs. of old brass, when just at the melting point, solid good bras-
ses will be the result. In melting old -brass, the zinc, or lead, con-
tained in it (when fluid) oxydizes freely, consequently the propor-
tions of the metal are altered, and require an addition similar to
the above. If the brass has not been re-cast a little less lead will
do, but if re-cast several times it may- take the full quantity.
New and Beautiful Alloys.— Copper, 69.8 parts; nickel, 19.8
parts ; zinc, 5.6 parts ; cadmiuum, 4.7 parts; used for spoons, forks, &c.
^not Y<?T.— Copper, 89.3 parts; aluminum, 10.5 parts. Oreide resem-
bling Gold. Copper, 79.7 parts; zinc, 83.05 parts; nickel, 6.09 parts,
with a trace of iron and tin.
Good Britannia Metal.— 1. Tin, 150 lbs. ; copper 3 lbs. : antimony,
lOlbB. 2. Britannia. 2d Ouality.—Tm, 140 lbs.; Copper, 3 lbs. ; anti-
mony 9 lbs. 3. Bntannia Metal, fm- Casting.— Tin, 210 lbs. ; copper, 4
lbs. ; antimony, 12 lbs. 4. BrUannia Metal for spinning.— Tm, 100
lbs.; Britannia hardening, 4 lbs.; aiitimony, 4 11)8. 5. Britannia
Metal for Registers.— Tin, 140 lbs. ; hardening 8 lbs. ; antimony 8 lbs.
6. ^est Britatmia for spmits.— Tin 140 lbs.; c-opper, 3 lbs.; anti-
mony, 6 lbs. 7. Best Britannia for spoons.— Tin, 100 lbs.; hardening
5 lbs. ; antimony, lOlbs. 8. Best Britannia f err Handles.— Tin, 140 lbs. ;
copper 2 lbs. ; antimony 5 lbs. 9. Best Britannia for Lamps, Pillars-,
and Spouts.— Tin, 300 lbs. ; copper, 4 lbs. ; antimony 15 lbs. 10. For
Casting.— Tin, 100 lbs. ; hardening 5 lbs. ; antimony, 5 ibs. 11. Tin,
82 parts; lead, 18 parts; brass 5 parts; antimony, 5 parts; mix. 12.
Anather Britannia.-Tin, 20 parts; antimony, 4 parts; brass, 1 part;
mix. 13. Hardening for Britannia.— Bvs^aa, 4 parts ; tin, 4 parts ; when
■■
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. JK^l
30 parts, zinc. O.ao^rte ?& t?" *S^' »nti,"ony 0-70 parte, copporO.
copper, l.Sfi AartH 17 Th. iu^^^y '*'*'^' a»t'>n"ny, l(}.ai ^L^
I>arts, anUmoiiy, 7.14 mrto mm^r i tL "^ 10 parts. 19. Tin 8fi.ad
, German SilvW, Fi^t q^^S Ut^pf**' *>'«'"»'h 1.78 parts,
zinc, 25 lbs. niclcel 'Mnm2'Toa^r?k^!^7^''''T^'^''^^^^^^'
per, 60 lbs. zinc, 20 iS tSst tn\v^TL^T}^^¥^ Z^"" ^^tinf/.-^Cop^
German ^'i/yer/or Belh mtAntht r "^V^ lbs. nickel, 26 Iba. 4.
20 lbs. nickel. 201b8 leS ?Th« t^ ^«J'<^^tfir». -Copper HO lbs. zinc
2 lbs. 6. OerCnSUmP for^Ca^T^'^^ '^IJ l>f^te » the best'
parts, zinc, 20 parts cox,mr m^!^T "h^ 3paits, nickel, 25
RoUinq.~mo\i^TxLZ^TJA^^^^ ™^''- ^' ^emau Silver for
per, 40^62 parH^ibi^^ia 76 ^V^^i'S«fT;!%^'^ Pf^' ™^- ^ (C
parts, zinc 2(J.0« parts niX%-«?ii^- ^^^TJ.^- ^- ^PI>er41.S
ziuc, 6. 65 parts. Kickel 38 iS^'.f;f ^^^ ^- ^^ei?«'* »5.55 parts
p. 10 parts, arn^jmrtT^l i?>.^-^^^- ^ P^'^ts zS
Iron, copper 59. (iO parts/zinc 30 4? n^i?'*' . ;~f ^U***" » t^a«e o£
lbs. bismuth, 1 lb. iT Fine WhS Ji^^J"'"'!??,"^' ^ ^^»' «oPPer, 4
nickel, 10 parts z nc 10 im2^ n^ Oerrmn Silver.— iron 1 part •
per, 40J ^rts : molt itmX^^r^'^k li"' ^^ P^'?'*' '''^P-
partsziV 33.80 i>arts,lead,lSp;£'P^'' 48.48 parts; tin, 6.&
33 part«; and lea^ 1(X) • S Sj^mll^^ ^*- ^ead, 100; tin,
Xleiov crystalline Apimrance^ ml^f. aS'"^® V^u'^ ^«"- The mot!
3. Alloy for Cumhah-C^^^' i? P^fJ" ' 5^^'^"^' ^ Part« ; melt
Copper, 20 lbs. ; lekd 8 Ibf^ Mff,«;,lL ^ P*"^' ?' ^-^^^'^ ^etal-
Metal for takini ImpVesstns' -L^t^ ]y!'''' V-*"*!'?^^"^' ^ ozs. 0.
lbs. 7. ^«oy /br »m^ Sn^^T^fi^J ^^^- ' Ijl'*' ^ lbs. ; bismuth, 5
zinc, 17 parte. 8 pSwhbJii^'~^°^n ^ pa^s ; tin, 3 parte.
ish 'TutanutZlron or ^eel 8■■;;;?^^^^^•^ ^^^' ' ^^"«' ^ ^b. 9. S>SJ:
Melt and harden 8 ozs. ortin S i o^rlr^ir^'K^^ ^"«- > »^*^«' » o^^-
^»t'e< ife<a/.-Copper 32 oaS ^ tin S^""^ ^he above compound, la
White 6Vi>er.-^pp'er,4oT' nickel q??.' '^''°- JL 5^- ^l- ^'^^^«e
parte. 12. 5a«;f ifSl-Bra^g ^ 1:3^ ' ?iiic, 26.4 ; and iron, 2.6
S t^/^S^^i^' %*!?^^-,^^^^ zfe
This co:^!^^ d 'is insifr^Sd'f~TPP^V' "^°'^^^' *. ^i"c,^
^of appearance 1? rKf^ ^« ®*^® «' workmanship an?
^e«<C^"-Tin ioo aSonf77^^^ ^^"^d' 1 P^rTY^
imonv 1- bisS. 1.1^ ^'.^^P*^- ^^ Queen's Metal.— Tin
. 11^' .^L-Pl^™?*"' 1; ^ead, 1 part. 18. Gkalltivi'K rTnrfJul^'
9; antimony' 1 • b ^mnt'}.*"! • S^^'^'i ^^ P*^' ^^ ^'^e^'* Metal.-Tin
Copper, 1 S ;li,ic!Toz's .' ti^^'^i^.f r" ^^^''t' ^«^^ ^^^^i-^
steei have bl^en male f?om Jhis^aU^;, ^H/f ^^/^ ^p tempered
Instntments.-Coppev, lib. • Wn l oi^'oA^'^i?^%/T ^^^^^nical '
Fi«=i, A lu. , ran, 1 oz. 20. ^iue< Jfefa; for Hose.—
292 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
Tin, 46 lbs. ; copper, 1 lb. 21.
ozs. J lead, 2 ozs. ; tin, 2 ozs. ;
in Boiling water.— Jiiamiith, 8 ozs. ; tin 3 ozs
Hard White Metal— Sheet hTnsa, 32
zinc, 1 oz. 22. Fusible Alloy, melts
lead, 5 ozs. 23.
Fusible Allm/ for Silvering Glass.— Tin, 6 ozs. ; lead, 10 ozs.; bis-
mutn, 21 ozs. ; mercury, a small quantity. 24. Hard White Metal
for Buttons.— Bv&as, 1 lb. ; zinc, 2 ozh. ; tin, 1 oz. 25. Button Mak-
er's Metal— Copper, 43 parts; zinc, 67 parts, 26. ^no^Aer.— Copper,
62.22 parts, tin. 2.78 parts, zinc, 35 parts. 27. Another.— Copper, 58.
94 parts; tin, 6.28 imts; zinc, 35.78 parts. 28. Metal that expands in
cooling.— head, 9; antimony, 2; bismuth, 1 part This metal is very
useful in filling small defects in iron castings, &c. 29. Albata Metal.
—Nickel, 3 to 4 parts; copper, 20 parts; zmc, 16 imrts. Used for
plated goods. 30. Birmingham Platin.— Copper, 8 pai-ts, zinc, 5
parts. 31^ Imitation Platinum.- Melt togetlier, 8 parts brass, 5 parts
of /inc. This alloy closely resembl'is platinum. 32. Chinese Silver.
—Silver, 2.5; copper, 65.24; zinc 19.62; cobalt or iron, 0.12; nickel, 13.
33. Tatenag. —Copper, 8; zinc, 5; nickel, 8 parts. 34. Pnnce's Metal
—Copper, Sparta; zinc, 1 part. 35. Another.— BroBS, 8 parts, zinc, 1
part 36. ^nofAer.— Zinc and copper equal parts. Mix. 37. Queen* <t
Metal— head, 1 part; bismuth 1 part; antimony, 1 pai-t; tin, 9 parts.-
Mix. 38. A7iother.—Tm, 9 parts; bismuth 1 part; lead, 2 parts; anti-
mony 1 part; mix. 39. Imitation Gofd.— Platina, 8 parts; silver, 4
parts; copper, 12pa;rts, melt. 40. /mito^ion/S'iZwer. -Block tin, 100 parts;
antimony, 8 parts; bismuth, 1 part; copper, 4 parts; melt. 41. Spur-
ioiis Silver Lcaf.—Tm, 90.09 ; zinc, 9.91 p&rts ; melt. 42. Mirrors of
Rpflecting Telescope. —Copper 100, tm, 50 parts. 43. Whil^ Argentan
—Copper, 8 parts; uicke? 3 parts, zinc, 35 parts. This beautiful com-
pofition is in imitation oi .ilver. 44. Yellow Dipping Metal— Cop-
per, any desired quantitv and 6 or 7 ozs. of zinc to every lb. of copper.
45. Shot Metal— hesid, 97.06 parts ; arsenic, 2.94 parts. Another-. —head,
99.60 parts; arsenic, 0.40 parts. 46, WJUte Metal— P&rts by weight ; tin,
82; lead, 18; antimony, 5; zinc, 1; copper, 5. 47. Hard Pewter.--
Melt together, 12 lbs of tin; regulus of antimony, 1 lb. • copper, 4
ozs. 48. Common Pewter.— Me\t in a crucible, tm, 7 lbs. ; when
fused throw in lead, 1 lb. ; copper, 6 ozs. ; zinc, 2 ozs. 49. British
Plate.— K ickel, 5 to G parts ; copper, 2C parts ; zinc, 8 to 10 parts. Used
for plated goods. 50". Composition for Strong Pumps, (fee— Copper, 1
lb. ; zmc, i, and tm, 1^ ozs. 51. Composition for Toothed Wheels.— Cop-
per, 1 lb. ;■ brass, 2 ozs. ; tin, 2 ozs. 52. ^nof/ier.— Copper, 1 lb. ;
brass, 2 ozs. ; tin If ozs. 53. For Turning TTorfc.- Copper, 1 lb. ; brass
2 ozs. ; tin, 2 ozs. 54. For Nvts of coarse Threads and Bearings.—
Copper, 1 lb. ; brass, 1| ozs. ; tin, 2i ozs. 55. Pewterers- Temper. —
Copper, 1 lb. ; tin, 2 lbs. Used to add in small quantities to tin. 66.
Alloy for Cylinders o/ iocomoiwes.— Copper, 88.63*' parts; tin, 2.38
part-^; z inc. 0.99 parts. 57. Metal for Sliding Levers of Locorru>tives.
—Copper, 85.25 parts; tin, 12.75 parts; zinc, 2.00 parts. 58. Another
(Fentm's).— Copper, 5.50 tin,* 14.50; zinc, 30 pai-ts. 59. Baron Wet-
terstedt's Patent Sheathing for Ships.— Consmts of lead with from
2 to 8 per cent, of antimony, ibout 3 per cent, is the usual quantity.
The alloy is rolled into sheets. 60. Muntz Metal for Ships.— Best
selected copper, (iO parts , best zinc, 40 parts. Melt together in the
..^.^nl .^o.'.^nn oi-»«1 i./->11 i-nfrt ,ino<:if.a f\t Qiiifnlilft thinlrnPtna This coin-
Untini litciiiii'ii Mii'-i «-■•-» •• — -•■ — ....._. _
position resists oxidation from exposure to sea water, and prevents
brass, 32
loy, melts
ozB. 23.
0Z8. ; bis-
hite Metal
tton Mak-
—Copper,
opper, 58.
tpcnds in
al is very
lia Metal.
Used for
a, zinc, 5
ss, 5 parts
ise Silver.
iilckeL 13.
oe's metal.
ts, zinc, 1
r. Qmen't
9 parts. —
tarts; auti-
; silver, 4
,100 parts;
41. Spur-
Mirrors of
I Argentan
itif ul com-
ial. — Cop-
of copper.
er. — Lead,
eight ; tin,
Pewter. —
• copper, 4
m. ; when
19. British
rts. Used
-Copper, 1
3e/s.— Cop-
per, 1 lb. ;
. lb. ; brass
iearings. —
■Temper. —
to tin. 56.
3; tin, 2.38
'x;omx)tives.
8. Another
iaron Wet-
with from
I quantity.
Mps. — Best
tliev in the
This cmn-
MACHINISTS, engineers', AC., RECEIPTS. 293
16 4f^al''" llS'^TA^""' J^' ^'^^fo^ Anatomical Injections. -Tin,
mrte ^ fS^ V,!^ft'/. •;2?.P??^' ^^s°»«th, 27.81 parts; mercury, 41.41
t^^r..!' ^Vf^^^i^^^'^^ for casts.— Bismuth, 8 parts: lead 6 narte-
c£te Statin onl^^ ^'%^f ^"r yP*^^' ix^ili^g wati^'For^^^
^^h^s''M%t^forlo'^f-T^^'^& eib^t^n^f ih'' '""V
mony, I lb. 65. Imitation q/'^W-CoSr l lb' • tta VL' *?^*"
Von Bibra's Alloy for Medels.-msr^&^\hidT^^^
^"^ Without bitmg the color i& light gmy. 67. JVew? SheathinTMetS^
The me-cury m this aUoy protects both the zinc and SpZ^m the
terns a portion of lead, iron, copper and a littie mangS^Ind plmn-
moN Manufacture. —Charcoal 138 bushels limeotnnA d.w n^o
and ore 2612 lbs., will produce 1 ton of pig iron." S^Xnd^!m^v
ature of hot blast is 600°, density of blast and of reSg f urSe^li
to 3 lbs. per square inch. Revolutions of puddE folls^ np?
mmute ; mil rolls, 100 ; rail saw, 800. P^aoimg roils bO per
HOKSR POWER (l>T)rCATED) RBQUmED FOR DIFFERENT PROCESSES.
Blast FnmacG,
Refining *'
60
26
Puddling Rolls with squeezers
and shears. go
Railway rolling train 250
Small bar train qq
Double rail saw 12
Straightening 7
the same kind.
dolht^iw n^oi OxiDEs.-The more powerful deoxidizing agent is un-
doubtedly coal in Its several varieties, and the gases deriving there-
from during combu.stion in the furnace. The oxides of S^^lmX
UieS^^e^^^^^^^^^^^^ T^l^ ^"^ ^^«" require a st'^retet
^n ,i/ li . ^''^ *^^ **^^^®« ®* manganese, chromium, tin, and rinc
?h« rli '''? ^^'^'l ^^^^f ^" ."'^^^^l ^^**«d to whiteness. On a LXsSle'
tf .."^^ -Iwi ""^ ''^i^^'' ^« generally effet5ted by mixing cKoafto'
geti^er with the oxide to be reduced, in a refractory dav c^^?fe' thn
charcoal furnishing the carbon necessary to the proper Srmknce
of this work. Some use a crucible thickly lined S chSal T»,t
wEl\?fS' ^" ^¥ *«^«f «^« «1»^'««^^- It IsreL^rTho^^^^
wnen usmg the crucible and pharfoal. tr^ uaa a a.,^ 00,. „ f:'**!^ v:__i
Sff7^Ti;f^^^.«" "^« mixture'toac"celeratethe "iSductior oTih^
oxide. The boraoc is generally the first U> fuse, and, as the metol is
i; i
I i
294 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
\
eliminated, seems to purify and clean: n it, as it j^athers iiito a linttoti
at the bottom of the crucible. It is all the better if you give the cruci-
ble a few sharp taps when you take it off the fire.
Effects of heat on various bodies.
Fine Gold melts.. 2590"
" Silver " 1250
Copper melts 25^8
Wrought Iron melts 3980
Cast " " 3i79
Bright red " in the dark 752
Red hot ' ' in twilight 884
Glass melts 2377
Common fire 790
Brass melts 1900
Air furnace 3300
Antimony melts 951
Bismuth '« 476
Cadmium 600
Steel 2500
Lead 504
Tin * 421
Heat, cherry red 1500"
♦« bright" I860
" red visible by day 1077
'♦ white 2900
Mercury boils <>62
" volatilizes 680
Platinum melts 3080
Zincmelts 740
Highest natural temperature
(Egypt), 117
Greatest natural cold (below
zero) 66
«' arliticial »" •' 106
Heat of huiiiau blood 98
Snow and Salt, e lual parts ...
Ice melts 32
Water in t;atMto boils 98
Furnace under steam boiler. . 1100
Shrinkage of castings.
Iron, small cyliud'ri=l-16th in. piu- ft
" Pipes... = i " "ft.
*' Girders, beams,
•lect = ^ in. in 15 ins.
" Large cylind-
ers, the con-
traction of di-
ameter at top. — l-16th per foot.
Ditto at bottom. . = l-12th per foot.
Ditto, in length... i in 16
Brass, thin = i in 9
Brass, thick =i in 10
Zinc =5-I6tli8 in
Lead = 5-16ths
Copper = 3-16ths
Bismuth = 5-32nds
ins.
foot
Green saiid iron castings are 6 per cent, stronger than dry, and
30 per cent, stronger than chilled, but when the castings are chilled
and annealed, a gain of 115 per cent, is attained ever those made in
green sand. Chilling the under side of cast iron very materially in-
creases its strength. * , , ,
To Repair Cracked Bells.— The discordant tones of a cracked
bell being due to the jarring of the rugged uneven edges of the crack
against each other, the best remedy that can be applied is to cut a
thin slit with a toothless saw driven at a very high velocity, say 3 or
40Co revolutions per minute, in such a manner as to cut away the
opposing edges of the fracture whereever they come in contact. This
will restore the original tone of the bell.
To Galvanize Grey Iron Castings.— Cleanse the articles in an
ordinary chaffing mill, which consists of a barrel revolving on its axis,
containing sand ; when the sand is all removed, take them out and
heat one by one, plunging, while hot, in a liquid composed as follows:
10 lbs. hydrochloric acid and sufficient sheet zinc to make a saturated
solution. In making this solution, when the evolution of gas has
fpased. add niuriatej or preferably sulphate of ammonia lib., and
let it stand till dissolved. ^The castings should be so hot that when
dipped in this solution, and mstautly removed, they will immediately
s.
\
a button
e the cruci-
. 1500"
. 1860
. 1077
. 2900
. (>e2
. 680
. 3U80
. 740
rature
. 117
[below
. 66
«
. 106
. 98
irts..
. 32
. 98
jiler.
. 1100
16
Ins.
in 9
<<
n 10
«
iis in
a foot
L6th8
(1 ((
6th8
« «
« «
n dry, and
are cnilled
lee made in
aterially in-
E a cracked
3f the crack
is to cut a
ty, say 3 or
it away the
iitact. This
rticles in an
I on its axis.
3m out and
i as follows :
a saturated
of gas has
a 1 lb., and
t that when
mmediately
"•MACHINIST :NGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 295
dry, leaving the surf rystallized like frost work on a window
pane. Next plimge thi .vhile hot, but perfectly dry, in a bath of
melted zinc, previously skimming the oxide on the surface *a way, and
throA\ mg thereon a small amount of powdered sal ammoniac. ,If the
articles are very small, inclose them in a wrought iron basket on a
pole, and lower them into the metal. When this is done, shake off
the superfluous metal, and cast them into a vessel of water to prevent
them adhering when the zinc solidifies.
Horizontal Engine.
Blowtng Engines for Smelting.— The volume of oxygen in air is
different, at different temperatures. Thus, dry air at 85° contains 10
per cent, less oxygen than when it is at the temperature of 32°, and
when it is saturated with vapor it contains 12 per cent. less. II an
average supply of 1500 cubic feet per minute is required in winter, 1650
feet will be required in summer. In the manufacture of Pig iron, with
Coke or Anthracite coal, 18 to 20 tons of air are required for each ton ;
with fkarcoal, 17 to 18 tons are required for each ton, (1 ton of air at
340° =.29,751, and at 60o=31,366 cubic feet. ) The Pressure ordmarily
required for smelting purposes is equal to a column of mercury from
3 to 7 inches. The capacity of the Reservoir if dry, should be 15 times
that of the cylinder, if single acting, and 10 times if double acting.
The area of tne Pipes leading to the reservoir should be .2 that of the
blast cylinder, and the velocity of the air should not exceed 35 feet per
second, A ton of pig iron requires for its reduction from the ore
310,000 cubic feet of air, or 5.3 cubic feet of air for each pound of car-
bon consqjned. Pressure, 7 lbs. per square inch. An ordinary Eccen-
tric Fan, 4 feet in diameter with 5 blades 10 hiches wide, and 4 inches
in length, set 1-9-16 inches eccentric, with an inlet openmg of 17.5
inches in diameter, and an outlet of 12 inches square, making 870
revolutions per minute, will supply air to 40 tuyeres, eacn of If inches
in diameter, and at a pressure per square inch of '5 inch of mercury.
An ordinary eccentric fan blower, 50 inches in diameter, running at
1000 revolutions per minute, wiU give a pressure of 15 inches of water
and require for its operation a power of 12 horses. Area of tuyere
discharge 500 square inches. A non-condensing engine, diameter of
cylinder 8 inches, stroke of pistpn 1 foot, pressure of steam 18 lbs.
(mercurial gauge), and making 100 revolutions per minute, will drive a
fan, 4 feet by 2, opening 2 feet by 2, 500 revolutions per minute. The
width and length of the blades should be at least eaual to i or 4 the
radius of the fan. The inlet should be equal to the radius of the fan;
and the outlet, or discharge, should be m depth not less than J the
tmmm
fM^*'
i:
296 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.*
diameter, its width being equal to tlie width of the fan. When the
Eressure o.f a blast exceeds .7 inch of mercury per square inch, .2 will
e a better proi)<>rtiou for the widtli and length of the fan tlian that
above given. Tlie pressure or density of a blast is usually measured
in inches of mercury, a pressure of 1 lb. per square inch at ()0<^=2.0376
inches. When water is used as the element of measure, a pressure
of 1 lb.==27.671 inches. The eccentricity of a fan should be 1. of its
diameter. A Smith's fonie requires 150 cubic feet of air per minute.
Pressure of blast i to 2 lbs. per square inch, 1 ton of iron melted per
hour in a cui>ola, requires 3600 cubic feet of air per minute. A finery
forge requires 100,000 cubic feet of air for each ton of iron refined.
A blast fum(Uie requires 20 cubic feet per minute, for each cubic yard,
capacity of furnace.
To Chill Cast Iron vkry Habd.— Use a liquid made as follows :
soft water, 10 gallons; salt, 1 peck ; oil vitriol, ipt. ; saltpetre, A lb. ;.
prussiate of potash, J lb. ; cyanide of potash, ^ lb. Heat the iron a
cherry red and dip as usual, and if wanted harder repeat the process.
Another to Harden Cast Iron.— Salt, 2 lbs. ; saltpetrp A lb. ; roche
alum, i lb. ; ammonia, 4 ozs. ; salts of tartar, 4 ozs. ; pulvenze all to-
gether and incorporate thoroughly, use by powdering all over the
iron wliile it is hot, then plunging it in cold water.
Flux for Reducing Lead orb.— Red argol, 6 parts; nitrei 4 parts;
fluor spar, 1 part ; grind well and mix thoroughly.
Varnish for smooth moulding Patterns.— Alcohol, 1 gal. ;
shellac 1 lb. ; lamp or ivory black, sufficient to color it.
Iron Lusi ib is obtained by dissolvmg a piece of ziuc with muriatic
acid, and mixing the solution with spirit of tar, and applymg it to tlie
surface of the iron.
Black having a Polish fob Iron.— Pulverized gum asphaltum,
2 lbs. J gum benzom, Jib. ; spirits of turpentine, 1 gal. ; to make quick,
keep m a warm place, and shake often ; shade to suit with finely
ground ivory black. Apply with a brush. And it ought to be used
on iron exposed to the weatlier as well as on inside work desiring a
nice appearance or polish.
Varnish For Iron.— Asphaltmm, 8 lbs. ; melt in an iron kettle,
slowly adding boiled linseed oil, 5 gals. ; litharge, 1 lb. ; and sulphate
of zinc, i lb. ; continuhig to boil for 3 hours ; then add dark gum
amber, 1^ lbs. ; and continue to boil 2 hours longer. Wlien cool, re-
duce to a proper consistence to apply with a brush, with^spirits of
turpentine.
To Soften Cast Iron For Turning.— Steep it in 1 part of aqua- '
fortis to 4 of water, and let it remain in 24 hours.
Cast Iron Ornaments are rendered susceptible of beuig finished
with a scraper, where they cannot be reached with files, after liaving
the following liquid applied to them.
Scaling Cast Iron.— Vitriol, 1 part; water, 2 parts ; mix and lay
on the diluted vitriol with a cloth in the form of a brush, enough to
wet the surface well : after 8 or 10 hours, wash off with water, when
the hard, scaly surface will be com^etely removed.
To Break Up Old Cannon.— Old cannon and massive castings
may be cut in two by a continuous stream of hot molten iron,
which wears awav th« iron as a fltrflam r»f •Vir»+ «rafa« t<t^,i1^ «o*-
into a mass of ice. Or the gun may be rolled on a frame to the mouth
i
(
I
J
a
1
i
1
b
6
u
* MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 297
Stiie/S^The'^^lrflr^^^ «« 'aj as possible among
of which ig meltedoff^ At th« Lv?l^o '^'^ T''''^ ,*^« g»"^» the end
and so on until The breech tedi^^^^^^^^ '^^"' '' ^'^^^^^^^^ »«»8*h,
thStS'^'^'mifcTn'^^tW^^^ upby drilling a hole in the
accurately intoWhoKnd ?ettWthI^^'' fitting a steel plug very
on the plug. ' *°** ^®***°« **^« ^^'^P o* a pile driver discend
pari» ; lead, 8.34 partsTbismuth 8 5? n«2^' ^pi^ \ 3. W, 8.33
(ror spherical 3//^oS BiSh 'so'^^^J^^ ' m^cuiy, 75 parts. 4,
Rkflector Metai il %„L!S'Sf ?? ' "S^'^^' 26 parts.
Jk^ra;^enFiTo0^r2;'V*^oiner «^?r ' > Pf^TtinT^a
antimonv, 8.60 parts^ a (Xe<£^TcmmPr SSm ' ^^^^' ^X^'^P*^ 5
parts ; zfnc, 2.44 parts ; arsinic, 1.^ Sfe ' ^^'^^ ^"^ ' *^' ^'^^
.iDM^^'^pa^MLT?^^ Coppei;78.47 parts; tin, 2.87 pari«;
part^ ; ^tocfSk A : feld 286 m^P^"' ^t"^^ P*"^ ' «»' 0^5
tin, 1.87 parts ; zinc?^76 m^^^ Parts :
parts ; tin, 2.00 pari^ ; zincffc pa^^ iTea^^OB*' ^^P^"' ^^'^
Amalgam for Electrical MaSes ~i m 9« ^ ,
25 parts ; mercury, 60 parts. 2 Tin ii ii u""' • ^ P^J^ ; zinc,
mercury; 66.67 parts ^ ^' ^-H Paris ; zinc, 22.22 parts ;
paJSTan'timonVl'pa^' T^fs^i K W 'P'^'* "I^ead. 3
parts ; antimony, l*i^rt 3 Fn?T^l}Z^' V^ types.-Leai 4
parts antimonv 1 t>St * 4 /,.; '^«* ^/ medmm »«2e.-Lead, 5
mony 1 part.^1' F^^^rgett S/oX &~V'^^' ? P*'^^ 5 anti-
mony, 1 part. In additton to S «ffiL^**-~i^^^' ^ Pa^s ; anti-
tains 4 to 8 per cent of tiS an?i^nl*"*'TPy;.*yP® °^«*al also con-
6. stereotype plZ are mkde of wh ^^' 1 to 2 per pent, of copper,
tin, 1 Vf^Tt lAmthPT^ i^L^' 20 part» ; antimony, 4 pJrts ;
1 pkrtf^8. TifpfZM^j:^lJ^LZ?''j;^^ ' antimony, 4 pkrtsjtin
<2/pe meto;.-Lead, 100 part^ .' iS^^^ 9. l^migh
DowLAis iBoyTWoR^lFnn^tf?^' ^^ P'*'^ ' **»' » parts.
to 18 feet, ISWTons ffiiSon S^'lf^^ ^^^eter 16
feetofairperminuto IL/^ ?«LZfw ' **.'^^^^ 44,000 cubic
diam. by 13 feet sSeof SJJf; ^^^^^''^nsing,) (^Hnder, 55 ins. in
inch, c«?off SI Kr&??he ^^ZT%tTl^'&r -l--rl
f ;?/ wh^l. ' Diam^^ f?lt weigh"' Sk Sn« ^,"''^' 28« «qnare feet,
ins. diam. by 12 ft. stroke of liL?^ S®" ,^/P«<'«'»fl' C^«/wfer, 144
£/a«< 3i lbs. per v'v!re^nPh 7)Fi^°' ^^'^f^^^, 20 per minute.
in length. ^47 Sh^u^^' £''''^''''^%P'^^ ^'^'^- ^ «=• and 420 feet
To EnImel & ^oTi'v^ ^T^ feet delivery, 16 square feet
6_parts ; Ss^h"ston'eTc^So.fc ^-U,
i^n
i
298 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. %
lead, 8 parts ; borax, 6 parts ; calx of tin, 6 parts ; nitre, 1 part. 3.
Potters comiwsition, 12 parts ; borax, 8 parts ; white lead, 10
parts; nitre, 2 parts; white marble, calcined 1 part; purified jwtash.
2 parts ; calx of tin, 5 parts. 4. Calcmed flints, 4 parts ; potters
composition, 1 part ; nitre, 2 parts : borax, 8 parts ; white marble,
calcmed, 1 part ; argillaceous earth, 4 part ; calx of tin, 2 parts.
Whichever of the above compositions is taken must be finely pow-
dered, mixed, and fused. TKe vitreous mass is to be ground when
cold, sifted, and levigated with water ; it is then made into a pap
with water, or gum water. The pap is smeared or brushed over the
interior of the vessel, dried, and fused with a proper heat in a muftle.
Clean the vessels perfectly before applying.
Russia Sheet Iron.— Russia sheet iron is, in the first instance,
a very pure article, rendered exceedingly tough and flexible by
refining and annealing. Its bright, glossV surface is partially a
silicate, and partially an oxide of iron, and is produced by nassing
the hot sheet, moistened witli a solution of wood-ashes, througk
polished steel rollers.
LiiiUiD Black Lead Polish.— Black lead pulverized 1 lb. ; tur-
pentine, 1 giU ; water, 1 gill ; sugar 1 oz.
Copperas Dip for Cast Iron.— Dissolve 3 lbs. of sulphate of
copper and add 2 fluid ozs. sulphuric acid.
Enamelled Cast Iron,— Clean and brighten the iron before
applying. The enamel consists of two coats— the body and the glaze.
The body is made by fusing 100 lbs. ground flints, 75 lbs. of borax,
and grinding 40 lbs. of this frit with 5 lbs. of potters' clay, in water,
till it is brought to the consistence of a pap. A coat of this being
applied and dried, but not hard, the glaze-powder is sifted over it.
This consists of 100 lbs. Cornish stone in fine powder, 117 lbs. of
borax, 35 lbs. of soda ash, 35 lbs. of nitre, 35 lbs. of sifted slacked
lime, 13 lbs. of white sand, and 50 pounds of pounded white glass.
These are all fused together ; the frit obtained is pulverized. Of
this powder, 45 lbs. are mixed with 1 lb. soda ash, in hot water, and
the mixture being dried in a stove, is the glaze powder. After sifting
this over the body-coat, the cast-iron article is put into a stove, kept
at a temperature of about 212 o, to dry it hard, after which it is set in
a muflHe-kiln, to fuse it into a glaze. The inside of pipes is enamelled
(after being cleaned) by pouring the above body composition through
them while the pipe is being turned around to insure an equal coat-
ing ; after the body has become set, the glaze pap is poured in in like
manner. The pipe is finally fired in the kihi.
To Enamel Copper and Other vessels.- Flint glass, 6 parts ;
borax, 3 parts ; red lead, 1 part ; oxide of tin, 1 part. Mix all to-
gether, fnt, grind into powder, make into a thin paste with water, ap-
ply with a brush to tlie surface of the vessels, after scaling by heat
and cleaning them, repeat with a second or even a third coat, after-
wards dry, and lastly fuse on by heat of an enamelled kiln.
Emery Wheels for Polishing.- Coarse emery powder is mixed
with about half its weight of pulverized Stourbridge loam, and a little
water or other liquid to make a thick paste ; this is pressed into a
metallic mould by means of a screw-press, and, after being thoroughlv
d— :«J ir. \^,%^,r^A ^■m l^t-twnaA i-n a rnnfna of Q fonn«oro^.JlT'»» aWlvA fl. rPrt
riCU, la UO.li-'CVl Vt l/lliiir--ui m «» »n«iti'c- .■." i» I ^— -— — ;
and below a white heat. This forms an artificial emery stone, which
* MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTQ, 299
in grain, or the^Kre~S fo™ ' „,™ «>'e'<"<al. composition, varying
oxide of Irin, iS eaSh l%7te M™Td?„S^l„';?'*°K'''?''' '"«'. » '"««
magnesia, manganese anTrrfh.r^^^i.^/""^.^'"'* contains Urae,
unite with them, and convert them hi^T'fS,?"®!^****? *^®' *^«y
provided, ine Ivinff on a evPl ™?fK ^S*^"^* Two gates must then be
Sie other SeffiSthrmeSw^^^^^ ^' this space, and
in at the higher one- it mMw mnnTfiii.^ ^^^^ ^^ ""^"^ ^•^*' ^"^ PO"red
had been original ^"»PPe« off» i* forms as strong a joint as if it
The day should be prepared in a similar i^vS w !« i ^ Pl^^n^^^SO-
ware; the vessels, aftei being for3murti>«in2 ".""^T P^i*^*^-
properly baked in the kiln ^^ ^^"^^^^ ^"^^' *^»d «ien
small or porfcible furnaces ^^'' compomid forms excellent
j>«t In a li%rtt"haLml*°£^,';,"„ ™^fAS_»^^
it
300 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. *
11, put it in the annealing furnace, and get the licat up quite
id gradually, taking care not to get the heat up too quick.
cover all,
slow anc
After you have got it to the proper heat, which is thiflj'the castings
must be red hot through ; keep it at this heat for 5 or 6 hours, then let
your fire die gradually out, or, if you want to take some out and put
more in, take them to a comer and bury them, pan and all,— let them
lie there till properly cooled. Regardmg the melting, procure not
less than two good sorts of No. 2 pig iron, which you may mix with
some good scrap if you choose; the casting, melting, and moulding are
conducted in the same manner as common cast-iron, only the metal
being hard, when casting, you have to make properly constructed
runners and risers, or flow gates, if the article is likely to sink, for
you cannot pump it well.
Japanning Castings.— Clean them well from the sand, then dip
them in or paint them over with good boiled linseed oil ; when
moderately dry, heat them in an oven to such a temi^eniture as will
turn the oil black, without burning. The stove should not be too hot
at first, and the heat should be gradually raised to avoid blistering ;
the slower the change in the oil is effected the better will be the
result. The castings, if smooth at first, will receive a'fine black and
polished surface by this method.
Hardening AxletIees and Boxes.— The method now used in
the manufacture of Murphy's axletrees is to use wrought iron and
weld two pieces of steel into the lower side, where they rest upon the
wheels and sustain the load. The work is heated in an open forge
fire, in the ordinary way, and when it is removed, a mixture, princi-
pally prussiate of potash, is laid upon the steel ; the axletree is then
immediately immersed ip. water, and additional water is allowed to
fall upon it from a cistern. The steel is considered to be very ma-
terially hardened by the treatment^ and the iron around the same is
also partially hardened. One very good way to chill axletree boxes is
to mould from wooden patterns on sand, and cast them upon an iron
core which has the effect of making them very hard. To form the
annular recess for oil, a ring of sand, made in an appropriate core-
box, is slipped upon the iron mandrill, and is left benind when the
atter is driven out of the casting.
Composite Iron Railings.— The process by which this light, ele-
gant and cheap fabric is manufactured, is as follows :— Rods and bars
of wrought-iron are cut to the lengths desired for the pattern, and
subjected to a process called crimping, by which tiiey are bent to the
de^red shape. These rods are then laid in the form of the design,
and cast-iron moulds are affixed at those points where a connection is
desired ; the moulds are then filled with melted metal, and immedi-
ately you have a complete railing of beautiful design. Casting in
iron moulds has this great advantage over the old sand moulding, it
does not require any time for cooling, as the metal is no sooner run
than the moulds may be removed and used again immediately on
another section of the work ; and besides, it is so much more easily
effected. "By the combination of wrought and cast-iron in this pro-
cess, the most curious and complex designs may be produced with
great rapidity and cheapness.
To Galvanize Cabt Ikon Tmkough. — ^To 50 lbs. melted iron add 1
lb. pulverized pure zinc. Scatter the zinc powder well over the ladle,
.
MACHINISTS, ENOINEEBS', AC, RECEIPTS. 301
to catch the melted Iron, Btlr it up with au irou rod and pour at
«a?d'wM,f "ATJ?",**. T ""^ '"«' "^'ted alam, mUluK bun
to^t to*a„d ^u^in mdMTi>''"l= »^'*™" "/,","" «"" ^^"'^
rut PvarHv fli «f "1 meiiea anim. Ihese pieces of block ehould be
larmr ». ft Li?^ ? higli leaving the surface uneven and the eve
n if&tter'to a urthfl^l ^?tK°Cnt^V *"' "^^ "A™
quire additionafweighT!iddlJd,'ZtS''o( i'rot utptec^Vl"!
luUf an -inch IromaVfa^" to'thrbacrSf"i:^£r^^en'Sd
I
I
I
ll I
302 MACHINISTS, ENQINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS.
round in this way, lay the stone down on the cock-head ; it being in
tlie balance ryno bit the driver off, then raise the spindle and
bitance the st^ne 'as already directed before puttiiig on the remainder
of the back. Then have a tin made the size of the eye, and to reach
from the bahince ryne to the thickness you want the s^ne to be at the
eve This tin should be exactl v fitted to its place, and made fast ; then fit
a hoop of wood or iron round the verge, having the upiier edge of the
thickness from the face you want the stone to be at the verge, and ea ual
all round. This hoop should be greased ; and, all the cracks round it,
and the tin in the eye, being stopped, you pour thin plaster (with
more glue water than hi previous onerations, to prevent it from setting
BO auickly, and to give time to finish off the back correctly^ until it be
lex^l with the hoop round the verge, and with a strai-ht edge one
end resting on the hoop, and tlie other end resting on the tm at the
eye; then, by moving it round, and working the plaster with
a tH^wel, make the surface of the back even and smooth between
these two points. The hoop is tlien taken off, and the back and edges
Dlaned smooth : then lower the spindle imtil your runner lies solid.
Snd put your band or hoop on, it being first made nearly red hot, and
tJikmg care that it is of sufficient size not to require too much driving ;
if fitting too tightly, it may loosen the back in driving it to its proper
place ; Tt may be ciwled gently by pouring water on it; and, when
'''tAL:icSoV^^Lro^^.-mTst, t^ke off the driver, that the
stone may Irnve f uU play on the cock-head ; then raise the »Pi?dle so
that thei-e may be room between the stone to see the balance. Find the
heaviest pai-ts, and near the verge lay on sufficient weight to balance
it Cut a hole in the back of the stone, as deep as yovx can make it
and as near the verge aa possible that the bindmg iron hoop of the
tt"ne maTkeep the^lead !n its place. This hole should be wider at
the bottom than the top in order to reUiin the lead when the stone is
in nvotion, and into this the melted lead should be poured unt 1 it
brings the stone completely mto balance When the lead is cold,
cover over with mixed plaster, even with the back of the stone.
Composition to Keep Millstones Clean.— Hot water, 1 gal ,
borax 2 oz : washmg soda, i lb. and 3 balls of the size of a hazel
mifeachTof sal prunel. ' Mix and applv it to the burrs with a
scrubbing brush. When gruidmg garlic wheat it is not necessary to
take up the burrs at all. It is sufficient to drop through the eye of
the burr twice per day one of the above described balls of sal prunei,
and that will keep the burrs sharp and clean, enabling the miller at
all seasons to use the No. 13 bolt, to make finer flour and m greater
nuautitv than usual. , ,, , . . , ^.
Mill Dams.— When building a dam, you should select the most
suitable place. If you can, place it across the stream near a rocky
bluff so that the end of the dam may run into the bluff. Ihis
wiU prevent the water running by at tlie ends of the dam Build
your dam very strong ; if this is not done.jthey are breaking up
often, causing ruinous expense m money and loss of time.
Flour Mill Machinery.— For each pair of 4 feet stoneq, with all
the necessary dressmg machinery, etc., there is recjuired 15 horses
.l,.oy .Q/^/..« 4 n.. diam.. 120 to 140 revolutions per minute.
'Dressing Machines, 21 ins. diam., 450 to 500 revolutions per mmute.
»eing in
ilo, and
nainder
io reach
)eatthe
; then fit
;e of the
lid equal
•ound it,
Qv (with
1 Betting
iitil it Im)
Ige, one
1 at the
er with
between
nd edj^es
es solid,
hot, and
drivmg ;
bs proper
id, when
that the
pindle so
Find the
) balance
make it
>p of the
wider at
I stone is
i until it
is cold,
le.
r, 1 gal ;
a hazel
s with a
pessary to
le eye of
il prunel,
miller at
n greater
the most
• a rocky
iff. This
a. Build
aking up
^ with all
15 horses'
r minute,
tr muiute.
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., KECEIPT8. 808
m-essure thrhf«n {♦ t^ ^ "l® "^^y ®' water, which may bv its
hil^i^fS 1 , ^®^*- ^* *^*» <^» l^e done conveniently thev arP to
u.™e, square, which Aomdto'SMeiitaj;; tK'u;|g™'<Sr8m, to toft
804 MACUINI8T8, ENOINEEKS', AC, RECEIPTS.
sides, and all the way acrosH the dam, from l>auk to bank, at a distance
of () leot ai)art. Tlion, witli bmces to each post, to extend two-thlrd«
of the lenj^h of the poHt, where thoj should be joined together with a
lock, instead of a mortise and tenon, witli an iron lK)lt 1 or li inches
in diameter, going through both, and tightened witlx a screw and nut.
Wlien mortises and tenons are used, they often become rotten and
useless in a few years. These bt.ices sliould he set at an angle of 60
or 60° with the otlier end mortised irto the mud sill. These braces re-
quire to be about (i to 8 inches, and as long as you find necessary ; be-
ing covered with dirt it will not decay for a long time, as the air is
excluded. These posts should be capi)ed from one to the other, plate
fashion. The posts should be Ihied with 2 or 2A inch nlank on the in-
side, pinned to tlie plank, and should, hi the middle, be filled in with
If the stream is large and wide, the dam should be built in two sec-
tions, which should be divided by a waste-way for the surplus water,
which should be in the centre of the dam, and sufficient for all ^u^
waste-water to run over. Let each section of the dam form an abut-
ment next to the waste-way, placing cells or sills 4 feet apart the
length of the waste-way ; in each of these sills, posts should be framed
with a brace for the sides. These rows of posts, standing across the
dam, will form the sectional abutments ; the middle one may be con-
structed by being lengthways of the stream, with short braces, so that
they will not be in the way of drift-wood passing down the stream ;
it being necessary for strong pieces for a bridge. Then cover tlie sills
with an apron of 2-mch plank joined perfectly straight, to extend 30
or 404eet bolow the dam, to prevent undermining of the dam. ihe
phinks which are used for the purpose of linmg the posts which
form the abutments of each section of the dam, and the ends of the
waste-way, should be truly pointed, so as to prevent any leakage.
The dam being built, the dirt should be filled in with teams, as the
more it is tramped the better. Clay or coarse gravel is the best.
Then place your gates on the upper side of the waste-way, the size
that is necessary to a level with low-water mark ; which gates are no^
to be raised except in times of high water, as the proper height of the
mill-pond should be regulated by boards placed over the §ate for the
desired he^d, as the water should be allowed pass at all times freely
over them. To strengthen the dam, if you think necessary, 2-mch
plank may be used m lining the front side of the dam, long enough to
Kjach from the bottom of the stream (on an inclined plane, and next
to the body of water to the top of the dam, > ' iite(i up nearly to
the top of the dam with clay or gravel well tmrn\ ' " ^\-
Brush or Log Dams are very often used i «:ii al, n addy streaius.
■ When the bottom of the stream is of a soft nature, take a flat boat
where you want to fix youi- dam, and drive piles the whole length of the
stream, about 3 of 4 feet apart, as deep as you can. Take young oak
saplings pointed at the end, for the purpose. If you can, construct a
iv^'aU'!r T)ile-driver, similar to those m use for making trestle-work on
th^ t5 ii -avs. This weight may be pulled up by horses mstead of an
e . -V . Wl^n you have finished driving piles, make some boxes or
tjojif i ' v»: 2 or 3 inch plank, alwut 3 feet wide and as long as the
Tjlatik iri. Sink these in the water the length of the dam, close to the
piles, by loading them witn rocK, ui
tJiUy iii'U lit fciiC UUlfcUlXl \JJ. Ui.l\J
liHtance
o-third0
I- with a
1^ inchetf
Hid nut.
ten and
l\v> of 50
races re-
xy ; ba-
le air is
ar, plate
1 the in-
in with
two sec-
8 wal'jr,
• all V.(^
w abut-
part the
) framed
ros8 the
be con-
), BO that
Btream ;
the BillB
xtend 30
m. The
» which
M of the
leakage.
a, as the
the best,
the Bize
SB are uo^
ht of the
e for thfe
es freely
y, 2-inch
uough to
md next
nearly to
BtrbaUlS.
flat boat
^h of the
ouug oak
nstruct a
-work on
ad of an
boxes or
ig as the
386 to the
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 305
Whenever tlxevl 1^8^11 hrL J h' ''^""^ ^"' ''"'^ * »«"« time^
wiilo^,8and brS /put Sn in Se Wlf .I'*™ "^.r^' *'»' uj? Home
dirt, and ram . ,em Sown Si clay *^°"*^ "^^"^ '^'"« "^''^"^ ^d
the flnine, the great
iirabiljty combined w
—Sulphate of comSr i<vn nu2? l ^^^«"^t/"^ ^('d Bronze Powder
heat Sn?U they^Se'iito TmaL^'^f^^^'l ''^^' ^ P^^J apPly
pulverize; siftyrouoh a fine S;« n.l^t'1^ ^^^ri^e.--Cobalt;4 lbs.;
nitric acid! a little ffime:8ti£^frCuent^ ^1? * «5^'
about, 6 gals, muriatic acid or nn J f H.i ,1 ^ ^"^ ^ ^""^ 5 *l^en add
5. Alkali Bronze.~mSe 5 iTi^t^^^ * ^ark brown.
and 6 lbs. pearlash; add 1 or 2nt« Ji.SJr T^^t^"* ^?*^«- of water:
IbB. sal am\uoniac or until the S^ork^^SSesout^fA^^^^^ ^K^"^'^ ^ "^ ^
Coatimj /)2».— Sulohate of /inn « ik^ ®? , -A® f^qmred color. 6.
for Brass which has been "
Igal. 8. Dipping Acid.— ^uiunuricac
and^iakit^nwa^fr'^^^^^^^^^^
ping Acid for cast Brass ^haMix^ Sm^V'^ ^^^ ''^- ^^'^ ^*^"
murifttif. nniri «^„1:I^ „*^_?"'P^^""«.*?W, 1 qt.; nitre, Iqt.; a litSo
/)
1 Pt.'; Bolutiou of siUph&f cop^^^^ '""k'^'Z^^ T^R^^ ^^ ^^^
/orca«<^ra«5.-Sulpfiuricacid iS^Lf ^ ^''Z'' ^^ppmr/ ^c^d
flour) 1 oz • blue vifrini 1 li .^;' X ^^^
acid 1 ffil • r.vJ5J^l' ^ ®^' saturated aolutiou of zinc in nit S
nn^gi^t'onTM SmV-^^tari^^"' fnlphuSradd." it
muriatic acid 3 lbV-coS^I,iS^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^<^"oJ' 3 lbs.;
alum, 8 ozs. U inS Sro^P K"*' Vf ' ' "''^ ammoniac, 2 lbs.
of taitar, 3 ozs ; common salt fit^^H^'"^^^ ammoniac, 1 oz. ;' cream
add nitrate of codiS?^ 2 «?« • nif i' ^'?^}''^ "» 1 Pt- hot water; then
ai>pWittoVeaSi'VaXmpXtVi^^ "1^^ ^"^
on (/o/)/jer.-^Cleau and Doli<»h will fhZ^ lu * J^' ^^^^ -Bwnze
salt.* oz.: snWflTf K^'Ll?^^^^^--Salammomac,i common
8C6 MACHINISTS, ENrxINEERS', &C., RECEIPTS.
• «,
instead of spts. of hartehom; the piece of metal ^i«f J^J^-^Jf*"^
is to bo rubbed with one of these solutions, then dned by f notion with
a fresh brush Ts. Green Z>ip.-Wine vinegar. L qt.. ; verditer green, .
2 0Z8. ; sal ammoniac 1 oz. ; salt, 2 ozs. ; uhim h oz. L,Fren(J.,J^^^f »'
8 ozs. boil the ingredients together. 19. Aquajortis IJip.-Nitric md,
8 ozs. : muriatic acid, 1 qt. ; sal ammoniac, 2 ozs. ; alum, 1 oz. , salt,
2 ozs. 20. Oliv'3 BrmzeDipfor ^m««.— Nitric acid, 3 ozs : muriatic
acid. 2 ozs. ; add titanium or palladium, when the metal is dissolved
Hdd 2 gals, pure soft water to each pt. of ihe solution. 21. Brom^
Bnmze Paint for Copper Vessels. -Tmct. of steel, 4oz8. ; spts. of mtre
4 ozs. ; blue vitriol, 1 oz. ; water, ^ pt. ; mix ma bottle, applyi* J^J^
a tine brush, the vessel being full of boiling water. Varnish after the
application of the bronze. 22. Bronze M all kinds of Metoi.— Muriate
of ammonia, (sal ammoniac) 4 drs. ; oxaUc acid, 1 dr.; vmegar, l pt;
dissolve the oxalic acid first; let the work be clean, put on the bronze
with a brush, repeating the operation as many times as may/®
necessary. 23. Green bronze.— Dissolve 2 ozs. nitrate of iron, and J
ozs hvposulphate of soda in 1 pt of water; immerse the article until
the required shade is obtained, as almost any shade from brown to
red can be obtained according to the time of immersion, then well
wash with water, dry and brush. 24. Pale D^ Ohm Green
Bronze.— PevcYilorideot iron, 1 part; water, 2 parts. Mix and immerse
the brass. 25. Dark Green. -Saturate nitric acid with copper and im-
merse the brass. 26. Dead Black for Brass >rorA;.-Rub the surf ace
first withtripoli, then wash it with a solution of 1 part, neutral nitrate
of tin, with 2 parts, chloride of gold, after 10 mmutes wipe it off with
a wet cloth. 27. i?es« 5ron«e /or Sras^i —Take lib. of nitnc acid, and
h lb of white arsenic, put them into an earthen vessel and then proceed
m the usual manner. 28. Another Bronze for Bra»».—1 oz. munate
of ammonia, h oz. alum, ioz. arsenic, dissolve together m 1 pt. of
strong vinegar. 29. Blac^ Dip for 5ros8.— Hydrochloric acid (com-
monl? called smokmg salts,) 12 lbs. ; siUphate of iron, 1 lb. ; and pure
white arsenic 1 lb. This dip is used in all the arge factories in
Bu-mmgham, but the dip used in the London trade is 2 ozs. coraosive
sublimate, in l.pt. of the best vinegar, conk both air t^Shtin a bottie<
let it stand 24 hours; then it is fit for use. 30. quick Bright Dip for
Brass —Use strong nitric acid in sufficient quantity, dip your brass m
the liquid for an instant, withdraw, and immediately immerse it first
in cold water, then in boiling water, for a short time only m each
bath, then allow it to dry, rei)eatthe process if necessary. 31. jlp-
Vlicdtion ofBrmze Pmoder.— The proper way is to varnish the article
and then ^ust the bronze powder over it after the varnish is partly
drv 32 Black color for Brass TTorA;.— Make a strong solution of
nitrate of silver, in one dish and nitrate of copper, m another. Mix
the two together and plunge in the brass. Now heat the brass evenly
tUl the required degree of blackness is acquured. Unrivalled as a
beautiful color on optical insruraents.
Graham's Quick Bronzing Liquids.— For immediate axition on
Copper Brass, or Zinc.—l. Brown or Dark Bronze for Copper,
Brass or Zirw.— Dissolve 5 drachms nitrate of iron in 1 pt. water; or,
K drs. 'nerchloride of iron in 1 pt. water. A black niay_^also be ob-
tahiedfrom 10 ozs. muriate of arsenic in 2 pis. permunate oi i^oix,
Mid Ipt. water. 2. Brown or Bed Bronzing Jor Brass.- Dissolve 16
V
ill cleaned
Lction with
iter green,
^h berries,
Nitric acid,
L oz.; salt,
; muriatic
s dissolved
21. Browr^
>ts. of nitre
►ply it with
ih alter the
;. — Muriate
legar, 1 pt;
the bronze
as may be
iron, and 2
irticle until
1 brown to
, then well
Hive Green
ad immerse
per and im-
the surface
itral nitrate
) it ofiE with
ric acid, and
hen proceed
oz. muriate
in 1 pt. of
! acid (com-
). ; and pure
factories in
58. corrosive
in a bottle^
ight Dip for
our brass in
lerse it first
Illy in each
ry. 31. Ap-
ia the article
sh is partly
; solution of
Lother. Mix
brass evenly
rivalled as a
ite dction on
for Copper,
(t, water; or,
also be ob-
• 1 ^ * f __^
-Dissolve 16
•MACHmiSTS, ENOINEEBS', 4C., EECEIPTS. 307
?}T^^'^'^k'^y'^Z^S^tf.^ -da, in 1 pt. water,
. ^d^rownBronzinafy^Br^o }Sl i ^' *^® ?^**^**« <>* iron. 3
1 oz. oxalic acid Sli\^^''ZS^T}\^ loz. nitrate of copper, and
4. Dark Brown B^^ngf^""^^^^^^^.^^^ boil ^d then^o^led
and 4 drs. nitric acid, wi¥ 1 pt wltTr « J^^%*'"de of potassium,
Mix 30gr8. tersulphats of arsenic fidr« .."Pi? Bronzing for Brass.
pt. water. 6. Orange Bron^nm. r, * ^^"i^P^ of pearlash, and 1
tion of sulphur wUhipf^Sf 7 nr'^'hZ^K^ <*'• Potash solu-
Dissolye 1 pt. nermuS Ti'oninZt?^T.-^''^T'^or Brass.-
f':^»^ngfor£rass.~DLZi2dTlJStoJ^^^''' ^ ^l<^te~colored
6 drs. perchloride of iron,Tl pt water^ S^^S^'^^ pogissium, and
Bra^s.—Mix 1 oz. muriate of arsS- wifi, i *'f*^ ^^ Brmzingfw
heat not less than 180° Fahr frSSf i A^^*^^ ^lid use Ix. a
Mix 2 drs. sulphide of antimonv and l L^e.^**^^*-''^ ^"^ ^'^e**-
11. Dark Red Bronze fwC^nPvT^J^' ^^^^ ^ 1 pt. v/ater.
pearlash in 1 nt waSr 19^^?^?^°^^® ^ ^^- sulphur and 1 oz
fate the artiSra*"/olu«on Sf dx^'^iS ^''^i'^^ ^br zZ A^I
hyjjosulphate of soda in 1 p? wate? ^^^ ""^ ^^^P^^' ^^^ 8 dra.
iiig oM^^ a superficial c^at-
light temperature. The coated n]lt^!.fli^ ^^ ^^. ^^^^^ zmc at a
thin sheets, or drawn into .?ke ^ "^""^^ "^ ^^"^ ^ 'olled into
m^S^nd s'' ozs'^yanld?^?^^^^^"^^^ « «^«- (^roy) cvanide of
water. T^be usedarafft leOo^F^^^^^^ f '^"^' in/gaLf ^^n
to 12 cells. AW j<., with a compound battery of 3
ozs^cy^^lroH^-^^^^^^^^ U'cS/i cyanide of potassium, 2
water ; then add 2 ozs of muriflt^ rf/t ^ ^^ ^^"^' "» 1 gal- of ram-
F., for smooth work,' ImTtmj^^T^^L ^^ ^//«^^ ^^ l^Oo
cells. ' ** compound battery of from 3 to 12
h~i^^^^ ^f^r^red with copper or bm^,
whfqh woul/pr^eS a^edon ^^^^^ ^H, <^^g*"i« matter
brass. A thiil coatingTSis sDr^^d o^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^to melted
being polished or burfiished ^ *^® ""^"^ *°<1 ^t admits of
^^^^Alu^iS^'SoTr^fi^^^^^ (70.0,.
pares; sulphate' of zinrsp^rt^commo^^^^^^^ i^ P?'^'/?^ ochre, 30
1 part. It is applied wit^lmithS^ rt ^ ??^' ^""^^^^ of iron, .
a clear charcoal fire matil thfi ^n^??"^ u V*''']®^ are placed over
brown aspect. They are tLnsnAi""^^*^,^.^^ ^"^d" assume a
containing 3per ceK hydrSori/ nitric acid water,
abundance of water and X-i?1» f^^f afterwards, washed in
Work for OmioTuDLZn ~?f th^wSt f""'*,- ?' -T? ^^'^"^^ ^''«««
finished work, filed Kmed dh> iU,fo H^'&^'^i^^^^^y'^^dif itis
to be ormolued, but if it femifinfshld^p, ^ acid, and it is then ready
strong sulnhuric acid, diplnTS^ niLi?HH^'^^ ?"' f^«'^^^ ^t i
«;ter whicK it will beVeidy for orSoiui^^^^ r^*^^"^^^. the old acid,
Acid Ormolu Dips.-U t/e ^o^^^?ti%±JL^'P^irO^^ ^^tric
o^r^-fctcu, aaa vilrioi till it answp-a fho t^.,«»./'^""^j. "FP^^is t;ua.rse and
Pu.g appear, u^ ^U, '^^^^'^^T^Za'^^^lS^V'^^'Z
^K'
i !
808 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
right appearance. The other ormolu dips should be repaired accord-
ing to uie receipts, putting in the proper ingredients to strengthen
them. They should not be allowed to settle, but should be stirred
often while using. 4. Directions for making Lacquer. — Mix the ui-
gredients, and let the vessel containing them stand in the sun, or in
a place slightly warmed, 3 or 4 days, shaking it frequently till gum is
dissolved, after which let it settle from 24 to 48 hours, when the clear
liquor may be poured off for use. Pulverized glass is sometimes used
in making lacquer to carry down the impurities. 5. Lacquer for Dipr
ped Brass.— Mcohol, (95 per cent. ) 2 gals. ; seed lac, 1 lb. ; gum copal,
1 oz. ; English saft )u, 1 oz. ; annatto, 1 oz. 6. Ijocquer for Bronzed
Brass.— To 1 pt. of the above lacquer add gamboge, 1 oz., and, after
mixing it, add an equal quantity of the first lacquer. 7. Deep Gold
Colored Lacquer.— Betit alcohol,. 4 ozs. ; Spanish annatto, 8 ozs. ; tur-
meric, 2 drs. ; shellac, h oz. ; red sauders, 12 grs. ; when dissolved, add
spts. of turpentine, 30 drops. 8. Deep Gold Colored Lacquer for Brass
not Dipped.— Alcohol, 4 gals. ; turmeric, 3 lbs. ; gamboge, 3 ozs. ; gum
sandarac, 7 lbs. ; shellac, 1^ lbs. ; turpentine varnish, 1 pt. 9. Gold
Colored Lacquer, for Dipped Brass.— Alcohol, 36 ozs. ; seed lac, 6 ozs. ;
amber, 2 ozs, ; gum gutta, 2 ozs. ; red sandal wood, 24 grs. ; dragon's
bloodj60 grs: ; oriental saffron, 36 grs. ; pulverized glass, 4 ozs. 10.
Gold Lacquer J for JSrass.- Seed lac, 6 ozs. ; amber or copal, 2 ozs. ; best
alcohol, 4 gals. ; pulverized glass 4 oza. ; dragon's blood, 40 grs. ; ex-
tract of red sandal wood obtained by water, 30 grs. 11. Lacquer, for
Dipped Brass. — Alcohol, 12 gals. ;• seed lac, 8 lbs. ; turmeric, 1 lb. to a
gal. of the above mixture; Spanish saffron, 4 ozs. The saffron is to
be added for bronzed work. 12. Good Lacquer. — Alcohol, 8 ozs. ;
gamboge, 1 oz. ; shellac, 3 ozs. ; annatto, 1 oz. ; solution of 3 ozs. of
seed lac m 1 pt.-alcohol. When dissolved, add ^ oz. Venice turpen-
tine, i oz. dragon's blood, will make it dark. Keep it in a vearm
place 4 1 1 ^ aays. 13. Pace Lacquer, for Tin Plate. — Best alcohol, 8
ozs. ; turmeric, 4 drs. ; hay saffron, 2 scrs. ; dragon's blood, 4 scrs. ;red
Sanders, 1 Iscr. ; shellac, 1 oz. ; gum sandarac, 2 drs. ; gum mastic, 2
drs. . Canada balsam, 2 drs. ; when dissolved, add Spts. turpentine,
80 drops. 14. Bed Lacquer for J5rass.— Alcohol, 8 gals.; dragon's
blood, 4 lbs.; Sppnish annatto. 12 lbs. ; gum sandarac, 13 lbs.; tur-
pentine, 1 gal. 15. Pale Lacquer, for Brass. — Alcohol, 2 gals. ; cape
aloes, cut small, 3 ozs. ; pale shellac, 1 lb. ; gamboge, 1 oz. 16. Best
Lacquer, for Brass.— Alcohol, 4 gals. ; shellac, 2 lbs. ; amber gum, 1
lb. ; copal, 20 ozs. ; seed lac, 3 lbs. ; saffron to color ; pulverized
glass, 8 ozs. 17. Color for Lacqv£r. —Mlcohol, 1 qt. ; aimatto, 4
ozs. 18. Gilder's Pickle. — Alum and common salt, each, 1 oz. ; nitre
2 oz. ; dissolved in water, ^ pt. Used to impart a rich yellow color to
gold surfaces. It is best largely diluted with water.
To Reduce Oxide of Zinc. — ^The oxide may be put in quantities
of 500 or 600 lbs. weight into a large pot over the fire; pour a suffi-
cient quantity of muriatic acid over the top, to act as a flux, and the
action of the fire will melt the dross, when the pure metal will be
found at the bottom of the pot.
To Separate Tin b*bom Lead.— If the lead and tin are in solu-
tion, precinitate the former by sulphuric acid, and the latter with sul-
piiuretteu iiyuiuf^Bu ^as. iii an auoy tue luuo. wiu. uro30i,ve in iiii/riu
acid, leaving the tia^ an oxide.
d accord-
brengtheu
ye stirred
ix the ill-
sun, or in
ill gum is
1 the clear
imes used
rfor Dipr
um copal,
»• Bronzed
Eind, after
Deep Gold
OZ8. ; tur-
)lved, add
for Brass
MS. ; gum
9. Gold
ac, 6 ozs. ;
dragon's
ozs. 10.
ozs. ; best
»grs. ; ex-
cquer, for
, 1 lb. to a
ffron is to
)1, 8 ozs. ;
i 3 ozs. of
se turpen-
1 a warm
alcohol, 8
: scrs. ; red
mastic, 2
iirpentine,
dragon's
lbs. ; tur-
;als. ; cape
16. Best
er gum, 1
pulverized
aimatto, 4
oz. ; nitre
w color to
quantities
)ur a suffi-
K, and the
al will be
e in solu-
ir with sul-
3 in nitric
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECEIPTS. .309
ga^^?water3*8tbTof^?ntino"t? '\ «^«°^«' *^^' ^^^ 4
rial has boiled a «iffldent^Z ?h2VJ? f^?^^^^ After the mate-
side. ««"ivea, tnrow in a bttle salt to cause the silver to sub-
with gum water, and S wiirit tI^?^*^^^^^ ^IV^' «»«« grind it
done with silver *' ^^^® wntmg will then look as if
ozs. ""^' ^^ water, 1 qt. ; sal-ammoniac, 2
a«,„i«, a coat „, »,e "^Z'^tr S^^S^ ten'^-SdlU
melted bath oi tin or solde" ^ ''■ ****'' ''1'''* <1'P " in a
^T^lSt^ZllT^'^'^lW^^^^'^' ta nitric add; add a
of salt and white vitrinl .i^i "° "''? sal-ammouiac, or 6 om
together till tter*om a i|Stei?^-«°™'''™ sublimate; 'mb them
with the paste; heat™ tff the ^UvSr^s^nS?'"'" f •'S 5? «"™'-«'»
wealt vitriol pickle to cleim it "'™'^™'"'' "*'?■■ which dip it in a
of chloride ot zinc ram ?f„P T,™/,,^ J''?™ "" <?"'■•«'=' "th a solution
in considerable exlje^as ^'™ *""""«' ''«■»» "* *•>« same time present
-!«... ; cr^m'^SrS'^d ."^ ° L^l^^^I ^"ie.r™"' .»"'. of each
/I
•VI r.^„ — ■'""x^r^xi. — iNiirite or silver
JO grs.; cream tartar, .% diu: nnlvP^S «....,,„,,
" iS^ cTpAv^f i'^"?'°^~^^liP^^ ^^^ piatedgoodsr"
lo CLEAN AND Polish BBASH.-6il of vitriol 1
loi use.
oz. ; sweet oil, ^
.n iiifc,iiiWiW W
!><
!
f
M
;
310 • MACniNI8T8, KN01NEKR8', AC, UK0KIPT8.
cm; pulverijsed rotten stono, 1 rHI; mln water, U ptH. ; mix all
Snd Hliako OH UHed Apply with a mR and iMillKh with biicUnklnor
Su wmSml Kotten ntnof followed by Paris whit* and rouge Is very
^'paSfk "fob Clranino MKTAL8.-Take oxalic acid, 1 part; rotten
stone, (J parts; mix with eqiuU parts of train oil and spta. turpentine
***ToTkbv«nt Iron ob Stkki. fbom Rustino.— Warm your iron
or steel till vou cannot bear your hands on it without !>«rnlnK your^
self, then rub it with new and clean white wax. Put it again t4) the
lire till it has souUod in the wax. When done rub it over with a
uie(« of serge. This prevents the metal from ruHtmg afterwards.
PnoNZiNO LiQUn>8 fob Tin CASTiNOS.-Wash tluiiu over, after
l^eing well cleansed and wiped, with a Bolution of 1 part of Bulpnate
of hx)n and 1 t)f sulphate of copper, in 20 parts of water; after-
Inis'wuSasolUm^f 4 part*,/eWg^^^^^ fl of dls«lled vhvegar :
leave for an hour to dry and then polish with a soft brush and
^'^Fanoy' Colors on Mktals.-I. Dissolve 4 ozs. hypo-sulphite of
B'.)da, Ih ptAi of water, and then add a solution of 1 oa acetate of lead
In I o» water. Articles to be colored are placed in the mixture,
which is then gradually heated to the boding point. This will give
iron the color of blue steel, zinc becomes broni:e, and copper or brass
becomes, successively, yellowish, red, scarlet, deep Wue, light blue,
bluish white, and tinally white, with a tinge of rose. 2. By replac-
inc the acetate of lead in the solution by sulphate of copper, brass
becomes, first, of a fine rosy tint, then green, and lastly, of an irri-
*^ToTtin«1[r(>n Castings with Gold or SiLVER.~-The articles
to be gilded are well cleaned and boiled in a P«reelmn vessel, to-
Kctlier with Vi parts of mercury, 1 of zmc, 2 of iron vitriol, H of raii-
flatlc add of 1.2 specific gravity, and 12 parts of water; in a short
time a layer of mercury will deposit uixm the iwn, and upon this the
cold amaigam may be uniformly distributed. Iron to be slivered is
first provided with a cmitlng of copper, upon which the silver is ap-
plied cither by means of amalgam or silver leaf.
Brunswick Black for Gratks, &c.— As]ihaltum, 5 lbs. ; melt,
and add boiled oil, 2 lbs. ; spirits of turnentino, 1 gal. Mix.
Bronzk Paint for iRON.-lvory blacky 1 o/.; dirome yellow 1
oz ; chrome green, 2 lbs. ; mix with mw Imseed oil, adding a little
iaimn to drv it, and you have a very nice bronze green. If desired,
gold bronze may be put on the prominent parts, as on the tipf* or
edges of an iron railing where the paint is not quite dry, using a piece
of velvet or plush to rub on the bronze.
Tinning IRON.-Cleanse the metal to be tinned and rub with a
coarse cloth, previously dipped in hydrochloric acid (muriatic acjdj)
S^en rub on French putty with the same cloth. French putty is
made by ^nixing tin filings with mercury.
Tinning— 1 Plates, or vessels of brass or copper boiled with a
solution of stannate of potevssa, mixed with turnings of tm become
in tlie course of a few minutes, covered with a ,*irm^5;. a"a['2''oi?n^^^
witti tln-fillngs and caustic alkali, or cream of Uii-feir. !u the above
; mix all
ickttkin or
ge Is very
irt; rotten
lurpentino
your iron
ling your*
tain to the
jr with a
v(ird8.
tvor, after
E Bulphftte
ter; after-
d vinegar:
[)ruBh and
lulphite of
jj,te of lead
) mixture,
is will give
er or brass
light blue,
By replac-
pper, bniSB
of an irri-
he articles
I vesHel, to-
, 1^ of rau-
in a short
)on this the
silvered is
liver is ap-
Ibs.; melt,
X.
e yellow, 1
ing a little
If desired,
the tips or
Lsing a piece
rnb with a
[riatio acidj)
nch putty is
tiled with a
tin, become,
taclied layer
lu the above
MAClimiaTS, KN(HNICKIIS', &0., RKCKIPTS. 811
JSeotlyTSd''*'"*®^^ ""'^^ ""^ ''"^'^''"* """ **''"'" ""^y ^*^ ^"^^^y *^^
«,«Hwui.'!?^i^'^'^i^^i'^^''^1'i'""^»'**''''^'' ^ be tinned are first covered
wli,.«^*^H'l"'^**V','^^''**'^*^; *''?'*• w'»e'» quite clean, are placed In warm
water, then dipped in a solution of miirUitlc acid, copper, and /Am
and then plunged Into a tin bath to which asma 1 q Sty of dnc
has !>««;» adde^ When the tinning Ik ftnished, the aiWdes a^re taC
n i'ln?. . tf^ *"*'' *^"^''« ^"^^''' '*''^^ opomtiou is Completed by
placing them in a very warm sand-bath. I'lils last pr.)cess softens tbi
KimririKN's Mktal for TmNiNO.-Maneable Iron. 1 lb heat
to whiteness ; add 6 ozs. regulus of antimony, aJTkoluS^k Un!
GALVANfzrNo IiM>N— The Iron plates are flrmt Immersed In a
cleanHlng bath of equal naits of sul|)huric or muriatic acid and water
used warm; they are then scrubbed with emery or sand, to clean
them thoroughly and detach all scales If an v are left; after vvS"
«nf.fi« M,- n^/^hrSi *" r preparing bath " of equal part^ of saturated
h«/h Vkil a^''i?'^'*f^^ zincand cFilorldeof ammonium, from which
bath they are directly transferred to the fluid " metallic bath," con-
slsting^y we ght of (^40 lbs. zinc to 1()6 lbs. of mercury, to wh ch are
added from 5 to « om of sodium. As soon as the iron has attained
thetemperature of this hot fluid bath, which Is«8()o Fahr., itraay be r^
moved, and will then be fo.ind thoroughly coated with zinc i HttS
tallow on the Hurfaco of the metallic bath will prevent oxidation
PRRVKNTiNa OF RusT.-Cast iron is best rfreserved by rubbing It
with blacklead For polished work, varnish With wax Xsolved^In
n n?«nf/.,°/ ^^ *" ^^"^' ''i^"^ "^^ ^ "^'^"^ ^**^"^»^ ^^^ thin wlih spte
w in?.,!^-. ^'^ '*'™**^® deep-geated rust, use benzine, and polish off
with hue emerv, or use trfpoli, 2partH; poM^dered sulphur. 1 part
Am)ly with soft leather. Kmery and oil is also very gotii ' '
«ni7!,..\r?^*"^ ^\^^\~^^J^^. ^'"« "^»y ^e obtained by precipitating Its
FnufhA J^nTC^"'^ "•'' '"*'^*?''^ ^ ^ ^^'•'«*'* red heat In a covered
Km when^^^^^^^ ^'"""^ "^ " ^^ ^''""^ *" "" ^"*'"" ** <''•«
Transpabkxt Blue for Ikox or STF/EL—Demar vanilsh. hunl •
ann Jr«n!?f ^^p"''^'?" ^}T' l?^-' > "'^^ thoroughly. Makes a spfeM
appearance. Excellent for bluing watch-hands.
ourS'i" ^^^'^. '^r® cast by letting the metal run through a narrow
slit Into a snecies of colander at the top of a lofty t/,wer; the metal
SSi" <^''«PSi which, for the most part, assume the si»hcrical form
before they reach the tank of water Into which they fill at the foot
?iw V'^?l!.f"? *^".^ prevents their being bruised. They are af-
rel wltil'^bfi lead" *'''* "'''''' ''"'* »"«''^»''d» «l'»'*ned in a bar-
f>mu)n!:^A^!^^^7;J^^.^^?^ ^^ Stkkl.-TIu^ following mixtures are
employed : liquid No, 1. A mixture of bichlori^lfl of nifiivmrxr a,wi H."»-..{n
niuniac. jno. 2. A mixture of perchlorlde of iron, sulphate of copper,
812 MAOHINISTS, KNGINKKRS', AO., RKCBIPT8.
I
"\
m
nitrio add, alcohol and water. No. 8. Perohlorlde aiid protochlot'ide
df moreury inixod with uitric ncid, iilcohol and water. No. 4. A weak
solution of tiulphide of iMtanaium. Cioon your metal well and apply
a iilight ooat of No. 1 with a Ht)onge; when nuite dry, apply another
coati. Remove the reMultiug urust of oxide wltli a wire brnHU, nib the
metal with a olQan rag, and repeat thid oiienition after each applica-
tion of these liquids. Now apply several coats of No. 2, and also of
No. 8, with a full si»onjj;o ; then, after drying for ten minutes, throw the
pieces of nietiil hito water heated near the boiling point; let them re-
main in the water from 5 to 10 minutes, according to tlieir sisse. After
being cleaned, cover again witli several coatings of No. 3, afterwards
witli a sti'ong coating of No. 4; then again inuuorse in tlie bath of
hot water. Kemovo from the Iwith dry, and wipe the pieces with
carded cotton dipped hi liquid No. 3, diluted eaiui time with an in-
creased quantity of water; then rub and wipe them with a little olive
oil;agaUi immerse in a water bath heated to 140" Fahr., remove them,
rub briskly with a woolen nig. and lastly, witli oil. Unequalled for
producing a beautiful glossy black on gun-barrels, steel, irbn, &c.
Paint for Shket Ikon Smokk nrjs.—Good varnish, ^ gallon:
boileil linseed oil 4 gallon ; add red lead sufHcient to bring to the con-
sistencv of oommon paint. Apply witli a brush. Applicable to any
kind of iron work exposed to tilie weather.
To COPPKR THB SURFAOK OF IllON, SXEEL, OR IRON "WiRE. —
Have the article perfectly clean, tlien wash with the following solu-
tion, and it presents ut once a coppered surface. liain water, 3 lbs. ;
Buh)hate of copper, 1 lb.
TO Join Brokbn Lb^^d PirKa durino Prkssurk of Water. —
It frequently happens that lead pipes get cut or damaged when the
water is running at a high pressure, causing muoli trouble to make
lepabrs, especially if the water cannot be easily turned off. In this
case plug both ends of the pipe at the break, place a small pile of bro-
ken ice and salt around tliem. In a few minutes the water in the
pipe will freeze ; next, withdraw tlie plugs and insert a new piece of
pipe; solder perfectly, tliaw tlie ice, and It will be all right.
To Repair small Leaks in Lead Pipes.— Place tlie point of a
dull nail over the leak, give it a gentle tap with a hammer and the
flow will cease.
To Prevent Corrosion in Lead Pipes.— Pass a strong so-
lution of sulphide of jMstassium and sodium through the inside of the
pipe at a tempemture of 212°, and allow it to remain about 10 or 16
mumtes. It converts the inside of the pipe into an insoluble sulphide
of lead and prevents corrosion.
To Bend Copper or Brass Tubes. — Run melted lead or resin
into your pii>e till full, and you may then bend it gradually mto any
desired «hai>e ; the pipe may then be heated and tlie lead or resin
meJted mid rim out.
' To Join Lead Plates.— The joints of lead plates for some pur-
poses are made as follows : The edges are brought together, ham-
mered down into a sort of channel cut of wood and secured with a
few tacks. The hollow is then scraped clean with a scraper, rubbed
over with candle grease, a©d a stream of hot lead is poured into it, the
surface being afterwards smoothed with a red hot plumber's iron.
" " ■" F*F^
i^f" CTVtiT X^Kl-rVXT ^ XJ. X'-XCt
TT l^.tVtX ^J^XSV VXt\J
.'XX^.1 \JS. TJ-ii^'
r XVJL2. CB VCB—
MACHINISTS, ENOINEKR8', AC, RKCEIPTS. 318
t with common leaTSr m Wn^ 1"Ik i^""®^' *^«" ""W"'
to be BtronK, rub a VtrSll^w over anW^.^"^ ' ?^' ". !* '<^"*'*«»
ball of rifiltod load, holdL T XthTf or Slff''^ *^® J'^*?* ^***» »*
ou^tl. u«der Bide ; and ZSoSSS'.lll ICtt'^LTZVu^S^n
appy iitfafluxof iweaHfinrVrmSof^S^ ; ^"^ ^n^^ntlon conniHts in
yStect the iZi frSToxlXtTon^^p^^^^ **' any other flnx that will
when the tin 1? p^iiTed t^SmS ?he SnS'Jr^hf t'^^"*^""^ '^^ «"'
bath of tin ; after the lead r?J! hi iP^^ ®' *?® P*P® ^^'PP®*! Jnto the
veilical or neariTvortlS1i,&,n 1^^^^^ "^®' place t/ii Hame in a
jSnt to And itVxpM^fbfonut^orT^^ "I ''e*
generated by the heat nf tl.« \Za i.>,. . , i" 'V? ™ecto oi steam
By patting a ptoKtothlVlie o&'^^H
»er;rtSe«H? JS "H« '-- »
cut into shreds is ntu^A a^ *uL^w i, ^^ . ^^^"' lammated and
Spelte? SZllamUatS thfS & """y". «e 183 and 184.
work, also for Sman silver iiM^' '^''/S^ ^""^ ^**' common gold
aliry9'»M'bSton"2eS-^!!"'''''^' '^'•! "^P'or* '" the white
/i
uio moaes of treatment are very different; The soft''8S^
I
i'l
814 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
dor moBtly used is two parte tin and one of lead; aometimes, fr6m
motives of economy, much more lead is employed, and 1^ tin to 1 lead
is the most fusible of the group, unless bismuth is used. The fluxes
B to G, and the modes ofheating, o to t, are all used witl^the soft
solders. ^ ,. .
j^ote.—The examples commence with the metals to be soldered.
Thus in the list, zinc, 8, c,/, implies, that zinc is soldered with No. 8
alloy, by the aid of the muriate or chloride of zinc , and the copper
bit. Lead, 4 to 8, Fj d, e, implies that load is soldered with aUoys
varjing from No. 4 to 8, and that it is fiuxed with tallow, the heat
being applied by pouring on melted solder, and the subsequent use
of the heated iron, not tinned; but in general one only of the modes '
of 1 eating is selected, according to circumstances. Iron, cast-iron
and steel, 8, B, D, if thick, heated by a, b. or c, and also by g. Tinned
iron 8, G, b,/.» Gold and silver are soldered with pure tin, or else
with 8, E, o, g, or h. Copper and many of ite alloys, namely brass,
gilding metal, gun metal, &c., 8, B, C, D; when thiclt, heated by a,
b, c, e, or g. when thin, by /, or g. Speculum metal, 8, B, C, D, the
heat shouid be cautiously applied; the sand bath is perhaps the best
mode. Zuic, 8, C ,/. Lead and lead pipes, or ordmary plumber's
worlc, 4 to 8 F, d,or e. Lead and tm pipes, 8, D, and G, mixed, g, and
also/. Britamiia metal, C, D, g. Pewters, the solders must vary m
fusibility according to the fusibility of the metal, generally G, and t,
are used, sometimes, also G, and g or/. Lead is united without sol-
der by pouring on red hot lead, and employing a red hot iron, d. e.
Iron and brass are sometimes burned, or united by partial fusion, by
pouring very hot metal over or aroiuid them. ,
Alloys and their Melting Heats. Fluxes.
No. 1
2
3
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
li
13
14
15
16
17
1
1
1
1
1
1
I'
3
4
5
6
((
25
10
5
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fahr.
Tin 25 Lead 268
541
511
482
441
370
334
340
356
365
'■' 378
" 381
4 Lead 4 Tin 1 Bismuth 320 Fahr
(C
{{
((
((
((
u
3
2
1
2
it
<(
3
2
1
1
((
1
1
1
2
(i
(C
(I
((
18 3
Cheap Mosquito
2
Bab.
310
292
254
236
202
A. Borax.
B. Sal-am. or mur. of amm.
C. Muriate or chlor. of zhic
D. Common resin.
E. Venice turpentine.
F. Tallow.
G. Gallipoli oil, or common
[sweet oil
Modes of Applying Heat.
a. Naked fire.
b. Hollow furnace or muffle.
c. Immersion in melted solder.
d. Melted sdlder or metal
poured on.
e. Heated iton, not tin'd.
/. Heated copper tool,
tinned.
g. Blow Pipe flame.
h. Flume alone, generally
alchohol.
i. Stream of heated air.
((
-Drop a small quantity of petroleum or
kerosene oil on a piece of cotton, squeeze out the excess as much as
possible, then rub the cotton over the face, hands, &c., and these pes-
ifv»fii will -n?>t. ftli^bt "wlic*rft tli*^ Qcent liria l)^ft!l iGft^
'^''
168, frdm
I to 1 lead
'he fluxes
^tibe soft
soldered,
ith No. 8
lie copper
th aUoys
, the heat
nient use
he modes '
cast-Iron
Tinned
n, or else
Bly brass,
ited by a,
C, D, the
8 the best
)lumber*8
id, g, and
Bt vary in
G, and t,
thout sol-
iron, d. e.
'usion, by
f amm.
»f zinc
common
sweet oiL
m Heat.
muffle.
)d solder,
or metal
a.
not tin'd.
per tool,
me.
generally
eated air.
roleum or
8 much as
these pes-
MACHINI8T8, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 315
SoT.T>EHs 32 KINDS.— 1. Plumbers* solder.—Lcad, 2 parts; tin, 1
part. 2. Tinmen's solder.— Lead, 1 part; tin, 1 part. Zinc solder.
—Tin, 1 part ; lead, 1 to 2 parts. 4. Pewter solder.— he&A, 1 part ;
bismuthf 1 to 2 parts. 5 Spelter solder.— Eqnsd parts copper and zinc.
6. Pewterers' soft «oi(fer.— Bismuth, 2 ; lead, 4 : tin, 3 parts. 7. An-
o</t^.— Bismuth, 1 ; lead, 1 ; tin, 2 parts. 8. Another pewter solder.
—Tin, 2 parts ; lead. 1 part 9. Glazier's Solder— Tin, 3 parts ; lead,
Ipart. 10 Solder for Copper.— CoT^per, 10 parts : zinc, 9 parts. 11.
Yellow Solder for Brass or Copper.— Copv^r, 32 lbs. ; zinc, 29 lbs. ;
tin, 1 lb. 12. ^raw Voider.— Copper, 61.25 imrts ; zinc 38.75 pai^.
hi. Brass Solder Yellow and easily ftisible.— Copper, 45; zinc, 55
parts. 14. Brass solder, White.— Copper, 57.41 parts; tin, 14.60 parts;
zinc, 27.99 parts. 15. Another Solder for Copper.— Tin, 2 mrts :
lead, 1 part. When the copper is thick, heat it by a naked fte ; if
uiin, use a tinned copper tool. Use muriate or chloride of zinc, as a
flux. The same solder will do for iron, cast iron^ or steel ; if the
pieces are thick, heat by a naked fire, or immerse in the solder. 16.
