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Bithvar ■:> ■fi-piinpHi iur- J1-. mm >If prove TO €2111 s, A jsr A B<*«k>iS« t A K £ T A i^A A .mm A .tkumteat »*t*' jj^fS^^^M" m. . ^^^^g ^^^ R^ «/ /^•t—Si''^ R Ml K\\ *%^ o jr E M .y >^'^ 'U-— fW^^i-j iTAX/iro^ -^ LSjJL* *W'^%K^'SJ &^" ^^ ^p ^a ^1* vlL. l^s «wB(l— fflf "*(. iK iV iteir- O Hamfkilm \D £ !s t jrS »%!r.n l/hVlltA) ^ '.SfelS W»T«*^' ^^""^<*' .i';:^ri'^>^ -^C^^"""*!^.::- ^ p ^^^V'i! S^^c>i^•«. \1,t .-XNte Ml' -y^ ■m S>rx.-.r VT-1 •\>» 4.f THE TRAVELLERS' HAND BOOK FOR THB STikTB or WIIW- AltD THE PROVINCE OF CANADA Jf./GoS coNrAiRiira BRIEF ACCOUNTS OF THE TOWNS, THEIR PUBLIC BUIL INQS AND OTHER OBJECTS OF INTEREST — NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CURIOSITIES — HISTORICAL MEMO- RANDA — MODES OF CONVEYANCE — TABLES OF DISTANCES BY RAILROAD, CANAL, STAGE. AND RIVER ROUTES IN EVERY DIRECTION : THE WHOLE ARRANGED ON A NEW PLAN, RT WHICH CVERt INTERESXmO OBJECT ON THE LXAOIHO KOUTKt 18 BROUGHT INTO TIEW. *^/iA» WITH MAPS, &( SECOND EDCTION. 4^ LIBRARY y BY H. S. imnmt, 1 tv \r NEW. YORK: PUBLISHED AT THE GEOGRAPHICAL No* 133 Broadway. BY T.H TANNER^ T^'^.^/ >.7/ •HICAL.EstA*lifS6atiWT,^==^ (/ t 1844. m- JT^J* ^' f *>\ I' tV * v» Entered according to act of Congreu, in the jre nr 1843, by H. S. Tanner, in the Clerk'e ofilce of tlie Diitrict CourlTor the Southern Diitrict of New. York. I m TREFACE. Among tlie multitudo of UuUles, Directories 1843, by H.S.Th liner, mhern Diitrict of New. ind T irists \a wliich our bool<-stures abound, there is scarcely any that presents that syste- matic arrangement and perspicuity whicli are so desirable to the traveller and tourist.— Whilst most of the works now extant are re- plete with important and intcresiing/ac7.s, they are, without exception, defective in point of ar- rangement, and in regard to the relative im- portance of the several objects brought into view. In the present work, an endeavor has been made so to digest its varied contents, as to enable the tourist to examine, seriatim, every object of interest along the route he may select, and thus to ascertain what is most deserving of his attention : for example, assuming the city of Albany as one of the radiating points, a brief account of the city and its interesting objects, modes of conveyance, &c. is given: then follow tables of distances from Albany to another point of departure — Utica, for instance — and then a concise description of each interir»ediate place of any importance, with directions to such cu- IV PREFACE. riosities in and around each as should not be overlooked by an intelligent inquirer. In this manner every leading route by railroad or otherwise, is concisely, and, it is hoped, satis- factorily treated. One of the most important features of the present work, is brevity ; a quality that, we are sure, cannot fail to recom- mend it to the favorable attention of the travel- ler, who is, whilst in transitu^ unable or at least unwilling to enter into those elaborate and fa- tiguing details, which disfigure most similar works. In conclusion, the author has sedulous- ly endeavored lo construct such a work as he himself has often felt the want of whilst travel- ling, and such a one as would naturally sug- gest itself to the mind of any intelligent tra- veller. e IS )r It a 3t i- ir 3- le > l- 3i:i)c ^TratJcUerBN^fiiiPertE"^^^^ nearly 7° of longitude, the whole ^ Generat. View. over ^}p of hit. and ne£ forming an outhnc of about 1 ,400 miles in length, which encloses an area of 49,01)0 s^quare miles ; having N. Ca- nada; VV. Pennsylvania and Lakes Ontario and Erie ; S. Pennsylvania and New-.Teraey ; and E. Connect!- cut, Massachusetts and Vermont. Its population, by the national census of 1840, was 2,428,931, as fol- lows : Albany County, 68,.'J93, of which Albany is the capital ; Allegany, 40,975, cap. Angelica ; Broome, 22,338, cap. Binghauiton ; Cattaraugus, 23,872, cap. Eilicottsvilie ; Cayuga, 50,338, cap. Auburn ; Chatauque, 47.975, cap. Mayvilln ; Chemung, 20,735, cap. Elrtiira ; Chenango, 40,785, cap. Norwich ; Clinton, 28.157, cap. Plattsburg; Columbia, 43,252, cap. Hudson ; Cortland, 21, G07, cap. Cortlnnd ; De. iawarp, 35,396, cap. Delhi ; Dutchess, 5:2,398. cap. Poughkcepsic; I'.rio, C2,4G5, cap. Bufralo ; Essex, 23,G34, cap. Elizab', 1163. In 1785 Congress met here, and ia 1789 the first Conf,'res3 under the new Constitution assembled, when the first President was inaugurated in New. York. During the contests with the French in Canada, and the more recent wars between the Americans and British, New York became the field of important conflicts ; and the entire State may hence be regarded as classic ground. Some brief accounts of those con. flicts will be given hereafter, in their appropriate places. Education. — There are, in the State, several insti- tutions, established by law for the promotion of know- ledge ; the chief of which are : — A State University, located in the city ; Univer. sit]/ of the City of New York; Union College, in Schenectaday ; Hamilton College, in Oneida County; Geneva College, to which a Medical Department is attached ; College of Physicians and Surgeons, in the city ; Albany Medical College ; New York In- stitutionfor the Deaf and Dumb, a few miles above the city ; Institution for the Blind. There are, also, distributed over the State, 140 Academies rnd a vast number of Common or Primary Schools. The fund for the support of the latter exceeds $2,000,000. ', i l! I CITY OF NEW YORK. New- York, the Metropolis of the State, and the most populous, wealthy, and commercial city of the Union, is situated at the confluence of the Hudson and East rivers, on one of the finest harbors in the country ; in N. Lat. 40° 42' 40'^ and E. Long. 2o 54' 30'' from the Capitol, at Washington ; having E. the str^t called East river, which separates it from CITY OF NEW-YORK. 15 Long Ipland and unites the bay of New York with Long Island sound ; VV. the Hudson, which forms a pnrt of the boundary between the States of New- York and New.Jersey ; S> New-York bay ; N. Spuy- ten Duyvel creek and Harlem river. The city, properly so called,. or that portion of the island where the population is mostly concentra- ted, occupies ihc souiliern f[uaricr of Manhattan or New-York island ; the wl«olo of which, including the viilaycs of Harlem, Dloomingdulo, Yorkville, and Manhattanville, together with some adjacent islands, are under the exclusive jurisdicfion of the City Cor. poration, and constitute the County of New- York. According to the census of 1840, the city, with the suburbs just mentioned, contained 31:2,710 iiihab- itants. The population at this time, (September, 1843), no doubt exceeds 350,000. The densely built part of the island, or "the city," has an outline of nearly 12 miles in length. The principal street, Broadway, in which most of the retail fancy business is transacted, is a splendid street, 80 feet in width, extending northward from the Battery to Union Park, a distance of nearly three miles. Nearly the whole of the lower part of the city is devoted to commerce and its kindred pursuits ; and, since the establishment of omnibuses, which now traverse every part of the city, merchants and others doing business in that quarter have their residences in the upper or more modern porti00,OUO. It is occupied by the city councils and courts of law. The gover- nor of the state, fur the time being, has an audience chamber in the second story, which is decor^Ued with portraits of distinguished Americans. The Me. chanics^ Jiistiinla holds its meetings in one of the basement rooms of the City Hall, and the American Institute, in a building in the rear of the Hall, for- merly occupied as tlie County Alms-house. On the east side of Broadway, nearly opposite the south entrance of the Piirk, is (Union Hall, the upj.cr rooms of which are occupied by the Aniericnn Mu~ seutn, and others by the Mercantile Library, consist, ing of 23,000 volumes. Proceeding up Broadway a few steps above St. Paul's Church, the AstorHouoe presents itself. Thia CITY OF NEW-YORK. lf> IS at is an immense liotcl, built by J. J. Astor, and is justly rogardcd as one of llie best in the city. A short distance above the Astor, on the same side of Broadway, is FcaWs Museum, and about half a mile further on, ia llie Academy nf I^esign, and Neiv- York Society Library, both in the same building, whicli is siiuated at the corner of Broadway and Leonard. street, and in which the annual exhibitions of the Academy are held. The library consists of 40,0u0 volumes. A commodious Jleadins^ Room is connected with this institution. The Lyceum of Natural History next presents itself in Broadway, near Prince-street. The object of this institution is to promote physical science in all its relations. The Acadeniy is rich in specimens in the various depart- ments of Natural History, which are admirably ar. ranged. At the intersection of the Bowery, Broad- way, and the Fourth Avenue, is Union P-ork, a beautiful promenade with a magnificent fountain. — In the distance from the Battery to Union Park seve- ral other handsome churches, some splendid private mansions and hotels, in no way inferior to tho?o just mentioned, will arrest the attention of the stranger. Among the latter arc — Philadelphia Hotel, where the steamboats land, foot of Battery Place — Battery Hotel, corner of Bat. tery Place and Greenwich street ; connected with the ab(»vc — Atlantic Hotel ; to which is attached a Pl)Ieiidid garden, where music is to be heard every evening — promenade and refreshnumts ; opposite the Bowling Green and Fountain — Piuuker'ii 3[anfiion House ; a quiet, orderly, hotne-like Hotel — Blan- card^s Globe Hotel — St. Gcorge^s Hotel; similar to the above — Wavcrly House, corner of Exehango Place and Broadway — Trr rrnf TfnrifftMi^^_^^' ""r corner of Pine. street and AJfOft(l\v«M-T:K/"^w^^^'*<f. Each front contains an en- tablaiure, with several Doric columns of white marble. The business hall is circular, and surmounted by a dome which is supported by 16 Corinthian columns, 30/eet in height. The entire length of the building is 200 feet, breadth 90, and height 80 feet. It was erected bv order of the General Government, at a cost of $"1,175,000. Merchants* Exchange, in Wall-strret, occupies the sitCjOfa similar structure, which was destroyed by fire a few years since. Its front on Wall. street is 200 feet, depth 171 and height 77 feet: from its base to the vertex of the dome, 121 feet. It is constructed throughout of granite, brought from Quincy, in Mas- sachusetts. The front recess is decorated with 18 i CITY OF NEW-TORK. 21 ishment of vliere they iblisherl in il works — f Maiden juildiiig — !roadway; corner of i by Mr. \padem3', officers of corner of lotel, cor- on House, Test, this ■angers in describe 1 quarters and Wall thenon at rble, and id out, as 13 an en- e marble, ited by a colunnns, budding It was int, at a upies the d bv fire 200 feet, e to the structed in Mas- with 18 lonlo columns, each formed of a singlo block of granile, HS feet in height and 4| feet in diameter. — The Rotunda, or Exchange Room, is 100 in diame- ter, and 90 feet higii : it contains 8 Corinthian co- lumns, of Italian marble, each 41 feet high and 4| feet in diameter. The Exchange was built by ajoint stock company, at an expense of $1,800,000. Hall of Justice, corner of Centre and Jjconard streets, is a remarkable structure, composed of gra-. iiite. It occupies an area in common with the City Prison, or Lock-up House, 253 by 200 feet, and is built in the Egyptian style. The Criminal Courts hold their sessions in this building, which, with its adjunct, the City Prison, arc better known among the citizens as " the toaibs." Colmnhia College, opposite Park Place, founded in 1754. New-York VrAvcnnty, situated opposite the east side of Washinj;,'!on Sciuare, is a Gothic edifice 180 feet in front and 100 deep. It consists of a main l>nilding, with wings and towers at each corner. An immense window of stained glass decorates the front, and forms one of its most striking features. The Historical Society, with its library of 12,000 vo- lumes, occupies rooms in the University buildings. Next to this is the beautiful Gidhic Church, occupi- ed by a congregation of tlie Dutch Reformed denomi- nation, in charge of the Rev. Mr. Ilutton. Among the multitude of churches (upwards of 170) distributed through the city, the following deserve spe- cial notice from their arcliitectural beauty : Trinity Church, in Broadway, ojiposite Wall St.; a magnificent Gothic Structure — Si. iVn/ZV, corner of Broadway and Fulton street — Dutch Beforined, near the Univer- sity — St. .Tahn^s Chapel, opposite St. John's Park — St. Patrick's Cathedral — ( 'hurchof theMessiah — Church of the Ascension — French Protestant Church,\hoomc street — Bajitist Church — St. Lule\^ Church, Hudson strcet~67. Peter's, Hard ay etrcot — St. Thomas 9^ary, supply the indigent with med- icines and medical advice gratuitously — Long Isl. and Farms, a branch of the Alms-house, established for the instruction and maintenance of pauper child- ren. Besides these there arc several Benevolent So- cieties, for the relief of distressed foreigners of every description; Bible and Tract Societies ; Missionary, Sunday School, and Education Associations, &c., &c. Placssof Ajiusemext. — In addition to six regular Theatres, in various parts of the city, thpre are sev- eral Public Gardens, where musical and dramatic en- tertainments are occasionally given : Niblu's, Vaux- hall, and Castle Gardens are the principal. By the aid of the omnibuses, hacks, and cabs, which may be found at any moment, a stranger may be conveyed to any part of the city or adjoining vil- lages at a small expense. Passage to any part of the state, and indeed to any part of the world, forded almust daily, by the innumerable rail, IS a f- •oads, stages, steamboats, or sailing vessels, which are con. stantly departing from the city in every direction. street treet. ear the distin- ste dis- /enues. xs-hovse the In. Asylum 9 north real and S". Naval ind, 8 th Hfe, 50th ns' Asy~ /ws' Asy. and the ith med. Long Isl. tablished ler child- olent So. I of every ssionary, , &c., &c. X regular ! are sev- matic en- 's, Vaux- nd cabs, iger may iiiing vil- y part of rid, is af. ailroada, are con. ction. ENVIRONS OF NEW- YORK. The principal place in the vicinity of New York is Brooklyn, finely situated on Long Island, opposite ihe S. E. side of the city. It is ail incorporated city of King's county, with 36,283 inhabitants. The streets, with some excep. tions, intersect each other at right angles, and are generally wide and well paved. ' Its comfnanding situation, salubrious atmosphere, and commodious buildings, have induced a vast num. ber of persons doing business in New York to ocate themselves here. The means of communication af- forded by steam ferry.boats, which are constantly ply. ing between the two cities, and scarcely ever take more than four minutes in crossing, make it more convenient to many persons to reside at Brooklyn than in the upper parte of the city. Hence, the rapid in. crease of Brooklyn; which, in 1810, contained only 4,402 inhabitants. Besides the usual county build- ings there are, within the corporate limits of Brooklyn, 32 Churches, belonging to various denominations, 3 Banks, 3 Insurance Companies, a Lyceum, a hand- some structure of granite ; City Library and Reading, room, and some other Literary Tnstiutiions. The U. S. haVe a Navy Yard on Wallabout Bay, in the east- ern part of the city, to which a Naval Lyceum is at. tachcd. The Naval Hospital stands a few hundred yards E. from the yard. Greenwood Cemetery, of which we have before spoken, is situated in the south- ern quarter, and Colonade Garden on the heights. On the " Heights of Brooklyn,", near which the Americans were defeated with immense loss on the 27th August, 1776, may yet be seen the vestiges of miUtary works constructed in the early stages of the American Revolution. The remains of 11,000 Americans, who perished on board the British prison ships during the contest, now repose beneath the banks of the Wallabout. Williamsburg, — A recently built town, situated on the East river, N. E. of Brooklyn, and opposite ,m I i S4 EAviuo^'s or Ni:w-yoRK. '■( if HI 6. " the S. E. part of Now York, with which it has fre- qucnt communication, by means of several steam ferry. boats. Population by the census of 1840, 5,094. Its chief builduiys arp, a town hall, 7 churches, and the usual proportion of factories and work-shops, togeiher with some handsome and tasty private dwellings. Astoria. — A flourishing village of Queen's County, 6 miles N. E. from New- York. It has a population of about 750 ; 4 churches, an academy, several thri- ving factories, and an extensive botanic garden. It occupies a beautiful position on Long Island sound, near that remarkable whirlpool, called by the Dutch, Ilelle Gat, " JMl Gate," and by the more rc.^ned, " Ilinl Gate." Astoria is one of the favorite summer residences of the New-Yorkers. Middletown. — A small village of Long Island, con- sisting of 15 or 20 buildings ; situated 3 miles S. E. from Astoria. Neictown. — A clever little town of Queen's county, 5 miles E.N.E. from Williamsburg; containing 500 or 600 inhabitants, 4 churches, and the i.sual pro- portion of taverns, stores, and factories. Flushing. — An incorporated town of Long Island, situated on Flushing bay, an arm of Long Island sound. Population about 2,000. This is the seat of several literary institutions, as St. Paul's College, St. Thomas' Hall, St. Ann's Hall, &c. The Lin- nxan Botanic Garden is here. These, and other advantages, render Flushing one of the most attrac. tive places of resort on the island. It is about 10 miles distant from New York. Jamaica. — A large and well built town of Queen's county, 11 miles from Brooklyn, with a population, according to the late census, of 1650. Its chief build- ings, besides those of the county, arc 5 churches, 1 academy, 8 hotels and taverns, and several manufac. lories of pianos and carriages, 2 printing offices, &lc. The Long Island Railroad Company have a large ENVIRONS OF NEW-YORK. 25 h it has ire- vcral steam IS of 1840, 7 churches, work-shops, sty private sn's County, I population several thri. garden. It land sound, the Dutch, )re refined, ite summer [sland, con- miles S. E. m'g county, tainingSOO i.sual pro. ong Island, oiig Island is the seat 's College, The Lin. and other lost attrac. about 10 jf Queen's lopulation, hief build- lurches, 1 manufac- lices, &c. e a large dcp6t and machine shop here. Constant communi. cation with Brooklyn, Flushing, Hempstead, Rocka. way, &c., is afforded by the railroad or stages, which ply in all directions. Jamaica Bay, 5 miles S. from the town, abounds in wild fowl, oysters, clams, &c. liockaioay Beach, — A celebrated watering place, on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, 22 miles S. E. from New- York. There are, in addition to the " Marine Pavilion " and " Rock Hall," both well kept, several private establishments ; where, with less parade and show of style, the invahd may enjoy the refreshing sea air and bath in their utmost perfection, and at a moderate expense ; whilst those who inhabit the former are expected, and expect, to pay hberally for their ex- travagant accommodations. Bedford. — A small village of King's county, 2 miles E. from Brooklyn, Flutbush. — A neat village of King's coiinty, 4 miles S. E. from Brooklyn ; containing an academy, 2 churches, and about 4.')0 inhabitants. Near this village, in August, 1776, was fought the disastrous and memorable h-tit't.- of Long Island, between the American and British forces. New Zhrecht. — A small village, situated about 1 mile from the shore of the Atlantic, and 7 miles of Brooklyn. It contains some 35 buildings, work shops, and about 2U0 inhabitants. About one mile South from New Utrecht is Bath; situated on the verge of the ocean, which is much frequented ''•aring the summer months for sea bathing. It consists of little else than the Hotel and its appendages. Gravesend. — A village situated 2 miles S. E. of Bath and 8 from Brooklyn. Coney Island. — Also a bathing place of great re-' sort, forms a part of Gravesend township. Fort Hamilton — This fortress, which, in connec- tion with forts Lafayette and Tompkins, commands the N^riowE'i is i&ituat«d on the western end of Long 8 . '•'§ 1 1 i »M 1 i 'M «6 ENViROXS of NEW-YORK* Island, and about 8 miles nearly due South from New York. A small assemblage of houses has grown up around it, including 1 church and an extensive boarding house. It has recently beconie a place of fashionable resort, chicHy for the convenience of sea bathing. New Bvighton. — A village of country seats, erected for the accommodation of some of the "best society" of New- York. It occupies the most northern point of Staten Island, at the entrance of the "Kills," which separate the island from the .Jersey shore. The town plot, which fi.r the most part ia the result of expensive excavation, descends rapidly from the base of ths adjoining hills, and the buildings range in a line with, and at nearly an equal distance from, the margin of New. York bay. The situation is very fine, com- manding a view of the bay, with its islets, the city, Long Island, &c. The houses, with their white fronts and massive columns, present a beautiful ap- pearance from the water. There arc 2 extensive hotels and several boarding houses. Population about 400. A short distance to the West stands the Sailors' Snug Harbor ; a sort of Greenwich Hospital, or Asylum for superannuated