Blwik S(Mer.~Copper, 2 ; zinc, 3 ; tin, 2 parts. 17. Another.— ^heet
bnws, 20 lbs. ; tin, 6 lbs. ; zinc, 1 lb. 18. Cold Brazing withorit Fire
or Irawp.— Fluoric acid, 1 oz. ; oxy muriatic acid, 1 oz. ; mix in a lead
bottle. Put a chalk mark each side where you want to braze. This
mixture will keep about 6 months in one bottle. 19. Cold Soldering
without Fire or iamp.— Bismuth, i oz. ; quicksilver, I oz. ; block tin
filmgs, 1 oz. ; spirits salts, 1 oz. ; all mixed together. 20. To Solder
Iron to Steel or either to Brass.— Tin, 3 parts ; copper, 39* parts ;
zmc, 7i parts. When applied in a molten state it will firmly unite
metals first named to each other. 21. Plumbers' Solder.-BiBmuth, 1 ;
lead, 5 ; tin, 3 parts ; is a first class composition. 22. White Solder for
raised Britannia Ware.— Tin, 100 lbs. ; hardening, 8 lbs. ; antimony,
8 lbs. 23. Hardening for Britannia.— (To be mixed separately from tlie
other mgredients). Copper, 2 lbs. ; tin, 1 lb. 24. Best soft solder for
COM Britannia Ware.— Tin, 8 lbs. ; lead, 5 lbs. 25. Bismuth solder.
—Tin, 1 ; lead, 3 ; bismuth, 3 parts. 26. Solder for Brass that will
stand Hammering.— Bmas, 78.26 parte ; zinc, 17.41 parts ; silver, 4.
33 parts ; add a. little chloride of potassium to your borax for a flux
27 Solder for Steel Joints.— Saver, 19 parts ; copper, 1 part ; brass,
?j parts. Melt all together. 28. Hard Solder.— Copper, 2 parts ; zinc, 1
part. Melt together. 29. Solder for Brass.-Copper, 8 paits ; zinc,
1 part ; with borax. 30. Solder for Copper.— Brass, 6 parts ; zinc, 1
part ; tin,l part ; melt all together well, and pour out to cool. 31.
bolder for Platina.— Gold with borax. 32. Solder for iron.— The
best solder for iron is good tough brass with a little borax.
N. B. In soldering, the surfaces to be joined are made perfectly
clean and smooth, and then covered with sal ammoniac, resin or other
flux, the solder is then applied, being melted on and smoothed over
by a tinned soldering iron.
SoLDBBU^G Fluid.— Take 2 oz. muriatic acid; add zinc till bubbles
cease to rise; add i teaspoonful of sal-ammoniac.
Black Vabnish Fob Coal Buckets.— Asphaltum, 1 lb.; lamp-
black, J lb. ; reein, i lb.; spirits of turpentine, 1 qt. Dissolve the
asphaltum and resin in the turpentine, then rub up the lamp-black
with linseed oil, only sufficient to form a paste, and mix with the
otiisei*. Apply with a brush.
816 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
SIZES OF TIN-WARE OF DIFFKHENT KINDS.
(JP'or Diameters. Ac. qf Circles see Tables.)
I
D1PPRR8.
<<
COFPEK POTH.
«t ti
Pansi
PiB Pans - 'I - - - -
LARas Wash Bowl - -
Small Wahh Bowl - -
Milk Stratnkr - - -
Pails and Dish Kkttlbs
(I
i( (I
COLANUBR. -
(t
((
MsiA8URZ« for Druggists, Beer, &c.
Mrasures of other forms.
igRl.
1 i)t
1 gal.
3 qts.
20 qts.
1» qts.
14 qts.
10 qts.
fl qts.
2 qts.
a pts.
1 pt.
14 qts.
10 qts.
(i qts.
2 qts.
2 gal.
1 gal.
igal.
1 qt.
1 pt
h pt.
1 gill
igal.
1 qt.
1 pt
h pt.
Dlam.
of hot.
IMam.
of top.
inches
Heig't
inches
4
21
Tin Cans.— Size op Sheet, fou prom 1 to 100 Gallons
For 1 gallon,
3i •♦
• 6 "
6 "
10 *'
15
7 by 20 inches.
10 by 28 "
12 by 40
14 by 40
20 by 42
30 by 42
(i
Ft r 25 gallons, 30 by 66 Inches.
40 " 36 by 63 "
60 " 40 by 70
75 " 40 by 84
100 " 40 by 98
<(
<(
This hicludes all the laps, seams, &c. , which will be found sufflciiently
correct for all pite-ctical purposes.
Patent Lubricating Oil.— Water, 1 gal. ; clean tallow, 3 lbs. ;
palm oil, 10 lbs.; common soda, h lb. Heat the mixture to about
fi^^^ ■rrt «' 4. '-11 ill !X 1- J X- »/\<-l IB-l IX i- ^X
-£i\j~ ranr. ; swr wcii uiiiii it cuoib uuwii uj t\j- nmr., w i 11, i-> u-
for use.
MACniNI8T8, EN0INEEB8*, AC, BEOBXPTS. 817
Helg't
inches
4
21
Enoikkriw' Bkll Sionai^ in Umk on ftTpiAMKRw —Oo ahead 1
Btn»Uo 7im;^, 2 HtrokoH, .S7o/>, 1 Htioke, Slowly, 2 short HtrokoH, Full
BackSlmelt, 2 long and 2 short HtrokeH, r/o (/Amri /'«« Speed, 1 long
and .J Hhort Htrokew, iiocA: F(i«<, 2 long and 3 sliort BtrokeH, llurrv, 8
short strokes repeated, ^'
To Dyk Mktalm— Metals can be dyed any color by dissolvinc any
ol the aniline dyes In mothjlated spirit and adding shellac. Tliis
solution must bo iMiInted on until the desired shade is obtfiined II
the iron has been previously pahited white so much the better '
8
1!
6
5
it*
9
?
5
P
!'
8
TO FIND THE OIRCUMFEBENCE Oi>' ANY DIAMKTKIL
Fw. 1.
EXPLANATION OP DIAOBAMS.
From the centre C describe a circle AB, haAing the required
diameter; then place the comer of the square at the centre 0, and
draw the lines CD and CE; then draw the chord DE; tliree times the
diameter added to the distance from the middle of the chord DFE to
the middle of the subtending arc DGE, will be the circumference
sought.
TO FIND THE ABEA OF THE SECTOR OF A CIRCLE.
Rpr.E. Multiply the length of the arc DGE by its radius DC, and
naif the product is the area.
. Jlie length of the arc DGE equals 9J feet, and the radi CD, CE,
equal 7 feet, required the are-a.
9-5 X 7 = 66-5 X 2 = 33-25 the area.
818 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, BEOEIPTS.
rUQl'ORTIOM UF ClJiUlLSB,
Fio. 2.
To enable machinists to enlarge or reduce machinery-wheels without
changing their respective motion.
Firet, describe two circles AB and CD the size of the largest wheels
which you wish to change to a large or small machine, with the
centre P of the smaller circle CD on the circumference of the large
one AB ; then dmw two lines LM and NO tangent to the circles AB
and CD and a line IK passing through their centres P and R; then if
you wish to reduce the machine, describe a circle the size you wish to
reduce it to j i£ oii^-iiall, fof eAample, have the ceutre Q oue-hali luu
0\<-.
MACHTNIST8, ENOINKERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 819
diiitanoo from R to S and dn«rrll.« t].« c\tc^q p-p „.,-i „ i.^ ,,^^.
forences T a« a centre, dem^riLe u oirde UH aUo^lnuU.ol? en In"
STf oie im i 't^o nfr y\,"""? ^.^ A"^ N^' -^''^^^^ will make u"^
M AB mid CD ^ "'■^ ^" ^^''^ •"*""' l>roiK,rtiou to each otlier
dl«tonc^mt R toi"'lf n^^^^^ **?« centre Q ono-tldrd the
d Htonce tnm, H h. § ' JL ^"'''"''H. n"^''® "'^ *'«"^''« ^^ """-fourth tlio
B without
st wheels
with the
he large
irdes AB
:; then if
a wish to
i-uall the
TO UKBORIBK AX ELLIP«K, Oil OVAl.
Fia. 3.
c :c L
r^ui*. ^^®" <Ji8janc6, equal to the required eccentricity of the ellin««
place two puis, A and B and pass aVtring, ACBTround them K
the strmg stretched bva neVinn ^r-frantl /^„' 5 """J^-.^™' *®«e
tiVe centre DA nVnRfh^r"' *^*«Y* ^^^t *^« **>«* «' ^^^ ellipse, D
dkinZr r H f hi ^ *i^® eccentricity, EF the principal axis or lonier
aiameter GH the shoi-ter diameter, and if from anv noint T in Hm
ZZVr.^ t"*^ perpendicular to the a^X7S I K t in
arii FK ^F fn??'ff?W^^/°.§^ *^« ^^^ ^' a«d tlTe parte of thS
leK^and allfedin fS^i;;%?^if7^ diameters of which are of uneqnal
i8paSdK^^^^ figure wK
and passiuff throuffh {t« «M„f or cylinder in a direction oblique to its axis
ent segiSs o7«8 so that ^ff^n il!^^ be formed by /oining dlflfS!
form a coutinnoua c, 5Ja l?nA ^^^L^^^^^'« «haU not be nerceived, but
ellipses ; fortlie teSi^til^k^ h? """^Vf ^^''''^r»^»' ^»* «" ovals are not
whfch aw broaderX)ne^X7h«« ?I.'P"';? **" ^" egK-shaped figures, those
are equally curved ''"'®''' ^ ^®" "*> those whos^ ends
of uX'^na *rtn„1.™I*!l''J„'Pif Jrth ?il«>5,P»,l«t to.the manner
chioride of iron. " '"' -"o-"-i'-o, i"iu cu;!! xnem m. witii jHsr-
820 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS.
TO DESCRIBE AN ELLIPSE.
FlO. 4.
I
•
To describe an ellipse of any length and width, and by it to des-
cribe a pattern for the sides of n vessel of any Hare.
First draw an indefinite line DE perpendicular to the line AB, and
from C, the point of intersection, as a centre, describe a circle FG,
I
by it to des-
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 321
having the diameter equal to the length of the ellipse- from thfi «-.,>,«
rd^ctde'TK^'ndff « ""' equal\the widthfttierd^s?^^^^^^^^
iSb SaS th?' tn J??' fu "'''^i' ^^^^ ?'^" *^^® ^^^<^tl^ as the width is
less tnan the length; then draw the lines MN and MN tan
gn^M*^ */n ''"'^'^ ^'^' HJ and KL; from the mSdlf oHhe
d^finufl£e^Dr?in^J it inTersects^he in!
^e Lie K^HK Jr5''"-S^r'"* ^ intersection, Pas a centre, describe
mearcKHK,and with the same sweep of the dividers mark th«
pomt Ron the line DE; from the point 6 draw the UnrRlfand RV
iryK'LlnTKL-Vpn^ l"" "^^'l^^? ^/ "^^K touchl^ the end
circle, h. L and KL; then place one foot of the dividers on the noint
R and span them to the point H, and describe the arcO'HQ a^^^^^^
Sbe^fhelTo^nwvfA^-^^^^^^ ^^«^ the same centre Rdes-
criDe the arc UWV the width of the pattern; then span the dividers
the diameter of the end circle KL; place one foot of the dividers on
hneRV at point Q and the other 'at Y as a cStre, describr tS^
QT the length of the curve line KG, and with the ^me sweep of fhe
dividers describe the arc T'Q' from the centre Y' on the line RU then
rnYl,^';?^''' ^^^"^ ^' ^ ^' *°^ f^-^"^ Y' as a ceXe describe the
The more flare you wish the pattern to have, the nearer the cpntm
Cus^ £7rom H.?^ t^h"^ '''''''' ^^^J-' *^« f»rthtr^\TceS^?e'S
to^rds'or rn.\^^^^r -4- R
■ I
towards, or from H you m"",- --^^^^^^^ -jre «
iL^:ti^VS.r..^\K* *^^ dividers less, or
Q, or which wou.v. „. „.^ b*„h« »» Bpannme
greater, than the diameter of the end circle KL
TO FIND THE CIBCUMFERENCE OF AN ELLIPSE.
fv,?^^^i"~?^'^MiP,^y ^,^" *^® ^^^ Of the two diameters by 3 1416 and
the product wiU be the circumference. ^ ' "
^xamp^e.— Suppose the longer diameter 6 inches and the shorter
diameter 4 mches, then 6 added to 4 equal 10, divided bv 2 emipiK
multiplied by 31416 equal 157080 inches circuiliference. ^ ^ '
TO FIND THE AREA OF AN ELLIPSE.
bv^-S£";^H"lh?^ *^/ ^?°^^? diameter by the shorter diameter, and
Dy /S54, and the product will be the area.
I^aamp^e.— Required the area of an ellipse whose longer diameter
is 6 mches and sliorter diameter 4 mches ? ^ aiameter
6 + 4 + -7854 = 18-8496, the area.
^f^^A^ FOR Welding Copper.— Boracic acid, 2 parts; phosphate
tlLf^i^S^lr?' "'^^^ This welding powder should be strewn over
nn f^ o f n ""l ^0Pl>^^a* a ^ed heat; the pieces should then be heated
SL ti.o ^?^ ^^®"^ red, or yellow heat, and brought immediately un-
der the hammer Heat the copper at a flame, Sr gas jet, where it
wm not touch charcoal or solid carbon. K^s jet, wnere it
vitrinl'^a^ ^iS^ COTTON.-Take dry saltpetre, J bz. ; strong oU
trnVf^a^f^rK^ r!^"^ "^ "j"'""-^''' xciiiuvo wiu cuctoit ana wash from all
This is^n cotton '"^ * '''' ^ ^^^^""^ ' *^®" carefully dry under 120o
21
322 MACHINISTS, engineers', &c., receipts.
TO DESCRIBE A BIGHT ANGI^ED ELBOW.
Fig. 5.
H
i
i
ri
b) '•
h
First construct a rectangle ABEB equaHn ^^^^
the elbow, and the length ^p^f *« *^,^„^1^X S and from the
point J, the middle «* J^e Ime AB, dmw the ime from the point J
{TointF, the middle of the }«J« ^D draw^he hne ^^'^^^i^^,, ^^ ^^ ^o
draw two diagona Imes JD and JE tiien span
line JH from the point of contoctM,a8 a --^-^ Mas centres,
NJO for the top of the en>ow, ^jd from the pmn ^^ ^^^ ^^.
with the same sweep of tj^^ ^^^T^^^^ Vo .^^en? to the arcs NO and
then draw an indefinite straight line ^Q /^^g^^^^jg tangent line erect
NJ, having the points of contact ^J ^ and S^on tms g^^.^ .^
a perpendicular passing through the PO"^* ^ PJ'J.^lvie dividers on the
Bee Ae line BE^produce^ then Pl^^rerte^'do^et ii-„^^ the
TS, and TS; these arcs and the arcs JNU, jmjv^, »"" ^
right angled elbow required.
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 323
TO DESCRIBE A STRAIGHT ELBOW.
^^^^c
^ L-.,- - f I — I— !— | -j-Z!^r;;
Mark out the length and depth of the elbow, ABCD- draw a spmi
p'hro^^'V"^'.^"^'^"^ ^« ^»d CD; dividffach'seSrcleS
SfKi'Sf*''-**''^'^.^^"^^^"*^^""^^^^ shown from 1 tor2to2 &c •
divide the circumference or length, ACBD, into sixteen eaualnatf;'
and draw perpendicular Imes ai in figure j'draw Se Lm a to^& and
from & to c, and on the opposite side^from d toe and fZ/'tovSm
sweem set thi divT^r^ f 'T^'"' .^? ^^^^^ ^^^ *1^« remainmg
sXe^mnrSiS V S^l^^""'^***^ intersect in the three comers of thi
spaces marked X. The seams must be added to drawmg.
[Another Method for describing a Straight Elbow:]
^^9'^' Fig. 7.
^^.^: 7— Draw a profile of half of the elbow wanted and mni-t o
seimcircle on the line representing the diametS divide th^semi
Sn on \"h*? 5'' fq«al parts, dmw perpendicular lines from each S-
ion on the circle to the angle Ime as on figure.
* 10. a— Draw the circumference and depth of elbow wanted stnA
lines oi jitg. ( on I* ig. 8 a & c &c .: set vour dividers thp isnmA no f«>
enc?anf sweep's ''^fV .^^l ^^^^5^^ onf-third-the circiS!
torn then «pf.I^r^f ^ "^ '^^'^ ''t' ^^.^ *^«°» «*« ^ ^««^ «*'^« at bot-
sw™ 'n fnfrn f JT I^^ three-fourths of the circumference and
vou ubSrn r^nl T^ ^l^ 2P *^Pe ^^^ ^^««» « to ^ '-^t bottom, and
thfi i«S^i more correct pattern than is generally used. Allow for
*I;iI^^«/„l«.^™«"*«»^^«fyo«r drawing, andlayo^it the elbow "Sc^n
in'<r "a«'^ ^i'V''- ''"^'^^"^^ ^j sweuge or machine. Be careful in divid-
Shif ^^'S.p'^i;'^^"*' ^"5 the large end will be true without trim-
ming. The seams must be added to drawing.
l\
ffill
PMi
ii i
l!
824 ]»IACKINISTS, ENGINEERa', &C^ RECEIPTS.
• ■
TO DESCRIBE BEVEL COVERS FOR VESSELS, OR BREASTS FOR CANS.
Fig. 9.
From as a centre, describe a circle DE ^erjiaj^ ^^^^
you wish for the opening of the breast.
TO DESCRIBE PITCHED COVERS FOR PAILS, &0.
Fia. 10.
Tn Piif fnr Twitched covers, draw a circle one inch larger than the
out the piece.
FOR CANS.
and then cut
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
TO DBSCRIBB AK OVAL BOILER COVER.
Fig. 11.
325
f f^oCaf a centre, describe a circle whose diameter will be equal
to the width of the boiler oiitside of the wire, and draw the Ime AB
perpendicular to the line EF having it pass through the pomt IX
which IS one-half of the length of the boiler; then mark the point J
one quarter of an inch or more as you wish, for the pitch of the
co^r. aud apply the comer of the square on the line AB, allowmg
the blade to faU on the circle at H, aud the tonnage at the point J;
cif tio?^ ' ' ^^^ ^'^^ ^^^^^ completes the d^i
To Weld Steel Axles.-To msure a good weld, prepare the
composition described on page 270 for welding cast steelT Use a
ri^?? fire, and when the axle is brought to what may be termed a
DMght red heat, apply a sufficiency of the composition and return it
to tne lire until the heat is regained once more, then place it under
the Hammer. Be careful not to put on too much of the composition
otherwise it might waste in the fire, and by its affinity for metal ob^
struct the tweer iron, thereby preventing the fire from receivmg the
lull enerffV of thA hlaa* ar>r> flina vai-a-nAinir i* «^J- ^^^'M *!,- J_P
COMPRESSION OF AN INDIA-RUBBER BUFFER OF 3 INS. STROKE
5«\ ' 1-3 inches. IJ tons, If inches. 2 tons, 2 inches. 3 tons, 2§
inches. 6 tons, 2£ Jiches. 10 tons, 3 inches. ' ^
i
826 MA.CII1NI8TS, ENOINEKRS', &C., llKCEirTS.
i
TO DESClimK A LIP TO A MEA8UUE.
FlO. 12.
Let the Circle AB represent the i»ize of the J^^aswe; span
vider« from K to F three-quarters of the diameter; describe tlie eemi^
circle DKE; move the dividoi-s to G the width of the lip required,
and describe the semicircle KPJ, which 'will be the lip souuht.
The Circle and its Sections. -1. T\i^ Areas ^l^^^ZZ it
e«*h other as the squares of their diameters^^iy circle twee the
diameter of another couUiins four times the area ol tiie oiner. ^.
The ffi«S of a circle is a straight line drawn f^o»V t^, f "*;,^*«,t!
circumference, a The Dimmter of a circle is a slight ^^^^^^^^^^
through the centre, and terminated l>ott\^ay» ?* J^^^^/J^^Jf,^^^^^
4. A bhordm a straight Ime joining any two points ot the (^^^^^J^^^^-
eiice 5 All ^/-fi is any mrt of the circumference. 6.^ A benutuae
?s half tl e drcumferenJe cut off by a diameter. 17. A SemmtiBmy
imrt of a circle cut off by a chord. 8. A Sector is any part of a circle
cut off by two radii. , ^ ii. i „^ o«^
Springs.— The flexure of a spring is proportional to its loaa ana
to the cube of its length. A railway carriage spring, consisting otiw
plates 5-16 inch thick and 2 of 3-8 inch, length 2 feet 8 ms widtJi 6
Ins., and cam&er or spring 6 ins,; deflected as follows, without any
permanent set. i ton, 4 inch. 1 ton, 1 inch, l^tons, li inches. 2 tons, J
inches. 3 tons, 3 mches. 4 tons, 4 inches. . .
Different Styles of Filing.— To file a surface true, it is ne-
cessary on commencing, to squeeze the file tightly between the third
and fourth fingers and palm of your hand until you become used to
it. Your position in filing should be half left face to your work, with
the middle of your right foot fifteen inches behind your left heel;
and to file your work true or square, it is necessarj^ to reverse your
work often, as by this means you are enabled to see the whole sur-
face you are filing, and see wkle filing whether you are filing true
or not. When, however, your work is so heavy that you cannot re-
vftrsft it von had better file'' first to the right and then to the left, as by
this means you can plainly see the file marks, and this again assists
you in filing true.
T8.
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 327
TO DBBOBIDK A FLAllINO VEflHEL PATTERN, A SET OF PATTERNS FOR
A PYRAMIU OAKK, OR AN ENVELOPE FOR A CONE.
Fia. 13.
; span the di-
ribe the semi-
lip required,
sought.
circles are to
cle twice the
tlie other. 2.
e centre to the
rht line drawn
jircumference.
the circumfer-
A Semicircle
Segment is any
part of a circle
5 its load and
onsistlng of 10
^ ins., widtja 3
3, without any
iches. 2 tons, 2
s true, it is ne-
ween the third
ecome used to
Dur work, with
^our left heel;
reverse your
the whole sur-
are filing true
vou cannot re-
)'the left, as by
is again assists
From a pomt C as a centre, describe a circle AB equal to the laiee
circumference ; with the point F as a centre, the depth of the vessel
describe a circle DE equal to the small circumference; then draw th4
Inies GH and RS tangent to the circles AB and DE; from the point of
Tif^^^'*Mi\^,/^« a centre, describe the arcs ACB andDFE; then
AUEB will be the size of the vessel, and three such pieces will be an
envelope f6r it, and AJBTFU the altitude; then dividing the sector
te?.^ f^ sections AB, DE, PQ, and WX, you will have a set of pat-
«n n,».^ a pyramid cake; and the sector AOB will be one-third of
an envelope for a cone.
In allowing for InP.lro xmy-i miic* A-.^-^ *^U^ M n.i. ..
vessel true across the top and bottom. ^
tt !
828 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
TO DESCRIBE A CONE OR FRU8TBUM.
Fig. 14.
c.y
••*i^
y
. /
G\
/'G
A
First draw a side elevation of the desired vessel, DE, then from A
as a centre describe the arc CDC and GEO; after, finding the diam-
eter of the top or large end, turn to the table of Diameters and Cir-
cumferences, where you will find the true circumference, which you
will proceed to lay out on the upper or larger arc CDC, making due
allowance for the locks, wire and burr. This is for one piece; il lor
two pieces you will lay out only one-half the circumference on tne
plate; if for three pieces one-third; if for four pieces onevourth ; ana
80 on for any number, remembering to m^Ke the allowance lor
locks, wire and burr on the piece you use for a pattern.
BULB FOR STRIKING OUT A CONE OR FRUSTRUM.
Fig. 15. ,
In a conical surface, there may be economy, sometimes, in having
MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 329
the Blant. height 6 times the radius of base. For a circle mav be
wholly cut iiiE, conical surfaces, if tlie angle is 60o, 30°. 15o &c ^
(J vtVXtft^^' simplicity In cutting it, ^hZ^ ' the 'angle is
definite Rri A n°S^.wS ^^ ^^"^^ ^.^^ «^«^' ^^i^ht, describe an in!
A to B^ dmw k'pTSS Sf ^"'^^P^"^"^. ""^J^^'^ <"^^ders measure from
• tiie anrfe C I?a^ ^o ''t?-^''^ *^,^ '^^"^l^^ «^^^- ThiSl^ould make
uie angle u equal bOo. This angle may be divided int/i txsrn «,. f^»«
^»h-l^^^^^^^^^^^
panying figure gives about the shape of the%Sui™v^e Jl whTSe
FiQ. 16.
angle of the sector is-SO®.
TO FIND THE CONTENTS OP A PYRAMID OR CONE.
Rule — Multiply the area of the base by the height, and one-third
of the product will be the solid content.
^aiampZe.— Required the s(5lid content in inches of a Cone or Py-
ramid, the diameter of the base being 8 inches, and perpendicular
height 18 inches?
inches X 231=1.
8 X' 8 = 64 X. 7854X18 =904. 7808-r 3= 301.5936.
gall, l^qts.
HIPPED ROOFS, MILL HOPPERS, &C.
To find the various Angles and prefer Dimensions of Materials where-
by to construct any figure whose foi-m is the Fm strum of apron-
er or inverted Pyramid, as Hipped Roofs, Mill Hoppers, &c.
Fig. 17.
B c
nes, in having
Let ABCP be the given dimensions of plan for a roof, the height
Kl also bemg giv^; draw the diagojial AR, meeting the top or ridge
K« on plan- from R, at right angles with AR and equal to the re-
quired height, draw the line RT then TA, equal the length of the
struts or comers of the roof: from A, with the distance AT, describe
an arc It, continue the diaconal AR until it nnti. thA a^^^ t7 fii^«,i«h
wmch, and parallel with the ridge Rs, draw the Ime m n, which (fr-
t
4
330 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
tormines the required breadth for each side of the roof: from A.
meeting tlie line m n, draw the line Ao, or proper angle for the end
of each board by which the roof might require to be covered ; and
the angle at T i» what the boards require to be made in the direc-
tion of tli^ thickness, when the comers or angles require to be
mitred.
TO DE8CBIBB A HEART.
Fia. 18.
Draw an indefinite line AB; then s^an the dividers one-fourth the
width you vdsh the heart, and describe two semicircumferences AC
and CB ; span the dividers from A to B, the width of the heart, and
describe the lines AD and BD, which completes the description.
CYCLOID.
Fio. 19.
Cycloid, a curve much used in jnechanics. It is ihus formed :—
If the circumference of a circle be rolled on a right line, beginning
at any point A, and continued till the same point A arrive at the line
again, making just one revolution, and thereby measuring out a
„4.««i«ht. line A "HA ftnnal to the circumference of a circle, while the
Jpoint A intiie circumference traces out a curve line ACAGA; then
MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 831
this curve ig called a cycloid ; and some of its properties are contained
in the foUowinj; lemma:
If the Keuorating or revolving circle l)e placed in the middle of tlie
cycloid, Its diameter coinciding with the axis AB, and from any point
there be drawn the tangent CF, the ordinate CDE pernendicular
tfr the axis and the chord of the circle AD; then the chief properties
are these: *- ir
The right line CD equal to the circular arc AD-
The cycloidal arc AC equal to double the chord AD;
The semi-cycloid ACA equal to double the diameter AB and
The tangent CF is parallel to the chord AD. '
This curve is the line of swiftest descent, and that best suited for
the path of the ball of a pendulum.
I]
?t.
t
torrtied: —
le. beginning
ve at the line
Lsuring out a
v\&. while the
.CAGA; then
Ill
832 MACniNISTfl, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
• TO FIND THE OENTRE OF A OIBOLK FROM A PABT OF THE
CIKOUMFKRENOB.
FIG. 20. ,
ftiMin the dividera any distance you wish, and place one l«>* on *{\«
»l«"^/"® "*;r«*^-„ j-^jeacrii)e the semi-circuuiferenceH CI), h¥, (ill,
■will be the centre desired.
TO CONBTKUnT THE FRU8TBUM OF A CONE.
FormqfflcUPKUe by which to cmsmwt any Fmstrum of a Com.
Fig. 21.
Let ABCD represent the required fnistrnm ; continue the lines AD
a«H Rr nntil thev meet at E ; then from E as a centre, with the radius
FC descrii^l the LrCHl from E, with the radius E;B, describe
le arc BI ; mak^BI eqilal in length t^) twice AGB, draw the Ime EI,
"I^S^I'lo'; S 'tin'-^A^^^^ -darac, 1 lb.;
batm of Ir,TalS oSu, and ace^ite of lead, of eadi, 2 ozs ^Im-
seed oil i pmt; spirits of turpentme, 2 qts. Fut all into a suitaoie
kettle except the turpentine over a slow fire at fii;st; then raise to a
Ser heat till all are melted; now take from the fire and, when a
little coTstir hi the spirits of turpentine, and strain through a fine
cloir^is is transparent; but by thfe followmg modification, any or
all of the various colors are made from it : ..*,., _„„
2 Black.— Prussian blue, 1 oz. ; asphaltum, 2 oz. ; spirits of turpen-
tine i pint. Melt the asphaltum in the turpentine ; rub up the blue
with a little of it; mbc well, and strain; then add the whole to 1 pmt
of the arst. above. , „ , n _i j * „i,
3 Blub.— Indigo and Prussian blue, both finely pulverized, of each
i oz. ; spirits of turpentine, 1 pmt. Mix well, and strain. Add of this
to 1 pmt of the yirsf, until the color suite. , i ^„ . i^t
4. Red.— Take spirite of turpentine, \ pt. ; add cochineal, J oz. , let
stand 15 hours and strain. Add of this to the^r«< to suit the f«ncy.
If carmine is used instead of cochmeal, it will make a fii^e color for
watch hands. . , ^ j. ' ^^a »«^ r.f
5 Yellow.— Take 1 oz. of pulverized root of curcuma, and stir or
it into 1 pt. of tliQfirst until the color pleases you ; let stand a few hours,
^\ ^G?Sn.==-M1x equal parts of the blue and yellow together, then
mix with the yirsf until it suits the fancy.
MACHllflSTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.* 388
7. Oranoe.— Mix a little of the red with more of the yellow, and
then with the first an heretofore, until pleased.
8. Pink.-— Mix a little of the blue to more in quantity of Uie red
and then with the first until suited. Apply witli a brush.
TO DESCRIBE BBVBL C0VEH8 FOB VESSELH, OR BREASTS FOR CANS
Fig. 22.
jw together, then
Construct a right angle ADB, and from the point C, the altitude height
I you wish the breast, erect a perpendicular line F; then on the line B,
mark the point E one-half the diameter of the can, and on the line F,
mark the point G one-half the diameter of the opening in the top of
[breast; draw a line N to pass through the points E and G produced until
[it intersects the line A ; place one foot of the dividers at the point of
[intersection H, and place the other on the point E, and describe the
jcircle EIK; span the dividers from point H to point G, and describe
jGLM;then span the dividers from the point D to E, and step them six
Times on the circle EiK, which gives the size of the breast. Remem-
ber to mark the lines for the locks parallel with the radii.
Mildew on Sails can be prevented by soaping the mildewed
?arts and then rubbing in powdered chalk. The growth of the
Mildew fungus can be prevented by steeping the canvas in an
iqueous solution of corrosive sublimate. Another way. Slacked
jime 2 bushels, draw off the lime water, and mix it with 120 gals.
pater, and with blue vitriol j lb.
M\
884 .MACHINISTS, engineers', &o., rbObipts.
SISCXOU, F0» OBTAINING ANQLES.— FiG. 23.
Sector, a portion of a circle comprehended between any two radii and
their intercepted &vc».-SimUar sectors are tliose wliose radii include
®'C find the area of a sector. Say as 360o is to the degrees, &c., in
thelarc of the sector, so is tlie area of the whole circle to th-^ area of
the secUw. Or multiply the radius by tlie lengtli ot tlie arc, and half
tlie product will be the area.
TO STRIKE THE SIDE OF A FLARING VESSEL.— FlG. 24.
To find the radius of a circle for striking the side of a flaring vessel
havine the diameters and depth of side given.
Rui?F -As the difference between the large and small diameter ia
to^he deptti of the side, so is the small diameter to the radius of
fhfi o\rc\& bv which it it is struck. , ,i.x *. j:
Fi«m»?e -Suppose ABCB to be the desired vessel, with atop diam-
etf Tl2 inchesfbottom diameter 9 inches, depth of side 8 inches.
Then as 12—9=3 : 8: : 9 to the radius.
lueuao 3x9=72^3=24?ricAfl8. answer. ^, . , ^
The Dritmmond Light is produced by directing a jet of mixed
WP hir S nTxK a very niinute quantity before combustion
together and J.VI^"t_": JLL,.i ;. «.i-.nf*.i hi ..nsnre safetv. The gas-
form a dreadfully explosive mixture.
IPT8.
53.
y two radii and
Be radii include
degi'ees, &c., in
> to tli'^areaof
id arc, and half
■Fia. 24.
a flaring veBsel
nail diameter la
o the radius of
with atop diam-
f sides inches.
a jet of mixed
the gases being
y short distance
and the flowing
ire combustion
ifety. The gas-
oxygen, which
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPT/. 835
OONTHNTS IN GALLONS OP f HK F11U8TRUM OP A CONE.
Figs. 25, 2G, 27.
To find the contents in gallons of a vessel whose diameter is larsor
at one end than the other, such as a Bowl, Pail, Firkin, Tub. Coffee-
pot, &c. '
^y^5"l¥""*P}7,*?®.^,^®' diame -^r by the smaller, and to the
product add one-third of the square of their difference, multiply bv
i^® Ji^iSSi ^"'^^^""^^^P^y *^** product by .0034 for Wine Gallons, and
by .002785 for Beer.
Example.— Required the contents of a CofPee-p<jt 6 inches in diam-
eter at the top, 9 inches at the bottom, and 18 inches high,
large diameter 9 brought up 1026
small do 6 .0034
54
i of the square 3
4104
3078
57
height 18
456
57
3.4884 Wine Gallons,
or nearly ^ gallons.
Carried up 1026
1026 multiplied by .002786 equals 2.8674 Beer Gallons.
Gold Lacqueb for Tin.—Tbansparent, All Colors.
-Alcohol
In a flask, Apt. ; add gum shellac, 1 oz. ; turmeric, J oz.; redsanders,
H oz. Set the flask 'u a warm place, shake frequently for 12 hours
or more, then strain off the liquor, rhise the bottle, and return it, cork-
ins; tightly for use.
When this vaniish is used, it must be applied to the work freely
and flowmg, and the articles should be hot when api)lied. One or
more coats may be laid on. as the color is required more or less light
or deep. If any of it should become thick from evaporation, at any
nine, thm it with alcohol. And by the foUowing modifications, all
the various colors are obtained.
2. Ro^E Color.— Proceed as above, substituting J oz. of finely
ground best lake in place of the turmeric.
3. Blub.— The blue is made by substituting pulverized Prussian
blue,3 oz,, in place of the turmeric,
4. Purple.— Add a little of tho blue to the HrsL
6. Green.— Add a little of the rose-color to the first.
Crystallized Tin-Plate.— The figures are more or less beautiful
I: ii
336 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
'"to CBTOTrwl? TiK-Snlphuric add, 4 0.8.; soft v^Wr. 2 J?.
1 1?s ISrftog to strength ol the acid ; aatt, li ozs. Mix. H(at
the ttohXvefl stove, thi:>, with a sponge a^ly *e m«to« «^™
wash ofi directly with clean water. Dry the tm, and vanmn wim
■^ Tr^SaLj. A»noi^s.-Di8solve as nvnch zinc scraps inmuri-
?SSt%hT&rAVt^7rSStK.Ks
'^bLaSTISh fob Iron WoRK.-Asphaltum 1 ">.; lamp-
w?nt ?ih • S ilb. ; spirits turpentine, 1 quart; Imseed oU, ]Uft
sifflcieli to rT4 the laVwac^with before mixing it witli the
others Apply ^j^lS^^^l'^^'Ll^^^ finely 12 parts of fluor
fP I' r;nAwe • whercold, mix with vTater to a paste, and apply
£ the'Srior' ;^?h al^iAt brush ; when dry the vessel should be
^^^T&'PP^ &wC?i,'SS!^Wash thesurface of the artMe
whTchistoV^bb^ overthe surface. Any copper dish or vessel
"^pIkIS^^cS-peb h'^dening process consists in introducing an
adjure of a minute quantity of phosphorus mto the metal.
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 337
Facts fob Gas Companies and Consumers.— Pwr?/fens-Drv nr^vin
of Ume mixel with 48 bushels ot^Zt^rtoTZ7$7o^''Zu^ So
£.n S WT<?^ a^charge of 1^ cwt of coal, or 2800 feet in S h^rs^ ?
^ ?L . f5° Caxinel has produced coke/ 1326 lbs. ; tar 2^1br^ffL,
338 lbs. ; T<5s8, m lbs. Kcton and Sidney coal 4s produced'^
cubic feet per ton ; 1 lb. peat will supply gas for 1 wfli^
Exposed lights require about 5 cubic feet [ iS;ernal iU?rr^„if H
cubic ft per hour. Large burners require from 6 to lO^Sic SZr
^^'l. ^ ^"^'° ??* ^J S^ *'«"^ a jet 1-33 of an toSi in dimeter and
height of flame 4 inches, will bum' for 66 minnt^ ^siuG^-ji
1-33, flame 5 inches, IJ cubic feet per hour. In wuS the SrVrMal
duration of internal Ughts per day is'^S.OS hoirsfi^simmer itTs 2^^
111 sprmg It IS 3.41 ; and in the fall 4.16. Street SS^ New Ynrl^
city consume 3 cubic feet of gas per hour. 2 S cSesTa^d 5
cubic feet are consumed. Fisli-tail burners for ordSry Sal cas ?on
IS a 16 hole Argand lamp, mtemal diameter, .44 mches chimnev 7 f?^
ches m height, consumption 5 cubic feet per hour^vW aSfrom
ordinary coal gas of from 10 to 12 candles, with cSf coaf f rom 2^ "
to 24 candles and with the coals of Pennsylvania and lirSnil from
14 to 16 candles. Loss of Light by Glass &o6e5^lear Ss 12 nS
S' if"i?'^'^^ 35 per cent, full ground 40 permit SprSsu?e
ZohoT'lf^ ^^^ '? ^^^^^? *^^«»8^ M^es should seldom exSlI
inches at the works, or the leakage, will exceed the advante-es to hi
obtained from increased pressure. When nines aVeS^Tf^ j!?.v
natu)n either above or below the horizon rSctionwm have to b«
Tnoh^f'S^r^hT^^? f" ««^PPly. by adding or deSing 1-100 o^ an
^ i.iT'^i^i-*^®.*"^*^^ pressure for every foot of rise or fall in thS
length of the pipe. By experiment, 30.000 cubic feet of gas sn Ir
^'^"^"■^ discharged in an hour through a, mam 6 inches & diam^S;
d?l^-^*r*^^"^^^^'i^^^ ^2 cubic^feet specific |mvity mw^l
d scharged under a head of 3 ins. of water, throueh a main 4 inT f«
tioTiira^lT^' ^'?°^^- .^r««^ volume'ifX?^^^^^^^
ceTt' '"i^ Eni!?'- ^T- ^f ^°^"fJ" ^'"Stii is estimated at & per
n?^-' /»,aist"^g 56 lbs. of coal the vo ume of gas nrodarpd in
cubic feet when the distillation was effected in 3 Lira was 41 3 in^
hours 37.6, m 20 hours 33.5, and in 25 hours 31.7. Srtfme of ex
tnrA 9A7±o n^l -P ' ^ r ^t ** »^^""". aua ine resultant tempera-
ture 2474°. Ga« migims.-ln the Lenoir engines the best proportions
1 and air are, for common gas, 8 volumes of air to 1 of gi and
mnel gas 11 of air to 1 of ffas. An finm^A v.a^„„ „ .^«ifrf '.^"^
of gas
f^« n„ — rtr ^"i.^"i"i""u gas, o volumes of air to 1 of jraa and
for Cannel gas 11 of air to 1 of gas. An engine having a cvHnf A?nf ^
tioufnA^.^^^"*"/' r^^^ inch^stroke of prston?^ihif S?lvoiS
tions per minute, devolops a power of half a horse.
lOMEiro Iron Retorts.— Fire clav 15 lbs salpratna i ik ^•♦i,
tTelet^f S^^"'"^^ *.*^^^'^ P^''^ 4'y ^StVen^krt of
intf ^ T^^^® ^\ * ^^od working heat, then cover it with fine^ai
dust, and charge the retort f6r working. ^*
^,10 Stop Leaks in Clay Retorts Whew at Wn»irT^« tt™.„. _
gmund'*1vJlv%Si^^'i? ri^ Ti"^*^ ^''^' 1 P^rt «* bor^ipresseTmid
ground. Mix the whole together with as much water as may be ne-
338 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, &C., RECEIPTS.
Sa^S^ Zi'tfU™ ^4^?^^ when it to wm,dx.w„ the
"^T^PmvlmSs METERS From FBEEZ.NC.-HaU a pint of good
the temperature in the wmter may happen to be.
^^^^^ous.r4,^ ^^A^ou^ N^J^T^
100 EACH.
ii
ii H
the centee circle, PO™t»g^«? cteVSg ten thousand : and is re-
^'S'J^r'lidronrierJ^n^'cilaebythe hani there de-
""^L'lnmy Jf'Pw*l,ich" trough the meter, is ascertotaed
* KHl^rrStered by tbe hands on the three cities abo™.
'* aSS^' ai • preViius obseiVafion, as ' shiwn' by the dotted ^ ^
^K^T^StTGAf-iS p-Sto toSt ailed ^ith milk 01 lime,
mL°e^i5tpaa%2l.imewi«j^pa^of^^^^^^^
rs.
;he hands to
-vith a long
BTS. — Leave
spared. Put
open two or
stand pipe,
and oxydize
le retort has
ithdi-awn the
pint of good
rr, thougn at
ry, whatever
e index at the
completes the
the hand in
I centre circle
id : and is re-
md, there de-
ls ascertained
squired to be
y the index at
) circles above,
49.900
) dotted
42.600
I off 7.400
[iassed through
ih the amount
> time when,)
milk of lime,
vater. A very
en effected by
ited clay along
ay unites with
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, &C., RECEI^S. 339
the ammonia of the gas as with a base, and, at the same time with its
sulphuret of carbon as an acid, and thus removes both of ttiesTno:^
ous impurities from the gas exposed to its influence. It assS also
m conjimction with the lime, m removing tarry vapor and oS
impurities from the gas. The ilummating iwer of tf e gw is ^si-
tively mcreased by the clay purification iiom 22 to W Per c^ut
Latterly, use lamade of hydrated sesquioxideof ironfor pu^ylnglas
To Avoid Waste of GAs.-Tur^the gas partly off atSieSr •
much ^8 IS burned to waste by too great pressure L ceiSin loS&
In buildings of any size a good regulator inll soon pay for itseK To
stop the leakage of gas. Turn of the gas back of the meter -then
take out (a screw driver is all the tool required) the pW Next S
a wax, ^erm, or parafflne candle, and drop the mefteJ wax sperm
la'v?; k/?^°" tlie.surface of the plug, till it is covered^^lhTS
layer^ Next, screw m the tap, and m nine cases out of ten the leak
will be stopped, and remain stopped. ^^
To Remedy Scattering Shot GuNS—The only remedv known
to gunsmiths is by choke-boring, tliat is, boring from tS breSiTf
^^^P'!"'.^ ^ ^ ^^^^ a gradual taper towards the muzzle TWs
Ttwh^* ^""^ ^T^^7 improves^he shooting qualities S^th^ gui
as the charge concentrates at the muzzle. Lar|e shot are more a?t to
scatter than fine, but this depends on the borf of the gun IK
bored gun does not shoot ^ne shot so well as me^^im AsS
bored gun throws fine shot with greater force than a laree Wd
one As a general thing, a small bored gun is not adapted to lare-e
shot as It does not chamber them well. The length Tgun aJso df
pends on the size of bore-28 or 30 inches for a |in of f?^ 10 to U
Sgluge ' ^^ ^"'''^ 8 to 10 ; 26 to 28, of gSof 15 to
Bronzing Fluid for Gcins.— Nitric acid, sp.gr. 1.2 parts -nitric
ether, alcohol, muriate of iron, each 1 part; mix, then add^i'lnhS
of copper, 2 parts, dissolved in water, 10 parts ' sulphate
Bluing on Revolvers and Gun Barrels is performed hv
SXt^^^^J"^ piece to be blued in powdered charcoal o™r a fire
until the desired color is obtained.
Fine Blub Finish for Gun Barrels.— Apply nitric acid and let
It eat into the iron a little ; then the latter ^ be S)vS w th a
thm film of oxide. Clean the barrel, oil and burnish A ve?? fine
appearance is given to gim barrels by treating them with dilute
mtnc acid and vinegar, to which has been added sulphate of
copper. The metallic copper is deposited irregularly oX the iron
surface ; wash, oil and rub with a \iard brush ^ "
Browning for Gun Barrels.— Spirits of nitre, 1 lb.- alcohol 1
lb.; corrosive subUmate, 1 oz.; mix ti a bottle, and cork f?r use
wShtnwi P«1^.V^« barrel perfect; then^rub'it with quick Ume
with a cloth which removes grease and dirt; now applv Sie brown
mg fluid with a clean white cloth, apply one (i)at, anffi it a w^rm
dark place for from 10 to 20 hours, until a red n^st forms oa it^hen
R.l'*.?r^ ""'^^ a gunmaker's «ird, and rub off withTclean clX
Repeat the process if you wish a dark shade.
nf «STr^^ ^^* ^V^^'^ BARREL8.-Spirits of uitre, f oz. ; tincture
01 steel, f oz. : or nsfi thp nnTnorHno+orl +i«n<-„«<, ^* i-^I * j. xi! I ^!"^^"^''
Of Steel 6annot be "obtained rWack brimstone,! oz^" blue'vYtrioU
340 M^HINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
oz.; corrosive sublimate, J oz. ; "itric acid, 1 dram ;copperaj, ^
mix with U pints rain water, and bottle for use. This is to be ai>-
Sed the sambas the first'; it causes the twist of the barrel
the visible after application, a quality which the other liquid does
"*BBOWNma CdMPOsiTioN FOR Gun Barbels.— 1. Blue vitriol, 4
oz. : tincture of muriate of iron. 2 oz. ; water, 1 qt. ; dissolve, and add
SSi^fortis and sweet spirits oi nitre, of each, 1 oz. 2. Bluevitnol
a£d sweet spirits of nitre, of each 1 oz.; aquafortis, i oz.; water 1
phit. To be used in the same manner as previously described m this
Varnish and Polish for Gun Stocks.— Gum shellac, 10 ozs.:
gum sandarac, 1 oz. ; Venice turpentme, 1 dr.; 98 per cent, alcohol,
1 eal.; shake the jug occasionaUy for a day or two, and it is ready
for use. Apply a few coats of this to your gun stocks, pohsh by rub-
bing smooth, and your work is complete. , , . . „^i i •„„>,
Boring Gun Barrels.— Take a piece of rod, (»st steel, i inch
smaller than the interior of the barrel, and a few inches longer, beat
one end up something larger than the size of the bore, then turn or
file it in tie shape ol anegg,le*.mg the swell, or centreing part
1.20tli of an inch larger than the bore. With a saw file, cut long-
tudinal cuts, J inch apari;, laying them the san^-^ angle aa » ^se b t
coimtersink, tWing care not to injure the periphery of the tool,
harden and temper to straw color. ^ „ mi,:. *^;c.+*»/i
Damascus Twist and 8tub-Twist GuN-BARRELS.-The twisted
barrels are made out of long ribbands of iron, wound spirally around
• a mandril, and welded on their edges by jumping them on the ground,
or rather on an anvil embedded therein. The plam stub tojls are
made m this manner, irom iron manufactured from a bundle of stulv
nails, welded together, and drawn out into ribbands, to insure the
possession of a material mobt thoroughly and inti'nately worked
The Damascus barrels are made from a mixture of stub-naiis and
clippings of steel in given proportions, puddled together made into a
bloom and subsequently passed through all the stages of the manu-
facture of iron, in order to obtain an iron that shall be of an unequal
quality and hardness, and therefore display different colors and
markings when oxidized or browned. Other twisted barrels are
made in the like manner, except that the bars to form the ribbands
are twisted whilst red hot, like ropes, some to the right, others to the
left, and which are sometimes laminated together for greater divers-
itv They are subsequently agam drawn into the ribbands and
wound upon the mandril, and frequently two or three differently pre-
pared pie^s are placed side by side to form the complex and orna-
mental figures for the barrels of fowling-pieces, described as stub-
twist, wire-twist, Dammeus-twist, &c. Sometimes Damascus gun-
barrels are formed by arranging twenty-five thin bars of iron and
mild steel in alternate layers, welding the whole tof ?*lie^^^^raw ng
it down small, twisting it like p rope, and again weldm^ *,? S-?-^S
ropes, for the formation of the ribband, which is then spirally twisted
to form a barrel, that exhibits, when finished and acted upon by
acids a diversified, laminated appearance, resembbng, when prop-
Damascening.— This is the art, now m a great measure lost, ot
aeasure lost, of
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECElgTS. 341
cutting^linea on the surface o/th%«^^ Su^ "?^' <=«S«*her, or of
of the metals caused thp noffov« Z^' "' ^*^*^ ^6' 'J«> and the junction
with Snzine ■*™' *■"'' "'«'"' » '^^^ hours wash tliem.
" cook it " S'wUl b*eZm l',T94' "!«'«™«e Are, but Ao not
2 few niiuutes beforereSovtoff fmi IL^ K!""^'''''' turpentine
S^^«y reduce or incre^"XX'™L*4X'St£re.5Kr
i
342 M/<ilIINlSTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
rendered adhesive by some such material as mucilage or printers'
fnk ;TilpCic acid ol suitable temperature 18 then tUlowed to act on
St'^itionof the glass. The liydrofluoric acid ge^^^f^'ij" ^^^
way would etch the glass on the places printed on. When completea,
the whole is washed off with warm water and lye.
Liquid fob Brightening Common Qualities of Ulack or
Colored Inks.— Demar varnish, 1 oz. ; balsam fir, i o^. ; oil ber-
gamot, 25 drops ; balsam of coimba, 36 drops ; creosote, 10 drops
conal varnish, 50 drops. Use in small quantities. The whites oi
rTh e^Tre also bri|hteners of colored ^f^^^^t^Z'^^^^Uke
plied a little at a time, as they dry very hard, and are apt to take
away the suction of rollers if used for any extended penod.
Good Reducing DRYER.-Brown's (genume) Japan Use in sma
quantities. Hardening Gloss For Inks.-Gnm Arabic dissolved in
alcohol or a weak dilution of oxalic acid. Use m small quantities,
and mix with the ink as the latter is consumed. _
To GIVE DARK Inks A Bronze or Chan^geable HuE.-Dissolve
li lbs f'ura shellac in 1 gal. 65 per cent alcohol or cologne spirits for
24 Zu'i Then add 14 oz*. aniline red. Let it stanS ajew hours
^nse/ when it will be ready for use. Add this to good blue, black,
or & dark ink, as needed m quantities to ^^\^^^^'i^'^^''^^^
done they will be found to have a rich bronze or changeable hue
Quick DrySr for Inks used on Bookbinders' CASBS.-Bees-
w^^ 1 oz.Vgum arable (dissolved in sufflcieiit acetic acid to make a
tiiin mucilage), i oz., Brown Japan, i oz. Incoi-porate with 1 lb. of
good^ut iSl. To Renew a Hard iofcr.-Wash the roller carefully
S lye cover the surface with a thin layer of molasses and lay it
aside till the next morning, then wash it with water, and let it hang
^'sl^AoZ'piNTiN^^^^^^^^^ balsam of copaiba, 9 ozs. ; lamp-
black 3 ozs ; indigo and Prussian blue, each 5 drams; Indian red, J
oz vellow soap, 3 ozs. Mix, and grind to the utmost smoothness.
Print?^g iSi-Set on a fire in a large iron pot 12 gals, of clear
linseed o 1 boil, and stir until it smokes, then ignfte it, remove itfrora
the fire and let'it burn until a sample will draw into strings between
the fino-ers Put the lead on to extinguish the flame, then add 1 1 j.
of res"n to each qt of oil; dissolve, and add gradually m slices If lbs
of soao- heat the pot unt 1 the solution is complete, when the vannsh
?s readv. Two sorts are kept, one thick, and the other thm, so as to
mix wSen required; the difference is caused in the boiling and firmg
behi- kept u for d ff erent periods. For large printing type a thm is
S^rS as Ihick ink wouli only print in patches ; f- ^^^ll^^^^^^^^ very
stiff ink IS used, to prevent it running off. For making macK niK,
Six to'Xr mineral lampblack, 8 lbs.; vegetable black, 7 lbs ; m-
S Sid Prussian blue of eafch 5 ozs. Indian red, 2 ozs. ; gnnd this
wftS sufflc ^nt van ish, gradually adding as the grinding^ goes on.
FofcoTored Sk use coloild pigments, according to the required shade
Gum FOR BACKING LabIls.-MIx pure, dextrme with boiling
woter until it assumes the consistency of ordinary mucilage. App v
w?i?afullbodiwi evenly made camel's hair brush. The paper should
n^^etothTovZLd. It will dry quickly and adhere when
slightly wet.
Prof. Bo ttgkr s
Portable Ink.— Make the strongest possible
ongest possible
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 843
Sni,Hh°* '-inillne black ill water or alcohol, and soak thick unsized
tegffi Boi^sr^th^St-^ypi^ ^
weight. Brown paper is mixed with ochre and clav the moSnfli
Slttej'^' ''^^^ ^'"^« aiterwards pressed to forS out ^e s±S^^^^
although machines now exist making fine writing uaiX siWwith'
ge atiue, dried, and cut into sheete, at the rate of(X) feet a n^na^ in
pStontn!?rh''?i"' ^^^^ ^^'^^'' «°>^ desired shade may belm^
parted to paper by the use of several of the coloring nicraents mpntim,
Tv?^„. '"^',?''"'""'°"'™"'y™smaehme. ^ '
lO IKANSPKB PlCTOBES ,PBOM PAPER TO Woon pm. K„ .„
l1? pres^uS ^^ "'*"' ^^^'^ *'*^^^^' *« ^^^ bl««k »"der ril!
^ To Transfer Prints, &c.— Take of gum sandarac 4o7s •masfir.
^ oz. ; Venice turpeutine, 1 oz. ; alcohol, 15 oza ofgeVhi a ^oS
frequently shaking, and it is re^dy for use. DirectSs- use if ^«'
mir'ira?>P.^{;*' i^'' «^ "^^ «^^« ^f the pictuiS to rtmSried^o"
SSufeTrmlv Ltrpn?™^'^^' ^'^^''^4 ^' «^« ^^d^' press dTwntfee
fnH.,1 w ^ ^^ !^^"k ^« y^^ proceed, so that no air can possiblv
Knlf^ w?fh SJ « ^ater and remove it piecemeal by rubbing
a"^Lri,teSf>^ilf r^^^^^^ ^ complete^ransfe?
w^^^Top^S; SSsX^aKait^i;;?^^^^^^^^ Cli
mZ'wVn'iT^^Sl^'^P-r previously stre&hed upoi a '^oird T^s
paper will take either oil or water colors. •
f„ii .!»f^,^ Decalcomine Pictures.— Varnish the pictures carP
t e^sri^tr.T'P^'"^ l^"^'^ <^h^^h «an be obtained Sthel^^L-
iiriTil wSi?!"^'"^''*"'^ P^?'"' being careful not to get the Jar-
M sh on the white paper. In a few minutes the picture will be readv
t!^y.T *^^ ^^^^b *°^ *h« paper can be removed bv wettui- it and
wlien thorouffhlv drv. it shnnii Ko .r»^^tcU^A m-^ „,i ..,*'.."!*? "' ap<i
l»Wcular to parchaSe only theae t™:,to ;*toi";iiii^^^^^^
!
I'
|i
1 1
f •
344 Mig;HINI8T8, ENGINEEUS', AC, RECEIPTS.
with a gold leaf on the back, for they will show plainly on any
colored surface, whUe the plain pictures are used only on white or
^NORAViNO ON WooD.— In order to make thls subject rightly un-
derstood we will stiite that the log of box is cut into transverse slices,
1 inch in depth, in order that the face of the cut may be on a
level with the surface of the printers' type, and receive the same
amount of pressure; the block is then allowed to dry, the longer the
better, as it prevents accidentci by warping and splitting, which some-
times happens after the cut is executed, if too green. 1 he hlice is ul-
timately trimmed into a square block, and if the cut is large, it is made
in various pieces and strongly clamped and secured together, lue
upper surface of the wood is carefully prepared, so that no inequal-
ities may appear upon it, and it is then consigned to the draughts-
man to receive the drawing. He covers the surface with a light coat
of flake white mixed with weak gum water, and the thinner the coa«
the better for the engraver. The French draughtsmen use an abun-
dance of flake white, but this is liable to make the drawing rub out un-
der the engraver's hands, or deceive him as to the depth of hne he is
cutting in the ivood. The old drawings of the era of Durer seem t<:)
have^en carefully drawn with pen and mk on the wood; but the
modem drawmg being very finely drawn with the pencil or silver
point is obliterated easily, and there is no mode of "setting or
securing it. To obviate this danger the wood engraver covers the
block with paper, and tears out a sraaU piece to work through, oc-
casionally removing the paper to study the general effect. It is now
his business U) produce in relief the whole of the drawmg ; with a
great variety of tools he cuts away the spaces, however mmute, be-
tween each of the pencil luies, and should there be tints wanted on
the drawing to represent sky and water, he cuts such parts of the
block into a series of close lines, which will, as near as lie can judge,
print the same gradation of tint; should he find he has not done so
completely, ho can re-enter each line with a broader tool, cutting
away a small shaving, thus reducing their width and consequently
their color. Should he make some fatal error that cannot otherwise
be rectified, he cau cut out the part in tiie wood, and wedge a plug of
fresh wood in the place, when that part of the block can be re-en-
graved. An error of this kind in a wood-cut is a very troublesome
thing; in copper engraving it is scarcely any trouble, a blow with a
hammer on the back will obliterate the erroir on the face, and produce
a new surface, but in wood the surface is cut entirely away except
where the Unes occur, and it is necessary to cut it deep enough not to
touch the paper, as it is squeezed through the press upon the lines m
printing. To aid the general effect of a cut, it is sometimes usual to
lower the surface of the block before the engraving is executed, m such
parts as should appear light and delicate; they thus receive a mere
touch of the paper ui the press, the darker parts receiving the whole
ijressure and coming out with double briUiancy. When careful prmt-
lug is bestowed on cuts it is sometimes usual to insure this good effect
by laying thin pieces of card or paper on the tympan, of 'the shape
needed, to secure pressure on the dark parts only. , , ^.i.^
r»Tg gji^KTTcn When a die is required for a com or medals, tne
engraver takes a piece of soft steel of suitable dimensions, generally
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 345
i'^^c^K^^J^^^^^^^ than
fonn of the desired imDrSorhvn^tH^^^^ he hollows out the exact
with small, weU-l^xSeTmm hLn ., «//T*^ 'i^^ "'^^^ ^^ ^^Srees,
i8 thoroughly acco Sheffi^^ A^^^ *« this worli
hot in a crud)>le S eh trcoa^^^^^^ ''/^?? »^'^ated red
into cold water. wLH ff?eat nnm w' ^ner^^sti «nd tlien phuiged
quired, the oricinaJ Zt/SfiinT*,^'^ of corns of one sort are re-
Lmitb/toldSMJe^^^^^ ««Pi«« are 'ade
and is mfled theVSieoT andTnm wvf^l' '*^i^^' ^^^C^ « '« relief,
ened, other dies are Sn^^ii? ^^'""^^ "^^^^ '* ^^s ^een hard'
bronze is stamped in a cold aSlid sSt h^f. ^.^^r'' i'^^'^'*' «'
also be produced bv a method r.^niVJ:o*' ^" medah and casts can
metal i^used-in a soft sfaite fS fM, ^f'""^ '" ''^'^'^' ^ ^^"^h ^^e
sistuig of i lead 1 tin «nri i > f '^'^ P'^'TPpse an alloy is used, coii-
boil4^jif„t212iFah Whin he mPt Ji \/"''^ ^1^^"^ ^* *he
consisteiicv, he die is placed S^nV^^^ntL'-^ resembling paste in
a smart bloW f rom a maSet Sff«nI'fo^^ the impression produced by
from coming into cSitoct with H,f/^^^^^^ the metal ^ts instantly,
pSper, &c. ' '^'''' "^ "«" "« on ordboaKl,
piv™"' tamS«efyXe™r to iLTn'^r'^^'P^^^ <'"8'''™S it ha.,
of the orlginS' and^evorv niTtp ^^^^^ absolutely a counteiT>art
m "»e in the Bank of EngtodTs-i^Mlowrtl^eToS^-to to hartS
I' i
34C MACHINISTS, ENGINEKUa', AC, RKCKirTS.
\» Hn.-l.mfid In a wroutrht-lron box with a 1oo«p cover, a fal«o bottom,
anTwUh three e7rB^^^^^^ lt» ««rfm« about midway; the
«^llT«urZ'red o*;, a'll mI. with carbon 'r;>m/ather d^^^^^^
hard, and the cover and bottom are careful y l^^ed with moi»t cLjy ,
thu« urenared, the case ia placed in the vertical ^HjHition, in a bridge
tod aS a great tub, which i« tlien tilled with water alinoBt to
toll th? Ifat l?)ttom of the case; the latter Ih now he^ited in the f ur-
tmceas Quickly as will allow the uniform penetration of the heat.
Whei?tuE tlyliot, it i8 removed to it« place in the-hardonnif; tub
the^ver of theLn 'box is removed and the ^^^^ «r gu.lge(^i of
the cylinder ia grasped berwath the 8urfiw,e of the carbon, with a long
mH tougsru^ which a couplet fs dropped to secure the grasp.
Kyremains^ the mdividual to hold the tongs with a glove
whilst a smart tap of the hammer is given to their extremity ; this
LodHout thefSlse bottom of the case and the «yl'«der fud J
tongs prevent the cylinder from falUng on its side, and thus Injuring
Cdel (Ste but stiU hot surface. For st^uare plates, a suitjible frame
KS by four slight claws,aiiditis the franie wh.h is s^
by the
tongs ;
the latter are sometimes held by a chain which re-
moves tfre'r^k oraccident to' the individual. The stef comes out of
Ihe water as finooth to the touch as at first, and mottled with all the
^"^^il^^rt^st^tgSf^^^^^ h lb. of nitric acid and
1 oz of muriatic acid. Mix, shake well together, and it is ready for
Le." Co^er the place yon w'ish to mark with melted beeswax; when
cold, write your inscriptKm plainly in the wax clear to the metol with
a shkrp instrument; then ai)ply the mixed acids with a feather, care-
fully Kg each letter. Let it remain from 1 to 10 .mi'^f^s accord,
in" to appearance desired; then throw on water, which stops the pro-
'"'^rcntJo'Zj^^^F^^ Aauafortis, 2 ozs.; water, 5 ozs
FoisS -Iodine, 1 oz. ; iron filings, I dr. ; water, 4 ozs. Digest till
IhlionisdiSk. t^or Jim touches. Dissolve 4 parts eacli of ver-
digris sea salt, and sal-ammoniac, in 8 parte vinegar, add lb parts
water; boil for a minute, and let It cool. ^„^. „:4.^h 9 narts-
KvoRAVEKs' BoRDBB WAX.— Beeswax, 1 part; piteh, J pans,
taUow, 1 pai^ Mix Engravers' cemmt-RoBm, 1 part; brick dust,
^ \[?ul^'1nd D^'m-Copper, zinc, and silver in equal proportions;
mKSher under a coat of powdered charcoal and mould into the
Srmvou desire. Bring them to neariy a white heat, and lay on the
Svou would take the imprension of, press with sufficient force,
and vou will get a perfect and beautiful impression. .
Past Engravings.— Take the engraved plate you wish to copy
and arraitfeTsiSS of 81^^^^^^ materials round it: then pour on
??^thrfXwi- alloy in a sfcite of perfect fusion; tin, 1 part; lead, 04
lii^- aSonv? 12 pari«. These " cast plates " may be worked off
S^comraT^rintSxg press, and offer a ready modfe of procurmg
rhean couies of the worlcs of our celebrated artiste. ^ , o ,.+«
Black Stencil INK.-Triturate together 1 pt. pine soot and 2 pts.
Prussian blue w^th 1 little glycerine, then add 3 pte. gum arable an*
sufficient fflvcerine to form a thin paste. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^.
" iNDELimJE Stench. Inks. l. varnisn, suun ua la ua^ xw. ^....
rs.
alHO bottom,
nUlway; the
er, driven in
D. moi»t clay;
, in a bridge
lev alinoHt to
5d in the f ur-
of the heat.
irdoiiinj; tub,
r gudgeon of
, with a long
re the gra»p.
with a glove
troniity; this
ider, and the
thiw injuring
litJible frame
lich iH hcized
liu whicli re-
comes out of
J with ail the
litric acid and
t is ready for
ieswax; when
he metivl with
feather, care-
nutes, accord-
stops tlie pro-
water, 6 ozs.
58. Digest till
ts each of ver-
, add 16 parts
)itch, 2 parts;
rt; brick dust,
al proportions;
mould into the
Mid lay on the
ufflcient force,
wish to copy
then pour on
L part; lead, G4
be worked oQ.
3 of procuring
) soot and 2 pts.
um arable an*
MACHINISTS, ENOINEEIIS', AC., UKCKIPTS. 847
t
iinry printing Ink, 1 lb.; bhck Buliihiiret of morcnrv 1 II. • nitr..^„#
»JJ VL "^fv Mid trituratod t,. a paite In a llttio wXf p4w,n
To Print a Pioturk from thr Print iTqwiB- Th^ ... .„
printed ,«rt '""""""8 ""y I«rt <" Ito "-''tcnto exce,,t to the
m long strips 3 inches wide and A of an inch thick nnV^^?^*?!
cast and becomes cold, when it is removftH ,.o«>i,. Jji^T^Ti^i^®
^nurp Kniie, and cemented to the handle readyfor' use? " """ '"
ill!
fl!
I
348 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS.
To Make Door Plates.— Cut your glass the right size, and make
it perfectly clean with alcohol or soap; then cut a strip of tin-foil suf-
ficiently long and wide for the name, and with a piece of ivoij or
other burnisher rub it lengthwise to make it smooth ; now wet the
glass with the tongue (as saliva is the best stickmg substance), or i?
file glass is very large, use a weak solution of gum arable, or the
white of an egg m half a pint of water, and lay on the fod, rubbing
it down to the glass with a bit of cloth, then also with the burmsher ;
the more it is burnished the better it will look; now mark the width
on the foU which is to be the height of the letter, and put on a straight
edge, and hold it firmly to the foil, and with a sharp knife cut the
foil, and take olf the superfluous edees; then either lay out the let-
ters on the back of the foil (so they shall read correctly on the front)
bv your own judgment, or by means of pattern letters, which can be
purchased for that purpose; cut with the knife, carefully holdmg
Sown the pattern or straight edge, whichever you use; then rub
down the edge of all the letters with the back of the knife, or edge of
tiie burnisher, which prevents the black paint or iapan, which you
next put over the back of the plate from getting under the foil; hav-
iiiff put a line above and one below the name, or a border around the
plEte or not, as you bargain for the job. The japan is made by dis-
solving asphaltum in just enough turpentine to cut it; apply witna
brushfas other paint, over the back of the letters, and oter the glass
forming a background. This is used on the iron plate of the frame
also putting it on when the plate is a little hot, and as soon as it cools,
it is 'dry. A little lampblack may be rubbed into it if you desire it
any blacker than it is without it.
Reliable Formula for Photographers.— No. 1. Silver Bath foi
Albumen Paper, for Summer «se.— Crystal nitrate of silver, 40 grains ;
nitrate of ammonia, 35 grains ; filtered rain water, 1 oz. ; saturated
solution bicarbonate of soda, about 8 or 10 drops, or enough to make
the bath slightly alkaline. No. 2. For winter use. Nitrate of silver
2i ozs..; nitrate of soda 2ozs. ; glycerine 3 ozs. ; Pure water 40 ozs.
Make it a little alkaline with aquas ammoma. No. 3. Another Stlvei
Bath Silver, from 40 to 45 grs. (according to temperature ;) nitrate
of ammonia, 20 grs. ; distilled or ice water, 1 oz. Float 45 seconds to
1 mSute No. 4. Sal Soda Toninfj Bath. Distilled or melted ice
water 64 ozs. ; acid solution chloride of gold, (4>7f • *« J^J^oz.)! oz. ;
Surated solution of sal soda, h oz. MaT^e it a full half hour before
Von wish to use it, and during the cold weather use the water slightly
wa^m No. 5. Chloride of Lime Bath. Water, 40 ozs. ; chloride of
lime 5 grains : chloride of gold, 4 grs. No. 6. Bicarbonate of Soda
Bad. Chloride of gold s6lution (1 gr. to the oz. of water, ) 1 oz. ; hike
warm water, 16 ozs. ; bicarbonate of soda, (saturated solution,) 10
minims. Make up fresh every time you prepare to tone Make halt
mi hZ before using. Pi-ecipitatethe gold in the old solutions with
protosulphateof iron. No. 7 T^'mri^ £a</i. Hyposulphite of soda
i part to 8 of water, and if the paper blisters m the washmg, soap the
wriiits for 5 minutes in a solution of common salt. No. 8. Bath jor
Salting the Paper. Pure rain water, 60ozs. ; chloride of ammonium,
sfio o-ria • 0-elatine. 120 grs. ^ _
"Photogbaph Painting in Oil Colors,— Tinth for the fikhx
PASTiNG.-FLBSH.-Tr/iitertnei Light R^d -White, Naples yellow,
rs.
e, and. make
tin-foil suf-
! of ivory or
now wet the
itance), or if
tabic, or the
foil, rubbing
e burnisher;
rk the width
on a straight
aife cut the
r out the let-
3n the front)
vrhich can be
[ully holding
le; then rub
Ee, or edge of
n, which you
;he foil; hav-
jr aroimd the
made bydis-
apply with a
)ver the glass
of the frame
on as it cools,
you desire it
ilvet' Bath for
-er, 40 grains ;
5. ; saturated
ough to make
trate of silver
water 40 ozs.
Inother Silver
;ure ;) nitrate
; 45 seconds to
or melted ice
the oz. ) 1 oz. ;
f hour before
water slightly
i. ; chloride of
ionate of Soda
er, ) 1 oz. ; hike
solution,) 10
e. Make half
solutions with
[phiteof soda,
^hing, soap the
f. 8. Bath for
of ammonium,
»R THE FlKSX
!^aples yellow,
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, &C., RECEIPTS. 349
and vermilion. White, vermilion, and light red. Gray Pearll
T T^r ^ ~i^' "^^^y Indian red, and raw umber. Beet) Shades —
Light red and raw umber.-IndiaA red, lake and black ^CarSSw
wS'^lnd^l^ke^^fffx^P^r';^^^ wY^'^ ^"^ rose^S:
whIJf ^^^^^^'^e. HAm.-^ic/ht Hair.— White and yellow ochre
m^ TOt^^Sw'"- White and Vandyke brown^for tfie dark
^S^L ^i^J^^^d raw umber for the dark parts. Bark Brown Hair
--Raw and burnt umber. White and raw umber. White a^dVanl
dyke brown Tints fob the Second and Third Paintino S
wli^te' M^^r^^^''''''^^^^- ?«^«^^r RofeTad^^^^^^
7^T?,u "^-^ red, rose, madder, and white. Green Tints —White
SS?v,".?''^°^^^*?®' ^*^ *°y «^ the yellows. White and terre vertf
with the addition of a little raw umber. The above green tints ?^v
aTwTtf ^itJ'r^'d" n^\i ^C^^ 7^-n^..-uSm^aS, %ht"ed^
j»a;7 A ^"i"^ red. Lake, black and white. White ultramarine
mSders wm!^,,S:Jf^^''' f^'^ff' Tints.-Auy of tiie lakeHr ?ed
S^iS'i^iSipS^^/Tk^^'I''*'?^ Powerful Shadow Tints. In-
aian leo, purple lake, and blaci Indian red raw umber and hiant
^^^ng Glazing Cplors.-Light red and 4^' Cwn madd?r V^I
rlmr^r' ^^d»a*^^<l' and lake asphaltum. DbaSries -rS
Ground CoLOBs.-Pear^?/.-White, vermilion, and blue White
JSnia^** ^ -'z^- White and black. (?m/-White? VeneS
<^^^Z\aJfTA ^f ""'^ ^'^h'e arid white. 0;*«e.-Yellow
EHant' J& ^^' *"*^ H"^^®"*- -^'^o^e.-Raw umber and velloW
Sne\^^f?' *''^ "^"^ l"^^^^- -^^.-French blue and white YrS
wh& Sr' TnHi^^^*^-, ,^^.^«^o/ ^^o^-Yellow ochre^d
Wut and wWte '^'^'' '^^' ^^^' *"^ ^^*«- ^^«^^ ^'^^^^> French
plllor-l^Z'^l^?^^''''''^''--^''^^^ Tints. No. 1. Fair Com-
^t^^eminl&^^^lf ''^""i"^ or vermilion, and Indian yellow,
dref al W ?h^35r ^*^'*' ^''^- ^° the flesh tints of very fair chill
a^d 'ifS?efacebe?^S.niP^^^^^^ ^««e madder,
^/ • ' >y , ee. oe full of color, add a little vermilion to it 2 m'fi
dhngCompleximi.-M.mh the kme as No. l.Tv^g t£t the lightred
Ske ^3 "^S'rTV^^ other colors-car^ationsT rose maddfrS
red and Roma^f n^w^^'^'T-n^^^ I^diaA yellow, or light
Sav add a mf?« T Z-^' ^""^A t^^^ complexion be genemlly ruddy, you
Sf.S ^ rind iZl w'n^"' ''T'^ ^" fl^^^^^ly "««^' ^« it 5 a
nations chS'akP w ?f *.?.™P*'**^i'' ^"""P^^ ^^^e to the flesh. Car-
vellow ThAL'ro;^ "* '/ the complexion be warm, lake and a littie
vSmnU hf.Sw rS"' ^'^ children's portraits are' rose madder and
Ser anTil^t?S?n^'?i^/*'^^^^^^ ^^ed persons have rose
tS cheeks a^.Hi^n«^^i* ^ ?*7 \?«^<^ appearance to the color in
T^^x^Sll^h^^^ ^««i 1' 2, and 3, are indispensable
wUch St^hf wnrvS ^^^ Fu "T^!® /** receiving the otiier colors,
Wr UncolnnfdT>w^ over them to bring up the complexion to the
Bnne?^-n ,l?Jo ^^^^''^^^^^ portraits vary so much in tone, that the
thf wSeT 'iS^ mS'nnJf rT^^^^ in mixing up the tints for
somrh'Sdia?;r^"^^^^^^^^^ --^«-* -^-e
oil"ira'Hn;li!^'^it!i!"^"'*'"'^" ?^^ Manufacture.— Petroleum, or rock
on, 18 a liquid substance, of a dark color, exuding from the earth ^d
i.i
850
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS ,
&C., RECEIPTS.
contaiuing certain liquid and solid hydrocarbons such as benzole^ or
benzine, kerosene, parafflne, asphaltum, &c., in a state of solution,
in different proportions. It differs greatly in composition, some sam-
ples coutainmg solid parafflne and benzole in large quantities, while
others do not. Petroleum is separated from its different products by
careful distillation at different temperatures. The crude material is
first heated in a retort to a temperature of about 100° Fah. This
causes a light oil of a strong odor to pass over into the condenser.
The residue is then distilled at about 120° to 160°, the result being
burning oil. When this is distilled off, steam is forced into the retort
and a heavy oil, fit for lubricating purposes, comes over, a black,
tarry mass being left behind. The light oil is now used for mineral
turpentine, and as a grease solvent. It is often of a dark color, wliich
is easily removed by agitation, first with sulphuric acid and afterwards
with soda-ley and water. In many instances this light oil (benzine)
is sold for illuminating purposes under the name of Sunlight Oil,
Combination Burning Fluid, Lightning oil, &c. I knew a gentle-
man in Philadelphia who paid one man over $3000 for the receipt for
making, together with the sole right to manufacture, vend and sell,
a com{)Ound of this kind in that city. The curious, or those interest-
ed, Will find the receipt under the name of the " Northern Light " un-
der the Grocer's Department in this work. Truth requires me to
state that this article requires to be handled with great caution when
used for lighting purposes — many lamentable accidents having re-
sulted from a careless use of it. The heavy lubricating oil, when
cooled down to 30° Fah., often yields parafflne m large quantities,
which is sei^arated by straining and pressure. The asphaltum may be
used for pavements, or mixed with grease as a lubricant for heavy
machinery. The most important product is, however, the burning
oil, which is now used as a cheap and efflcient illuminating agent
in nearly every household in this country. An average sample of pe-
troleum contains, according to W. B. Tegetmeier, 20 per cent, of ben-
zine or mineral turps, 55 per cent, of burning oil, 22 per cent, of
lubricating oil, and 8 per cent, of carbonaceous and tarry matter.
To Deodorize Benzine. — Shake repeatedly with plumbate of soda
(oxide of lead dissolved in caustic soda), and rectify. The following
plan is said to be better. Shake repeatedly with fresh portions of
metallic quicksilver ; let it stand for 2 days, and rectify.
To Purify Petroleum or Kerosene Oil. — ^The distillarte or
crude burning oil is converted into ordinary burning oil by being
placed into a tank when it is violently agitated bv forcing air through
it, and while thus agitated, 1^ to 2 per cent, sulphuric acid is added,
after which the agiteition is continued 15 or 30 minutes. The oil is
then allowed to settle, v/heu the acid and impurities are removed,
and any acid remaining in the oil is neutralized. It is then taken to
shallow bleaching tanks, where it is exposed to light and air, and al-
lowed to settle. It is next heated by means of a coil of steam pipe
ruiming through it, to expel all gaseous vapors which will ignite at
a temperature below 110° Fahr. The oil is now called afire test oil,
and is ready to be barreled and sent to market. Kerosene oil is de-
colorized, by stirring it up with 1 or 2 per cent, of oil of vitriol, which
li
some other caustic alkali, settlmg, and re-distilling.
TS.
18 benzole^ or
I of solution,
n, some sam-
iitities, while
t products by
Le material is
' Fah. This
e condenser.
result being
into the retort
i^er, a black,
I for mineral
i color, which
ad afterwards
oil (benzine)
Sunlight OU,
lew a gentle-
tie receipt for
end and sell,
hose interest-
n Light" un-
equires me to
caution when
» having re-
ing oil, when
^e quantities,
altum may be
ant for heavy
the burning
inating agent
sample of pe-
L' cent, of ben-
l per cent, of
y matter,
mbate of soda
rhe following
}h portions of
s distillate or
g oil by being
ig air through
icid is added,
I. The oil is
are removed,
then taken to
d air, and al-
>f steam pipe
will ignite at
3. fire test oil,
ene oil is de-
vitriol, which
II*- ^-P liw*/! r\r*
.XJIX \J1. XLUX\J V*
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECEIPTS. 351
—Place in a close vessel 100 lbs crude nnii n.-i ok ^''VV ^oal Oil.
lo Make Linseed AND Cotton SFPn Httq t« , i- i-
^Air^rC^^J^' ^t®*'? heavy stones start the oil from the seed
The mealTs neS^S^uttl^il^ ^ *^' '^^T' '' ^« moistened^th water!
?et1t?^l\rb?o^i^t^'"*i°^ W«- ItSt not^^lSrleTanf
fv dvf out iti nS %h J'P ^ ^ ^'^^ temperature, so that it will read?
ly give out Its oil. The presses are of various structnrfi snma ^f
tKem are patented, and others not open to pubUc inspection In onP
^e vats or hoops holding about 2 bushels eS were SS o^oSte
each other against two immense beams or upriglus mffi Lt iS th^
IhTm^rZ ?^,f " H^^^^S- P5 followLs we^^Vced down upSn
Sin?!, i ^y ^ ^*'S® ^^^^'^ worked by hydraulic power. The meal is
oK^^i^f P^^^"^® about an hour, and the t^ presses w?rkim
n&* ^A^r^^^'^l '^^^ ^^^^ 24 hours, the LiS^L^nTS runninS
mm!lh«^»il'°™u5:'^:fc *<:■?.■» •'"'''■•I'^t to.fte viSinity o/ the
and uon+fTT^i^T^*' i'?"""''^4;V^^"^'^°'^"^' fe^o«"<i iwto meal, baeffed
and sent to the feed stores. The price of the cake is from $k to §40
"C
352 MACHINISTS, engineers', &c., receipts.
ii < I
IV
!i
per ton : ground into meal it retails at about $2 per 100 lbs. The pro-
cess of making the cotton seed oil and cake is nearly the same. The
seed of the upland cotton is surrounded with a husk, to which the cot-
ton adheres. It is surrounded with a soft down after it leaves the
gin, and in this condition it is purchased irom the planter. The seed
makes better oil and better meal when it is deprived of this huU and
down. The yield of oil is about 90 gaUons per 100 bushels of the Sea
Island, or 2 gals, to 56 lbs. of the hulled cotton seed. _
To Make Goal Oil.— Break the coal or shale mto small pieces
and put from 10 to 16 cwt. in an iron retort, heated to a dull red color.
Lute the retort door and keep up the retort for 24 hours. By this
process a vapor is thrown off which passes through ranges of cisterns
until it condenses, when it is run into cisterns. This crude oU, when
refined and purified, is sold as parafllne oil, and solid pararane for
making candles is made from it.
Neat's Foot Oil.— After the hair and hoofs have been removed
from the feet of oxen, they yield, when boUed with water, & peculiar
fatty matter, which is known as Neat's Foot Oil ; after standmg, it
deposits some soUd fat, which is separated by filtration; the oil then
does not congeal at 32°, and is not liable to become rancid. Jt is often
mixed with other oils. This oU is used for various purposes,
such as harness dressing, oiling tower clocks, &c. Tallow Oil.—Lhe
oil is obtamed from tallow by pressure. The tallow is melted, and
when separated from the ordinary impurities by subsidence, is ^wured
into vessels and allowed to cool slowly to about 80°, when the stearme
sepai-J'tes ui granules, which may be separated from the liquid part bv
stTaming through flannel, and is then pressed, when it yields a fresh
portion of liquid oU. It is used m soap manufacture, &c. Lard oil is
obtamec* from hog's lard by pressure, when the liquid part separates,
while the lard itself becomes much harder. According to Braconet,
lard yields 0.62 of its weight of this oil, which is nearly colorless. It
is employed for greasing wool, and other purposes. , ,,
Economic Lubricators.- 1. India rubber, 4 lbs.; dissolved in
spts. turpentme; common soda, 10 lbs.; glue, 1 lb.; water, 10 g^ls.;
oU, 10 gals. Dissolve the soda and glue in the water by heat, then
add the oil, and lastly the dissolved rubber. 2. To Lessen Fnction m
Machinery.— Grind, together black lead with 4 times its weight of
lard or tallow. Camphor is sometimes added, 7 lbs. to the hundred
weioht 3. Anti-Fnction Grease.— TaMow, 100 lbs. ; palm oil, 70 lbs. ;
boil together, when cooled to 80°, strain through a sieve, and mix
with 28 lbs. soda, and 1^ gals, water. For winter take 25 lbs. more
oil in place of the talTow. 4. Booth's Railway Axle Grease.— Water,
1 gal.; clean tallow, 3 lbs. ; palm oil, 6 lbs. ; common soda, ^ lb. ; or
tallow 2 lbs. ; pahn oil, 10 lbs. Heat to about 212°, and stu: weU until
it cools to 70°. 5. Binll Lubricator.— For wrought iron, use 1 lb.
soft soap mixed with 1 gal. of boiling water. It insures good work
and clean cutting. , ,
To Remedy Slip of Driving Belts.— Dab on a little of the
sticky oil which oozes away from the bearings of machinery.
Blasting Powders.— Reduce separately to powder, 2 parts chlorate
of potassa and 1 part red sulphuret of arsenic ; mix very Ughtly to-
__A.__, .^._ ,^^„.An,^ apnftr.q.tftly. 5 Darts chlorate of Tkotassa : 2 parts
red sulphuret of arsenic, and 1 part ferrocyamde of potassium
! m
TS.
s. Thepro-
Bame. The
hich the cot-
; leaves the
r. The seed
ihis hull and
Is of the Sea
small pieces
ill red color,
irs. By this
58 of cisterns
de oil, when
parafllne for
Ben removed
5r, a peculiar
: standing, it
the oil then
i. Jt is often
IS purposes,
)W Oil— The
melted, and
ice, is poured
u the stearine
liquid part bv
yields a fresh
. Lard oil is
a,rt separates,
to Braconet,
colorless. It
dissolved in
iter, 10 gals.;
by neat, then
sn Fnction in
its weight of
the hundred
Im oil, 70 lbs. ;
eve, and mix
) 25 lbs. more
ease. — ^Water,
joda, i lb. ; or
stir well until
ron, use 1 lb.
es good work
little of the
nery.