mariners. It consists of a large building, with wings, so arranged as to accom- modate a large number of inmates. Two miles east of Brighton Ues the Quarantine Ground, the Marine Hospital^ and Tompkinsville. The latter is a large town, containing upwards of 1,400 inhabitants, 3 churches, several hotels, and beautifully situated on the high ground in the rear of Fort Tompkins. At- tached to the Quarantine establishment are, the Ma- rine Hospital, for the reception of patients afflicted with contagious diseases ; a Yellow Fever Hospi- tal ; a Small Fox Hospital ; besides several other buildings, for the Physician, Health Officers, and others. Steamboats leave the lower part of the city every hour during the day for New Brighton, the Quaran- tine Ground, and Tompkinsville. E^*vIRO^•s OF kew-york. 27 \h from New as grown up n extensive le a place of lience of sea eat?, erected )est society" hern point of [ills," which . The town of expensive base of ihs 1 a line with, , the margin •y fine, com- 5ts, the city, their white )eautiful ap. 2 extensive Population St stands the ch Hospital, [t consists of as to accom- '^o miles east the Marine ter is a large habitants, 3 situated on ipkins. At- are, the Ha- nts afflicted ever Hospi- everal other Officers, and le city every the Quaran- Jersey City. — On the West side of the Hudson, op- posite New York, is situated on a point or cape, for- merly called Pauhis Hook. The city is regularly laid out, with the streets, which are generally wid^, qross- ing each other at right angles. The public buildings are, 4 churches, a lyceum, academy, high school, a bank, a pottery, glaas factory, and about 300 private dwellings. Population, 3,072. The New Jersey Railroad Company iiuve an extensive depot here ; and the Morris Canal, from ^ordentown, intersects the Hudson in the lower part of thfe city. Harsiinus is a small village, directly in the rear of Jersey City, containing 125 inhabitants. And still farther North is Pavonia, another suburb of Jersey City, containing some 250 inhabitants. Bergen. — Seat of Justice for Hudson county. New .Tersey, is finely situated on Bergen Hill, 2 miles West of Jersey City. It contains 2 churches, a court-house and other county buildings, with 3.00 in. habitants. Bergen, until recently, presented the ap. pearance of one of the Dutch villages of early times. The primitive manners, customs, and dress of the people, and their mode of building, have been rigidly maintained by a remnant of the inhabitants ; hut, since the little Dutch village became the capital of a county, a spirit of improvement has been awakened amontr them. Hohoken. — A ncvv village of Hudson county. New Jersey, ctmtaining about 200 inhabitants, an L'pisco- pal church, and several public houses. Hoboken is much frequented by the citizens of New- York. The " Elysian Fields," so called, contain some beautiful walks. A fine view of the city may be had from the high grounds of Hoboken. Hoboken has recently acquired additional notoriety, as the scene of a most shocking tragedy, in which a young girl. Miss Rogers, was murdered by some unknown hand. The village of Weftt Hoboken, situated on the summit of Bergen Hill, commands a fine view of the city and harboi. 28 ROUTE FROM WechmpJcen — A small settlement on the Jersey shore, consisting of some 20 or 30 buildings; beauti. fully situated, about 2 miles North of Hoboken, on an elevated bluif of the IJudson. * , B honing dale. — A remarkably neat village of New York county, situated on the left bank of (he Hud. son, 5 miios above the City Hall. An Orphan's Asylum is established here. The village consists chiefly of country seats, and contains some 400 in- habitants. About 2 miles beyond Bloomingdale, on the same side of the river, is Manhattanville. — Containing about 500 inhab- itanls, an Episcopal church, and some extensive factories. Ti'e New York Lvnniic Asyluvi occu. pies a con^manding position in the southern part of the village. Harlem is situated 2 miles S. E. of ManhattanvillG, on Harlem river, near its discharge into Long Island sound. It is a flourishing village, with a population of 1,500, 4 churches, and a superabundance of M hotels," besides a commodious dopAt belonging to the New York and Harlem Railroad Company, and several factories. The ears for Harlem start every hour from the deput, N. E. of the City Hall. ■I ROUTES FROM TflE CITY OF NE W.YORK. To rhiladelplda, via S, Amhny and Bordentown. \* PI' ces marked thus f are describeJ iu other parts of the work. Steamboat. Castle William,.... 1 Iledlow's Island,... 1 2 New Brighton, .... 5 7 Elizabethport, 5 12 Perth Amboy, 15 27 South Amboy, 2 29 Eiiilroad. Spot? wood, 9 38 Hightstown, 13 51 Bordentown, 13 64 Burlington, 10 74 Philadelphia, 20 94 KF.U-YOR! TO PHILADF.LrillA. 20 the Jerspy igs ; beauti- okcn, on an r Ingo of New of the Hiid- n Orphan's ige consists ome 400 in- lingdale, on 500 inhab- 10 extensive iylnm occu- hern part of nhattanvillo, Long Island a population >undance of belonging to mpany, and 1 start every all. t^ W.YORK. vdentovm. Is of the work. oad. 9 38 ....13 .51 ....13 G4 10 74 20 94 I Castle Willinm, a strong fortress belonging to the United Slates, situated on the West side of Gover- iior's Island, and conslituting one of the principal ilufcnccs of the city and harbor of New York. It was erected previously to the late war with Great Britain ; it is now garrisoned and well supplied with ordnance <>f great power. liohin'^f Href. — A. ledge of rocks in New- York Bny, njion which a light-house has been erected ; which, with JJedloir^s Idand, also belongs to the United States. It is p'lrmounted by a small military work, cnlled Fort Wood, designed to co-operate with Casile Wd- lianis in the defence of the city. New Brightnn.i Elizahelhport. — A very neat and flouriehing vil- Inge of New .lerscy, whicli has recently started into notice ; being at the eastern terminus of the Eliz- nbethport and Somerville Railroad, now in operation. Its site was, until lately, known as Elizabethtown Point, and was the landing place for Eiizabelhtown, which is situated a few miles in the interior. Pop- ulation abou' GUO. Perth Amhoy. — A city and port of entry of Mid- dlesex county. New Jersey, at the confluence of Karitan river and Staten Island sound. Popula- tion 1,303. It derives its name in part from James, Earl of Perth, one of the origiiial proprietors of the ground ; which was laid off into town lots in 1683, and incorporated in 1784. A large portion of the buildings are elevated forty or fifty feet above the adjacent bay. The Brighton House, a large hotel, erected here several years since, forms a striking object of atten- tion. Like many other "experiments," the hotel failed to realise the expectations of its proprietors ; and it is now occupied, during the summer months, by a wealthy family of New York. South Amhoy is a mere landing place, where the Camden and Amboy railroad terminates. Here the 3* iidl I ri aa ROUTE FROM passengers lor lyiiladcliihia quit tlic steamboat and enter the cars. Spotswood. — A neat village of Middlesex County, containing about 150 inhabitantf", 2 churches, and the usual i'actorioa, shops, &lc. Jlig/itatown. — A tlirivinif villo'::''; which, since the completion of the Camden and Amboy railroad, has become a place of conaidorablo note. The vil- lagc is rapidly improviiiu, by the erection of many neat and substantial buildinnjg, which now amount to Xnore than one hundred, with about 700 inhabitanfa. JBordeniown. — A town in BurlinLrton county. New Jersey, containing about 1,700 inhabitants. The town is situated on a hifth bank ; which, while it gives it a commanding position, scrvea to obstruct its view from the river. The Delaware and Raritan Canal has its western termination hero. Joseph Buonaparte, many years since, selected Bordentown as a place of residence, where he con- tinued for somp yei^rs. The buildings and grounds are among the most conspicuous objects of the place. Burlington. — A city of New Jersey, situated on the left bank of the Delaware, containing 3,434 in. habitants. Among the buildings are, six places of worship, a city hall, a lyceum, bank, several exten- sive boarding-schools, &.c. The town is regularly laid out, with streets crossing each other at right an- gles. They are mostly well built ; some with side and front lots, which serve to beautify the town and give it a neat and airy appearance. The " bank," which is chiefly occupied by country seats belonging to Philadelphians, consists of a beautiful grassy plane, with a gentle inclination towards the river. Hero is the residence of Biahop Doane, a Gothic structure, surmounted by a cross, and resembles one of the Catholic Missionary stations of former times. (For a full description of Philadelphia, see Tanner's Cen* tral Traveler. I INEW-TOUK TO nilLADELPlIIA. 31 uboal and X County, , dies, and licb, since y railroad, Tlio viU I of many amount to laliitanta. unty, New mis. The h, while it to obstruct II d Raritan e, selected re he con- id grounds f the place, situated on g 3,434 in. X places of vcraX cxten- is regularly at right an- E5 with side e town and he "bank," ts belonging rassy plane, it. Here is c structure, one of the imes. (For mner's Cen* Fio7n New. York (o riiihtdrlphin, via NcicBruna, vnck and Ticntou, by Jiailroad, •Teraey City Newark, 8 Eli7.al)cthtown 5 Railway 5 Matoucliin, 9 1 9 14 19 '26 New Brunswick,. .. 4 .OS Princeton 17 49 Trenton, 10 59 Pordontown, .'> G4 Philadelphia, 30 94 Jersey Ciiy.i NetBark — This is by far the larorest, nnd as a man- ufacUuing place, the most important town, or rather city, lor it v.i orjc'inizcd as puch, in t)ic Plate of New Jersey. Its population, accordin,g to the census of 1840, is 17,392, a lar<>e portion of which is engaged in the various rnauulhcturins, which al)ound here to an unusual extent. Newark was first settled in IGG6, by people from New England. It is the scat of jus. tice of Essex county, and may now be regarded as the metropohs of t)ie state. The Passaic, hero a beautiful stream, flows along the eastern side of the town, and gradually curves towaids the east, in its passage into Newark bay, three miles distant from the city. The town plot, except in the immediate vicinity of the Passaic, is elevated surne thirty or forty feet above the river; and the country, on the west, continues to rise lor a, few miles, and then descends in the direction of Eliz. abethtown. It.s streets and avenues are wide, and shaded by an abundance of trees, which add greatly to the beauty of the city arid to the comfort of pas. sengers. The city is supplied with water from a co. pious spring, a short distance from the town. The commercial facilities of Newark have been greatly augmented of late, by the completion of the Morris Canal, and the various railroads which now pass through the city. These, superadded to the almost innumerable manufacturing establishments in and I 32 RCIITE FROM 1 r-- about the place, give it an active and busiqess-Iike appearance, gn^tifying alike to those who are practi". caliy engaged in tlieni, and to those who witness their operations. Among the articles manufactured heic, most of which arc sent to distant markets, may be mentioned, leather, saddlery and harness, carriages and carriage furniture, hats, boots and shoes, in immense quan- tities, brass and iron castings, soap and candles, tin and sheet-iron ware, clothing of all sorts, Venetian blinds, cabinet furniture^, jewelry, clocks, tools and agricultural implements, ropes and cordage, malt liquors, pottery, together with a host of other matters, "too numerous to mention.'* Besides the factories, most of which are on a large scale, there are several breweries, grist and saw mills, dyeing houses, and printing offices, each of which issues a newspaper, &c. There are schools innu- merable, academies, and severat literary and scien- tific institutions. Of churches, the Episcopalians have two ; the Presbyterians five ; th^ Baptists two ; the Dutch Reformed one ; the Methodists three ; and the Roman Catholics one. The other public build- ings are the court house, county offices, three banks, and the immense depdt of the New Jersey Railroad Company. Situated in the immediate neighborhood of the hos- tile armies, the people of Newark were kept in a con- stant state of alarm during the revolutionary struggle. On one occasion the British sent from New. York a detachment consisting .of five hundred men, who burnt the academy and committed other excessey. They were, however, induced to quit the town before they could accomplish the destruction of the place, which, no doubt, was their object. Elizabethtown. — A beautiful town, situated on Elizabeth creek, in Essex county, containing about five hundred buildings and 3,000 inhabitants. It is a borough town, and one of the oldest in the state, its NEW-YORK TO PHILADELPHIA. 33 site having been purchased from the Indians by a company from Long Island, so early as the year 1664. Owing to its contiguity to New- York, the quiet of Elizabethtown was frequently disturbed by the contending parties during the revolutionary war. In one of these conflicts, a resident clergyman of the Presbyterian church was killed, after witnessing the destruction of his church, which was burnt by the British. Thtrc is in this town an unusual proportion of handsome dwellings and churches; which, with the wide and regular streets, impart an air of great neatness and beauty to the place, and render it a very desirable residence. I The Elizabethport and Somervillc railroad, as well as that from Jersey City to New Brunswick, pass through the town. These, with turn])ikcs and several good common roads, afford extensive facil- ities for conveying to market the agricultural pro- ducts and manufactures o( the town and adjacent country. ivmong ilie' latter may be nlCntiAnpdji. oil-doth, eartl«nware, ropes and cordage, cotton bagsin^ -tiS. and sheet-iron ware, clocks, carriages, leather, iron castings, steam engines, and machinery of all kinds. The place is also provided with several literary, sci- entific, and benevolent institutes, which afford to the inhabitants the means of intellectual enjoyment and moral culture, amid the busy scenes of their daily occupation. With all these advantages, it is scarcely necessary for us to add that Elizabethtown is a flourishing place, llahway. — A large and thriving town of Middlesex county, formed by the union of sevoial villages. One of these was formerly colled " Bridgetown ;" but as there was anotlier Britlgptown in the state, the legislature, by special enactment, united the whole, under the name of Kahway, .after the river upon whoso banks they are tjituatcd ; by which 3i ROUTE EROM name they are now n;??nera]ly known; Tiieir unl(ed population is 2,533, originoUy from New England. The Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists and Friends have places of worship here. That of the Presbyte- rians is a beautiful structure. Among the liberal institutions of the place, which possesses many, there are a public library, an "Athenean Academy," so called, a fine building, erected by a company ex- pressly for the institution, which partakes, in some measure, of the nature of a high school. There are, also, Sunday schools attached to most of the churches; six or eight well conducted public schools, a bank, a printing office, from which a weekly newspaper is issued. If the people of Rahway have been thus liberal in providing means fir the moral and intellec- tual improvement of tiieir youth, they have been no Jess so in the erection and embellishment of their dwellings, which present a remarkably neat appear, ancc. Rahway may be, with truth, styled a man- ufacturing place. Establishments on an extensive scale arejn^&ny -operation here. The manufactures -ttrirftist of silk printing, carriages and carriagesfurni- ture, hats, shoes, clothing, clocks, earthenware, and cotton goods. Matouchin.—A mere hamlet of Middlesex county, containing about twenty buildings. It is, however, situated in the centre of a populous and fertile coun- try; which, from the numerous buildings, may be regarded as an extended village. New Brunswick. — This place is situated in the counties of Somerset and Middlesex, and is the seat of justice of the latter. It is an incorporated city, and next to Newark tlie largest town in the state. It is situated on the right baok of the Raritan, about twelve miles above Aniboy bay. Its population is 8,693, and the number of buildings is about twelve hundred. The pubhc buildings, &c., consist of the court-house and its appendages, college edifice (Rut- gers' College) and grammar school, an Episcopal NEW-YORK TO PHILADELPHIA. 35 'heir unifed V England, nd Friends Presbyte- tlie liberal nany, there ademy," so mpany cx- s, in some There are, 3 chnrchesi , a bank, a wspaper is been thus nd intellec- ve been no nt of their cat appear, ed a man- i extensive mufactures riagesfurni- [iware, and 5ex county, 3, however, ertilo coun- ts, may be ited in the is the scat orated city, the state. ■itan, about pulation is 3ont twelve nsist of the Jifice (Rut- Episcopal church, a Presbyterian church, a Baptist church, Catholic chapel, two Methodist churches, one Dutch Reformed church, two academies, some incorporated schools, several common schools, and two banks. In addition to the splendid viaduct of the New Jer- sey Railroad, there is a fine wooden bridge across the Raritan, one thousand feet long, with double ways. The Delaware and Raritan Canal terminates, and the JMew .Jersey Railroad and that to Trenton unite here. These railroads form an important hnk in the great north and south line, which will, ere long, extend without interruption, from Portsmouth, in New Hampshire, to New Orleans, Pensacola, &c. Some of the buildings have an antiquated appear, ance, having been erected on the first settlement of the place, in 1713, which was then called " Prig- morc's swamp." Tho?e built by the Dutch colony, which emigrated from Albany, though of a more re. cent date, are no less remarkable, not only in their pcci!l""'' construction, but also from their position, haviiii, "'•• gable ends fronting on the streets. Al- bany > I nay bo readily distinguished by its char. acferiE. '<" '.lices. Constant communication between New Brunswick and the city of New York is afforded by several steamboats, railroads, and turnpikes. There are also excellent turnpike and common roads leading in every direction, by which the city of New Brunswick enjoys considerable commerce, not only in the agricultural products of the contiguous country, but also in the manufactures of its numerous work- shops. Princeton. — This nttractive little town has been long celebrated as the seat of Nassau Hall, one of the oldest and most respectable colleges in the coun. try. It contains also a theologicel seminary, estab. lished some years since, by the Presbyterians. Both institutions are in a flourishing condition, and are successfully prosecuting the objects which they have in view. M 36 ROUTE FROM Princeton, by the new arrangement of counties, is embraced within the limits of Mercer coumy, and lies a small distance to the north of the railroad to New Brunswick. Its position is considered one of the most salubrious in the state, being considerably elevated above the surrounding country, and of course is free from those exhalations common to low lands. Princeton is an incorporated town, and contains about three hundred and thirty buildings, with 3,055 inhabitants, including the inmates of both colleges. There are five places of public worship, and several schools of a high order, for both males and females. Whether we rcgnrd the position of the town, its neat and attractive dwellings, or the general intelligence of its inhabitants, wo know not a more desirable place of residence than Princeton. One of the most important incidents of the revolu^ tion occurred in the neighborhood of this town. On the night of January 3d, 1777, the American and British armies lay encamped on opposite banks of the Assanpink creek, near Trenton. The British commander, confident of success in the coming con- flict, only awaited the approach of day to begin the *vork of destruction. In this critical situation, and tnenaced by a force every way superior to his own, Washington determined to abandon his position on the Assanpink, and by a circuitous march along the left flank of the enemy, fall into their rear at Prince- ton. When it was dark the army, leaving its fires lighted, and the sentinels on the margin of the creek, decamped with perfect secrecy. About sunrise, two British regiments, that wcro on their march to join the rear of the British army at Lawrence, fell in with the van of the Americans, conducted by General Mercer, and a very sharp action ensued. The ad- vanced party of Americans, composed chiefly of mi- litia, soon gave way, and trie few regulars attached to them could not maintain their ground. General Mercer, while ^aliiiutly e^vcrting himself to rally his NEW-YORK TO riIILAl>Ji.i,i-.,i a ounties, IS uniy, and railroad to red one of nsiderably d of course low lands. 