I parts chlorate
Bry lightly to-
itassa : 2 parts
of potassium
MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS. 353
(prussiate of potassa) ; mix carefully, or, mix carefullv as heforA
after having separately reduced to powder equS pS Sral of no'
tassa and ferrocyanide potassium. These possesi d^ht t mes the ex
plo^sive force of gunpowder and must be used ;dth the greatest dul
Blastinq Rocks, &c.— In small blasts, 1 lb. of powder will Ioosrti
rons , ^ or 60 lbs. of powder, enclosed in a resisting bag him^- or
propped up against* gate or barrier, will demolish any o?dhmr^con-
mt^'^- ^""^ "^^ can bore, with a bit 1 inch in diameter^fiom
50 to 60 inches per day of 10 hours m granite, or 300 to 400 ius S?
day n limestone. Two strikers and a holder can bore wS abit 2
lo MAKE DuALiN,— Dualm IS made from naoer stook ^fnraf,^A
with nitrate of potassium and dried in a fZa^^ Th^rgro^n^^^^^^^^^
mix^ with nitro-glyceriue. Compomnt parts of nUrf-Xcerine
^^^^9.^ ^^ ^!^^^^«^^^^'rs-— Single horse and cart. A horse
m«L*im1-^^','*/^'* employed in ex«ivation and embankment^l
moving. The time lost m loading, dumping, awaiting, etc =4 miii-
nf ?hf '/i?^^-- ^ ""i?""^ laborer will load with a cart in 10 ho^S
of the following earths ; measured in the bank : Gravely earth 10
DeTe^na^r^^^ZT^^t '"^^^ ^^'t^^ 'V' ^ ^^^^S^ '^^^^^^
jM}t>oenamg nauimg, ^ of a cubic yard in bank- Lewi hmtUnn 9 7
fZZ^^ ^^I^ H^^r 5 Ascending Lding, fof a cuSyardt &nk
l^smmg, &c. In /oam, a three-horse plow^ wiU loosen from 250 to
22^^o J'^ ^'^f?l P^/ ^""^ «* 1^ ^«"^s- The cost of loosenino- earth to
?05c^tep^da? 'TJot^rr^ ^'^ cubic yard, when^^a^fs aS
ner cfihi^ v«rH^ c™ • '^*'^* a* tnmming and bossing is about 2 cents
jer cubic, yard. Scooping. A scoop load will measure 1-10 of a cii-
bic yard, measured hi exciivation. The time lost in loading n-ilnad
^ea^d-r ™^^f ' ^' ^^^^' ''^^ n^in^^tes. The time lost ?S e^e^y^TO
f7)nL;/c"''^'-*'^'''?u^''i^^^*^°" to bank, and returning is Imhiute
In Doiible Scoopi7ig, the time lost in loading, turning Ic wiU be i
win tS^.^*? STONB.-A cart drawn by horses over an ordinary road
Sl*S?^K> ?'^?^ Pf *^<^'^'' "* *"P- ^ 4-horse team wiU haul S
25 to 36 cubic feet of lime stone at each load. The time exnendPH in
Th?c^!t'S\nff^' ""''A i««}^di»g delays, averagtrs^mfnuSp r^^^^^^^^ '
iha cost of lojulmg and uuloadmg a cart, using a horse cram -it tlm
??SS^*-''^9?''^n^^^ ^y ^^"^' ^^^^^^ l^^'^r i« SL2tper day's a horse
75 cents, is 25 cents per perch=24.75 cubic feet. The work done bv
^reXTw-H ^t^*f t,^hen the velocity with which he mcvis is |of thl
SexeXrf Xnf'^i 1'%"*^ .T^^ r?^^" "^^^^ impeded, ai.l thl force
Hay !3?0 '^ h/p f 1?*T'* ^'^"'^ **"! ^"'1!^^^ ^" ^^e^'t ^t a dead pull.
larJp nr^I? «fo^i ^®-n^* "^T meadow hay, and 216 and 243 Irom
dofir weSh atn.'' ^ "'^^ " *^"' ^"^ *« '^ '''^' '''' «*' '^
ICE.~T0 compute the numhfir nf fr»i^a ar^ inaJhr^t^^r. ^r,-n i.^;„ -_,
euiate the number of cubic feet" hranice^hous^randdivid^^^^^^
wmmm
mmm
:m
854 MACHINISTS, ENeiNEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
this gives tlie number of tons the ice-house will contain it ilia closely
^eIrth ViQQiNQ.— Number ofciihicfeet of earth in a ton. Loose
earth 24 ; coarse sand 18.6. Clay 18.6. Eartli with gravel 17.8. Clay
withffravel 14.4. Common soil 15.6. The volume of earth and saaia
hi bank exceeds that in embankment in the following proportions ;
sand 1-7 clay 1-9, gravel 1-11, and the volume of rock m embajik-
ments quarried in large fragments exceeds that in bank fully one
Weight of Earth, Rock, &c.— A cubic yard of sand or ground
weighs about 30 cwt. ; mud, 26 cwt ; marl, 26 cwt. ; clay, 31 cwt. ;
chalk, 36 cwt. ; sandstone, 39 cwt ; shale, 40 cwt ; quartz, 41 cwt ;
granite, 42 cwt ; tmn, 42 cwt ; slate, 43 cwt . . v. xi.„
To Determine Weight of Live Cattle.— Measure ni mches the
girth around the breast, just behind the shoulder blade, and the
fenuth of the back from the ttiil to the fore part of the shoulder blade.
Multiply the girth bv the length, and divide by 144. It the girtii is
less than 3 feet, multiply the quotient by 11. If hetween 3 and 5 teet,
multiply by 16. If between 5 and 7 feet, multiply by 23. If between
7 and 9 feet, multiply bv 31. If the animal is lean, deduct 1-JO from
the result, or take the girth and length in feet, multiply the square of
the i'-TYthby the length, and multiply the product by 3.36. The result
will be the answer in pounds. The live weight multiplied by 6.05, gives
a near approximation to the net weight ^ . ^i, i * 4.1,^
* Gauging Streams.— Multiply the square root of the cube of the
height in inches of the water on the siU of the weir or gauge by the
constant 17.13, which will give the number of gallons per mmute.
If the water has any initial velocity it must be determmed by experi-
ment, and in that case multiply the square of the height by the square
of the velocity, and by 0.8 ; to the product add the cube of the
height, extract the square root of the sum, and multiply by 17.13 as
Stowage of Coals.— The following information will be valuable
to many coal dealers and consumers who may be m doubt as to tne
capacity of their coal bins. A box 4 feet long, 3 ft, 5 m., wide, and
2ft., 8 in., deep, has a capacity of 36^ cubic feet, and will contain
2000 lbs , or one ton of Beaver Meadow or Lehigh (American) coal.
The spaces occupied by one ton of the undermentioned English coals,
economic weight arei-Haswell's Wallsend, 45;25 cubic teet North
Percy, Hartley (Newcastie) 4()-96 cubic feet Balcarras Arley (Lan-
cashire) 44-35'^ cubic feet. Cannel (Wigan,Laaicashire) 46-37 cub c
feet DufEryn (Welsh) 4209 cubic feet Poutypool (Welsh) 40 ^2
cub'c feet. Hence, ashed 16 feet high, 20 feet broad and •30/eet long,
will hold over 212 tons of Haswell's Wallsend (Newcastle) coals,
about m tons of Caimel, and 228 of Duffryn. ^ The average space
occumed bv one ton of Newcastle coal, economic weight, is^**/^"^ 1^
S^hat o^f one ton of LaLicashire coal, 44| cubic feet, ^^d that of 1
ton of Welsh coal, 41 cubic feet. Therefore a shed of the above
dimensions, would, on the average, r.uld 217 tons of Newcastle coal,
216^0? Lanckshke, and 234 of WelF i from the above data, any. m-
t^drMMHirchaser can easily calculate the capacity of his coal bins,
sheds dc., and in many case- ,. >3are a good bargam by laymg m a
XcvxclQ §tirM-«»
nrhAn nnalft Are cllb<A.O.
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 855
ft. drill; rarrotloz tolio Wrlii- ^«Jf ^'O, ^^^t drill ; beetl oz. to 50
drill; radish loz to lOoT Vn^f. u?i ?-.^^"^' parHmp 1 oz. to 200 ft.
hillB: com 1 at to t^^J2^V?ii ^ ^*; ^^^5 ^^^'^ ^ea"8 1 Qt. to 150
loz'ioThuS; mu^krelon l^o^to^S^^^^ ""'• ""' '^, Vi"«; walrmekm
frly squash 1 ^z.rKnVy^Hrr^^^^^^
l^X^ei^^t St1§SoS°%^^^^ cSy^o^to^
pe£rloz:to^aXte: SS?t.*U%^^^^^^^^^^^^
50 lbs. per bushel wLTrScast To h« 'Jj^^' ^^^'l^^'-l^t- » lbs..
or red top. broadcast 1 to libnS ia Vk ^ ^'^'l P^/ b"''^^»«l; herd
broadcast, 1 to inushelf 14 lbs lir hnli^' ^f," .^^''^^^V' bliie^rass,
stroke o/p|"«Ta fer^-^,SfZ«?3'aie',I '";, '"™-
or 230 self acting "
or 104 throstle "
or 10.5 looms with common sizinsr
■twlitdina preparation :
Mxclunm of preparation, taking only the spffl •
wSjlngrS'tptodir^vX-S'T^ « twtt-,»wer loom
age breadth of looms 37^1 (weavW^ Z Sf '"h"?'^''*^,- • ^^«^-
picks per minute An n^vr^J i?^ ' ,"^^- cloth), malr^ior 123
count, and^ picks to theTr iJ^^''°'' ^^""''^ ^ '««d, Stockport
When thA^-^T^-— -- - ^^•- ^^ P"""^-^^ consumed bv the ^JnoT
^.„... i„ «^^;,3c^ iiisceaa 01 sized, one horse's power caimot
356 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
drive so niaiiy looms, as tlie dressing machine will absorb from .17 to
.14 of the power.
Size fou Dressing Cotton Yarn or Warps.— Flour 280 lbs ; tal-
low 1 lb. ; add i to 2 per cent, of the amount of flour employed of
parafflne. The parafflne may be made to replace the whole, or a part
of the tallow employed.
Beautiful Sizing for Linen.— Crj'stallized carbonate of soda, 1
part j white wax, 4 to 6 parts ; stearine 4 to 6 parts ; pure white soap,
4 to 6 parts ; fine Paris white or carbouale of magnesia 20 parts ; po-
tato starch, 40 ijarts ; fine wheat starch, ICJO parts ; boil with sufficient
water to form 1600 uarts altogether, adding, if desired, some ultm-
marhit to counteract the yellow tmtof the linen. The Ifaien is starched
with this preparation, afterwards steamed and dried, then sprinkled
with soap-water and placed in the stamping mill, afterwards steamed
and calendered.
The Mariner's Compass.— The needle or magnet is said to ix)int
always to the north, and as a mutter of course the other points, aa
east, west, &c., are easily found by the needle pointing north and
south. In certain. parts of the world, however, the needle does not
point to the north, but is drawn considerably to th« right or left of
true uQrth. This is called the variation of the comimss, and must
be known accurately by the navigator in order to correct and steer
the right course. For insfcince in crossing the AtUmtic Ocean,
the variation of the comi)ass amounts in sailing vessels to 2i or 2|
wohits westerly, and the course steered must be corrected accordmg-
ly. Say that you wish to make a due east course, you must steer
2^ or 2| i)oints south of that or to the right hand in otder to make a
direct course.
Off the Cape of Good Hope in the South Atlantic Ocean, strange
enough, the variation of the compass in ships bound to IncMa or Aus-
tralia is 2| points easterly, and in order to make it due east course it is
necessary to steer 2| to the north or left of her course, while again to-
wards the equator or centre of the globe there is hardly any percept-
ible variatiou of the compass at all. The way of finding out how
much the compass varies in different parts ri the world, is by obser-
vations of the sun taken with the compass, and the difference be-
tween the true and magnetic or compass bearing is the variation,
which must be applied as a correction to the course steered. We
have, however,, in irojj ships or steamers what is called the deviation
of the compass to attend to besides the variation. This is the locjil
attraction caused by the iron, and must be carefully understood be-
fore steamers or iron ships attempt to go to sea. As in steamers of
the Allan or Cunard line, each vessel before proceeding on her first
voyage must be carefully swung, and magnets fixed to the deck, be-
sides small chains placed on each side of the compasses in boxes, ii:
order to counteract the attraction of the iron. Thus the compasses
are SQ nicely balanced with the magnets and iron, that it is rare in-
deed at this day that tliey get out of order on a trans- Atlantic passage.
The consequences to either steamer or Sailing ship whose comiwisses
are astray would be terrible to contemplate, even if it were but one-
half point, on dark winter nights approaching the land. These diffl-
^"TfL^I®„^^v ^^PP^y obviated by^the discoveries of modem science,
^,~ „^». ,„„* . ^^rreetiiig the coiupasB at sea.
vt viivxi cr-j^'^ixvaviv*^ XXI w
TS.
bfrora .17 to
280 lbs ; tal-
jmployed of
ale, or a part
be of soda, 1
B white soap,
parts ; po-
itli sufficient
some ultm-,
Q is starched
en sprinkled
irds steamed
said to ix)int
er points, as
? north and
ilo does not
ht or left of
s, and must
ct and steer
Jitic Ocean,
! to 2i or 2|
d accord ing-
. must steer
tr to make a
ean, strange
ncMa or Aus-
jt course it is
lile again to-
my percept-
rig out how
is by obser-
ifference be-
tie variation,
teered. We
tie deviation
is the locjil
derstood be-
steamers of
on her first
he deck, be-
in boxes, ii:
5 compasses
it is rare in-
iitic passage.
e comiMisses
5re but one-
These diffl-
iem science,
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 867
1, J^''^'' ^^ Fuel. -With equal weights, that which contains most
hydrogen ought n ita combustion, to produce the greatest volume of
flame when each kind is exposed und^r like advantageous circum-
l^S^'Tu ^^"^i P^^® *^ preferable to hardwood, and bituminous to
aUinM J ^^*^' ^** J»ro<l«ce the greatest quantity of heat, wood
should in every case, be as dry as possible, as usually employed it
has about 26 oer cent of water mechanically combined with it, caus-
ing art entire loss of the heat required for its evaimration. xlie dif-
{rofn iS?'J^ln''^"/y^^\'^'"r^ for different kinds of coal varies
from 187 to 3 lbs. for each lb. of coal. 60 cubic feet of air is necessary
to lurnish 1 lb of oxygen. Making a due allownuee for loss, nearly
90 cubic feet of air are required in the furnace of a boiler for each
lb. of oxygen applied to the combustion. Anthracite Coal. Experi-
ments prove the evaporative power of this coal^ the furnace of a
st^m boiler to be from 74 to 9i lbs. of fresh wler p r lb. of coal ;
with Cannel or Parrot coal the result was 6 to lOlbs: oi freshwater
under a pressure of 30 lbs. per square uich, for 1 lb. of coal. Bitii-
"*"^'*« coa/ burns readily, and generates steam rapidly, leaving a
white ash: Caking coal is unsuited when great heat is required as
tlie draught of a furnace is impeded by its caking, but it is applicable
SL*m® production of gas and coke ; gplint <yr Hard coal kinSles less
readily than caking coal but when ignited produces a clear and hot
Are; Uierri/or Soft coal does not fuse when heated, is very brittle
ignites readily, and produces a bright fire with a clear yellow flame'
but consumes rapidly. The limit of evaporation, from 212° for 1 lb'
of the best coal, assuming aU of the heat evolved from it to be absorb^
ed, w-ould be 14.9 lbs. The evaporative power of Coke in the furnace
of a steam boiler, and under pressure, is from 7i to 84 lbs. of fresh
water, per lb. of coke; that of charcoal ^ lbs. of fresh water per lb.
Wood will furnish, when properly charred, 25 per cent of charcoal.
Ihe slower the charring process goes on, the greater the production,
rhe evaporative power of 1 cubic foot of pine wood is equal to that of
1 cubic foot of fresh water; or, in f^^
the furnace of a steam boiler, and ^"'^
under pressure, it is 4| lbs. fresh
water for 1 lb. of wood. One cord
of hardwood and 1 cord of soft
wood, such as the general average
in Canada, is equal in evaporative
effects to 2000 lbs. of anthracite
coal. One cord of the kmd of
wood used by American river
steamers in the West, is equal to
12 bushels (960 lbs.) of Pittsburg return Flue Boixer,
coal; 9 cords cotton, ash and cypress wood are equal to 7 cords yellow
pine. The densest woods give the greatest heat, as charcoal gene-
rates more heat than flame. The evaporative power of peat in the
lurnace of a steam boiler, and'under pressure, is 3J to 5 lbs. of fresh
water for every lb. of fuel. Bituminons coal is 13 per cent more ef-
lective than coke for equal weights, and in England the effects are
mike for equal costs. In an exoeriment under a nrftssnrft nf .sniha i
i"oi'i"®o nJ^ evaporated 3.5 to 4.75 lbs. water; 1 lb. Lehigh coaL
/.^ to 8.75 lbs. The least consumption of coal yet attained is IJ lbs
fw?-»i
■MWi
11
S I ?l
858 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, *C., RECEIPTS.
per inaicatoa hor«e-rK>wer. It usually varies in differont englnftjfrom
2 t() 8 lb» liuilwsiy experiuients demonstrate 1 ton of Ciimberiaua
coal, (2240 lbs.) to be equal in evaporating effeot to 1'25 J'^n" "\^^n-
tliraciteoorr]. i,'jd 1 ton of anthracite to he equal t^\l-7B cjords pme
wood: iLf^ ■ *»;it "Ji X) lbs. Lackawanna coal are equal to 4e(H) lbs. best
pin- \viAA- y, -a depends on the kind of boiler used. 1 lie «c<um
Flue B&ilcr gives very good results iu economizing heat, beo diagram
Specific Gravity.— Is the density of the matter of whioh any
body is composed, compared with the densitv of another body as-
sumed as the standard, or 1000. This standard is pure distilled water
for liquids and solidfv •• -' . tmospheric air ii>r gaseous bodies and
vaiwrs. Thus as guid is 19, and silver 10 times heavier than water,
those numbers 19, And 10 are said to represent the sjiecific gravity of
gold and silver. .iBe heaviest known substance is indium, used tor
pointmg gold pens; its specific gravity is 23. The 1 ghtestof ajl liquids
has as^cific gravity of 0.6, it is willed chimogene, and is made from
petroleum, it is exceedingly volatile and combu.-tible, being in fact
a liq uefied gas. Carbonic acid gas or choke damp is 500 times lighter
than water, common air 800, street gas about 2000. and pure hydro-
en the Ughtest of all substances, 12,000 times. The heaviest substance
lias thus 234-12,000, or more than a quarter of a million times more
weight than an equal bulk of the lightest; and the substance of which
comets consist, has by astronomers been proved to be even several
thousand times lighter than hydrogen gas.
Appboved Friction Matches.— About the best known prei)ara-
tlon fpr friction matches consists of gum arable, 16 parts by weight;
phosphorus, 9 parts; nitre, 14 parts; peroxyde of manganese, m
powder, 16 parts. The gum is first made into a mucilage with water,
then thte manganese, then the phosphorus, and the whole is heated
to about 1:^0° Fah. When the phosphorus is melted the nitre is ad-
ded, and the whole is thoroughly stirred until the mass is a uniform
paste. The wooden matches prepared first with sulphur, are then
dipped in this and afterward dried in the air. Friction papers, for
carrying in the pocket, may be made in the same manner, and by
addmg some gum benzom to tlie mucilage they will havi? an agree-
able order when ignited. „ , , « _x i i
Improved Colored Fires.— Tf7?i«e.— Saltpetre, 2 parts; sulphur,
2 parts; antimony, 2 parts. Red. Nitrate of. strontia, 20 parts;
chlorate of potash, 5 parts; sulphur, 6ip!rts; charcoal, 1 part. Blm.
Chlorate of potash, 9 parts; sulphur 3 parts; carbonate of copper, d
parts. leWoM).— Nitrate of soda, 24 parts; antimony, 8 parts, sul-
phur, 6 parts ; charoopJ . 1 part. (?7rew.— Nitrate of baryta, 26 parts ;
chlorate of potash, 18 parts; sulphur, 10 parts, FioZe«.— Nitrate of
strontia, 4 parts; chlorate of potash, 9 parts; sulphur, 5 parts; car-
bonate of copper, 1 part; calomel, 1 part. , ,, „ , ^ a 4.^- ^
I'o Re-cover Hammers in PiANOS.-Get felt of graduated thick-
ness, cut it in strips the exact width, touch only the two ends with
glue, not the part striking the strings. Hold in place with springs of
narrow hoop iron. . i,* „ i
Water.— ^res/t Water.— Th^ component parts by weight and
mfiJisnrft is. Oriwen. 88.9 bv weight, and 1 by measure, Hydrogen,
11 i by weight, and 2 by measure. One i iibic men of disimuu wai^i
at its maximum density of 39°. 83, the barometer at 30 inches, weighs
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, UECEIPT8.
859
262.6937 gifl., and it is 828.5 times heavier tluin atuiortplieric air. A
cubic foot weighs yy8.0(>8 ounces, or «)2.37'J23 lbs. avoirdupois, but for
facility of computation the weight is usually tjvken at 1000 ounces
and 02.6 lbs. By the British lmi)erial Stan<lard, the weight of a cubic
foot of water at <>2o, the barometer at 'M ins.=l)98.224 ounces. At a
temperature of 212° its weight is 69.026 lbs. Below 39°. 83, its den-
sity decreases at first v< ly slow, but progressing rai)idly to the iM)int
of congelation, the weight of a cubic foot ot ice being but 5. '5 lbs. 36.84
cubic feet of water weigh a ton. 39.13 cubic feet of ice weigh, a ton.
River or canal water contains l-20th of its volume of gaH<M»im matter:
spimgor well water l-14th. Sea Water.~A cubic foot of ii weighs
04.3125 lbs., 34.83 cubic feet weigli 1 ton. Sea water conUiins from
4 to 5^ ozs. of salt iti a gallon of water, varying according to locality,
and 02 volumes of carbonic acid in iOOO of wj^ter. Dr. Arnott esti-
mated the extreme heiglit of the waves of an oit^n, out on the open
Hea and free from any mttucin'o of land, to be 20 feet. The French
exploring expedition computed waves of the I'atific to be 22 feet. The
average force of the waves of the Atlantic Ocean during the summer
mouths, as determined by Thomas Stevenson, was 611 lbs. per square*
foot; for the winter months, 2080 lbs. During a heavy gale a force
of 0383 lbs. was obser^'ed. Destructive eMct of Sea water upon
Metals and Alloy's per square foot. Steel, 40 grs.; iron, 38; copper,
9; zinc, 8; galvanized iron, 1.5; tin, 2.
Wabmino Buildings or Apartments. — {By low pressure steam
14 to 2 lbs.) or hot water.— Om square foot of plate or {)ipe surface
will heat f'-om 49 to 100 cubic feet of inclosed space to 76° iifa. latitude
where the temperature ranges from —10°, or 10 below zero. The
range froi.i 40 to 100 is to meet the conditions of exposed or corner
buildings, of buildings less exposed, as the intermediate ones of a
block, and of rooms intermediate between the front and rear. As
a general rule, 1 square foot will heat 75 cubic feet of air in outer or
froiU rooms, and 100 in inner rooms. By High pressure Steam.—
When steam at a pressure exceeding 2 Ybn. per square inch is used,
tiie space heated by it will be in proportion to its increase of temper-
ature above that pressure less the increased radiation of heat in its
course to the place of application. One cubic foot of watej evaporated
is required for every 2000 cubic eet of hiclosed space.
Mackintosh Clo ih.— The 11 terial is merely two layers of cotton
cemented with liquid India rubl r; butthej miction is so well effect-
ed that the three become, to all intents and purposes, one. The stout
and well-woven cloth is coiled upon a horizontal beam like the yard
^eam of a loom ; and from this it is stretched out in a tight state and
I nearly horizontal direction ; a layer of liquid or rather paste-like
solution is applied with a spatula, to a considerable thickness, and
the clotii is drawii u.ider a knife edge which scrapes the solution and
diifuses it equally over every part of the cloth, which may be
30 or 40 yards long. The clotli is then extended out n a horizcmtai
framework to dry ; and when dried a second coating is applied in the
same way, and a third or fourth coat if necessary. Two pieces, thus
coatt are next placed face to face with great care, to prevent creasing
or distortion ; and being placed between two wooden rollers they are
so thoroughly pressed as to unite durably and permanently Cloth,
4-l<..» . .^^-.^i-^.i ^■.^A A^■.,^i^^r..A ttt\A At.iaA muxr V.a nnf. (liiil mndA inti^
C^US ■^-.ZlCU.lAiJU. ail^X \i.\."~-~:iX3\J. «tli'-l -^iiv/vi, "15-J ""■ ■"'-**' *• *'
i)
860 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
M
garraente which will hoar many a rough trial, and many a deluging,
beforb rain or water can penetrate. ,.^ , u„ii.
To Pktbipy Wood— Gum salt, rock alum, white vinegar, chalk
and pebbles iwwder, of each an equal quantity. Mix well together.
If, alter tlie ebullition is overj you throw iiitx) this liquid any wood or
porouH BubHtance, it will petrify it. ,., ^u *. i *
To CoNSTiuicJT AN MoJAAti Hakp.— Make a box with the top, bot-
tom, and sides of thin wood, and the ends li inch beech, form it
the same length as the width of the window In which it is to be
placed. The box should be 3 or 4 inches deep, and 6 or 7 "iches
wide. In the top of the box, which acts as a sounding board,
make 3 circular holes about 2 inches in diameter, and an equal
distance apart. Glue across the sounding board, about 2h inches
from each end, 2 nieces of hard wood i hich thick, and i Inch
high, to serve as Wldges. You must now ^)rocure from any musi-
cal iuHtrument maker twelve steel pegs similar to those of a piano-
forte, and 12 small brass pms. Insert them in the foUowhig man-
ner into the beech : first commence with a brass pm, then iuaert a
♦ steel peg, and so on, placing them alternately i in. aimrt to the
numbV of twelve. Now for the other end, which you must com-
mence with a steel peg, exactly opposite the brass pin at the other
end, then a brass pin, and so on, alternately, to the number of 12 ; by
this arrangement you have a steel peg and a brass pin always oppo-
site each other, which is done so that the pressure of the strings on
the instrument shall be uniform. Now struig the instrument with 12
first violfti strings, making a loop at one end of each strmg, which
put over the brass pins, and wind the other ends round the oppo-
site steel pegs. Tune them in unison, but do not draw them tight.
To increase the current of air, a thin board may be placed about
2 inches above the strings, supiwrted at each end by 2 pieces of
wood. Place the instrument in a partly opened window, and to
mcrease the draft, open the opposite door. , , ,
To CoKSTRUCT A Mktbonome.— Take a cheap clock movement
and substitute for the pendulum r. wire with a sliding weight, mark-
ing the wire with a file at the different points of graduation. Used to
indicate the proper time in music. _j. j, ^r.
To Bend Glass Tubes.— Hold the tube in the upper part of the
flame of a spirit-lamp, revolving it slowly between the fingers : when
red hot it may be easily bent into any desired shape. To soften large
tubes a lamp with a double current of air should be used, as it gives
a much stronger heat than the simple lamp. _. ,.
Black Lead Pencils.— The best pencils are made hj grinding
the bUck lead into a fine impalpable powder, then formmg it intx)
blocks by compression without any cementuig substance, and finally
sawing it up into the square prisms, which, when placed in grooves m
wood, form the black lead pencils of commerce. The color can be
graduated to any desired tinge by the intermixture of very finely
ground clay. By the process oJE Prof. Brodie. the most mtractable
graphite may be reduced to the finest powder with great ease. The
mineral is coarsely powdered and mixed with l-15th of chlorate of
potash, to which mixture is added twice its weight of sulphuric acid.
Chloric acid is disengaged, and, after the mass has cooled, it is well
wasnea, anea, ajiuiiui<i>uu w icuiicns. ^n^^e, •-•^v r«v-^* .^j_— .., ,
'S.
a deluging,
icgar, chalk
11 together,
kny wood or
ho top, bot-
ich, form it
it is to be
or 7 inches
ling board,
(i an equal
t 2ih incnes
andf i inch
I any rausi-
of a piano-
owing man-
hen iuaert a
IMirt to the
I must com-
at the other
er of 12 ; by
Iways oppo-
e strings on
rient with 12
bring, which
d the oppo-
them tight.
»laced about
2 pieces of
low, and to
c movement
sight, mark-
on. Used to
: part of the
iigers : when
• soften large
I, as it gives
hj grinding
aamg it into
5, and finally
in grooves in
color can be
: very finely
t intractable
t ease. The
f chlorate of
Iphuric acid,
ed, it is well
if f\nCkr>at.\r\n
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 361
the bla(!k lead swells and l)efeme« w><!iiped to in flno i r^w^^^ tu^t
t»lll ,wlm ,,p.m water, a liulo UnorWe 'f hSiL I, „,Xto mile
m V/umberiauU, luigland. It is nearly pure carbon and norffirtlv
free from grit. It is used principally in tSio manufacture of loud n«n
cIlH the coarser quality befng used, when grSd for J^n,^^^^^^^^^ Cn
work glaz ug gunpowder, as a lubricator fSr machinery coS
crucibles for melting metals, as it is very intractable in an intense
Phillip's Fire Annihilatob.— Consists of a cams mnt^inir^,,
water, within which is a smaller case conteining chlomte o?^ll
;;?iH '"'^'' P P^? ^ "'« *««^ '« » «mall tube conSng sulShuric
add ; when this tube is broken the chlorate of potash and suear be!
come igiuted, throwing off large quantities of mSed g^es wlS a?e
non^upporters of combustion; the action is mainteinK Se water
intheouter^B becoming heated. The gases are wnveved to the
fire by meafTof a flexible tube fitted with u proper n^EndVo^
cock I have seen still another kind constructed of iZper "n auite •
an elegant stvle fitted with shoulder straps, &c., for ^sv trL IS
tion, m which the gases were generated by nieans of cSiSs on the
pnciple of what may i>e seen every day in the eftervSS of clr
tonic acid gas from tlie intermixture o^f seidlitrSZ in water"
The chemicals being introduced from white and blue paS- Sacl^^
into the water contained in the copper case ^^ pacKagea
MAinjFACTURB OF CoBN Utatmh.— Watt' s Patent ^'hTb com is
steeped in water, ranging in temperature from 70° to M)o J^^
for about a week changrng the water at least once in 24 hours X
certain aniount of acid fermentation is thus produced musW tlm
storch and refuse of the com to be easily se^S Xmlrds
th«^r.?r"^°'TlJi«'2''*'.^ ^ a current of clear soft wS Ind
IpL^m^en^^fo^rS'p^u^^o^e!' ^*^'^' '""''''^'^^ ^' '^^^^^ P-P-
Refining of Suoab.— Both cane and beet-root sutrar are rofinM
on tiie same principle, by mixture with lim^ateTbonbif with
animal charcoal, and filtration through twilled Ston I? some
estaWishments bullock's biood is used to aid in ff-clarifyiSr
The albumen of the serum becomes coagulated on the apStfJl
of heat, forming a network, which rises^to the top of tTf Sor
carrying with it a great part of the impurities. The rMd sh sviun
obtamed by the first filtration is next passed through fiterstoto
large vats, twelve or fourteen feet deep,*^n which Ire laid^oaSs^
S& "^T^^ ^""?, *"l°"*^ charcoal,^nd a second ^y^f
an?^S;n J^? ^^r'Kl^ allowed to flow over the surface of the filter
ajd runs slowly through the charcoal, coming out perfecttv
colorless. The concentrated syrap is then boiled i^vamo, by mSs
w.S''£.f^'' ^"^P^^o*. ^^««^*« ^re arrived at. The^sciS TiS
nno^.*^v 'k/'^ ** ^° Ff^' »* ^^^«^ temperature a quantity S
wicrystalhzable sugar would be formed. By performing the one-
T?S.^''± \^:^^^^ *1^« boiling^point is^b^ught ^IX 1^
_. ,^ . ^„„. i-^iiittsiiua oi uucrystamzaDie sugar takes place, and
862 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
a irreat saviuff in fuel is effected. When the concentration reacUeH
a mShi noint tlie svrui. is transferred t.. a vessel heated by steam
to mo iiTf'or^^^^^^ aiitoited with wooden beaters, until it forms
•thick aliriramiar From the heating-vats it is transferred into
f^ivertodlffl n^^^^^^ of tlie well-known shape, at the bott^im of
S of whidi is a movable i>luK. The syrup is well stirred to
mevei^t tl^e fciati^^^ of aii-bubbles, and then left at rest for several
IiouZ at the end of which time the plug » removed, ajd the
uncrvstallized syrup runs out. The loaves are furtlier freed from
ftl colS4d m a portion of perfectly colorless syrun beiuK
?nn CmVthom. They are then^dried in a stove and ^niHliecl
CniarKv beiiig turneii in a lathe. Gmshcd or granulated «jt^«-
irmadebvciusing the gnmular syrup «to revolve m a perfomted
driun by vvhU nieans the uncrystallizablft i)ortion is separated
''Z^^^:^^^.^:^^^^ are formed of an inferior
kind of brass, pewter, or other mefcillic compositions lor ^^^
metal, see a variety of alloys on i>ages 291 and ^'^i . *^ """f, JJS
• shmiks are usually made of these compositions, which is supplied
SSf^iSifacture^rs in sheets of the required Jbif ues«. By meim|
of tlv presses and punches, circular disks ciiUed blanks, are cut out
of tLse sheets, this is mostly performed by females, who can
fnrnish about 30 blanks per minute, or .12 Kro.s8 per hour Hand
ininSiin- is the general mode of cutting out blanks, but more
Silated inrhines, which cut out 8 or 10 blanks at a time, are
^^•"/;"*'i|'^t^ "*^,eiiig punched, the edges of the blanks are very
shanCand require to and r()unded. Their surfaceB
are t len planiUed on Uie face by placing them sei)arately m a die
under a small stamp, and allowing them to receive a small blow
fC a polished steii hammer. In this state they are ready to
receive t le shanks or small mettil loops by which they are at^idied
to the dress. They are made by a machine m which a coil of wire
is ff raduallv advanced towards d pair of shears which cuits off short
Secef A metol finger then presses against the middle of eiich
Sei?" fii^t bending h; and then pressing it into a vice,, when it is
J^m^^ressed so as to form a loop ; a hammer then strikes the two
eSspmading them i:ito a fliit surface, and the shank is pushed
out^>f S machine ready for use. The shanks are attached to^^^^^^^^^
blanks bv women, with iron wire, solder and rosin. They are then
p i nto an oven, 'and when firmly united form p am buttons. If
acrest or inscription is wanted, it is placed in a die and stamped.
bSis Lrgilded by gold amalgam, by being put into an earthen
mirwrth thf proper\uaaitity of'gold to cover them, amalgamated
with mercury in the following manner: the gold is put into an
kon ladle in thin strips, and a small quantity «/ mercury say 1
mrt of mercury to 8 if gold, added to it, the ladle is held over
thffi^e tm tne gold and me-cury are perfectly united. This ama^
I^in being put into the pan with the buttons, as much aquafortis,
diluted witi water, as will wet them all over, is thrown m, and
tl^edre stirred up with a brush till the acid by its affinity to the
copper m the buttons, carries the amalgam to every part of ther
waS away with clean water. This is called tlie qaickmy pro-
MACHINISTS, EN0INE1.RS', &C., RECEIPTS. 3^3
cess. In drying off, the paTof buttons is heated by a charcoal' fire
expelUng the mercury in the forin of a vapor, which, under the
improved system, is conducted into on oblong iron tiue or gallerv
gently sloped downwards, having at its end a small vertical tube
dipped into a water cisteni, for condensing the mercury, and a
large vertiwil pipe tor promoting the drau^^it of the products of
the combustion. The gold thus deposited in an exceedingly thin
mm upcm the buttons, presents a dull yellow color, and must now
be burnished ; this is ellected by a piece of hematites, or bloodstone,
fixed on a handle and applied to the button, as it revolves in the
To RENDKR Wood Indestructible.— i?o66m«' Process 'The
a|)paratus used consists of 1 retort or still, which can be made of any
size or form m which resin, coal tar, or other oleaginous substances,
together with water, are placed in order to subject tnem to the heat
Jire being applied beneath the retort containing the coa^ tar, &c '
oleaginous ^por commences to rise, and passes out through a con-
necting pipe uito a large iron tank or chamber (which can also be
built of any size), containing the timber, &c., to be operated upon. The
heat acts at once upon the wood, causing the sap to flow from everv
pore, which, rising in the form of steam, condenses on the body of
the chamber, and discharges through an escape pipe in the lower part
In this process a temperature of 212° to 250° Fahr. is sufficient to
remove the surface moisture from the wood ; but after this the tem-
perature should be raised to 300^' or more, in order to cpmj.letolv
saturate and permeate the body of the wood with the antiseptic vaDors
and heavier products of the distillation. The hot vapor coagulates the
albumen of the wood, and opens the pores, so that a large portion of
the oily product or creosote is admitted; the contraction resultinir
from the coohng process hermetically seals them, and decay seems to
be almost impossible. There is a man-hole in the retort, used to
change or clean out the contents; and the wood chamber is furnished
with doors made perfectly tight. The whole operation is completed
m less than one hour, rendering the wood proof agamst rot, parasites,
and the attacks of the Teredo navilis or naval worm. German Stone
Coating jtor Wood.— Chalk, 40 parts; resin, 50 parts; linseed oil 4
parts; melt together. To this add 1 part of oxide of copper, afterwards
1 part of sulphuric acid; add this last carefidly ; apply with a brush.
Iron luBB Manufacture.— In the present method of manufac-
turing the patent welded tube, the end of the skelp is bent to the
circular form, its entire length is raised to the weldin.,' heat in an ai)-
projpriate furnace, and as it leaves the furnace almost at the point of
fusion, It 18 dragged by the chain of a draw-bench, after the man-
ner of wire, though a pair of ton.rs with two bell-shaped jaws; these
are opened at the time of introc jcing-the end of a skelp, which is
welded without the agency of a mandril. By this ingenious arrange-
ment wrought iron tubes may be made from the diameter of 6 inches
internally and about 1-8 to 3-8 of ai\inch thick, to as small as 1-4 of
an inch diameter and 1-10 bora, and so admirable is the joining eflfected
m those oi the best description that they will withstand the greatest
pressure of water, steam, or gas to which they have been subiecited, and
V Y T"'"'' Y^ "ciiij^ liuiit, uutii i-i iiiu iiujitea ana coia state, almost
with impunity. Sometimes the tubes are made one upon the other
l\
'• I
864 MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS.
when great thickness is required ; but tho" stout pipes, and those larger
than 3 inches, are but seldom required. The wrought iron tubes of
hydrostatic presses which measure about i an inch niternally, and i to
^ of an inch thick in the metal, are frequently subjected to a pressure
of/owr<o»w on each square inch. j, ^ s, ■, *,
Brass Tubes.— Brass or other tubes are formed of rolled metal
which is cut to the desired width by means of revolving discs; m the
large sizes of tubes, the metal is partially curved m its length by
means of a pair of rolls, when in this condition it is passed through a
steel hole or a die, a plug being held in such a position as allows the
metal to pass between it and the interior of the hole. Oil is used to
lubricate the metal, the motion is comraimicated bv power, the draw-
ing apparatus being a pair of huge nippWrs, which holds the brass,
and is attached to a chain and revolves round a windlass or cylinder.
The tube in its unsoldered state is annealed, bound round at intervals
of a few inches with iron wire, and.solderund borax applied along tlie
seam. The operation of soldering is completed by pasapg the tubes
through an air stove, heated with ' ' cokes ' or " breezes which melts
'he solder, and unites the two eyes of the metal, and forms a perfect
tube; it is then immersed in a solution of sulphuric acid, to^ remove
scaly deposits on its surface, the wire and extra solder having been
previously removed; it is then drawn through a "finishing hole
plate " when the tube is completed. Mandril drawn tubes are drawn
upon a very accurately turned steel mandril, by this means tlie in-
ternal diajneter is rendered smooth. The tubes drawn by this pro-
cess are well adapted for telescopes, syrmges, small pump cylinders,
&c The brass tubes for the boilers of locomotive engines are now
made by casting and drawing without being soldered, and some of
•them are drawn taper in. their thiclaiess. Tubes from 1-10 inch in-
ternal diameter and 8 or ten inches long, up to those of two or three
inches diameter and 4 or 5 feet long, are drawn vertically by mejins
of a strong chain wound on a barrel by wheels and pinions, as m
a crane, m Donkm's tube drawmg machme, which is applicable to
making tubes, or rather cylinders, for paper-making and other ma-
chinery, as large as 26^ inches diameter, and 6^ feet long, a vertical
screw is used, the nut of w^jich is turned round by Toothed wheels
driven by six men at a windlass. The fluted tubes ol pencil cases are
drawn through oramental plates, with elevations and depressions
corresponding to the impressions left on the tube. , ^. j.
Lead Pipe, is made by forcing lead, while heated to a plastic state,
over an annular mandril or die to form the core, by means of hy-
draulic pressure. , , . , . x i i j
Cutlery Manufacture.— There are three knids of steel employed
in manufacture of different articles of cutlery, common steel, shear
steel, and cast steel. All edge tools which require to be tenacious
without being very hard, are made of shear steel. The best scissors,
razors, penknives, &c., are made from cast steel, which is able to
take a very fine polish, common steel is onlv used in making cheap
articles of cutlery. In making good table-knives, shear steel and
cast steel are generally preferred. In the ordinary method of mak-
ing knives, the blades are cut out of a sheet of stee^, and the backs,
Bhouiders and taugs o£ wrought iron, arc jiwUiCipeti -x- nie Si-cC:
blades by welding at the forge. The knife is then ground to the
3.
hose larger
n tubes of
ly, and | to
a pressure
)lled metal
iscs ; in the
length by
. through a
allows the
I is used to
r, the draw-
the brass,
)r cylinder,
at intervals
;d along tlie
I the tubes
vhich raeits
IS a perfect
, to remove
laving been
ishing hole
3 are drawn
ans the in-
jy this pro-
3 cylinders,
les are now
nd some of
■10 inch i2i-
wo or three
ly by mejins
lions, as in
pplicable to
i other ma-
;, a vertical
ihed wheels
cil cases are
depressions
)la8tic state,
leans of hy-
el employed
steel, shear
»e tenacious
est scissors,
1 is able to
iking cheap
r steel and
lod of mak-
l the backs,
MACHINISTS, engineers/ AC, RECEIPTS. 365
4.1.
3und to the
proper shape, and the blaTffe polished and hardened. The fork
manufacture is a distinct branch of industry, and the manufacturers
of table knives generaUy buy their forks from the fork maliers
ready to be put into their handles. In making table Imives, two
men are generally employed ; one is called the foreman, or maker,
and the other the striker. Pen knives are usually forged by a sinsrle
hand, with hammer and anvil simply ; they are hardened by heating
the blades red-hot, and dipping them into water up to the shoulder*
Kazors are also hardened in the same manner. The grindin*' and
polishing of cutlerv are generally performed by macliiuery, the^busi-
ness ot the grinders is divided into grinding, glazing and polishinjr
brmdmg is performed upon stones of various dimensions. Those arl
tides which require tempeWbeiug ground on wet stones. Glazing is
a process by which lustre is given to cutlery ; it is performed with a
glazier, consisting of a circular piece of wood, sometimes covered
with leather, or an alloy of lead and tin ; it is fixed on an axis like a
grindstone. The polishing process is the lust, atd is performed on a
similar piece of wood covered with buff leather. Only articles of
cast _ steel which have been hardened and tempered are subiected
to this operation. j "
On Needlb Manufacture, Tempfibing, &c.— This small but im-
portant implement has to go through the hands of about 120 work-
men during the process of manufacture. The steel wire, beiiig drawn
to the proper size, is submitted to various tests to ascertain its qual-
ity, and 18 then cut into proper lengths by shears, which, by striking
21 blows m a minute, cut in 10 hours fully 400,000 ends of steel wire!
which produce about 800,000 needles. These are passed on for fur-
ther manipulation to other workmen, who straighten and point the
pieces of wire After ix>inting they are cut in two, so as to form two .
separate needles ot equal length and quality. For each different size
a small copper plate is employed. It is nearly square, and has a
tpmed-up edge on two of its sides, the one is intended to receive all
the points, while the other resists the pressure of the shears On
this plate a certain number of wires are put with their points in con-
tact with the border, and they are cut together flush with the plate,
Dy means of a Stiall pair of shears moved by the knee of the work-
man. These even wires are now taken to the head-flattmer. This
workman, seated over a table with a block of steel before him about
d inches cube, takes up from 20 to 25 needles between his finger and
Zu °^J' spreading them out like a fan, with the iwints under the
thumb he lays the heads on the steel block, and, with a small flat-
laced hammer strikes a few successive blows upon them so as to
flatten them m an instant. The heads, having become hardened bv
hammering, are aow amiealed by heating and slow cooling, and are
handM to thepi^jce?' generally a child, who forms the eye in a
second by laying the head upon a block of steel, and by driving a
small punch through one side with a smart tap of the ham r or, mid
then exactly opposite on the other. The eyes are then trimmed by
driying the punch through them again on a lump of lead and, after
laying the needle with the punch sticking through it, upon the block
Of steel, hammering the head on the sides, which causes it to take
the lorm of tno mmnh Tno novf r\T\a.vn-t-^-n Tv.ni.-nr. 4.v.„ _i i, .
eye and rounds the head, which he does with a small file. The
366 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
FaX n'SCand tTaS mten«e deg.ee «or thesi^r ; they are
■ FKuSd\f tiuired, and. tt,e tunungjs -f-^f.owed Vf a
S ftv o^oxide ot tS foi the eighth and nmth, putty with very little
o;rp\ane,'SnronSing"ca7eM^^ at their pomtB, he ea.uy le-
3.
J pell-mell
,nge thewi-
.kea of the
for which
. weight at
placed in a
388 for tlie
• ; they are
d water in
same time,
ikmg them
lies are re-
tlie needles
I into a pan
he fire, the
s are found
) tempering
I.
I openition.
■mixed with
)se bundles
^hich make
jausing the
tiour. Thi8
sh a move-
or bundles,
bowls and
imparities,
sawdust is
1 until the
lowed by a
,er, and ar,e
lewhat con-
lls or bags,
:epc 'ted ten
wder mixed
to anything
first, emery
I operation,
th very little
Aim naode of
idded in the
I quantity of
clean. The
mjuring the
the wooden
linen rag or
The sorting
are first laid
■ their polish
SOOO needles
leir heads in
he easily le-
MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS. 367
cognifces the broken ones and removes them with an instrument
adapted for the purpose. These defective needles pass into the
hands of the pointer in order to be ground again, when they fonn
articles of inferior valuA, Those needles bent in the polishing must
now be straightened, and Ihe whole are fiiu.lly arranged by the
tact of the finger and thumb of the sorter, and weighed out into
quantities for packing into blue papers. The bluer puts the finftl
touch to theiri by taking 26 needles at a time between his fore-finger
and thumb, and pressing their points against a small hone-stone
of compact micaceous schist, quadrangular in +orm, mourned in a
small lathe, turning them briskly round, giving tlie points a bluish
cast, while he jxjlishes and improves them.
On Fir.E Manufactdke.— Files are made of bars of steel, rendered
I doubly hard by a process called donble conversion, drawn the re-
quired size at the tilt hammer, and then shaped, the square and flat
ones by the hammer and common anvil only, hv.c those of lound,
half-roimd, and three-angled forms, by means of bosses and dies made
in the above shapes, which fit into a groove left for them in the anvil.
The steel blanks having been thus formed, are next annealed, or
softened, to render them capable of being cut, by placing a number
of tliem together in a brick oven, rendered air-tight by filling up all
the interstices with sand (to prevent the oxidation of the steel, to
which it is very liable, if air be admitted, ) and then making a fire
Elay as equally as possible all roimd until they are red hot, when the
eat is discontinued, «,nd the steel allowed to cool gradually bofore it is
imc^jvered. The surface to contjiin the teeth is now rendered as
smooth as possible by grinduig or filing; the teeth are then cut with a
carefully grouna chisel, each incision being made separately. The
next and last process, that of Hardening, is performed in various ways
by different makers, the otdinary method, however, is to cover the
files with a kind of compf »-»itiou or protecting varnish to prevent oxi-
dation and scalding of the steel when heated; and, lastly, they are
plunged in cold, fresh water to cool them as quickly as possible. Some
file-makers coat their files, before tempering, with a compusition of
cow-dung, or pig-flour, which not only protects the sharp angles of
the cuttings from the action of the fire, but furnishes a highly azotized
substance, which conduces greatly to still further harden and steelify
the finished work. I know several file manufacturers who make use
of a bath of melted lead for tempering purposes. The files ore first
coated with a greasy composition to prevent any oxide iadhering, then
introduced for a short time into melted lead, or the "metallic bath"
as it is called, and then plunged into the tempering liquid. The melt-
ed lead may be kept covered with cliarcoal, or other suitable ingredi-
ents, to prevent •oxidation. In some manufactories a charcoal fire is
kept >^nniing on the surface of the melted lead.
P N : iiiKG. — Pens should be made of the best steel that can be
go'^' as "dculiar elasticity is required in them, which could not be ob-
tained IX poor steel were used. The steel is cut into slips some 3 feet
long and 4 mches broad ; these slips are then plunged into a pickle of
diluted sulphrric acid so as m remove the scales from the surface ;
next it is passed between heavy roUers by which it is reduced to the
thickness required, and made fit to undergo the first process in pen
iiiiiking. This is peiiormed by a girl, who, sjeated at a stampiug-
/(
i
±
MACHINISTS, engineers', &C., RECEIPTS.
368
S!^n them The pens are next traUerred to another class of work-
ST wCby means ol a press, either make the pens con^Te^ tl ey
^^^UItaIv th he nibs or. if they are to be barrel pens, tbey roll the
wr?l Siet^er The neit process is termed the hard^nmg, and con-
S^S iJX^n- a number of pens in an iron box which is introduced
fS^a mumo ° After they become ol a deep red heat they are p ung-
"r? ^^ o^,i?i; nfnil and when thev get cool, the adhermg oil is re-
ived bTag^4on in "^^^^^^^^^^
^ i,«.„+5«« tr. thP iipoessarv elasticity in a warm bath of oil ana, nn-
X tiir>f l^ie n^^^^^^^ are placed in a revolving cylmder
ally, *"^.^y"^;,,, "'" „,^ crucible and other cutting substances, which
?S to bVehS^^^^^ Suml color of the steel ; next the
TMsSoimd dowT^^ with great rapidity, by a girl, who picks it
;i?witK oair ofTliers, knd, wiSi a single touch on an emery wheel
^X^ ft at once ^e slit is now maSe by means of a press. A
Bf -S ni wed^Twith a flat side, is affixed to the bed of the press,
andtb -^esSing 8^^^^^ a' corresponding chisel-cutter which
Sassin- down with the greatest accuracy on the pen, which had been
Sfaoid'on the diisel affiled to the bed, and the s it is made .and the
Sin comnletl "hey are next colored brown or blue, by placing them
Po ^pfrSviif^ metal evlinder, under which is a charcoal stove, and,
hv wSS n^^^^ gradation of color, tlie requisite
J-^t^ranpSilv attSd ; a brillian is subsequently imparted
bf inSrt^^T^^^ ^''^''^i in naphtha; they are then
5^-«!i orvn^+pS splected and placed into boxes for sale.
'^Toi.D PeS -^^^^^^^ n^«chin the same manner aj
«tP^? wifh Ss important difference, that, as they cannot be tempered
steel, witnimsinipui^ necessary elasticity is imparted to
Spt\'v hlnTm^rini fnf b%i^^^^^^^ a small hard stone
them by "amraenu„,^iiu J . » » ^ ^jj j^^ gold is too soft
SK^on^fa^aUo^^^^^^^ ?«Jd^^g ^ *^«
Sns^This makes an extremely hard and durable point. „ .. .
^M . vitiJa^rk bF iRON.-the preparation of the ore is effected m
we s it ^ril? to Sr to describe the us^l method of Bmriting »res
Se^£sss&"?^e«iw^^^
iKth which the slag mav be withdrawn, at inte vals. At the bot-
through ™^5JJi^^«^^f £;i.i„i^. „s,ianv closed with clay for drawmg
S^he^Sucermetelwfiena sufficient quantity is coUected. iiie
y cuts out
iorato the'
lIous steel
e embryo
J stumped
iof work-
TB, if they
iy roll the
r, and con-
introduced
are plung-
r oil is re-
I next step,
; and, fin-
g cylmder
icea, which
; next the
rho picks it
lery wheel,
press. A
the press,
ter, which
h had been
ie and the
acing them
stove, and,
le requisite
y imparted
ey are then
manner as
ae tempered
imparted to
hard stone
is too soft
tacha min-
iring to the
8 effected in
to separate
to draw off
jily crushed,
ed by means
is only used
I duriiig the
melting ores
ts of a long
L is a vertical
1 pipes called
^er opening,
At the bot-
f or drawing
leuted. iiio
m
MACHINISTS, P:NGINEERS', AC., RECEIPTS. 369
furnace is fed with coal, limestone and ore, from a hole near the top,
•the cliarge bemg renewed from time to time as the materials burn
down. The action by which the ore is reduced to the metallic" state
may be traced as follows. The oxygen of the nir of the blast combines
with the carbon of tiie coal to form carbonic acid during the process of
combustion. The ciirbonic acid," during its passage through the rest
of the heated fuel, is decomposed, being converted into carbonic oxide.
The carbonic oxide, stiil ascending, meets with the hydrogen and coal-
gas, together with which it forms a reducing mixture, abstractmg the
oxygen of the ore and setting free the iron in a metallic sfaite, which
sniks down to the bottom of the furnace, where it comes in contact
with the carbon of the coal. With tins carbide of iron is formed,
increasing the fusibility of the reduced iron to such an extent that
the lime, clay, and silica present, which have been converted into a
fusible slag, float on the top as imperfect glass. The slag runs over
through the side apparatus provided for the purpose, and the metal is
w.tlidrawn every 12 ,." 24 hours through the tap-hole. It is run into
moulds consisting of a long channel, from each side of which run
shorter ones. The central channel is known as the sow, the side ones
as the pigs, hence the term pig iron, as applied to rough cast iron.
Great improvements have been made in the process of smelting iron,
by the introduction of a heated blast i'or urging tlie combustion, and
by using the combustible gases issuing from the top of the furnace
for heating the blast, or the boilers of the steam-engines used for the
blowing machines. These improvements are now in use at most of
the principal iron works tliroughout tlie kingdom, and an idea of their
importance may be gathered from the fact that 15 years ago a yield
of 200 tons per furnace was thought to be a large quantity, whereas
now, at ttie Ulverstone and other works, GOO and 650 tons per week is
an ordinary yield ; not only this, but the amount of fuel used has been
reduced to one-quarter by the same means. The iron that comes
Irom the furnace is generally much too impure to be used for any but
the very roughest castings ; it therefore has to be remelted, to drive off,
as much as possible, the uncombined carbon, or graphite, silicon,
phosphorus, sulphur, buO other impurities. A single refusion converts
It into what is termed " Nc. i' pig," or a gray iron, a fusible and liquid
metal; a second and third srill further purifying it from carbon, until
It IS converted into refined or white iron, in which the whole of the
carbon is combined with the metal. This description of cast iron is
only used for conversion into malleable iron, for although it melts
easily, it forms a much more pasty mass than some of the inter-
mediate qualities of gray iron, which melt into a more liquid metal,
nttmg them for casting purposes. Refined iron made from the Ger-
man spathose ores contiiins a large quantity of combined carbon and
manganese and crystallizes in large plates. It is termed spieqel-
emn, or mirror iron, from the brilliancy of its crystalline structure,
Hucl IS much valued for making steel, Fomiders are accustomed to
divide castiron into three or four qualities. No. 1, pig or black cast
iron, which contams a large proportion of uncombined carbon ,- No.
f, or gray cast iron, which confciius more combined carbon ; No.
•>, or mottled, which contains onlv a few grains of uncombined car-
bon, here and there, giving it a mottled appearance ; No. 4, or refined
iroii, iu which the whole 01 tlie carbou is combined. No. 4 is verv
24 ^
-'^-
g
370 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, &C RECEIPTS.
hard and brittle, and is ^^adt^b^ri^i^^^^^
or wrought iron. This is eft«^J^J,,^y ^^^^^^^ wire to avoid
to a state of fusion "^^/^fJ.^.^^f^^SnuX^^^ iiigot parts with
the contact of fuel. The^^'^^V tCw n^^^^ of oxide, if pro-
its carbon, which is assisted t>y tinowms o^^^^^ becomes
duced in the forge As the carbo l>Y;'«J^e^^^^^^^ i,,t,Ta granular
more and more pasty, until at length « » « "^^^'^^^ej, very intense,
sandy mass, The heat is "«^„^X ^aim^^ Ae metal
and the air is excluded by closmg the dm^^^^^ ^^.^^ ^^^^
begins to agglomerate "^f" .^o^^f f "'^-of aM 8iibie«ts, while .4111
pi^ddler collects on the end of an iron rod, am suuj ^ ^^
Lt, either to the action of a l^mmer or to a P^Xer inipurities, and
sloughing press, whidi.squeezes out th^^^^^^ '^iCiron is then rolled
forces the particles ot iron closer together ine^io^^^ ^^
into bars, and forms what is called homc^^^eous iroi ^ .^^^
metal much used when great har^^^^^ess s re^^^^^^^ it is much "sed for
by its Sranular texture when 1^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ,.^^
the tops of railway bars, and lor/ne wc^^^^^^^ ^^^ .^^^
wheelJ. Whci-ethehbrm^^^^^^^^^
lengths, alter the first process oi ronn^ft' J^ i ^ r^,j j process
healed in a reverberatory * ^"^.^S'Yron has a f mc^^ a i^ece of
is repeated several times. Fibrous iron *^'^» f^jYf "' t.^ii^ i^ required,
cane" and is used where resista ce to a pum ^ti, the
snch'as anchors, .fan^f ' &«; w^'Yo bear the weight Jf passing trains,
hiterior of the rail of ^^^rous iron to oearjie ^ y ^^^^ wearing
while the exteriors are made of grai^^^^^^^^
action of the wheels. Themaheab e ironoico pxuposes.
and may be ^^en as a type of ^i^^^^^ £ and" lustrous when
Wrought iron is of bluish white co^^^^^^ ^^or , Its
^Scfgrrvftyt Tt^T^ and^^^^^^^^ -^^ ^^^-^ ^^^ ^' ^
"^siirMiVu."c^^^^^^ --i^^'^^^f, irdirfroriio^
ble iron by the process called cemenfcit on. 1^^ ^^ ^
. the Dannemora Mines, ^^^^ed with t e letter ^^m ^^ ^ ^^^
circle, and called " Hoop L is S^^c^^^iJ P\^f,,ig ^f steel. The bars
oiher'marks are also ^^«f * ?^^/;„^,^^ts^*f t^^^^^^^^ about four-
are arranged in a f^^^^ace f at com^^^ chlrcoal-powder is
teen feet long and two feet feq^are. a uiy «x alternately,
spread over the bottom, then a la^erotto^^^^^ ^^^^^.^^
-the full charge i^ al^^^^^^ " *?f '^fif the slush or waste from the
charcoal, then sand, and lastly ^'^y^^ ^^^^^^^ the whole closely
grindstone trough, applied wet so as to ceiu now lighted
Sown for the entire exclusion of the air^^ A cjU^e^^^
below and between the troughs ; and at the e^^id^^^^^^^^^ ^^^
the bars are found to have mcreaf d m ^ei-ht, tne o^ ^^^^^^^
fiftieth part, by an absorption of caibon^^^^^^ ^^^^^ The
a fracture more erystalUne atthough ^^^^^^ apparently
barswhenthus converted aiea^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ them
from the expansion ot the m mute Duu Dies o continuation of
^i ?^JZ 'L:^^JS%^^ l-e,ai^d more carb.i, .Id
render? ti^ bars "more fusible, and would uiuma.uiy c^an. .h... ---
malleable
stined iron*
J to avoid
larta with
le, if pro-
t becomes
I granular
ry iutenHe,
f lie metal
which the
while dtill
iH, called a
iirities, and
;hen rolled
, quality of
itinguished
ch used for
of railway
is cut into
ajitudinally,
'his process
B a piece of
is required,
,de with the
5sing trains,
;he wearing
nearly pure,
,1 puri)oses.
strOus when
r odor.' Its
ise heat of a
>ure mallea-
,h iron from
centre of a
ms of a few
il. The bars
about four-
al-powder is
, alternately,
rev first with
3te from the
vhole closely
; now lighted
t seven days,
hundred and
when broken,
before. The
•s, apparently
■tween them,
intinuation of
e carbon, and
MACTimrSTS, ENGINEERS', &C., RECEirTS. 371
■X!;t IS:^:^^^^Z:^::^^^<^- to avol,, .us mischief
and the work is coinnlete who.T H 1 ^ ''"''i*'". ^' '''''^''^' th(3 pimlZ
centre of the bars. The conver«^^^^^ ^'''' extendi I fe the
mg and emptying tl.rfm-inpf ^? occupies, with the time for chari
quantity of Kiel's eLXlTlSithrVf^'i^^^" ^^^y«. A very Si
iron for ceitjtin partsTfneeha„ Im w ''^. f ^'^' ^"^ welding to
bulk of the blistei^ed steel irmSS.''"? "'^^ *"^ edge-tools. %e
processes, bv which it is made t?ther inf T ^* "'^ *^« foHowh^
Shmr-steel Is produced brpHimrto."/,^ «»^eai--«teel or cast-steeT
having been in former ySJrsnroPmii V ^"^,,^l»o German steel from
iS« "^^'^^-^ ^^^"^ «"^ S wE^and ™ ?:JV2;"^^^^^^ SometlmS
the repetition. This process of wrTrS • f^^^^^<i-shear steel from
restores the fibrous cliKcter tml reS.^Vhp' *''" manufacture of ron
shear-steel is close, hard, SStfctril^'''^^'^^'*^^^ welding: the
posed jointly of steel an* bSh It ' *• '** ™"^^^ "«ed for tools cot
the formati<Si of sprtgra il^^/n*^ kS^r^'^'"^^*^.^^''^" aS^s' tl"
same, under the name of snHnrl L.i t ^^^ P?"epared expressly for tlie
or 28 lbs. of h'agmeltsoi^mZvedLJ'' '"'''l"f castJted, about 26
rieties, are placed in a cruciM^fmf,! of J^^^ >'^ different va-
fitted with a cover, wliicl k Tempnft^^ ^^' ""^^^'^^ "'^^ ^ barrel, and
melts after a time the Stter to^eci 're th*"^^^^^ ^ i'''^^^ l«te'tha?
pots are exposed t^ a vivid heat ITnt!^ J^'^jpS- Either one or two
air furnace in which S^ blistered .tPpf'^^K^^^^ *^^ brass-fouude^s
course of 3 or 4 hours- iMuli;^ steel is thoroughly melted in fh!
ing stote, and PourS^nto ^mould 71^^^^^^^ wW^m^n iifa glow!
bars, or about 20 or28 SchS for riir "^^V ^^^her 2 inches square for
mgots the contents of two ofino^^ ^^!'°^' "'^^ sheet-steel. FofiJ^l
mould, but it requires extrSv^en'tT '"•" *^8^*^^^ ^^ t^^ S
intense temperature that it shall Khke S'h l^ "^^^'"^g the very
mgots are reheated in an onen S^l "u }l?^^ «^' ^^ the pots The
forge and are pr sedundS- alien vih""""^ "^'^*^^* «f the .ommin
suc^ as those of iron-wSrks the Wow^ri""' ^'^^^^"^- several tmis
to the crystalline nature of the nv «. k ? ^"'^'} S^^^^y «t first, owiS
the strength of the blows I iuci43 tmW-' *'!f ^^^^^"^ is elimiuS:
hammer to sizes as small as | ofWnPh «n'' reduced mider the heavy
ished under tilt hammers which are mnr-h^-Tf ' ^i?^"^^ ^^''^ ^^e fin!
move considerably Quicker nni I . bghtor than the precediii"
ironmasW,\™4'fX™„^';;'=?S^ Goransso,,, a Swedish
steel, and erected the necS^ a!™ilt *T5?'<"' Pro^ss of mK
ter considerable delar i,? o^7- '^'"1.'?''"^ "« •»« works at Edslmi. nT
succeeded in eBta1,tfc;'i ff Z.SS.i^'lv-'Wn ? -enf^ri^if
-....3UU., aaa in "to-devoteaUs- whole e^'.»SishSr.ii''?„";
3
872 MACHINISTS, engineers', &0., RE EIPTS.
and cutler V , .nultnc •"lP*"^*'l^^"p„„,,_„„n otatr Mmt ho has cur-
ovtv of weldino- in a most reinarkaDie aegree. j^ ^,. ^oia
Esa-In ai extmction of rino from its ores *'^; ^^"^^ »'„("i'j;
t
! an R('-
tiHB cnr-
/er linv-
eeii pat"
iple pro-
;he blast
e appar-
e squan
;o ia con-
led ladlo
lenj^agbd
ably ne-
in which
m of the
n»e occu-
lt iii cast
Slight, in-
t., which
iro of bar
Mr. Gor-
than 1000
lantity of
He says :
ow make
it a single
her hard,
perfectly
the prop-
5 or cala-
ise of the
e result in
weight of
if peculiar
yhich the
m opening
> bottom of
! conimun-
)m of the
of ore and
The tube
le crucible
,me at the
te to blue,
.n, and the
i partly in
d and cast
and tin has
the firm of
icity of the
s subjected
t
MACHINISTS, ENGINFFR.', &c., RECEIPTS. 873
the iron. The pn/p ^tio" is of nkl . ,1^ »1'0"
order to ...odui the best tin linLr. ,n " l'i\'''''} ""'^^ ^^'"^ **"' "»
o?3. of fhwet iron, toTf Virofi ;^^i.[;f^^^
(;nicibJet(, prevent the oxid«fiim <.V ii . J'^^u T' '''* *^'"'* '"^^' ' 'na
necessary for the fusLu/f ^^^^^^^ '''^'1' omp.rature
in the ordiuurv manner ^^omi^sition tlu> workman proceeds
lt^!t7J± tt'^iusT^h^Smranif "•'; "r- '''' ^-^^ ^^^^ -^
i.umerse thin plateroTwJo;HJ],?1.f^"''l1® "^ ?'<*"• Wl»en fused,
Boon be,..me coated witl7a f n fin '1 ^^^f^ "^i^V'^'e- Tiie plates
^^ a JS^^^^^^
portions of sand leaving thf h^.v"^ n o/rff-^r^^. ^he lighter
freed from Inipir ties L bei /^fn-n^^^ ^^ ^''^ ^'^^her
A^hich is altorwirds distilled off " Fn t •^''T'l*''! "^'^h quick-silver,
from 2 to 10 per ceTS sikLni f« f •"^'^'^ 'f generally contains
this, means an ex ,S,?m „1 ?", *"' '^ "' '^'?™ eomiiosition. By
»Uoyhx anv'S.S'Sre1tly""Sta Se S"c™t "K,rT" "^
more „i- less vfOTk'pertomMdZ p^I ^^ ^^ have been recorded, and
oJrep,Ual,lelXfrelmo™ toeilt „fZ'"w, S'V^ '"^'''^ ™««^
averaSI shipments of ffinn'f """JS'- >»''""''' O™" «'« »"■<=»■«■ The
consists o( 83stami, mm. iS ^5 '^"^ •"' ?"' immense prodnction
and 1597 sU.m;^:S' S iferir^.-^S ,1^' Ari,,^^?^^
^%.V!•V,
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
^^<^^-fe
J
1.0
1.1
lii|2£ I
1 5.0 ""^^ Ml
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.8
1-25 1 1.4 1.6
6"
►
p
/a
^
J>^//'
C^l'
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
^
^'^^
•^
«v
^<
h
w^
VrlV
1>
c'n?
23 WEST MA^N STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
4-
.<^
.-%
k
%
374 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
horse power. There are 30 engines used at the shafts of muies for
raising ore from the veins and keeping them free from water. These
mills contain from 5 to 50 stamps, mostly driven by^ stpam. The
ore, broken into fragments, is fed into a battery in which the stamps
are raised and allowed to fall, crushing the ore fine enough to flow
through a screen placed in front. Mercury is fed in this battery, and
the pulverized ore mixed with sufficient water is then made to flow
over wide plates of copper amalgamated with quicksilver. The gold,
or part of it, adheres, forming an amalgam with the mercury, which
is afterwards scniped off, squeezed hard, and the lump retorted in
a close retort of iron for the purpose of vaporizmg the mercury and
getting tlie gold almost pure ; the retorts being subsequently shipi>ed
to the East for minting. Each ^tamp is calculated to do from 4 to |
of a ton in ii4 hours, recjuiring about one horse ix)wer to each stamp
head. Most of the ore is reduced in leased mills abandoned by com-
panies. These mill men charge their customers between S3 and $4
per ton for doing this work and returning the retort of gold. The
tailings are partiallv caught in the best mills on blankets, and
reworked at a prorit ; the bulk, however, passes outside, a portion
stopping to be shovelled into a pile, the balance going on to the stream.
The waste is uearly or quite equal to the gross yield in bullion.
The most profitable branch of vein mining and reduction by the
smeltiiifj process was undertaken by Prof. Hill in 1867, in connection
with some Boston and Providence capitalists, and is managed with
much ability, energy and skill, compensated by enormous profits, of
which tlie outside public know little or nothing, from the vigilance
with which all such information is suppressed. From the road side
yoa see from ^ to 30 piles of ore sending forth sulphurous emanations
into the air. These piles are first started on a layer of wood, and
are run up in a pyramid form some 5 to 6 feet, with diameter at base
of from 16 to 20 feet, and then fired, the sulphur affording the only
fuel, after the exhaustion of the wood, to keep the fire going from
four to six weeks. Tliis ore has been parsed through the sampling
works and been paid for^ the amount lying thus in piles at one time
amounting to, perhaps, $80,000. After roasting sufficiently to drive
o& the sulphur, and oxidize a portion of the iron, these piles are
cooled and the ore carried to the smelting furnaces, where under a
heavy heat, more sulphur is driven off, and the silica or {/anr/ue mat-
ter is made to unite with the oxide of iron to form a slag. At the end
of the smelting some 8 or 10 tons are thus reduced to one called
" matte," containing from $1,500 to $2,000 in the precious metals, and
from 40 to 60 per cent of copper. This product is then shipped in bags
to Swansea, England, for sepai-ation into the several metals contained.
The establishment contains three smelting furnaces and three calcin-
ing furnaces, capable of reducing from 20 to 25 tons of ore per day.
The tailings wjiich are concentrated along the streams, and are also
sold to this establishment, average from $35 to $40 psr ton. These
works are doubtless the most profitable of the kind known in the
world. In Working tolerably high grade sulphuretted ores, if the
facilities do not admit of sending them to England, the best way is to
erect a common furnace, having the fire surfaces of good soap stone ;
then, to every 150 lbs. o^ ore, i)ut in one bushel of charcoal and 10
per cent of salt. The ore will readily melt to a slag, and will be
MACHINISTS, ENGmEERs', *c, RECEIPTS 875
most substantial manner sli^htw il^ ^L^^/®« "^ extent, built in the
The flooring consisl^S VtfmltS^^ '^'' «'>^ «f ^ater
slIS^'V?™'*^"^^^ contains ^ much aTlO^Tff' ^'l^ *^^« ^^^^ ^e-
a^ime, 30 tons of salt, 3 tons sulnW nf l^ ''"^ ^1 ar-entiferoua
mercurjr in various stj^ffes of tlfo im?i ^ 2?^^^^' «"d 18,000 lbs of
r^y f «<fkesplaclK^^ The reU^
affinity between the diilferent infjred^ntrpm f "^ because tliere is an
On COBKESPONDENCES-TheaffiS--^ ^'^'^
between different materials iriJ.}^^ ^^^""^ referred to as existing
planted ui each BiZ^nce CX^ cZT ^ '^^^^^^^^ inseminated o?im?
a mutual affinity exisTbet/ee ^hf^tZt w^^
takes place, they, as it were Sr«/ J ^. i. !^* ^^^^" an intermixture
mutual embrace^' ClosSv compSh^^.'^S'^^' ''^"^ '"^^^ together [n
the cause of their existence S'oJflwM '^^"J^^^^' »« showii^g
respondences a most wondeXl S' Zlf^'l^- '" *^^ ««^^»ce of cor?
Its varied ramifications snienlv^nl?^^^^^^^ '''*"^y' entering in
created thing, thatthereianS^n S.'^u"*'^'*^;"* nature of every
but what colnes vvithi^ts cSemfo^ Th^
ance of the subiect is miph f hnVV* • i^ ^: ^he transcendent imnnrt-
consideration tC irtran W , L^f T"^."^^^^^^^ more el Zrate
would be a violation of orSer to enter inLV'^'^l^ Paragraph, buVa? rt
this place, the reader is ref em^riT+nt^ ^'^ ^^ extended explanation in
Mercury or QuIS?vFR^i^hp E^"^'^*^'^
milion color. Its specific glavitVfsloSs ^'r,".^""^^,^^ of a bright verl
quantities at the New AlmaHA,! ,«^ • o " ^^ produced in immenqA
^om the town of S^^Jo^,"^ effi "^^^^^^^^ ^T^^^' l" mSS
Tiie process by which tliP flmH ^nlU i • "®^ ^^"™ ^an Francisco Cal
Plicity. Theil ^re 6 furnace ,Sfl^^iS*:f*"^ ^^ ^'"^ ^^ great'sim-"
the mine, and separated accorS TX' *^^?'^ ^« depo.^ted from
are first broken up and then « ?1 • *^^ '1''^''^'*^ ' ^^^e larger masses
furnace doors. The ore is hpvM L ' ^a^'^^ 'JP "»^er shedt near the
though not a stronrfire is apn^^r^sTh?^ ^''T''^'' ^"^ a steady
quicksilver is sublimed Ind Xfnr.: a ^ the ore becomes heated the
and is conducted by Ses wfe ^l"« ^y it« own weig t?
1 to 2 gallons of the metal The fnii^ail '*^'? ^^^^' containing from
day, whle large drops or ir^hm eX^.f L^t* ^^"^^ "^^^taud
constantly trickling down into fi.o 5 ?' "'^ ®! *^e pure metal are
ried to the store Sousrand H^i •fT-^^^'^' ^^^m «iere it is car!
vate the largest of which t^Si^^L'\^'^\'^'^ ^^«» <-"' '^« or
quicksilver. Seven or Pio-hV ^t ^P'^ole of containing 20 tons of
extract the quicksilver a?d*ret^oveX^^^^^^^^^ *" %\ ^^^ '^^^^t
those who merelv h-mrlip +hi • ^ ^ residuum. The miners and
but those wT.wLk about Ihp*^?''^''^'^^" ^'^ »*^* injured tl'erew
the metol are leriously aff?cU"™S^'l1v. ^^ inhale 'the fumes ^|
attendants on the fuSaces are comneuid" /' T'^^.^ '^"^ the
labour every three or four weeks, ^^if%L^ -^.««^«* ^'^P^ their
when a fresh set of hands
i'Uh
r3»rcT30K»»sr=6BeiBaMB«iB^
876 MACHINISTS, engineers', AC, RECEIPTS.
on. The horses and mules are also salivated, and from JW to 30 of
tlicm die every year from the effects of the mercury.
Smeltinc; of Coiter.— After the ore is raised from the^niue, it is
freed from its matrix and sorted, the purest portions bemg broken
into i)iece8 the size of a nut. The first calcination is effected in a
reverberatory furnace, the heat not being raised too high. At the
end of 12 hours the ore is converted into a black ixiwder, contain-
ing sulphide of copper, oxide and sulphide of iron, and earthy
impurities. The roasted ore is next fused with a quantity of silicious
slag, by which means it is conveited into a fusible slag, consisting
IS
of siliojate of iron and sulphides of iron
through the slag, forming at the bottom
and copper, which sin!
1 mo aiitf;, jiwiiiiiiig ni, wio u^/c«7«i a heavy mass^ termed a
matt. TRe matt thus procured is, while melted, run mto water,
by which it is granulated. The product obtauied is called coarse
metal. It is roasted once more for twenty-four hours, by which
means the larger proportion of the sulphide of iron is converted
into oxide. It is then calcined with some copper ore known to
Contain oxide of copper and silicti. The oxide of copper transforms
any remaining sulphide of iron into oxide, which is taken up by the
silica to form a slag, through wliich the sulpiride of copper smks.
This matt contjihis about 80 per cent, of copper, and is known
by the name of fine Tnetal. It is cast into pigs, the lower portions
of which contain most of the impurities ; the metal extracted from
the upper portions being known in the market as best selected
copper. The fine metal has now to be freed entirely from sulphur
by a final calcination, at a heat iust short of that required to fuse
it. During the process the metal becomes oxidized at the surface.
The oxide thu,. Tormed decomposes the rest of the sulphide, sul-
phurous acid escaping, the metjillic copper remaining behind. The
mettil obtained is run off into moulds, forming ingots full of bub-
bles, from the escape of the sulphurous acid gas. These ingots,
which are known as pimple, or blistered copper, from their peculiar
appearance, have now to undergo the process of refining. They
are placed in a reverberatory furnace, and kept in a melted state
for upwards of 20 hours, to oxidize the* last traces of foreign
metals. Slags are formed on the surface and skinuned off, and a •
great deal of oxide is produced which is absorbed by the metal. To
redi ce this oxide, the surface of the melted metal is covered with an-
thrat^ite or charcoal, and towards the last a young tree is thrust in.
This process, which is called poling, disengages the whole of the
oxygen from the oxide diffused through the mass. The above is, as
nearly as possible, the method of copper-smelting, as employed in
England, the processes adopted in Saxony and North America behig
nearly indentical with it, the difference merely being modifications
to suit the various impurities contained in the ore. When the ore con-
sists of oxide or carbonate of copper only, it is reduced to the metallic
state by simple fusion with charcoal and subsequent poling.
Smelting op Lead. — The ore having been brought to the surface,
is first sorted by hand, the purest ixjitions being set aside ready for
smelting. The rest is broken by hammers into lumps as large as a
walnut, and again sorted. The 'remainder is then crushed in a mill,
and silted through coarse sieves, the coarser jwrtions being set aside
for the stampers, and the finer being subjected to the process oijig-
X
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS', AC, RECEIPTS. 377
fthaSTal^^S;^^^^^^^^ ore into water,
eaymg the larger pieces il^^Uie 3 eve wff 1 1^ l^/« th^«»gl
Iromgaiigue, about IaSm of f 1.2 ^'^^^^ .^^^^^^'^ ^^ tolerably free
nace, through wkich a current of « iff ""^'^ "' ^ ^^^^^''^^^^^
arge portion of the «ulphSTbumtTff L^'^m"?'^' ^^ ""« »»«^w a
lead and sulplxate of lead bein" fm^.«H «"¥^"''''\^ "^»d, oxide of
mmn ng undecomposed When Jh« . .'o^'- '"^'^ ^^ "^^ ore re-
sufflciently far, the furWe d^rs are S'^i i"^ 1 ^''". ^^''^^d
The sulphate and oxide of lead Ve a4 nn IV.f "^J* "^® ^'^'^t is raised.
a large quantity of siUphurous acid is fo •mP*'/''1'T"l^"«^^ «»^l>l»de,
mg hirgo quantities of meS fead beh?nd tS"« ^ »*^'"'' ««' ^«'^^-
and a quantity of lime thrown £ whth fU J^'® ^""^ '**. "•^^ damped,
al owing the metallic lead to b^'d™ oS^"^^* very infusible slag,
Wiiich contains a large pro^rtion oMp^f '-'^ ™?"^?«- '^^''^ «%
ditional portion of ore.^ LeK SnPd h? h'o/^ «melted with aa ajl
pan m a reverberatory furnace lu^^^^ »l»allow
monv it may contam is oxi u"ed and ^p^n ' T'''*'''" '^"-V «» <>r »»«-
a ladleful of the lead under tt.1- «J1? ^^'^oved us sldmmings. When
taUine surface, the proiesHsdZf^^^^^^^ r^^'"" pec^uliar crys^
ffiffthf^^KTrh??
■iu T''- ^"^^ process depends unon rfifi f.,^ * * ^"' , -^ ^ awnison's
the first portions that crSlize a^-p nnSi *^i^*' .^? ^^^^ solidifies,
therefore, performed by Su<^ tl e mf^fJf^- ^-^'^ opemtion is
lowmgittocool gradually as it Pnnio*?*^' ^" ''^" '^'^" P"t nnd all
removed by a perforated ladl? ind the r rn.f^'^H?^ ^''''^ ^^^^ ^^e
with fresh portions of lead mitil the mx^^^^^^ continually repeated
to tiie ton. It is then snhm ttii f ^^ contams about 300 ounces
Gold ani> Silver ^•^^^""tted to cupellation. See RkpiS
inclined plane, in a reTer£ o?^u?nacr l\ \^?' melted In an
and flows away from the sia" nr «!^^. -^ "'^^^^^ sulphide fuses
B again roastel, an?mS^'*|lth cS^nL^n '' f "'^^ ^^^^ ««IpMde
lieatmg tliis mixture in aTrSle franJif'l^ "? h^ ^"'^ charcoal."^ On
jit the bottom. The unreduSd Sv«n iS^ ?^ l^ ^ "^^^'^ '« formed
i« afterwards used for premrino- SS^. "^^ •'^^"'^? T^^msiinf, on the top
alone in the arts, bSt^aK^i^Trinnl'JSn^^^^^^^^^ ^* !« "^^^^ »««d
wlnchitimpai1»ahardeninTmialLan7l^^w^ ??^' ""^^'^'^ "petals, to
of expanding when they cobl li»<ewise the valuable property
w a'sSr.^t^Sd'liytr^^^^^^ *he ore is first stamped or
^t. It is then roasted to frTe it fSlr^.^fif"*^^"'" ?^^ adhering t«
washed to caiTyoinhesuliTiteofpnnn^?'^ '''H'J ««lpliur, and a|iin
ed ore is mixed with f^m on^fif?!. Z^^^^^ «^ i^^"- The wlsh-
anthracito, or charcoal. aMJ^^lu^Ztff\}'^^f'^¥oipoy^dored
,....,.. ..n Ox iiiuu to lorm a fusible
mm.
Bgi'.a ' W'U i .iijiii-uiH
378 MACHINISTS, engineers', &g., receipts.
slag with any of the remaining gangue. The cliarge is placed in the
hearth of a low crowned reverberatory furnace, and the doors are
cCetl lU) hSI is applied very gradually for five or six hours, care
Sgtoten to raise Z tenu>eratiirehigh enough to cause «he carbon
to reduce the tin without melting the silicipus gangue, which Ajould
form with the binoxide an enamel too troublesome to i-emove When
iieariv all the tin is reduced, the heat is raised considerably, the slags
beS thus rendered fluid and capable of ficnting on the surface of the
Sd metol. The tin is then Am off into ca^t iron pans from which
Sis ladSd off into moulds to form ingots. The tin thus procured is
faJ from ^hig pure, it is therefore submitted to the process of lignatioii,
whidi cmiK in heating the ingots to incip eiit fusion. By this
CnUhcpurertm,whichfusesatacomparativelyowhea^^^^^
rumiing down and leaving the impure portions behind. 1 he less tusi-
Kcrtion, when remelted, forms block tin, and the iwirt which ha«
run out is again melted and run out with wet steikes. The steam thus
formed buSs up to the surface, airrying with it aU the mechaincal.
imuu rities contained in the tin. The mass is then ski.umed and allowed
Sh When just about to set, the upper half is Ij^djed out, the other
meTals and impurities having sunk into ^^^^ bottom hall tnj^^^^^^^^
dency thatthi.^ hietal has to sepamte from its ^ loy»-,^he finest q^^^^^^^
of tin is frequently heated to a temperature just short of its melting
Soint At tViis heat, it becomes brittle, and is broken up into masses
ahowingtiie crystals of the metal, and forming what is known as
^Z^rZ ThJ formation of crystols is to some extent J g^rantee
of its purity, since impure tin does not become brittle in this way.
En-lish tin generally contams small quantities of arsenic, copper, m>n
and lead Tin fuses at 442o Fahr.,but it is not sensibly volatilized at
that or any higher tompamture. For the manutacture of tm plate the
beS soft c-harcoal iron is obliged to be used. After it has been rolled
and cut to the requisite size, its surface is made cheinK|ally clean by
fminersion for a few minutes in dilute sulphuric acid. The sheets are
then heated to a red heat in a reverberatory furnace withdrawn, al-
lowed to cool, hammered flat, passed between Pohshed rollers aiid
arlnow washed m dilute acid. This preparation is needed to free t e
surfacrof the iron from the slightest portion of oxide to which the
thi would not adhere. In order to tin them they are pl«nged 9 by
one hito a vessel of tallow, from which they are transferred to ..bath
of tin From this they are taken, after a certain time, allowed to
dra n and dipped again. The sup irfluous tin at the edge of the i^ate
is removed bv dipping it in the molted tin once more, and detachmg
''tl^^X^r^^'TA^^^^^^^ 10 lbs; carbonate
of soda (ordinary soda), 10 lbs.; crush mto coarse ^-ams. Have a
thi^ solution of glue, or decoction of linseed oil ready, into which pour
th^soda until quite thick, and spread out on boards, in a warm apart-
mint to d?y tlen pack up into nice square packages for sale, label-
Eieatlv Used to soften hard water; finds a ready sale at a good
St Inoth^^Wayto soften Hard Water. Stir 1 oz. fresh lime m
bucket of water, ^ur all into a barrel of water rummage well;
wl en t settC^^ water will be soft, pui^, and nt for use Seller
Anerient Calcined magnesia, 1 lb. ; ttirtaric acid, m crystals, H lbs. ,
ioKgar, l| lbs. ; bicarbonate of soda, lib. Powder all carefully,
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS^ &C., RECEIPTS. 37$
sieve. 1 tablespoonful to a SKfV^ PT"'« ^'^^""^''^ ^ Le
USEFUL ITEMS FOR DAILY REMEMBRANCE.
teiSty^STf^^fn^ne hft*''- "? 5"^^^^^ ^« ^^^d.. A note op-
of a note is exninpt fionnfabihK i/^^^ ^^ ""i^* i'^^ ^*- A" endorser
honor within S honrT of its ^^^^^ of it« dis-
void. Notes bear Sent inlv wSf/I"''"J- . f "V,*^ ^-^ ^ ^n^^o^ «
sponsible for their a" ente Fa/h X.if^i'' ?^'*'''*- ^""^'ipals are re-
Hible for the whofeSmit oUhe debte oft he'filmr^r ^^^' '' ''T''-
pencil are good ill law AT^'o'm.TiZ'""' "•""• signatures in lead
the acts of^ne paiS bind alX oth'ivr^'^'n "f* H^^^^^ conclusive,
day cannot be enfo^Sd A contract S^ Contracts nmdo on Sun-
tract made with a limatic is voW whSI ^ I""''''" '^ 'o^^- ^ ^on-
must be under seal "^' ^ ""^" contracts conceming land
Ccntt per Bay
21. .
51...
11....
27*. . .
65.. _
1.10....
1.37....
,Tr "' p^l.T""^ *^<2?»--- — ™t.
$ 10.
20.
40.
100.
200.
400.
600.