1 contains with 3,055 fi colleges, nd several d females, ^'n, its neat ntelligence s desirable the revolu- own. On jrican and ! banks of 'he British iming con- I begin tho ation, and his own, )osition on along the at Prince- g its fires the creek, inrise, two rch to join ell in with General The ad. efly of mi, attached General rally his broken troops, received a mortal wound. General Washington, however.who followed close in their rear, now led on the main body of the army, and attacked tho enemy with great spirit. While he exposed him- self to their hottest fire, he was so well supported by the fcatne troops which had aided him a few days bo- fore in the victory at Trenton, that the British were compelled to give way, and Washington pressed for- ward to Princeton. A party of the British, that had taken refuge in the college, after receiving a few dis- charges from the American ficld-piccos, surrendered themselves prisoners of war; but the principal part of the regiment that was left ihcre saved itself by a precipitate retreat to Brunswick. In this action up. wards of a hundred of the British were killed and nearly three hundred were taken prisoners. Great was the surprise of Lord Cornvvallis when the report of the artillery at Princeton, and the arrival of breath- less messengers, apprised liiin that the enemy was in the rear. Alarmed by the danger of his position, he commenced a retreat ; and being harassed by the militia and the country people, who had suffered by the outrages perpetrated by his troops on their ad- vance, he did not deem himself in safety until he ar- rived at Brunswick ; from whence, by means of the Raritaii, he had communication with Nev*^ York. Trenton. — The capital of the State of New. Jersey, is situated on the left or cast bank of the Delaware, in Mercer county, of wliich it is the seat of justice, twenty-eight miles north-cast from Philadelphia, and fifty-nine south,. west of New York. Its site is im- mediately upon the mouth of the Assanpink, near the lower falls of the Delaware. It is approached from the Pennsylvania side by a fine bridge of five arches, supported by stone piers and abutnifints. There are now about 1,000 buildings of every sort, and 4,035 inhabitants. The place was incorporated as a city on the 13th November, 17S2. Its public buildings, and other objects of curiosity, consist of the Stat<5 h ■iJ 38 ROUTE FROM House or Lcgfislativc Hall, Governor's House, County Offices, fcftate Pnsun, and City Hall. In addition to the above, there arc in and about Trenton, several beautiful churches, two banking houses, an academy, many boarding-schools, a vast number of common schools, and other institutions of a puWic nature ; together with the usual complement of stores, taverns, manufactories, cotton mills, print- ing offices, some of which issue weekly journals ; several literary and scientific institutions, and in short, all other components that constitute a little city such as Trenton. Among the leading avenues of trade possessed by Trenton, those by the canals and railroads are the most important. The Delaware and Raritan Canal, from Bordentown to New Brunswick, and its nav- igable feeder, pass through Trenton ; whence rail- roads extend to Philadelphia and New Brunswick ; and another, which intersects the Camden and Am- boy railroad, a short distance from Bordentown. The manufacturing facilities of the city have, of late, been materially improved. A company, incor- porated in 1831, has just completed a short canal and mill-race on the bank of the river, by which a valuable water power is afforded, and now extensively and profitably employed. The name of Trenton occupies a prominent place in the annals of our revolution. It was here, in 1776, that General Washington, with five thousand five hundred men, after crossing the Delaware, amid all the dangers of an inclement night, attacked the British forces, under Colonel Rahl, who was mor- tally wounded by the first fire. His men, in the ut- most dismay, attempted to file ofl^ towards Princeton ; but General Washington perceiving their intention, moved a i)ortion of his troops into the road in front, and thus frustrated their design. Their artillery having been seized, and the Anier- icane pressing upon them, they surrendered. Many NEW-YORK TO KASTON, PA. 39 ie, County xnd about banking ols, a vast itutions of mplerneiit ills, print, journals ; i, and in te a little sessed by Is are the an Canal, d its nav- ence rail, unswick ; and Am- town. y have, of ny, incor- canal and a valuable iively and ent place , in 1776, sand five amid all eked the was mor- n the ut. rinceton ; ntention, in front, le Anier- Many of the Hessians were killed — a thousand were made prisoners — while a few escaped and fled in the direc- tion of 13ordontown. Of the American troops only two were killed and two frozen to death. Wash, ington, soon after this brilliant affair, re-crossed the Delaware with his prisoners, six pieces of artillery, a thousand stand of arms, and some military stores, Bristol. — A beautiful village, situated on the west bank of the Delaware, nearly '^oposite to Burlington. Its high and commancji g j in early attracted the attention of the firs- ttler^ nd a town, calie l Buckingham, was laid off, and subsequently incor. porated by Sir William Kieth, in J 720, under tha name of Bristol. Among the numerous attractions of this beautiful spot are two mineral springs, at which buildings, for the accommodation of visiters, were erected some years since, and dignified by the name of Bath. Bristol contains at present about two hundred and fifty dwellings, with 1,734 inhabitants, a bank, sev- eral places of worship, a masonic lodge, &c. The houses, es[)ecial!y those 021 the immediate bank of the river, present a remarkably neat and handsome appearance. The Delaware division of the Pennsylvania Canal terminates here, in a spa. cious basin, which communicates with the Delaware river. This canal, with the Lehigh Company's Canal, forms an uninterrupted water communica* tion with the anthracite coal region of Northampton coufity. Bordentown.f From New. York to Eofiton, Pa., via Morrisville and Schooleifs Mountain Springs. Newark, by rail-road, 10 Morrisiown, do 20 30 Mendliam, by stage, 7 37 Chester,... do 5 42 40 ROUTE FROM li. German Valley, by •;;age, 5 47 Schooley's M. Springs, by stage, ... 3 50 insfield, Easton. do 9 59 74 Newark.f 31orristoicn.—'SeB.t ofjui,..cc of Morris county, and one of the most populous and thriving towns of New Jersey. It is beautifully situatnd on an elevated plain, which rises gradually from the river bank. Most of the public buildings, and some of the best dwellings, face an open square in the centre of the town. There are, besides the buildings devoted to county purposes, several handsome churches, an academy, and a due proportion of stores, manufac* tories, workshops, and taverns ; grist, paper and saw mills. There are also printing offices, from which weekly journals are issued i Sunday schools, a bible society, a temperanco society, and several institutiona of a like description. With but few exceptions, the houses are well built; each is surrounded by culti- vated gardens, which impart to the place an air of niuch rural beauty. By means of pipes laid in the streets, most of the w cr used in the town is brought from a never-failing ug, about two miles distant. The Morris and Esb.,x railroad, twenty miles in length, from Newark, terminates here. Population 4,01.3. Mendham. — A village of Morris county, contain- ing a Presbyterian church, a boarding-school, several stores, mills, and about sixty dwellings. Population 1.378. Chester. — A village of I\Torris county, containing forty or fifty buildings, including two churches, which extends for nearly a mile along the road from Easton to Morrisville. Population 1,3:21. German Valley, a small scltlcmont in Mor:;ia county, oa the south branch of the Raritan. ^ f NEW-YORK TO EASTON. 41 ) 47 J 50 \ 74 Junty, and lis of New I elevated bank. 3t'the best lire of the levoted ta irclies, an manufac* rand saw 0111 which Is, a bible istitutiona )tioiis, the by culti- an air of aid in the 3 brought distant. miles in opulation contain- 1, severa! 3pulation mtaniing Imrches, 3 ad from M orria Schoolcifs Mountain Springs. — A celebrated place of resort of invalids and others, in pearch of health or pleasure. The water of these ppriiigs, which are situated in a small depression of iMusconicong moun- tain, in Morris county, N.J., is chalybeate, is strong- ly marked by the usual ferruirinous iniprcg;iations, and the other characteristics of such springs. They are used to gicat advantage in chronic cases and gen- eral debility. Independent of the benefit to be de- rived from the use of the wntors, the efreat elevation of the springs (nearly 1,100 feet,) produces an agree- able temperature, which braces and invigorates the frame. T'lie accommodations here arc in no way inferior to other establishments of ;hc kind elsewhere. There arc three extensive hotels, besides several pri. vate boarding houses, which a'fjrd to visitors the opportunity of selecting the location most congenial to th(;ir wishes. M(inf Bare Mount j Fort Putnam ) West Point \"' Crovvs'-nest Mt. ... Butter Hill New Windsor Nevvburg Marlboro' Milton 4 48 4 52 3 55 1 56 3 59 2 Gl 6 67 4 71 44 ROUTli I'ROM Towns oil the West bank. Towns, ftc. oil the East Iinnk. m % I I! ' ; I t i 1 , n% I ■ I i '-1 NewPulizLandin;; 3 74 nariio?iit 4 71 Pelham Columbus ) Kingston ^ *" Gln.sgo\v 10 Bristol 2 Catskill 1) Athens 5 Coxackic 8 New Baltimore .... 7 Cooymans 2 Albany 12 84 Poii^lilvocpsle 3 74 6 90 IlydcPark (J 80 Ktatcsbiirg 5 85 Riivnbeck 5 90 Barrytowii, or ) Rod [look L L. S 97 100 lOU 102 HI IIG Tivoli, or Red ) 124 Hook U. L. J 131 Sauircrtics 1 101 133 Hudson 15 IIG 145 Coluinliiaville .... 5 Kiiulcrhouk lan'g 6 Schodack 8 Castleton 2 121 127 135 137 145 "^Groenbush 8 HoboJcen.i see " Environs of New- York," p. 27. Wehawk.f Blooming dale. \ Manhattanville.f BulVs Ferry. — A noted ferry across the Hudson. Fort Lee. — Tliis fort, which, with Fort Wasliing- ton on the opposite side of the river, was the scene of important mihtary operations during the rcvolu- tionary war. A large body of American militia sta- tioned here, in atteinpling to retreat, were ovpipow- ered by a vastly superior force, consisting chieily of Hessians, wlien they were either slain or consigned to the prison ships, a fate more terrific than death itself. The site of Fort Lee is upwards of 3U0 above the water. A hotel at the landing is much frequented. A few miles below Fort Lee, commences the Pali- sades, a lofty basaltic wall, which extends for twen- ty miles up the west bank of the Hudson. They are nearly vertical, and range from 200 to 500 feet in height. The columns, which are divided into seg- ments, admirably fitted to each other, arc altogether I I I i W NEW-YORK TO ALBANY. 45 5 85 5 90 7 97 3 100 . 5 121 6 127 . 8 135 . 2 137 . 8 145 p. 27. ^ of n coarser texture than most other similar forma, tiunsi, thuuKh. in sotno parts, the angles arc equally perfect and well (Jefineii. Spiiyten Dui/ofI Creek. — An inconsiderable open, inf,' on the east side of the Hudson, which, witii Har. Ijpin river, separates the island of Mew. York from the main land of Westcht ster county. Kinffi^bridge, — A sort of rialto among the New, Yorkers, crosses the strait a short distonce from the Hudson. Yunkers. — A pleasant village of Westchester coun, ty, situated at the outlet of Saw-mill creek. It is built mostly on the river bank, which, being some, what elevated, commands a fine view of the river and the palisades opposite. Besides the two churches, an academy and several taverns and store houses, there are upwards of 75 dwellings, and a population of about 500. Ilu.'itinira. — A small village and landing, of the same county, consisting of 15 or 20 buildings of va- rious sorts, including one hotel, a button factory, &c. Dobbs* Ferry is a small settlement and public land. inu in Westchester county, with a ferry to the oppo, site side of the Hudson. Fiermont, formerly Tappan Sloat — This village having been selected for the eastern terminus of the N . York and Erie rail-road, the secluded little Dutch set- tlement of the "Sloat," which had reposed in peace and quietness for a century or mora, has received the classic soubriquet of " Piermont,** and is now an important town of Rockland county. Such has been the elTect of this movement upon the unsophisticated village, that its site is now covered by handsome public and private edifices, which form a stii; i «>.; contrast with the little Dutch houses of its prinu ive inhabitants. 'I'here are in the town upwards of 150 buildings, including two or three churches, and a population of about 1,100. A pier about one mile in 1 length, which I. 46 ROUTE FROM forms the commencement of the lail-road just men. tioned, extends over the flats to a commodious dock, near the channel of the river. The iSew.York and Erie rail-road will, when completed, exfend to Dun. kirk, on the eastern shore of Lake Erie, a distance of 450 miUe. It is now in use as far as Goshen, with whichdaily communication is had. Tlie little village of Tappan, which is situated two miles westofPiermout, is well known as the place of execution of Major Andr6, whose remains were a few years since trans- ferred to England, his native country. Two miles below Piermont, commences, Tappan Sea. — An expansion of the Hudson, about ten miles in length and four in breadth, having Tarry, town and Singsing on its east margin, and Piermont and Nyack on the west. Tarrytnwn is u large and well built town, with about 1,100 inhabitants. This is the town in which Major Andre was taken by the "Cow-boys," Paul, ding, Williams and Van Wart, after his conference with Arnold. Sleepy Hollow is a little to the north of Tarrytown. Nyack. — A village ol Rockland county, containing about 050 inhabitants, three or four churches, and the usual complement of taverns, shops, &.c. Singsing — An incorporated town o( Westchester county, situated in the N. E. angle of Tappan bay, near Teller's point. It was founderl in 1796, and derives its na'EVr-YORK TO ALBANY. 51 , i'i ti Schenck and Brett families, through whose influence and exertions the tract has been so greatly improved, are among the hneal descendants of the original pro. prietor. There are now several towns and villages within this patent, the limits of which were determined by a mode then common among the settlers, by which the outlines of tracts were regulated by the distance an indian could walk in a given number of hours. Fishkill. — The seat of justice for Dutchess county. Matteawan and Fishkill Landing, or Martinsville, are the principal settlements within the limits of Rum- bout's tract. The two latter may be regarded as one town, both having attained to their present impor. tance in consequence of the establishment of facto, ries in the neighborhood. The site of Martinsville ascends by a gentle acclivity from the landing place, until it reaches an elevated plane 80 or 90 feet above the river, where most of the Irades-people and me- chanics reside. An extensive pier a quarter of a mile in length, constructed at a cost of about ^100,000, forms the chief landing, which communicates with the op- posite town of Newburgh, by a steam ferry-boat. There are in the village two places of worship, four public houses, 10 or 12 stores, one iron foundry, a machine shop and flouring mill at the mouth of Fish- kill creek, and about 130 other buildings. Matteawan. — A remarkably neat and flourishing village of Dutchess county, situated about one mile east from Martinsville, on both sides of Fishkill creek. The ground upon which the town is built is gently undulating, with here and there a prominent emi- nence, which, with the adjacent mountains on the east, and the romantic stream at their base, alto- gether form a scene of surpassing beauty and love, liness. The town, which is well built with houses mostly in the cottage style, having court-yards in front, pre. sent an appearance of great neatness and rural beau. I 'n 62 ROUTE FROM ty. It comprises a principal avenue with smaller streets, some of which lead to bridges over the creek, where many of the operatives reside. The factory, consisting of several detached buildings, in which the various branches are conducted, is situated on the right or west bank of Fishkiil Creek, about one mile above its discharge into the Hudson. On the same side are most of the dwelling houses and some beau, tiful seats, among which is tliatof INIr. P. H. Schenck, who is largely interested in the Mattcawan estab. lishments. The Episcopal church, near the Teller mansion, is a neat and commodious cditii e ; and on the east side of the creek stands tlie Presbyterian church. Mat. eawan, from its situation and salubrious air, is likely to maintain its respectability ; the neighborhood hay. ing been selected as the residence of many wealthy families. The present population of the village ex. ceeds l,000,which, on the revival of business, so great. ly depressed of late years, will doubtless increase lapidly. Hamburg. — An inconsiderable village of Dutchess county, 6 miles above Martinsville. Marlboro. — A siriall village of Ulster county, on the west bank of the Hudson Milton. — A small settlement on the west bank of the river. Barnegat — rA busy little town of Dutchess county, with about 200 inhabitants, chiefly engaged in Ume business. Poiighkeepffip. — A large and commercial town of Duchess county, and the (it-pot for an extensive and productive agricultural district in the rear. It is about midway between the cities of New-York and Albany, with both of whicli it has almost hourly communi- cation by means of steam boats and sailing vessels. Its manufactures, which are vast and various, con. sist of silk goods, carpets, loco:notive engines, and railroad apparatus of all sorts, malt liquors, flour, \ con. NEW- YORK TO ALBANY. 53 f plaster, bricks, pins, fire-arms, paper-hangings, snuff and segars, cordage, carriages. 'I'here are several iron and brass foundries, grist mills, saw mills, ma- chine shops, rope walks, lumber yards, &c. &,c. The oiher buildings consist of a court-house, jail, alms house, college, a gymnasium, academy, 13 places of worship, belonging to the Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, Reformed Dutch, Catholics, Friends, &.c. ; three banks, 10 or 12 hotels, work shops, and about 1,100 dwelling houses, with about 8,000 inhabitants. In the town are also two female seminaries, a lyceum, a savings bank, a whaling com- pany, 3 printing offices, from which papers are issued. The town occupies one of the finest and most pio- turesque sites on the river, but owing to its elevated and remote position, it cannot be seen to advantage from the river. New Paltz Landing. — A small settlement of Ul- ster county, comprising 1 church, 1 grist mill, and about 50 other buildings, with about 200 inhabitants. Hyde Park, — A handsome village on the east bank of the Hudson, in Dutchess county. The settlement, which extends from the river bank to the post road, a distance of nearly a mile, comprises about 120 build- ings, including three churches and several exlenpive manufacturing estabUshments, and about 750 inhabit, ants. Pelhani. — A small collection of buildings ,on the west bank of the Hudson, nearly opposite to Statcsburg. — Another inconsiderable village on the east side. Rhynheck. — Situated about two miles east of the Hudson, where it has a landing, also a considerable village, is a large and important town, with a pop. ulation of not less than 1,200. Here are .3 churches, 4 or 5 houses of public entertainment, 1 iron found, ry, 1 paper and 1 flouring mill; together with the usual complement of mechanics' shops, stores, &c. Columbus, — A small village situated near the mouth 5« ff f I! 54 ROUTE FROM F^il of the Walkill, containing a dozen or twenty houses, and tile landing place for Kingston. — A large and flourishing town of Ulster county, situated on Esopus creek, and three miles distant from the former. It is an incor]>orated town, with about 2,500 inhabitants ; many of whom are extensively engaged in the coal trade. In the town are a court.house, jail, 4 churches, academy, 2 banks, 6 public houses, 2 printing oflices, 1 iron foundry, tobacco, carriage, leather, and many other manufac, tories. Kingston, or Eaopus, as it was originally called, is intimately connected with our revolutionary history. It was taken and burnt by the British, on the IGth of October, 1777, the day before the surrender of Burgoyne. The mcendiaries, on learning the fate of Burgoyne, precipitately decamped and took shelter on board their vessels, then lying in the liudsan. A short distance from Kingston is the busy little town of Eddyville- — Situated on the left bank of the K.on- dout, and at the eastern t.^rminus of the Hudson and Delawire canal, by which the coal and other pro- duce ot" t!ui Lackawana Valley, iti Pennsylvania, are transjtor p I to the banks of iIih Hudson. Tiic ciiitif seat of the coal trade is at the neighb'.iring village of Rr)Md'»iit. where extensive coal (!t'[)ots a'o established. End lloulc Lower LnridiuiZ, <'r Harrytown, a small settlement oa the case side of the Hudson, consisting of store houses, and other buiklings connected with the landing. Th'.i u[)per landiiir^- is now called Tivoli — A much more important town than the last; it contains 2 c!iari;lies, ij or 3 inns, several stores, 2 grist mills, 1 cloth factory, 2 saw mills, and about 3i)0 inhabitants ; here is a ferry to the village of SaugeitJes. — A small but neuf village of Ulster county. Glar}(rnw. — A village of the same county, contains some 250 inhabitants. Brhtal- A small manufacturing village of Ulster NEW-YOUK TO ALBANY. 