Fifty Years
$ 2,fK)0
5,800
11,600
29,000
68,000
116,000
145,000
In Ten Years
...$ 130.
. . . 260.
. . . 520.
.1,300.
. . 2,600.
...5,200.
• .DjOUO , i'±o mill
cent^i;;rda7frSi1h;*iTnfeTfs^^^^ --« 2|
terest will ainount to I "^ SJ\ a *•'," ^^^ '? ^^' *''« ^^^ witli in-
the impoitant sum of !» S«vp .l^ ^""""'"^ ""^^ ^^* «^"*« ^^^^'^'^s
ner for a time of i^sSble wmS' hnfloti ^^"^ T'^ in a prudent man-
^^ liberally by^ J^^^TS^^^i^l^
teSanc^ZITom^i^alflfS^^^^ ^««* ^ <li«coun.
possible way. X resneSi •u'^'ii''" ^^.^.^"^«ed sin in every
Of it BusiLssmenXm^^^^^^^ guilt J
avoided by the best class of custoniPrr w t i ii, . ^ themselves
can suffer no mental SsCSit^rofv/f^L^^^^^ J^^l'T^ ^^'^^^^
pelled to listen to proCSgSLe^ B^sidp« f ^''*^^ ^^ J'^"^^ «««^-
profane swearer, will riot be frSd w ih^' ^^f"^' ""^'^ '^^^^^^'^ »» a
i« I^y impSnlrpp^rs' t^'^XS,^ Jfd%Sn-;^=^^^^^ .^^- it
380 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS.
that we receive linppiness. Stand by this truth, live It out, tuid al-
wftvs keep doing something n«oful for the common good, doing it weU,
and acting Hincorely . Endeavour to k(3ep your lioart in the attitude of
cherirtiiing good will to all, thinking and speaking evil of no one, and
ul wavH with a kind word for every body. SelflnhnewH is its own curse ;
it is a starving vice. The man who does no good gets n<me. He is .
likf the hoatli in the desert, neither yielding fruit nor seeing when
good twnneth, a stunted dwarfish, miserable shrub. Let all your in-
fiuonce he exerted for the purpose of doing all you can for the com-
niou good and individual welfare of every one.
Mahhiki) Likk, its Joys and Sorrows.— A good wife is the
greatest earthly blessing. A wife never makes a greater misfeike
than when she 'endeavours to coerce her hubaud with other weajmns
than those of love and affection. Those weaiwns are a sure pull if
lie has anv thing human left in him. Forbear mutual upbraidings.
In writing letters, during temporary separation, let nothing contrary
to love and sincere alToction be expressed; siich letters from a wife
have a most powerful emotional eltect, sometimes little understood
bv those who write them, ft is the mother who moulds the character
aiid dc-^tiny of tiie child as to the exteriors, therefore let calmness,
peace, alTection, and firmness rule her conduct towards her children.
Children are great imitators, whether they have scolding or peaceful
mothers, they are generally sure to learn from the examples set before
them, and thus the consequent joy or sorrow is transferred to other
families, therefore let motliers take heed to their conduct. It is not
possil)le to exercise judgment and prudence too much before entering
on the married life. Be sure that the affections on both sides are so
perfectly intertwined around each other, that the two as it were, form
one miiid ; this requires time, and a thorough mutual knowledge on
botli sides. Marry in your own religion, and into a different blood
and temperament 'from' your own. Bend your whole powers to avoid
depreciatory remarks, jibing and anger in every form, and spec-
ially avoid 'everlastinglv dishing ui) any unsucceesf ul past action that
was done from a good inotive and with the best intentions at the time.
Let nothing foreign to the spirit of love and mutual affection intervene
to cause disbince between liusband and wife ; to this end let self-de-
nial rule over each, and reciprocal unselfishness. Avoid habitual
fault-finding, scolding, &c., as vou would perdition itself ; many men
tremble as tliey cross'tbeirthreshold into the presence of scolding wives.
Let husband and wife cultivate habits of sobriety, and specially avoid
drunlvcuness in every form. What a dreadful spectacle it is to see a
husband transformed into a demon, tottering homeward to abroken-
heai-ted wife, whose noble self-sacrificing devotion to him seems to
partake more off the nature of heaven than of earth. Never part, even
for a journey, without kind and endearing words, and as a kiss sym-
bolizes union from interior affection, do not dispense with it on
such occasions, repeating it when you return. In one word, let
love rule supreme. , \ ^ ^^ • i
In all vour dealings with woman, take a le.-^^son from the coomg dove,
speak softly, deal gently, kindly and considerately with her in every
way Let 'every husband and every wife cherish for each other the
heavenly flame of affection, and let no rude, harsh, or embittered ex-
pression on either side chill the sjicred fire. If ever adoration of the
MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS*, AC, RECEIPTS. 381
creature may hope for pardon, surely the worship rendered bv man
to a kmd, pure, alTectionato and loving wife, heaven's best giit mav
invoke forgiveness. Wluit countless millions of women have sac-
nticed health, strength and life in attendance on sick and dvinc hus-
bands, children and stmngers ? How many have perished* by rush-
ing through hre and water to save their children, and sbirved them-
selves that they might live ? In how many hospitals has she proved
Herself an angel of mercy, and her sweet voice uttered words of
comfortandcrieer? Therefore let woman have her full rights, even
that of voting if shedesires it, foragood woman's influence will ever be
used for a good pun)08e : but lot woman act towards' man as indi-
cated in the above advice for man to act towards woman, and she would
be all but omnipotent, for man in a manner would move heaven and
earth to serve her and would do unspeakably more for her than can
ever be done by all the fussy croakers, old maids, and woman's rights
assocmtions and lecturers in the creation. Love in the family is the
one thing needful to regenerate the earth and wiuse the wilderness to
become as Lden, and the desert to blossom as the rose. Reversed
love and discord have broken more hearts, and caused more sorrow
estrangement, and downright death, than war, pestilence and all other
causes coinbined. It palsies energy and ambition, engenders gloom
and desimir, and transforms manhood into an icicle. Statistics prove
that the niarried live longer on the average by several years, tlian
the unmarried, a most satisfactory proof that the married state is pre-
eminently the hie designed for man, tlierefore let all mterested do
tiieir utmost to make it the happiest.
In reference to the maintenance of health, many valuable prescriptions
and much good advice will be found under the Medical Department
in this work, but truth requires us to state that for the purpose of
mitigating the pams and labour incident to woman at the most event-
ful and cntical periods of her life, nothing within the whole compass
of nature will compare with water, in its varied applications. This
mtimation is made for the purp<38e of directing enlightened and in-
telligent action on the subject as necessity may call for it Past ex-
perience sustains us when we say that all may enjoy the great bless-
ing of good health in the free use of the bath, the temperate use of
proper diet, plenty of exercise, pure air, warm clothmg and ab-
Btmence from every excess inimical to health.
Children and Home Conversation.— Children hunger perpetu-
aUy for new ideas. They will leani with pleasure from the lips of
parents what they deem drudgery to learn from books, and even if
they have the misfortune to be deprived of many educational ad-
vantages they will grow up intelligent if they enjoy in childhood the
privilege of listening to the conversation of intelligent peoi)le. Let
them have many opportunities of learning in this way. Be kind to
thena, and don't think it beneath you to answer their little questions
for they proceed from an implanted faculty which every true man and
woman should take a great delight in gratifying.
*i,^*^**,® AFTER Business Hours.— Happy is the man who can find
that solace and that poetry at home. Warm greetings from loving
hearts, fond glances from bright eyes, and welcome shouts of merry
hearted children, the many thousand little arrangements for comfort
and enjoyment, that silently tell of thoughtful and expectant love
these are the ministrations that reconcile us to the prose of life
882 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEKS', AC, RECEIPTS.
Think of thin ye wivew and daiightorH of buHiness men ! Tliink of the
toils, the anxietioH, the mortification and wear tliat fathers undergo
to secure for you comforUible homes, and compensate tliem for their
toils by making them happy by their own fireside.
Well Worthy of Imt pation. — A worthy Quaker thus wrote : —
" i expect to j)ass through this world but oiice. If, therefore, there
be any kiiKiness I can do to any fellow being, let me do it now, let
nie not defer nor neglect it, for I will not pass this way again. "
Were all to act thus how many would be made happy !
Another Sensible Quaker. — A Quaker lately propounded the
momentous question to a fair Quakeress, as follows : Himi ! yea
and verily; Penelope, the spirit urgeth and moveth mo wonderfully
to beseech thee to cleave unto me, flesh of my flesh, and Ixme of my
bone." "Hum ! truly, Obadiah, thou hast wisely said. Inasmuch
as it is not good for man to be ahme, lo, I will sojourn with thee."
Table Conversation. — Instead of swallowing your food in sullen
silence, or brooding over your business, or severely tiilking about
Qthers, let the conversation at the tjible be genial, kind, social and
cheering, D(m't bring any disagreeable subject to the table in your
conver.><ation, any more than you would in your dishes. Avoid
scandalizing people, and never cherish a jubilant feeling over the
infirmities or misfortunes of others. The more good company you
have at your tsiblo the better. Hence the intelligence, refinement and
api)r( )pii!ite behaviour of a fa mily given to hospitiility. Never feel that
intelligent visitors can be anything but a blessing to you and yours.
Keep the House Clean and Well Ventilated. — A neat, clean,
fresh aired, sweet, cheerful, well arranged house, exerts a moral in-
fluence over its inmates, and. makes the members of a family peace-
able and considerate of each other's feelings; on the contrary, a filthy
squalid, noxious dwelling, contributes to make its inhabitjints selfish,
sensual, and regardless of the feelings of others. Never sleep in a
small close bedroom, either during summer or winter, without free
ventilation from door or windows, unless otherwise supplied with
abundance of fresh air. It will be seen that a person's house usually
corresponds with his character.
Safe Business Rules. — Business men, in business hours, attend
ONLY to business matters. Social calls are best adapted to the
SOCIAL ciRCiiE. Make your business known in few words, without
loss of time. Let your dealings with a stranger be most carefully
considered, and tried friendship duly appreciated. A mean act
will soon recoil, and a man of honour will be esteemed. Leave
" Tricks of trade" to those whose education was never completed.
Treat all with respect, confide in few, wrong no man. Be never
afraid to say No, and always Prompt to acknowledge and rectify a
wrong. Leave nothing for to-morrow that should be done to-day.
Because a friend is polite, do not think his time is valueless. Have
a place for everything, and every thing in its place. To preserve
LONG friendship, keep a short credit, the way to get credit is to
be punctual ; the way to preserve it ^s not to use it much.
Settle often; have short accounts. Trust no man's appearances,
they are often deceptive, and assumed for the purpose of obtaining
credit. Rogues generally dress well. The rich are generally plain
MEN. Be WELL sATisFijiD before you give a credit, that those to
whom you give it are safe men to be trusted.
INTEUKST TABLE,
ik of the
undergo
for their
wrote : —
)re, tliero
now, let
again. "
nded the
uni ! yea
nderfuliy
ie of my
nasmuch
th thee."
I in Hiillen
ng about
ocial and
e in your
Avoid
over the
pany yon
nient and
r feel that
yours.
>at, clean,
moral in-
ily peace-
Y, a filthy
tk selfish,
sleep in a
hout free
lied with
*e usually
rs, attend
ed to the
», without
REFULIA'
EAN ACT
). Leave
ompleted.
Be never
rectify a
le to-day.
3S. Have
) preserve
EDIT is to
it much.
ARANCES,
obtaining
lly PLAIN
those TO
AT SIX l-EK CENT., IN DOLLARS AND CENTS, FROM ONE DOLLAR TO
TEN THOUSAND.
16 (lays.
1 mo.
3 moB.
6 mog.
12 moB.
I
J c.
«c.
IS c.
^ c.
n
oovi
on/a
03
oojf
01
03
0(}
m
OU/a
04»/a
09
01
02
0!
12
oiy.
02 Va
07»/a
15
01(5
0{
01)
18
01%
0.W,
lOi/a
21
02
04
12
24
02y.
Oi%
05
ii"'^
27
30
05
10
30
CO
01%
15
45
90
10
20
GO
1 20
I'-^Va
25
75
1 50
25
50
1 50
3 00
50
1 00
a 00
G 00
75
1 50
4 50
9 00
00
2 00
6 00
12 00
25
2 50
7 50
15 00
50
5 00
15 00
30 00
00
10 00
30 00
GO 00
50
15 00
45 00
90 00
00
20 00
GO 00
120 00
50
V6 00
75 00
150 00
00
60 00
150 00
300 00
« c.
m
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
v!0
1 20
1 SO
2 40
3 00
00
12 00
18 00
24 00
30 00
GO 00
120 00
180 00
240 00
300 00
GOO 00
AT SEVEN PER CENT., IN DOLLARS AND CENTS, FROM ONE DOLLAR
TO TEN THOUSAND.
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
100
200
300
400
500
1000
2000
3000
4000
nnnn
10666
1 94
<t
001;
01
01-/4
03
04
W%
O53J
11%
Ail
1
1
2
2
581,
16:
75
33%
91%
5 831^
11 66%
17 50
23 33%
i«/ I673
58 33
383
1
3
5
7
8
17
35
52
70
87
175
01%
03iZ
051^
07
08^
io4
12%
14
16%
36
70
871/2
75
50
25
00
75
50
00
50
00
00
00
oT^
171/2
21
241/,
28
311/2
35
70
05
40
76
50
00
1
1
1
3
7
10 50
14 00
17 50
35 00
70 00
105 00
140 00
176 00
360 00
07
14
21
28
35
42
49
66
63
70
40
10
80
60
00
I
14 00
21 00
28 00
36 00
70 00
140 00
210 00
280 00
350 00
700 00
READY RECKONER, 2,000 LBS, TO THE TON.
PBODUOB ANO MEttOlIANDIHB BEAIiY HKOKONEBS, COAL, HAY, DUT-
TEB, CHEB8K, LARD AND OTHEll PUODUCE.
7.50
10.00
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.00
22.50
25.00
27.50
30.00
32.50
35.00
37.50
40.00
45.00
47.50
O
9
N.
HAY, DUT-
• 1 ct»
8 ct$
D 11.00
12.00
2 . 2
. 2
i . 4
. 4
B . 6
. 6
.11
.12
5 .17
.18
6 .28
.30
6 .39
.44
.44
.48
6 .60
.52
.66
.60
1.10
1.20
1.66
1.80
2.20
2.40
i) 2.75
3.00
3.60
3.60
4) 3.86
4.20
4.40
4.80
^ 4.9^
6.40
5.50
6.00
6.05
6.60
6.60
7.!^
7.16
7.80
10 7.70
8.40
»0 8.26
9.00
10 8.80
9.60
•0 9.36
10.20
K) 9.90
10.80
>0 10. 4B
11.40
^^tT
"STJ?
40.00
50.00
. 6
. 8
.14
.18
.20
.25
.40
.60
.60
.75
1.00
1.25
1.40
1.75
1.60
2 00
1.80
2.25
2.00
2.50
4.00
6.00
6.00
7.50
8.00
10.00
10.00
12.50
12.00
15.00
14.00
17.50
16.00
20.00
18.00
22.50
20.00
25.00
22.00
27.50
24.00
30.00
26.00
32., "iO
28.00
35.00
30.00
37.50
32.00
40.00
S'i.GO
jrk K-A
•l^,iJ\f
36.00
45.00
38.00
47.50
BEADY RECKONER, 2,240 LBS. TO THE TON
" "^ •'»• '«."'«<• - not ... *«Jj.*;-. «.a U.e „„,„„... „, .„„ „„„,„„
Lb$\
.26
1.00 1 2.00
'i ct\9 eta
6. 00 1 7.00
s
. 9 .18
.10 .20
.11 .22
.12 .26
9 eta
8.00
0.1
.13
.16
.19
.31
.44
.60
.66
.63
1.25
1.88
2.60
3.13
3.75
4.3$
6.00
6.63
6.25
6.88
760
8.13
8.75
9.38
10.00
10.63
11.25
11.88
12.50
13.13
10.00
11.00
4.02 4.82
4.2416.09
4.461 6.36
15.00
.13
.17
.20
.33
.47
.M
.60
67
l.M
2.01
2.68
3.36
4.02
4.69
5.36
6.03
6.70
7.37
8.04
8.70
9.37
10.04
10.71
11.38
12.05
12.72
13.39
14.00
.14
.18
.21
.36
.50
.67
.64
.71
1.42
2.14
2.86
3.57
4.29
6.00
6.71
6.43
7.14
7.86
8.S7
9.28
10.00
110.71
!ll.43
112.14
|12.86
CtS
17.00
14.28
15.00
.15
.19
.23
.38
.53
.61-
.68
.76
1.52
2.28
3.04
3.79
4.56
5.31
C.07
6.83
7.5r
8.3o
9.11
9.87
10.G2
11.38
12.14
12.90
1366
14,40
cts
19.00
f cts
20.00
.17
.21
.2&
.42
.59
.68
.76
.85
1.70
2.54
3.39
4.24
6.09
6.94
6.79
7.63
8.48
9.33
10.18
11.03
11.87
12.72
13.57
14.42
15.27
■J/J -I A
i6.'96
17.81
.18
.22
.27
.46
.62
.71
.80
.89
1.79
2.68
3.67
4.46
6.36
6.26
7.14
8.04
8.93
9.82
10.71
11.61
12.60
13.39
14.28
15.18
1^.07
17.86
18.75
.10
.12
.16
.26
.34
.39
.44
.49
.96
1.47
1.96
2.4({
2.96
3.44
3.93
4.42
4.91
6.40
6.89i
6.38
6.87
7.37
7.86
8.36
8.84
9.33
9.82
9.371 10.31
9 Ct9
12.00
cts
cts
21.00 23.00 24
cts
00
.19
.23
.28
.47
.66
.75
.84
.94
1.88
2.81
3.75
4.69
6.63
6.66
7.50
8.44
9.38
10.31
11.25
12.19
1.S.13
14.06
15.00
15.94
16.88
iv.oi
18.76'
19.69
.21
.26
.31
.51
.72
.82
.92
1.03
2.06
3.08
4.11
6.13
6.16
7.19
8.21
9.24
10.27
11.29
12.32
13.35
14.37
16.40
16.43
17.46
18.48
19.51
20.53
21.56
.21
.27
.32
.64
.75
.86
.96
1.07
2.14
3.21
4.29
5.36
6.43
7.60
' 8.57
9.64
10.71
11.79
12.86
13.93
16.00
16.07
17.14
18.21
19.29
20.36
21.43
22.53
^
READY RECKONER, 2,240 LBS. TO THE TON.
If the article cost »12.50 per ton, add the amounta under »12.00 and 50 eta.
together. .
$1
o
u
T
o
H
I
o
+»
j
$
Oif
•s
I
s
I
P4
I
Z6s
8
a
I
o
2J
25
30
50
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
COO
600
700
800
yoo
cts
26.00
.22
.28
.33
.78
.89
1.00
1.12
2.23
3.35
4.46
5.58
6.70
7.81
8.93
i0.04
lOOOl 11.16
1100 12.28
14.51
$ cts
26.00
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
15-02
16.. 4
17.86
18.97
20.09
21.20
22.32
23.44
cts
37.00
.23
.29
.36
.58
.81
.93
1.04
1.16
2.32
3.48
4.64
5.80
6.96
8.13
*.29
10.45
11.61
12.77
13.93
15.09
16.25
17.41
18.57
19.73
20,89
22.05
23.21
1^.37
^Tcts
39.00
$ cts
27.00
.24
.30
.3«5
.60
'.84
.96
1.08
1.21
2.41
3.62
4.82
6.03
7.23
8.44
9.64
10.86
12,05
13.26
14.48
15.67
16.87
18.08
19.28
20.49
21J0
2;fi.90
124.10
125.31
$ cts
29.00
.26
.32
.39
.65
.91
1.04
1.16
1.29
2.59
3.88
5.18
6.47
7.77
9.06
10.46
11.65
12.95
14.24
15.64
16.83
18.12
19.42
20.71
22.00
23.30
24.60
26.89
27.19
$cts
30.00
201
25
30
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
600
600
700
800
900
1000
.33
.41
.60
1.16
1.32
1.49
1.65
3.30
4.96
6.61]
8.26 ;
9,91 ;
11.56 :
13.21 I
14.87 I
16.52 i
Wets
40.00
Wets
41.00
O
1100 18.17
1200l 19 82
130(1 21.47
imk 23.12
1500| 24.78
1600| 2P.43
.35
.44
.52
.87
1.21
1.39
1.57
1,74
3.48
5.2^
6.96
8.V1
10.45
12.19
13.93
15.76
17,41
19.15
20.89
22.63
24.37
26.12
27.86
2y.G0
.31.34
33.<^.S
24 82
36.50
.36 1
.46 1
.54 1
.89!
1.26
1.43
1.61
1.79
3.67
6.36
7.14
8.93
10.71
12.60
1^29
16.07
17.80
19.64
21.43
23.21
25.00
26.79
28.67
32.1^
33.93
.27
.33
.40
.87
.94
1.07
1.21
1.34
2.^8
4.02
6.36
6.70
8.04
9.37
10.71
12.05
13.39
14.73
16.07
17.41
18.75
20.09
21.43
22.77
24.11
2&.44
26.78
28.12
$ cts
31.00
TcJs
43.00
.28
.36
.41
.69
.97
1.11
1.25
1.38
2.77
4.16
6.54
6.92
8.30
9.69
11.07
12.46
13.84
15.22
16.61
17.99
19.37
20.76
22.14
23.53
24.91
?''29
.,.'<7
29.06
$ cts
33.00
.37
.46
. .55
• .92
1.28
1.46
1.65
i.na
3.66
C.49
7.32
9.15
10.98
12.81
(4.64
16.47
18.30
20.13
21.96
2;^.79
25.62
27.46
29.28
01.1.1:
32.95
r4.78
Wets
44.00
.29
.37
.44
.74
1.03
1.18
1.33
1.47
2.94
4.41
6.89
7.37
8.34
10.31
11.79
13.26
14.73
16.21
17.68
19.16
20.62
22.10
23.67
25.04
26.62
27.99
29.46
30.93
$ cts
34.00
^ cts
46.00
36.71 38.61
37.50 I 38.44
.38
.48
.37
.96
1.3^1
1.64
1.73
1.91!,
3.G4
.6.76
7.68
9.60
11.62
13 44
15.36
17.28
19.20
21.12
23 04
?4.95
26.87
28.79
30.71
34.55
36.47
38.39
40.31
38G
.39
.49
.69
.98
1.37
1.67
1.77
1.96
3.93
6.39
7.06
9.82
11.79
1376
15.71
17.68
19.64
21.61
23.57
25.68
27.50
2 .46
31.4?
36.36
37.J2
39 28
41.26
.30
.38
.46
.76
1.06
1.21
1.37
1.52
3.04
4.66
6.07
7.69
9.11
10.62
12.14
13.66
15.18
16.70
18^21
19.73
21.25
22.77
24.28
25.80
27.32
28.84
30.38
3187
$ cts
36.00
Wets
50.00
.40
.60
.60
1.00
1.41
1.61
1.81
2.01
4.02
6.03
8.04
10.04
12.06
14 06
16.07
18 08
20.09
2210
24.11
26.12
28.12
30 13
32.14
36.16
38.17
40.18
42.19
■
.31
.39
.47
.78
1.09
1.26
1.41
1.66
3.12
4.69
6.25
.7.81
9.38
10 94
12.50
14.06
16.63
17.10
18.75
20 31
21.88
23.44
25.00
26.66
28.13
29.69
31.25
32.81
^ cts
36.00
.32
,40
.48
.80
1.12
1.29
1.45
1.61
3.21
4.82
6.43
8.04
9.64
11.26
12.86
14.46
16.07
17.68
19.29
20.89
22.50
24.11
26.71
27.32
28,93
30.63
32.14
33.76
Wets
66.00
.46
.66
.67
1.12
1..56
179
2.01
2.23
4 46
6.70
8.93
11.16
13.39
16.62
17.86
20.09
22.32
24.65
26.79
29.02
31.26
33.48
3671
,^.7.9.'^
40.18
42.41
44.64
46.87
.49
.61
.74
1.23
1.72
1.96
2.21
2.46
4.91
7.37
9.82
12.28
14.73
17.19
19.64
22.10
24.66
27.01
29.46
31.92
34.37
38.83
39.28
41 74
44.26
46.66
49.11
51.66
cts
60.00
.64
.67
.80
1.34
1.87
2.14
2.41
2.68
6.36
804
10.71
13.39
16.07
18.75
21.43
24.11
26.79
29.46
32.14
34.82
37.60
4018
42.86
48.2i
50.89
63 57
56.26
)N.
10 and 50 cts.
i cts
$ cts
35.00
36.00
.31
.32
.39
,40
.47
.48
.78
.80
1.09
1.12
1.25
1.29
1.41
1.45
1.56
1.61
3.12
3.21
4.69
4.82
6.25
6.43
.7.81
8.04
9.38
9.64
10 94
11.25
12.50
12.86
14.06
14.46
15.63
16.07
17.19
17.68
18.75
19.29
20 31
20.89
21.88
22.50
23.44
24.11
25.00
26.71
26.56
27.32
28.13
28.93
29.69
30.53
31.25
32.14
32.81
33.75
^cts
i^^ts
55.00
69.00
.49
.64
.61
.67
.74
.80
1.23
1.34
1.72
1.87
1.96
2.14
2.21
2.41
2.46
2.68
4.91
5.36
7.37
804
9.82
10.71
12.28
13.39
14.73
16.07
17.19
18.75
19.64
21.43
22.10
24.11
24.65
26.79
27.01
29.46
29.46
32.14
31.92
34.82
34.37
37.50
38.83
4018
39.28
42.86
dl 71
dK.fW
44.20
48.21
46.65
50.89
49.11
53 57
51.56
50.26
READY RECKONER.
READY RECKONER to find tho Price of any Number of Pounds, Yards
Pieces, or Bushels, from 2 cents to $3.00.
The first column contains the NUMBER, the top columns the PRICES
.42
.63
.84
1.05
1-26
1.47
1.68
1.89
2.10
2.31
2.52
2.73
2.94
3.15
3.36
3.67
3.78
3.99
4.20
6.25
6.30
•
READY RECKONER.'
The first column on the left contains the NUMBER of toe Article, and the
column on the tops of the tables the PRICl!..
N08
22 Ct.
23ct.
24 ct.
26 ct.
.50
26 ct.
.52
27 ct.
28 ct.
29 ct.
30 ct.
1 —
31 ct. SlViCt.
2
.44
.46
.48
.54
.66
.58
..60
.62
.62%
3
.66
.69
.72
.75
.78
.81
.84
.87
.90
.93
4
.88
.92
.96
1.00
1.04
1.08
1.12
1.16
1.20
1.24
1.25
5
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.36
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
}-^/f
6
1.32
1.38
1.44
1.50
1.56
1.62
1.68
1.74
1.80
1.86
IW?
7
1.54
1.61
1.68
1.75
1.82
1.89
1.96
2.03
2.10
2.17
Ht'*
g
1.76
1.84
1.92
2.00
2.08
2.16
2.24
2.32
2.40
2.48
2.50
9
1.98
2.07
2.16
2.25
2.34
2.43
2.52
2.61
2.70
2.79
3.434^
10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
11
2.42
2.63
2:64
2.75
2.86
2.97
3.08
3.19
3.30
3.41
12
2.64
2.76
2.88
3.00
3.12
3.24
3.36
3.48
3.60
3.72
3 76
13
•2.86
2.99
3.12
3.25
3.38
3.51
3.(54
3.77
3.90
4.03
4.O614
14
3.08
3.22
3.36
3.50
3.64
3.78
3.92
4.06
4.20
4.34
4.37%
4.68%
15
3.30
3.45
3.60
3.75
3.90
4.05
4.20
4.35
4.50
4.55
16
3.52
3.68
3.84
4.00
4.16
4.32
4.48
4.64
4.80
4.96
6.00
17
3,74
3.91
4.08
4.25
4.42
4.59
4.76
4.93
5.10
5.27
5.3IV4
6.6214
5.93%
.18
3.96
4.14
4.32
4.50
4.68
4.86
6.04
5.22
5.40
5.58
19
4.18
4.37
4.56
4.75
4.94
6.15
5.32
5.51
5.70
5.89
20
4.40
4.60
4.80
5.00
5.20
•5.40
6.60
5.80
6.00
6.20
6.25
25
5.50
5,75
8.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.26
7.25
7.75
7.811/4
9.371/5
30
6.60
6.90
7.20
7.50
7.80
8.10
8.40
8.70
9.00
9.30
40
8.80
9.20
9.60
10.00
10.40
10.80
11.20
11.60
12.00
12.40 12.50
60
11.00
11.60
12.00
12.50
13.00
13.50
14.00
14.50
1500
15 50 15.62%
60
13.20
13.80
14.40
15.00
15.60
16.20
16.80
17.40
U.OO
21.00
18 60 r
18.75
70
15.40
16.10
16.80
17.50
18.20
18.90
19.60
20.30
21.70 21.871/2
80
17.60
18.40
19.20
20.00
20.80
21.60
22.40
23.20
24.00
24.80 i
25.00
90
19.80
20.70
21.60
22.50
23.40
24.30
25.20
26.10
27.00
27.90 !
28.121/4
100
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
31.00 .
31.25
Nos 32 ct.
33ct
.66
33i/2Ct.
•66%
1.00
34 ct
.68
36 ct
.70
36 ct.
37 ct.
371/^t.
38 ct.
39 ct.
40 ct.
2 .64
.72
.74
.76
.76
.78
.80
3
.96
.99
1.02
1.05
1.08
1.11
1.121/2
1.14
1.17
1.20
4
1.28
1.32
1-66%
2.00
i.mm 1.40
1.44
1.48
1.50
1.52
1.66
1.60
5
1.60
1.65
1.7IF
■^1.75
1.80
1.85
1.871/2
1.90
1.96
2.00
6
1.92
1.98
2.04
2.10
2.16
2.22
2.25
2.28
2.34
2.40
7
2.24
2.31
2!66%
2.38
2.45
2.52
2.59
2.621/2
2.66
2.73
2.80
8
2.56
2.64
2.72
2.80
2.88
2.96
3.00
3.04
3.12
3.20
9
2.88
2.97
3.00'^'
3.06
3.15
3.24
3.33
3.371/2
3.42
3.61
3.60
10
3.20
3.30
3.66^1
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.70
3.76
3.80
3.90
4.00
11
3.62
3.63
3.74
3.85
3.96
4.07
4.121/2
4.18
4.29
4.40
12
3.84
3.96
4.00^''
4.08
4.20
4.32
4.44
4.50
4.56
4.68
4.80
13
4.16
4.29
4.331/3
4.66%
4.42
4.55
4.68
4.81
4.871/a
4.94
6.07
5.20
14
4.48
4.62
4.76
4.90
5.04
5.18
5.25
5.32
5.46
6.60
16
4.80
4.95
5.c/*
6.10
5.25
5.40
5.56
5.621/2
5.70
5.85
6.00
16
6.12
5.28
i^.
6.44
6.60
5.76
5.92
6.00
6.08
6.24
6.40
17
5.44
5.61
5.78
•6.95
6.12
6.29
6.371/a
6.46
6.63
6.80
18
5.76
5.94
6.00^'
6.12
6.30
6.48
6.66
6.75
6.84
7.02
7.20
19
6.08
6.27
6.331/a
6.46
6.65
6.84
7.03
7.121/2
7.22
7.41
7.60
20
6.40
6.60
6.66%
8.331Z
6.80
7.00
7.20
7.40
7.50
7.60
780
8.00
26
8.00
8.26
8.50
8.76
9.00
9.25
9.371/j
9.50
9,75
10.00
30
9.60
9.90
10.00
10.20
10.50
10.80
11.10
11.25
11.40
11.70'
' 12.00
40
13.80
12.20
13.331/3
16.66%
13.60
14.00
14.40
14.80
15.00
15.20
16.60
16.00
50
16.00
16.5(1
17.00
17.50
18.00
18.50
18.75
19.00
19.60
20.00
60
19.20
19.80
20.00
20.40
21.00
21.60
.2^.20
22.50
22.80
23.40
24.00
TA
MO An
9.H.tf
orl OQV
23. Rr
24..5C
1 25.20
25.90
96.5IK
26.60
27..^0
?8.00
80
25M
26.k
» 2QMfs
27'.!20
28.6f
1 28.80
29.60
30.00
30.40
31.20
32.00
90
28.80
29.7C
130.00
30.6C
1 31.5C
» 32.40
33.30
33.75
34.20
35.10
36.00
100
32.0C
I33.0(
• 33.33%
34.0(
1 36.0(
) 36.00
37.00
37.60
38.00
39.00
40.00
388
le, and the
ct.
SlV^ct.
.62
.93
.24
.55
.86
1.17
:.48
1.79
1.10
1.41
t.72
.03
.34
:.55
s96
1.27
1.58
1.89
1.20
.75
1.30
1.40
150
1.60
.70
t.80
'.90
L.OO
.933
1.25
I
2.50
Z.VlL
3.43%
3 76
4.061/4
4.37%
4.68%
5.00
5.3IV4
5.62%
5.933/4
6.25
7.811/4
9.37^/5
12.50
15.62%
18.75
21.871/2
25.00
28.121/4
31.25
Oct.
40 ct.
.78
.80
1.17
1.20
1.56
1.60
1.95
2.00
2.34
2.40
2.73
2.80
3.12
3.20
3.51
3.60
3.90
4.00
4.29
4.40
4.68
4.80
5.07
5.20
5.46
5.60
5.85
6.00
6.24
6.40
6.63
6.80
7.02
7.20
7.41
7.60
780
8.00
9,76
10.00
11.70*
12.00
15.60
16.00
19.50
20.CD
23.40
24.00
27..S0
?8.00
31.20
32.00
35.10
36.00
39.00
40.00
READY REC ,ER.
The first column on the left contains t
the column on the tops of t
UMBER of the Article, and
ibles the PRICE.
49 ct.
1.47
1.96
2.45
2.94
3.43
3.92
4.41
4.90
5.39
5.88
6.37
6.86
7.35
7.84
8.33
8.82
9.31
9.80
12.25
14.70
19.60
24.50
29.40
34.30
39.20
44.10
49.00
50 ct.
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
12.50
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
61 ct.
1.02
1.63
2.04
2.56
3.06
3.57
4.08
4.59
5.10
5.61
6.12
6.63
7.14
7.65
8.16
8.67
9.18
9.69
10.20
12.75
15.30
20.40
25.50
30.60
36.70
40.80
45.92
51.00
60 ct. 61 ct.
389
1.20
1.80
2.40
3.00
3.60
4.20
4.80
5.40
6.00
6.60
7.20
7.80
8.40
9.00
9.60
10.20
10.80
11.40
12.00
15.00
18.00
24.00
30.00
36.00
00
00
00
00
1.22
1.83
2.44
3.05
3.66
4.27
4.88
5.49
6.10
6.71
7.32
7.93
8.54
9.15
9.76
10.37
10.98
11.59
12.20
15.25
18.30
24.42
.30.50
:^6.60
42.70
48.80
54.90
61.00
62 ct.
1.24
1.86
2.48
3.10
3.72
4.34
4.96
5.58
6.20
6.82
7.44
8.06
8.68
9.30
9.92
10.54
11.16
11.78
12.40
15.50
18.60
24.80
31,00
37 9ft
4.^.40
49.60
55,80
62,00
f
READY RECKONER.
he Numb*^- required is not found in the Tables, add two Numbers to-
gether , ior instance, if 35 bushels are required, add the prices oppi^site
30 .ind 5 tog45t!ior ; and so for 366 bushels— treble the value of 100, and
add (K) and 5 together.
Nob
62y2Ct
. 63ct
. 64ot.
> 1.28
65 ct.
66 ct.
66%ct.
67 ct.
68 ct.
69 ct.
70 ct.
71 ct.
2
l.Ji
1.2€
1.30
1.32
1.33%
1.U
1.36
1.38
1.40
1.42
3
1.871^
, 1.8fl
1.92
1.95
1.98
2.00
2.01
2.04
2.07
2.10
2.13
4
2.50
2.62
2.56
2,60
2.64
2.66%
3.33^
2.68
2.72
2.76
2.80
2.84
6
3,12V1
, 3.ie
3.20
3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.60
3.65
6
3.76
3.78
3.84
3.90
3.96
4.00
4.02
4.08
4.14
4.20
4.26.
7
4.371^
i 4.41
4.48
4.66
4.62
4.66%
5.33%
4.69
4,76
4.83
4.90
4.97
8
5.00
5.04
5.12
6.20
6.28
5.36
6.44
5.52
5.60
.6 68
9
5.621/^
! 6.67
5.76
5.85
5.94
6.00
6.03
6.12
6.21
6.30
•6,39
10
6.25
6.30
6.40
6.60
6.60
7^33%
6.70
6.80
6,90
7.00
7.10
11
6.871/^
, 6.9;j
7.04
7.15
7.26
7.37
7.48
7,69
7.70
7.81
12
7.50
7.56
7.68
7.80
7.92
8.00
8.04
8.16
8.28
8.40
8.62
13
8.121^
, 8.19
8.32
8.45
8.58
8.66%
9.33%
8.71
8.84
8.97
9.10
9.23
14
8.75
8.80
8.96
9.10
9.24
9.38
9.52
9.66
9.80
9.94
15
9.371/^
, 9.46
9.60
9.75
9.90
10.00
10.05
10.20
10.36
10.50
10.65
16
10.00
10.08
10.24
10.40
10.56
10.66%
11.33%
10.72
10.88
11.04
11.20
11,36
17
10.621/^
, 10.71
10.88
11.06
•11.22
11.39
11.56
11.73
11.90
12,07
18
11.25
11.31
11.52
11.70
11.88
12.00
12.06
12.24
12.42
12.60
12.78
19
11.871/^
! U-97
12.6(1
12.16
12.35
12.54
12.66%
12.73
12.92
13.11
13.30
13,49
20
12.50
12.80
13.00
13.20
13.33%
16.66%
13.40
13,60
13.80
14.00
14.20
25
15.621^
, 16.76
16.00
16.25
16.60
16.75
17.00
17.25
17.50
17.76
30
18.75
18.9C
19.20
19.50
19.80
20.00
20.10
20,40
20.70
21.00
21.30
40
25.00
25.2C
25.60
26.00
26.40
26.66%
33.33%
26.80
27.20
27.60
28.00
28.40
50
31.25
■^31,51)
32.00
32.50
33.00
33.60
34.00 i«4.50
35.00
.35.50
60
37.50
37.80
38.40
39.f >
39.60
40.00
40.20
40,80
^1.40
42,oa
42.60
70
43.75
44.10
44.80
45.50
46.20
46.66%
53.33%
46.90
47.60
48.30
49.00
49.70
80
50.00
60.40
51.20
52.00
52.80
63.00
54.40
56.20
56.00
56.80
'90
51.25
56.70
67.60
58.60
59.40
60.00
60.30
61.20
62,10
63,00
63.90
100
62.50
63.00
64.00
65.00
66.00
66.66V2
67.00
68.00
69,00
70.00
71.00
No3
72 ct.
73 Ct.
1.46
74 ct.
1.48
75 ct.
1.50
76 ct.
1.52
77 ct.
78 ct.
79 ct.
80 ct.
81 ct.
82 ct.
2
1.44
1.54
1.66
1.58
1,60
1.62
1.64
3
2.16
2.19
2.22
2.26
. 2.28
2.31
2.34
2.37
2.40
2,43
2.46
4
2.88
2.92
2.96
3.00
3.04
3.08
3.12
3.16
3,20
3.24
3.28
6
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.76
3.80
3.86
8.90
3,96
4.00
4,05
4.10
6
4.32
4.38
4.44
4.60
4.66
4.62
4.68
4.74
•4,80
4,86
4.92
7
6.04
5.11
6.18
5.25
6.32
5.39
6.46
6.53
5,60
5.67
5.74
8
5.76
5.84
6.92
6.00
6.08
6.16
6.24
6.32
6.40
6.48
6.56
9
6.48
6.57
6.66
6.76
6.84
6.93
7.02
7.11
7,20
7.29
7.38
10
7.20
7.30
7.40
7.50
7.60
7.70
7.80
7.90
8.00
8.10
8.20
11
7.92
8.03
8.14
8.25
8.30
8,47
8.58
8.69
8.80
8.91
9,02
12
8.64
8.76
8.88
9.00
9.12
9.24
9.36
9.48
9.60
9.72
9.84
13
9.36
9.49
9.62
9.75
9.88
10.01
10.14
10.27
10.40
10.63
10.66
14
10.08
10.22
10.36
10.60
10.64
10.78
10.92
11.06
11,20
11.34
11.48
15
10.80
10.96
11.10
11.25
11.40
11.65
11.70
11.85
12.00
12.15
12.30
16
11.52
11.68
11.84
12.00
12.16
12.32
12.48
12,64
12,80
12.96
13.12
17
12.24
12.41
12.68
12.75
12.92
13.09
13.26
13,43
13.60
13.77
13.94
18
12.96
13.14
13.32
13.60
13.68
13.86
14.04
14.22
14.40
14.68
14.76
19
13.68
13.87
14.06
14.2B
14.44
14.63
14.82
16,01
16.20
15.39
15.58
20
14.40
14.60
14.80
15.00
15.20
15.40
15.60
15.80
16.00
16,20
16 40
25
18.00
18 25
18.50
18.76
19.00
19.26
19.50
19.75
20.00
20.25
20.50
30
21.60
21.90
22.20
22.50
22.80
23.10
23.40
23.70
24,00
24.30
24.60
40
28.80
29.20
29.60
30.00
30.40
30.80
31.20
31.60
32.00
32.40
82.80
50
36.00
43.20
36 50
43.80
37.00
37.50
.S8.00
45.60
.^.50
46.20
anon
46.80
.^9 50
47.40
40. on
48.66
40 50
48.60
41.00
60
44.40
45.00
49.20
10
50.40
51.10
51.80
52.50
53.20
53.90
54.60
55.30
66.00
66.70
57.40
80
57.60
58.40
69.20
60.00
60.80
61.60
62.40
63.20
64.00
64,80
65.60
90
64.80
65.70
66.60
67.50
68,40
69.30
70.20
71.10
72.00
72.90
73.80
100
72.00
73.00
74.00
75.00
76.09
77.00
' 78.00
79.00
80.00
81.00
82,00
390
4
I
(]
7
8
9
10
#
w^SBSSSUtS^L^
J^umbers to-
368 oppi^Hite
3 of 100, and
T* ... XT V READY RECKONER.
roct.
71 ct.
1.40
1.42
2.10
2.13
2.80
2.84
3.60
3.55
4.20
4.26
4.90
4.97
5.60
.5 68
6,30
•6.39
7.00
7.10
7.70
7.81
8.40
8.52
9.10
9.23
9.80
9.94
10.50
10.65
11.20
11.36
11.90
12.07
12.60
12.78
13.30
13.49
14.00
14.20
17.50
17.76
21.00
21.30
28.00
28.40
35.00
.35.50
42.oa
42.60
49.00
49.70
56.00
56.80
63.00
63.90
70.00
71.00
?lct.
82 ct.
1.62
1.64
2.43
2.46
3.24
3.28
4.05
4.10
4.86
4.92
5.67
5.74
6.48
6.56
7.29
7.38
8.10
8.20
8.91
9.02
9.72
9.84
10.53
10.66
11.34
11.48
12.15
12.30
12.96
13.12
13.77
13.94
14.58
14.76
15.39
15.58
16.20
16 40
20.25
20.60
24.30
24.60
32.40
82.80
40 ."^0
41.00
48.60
49.20
56.70
57.40
&1.80
65.60
<2.90
73.80
81.00
82.00
Noel 83 ct.
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
25
30
40
60
60
7(f
80
90
100
1.66
2.49
3.32
4.16
4.98
6.81
6.64
7.47
8.30
9.13
.9.96
10.79
11.62
12.45
13.28
14.11
14.94
16.77
16.60
20.75
24.90
33.20
41.50
49.80
68.10
66.40
74.70
83.00
84 ct.
1.68
2.62
3.36
4.20
6.04
6.88
6.72
7.56
8.40
9.24
10.08
10.92
11.76
12.60
13.44
14.2H
15.12
16.96
16.80
21.00
26.20
33.60
42.00 »
60.40
68.80
67.20
76.60
84.00
KosI 93 ct.
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
25
30
40
60
60
70
80
90
100
1.86
2.79
3.72
4.65
5.68
6.61
7.44
8.37
9.30
10.23
11.16
12.09
13.02
13.96
14.88
15.81
16.74
17.67
18.60
23.25
27.90
37.20
46.50
55.80
65.10
74.40
83.70
86 ct.
1.70
2.66
3.40
4.26
6.10
5.95
6.80
7.66
8.60
9.;::
10.20
11.06
11.90
12.76
13.60
14.45
16.30
16.16
17.00
21.25
25.60
34.00
42.60
61.00
59.50
68.00
76.50
85.00
86 ct.
1.72
2.28
3.44
4.30
6.16
6.02
6.88
7.74
8.60
9.46
10.32
11.18
12.04
12.90
13.76
14.62
16.48
16.34
17.20
21.50
26.80
34.40
43.00
61.60
60.20
68.80
77.40
86.001
87 ct. 87y2Ct,
1.74
2.61
3.48
4.36
5.22
6.09
6.96|
7.83
8.70
9.67
10.44
11.31
12. IH
13.05
13.92
14.79
15.66
16.63
17.40
21.75
26.10
34.80
43.50
62.20
60.90
69.60
78.30
87.00
94 Ct.
1.88
2.82,
3.76
4.70
6.64
6.58
7.52
8.46
9.40
10.34
11.28
12.22
13.16
14.10
15.04
16.98
1^92
17.86
18.80
23.50
29.20
.S7.60
4^00
56.40
65.80
75.20
84.60
95 ct.
93.00 I 94.00
1.90
2.85
3.80
•4.75
6.70
6.65
7.60
8.65
9.50
10.46
11.40
12.35
13.30
14.25
15.20
16.15
17.10
18.05
19.00
23.75
28.50
a»nn
47.50
57.00
66.60
'76.00
85.60
95.00
96 ct.
1.92
2.88
3.84
4.80
5.76
6,72
7.68
8.64
9.60
10.66
11.52
12.4.S
13.44
14.40
15.36
16..32
17.28
18.24
19.20
24.00
28.80
38.40
48.00
57.60
67.20
76.80
86.40
96.00
1.75
2.621/2
3.50
4.371/2
5.26
6.121/2
7.00
7.871/2
8.75
9.621/2
10,50
11.371/2
12.26
13.121/0
14.00
14.871/2
15.75
16. 621/2
17.60
21.87%
26.25
36.00
43.76
62.60
61.26
70.00
78.76
87.60
97 ct.
1.94
2.91
3.88
4.86
5.82
6.79
7.76
8.73
9.70
10.67
11.64
12.61
13.58
14.55
15.52
1^.49
17.46
'V '.i
19. .0
24.25
29.10
oa fin
48;50
68..20
67.90
77 60
87.30
97.00
391
88 ct,
1.76
2.64
3.52
4.40
5.28
6.16
7.04
7.92
8.80
9.68
10.56
11.44
12.32
13.20
14.08
14.96
16.84
16.72
17.60
22.00
26.40
36.20
44.00
62.80
61.60
70.40
79.20
88.00
89 ct.
98 ct.
1.96
2.94
3.92
4.90
5.88
6.86
7.84
8.82
9.80
10.78
11.76
12.74
13.72
14.70
15.68
16.66
17.64
18.62
19.60
24.50
29.40
00 on
4aoo
58.80
68.60
78.40
88.20
98.00
1.78
2.67
3.66
4.45
6.34
6.23
7.12
8.01
8.90
9.79
10.68
11.67
12.46
13.35
14.24
15.13
16.02
16.91
17.80
22.26
26.70
36.60
44.60
63.40
62.30
74.20
80.10
89.00
90 ct.
1.80
2.70
3.60
4.60
5.40
6.30
7.20
8.10
9.00
9.90
10.80
11.70
12.00
13.50
14.40
15.30
16.20
17.10
18.00
22.60
27.00
36.00
45.00
64.00
63.00
72.00
81.00
90.00
' of 100, and
91 ct. 92 ct.
99 ct.
«1.
1.98
2.97
3.66
4.96
6.94
6.93
7.92
8.91
9.90
10.89
11.88
12.87
13.86
14.86
15.84
16.83
17.82
18. SI
19.80
24.76
29.70
on ATk
49.50
59.40
69.30
79.20
89.10
99.00
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
16.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
25.
30.
■IV.
50.
60.
70.
80.
90.
100.
1.82
2.73
3.64
4.65
6.46
6.37
7.28
8.19
9.10
10.01
10.92
11.83
12.74
13.65
14.66
16.47
16.38
17.29
18.20
22.76
27.30
36.40
45.50
54.60
63.70
72.80
81.90
91.00
«2.
4.
6,
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
.30.
- 32.
34.
36.
38.
40.
50.
60.
SO.
1ft).
120.
142.
160.
180.
200.
w
1.84
2,76
3.68
4.60
5.52
6.44
7.36
8.28
9.20
10.12
11.04
11.96
12.88
13.80
14.72
15.64
16.56
17.48
18.40
23.00
27.60
36.80
46.00 ■
66.20
64.40
73.60
82.80
92.00
$3.
6.
9.
12.
16.
18.
21.
24.
27.
30.
33.
.36.
39.
42.
45.
48.
51.
54.
57.'
60.
75.
90.
iliO.
160,
180.
210.
240.
270.
300,
SCANTLING REDUCED TO ONE INCH BOARD MEASURE.
, ' ' SCANTLING AND TIMBER MEASURE ,
RKDUOKD TO ONE INCH BOARD MBABUBB. ♦
EXrLA NATION.— To ascertain tlie number of Feet of Scantling or Tim-
ber, say 18 Feet Long and 2 by 3 InchoH. Find 2 by 3 In the top
columns, and 18 In the loft hand column, and under 2 by 3 mxd asalnHt
• 18 Is 9 feet. "
If the Scantling Is longer than contiUned In the Table, add two lengths
together. If shorter, take jjart oif some length.
i
THICKNESS AND WIDTH IN INOHES.
^
2.d
2.3
3.
24
4."
25
2.6
6.
2.7
2.8
8."
i2.9
9.
3.S
1.6
3.4
6.
3.5
7.6
3.6
9.
3.'
10.
r 3.1
[5 12.
B 3.9|4.4
6
2.
6.
7.
13. (
; 8.
7
2.4
3.6
4.8
6.10
7.
8. 2
9.4
H0.6
6.3
7.
8.91
L0.6
12.
3 14.
16. S
) 9.4
8
2.8
4.
6.4
6.
8
8.
9. 4
lO.i
U2.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
10.
3.
4.6
6.
7.
6
9.
10. 6
12.
13.6
6.9
8.
U.3
13.6
16.
9 18.
20.3
1 12.
10
3.4
5.
6.8
8.
4
10.
11. 8
13.{
515.
7.6
10.
12.6
16.
17.
(5 20.
22.C
i 13.4
11
3.8
6.6
7.4
9.
2
11.
12.10
14.(
U6.e
8.3
11.
13.9
16.6
19.
3 22.
24.8
14.8
.12
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
9.
12.
16.
18.
21.
24.
27.
16.
13
4.4
6.6
8.8
10.10
13.
16. 2
17.^
119.6
9.9
1.3.
16.3
19.6
22.
9 26.
29.3
17.4
14
4.8
7.
9.4
11.
8
14.
16. 4
18. (
?21.
10.6
14.
17.6
21.
24.
S28.
31.6
18.8
15
B.
7.6
^b
12.
6
16.
17. 6
20.
22.6
11.3
16.
18.9
^2.6
26.
3 30.
33.8
20.0
16
B.4
8.
ib;8
13.
4
16.
18. 8
21.'
124.
12.
16.
iO. '
24.
28.
32.
36.
21.4
17
5.8
8.6
11.4
14.
2
17.
19.10
22. J
^25.6
12.9
17.
21.3:
26.6
29.
9 34.
38.3
22.8
18
G.
9.
12.
15.
18.
21.
24.
27.
13.6
18. :
22.6!
27.
31.
[5 36.
40.6
24.
19
6.4
9.6
12.8
15.10
19.
22. 2
26.'
128.6
14.3
19. !
23.91
28.6
33..
3 38.
42.9
24.4
20
6.8
10.
13.4
16.
8
20.
23. 4
26. (
J 30.
16.
20. I
26. :
30. .
?6.
^6.<
40.
46.
26.8
21
7.
10.6
14.
17.
6
2L
24. 6
28.
31.6
15.9
21. :
26.3;
n.4
[)42.
47.3
28.
22
7.4
11.
14.8
18.
4
22.
25. 8
29.^
133.
16.6
22. 1
i7.6;
33.
38. (
J 44.
49.6
29.4
23
7.8
11.6
15.4
19.
2
23.
26.10
30. f
$34.6
17.3
23. 1
iii.9l
}4.6
40.;
J 46.
51.9
30.8
24
8.
12.
16.
20.
24.
28.
32.
36.
18.
24. ;
JO. ;
J6.
42.
48.
54.
32.
25
8.4
12.6
16.8
20.10
25.
29. 2
33.^
137.6
18.9
26. ;
JI.3 .'
57.6
43.1
)60.
66.3
33.4
30
10.
16.
20.
25.
30.
35.
40.
46.
22.6
30. i
Yl.6^
15.
62.(
5 60.
67.6
40.
34
11.4
17.
22.8
28.
4
34.
39. 3
46.4
151.
25.6
34. ^
12.6;
n.
50.(
5 08.
76.6
46.4
40
l.'5.4
20.
26.8
3S.
4
40.
46. 8
53.4
160.
30.0
40. /
50. (
50.
70.
80.
90.
63.
THICKNESS AND WIDTH IN INOHES.
i?
f^
5.4
10.
4.6
12.
4.7
14.
4.8
4.9
18.
5.5
5.6
15.
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.(
) 18
J 6.7
6.8
24.
6.9
6.10
6
16.
12. 6
17. 6
20.
22. (
21.
27.
30.
7
11.8
14.
16.4
18.8
21.
14. 7
17.6!
20. 5
23.4
26.J
5 21
24.6
28.
31.6
35.
8
13.4
16.
18.8
21.4
24.
16. 8
20. :
23. 4
26.8
30.
24
28.
32.
36.
40.
9
15.
18.
21.
24.
27.
18. 9
22.6!
26. 3
30.
33.{
) 27
31.6
36.
40.6
45.
10
16.8
20.
23.4
26.8
30.
20.10
25.
29. 2
33.4
37.(
) 30
36.
40.
46.
50.
11
18.4
22.
26.8
29.4
33.
22.11
27.6
32. 1
36.8
41.:
J 33
38.6
44.
49.6
55.
12
20.
24.
28.
32.
36.
25.
30.
36.
40.
45.
36
42.
48.
64.
60.
i;i
21.8
26.
30.4
34.8
39.
27. 1
32.6
37.11
43.4
48.{
) 39
46.6
52.
68.6
65.
14
23.4
28.
32.8
37.4
42.
29. 2
35. '
10.10
46.8
52. e
5 42
49.
66.
63.
70.
15
25.
30.
35.
40.
45.
31. 3
37.6-
1.3. 9
50.
56.C
5 45
62.6
60.
67.6
75.
16
26.8
32.
87.4
42.8
48.
33. 4
40. '
16. 8
53.4
60.
48
56.
64.
72.
80.
17
28.4
M.
39.8
45.4
51.
35. 6
42.6^
19. 7
56.8
63.£
> 51
59.6
68.
76.6
85.
18
30.
36.
42.
48.
M.
37. 6
45. I
52. 6
60.
67.C
> 64.
63.
66.6
72.
81.
90.
Ifl
31.8
38.
•1 i
60.8
67.
39. 7
47.6 (
55. 6
63.4
71.3
1 67.
76.
86.6
95.
20
33.4
40.
4u.8
613.4
60.
41. 8
50. I
58. 4
66.8
76.
60.
70.
80.
90.
100.
21
35.
42.
49.
66.
63.
43. 9
52.6 (
Jl. 3
70.
78.fl
63.
73.0
84.
94.6
105.
22
368
44.
51.4
58.8
66.
46.10
55. (
54. 2
73.4
82.6
66.
77.
88.
99.
110.
23
38.4
46.
53.8
61.4
69.
47.11
57.6 (
57. 1
76.8
86.3
69.
80.6
92. 1
03.6
115.
24
io
Aa
.Kg
£^A
TO
Kjk
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ri\
OA
nn n
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QA
iUi -i
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25
ii.8
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58!4
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62.6 ■;
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8.3.4
93.9
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87.6 1
00. 1
12^6
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30
50.
(?0.
70.
80.
90.
62. 6
75. f
«7. 6
100.
112.6
90.
105. 1
20. 1
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150.
M
56.8
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79.4
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102.
70.10
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113.4
127.6
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119. 1
36. 1
53.
170.
m
56.8
80
.
93
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10
6.8
12
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83
4
m
5. 13
L16.8
133.4
150.
120.
140
. tl
60. 1
80. !
200.
31)2
1;;
20
21
22
23
'24
SASUllE.
ng or Tlm-
lii the top
Old agalnut
tvo lengths
THIOKNESg ANn WUVTH IN INOnEg.
8
a-y
J.
13.6
L
16.9
5.
18.
>,.
20.3
>.
22.6
5.
24.9
L
27.
5.
29.3
».
31.6
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33.9
36.
.
38.3
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40.6
1.
42.9
.
46.
•
47.3
,
49.6
,
51.9
,
54.
.
56.3
67.6
76.6
90.
8.
9.4
10.
12.
13.4
14.8
16.
17.4
18.8
20.0
21.4
22.8
24.
24.4
26.8
28.
S9.4
30.8
32.
33.4
40.
46.4
63.
6.9
6.10
27.
30.
31.6
35.
36.
40.
40.6
46.
46.
50.
49.6
66.
64.
60.
68.6
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63.
70.
67.6
75.
72.
80.
76.6
85.
81.
90.
85.6
95.
90.
100.
94.6
105.
99.
110.
103.6
115.
1 0P.
10A
112.6
136.
153.
180,
126.
150.
170.
200.
^ 12.16lgJ6jl3:ijri344
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
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15
16
17
18
i;;
20
21
22
23
'24
90.
. 105.
135.
135.
150.
166.
180.
105.
210.
225.
240.
255.
270.
300.
315.
330.
345.
369.
96.
112.
128.
144.
160.
176.
102.
208.
224.
240.
256.
272.
288.
304.
320.
336.
352.
368.
384.
83. 6
98. 7
112. 8
126. 9
140.10
154.11
169.
183. 1
197. 2
211. 3
225. 4
239. 5
243. 6
267. 7
271. 8
286. 9
209.10
313.11
338. I
91.
106. 2
121. 4
136. 6
161. 8
166.10
182.
197. 2
212. 4
227. 6
242. 8
257.10
273.
288. 2
303. 4
318. 6
333. 8
348.10)
364.
13.16
97;6
113.9
130.
146.3
162.6
178.9
195.
211.3
227.6
243.9
260.
276.3
292.6
30H.9
325.
341.S
357.6
37.3.9
390.
13.16
104..
121.3
138.8
156.
173.4
190.8
208.
225.4
14.14 14.16 14.16 16.16
98.
114.4
130.8
147.
163.4
179.8
196.
212.4
242.8 ! 228.8
260,
277.4
294.8
.312.
.320.4
340.8
364.
381.4
398.8
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393
245.
261.4
277.8
2<in
310.4
326.8
343.
359.4
375.8
392.
,105.
122.6
140.
167.6
176.
192.6
210.
227.6
245.
262.6
280.
297.6
314.
3.32.6
350.
307.6
385.
402.6
420.
112.
130.3
149.4
168.
186.8
205.4
224.
242.8
261 .4
280.
298.8
317.4
354.8
373.4
392.
410.8
429.4
448.
16.16
112.6
120.
131.3
140.
150.
160.
168.9
180.
187.6
200.
206.3
220.
225.
240.
243.9
260.
2«!2.6
280.
281.3
300.
300.
320.
318.9
340.
Qfrr a
^£»fk
C?W.
356.3
380.
375.
400.
393.9
420.
412.6
440.
431.3
460.
450.
480.
s
I
i
fiOABD AND PLANK MEASUllEMENT-AT SIGHT
Thl* Table frirea the Eq. Ft. rad In. In Boerd from A to SA in. wld", and from 8 to 36 ft. long
If a board be loniter than 34 ft., unite two numbers. Thua, If a Hoard In 40 ft. long and
16 la. wid^ add ao and 10 and you hare ftS ft. 4 in. For S-ln Flank double the prottucl.
^3
OInW
7inW
8InW
91nW
lOlnW
llinW
12inW
lainW
UinW
IdiuW
ft. in.
ft. In.
ft. in.
a. in.
ft. in
il.in.
ft in.
ft. in.
ft. in
ft. in.
8
40
4 8
6 4
60
6 8
7 4
80
8 8
9 4
10
9
46
6 8
60
69
7 6
8 3
90
9 9
10 6
118
10
60
6 10
68
76
8 4
9 2
10
10 10
11 8
12 6
11
6 6
6 6
74
83
9 2
10 1
110
11 11
12 10
12 9
12
60
7
8
90
10
n
12
18
14
16
IS
6 6
7 7
88
99
10 1ft
11 11
18
14 1
15 2
16 3
14
7
8 2
94
10 6
11 8
12 10
14
16 2
16 4
17 6
16
76
8 9
10
11 3
12 6
18 9
16
16 3
17 6
18 9
16
8
9 4
10 "8
12
13 4
14 8
16
17 4
18 8
200
17
8 6
9 11
11 4
12 9
14 2
16 7
17
18 6
19 10
21 3
.18
90
10 6
12
18 6
16
16 6
18
19 6
21
226
19
9 6
11 1
12 8
14 8
16 10
17 6
19
20 7
22 2
239
20
10
It 8
13 4
15
16 8
18 4
20
21 8
23 4
260
21
10 6
12 8
14
16 9
17 6
19 3
21
22 9
24 6
26 8
22
11
12 10
14 8
18 6
18 4
20 2
22
23 10
26 8
27 6
23
11 6
13 6
16 4
17 8
19 2
21 1
280
24 11
26 10
28 9
24
12
14
18
18
20
22
24
26
28
300
26'
12 6
18 2
16 8
18 9
20 10
22 11
26
27 1
29 2
31 3
26
13
17 4
19 6
21 8
23 10
260
28 2
30 4
326
27
13 6
16 9
18
20 8
22 6
24 9
27
29 8
31 6
339
28
14
16.4
18 8
21
23 4
26 8
280
80 4
32 8
860
29
14 6
16 11
19 4
21 9
24 2
26 7
29
81 6
83 10
86 8
>0
16
17 6
20
22 6
26
27 6
300
32 6
35
37 6
81
16 6
18 1
20 8
28 8
26 10
28 6
31
33 7
36 2
38 9
82
16
13 8
21 4
24 <>
26 8
29 4
32
34 8
87 4
400
83
16 6
19 8
22
24 9
27 6
30 3
330
36 9
3b 6
41 8
84
17
19 10
22 8
266
2S 4
31 2
34
86 10
89 8
42 6
86
17 6
20 6
284
26 8
29 2
32 1
aso
87 11
40 10
439
86
18
21
240
27
80
33
33
89
42
460
BOARD TABLE MEASUREMENT— Continubd.
Ill
l6inW
ITinW
18inW
19inW
20inW
21inW
22inW
23inW
24inWl
ft. in.
ft. in.
11-4
ft. in.
ft. In.
.ft. in.
ft. in.
ft. in.
ft. in.
ft. in.
8
10 8
12
12 8
13 4|
.14
14 8
16 4
16
9
12
12 9
18 6
14 3
15 O'
16 9
16 6
17 8
18
10
13 4
14 2
16
16 10
16 8
17 6
1» 4
19 2
200
11
14 8
16 7
16 6
17 6
18 4
19 3
20 2
21 1
220
12
16
17
18
19
2')0
21
22
23
24
13
17 4
18 6
19 6
20 7
21 8
229
23 10
24 11
26
14
18 8
19 10
210
22 2
23 4
246
26 8
26 10
28
16
20
21 3
226
23 9
260
26 3
27 6
28 9
30
16
21 4
22 8
24
26 4
26 8
280
29 4
8t» 8
820
17
22 8
24 1
26 6
26 11
28 4
29 9
81 2
82 7
34
18
24
26 6
27
'J» 6
300
31 6
33
34 6
36
19
25 4
26 11
28 6
30 1
31 8
333
34 10
86 6
38
20
26 8
28 4
30
31 8
33 4
360
36 8
88 4
40
21
28
29 9
31 6
83 3
850
36 9
88 6
40 3
42
22
29 4
31 2
330
34 10
36 8
386
40 4
42 2
440
23
30 8
32 7
34 6
36 6
88 4
40 3
42 2
44 1
46
84
32
84
86
88
400
42
44
46
48
26
334
85 5
37 6
89 7
418
43 9
46 10
47 11
6>0
26
34 8
86 10
89
41 2
43 4
466
47 8
49 10
62
OT
•ia t\
5)a Q
A(\ R
±<) Q
Afi. n
Ar Q
AQ a
CI a
K.A A
Stf?
-X-.- \r
XJS. Z7
tJ-r V
28
37 4
89 8
42
44 4
46 8
49
61 4
63 8
66
29
38 8
41 1
43 6
46 11
484
60 9
68 2
66 7
68
80
4<i0
42 6
450
47 6
600
39
616
4
66
67 6
600
ft. in.
16
8
18
9
2<» 10
22 11
26
27
1
29
2
31
a
33
4
35
6
37
e
39
7
41
8
43
9
45 10
47
11
50
52
1
64
CO
2
1
68 4
60 5
62 6
aT
I to 30 ft. long
10 ft. lonir imd
9 tht) proauct.
»w
16iaW
In.
ft. in.
4
10
6
118
8
12 6
10
12 9
16
2
16 3
4
17 6
6
18 9
8
200
10
21 3
226
2
289
4
260
6
26 8
8
27 6
10
28 9
300
2
81 3
4
826
6
339
8
860
10
86 8
87 6
2
88 9
4
400
6
418
8
42 6
10
439
460
nW
125 inW
in.
ft. in.
16 8
18 9
20 10
22 11
26
27 1
29 2
31 3
33 4
36 6
37 e
39 7
41 8
43 9
46 10
47 11
60
62 1
64 2
A
CO 1
V
68 4
60 5
62 6
M)GS REDUCED TO RUNNING BOARD MEASURE.
T, .„ ^S,«™f CED TO ONE INCH BOARD iJllmii
EQUAL BIDES TIMBER MEASURE. — CAST IRON.
SOLID CONTENTS OF EQUAL SIDES TIMBEEf ^
If the L'Off ii 8hort«rthati is containpd In the Table, take half or quartf^r
of some length, ir longer doublH Konie lonf^th. The length of the Log is
given on the top of the columns, the diameter in the left hand column. To
obtain the Cubical Contents of Uaeta, Spars, Bound Logs, Sio., subtract
oue-fourth Arom the Contents.
*
m
«jt
L
L
L
L.
L.
L.
L.
L
,
L.
L.
L.
10
2 6
11
2 9
12
80
18
a 8
14
8 6
16
39
16
4
J2
f
18
19
20
6| 2 3
4
8
4 6
4 9
6
7130
8 4
8 7
4 1
4 5
4 9
5 1
65
6
9
C 2
6 6
6 10
8
4 1
4 4
4 10
54
5 9
6 2
6 7
80
8
6
8 10
9 8
9 8
9
62
5 9
6 2
69
7 4
7 11
86
1
9
8
10 8
10 10
11 6
10
62
6 !(•
7 8
84
9
9 8
10 4
11
11
8
12 4
13
18 8
11
7 6
8 4
9 8
10 1
10 11
11. 9
12 7
13 5! 14
8
15 1
15 11
16 9
12
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
16 Oi 17
18
19
20
18
10 4
11 7
12 10
14 1
15 3
16 5
17 9
18 91 19 11
21 1
22 8
2a 6
14
12 2
18 7
14 11
16 4
47 8
18 11
20 8
21 7 22 11
24 8
25 7
26 11
15
14 2
15 9
17 2
18 9
20 4
21 10
236
26 0' 26
7
28 2
29 9
81. 4
16
16
17 10
19 6
21 4
23 1
24 10
26 7
28 4' 30
1
81 10
.33 7
35 4
17
18
20 Oi
22
^4 1
26 1
28 1
30 1
82 1 34
1
86 1 38 1
40 1
18
208
22 6
24 9
27
29 8
31 6
339
86 88
8
40 6 42 9
46
10
22 6
25
27 6
30 1
32 7
35 1
37 7
41 1 43
7
46 1 48 7
52
20
250
27 10
30 10
S3 4
86 1
38 10
41 7
44 4 47
2
60 52 9
56 9
21
27 7
80 8
33 9
8»i9
39 10
42 11
<16
49 1 52
2
66 8
68 4
61 6
22
80 2
38 6
86 10
40 4
43 8
47
604
53 8 67
60 4
68 8
67
23
830
o6 8
40 4
44 1
47 9
51 5
55 1
68 9 62
6
66 1
69 9
73 6
24
860
40 44 48
52
56
600
64 68
72
76
80
25
S9c
43 4 48 152 1
56 6
60 9
65 1
69 6 73
9
78 1
82 5
•86 9
'.'6
42 2
46 11
51 7 56 4
61
66 8
70 4
76 79
8
84 4
89
93 8
27
45 7
50 8
?5 9 60 9
65 10
70 11
76 ! 81 1 86
2 91 7|
96 8
101 11
28
49
54 6
59 10 fi5 4
70 9
76 2
81 7 85 9J
6 97 10 l(i8 8
108 8
29
52 6
55 9
68 4
64 270 1
75 11
81 9
87 7 93 5 99
810.{ 11112 11
117 9
80
62
68 8
75 1
81 8
87 6
989
100 106
8112 6 118 9
126
CAST Iron.
WEIGHT OF A FOOT IM LEI0TH OF FI^AT CAST IBON.
Width of
Iron,
IncboB.
Thick,
Thick,
Thick,
1 Thick.
Thick,
Thick,
l-4th Inch.
3-8ths inch.
1-2 Inch.
5-8ths inch.
3-4ths Inch.
7-8Lh» iuch.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
Pounds.
1 66
2.84
8 12
890
468
6.46
1.76
2 63
8 51
4 39
5 27
6.15
1.96
2 92
8.90
4 88
585
683
2.14
3.22
4 2d
5 37
644
7.61
2 34
8 61
4«8
6.85
7 03
8.20
2 53
8 80
5 07
6 34
7 61
8 88
2.73
4 10
5.43
6 83
8.20
9.57
2 93
4 39
5 85
732
8.78
10 26
8 12
4 68
626
7 81
9 37
10.93
8 32
4 97
6 64
8 30
9 96
11. 62
3 51
6 27
7 03
8 78
10' 54
12 30
3 71
6 56
7 42
9 27
11.13
12 98
3.90
6.85
7 81
9 76
11 71 '
13 67
4 ii)
u 10
"..;(/
IV •.r:D
i- cu
I'i 00
4 29
6 44
8 59
la 74
1'2 89
15 03
4.49
6 73
8 98
11 23
13 46
16,72
468
7 03
9 37
11 71
14 06
16 40
Thick,
I Inch.
Ponnda.
6 25
7 03
7 81
8 59
9.87
10 16
1 93
11 71
12 50
13 28
14 06
14 84
15 62
iO lU
17 18
17 96
18 76
396
I
]
N<
is:
ION.
i:
f or quarter
r the Log i«
column. To
0.. subtract
L.
L.
19
ao
4 9
6
6 6
6 10
9 a
9 8
10 10
11 6
13
18 8
16 11
16 9
19
20
22 8
2a 6
J5 7
26 11
29 9
81. 4
» 7
35 4
18 1
40 1
2 9
46
8 7
62
>2 9
65 9
>8 4
61 6
a 8
67
9
73 6
re
80
2 6
•86 9
9
93 8
»6 8
101 11
i3 8
108 8
2 11
117 9
8 9 125
<f.
Thick,'
uh.
1 Inch.
.
Ponnda.
6 26
703
7 81
8 69
9.87
10 16
1 93
11 71
12 50
13 28
14 06
14 84
15 62
^/* 4A
ID lU
17 18
17 96
18 76
TABLES FOR ENGINEERS AND MACHINISTS.
#»WEIGHT OF ONE FOOT OF FLAT BAR IRON.
THICKNESS IN PARTS OF AN INCH.
V4
.836
.939
,1.044
1.148
1.262
1,368
1.462
1.666
1.671
1.776
1.880
1.984
2.088
2.193
2.297
2.402
2.606
2.715
2.923
3.132
3.341
3.649
3.768
3.9()6
4.676
4.184
4.693
4.801
5.010
A
1.044
1.174
1.306
1.436
1.668
1,696
1.827
1.967
2.088
2.218
2.348
2.479
2.609
2.740
2.870
3.001
3.131
3.392
3.653
3.914
4.176
4.436
4.697
4.968
6.219
6.479
6.741
6.001
6.622
%
1.263
1.409
1.666
1.722
1.K79
2.036
2.192
2.348
2.606
2.362
3.018
2.976
3.181
3.2H8
3.444
3.001
3.768
4.071
4.384
4.697 i
6.010
6.300
6.606
6.010
6.263
6.573
6.8S9
7.202
7.616
1.461
1.644
1.826
2.009
2.192
2.374
2.657
2.740
2.922
3.106
3.288
3.470
3.663
3.836
4.018
4.201
4.384
4.749
5.114
5.479
6.846
6.210
6.675
6.941
7.306
7.671
8.037
8.402
8.767
1,
%
%
1.670
1.878
2.088
2.296
2.501
2.716
2.924
3.132
3.342
3.550
3.760
3.968
4.176
4.386
4.694
4.K04
6.012
6.430
6.846
6.264
6.682
7.098
7.516
7.932
8.350
8.768
9.186
9.602
10.020
2.088
2.348
2.609
2.870
3.131
3.392
3.653
3.914
4.176
4.436
4.696
4.1,57
6.218
6.479
6.740
6.001
6,262
6.784
7.306
7.828
8.360
8.871
9.393
9.915
10.437
10.958
11.480
12.002
12.524
%
2.606
2.818
3.132
3.444
3.768
4.070
4.384
4.696
6.010
6.324
5.636
6.960
6.262
6.576
6.888
7.202
7.616
8.142
8.768
9.394
10.020
10.646
11.272
11.898
12.62f
13.152
13.778
14.404
16,030
%
2.923
3.287
3.653
4.018
4,384
4,749
6.114
6.479
6.846
6.210
6.576
6.941
7.306
7.671
8.036
8.402
8.767
9.498
10.228
10.959
11.690
12.421
13.161
13.881
14.612
16.343
16.073
16.304
17.636
1 in.
8.340
8.765
4.176
4.592
6.008
5.432
6.848
6.264
6.684
7.100
7.620
7.936
8.352
8.772
9.188
9.608
10.024 .
10.860
lL6g2
12.628
13.364
14,192
16.032
15.864
16.700
17.636
18.372
19.204
20.042
WEIGHT OF ONE SQUARE FOOT OF SHEET IRON, &c.
Iron.
Cop.
Brass
Thickness by the Birmingham [Eng.] Wire Gauge,
12.60
14.50
13.75
12.00
13.90
13.20
11.00
12.75
12.10
10.00
11.60
11.90
5
8.74
10.10
9.61
6
8.12
9.40
8.93
8
7.50
8.70
8.25
6.86
7.90
7.54
9
6.24
7.20
6.87
10
5.62
6.50
6.18
11
5.80
5,50
121 13
14
5.00 4.38 3.7513.12
5.08 4.34.
4.8II4.I2I
3.60
3.43
Thickness by the Wire Gauge.
I
Iron.
Cop.
16 1 16
2.8212.60
3.272.90
17
2.18
2.53
18
1.86
2.15
19
20
21
1.7011.5411.40
1.97 1.7811.62
22
1.25
1.45
23
1.12
1.30
24
1.00
1.10
i!.*Uii.Oiir.87 1.69:i.54iL37'L23il.l0
26
.90
1.04
991
26
.80
.92
.88
27
28
29
30
.72
.83
.79
.64
.74
.70
.66
M
.61
.50
.55
nJ^^^I JT\'"?f?^\?® ^.^^^}^^ ?* *» *"<^h ; No^ 4 is l-4th ; No. 11 is l-8th :
£ ll4 . vn ^iL f ?o ^^ ^« l-14th ; No. 16 is l-16th ; No. 17 is l-18th : No. 19
IS 1-23 ; No. 22 is 1-32,
397
WeiOHT or BAR IRUN AND OTHER MJCTAL8.
Meainrei 66 by 18 Inchoii, and In rated bjr tl»« wplffht per Hheet. Th« wmiv
ben run from H tu is KuxHlan IbH. i>cr Hhcrt. 8 KiiHHian poundn equal 7.2
Enriith pounds; 9-8.1 lb«.: 19-9 lbs.; 11-10 lb«.; 12»11.2 Ibe., Ao.~
100 KoMlan Ito. equal 90 Ibi. Ebgllsh.
WEIGHT OF ONE SQUARE FOOT OF PLATE IRON. Ao.
IP
1
1
1
1
•
o
•
i
V
h
26
2.9
2.7
8.7
iV
17.6
20.8
19.(f
26.9
k
6.0
6.8
6.6
7.4
i
20.0
23.2
21.8
29.6
iv
7.6
8.7
8.2
11.1
I
26.0
28.9
27.1
87;o
i
10.0
11.6
10.9
14.8
I
80.0
84.7
82.6
44.4
^
126
14.6
18.6
18.5
T
8
86.0
40.4
87.9
67.8
I
16.0
17.4
16.8
22.2
1
40.0
46.2
48.8
69.2
WEIGHT ONE FOOT IN LENGTH OF SQUARE AND ROUND
BAR IKON.
S3
3*
is
•
a
•o -
C4
ll
•0
53^
s .
^E
Is
8.820
IS"
i-3
ll
S.5
•
a
Bound Iron
injba.
4
.209
.164
U
6.928
8|
46.969
86.895
a;
.826
.256
n
10.229
8.043
81
60.153
89.890
I
.470
.869
n
11.744
9.224
4
53.440
41.934
^
.640
.608
2
13.860
10.496
4*
66.883
44.687
i
.836
.666
^
15.083
11.846
44
60.329
47386
A
1.057
.881
2i
16.900
13 283
41
6S.W3'»
5i).'?;i
1
1.905
1.025
2|
18.840
14.797
44
ffl.o.^7
W ':i2
+i^
1.679
1.241
2i
20.876
16.896
4f
ii.44u
66.113
i
1.879
1.476
21
28.116
18.146
41
76.359
59.187
n
2.206
1.782
2}
25.259
19.842
4i
79.878
62.344
. I
2.558
2.011
2«
27.608
21.684
6
83.510
66.586
H
2.(tSt
?,V,6
8
30.070
28.653
5i
92.459
72.618
1
8M
^G24
8|
82.618
25.620
5.i
101.086
79.370
1*
4.25^::
I.J2I
8i
36.279
27.709
•61
110.429
86.731
u
6.219
6 816
7.616
4.099
4.961
6.913
s»
38.045
40.916
43.890
398
29.881
82.170
84.472
6
120.24.9
94,610
1}
rhu wei
i< «
11 14
il 4t
Drht4>tiiarlr<
" Ciwt I
"Steel.
"Coppe
on beipg 1;
ron =: .95
1.03
r. 1.16
Si
ii
1
1
1
1
i
1
2
2
L8.
Th«niiin>
Ih equal 7.3
ItM., do.—
7. Ao.
J
•
1
19.0
26.9
21.8
29.8
27.1
87;o
82.5
44.4
87.9
67.8
48.8
69.2
) ROUND
i.
86.895
89.890
41.934
44.687
47886
W if«
66.113
59.187
62.844
66.686
72.618
79.370
86.781
94.A10
rlronbeipgl}
)t Iron = .95
«1. 1.03
WW, 1.16
W'JQHT OF ROUND AND BQUARl CAST IRON.
CAsf IKan.- Wf ght of • Foot lu UtHTh of sinare and KooBd.
SQUARE.
Weight
Poandi,
74.26
78,12
82.08
86.18
90.28
94.63
08.87
108.82
107.86
112.60
122.08
132 03
142.88
158.12
1G4.26
175.78
187.68
200.12
212.56
225.78
289 26
253.12
267.38
282.
297.07
312.60
328.82
844.58
361.18
878.12
895.50
413.78
431.44
450.
ROUNa
Weight.
Pounds.
68.82
6136
04.46
07.64
70.09
74.24
77.66
81.14
84.71
88.36
95.87
1^8.69
111.82
120.26
129.
138.06
147.41
167.08
167.06
177.10
187.91
188.;9 .
210.
221.60
288.81
246.43
257.86
270.69
283.68
296.97
810.63
224 59
338.86
853.43
STEEL.~Wefght of a Foot in Length of Flat
Size
InT
II
Thick, Thick.
1-4 in
Pds.
.862
.958
1.06
1 IT
i;27
1.49
. 1.70-
2JI 1 1.91
3-8tbti.
Fdi-
127
1.^8
1.59
1 Tit.
-t • • i5
1.91
2.28
2.55
2.«7
Thick,
1-2 in
Pds.
1.70
1.91
2.13
2.65
3.19
2.98
3 72
3.40
4.28
3.83
4.79
'V m ' —"" ■ " ■■ "
WEIGHT OP METALS.
i!,:
PATENT IMPROVED -LEAD TITK.-Sizfa and Weight j^ Foot.
Calibre.
Weight
per foot.
CkUbrc.
Inches.
Weight
per foot.
Calibre.
Inches.
Weight
per foot.
Calibre.
Weight
per foot.
Calibre.
Weigh*-,
per foot,
InchGH
Ibs.ozs.
lbs. 0Z8. i
lbs. oza.
Inches.
lbs, CM,
incbiw.
IbH. 0Z8.
if
6
1 4 i
»
1 4
1
*
P
5
8
It
1 8 •
• <
2
•<
6
4
10
i<
2
<<
2 4
li
2 8
5
12
<<
3
X
2 8
•1
3
((
fi
1
a
13 1
<<
3
•<
8 8
i<
7
1 8
t4
1 i
4(
4
««
4
?M|
a
8
i4
1 8 '
1
1 8
II
6
13
iO
a
2
II
1 12
IJ.
3
Si -
15
12
t4
2 12 1
tl
2
II
3 8
4
a
18
14
}
12 '
It
2 8
It
4
4iJ
20
1
(<
14 I
<(
3
i<
4 8
5 '
22
Shkkt I ead.— Weight of a Square Foot, 2], 8, 3i, 4, 4^. 6, 6, 7, 8i, 9.
10 lbs., and upwards
BRASS, COPPER, STEEL, AND LEAD.- Weight of a Foot.
) BRASS.
COPPKR.
8TEKL.
LKAD.
Blameter
Weight
Weight
Weight
Weight
Weight
Weigbt
Weight
Weight
aiid Side
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of Square.
Round.
Square,
Bound.
Pquare.
Round.
Square.
Round.
Square,
. Inches.
Lbs.
Lba.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Xbfc
i
.17
,22
.19
.24
.17
.21
i
.89
.60
.42
.64
.38
.48
.70
.90
.76
96
.67
,85
1.10
1.40
1.17
1.50
1.04
1.33
1.69
2.02
1.69
2.16
1.50
1.91
,
2.16
2.75
2.31
2.94
2.05
2.61
1
2.83
3.60
3.02
£.84
2 67
8.40
8i}7
4.93
1^
8.58
4.56
3.82
4.86
3.38
434
4.90
6.25
1^
■
4.42
6.63
4.71
6,
4.18
6.32
6.06
7.71
li
5.3->
6.81
6.71
7.27
6.<i6
6.44
- 7.33
933
1
6.36
8.10
6.79
8.65
6.02
7.67
8.72
11.11
i
7.47
9.51
7.94
10.15
7.07
9
10.24
13.(J4
8.66
1103
9.21
11.77
8.20
10.14
11.87
15.12
li
9.95
12.66
10.61
13.52
9.41
11.98
13.63
17.36
2
11.32
14 41
12.08
15.38
10.71
13 63
15.51
19.75
2|
12.78
16.27
13.64
17.86
12.05
15.80
17.51
22.29
2t
2|
14 32
18.24
15.29
19.47
13.51
17.20
19.63
25,
15.96
20.32
17.03
21.69
15.06
19.17
21.80
27.80
2
17.68
22.53
18.87
24.03
16.68
2121
24.24
30.86
2i
19.60
24.83
20.81
26.50
18.39
23 41
26.72
84.02
5i
2140
27 25
22.84
29.08
20.18
25.70
29 33
87.34
2f
23.39
29.78
24.92
81.79
22.06
28.10
82.06
40.81
3
25.47
32.43
27.18
84.61
24.23
30.60
34.90
44.44
CASr IRON.— Weight of a Superficial Foot from i to 2 hichea thick.
Weight
rcunus.
9.37
14.06
lti.75
Size.
iOd.
"Wdght
X'ouaaa.
23 43
28 12
82.81
Sbe, Weight
iU.'^
?4
87 50
42.18
46 87
400
Size.
Weight
Size.
Ins.
1!
Fouuils. i
6156 i
56.25 1
60,98 1
lus.
1
Weight
Fouuds.
65.62
70.31
fjht fig Foot.
CAIibre.
Weigh*-,
per foot,
incbiw.
Ibn. VIS,
11
5
4
2
6
((
6
«
7
U
13
15
4
c
18
H
-**
20
5
22
i. 6. 6, 7, 8i, 9.
of a Foot,
LKAD.
Weight
of
Round.
Lbs.
8i)7
4.90
6.06
. 7.33
8.72
10.24
11.87
18.63
15.51
17.51
19.63
21.80
24.24
26.72
29 33
82.06
34.90
Weight
of
Square.
Xbi.
4.93
6.25
7.71
933
11.11
13.IJ4
15.12
17.36
19.75
22.29
25.
27.80
30.86
34.02
87.34
40.81
44.44
nches thick.
Size.
Weight
lUH.
Fuuudx.
65.62
7o.ai
76.
CAST IRON OOtTTMNS. MOLDEb's r*BLI!
LENGTH OR HEIGHT IN TKKT.
6 I 8 I 10 I 12
' ?•* I 16 I 18 , 20
22 I 24
60
105
163
232
810
400
501
692
1013
1315
1697
2100
2550
3D40
40
77
128
191
266
354
452
550!
959
1269
1640
2045
2490
2970,
82
65
111
172
242
827
427
625
924
1224
ltJ03
2007
2450,
2930
26
65
97
166
220
8<)1
894
497
887
1186
1661
1964
22|
47
84
136
198
275
366
469
848
1142
1515
1916
2410 2358
2900 I 2830
Practical utility qf the Table.
wo (OO
1097 1062
1467 ^
1865
2306
2780
13
29
66
94
144
208
285
886
726
1006
1364
1765
2189
2670
• This deduction is on account of Ww core.
MOLDKR'S TABLE.
=66? cwt.
Bar Iron being 1,
CasMron equal .96
feteel .. 102
Brass .. {'H
Lead u \^
Cast Iron being 1,
Bar Iron equal 1.07
oreel "
Brass "
Copper "
Lead "
1.08
1,16
1.21
1.56
Yellow Pine being 1,
Cast Iron equal 12.
Brass <'
topper "
I.reaa "
Zinc "
12.7
13.3
18.1
11.6
It frequentiv
3 X 12 = 36 pounds.
Wit^^coi^itV^-54;^"^ that „^.^ ^
iron to P.^h^ ^^ V^'^'- *"n««g^ approxiS^l'^^^^ ^"d i" «»ch
*'*^^*o each pound of model. •*i'i'™X"nation to reckon 13 lbs. of cast
At\
401
I
Ihi.
t :
If
WOOD AND BARK MEASUREMENT
s
V
M -w*^ oaf »
O rja ^'^ t».t
I'
1
SI
CO
i
f
^TO^^*OfcoSSl--l-c2oiSoOf-tr-S3o5TO^iiioSSl2
I S"5S^"^' ^ 2 S S S S ui S"S i S S S SSS S %%%
CO i-« I— ( rH i-H I—* r^ rt rH f^r-*
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a :-« in 00 S3 ift O} N CD OS eo «3 qco i^ o '* i'- rn ^ oe -h lip orj m ic
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1 5 ?5'n1 ?S Sj f ^"i^S'S IS S S 5d J^ f2 l;:SS tel¥jR §
g
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CO
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TO
r^i3.
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s
CD
TO TO CO TO e<5 TO ■«*<
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a 00 0» f IM eO lO CD t^OS O ^ TO
o
00 3s — ' e<i •* »(5
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i-l
TO TO TO CO TO CO ^
<M-*COQOOOJ
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Example, — How many cords of
wood in a pile 60 foet long, 6 left
high and 4 feet wide?
60
6
128) 1440 Hi cards.
402
5 TO
■^Ttl oSSk-
■Hr-iMoieoSS"*^
5 —• T-l iM (N eC TO '*
H f- i-( .-( — pH r^ r^
-.\* 00 « r~ f-KD o
5 O O rl f-" M S»l «
2SS5§2J2S
■i ^ Oe •-< lip or; M lO
OaOQOOiOsOOO
"•QOOOOOOdi^CVO
9 1— t* t-- 00 00 oo on
5 «> t- 1- 1- 00 OD 55
SSloSffiSUS
§3SS^
CC0U3
I- 1~ l^
susSocoSiovt*
U3 to lO «& (O CO
gg^cc
5 0DO(N
SSS8
n ^^ ^* ^^^
D "^ ""J^ ^4^
U3U3U3U3
3 CD 00 34
D CO coco
^^ ""^ ^* ^
< iM CO Jft
3 CO CO CO CO CO
CO "^
>O<M-*<£>Q0OO|
5 ^ -^ ■* •«»< Tj4 ■* lO I
60
6
SCO
*4
1440 Hi cords.
VALUE OP WOOD AND BARK.
•-• rH (N(N (N CO CO -* «3 u5 «> i^ I, J, 05, 1
9 I t^eo o i-T eo ^ ,^ ~^ ^ — T? '"' ''^ s*',*^ eo CO •^ft ^ .^ ifl 50 soi^i^^l
SJ^^^Sco§85:SJSSSSS888SSSl28S8SSJ388
^ I --^«N«4^^3S5I.g§8S55SSi2S8i^SgSg
U^ --«3«Si8^^S^S3icggcog53gg^,^j,||-
__-^c.s;g^g5:^jsgs$s^iS^gco5J5;^gg;e|
--§5§5§S^§!i,{23g^S38gJ^S8S{2S3S8^8
!«> ,_ "-=^=^^^®---ssff§sS{2s";slcSSsol
H OD w »"»-<'ua a-ei^l^^;i^S7S-Z^-'"'^^^'^ <M c>i n eo co co •* ■* ^\a
— o,^a§gio:;?§g2§5c3SJsg^gj^g5§^S2^
■lO
^*oocT«D^Mi:;;r;:;--;jj^j7i^;~ n eo co eo ■* -* us
_^. — ^^c.c3iSSSSS^SS8^sgco23-;^-5;^|
"* i^ -* 00 rH ,00001.0 to <-r!^ -r;J-^^-rl?l??.eLeo co eo eo v us
■ - •"* ^H »^ ^M ^^ ^« fvm A« K. _ _ _ _
"" '->' ' ^ •V "AW W« KW
CO I- « CO t- - wTr5ioi«rrS7S-^-^-^^^^-^-^i^?^ «> « **
I ;"^'^«^^*'S^Sl5?8?SS§g2SS§SSf2W
CO CO o>colip^e S - u3 go PH o CO ^ S 'l^-^ri!-^-'^-''^-'^-'^-^ co co '^
^ ^ ^-^-53c3g5cogS^8^ggggg20rHg-cggg-
" coooorHTX<o<ac^iuat^W;i.>>r^!r'^^'^'^''^ !^'gi^«"=0'»
(.^ll0^.a>l^l^tPga^^q-,,, ^^ ^^rlg3.ci£icicieo|
J]^^<^*^^^^i2S2S$S3¥sWig8
fe I '^'g>Q' Pooa>rHCOTt.o;Q -;=iT:: 3rH>n«.!Ir ^^^^'^^^''^^^ '^ "^
rH CI CO ■«*< iO «0 1-- 00 0>
*? t- ^n
a;
o
e9 J5 OS
SS§Sg3§^gg3gogg|g|
<Xl
3^ ,
w CO
$ I
.$s
^ f^ fe f^
US CO t^oo
403
Mi
2
f
8i
4
44
CISTERNS— SCBEWS— CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE.
CAPACITY OF CISTERNS AND UESERVOIRS IN GALLONS.
Depth, 10 Inches :— Diameter frmn 2 to 25 Fee*.
leet
19 5
80.6
44.06
69 97
78.33
99.14
5
5i
7i
feet
II
«
122.40
148.10
176.25
206.86
239.88
276.40
8
feet 313 33 1
?>
!' 303.72
9
'' 396.56
.«}
" 461.40
iO
" 489.20
11
" 692.40
12
13
14
15
20
25
feet
<(
<<
II
NUMBER OF THREADS IN* V-THREAD SCREWS.
705.
827 4
959.6
1101.6
1958.4
8059.9
Diam. In inches ^ J) s
No. of threads 20 18 16
14
12
11
3
10
I
9
1
8
H
7
1]
7
1|
6
Diam. in inches l* 14 i? ir n oi oi
No. of threads 6' 6* 6^ 4/ 4i 4^ 4^
Diam. in inches..; 3J
No. of threads 8
4
8
2J 3 8^ 8i
8i 3i Sj 8}
4|
2I
6 6i 54 53
23 2^ 2I 8
6
2i
The depth of the threads should be half their nitoh Thn Hior««* 7~*
CUBIC, OR SOLID MEA^HE.
Brjadth, and tbi. product by .he i>°p.»o'°bff C.°u^^''„,%S;
4-5 X 2.5 X 2 = 22i cubic feet.
bushels, by 2150 .12,-or. If l.i heaped bushels, by 2747 TO "'' ^' ' " '»
.nS'sS ^:ctyKj,S^ \^^ "" "^ * "■"' '" '""«"■' " '"'='>« '« O™"""..
mLI*^ Jr^illgWaT ''*' "°"« "*'• = 2°°» ■^'- " 1 •»■' Of Deave,
1 Cubic Foot Of I'each Mountain Coal, broken or screPiifirt fhr «f^„^
ISfpou'n'dr"''^'^"** requires 37 cubic feet oTs^aceTs^Vone'toTa
Coal is bought at wholesale at the rate of 2240 pounds to the ton anri
sold at retai at the rate of 2000 pounds to the ton, scr"merf ' ^
3/&L*t;rtlf;XSf ^ ''-'' ""' '^ '''' ^^ ^-«^»^' 23 St breadth, and
rru t^^. i'^ ^^^"^ '^^^ '■= ^"^22 (or 63^ bushels and i peck.)
The Solid Contents of all bodies, which are of uniform bigness thro i^h
out, whatever may be the form of the ends is found bv multinlvin^fh^
area of one end into its height or length. ^ multiplying the
,ltt !"^K^^ equal (=j 1 square foot, (or, area.)
1<28 inches equal (=) 1 cubic foot, (or, solid emtenta.)
404 '
/V8URE.
JALLONS.
feet
705.
827 4
959.6
1101.6
1958.4
8059.9
ws.
»
n li
7 7
1|
6
8 8|
3i 8;
3;
2| 3;
6
2i
iameter of a
the angle of
Stone, Box,
ngth by the
[er of Cubic
multiply the
-then divide
sionsaro ia
he Length,
o obtain the
feet long, 2^
Its (interior)
capacity be
Bl;-if in
in breadth,
of Beaver
for Stoves.
one ton ol
le ton, and
eadth, and
peck.)
^s througli-
plyiijg the
I.)
Diam jThickni Weight. 1 1 Diam ^cknl Wdght!^^^^
Lbs.
3.06
6.05
3.67
6.
6.89
9.8
7.8
11.04
8.74
12.23
9.65
13.48
10.57
14.66
10.05
11.54
15.91
20.59
12.28
17.16
22.15
27.56
i8.4
2:3.72
29.64
19.66
25.27
31.2
20.9
26.83
33.07
22.06 1
28.28
34.94
23.35
29.85
36.73
24.49
31.4
38.58
25.7
32.91
40.43
26.94
34.34
42.28
29.4
37.4i
45.94
31.82
40.56
49.6
58.96
34.32
4.}. 68
63.3
63.18
36.66
46.8
56.96
67.6
78.39
8.
8.1/3
9.
11. Va
12. Va
13. Va
Lbs.
39.22
49.92
60.48
71.76
83.28
41.64
52.68
64.27
76.12
88.2
44.11
56.16
68.
80.5
93.28
46.5
50.92
71.7
84.7
97.98
48.98
62.02
75.32
88.98
102.9
61.46
65.08
78.99
93.24
108.84
63,88
68.14
82,68
97.44
112.68
56.34
71.19
86.4
, 101.83
117.6
58.82
74.28
90.06
106.14
122.62
61.26
77.36
93.7
110.^8
127.42
63.7
80.4
97.4
114.72
13i>..?5
66.14
83.46
101.08
118.97
137.28
68.64
86.5*5
17. ya
Lbs.
104.76
123.3
142.16
71.07
89.61
108.46
127.6
147.03
73.72
92.66
112.1
i;a.86
151.92
75.96
95.72
115.78
^30.15
156.82
78.4
98.78
119.49
140.4
161.82
80.87
101.82
123.14
144.76
166.6
83.3
104.82
126.79
149.02
171.6
85.73
107.96
130.48
153.3
176.58
88.23
111.06
134.16
157.59
181.33
114.1
137.84
16t9
186.24
120.24
145.2
170.47
195.92
126.33
152.63
179.02
132.5
159.84
187.6
215.52
138.6
167.24
196.46
Dia. in
inch.
Circum.
in inch.
-196
-392
-589
-786
-981
1-178
1-374
1-570
1-767
1-963
2-159
2-356
2-552
2-748
2-945
DIAMETERS, CIRCXTMFERENCES AND AREAS OP CIRCLES.
^i£?"?*^ uT^^^y*'"®*^ *^« circumference of a circle, hooo or riniy thA
diarneter being 3 ft. 4 in. In the column of circumferences onn7«^« nil
]utl''^^^ diameter, stands 10 ft. 5% in., the d^SreSSfrequra :al
te i T/lt l/'*hrt"*T*^^" ^^ t|e metal is ite exact tiSkness.'or it!
orear«/i, if it is bent edgeways, which must be added to the diajnetir
r«^wHS'^li^* *=*".** once ascertain the diameter of any wheel hSmlv
require, the pitch and number of teeth beinsj jriven ^
Exainple.—lt a wheel is ordered to be made to" pontAin Mi f^^-h *^\.^
EnoL -^^^*^^^. ^ ^'^ 3% inches, the dimelSons of tt^J whee^ may^
berS^teWfhf Jh^'^Tr'^^Wy*^^ Pi*«^ «^ <^« tooih §y iHuS
3% inchos pitch of the tooth.
10 X 6 = 60 the number of teeth.
Area in
sq. inch.
-0030
-0122
-0276
-0490
-0767
-1104
-1503
-1963
-2485
-3068
-3712
-4417
-5185
-6013
-6903
-7854
-9940
1-227
1-484
'1-767
2-074
2-405
2-761
3-141
3-546
3-976
4-430
4-908
5-412
5-939
6-491
7-068
7-669
8-295
8-946
9-621
10-320
11-044
11-793
Side of
= sq.
-0554
-1107
-1661
-2115
-2669
-3223
-3771
-4331
-4995
-5438
-6093
-6646
-7200
-7754
-8308
% &*3-32
1 in.
1 3-16
1 5-16
1 7-16
1 9-16
1 11-16
Dia in
inch.
Cir. in
ft. in.
1 3S%
i|
9
m.
%
2
2 78
2 3-16
2 5-16
2 7-16
2 9-16
ff.
W
1%
3 7-16
Area in
sq. inch.
12-566
13-364
14-186
15-033
15-904
16-800
17-720
.18-666
19-635
20-629
21-647
22-690
23-758
24-860
25-967
27-108
28-274
29-464
30-679
31-919
33-183
34-471
35-784
37-122
38-484
39-«71
41-282
42-718
44-178
45-663
47-173
48-707
50-265
51-848
63-466
on \joa
56-746
58-426
60-132
61-862
Area in
8q. ft
-0879
-0935
-0993
-1062
-1113
-1176
-1240
-1306
-1374
-1444
-1515
-1588
-1663
-1739
-1817
-1897
-1979
-2062
-2147
-2234
-2322
-2412
-2504
-2598
-2693
-2791
-2889
-2990
-3092
-3196
-3299
-3409 .
-3518
-3629
-3741
-0856
-3972
-4089
-4209
-4330
406
r CIRCLES,
?, or ring, the
8, opposite the
equired. The
ickness, or its
the diameter,
wheel he may
1 60 teeth, the
wheel may be
I by the num-
t>e the circum-
of the wheel,
consequently
of the wheel
DIAMETERS, CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OP CIRCLES,%0.
Dia. in
ft. in.
Area in
8q. ft
-0879
-0935
-0993
-1052
-1113
-1176
-1240
-1306
-1374
-1444
-1515
-1588
-1663
-1739
-1817
-1897
-1979
-2062
-2147
-2234
-2322
-2412
-2504
-2598
-2693
-2791
-2889
-2990
-3092
-3196
-3299
-3409 ,
-3518
-3629
-3741
-3866
-3972
-4089
-4209
-4330
Cir. in
ft. in.
Area in
sq. inch.
.i 3
63-617
6o-;596
67-200
6{M)29
70-882
72-769
74-662
76-668
78-540
80-615
82-616
84-610
86-690
88-664
90-762
92-855
95-0.33
97-205
99-402
101-623
103-869
106-1.39
108-4:M
110-753
1% 113-097
2 115-466
2y2 117-859
2%j 120-276
122-718
125-185
127-676
130-192
132-732
135-297
137-886
140-500
143-139
145-802
148-489
151-201 j
153-938
166-699
159-485 !
162-295 i
165-130
167-989
170-873
173-782
176-715
179-672
1«2-fi.'U
185-661
188-692
191-748
194-828
197-933
Area in
«q. ft.
-4453
-4'>77
-4704
-4--32
-4961
-5093
-6226
-5361
-5497
-6636
-5776
-5!»17
-60r>l
-6206
-63.53
-6499
-6652
-6874
-6958
-7143
-7290
-7429
-7590
-7752
-7916
-8082
-8250 .
-8419
-8590
-8762
-8937
-9113
-9291
-9470
-9642
-0835
1-0019
1-0206
1-0294
1-0584
1-0775
1-0968
1-1193
1-1360
1-1569
1-1749
1-1961
1-2164
1-2370
1-2577
1 -OTQK
• tji • •._?
1-2996
1-3208
1-3422
l-3r>37
1-3855
407
314-16 )
318-099
322-063
326-051
330-064
334-101
338-163
342-250*
346-361
350-497
354-657
358-841
363-051
367-284
371-643
375-826
380-133
384-465
388-822
39.3-203
397-608
402-0.38
406-493
410-972
1-4074
1-4295
1^1617
1-4741
l-4!)67
1-5196
1-5424
1-5665
1-5888
1-6123
1-6359
1-6597
1-6836
1-7078
1-7321
1-7566
1-7812
1-8061
1-8311
1-8562
1-8816
1-9071
1-9328
1-9586
1-9847
1-9941
2-0371
2-0637
2-0904
2-1172
2-1443
2-1716
2-1990
2-2265
2-2543
2-2922
2-3103
2-3386
2-3670
2-3956
2-4244
2-4533
2-4824
2-5117
2-5412
2-5708
2-6007
2-6306
2-6608
2-6691
2-7016
2-7224
2-7632
2-7980
2-8054
2-8658
DllitfETERS, CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OP CIRCLES, &o.
9 7% 1060-73
9 8% 1075-21
Area In
■q. inch.
101^7
1032-06
1046-35
Area in
•q. ft.
1089-7i>
3 1% 9 9% 1104-46
3 1%\ 9 10(5| 1119-24
1134-12
1149-09
11G4-16
1179-32
1194-59
1209-95
1225-42
1240-98
1256-64
1272-39
12.^8-26
1304-20
1320-25
1336^0
1362-65
1369-00
1385-44
1401-98
1418-«2
1435-36
1452-20
1469-14
i'/8 1486-17
5% 1603-30
1630-53
1537-86
1556-28
1572-81
1590-43
1608-16
1625-76
1643-89
0% 1661-90
1*4 1608-02
1698-23
1716-54
1734-94
1753-46
1772-05
1790-76
1809-56
1828-46
1847-45
1866-56-
■fOOir FT J
1905-03
„ 1924-42
Oi/il 1943-91
7-0688
7-1671
7-2664
7-3662
7-4661
7-6681-
7-6691*
7-7791
7-8681
7-9791
8-0846
8-l«91
8-2951
8-4026
8-.'»9l
8-6171
8-7269
8-8361
8-W62
9-0561
9-1686
9-2112
9-3061
9-6061
9-6212
9-7364
9-8518
9-9671
10-084
10-202
10-320
10-439
10-559
10-679
10-800
10-922
11-044
11-167
11-291
11-415
11-534
11-666
11-793
11-920
12-048
12-176
12-305
12^35,
12-666
12-697
12-829
12-962
13-005
113-229
13-364
13^99
ilROLES, &o.
DIAMETERS, CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OP CIRCLES. #
m in
inch.
K7
, w6
f-35
►-73
^21
^7i>
-46
-24
-12
-09
-16
-32
■59
■95
42
■08
64
39
25
20
'i5
U)
35
)0
(4
)8
:2
16
Area in
«q. ft.
Dla. in
ft. in.
7-0688
7-1671
7-2604
7-3662
7-4661
7-6681-
7-6691*
7-7791
7-8681
7-9791
8-0846
8-l«91
8-2951
8-4026
8-.'»9l
8-6171
8-7269
8-8361
8-W62
9-0561
9-1686
9-2112
9-3061
0-6061
9-6212
9-7364
9-8518
9-9671
« '10-084
110-202
10-320
10-439
10-559
10-679
10-800
10-922
11-044
11-167
11-291
11-415
11-534
11-666
11-793
11-920
12-048
12-176
12-305
12-435,
12-666
12-697
12-829
12-962
13-005
13-229
13-364
13^99
Cir. in
ft. in.
Area in
Hq. inch.
4 10 15
4 10% x5
' ^"H15
> 15
' ■ '15
'L da
4 n/415
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5 2
5 21/4
5 2^/.
5 3 '
■5 3»/
I Ik
1
1V4
1%
I
1963-50
1983-18
2002-96
2022-84
2042-82
2062-90
2083-07
2103-35
2123-72
2144-19
2164-75
2185-42
2206-18
2227-65
2248-01
2169-66
2290-22
2311-48
2332-H3
2354-28
2357-83
2.397-48
2419-22
2441-07
2463-01
2485-05
2607-19
2629-42
2651-76
2674-19
2696-72
2619-35
21/41 2642-08
2% 2664-91
38/4 2687-83
4i| 2710-85
2733-97
2757-19
3780-51
2803-92
2827-44
2851-05
28T4-76
2898-66
2922-47
2946-47
2970-57
2994-77
3019-07
3043-47
3067-96
.^n92-5fi
3ii7-25
3142-04
3166-92
3191-91
Ar«a in
■q. ft.
13-635
ia-772
13-909
14-047
14-186
14-325
14-466
14-606
14-748
14-890
15-633.
15-176
16-320
15-465
1&-611
15-767
1&-904
16-051
16-200
16-349
1^-498
16-649
16-800
16-951
17-104
17-227
17-411
17-565
17-720
17-876
18-033
18-189
18-347
?8-506
18-665
18-825
18-995
19-147
19-309
19-471
19-635
19-798
19-963
20-128
20-294
20-461
20-629
20-797
20-965
20-135
20-305
91_4.7R
21-647
21-819
21-992
22-166
Dla. in
ft, in.
Cir. In
ft. in.
Area in
Bq. inch.
Area in
Rq. ft
3216-99
3242-17
3267-46
3292-83
3318-31
3343-88
:^369-56
3395-33
3421-20
3447-16
3473-23
:M99-39
61^; 3525-26
7lAi 3662-01
8 I 3.578-47
8%i 3606-03
r 9%i 3631-68
' lOali 3658-44
' \Vl\ 3086-29
' 11% 3712-24
9 "il8 0%; 373^-28
9y4il8 \iL 3766-43
fil^!l8 2%i 3793-67
; Zyl 3821-02
4IJ
4%'
4% 20
%
5%
19
3848-4(
3875-1
3903-63
3931-36
3969-20
3987-13
4016-16
4043-28
4071-61
4099-83
4128-25
4166-77
4185-39
4214-11
4242-92
4271-83
4300-85
4329-95
4359-16
4388-47
4417-87
4447-37
4476-97
9506-67
4536-47
4666-36
4596-35
4626-44
4656-63
4686-92
4717-30
4747-79"
I
22-333
22-615
22-621
22-866
23-043
23-221
23-330
23-678
23-768
23-938
24-119
24-301
24-483
24-666
24-850
26-034
26-^0
26-W8
26-602
25-779
26-964
26-165
26-344
26-634
26-725
26-916
27-108
27-301
27-494
27-688
27-883
28-078
28-274
28-471
28-663
28-866
29-065
29-264
29-466
29-665
29-867
30-069
30-271
30^75
30-679
30-884
30-090
31-296
31-503
31-710
31-919
32-144
32-337
32-548
32-769
32-970
fi !
M
I^WT^. OP CIRCLRS, CONI
3 11
8fl0^
9 IT
.7«W
.WIT
l.(>«l(M>
1.2271
l.ii»(i2
1.0701
1.7671
l.tWMB
2.181(1
2.4tifi2
2.(U1(N
3.1410
3.40K7
3.«8(«)
3.9700
4,'Um
4Mm
4.9087
5.2413
B.flsao
0.3049
6.0813
7.0080
11)707
8.2907
8.72(>S
9.1683
9.0211
10.0846
10.6091
11.0446
11.6409
12.0481
1 ft. ill
6.87.'Jrf
6.8i>28
7.9944
9.17(16
10.4413
ll.78<W
13.2100
14.7241
10.3148
17.9870
10.7414
21.4830
23.4940
20.4916
27,0720
2t>.7.'MO
32.6976
34.3027
»{.7092
39.1!)»54
4l.7(i(W
4^1.4179
47.1605
49.9664
62.8618
66.8.382
08.8976
62.0386
<i0.26O2
68.51J)3
73.1604
76.4166
78.9(562
82.6969
86.3074
90.1004
^NTS IN OAM., AREA IN FKKT
I Ft. In.
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
u
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
25.2190
26.JHr72
26.7261
27.4i»43
29.08#
.W.6796
.UIWU
36.7N47
38.4846
41.2826
44.1787
47.17^0
60.2666
53.4662
56.7451
60.ia21
63.6174
67.2(H>7
70.8823
74.0620
> ft. in <l|>Ui
104.19.10
UMMIO
206.6133
223.9472
229.4;M2
24 .1664
267.6122
78.540)
82.6160
86.6903
90.7627
9(30 lOti 108.4342
287.8082
308.7270
330.3869
302.7({60
375.9062
399.76(W
424.3620
449.2118
470.7i^
602.0036
030.0861
008.3022
KI17
6jl7
717
12.6664
13.0962
13.6303
14.1862
14.7479
16.3206
16.9043
16.4986
17.1041
17.7205
18.3476
18.9868
, 19.6360
20.2947
20.9666
21.6476
I 22.3400
23.7683
24.4836
93.97M
97.a310
101.9701
103.0300
110.2907
114.6736
118.a386
123.3830
127.9112
132.5209
137.2106
142.0582
146.8.'»4
ltl.7718
166.7891
161.8886
167.0674
1/2.3300
177.6740
183.0973
13
14
14
J14
14
15
15
15
15
16
163.9.384
169.4862
166.1.303
170.8735
16
16
16
117
|17
17
|l7
!l8
410
Jil JJ^ 176.7160
St ^2^ 182.fi545
Silo *J>|188-fi923
9 49 P^ 194.8282
QM ^y? '201 .0624
IS tn^207..3946
SS *2,j2»3.8261
9^2 73^220.3537
JS ^%226.9806
fi'S i?S'233.7066
9|65 91/8,247.4500
IKO f1rln~.
9\'k4 "■>aii»*.*t»96
3 67 4 261.6872
658 1«%268.R031
9158 io4lm.im
687.3034
617.0876
647.0668
678.2797
71O.607t
743.3686
776.7746
810.9143
848.1890
881.3966
I 917.7395
904.8109
992.6274
ia31.1719
1070.4514
1108.0645
1161.2129
1192.0940
12,34.9104
1277.8615
1321.6464
1366.9634
1407.6166
1467.0032
1603.6250
1650.9797
1699.0696
1647.8930
1697.4616
1747.7431
1798.7(i98
1860.6301
iW03.0254
1956.26.37
2010.2171
2064.9140
i
I
»-i=:^^»Si£e-AV~i
RKA IN FKRT.
09
72
HI
t
)1
17
« fi. in di>Ui
2US.(ll»3
223.9472
229.4:M2
24 .IA(|4
2«7.()122
^ I 287.8082
5 398.7i!70
7 aaKiwao
' da2.7({({0
37n.90fl2
30».7rt<«
424.3625
449.2118
m.76e3
002.SS36
530.0861
668.3022
687.3634
617.0876
647.66(W
678.2797
710.6fl7t
743.3686
770.7746
810.9143
848.1890
881..3966
917.7395
964.8159
992.6274
10.31.1719
1070.4514
1108.0645
1151.2129
192.6940
2.*M.9104
277.8615
321.5454
365.9634
*07.5ir.5
157.0032
503.6250
H50.9797
•99.0696
47.8930
97.4516
47.7431
fW.7698
50.6301
>3.(»254
)6.26.^
0.2171
4.9140
APPENDIX.
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &c.
By rofoffliiPO to mge) 375 It will bo noen tlmt iiomotlilnB wwi ntftted re-
KiinUtiK w»rnMp<>na«ii«'OM. The writor coiiHldHrH tlui «iU>n«it of too armt
iriiportftnoe to offer any uiM»logy for ItH ronHldiiiatlon in tlilH nlii4i«, hikI
win briefly ntHt« that IiJh inotiv« for coiiHi«i«rlnK tlio «jiu>Htlon in a donlr
•^iMi^.f"^ wxainploHof tlut woikliiKofthn nrindnhi iim an .UKurlnir i(»idu In
uriPlding tlie tni« meaning of tho .Saomil wiithigH, for Htrango hh tlio an-
nertion may appear to many, tlie moaning of much of Ukj DlvUio Wonl, as
to ilH trne or Internal HenHe, can be evolved in no other way. It Hhoiilil be
known that the Wou» being Divine, In comiMwed in a manner different
from all otlier wrltliign wImtHoover, i)elng written by pure correHpond-
enceii, for whi<!h reiwon, tluoiigh tlie UHe ol emblenm, »ymbol»», tymn, and
repreHenUitlveH, It contalnH and embraceH within itn boHom thingK wlilch
regard Uie Lord, hin heaven, tlie (Jhurch. nuui, and the things of love and
faith, even when Buch HiibieotH do not in the leant appear in the letter
while It in being read, for it Ih a Divine truth, that there are indetirdte
Uiingii in ea<!h expieHHlAn of the IVtml, whieh apiiearn to man no Bimplo
and rude: yea, there i»» c<nitHlne«l|toereln more than man can ever com-
prehend, becauHe it Ih tlie emixxllment of Infinite wisdom, and in aH to its
InmostH, the I^ord Himnelf, John 1, 1., Kev. xix. 13. Treat witli tlie ntmoat
reverence, tlierofore, I pray you, wliatever has relation to the Word of
God, for by ho doing you do honor to tliat Sacrkd Namk which Bhould
never be taken in vain. Of all tlio abounding inlnuitleH of Botilety, none
are more destructive of tlie ijormH of goodnoHH Implanted by our Heavenly
Father in man's heart, and none mInlHters Iosh gratltlcation to the de-
praved oravingt! <»f fallen man, than tlie profanation* of the Name and
Word of the evorl)l«HHod (loo. W
The science of corrertpomlenoes unfolds those spiritual laws fn accord-
ance with wliich the word of God is written. The word correapmidence is
derived from the Latin tenns con and rcupimdec, and means, radically, to
anrtwer with or to agree. It will serve our purpose here to deflae it as the
appearance of the internal in tlie external, and its representation there :
in other words, internal and snirltual tldngs are mirrored forth and repre-
sented in external and natural forms. The W<)ui> throughout, is written
with a constant reference to an exact and immutable relation between
spiritual and natural tilings. Various descriptions are there given of the
sun, moon, and stai-s ; of the earth with her mountains, valleys and
rivers ; of men, animals and plants, gold and silver, brass and iron, and a
thousand other things which appear in the natural world. In all these
descriptions there is a constant reference to the internal arid spiritual
causes from which these tilings exist, and to which they corresiwnd. The
Word, In its literal sense, is thus wrought together with infinite skill,
constituting a permanent receptacle of divine and spiritual things. With-
in are the living principles, the spirit and life of the Word, of which It Is
said, " The words I speak unto you, they are npirit and they are life," John
vl. 03. The science of correspondences is to the Word of Goi> what the
mathematical science Is to the phenomena of the material universe. It
reveals order, harmony, beauty and Divine perfection In the midst of
what seems to be disorder, uncertaintj', inextricable confusion and even
contradiction.
Before proceeding further it remains to be stated that the world, under
Providence, Is Indebted to the Instrumentality of Emanuel, Swkden-
BORO tor a. knowledge of • • - - ■ - -
the spiritual sense of
*r\ ^^X^X^X- T I -I ^_ «-_ - _-.--.
for no lover of truth can fail to be both delighted and astonished, at*the
profundity and variety of the Immense mass of knowledge presented In
relation to the spiritual sense of the Word, heaven and hell, and the life
of man after death. The subjects so imperfectly treated In this brief
sketch, and many thousands besides, will be found In those writings to be
e of this heavenly sciencp, aiid these unfoldings of
the Word are to be found In nls theological writings.
ON COBBEspoNDENCES, *0.
preaeut
ON COURKSrONDENCES, AC.
41S
« <'I"lin tJuit 1„
'I'ft'lf, for inoHt
''U onHl.lo nnv
:«M^iw m« con-
» pie Htudy of
» luuneH of Uie
ti»« HddnjBs of
uo Il«t on Luit
vo volMm Af
9" l»i all.
'Mof Uilflgub.
Wl Ji «.\r)lrt|i,4.
volvod by the
f a Swedish
ten, and was
p ev«r lived.
'w»»na/ AVno-
denborg ]„„
' Oie tha« he
er will 8how
the preaeut
-a vision of
len have at-
>lf with the
jianlHrn in-
rend by all
he greatest
tlnms have
3 C'hrlHtlun
we pait of
they have
quire new
3, that the
tive Influ-
Ma'U.
and what
t and the
lie Chris-
ids what
s of con-
3 himself"
o expan-
open to
f heaven
ting be-
y of the
before.
, oeauti-
h, Man-
■Arcana
rftes aa
follrtwa : ** "hie atithor of this memoir cinnot conclud« hU narmt! vn with-
out niferlna up to Uie Father of morclen IiIm uiOHt devout and uiatoful luv-
knowUMljnuentii, for the extra<jrdlnary prlvileKO and Int-Btiniable b oHHlng
vouohHaf*ul hlni In havluK been admitted to tlie knowledge an»l aiknowl-
edgnuMil of
douborg from
ProfeHHor
tire career oi iiin nn....v-. .v...i^...»^.—.. —.- • -^, •— , - < - , , i
tlie pious and relldouH man, who In all IiIh suyiuKH and dohi«M, was latent
uiMHi ff(K)d." Dr. (labrlol A. Beyer, profoHsor of tireek llLoraturo In Hair
tenLuru, In a long deelaration renpeetinK the doittilnus Uiught by Hweden-
]M)ft, (kiUveredln obedience to the royal conunand, Jan. 2nd., 1772, con-
cludeH thus, ** I harefituiul in them nothinff but what closrly coincuea wUh
"e Loud Uimaulf, and t/iat tliey shine with a Uyht truly
tlw. wai'd» qf the
dirine."
Gen. Christian Tu
Couunlrtrtlonerof War
and
or
xen, a personal acquaintance of Swedenborg's, ai
,,, ...., ^ „r under the King of Denmark, statoa In a letter, •' J*'
my part I thank our Ijoud tlie (ioi) of heaven, that 1 hayo been ac.|ualnt-
eil wlUi this great man and Ids writings ; 1 esteem this as the groate.st
bleHHlng I ever experienced in tlds life.' , , „
'Hie Rev. Dr. Hartley, late Hector of Wlnwick, Noraiamptonsldre, Enjf.
land, the translator or Hwedenborg^ '' Ihavtnand JMl," writes thus, "I
have found him to be the good diflne, tlie good nian, the deep phllo8<v
pher, tlie universal scholar, the polite gentleman; and 1 further believe
that he had a high degree of tlio Spirit of God, and was conunisaioned by
Him as an extruordinary messenger to the world."
Let the enrinirer after further evidence proijure the " Documents con-
cernina Swede nlMynj," compiled by Dr. Tafel and I'rofessor Bush, and he
will llnd a volume tilled with evidence similar to tliis. The " Statenunt of
JReaHonsfor ernbraciny the 1)<>ctrlnes and J)iHchmure.s of. J^manuel Swedtii/-
bora," by Prof. Busli, will also prove of great hiterest.
Touching Swedenborg's claims, we quote his own words from the " True
Christian lieligion," as follows : " Since the Loud cannot manifest Him-
self in pei-son as has been shown just above, and yet he has foretold that
he wouJd come and eBtal)liHh a New Church, which is the New Jerusalem,
it follows, tliat he is to <lo it by means of a man, who is able not only to
receive the doctrines of this church with his understanding, but also to
publish them by the press. Tliat the Lord has maidfested Himself be-
fore me, his servant, and sent me on this oQhtQ, and that, after this. He
opened the sight of my spirit, and thus let me into the spiiitual world, and
gave me to see the heavens and the hSlls, and also to speak with angela
and spirits, and this now continually for many years 1 testify in truth ;
and also that, from the first day of that call, I liave not received anything
which pertains to the doctrines of that church from any angel, but from
the Lord alone, while I read vVord."— " I foresee that many who read the
Relations after the chaptei*8, will believe that they are inventions of the
imagination ; but I assert in truth that they are not iiiventions, but were
trulv seen and heard ; not seen and hoard iu any state of tJie mind buried
in sleep, but in a state of full wakefulness. For it has pleased the Lord
to manifest Himself to me, and to send me to teach those things which
will be of his New Church which is meant bv the New Jerpsalem in the
Revelations ; for which end He has opened the interiors of my mind or
spirit, by which it has been dven me to be in the spiritual world with
angels, and at the same time in the natural world with men, and this now
for twenty-seven years. Wlio in the Christian world wonld have known
anytliing concerning Hk A vkn axd HvaAj, unless it had pleased the Lord
to open in some one the sight of his spirit, and to show and teach?''
The " True. ChrisHnn ReJifjion" is a good work for besrinners. belner the
last written by Swedenborg. Tn it he says. " The particulars of faith on
t ^ictu \Jt- ?i.' Jtc
and that He is the Lord God, and Saviour JEsr^s Christ. 2. That sav-
ing faith is to believe on Him. 3. That evil actions oueht not to be done
because they are of the devil, and from the devil. 4. That good actions
ought to be done, because they are of God. and from God, .5. And that a
man shall do them as of Himself, nevertheless under this belief, that they
N
i i
414
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C,
I' <1J
I
nil
§
m
umt which is ordained to' be f^m.f ®,^P ^'^ conscienceTlear ^""fify^^g
and of them on?v . ^SKh ^^ «ense, treats of ^e f^n^'^'VV^^^ sense,
truth derived from th^w*" Y'.'^'^y o^^er discoveri*.- h®^ ??^ *^« Chundi
stored. That tKh! Z^'t.'^ S""* ^^« w«U "ih exti/^^^ ^^« "g^t of
the end of the present n?. *' »*^ ^0"W be almost w&'^'^^J^ "^^^ ^« re-
moon shaU not give whk! ^^^5 BhaU the sun h^ i^ i ^^mediat^
giepowereof th? heavfn« ^5*' *»d the stars sCi f^iff^^"^**' and thh
§«n of jvian comiLin T^^^ f^**!^ ^^ shaken • and titf" fv*''" heaven, and
Pre8lnt«nie-?h^JPo®'**^*®d.but thev ha^« n"^'' k "P°" ^arth. A]] th??:
cal Parf H of*ihe^^^^««ni8, because the RevelMnn^ ^^'^ J«s^overed till S
«^ey had been n^de^nntT^^^^" t,y mlJe oorJe^non^f ^" *^« P^^P^^^^^
been able TightWtn ..^^^.^^ *he Lord sca?^X^"'*'^"«^8 '" and unless
sake of the newchurob o^i7*i)"'^ « «injrle veraTfiL*"Vl« would ha^e
In the "^»om/T/««. » ' ^y ^^^'^ tbinjrs''whiJJ^® *bere ; but now, for the
concerning his oomW ^"^A^}^^^ ^be Word of fh« t™ ^" .**»« ^ear 17fifi ;
who have so deeSv i^.?"* ^P^^ belief is as v^t o»L^^"«i>Jn ^^att. xxvi
church concerniS a rS^Hr^/r.?" *h«lr heartrS^f^trl,"^^*^ those
Ing the paasionTf*All*y«f divine personff^^^ of the present
be exaaicated,""T.^C 'r° i'ik"^L" ^^^ redemption "iV^pK^^'i'^.P**"^^'^"
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AG.
415
The first two par-
J*y '• «"d the last
'giou has l^elation
where he st; es.
ti"g8. The lust
Jrsuasion, or be-
•m as Hcientilics,
them inteUectu-
c whenever thev
nam where thev
manner, and%re
Id perform uses.
Ill theii" lives "
>wing*-ttule8 of
■ good man. « j
submit every-
•'e m everythiniy
'a>^- 4. To obey
■ae duties of our
ourselves as uni-
^L PB0VI1>E."
ORD.-*athav-
. also, daikness
nd acknowledff-
:tiiig faith from
ord, and conse-
► now to reveal
'V^itlia* sense,
Id the Church,
ch tlie light of
led may be re-
stmguished at
38 of the Apo-
* Immediately
>ned, and the
1 heaven, and '
' shall see the
great glory,"
in respect to
ord, as to the
>Ki> as to the
its spiiltual
'• S. 112.
>m the bedn-
nd also that
Ke a new an-
»• All these
ered till the
Jie propheti-
; and unless
would have
low, for the
lade known
e year iTfifi ;
Jfatt. xxvi,
? with those
tlie present
»d concem-
fc it cannot
lined " and '
after truth
«e wonder-
itors to ex-
perplexing
The Fnx9t E8Sentia.l Knowledor.— " Tlip first thing will be to k^iow
who is the Gou of Heaven, since all other tliingis depend on that. In the
universal heaven no other is acknowledged for the God of heaven than
the LoBi) alone. They ^y tliere as He liimself taught, " that He is one
with the Father, that the Father is in Him and He is in the Father ; and
he that seeth Him seeth the Father ; and that every thing holy proceedeth
from Him." John x. 30, 38 ; xiv. 10, 11 ; xvi. 13-16— The very essential prin-
ciple of the church is tne acknowledgement of the union of the Divine
itself in the Human of the Louo, and this must be in all and singular tlie
things of worship. The reason why tliis is an essential of the church, and
hence an essential of worsliip, is, because the salvation of the human
race depends solely on that union."
Contrast this with the following delivery by the Rev. "W. H. H. Murray In
the Park St. Church, Boston, during his Sabbath afternoon lecture, April
5. 1874. " The doctrine of the Trinity as held by us Trinitarians is an in-
explicable mystei-y ; for my own part I never could explain how three
distinct persons could be one God, I do not understand it, do not wish to
understand it, never could and never will understand it, not even in eter-
nity."
Instead of having the Bread of Life broken and giVen to them, this is
the kind of chalf which is served out everv Sabbaui to millions wbo are
hungering for better things. Tliousands on thousands of good, sincere
and eloiuent preacliers have «toldWieir hearers the same story, although
in a different way. and we would ask if deliverance from such ignorance
would not be a real blessing. "Let him that glorieth glory in this, that he
uiulerstandeth and knowath Me, that I am the Lokd which exercise
loving kindness, judgment and rigliteousness in the earth, for in these
tilings I delight, saitn the Lord " Jer. ix. 24. Let the universal race receive
and acknowledge the grand fundamental doctrine of the supreme Div-
inity of Christ and the time will be present concerning which it is written,
♦' And the Lord shall be King over all the earth ; in that day there shall
be One Lord and His name One. " Zech. xiv. 9.
The time is coming when tlie earth shall be full, not of the mysteries,
contradictious and perplexities of a triiuty of three sepai-ate pei*soii8 in
one God, for it is full of that already, but when it shall be full of the
knowledge, of the Lord as the watere cover the sea. It is because spiritual
truths, adequate to satisfy the most exalted cravings of the human mind,
have been revealed in great abundance at tliis day oy the LoBO through
Swedenborg. that tliis humble effort is made to direct attention to his
writings. Let all who have hitherto " walked in darkness" embrace these
heavenly truths, and they will " see a great light, " for the church may now
be addressed in the sublime language of the prophet. " Abise, Shine,
FOB THY LIGHT IS COME AND THE QLOBY OF THE LOBD IS RISEN UPOW
THEE."
On Cobbespondences.— "It has been given me to know from much ex-
perience that in the natural world, and in its three kingdoms, there is not
the smallest thing which does not represent something in the spiritual world,
or which has not something there to which it corresponds. Moreover,
nothing is ever ^ven in the created world, which has not correspondence
with th.ngs existing in the spiritual world, and which does not thus m its own
planner, represent something in the Lord's Kingdom ; thence is the ex-
istence and subsistence of all things. If man knew how these things are,
he would never attribute all things to nature, as is usually done. I will,
however, illustrate what is the nature of the correspondence between
spiritual things and natural, by some examples.
The animals of the earth, in general, correspond to affections, the tame
and useful animals corresponding to good affections, and the fierce and
nseless kinds to evil affections. In particular, oxen and b'lllocks correspond
vQ trie affeetloiis of tho iiatiinii niinu ; Hhuop una laiiiuK io tlio aitoetions of
the spiritual mind : and birds or winged creatures, according to their species,
correspond to the intellectual faculties and exercises of both minds. Hence
it is that various animals, as oxen, bullocks, rams, sheep, she-goats, he-goats,
and male and female lambs, also pigeons and doves, were employed in the
Israelitisli church, which was a representative one, for holy uses, it being of
them thatthe sacrifices and burnt offerings consisted; for wlien so employed,
they correspond to certain spiritual things and were understood in heaven
416
ON COIIIIESPONDENCES, AC.
accbrdinc to their corrcBpondonces. Animals, ftlso, a('<;ordlnffto%elr genera
ftiirt spocieB, actually are allectioiis ; tlie reawn of which Is because tlu>v
llvts ; aiid notJiinL'can have life except from alfettioii, and accordliiK to it.
Hence, likewise, it is tliat evei-y animal possesse^an innate kiiowlodce nc-
cordinj? to the affection of its life. Man, too, as to his natural man, is like
the animals, wherefore, also, it is usual to comi)are liim to them in common
discourse. Thusanuinot mild disiK>silion is called a sheep or lamb; amanof
rough or Herce teinper is ciUled a bear or wolf; a cnif ty pei-son is tonned a fox
or a serpent ; and so in other instances. A garden in general corresponds to
heaven as to intelligence and wisdom ; wherefore heaven Is called in the
WordOie garden of God, and paradise, and is also named by n»an Uieheav-
-M^J'^i "*,''* ^r**"' according t<> their species, conespond to perceptions
and kuowledces of gocni and truth,from which are procu/ed iiitefligence and
wisdom, and]iencelt is tliat, inO.e Word, trees are so often mentimiedT and
heaven, tlie church, and man are compared to them, as to the vine, the olive
tree, tiie cedar, and otliers ; and good works are compared to fniits. The
vanous kinds ot food, also, whicli are obtained from them, especially those
from grain, correspond to affections of cood and truth, because these sus"
tain nan's spintuall|fe, as earthly fooS sustains his naturai life. Hence
S^^^uii" PlV'*''"l\ corresponds to the affection of all good, be<-au8e it sup-
ports Hfe better thanoth(^r aliments, because by bread is meant all food
whatever. On aw-ount of tliis corresM|iuience also, tJie Loud calls Him-
self the hread of hfe ; and for the sameflasoii loaves were placed upon the
table in the tabernacle and called the shew-bread ; and hence, likewise, all
the ijivine worship performed by sacrilices and burnt offerings were called
Dread. Un account, also, of this correspondence, t> .0 mostholy solemnity of
woi-sup 111 tiie Christian church is the holy supper, the elernents used in
Sr w fd? ^'■*'*''^ ^l\^ "^ "?i. !' *'''°'" "'« ^'*'« »"d LiouT which pervades
the WoRn comes the vivification of the affections of that man's will who
reads it devoutly ; and the illumination of the thoughts of his undcvBtand-
ing, there being something intimately affecting the heart and spirit which
flows with light into the mind, and beai-s witness."
We will see a surpassing beauty shining tJirough the literal sense of the
Word when once we admit the grand principle according to wliich the
whole of it is written, namely, that in it there is not employed a single name
word, symbol or similitude, but what is nuide use of to denote and signifv
corresponding intenor or spiritual things. Hence good and truth or love
and wisdom are meant and signilled when corresponding good and useful
tlilncs are mentioned, such as tlie sun and moon, tire, heat, and light rain
and dew, earth and seas, wells and springs of water, flesh and blood, bread,
com, wine, oil. milk, honey, gold. silver,l>rass, iron, rocks, stones, precious
stones, pearls of great price, gannents, tieasure hid in a field, &c
In hke manner. go<Ki men are called angels, sheep, lambs, and In general
all useful anunals and birds, trees of righteousness, fruitful vines, cedtus.
dens' I ^^^^' ^^^^ ^^^^' fruitful fields, watered gai'
For the same reason wicked m3n are called devils, serpents, scorpions,
aarters. a generation of vipers, dragons, leopards, roaiing lions, swine
cormonints, owls, ravens, tlioms, thistles, brambles, tares, overflowing
floods, and otlier hurtful and malignant things in nature.
It is written of the Word Incarnate, that " without a parable spake He
not unto them '' and as all that He spake proceeded from the inmost
pivine, or the Father in Him. it is manifest that the whole of the Word
inasmuch as it proceeds from Him alone, must be spiritually understood*
according to his own saying, " the words 1 speak unto you thev are spirit
and they are life." j v k* *«
It is from this its Divine origin that the Word is, as it were, alive, each
expression involving intmite and ineffable things, and this in such inex-
gold mine which is continually yielding up its treasures to reward the
explorer. To the heavenly nnnd it is heavenly food, for it is bv everv
word that Proceedeni out^of the mouth of the Lort> that man doth live.*^
l>eut. viii. 3. Matt. iv. 4. Such is the nourishment of spiritual life. There is
II2l:r5fl"i\^^4^''w.' 'j*^^ ^''^"i^x^. smallest jot or tittle, but what is preg-
riant with Divine Wisdom, and tlds by reason of tlie solemn truth that in
the inmost of the Word the Lord Alone Is. In order to see what beau-
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
417
iigtr>fiieir genera
Is btioauHo they
li acconlliie to it.
te knowlouRO ao
ural man, in like
thom in coniirion
)r lamb; a man of
mis tunned a fox
al corresponds to
i\ is called in the
jy n<an tlie heav-
iid to perceptions
1 intelligence and
I nientioned. and
le vine, the olive
[1 to fniits. Tlie
especially tliose
jcanse these sus-
uaJ life. Hence
I, be<'au8e it sni)-
I meant all food
Lord calls Hini-
placed upon the
ice, likewise, all
iiigs were callcil
oly solemnity of
lements used in
which pervades
man's will who
his undfiBtand-
ind spirit which
ral sense of tlie
fto which tlie
a single name,
lote and signify
d truth, or love
jood and useful
, and light, rain
id blood, bread,
rtones. precious
3ld, &c.
, and in general
il vines, cedais,
i, watered gar-
mts, scorpions,
g lions, swine,
36, overflowing
rsble spake He
om the inmost
e of the "Word,
Uy understood,
tJaey are spirit
Bre, alive, each
8 in such inex-
i inexhaustible
to reward the
it is by every
lan doth live/'
lilife. There is
t what is preg-
1 truth that in
3ee what beau-
tiful lo880l# may bo drawn irom what appears to be a very common passage,
1 would refer the reader to Dr IJayley's sermon on the Uibband of Blue,
treating on the correspqadence of garments, colors, &c.
(JoKiiKSi'ONDKNCE oWMouNTAiNS AND HiLLS.— In reference to the
men of the Most Ancient Church, described in those Divinely composed
allegories in the beginning of Genesis, they were gifted with such au
intiutivo knowledge from above, that tlioy could »is it were, read God's
word in His Works, and learn and think of heavenly things through and
by means of tlie contemplation of corresponding earthly things. For ex-
ample, when with the natural eye they beheld a mountain, instantly the
emotions of their minds would assume a corresponditig elevation towaids
tlie Lord, for by a mountain in the Most Ancient Church was slgnlliod
tlie Loud, and all tliat is celestial from Hint, as the good of love and
charity ; tlie most ancient people, and all the ancients, even the Gentiles,
worshipped on mountains from this origin. Hence it is written, " T will
lift up mine eyes to the mountains (or hills), from whence cometh ray help,
my help cometh from tlie Lord, which made heaven and eHitli." Ps.
cxxl. we may see from this the true reason why the blessed Kedegmkr
taught people from mountains, ascended up into high tnountains, and
abode in mountains to such an extent as is recorded of Him in the gospels.
Moses standing on the top of tlie mount with the rod of God In liU hand,
during the battle with Anialek, denotes the conjunction of truth divine
with Uie good of charity, and truth in power from good ; Israel prevailing
when Moses raised hia hand, and Amalek prevjiiling when he let down his
hand, denotes that the victory is with those who are in the truth and good
of faith when they look upwards to the Lord ; but that the false over-
comes them when they look down to self and the world, for Amalek
represents interior evil. ** And it shall come to pass in tlie last days, that
the mountain of the Lord's house shall be established in the top of tJie
mountains and shall be exalted above the hills, and all the nations shall
flow unto it, and many people shall so and say. Come ye, and let us go up
to the mountain, of the Lord ana to the house of *the God of Jacob,
and He will teach us of His ways, and we will walk in His paths.'*
Isa. ii. 2—3. These words are spoken of the New Church to be established
by the Lord, by the mountain of the Lord, which shall then be estab-
lished in the top of tlie mountains, is understood Zion ; and by Zion, is
signifted the celestial church, and love to the Lord, which is communi-
cated to those who belong to that church, that this is the primary principle of
the church, and that it shall increase and gain strength, is signitted by its
being in the top of the mountains, and exalted above the hills ; that they
who are principled in the good of love shall acknowledge the Lord, and
accede to the church, is signified by all nations flowing to that mountain,
nations signif jing those who are in celestial good, which is the good of
love to the Lord, and people, those who are in si)iritual good, which is the
good of charity towards the neighbor.
The command to flee from Judea into the monntainn, Matt. xxiv. 16, is
an admonition to betake themselves to a state of love and charity when the
church is near its end and love waxes cold. By the call addressed to every
feathered fowl and every beast of the earth to eat the flesh of the mighty,
and drink the blood of the princes of the earth, of rams, of lambs, of
goats, of bullocks, etc ,. on the mmmfains of Israel, and to be flUed vdth
horses and chariots and all men of war. Ezek. xxxix, 17, 20. is signifled to
appropriate Divine good and Divine truth from the Woirl. by the mmm-
tains of ^kraelis denf)ted a state of love and charity, by the feathered fowl
and the beasts of the field, is -signified m.in, as to his "thoughts and aifec-
tions or understanding and will. The things which form tJie fea«t denote
all spiritual and c^lential things proceeding from the Lord Himself, which
He imparts through the Word. " Get thee up into the high mountain," Isa.
xL 9i denotes the woi'shin of the Lord frotvi love.
CoRREsjpoNDENOE OF MET AL8.— Mention has been made of those an-
cestors of the human race who existed in the times of primitive integrity,
happiness, purity and goodness. Not without the best of reasons did tlie
ancients speak of that period as the goldek age. In modem times, for
a similar reason, we speak of the qolden rule, a heart of gold, golden fruit,
golden opinions, golden opportunity, etc. , and no one is ever at a loss to
perceive the correspondence existing between tlie symbol and the pre-
27
418
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &0.
! !!ll!'i
$
clniisnosB of the tJilnp or qwality ropresontod b^it. TIio natnr^hnd qiml-
iti«m of yold aro woll known. Its red, bilgJit cou)r, corroHpondinif to Unit
of biu-ninu lire, ia nymbolic of lovo or gooduoHH,^ is also tlio Inherent
■warmth ol Om niottil. No uncombinod acid cariifcrrodo or dissolve it,
acid corrospondH to trutlx falsUkid, which in othor words is evil or wicked-
ness, so '*cuaiity suffers lon« and is Itind." The most intense heat lias
no further elfect on gold than to still f urtlier purify it. -while its intrinsic
value i«)nders it a most proper emblem of that desirable (luality which it
is used to represent or symbolize in the Word ot God, viz., tliat of the
good of love from the Loud. Silver, in tlie internal sense of the wora,
signilles truth, and in an opposite sense, the false. From tlds correspond-
ence, we can uudersttuid how the solution of silver, used in photogiai)liy,
is so sensitive to the rays of light, for natural light corresponds to spirit-
ijal light, which is tlie veriest Pivine truUi, or that True Lijght wldch
liKhteth every man that cometh into the world. The color of sih'er is also
in correspondence with the resplendency of light. Regarding gold and
silver, it may be well to state that in the \Vord tJiey stand in a sort of mu-
tual relation to each otlier, re})resenting respectively love and wisdom,
cl.jirity and faitli, goodness and:tr»tli, will and understanding ; tlie affec-
tions, or the feminine principle, and tlie intellectual, or the masculine
principle. From this correspondence arises tlie nmtual affinity these
metals have for each otlier in the numerous intermixtures and apt" liances
in the various arts and manufactures of the world. Gold, brass a? wood,
Isa. Ix 17, represent tlie three celestial principles : tlie inmost pviiiciple is
represented by gold, tlie inferior by brass, and the lowest by wood. " I
counsel thee to buy of me gold tiled in the fire that thou niay'est be rich,"
Rev. iii. 18, signifies tlie good of celestial love from the L<^)RD. Nothing
but tills can constitute true "leavenly riches. In an eartlily sense, when
we jujk what a man is worth, we receive the reply as being «uch and such
a sum in dollars and cents, but the same question answered in the angelic
style, would have reference solely to true heavenly worth or goodness.
Gold, when twice mentioned. Gen. ii. 12, denotes tlie good of love and the
good of faith originating in love, and is descriptive of the istate of the
men of the most Ancient Church. It is expressly 8t.i*ed tliat the gold of
tliat land is good; land denoting the Church as existii , at that tiuieX Iron,
in Deut. viii. ix., signifies natural or rational tmtli ; iii «ome places it sig-
nilies the natural sense of the Word, and, at tlie Banie time, the natural
light of man ; in tliese two consiste the power of truth. Silver, Iron, tin,
and lead, Ezek. xxvii. 12, signifies truths in tlielr order, oven to the last,
which are sensual. Silver, purified seven times, Psa. xii. 3, signifies
divine truth. The gold and silver vessels of the tern pie, i?ignitied the knowl-
edges of good ana truth, or holy things. -Abraham's being very rich in
silver ana gold, represented tlie state of the Lord m youth, as to good and
truth. In the Word, every person and thing mentioned, is representative,
and Abraham represents the Lord as to the celestial principle. As Abra-
ham, he represents the Lord as to His human essence, ihe letter H being
inserted from the name Jehovah, in order tha+i he might represent him as
to the Divine. *' For he is like a refiner's fire, and he shall sit as a refiner
and purifier of silve , and He shall purify the flons of Levi, and purge
tliem as pold and sihwr." Ma^ iii. 3, 4. fiy Levi, in ;a supreme sense, is
signified love and mercy, in a spiritual sense, charity in act ; conseauently,
the sons of Levi signify those who are in the affection of truth and live m
the good of life ; by tlie refiner's fire is denoted temptation, whereby is
effected purification, which is here meant by purifying and purglite them
as gold and silver. JEven in the historicals of the Word, metals, and all
other things mentioned tlierein, embody or infold a spiritual sense, in each
and every instance.
CoRRKSPONDKNOE OF Mttrioal INSTRUMENTS. — Stringed histru-
ments signify spiritual truth, but wind instruments the celestial things of
faith. Instruments of music, according to correspondence, signify the
pleasant and delightful affection of spiritual and celestial things ; there-
fore, also, in many of the Psalms, it is written and declared how they
should be sung, as upon Nepinoth, MMthlablMn. Gittith, Nehiloth. &c. In
Canada, we are pained to see congregations disrupted, and prolonged pres-
bytery disputes on the question of instrumental music in churches. If
Buch music were essentially wrong, it would never have received the sa-
ON CORRESPOND ENCKS, AC.
410
cred Hfmction of llio Woi4| which oxpnissly onl.-iinH itn uho in wovHliin hv
roHHOii of the I'omiKiMMulenco uforcHiiid. To bt; coiiviiiced of hucIi coVroH-
pondeiice, let uh liHlon \f) a fair ronderlMj^of llaiidel'H " AlcHHiah " During
tlio i)eilorn»ance of tljo Omtoxlo, lotnH bo did v attentive to tlie wonderful
musical creation of the great coninoKor, aw reiulered by the Holo ainifers
the gi-and choruH, the organ and orcheHtra, and mark the exceeding litnewa
of the muBic as it Ih adapted to the ini«j)ire<l wordw which describe the mar-
vellous advent and memorable career of the Man of Sorrows. Mark the
cheering words : "■Vonifitrt ye, covifnrt ye. my jn'opfe, saith your GO J)."
hvery valley Hhall be exalted^ " And t lie glory of the LOlU) shall he
reiH'aed. " 1 he people that walked in (larknesH have seen a qreat liaht:"
«' (>, Ihou that Imnaeth glad tidingn to Zinn." " /ie.hold, I loill nen'd My
MeHsenger." " And He shall purify the sons of Levi." " Unto na a Chilli
t^horri, &c. Now listen to the tender and pathetic in " lie shall feed
His flock like a shepherd^ " TItere were shepherds abiding in the Held:*
Surely He hath borne our griefs and carried onr sorrows."' " Jiehold and
see, ^fthera be any sorrow like unto His sorrow." Behold the Lamb of GOD
tohichtakethavmy the sins of the world." " / know that my Itedeemer Uv-
eth, ' &c. Now attend to the sublime in '^ Liftup your heads." ''Hallelujah,
for the LOUD GO I) Omnipotent n-iqneth," and'many other pieces. Dur-
ing the performance, tlie tones of the organ and the music of the different
instruments, blend in, unite with, and render powerful assistance to tJfe
hun^an voices engaged in tlie work, and botli unite<l, tend to arouse and
intensify our devotion and our love for what is relining, pure, and good
*rom tills correspondence, the evil spirit departed from Saul wheji David
played on the harp before him. All music is essentially heavenly in its
nature, and discord alone is truly infernal.
COUUESPONDKNCK OF FiKE.— File ill the Word, corresponds to love,
both in. a good and bad sense. The fire which was to be continuallv burn-
ing upon the altar, represents the love, that is the mercy of the' Loud.
peri)etual and eternal. Fire, in Luke iii. 1(5, signilles Divine good. In-
ternal fire is no other than the mutation of Divine love into evil love,
and into the lusts of doing oaII and hatred. Fire, in a bad sense is self-
love, and flame, tlie pride of-self-derived intelligence.
_ CoRBE8PONDKN(!K OF Seiu'Ents.— The Serpent signifies man when he
18 corporeally sensual, when he tunisfrora the Lout) to himself, and from
heaven to tlie worid. Such was the serpent ^^ ho seduced Eve and Adam,
ihe serpent (Gen. lu. I) is evil of evei7 kind ; his head is self-love the
seed of the womai is the Lord, the enmity which is put. is between the
love of man 8 self-liood and the Lord, thus, between ntan's prudence and
the Divme Providence of the Lord. The heel bruised by the serpent was
tlie humamty assumed by tlie Lord when he was born into the worid
llie Jews were compared to serpents and vipers from their low sensual
state, corresponding to that of serpents, who creep on the ground and
licjc the dust, by which is signified earthly things, also what is damned or
internal. By serpents, among the most ancient people, who were celestial
men, was signified circumspection, see Matt. x. 1(5.
CORREfiPOXDExNOE OF OiL AND WiNE, BREAD AND WATER. &0.-Tn
the parable where our blessed Lord said of the Samaritan, that coming to
the man who was wounded by thieves, he bound up his wounds and
thJ'^?^.V,\''!^'*''I^^''''' \'-^\% ""' 34, where by oil and wine is not meant
these things, but the good of love and charity, by oil the good of love and
by wme^e good of cBarity, and of f.aith. for the subject tSJd of il'con-
cernmgThe neighbor, thus charity tow.ards him, '•' Thou preparest a table
betoie me in the presence of mine enemies : Thou anointest my head with
he^d'lf+K""^''*'*^.''^^' ' ^^P^"' h T<> PreP'^re a tfj,le and anoint the
head with oil, denotes to be gifted with the good of charity and love • niv
cup runneth over, denotes that tlie natural principle will'be thence filled
i;^ KY^-^ariu Liuui. jigam, •• I have found David my servant, with mv
& oi^TL^.Tri^^i'^V .£«• l;'^^.^- 20, vvhere by David 'irineS
tne LORD, the oil of hohness with which he was anointed. Rignifies the
^inrH^JT"^ ""^ *t^ Divine loye. By the oil or ointment on thf head and
S ^ri;r*^^?"Vi^^V*'^*^"^' ^," '^''"oted celestial and 8i>iritual good or the
good of love to the Lord and tliu good of charitv to the neighbor, for it is
Sre? J^^^^1f^^* Hermon, that descended upon theS.mfntahis of
^lon, for there the Lord coninuuided the blessing, even Ufe for ever.
J ! i
ll!
lip !l
420
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &G.
more. By the dew of Hermon that dnscendo# iijion the monYi tains of
Zion is Hxgiiiiied that holy prin('ii)lo of Divine truth procee<iing from i-oleB-
may see the reason whv it waii nsedm the anointing of tlie Kings of Israel,
also the significance of the anointing oil for the priests, and its use on
the vessels and lamps of the taberjiaclo, as well as in the flour and cakes
for the offerings, &c. From this also may be understood tlie meaiung of
oil in the paraule of the ten virgins. Matt. xxv. 1, and Um command not to
hurt tlie wine and the oU, Itev. vi. G, and a huu'lred other places where it
is mendoned in the Word.
To descend to lower tlungs, see w1 : / ->+ quietness and beauty a line
of shafting will run at a high velocity, ■> ,8S bearings when well lubri-
cated with oil; bi'ass corresponds iv r urtJ good, and oil to celestial
goo«l ; tiy tlie same experiment on iron .roarings, without oil, iron corres-
ponds to natural or sensual truth, which is hard and grating, and witness
the consequences ! Let us ascend a step higher, and witness the delight
we experience in holding intercourse with a person of a sincere, kind, con-
Biderate and obliging disi)osition. for in Ids every word and look wo can
beliold in his countenance traces of that "oil which maketh the face to
Blftne."
We will find the coiTespondeuce of bread and water, and flesh |ind
blood, e,]ually instructive. Bread and water are spoken of, when all the
goods of love and truths of faith are meant. Truth, in regard to good, is
as water iii regard to bread, or as think in regard to meat, in nourishment.
Bread signifies the primary principle which nourishes the soul, as it
denotes tho flesh of tlie Lord, by which is signifled the Divine good or
love, hence He says, "The bread of God is he that cometh down from
heaven, and giveth life unto the world, John vi. 33, and again, " I am tliat
bread of life," verse 48, and from this it comes that tlie bread in the holy
supper denotes tlie Lord, and all tho celestial principles of love as pro-
ceeding from Him, wluch is meant when He says, " Whoso eateth my
Jfesh, jind drinketh my blond, hath eternal lif» ; and I will raise him up at
tlie last day," (ver. 64) and again, " He that eateth my flesh, and diinketh
my blood, dwelleth in me ami I in him," (ver. 56). To eat the Ix)KD'8
flesh and drink His blood, is to receive His Divine love in the heart or
will, and His Divine truth in the understanding, and to live a life accord-
ing to them, for by this, conjunction is effected, and this is the reason
why bread and vidne were appointed to be used in the Holy Supper, for by
bread is signifled the Lord's Divine 1< •, and by wine is denoted His
Divine truth, eating signifying appropriation and conjunction, hence tho
Lord's s'lpper is in very deed the holiest act of worship. The bread of
the sacri Hoes represented the good of love to the Lord, hen^e it is written,
" Thou desirest not sacrifice, thou delightest not in burnt offering ; the
sacrifices of God are a broken spirit," Ps. li. 10, 17, bv which is signified,
an humble heart, which confesses that man's own intelligence is nothing,
and that from the Lord alone proceed everv thing of goodness and truth
that man can receive. Bv bread in the Lord's Praver, as well as in the
Holy Supper, is signified in the supreme sense, the Lord and the things
of celestial love. In an opposite sense, to eat bread in the sweat of the
face. Gen. iii. 19, represents celestial truths received in a state of aversion.
The Children of Israel lusting for _f1e>ih and the flesh pots of Egyot repre-
sents the desire of the natural inan to live in a c<)rporeal mannerHihat is,
in the loves of self .and the world. The flesh of the foreskin to be circum-
cised, denotes the removal of the defiled loves of the natural man. The
way of all flesh corrupted, signifies the understanding of truth totally des-
troyed in the corporeal state of man.
are described, where gardens and rivers are mentioned, as sigidfications ■
of the man of the Church. To draw water denotes to be instructed in the H
truths of faith, and to be illustrated. Drawers of water, such as the r*
Gibeonites were, denote those who desire to know truths for no other end
than to know them. A flood of water denotes temptation and desolation,
becfiuse wicked persuasions and thoughts actually flow in from evil spirits.
"Wells of unclean water denote what is not true. Broken cisterns denote
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC.
421
mon'ntainfl of
ng from t'«}le8-
5f tlie man in
ich passeth all
ritual good we
ingH o? Israel,
iiid its use on
iour and cakes
tie meaning of
nimand not to
•laces where it
I beauty a line
len well lubri-
oil to celestial
il, iron corres-
t?, and witness
iss the delight
ire, kind, con-
d look wo can
;th the face to
ind flesh jp,nd
:, when all the
ard to good, is
nourishment,
iie soul, as it
•ivine good or
th down from
n, " I am tliat
ad in the holy
)f love as pro-
so eateth my
lise him np at
and diiiiketh
It the Ix)KD's
1 the heart or
a hf e accord-
is the reason
5upper, for by
denoted His
on, hence tlio
The bread of
3 it is written,
oifering ; the
li is sigidfied,
ce is nothing,
lem and truth
well as in tlie
-nd the things
J sweat of the
e of aversion.
Egyjjl repre-
innerHihat is,
to be circnm-
il man. The
th totally des-
signi fixations
tructed in the
•, such as the
' no other end
id desolation,
ni evil spirits,
sterns denote
doctrines in wldch are nH truths. In beautiful correspondence with this
Divine symbol of trutli we will find that in i»hysics, or the science of
natural Uiings, tliatman applies the same standard to ascertain the weight
of solids and liquids, each being said to be heavy or light specifically as
they relate to water ; thus the exact weight of a cubic Inch of gold, com-
pared with tliat of a cubic inch of water, is called its specijic (fravity.
Weight, spiritually considered, is nothing else than real wonh, hence we
have tlie expressions, solid men, or men of wortli or truth, and weiglity
words, or words of wisdom.
The same is signilied by the handwriting on the wall during Belshazzar's
feast, when the king and his conimbines drank wine out of the gold and^
silver vessels of tlie temi)le which was at Jerusalem, and at tlie same^
time praised the gods of gold, of silver, of bniss, of wood, and of stone ;
by which is signified tlie profanation of tilings most holy : by tekel, or
to weigh, is sigidfied his (iiiaULy as to good; by mine, or lo number, is
signified liis quality as to trutli ; in tWese he was found wanting : by his
being slain that night, is signified damnation. By numbers, weights', and
measures, in tlie Word, notliing else is signl+ied than to know and explore
tlie nature, state, and quality as to good and truth, and since this is known
to the Lord alone, it was forbidden to number Israel. All tlie numbei-s
of Scripture are replete with wonderful instruction and meaning, but for
want of space for details, we can do no more tlian refer the raader to the
New Church writings.
Again, as Omnipotent power is continually predicated of the Lord as
having reference to tlie principle of His Divine truth, and as this power
is syniboUzed by water, (" They have forsaken Me, the Fountain of
living waters," Jer. ii. 13), so none in civilized life cdn possibly be ignor-
ant of the corresponding prodigious power derived from water, in the
various uses it fulfils in the world. Tjie cleansing properties of Divine
tmth on the heart, when applied to the life, and water, when it is applied
to the body, should be equally well known, hence water, being the SMiibol
of that truth, and corresponding to it, is used by Divine appointment in
the ordinance of Baptism.
In the Word we are admonished to have salt in mirselves. In the New
Church writings we are instructed that salt corresponds to affection for
tnith. Affection for truth preserves the soul from spiritual death, just
as salt preserves the body from natural death. From this cones pondence
we experience thii"St for water after partaking of salt in our food, and in
mechanics, the blacksmith adds salt to his tempering water in order to make
it cleave to the hot iron, which would otherwise repel it by its heat. Salt
is also used by the electro-plater to precipitate silver from aqueous solu-
tions, and, used in sutticient quantity, it will cause oil and water to unite.
Correspondence of Cities, &c.— By the holy city New Jerusalem,
which was seen coming down from God out of Heaven, mentioned in Rev.
xxi., and described in the internal sense of the Word, in Isa, lii. 1, 2, 6, 9,
Ix. 1, 22, Ixii. 1, 12, Ixv. 17, 22, Ixvi. 22. Dan. 7, 13, 14, is not meant a city,
for it is described as being of pure gold, as being stpiare, twelve thousand
furlongs, or about 1500 English miles, each way, and the hdght tlie same,
su(!h a city could not exist on the earth, and is not to be ^^o understood.
By a city in the Woni. is signified the Church as to doctrine, as when we
pray for the peace of Jerusalem, we mean the Church, signified by Jeru-
salem, and not the city of that name in Palestine ; so by the New Jeru-
salem, and its description by correspondences and symbols, in Rev. xxi.,
we are not to understand any city, but the nature and quality of a church,
or New Dispensation of Divine Truth, drawn from the Word, which
would be unfolded to the world after the last judgment had taken place. "
Every particular of tlds description involves a spiritual sense which pre*-
eludes any error from entering into the interpretation. For instance, it
is written, '* And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; every severa,!
gate was of one pearl." v. 21, by which is signified the great and gloridus
truth that the acknowledgment and knowledge of the Lord conjoins into
one all the knowledges of truth and good derived from the Word. By
the twelve tribes Avhose names were written on the gat«s of the New
Jerusalem, is signified the goods and tniths of that Church, and its doc-
trines in their order, and all things belonging to faith and charity, as well
as all things concerning a life conformable to tlie Lord's commandments j
422
ON COUUKSl'ONDENCKS, &0.
beUevii^r in nothing wht^t tw „!f '/j"*^ became corporeal and sensual,
m1mUn«'S ti^^^ Wori ^ '"'^' ^""^ "'^^^ available to unfold tiie true
CORKESPONDENOE OP THE Sttv Moqx * ^'r> o^ . ,>« yx _..,, ,.
Sh\yrK!i^Vnt';iS'-J?"i^'''''' ■''*™' lumi'nrtes^i^e'S^o used by £
Sued their faPP^ So v^^' ^«iefore the ancients in tlieir holy worship
luiuta their faces to the rising sun, audalso their temples, whicli practice
ON COnRESPONDKNOKS, &C,
423
Tho llko 1h also
b, wlioHo naiiiftt
ulolU, JIH Wtill HM
V twolv. , or 114
iHK.-l, by wJiich
uro mon la ovi-
, xxxil. U4. liy
lUMO Koltl hIriiI-
luiiotod tlMtllH,
)f tho f^oHD, at)
Llio tvvolvo \n•^i~
1 of tJio oity uro
ill Uu^ir ordor
i-H, "Thokiii--
y peiirlH ; wlio,
ii<f Hold all that
of jii-eat prico,
to Moll all tliat
•or andfalHity,
OH, and pearl's,
uuoe tho Loud
'k no loHs than
, tlio " Btono of
i>rnor stono, a
iel, repreBoiitfl
[)f him, "Thou
atouo was tJjy
tlio onyx, and
id^old. Thou
' xxviil. 13, 14.
idorHt(x>d, but
hk;h procdoua
)vo. Tho like
in-jr of Tyro is
jlli<,'enco, and
I unknown ill
xiality as that
on the globe ;
, &c., of the
regarding this
e understood
Moat Ancient
3se people ; it
framing des-
I of allegories
.)]ize spiritual
of the garden
life, and tho
id so on with
le end of the
gins, but still
Lit. As man-
and sensual,
their bodily
lly lost, and
I) it has been
old the true
— i t will bo
used by the
venly things,
in the Word
at the same
to His divine
holy worship
lich practice
Ih BtlU CO itinuod. Tho Moon, In the Wonl algnlHeB th^TiOnn in roforenco
to fiiitli, aiul thoiico faith in tiio liOKt). Stara, in a HUj>roino hoiiho, aigulfy
knowledge concerning the iiOiii), hence atai-a signify intelllgoiu'e of a
Hi)lritual kind, or tho knowledge of good and truth, which in true wladom.
Tlioae statemoiita will now l)o (tonlirincd from tlie Word. "Ami He aliall bo
as tho llglit of th(5 morning when tho Htm ilaeth, even a morning without
clouds, as the tend()^graaH anringiiig out of the (wirtli by clear shining after
rain" (ir. Sam. xxiil..4,). The light of the morning when tlie sun ilaetli,
Bignilies the divine trutli proceeding from the liOiii) jih a H«ix, a morning
without cloiida denotes tlie |>urity of tliat truth, rain signitles its inHux.
and the tender grass siuinglng out of tlie earth signifies nitelllgence, ami
refonnation thence originating, for theae are Hignitle<l by graas, becauarf
grass springs out of tho earth by virtue of the sun of the world after rain,
and intelligence is from the Louu as a hun by tlie liiHux of divine truth.
MoUNiNQ is used in tlie Wor<l to denote every particular coming of tho
Lord, or when there is faith and love in tho church, the evfulud or night
denotes a time or state in wliicli theae are wanting. "Bleaaed of the JjOIid
bo his land, for tlie precious things of heaven, for the dew, and for tho
deep that coucheth beniiath, ami for the precious fruits brought forth by
the Hun, and for the precioiia things put forth by tho numi " (Deut. xxxiif,
13, 14). This particular blessing was pronounced on ffofloph, for tho
reason that by Joseph are understood the si)i ritual celestial, wh<rare tho
highest or supreme in the spiritual kingdom, i3y his land is aignilled that
Kuigdom. likewise the church thence derived. By tlie precious thinj^s of
heaven, tlie dew, and the deep that coucheth beneath, are signifted things
that are spiritual celestial in the internal and external man. By the precious
things brought forth by the sun and the precious things nut forth by tho
moon, are sigidfied all things which proceed from the Lord's celestial
kingdom, and all which proceed from His spiritual kingdom, conse-
quently all tlie goods and truths which are thence derived. "Praiao
ye the Lord, praise ye Pliin all His hosts. Praise ye him sun and
mom, praise Him. all ye stars of light" [Psa. cxlviii. 2, .'ij. Hero by
praising the Lord is signified to worship Him. By the angels are signified
those who are in Divine truths from the good of love, for all such are
angels. By all His hosts are signified goods and truths in their whole
compass. By the sun and moon are signified tho good of love, and tlnj
trutli from tliat good. By the stars of light are signified the knowledge of
truth from good. Inasmuch as man woi-ahips the LfiRD from tliose things
which he receives from the Lord, thus from the goods and truths that
are in him, and as it is also by virtue of such things that man is man, it is
therefore said to such things namely, to the sun, moon, and stars, by
which are signified goods, .truths, and knowledges of truths, that they
should worship the LoRnft It is clear that the command Is not addressed
to those luminaries which enlighten the natural world, for how can such
gkOv. xi. 28.) signifying that intelligt
unian principle of the Lord will be imparted to all who love and obey
Him. Understood in a natural sense such a gift would be incomprehensible,
for how could the morning star of nature be given to any one ?
The Prophecies rega.rdino the "End of the World" not to
BE understood IN A NATURAL SENSE.— From want of knowledge re-
specting the spiritual sense of the Word, as unfolded by the science of cor-
respondences, many Christians at the present day suppose that the Lord
will appear in the clouds of the atmosphere, and, accompanied by the
whole of the heavenly host, will be visible to the natural eye, when the
dead bodies and mouldering dust of all who have ever lived on the earth
will be raised (at the sound of the archangel's trumpet) out of their graves,
and wherever else their dust may be scattered, no matter what form they
may have assumed. It is thought that this inconceivable mass of corrup-
tion will be raised up, and the soul of each be re-implanted, the judgment
set, and the books opened, each one being jut'ged out of what is v/ritten
in those books, just as if the Omniscient One could pof sibly require a set of
books ; that then the earth and all that is therein wi^l be burnt up, the stars
fall from heaven, and the sun and moon be bl'^tted out from the creation.
Many good people entertain tiliese thoughts because things are thus des-
i 1
^
424
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AG.
<'ril)od In tlm loftor of iho Word, hut tli<» chho \h far othorwl«o for It Ih
font Irt wiitUsn tlwU, "HlH Htronut. Ih In tlie r/ot«/« •' Umt m I Ik tn l!
of Vhh fu«f "X^fJ?!^^^^^^ '^'" "'"'"'"•;' *'"** *^« '* '-/""'""Ire h« di "t
l»iimy, ll« IH doHcribed a« a •' morning without clmu/H." TheHt* and nianv
of lu,r HlnjUar expreHHiouB can novi^r he pnulh-atrd of Uu, ..loudH S^i aTiie
mf that they are truo of the Word Ih n.oHt < Imrly nuii foHt • 1 unu'o w hen
the h<nil. IH Hooken of as con.iuK In the clouiln o/ heaVeiT h 1 It rn o J^n^^^^^
Bo.m <M)nilnK Ik not to he understood or expected, hut li Btead tremyf^an
unto MuK or openiuK of tluit Hj.irltual or Inten ml neS f ^e Wo^^^^
which haH hitherto lain ho deeply concealed within tl e cLudn of ihehtl
ter. and w'h.ch an to it., inniont.^ln the Lohi. llin Sf Wl „ r^JhtJ^ ut
?':'^rrt*"'" ^Vordtcttchee that the only reBurrecl Ion tCt wllTever ho
u corded t<)nian'Hl)o.lyco,,HiHt8 in Uie ruininKupof the Houl or HpMt.ud
1 ody, which taken place innnedialidv » f ter natural deatT an aftTSS
w .. i {] )V'^''^\ "''*""y "'r ''"^/T "^^'''' "'<^ *>«»«' <>f the body ; Ow Sb
which wiH theti l)o opene.l, and from which he will ho iudgecf. HiKnifv the
P^ia^ng^^hiH Sr' """^' *^^*""«« *" ^-" ^^ ^^\teif all 15^ al^
^^,^yli^<^>r riiHvmiiiiiion is indeed fipoken of in John v. 25, an follows •-
s.!v A??r?'' ^'''"IH'/' "'il' 'IT *"' '»^^»"" t^« dea.i Hhall hear tCvoice TftJie
Son of Goi) anil they that hoar nhall live ; plainly Iniiic-atinK rrtw-reo-
^ V Z'i"'" ,% Bj-aveH of carnality and the We of nelf a fthe "S
which iH spirftual deatJi, to the life of Bpiritual ndndedneHs rfnd the lovo
I'^fu^iiVf ""/"'S*^'". neighhor wldch aline Is truSJf ffi ?eBur?^^^^^^^
must take place during man's life in the body, it cannot take place after
fo a ?'±v.f/r^ "f. V'^ ?"""« ^^^" '' ^" <»»^« l^f« it wiirirrovooatty remain
frxe Woid t& t i .Sh Wi^^* ^"i"*^^!}' ^ "'^«i" *^«'^ «"y deBcriptlon S
tJxe vyoiu. that thiH eaitli will ever be destroved, no such doctrine beinir
ever taugiit or inculcated tlierein. In the modern diHooveries of geohiv
fl?tfwf^'V?'y«*'f.^**'' **"''i!8^' "i" w«r^«' P«t>»t« nnerringly to ttie^ul 1 S
truth tJiat Inlinite power has been constantly engaged during comitlees
^^ f !l'.f ?«.?' ^V l'»«P'"'i"« tl'e earth for tlie aboLVnmn ft has been
m^ *r?n ^^fn"'** ^'"7"*'' '^''*'. "'i«*^* «^*«*' »"d *!»«'«« li«aven, for the hu-
man race is the seminaiy of heaven, and when Intinite Love is satisfled
to its fa lest capacity, with intelligent and rational beings on whom It nmy
nfwl ^}» WeHt'ings and celestial beatitudes, for it creates them for nX
other end, then, just so soon, but no sooner, will the procreations of the
human race cease, and the world become a blank in the creation. The
inost ample testimony is not wanting to prove ghat it was He who laid the
foundations of tlie earth, that it should not be removed for evkb." Ps
^W„Vi, * *\V"l^*i*^'* sanctuary like high palaces, like the earth wldch
?.,hVi«?i f ifll«^«d FOR EVER,'' Ps. IxxviiL 69. " ITie WORLD also is e»-
Wh«n fw *./^ CANNOT BE MOVED," Ps. xciii. 1. «« Say among the
fw^f «i^T*r ^'® ^°^^ reigneth ; the world also shall be established
«w*.V ««!{t^^^.^'^*'^ "^ MOVED," Ps. xcvi. 10. "One generation passeth
away, and another generation cometh, but tlie earth abideth for ever,"
Th«« oa li, *?if '*^"' "^^**"' ^^^ «^*^^»' ^e read:-" They shall feir
TIOVS^ P« ^lJ^» K ^JIw;"^^^ ^f^O^ ENDURE, throughout all GENERA-
I^^.n^L ^^.M^^l' ^- His name shall endure for ever; His name
^lall be continued as long as tlie 8un."-ver. 17. " Praise ye Him, sun and
Z T n/n''*f ^w"^"" ^" y^ '^,^^ «* ^ig^t- I^et them pr/ise Oie name of
i?«hi;f+^^A,^'"i^® conunanded, and tliey were created. He hath estab-
if^ilfJ^' ^'^ ^7^- o^'P P^^^5 He hath made a decree which 8HAll
w 11 h« r«m,i£ i cxlviii. 3. 5, 6. These enunciations are certainly all that
will be required to manifest the Divine intention thnt th« utiiv/,.«« Qb<»T
nn»^'«^li f *'^'"*' A P«"«/iVlg earth is used in the language of corres-
&e eS i« li'^ T^ is-utterlyWen down, the earth is clean dissolved,
mr/f ?nd tl rTh„t^wSy''''' ^'*'- 'Y^^,^^ " ^^^ ^"''se deimired the
eaitn, and they that dwell ti. rem are desolate ; tlierefore the inhaMfavfs
fJJfrl7*i'''Z ^*^"/' *"*^ *«^ ^^'^ l«ft'" I«a. xxiv. 1; "For mv peoS
ai-o f oohsh and they have not known me ; they are sottish cMld?e£! and
ON CORUESPONDENCKS, AC.
425
lorwlHo, for it, in
nl in tln) lottor,
Imt *' IliH tnitli
H <'imri<»t," tJiut
iiffH nro tl»o duht
I PiiHuiKtloudud
'luiHti and niHiiy
oudH of nature,
t ; Ijem-e, when
a literal or per-
ead tliereof, an
of the Word,
DiidH of tlu) let-
lusii riu;htJy un-
fit will over bo
oul or Hpiritnal
uid after deatli
in the Hpiiitunl
)(iy ; tlie book 8
ed. Hicnify tlie
all things ap-
5. an followB :—
;ne voice of tlie
inc a renurrec-
ind the >7orld,
8, rfiid the love
is reHurrection
ke place after
ooably remain
descnption in
Lloctrine being
les of geology,
to the Hublinie
ring countless
I. Jt has been
en, for the liu-
ve is satistied
1 whom it may
(8 them for no
eations of the
sreation. The
e who laid the
or EVKB," Ps.