55 Among the public edifices are a court house, jail, G churches of various denominations, and 2 Friends* Cutskili. — A large incorporated town of Greene county, of which it is the seal of justice. It is situ, atcd on the west or right bank of the Hudson, at the mouth of Catskill creek, and extends up both sides of that creek for | of a mile. Its population is nearly 2,000 ; and public buildings are a court-house, jail, and other county offices, <> churches, 2 banks, 13 hotels, besides other houses of entertainnr)ent; to- gether with the usual complement of mechanics' shops, factories, &c. &c. Population about 3,000. , m The Catskill and Canajoharie railroad is now com- ploted, and in use as far as Gooksburg, a distance of 2G miles. About 14 miles W. S. W. from Catskill, is the celebrated mountain house of Pine Orchard. — Which is situated on the N. E. declivity of Catskill mountams, ut an elevation of 3,000 feet above the surface of the Hudson river. A mile or two beyoi'J the liotel, are the Katerskill falls. A short distance aljuve the falls are two small lakes, from which the water escapes through a contracted chaniiel, and is [)ercipitated at two bounds down a perpendiculiir rock to the depth of nearly 200 feet. Tho cataract and its surrounding objects form an as- semblage of every thiiig that is sublimely picturesque and romantic in !)rautifiil Rcer.cry. Aihens. — An incorporated tov/ii of Greene county, contuiniiig about 1,UU0 inhabitants. Its chief build- ings are, 5 places of worship, several taverns, 20 B'ores, 1 extensive cartlicn-ware factory, and about IGO dwelling houses. Hudson. — On the west side of the Hudson, oppo- site Aihens, is a large, handsome and flourishing city of Columbia county, of which it is the seat of justice. It was founded in 1783, and chartered in 17S5, and now coniams about 1,200 buildings of every sort; and by the census of 1840 it was found to contain a population of 5,G70. *1 m '$ i\i 66 hOUTE FROM i ■I i' f county, containing glass works, 1 grist mill, and about 25 other buildings. meeting Iiuiimcs, an academy, a lunatic asylum, 2 banking houses, murkeis, liotels, stores, workshops, and factories, &c. •fcc. Its principal nianutacturea consist of leather, huts, bouts and shoes, jewelry, cordage, sperm candles, malt liquors, iron castings, and carriages. Hudson is abundantly supplied with water from a spring a few miles distant. The Hudson and Berkshire railroad commences here, extends in a N. E. direction, and unites with the western railroad of Massachusetts at VVest Stock- bridge, a distance of 34 miles ; thence the line pro- ceeds via Springfield and Worcester to Boston. ColumbiaviUe. — An incorporated village of Colum- bia county, situated at the junction of Kinderhook and Clavarack creeks, one mile from the left bank of the Hudson. There are two extensive cotton factories in the village, which afford employment to a large portion of the inhabitants; of whom there are about 700 within the limits of the village. Cox^ackie. — A village of Greene county, coi; 'lin- ing 500 inhabitants, situated about one mile from the landing on the Hudson. Kinderhook Landing — Now called Stm/vesant, 18 a pleasant little village, comprising 50 or GO buildings, including a church, and about 300 inhabitants. New Baltimore. — An active little town of some 50 or GO houses, and about 400 inhabitants, situated in Greene county, on the west bank of the Hudson. Coeymann. — A manufacturing village of Albany county, containing two churches, several taverns, stores &,c. ; grist, saw, and plaster mills, two brick- yards, and about 8U0 inhabitants. Schndack. — A village of Rensselaer county, with a population of about 400, with a church, stores, &c. )| Castleton. — A village of the same county, situated on the east bank of the Hudson, 2 miles from Scho- dack. Population nearly 400. NEW-YORK TO ALBANT. 67 and i Greenhush — A large and flourishing incorporated village of Rensselaer county, situatf'd on the east bank of the Hudson, opposite to the city of Albany, with which it communicates by steam ferry-boats. Among the buildings, about 130 in number, are 2 churches, 4 public houses, l-'2 stores, 2 grist mills, gas factory, and un extensive boat-yard. The present population is about 1,000, and rapidly increasing. Hero commences the Albany and West Stock- bridge railroad, which, with the western an ' Boston and Worcester railroads, form a continuous iuie from Albany to Boston, a distance of 200 miles. ALBANY. A large, rich, and populous city of the state of New. York, of which it is the capital. Few cities of its size have their public buildings sofine, nu, merous, and well kept. Here are many hand^ some churches belonging to various denominations. The State-house, or legislative hall, is one of the principal ornaments of the city ; and the immense basin formed by a pier 4,300 feet in length, is one of the largest and most commodious on the canal, where a vast number of canal boats of all sorts may be seen. The streets are spacious and well paved. In addition to the facilities of intercourse afforded by the great Erie and Champlain canals, which commence here, those of the numerous railroads which centre in Al- bany are equally important and extensive. Thus advantageously situated, it forms the principal entre- pot between the city of New- York and the north western interior; and with Troy occupies the com-. iiion centre of an immenso inland trade. Albany possesses many splendid public and private buildings, literary and scicniilic institutions, and in every respect presents the appearance of a well ordered and prosperous city. Population, in 1840, 33,721. It is one of the oldest settlements in the United States, tae Dutch having had a fort here as fl M 58 ROUTE FROM n'l) I p '! u eorly as 1612. Mnny^f the buildinca of the city, with their gable ends to the streets, still remain to mark its origin. A large and respectable portion of the in- habitants are of Dutch descent, many of whom still retain much of the primitive simplicity and industry which characterized their ancestors. The State House. — A fine stone building, 115 feet in length and 90 in width, occupies a beautiful po. sition at the head of State street, at an elevation of 220 feet above the river. The grounds which sur- round the capitol are tastefully arranged, and form one of the most attractive promenades of the city. The other public buildings consist of the City Hallf a beautiful marble structure, occupied by the various departments of the Government ; jail, 2 academies, State Hall. The Albany, Farmers', and Mechanics^ Banks, and the Mufieum, are also remarkably fine buildings ; Medical College Exchange, in State st.; Alms-house; 2 Asylums for Orphans; 30 churches, some very elegant ; 8 banking fiouses,and many others equally deserving of notice. Institutions for the pro. motion of Uterature, science, and the arts, are numer- ous and well conducted. The principal branches of industry carried on in the city, comprise carriages, malt liquors, fire arms, jewelry, nails, hats and caps, snuff and segars, cordage, soap, musical instruments, tin and sheet iron ware, printing types, woolen and cotton goods, &,c. ; and its commerce is proportion, ably varied and extensive. There are nearly 1,400 I-ersons engaged in mercantile pursuits, besides a vast number employed in the subordinate branches of trade. The situation of Albany is one of the finest on the Hudson ; seated partly on the declivity of a hill and partly on the margin of the river, it spreads its build- ings along the bank, and covers the adjacent eminen, C'!S with its beautiful structures. Its suburbs stretch in gentle curves along the shore above, below, and in the rear ; iroin whence is beheld an almost unrivai- ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 69 led assemblage of picturesque and beautiful scenery. In the north, the shores of the Hudson, with Troy and file hlilc villugcH of Waterford and Lansinburg, whilst in the eaet, the hills of Vermont, with their verdant sides and towering peaks, bound the i)rospect. The centre contains the city, with its pirl)lic and private buildings rising one above the other, backed by the heights, on which are the Capitol, State Hall, the Academy, and City Hall. Hotels. — City, Eagle, Mansion House, United States, Mongomery Hall, American, Clinton, Con- gress Hall, Frankhn, Rensselaer, Columbian, &c. ROUTES FROM ALBANY. Route from Albany to Niagara Falls, Buffalo, ^c» via Utica, Hochcster, and Batavia, by railroad. Schenectady, .... 16 Glenville, 4 20 Amsterdam, 10 30 Tripe Hill, 7 37 Caughnewaga, ... 4 41 Fonda, 1 42 Palatine Bridge, .11 53 St. Johnsville,.... 9 62 Little Falls, 10 72 Herkimer, 7 79 Utica, 14 93 Whitesboro 3 96 Oriskany, 4 100 Rome, 7 107 Verona Centre,... 8 115 Canestota, 11 126 Fayette, 16 142 Syracuse, 4 146 Camillus, 8 154 Elbridge, 8 162 Auburn, 10 172 Cavuga, 9 181 Bridgeport, 1 182 Waterloo, 9 191 Geneva, 9 200 Vienna 9 209 Canandaguia,....14 223 Victor 10 233 Rochoster, 17 250 Churchville, 14 264 Be. gen, 7 272 Morganville, 7 278 Baiavia 5 283 Attica 10 293 Alden, 10 303 Lancaster, 8 311 Buffair, 12 323 Black Rock, 2 325 Tonawanda, 9 334 Fort Schlosser, ...11 345 Niagara Falls,.... 1 346 nt\ ■^^ 60 ROUTE FROM Schenectady. — An incorporated city, and seat of justice for Schenectady county, is situated on the right or south bank of the Mohawk, 16 miles from Albany by the railroad, and 30 by the Eric canal. It is one of the oldest towns in the state, being nearly co.eval ^vith Albany. Many of the buiklinfjs are ele- gant, but like all the ancient towns in New-York, the various structures present a somewhat incongruous appearance. Those of a recent date serve to show the advance in elegance and convenience that has been effected in the course of a few years. The chief buildings are, Union College in the N. E. quarter, which was founded in 1794, and has since main- tained a high degree of reputaiion ; a county court house and jail, city hall, 4 banks, 10 churches, 16 or 18 hotels, 1 V :tensive cotton factory, grist mills, iron foundries, together with the usual stores, work shops, factories, &.c. There are a lyceum, and an academy foi females. Population by census of 1840, 6,784. Schciiectady has frequent communications with the surrounding towns, by the various railroads now in use; that to Saratoga, via Ballston Spa, is 22, and that to West Troy, is 20 miles in length. Glenville. — A neat hamlet of Schenectady county, comprising 18 or 20 buildings, exclusive of 1 church, store, &c. Amsterdam. — An incorporated town of Montgom- ery county, situated on the north bank of the Mo- hawk, containing upwards of 1,800 inhabitants, and about 300 buildings of every sort; including 4 neat churches, a bank, an academy, several factories, &c. The town is connected by a substantial bridge over the Mohawk with Part .Tackson, Tripe's mil.