EARTH Wldch
iLD also is es-
ly among the
»e established
ation passeth
I FOB EVER,"
ley shall fear
; all GENERA-
a ; His name
Him, sun and
) tlie name of
i hath estab-
Which SHALL
aiiily all that
nivei'se sh jil I
thoy have no understanding ; they are wise to do evil, l^ to do goo<l they
Jiave no knowledge ; 1 beheld the mrfk, and, lo, It was wit hoaf from and
vnul, and the heavens, and they had no light,'* Jer, Iv. '22, 2'.i. Here wo
have tlie picture of an apostate Ohurch, fii a state of declension from
g(K)«lneH«, deHcrlbed by the eartli being (iloan disHolved, as moved exceed-
ingly, as being witliout form ami voi«l, and the inhiii)ltants tliereof aH
being burnt up. It is most evident that neither of those statemonts can
be liConiUy true of the natural earth. It Is written in .Joel, •• In those daya
will 1 pour out My spirit and I will show wonders in tlie heavens, and In
the earth, blood, and lire, and pillars of smoke. The huh shall bo
turned Into <laikne88, and tlie /mxm into blood, before the great
and txjrriblof day of the Lord come, ii. »), M. The apostle Peter on the
day of Pentecost, Acts ii. Iti. 21, cites tlie entire passage from Joel, and re-
fei-s to it as being fullllled on tliat day ; but we know as well as wo can
know anything, that these great commotions did not actually take placo
in tlie klngilom of nature, at that time. Tlie prof inuiity of the Word is
such, that as to its inmost sense it does not treat in the least of natural
things, but only makes use of them to represent and symbolizo things that
are spiritual, as may be seen from the following in reference to a consum-
mated Church, as the end of tlie age, or *' tiie end of the world," as it is
erroneously translated in the autluuized version. It is written, «' Imme-
diately after the tribulation of those days shall the nun bo darkened, and
the nuwn shall not give her light, and the Htam shall fall from heaven,
and the powers of the heavens Bhall be shaken ; and there shall appear the
sign of the Son of Man in heaven ; and then shall all tlie tribes of tluj earth
mourn, and they shall see the Son of Man coming in the clouds of heaven
with newer and great glory. And He Aall send His angels with a great
sound of a trumpet ; and they sliall gather togetlier His elect from the four
winds, from one end of heaven to the otlier," Matt. xxlv. 29--3i. By all
these expressions are meant spliitual things relating to the Church, of
whose final state or period they ar% spokei: ; for iu tlie spiritual sense, by
the sun wlilch shall be darkened, is meant love to the Lord ; by the moon
which shall not give her liaht, is meant faith towards Him ; by the stars
which shall fall from the lieavens, is meant tlie knowledge ojf goodness
and truth. Every intelligent person will know that it is no more possible
tor tlie stai-B in the tirmament to fall to the earth, tlian It would be for a
mimon of worlds to fall on a pebble by the sea shore. By the sign of the
fciou of Man in heaven, is meant the appearance of Divine truQi in the
Word from Him ; by tlie tribes of the earth which hall mourn, is meant
the failure of all truth wldch is of faith, and of all j/ood which is of love •
by the coming of the Son of Man in the clouds ot heaven with power and
great glory, is meant the presence of the Lord in the Word, and revelation :
by the clouds of heaven is signitled tlie literal sense of the Word, bv power
and great glory, is meant its internal sense, which has reference solely to the
^ORD and His kingdom, in each and eveiy passage ; and from this, that
sense Tien ves its power and glory ; bv the angels with a gi-eat sound of a
trunipet, is meant heaven, whence Divine trutli comes •, by gatherinir to-
getlier tiie elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to tha oftier,
18 meant a new heaven and a new Church, to be formed of those who have
taith ill the Lord, and live accordim; to His precepts. " Behold the day
oi tne Jj^<^"J* Cometh, for the stars of heaven, and the constellations there-
obI^^ "^*^ ^X5 ^^®"^ ^*S^* ; *^e »^» shall be darkened in Ids going forth,
and tlie »won shall not cause her light to shine," Isa. xiii. 9, 10. '' I will
coyer the heaven and make the stars thereof dark ; I will cover the sun
^T^ V "^'x?"*l^h® "»'>'>« shall not give her light," Ezek. xxxii. 7, 8.
ine day of the Lord is near ; the sun and momi shall be darkened, and
,7io/i"'^* shall withdraw their shining," Joel iii. 14, 15. The same i<iea is
visible m all these passages. By the day of the Lord, is meant His advent,
foi+v.' " • — i" ""•"-■ "-i"ii fHcio vrao iiu luiigci viiiy gt«ju Ui lUVii ur IXUUI OI
laitn remaining m the Church, or any knowledge of the Lord, therefore
IT, 18 called a dayof darkness and thick darkness.
Ar^r^^u^^ ^^ Creation Signify Six States of Man's Regener-
ation.—" The six days, or times, w^hich are so many successive states of
^^^egeneration of man, are in general as follows :—
The I iKST state is that which precedes, including both the state of in-
lancy, and the state immediately preceding regeneration. This is called
42C
ON C0nRE8P0ND*".NCKfi, AC.
or tliH L(uii), iH the Hi.lrit of U«n> iih.vIiik »|»<>n th« fuco of tlu) wat^MH.
whi.^h uro of tJie Loiin iiiui huoU um ar« proper to man. The Uiini/n w/ilSi
are of th.» Lohd ore called In tlie Word ren'uUnH, and are here pXh IJy
tl»e know edneH of faith, whicli man haM learne<I from infancy, aiw-i^
BtHt4j at tlie prenont day Heldoui exiMtH wlUiout temptation. ndBf«)rtune or
For«,w, by which Uie thingH apporUdnlnK to Uie iiWy ZA to thn wirld
thatiH fluch m fonn the propri urn or «r(/W/ o/" wanf are bmuffht into a
long to tfie oxtornai man, are Heparatod frcmi tJioHo which belong to tlm
J^munVilH-'H'" the intornal man are the remaim, Htorod uTbytlo
lAtrd till UdH time, and for UdH puriwHo. ^ '
^Jt «l»!^uJ'^!^ *" f*»"'«' «n>«ntance, in which the regenerating Bub-
ject, from tlie ntornal man, beglnH to diHcoui-He piouHly anT^ <lovoutlv and
auimato, l>ecauHe tliey oie Hupposod to originate in himnelf. These cood
ac oim are called tlie tonder graH« and^ alno the herb yieldinrBe^d
and afterwarcis tJie tree bearing fruit. The fourtii Btato Ih when mail
becomeH atlocted witli love, aiu! illuiianed by faith. He indeed Sevlou"
ly dlHcoui-Hed piouHly and prmiuced the fruiCn of good actlonn bS t he (1 Id
»o in consequence o! tlie temptation and BtraitneHH under whioh he labor-
ed, and not from a nrincii.lo of faith and charity. Wherefme faith aSd
?or''l!S,lZiS.T. ^'"^"^"^ ^" ^' ^"*""'"1 "^'^"' »"^d are ciled two llgM-
♦i.^^^K^"'^*.! state is when man dtscourseH from a prln<inle of faiUi and
tJiereby conllrms himself in truth und goodness ; the tlu ugsUren produced
j^Jihn are unimatod, und aie cuUed t£e tishes of Uie sea^^^^the birds of
bpSs whaM? frl^jVV ''•0"\a Pflviplo of faitli and thence of love ho
duo^ aS P«l «H t f ' n"/ '^*'*'" what is good ; the things which he then pro-
Sins to Lf f«lJ* a "S^^i ^{""^ f i"* ^'^ ^«^*- And%ecause he Uien be-
f^»irit^Rl nin in.M-^o/r^^*' f ^"'^^ ^..^«" »»«^ faith, he becomes a
SuKii^n^H K.f i,**f*fi*'*"*''* **", ^P'*/®' "^" spiritual life is delighted and
SS^f^&v w?/^hf.^ 'n ^*^, l*" knowledges respecting failh, and to
hv«nM. ♦?/, ^LT'' ''^**^^ ^.?"*\^ Ws meat, antfhis natural life is delighted
&«. 0*?^"^^*^ ^•^*'"*^ ^"".Ih ^'"•^y ^"^ «»« senses ; from whence a com-
' a celestl rS '"'"*"' ""^ ^""^^ ^"^""^ ^^ domin'ion and he becomes
nR^at X^I^^It ''ff*®?®?*l'J.« 1P 'l''\''^^ »^^e at ^^8 8t»te. Tl.e greatest
to ?he third fn^;J?w" J^'^^S **'*"* ''^*«J ^"""^^ «"^y *o t^» seoondl others
iSv^nth!" ' ' ^® "**^ ' ^**^ scarcely any to the
nfT!!l!^^^^^"F«^ * P*^^ "! SwedenborjT'8 explication of the first chapter
of Genesis, and the reader is referred to the 1st. vol. of his Arcana for the
f« tifiK"n?«?«7nv ''''^ ^""^'^^'^ explanation, as thev arrnecefsanlTor^ittod
in this place for wanv of space. Many modem theologians are afraid to
tni7iT. ?^ ;"t«iPretation of this chapter on account of its aUeged
conflict with the known facts of science, but the theoloev that could
ance^'^oX™'* ^Lr\ *? ^"vestigatlon is worthy of no Span's acbepS
ance. OOiers, again, have erred as far on the other side Professors
Jewett, Baden fowell, the Rev. Messre. Teniple, Goodwnf" Wilson, and
?hS aSTof^'^fhf^^r^T!^*'^ ^^^"''"i^ Z^ ^"8^a"d, who h^ve figured as
n^1o^= 1? °* *® "The Essays and Reviews," together with Bishop
Sin?/ o' "f T? "* ^''* scientific attainments, have made many rash com-
mSst^Mnte^Si th^'^M'?*" ^'^ *^^« '"?J««t- ^«**"g ^« tl^« i-uIeThat ?ou
must interpret the iiible as you would any otiier book." one of these iren-
tlemen writes as follows : - ^e have exaidned it and find it irS cor-
rect inits science. Its astronomy is Jewish, not Dhilosonhicai aM^ t^?te
gcoiog.y tnat 15 oei lauiiy not correct. Its chronolosv is faultv' the earth^ia
much older than the Bible makes it. and the accouSIhe unYverell dSuge
htvr^v^i-t^*"^^ ^ harmpnize with the facts of ancient Mstor^ NatdoSs
Lthatof 1hedp'^„T*^«Z^ ^^T Pei-^ods long before the time fixed
Z^onah^fnr^fE'ii^T^f ?^ *^^ P^amids were undoubtedly in exist-
ence long before the time of the deluge, and although geology gives evi-
ON COURK8rONDKNCi:8, AC.
4^7
ch I9 the moroy
tho whUmh,
n tlutHu UiiiiuH
tblnuH whlcli
ure pniiclimljy
icy, uikI wlilch
liH Htate. ThlM
inldfortuDe or
1 to th« world,
brought Into a
IngH wliich be-
buloiig to tlio
rod up by tlio
3i)eratlng sub-
dovoutly, and
UiehiMH are lii-
:. ThetM) good
f'ielding ueed,
Is whoa man
iood prevlouH-
iiH but he did
hloh ho labor-
ore faith and
led two lightit
of faith, and
Jien produced
id the birds of
nee of love ho
h he then pro-
le he tlien be-
10 beconiea a
tlt)lighted and
faitli, and to
is delighted
whence a com-
i he becomes
Tl»e greatest
!cond ; others
ily any to the
• first chapter
rcana for the
larily omitted
are afraid to
f its alleged
y that could
lan's accept-
. Professors
Wilson, and
ve figured as
with Bishop
ui y rash com-
•ule that you
of these gen-
it is not cor-
.i and as to its
, the earth is
reTB&l deluge
ory. Nations
) time fixed
idly in exist -
gy gives evi-
8i)iiit, they are create(f."
shall praise tho Lohd," i
denco of hundreds of local fioods, and of t^ grwingi change of tlin
ocean's bed, again and aMiiin, vet It Uiids no support to tJie act-ount of a
conteui|K)ran«H)us covering of tho whole earth at tho saino tluio, with
niauy inlhis of deep wator. HesideH. many thlngn in Uie Hlbletmom piie-
nle, trivial, and unworthy of (lou. 1 don't stio why tlie .Jewish history Is
more a Divine history titan that of the great nations of the eartli, or Ut
fa«^t of any other."
Most asBiuodly Uds is giving us a stone when we are asking for bread.
If a man desires enllglitoiiment regarding the fonnation of the primary
or stratified rocks, Uie loal measiiros, ndnerals, fossils, plants, or to
solve tlio comnlex problems of antronomy, regarding tlie nature, move-
ments, and distances of the bodies belonging to tJie solar or stolhir
systems, it is an absolute certainty that he would never think of con-
Bultli|g GenoHls, or any other part of the Inspired volume. It may bo
manifost to any num, that whatever Is revealed by the Spirit of (ioD,
must be si»lritiially undyrstwd ; and further, it Is equally certain,
that those tldngs for the discovery of which man has faculties specially
provided, are not fit objects of a Divine revelation, conse(iuenUy It
follows, tli.'t by Uie description in Genesis, we are by nc means to
understand lie creation of tlie terraqueous globe. Tlie creation described
in Genesis, is one incomparably more wonderful tlian the creation of a
world, being nothing less tlian tlie nairation, in a heavenly style, by
means of natural symbols and similitudes, of the various stages of tliat
mai-vellouB and mysteiious Divine work whereby man is made a new
creature.
Jn tlie Divine idea, to crmfe, to form, to make, signifies to regenerate,
an<l of this creation we find freciuent mention in the Word, but very
little of any other. Thus, in the Psalms : " Thou sendest forth Thy
civ. 30. '* The people which shall be creatt-d
„ - , cii. 18. *' Crm<« in me a clean heart, O God,"
li. 10. And in Isjiiali : " Tliis peQ|iIe have Ifirrmed for Myself tliat tliey
may show foi-th My praise," xlili. 5! " I have put My words in thy mouth,
that I may plant the heavens, and lay tlie foundation of the earth, and
say unto Zion, Thou art My people," li. 16. Every one that is called by
My name, I have created him ; I have formed him ; yea, I have made
him," xliii. 7. To be called by the Lobd'8 name, is to have the LoKu'8
nature implanted in the li art.
Unregenerate man is described in Jeremiah in nearly the same
terms as in Genesis, '« I beheld the earth, and lo, it was without fonn
[empty] and void, and tlie heavens, and they hjul no light," iv. 23 ; and in
David : " They walk on in darkness ; all the foundations of the earth are
out of course,^' Ixxxii. 5. " The earth and all the inhabitants thereof are
dissolved," Ixxxv. 3 ; and in Isaiah : " The earth is clean dissolved, the
eartli is moved exceedingly," xxlv. 19. Read tlie whole chapter. Again
in Uaggai : " I will shake the heavens and the earth, and the sea, and
the dry land ; and I will shake all nations, and tlie Desire of all nations
shall come," ii. 6, 7. The ruin of a soul or a Church is here clearly sym-
bolized by the ruin of a world, and darkness exists "on the face of
the deep,''' when the mind of man is in this state. The people who walk
in darkness see a great light when they receive and obey the truth in its
purity.
The faces of the waters over which the Spirit of God moves, consists
of all the knowledges of good and truth implanted in the mind from
infancy to manhood, embracing what he may have leanit from the Word
or from teachers, states of love towards parents or friends, or of iimo-
cence from infancy, mercy to the poor, love towards neighbors, -and every
other state of good and truth garnered up in the memorj-, or internal
man. It is only by gently brooding over, moving, and acting on, in, and
through these remains of good and truth that the Loud finally regen-
erates man.
i^ight comes into existence on the first day ; light signifies knowledge,
day signifies state. The soul has a succession 01 states con-esponding to
the days and the nights in nature. The Divine Mercy always insinuates
mildly, always leads man gentlv, never forces, but inclines man in free-
dom. It says : "Let there be tidxt :" and when in the exercise of tliat
imparted freedom, the trusting child of God turns for illumination and
428
ON OORRESrONDENCES, &G.
Hoav^ily Father, It can be truly said, '*And thoro
ln«inic<lon to
woH Uyht."
como vo i<» Mitt wiUi^rv »• lun 1., i 4c „ 11 1 i "*"'X ""6 xjiai/ tnirHietn,
*l.\tu ^^JV ^ waiors, iHa. iv. 1, ih a call addroBHcd to all thirHHnir fm'
truth, and not natural water. The internal man is thri^nnan mit Vi...
In tffi t{..1u [^' n"'J l''^*"« kindneHH, and aoing good fionvdeliiht
in truth. J he He«d falls into good inound and brinirH ff»rfh friVif iitPi}
good uround is an honest anS gmS heaiV" LiKo ?ili fr, *^^^^^^^^^^ n i««
Z""*!!'"*."!!"^ *"' Kmdually, according to a truly IHvhfo order nit v
Srm "SWL^nl^ ^""■^"*^ perfoct^'in a twiilingfas^S mnl K
SfeTlTaftl^^^^^^^^
GoD in Oie hlart, 3 fXi n Th« wi^^^^
• knowledges of Sh Vie n a fi«t ?w h*' togetlier with abounding
eternal world, a -Sun am? sEd" a -^^^^^ ^^ *^'« Sunof tlio
ation of whose heat Is i vino love an.? f « «fS¥^'*^''''"^'i^*'",' "»« «»"»»-
Divine trutli. In Oiis sHfo L VJA '""* tlie eifulgence of whose light is
• andtJieglo^'of LrS)UDhAe^^^^^^ far his light has Some,
ward. He feels the 8UDrem« h?«s^ ^iH "^Pir^tio"" are heaven-
truth. Faith sldnes uK imS^n in tw?!'"'^ ""^^ 4^*"^. ^^"d, and knowing
by evening, when Tove declinrin f im J,^^ ^^Z'^'' '*^/^« ««"! representeS
t»r symbolizes a sK oft he sm 1 wl.m 1^? '^*1" of spiritual fife. Win-
" Prav ye tliat yoiu- Xht l/e no? \„ Si .^^7*^ ^i ^^?*'"*- ^^'^ Lort> says,
affliction." MaK xii.% Flfil/t silni^^^^^ ^f i'V,"^"«« ^'"^^.^ «'"^" ^^'^
one's deatli: winter siOTifierastaK^^^^^ tiie last time or the time of
"tnllXk f^T''^^'^'' "n^t^!i'^ ^^ 1«^« ' d-y« -f «ffli«tion
and e^?/itgS Wrd'af Sr hil kln^ Vr^ "/J"*^ «'^"^ t^'^* "^^voth,
brings forth ttlmndantt^^xVnlire '^^*i,i 5.^*1^^' */ f^« «"™^l,<^'n *>f truth anci
tivitiesof a heavenly mind reiSHna/»+^^^ J^"" sHentiflc ac-
waters. Ezek. xlvii JO A n3nd »^ ioM*"^ *,"'*^\' '^^^ **»« Ash of the lioly
and placid lake or rivWiwannin? wuw V*'''^^"; ^f "ke a clear, cahu.
rational, spiritual, aiS fnteffiunj^ hI wiS."^' ^irds represent things
like a bird soaring, enjoying a cW n^^i^v?.'^'^^ "^"^^^"^ *^«"^ Cl^^-ls
«P, with wings af 'eagles "^&J IsTl??! W^® J^Tv "They mount
owls represeirtthoseihoha^eia^^di^ati^^^^^ as bats and
with sin and self has ceased fnrtL^fiL «t^*« when all Inward conflict
direct from the lu"4t oSn^^r^f ^P""*"^^* affections of love como
the.tei. j^HoJiii as«? ^'S^ti's:! BKits rr.»
ON COHRESPONDKNCKS, &C.
Id, '*An(l there
water, Wator
ami Uie Spirit,
t<> be born of
that thirsleth,
11 thlrHting for
Pinametit. I'ho
the llnnanunifc,
il<)w tlie firina-
tnitJi reluMng
II good life on
d, or earth and
m in the fruits
d fiomdelielit
h fruit. " Tho
. Tliis Divine
) order, not l)y
H some rawlily
little by little,
le heart during
bho blade then
28. Good num
iteouBuesH, tho
oral sense, for
L'eH, &c., could
l)le de8olftUoii
winter with Its
I day, is signi-
of the love of
th abounding
»e Sun of tlio
IS," tlie eman-
vhose light in
flit has come,
iH are heaven-
and knowing
d represented
Lial life. Win-
T Lord says,
days Bl»all bo
[• the time of
9 of affliction
that moveth,
of truth and
Boientiflc ac-
h of the lioly
I clear, cahn.
esent tilings
from God, is
They mount
as bats and
bhat moveth.
ond chapter,
•y Jkhovaii
vard conflict
'f love come
in Paradise.
> name, with
n combined,
e ; while the
429
lonn God, mentioned throughout tlie llrst chapter, slgnlfloa tho Divine
WiHdom.
I'ho fonnation of cattle, creeping things, and beasts of the cartli, on the
sixtli duy, represents a further ripening of t)ie best utloctions of tlie heai-t,
such as loving kMidness, charity, obedience, and Innocence. Uegardliig
the symbolic uiuaning of aidnials, almost every page of the Word testilleii
regarding it.
On this day (the sixth), nian Is made In the Image and likeness of Go».
The former steps or stages were merely prep/iratory to this great work.
Man Is not, as Uie simple might say, merely a fonn In human shape, for
such are frequently wome than wild beasts. The Blessied Kecfoemer
called Herod a fox, and He certainly knew the proper name to express
his character. The Divine Idea of a man is fully denned lu Jer. v. 1, and
tJiere we see It is one who •' executeth judgment and seeketh the trutli,"
or one who, from an alfectlon and love of the trutli, lives a life according
to it. The absence of such from the earth is fitly described in tlie precoii-
ing chapter, ver. 26, "I beheld, and lo, tliere was no man, and all the birds
of the heavens were tied."
As Goi> regenerates man through the ministration of ^jigels. He says,
" Let us make man," but as this is ell'ectod solely by His own pioper
f>ower, it is immediately added in the next verse, ** So GoD created man
n his own image ;" and in chap. 11.7, "So JioitovAU God fonned man
out of the dust of tlie ground." The Divine aim with His rational
creatures Is evermore to bring them up to ** the measure of a man that
Is of an angel." llev. xxi. 17. When this Is accomplished. He can view
His work, and pronoun<!e it " very good," and enter on the rest signilled
by the seventh day, for it is the Loud alone who lights for nuin duiing
temptation, and sustains him duilug the couiliut with the powers of
darkness.
CoNOBRNiNO Tx)vi8 AND WisDOM.— Some may bo solicitous to know
tlie reason why. so nuich Is said regarding love and wisdom, or good and
truth in the above passages, and the enquiry Is reasonable and just. In
answer to this I would state that all the attributes and perfections of the
ever blessed God, resolve themselves as in a focus into these two, viz. :
Love and Wisdom, or what is the same, Good and Truth, corresponding
to heat and light, or what is the same, warmth and illumination, as pro-
ceeding from the sun of nature, and tliese In the Oueatou form a one,
<!onstltuting what has been called a marriage of good and truth. Man,
being created in the image of Gf)D, ought to i)resent a Unite transcript of
those attributes which exist to an infinite extent in his Maker, and on ex-
amination tliis will be found to be the case, for there is no quality Inherent
in man but what belongs either to his will or understanding. What does
not belong to one of tliese, fonns no part of the man, aiui these together
form one mind, and the mind is wh :;t constitutes the man himself, the
body being merely a clothing eliminated from the ultimate things of
imf.ure, such Jis carbon, phosphorous, silicon, chlorine, phosphate of lime,
sulphur, iron, magnesium, water, potassium, &c., &c., of all of whl<'.h
man Is divested by natur.*!! death, never more to resume them, but never-
theless he finds himself in the other life, possessed of th(5 human fonn,
and every membe'.*, faculty, and sense, whh^h he enjoyed In this life, but
much more keen, delicate and refined, by purification" from the things of
nature. Those things just mentioned are what constitute flesh and blood,
of which it Is written, that they shall not inherit the Kingdom of God,
and one has well observed that yon may as well attempt to raise a ship
from the bottom of the ocean and leave down there all the wood and iron,
as to raise a natural body without flesh and blood. We are much at a
loss to conceiv(i what possible Improvement could be effected by the union
of natural bodies to the spiritual bodies of those countless myriads which
fonned the mighty population beheld in heaven by the beioved disciple in
the Isle of Patmos. l^et us go a stey) f uither and investigate the works of
God as seen in the visible creation, and here everything will be seen to re-
flect the attributes of the Almighty, but always in 'correspon<ience with His
love and wisdom, or goodness and' truth. From this correspondence every
thing seems to go in pairs, for here we find male and female, body and
Boul. sun and moon, heat and light, land and water, flesh and blood, heart
and lungs, and so on throughout all the randflcations of nature.
430
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
I
Sr V^^^^^ exalted senne, be
flf "'"'^o/liment of His JJivlL Love and teL^.K''"^" Perfections, and
the Word there is notldnc b,,t^vhat ifaTn^nS'^l ' h«»«« « comes that in
or Uie other of these >itJb£^ofAmSTJ^^^^^^ *« «i*^«' onS
f.U^.^'Pl'*'''**^^'^ ^ *J»e'n. such as eviS ii« lV«J'''"'!?*'i*°"^^<^»^ them,
£"^^»«]-. a" apparent repetition of te8i.n.i-l o*®' "1^ ^^<*"^ *W8 arises
veiy often in tJie course of a single vt^^K,,.'*!^' sentiment or thought,
one of theseexpressionshireSn t^^h^W •*''•]«*'* *«^«J^n<>vvn W
tJie Divine Wisaoiu, or something in J^,^!^*'""^ -^f ^«,' «"<! the other to
tion to them, as uo vain i«4V..,:oVr connection with them, or in onMAHt
Word. , In OTZTtoZni^^^lS^ZSZ^\%K^ predicated the iflZe
that inimitable blessinrw^ferewlfh A^nf^ ''*'" f\»:ther, take, for instance
to bless tlie cluldren ol^I^rS -^ TheTnmTi'^ H','^'»« ^^^^'^ commanded
Lord make His face to shine uoon thL L^ J'^f "^ ^^^'^ and keep thee ; the
Lord hft un HU countenance?p^onte and rivf ?hlP"' ""*^*^«« ^«
^; f\ ab. In the internal sensw twi , ' ? ^^ ? t^^e peace." Numb
Bivine love, flows in with Di;^,^?n,^?'*^^*''g?>«y that the Lord, from
those who receive Him Ve nVvlnJ '^^' T"^ **th Divine good into aU
^understood by the f^,e of ^e Lor,> S f^V^'''^' *»>« I^<^«» Aows in
flows m, is understood bv theJ n«^,;,„i^^^ the Divt^.g ^ruth with which He
and the Divine good wSi whi^h £p S^^''^^"'? ^'''^^ to shine upon them^
lifting up His countenance mSn tlf.,?. "^^ I"' '« luidersteod by the Lord
which otherwise would teke aw«l V>.1"' 5«'l<^fence from evils and fals ties
keep tkee and be gracious unto A JI^m'""''' '' understood by "the Lord
are i le gift of tlie Lord bv Hi« t«' ^'^^^'•'" '"^"^ eternal f elicit' wlioh
SL^«^tSo<iby ..an^«^^^^^^ and DivineStKre
man, the interior of his mind is tiii^A if.V i" ^''l^^ »^'« removed irom
unspeakable. In their inn ost se se ih^t *i^^^*^^^ beatitudes and io^
such deep meaning, and embrace «,Ph ?, o.^ ^^\"'^ expressions contain
a very faint idea of them is rf? ^Vo, transcendent blessings, that even
present state of existence 114 n David '^"^'II'^^^^^^^ "^ nian in his
JJ^?. heavens ; and Thy faithf ilneL unto Thl' ^J^I "'^S'/' ^ ^''^^> is i"
is hke the great n.ouiftainsTThV iuSeiSi nri^'n "' J^^ righteousness
6,7, where mercy and Hehft^nuL^^aJ^T ^\^ ^ ^^'^^^ ^^eep. Ps. xxxvi.
and Mthfulness and inlemS h^ to the love of God
Isaiali, "And on this moSahi 8h« ? /^^^'^tion te His truth. Again in
people a feast of fat tCLs TfeasSf wlr,^^""**"' f. ^'^'^ts make unto all
full of marrow, of wines S Sie tees well rp^ln^*^ ^^^"' ^^ ^^t things
ject treated of is conceria'ng Sie Svont nf S^^^t ''''^- ^- The sut
of fat thin.ga, is denoted IhfcommunicatiSf nf ''''' T^ ^^.^ ^«^«t
feast of lees or of the b'-st winfl tC ol!!!l^ • ." ^^ goods, and by a
Word, also, we frequentlv fiml twn ti^^^'^''^"^^^ of truths. -In the
flame.' gold and snJerbLsandTrnn'^.f^^^ «« fire and
purple and flne linem &c becHus« S ' anUi i^"** ''*'*"^', ^''^''^ ^"d wine,
pie. are predic.ated k cood • bnt fln^l in ^'■''*'-^' '^'''''^' ^"^^""^ and pur!
w/s"tEe WoRD^aM thTwoR^ w1,rwitT/^o'?. "Tl'll "'^ the beginning
The same was in the beginning S ofm Tii ^V? "'^ ^^^" .^^« ^toD^
and without him was not anv thln^ m. !]; .^"things we,re made by him.
hfe: .and the life was the ^iS.y^of ^l^« "'\* ^^as made. In him was
passages it is eWdent that the Lord ?««C,f'']'" '■ V ^- ■ ^^'^"^ these
this gon is Himself the Lo^n ^w?" M±^? J^'^V^ eternity, and that
11- IS saia uiat the Word was" wirtV nT^; ""ni into tne woiid, for
as. also, that without Him w«i>^S ^"^u?""* ^^" ^'^s the Word :
}\liy the Lord is called thTwnnn^'^^^^^."'^^*^ that was made
the Church ; He is however oalSd5;« 'V..* ^J*^^^ understood in
irifo«ra^;fe'^^am^£^^^^^ - ^ t^e L'^R^STlM^Ll^tS
LXOHX Which n.^iZZ'^^-^'tSZ^\t.T.^^^
"" ^-i^
ON COlUlESrONDENCES, &C.
431
m '
it is said, "In Him was life and the life was the liglit of men." This one-
ness is meant by tliese words. "In the beginning was the Word and the
Word was God." By the Father is denoted the Divine Love, or tlie Lord
as to Divine Good. B;y^ the Word made tiesh is signified the Lord as to
the Divine Human principle which He assumed by being bom into the
world, from whence He is called "the Only Begotten of the Father," the
'•sent of God," the "Arm of the Lord," for the Divine Good, or the Fatlier,
filled this Human principle as tlxe soul fills the body, not indeed, in per-
fect fulness at first, but beginning as it were from a germ, the Divine
principle gradually expanded during His life on the earth, sustained Him,
and enabled Him to overcome, in the conflicts, combats and temptations
admitted into His humanity from the powen* oi darkness, which were of
such a direful nature that they are utterly inconceivable by the mind of
man. The Divine principle within, denoted by the Father, was that Om-
nipotent power which en i bled him to work miracles, so that He could say,
"The Father who dwelleth in me. He doeth the works," and from tliis alsso
emanated those gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth, of which
it is said, "I have given them the words which thou gavest me."
Before his Incarnation the Lord existed in first principles only, by as-
suming the Humanity, Ho as it were desjiended to the ultimate, or lowest
principles, and from this He calls Himself "the First and the Last," Rev.
i, 17. The merely human qualities derived from the mother were gradually
eliminated from the assumed nature by temptations, sufferings, combats,
conflicts and continual victories over tne powers of darkness, who at this
time held almost entire possession of the human race ; by these victories He
removed hell from man, and restored "that which He took not away,"even
man's lil)erty to choose life or death forliimseK, and furthermore glorified
His Humanity, and made it Divine, or One with that Divine Grood m wlUch
He existed from eternity, so that He could say before His ascension: " all
power is given unto me m heaven and in earth," Matt, xxviii. 18, and after
fall und complete glorification, He could say to the beloved disciple in
Patmos, "I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the
Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty," Rev.
i, 8. The Lord in the Word, is called Lord, (or Jehovah, in Hebrew, when
the word Lord is printed in capitals),f rom the good of His Divine Love, and
God, from the Divine Truth of His Divine Wisdom; He is called Christ,
the Anointed, in relation to His kingly oflice, and Jesus, signifying salva-
tion, in relation to His oflice as Saviour; He calls Himself the Son of God,
when His divinity. His unity with the Father, Hi* Divine power, and the
life that is from Him, are treated of, and the Son of Man, when He as
the Word, suffers, judges, comes into the world, redeems, saves, and
regenerates. Jehovah, who was in Him, appeared to be absent in tempta-
tionSj and this appearance was proportionable to the degree of His im-
mersion in the humanity. Hence His prayers to the Father, in the Gospels
and elsewhere ; many of them can be seen hi the Psalms, which as to their
internal sense treat of the Lord alone, under the figure of David as a
king. The Lord coming forth from the Fathef^and returning to the Fath-
er, means the Humanity proceeding from the Divinity, and the union
and glorification of the Humanity. By the Lord's birth from eternity, is
meant His birth foreseen from eternity, and provided for in time. By Lord
God Almighty and the Lamb, mentioned Rev. xxi. 22. and elsewhere,
is not meant two Divine persons, but bv Lord God Almightv or Lord
OOD Omnipotent, is signified the Lord from eternity, who is ^tEHOVAH
Himself, and the Lamb signifies the Divine Humanity which Jehovah
assumed by birth into the world, by virtue of which He became Emmanuel,
or God with us. From these observations it may be seen that the Lord
IS the God of heaven and earth ; that in Him is the Divine Trinity of Fath-
^^' A^ *"** ^^^y Spirit, or the Whole Fulness of the Godhead, corre-
spr,ri«inK to the heat, light and emanating iniiuence of the oun, or of the
soul, body, and proceeding operation in man, consequently that He alone
18 the only true Object of love and worship, in whom is the Father, for
"whoso seeth Him seeth the Father.
Further. Confirmatory Proof.— In order to still furtlier confirm
tlie neavenly doctrine of the Supreme Divinity of our blessed Lord, and
to show the falsity of tlie present prevailing doctrine which divides tlie
ttodhead into three persons, " the same in substance, equal in power and
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &(?.
432 •
f
glory." or, as It is expressed by the Athanasian Creed, three persons,
°* each of whom hy himself is God and Lord," ( a doctrine wliich, and tlie
assertion is made with all charity and respect for the numerous class wLo
tliink otlierwise, has no existence whatever in the Word, and was entirely
unknown in the Church until about the time of the Nlcene Council), it iJa
thought proper to adduce the following passages from the Word. First
of all, to prove the Unity of the Divine Being, see (Deut. vi. 4.) " Hear
O Israel, the Lokd our God is One Lobd." I'his Divine truth is repeated
by the blessed Jesus in Mark xii. 29. •' I am Jehovah, and there is
none else." Isa. xlv. 18, xlv. 5. " I, even I, am He, and there is No God
witJi Me." Deut, xxxii. 39. *' There is none other God but One," 1 Cor.
viii. 4. '• Thou art the God, even thou Alone, of all the kingdoms of the
earth," 2 Kings xix, 15. " One is your Father which is in heaven," Matt.
xxiiL 9. Lfet us learn, with grateful reverence, who this our Heavenly
Father, Lord, and God is. Every passage of the following evidence U
refulgent with the light of Divine truth, for they proceed from Him who
is the Truth itself. "• Unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given,
and the government shall be upon His shoulders, and His name shall be
called. Wonderful, Counsellor, the Mighty God, the Everlasting
Father, the Prince of Peace," Isa. ix. 6. •' Thou O Jehovah art our
Father, our Redeemer, Thy name is from everlasting," Isa. Ixiii. IG.
" Surely God is in Thee, and there is None else, there is no god, verily
thou art a God that hidest thyself, O GoD of Isiael, the Saviour," Isa.
xlv. 14 15. This is said in reference to His veiling over His Divine glory
with the Human nature, ** Thou shalt know that I, Jehovah, am thy
Savicur and Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob," Isa. Ix. 16.
" Tliere is no God else beside me, a just God and a Savioi r, there is none
beside me, look unto me ; and be ye saved; all the ends of the earth, for I
am God and there is none else." Isa. xlv. 21, 22. " Thy Maker is thy
Husband; Jehovah of Hosts is His name, and thy Redeemer the
Holy One of Israel; the God of the whole earth shall He be called,"
Isa. liv. 5. There can be no uncertainty as to who is meant by these
announcements. " Thus saith Jehovah the King of Israel and His Re-
deemer, Jehovah of Hosts ; I am the First, and I am the Last, and
beside me there is no God." Isa. xliv. 6. " I ara Jehovah thy God, the
Holy One of Israel, thy Saviour," Isa. xliii. 3. '* Thou hast redeemed
me, O Jehovah God of truth," Ps. xxxi. 5. " I will help thee, saith
Jehovah and thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel," Isa. xli. 14. As
for our Redeemer, Jehovah of Hosts is His Name, tlie Holy One of
Israel," xlvii. 4. " Thus saith Jehovah thy Redeemer, and He that
formed thee from the womb ; I am Jehovah that maketh all things, that
stretcheth forth the heavens alone, that spreadeth abroad the earth by
myself" Isa. xliv. 24. " I, even I. am Jehovah, and besides Me there
IS NO Saviour." Isa. xliii. 11. '* Thus saith Jehovah, your Redeemer,
the Holy One of Israel," ver. 14. " With everlasting kindness will I have
mercy on thee, saith Jehovah thy Redeemer," Isa. liv. 8 " Thus saith
Jehovah thy Redeemer, tie Holy One of Israel ; I am Jehovah thy
God which teacheth thee to profit, wliich leadeth thee by the way thou
Bhouldest go," Isa. xlviii. 17. " With everlasting kindness will I have
mercy on thee, f>aith Jehovah thy Redeemer, Isa. iv. 8. " Their Re-
deemer is strong, Jehovah of Hosts is His Name," Jer. 1, 34. " I am
thy God fi-om tho land of Egypt, and thou shalt know no God but Me,
for there is no Saviour Beside Me," Hos. xiii. 4. " Thus saith Jeho-
vah, that formed thee O Isi»el, fear not, for I have redeemed thee,"
Isa. xliii. 1. '* Be strong, fear not ; behold your God will come with ven-
geance, even God with a recompense, he will come and save you," Isa.
XXXV. 4. " The Lord Jehovah is my strength and my song, he also is
become my salvation," Isa. xii. 2. " Behold Jehovah God shall come
■nrS-fVk a4~ifr\'r\rv a4-fr\'%\rv l^oit^ <k'«^/1 TJia at*rrk aliall tviilrk -Prtt* TTit¥\ TTa aVioll fckcx/^
rr t \'f : r^i: t ■» ' f ^ f *■ r ' ' t * ^ ••-•■(?-»j ••••••• •#•>■• --•••• «>« *>.f« | t l*t«. ■*.. .^..^.^ •■... .•.>...■. .......
his flock like a shepherd." Isa. xl. 10, 11. The Saviour lays claim to this
title, John x. 11. " Let tlie words of my mouth, and the meditation of ray
heart, be acceptable in thy sight O JehovaH, my strength, and my
Redbemeu," Ps. xix. 14. " But God shall Redeem ray soul from the
power of the grave, he will receive me," Ps. xlix. 16. " I will also praise
thee with the psaltery, even tliy truth, O my God ; unto thee will I sing
with the harp, O thou Holy One of Isrtiel. My lips shall greatly rejoice
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
433
Jla. aVioll taati
when T sing unto thee ; and my soul, which thou hast reoeemed," Ph.
Ixxi. 22, 23. " For God is my King of old, working salvation in the midst
of tlie earth," Ps. Ixxiv. 12. " Tliey remembered that G(»D was tlieir Rock,
and tlie high God tlieir Redeemek," Ps. Ixxviii. 35. " I will praise thee
O Jehovah my God,— thou hast del vered my smii from the lowest hell,"
Ps. Ixxxvi. 12, 13. " Bless Jehovah, O my soul, and foiget not all his
benetlts, who redeemeth thy life from destruction : who crowiieth tliee
with loving-kindness and tender mercies," Ps. oiu. 2-4. " Let Israel
hope in Jehovah, for with Jehovah there is mercy, and with him is
plenteous redemption, and he shall redeem Israel from all his iniquities,"
Psa. cxxx. 7-8. " O God Jehovah, the strenqth of my salvation, thou
hast covered my head in tlie day of battle," Ps. cxi. 7. By which is signitied
humble acknowledgment that redemption, protection, and consequently
deliverance from hell, are from the Lobd alone, •* O give thanks unto
Jehovah, for he is good, for his mercy endureth forever, Let the redeemed
of Jehovah say so, whom Iw hath redeemed from the hand of the enemy,"
Ps. cvii. 1-2. " Jehovah liveth ; and blessed be my rock ; and let the
God of my salvation be exalted," Ps, xviii. 46. " Ancl they remembered
that God was their Rock, and the high God their Redeemer," Ps. Ixxviii.
35. They forgot God their Saviour, which had done great things in
Egypt," Ps. evi. 21. " The salvation of tlie righteous is of Jehovah ; he
is tlieir strength in tlie time of trouble," " Truly in Jehovah our God is
the salvation of Israel," Jer, iii, 23. In the New Testament. James calls
our Blessed Redeemer, the " Lt)RD of glory." Tlie Lord of glory can be
none other than the King of glory. "Who is this King of glorj' ?
Jehovah of Hosts, he is tiie King of glory," Ps, xxiv. 10. In Rev. xix.
16, the Lord as to the Word, is described as having on his vesture and
on his thigh, a name written, King of Kings, and Lord of Lords.
This sacred truth is re-echoeil by Paul when he declared Chiist to be
♦' The blessed and only Potentate, the King of Kings, and Lord of Lords,
wJio only hath immortality," 1 Tim.vi. 15. Elsewhere he says, "For of
him, and by him, and through him are all things ; to whom be glory for-
ever. Amen. •Jehovah thy God in the midst of thee is mighty, he
WILL save, he will rejoice over thee with joy," Zeph. iii. 17, " I will
rejoice in Jehovah, I will jov in the God of my salvation," Hab. iii. 18,
*' I will look unto Jehovah, I will wait for tiie God of my salvation ; my
God shall hear me," Micah, vii. 7, " llie voice of him tJi'at crieth in the
wilderness, Prepare ye the way of Jehovah, make straight in the
desert a highway for our God. Every valley sUllll be exalted, and every
mountain and hill shall be made low,*' Isa. xi. 3-4. , By which is denoted
the mission of John the Baptist in preparing the way for Christ's Advent
by the preaching of repentance and remission of sins, at a time when
there were no truths left in the Church but what were falsified and made
of none eifect by vain traditions. Every such Church is truly a desert, in
any age or nation.
In the sublime vision described bv Isaiah, chap, vi,, the prophet relates
that the seraphim cried, '• Holv,holv, holy Jehovah of Hosts, the whole
earth is full of his glory." The message given to Isaiah at that time is
quoted hi John xii. 38, 41. where it is written, "These things spake
Esaiiiri, when he saw His glory, and spake of Him," and the apostle
applies the whole as having reference to the Incarnate God in the person
of the Blessed Saviour then on eai-th. The Hebrew term, Jehovah,
retained in the above passages, is always expressive of self existence, un-
derived Being, and the Divine principle as to Love, while the term, God,
is predicated of, and covrespoiiiis to, the Divine principle as to Wisdom,
or, what is the same. Truth, which always emanates or proceeds from
the former, as light proceeds from fire or heat. It was as the Divine
lYuth, or the AVord, tliat the Loud was made flesh and dwelt among^us,
but still he did not separate from Himself the Divine Good or Love,
denoted by the Father, As previously stated, this existed in Him in but
a comparatively small degree at the first, and glorification was a gradual
work, extending over the whole of lus earthly life, progressing only as
what was meteiy human was cast out, or made " perfect through suffer-
ings," until at last He comprehended in His glorious Person *' all the
fulness of the Godhead bodily," and became God even as to His Human-
ity, having all power in heaven and earth. To have all power is to possess
28
434
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
nothing leas than exclusive and supremo Divinity, and notliwithstanding
tlie dwnlorablo fact that this heavenly doctrine is not recognized in the
Srevaifing ( 'hurch, still it is tlie veriest truth in the universe, that He was
\G great Jehovah, or '• God manifest in the flesh," [1 Tim. iii. 16,] and
also " over a/l God blessed for ever," Rom. ix. 5, for *• by Him were all
things created that are in heaven and that are in earth, visible and invis-
ible, whether they be tliroues. or dominions, or principalities or powers ;
all things were created by Him and for Him, and He is ftM>re all thinys,
and by Him all thinos consist," Col. i. l«i, 17. With all tliis evidence
before us we may well unite with Jude in saying, " To the «m/yy wise God
ot'K Saviouk, be glory and majesty, dominion and power, both now and
ever. Amen."
We may see from the above passatrea as in the very light of heaven, the
great and glorious truth tlmt the Blessed Jksus is Jehovah, the God
OF Heaven and Earth, the Lokd of Glory, the First and the
LA8T, THE AlIGHTY GOD, THE EVERLASTING FATHER, THE CREATOR
OP All things, the Redeemer op the World, God manifest in
THE Flesh, the Kino t)F Kings and Lord of Lords over all, God
BLESSED for EVER, A JUST GOD AND A SAVIOUR, BESIDES WHOM
there is none else, and as such is entitled to our exclusive
Love and Adoration.
The Lord the Only Object op Worship.— We will now proceed to
conclude the grateful task of shewing that the Blessed oesus is the
only OnIly True Object of worship, and as such, ought to be recognized
in the Ch.irch, and by evei-y human being. In doing this we do not anti-
cipate any objections from professed Christians, when we say it would be
quite safe to emulate the example of the Apostles on earth and that of
tlie angels in heaven. After our Blessed iiedeemer had ascended up on
high, it is written that he sat down " on the right hand of God." By this
is signilied, that He even as to His Humanity took possession of Divine
Omnipotence, having " all power giver, unto Him in heaven and earth,"
for in Him dwelt all the fulness of the Godhead bodily, "jCoI. ii. 9.
After the ascensiou, it is written concerning the disciples, " And tliey
worshipped him, and returned to Jerusalem with gi-eat joy." We rend
further that " they lifted up their voice with one accord and said. Lord
thou art GoDj which hast made heaven and earth, and the sea, and all
that in tliera is," Acrtis iv. 24. And Stephen died, " calling upon God, and
saying. Lord Jesus recey^e my spirit," Acts vii. 59.
Concerning worship iiPheaven, we read tliat " the four and twenty
elders [by whom are signitied the superior angelic powers], fell down
before Him that sat on the throne and worshipped Him that liveth for
ever and ever, and cast their crowns before the throne, saying, Tliou art
worthy O Lord to receive glory and honor and power; for thou hast
created all things and for thy pleasure they are and were created," Rev.
iv. 10, 11. Chapter v. ver. 10, records that " the four beasts and four and
twenty eldere, [signifying the hosts in the superior hesivens], fell (Jown
before the Lamb, aud gave utterance to the sublime glorification recorded
in ver. 9, 10. "And they sung a new song, saying, Thou art woi-thy to take
the Book and to open the seals thereof ; for Thou wast slain, and hast
redeemed us to God by Thy blood out of every kindred, and tongue, and
people, and nation ; and hast made us unto our God kings and priests,
and we shall reign on the earth," " And they sung a new song," signifies
an acknowledgment and glorification of the Lord, that He Sloue is tlie
Judge, Redeemer and Saviour, thus the God of heaven and earth. These
things are contained in the song which they sung, and the things tliey
contain are also signified, as an acknowledgment that the Lord is the
Judge in this : " Thou aii; worthy to take tlie Book and to open the seals
tiiereof." That He is the Redeemer in this, "For Thou wast slain and
hast rcdcciucd as to God by Thy blood," that lie is the Saviour in Lids,
" Thou hast made us unto our God kings and priests, and we shall reign
on the earth," by which is signified, that from the Loud they are in wis-
dom from Divine truths, and in love from Divine good, for all such are
spiritual kings and priests, and will be in His kingdom. He in them, and
they in Him : that He is the God of heaven and earth, in this: " They fell
«iown and worshipped Him that liveth for ever and ever," see ver. 14.
Lluce tlie acknowledgment of the Lord alone as the God of heaven and
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
435
h withstanding
:)giiized in the
e, that He waa
1. iii. 16,] and
r Him were afi
ible and invis-
ies or powers ;
fore all things,
tliis evidence
imlji wise God
tjoth now and
of lieaven, the
A AH, THE God
rst and the
:hk Creator
manifest in
vvM ALL, God
CSIDES whom
;k exclusive
low proceed to
oesus is tlie
be recognized
e do not anti-
ay it would be
th and tliat of
cended up on
od." By this
ion of Divine
n and earth,"
1. ii. 9.
!S, " And tliey
>y." We rcMd
a said, Lord
! sea, and all
pon God, and
r and twenty
•s], fell down
hat liveth for
dng, Tliou art
for thou hast
reated," Rev.
and four and
!n8],/t!^^ (Jovm
tion recorded
/orthyto take
ain, and hast
d tongue, and
i and priests,
)ng," signifies
) alone is tlie
earth. These
le things tliey
J Lord is the
)pen the seals
?ast slain and
iviour in tliirt,
ive shall reign
ey are in wis-
all such are
in them, and
i\ *< They fell
" see ver. 14.
)f heaven and
earth, and of the Divinity of His Humanity,
could He be avlled a Redeemer and Saviou^Was not before in the Church',
and that in no other way
It IS called aiihw song. After this it is recorded that ton thousand times
ten tliousand and thousands of tliousands, were heard naying, with a loud
voice.; Worthy Is the Lamb that teas slam, to receive power, and riches,
and wisdom, and strength, and honour and glorv, and blessing," denoting
confession and gloriflcation from the heart, by the angels of the inferior
heavens, that to the Lord's Divine Humanity belong Omnipotence, Om-
niscience, Divme good, Divine truth, and all felicity, " And evei-y creature
which is in heaven, anil on the earth, and under the earth, and such as
are in the sea, and all that are in them heard I saying. Blessing, and
honour, and glory, and power, be unto Him who s^teth upon the throne,
and unto the Lamb for ever and ever," ver. 13. By wluch is signiticd.
confession and glonhcation by the angels of the lowest heavens, that in
tlie Lord from eternity and thence in His Divine Humanitv, is the all of
heaven and the church, Divine g(Jod, and Divine truth, and t)ivine power,
and from Him m those who are in heaven and the church, " After tliia I
Iteheld, and lo a great multitude which no man could number, of all
nations, and tribes and tongues, 8too<» before the throne and b*jfore tlie
Lamb, clothed with white robes with palms in their hands; and cried
witli a loud voice, saying, " Salvation to our God that sittetli upon the
throne, and to the Lamb," chap. vii. 9, 10. To cry with a loud voice signi-
ties an acsknowledgment froui the heart that the Lord is their Saviour.
"Salvation to our (iOD that sitteth upon the throne, and to the Lamb," si*'-
inlies that the Lord is Salvation itself, and that the salvation of all is from
Him, tJius that He is their Redeemer and Saviour. By Him that sitteth
upon the throne, and the Lamb, is meant tlie Lord alone ; bv Him that
sitteth upon tlie throne His Divinity from which He came forth ; and by
the " Lamb," His Divine Humanity. That one Be'ng is meant, may bo
seen conhrmed by ver. 17, where the Lamb is described as being in tlie
mulst of the tlirone. " And aU the angels stood round about the throne,
and about the ||,lers and the four- beasts, and fell down before God on
their faces and^orshipped God, saying. Amen, P essing, and glory, and
wisdom, and thanksgiving, and honour, and power, and might, be unto
^^^ 'l^^ ,\ ^^^^ ^"^ ®^'®^' Amen," ver. 11 , 12. Bv this great company is
sigmhed all m the universal heaven: " And fell before the throne on
tbeir faces and worshipped God," signifies their humiliation, and from
humiliation, adoration of the Lord. " Blessing, and glory, and wisdom,
and thanksgiving," signifies the divine spiritual things of tlie Lord ; "And
honour, and power, and might," signifies the Divine celestial things of
the Lord; "BeumoourGoD forever and ever," signifies these things
in tlie 1^0 RD, and from the Lord to eternitv. "And there were great
voices in heaven, saying, The kingdoihs of the world are become the king-
doms of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign for ever and
tu^^Av, ^^1' ^^' ■^^' signifies celebration by the angels, because heaven and
tbe Church are become the Lord's as they were from the beginning, and
because they are now in subjection also to His Divine Humanity, conse-
quently that now, both as to His Humanitv and Divinity, the Lord will
reign over heaven and the church to eternity. " And the four and twenty
elders, that sat before God on their thrones, fell on their faces, and wor-
smpped God," ver. 16, signifies an acknowledgment bv all the angels of
heaveii, that the Lord is the God of heaven and earth, and supreme
adoration: saying. " We give thee thanks, O Lord God Almiohtv, who
art, who wast, and who art to come." ver. 17, signifies a confession and
glorification by the ang-els of heaven, that it is the Lord who is, who has
lite and power from Himself, and who rules all things, because He alone
18 eternal and infinite; "because thou hast taken thy great power and
lltlSt reicrnfid " var 17 aifTTiifiiia tVip ii"«v Vo"-""*^ ^-.^A +T,„ ~.^^. i-i-u,. v i,
tJiey acknowledge Him to be the onlv God. " And they sing the song of
Moses, the servant of God, and the song of the Lamb, Rev. xv. 3. 4, signi-
fies a confession grounded in charity, and in a life accordhig to the com-
mandments of the Law. which is the decalogue, and in a belief in the
invinity of the Lord's Humanity; saving, "Great and marvellous are
iny works, Lord God Almighty," signifies that all things in the world,
in Heaven, and in the Church were created and made by the Lord, from
x»ivine love by Divine Wisdom. " Just and true are Thy ways, Thou
436
ON CORRESrONDKNCES, AC.
King of saints," sicnitloa thakflU things wliicli proceed from Tllm are jnst
and true, because Re is Divffll good and Diviiie trntli in heaven and In
tlie Ohiirch ; " Who sliall not fear Tlieo, O Lcuin, and glorify Tliv name,"
signifies that He alone is to be loved and worshipped; " For 'JMiou only
ait Ijoly," signifies that He is tlie Word, the truth, and the illumination.
*' For all nations slnill come and worship before Tliee," signilies tliat all
who are in the goo<l of love and cliaritv. will acknowledge the Ia)RU to be
tlie only God. '• For Thy judgments are made manifest," signitles tliat
the truths of the Word plainly testify it. •• Antl.a voice came out of tlie
tlirone. saying. Praise our God, all ye His servants, and ye tJiat fear Him,"
liev. xix. 6, signilies iiifiux from tlie Loud into heaven and consecpient
unanhnity of tlie angels, that all who are in the truths of faith and goods
of love should woi'shin the LoBi) as the only God of heaven. "Both
small and great," sijipiifles tho^e who in a greater or lesser degree worship
the LoKD from tlie truths of faith and goo<i8 of love. " And 1 heard as it
were the voice of a great multitude, and as the voice of many waters, and
as the voice of many thunders, saving, Alleluia ! for the Lord God
Omnipotent reigneth," ver. 6, signilies the joy of the angels of the
lowest heaven, of the angels of the middle heaven, and of the angels
of the highest heaven; because the Loud alone reigns in the Church
wldch is now about to come, signilied by the Bride the Lamb's wife, or
tlie new Jerusalem mentioned in ver. 7, 8, and chap. xxi. 2.
In order to banish all doubt as to who is meant by the term " God," in
these passages, we quote the testimony of the Blkrsfd JEsrs in liev.
xxi. 6, 7: "And He said unto me, It is done." signifies that it is Divine
trutli. " I am Alpha and Omega, the Beginning and the End." signilies,
tliat the Lord is the God of heaven and earth, and that all things in the
heaven and earth were made by Him, and are governed by His Divine
Providence and done according to it. V I will give unto him that is athirst
of the fountain of the water of life freely " signifies tliat to those who
desire truths from any spiritual use, the Lori> will give from Himself
through the Word. " He that overcometh Bh.all inlierit tM things; an<l I
WILL BE HIS God, and he shall be my son," signifies that they who over-
come evil in themselves, that is, the devil, or the love of self and tlie
world, and do not yield or sink in temptatioi b. will go to heaven, and
tliere live in the Lord and tlie Lord in them. This is the testimony of
Jksus. Let it be supplemented by the testimony of the angel: "Fear
not ; for behold I bring yon good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all
people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David, a Saviour,
which is Christ the Lord," Luke ii. 10, U. That our Blessed Lord
received Divine honours and worship when on earth may be seen. Matt.
ix. 18, xiv. 33, xv. 28, xxviii. 9, Mark i. 40, v. 22, vii. 25, x. 17, Luke xvii. 15,
17. See " Apocalypse Revealed" for full details.
It is known from the science of correspondences that such meanings
are actually involved in the above mentioned passages of Scripture, yea,
and much more, for each expression being from a Divine origin embodies
within itself infinitely more than man or angel can ever comprehend.
But we have seen enough to convince us that the I.1ORD is in very deed
the supreme God of heaven and earth, in whom is the Divine Tiinity of
Father, Son. and Holy Spirit. " Now the Lord is that Spirit, and where
the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty," 2 Cor. iii. 17. Go then, my
friend, to this Saviour God, who once for your sake became " a .n an of
sorrows and acquainted with grief," serve Him by obeying His command-
ments, draw near to Him at all times with humility, love, and faith
unfeigned, for He will have mercy, and you will "hear a word behind
you, saying. This is the way. walk ye in." Isa. xxx. 21. In the face of all
this evidence, we cannot fail to understand the import of His words to
the beloved disciple. " Pear not. I am the First and the Last."
False Views of The Atonement.— We woidd call attention to the
ominous silence which pervades not only the above passages of Scripture,
but also the entire Word, respecting the doctrine which we hear thunder-
ed forth from so many pulpits, regarding a Son of God born from eternity,
called tlie Second Peraon of the Trinity, who came into Oie world in order
to satisfy what is called the vindictive justice of the first Person, and ap-
pease his wrath and vengeance against the human race on account of the
violation of his law of which they were guilty, by taking on himself that
ON CORUESPONDENCES, «&C.
437
irim are just
leaven nnd in
i Thy name,"
^or Thou only
ilhiniiiiation.
nities that all
le Loud to be
8ignifie8 tliat
me out of tlie
at fear Him,"
li conHetiuent
Ith and goods
Lven. " Both
jgree worwliip
1 1 heard a» it
y waters, and
3 L<)Bi> God
,ngelB of the
of the angels
i the Church
MB'8 wife, or
■m '« God," in
ZBVH in itev.
ititi8]>ivine
ul." HignilieH,
things in the
y^ His Divine
that is athirnt
to those who
rom Himself
hings; and I
ey who over-
self and tlie
heaven, and
testimony of
mgel: " Fear
shall be to all
, a Saviour,
lessed Lord
e seen. Matt.
Luke xvii. 15,
eh meanings
iripture, yea,
gin embodies
comprehend,
in very deed
le Tiinity of
it. and where
Go then, my
le *' a .N an of
is command-
e, and faith
word behind
tie face of all
lis words to
ention to the
of Scripture,
lear thunder-
rom eternity,
'^orld in order
rson, and ap-
jcount of the
himself that
punishment, which would otherwise have descended on the sinner, tho
impU(!atiou being, that the attnbiitos and iMjrfoctions of God the Father
rendered it hnposHil)le for him to forgive <^ sinner until the majesty of
his outragetl law wfis vindicated and satisilcd to Uio uttermost, by' the in-
fliction of ade(iuate punishment either on the innocent, or on the guilty
The great majority of professing Christians retain this belief, together
with the doctrine of tliree <ilstinct Persons in the Godliead, most of us hav-
ing been educated in it from our infancv, and ho are not to blame in con-
sequence, more especially jis these doctrines are usually held up as an in-
explicable mystery wldcli it is almost a profanation either to investigate
or dispute. A man under such circumstances is not to blame for holding
tlds Ixilief in ignorance, simplicity and innocence, even although it is un-
scriptural, for lie will be instructed in the real truth in the next world, if not
in this, and if his heart is good he will receive it most giatef uUy, for good-
ness always desires truth and uiuon with it. But, if, on the other liand, a man
shoidtlsay that since Christ obeyed tlie lawforhimand sulferedin his room
and stead, therefore he is atlibertytodoashe pleases, andforth with carries
that thought into action by plunging into a career of knoimi crll and
wickedness, under the belief that everything will be set right at last by a
simple cry for mercy, and a " Lord save me," uttered on his death bed.
wonderful, he goes there of his own accord. The power and love of evil
draws him there. This is what we are forewarned to fear, I^uke xil. 5. Jt
is not God who sends him there, for it is impossible for Him who is Merey
itself, to damn any one. The " Loud is qond to all, and his tender mer-
cies .are over all His works,'" thus even to "the lowest hell. The true reason
is " Ye will not come, unto me that ye may have life." " Your iniquities
have separated between you and your (iOD, and your sins have hid his
face from you." To return to the question of Uie Trinity, as commonly
received, it is impossible to suppress the enquiry, why is it that the seconil
and third Pei-saHsof the Trinity, as described by this scheme (the attributes
and perfections of each person being essentially the same), have not, or do
not put forth an equal claim with the lirst person, to f idl, perfect, and com-
plete satisfaction on ac(!Ount of their violated law ? Yet here we have them
described as not only putting forth no such claims, but the second person
pleasure of the lli-st person.
The True Doctrine.— One Doctrine of th.at new Dispensation which
cometh down from God out of heaven, drawn from the Word, is, that God
IS Mercy Itself and Love itself, and that wrath, fury, anger and vengeance
are as far removed from the Divine nature as heaven is from hell, yea,
and infinitely farther. These are qualities which could not consistently
be ascribed to a good man, because he would not be good if he possessed
them, wherefore it is blasphemy to ascribe them to God. O when will man-
kind learn that it was loiie, love, unutterable, Infinite Loiw, that brought
our Heavenly Father into the world to save and" redeem His erring cliil<i-
ren at the very period when they were about to be engulfed in eternal
rum through the undue preponderance of the powera of hell over man-
kind. Most true it is that " God .so lorcd the vnrld that he gave his only
begotten Son that whosoever believetli in Him should not perish, but have
everlasting life," John iii. 16. most true that " In His love and in His pity
he redeemed us," Isa. xiii. 9, for " God was in Christ reconciled .and re-
conciling guilty siiuiei-s to Himself," being moved to that infinite conde-
scention by a " love which passeth knowledge," Eph. iii 19. Zacharias
spoke t!ie trsith when he f^aid. " BlogfJcd bo the Lord God of I-v^-mI, for
he hath visitrd and redeemed His people." Luke i. 18 ; also aged Simeon,
when he said " Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, ac-
coniing to tliy word, for mine eyes have seen thy salvation," Luke ii., 29-.' 0.
This was said of the only Begotten Son of God (born of the virgin) in
whom was the Father, of whom it was written, '* Behold a virgin shaU
conceive and bear a son, aud shall call his name Immanuel," Isa. vii. 14.
Y®8> joyful thought. He was indeed and now is, God with us, so that
438
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
all vm\ HJiy " Lo, thlH Ib our Oon, we havo waited for lHm, wo will ho plad
and roioioe in lilrt Halvatioiigl The HiiffeiiiigH of Chiint were great, be-
yond all hninan eomprohoiiHioK, and they were endured solely on our ac-
count and for our Halvatlon, hut not to natisfy or npnease the wrath of any
one. but to natlHfy 11 in own J)ivine Love, for thai (leHiroH nothing in com-
partflon with man's nalvation. and tliat it may communicate all ilH fulness
of joy and unspeakable delight to every soul it has created. It is thus
that " (lod connnendeth flis Love toward us, in that while we were yet
sinners (Jhrist died for us," Kom. v. 8. And not only so, but " we also joy
in God through our JjOUO Jkhi's Cukist, by whom WK have nowr(!<;eived
the atonement," ver. 11. It is thus seen that it is we who received the
atonement, not God, as is commonly supposed. It is man who wont
astray, became wicked, and tluis became an enemy and needed reooncili-
Rtion, at-ono-ment. or beinc brought atrone or In agreement with his
jVlnkor. And tliis that Intlnlte Love tlmt never slumbers nor sleeps, has
been incessantly endeavouring to do ever since man declined from good-
ness, for it followed him step by step in his downward career, until at the
veiy moment when hell w.as about to claim him for her own, the great
JiMTOVAH assumed the Hunuiidty, tlius supnlylng the last link of the
golden chain which was thent^eforward to nnlte God more «losely to His
erring children, and enable Him to become their Saviour. In this Hu-
manity He enco intered the i^)owers of hell, and executed a judgment in
tlie spiritual world, on those infernal hosts who were infestlnf^ and obses-
sing mjjnkind, tlie indwelling Divinity sust-aining the Humanity, and en-
abling it to overcome in the midst of combats, temptations and sufferings
so dreadful that it is impossible for tlie mind of man to conceive of them,
among the last being the temptations in tlie garden, and on the cross.
]Many of these combats are described in the internal sense of the word in
tlie following, and many other places which cannot be mentioned here by
reason of their abundance : Ps. xviii. xxii. xxxv., xl. 1, 2, v. 1,6, Ixix.,
cii. 1, It, cxxx. I, 21. Isa. liii., lix. 11, 1!». Ixiii. 1, 6. Ixiv. I, 13., Mai. iv., 1,
3. Matt, iv, 1, 10, xxvi. 38, 44, Mark. 13. Luke xxii., 42,U, John xiv. 30,
xvi, 33. In these passages, tlie temptations, combats, aiW victories refer-
red to are described in a Divine manner by mere correspondences, each
f)OssesBing an internal or spiritual meaning. These are some of the ways
11 wliich the " kindness and love of God our Saviour toward man appear-
ed," Titus iii. 1, " This is the true (5od and eternal life," 1 John v. 20, and
the Beiuilicent Being whose kindness we are exhorted to imitate, '* by for-
giving one another even as God in Christ hath forgiven us," Ej^ies. iv,
32. Tliis is tlie liglit translation of the passage. In the English Bible it
reads, *' even as God for Christ's sake hath forgiven you," but this sense
Is unscripturtil, and does not exist in the original. The prevalent custom
of asking mercies from Goi> for Christ's sake is the result of ignorance re-
dardiiig the true God in the mind of the worshipper, Avho in such a case is
actually thinking of two or three Gods, althougli he does not say so with
his lips. " Save us for Thy name's sake," and •' K< deem us for Thy mer-
cies sake." are common expressions in the Word. The great tlEHOVAH,
whom we have seen to be none other than CuniST Himself, says " I, even
I, am He that blotteth out thy "transgressions for mine own sake," " What-
Boever ye ask in my name, I will do it," and thus it always is.
Much of thk "Word Wuittek According to Appearances.—
Tlie question will now be asked, if these statements are true, how does it
come that wrath, anger, an<l vengeance are so frequently ascribed to God
ill the Word ? The answer is that these expressions contain appearances
of truth, but not the real truth. Many thintis are thus expressed in the
"iVord. It speaks of the rising of the sun aiul the going down of the same,
because it appears to do so. It tells us to pluck out our right eye and cut
oif our right hand, if they offend us. It ti^ls us to take no thought for
fsiiv life v/h.n.t we. p.h.all eat or what we shall drink, or for our body, what
we shall put on. Does any man in his senses act thus? It tells us that it
is almost impossible for a rich num to enter heaven. It tell us that (Christ
came not into the world to promote peace on the earth, but rather division,
when nevertheless He is tlie Prince of Peace. It tells us that unless a
man hates his father, and mother, an.d wife and children, and brothei-s, and
sistei-s, yea and Ids own life also, he cannot -lie Christ's disciple. JSveiy
one knows that these expressions tire not to be understood literally, and
will bo glnd
«r« gieat, be-
ely OH our ac-
) wratli of any
IbiiiK in coni-
all ilH fulneH8
il. It iH thuB
we were yet
; " we alrto joy
nowr(!<;oived
received tbe
an who went
ided reooncili-
lent with his
or HleepH, Iuvh
Bd from Rood-
r, nntil at the
wn, the great
t link of the
ttlosely to HIh
In this Hu-
, jndgnient in
[rxfr and ol)se8-
anity, and en-
and BulTerings
ceive of them,
on the croBfl.
of the word in
■ioned here by
, V. 1, fi, Ixix.,
3., Mai. iv., 1,
John xiv. 30,
victories refer-
ndences, each
le of the ways
1 man appear-
olin V. 20, and
itate, '* byfor-
," Ej^ies. iv.
iglish Bible it
but tluK Hense
k'alent cnstom
: ignorance re-
, finch a case is
ot say so with
9 for Thy nier-
jat Jehovah,
says "I, even
sake," "M'halr
8.
»EAKANf!ES.—
le, how does it
icribed to God
n appearances
pressed in the
'11 of the same,
lit eye and cut
10 thought for
>nr body, what
.tells US that it
I us that Christ
ather division,
that unless a
1 brothere, and
sciple. JSvei-y
I literally, and
ON COIiUICSrONDENCKS, &C.
439
BO it 1h In tho case of anger, wrath and vengeance when Buch qualltloB are
ascril)ed to Clod, l)ut it is most true that to thu wicked ho npiwarH t/) bo
invested with Huch attributes. The chlldie^of Israel are <Iescribed as an
evil and perveifle generation who <lid always err in their heart, and knew
not tlie ways of Jkhovah, Ps. xcv. 10. ITioir vine is described as the
•• vino of Sodotn and of the lields of Goraorrah ; their grapes are grni)es of
call and their clusters art) bitter ; their wine ia the poison of flragons, and
the cruel venom of asps," Dout. xxxii 32, \¥A. By these corrcspou'lences
is descrilied a most intense degree of wickedness, as pertaining to the in-
t<!riorB of that people. Wo lind in consetiuence of UiW, that at the giving
of the Law on Mount Sinai, that " tlie glory of Jehovah was like devour-
ing lire in tho eyes of Uie <;hildien of Israel," Ex. xxiv, 17. On the other
hand, when Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abiliu and seventy of the elders
of Israel (aevenly, as well as seven, in the Word, are numbers wliich are
expressive of hoIinesB, or what is good or sacred), ascended into the moun-
tain, ♦♦ tliey saw the God of Israel ; and tliero was under his feet, as it
were, a paved work of a saitphire stone, and as it were tlie body
of heaven in clearness," ver. 10. Now mark tlio contrrst, tlie great
Jkhovah was seen under tliese various aspects altogi^tiior accoitling
to the state, of the different spectatoi-s. It was only tlie " wicked
and slotlif ul servant." who possessed the " evil eye " by which he pert^eiv-
ed his Lord to be a luird man. reaping where he had not sown, and gather-
ing where he ha<l not strewed," Matt. xxv. 24. From tills cause proceeds
the cry of the wicked to the mountains and rocks, " Fall on us, and hide
us from the face of Him that sitteth on tlie throne, and from the wrath of
the Lamb," Rev. vi. 16. The Bole cause of his dreadful ai)pearance to
thein, Uyin themselves, not in God, tlius conarming the Divine words,
'• With tlie merciful thou wilt shew thyself merciful ; with an upright
man thou wilt shew thyself upright ; with the pure thou wilt sIm^w thvself
pure ; and with tlie fioward thou wilt shew Ihyself froward," Ps. xvii'i. 25.
26. Thus, when tlie Word declares that the Lord is gracious, and full of
compassion, slow to anger and of great mercy, and says further, *' Fuiy is
not in me," it expresses a real truth, but when in the letter of the Word,
wrath and anger are ascribed to God, it only involves an apparent truth,
for tlie inteiTial sense of the Word teaches, and the regenerated heart of
evei-y child of God will tell him, that the " Loid is good, that His mercy la
everlasting, and that his truth endureth to all generations." It is most
true in every case that it is " evil " which slays the wicked," for the
Divine Love most intensely desires to elevuLe all to heaven, and would
do so in every case, if man would only make use of that free will with
which It has endowed liiiii to choose life and goodness, (for man's willing
co-operation in this case is indispensable), and thus suffer himself to bo
led by the Lord into heaven. The powers of evil are continually press-
ing for admission Into man. desiring nothing more than to destroy hiui
soul and body, and are continually restrained from accomplishing their iii-
fenial work by nothing less than infinite power, but when infinite wisdom,
or the I>ivine providence, perceives that the removal of the wicked is
necessary for the preservation of the gfwd, the law of permission can no
longer l)e withhehl, and evil agents perforin the evil woric, and this actu-
ally appears to be as if done by the Lono, and is so expressed in tho
W Old. '< He slew famous kings, for His mercy endureth for ever." " He
sent evil angels among them," and so on. Many other things are de-
Bcnhed m the Word according to appearances, Biich for instaic e as the
LORD repenting, being grieved at the heart, &c., the internal sense of these
expressions being very different from what appears in the letter.
ORKJiN OP Error in the Church.- Such is the Doctrine of the Lord
as taught in tlie Word, and such was tho doctrine held bv the Apostles and
and the primitive Christian Church (as mav be seen by consulting the
the wntings of the early Fathers)-, iintil the time of tlie comii-il oo«v!r«.'>d
at Nice, in Bithynia, by command of the Emperor Constantjne, A. D. .^2r».
J ms was called for the purpose of repressing the Arian heresy, and a creed,
uie lirst that ever recognized the existence of three distinct Persons in tJie
I nnity, was drawn up by Hosi us of Corduba. at t,he instance of this council
and hence was called the Nicene Creed. What is called tho Athanasiau
creed came out about a century later, but it is now known that A thanasius
never composed it. The assertions and clauns of this last mentioned
440
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC.
f I
(loctiment are really ofltoundlnp. for aflor pnimiHlnR tlmt the dortrino of
tho Trinity iHnnlncoTuprolu'yalnlo injHtory, It forthwltli procewlH toexplaln
or untold th« aIl«)Kc;d uiyHto^, and in tl»» foin-me of thin pretondoil explan-
ation contradict HitHolf at every Btop, and conslgnH to evorlaHting perdi-
tion whoever rofuHOH (o receive or accept IIh very qtumtionabhxlelinltion.
No wonder that ArchhiHhop llHher, and many thouHands Hinco IdH day,
have wlHhed that they were well rid of HiK'h a (!ree«l.
From tho doctrine of 'I'hroe I'erHonM in tho Godhead a8 tauuht by these
creotlH, How many other d(M^trinoHe(iually Inimical to truth, aH for Instance,
that Omi the Father ImputeH the merit and riKhteounneHB of His Hon to
thoHe who believe tliat he died for them, and that ChrlHt havinij obeyed the
law in our room and stead, we are thereby exempted from all obligalion
to obey it except as anoutwaid rule of life, thus nullifying and making of
none effect the spirit luility of thoHe commandmentH of which it is naid,
that " if a man do, he Bhall live in tliem," J.evit. xviii, 5.
It is certainly true that man has, and can have, no goodnesH or righteous-
nesa but what emanateH from the Lokd alone, from which ground he is
CiUled " JKiroVAfT our IIuihteouhnrhh," Jer. xxxiii. 16. It is also true
thattheLoiiD'smetliodof imi)artiiig tills righteouBiieHH involves continual
warfare against evils as sins, on the part of nian, for goodiiess can only
enter as evils are expelled, but this is a very dilferent thing from the
imputation of the Lokd's merit and righteousness, which IsDiviiie, inllnlte,
and eternal, for it is no more possible to ascribe, impute, or adjoin, what is
Divina, Inttnite and eternal to any human being, than it is to clothe him
with the attributes of Omidi>otence, and emi)Ower him to create a
universe. It would be like i)lunging him into a furnace heated sevenfold,
which would consume him in a moment. The righteous Lord can never
recognize any righteousness in a man which has not been Implanted in
his me. Christ says, that he " shall reward every man according to his
works," Matt. xvi. 27, Kev. ii. 2.?. xx. 12, 13, xxii. 12. It is never said
accortilng to his belief, but ac(;ording to his works. " And it shall be our
righteousn-ss if we observed to do all these commandments before Jeho-
vah our God, as He hath commanded us," Deut. vi. 25. "1 command thee
this day to love Jkhovaii thy God, and to keep His commandments and
His statutes and His judgments, that thou mayest live." Deut. xxx. IG.
"Ye shsill command your children to observe to do all the words of this
law. For it is uot a vain thing for you, becanse it is your life," chap.
xxxii. 46,47. Concerning the violation of His law it is written, "O that
they were wise, that they understood this, that they would c<msider their
latter end," ver. 29. And in Isjiiah : "O that thou hadst hearkened to
my commandments, then had thy peace been as a river, and thy righteous-
ness as tho waves of the stva. " chap, xlviii. 18. "I will recompense them
according to tlieir deeds, and according to the works of their own hand. "
•Jer. XXV. 14. ''Tliine eyes are open npon all the ways of the children of
men, to give to every one according to his ways, and according to tho
fruit of his doings," xxxii. 19. "He hath shewed thee, O man, what is
good; and what doth Jehovah require of thee but to do justly, to love
mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God." Micah vi. 8. "According to
our ways and according to our doings, so hath he dealt with us," Zech. 1,
6, "Everyone who heareth these savinis of mine and doeth them, I will
liken him unto a wise man who built his house upon a rock— and every
one who heareth these sayintrs of mine and doeth them not, shall be
likened unto a foolish man who built his house upon the sand." Matt. vii.
24, 26. "And why call ye me Lord, Lord, and do not the things which I
say," Luke vi. 46. " They that have done good shnll come forth to the
resurrection of life," John v. 29, "If ye know these things, happy are ye
if ye do them," John xiii. 17, "Herein is my Father glorified, that .re
bear much fruit," John xv. 8, "Tf ye keen my commandments ye shall
abide in my love," v. 10. "Ye are my friends if ye do whatsoever I
command you." v. 14, "He that hath niy commandments, and keepeth
them, he it Is that loveth me." xiv. 21, "Circumcision is nothing and un-
circumsion Is nothing, but the keeping of the commandments of God,"
1 Cor. vH. 19, "For this is the love of God that we keep His command-
ments, and His commandments are not grievous," 1 John v. .3, "Ye see
tlien how by works a man is justified and not by faith oidy," James ii.
24c When it is said "that a man is justified by faith, without the deeds of
ON CORRESrONnHNCES, &C.
411
he dootrino of
;emlHtf»exi)lalit
tOIMl(MltiXpl)lll-
rlHHtlng perdi-
iibhxhttinitioii.
Hiiice hlH day,
iuuht by these
an for InHtiince,
of HiH Son to
iiiij obeyed the
1 all obllKiitlon
nndniakliift of
hldt it 18 Mild,
BH or rigliteoufl-
1 ground he in
ItlH alHo true
olveu continual
Inosrt can only
hinc from tlie
)ivliie,inlinite,
acljoin, what ia
to clothe him
a to create a
sited sevenfold,
DRD can never
I im])lanted in
Bcording to his
is never said
it shall be our
before Jeiio-
command thee
landmenta and
)eut. XXX. IG.
> words of this
ar life," chap,
ritten, ''O that
[ consider their
i hearkened to
I thy righteous-
ompense them
irown hand,"
;he children of
cording to the
man, what is
justly, to love
"According to
1 ns," Zech. 1 ,
th them, I will
ck— and every
not, Hhall be
iid," Matt. vii.
things which I
e forth to the
». happy are ye
)rified, that .ye
ncnts ye shall
whatsoever I
, and keepeth
)thing and un-
ents of God."
His command-
V. 3, "Ye see
ly," James ii.
at the deeds of
the law," Rom. HI. 2», wo are to underHtniid this pasflage m having solo
r«;ferenco to tlm liiw of outward clrcunu'lHion and external wuHhliit^s antl
purifyingH, wliich being merely reprcsentallve riU-s, wem nboUwhed by the
coming ol Christ, H«!e v. .■«>. ActH xvi. l-'.'4. In what was willton to the
seven churches in Asia (by wluMn in repn-sented the Church of Chri^t as
to every |>o«Hlble state) thn Searcher of heartn Htates in «nch and every
case, "I know thy works," and rewards are jtroniiscd to lhos«i who over-
come evilrt in ttiemselves. or, what, is the same, obey tlie commandments.
These rewards are describtid in a figurative manner by correspondences,
whii-.h in the internal sense are signiUcative of every variety of heavenly
joy, and siipreme felicity.
Itegarding the ha|)i)iu(;HH of heaven, we quote the following from the
writings of tliirt illumined author:
"It is said in heaven, that innocence dwells in wisdom, nnd that tlie
angels have wisdom in proportion as they have innocence. 'J'hat this is
tlie case they contirm from tlicse considerations. That they who are in a
state of innocence attribute nothing of good to theniHelves, but consider
themselves only as receivers and ascribe all to the Loun: that they are
desirous to be led by him, and not by themselves ; that they love every
thing which ip good, and are delighted with every thing wliich is true,
because they know and perceive that to love what is good, thus to will and
do it is to love the Loud, and to love what is true is to love tlieir neigh-
bor; that tliey live contented with what tJiey have, whether It be little or
much, because they know that tliey receive as much as is profitable for
tliem, little if little be profitable, and nuuh if much, and that they them-
selves do not know what is profitable for them, because this is known
onlv to tlie Lord, who hath a view to what is eternal in all the operations
of His providence." " All who are in the good of innocence are aflected by
innocence, and so far as any one is in tliat gootl. so far he is aflected. The
inmost principles of heaven are two, viz.. innocence and peace. They are
tei-med inmost princiifles, because they proceed immediately from the
Loud. Innocence is that piinciple from which is deiived evei-y good of
heaven, and peace is that principle from which is derived all the delight of
heaven. Every good is attended with delight ; and both good and delight
haverelation to love; for whatever is loved is called good. an<l is per-
ceived as delightful ; hence it follows, that those two inmost principles,
innocence and peace, proceed from tlie divine love of the Loud, and attect
the angels from an inmost ground." "The divine sphere of peace in
heaven flows from the Lord, and exists in consequence of his < onjunc-
tion with the angels of heaven, and in particular, in consequence of the
conjunction of good and truth in every angel. These are the origins of
peace, whence n may be evident that peace in heaven is the divine sphere
inmostly affecting with blessedness every principle of good there, thus
acting as the source of all the joy of heaven ; and that in its essence it is
the joy of the Lord's divine love, resulting from His conjunction with
heaven and with every one there. This joy. perceived by the Lord in the
angels, and by the angels from the Loud is peace. Hence, by denvation,
the angels have every blessedness, delight and happiness, or tliat which is
termed heavenly joy." " Eveiy one may know, that when man leaves
the external or natural man he comes into the internal or spiritual ; whence
it may be known that heavenly delight is intemal or spiritual, but not
externnl or natural ; and since it is intemal and spiritual, that it is purer
and more exquisite, and that it affects the interiors of man, which are the
faculties of his soul or spirit." " The delights of heaven are ineflable, and
likewise innumerable. But of those innumerable delight* not one of them
can be known or credited by him who is in the mere delight of the body or
of tlie flesh ; since his interiors look away from heaven aiul towards the
world, that is, backwards. Wherefore, a person of this description would
wonder greatly, if he were only told that there are delights existing when
the delights of honor and gain are removed; and htiU more if he. were
told, that the delights of heaven succeeding in their place are innumera-
ble, and are such tluit the delights of the body and the flesh, which are
chiefly the desires of honor and gain, cannot be compared with them.
Hence, the reason is evident, why it is not known what heavenly joy is."
"The angeli(r life consists in use. and in doing good works from charity.
For nothing is more delightful to the angels than to instruct and teach
442
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
Loi">i for tliey love** their noiiCr inoithn? «.*"'"'"? ^""^«*'« «f ^1'"
tlu8 feeluig exists, tliere Is lierveu Zi i^ h .^ ""'^ ^^^'^^'^
from uHe, and accordliiir to uhh ni- i.. "^m*' ^ "iippinoHB, then, is in une
Beat in the inmost croumlS of «'.«/« ^fn ^««'-ii '««», I>ecau8e It h^HTS
pjuticular of tludr Uim S« iL ''."F '"• '"'^* "»«"«'« i" eveiy
particulMT of U,eir HpeeS an d a,£ ^"''u^^ tJioHe agalai 1„ evmy
expande,! to Uie recepUon of le S A,ui i? ^ ^^, ^^''^ interiore were fully
into all the flbre«, and Uiuh ti.m ffi tifi ^''\''""*^*^'^««'*' "^^'^^^ Is dillusea
lion and senaation are 8uch as to .uinit n'f\?^^''"«t^ ' ^^'«"*'« it« l'« "ep-
inences from tlie i.miost i^S8? ioni i^^^^^ ^om-
propagates itnolf with coS nued an JnSbft n.^ *^ r^\" ^-h^'"' «»tl
toi^vl Hpirlta who are not as vet in tlfSl'K^ exteriors.
up into heaven, when tliov DerP«Jv« rT 1» ^"';, ^'^^'^"se not Jis yet raised
«p]u.reofhi8loVe,ai" tilIeYwiSsm.hd!^!^ «" ""g«l l>y the
;i,«:.7><>'V,tlxrough the sweetnis of 'til seS m '' "! 'i^> •'*." ^ ^f^^^^ "'^
what 18 the nature of Uie deliirhta »? w.„. , V"- / -iliat I might know
i»e by tlie Lokd to perroivo fhem ^i wfr^^^ -"^^^'^ ** ^"^^» l>««» granted
experience, lean lofovrbutnS/aTS^ ^ ?"^^'« I'Hif living
beaaidto.give some idea of tliem it '" L'^"?' ^^''^"""^"^^
delight came as froin the iieart(l?(rn«i,.,r7ii perceived tliat the joy and
ness throujgh all the inmosUuJres u^^^^^^^ ^'^ utmost eoft-
m>re Is as ft were noSinrb. i lo^ "'«tthe
l)erception and «ensatioii theiwZlerived Siili^^ <J^ manner every
'Ihe ,K>y of bodily pleasures, SumedwitHTi'll'*^*^^ H"" ^'■*"" happiness,
puiigentdotcoinparedwiti Si'i^^^^ ^« as a gross and
that when I was Aesirous to t?a sfer 1 ±^^',"5 ^'r^'*'- ^^ was observed
fh,y cannot be i^eparatU ihlhX^^^T^^ ownjnmhlnne ttliaf
more than to do e/il, especially to nfliotnnS '^^""T ^"^^ '^ve nothS
they likewise do evil and inllJt nn i«i?i^ l'^"^"^*^"* *^"*1 torment ; and
tected by the Louu ;' wl leref re w in Lvi? « ""a ^^^7 «"^ ^^'^ '« "ot p?o-
heart, since this rejects from SeKiw^^^^ ^'^ ""^ ^^^i" an Svil
spints rush in upon him who do^u i/ii V^^tection from the Lord, inferinl
is-which is Hieiitioned in he Woid aft^r*^^^ Wni"--What infen.al K
hell, hath as yet boeii known srH^l^ivL^ portion of those who are in
have thought^materiaU^irspecSni^Le tlZT^}^^''^'''} «'^t ^"ankii 1
not being acquainte»i with its 8i.ivt„ait things mentioned in the Word
Imve unSei-stood materi^al fire,TmS,^t«\'^?'i "^^^^ ^y this tire s S
conscience, and some Imve S nS^W i */!' T'^l^^' "^1"^« "^« Pang« of
press the wicked with teiTor '» TMm i. 1 -1* *f "mentioned merely to im-
is Ihe heat .>f his life beoaise in S «„i?'*"^} ^^^^ appertaining to rmn
18 meant in the Word by Tre lo e fo T^i'^^J^ '" \^^«- '^^'^^ heat is what
meant by heavenly lirefand neif k vl nnd'o"" "^''^ »«lghbourly love S g
meant by infernal fire and since su-h W ^'^ ^""''^ «* «'<^ world bei f
hells, tlierefore. likewise when Ihe eL"fp'A?""^ ^^'^ »»■« i" ^lo
f„ ""V ;r!i""^""""^> "^"1 smoke Issiiiuw frnni if o.V'i "' '^^^" ;t sort
fioni buildings on fire. But whenXsM m?/li ' ^^"'iV.as is usuallv seen
i« not seen but in its place aJT SeSco likl""*'?' V"' "^^^^ aPP«i"ance
smoke. It is however to be noS F t1 *it biv . i*" *'ark mass of condensed
immersed in fire, but tliat S^o fiie is in ^^f ,^,^1^*^ are in the hells are not
to flre and all things which ^^^^t^t^S^^^^^^^^^^
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
443
Piripfi: thorn with
lit on thuin from
ml life, and nfter-
|>oHHib]o, tointro-
i:t)8, tliey poneivo
10 lniaK08 of tlio
)lvo8, and whore
, then, is in uhh,
perceived during
" Heavenly joy
eonuse it liaH its
I tlience in every
^e again in every
erioi-8 were fully
hi«h is diiiused
en«o its percep-
; for what com-
from them, and
IS the exteriors,
ot fm yet raised
in angel by Uie
lias It were into
; I might linow
1 boon granted
ave had living
waething shall
at the joy and
die utmost Bof t-
yment, that the
manner every
lom happiness.
18 a gross and
t was observed
lothor, a more
perceived that
following from
8, that by pun-
irs as if it were
om the LoiiD
■nishme t that
love nothing
torjuent ; and
i'ho is not pro-
from an evil
'ORD, infernal
It infernal tiro
le wlio are in
that manliind
in the Word,
ihis tiro some
3 the pangs of
merely to im-
"ing to i;mn
Jieat is what
t'ly love being
world 1)tung
are in tlio
reen ,-* sort
usually seen
apj)earanoe
f condensed
ells are not
«'<)rro8ponds
)ear accord.
iiig to correflpondfiTices.'* " Ah by infernal fire i« meant ©very lust to do
evil llowing from tlie love of self, by it is also meant tormt^nt sufh as has
nlaco in tlie hells. For the lust d(!rived from that love is the lust of hurt-
ing otbei"S who do not honor, venerate and pay court to tlie subjccjt of it ;
and wlien snch lust prevails in ev(uy onti. in a socit^ty wliich is restrained
l)y no external bonds such as tlie fear of tiie law, aiul of tlie loss of repu-
tation, of h»»iu>r, of gain, or of life, every one under the impulse of his
own evil, rushes upon another, and so far as ho prevails, enslaves the rtist
and reduces tliem under his dominion, and from a iirinciplo of deliglit
exercises cruelty toward those who do not submit. All tlie hells ave sucii
societies ; wherefore every one there boars liaLred in his heart against
another, and from hatred l)ursts forth into cruelty, so far as ho prevails."
*' As rebellious disturbances constantly exist there, since every one tljcro
desires to b(j greatest, and l)urns witli hatred against others, hence come
new outrages. Thus one sciuio is (;lianged for another; whonsfore tliey
who had been made slaves are taken out to lielp some new devil to subju-
gate others; when they who do not sulimit. ami yield im[)li(lt obedience,
are ngnin tonnented by various methods, and so tlioy go on continually.
Such tonnents are. the torments of hell, wlilch are called infonial lire."
Besides these general miseries, in tlie lirst volume of the Arcana ( 'aikatia,
are ilescribed a number of specille inliictions wiiich follow tlie perpetra-
tors of various crimes.
Concerning the medium of sfilvation. we note from the JpocalypHP,
IJxpiahii'd, Ko. HO.S : "It is known that fai.Ji grounded in love is the
essential medium of salvation, and that hence it is the (ihiof thing of tlio
doctrine of the Church, but inasmuch as it irt of importance to know how
man may be in illustration, so as to learn the truths which must constitute
his faith, and in all'ection so as to do the goods wliicih must constitute
his love, and tlius may know whether his faith be the faith of truth, and
his love the love of good, tliis will be sliown in its or<ler; which is tlus, 1.
Let a man road the VVord every day, one or two chapters, and learn from
a competent teacher, and from iiroachings, the doctrines of his religion ;
and especially, lot him loam that God is one, that the Lord is the God of
heaven and earth (»lobn ill., 35; Chap. xvii. 2, Matt. xi. 27; Chap, xxviii.
18) ; that he Word is holy, that there U a heaven and a hell, and that
there is a life after death. 2. Let him learn from the Word, from a com-
petent teacher and from preachings, what works are sins, and that they
are especially adulteries, thefts, murders, false testimonies, and several
others mentioned in the decalogue; likewise tlint Insciivious and obscene
thoughts also are adultery; that frauds and illicit gains also are thefts;
that hatreds and revenges also are murclers ; and that lies and blasphemies
silso are false tostijuonlcs ; and so on. Let him leara all these things as ho
advnnces from infancy to adolescence. .1. When man begins to think for
himself, which takes place after the ago of adolescence; it must then be
the Hrst and primary thing with him, to (fesist from dninp ovifn, hcrnnne
they are sins against the. JVorrl, thus afjainst ffnfJ ; and that if he fines
them, he cannot harp eternal life, hut heU; and afterwai-ds. as he advances
in years, to shun them as arrurserJ, and turn away from them even in
thnv(jht and intentinn. But in order to desist from them, and sbnn and
become averse to them he must supr)li(^ate the LonD for aid. The sins
from which he must desist and which he must shun and become averse to
sire principally adulteries, frauds, illicit gains, hatreds, revenges, lies,
blasphemies, and pride, and self-conceit. 4. In proportion as man detests
those things by reason of their being against the Word, and thence against
God, in the same proportion communication is given him with the Loud,
and conjunction is effected for him with heaven ; for the TiOKo entei-s. and
with the T/OUD, heaven, as sins are removed ; for these and their falses are
the sole hindrances. Tlie reason is. because man is set in the midst be-
from the other, in proportion, th{'refor;\ as evils are removed which are
from liell. in the Liame pro})ortion goods from heaven enter, for the Loud
says, "Behold 1 stand at the door and kno'k; if any man shall bear my
voice, and open the door, 1 will come in to liim," Rev. iii. 20. But if mail
desists from doing these evils from any other cause than because thuyare
sins, nnd against the Word, and thence against God. conjunction willi hea-
ven is not effected for him, because ho desists from himself, and not from
wmmm
444
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
'
II
1 ,
i
i
1
j(
i \
i ■
1
John ^^* ?^^^*]"" ^^ ^" *^« ]Vord insomuch that He is called the Word,
. ohi 1., 12, .., 4, becjiuHe the W ordirtfrom him : that, heiK^e, there is con-
iui .(ion of heaven with the man of the Cliurch \>y the Word mav be seen
in the w<,rk conoeming Heaven and Hell. No. 303 to 310. So f? thiSTs
man detects tho.se sins, so far good affections enter, as^for exaS^^^^^^^
as he detests adulteries, so far chastity enters; so far a» he detests fraus
and unlawful gains, so far sincerity and justice enter ; so f ai as h^detes s
h itied and revenges, so far charity enters; so far as he detests lies -iiid
blasphemies, so far truth enters ; and .o far as he -letests pti\le and seU-con-
mt, so fur enters humility before Goi>, and the love of hiWghboi as hTiS-
f^'/foV^ "''*'"' ^ro™lfn«e it follows that to shun evils is to do goodT
6. So far as man is m these good affections, so far he is led of thp Trnm
and not of himself, and so far as he acts from them, so far he dies iood
works; because he does tliem from the Lord a d not from himseLE ^ he
tlien acts trom charity, from sincerity and justi^^ from cSitv irom
truth, in humility before God, and from these no one caTacto^SmseL?
Li^^^K*"''^ ^^^^^^^'^^ vvluchare bestowed by the Lord on ffman
l^^^.^!l^^!^^:^]^,i^}^^--^ them, ar/the affictr^of k^fow"
thPT.rwith >;^ ,»«Jvf o, 1 "^.i',K"w"g agnmst; raises and evils, and dissipating
We h?h^ hftllH^l'^i"i'*^^'^''^^^^^ "'«" has faith and love, anS
nJ&^^i^'^S'^^r^ '^"^^ ""*"^-^^ ^^^-- B^MtuSr^n'Sle^S:
tl ev aniK?r MS J^/Jl ^^u?/^'*^^^ ""I^ "^>t good nor true before God, however
SI nTfrmn thi 1 of A*7S ^^^^^® the world ; tlie reason is. because they
X-ld frZ^^Jbivt thf^ ^"* *''''?" n^?".' ^^'^ i* i» *^e love of man and of the
davltw^ /b t tJS^y,'*''^,^'''^ ^^^^"^ ^« i" ^^^^'' Mo»t people of this
clay beheve, that they do all come into heaven if they have faith, live
rn?,s« T^«v ^^^ ^^^""^^ ' ^"** y«* t^ey do not hold evils in avei-sion be-
nCr 1 ^ ^ !i"^' Il^^l^**, *^®y ®^*^er commit them or believe them to be
^|f^J'P^«' a?<^ t^ey that believe them to be allowable, commit them when
?ffi "^il*^ ^^ ^^^." • ^^* ^®* them know that their f aitli is not faith, that
uieir piety IP ■""■'" '^'"■'■" «»,.i *v.„j. a\,_'.. — ■, , . _ ' ..
. , "^«v/^^, VXV.CW100 iixou Liic uiBiueojL iiitj cup auu piatier, mat ine our-
siue niay be clean also, Matt, xxiii. 26; from these considerations it may
now be evident, that if man should fullil all things of the law, if he should
give much to the poor, if he should do good to the fatlierless and the widow,
nay, if he should also give bread to the hungiy and diink to tlie tliirsty.
gather the sojourners, clothe the naked, visit the sick, go to tlie bound m
f>nson; if he should preach the gospel strenuously, convert the Gentiles,
requent temples, hear preaching with devotion, attend the sacrament of
the supper frequently, devote time to prayer, with more such things, and
his internal is not purified from hatred and revenge, from craftiness and
malice, from insincerity and injustice, from the tiltliy delight of adultery,
irom the love of self and the love of ruling thence derived, and the pride
Of self-intelligence, from contempt of othere in comparison with himself,
nls and the falses thence derived ; still all these works
and from all other evils .,..., „.^ :.^.^^<, uncmo mcj
are hypocritical, and are from the man himself imd not from the Lord.
iJut, on the other hand, those same works, when the internal is puiitled,
are all good, because they are from the Lord with man; who cannot
^^ unV,^*^® than do them, because he is in the faith and love of doing them."
■~v 1?^^^® '^^^ the works, which are understood in the Word by works.
which cari hx no means l)e separjited from faith, for faith separated from
J "xiT '■^'"^' •:j"" <^^*"» i^'i!" IS Ji lairn ot wnr.t is false, from an evil love,
or is the thought that a thing is so, whilst the life is still evil."—" That to
ahstain from evils from any other cause whatever, than from the Word,
rtoes not pnnfy the internal man. is evident from the origin of evil works
ana trom Ijie origin of good works: as he who abstains from adulteries
irom tear of tjie civil law and its punishments, from tear of the loss of fume
ana thence of honor, from fear of hurt arising from poverty, covetousneas
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
445
called the Word,
nee, there is coii-
ord, may be seen
. So far then aa
r example, so far
tie detests frauds
far as he detests
detests lies and
ide »ind self-oon-
neighborashim-
is is to do goods,
ed of the Loim,
ar he does good
om himself , he
m thaiity, from
I act of himself.
jRD on the man
ection of know-
and the chui-ch,
tewise theaffec-
, and dissipating
ti and love, and
lot otherwise, is
and does them,
lal, in lilte man-
ngs which man
e God, however
is, because they
man and of the
; people of this
have faith, live
i in aversion be-
lieve them to be
imit them when
s not faith, that
: good, for they
man, the exter-
iHDsays, "Thou
$r, that the out-
jratioiis it may
iw, if he should
and the widow,
to tlie tliirsty.
to tlie bound m
rtthe Gentiles,
le sacrament of
ich things, and
craftiness and
jht of adultery,
. and the pride
n with himself,
aU these works
lom the Lord.
iial is puritted,
a; who cannot
if doing them."
I'ord by works,
separated from
m an evil love,
il."—" That to
om the Word,
II of evil works
rom adulteries
he loss of fame
, covetousuea?
or avarice ; from fear of sickness from tliem, and consequent in tranquility
of life, from infirmity arising from abuse or from age, or even from natural
good and the moral principle thence derived, as not 1)eing becoming and
proper, &c., and from these causes alone lives chastely, still he is inte-
riorly uiK^haste and an adulterer, if he does not abstniii from them out of
spiritual faith, whi(rh faith is, that adulteries are infernal, becaunn they
are contrary to the IJivine Law, and thence contraiy to the fear < God,
an(' the love of the neighl)or. And so in all otlier cases."
As many may desire f urtlier information respecting doctrines 'lich
are silently but surely tin<ling their way with transforming power a >ng
all classes of Chilstians, I will now insert in their order. 1. Who are l se
new Church people ? by Rev. Dr. Bayley of London. , 2. The liibbanu of
Blue, from " The Divine Word Opened," by the same author, intended to
illustrate the correspondence of garments, colors, &c., in the Word. 3.
The substance of an interview held at No, 20, Cooper Uuion,New York, by
a Sun Reporter.
WHO ARE THESE NEV/' CHURCH PEOPLE ?
The frequency with which the sentiments unfolded in the writings of
Swedenborg, and others in illustration of tliem, are met with from time
to time, imfiels many inquiring minds to ask the question above recorded,
and has induced the information to be given which la alforded in the
following dialoijue : —
Q. Who are these N^iw Church people ?
A. They are Christians who believe that the higher culture and greater
progress of the world towards liulit, charity, and peace, depend upon a
closer communion with the Lord Jesus Christ, as the all m all to His
Church, God over all, in Whom dwells all the fulness of the Godhead
bodily.
Q. But why do they call themselves Swedenborgians ?
A. They do not call themselves Swedenborgians ; but New Church-
MEX, or Christians of the New Jerusalem Church. They esteem very
highly the writings of Swedenborg, who was an illustrious servant of the
Lord Jesus. By the truths in ids writings they have been greatly profited ;
they ttnd themselves assisted to draw neai'er to the Savioiir, to under-
stand the Scriptures more thoroughly, and perceive their wondrous
Divinity These writings also contain much concerning the laws and
circumstances of the eternal world.
Q But what is tliis about the New Jerusalem : Do they think a great
golden city is to come down to the earth through the clouds ?
A. Not in the least. These outward wonders and spectacles in the skies
they leave to others. They understand that sentiments golden and clear
are to enter men's minds. They only expect the world to become nearer
like heaven, as new principles of light, love, and justice, become more fully
received, and extensively spread among men. They believe thoroughly
the words of the Lord .lesus, " The kingdom of God cometh not by out-
ward observation ; neither shall men say, lo here ! nor lo there ! But the
kingdom of God is witliin you" (Luke xvii. 2 1 ). We can make our little
world happier to-day if we will, and the whole world must learn to become
wiser, and will and strive to become better, and so the Lord will bocome
King over all the earth (Zeeh. xiv. 9.)
Q. But why do they talk of anything new on such subjects ? How can
there be anytlung new in religion ? Christianity is old enoujih, and if
they are Cluistians how can they be wcw, Ntvo Churchy or anything of
that kind ?
A. Religion, though always pure at first, when revealed from the Lord,
has a great tendency to become corrupt, in time, by the self-seekinsr
dispositions of worldly Christians, who hope to acquire Pftlf and power by
making religion popular, and debasing it by popular errors and human
traditions, rather th n by elevating the people to justice, judgment, and
the love of God. So the Jews made the commandments of God of none
effect by their traditit uis. So Christianity, by corruptions commencing
m the time of Consantine, became a mass of mysteries and superstitions.
The lli-st great error was a god said to be of three separate Divine persons,
uud then the worship of Mary as u semi-divine person. Next cam© pray-
446
ON CORRESPONDENCESi &C.
I i
lip
IhL f^A '^ ^ll'*^** "'^"' **?<* ^''^'^"F ™^''« ^ot their bones and relics
Umn for keeping the coniniandnientH of God. The Scriptures were sJi.it
np away from the people until the time of the Ref oi-niatiSn, and though in
this country and America we have the Scriptures fully now, many of the
leading corniptions of dark times remsun. These pen'ersi'ons and evilS
which unite with, and others which arise out of thein, make lelig on old
ulul o^^\lVl^ '"' ^"**i^ ^^'^" ^« ^^*^^"^ J««"« '•«^«'^1« «t«rnal trutlS airesh
and cal 8 theni new ; they are new to us. It is written in relation tU
Q. What ai-e these new principles you speak ? Tell me the first
A It 18 new ; yet it is truly old. It is that Jehovah, tlie eternal God
So^SrA^'"'/" absolutely ones and He became om- SavUr JeZ Chiit!
So that in Jesus Chnst is the tii-st and the last, tlie human and the
l^aH MlftSn^Ti' "I? ?^''' ^"^ ^h^ *^^ly ^I'i"^' tlie eternal IMni^y^ He
is all m all to us, the Father is in Him as the soul is in tlie body.
Q. Yet Chnst prayed to the Father? '
%T^l '^^^ "^^l while He was in the worid in times of temptation, while
He had our nature with its inlirmities and imperfections, and He'had to
teach us how to suffer and to pray. The human prayed i^ tlie BivSie a^
our lower nature appeals for succour to our better nature in times of
distress. It seems to us, in deep trials, as if there were two persons in us •
JilL^^/f/® T^* *'^*? persons, and when the trial is over and perfection
attained, then there is entire unity. So when Christ's trifds were over and
His humanity was glorified, there was no praving to the Father but Hh
was manifestly the Father in the Son (John xiv. la^ He who sees Hhu
sees the Father (John xiv. 7, 8, 9 ). He is the e veriasting Father and the
Pnnco of Peace (Isa. ix. 6). He is the root and the olfspring of Dav?d
the bright and the morning Star (Rev. xxii. 16). He is the Sun of riS 1
teousness (Mai. iv. 2) The Bread of Life (John vi. 48). Tlie Light of Se
worid (John IX. ,). /Phe King of kings a Ad Lord of lords (Rev. xix. 16 )
Come to Him, pray to Him, follow Him, sei-ve Him. ^"
(^. Biit how about the Atonement ?
A^^ /,'l»rlsti'«i8 of tlie New Jerusalem believe in the Atonement as the
H inseff T<?"roT^f1f ^ '^ ^^'^ was in Christ reconciling the world unto
Himselt (2 Cor. v. 1). He reconciled it to Himself first in His own
^u'T^V'^^^"" V"- ^? ' ^I''»- "• 15)- ^'« ^^^ ^^««*» reconciling it e^er
rJZl^\^'^ P''^^''^' ''"'.^"^ ^^11 reconcile it to Himself in us if we will
repent, turn to Him, and become new men.
?■ w?v®^'® "*** something peculiar about the way of viewing the Bible?
dPc laS Jh«'?iCr 1^ *^'^ aameBible that you have, but the ^Tew Church
mpnSf,or -^,5- Af ^- ^^ave a spiritual meaning, over an^l above the literal
fnoM^i 'o w den^^ng the literal meaning, but using it for history, for
doctime, and for eclification. as other Christians do. The spiritual mean-
ing constitutes a Bible within the Bible, always treating of the c£ir?h
S the^'hSs'^^nf t ^^^ '''''VI ^\^. ^'"^"^^^ ^« ^'^^^ ^g'-^i^^t our sinrand
«7^,:.Vo ;/""S8 of heaven. But this is only what tlYe Saviour s?Md My
Te same fhir '^4? ^^J ^^?^.r.V't ^'^2^'^ ^^- «3) : the apostles deda?ed
tJie same thing The letter killeth. but the spirit giveth life (2 Cor. iii. 6).
Q. But how about the early chai)ters of Genesis ? ^ '
sphitnS ^SlZy^'''n^"l f .^^J^^-^i' they are Divine allegories, fall of
that moU nSl^V ^ ?**'*'5 '"^ ^-^ language of parable, in the manner of
inat most ancient literature that was the origin of the Eevotian Hiero-
&o^'\^^V^^ beautiful fables of the Greekt Hence tSr^fsn^coT-
tho^SblemST^J^ni'TV'*^^^ Natural creation is
ino emblematical account of moral and spiritual creation
m?rits^nds SaWo,?;^?"^ "^ '""''^ ^^^'«' «^^^^ ^y ^^^^= ^^«^^^ ^ the
A. Ho ITinat: lioiro ^oi^-V. 1— il.« _, — !j._ -j> 1 • ^ .
mpr\t^'nf'hu,'^J^''Ti"lT" "'" T''^ "^«'^^« "i nlB^avlou^, aiul lie has nu
Sflf or hi ponw u?"* ^^^ "'Ti ^l^''^''^^^^^''' ^^^^' ^^^ ^o his Saviour's
minoh2 t^I^rl,^/'^^^^^^ religion, love is the great
Apostle Paul said. Now abideth these three, faith hone and chaHtv Cor
love), and the greatest of these is charity (or iove) (Co? xiii " 3) '^ ^
CoS?namL«,T ^^1? •lf'''\ '^««P' /vi" BELIEVE Tils woids, and Do His
commandments. Fmth alone is dead, the apostle said (James ii. 26) ;
t^t^ioS^.
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
447
ow. many of tho
[ ALONE in the
whethor it is in the merits of onr Saviour, \vhi(;]i are tnily infinite or
anytiiing else. The faith which loves and works is tlie only faith which
saves "'
Q. How is a heavenly character f onned ?
A. First, by a conviction of our sinfulness, then by repentance and
prayer. Next, by perseverance in well-doing, by conlident faith in tho
Lord Jesus, faiUifulness in the times of trial and temptation ; by daily
rea<hng of the Word of God, and prayer, and by the diligent use of the
means of giace. Thus the tastes and aims of life become entirely altered
and the soul dehriits in heavenly things as its cliief joy.
Q. \V hat is tlie New Churcliman's rulk of life ?
A. Precisely tliat taught in the Old and in tlie New Testament by the
J^fi'^fjft'i'^ ""'^ ^"f apostles : namely, in humility, faith, and love to keep
tlie Ten Commandments. What doth the Lord tliy God require of tliee.
out to do justly, love niercy, and walk humbly with thy God ? ( Micah vi.
8). Jesus said, if ye love mo, keep my commandments ( John xiv. 15).
The Apostle Paul wrote, Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcision is
notlung, but keeping the cOiMMANDMEXTS or God (1 Cor. vii. 19) : and
John declared, This is the love of God, that we keep Mis commandnients ;
and His commandments are not grievous ( 1 John v. 3)
We must keep the Divine precepts in all the employments, engagements,
habits, and acts, of daily life ; without that, our belief isvainfand our
religion self-deception. '
Q. Can this be done by man's own strength and merit ?
A. No man has any strength or any merit, but what comes from God.
eveiy moment of his Ufe. But God our Savior does give strength to
even,' one who truly seeks Him. He also gives His angels charge to aid
us from our birth to our grave. And they lovingly receive us and wel-
come us when we die.
Q. Are all children who die taken to heaven ?
A. Oh, certainly. Angels of love, who have been their guardian angels
take them into their blessed care in heaven, train them in love and wis-
dom, and thus lead them to enjoy the full bliss of their heavenlv home.
ii. Do people know each other after death, who have known each other
in the world ?
A. Certainly, and they will continue together, if their states agree and
will permit. °
Cl^' "^h^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ especial feature of the principles of this New
rrA J^^ i ^?,^'ei-y high and sacred character it attributes to marriage.
Ihis holy institution is regarded as one for which the Creator has f onned
the sexes m mmd and body, and should be entered upon only with those
who are constantly striving to overcome self, to live for heaven as well as
tor earth, and who shun sins against puritv, as the deadliest of sins.
(4. How does this Church regard the Resurrection ?
^Pi^'^'rw. P^^'^^o" ^^^ a spii-itual body as well as a natural body (1 Cor.
XV. 44). Tins spiritual body becomes more beautiful by regener.ation, or
more ugly by sin. Flesh and blood, as the Apostle says, cannot inherit
the kingdom of God (1 Cor. xv. no). The body thou sowest is not the
ijody that siiall be ( v. 37 ). But the angeUc Christian mind has a heavenly
i)oay, for God giveth it a body as it hath pleased Him, and to every seed
« ^ T^"^ *^^ ^ ^- ^^- ^t)8ent from the earthly body, he is present witli
tne l.ord (2 Cor. v. 8). Evil persons have a spiritual body ns ugly a*i they
are VICIOUS. Both are litted at death for the world to which the v go ;
ana the du.st returns to the dust whence it was. All the pai-ts of tho
iTOspekwhich treat of the resurrection of man. mean the resurrection of
ine soul from the death of sin, and the grave of corruption, to the life of
righteousness and spiritual health <" John v. 94. 2r>: Enh v;2- ^.^ Is not-.
S''^""^**'"f'i' view far more sensible than to imagine'that ail who have
aiett are without bodies, until the scattered dust of bodies which had
.-wr?/ flour htmv cfinnffinf/ during life, and had l)een taking new forms in
me vegetable worid, been eaten by animals, and then be.-ome partb of
>l;!f^i }^P'^"., *'*^^^^' ^^^ "^ <^"® knows how many thousands of years, is
biought together !i gain. '
Q. But cannot God's omnipotence do tliis.
A. God ne\ ir uses His omnipotence to do what is foolish and wrong.
448
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC.
We JiRve no warrant to call in God's power to jiifitify our blunders.
"Whatever God does is the heht thing, done in tlie wisest way.
Q. Wlien and wliere does judgniout take place ?
A Tlie true Christian judgiis hiniself from day to day. But, after death,
he appears before tho judgniont seat of Clirist in the spiritual world, which
is an Intermediate state between heaven and Iiell. After di^ath the judg-
ment (Heb. ix. 17).
Q. Is tliere much said in Scripture about this Intermediate state, or
world of judgment and instruction ?
A. Very much. It is the world the prophets saw in vision, or when
their spiritual eyes were opened (Numb. xxiv. 16 ; 2 Kings vi. 17). John in
tlie Revelations describes what he saw in that worla tlirough all its
chapters ; heaven was above him— the bottomless pit below him.
Q. But what, then, is meant by tlie judgment at the end of the world ?
A. The end of tlio world, in the original Greek of tlie Scriptures, is the
end of tlie Agk or Dispensation; and when a Church has been for ages
corrupt, tlie bulk of the people have been cherisliiujg mistaken principles
and in many things doing wrong the greater nart ot their lives as in dis-
liking and liathig others liiat wore not of their own Church, and suppos-
ing that it was right all tlie while. These cannot be so soon ititroduced as
in purer thnes, eltlier to heaven or to hell, and great numbers gather and
remain ii» the spirit world, the world of judgment. But, at the end of
the age, all are judged, and a new cge or new dispensation is begun in the
worltf. The end of the world means tlie end of a dispensation, not tlie end
of tlie univer -e (Ps. Ixxv. 3; Isa. xxiv. 16,19).
Q. Then is ii^i, the natural world to come to an end at all ?
A. Certainly not. According to Scripture, the world anil the universe
will endure forever (See Eccles. i. 4 ; Ps. Ixxii. 5, 17 ; Ixxviii. 69 j civ. 5 ;
cxlviii. 6 ; xciii. 1; xcvi.. 10).
Q, What, tlien, do you understand by the second coming of our Lord
In the clouds of heaven ?
A. He has been banished fi-om His Church by grievous errors and evil
Eractices. He comes nearer when men receive His truth in love aud obey
Lim. He comes nearer in the fuller opening of His Word. He comes in
ti-uer principles into tlie hearts and minds or men. He comes by the ex-
tensions of His truth into all the ways aud works of men. Light is like
the iiiward glory of the Bible ; the clouds mean tlie outward language of
the Bible, through wluch an inner glory shines. He comes in clouds
when He makes Himself known to men in the language of His Word,
which is plainly there revealing the true character orHunself , His will,
and His kingdom, though they had forgotten or ignored it. All the
writers of the Bible are called a cloud of witnesses (Heb. xii 1) Those
who take the letter without the spirit are said to be clouds without water
i'l^'^^J^K ^^^ ^?^^ ^*^™®^ *" ^"® clouds of heaven when He apples
His Word to the hearts and minds of men;— in power and great glorv.
the
doms of this world shall become tW "kingdoms'of "our 'lx)rd"m His
iJhrist, and He, as One Divine Person, shall reign for ever a. id ever (Rev.
XI, 15).
Q. What is taught as to heaven and hell ?
A. Very much, so that the laws of bollimav now be fully understood.
Heaven is formed of the heavenly minded, who have been made such by
regeneration, more or less perfectlv done on eaT\h. Tlie heavenlv ones
are arranged in most perfect order^ bv the laws of * v; vine love and wisdom;
form our Father's house tliere are manv mansiojss (John xiv. 2). Hell
18 composed of those who h.ave made hell upon earth ; they take them-
selves, their passi' us. and their lusts with t> la ! nto nain and sorrow Thfl
rage, the hate, tUe torment, the misery the> excite and inflict upon one
another is the hell-fire in which thev live. Tb' i.over dving worm is the
symbol of their low, grovelling selfishness : it it. Wx-lr worm (Mark ix. 14),
not God's. The wicked create the fire, they kcop H alive themselves
Isa. IX. 18 ; the false and insane thoughts of e\ vv kind which thev
conceive, and in which they live, make the utter • ' i ; iness of their abode
of wliich the Saviour speaks (Matt, xxii, 13.)
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
449
ediate state, or
S. Do yon use the two socraments instituted by our Lord, of Baptism
the Holy Supper ?
A. Oh certainly, and we see a sacred and most edifying meaning hi each
of them. Baptism we administer in tlie nanve of the Fatlior, Son, and
Holy Spirit, as a dedication of the poi-son baotised to the service of the
Lord Jesus, and the water is a symbol of that living truth which is the
Water of Life, and by wldch tlie soul is to be purified. The Bread and
the Wine in the Holy Supper, are the symbols of tlxe goodness whi(!h our
Lord calls tlie Bread of life, and tlio Wisdom wliich Ho calls the
" New Wine op the Kingdom. " When we sincerely receive thone, we
receive Him. We eat His flksh and drink His ulood, and have eter-
nal life.
S. But do you think that other Cliristians have not truth as well as you ;
that no one can be saved but those who join your communion ?
A. Certainly not. There is much truth in every denomination of
Christians, '^Gpecially among those who possess and read tlie Word of
God with diligence and prayer. We believe, moreover, that every one,
will be saved who loves God, and strives to do His will in shunning evil
and doinc good according to what in his heart he believes to be true,
whetlier he be of tlie Church of England whose pious and learned clergy,
notwitlistanding many exceptions, wo revere and admire, whose Prayer
Book, with serious doctrinal defects, has maiiy excellencies, and whose
reverence for tlie Word of God is her chief glory ; or worthy zealous
Protestant Dissenters, or good Roman Catholics, good Jews, or Gentiles.
Those who love God and work rigliteousness according to the best of their
knowledge, will be relieved of their errors after death, and fomi part of
the sublime fold in heaven, of which our Savior speaks. "Other sheep
have I that are not of this fold, them also must I bring, that there may be
ONE fold and one shepherd" (John iv. 14), The Apostle Peter spoke
very clearly on the same point when he said, " Of a truth I perceive that
God is no respecter of persons ; but in eveiy nation he thatfeareth God,
and worketh righteousness, is accepted of Him. " (Acts x. 34, 35 ).
Q. Is it, then, of no importance whether we belong to a true religion or
a false one ; whether we believe truth or error ?
A. It is only trutli, in any system, that does a person good, hut there is
much truth attached to every religion. Error is alway a hindrance and
a detriment. Truth is clear and full of comfort. Error is obscure, per-
plexing, and leads to distress. Truth is day liffht. Error is a fog. It is
because we believe tlie Lord has given at this time abundance of truths
which are far from being generally acknowledged, which are edifying,
delightful, and stjengthening to us. that we wish all around us, botli men
and Chui-ches, to accept them, and be strengthened and blessed also, so
that the will of God may more perfectly be done upon earth, as it is done
in heaven.
Dear reader, would you possess a scriptual, spiritural, rational, saving
religion to aid you m your walk towards heaven, come and hear these
(.hnstiana of New Jerusalem, let them be called Swedenborgians, or
what you like. Do you wish to see mankind issuing out of superstition,
sectarianism, rationalism, narrowness, and darkness, into the glorious
liberty of the children of light, then come and hear. Do you wish to see
goodness and truth extending their sacred influence, and sin and fol] /
shown to be the disorderly, brutal, coarse, and worthless things they are,
then come and hear.
We address you in the language of Moses to Jethro, We are journejing
unto the place of which theLord said. I will give it vou : come with us,
and we will do you good: for the Lord hath 8r)oken good concerning
Israel And it shall be, if you go with us. vea it shall be, that what good-
90 ^qo\ ^^ ""*** ^^' ^^^ ^^"^® ^^^^ ^^® <^° "^^^ ^^®- (Numb. X.
THE RIBBAND OF BLUE.
"Speak unto the children of Israel, and bid them that thev make them
tnnges in the borders of their garments throughout their generations,
and that they put upon the fringe of the borders a ribband of blue : And
It shall be unto you for a fringe, tl.at ye mav look upon it, and remember
m the commandments of the Lord, and dothem."— Numb. xv. 38, 39.
■fitf
I
III
450
ON COHIlK81»ONnKN0KS, &0.
}Z}?i r-'^^T^ni'^lv to 1)». roKr«)t.ttul lluvt
rinlKtlan havi! tljn in..st liuul,,.,..,.,
UHk tluMii vvlmt thoy M.liik of |ll« p.ln '
HO iimny wlioltoar tho niuno of
rWi " y'*'"' *'!. i:\''«''''':. ;«'«> «"H.iy II, in i.ut
•Muuiiool' UiiHoi of llmtKiuHl, IwmIv, |)ut
lii« pHimlpUiH, bill
:^i!;MV:rr/".v..--s*'" "".v; i;;".r;:a ii.':;^^^^^^^
inc(lltHU) Uttlo'iiiMui iticiu
haiuUul 11)011 of Henjaiiiln
and pnuiUno thoin Iumh. Th
ainoiiK tJi.i iHiiU'liloM of ol,i wl
tMoaiollktitlMtUtft
Htomm at an lialrbioadtli ami not, utiHH Thov
ln_ wju'. Jar n»or« itlodiunitlv an.) o,„», (,
lo " oonltl Mlinu
air not, of unioh iiho oxcuipt
In wm-. Far nu.ru dK.., „. .„,„ ,..„,vim
thoroforo r.Huiinn..n\rn.... u". V/.V.'. '•^!*.'^V"K"»• "«'>'' «i!'«l I'lcMHlnu : ami
=^^'^v^-i!v'-<"?yy.;; ,:;rz,rc'ix;
thorofon, roconinuMnUng It In dmu 'an iff n iJ.^.^^^^^^^ .lii'i ''''""'"H ' '""^
mo our opiHtloK " Halil tbi» .il o-lnV. '.. i ^ M!coinni<-inl It In WDnJ. "Yo
dothiiiK for tlio Houl wo now mn^^./ ' ^" ''" 'i«'<*'»'f"Htnr.,, ItH boinx
written. '< iH ho tT.at \vZSi ,. kL^" ni "•;^*"'^'*'"- " I»I«'hh.mI/' It 1m
i.ake.l, and U,«y hoo 1.1 Him;ne."-!l\»n"^ «H.n.ont8, lo«t ho walk
That uannonts. ov.m in ii.-. .t....,i 'i. i:..^.^'' "'•..
Kina or clothes mon Hhonld wi'iir " Tii.Vv., la <r.,. -lY.. '".i —«'""• i-w wuhl
mont of woollon an(l lliu , Woii/,. VV/.^^^^^ "'*' <-" woiir awar-
a Kurnient of a in m • i»^,,i,?* r^ f • 'WHn, for a vvoniau not to woar
The Honl and its concorns are Huroly tlio oilv aDproniiuto (.bbw.<i. ,,9 ,.
Revelation from the j:tornal Fathor of inur.Xr al bXi s To u'sa-h ..-
how to -ive tlio Hi.lrlt a dross, so that it may bo 1 iai Jfu In the siil J ?
• ?t' «*"'?' ^S,^'^!'/Vy «f ^>1'" ^vl'o ^"l^'tlios Himself wkh llJht as wit" a S L
[Ps. civ .2]. " I counsel thoo to buy of mo liold tried in thofr iK. f !k '
mayest be rich ; aiul white raimen?. tluit uKiayoHt e clo^
the shame of thy mikedness may not appoar."-lfov il< /„"""' '""^ ""^"^
nie chief use of <aothlnK is defence ajfaiimt tho cliilliand' variations of
JSr^K;&n^7^Se"""''''' """"" ""• '^ promotion oi Kta,?]
hHs its summer and Its winter, and all the varieties of a mental vear
el^SKv'mTr.' f »^''?«f'!i"ess , X brilliancy, in which m <Xve aK
S/nnJ/il'J^'^T^^® Of spring ; ihero are states of peaceful wannth, of
W wwiTu"'' ^W*"*^''f J !'**'*^ "'^"^'» ««^'« Bunsb/ne and the hoar fol
30V which bespeak the spirit's summer ; but there are likewise peilods
f rmPrw''v£fZ?r*^'.*'l' *"^'*n'^^'<^ depressions, and coolness tiwl a S
o iSfnl Sm '^n*.^^^^^ Idghest pleasure ; until at length wo arrive at states
P«« «n^ fhi Ll;i"'** even of intensoHt cold, the joylessness, the hopeless-
TM« dp * f«r?"^'^.^*'^^"^/i;« *^'« attendants olr the vvrlnter of tlie soul.
f uluettroil^a who^s^d- ^ °' *'^' 'P^^'*" '' ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ K^^^^^^^ *^"«^-
" My years are in the yellow leaf.
And all tho lifo of life iw gone ;
The worm, the canker and the grief.
Are mine alone."
And in a sweeter spirit of piety, by another poet—
" O for a closer walk witli (Jod.
A sweet and heavenly.frame ;
r tho niiHio of
) luiiiiy II, In lull
K'OHl. IumIv, |)ut
iiKt iinplUm, nixl
t to think Uiut
tl»i 11«1<|, Tiioy
prlimlploH, but
mollkiitliolurt
<> " ooultl mIIiiu
Jlich IIHO «X(H)pt
t Mnouk for IiIm
Imlvtm fnuii It
bloMHhig ; iiiiU
till WDnJ. "Yo
1 lUUII."
<»ii oj n^llKlon
iniM. II iH tho
UtlHM,ltH lujiiijj
HIohhimI," it, 1m
i, loHt ho walk
luililK HviiiholH
I'lom thi) lawn
ro \vaHaH|)lrlt-
f llio lli|{huik<t
latlon to what
ttowoara^ar-
u not to woar
t to 1)0 ki)|»t
Jl'oru 118, tliata
I a rlhl.aml ol'
rhlM what kind
and thoy havo
ol)Jo(!tH of a
To Unvh UH
II tho Hl^'ht of
vlthapannont
ilnt, that thou
thud, and that
varlatlonH of
f beauty, and
58 coiTespond-
ixg. Tho Boiil
mental year,
o havo alltlio
il wanntli, o(
the hoartf(!lt
bwIho poilodH
M to what huH
rrlve at statoH
tlie liopoloBH-
iv of tlie aoul.
raphlc truth-
ON OOUUKHPONDIONCIOH, AC. • ^fil
A lliMit U> hIiIiio upon tho road,
Whlnh loadit nio to tho l.aiiili.
Wlmro Ih tho bloHHodiioHM I know
Whoii iliHt I Haw Mio I, Old ','
Whnro Iri tJio Moiii-rt'l'roMliliig vlow
Ut doHiiH, and IiIh Word ?
" What iMtacHiftil hoiii'N I onoo onjoyod
How Hwtiot tholr iiioiiioi'v Htlll ;
Jttit tJioy havo Ml an attli^nu void
Tho world oaii novor Jill."
TnthlM wintry Hlato,Ht(MinM of dlHtioHMliig foain and daikonlnu doiihtn
will niHh upon tho hoiiI. HIroiiu dcliinioiiH,T,lial, w.» may bolhtvo a llu. will,
llko loido t,niiii,oHtH, howl about im. (old. lmiaHHln«, <-,hon.|oMH I'laiiioM .,f
nind, dlMplillinj<anxlotloH, tlWUm mm wlih dlHconil'oit and <lio/i<l • bltt^tr
HolNuu.,uHatl<MiKuiKiidiip<.nuM, p.tihaim by "Mphltual wb-,ko<li,„HM /i. hluli
pliKJOM," llko pltUoHM hail-HtoniiH widch coiiio upon uh airaln and u •ulii
all toaiiJi tiH how roal It Ih that tho hoiiI ban Itn wintor an woil an Uh k aii-
nior. In lolallon to thono H|ililtual hoiihoiih ll, Ih wrltton, "And It hIi dl
bo In that <l/iy, that living wa(,oiH hIihII ko <Mit lioiii doruHaloni : half 'of
tluim towaid tho fonnor hoii, and half of tboin ttmard thu liindor Hoa • in
Hutnmur and In wlntor hIuiII It bo," Z<u:b. xlv. K, '
Thilco happy aro thoy who roniombor, tho llvlnu waf,oiH of tho Dlvlnu
W<)rd will bo a «',oinloitandabloMrtlnxln Joy and In hoitow, in MloknoHM
and In hoalth, in Huniinot- and In win lor ; but Ihoy nhould alM<» boar in
niliid, that. t(. bo a |)rotootloh in all hoiihojih, th.i Olvlno MoJcyhan pro-
vldtid UH wlthnpirltiial <-.|othlnK.
Tho imoTiiiNKK of rollKloii whon IntolllKontly adot.tiid and ad/iptnd to
liiir (.hoitiHolvn- (o nil tho dojtartinontH of ' ^' " ".'".''*''»"•'!
„ .- DinnloU:
ly rojohio in tho honl, my h(>uJ Hliairi)o jovfufhrViiV'S'; for lio^hatli
U\u tJiHUiHolvoH to alftho donartmontH
llff), thoy mako a oomj.loto droHH. IIoihio it iMHald In lHaiali,""Twiil k»3
liuman amotion, thought, anil,
.J '"J".'"" •" .""" ""I'*, loy Hoiu Hiia 1 )o joviul In mv (<od • for ho hnflt
clothod mo with tlio KaniiontH of nalvatlon, L ha h iov n <{ n o w h J
art a brldo adornoth hoiwdf with lior JowoIh." -1x1 10
iho doc-trlnoH which toach tho triio oharmjtor <»f tlln Tnr/I iri« tr,fltiU«
and imchanginK f^ovo. Iltn unorHi.K and alb*, i pro n,;„h.7^wVHarMo I iJ
omnlpotont anil ovor-orilorly I'owor tlu'H(» for i,/. i m i i- ' ..
roUulonHhoiildbo oiioralivo. nnd dcKccnd <o <..-. i ... , V ''"'"'J' '■'""' our
worTliiiwl ovorv/ifwuLwiip,. , A '•"^"'"i "» JiiMplro <iiid HaiK-tlfy ovory
o^;;m sfh;r.a;ir;,vi thoVolit •' "^■" ''^^ ''''"''"'^'' ^^ ^'"^ '*"*''^^'^ '^^■^'l
fnH'HK!dll'an.^;Sn mr/n^^^^ "' «"' ^''"^«"'^". Wo Hhnll ko« th«
Whon tho r/liiH/m porll<»,iH r.f tho Hui-n.! Horioturo.
on hlH ha d . Ch on hlH f< f '.'"' r""} '"'*' *<' "'" ''I'" = '""' »""' " '"'"«?
that tho (do th inir of a nowlv \ l'",}"' .V" 2^' "''""" ^^ »•♦ tnanifonl
will for n ilH oHt lo M <b/r^ "'''i'*' ^^"' ♦^'""" "'^''''^'l ♦"'«'« whlcli
It to Itri ord ri Jo Iml n trr'"'"'/'" '"^ <»voHHHtln« lovo w>.l.h <,o,iioim.
ouH practi !o SilcKo iw?^^ ^^^ <''"" pHiM'lr»]<*Hof vlrtu-
th^w"""?* Ih" ah?o?n^r'''\'" ''"''"'''?'^ ^^' "" ''^ «"' T)lvln« Word in Mat-
the KIncr of Wvl. ' a,w/''V'''"''?, '"/^ '"^•^"''" "'' "'" woddln« foaHt of
Hawthwe a iS. wlih A \"'^'f" *^*"' klmroamoin to hoo tho ,<uoHtH, ho
t-i- " . M: 'linn wnlch n.'ul not on u wi',tli\\tnr <r-.M.wj.,f • -....i i.,. ..,.«, i .......
liand ftTuDl? 1 V"^ ,'/'"" "'"'' <'"' ^'"« <'' thoHorvantH. Kind blm
tlure Hh n *'' '""^t'l'^o '"" ''^^'^V' '""1 '"^"t >'!'" into onU^r dark m«h
J^^ u f« i.^" Hr woopiiiK Hiid Kiu.Hliin« of to«th"-xxli. 11- l.'J v" o,,^:
S bX"" *i?.J *i'Z;Yr r'^".'"J/'^^••'»•■"'•••'^^'• .anhlvllroHH not bol s
viow i,rSn^ '.^* ®"*^'^ the Lord'H klnfrdorn. But in a Hidritiial Mnt o^
Yiow, nothing can excoed tho value of tho intiinatiou it oontaiiw. 'JIiq
452
ON CORRKSPONDKNCKS, AC.
kiijgdom of heaven, in fjiet everything heavenly, is the reHftlt of a mnr-
rmgt». VVistioni sweetly bUinds with love to form Uio lujavenly Htate Jt i«
iiotH kliijjdoni of fiiith uloiio, Imt of faiih nnited to cliarity. No o<>ld
KnovvUfdjio iH toler.'ited thoro, but nniat bo conjoined with iilfoctlon lor
whaL IS Jinown. All ia uiuoii in an angelic mind. All lieaven is united
to Its Divine Hpfid. ih.i Lord JesuB cJluiHt. The niarriaKe ordor reiuna
complete, and J y i- ! i» iv h i It. " Tliou shalt no more 1 .e t<3rmed Foi^a-
ken : neither Hftrill th^ u,ud any more l>e termc^d Desolate : but lliou Bluilt
be called ll.phzib.ili and tliy land Bculah ; for the Lord deli«hteth in
tliee, and thy land uhall be maiTied."— Isa. Ixii. 4.
Not to h;i,ve on a wedding garment, then, is n'ot'toliave adoctrfne which
untolds this glorious union of truth and love in religion, and in heaven
It IS to be practically among those wlio^^uy, and do uot. It is to make a
parade ot our piety and profesaiou, it may be, but to negU< ; that without
wlucli piotv is nolhm.r, faith in uc Iui,,„ doctrine is nothlnt,', name is
notldng; that pure and holy love, which workcth, which liopeth, which
belie veth all things ; which in sight of all the Christian virtues, is deserv-
ing of the apostolic declaration. "And now abidelh faitlx, hf)pe, cliaritv.
tliese three, but tlie greatest of these is charity." 1 Conn hians, xiii,
}\i Wlien we have taken for our religion oidy that which relaies to
belief, and not that which concerns love and conduct, the heart un-
ci) acked and unchanged will i;e the home of sellishness and impurity •
and the time will come, either in this world or hi tlio next, when there
will issue from tlie um-egenerate heart tlioae virulent evils, which will
paralyze every power of good, will bind the hand and foot, and ulunke
the si)irit into the darkest abysses of folly /
With these views of doctrines fonning the clothincr of the soul, we see
at once t,he importance of tliose allusions to garments which jivh ^n fr«
qnently met with in the Old as well as the f ^ Sament Wh<m Im
proi)het predicts the advent of the Lord into the world, and thus openink
to mankind the glorious doctrines ot (Jhristianitv, insteaf'of themiseral.li
shreds of Jewish tradition he says, " Awake ; awake ; put on thy strength,0
Zion ; put on thy beautiful garments, O Jerusalein, the holy city : for
henceforth there shall be no more coiue into thee the uAcircumclsed anA the
u^lT^ r:r'J^J\ Aj^aln, m that well-known prophecy which begins,
ine bpirit of the Lord is upon me ; because the Lord hath anointed me
^^o^J^ 1 s;ood tidings unto the meek ; he hath sent me to bind up the
t!.^!^ 1 t*^*"!?.* '1 ^V*^ P,^*^*^®* continues to unfold the gracious purnose of
Jehovah in the flesh ;'' To appoint unto them that mourn in Zion. to
9yL^r % li^ ^®^"-*7 f?r ashes, the oil of jov for mourning, the garment
tl^y^ *^^ the spirit of heaviness ; that they migh»be called Trees of
righteousness the planting of the Lord, that He might be glorified "—Is
i?i" M ■ T^- *w d'^ef i-ine of ■ he love of God manifest in the flesh, is man-
iteotly and righteously called " a garment of praise." Wliat could more
powerfully induce the soul to clothe itself with praise than the perception
that our Saviour IS our Heavenly Father, that the Hi-h and Lofty On- >
wlio inhabits etermtv had for our saJics condescended to appear in the
extreme of His vast domains, the skin of tlie universe as it were, and by
assuming and mainf'iining a connection with the outer univei-se. he be-
came First and Last in Himself, and from Himself fills, sustains, and
succors <all. '
When the Lord Jesus said, " Thou hast a few names even in Sardis,
which have not defiled their garments : and they shall walk with Me in
white, for they are worthy ; He that overcometli the same shall be cloth-
ed m white raiment,'' he is evidently describing the condition of those who
^^y.^"^*,^t^^"®<^ ^^^^^^ profession of the Christian doctrine with impurity
of hfe ; they have not defiled their garments now, and in eternity their
views would be still purer, they should walk with Him in white. Doc-
trines m harmony with purest truth, are white raiment \t herewith we
The New Dispensation of religion which in the f ulnen ■> of time would be
introduced from heaven among men, is represented as coming down " as a
bride adorned for her husband ." And bv this language, we are assured.
no doubt, not only that this church would regard the Lord Jesus Christ,
tne Divine Lamb, as the only object of her supreme love, her husband,
Uut that her doctrines would be beyond all precedent, beautiful. She
ON COERESPONDENCES, AC.
4^3
*t!Mftlt of a mar-
iiily HtuLo. It ia
arity. No o<»ld
Lh iill'uctioii lor
!avon ia united
^0 order reigns
termed Foi sa-
; but lliou Bluilt
1 delighttith ia
doctrine which
and in heaven.
t i» to make a
< ; that without
thing, name ia
hopetli, which
'tues, is deserv-
hope, cliarity,
►rinliians, xiii,
aich relales to
tJie heart un-
and impurity ;
tt, wlien there
ils, whicli will
ot, oud pluii'ge
3 soul, we see
ich are ao fre-
nt. When ilie
1 thus opening
f th6mi8eral)le
thy 8trength,0
holy city : for
mcisedandthe
which becins,
!i anointed me
o bind up the
iou8 purpose of
rn in Zion. to
^. the carinent
sailed Tree:', of
jlorlfled."- Is.
3 flesh, ianian-
it could more
the perception
nd Lofty Ott>
appear in the
were, and by
iveree. he l)e-
sustains, and
ven in Sardis,
Ik wifh Me in
ihixW be cloth-
n of those who
with impurity
eternity their
white. Doc-
s herewith we
timo would be
ig (iown " as a
) are assured.
Jesus Christ,
her husband,
iautiful. She
would be adorned for her husband. Such a glorious syatcm would she
have of celcHtial truth,— such ^liscloHures of heavenlv onfer,— such discov-
eiies of the Divine laws as exfctent in tlie soul : in the rejjenerato life ;
in tlio heaveidy world ; in the spiritual sense of the Holy Word ; in fact,
on all subjects ol JJivine Wisdom that to the tnily devout and thought-
ful spirit, she woidd truly be " adorned as a bri<le for her husband."
There Is an interesting intimation "f the character of true heavenlv
clotlung in Psahn xlv. ''Tlie king's daughter is all glorious within : hv
clothifMj is of wrought gold. She shall be bron^'ht unto the king in rai-
ment ol needlework [ verses 13, 141 where the ciiavacter of true ceh-stial
doctrine is declared to be the gold of love, wrought into system,— love
wrought out. Tlie king's daughter, all such as, animated by pure affec-
tions for truth delivered fiom the King of kings, are desirous of grace of
the heart and mind, wlucli are wortli more than tlie wealth of kingdoms.
They become glorious within, anl jQl tlieir views of doctiine are love, as
it were, speaking and declariuK its true nature. With them, God ia
love, heaven is love, love is ; lie fullilling of tbo law. love keeps the com-
mandments, the Word truly understood, is the revelation of love. Their
whole doctrine, like the street of th<! holy city, is of pure gold, formed l)y
tlie spiiitual embroidery of an intellect which spiritually discerns the har-
monious rtdatioiis of everlasting tilings. The W< »rd 8ui)plie8 the raw mate-
rial, line upon line, and precei.t upon piecei»t. Tlie rational powei-s
weave them into a beautiful system and i>repfire them to be worn. And
when the judgment under the impulge of a humble detennination to live
for heaven, adapts these doctiijies to its own special states and require-
ments, the Christian is equipped in the garments of salvation. " He is
glorious within and his clothing is of wrouj/ht gold."
And here, we w(mld strongly piuml against one of the most dangerous
delusions which has crept into nominal Christ i.inity ; the idea that we are
saved by the inlinite puitty of Clnist's righteousness being imjKirted to
us, and not by actual practical riyhteousness. It is true, our righteous-
ness is derived from the Lord, " their righteousness is of me, saith the
Lord."— Isa. liv. 17. But no n<,liteou8ness will be iinimted to us, which
has not been impart <m1 to us. His sjiiit will be imputed to us, • ofar as we
receive it, but no farther. God is a God of truth, and never imputes to
any one what he does not possess. "He that doeth righteousness, is
righteous." —1 Joan iii. 7. The merit of Divine righteousness in salvation.is
as incommunicable as the merit of creation. The robe of the Saviour's
perfections, has a name on it, which no man knows but He HimseU. (Rev.
xix. 16). And, yet, numbers neglect to acquire the white robe, or the
wrought gold, of imparted truth and love, und-r tlie vain idea that the
pers<mal perfections of our Lord will be impui d to them. Our food is
from Him,*but if instead of eating that which e now provides, we were
to attempt to live by impaling that whi<'h he at in the days of His flesh,
wo should die of starvation. So. if instead of receising, and applying to
ourselves the living streams of His righteousness bv earnest pi aver and
efimest practice, we expect His nu-rits to be imputed to us, as lighteous-
n?ss, so that ; though we are really wicked, we shall be accounted good !
although rea v polluted, we shall be accounted clean ; we shall be naked
and helpless, in the day when he makes up his Jewels. Iso doubt, the
Lord lived on earth for bur sak(is. sn ffered for our sakes, died f(»T our sakes,
rose again for our sakes, made His Humanity righteousness embodied,
for our sakes. "For their sa,kes, I sanctify mvselr." he said, "that i ey
may be sanctified by the truth."— John xvii. li). All was done for u^r, to
enable us to be sanctitied, but not to l>e put down to our account. When
our account is mad. up we sh.ill find the rule to be " Tliey that have done
good shall come for, a to the resurrection of life, and they that have dono
evil t( the res irrection of condemnatioii." John v. 20. He comes quickly
to iiive to ever\^ Tn*ii'- ns hi-H ivovL' sh;ill be ^I'tev. xxii 12V Tslessed Bli'iil
we be, if we watch :> 1 keep our garments, made white by His l ruth, and
thus are ready to follow our Di\ine Lemler in the realms of peace, ador-
ins;, in humble love, those inlinite p' ections which make his face to
shine like the sun, and His raiment wlii, as the light [Matt.xvii, 2], Wo
are, tlr^':, +a speak to the Israelites, who ■■' ro tyniliud by those of our text
the spiritual Israelites, who are as our Lord said. Israelites indeed, and
454
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
f?.Tf I ',A^"A ^^^^ *^^^^^^ theniflelve« with ffotiuino dootrlnoB of Divlnfi
trtitli wltli tlh, garment 8 of HHlvation, ftp^P tluit theTeH eclaUv mi k^
tli«m frintreH in' the ho.dora of tJ.eir gan lontH. >ift«r we K me^liyft^id
niimi and heart, thuH clothe<l ourHelvos in them • the nexfuaH ,.?»,. r^i..V.,
18 U, bring them in Lc, life. Thin Ih a rno8t importan \^i"rt K.v tSare^
M/ho nut on religion as a dre»« for Uie head and even alBo Sr 7he breS'
but ifo not bring It down to the feet. But we are to miSce a bon ImT.r
our garments, and the border numt be a fringi^ Tl e iHtint^ti e f f. «
?£„^f':?.>?.iJ^>ii«L\l^^"\'*j«ri'*i <>f which It £ comp'^^d t'Xrdorilr
ate
ion
great
the leant is unj„ ^ .„ „ .. .^^^^ ^„ j„
This practical ndmoniiion is of the very highest cohgennence On« nf
the moHt serious errors of life is that our religion is onirti lie bm.iih] nnf
on giand occasions, as some think, or on Sundays, ^^otJierH i?AaT^
fnn r^i/r^.""^^-''?- • 9'*" «nly. ^ay in which we mkke the tSis of reffi
ion really ours, is to infuse their spirit and tone into all our little aitiTn
our daily conduct. Life is ma.le u . of little things. One circumSiia
follows another one act coines after another, eatih one 81^^ Stself ut
to do it in each circumstance as it comes to hand, and to do it no w not
wait for great occasions. Let^ the border o^^ yo^g^ar^^^^^^^^ ^fZ^t
Many ve?y many, have no ob ec io " to ke Kd^oTthe brl^t1"^^•
I the church, but the feet tliey ima nne mav im nnifo f^ ^^®*'^* ^*^"'^
ut the true disciple of our Savior aduptr?L?aS^
••Our feet shall stand within tiiv ga^es.^O Jerusa leir^-pf *cxx» "9 w*'
IS particularly watchful over ^i^ feet, or his'dai?y jTrrciice'^^If'in M.
-If
against a stone.-Ps. xci 11 12 ^ a„,i „ „r"^"^'V'^®'^V'^*^'^°*^''^»feet
occasions gratefully to exc a iri " 6 bl^la oS o";, t"^ ^^''i*" ^'}^ ^« «"'*
voice of Bis praise to bHieard • t^?.^^^T A^®P®"P^®'^^^"^'*ke«»e
suffereth not our feet to be frmved "-Pa Ixvi « T tTi-,^" i'^f' ""''^
first, he thinks it quite beneath his MasTer^ dfJ, it.; ?,\ •^*' V'®.?^*?^' ""^
concernsof life, and declaiprThnV^S ^"*^^*** ^^"'•^y *he l^>wer
better inf ormeS, S heS, ' ile^SaTiour^^^^ "^n^Zl ^^.5' ^'^^'^ ^« ^'
hast no part in liie," he, with an enti?e IXA 11^^''%^^'^^ ''''\' t^'^"
;;^LoxHl, not my fW only, Ci^'To'' ^'i^.^'^^tZT^:^^^^^^^
^t;i:^^^^'^hS^'^^'':'''-^^^^yiodtnly life. Let there Then "be a
ON COUUESPONDENCES, AC.
455
tliough the liorrt walked witli them, and they felt the holy glow of hlH
proHencH when ho tjilked with thoiu on the way. he only became known to
them in "tlio breaking of the bread." It iH ho witli HIh diHciples in all uJ;»iH.
Ah long as tlie "breau of life " in received In a niaHH, and renuiinH tlniB, tlie
bleHHing of conjunction with the Divine Heing in unknown. He 1h witJi
them, but as a Btianger. But let them break the l)reiul ; let tliem at home
and abroad, in the counting-houHe and on cliange, in tlie workHhop and
at market, in tliclr pleaHuroH and in all tlielr fandly duties, break tl»o
bread of heaven, ancl applv it to every work and word, and they will tlien
know the Lord. " ThenHhall we know, if we follow on to know tlio Lord :
HIh going forth Ih prejtarcd aH the morning, and He Bhall come unto uh as
the rain ; aH the latter and fonner rain upon the earth."
O, then let our religitMi not be like a Sunday drewH, put on only for
f)arade on Btate occartions, and olf when the occaHlon Iuim pawned by,
)ut like a Himnle daily robo, whose UHef ulneHH Ih seen of all, and vvl»one
f dnge gi)eH all around the hom of our gaiineut, »o that it extendH over
tlie whme circle of our outward lile.
We are, however, not only commanded to have a fringe to our garments,
but to hrfve upon the fringe a ribband of blue.. And thiH h^adH us to couBi-
der tlie correspondence of coloi-s. Natural coloi-s we know originate iu
natural light. They are tlie 8ei)aration of the beauties which are bound up
in the sunbeam, and their retloction to the human eye. ' There is a trinity
of fundamenlal ••oloi-s, red, blue, and yellow. From the blending of
these iu vailed proportions all others aie mude. Blue and yellow tonu
green.
Bearing in mind that the Lord is the Sun of the eternal world, and that
essential truth shines as a spiritual light from Him, the three essentifll
colors into which light divides itself, will represent tlie three esuev.tial
featureb of divine tiiith, in its application to man. There r.ie truths of
love, which apply to our affections, truths of faith which apply to
thoughts, and truths of life. lied, the color of fire, is the symbol of the
truths of love,, the tire of the soul. Blue, the color of the azure depths
of the sky, is symbolic of the deep things of the spirit of God, on which
faith delights to gaze. Yellow, is the hue of truth which applies to out-
ward life^ and in combination with blue it makes green, which corresponds
to truth 111 the letter of the Word, made simple to the conunou eye of
mankind.
Blue gives a sense of clearness and depth, in which it surpasses all
otiier hues. When we gaze into the blue depths of the sky, far above the
changes of the clouds, their tranquil grandeur, arching in peaceful majesty
tur over the turmoils of the world, strikingly images those depths of
lioavenly wisdom from which the good man draws strength and peace.
** ITiough round his breast the rolling clouds are spread,
Eternal sunshine settles on his head."
Bine, then, is the color which represents the spirit of the Holy Word,
tlie depths of heavenly wisdom. •
There is. however, cold blue, as it h.is more of whitn in it. and warm
blue, as it derives .a certain hue from red. There has also been some ditH-
eulty in determining the exact shade meant by Techeleth. the Hebrew
name for this color. But from a full consideration of the subiect we are
satisfied it was the name for blues tinged with red, from violet to purple.
And this very strikingly brings out the divine lesson by correspondence.
Wliile the blue indicates that in our demeanor or in life we shonld be
correct, in harmony with the spirit of truth, the red hue indicates that all
our truth ought to be softened, and warmed by love. " Speak the truiai
in love, " said the apostle, and to remind tliem of this dutv. God com-
itianded the ribband "of warm blue to be worn upon the fringe of their
gaments. by the sons ot Israel.
Trutli without love is cold, hard, and unpitying. and therefore repulsive.
Truth with anger is scalding hot. and, like medicine, impossible to be
taken, useless or injurious; but truth coining from a loving heart, firm but
gentle, and sweet like the warm sunbeam, is welcome to all.
The loving blue of the eye, which reveals the sweet impulses of a soft
466
ON CORRESrONDENOKS, AC.
f
an.! KonU<> honrt. 1h llko tlio color of Mu, Hhlmn.r iM.roro w • u m.naka nf
lnstou.l<.t mnoiu inoni,. w« bir.od ov ,,' A,,, 0. „;!^^ Quiu-i.-Im «iimi(*,
l«Mv.M>*l(yofnuvMktiHli,,)i,'.w it !,.?.. /A^ iollmo, mid wuiulvr m tho
" p 1)0 Ulmllo oiifh olhor,
«f ""*' "'K'»<'''< <'<»iilnK on.
WluMi I'rliMKl mill whou luodicr
rmohmui! juii.v 1k) goiio."
too(,lu,rH;i,„tlH H kv o Hi n. t^ Ku '''^ "■'•'" ':""t"'«y
not ling wil bo atni..r H)mco of .ill llww. H<h.1iikh h , t Z"<mk
iHolluTH aujl s stors. mul .ay. in all jour li.(c..vnnr»/wl I. w'l (,| r m
tJjosplrito nvH.d<.n 1.0 visiblo. In on,'!, H.i.all .id, ol^l , 1^1 . • • mm*
jv tJi each olluM-, let thorc bo a, fiinK.^ from yo.iv roUulo.i will InA ic o (h
frii.go \^t tho trutJi of lntclliKon<u, b(, bloiub-d ^1(1. Ihn i hh < f r
lovo. Yon woro oronfiMi 1o loavn to bo f,<l]ow anwdH in llio bo„Ho Yo
were plm'cd to walk ioproihor Jn your v^Ah U. lioavon. lo kIvo an awlsUnL
hand when a weak one BtinnbloH. to oxliort tho HU^thfiil. lo (-hoor Vl
weary, to warn aRainHt dmii^'or'H patii and danKorouH foow, to oncoiuauo
tho HlrupfflinK. lo vo.ioico to^olhor wlicn you .fiJiin a kIoHoiih inoHpoct lo
aniniato each otlior lo your daily iu-okv.'sh. and ofKui to tawto {>v antl.-in,i-
tlon tho trinnijjhyou will havo whon nil tho dniiKciiH of Jifo aro u<.no I.v
an<l heaven iH foreyor your home. ]a>nu>mbov tho cliarKO of .loHcmh to IiIh
VoidB, let thoro 1)0 noon npon all your filngo, tho ribband of hoavonlv
DJUO.
wwi/IV"®' V^f • i^./^^IP Jl^^"''*^'- oonneotion, which wonld often ho more
DJoatlf the spirit of thiHjlivino commmid were mom fnitlifully carried out.
i^iil^i * 4 "i<''«*/n<'i'«<l Vf "11 liuman ties, the mfiriiaire iinio'n, it Ik of tlio
&?i^""L"o^Ji'^^^^^^^^^ Yot. 8omctim(.H tho donioHtlc hearth Ih
S^t,S, «J^.vi^,' ''''i''^' than it might bo. for tlu^ want of tho pentlo anieniticH
comrSn^^«n^nr/" ^""T- .T^'^^'J ^l''^^ inyptoriou8 sympathy which attractH
congenml sonls to eac.li other, fii-st iiu uces nrdent thoucht in tho voumr
nndT^rSonbir '';^;!'r'a^V^^"''^'^^'\,V'-^^«7'<^" ^^ bl^l. onirwha 1h mSiblS
ana agreeable. Each flndn a mnomiflor of tho ex-«on,,,,^.>.' ^* ^i *i i
no imperfection can be seen. A"na. whenthe hope's of ' both' are' crowned
mS^eJesX^^offoi^'n^,'?^" ^^^^^'^^^"rr
succession of .loys and blesHinga. Yet both particBhave fnillncs The ncr-
Hr^t«"*^V'5^Vf I'^^'i^^''^' ^^"^' *" '''""yrcHpectH.lH. found to. ov(i-
drawn. The bloom of outward beauty will wea^ oit. PohVobhIou will
rt ; It njioakB of
, tlUMI, ll«l l|))OII
moiit liicronHoH
-IIIOlljil i,nlvl<'»i,
llh Min loiiyh,
i\'v Hvn Huni wo
wonder iil th«
I on tlu) I'lliiKo
•I' )lu,t \vu inn
Hi <»f kilMllH-HM
H'lir our ruiillH
inul liiHoloiifo,
W(- dt'llKlii to
Uh Mum) tlio
[)p,v will eh jiro
fioin coiiitcHy
mil |i<>lti(*iifHH,
wt'iif iliii Idiio
IllllliHtiV IlIlK
iiliii, ii Hhotild
oi' nil Unit Ih
K iii*M». Aiul
I I" Hixink (o
ncli ollior, l('t
V llKtilCiMirHO
iJi.niKl on (])<»
idnoHH <>!' r«)Hl
lioiiHd. You
II iin UHHlHlJnjf
to cluior Um
to oncoiimjio
i I)10Hl)(!('t, to
1 Iiy Hlidrinji-
Hio n<in<i l)v,
.IflHOph toli^H
c.tH juul your
t of hoavouly
ifton bo moro
y (',HnJ(Hl out.
II, it Ik of tho
ir In all tho
;tlc hearth Ih
tlo ameniti<!8
liicli attractH
in tho yoTinp;
iitlH niliinMo
U» ^.4.1., I
tir: r.-t,iim , uiiti
are crowned
th an endluHs
IH. Tho per-
il to ho ovcr-
BBCBhion will
ON OOnilKSPONDKNOKtv AC. 457
!li'!l\'iiT/ 1 J!\'^VrVV'^'''''''V'*''' •'!'." ;i*''««*''''*»'*' v'^'"" <'"«' which they w«ro
ch ylly Indnl.t.Ml to |,hhhIom, Hotl. ,un pruhal.ly yoi,nj(, hot). linpuinMlt.
...Ih ain liiinuiii. n.uK-o Ihoni ronu, dlHcov.ohm of OiuItH and td.oiUu'Mi-
InKH which bdouK to iiH all, but which have buoii iTd'oru uuhcui. And
now Ih Uio opporuinli.y lor the nianllcMtal,l..n of real h.vo, hi havlnu
pat once with the K.ycd <.liu. IC they have loved wIhuIv, the virtue,* o?
oach other, and that mutual adaptation of fetdln«, tawU), and cJiaracU,r
which haH drawn the I- Mouirt to dodro a union lini.oMHll>l« with any ono
c HO, hav«| been tlio eiilel attnuitlourt ; and lor their HakoM, thov can well
adord t.. boar with Monu, dofo.H.n. liiHtead ofbelnuaHtonlHhed lolind that
tlio mere niortalrt wo have niaiTle<l have houio ot, the falllni/rt of our lalleit
race, we hh.MildUike kindly the opportunltlcrt of hIiowIiik, that ourn hiiM
not iHieii the wdllMh pjiMHlon which doNlreH only Itn own ^{ratln.-atlon, but
rather the holy aireetb.n that, torgetful of Hnlf, nokH cbleily the happln-MH
of thoHo wo loy«). lo aMMlut, and lie aHHlHte<l, to form anKeHc chariuiterrt in
each other, thene are the chief ohJectH for whl<;h marrlaue Iwih been
itmtituted. And to lU'c.iuipllKb tlieMo cndH, wo iniiHt have a faltb''(d. but
a Jrlendly oyo for the ImnerfeetlonH of each other. We nliould Hcaivelv
notice th«j iinpleaHant ell.i.-t <d' faiiltrtin relalbm to <uir i.erMonal Kiatldra
Uon. but 1)0 .|ulckHlKhted to perceive tho liijiiiy they Inflbit uj.oji tbeiloer.
\yh..lH HO blind an he that Ih perfe<!t,"HayH the prophet, fii rcl'ereu<<,
U) that Divine Mercy whh'h Heen not our hIiim H(» far uh they are direeied
nKaliiHt lilm, and <!ondemnH them, only an they are lountai'nrt of n.i;K;i y to
OtUHolVeH. •',
Our Lord wanlmd MIh dlKclplcH' feet, and nabl, " Ah J have wanhed yoi-r
feet, HO nuHt yo waHl. cum aiioMiei-H fe.,t." An.l If U> aHHlnt each ol,ber,to
emove lniperf..(.tloii;H from our (Conduct, which U nplrltually wawhlnK ono
nother'Hiej.t Hadiity weowe to our ordinary ('l.rlHlian^rlendH h. v
T,:',,l i'T\'n''' '''"■•\*" """'1*' '" •••"""VJ'.K the HpotH widch Holl tho
cliaiacteiH (.1 tlioHe wo have und<»rtakeii to love and to<-b<-rlMh. Yet wiiuL
|nder can, hlH duty needn The true wlf(,, or lumbaud, .■annot b-ar to
t ink that the decply-priz-ed love of tim other Ih b.^iuK ..«(„ Notb-inr a
fault rudely, belrayH the appearau<-,o of dlHlIke, and w(>iindH <h' 1v
Homot incH, welf-love will (•reep tn between mar led iiartnern and tho
H ruKKle for power will UtUe tlu/amM-arauce <)f o,.podt loK aul^^
Z't"^ fcoliiKH »,re poured fortii In bitter oxp'rliHHl.Mm. Tl nr/niarr Ik
!?H Vmnl^l?\m X i'!'? '""V '"'^"K"i''^»^<«. w'''"»' i'tko from hr.me llj VvJee !
icHH imiiiHli alltlioHc ten(U)r emlcarinentH. tlK.H<» liappv coufbhoicj^n tho«o
uiaiUoIt rcMatu'cH on mvh other, thono I renlde . Hur m wb K^^^^
tuto oarth H nearcHt llkimeHH to heavon. TI.et/opp; I C ar.M «o,^
,J^; o;e"lH!,\^/!;irJ'r'''' ''"'','"'' '^^rywhem, IL iutolerable f,^m t J
wolovo. DlHtruHtH, feaiH.and auxlotlcH Intrude, wIhu'o only conlidcnco
Mhou d rolKii, and homo bo<!omeH tho Haddent nt.. de of mii cry All hl2
h rul 1 fc iee.l" en/''" *''''^^' '" ''*^"- ''^l""'''- 'ibovo rtlj. tlio blue rtiJ. ml
? 1 ... IT" T \ '"."■ «'l''""">f'«. Swcet.ioHH In our Ko-,dneHH and
; ( /^Z^r^"r'fV.l^'^ "'""'l' ^'•' !]'« 'T'""»«'">t law of married partMcrn u\
ril I V ;,.,. 1. "i^"''"'"" ^'f '".i"rt»« tho f«,ellnKHof the other : A i.lend- .
tfon o ^Ir .Vj"^'""' 'i'.'y "'V""'^ "'"'<' '''"IMlrcH attention : A determlna-
.Kme.P L .Ih^ whj<,h do(5H not manlfe.Ht a couHlaiit alToction : A
he . L ho ^ 1 ""'' 'an'"* "'^"''"" = ^ manKcHl ictivo effort to r)romoto tho
^ 1 L»J"V*'/^'iV"^' ? ¥*"" "'" ^''" '""position whha» can alone pn.Hcrvo
and comprotothatcliob.oHtof nil Divine Bl(mHin«H-Kenuin(,,;onjuKal lovo.
Jb wn nV // *'''\^/'''*y are hurl, their nain lilionhl not bo treated liKhlly.
V .t ^w '^ '^" til ouKht cnud who tramt.hfd on tho inflamed fo^rt, of anothei
Wo.vi^f?"^"!"^**', ''^*'"'^ ^"J '^'"'"'tlmoH toi-turcd with KtinKinc wordfl o7
•mrSi.''""* '^V/^''"'''"/''^''^'' nnd.ir Iho debinion Ihat it Ih ifocf.HHarv t^
I'l.imo Wliero fault hnn heeti />/.rnir.n*/./l 'I'l... <!....« ti.. 1. i. . 1j-
Zr!^^'? V'^'iA"^'''*'' "f '•*"'\l''"*^""«« '^'"l 'i<»^^'li''"'; then'ft;;,i.,^ln if u!o
uJ^lTZ \"'P' V" '^" •"y*'' "". '*; '^I'PO'trcd. Jf HO. f^) ank for Him who vicnvH
not. 1.. 1 " ^'^" wl'^ ' ^''^' ^'ril^'"5 I"-""; !»"»•<'. th.m pe.'w^eablo, t^) Hj)cak tho '
WMvi. w^*'- ^^.''^r\""/, r'*' "il"i '« ''I'^N <" take care that it i« Koft and
w.um. How dcKirablo fhiH Ih In f)iir iiitercourHo with otiiorH I In oiir
home'" tSm^^^^^^^^^ ^'"^ ^^ ^'^^ ^^'^ "« ^^" ^^'P^^^'*'' ^* ^^'^ *"'!
11
I
4^8
ON CORRKSrONl)KNCE8, &C.
And yottt la not Jit all uncommon for unwlHo marviod partncirnso far (o
nogloot thlH (livino conunancUnont nn lo bo all Hmlhm to oIlioiH, and 1o
roHorvH tlioir foldut'HB for ihom whon» Ihoy Hhoiild niont fondly rlHtilHli.
Tho huiiband opon, Huilling, and M«uliilo.iHly i»olit(i (o any otimr lady, will
be renorvoil, nn^lijront, nncourtuons, and iinktnd to fcl.o liisart. whloh hIiouM
bo to hlin abovt* all prlcti. 'i'ho wlfo, atl-radiaiit with HniUcH to othorH,
Httontlve to thoir ndnutost wlwhos or comfortn, will not ti-onhh" hoivoll' t^>
rot4iln or nwaln tho atVoo.tionH of tliat. ono, on whon» all Ium- n^al hapnlnoHH
d^^pond». Tho gontlo. conciliating woni, for whlcli lior huBhand'H lioart,
buuoath a tlrin oxtorlor, is longing, ulio will not. npoak. Tlio ono aho won
bygontlcnc8n, and grace, and all the feminine vJrtuoH. «ho will notprortorvo
by growing in thoHo virtncH. Imt rudely repels. And the heart whowo
faintest tlu-ob 8ho t)nco valued boyond all earthly richew. h1»« rudely throws
nway.
O married partnerH. lenantH of the name house, who Bhouhl bo all in all
to each other, for time and for eternity, never neglect In your HentinnmlH,
your Hj»irit, your acts, and your wonlw t«) each other, to \ol lltere be viHil)le
on all tJie V,uinifestath)n8 of charactiir with which vour life'8 droHS irt
fringed, the trutli and the love of celestial blue. () wife, matron, mother,
rtnnen»ber your strength is in tenderness. J\<n'er shocit tho feelings or
your husband by harsh, Idttor, unwonumly exasperations. Your pe(!uliar
province is at home ; let it bo ever nreserved sacred to <iomostic peace. l»y
a n\eek and (piite spirit. So you will be your huslmnd's dearest trust. Jind
chief consoler; your children's constant refuge; and when you juive
pjwsed beyond the shades of time, the star o( fond remendtranco that
Bhines high above the cares of earth, mikI lures them still to heaven.
O husband, () father, on whom the wife's fond heart desires to lean, l<!t
i\o hju-sh expression drive her thenco. A yearning of u'lspeakable tend<n'-
noss keeps you witldu her presence, ment.-dly, wherever you may be from
morn lo dowy evo. And, when you return, sho expects tJie friendly
greeting ; let her not bo dl8a{)pointe<l. lie assured her love would ondrclo
y>>u. if yon were driven from the common raid<s of men ; her heart would
be the truest jdllow for your aching head. Her grace, her happiness, is
the worthiest ornament for yon now. Yonr strength is cold, r(;pulslve.
and forbidding, until it is ccVmbined and chastened by the g('nth^ness and
sweetness of your faithful, loving wife. Tiet Ium- be' ehetn-ed, then, to see
iip(m the fringe of your garments, tho clearnoas and tlio warmth of true
celestial blue.
It is equally important that tho llnnnoss andclcamoifls of tmth. blended
with the warmth and gentleneKH of love, nhould be visible in all <"nr intin--
course with our children. Firmness, without gentleness and choerfulnoRS,
is painful and repulsive to children, and they shun the circle of its intlu-
once as much as possible. Softness, without finnness. strengthens their
hankerings f(»r selfish indulgences, nndinc^reases those ui.'.orderly demands
which at length must be restrained with rigor, a hundred-fold inore pnin-
ful. or they mtistsink in ruin. Thildren look for just direction, and their
sense of justice leatia them readily to acqidesce in what is right when it
comes from lips tliey love. Only let the true blue ribband be seen by your
children always, and they will follow whei'e you lead, and your counsel
will be laws they will revere in your absence as well as in your presence ;
and when the niusic of your loved voice will be heard by them no more,
its recollections within \vill be piized as the tones and the wisdom of those
dearest and best-beloved ones who ]nloted them safely in the early walks
of life, and still have.only gone before them, and are waiting to welcome
tjjem on the purer plains" of heaven.
This attention to the very externals of the Christian life is fraught with
blessing every way. It is only thus, in fact, we can obtain strength to ho
healed of otif spiritual diseases, and only thus we can exhibit the worth of
upon helpless pliysicians for twelve years came to Jesus, she said within
hei-S(df : If I touch but the hem of his garment, I shall be made whole,
and as soon as she did so. virtue went out, and she was he.aled.
In tlie hem of *he vesture of Divine Truth, or in other words, in the
literal sense of tlie Word of God. the divine virtue is over present for tb !
meek and lowly, and when it is touched by trusting love, that virtu^ will
go out.
ON COriHKSPONDENCKa, AC.
450
itnoinfio far to
oUhuh, niid to
'outlly rhoiinh.
Uuir Ijuly, will
1. which RhouM
Ih'H to oUioi'H,
ihh' hovHoll' t^»
roul hulMtllKlHM
iHhaiKt'M tuturt,
oiw alio won
ill not, prortorvo
e hoiuli wJioHo
)nnU)ly throws
hi 1)0 all In all
iir HnntliuonlH,
hrvo ltd vlnihln
IKo's <lniHH irt
fttron, niolhor,
lu\ foolingH of
Your peculiar
OHtic poaco. by
LroHt truHt. anil
hojj you hav()
iinihranco that
» hoavon.
rew to loan, \^^t
akahlo ton<l<n'-
u may bo from
.8 tJie friendly
would onoirclo
i>r luiart would
!• liapoiMOHH, irt
old, ivipulrtivOj
;('ntlont',HH ana
(1, lihon. to s<'o
arnith of true
tmth. bl(^ndcd
u all <"ur intin"-
1 choerfulnoRS,
lo of Hh influ-
iingthena thoir
;l(>rly denunidrt
)ld in ore pnin-
tion. and tlu^ir
riffht when it
(1 Moen by your
I your couushI
ronr proBcnce ;
:hem no moro,
isdom of those
ho early walks
iig to welcome
Is frauRht with
strength to Ix'
it the worth of
if 1.
nU
*hc said within
i made wholf,
led.
words, in tho
iresent ffU" th'
hat virtu^ will
.leruHHlom, <lo.!lar<,«, •• ThuH Haitli (lie l", Sf 1,3 1 ImL fiJi' V'TJ
com,^ t<. vmn, that ton n.ou nhall take ho out of 1 1 uTuuS ota
natloiiH, even nhall tiUio ijold «if tJie Hkirt (»f lilVn <i. M . i ** ',"''
;• Wo w 11 ;.o with you ; f.,r wu havohr'nl U.it Uo " 1 l'!:;^'.?:!^^,',^
25. 1 1 1h religion in life tiiat h o .Horved bv and in «ii inZt i.,-. V- ^ — v ni.
When ltnot^.nly enlightonH the Zl and • ) "„'' K^
d..wn to the HkirlH ..f tl?e gar.nent, infuii g uhU ". Ulml " Jd ouhIImv
Into every act andevery w..rd, then it ban an o1,h,u „,. i X'K ,M i^
many a woll-dbpoHcd heart to nay : " We will i/ w li hv V?^ • L^^^
honnl that God l„ with you. ^.'t; .your go,,d mul^n, am ^v V
heave.l/' '"^''■" '"""' '''"' "'"^ "'"y K'orify yoir lither'^Jh'^/rin
While you pay duo and Hupnune attention to the interior nrim.lt.l».« nt
loving iiKi trulhful in litthi th iigH. r.et vour <lnllv (liilbm nt./l .l.iiiv
auiuhurum';;' hirri ^" Vr:\ '■'■" ?""•'•' '"' i-« v^/rl l.l^lmlr '^n'tl?" 'n 3^
ami thus upon tlie fringe let there be Hoeji tiik uiuhani. oj." jimjk.
EXPKUilCNOE OP A SUN KEPOUTEU IN HEW YOIlK.
From the N. Y. Sun.
liiere in no houd man in our denomination ; that in to suv thorn \i^ iw.
o e whose le.-ul w., follow witiiout (lueHtion. <V« all tJilnk "&• ml vih
y^ri^or/tT. 1)0 you und<!rHtand the doctrincH ?
ilL/J/ «; P'"'^y" Htudj.id tiiem about twenty-one yearB.
//? // w . "; ^''^<' 'jre you Sweilcnborgiaim driving at?
wal'-t<Uea,dUt^to the*worid" ^^* ''" ''^'" "'^'^'"^^ ^' •■«^^*^""« »'^»t^' ^"^
sciSri;rreiSSrt;u^^^^^^ *^"*^ ' ^^^ ^•^" ^^^^^ '^ -y ^^^^-^ ^« -^-y
rJIlt'Ji'-', ^^•^f"''"^" to Hay, and we do say, thatreligiouHtnitliiK flHoanal/lo
^L oKi"^l'^'L?"''*r,^f "^^"* '*"<* explanation a« anv oflier truth, and Sit we
are able to give thiH aeientitic explanatio... 'llu, Nkw (Jfiuiu'i theowS
bears the same relation to all oU.ei- tln!ol(,giuH t hat, the (^,p^^^
a^tronorny bearH to the rtolomaic. the Arabic, the llinSo Lid tl?e
baS'nn7h?',"- .^l '^«tronomy. Those systems of astuZmy were
ds follSVi/^o/n*''f^^ apoearance of Ihincs, whereas CopemiJus and
U..U i '^ ^^* "'•' *^^*' realities. Just so otlier systems of theoloirv am
truJh. """ «PI'«''^'^'^"«««' wl'ile the Nkw Cn.iiCH system is l>ascd m. tEreal
'irH^^^'r ^^^"-t J*<^ yo" mean by " appearances"?
ti.f r* "'"'^^ *"'' ^^■''■y that things appmr to the senses. Thr examnle
the sun appears to rise and r,et, und to go daily round th. earth The Kkv
hSn %W,.^.?^" ^ ^'^"f ^^' ^" ^^•«""*^- f^^i«^ ^^^t we call tS
Thp sun Jn^«..*,!lh'f ''*''' ^n l^« «t^'tionary in the . enfre of our universe.
eithMhSon^J''*'*''''^™,*'^" orb not a millionth* nart as large a« the
S h« 'm?v/l ".^^^"^^^"^ "? '"8ger than marbles, and the fixed stars appear
l^y sciSe Mrd^^T^i"!!'''^"^^ ^^} *^«",«. appearances are oonfJovSd
u.\4.ir 1 ' i''" , t^® senses have to yield lo reason. Tt is the samp in
HI>iritual and reiimous matters. ivhinl/ab^>""'i ..^m' >„ii„L„!: VH*.^ !1^^.^:^V^
SUX Wr.m «^L*^^^^ are correcte<l by spiritual science.
a/rr^,J^i ,'^ '^" ^'^"'kIs very well, in a general way : but let ns trt^f nt
SnJo^T ihnf w *'• ^"'''!; ■'' P^'^'"^ «1^ lady, when I was a bov, who was
«irong on tluit doctnne, and who always closed evei^ argimient on the
til
"M
1
460
ON CORRESrONDENCES, &C.
subject by saying, ** "Well, when you taJce away my total depravity, you
take away all my religion." What do you nay to that ?
Mr. ///Our doctxine as to that matter is, that allhiimanbeinc;8arebom
with f<infiil inclinations,(and of tliemaelves are notliing but evil), but noed
not commit sin unless tliey clioose to do so, and ai"e not accounted guilty of
sin unless they actually commit it.
Jiepnrtcr. Tl'ion you hold that all cliildren that die before they reach tlie
age ot moral accountability go to heaven, no master now wiclted or
heatlienish their parents may be.
Mr. II. We do most emphatically ; it is a monstrous error to suppose
otlierwise.
Reporter. But if no infants whatever go to hell, what becomes of the
doctrine of infant tlamnation ?
Mr. H. I'm sure 1 can't say, unless it goes where it would send the
infants, as it certainly should.
Jieparter. But if the doctrine of total depravity is not true, what need
have we of a Saviour ?
Mr. If. To save us from our sinful inclinations, and from actual sin
coumiiUed by every one j)ersonally.
lieporter. How did He, or how does He do that?
Mr. II. It is not easy to tell olf-liand how He does it. In order to
explain it, it is necessary in the first instance to expbiin our views of the
intimate coimection betweju this world and the spiritual world, includ-
ing boiSi Heave!i and Hell.
lieporter. That is just what I want to get at, please go on ?
Mr. H. The spiritual world is not remote from this world, on some
unknown planet, as is coiiimonly supposed. It is righ j here, close to this
world and within it. Wiieu a good man lives agoodlife; he draws angels
and j^ood spirits, who inhabit the aitiritual vvoild, near liim ; if he lives an
evil life, lie draws evil spirits and clevils around him.
lieporter. What is the difference between a good spirit and an angel, and
an evil spirit and a devil ?
Mr. II. A good spirit is a good human being who has jjassed from this
world, but who has not yet become an angel. An angel is a good liuman
being who has been perfected in the spiritual world up to the status of
angelhood, and been thereby elevated into heaven.. An evil spirit is a
wicked human being who- has passed from tliis world, but has not yet
become a devil. A devil is a wicked human being, wlio having passed
into the world of spirits, has blossomed into full blown devilhbod, and
gone to his home in hell.
lieporter. You talk about the WorTvT> of Spirits, as though it were a
place to which good and bad spirits go in common, prei^ious to tlieir being
sent to heaven or hell
Mr. H. Yes, the world of -spirits is an intermediate state between heaven
and hell. It is where all go immediatelv after death, before we are finally
arranged and disposed of according to our real characters. Now to com'e
back to the spirits which a man draws about him in this work' by his life,
and on which I must predicate my explanation of the work of salvation
which the Saviour did for us ; By the instrumentalitv of good spirits and
an-'els, the Lord is always trving to save u-s from tlie machinations of
evil spirits and devils. But when the human raiie is unspeak-
ably wicked, as it was at the time of the Lord's appearance on earth,
special efforts to this end are necesaarv. At the time of our SAVior ,'9
advent, the evil spirits and devils had sot siich a hold upon men as to fe \q
possession not only of their luinda and hearts, but of their bodies also, is
we read in the Gospels, and the instrumentalitv of angels and good sjiirits
was not sifflcient to resist them. The Lord, therefore, came Himself down
to the plane of human life, and on that plane fought with hif. own Omnipo-
tence ag.ainsthell, audits allies, drove them back, and thus saved man from
dcritruction.
lieporter Do you mean that it was God Himself who did this ?
Mr. II. Yes, I do. There is iMit one God. rhe Son of God is the name
given to His manifestation of Himself here on earth, and the Hol^ Spirit
fe the holy infl'ience that proceeds from Him.
Reporter, What becomes of the vicarious atonement then ?
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C.
461
epravity, you
Bings are bom
)vil).butn(;ed.
lilted guilty of
hey reach the
>w wicked or
)r to BUppOBO
conies of the
>uld send the
e, what need
)m actual sin
In order to
views of the
i^orid, itichul-
rld, on some
, close to this
draws angels
if he lives an
an angel, and
ed from this
good iiuman
trie status of
dl spirit is a
; has not yet
avin^ passed
jvillibod, and
gh it were a
o tlieir being
bween heaven
we are finally
Now to come
Why his life,
of salvation
od spirits and
chinations of
is nnspeak-
ice on earth,
irSAVior ,'9
len as to tj ^o
rtdies also, is
d good spirits
timself down
own Omnipo-
fcred man from
his?
is the name
e IIol^ Spirit
3/r. IT. The yicarlons atonement, as expounded by old fashioned theo-
logians, is a iniscoiicoption oi the truth, just as the Ptolemaic system of
astronomy was a misconception of astroiioiuical facts. It rests upon tho
ussuinption that God was angry witJi His creatures and needed to bo
pacihed, and would not be reconciled to the olfendeis until some one had
been adequately punished for their oJlcnces. God'h alleged anger is onlv
an appearance induced by our guilty conscience. The tTutli is that God
loves the sinner just as much as He loves the saint, and always seeks tho
sinner sgood, for "His tender meicies are overall His works," extei.ding
fu^l^^ u lowest hell. The intinite love of our Heavenly Father is such
that He "makes His sun to nse o: tlie evil and on the good, and sendet'-
ram on the mst and on the unjust "and "iw kiuj to the unthankful and m
tbe evil. lo remove the appearance of auger, it is only necessarv for uh
to repent of our sins and turn to the Lokd ; just as, to come from niirht to
day. It IS necerisary lor the earth lotuni, and not for the sun to cSaiiao
Its position. Ihe sun sluiies on just the same all the time whether it bo
hidden by clouds or shut out from us by the earth's turning awav from it •
and so, too, does the Lord's love shine on iust the same all ilie time, no
matter how it may be obscured by the clouds of evil, or shut out from our
hearts by our turiung away from the Lokd. So you see that redemption
was a deliverance from the powers of hell, to enable us to turn again tS
God, and was not a deliverance from the wrath of God a-i the nhmHe iw
usuaUv understood The work which the Lord did in\-eLinption^^^^^^
indeed vicanous. He did in our place whe*. we could not dr/oi ourselves!
Alonement again, means reconciliation^or, as it is sometimes spelled
Cdo;f nnt'.^'in " ^ ^^ ^'^^i^"^" reconciled to God, and not GodTo ut
He doea not need any reconciling, but we do, because it is we wlio havo
,^P«ni?^«tvr«^^^ f^ "^^ Y^'"" "^"i^^ ^^ brought bfx-k. To repeat our astronom-
i<.al lilustiation, there is no change m God f.ny more than there is in tiie
?"?i Jf t!?<^,?ai'th that must tuni in order to receive the sun's heat and
light, bin IS the great cloud that intercepts the heat and light, or the
pi vine love and wisdom, proceeding from the Sun of Kighteousness, "Your
imqmties have separated between you uiid your God, and your sins have
lud His face from you."
lit^orter. All the preachers say the same thing, that we must turn to
thlirsT^ salvation. Is year way of doing that different from
Mr. H. I will not attempt to state their method, but will only tell you
What ours is. Our way of turning to the Lord Is to repent of one's sins,
pray to the Lord for help, and above all to keep the commandments.
Meporter. That seems to be orthodox. I was brought up a Mettiodist,
and that IS .pist what they preached. There does not seem to be much
practical ditlerence, after all, between you and the rest of the religious
world. °
Mr. H. I should be very glad to believe that that was so. ITie use of
all religion is to make good men and women on earth, and angels in hea-
ven ; so far as the Methodist. CathoUc, or IM^ometan religion can do
that, it has my hearty sympathy. Indeed Swedenborg teaches that in
yjie providence of the Lord, believers of all forms of religion are saved
If they only L^ad good lives, according to their religious precer)ts.
Reporter. What is the advantage of your form of vehgion, then, oyer
others? o » >
Mr. JR. Th i) . • .ftage consists in being f^ee from the error.^ and mis-
conceptions -yhv t embarrass and mislead believers in otlier systems.
lipportcr. v«'^;> t errors and misconceptioijs do you refer to ?
Mr. //.Tiiatof God's being aiigiy with iis and demanding a victim to
apnease his wrath, for example, and the CQiisequent misconception of the
r;^al nat;ire of the atonement, the trinitv of three distinct persons, the
clcctrliu that heaven and hell are arbitrarily given by the Lord, and are
-loi; tne lewulL of eternal laws, these and kindred errors following from
tJiem. puzzle and confuse people's minds, and prevent them from doingas
well as ;;hey would if they knew the truth,
Jippiyrier. If the Lord does not send a man to hell, who sends him
there ?
Mr. H.TiQ goes there of his ov/n actord, and because he likes it better
than he likes any other place.
462
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC,
Jteporfrr. If you will enable me to compreliend that, and see that it Is
true, you will contribute much to my poac%of mind.
AJr. H. How so ? would it contribute to your peace of mind to see that if
you Hhould ever become an inmate of one of those loatlisome hells of the
J? ourth or Sixtli ward of New York,— Bay a negro dance-house,— it would
be because you had become so degraded that you woidd go there, and live
theije, /\nd make your Uviug by living there, from pure love for such a
11 10 /
Jieporter. The very idea makes my soul tun\ sick.
Mr. H. Very well, then, how can it contribute to your peace of mind
to see and believe that if you go to hell from the world of spirits it will be
oocause you will have become so vile and loathsome in all tlie attributes of
your spiritual natura that you will prefer the society of devils to tliat, of
angels, and tlie wicKodueas and corrupUon of hell to the uuritv and holi-
:iess of heaven ? tr j
Rrpirrti"!. On reflection I do not think my peace of mind would be nuuh
re-enforced by such a belief. But 1 want you to explain how people go
from the spiritual world (o hoaven or to hell. *-*-«>
Mr. H. Before 1 do tliat, tell me what your idea of heaven is.
Reporter. Heaven Ib the eternal home of the redeemed, it is the home of
never ending rest, it is a place of etemal happiness.
Mr. H. What makes hoaven a place of happiness ?
Reportr, . Why, God makes it bo, of course.
Mr. fl. But how does he make it so? In what does the happiness of
heaven consist ?
neportcr. vVhy. in being happy. I suppose. And the redeemed are made
happy by con ton- .bating the gloiies of their Redeemer : by singing endless
praises to Him, by wearing golden crowns and robes of spotless white, and
roaming tliose sweet fields wiiich as the old hymn says, beyond the swelling
flood stand dressed in livincc green.
Mr. H. That is to say, the happiness of heaven, according to your views,
consists in what might be termed a never ending religious holiday, with
nothing to do except to sing praises to God, and feast on what you call
heavenly delights ? •
Reporters Yes, tliat is about it.
Mr. H. How would you like that here on earth ? How would you like
to stand in a temple or a garden for years, wearing a white robe, and
with a gold crown on your liead, and a gold harp in your hand, and with
nothing to do but to sing psalms ? Or to put it briefly, how would you
like to live in everlasting idleness hero if you could.
Reporter. It would be intolerable, of course. It would kill me or drive
me crazy.
Mr. ti. Exactly, just as it has killed or driven mad many a man who,
having amassed wealth, and foolishly imagined that it m ould be heaven on
earth to live in splendor and idleness, has supplied himself with a luxurious
home, and quit business to enjoy it. Does not every such man tind out his
mistake ?
Reporter, Y'es, I went \xp to Connecticut last year aiui interviewed one
of these veiy men. He liad an earthly paradise, but the devil was in it
in the shape of idleness, and the poor rich old man told me he was going
to start all orphan asylum, and run it himself, just to have enough to do
to keep liim from going crazy or committing suicide.
Mr H, You have lut it exactl.v. Activity is a law of life. Idleness leads
to stagnation, and stagnation "is death. Every man must be active. A
good man wants to be all the time doing something useful, an evil man
wants to be all the time doing something hannful. The old gentleman
that you interviewed in Connecticut, being a good-hearted man, his
irrepressible craving for activity burst oat in a chaiitable direction, and he
founded an orphan asylum. If he had been a bad hearted man his activity
would have taken an evil direction. In the spiritual world ever:/ one has
tne oaiiic paHBioiis ajiu uesires us liere. Tiie y:ood spirits seek to be useful, and
the bad spirits seek to gratify their evil dispositions. The same laws
govern the coalescence of the inhabitants of the world of spirits inio
societies or communities which govern the same thing here. In this world
the vicious seek out and consort with the vicious, and the good consort with
i »6e that it Is
d to Beo thnt if
rie liollH ol' Iho
iiKo,— it would
tliere, and live
)ve for BucU u
p<^ace of mind
t>int8it will be
lo attributes of
3vilB to tliai of
urity and holi-
voiild be nuuli
liow people go
Ilia.
in tlie Lome of
i happiness of
imed are made
iinging endless
less white, and
id the swelling
to your views,
:! holiday, with
what you call
v'ould you like
hite robe, and
and, and with
ow would you
111 me or drive
y a man who,
11 be heaven on
itli a luxurious
iiu tindouthis
iterviewed one
levil was in it
he was going
3 enough to do
Idleness leads
be active. A
1. an evil man
3ld gentleman
rted man, his
rection,andhe
lan his activity
every one has
I be useful, and
he same laws
3f spirits inio
In this world
d consort with
I
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &C. 4C3
S^.?.f.T'^' ^ w* ^^f ^^^^^^^ ^^^o """^ ve in thlH city, for exarnnlo on an v tfl v^n
lue S'^rSlfeved Sn^^^^'i!'''' r ^^
loves the company of Uie vicious will HH«if nnf ,,i..jX!!/ . *^"*"" ,^*
where he willoniov Idmself nS wm seek out vicious companions, and go
show out and act out tlie love for the Loud an 1 hil ',» ,.n " IL\ -"i"*", "^ "7
devils an<l suffer unsDeStSlen^ passions and by our fellow
Adi. '^SumdontMxrit? thJS^^ ^,«^«''^^*«^ f«^ ^'^^^^ ^one in
dealings with His Sati^rosSfplir *^^ evd thereof." In the Loitn's
sense ill which that wSsSnprniw^^ i" the
quences. If you K hold ol hot ?J^^^^ ^"* ""''^^ philosophical conse-
a punishment%rKrilv inmSd SSt on v^^ The burning is not
man eats or diinks anv thin« J^J.? ' ^"^^ ^ natural consequence. If a
quences Mlow^dZhSSh^'^f^nZ^ Z ^"rtful the inevitable conse-
too, if a man coin ni t« «4 n IL •\"J ■' .^^ PF^^P» ^"^ ^^^^ sacrificed. So,
and by crtLnS 1^1 in"ke^^^^^ ^ a spiritual consequence
appetite for S Sit Lr^nVf«f.^^f ^''^ ^*^''.'' ^*^ *"^ J^»« »o»l gets such an
ii wickedness arfd fif.o w """^^ ^l"Vf"^ ^" *^® ^"'"^d ^^ ^Pi^ts, and grows
sins.juTtaSadmnkft^^^^^^ spiritual consequence of his
.j^-i:i^^ss! ^srcSftraL^^d^riSxy^i^^^^ .... „..
enjo^dngle^eScise^of hiM*';^^^^^^ ^*'^'*'? ^'^^1' **«*^"l"^«» the habit of
societv KmoSns of i lik^f ^^^^^ ri'-*^ '" *.^^ *^*^^''' ^^^ seeks the
4G4
ON COmiESPONDENCES, AC.
Rrpnrfer. Wlmt chance la there for doing good to your iieighbourfl In
heaven ? Doesn't the Loud give your neii^libourii all they want there with-
out your help? . , .i, J.
Mr. IT. He does not do It there any more than he does it here ; you must
remember that our hnppincHH comeii through the ri^ht use of the f.-icullios
wluch tlio Loud has bestowed on us. The liOUD works by hislrumentnli-
ties in heaven the sanio as lie does here. For example, he gives us the
relation between husband and wife, of parent and child, of teacher and
Bcholur, to bring into activity and to gratify our deei)e8t and tendorest
affections, and it is only in tliis way— that is, by the exercise of our
alfections— that wo can get any development.
Reporter. Do you mean to say tliat there are the relations of husbanda
and wives, pareiitrf and cliildren, and teachers and scholars in heaven ?
Mr. U. I do. Natural death has no power to effect a permanent separa-
tion between a husband and wife who have tenderly loved each other in
tlie world, and at the same time were grounded in sincere love to GoP.
There are husbands and "wives in heaven as tliere are on this earth ; and
tliough no children are born there yet the children who die in this world,
and who all go to heaven have to bo brought up and educated to adult
age ; so, too, the ignorant good people among Christians and the good
among tlie heatlien, who all go to heaven, have to be instructed there.
And m fact what do the wisest of us know in comparison with the
angels who have been in heaven for thou^^ands of years ? As arrivals
ther^ are incessant, there is never any cessation of the work of instruction.
Hence there is tlie exercise of the pai-ental ollice, and the relation of
■teacher and scholar. Did it ever ^cur to ^ou to imagine what has be-
come of the myriads of infants thll have died and gone into the world of
spirits. Do you suppose that infants that died live thousand years ago aro
kept bottled up somewhere as infants still ? Are aU tlie infants that have
died, and that are djing, and that will hereafter die, tobe kept for ages upon
ages in an infantine state, and then be finally judged as infants, and sent
to their doo -i as infants, and kept as infants,— myriads of them not one
hour old— throughout eternity ? Do you suppose there is to be any such
waste of immortal material as that ? Is it not more reasonable to suppose
that the Lord in the exercise of His inlinite love and wisdom, has made
provision for their care, and comfort, and instruction? It would be
justly considered an act of atrocious cruelty to send countless infants off
to some distant land, without making any i»rovision for their welfare
when they should arrive at their destination. And is there any reasonable
religious being on earth who would dare to imagine that the Lord has not
made ample provision for the welfare of all His little ones that go in their
helplessness to the unseen land ?
Reporter. All the mothei^ will be apt to accept your doctrine as to the
fate of infants in the other life. It looks reasonal)le. But if Swedenborg's
views are con-ect, it strikes me that a great many good Christians are fore-
doomed to disappointment, and will not find the neaven they longed for.
Mr. H. There you are mistaken. Swedenborg expressly says, that eveiy
good petson, on his first arrival in the world of epuits, finds exactly the
eaven he believes in.
Reporter. Why is that ?
Mr. H. To take the nonsense out of him. "When people ima^ne that
heavenly happiness consists in endless worship, or singing, or sitting on
beds of flowers, or roaming in paradisaical gardens, orfesisting with the
patriarchs, or merely getting into a place called heaven tliey are allowed
to tiy the experiment, till they become so disgusted that they wish to
break away from such enjoyments, and escape to some place where they
can find something useful to do. They are then instructed that heaven
consists in performing uses— doing useful things— in the name of the Lord,
and right glad are they to learn tliat lesson. The essence of heavenly de-
light is the doing of good to others, and not the selfish frratlfication of
one's own desires. Svy^edenborg says that the angels not only love their
neighbour as themselves, but better than themselves, and find ineffable
delight in ministering to their neighbours. That irt in accordance with the
teaching of the Lord while on earth : " But he that is greatest among you
Bhall be your servant." (Matt, xxiii. 11.)
ox COltRESPONTJENCES, &C,
4 Go
j^our iieighbourfl in
ley want there witli-
BS it hero ; you must
use of tlio faciillios
8 by Luslrumontiili-
lo, he gives us tlie
ikt, of teacher and
])e8t and teiidorest
the exercise of our
ntions of husbandB
olars in heaven ?
1 permanent separa-
3ved each other in
icere love to Gop.
on this earth ; and
o die in tliis world.
educated to adult
tians and the good
e instructed there.
>mpari8on with the
y'ears? As arrivals
work of instruction,
ind tlie relation of
igine what has be-
le into tlie world of
)usaiid years ago are
ho infants that have
e kept for ages upon
as infants, and sent
is of them not one
re is to be any such
sasonable to suppose
wisdom, has made
tioii? It would be
ountless infants off
a for their weKare
here any reasonable
lat the Lord has not
ones that go in their
,r doctrine as to the
But if Swedenborg's
L Christians are f ore-
ven they longed for.
jssly says, that eveiy
s, hnds exactly the
»eople imagine that
iiging, or sitting on
>rfejisting with the
an tliey are allowed
1 that they wish to
e place where they
tructed that heaven
e name of the Lord,
ence of heavenly de-
[fish frratlfication of
not only love their
, and find ineffable
accordance with the
■ greatest among you
Reporter, But what do angels find to do in heaven?
Mr. H. Everything tliat good \mn\ and women do in a porfoot etnte of
society on earth, with of coui-se such exeeittions as giv.w out of tlio (iilfcr-
ence between tlie material and tlie spiritual worlds. Some are teachers of
religious truth to new comers from this world. Some, particularly women,
tjike care of infants and childnui. Immense numbers are enmiged in
watching over us who still live here in tliis world. " Are they not all min-
j.tiuing spints sent forth to minister for tliem who shall be heirs of salvji-
tion, (Ileb. i. 14), and as nianv, if not more, in ameliorating the miseries
of the inmates of hell. It is there as it would l)e here in a communitv of
good and benevolent people, eatth one does what he is best qualified for to
promote the general welfare and happiness.
lieporter. Will peojdo know each other there ?
Mr. H. Yes, but if that knowledge is only of the outward seeming, as it
often is m this \yorld, and not of real inttuior character, it will koou pass
a .vay, because there everybody at lengtli has to show his real character,
no hypocrisy is .possible there, lience. nnlei-s jieople have an interior
aMimty for one another, they do not renuun together in the spiritual
li( porter. Do you administer the usual oi dinances ?
-ir^l^-J^' ^® administer the rite of BaiHism, and the sacrament of the
Iloly Supper, and carry on our worship very much like other ChriHtians.
are liberal in our notions as to other sects, and wit'> tliem all God
Bpeed. The fact is the New Jerusalem is coming down out of heaven in
all parts of the world and in all denominations. It has transformed the
theology and the preaching of Christendom within a century. Heni-y
Ward Beecher preaches more of the (^ence of the new cliurch doctrines
tlian some of our own ministers. Bishop Clark of Rhode Island does the
same. By the essence of our doctrines. 1 mean love to God and the neigh-
bor carried out in actual life by keeping the commandments, both in their
letter and their spirit.
To tfie foregoing, we add ihe/oUowing extracts from Swedenborg.
The Earth and the Human Race will Ahide fob Ever.— "That
the procreations of the human race will continue to eternity, is plain from
many considerations, and of wliich the following are the principal :— I.
That the human race is the basis on which heaven is founded. II. That
the human race is the seminary of heaven. III. That the extension of
heaven, which is for angels, is so immense that it cannot be filled to
Eternity. IV. That they are but few respectively, of whom heaven at
present is formed. V. That the perfection of heaven increases according
to plurality. VI. And that eveiy Divine work has respect to Infinity and
Eternity. The angelic heaven is the end for which all tilings in the uni-
verse were created, for it is the end on account of which mankind exists,
and mankind is the end regai .^ed in the creation of the visible heaven,
and the earths included in it ; wherefore that Divine work, namely, the
an^lic heaven, primarily has respect to Infinity and Eteridty, and there-
for^ to its multiplication without end, for the Divine Himself dwells
within it. Hence also it is clear, that the human race will never cease, for
were it to cease, the Divine work would be limited to a certain number,
and thus its respectiveness to Infinity would perish. The Lord did
not create the universe for his o>vn sake, but for the sake of tliose vrith
whom He will be in Heaven ; for spiritual love is such, tliat it wishes to
give its own to another ; and as far as it can do this it is in its being, in
its peace, and in its blessedness : spiritual love derives this from the Di-
vine Love of the Lord, which is infinitely such ; from hence it follows
that the Divine Love, and hence the Divine Providence, has for its end a
heaven, which may consist of men made angels, to whom He can give all
the blessed and happv things which are of love and wisdom, and give
them from Himself in' them." i. /. 6. ■
Many uus table minUs have raised a hue and cry about the worhl coming
to an end, causing much fear and alanu when there was no just reason for
it. The earth meant in the Word has come to an end many times, but not
so God's fair and beautiful world of nature. 'ITiat is perfect for all tlie
purposes of its creation and will remain so for ever. No teiTaqueoua
'6^
4G6
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC.
globe Is meant whon the Word says, " O earth, earth, earth, hear the
worda of Jeliovah."
Owing to tlio
Bignlllcatioii of the
have thought that L J _.. ^- „ ,, . . , i < ^ m.4.
there fle»cribed, the end of the natural world is to be uJuderBU)od. But
- - ■ - ..... .-> — .^v.1 . ..1 1..U It was the last
bed by the
^^^ ,»v.»^. -- , ^ „ . '' ^OHD at
hifl'Advent intothevvoiTd', a liist judgment wan executed by Him in the
gniritual world at His Bcconil advent in 1757 ; it Ih the liittt judgment with
every man individually when he dies, but it in altogetlier a vuintlnng to im-
agine that eitlier of tiieae viHitatiorw could involve the destruction of the
■world. All such falhicieH have come to an end and will continue to do bo,
for the simple reason that the declarations of tlie W*.rd are understood in
a grossly liteial sense the sense of the '* letter which killeth," overlooking
thatof the" spirit, which giveth life." .^ ^ ^r. .
The end of tJie world prophets existed as long ago as the tenth century.
ccording to Michelet's French HisU>ry, it was the universal belief of the
Acconiing
middle age
the end of the world, and accordingly an
middle age that the thousandth year from ' he nativity of (Jhrist would be
U.T. . — 1 °j! i.i — 1^ „..,! ..,.»^...ii.i.,iir oil niinense amount of propen^'
Bjuon.Sgive to such and such a Church, or monastery, such and such prop-
erty, for the benefit of my soul." . « , ^i. !»
Joseph Mede, the greatest autlidnty on this subject, twice fixed the end
of the worM during the last century, and once during his lifetime.
Dr. Woolf , a missionary to Bochara for the conversion of the Jews, cal-
culated from the prophecies that the world would come to an end In 1848.
When some one asked him during the following year how he came to make
so great a mistake, tbe frank answer was returned, " Because I was a
great ass." If other end of the world prophets had been equally candid,
She victims of this deplorable delusion would have been much less numer-
ous than they are at present. Lord Napier, the discoverer of Algbbra,
made out that the end of the world would take place in 1810.
In the ''Commentary on the New Testament" published under the di-
rection of Mr. Wesley, the period fixed was 1830. Bengal, a mystical
writer, calculated that the mlllenium would begin is 1836, and last 2000
years.
Father Miller, as he was called, computed that the burning of the world
would take place In the fall of 1843, or sometime during the f >llowlng
year, and eventually It was given out as a sure thing that the en I would
come on the 22nd of October, 1844, when the Lord would appear visibly
in the clouds of heaven. Thousands were rendered almost insane wita
excitement. Business was paralyzed and stores were closed in New York
by the score. One stove dealer cloeed his place of business declaring that
no more stoves would ever be wanted In this world. A shoemaker tried
to wind up business by giving away his stock. A dealer In fruit, cakes,
and confectionery, disposed ot his stock in a similar manner, to the great
delight of the children, who wannly welcomed the propagation of this
new faith among the confectioners and fruit dealers. The day appointed
for the final collapse of the creation came round at last, but as might
have been expected, nothing collapsed except the prophecy. One might
reasonably have supposed that this exploded delusion would have ended
at this point, but even now, some thirty years later than the above date,
Mr. Miller's followers are still as sanguine as evor that a literal destruc-
tion of the earth Is impending.
Dr. Cummings has been at immense labor to prove that the end of the
world would take place In 18G7.
Thousands In Canada will remember the excitement caused by a ISTr.
Baxter, several years ago, while deiivering lectures to prove the impend-
ing destruction of our planet at an early day. That day has long since
{)a88ed and gone, and the face of nature is still as fair as ever. I certaln-
y know that if not admitted into their pulpits, Mr. Baxter wus invited by
irth, hoar the
the BPiritual
d Word, many
ion of the age
erBtood. But
[t WHH the last
eri 'hed by the
y til.) LoKD at
•y Him in the
lulKinant with
inlliiiigtoiin-
ructioii of the
Liime to do bo,
uiiderKtood in
," overlooking
tenth century,
il belief of the
irist would be
it of proper*'
,nd well at til
Chiuch lantbi
d, I, (Jount or
,ud such prop-
fixed the end
Btinie.
the Jews, cal-
n end in 1848.
came to make
;auHe I was a
lually candid,
:;h leaa numer-
jrof Algebra,
under the di-
ll, a mystical
and last 2000
Lg of the world
the f >llowin2
;he en I would
appear visibly
it insane witn
1 in New Tork
declaring that
oemaker tried
n fruit, cakes,
sr. to the great
Ration of this
day appointed
but as might
y. One might
id have ended
le above date,
iteral destruc-
the end of the
itsed by a IVTr.
re the impend-
[las long since
^er. I certain-
was invited by
OH '"ORRESPONDENCFS, AC. 467
ref<i)ectable clergymen to addresn thefr Sun-Lay School ^1 .. ^
ce„ur?cJ 111 bH<iivfHchteuliitf HomtM.f ih.w.i,n;r. ' ^ .. ^hiMnes and buo.
,. nd of the world Jm.anguoH* *" childien by his lire and brimstone
«hiwinVSX''ie™^^^^^^^^ 'or the .ole purpose of
liable (liH.l(.Hurefriv ru™ie j^^^ ^J » !"•<>?«'• "«»* o/ liJiZS'
guide to the right "ideret «rmnff of I hrwnfV^T.^^^'-^^ ^ '^" ''"«" ^4
in this conneoiiou k» cSde^ Si« ,! !f ^.'" ^^ ^^i" »^'t ^>e uni-rolltiibie
w;eli as its future. K.-mIH . hiitoSan ^L T^ "Jf "r. '»""*^» ^^-^
the ancient peoples i . rh n ,l i, ^ » S' traces ui) the hi ;ory of Bonic of
to the llood,^.n<?i: muci. ^i&Tt'tlZ''^^^^^ a -ilJned
tul nations poHHossini? wSl .^.rartV,: i /*'' '^r the exist<Ti«'.H)f ni.uer-
lighting mmrut th'tZx^^peZT'^i hEloSn'""'^^"'^ ti.usaK of
before ami <^\nee his time, nevor thoShfthif ;,^^ both
Genesis w e to undersfAnii \...^ „ ip . J^^ "^ *"® ^'^wl described in
ty or wlek....ossr;n3ti«t"t1leZe Sdl7/th' ^."' * "^^^ '^* i"*^""
curs in Scripture. Such a tlood took iX. iW ^ }^^ ^"" .wherever it oc-
f the end of the Jewish dlspSsS.^seelMn I.'^'va^^*''?^ 7"^ *'"* ««.
frequently referred to Uiroughout the' Psiln^^^
the New Testament, and alwavs wif h thiJ T 'V!*^ ^J<>Vhtit^, as well as in
hiH C'oncordance ^nd t^xl^tinX^^Lt^^^^^ ,^^t a man take
then number. The Divi idea is exmtSlI h f "^'^ ^^ astonlnhed at
respondence existi ng b. ^n a UooH nf^ul *^'^ '• ''i'"i«^' *^'o^» the cor-
llfe and a flood of ii^quity, o^wiikedneL w fio^h'T^^/' *^'^'*"9>'" '"^t'"*^!
Furthennore, the narrative ol tlie tin^/i h ■' ^^*«h destroys spiritual life.
% e of composition, Xch cVnSsS in t w/ " '^".«" "\<^\« »'^«t ancient
and allegories, in the descSptim/of ete' tSr.^^^^^^^ Hi.nilitudes,
l't.""^«^"^t^o*i in a ditterent manneVfmn^t^/f^ ''*"^^"'' i» ^
which begins at the end of the Seveifth r> nf , r iteral or true liistorj-
glyphics Inscribed on tlie te nnles l.,n! iL^l J'l^n'Jf"'*'- " Thelder(^
nans and Kffvntians ami th« »lii?i ' '"""i^; a"d buildings of the Assv-
framed M^ZSQ^^Au^ wrf'i^n ?. ^^'^ "'^^^ *^« early afeeTs
tary knowledges reSn ina fh« i^!; ^^'^^ ^" denved from the ^ragnum-
^%*»^Hhlngsf deSvlTfeat anSSs '."'"'' '''''''''' ^^^^'""^ ^^
i%;^~^ 2.00 yea™
^a«r,n,-lntheisBueofi^'ftSr6otIlr^f/T.*n^ ^^f^^^^^^ ^'-^^^ «^e
^JT^ specnlations on tlK> probaS aS,^^^^
which may well startle even those who hn,ra^ i}>^ *^f *^® *^"»^»« «Pecie8
elusion that 6,000 vears car^ us bi^ ? ^S^n """^ '^^^^ «<^"^® *« ^^e ^on-
homo. In fa^t. in Mr. wTlSe?, reokoninTi ^"^ ^""'^ ^ ^^ original
a day. He begins by complainin/of tho tiS^f.r^J^^"'*"? ^^^^ a^-e l>"t as
treating of this subject and points out tL f n^ ?*^ f scientific men when
lowest esrimate in ord^o ^ on the Lf^^^r* ^^^T V^«f«rring the
the evideiice tends to .show that the RafXi!?^- ?« declares that all
flgnres. He reviews tlie various attemnf« to^*'.P''''V''*bly with the large
the human remains or works of art aS'flL«fJ''^^'™'"^ *b« antiquity of
have been pretty accurately fixed atT(V)0?n 4 n«n ^''^'"''^'^ ^^« ^" ^"^ope to
of the .Swiss dwellings, at nm to 7 m^J^J'^^ T^'^-^^''- ^^^ s*one age
period. The.burnttek fo Ko SSn^n^^h''VV *^"*«rio?
cates an antiquity of 20 ooo ^r^aZ . f S^^ ^? *^® ^^ie alluvium, indi-
30.000 yeai-s. A SmL skeTetoS^^o inT«^^^^^^ «* ^2 feeT ^ves
buried forests superpJsId fpoi" each o?her bt-* k ""^ ^^ ^^^*, below^our
Dowler to have an antiquity of 60 000 yeari '"R^.TJ^f^l! calculated by Dr.
before those which Kent's rnvAr^'o+n^^- -^"^ ^^^ those estimates nalo
of the stalagmite is ?he cSef fTc?o?^n^f^n^^' legitimates. Befe thl drip
upper floor Wch ''divide^lL relics of the CP»*^«on giving us aS
S^:^^^^^^ Of the bont'^flt'eJS/rX "^^J^^^
cutin7hiB'stala^m"S^San^'^^^^^^^^
words, where the^stalaSe is 12 fi^^t^E^'^Vi'^ '"i^L^ ^^^We ; in othe?
more tta a hundredth of a foot hS beef deniJSfn^'^Pi'*"^ "«P^""«' "oj
rate of 5 feet in 100,000 ye^rs^'i^i^^'^^Xi^i^^^^l^l^^^^^
t
.V
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
i
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A
^ .^^k^x
^^/ /j^'iL
/-
f/.
^
.^
1.0
I.I
>^ 1^ 12.2
^ us, 12.0
1.8
'
1.25 ||.4 1.6
^
6"
►
Hiotographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAINS ;S5"
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
^
468
OK CORRESPONDENCES, AC
nmch oldior and more crystalline ( t. e. more slowly formed) stalagmite be-
neath which again, '• in a solid breccia, very different from the cave earth,
undoubted works of art have been found." Mr. Wallace assumes only
100,000 years for the upper floor, and 250.000 for the lower, and adds 150,000
for the intermediate cave earth, by which he aiiives at the sura of half a
million as repress ixting the years that have probably elapsed since flints
of human workmansnii) were buried in the lowest depths of Kent'R
cavern.
Mr. Frank Calvert, of the Dardanolles, whose archaelogical and geologi-
cal attainments stand high, has informed the Levant Herald that from the
face of a cliff composed of strata belonging to the Miocene period of the
Tertiary age he has extracted the fragment of a bone of either a dinp-
theriuin or Maetadon, engraved with the fleure of a homed quadruped ;
from which he concludes that the remarkable fact is thus established be-
yond a question that tiie antiquity of man is no longer to be reckoned by
thousands, but by millions of years.
Regarding the Post Pliocene skull lately discovered, it is admitted by
Prof. Huxley tO be a " fair human skull, which might have belonged to a
Shilosopher, or contained the thoughtless brains of a savage." These
inty facts bear rather hard on the evolution tlieory of Darmn, and cer-
tainly go to show that if the human r*e have been evolved from apes and
monkeys, accordiug-to Ids account, our ancestors must have lived In such
" good old times " that the relationship must be very distant indeed*
State of the World and Chubch, after, and in consequence
OF the LAhij' Judgment.— *'Thes<a/e of thewoBLD hereafter wiUbequite
similar to what it has been heretofore, for the great change, which has bedl
"effected in the spuitual world, does not induce any change in the natural
world as regards the outward fonn ; so that the affairs of states, peace^
treaties and wars, with all other things wliich belong to the societies of
men, in general and particular, will exist in the future, just as they ex-
isted in the past. The Lord's saying that in the last times there will be
wars, and that nation will rise up against nation, and kingdom against
kingdom, and that there will be famines, pestilences, and earthquakes in
divers places," Matt. xxiv. 6, 7, does not signify tliat such things will
exist in the natural world, but that things coiTesponding with them will
exist in the spiritual world, for the Word m its prophecies does not treat
of the kingdoms, or of the nations upon eai-th, or consequently, of their
waw.or of famines, pestilences, and earthquakes in nature, but of such
thincs as correspond to them in the spiritual world, what these things
are. is explaned in the Arcana Ccj:lestia. But aa for the state of the
Church this it is which will be dissmiilar hereafter ; i< vnll he Htmuar in-
deed In the outward form, btif dissimilar in the inward. Tooutward ap-
pearance divided churches will exist as heretofore, their doctrines will be
taught as heretc»fore ; and the same religions as now will exist among the
Gentiles. But henceforward the man of the church will be m a more free
stale oftMnHnff on Otters qf faith, that is, on spiritual things wlu^ re-
late to heaven, because spiritual liberty has been restored to ^«»- , J^r »"
things m the heavens and in the hells are now ufcdxiced iiito order, and
all things which entertain or opjvjse divine things inflow from tiience-,
from the heavens, all which is in harmony with Divine things, and from
the hells, all which is opposed to them. But man does not observe this
chance of state in himself, because he does not reflect upon it, because he
knows nothing of spiiitual liberty, or of influx; nevertheless it is per-
ceived in heaven, and also by man himself when he dies. Sin!^^ 8Pip<^
ual liberty has been restored to man, the spiritual sense of the word w
now unveiled, and interior Divine Truths are revealed by inei- is ot u,
for man in hie former state would not have received them, Mid he who
would have ui. ierstood them would have profaned them." Hence it is
that after f^e last judgment, and not sooner, revelations were made for
the New Church. For since communication has been restored by the last
Judgment, man is able to be enlightened and reformed, that ib, to nnde^
stand the Divine Truth of the Word, to receive it when understood, and
to retal" i* wh«n rfiftp'r ' d. for the interposinc obstacles are removed ; and
therefore John, after the foi^ner iieaven and tlie former eaitii pastsed
away, said that he saw a new heaven and a new earth, and then, the holy
--IMimmtMttHIW'-r^
lagmite be-
cave earth,
iSuineB only
adds 150,000
mof half a
since flints
of Kent'R
ind geologi-
st from t£e
iriod of the
tier a dinp--
[uadruped ;
iblished be-
eckoued by
idmitted by
ilonged to a
'6." These
In, and cer-
>m apes and
ved in sucli
Ddeed.
rSEQUEKCE
nil! be quite
ichhasbedl
the natural
ites, |)eace,
societies ox
as they ex-
tiere will be
.cm against
ihquakes in
things will
I them will
is not treat
ily, of their
out of such
hese things
lTeof the
ftimilar in-
outward ap-
Ineswill be
b among the
a more free
58 which re-
m. For all
► order, and
)m tlience— ,
B, and from
)b8erve this
, because he
18 it is per-
iiuce spirit-
tie Word is
[lei -18 of it,
and he who
Hence it is
•e made for
I by the last
Lb, to nnder-
itstood, and
noved ; and
aith pastsed
en, the holy
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC.
469
ffi'*®^ Jerusalem cOming down from Goi> out of heaven nreoared aa a
SJfhfa*?o""?«^r ''*** been veritied by actual lAstoriSSfwhSe^wI
SL??o^^s;,iibe' %^1C?"?^2 «"*'«PWtude which it wouldreqSrea^o -
«fif»!? **®^'J'?e. f nWast Judgment -was executed on such of the wicked
as had passed mt» the spiritual world from the Lobd's time until th^velr
1757, but not upon those who Uved previous for a last Tii<w.«^t^ffJ
l\'^of ^r^Vnf'i:!,^^^ *^« T'\ ^« S wi executed up^o^fffpU'r^
IJL1. S J^i?^* Ancient church, and is described in tiie Word bvtiie
flood ; tiie otiier was effected by the Lord Himself when He was iii Sia
«^I?**' ^ S ?' '^'^^^' r N"* *« <^« judgment, of tids worid, now te Si
pnnce of tins world cast out," Jolm xii. 31 It is of niviiiA ^i!i!»; +^«+ f
ma'n*^n^'^ ^*H^«y ott^Surch, ihenfgn'i';iSro?G<S,*^;
falsification of His Word, and consequent dreadful wickedness haaa^spn
to such a height that, for tiie sake of tiie good, judSnent can n?f lo«^r
be restrainecf With' these facts before us, we ' c'SfSSnercSive thein
- Slrk'i^jS? ""^ *^t ".aji^ant spirit which'held s1S>?eme Stay durW ^e
f ^Si^*^* ^"^^ ^ ^^ ^*^ "* question, and ventell itself in murdefw
?hT«o"^' ^«^»^and persecuting millions of innocent human beSS
the name of religion. To this period may be assigned tiie subUme dea
cnptive imagery of tiie prophet^ when he says. "Behold daSsHshSl
cover the eartii, and gross darkless tiie pSple," of wMch we 4ill onfv
say that we have had the darkness with S nfost te^We verTty, f or even
n©w the man of tiie church is but slowly emerging out of it True orde?
3*^%*^!^""*"^"",^* ^""^^^ himself 6f error aifd falsities before he can
receive trutiiB, and all experience shows tiiat tiiis caronlv be effectJS
Cfh^^S^'if "'^ "*-*^? ^^ ^4' *«*^« understanding be?omeMighSd
ea?Ki2'D?odiTo?d\7Z^* substances or matters like those on tiie
wfithink tCt thplJSA® ^""^ '7?^ ^^ atmospheres, is aflirpied by aU
las?- and «S «?>^i*'® perpetual intermediations from tiie first to the
fmm'theFiSt- and ti;?FSf«'1?t^"* *5T * ?^°' ««1^' ^"^ at lenSh
butSiiiSfSJ/.^om^^^^^^ mediations from tiie First, c^ot
Sn examS hi .f ?^^l^f ?^ disjointed from tiieir causes, which,
like houSbuf lii^e hJipsfebish ^ '"^'^^^'^ *"^ ^S«' *PP^^ «<^*
^ ««r are deprived of all that is Divine itsefe ; befng as wa^^en^id
Sm ^hSiriUrr*"^**^"' ^* tiie atmospheres, VhoseKthla ended ill
wiSKeT^S^i^ii^fr^^i^^^^^^^^
to mSe^^S n^ii^^S^, ''^^^ "*'.'* ""^ notiiing, for nothing is notiiing, ar d
TO make anything out of n. ohmg is a oontradiction, and a contradiction is
470
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &0.
'^
contrary to the light of truth which is from the Divine wisdom ; and what-
ever is not from mo Divine wisdom is not from the Divine Omnipotence. "
Inanotlier place he writes, "Since tlie subsistence of all tilings of nature
is from the sun, it follows tiiat the existence of all things is so too. "
Tlie above wore singular statements to put forth during Swedenborg's
day, when it was ahnost universally accepted as a truth tiuit the wond
was created out of nothing, in the space of six days, about 6000 years ago.
But since that time science has abundantly demonstrated the truth of
what he taught, and this so clearlv, that at this day no intell^ent man
can be fouhtt who will dem' that this planet derived its origin from the
sun, and this at a period of time so inconceivably remote, that the
capacity of the human mind fails to grasp the inuogcsity of its duration.
" The globe in the tirst state in wliich the imagination can venture to
consider it" says Sir H. Davy, " appears to have been a fluid mass, with
an immense atmosphere, revolving in space aiound the sun. By its cool-
ing, a portion of its atmosphere was probably condeiised into water which
occuuied a portion of ita surface. In this state, no forms of life such as
now oelong to our system, could have inhabited it. The crystalline rocks,
or as they are called by geologists, the primary rocks, (granite) which,
contain no vestiges of a former order of things, were the result of the fiiBt
consolidation on its surface. Upon the f urtlior cooling, the water whidi
more or less had covered it, contracted ; depositions took place ; shell fish
and coral insects were created, and began their labors. Islands appeared
in the midst tO/ Hie ocean, raised from the deep by the productive energies
<^ millions of Zoophiles . These islands became covered with vegetaDle%
fitted to bear a high temperature, such as palms, and various species of
p^it?, similar to those which now exist in tne hpttest parts of the world.
The submarine rocks of these new formations of land became covcjred
with aquatic vegetables, on which various species of shell-fish, and
common fishes found their nourishment. As the temperature of the
globe became lower, species of the oviparous reptiles appear to have, been
cres ' '^d to Inhabit it, and the turtle, crocodiles, and various gigantic an-
imals of the Saurian (Uzard) kinds seem to have haunted tlie bays and
waters of the primitive lands. But in this state of things there appears
to have been no order of events similar to the present. Immense vol-
canic explosions seem to have taken place, accompanied by elevations
and depressions of the surface of the globe, producing mountains, and
causing new and extensive depositions from the primitive ocean. The
remains of living beings, plants, fishes, birds and oviparous reptiles are
found in tlie strata of rocks which are tlie monuments and evidences of
these changes. "When these revolutions became less frequent and the globe
became still more cooled, and inequalities of temperature were established
by means of the mountain chains, more perfect animals became inhabitants,
9uch as the Mammoth, • Megalonix, Magatherium, and gigantic hyena,
many of which have become extinct. Five successive races of plants
and four £k/ .^-w3J.'e ra^es of animals appear to have been created, and
swept away by tJie physical revolutions ^the gloM, before the system of
things became so permanent as to Jit 'the world jW man. " The various
strata of the earth appear to have been deposited by the action of
water, and in reference to this we quote from Prof. Agassiz, " that if the
sediment from all the rivers in the world were spread equally over the
ocean it would require a tliousand years to raise its bottom a Mngle foot;
or about 4,000,000 of years to form a mass equal to the fossiliferous rocks ;
and if instead of merely the present extent of the sea we include the
whole surface of the globe in such estimate, the time required must
be extended to 15,000,000 of years. The fossiliferous strata have been
estimated to be eight miles in thickness. " From the above it would seem
that fifteen millions of years have been required to produce the strata
that have been formed since the diy land appeared, and the herb first
grew upon the earth.
No man can estimate the time required to cool the crust of the earth
sufficiently to admit of the growth of jtregetation, and even now, f roin
l'6c6iil experliiidiits maue az ureuzoo in r runcc, it nas uugu uciiit/iiiiX/riivcu.
that the internal heat of the earth, 50 miles from the surface, is 4,600*', an
intensity more Uiau sufficient to melt platinum and fuse the hardest rocks.
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC
471
; andwhat-
uipoteuce. "
gs of nature
too."
vedenborg's
.t tlie world
K) years ago.
he truth of
lligent man
in from the
be, that the
ts duration,
venture to
. mass, with
By its cool-
(pater which,
If e such as
illine rocks,
aite) which,
b of the tii-st
vater which
e; shellfish
da appeared
live energies
L vegetables
s species of
t the world,
me covered
sU-flsh, and
ture of the
have, been
gigantic an-
le bays and
lere appears
imense vol-
Y elevations
mtains, and
3cean. The
reptiles are
ividences of
nd the globe
1 establ&hed
Luha?>itants,
ntic hyena,
es of plants
reatea, and
le system of
The various
3 action of
" that if the
lly over the
tangle foot;
Bfous rocks;
include the
luired must
a have been
would seem
e the strata
le herb first
of the earth
n now, from
is4,600<', an
ixdest rocks.
ne^thJfS^/^tel^I^*'® ^t'^Pl^l"'* precipitatedinto an ocean existinir
near tpe foot of Queenstown heights, and must have tiiken at lp«st jSj (vm»
?f «^^gTp7n«l;^^^^^^^ ^^^ot
c^nel of a river in its couiBe^ l^e vSZefpaS?^^^^
through the lava b^jfc Fr^m if e Vem-^ns-c^f^a^-old rSI^S'^,^^^?^^^^^^^
abovTtSpSrt^^XfS/sai^Sf ^«*^ perpendicularly
«iail.ffl^'*ot'^®**,^yJf® learned and judicious Dr. Bayley of London
nf%« tH«T^ ^ ^"""^ly ^ »^y ^ther science of creSioi^? W the 3S?er
nJ JS« .^J^« ^"""i^^' Geology leads us from the Uving, blooKsffice
« J^^^S^??!**"* "^^""^ ^^ f^^^^ through miles upon milis of strate KJd
^niS?^ '^Z'.w"*^ incalculable Ves. but Sways conducte 7^ toX-
Seve^^ viJS^J^ilS fi.^\®* w^®"®' pjocene ana eocene, the Indications
ox every-varving life, through the seventeen hundred feet deen of aands
iS'lk^!^' ^^ I^'""' ^* ^««« *>^ «'«ati^« ene^yet dSinrttecS
imr formations, they were not. Through thelyeteceous weSden wSi
?^?«^*'i^/^*''^' again crowded with thl fossil remains of iSe&SS
inf^?S l?Z?S^f^"*^*^f J^*'^ *^^ "t^*^^' aJl of which were once s^?
3r!Sl A ^^*^*"«^' ^^K **^®^® was a time, however remote, when thev
Trfn f^fL ^"^^'yPT 71 lower still, throueh the lower ooliies, the uS
A??i,*i^l?^^4''' ^1^ ^l^® Mesozoicformaaons. or through the 80,000 feet
nii^^J^^i?***" ^i?!.®!*^"®' *^® ^oa^ measures, and the Devoni^iS IS-
2blv rfnffi*^U"?i^**?'*r^"^ ^% «'? conducted to periods incTceiv-
SSo^^^fV®* ^^ mmd sees as clearly as it discerns it of the daisy of
to^ay— all these began to be, and in their beginning, and through all Aeir
OnWl wh^^^if*l/^'"l^ «l^« Alndgh4 ener^es of that^AdSl?
une by whom all things have been made that are made."
r J;;^«^®uT?*^ '^^^ Heathen and other Nations out of the
r?,7J^S ;r.^"»?^* common opinion, that they who are bom out of the
ii, S f^^ t^^ are called Pagans and Gentiles, cannot be saved by rea-
ww.^ JiJJ^y ?*''® not the Wor.T and thus are ignorant of the Lord, without
whom there is no s^vation. But still that these also are 8ave(i, may be
J^^'I^^/IT **"* .*^???i *^at the mercy of the Lord is universal, that is,
Shn^r« t^-fil?r7+i."^' v**""^ ""?"' ^^^ *^®y are equally bora men. as those
T^^^J^f^xW^^ church who are comparatively few, and that it is no
fault of their's that they are ignorant of the Lord. With respect to Chri».
nans and Gentiles in another life, the case is this: Chiistians, who have
««5^'^^®*^^^'*.*^.®v'^'^*^* 9,^ faith, and at the same time have ieda life of
f« «,,^^ accepted before Gentiles, but such Christians at this day are few
to number; whereas Gentiles who have lived in obedience and mutual chai-
+^',, I® accepted before Christians who have not led a good life. When
^loli 'i^*"'^*®**' they behave themselves modestly, intelligently, and
To &^-^? easily receive and imbibe, for they have foUed to themselves
fio^a^"?.?f contrary to the truths of faith, as is the case with many Chris-
ilT^f^52 ^^""^ H.t^^^^ ^^ «^"- A" Persons throughout the universe
^MSif k'^-'^^^^v^ *heLoBD, accepted and saved, who have lived in good,
gOOa ItSelt being inat Xirlli^h vanaivaa ^m4-V r^^A 4;t.« ^A „r «J!„ T._s_*Li», _'
Ift7n£^"fhl°^ ^^ ^^¥' thaVrsoflruthrevil oTM never'^ec^ivet Tt;
fjh« 3L^^L^^*'^^.t.l'L®^^ *^^^^1^ ^« instructed a thousand ways,-8tili
the truths of faith with thcim would enter no further than into the memory^
472
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC.
and would not cntor into thb affection, which is of tho heart; wherefore
also the truthiLof their memoiy are dissipated, and become no truths in
the other Itfe."^ A. C. 2689.
Man 8H0ULI> act as of himsklf.— "Such is the Law of order that man
ought to do goo<l as of himself, and thereiore not to hang down his hands,
under the idea that, because he cannot of Idmself do any thing that is good,
he ought to wait for immediate influx from above, and so remain in a
passive state ; for this is contrary to order; but he ought to do good as of
himself; and when he reflects upon the good which he does, he shoidd
think, acknowledge and believe, thai. It was the Lord with him who wrought
it. Wlien a person hancH down his hands under the ^M\e mentioned idea,
he is not a subject on wTdch the Lord can operate, ilpce the Lokd cannot
©[•erate by influx on any one who depxives himself of every thing into which
the requisite power can be infused.^'
On Infants in Heaven.— "It is the belief of nome, that only the in-
fants who are born within the church come into heaven, but not those who
are bom out of the church; because, they say, the infants within the church
are baptised, and' by baptism initiated into the faith of the churchi
but they do not know, that no one has heaven or faith by baptism ; for
baptism is only for a sign and memorialithat man is to be regenerated, and
that he can be regenerated who is bom witliin the church, since there is
therii^ord where are the Divine truths by which regeneration is effected,
and there the Lord is known from whom regeneration is. Let them know
therefore, that every infant, wheresoever he is bom, whether within the
church or out of it, whether of pious parents or of impious, when he dies
is received by the Lord, and is educated in Heaven, and recording to
Divine order is taught and imbued with the knowledge of truth ; and
afterwards as he is perfected in intelligence and wisdom, he is introduced
into heaven and becomes an angel. Every one who thinks from reason
knows that no one is born for hell, but all for heaven, a id that man him-
self is ill fault that he comes into hell, but that infants can as yet be in i*
fault."
Such is Swedenborg's testimony from things heard and seen. It will do
any one good to read the entire chapter "On Infants and little Children in
Heaven " m his work on "Heaven and Hell " from which the above ex-
tract is taken. Now examine the Saviour's testimony; "Suffer little chil-
dren to come unto me, and forbid them not, for of such is the kingdom of
heaven," Matt, xix i4 Again, "For I say unto you that in heaven their
angels do always behold the face of my Father wliich is in heaven," Matt.
xviil. 10. By way of contrast we shall now present some extracts from
eminent expounders of the old theology and let the reartor iudge which is
true and wluch is false, which id from above, and w> i trom beneath.
Augustine's opinion is as follows: "It may therefore be .ruly said, tiiat in-
fants dving without baptism, will be in a state of damnation of all the most
mild. But greatly does he deceive and is he deceived, who afflmis that they
will not be damned." De Peccat merit et Remiss J Ah. 1. c. 16. Fulgentius
writes as follows: "We most flrmly hold, and by no means doubt, that
Infants, whether they begin to livo in their mother's womb, and then
rtte, or, after being born pass from this life without the sacrament of holy
baptism will be punished with the everlasting punishment of
ETERNAL FIRE." Fulgenlius de Fide ad Pet. Dine. Chap, xxvii.
Calvin, in his reply to Castalio says, "Persons innumerable are taken out
of Ufe while yet infants,— and God precipitates into eternal death
HARMLESS INFANTS TORN FROM THEIR MOTHERS' BREASTS." In his Insti-
tutes the stem Genevan further inquires," I ask you again, how has it
happened that the fall of Adam has involved so many nations with their
xnjant children in eternal death ivithmit remedy, but because it so seemed
good in the sight of God ?— It is a dreadful decree, I confess." Inst. Lib.
lii. c. 26.
Zaneldus, another high authority of the age of Calvin, in his reply to
Pighius writes as follows: "even young serpents and the whelps of wolves,
^^J^^'^^^ot_HSy&t hann^anybody, are put to death, and with justice.—
i lieicfOru, ISVEN INli-AKTS AKI5 DESERVEDLY DAMNED, Oil account of the
nature they have, to wit, a >vickod nature and repugnant to t he law of God."
Even tho tender hearted Dr. Watts writer in this way, "Upon the whole.
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC.
478
h-fT«^* ''^/"if^^tn or*firi«a/ /,m, are torUented by God m a3/^»4 T« hfl^2
ca»mYe«« wt^A Ai« ^6so/M^e Katred of the Vessels ofUmSi 4l Fd ?&
IkI^S^""^^'*'' ?•r*^«^ member of this famoim As^'birwrite's^It
inff whoLxl?ifo^tf ®'~^^ ^'^ ^*"y "^^^« children are andshaU b2
who wJoShnn-E^nS « P^ Canton, a popular preacher at Parlia^m!
«M«?oV.*o f^ hundred and thiity-nine sei-mons on the cxlx Psalm comnarpa
1 TT^1.7JHf J certainly go to heaven,) you have heard it evidentlv proved
L^ wi*"*"""^ ^'■^ sinners, and desehre damnation. 2. That manv?Eti
ThJS^ t?.^!®*^®'^;?^ ^**^' *"<* FIREBRANDS ol ^j.^^^' ,^,"»^™a"y'n^nt^
w« fw«t $! *^ ^l'***^"^^^® '*"^ ^th the sulphurous emanations of the nit
™c2?"^«®^ ^^} l^estion, but thanks to the advancing lirfit of the >£w
SL^^d Thenl'nil*' **T^rf f ?«*''*"«' ^^^"^ ^^^^ maSyXS penning to
with the good tlSvf^rA^^ Sir ^ ?^® *"'^"^S^ ^"*<* ^^l" a^d falaes, but
cheprfin TT^^^ti^^'T.^^"!^,*^®"*'® turned into coloil either sad or
Tin^^ d^I ?he niS^«?wte*'fA' ^*^^ whereinlieshid anowl atoad^
v!*.o,,«f I'l • J ^® "^® ^® ^^®" it hatches eggs in which lies hid a dovp a
uL w^adSmanirfn, J^^*''""^ generlfwithiXxoutoflhe splS2
Hnt «;i; ^ !2.^" is this, that man cannot think anvthina from hirnsfllf
and how man can ^'^''J^^^'^t^^l^.'^ri^U^'Si^^^^^iS!^^^-
form conclusions thencft- >». ..a "■■°"'-^"«-* *- ^.^ .,, ,. .. -
474
ON CORRESPONDENCES, &Q.
influx canhot think at all, and tliat on the ceesation of Influx the all of
thought oeasos." Arcana Ceeltstia.
We may learn from the foregoing the inmost ot Icln of all the idea8>
thoughts and various shades of deling that can possiblv enter the niind of
man, and the source of that wifidom whidi he too often fondly calls his
own, euablinehimnotonly to think reverently or otherwise regarding God
and the realiues of eternity, but to enter into worldly avocatums, such as
the planning and building of houses, palaces or ships, inventing and con-
Btructing machinery, prosecuting agricultural, professional, or mechaidcal
operations, or in fact e v ery thing without exception connected with civilized
or uncivilized life. From the spiritual world, the wprld of causes, flow in
those thoughts which as we say, "strike the mind"Jn important or unim-
portant occasions as the case may be. The origin W these thoughts is all
the same whether or not they may be induced by the assistance of external
objects; for instance the swaying of a suspended lamp in a vaulted Cathe-
dral was instrumental in conmying an idea of the principle of the pendulum
to the mind of Galileo; the nul of an apple lead the mind of Newton to
investigate the theory of gravitation ; the rattling lid of a boiling tea-kettle
led Watt to form an idea of the power of steam which resulted in giving
vs the steam engine; lastly, to adduce another instance, a miner near
Newcastle is severly crushed in both his limbs and is consequently confined
to his bed for su^ral weeks. He falls into a train of thought regarding
the best method of transporting the coal wagons over the tramways from
the mouth of the pit to the shipping, without the aid of hoi-ses. After long
reflection hk sen^s tothefleldfor two turnips, and after spending some
time in carving them into many curiously shaped pieces, he adjusts each
Siece exactly into its proper place, and after sending for Mr. George
tepnenson the superintendent of the mine,* presented Mm with the first
model of a locomotive engine. Such was the origin under Providence of
an invention which has done so much for the world. In every such case it
appears to man as if his intelligience was self-derived, when nevertheless,
the truth as presented by Swedenborg, shows us that his wisdom is derived
solely from the infinite source of all wisdom, the Lobd alone.
The Ceiterion fob Character.— " Man may know which he is
amongst, whether amongst the infernal spirits or the angelic. If he in-
tends evil to his neighbor, thinking nothing but evil concerning him. and
actually doing evil when in his power, and finding delight in it, he is
amongst the infemals, and becomes himself also an infernal in the other
life ; but if he intends good to his neighbor and thinks nothing but good
concerning him and actually does good when in his newer, he is among the
angelic and becomes himself an angel in the other life." '%et a man search
out the end which he regards in preference to all the rest, and in respect to
which subordinate ends are as nothing : and if he regards self and the
Vorld as ends, be it known him that his life is an infernal one ; but if he
beards as ends the good of his neighbor, the general good, the Lord's
Kingdom, and especially the Lord Himself, be it known to him that his
life IS a heavenly one." " A man serious in his duty towards God and his
neighbor, may always know whether he is on the right road to salvation
or not, by examining himself and his own thought by the Ten commad-
ments : as, for instance whether he loves and fears God ; whether he is
happy in seeing the welfare of others, and does not envy them ; whether
on having received a great injniy from others which may have excited him
toangerand to meditate revenge, he afterwards changes his sentiments, be-
cause God has said that vengeance belongs to him and so on ; then he may
rest assured that he is on the way to heaven, but when he discovers him-
self to be actuated by contrary sentiments, on the road to hell;" Arcana
CoNCEBNTNO AoE IN HEAVEN.—*^ Those who are in heaven are continu-
ally advancing to the spring of life aiid the more thousands of years they
live, to a spring so much the more delightful and happy, and this to eter-
nity, with increments according to the progresses and degrees of love,
chanty, and of faith. Of the female sexj those who have died old and
worn out with age, and have lived in chanty towards their neighbor, and
in happy conjugal love with a huBuand, after a Buccession of years come
more and more into the flower of youth and adolescence, and into a beauty
which exceeds every idea of beauty ever perceivable by the sight. Good-
■mb.
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC.
475
X the tXi of
the ldea&
he niind ox
[y calls hlB
ftrdingGoD
fUB, such as
g and con-
mechanical
th civilized
ses, flow In
it or unini-
uehts is all
of external
Ited Cathe-
jpendulum
Newton to
e tea-kettle
a in giving
miner near
tly confined
t regarding
iways from
After long
iding some
djusts each
VIr. George
ith the first
evidence of
such case it
jverthele^s.
I is detived
hlch he is
. If he in-
ig him. and
in it, he is
[1 the other
g but good
I among the
man search
n respect to
;lf and the
; but if he
the LoBD's
m that his
loD and his
o salvation
a commad-
Bther he is
J ; whether
excited him
timents, be-
hen he may
covers him-
;" Arcana
ire continn-
years they
this to eter-
368 of love,
led old and
Ighbor, and
years coiue
ito a beauty
5ht. Good-
hesB and charity is what forms and makes a resemblance of itself and
causes tiie delightful and beautiful of charity to shine fo^ from Ihe
Siv w/w ""^ <^l'ace' «« «»»* they themselves are fonns of Xrity^
SXJSyS been seen by some and have excited astonishment. The forms
of charity ^ich are seen to the life in heaven, are such that charitv itself
l«rS**o!®«*f 1\ *^^ is eftlgied, and this in suci a manner, that the whole
^el, especially the face, is as It were charity, which manifestly both
ffitJ"'aff2fHi'.^">f^\^^%^^i."*^ '^"^' ^^»«» ^* *« behelSTte inoffSblS
Deauty, affecting with chanty the very inmost of the mind. In a word
fhf?^»?!oiS^**\f"j!L*? ^"^"^^ y^l'^,« ' *^®»« ^*^o liave Uved in love to
-S«». KiL^5"** J" charity towards their neighbor, become such forms, or
such beauties, in the other life." Heaven dnd dell. 414. '
«,!;+v,Iw ^iv/NR Providence And Trust In The Lord. "They who
S^i^Sfiolf.l* ^"^ ^eJlORD continually receive good from him, for whatst^
„X^ »fj[ft"8 them, whither it appears as prosperous or unprosperous, is still
good, for as a medium it concfuces to their ftemal felicity : but thev who
Fn't'iw *"»8t in themselves. continuallyWduce evil upoi SieSve^
i« nrv%SI!r ^f^^"" j^^™ ^^ti^O'^gl^ it appeai-s as prosperous andhapK?
18 neyerthelewevil, and hence as a medium conduces to their eternal un-
happlness. If you are willing to be led of the Divine Providence use pru-
Sf-™^.^*®!1!*"* ^^ minister who faithfuUy dispenses th* goodS of
K^ ^^^^ ' «^8 prudence is the pound which was given to the servants
tor tradinff, of wHch they should give an account, Matt xxv. 14-25. This
Is tiie prudence with which the Divine Providenc4 acts as one "
^JlJ^IF^ PKii^^^^'^^ ^» ^ ^^^ o*" USES, FULL OF Delights.—" In
\ft^^Z ^ ^^5 it may be observed, that tiey who are in charitV, that
ifi'^- ^^i^^y^^^^i *^® "^i^i*^"^' wi^ch imparts a living delight to their
?f ,«iS'®'i'***V''.S.**'? '™iti<*" «i^ »^o pleasure, except in the perfonnance
^l^f ; for charity is a nothing unless it manifests it«elf in &ie woAs of
w™„ 2? *"**^ ** consists in exercise or use. He who loves his neighbor as
5nrtSlT^®i5*I^i*y*!*^®°l"«®«' SuchisthelifeoftheuniverBalWven;
nf „^- H*^^ kingdom, being a kingdom of mutual love, is a kinKdoAi
f^Tus^ rrthT"^ P^^^Vr,^^^^^** ^'•^^ charity receiVes its deS
anThftnpU^hl*'?^ T'® exalted the use, so raucK the greater is the deliglt;
««iJ:^*^®i^® angels receive happiness from the Lord accordine to the
ireX7he*ilJS?'«*^^ r^ ^^^J P^^^'^'"- So also it is i^tL eve?y plea!
^^ ^l™"^^"^® distinguished its use, so much the greater its deUeht "
«J?«^ f5®>f o®^"^^J'*^^— S*'^"** rea^^ dictates that Si are prf des-
tined to heaven and no one to hell.-The end of creation is a heaven from
^tver^^e ™^^^?^ "'^^ was created that T might cJme K
dIX? Wtedoi^c^nni^n^^''"^^ do Otherwise than will this, and the
x/iviiie wisaom cannot do otherwise than provide for it WfinoA <f ia
^IT.^^^^l^''^ Providence that every man^cTn be saved and thS thev
h^isTofsI?«^^^^/^^^??«^ ^^ ^"i 1^^« ^«»- Man' wSelfis i^fault i?
^e IMvhie S>ve ww^>f f?? Fcdestination than to heaven is contrary to
wW^Islnfinile iWi^h ni*"^^ 'r^?P contrary to the Divine Wisdom
TUX 18 innnite— ihrough Divine truths and Divine ffooda as mAAnn tti«
who wlKerd ^?i?^' ^^if"^' which%s%he sSvSn of ™anTf^r*hI
^n^laiifnl* end, wills also the means.-The operation of the Divine
Sd Ais liff ^n?^!"'*" commences from his bffih, and lite until tbi
It is to be krfo^n ?w ^'iT^*^ ^ eternity. That this may be understood,
wills to bP th,T« 4, w*y,*¥ ^f^^"" sees what man is, and foresees what he
SSiatmi ?Wh«i?®Jf **" ^^' and the yv«er/omo/ Aw will cannot he
So^ K'an^iwi??^ S^ ""r' *?^ thence immortal, as has been before
andSovidl«X*^ r/^' ^^•^'■^f^f.f *^® ^^»» foresees his state after deaths
he D?oSdi iS '* ^""fiS ^'^ ^!J*^ ^^.®" *? t*^« ®"d of his life; with the evii
SitS ?iyJ .^^XP®""**^i'S and continnally withdrawing from evils ; but
deSe?^oK?,.nnir?''l?;^''^y^^'^^"S.*^ ?^d; thustlie Divine p'ro^-
mSretx^^l^f^^V^n^ operation of saving man, but there cannot be
^^^ „ ? T^ *r? «'*'^»»fl' to be saved, and they are willinff to be saved
5?2„«??",«^iedge God and are led by Him. and thev are not willlnfwho
heirthftt''mi«''^^2P.^?^'"i'^'?''i themselves. It "is by Influence "from
Rnt S^^ k5?®* ®^ii *?** ^J influence from the Lord that he does good.
But as man behoves that whatever he does, he does from himself, the
476
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC.
conBeqnence Is. that the evil which he (loe» Adhered to him as his ovrti. It
hence followB that the cauHe of his own evil Uoh wltli nmn, and not at all
with the Loun. Evil as existing with man, is hull, as existing with him,
for whether you nay evil or hell, it uniounts to the Hiime tiling. Now Hliioe
the cause of Ids own evil lies with man hiniHtdf, it follows that it is he who
casts himself in 10 hell, and not tlie Lord, and bo far is the Lord from
leadlnu: m^n into hell that he delivers from hell, go far aa the man doe«
not will and love to abide in his own evil." JHvlne Pnwidence. 322.
On Hbredit\rv Evil. Everyman Is bom into the world with evil
propensities and depraved inclinations, derived from a long lino of an-
cestors. These pro{)en8itIe8 and Inclinations, are not Imputed to man as
Bins, because they have been inherited through hereditary transmission,
and thus he cannot prevent them. But these depraved affections are the
aveimes through which infernal agencies How In as a Hood and tempt man
by the Insemination of evil desires and wicked thoughts, and it is just
here where man's responsibiltor begins, if he, by virtue of the free will
given him by God, compels hTmself [and in tlds compulsion there exists
the highest freedom], to resist and al)hor these evil desires and thoughts,
and turns from tlieni as accursed and aliominable, and does that which is
; ust and right he obeys the commandments, and saves his soul. If, dn
he other hand, he does not restrain himself, but yields to temptation, if
n his heart he thinks that evil is pemdssible, even though he does not ac-
tually carry it out to the extreme of actual prepetration, for want of op-
portunity, or through fear, or other causes, In this case he makes it his
own by lovirti; it, and doing it whenever he can, and thus disobeys the
commandments which says that evils are not to be done. •' He who Is
willing t J be saved, must conifeaa his ains and do the work of repentance.
To cmifeaa sins is to know evils, to see them in himself, to acknowledge
them, to make himself guilty, to condemn himself on account of them ;
when this is done before God, it constitutes the confession of sins. To
do the work repentance is to desist from sins, when he has thus confessed
them, and from an humble heart to make supplication concerning re-
mission, and it is further to lead a new life according to the precepts of
faith."
As to what has been alleged in the above statements concerning the
nature of every man bom into the world, even our adorable Redeemer
was no exception. He, "the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of
the world," did no sin, neither was guile found in His mouth." But for
the sake of man's salvation, he assumed tl\e Humanity at the very lowest
and darkest hour of its existence, with all its infirmities, inclinations to evil
and liability to temptation and suffering, derived from a long line" of
ancestry, through Mary. In no other way could the Saviour be said to
bear the sins of mankind, as it is written, "Surely He hath borne our
griefs, and carried our sorrows ; yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten
of God, and afflicted. But he was wounded for our transgressions, he
was bruised for our iniquities ; the chastisement of our peace was upon
him ; and with his stripes we are healed,— and the Lord hath laid on
him the iniaulty of us all," Isa. liii. 5, 7. These hereditary evils in the
form of the love of self and the world, were the channels through which
the powers of darkness assaulted Him in temptations a thousand times more
grievous than any man could possibly sustain, and these evils, together
with the whole infernal crew, He overcame and vanquished by means of
His ovm proper power, through the indwelling Divinity. From this
ground He said to His disciples : ** The prince of this world cometh, and
ath nothing in me. " *' Be of good cheer, I have overcame the world," " I
beheld Satan, as lightrdng, fall from heaven," •• To him that overcometh
will I grant to sit with me on my throne, even as I also overcame,"
Rev. iil. 21.
In no other way cotild he become a Saviour than by assuming the Hu-
manity, and thus coming nearer the same plane as that of the spiritual
enemies of mankind, for in His absolute Divinity, God is a consuming
fire, nnar^proachable by any angel, mueh less by an infernal spirit. By
temptations, sufferings and continual victories over evil. He ovproamo
prtncipalitJes and powers, tiiumphing over them on His cross, glorifl6<l
His humanity and made it Divine, and is now exalted a Prince and a Sa-
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC.
477
lle"!S.lfdofXd"nm7.r?hM^^^^^^ ^» "i« Divine example,
spSuWove'^ap^^^^^^^^ tfe eBHence of
uakeof othern: iiUiiilYolv more I« th'li ?L^! '"* 8^ « of self, but for Uie
like the love of pai'eiito towards the ? ^hiuZl''%*' <^f,J>ivine ove. ThiB 1h
for their own Bakes bnifnrfifJi^L^V""^*"' % ♦^'^J' *io <^«n> gooU not
tiie love ofTmS tS^£iLili^Liiu^'*'u'i' T i^ ^^''^'■^"y n.aSife«t in
oaiiHe He ia to be Xrod woVshLnlu? i»^^S''' ?",«\«d, that the Lord, be-
Bhlp, and glory for^Hia own S hnt h/^^ loves adoration, wor-
since man tJie^bycSne8liftoH.n>^^^ !S 'o^.<^« sakeo/nian,
and bo perceived; for in a Htate of tn,Sff' *^"^ """ ^^^^"« «"> A^^ i^I
which hinders influx and rocm?tim. hTi"^*' """«" removes hin pronrium,
Belf, serving to Se?^Ld^^h^T^ '« tHe fove oi
knowledgment that fiom himaelf 7ifn.««^^n P*". ^l ^•^"'oved by the ac-
Lrrd notJdng but aooTh^c^elT:iV2'J^'\«^^^^ «"d /rom the
r7 A *T 1 1 *»«^"i uuiujcii conies ii
lation froinyWc^lowsloVTh'Smtlon «!!d
therefore believe, tlmt the Lord !« ^^Yn. «^. t * . -, ■'
that He is with tijowe who dn wJi *1 "" ^h^^^ "^^^ «"ly a*lore Him, but
with the latter He hrIaHab?de bu? noT^ltrih ' f^'"" ^**.? »^^^^^"" '^^««--
On Man and His dSiny -h,,i „ !^^ ^ *\® fw-mer." n.L. W.,m.
- . approaching, iuS ^s'^sulj asl^r.f.^S'i ' f ^H^^r.^l^l^^^?;.^"!^^^^^^^^
unt. ffi de&bircn^,fr.";±"^^ l^^,V>."« .^« ;««« ^e'^ai^ on that
account. This desirabl^ coTs .n/nmtioi. ^ iViT® i^^^^'* .*'t'^«*" ^^ *»>»*
endeavor to Uve according i^Ji" order VniS»fn«'5*f^ by a universal
constant effort for useful McuSuon with r,^iV.i fi ^*^^« «"** esteem in
cordance or Idleness in ft«v f/?J^ ^ ; i*"?*''^^'^*"^® *or jarring dis-
hapDlneVcan milv tLnlf ^l '^""; ,^*^* *J^ *>« »* once understood that
|lir?MM
wy,^""® ^'^^'^i^ **«*•; «"<» pernicious to he health Jf conmZ senH«
had free swav. if natural laws were obeyed, aiidSessed sufflciVn?t5f"!®
f/.iw?^>,P?"l?'*^®"^*''j'^»**on is the existence of the human race i+
swiet WhJ'^«ff«««^"'?"* happiness and pure delight derived from
sweet, Dii^ht. affectionate, amiable and dutiful cKlldrATi oitH +1^:
S^and'fmlS ^ok^nt?^ ^^-S from <lSl^^lon^'^^Sl.%:t
s a nentagft of wn« tn ii\air-A^.,^i-^^ JLj. i,_.. .
ins vet. iiiihnm TOTk» *-"„*V'!o I' ii -!>"■: ^^ii "^Y^»
Do.som^ will be transmitted as „ ^.^x
ana uixoagn it to generations yet unborn!
What a reflection ! On the
478
ON CORRESPONDENCES, ^C,
other hand, ovory state of mind cultivated by the parenUi, as to content-
ment, Heron Itv purity peace, goo<l will to all, mutual or conjugal love;
every biaH of the mind, or amnity for what Ih goo<l, useful or beauUf ul
M useful employment, benevolent deeds, muhlc, puliUing, oratory, inven-
tion, etc., will be inscribed by Uie mxna unerring law into your children
and your childroii'g children to bless and comfort them botli here and
Hereafter. Ihe veracity of these astounding statementM is continued by
ail History sacred and nrofane, and every i)arent who reviews his past
experience, will lind in his own bonom a nllent attesUition to their truth.
The embittered Hagar brought fortli Ishmael, whone " hand was to be
ajminst every man, and every man's hand against hlni," and the Arabian
Of the desert is to day a transcript of his fan»ou8 ancewtor. The militarv
genius of Uie ttrst Napoleon was Imphtuted when ho was as yet in the
womb, while his mother was following the camp, and mlngUng with the
"pomp and circumstance of war," -e e •<" j^o
*v ..^. l*^.?.' ^Il^'^I"*! transmission Is OS old as that law which visits
the "iniquity of the fatherajlipon the children to the tlUrd and fourth
generation,"^ and is in fact tHfe only method whereby that awful visitation
I inflicted. We must beware of attaching blame to the All Good for
«nffi,ri«««. i«.i..„.wi K„ ..,.> ^.., «.... p^jr thousands of years mankind
Rf '
jaws, iierecuye drainage and sewerage, foul exhalations ; bad air, bad foo<l
and irregulalr living. Intemperance in eating and drinking, shiy Uieir
tens of mlllionB, while the prevailing ignorance on such subjectH is pe**-
fectlv app^ng. If mankind lived in true order, disease andf premature
25?u ii ^®'"" ^ unknow: \ and all would pass from this into the other life
witH little or no pain, as the result of natural decay; unquestionably tliis
was theintended order, for by death in the scriptural or spiritual sense
we are not by any means to understand the death of the body, for this is
In very trutJh the gate of entrance into life, the liheratiou of the suliit.
the resurrection itself.* *^ '
♦i,^*J^*K*®' ^".r andundefiled, is the Divinely appointed wav to replenish
leweTs wf.fnl?i*l.«"?hi'7^1?' "^^^ Inhabitants therefore let tlxo^e n?SSS
™!t+??f *v *^.iP***^ . "8 ^^^' ^y precept and example. , If from no other
motive tiian for the sake of your children, it wonld l^e a good iiivestment
<md an « exceeding great reward" to live a good life, Fat& and mother
?WM h.™rV ^"^^'" f."^ T^ ^^^8^ «^« momentous teShthSever^
chUd born into the worid, is destined to become, during the great hereafteV
either an angel or a flend, and, that it devolves laSy^po^^^^^^^
the influences you thro w around it to determine wliich of the two it
sal amin^^e hnmilfJ^"''^ ^ * ^^^J^^'l ""^^ ^^^'^^ ^ »>« almorunivS
f« ^^*^ the human race, yet on the attainment of that desire, it annears
£e o1?ls'^eX^rint^Pf"r*^57 ir^*^^''' equally stronrtodeV^^S
S«,l ^K 1.4 ?P*"'^®^ beautifully express it, to be "gathered to our
teiJ wh'ioh?^n'SS7fLT "ot*«""de™tand, int^i-mentin the same cem^
Sr^S ^tw^^fj?'f^^'*"^^,*'5 our departed progenitors, but a veritable
«SlA^ W«Sf r^ ***,*^® ^^^^7 ^\ "l"'^ "^i"? ancestors, who have pre-
ceded us into eternal world. A celebrated physician, wLo has devoted
much time and extensive observation to the statistics 'and habits of^d
Stn«?f' »*te^8tating that temperate living and a high degree of Xl
?SS vi'rf ^^iv^^^K"®*'®'^^ ^ ^f ^^^"8 *^""™»" "^« *o tt^e extreme age of
i^ff^X^^JSS®^?'^''^"'^^ *^** **! "r®'^ ^"^^^ a centenarian who was
£?.+^^^T"^'',?i^"^.17®l', anxious to depart, and exchange the present
for the future life with all its unknown realities. In view Sf the unsneak-
able horror with which death is usually regarded, and tHe tenac%*^h
m^r^rn%h?l9''?»5^i'^f ^!?'?"f.**! P^T' ^^^-^^^ say that thereVnot
mercy in this? Does it not indicate a ripeness for another life which is
to be permanent, together with a sort of prescience and tacit aeknowlAda-
laCiiii, wia*; alter au tfiio iiio ia lueiely a preparative one '/ ~ ~
ON CORRESPONDENCES, AC.
479
tielr txuUi.
WHM to be
Arabian
e military
yet ill tho
; witli the
•
lich visits
tirl fourUi
viMitation
Good for
mankind
ilera w6re
buientfor
that the
1 Bani' vy
bad Uyoii,
lay tlieir
t» is per-
remature
other life
lably tills
lal sense,
or this is
lie spiiit,
replenish
) precious
tenderly
1 no other
'estment,
i mothers
lat every
lereafter,
you and
he two it
tementa,
t univer-
b appears
Sai-tthis
to our
ne ceme-
veri table
lave pre-
devoted
9 of aged
of vital
le age of
who was
present
inspeak-
3ity with
ire is not
which is
lowle^c-
child thus aflti^tedls tenfohl nZ dZrvh?,*'^rVr^V'' I'»i'»"l»"'«>'t; (he
In Urn education of chlhSenTvi nL^^^^
suasion pf)HM«HM almost omnl^.^tent?' «'*"*t"''«' '"rbearHiice. and iiu.ml
brance of youFkhdi^Hs iu emSn*^'^^ *^''*'**. ' 'l*'"''*«"' "'« reinem-
best resulu to yo i^Srd^ r ui vo,^^^^^ X^.^Hnh?''"'"^ ^" "iV*^ ''«*^^« ^'*»' ^he
are obliged, du^ng UieovenKf life to-'Ua?^^ V*'""^
among outside fiiendrt fnr Hi« uV.iJ.. ' ^. i^?*^ ">r a bare existence
selves^KiiousTurorchm^^^^^^^^
them with a never ending flowS b tt"? wordn Th^r^L^^ T*^ "*^"^*""«
the sceptre with suuremJ*.H>w«r I'/l'J^? "'..A*^ '«'^«"» !«* ?ye "way
^l^^=ror,^^ftr^
for he must eventually „^ his uST„' 'thr, ^'*"?^« ^^»*» ^^e worl^
covetousness, pride, eU*^ are sinful ^t^^^^^ L^^^' *"'" T"^ Profanity, l»8t
as enticing to evil, and if he irnrnnl.ril ^ i. ^V'"^*"**"'^ ^^ dangerous
goiKl exai.?nle set be" ore him Cwill iCn '^'{'"^7^ '^'".' »".«^"'*'^*^' **<^ »
flon. Let him run and jumpniav at ha i nr IV^* ^'^ .T 4 ""^ *»*" ««^" ^oU-
content. There is no bin * ',,^ffit ,f u ;«5 *^'^''® ^^" i^'^P ^ >'*« h«arfg
strengthen tbe frame, bStenSemlnH «.,?f'**^;.*^ 'f"" <^« '""scles,
•uperetructuro of thf^tutSTm^ Y^^^^^^^
^^""SilnM \V^^"' who"dTd"not do Te 'Si^Tl^ f„ roJn'^stv'e?
thing is in tliem and in them for a good puipose, ami it must cJml
Is exercise as thnir nRt.ir« ,.?«»,.>♦!; ♦».T.^lu".:'^r,,'""''.*,9<^"?«
Tlie
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