— A. mere hamlet of Montgomery county, containing a church, and some 25 or 30 other buildings. Caughnewaga. — Another village of the same county, comprising about 40 dwelling houses and a church, with about 200 inhabitants. It commiini- : ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 61 cates, by a bridge across the Mohawk, with Fulton- ville. (See route by Erie canal.) Fonda. — A pretty village of Montgomery county, of which it is the seat of justice, containing about 400 inhabita Its and about TO buildings, including a court-house, jail, 1 grist, 1 saw, and 1 piaster mill, carding machine, with the customary complement of taverns, stores, and shops. Palatine bridge. — A village of Montgomery county, consisting of 40 buildings, situated on the north bank of the Mohawk, immediately opposite to Canajoharie. St, Johnsville. — A small village, comprising about 50 buildings, with 280 inhabitants, in Montgomery county. Little Falls. — A large and flomishiiig settlement, which has grown up at what are termed ihe Little Falls of the Mohawk. The site of the town occupies both banka of the Mohawk, which has obviously worn for itself a pas- sage through the primitive rock of which the mountain is composed, and thus formed an immense gap in which the town is situated. The rugged and pre- cipitous sides of this petra-like gorge attain to a great height, whence a scene of wild and romantic beauty presents itself on every side. The beds of the F/tie canal on the right, and of the railroad on the left bank, have been excavated from the solid rock, which here and there overhangs the lines, and seems to threaten the beholder with instant destruction. Little Falls is essentially a manufacturing place, having an inexhaustible water power of great extent, which is still in some degree unemployed. Woolen goods, paper, iron castings, malt liquors and flour, are its principal manufactures. Every other article of necessity, such as hats, boots, shoes, tin-ware &c., are supplied by the numerous minor factories of the place. It contains about 400 buildings, including 5 churches, a bank, and an academy, with nearly 6 I? m II ^'i ALBANY TO MA6AKA FALLS. 71 siiion. Such being the case, the fiill^ must be dcs. tined, in process of time, to invade Lake Erie itself, vvhicli would then be cornpleleiy drained, and its prf'sent bod thus converted into fertile fields and cul. livated gardens. The depth of the water is much greater on tlie Canadian, than on the American side; and hence, while the scarcely hidden rocks below the American fall cause the (lood to be broken into foam, the deep green hue of the other, is but slightly changed by the crests rising above it. The finest view of the falls, pprbuns, is from the Table rock on the Canadian shore, aiM mi the b uka above, whence the rapids may be en l ,1 : the lat. ter, however, are best seen from Goat Island^ to which access is had by means of a bridge from the American side. On the north side of Goat Island, the rocks projecting inti the river immediately over the falls are reached by another wooden bridge, be- low which the water rushes with frightful velocity. From these rocks, on which an observatory has been erected, the view over the precipice is at once ter- rific and grand. As the banks of the ravine below the falls ris6 to the height of 200 feet or more, artificial means are necessary forefl^ecting a descent to the water's edge. A spiral staircase has been constructed on each side, and another in front of Goat Island, by which one may descend to a ledge, styled "Termination Rock," actually underneath the great fall : by these means the falls may be viewed in almost every possible di- rection. Among the principal waterfalls throughout the world, there are several that exceed in height those of Niagara : but, with regard to the quantity of water discharged, in an unbroken mass, there are none that can be compared to those of Niagara. In these re- spects they are pre-eminent. 'If.,*' ;4» »-i . :' *: 3 ^ ^2^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.25 128 ■ 2.5 |50 ■^ Ui 12.2 us 140 i 2.0 <% y ^^.-iV > ^A?- '» .■» PhotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)«72-4S03 ^ ^ Is ^ \\ 72 ROUTE FROM The following tabid exhibits the relative elevations of the moat remarkable cataracts : Staubach, Switzerland 900 feet. Tequendama, S. America, 800 Velino, Italy, 300 Montmorenci, Canada east, 24G Caterskill, New York, 210 Niagara, (mean height) 161 There are several interesting objects in the vicinity of the falls which deserve attention ; among them may be mentioned the Burning Spring, near the outlet of Chippewa creek whirlpool, two miles below the falls ; Sorcerer's cave, just below the falls ; the battle fields of Chippewa, Lundy's Lane and Queenstown; Fort Schlosser, where the steamboat Caroline was des- troyed ; the remains of Brock's monument, near Queenstown ; Welland eanal in Canada, extending^ from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, and the villages of Chippewa, Manchester Falls, liewistown. Queens, town, Whitehaven or Grand Island, Tuscarora and Seneca Indians — the former near Lewistown, and the latter 4 miles S. E. from Buffalo. The vicinity of Niagara has, in some degree, be- come classic ground. Among the battles of the last war, between Great Britain and the United States, there were perhaps none more sanguinary, nor the contest between the combattants so obstinate as those of Queenstown, October 18th, 1814, in which Gen. Brock was killed ; of Chippewa, July 5th, 1814, and of Bridgewater. Houte from Albany to Buffalo, via Utiea and So" Chester, by the Erie canal. West Troy 7 Schenectady, ....17 30 Cohoes Falls 3 10 Amsterdam 17 47 Lower aqueduct . 3 13 Fultonville, 10 57 Ifj^oM ALBANY TO BUFrALO. 73 Canajoharie, 12 69 Fort Plain 3 72 Little Falls IG 88 PIerkimer,Ui).Br. 8 96 Frankfort 5 101 Utica 9 110 Whitesboro', 4 114 Oriskany, 3 117 Rome, 8 125 New London,.... 7 132 Canastota, 14 146 New Boston, 4 150 ,Chittenango, 3 153 Manlius Centre,. 9 162 Lodi, 8 170 Syracuse, 1 171 Geddes 2 173 Camillus 6 179 Jordan, 11 190 Port Byron, 9 199 Montezuma, 6 205 Clyde 11 216 Lyons, 9 225 Newark, 7 232 Port Gibson, 3 235 Palmyra, 5 240 Fairport 12 252 Piiisford, 7 259 Rochester 10 269 Spencersville, ....12 281 Brockport 8 289 Ilolley,,..^. 15 294 Hulberton, ,. 4 298 Albion, 6 304 Knowlsville, 7 311 Medina, 4 315 Middleport, 6 321 Lockport, 12 Pendleton, 7 Tonawanda, 12 Black Rock, 9 Buflalo, 2 West Troy. — An incorporated town of Albany county, situated on the right bank of the Hudson, im- mediately opposite to the more •• ancient Troy" of Rensselaer county, which will be noticed hereafter. West Troy is a new town, the great mass of its buildings having been erected within tlie last 10 or 15 years. It now contains more than 1,000 buiklings, including 10 churches, 20 extensive manufactories, a bank, a .vast number of warehouses, stores and Workshops, and about 900 dwellings, with a popu. lation of 5,500. The United Stales Arsenal, an im- mense establishment, consisting of 33 buildings and extensive grounds, is situated in West Troy, and forms one of its most conspicuous features. The Hudson is here crossed by a fme bridge and horse lx>ats. 333 t\ 340 1 352 . 361 ■^ 363 'i'^'' ar\tr n ROUTE FROM 1 Cohoes Falls.— A beautiful and romantic cataract of the Mohawk river, situated near its extrance into the Hudson. The principal fall has a descent of about 70 feet, but the entire fall, includinj? the rapids above and below, exceeds 120 foet. A fme view of the falls may be had from the bridge about half a mile below. Lower Aqueduct. — Hero the Eric canal crosses from the south to the north bank of the Mohawk, -which it follows for 6 miles, and then repasses the river, by the Upper Aqueduct, and resumes its course along the south or right bank of the stream. Schenectady.f Amsterdam.^ Fultonville. — A village of Montgomery county.con- taining 70 dwelhngs, a church and about 400 inhab- "itants, chiefly occupied in manufacturing and the lumber trade. A bridge across the Mohawk connects it with Fonda on the north. Canajoharie. — A large and thriving town, situated on the line of the Eric canal, containing a population of 1,400, 3 churches, an academy, 2 flouring and 2 saw mills, furnace, brewery, &.c. A railroad, hence to Catskill, is in course of execution, a portion of which, extending from Catskill to Crooksbury, 26 miles, is now in operation. Fort Plain. — A village of Montgomery county, sit, uated on the right bank of the Mohawk, containing 1,500 inhabitants. The public buildings are, two churches, a bank, 3 mills, 1 furnace and 1 distillery. Little Falls.i Herkimer upper brids^e, extends across the Mo- hawk to the village of Herkimer, situated on the north. (See R. R. route from Albany to Buft'alo.) Frankfort — A village of Herkimer county, situated on the Erie canal, containing 500 inhabitants, two churches, a woolen factory, &c.j prii ab( ALBANY TO BUFFALO. 75 UticaA Whiteshord'A Oriskany. — A large village of Oneida county, com- prising 2 churches, 2 extensive woolen factories, with about 1,200 inhabitants. liomcf New London. — A small settlement of about 35 buildings and 200 inhabitants, in Oneida county, Canastota. — An incorporated village of Madison county, containing 800 inhabitant*, 3 churches, sev- eral minor factories, tStc. Neio Boston. — A small but neat village of Madi- Fon county, containing about 150 inhabitants. Chitienango. — A large, handsome and flourishing town of Madison county, comprising 200 dwellings, 3 churches, a railroad depot, 2 water lime and 1 woolen factory, grist mill, and about 1,100 inhabi. tants. A valuable medicinal spring, composed, in part, of sulphates of lime, magnesia and soda, car- bonate of lime, &c., with sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid gases, has recently been discovered in the vicinity of Chittenango. Manlius Centre. — A village of Onondaga county, containing a church and 50 other buildings, with about 300 inhabitants. Lodi. — A villace of Seneca county, of about 60 buildings and 400 inhabitants. Syracuse.^ Geddes. — An incorporated village of Onondaga county, with 700 inhabitants, 1 church, &c. Geddes is celebrated lor its maiiafacture of salt — saline springs having been found in the village. Cajnillus.f Jordan. — An incorporated manufacturing village of Onondaga county, containing about 200 buildings, among which are, 3 churches, 3 grist and 3 saw mills, 3 factories, with about 1,300 inhabitants. ,:.'**«?.-«. wii.JiJrfiiHvX'. 76 ROUTE FROM Port Byron. — An incorporated village of Cayuga county, consisting of 160 dwellings, 3 churches, 1 extensive grist mill, 3 leather factories, 4 saw mUls^ &c. Montezuma. — A thriving village of Gayuga coun. ty, situated at the junction of the Eric canal with the Cayuga and Seneca canal. It contains about 700 inhabitants, with 1 church, stores, taverns, &c. Im- mense quantities of salt are made here from the s&. line springs, which abound in this section of the state. The Moutezuma marshes, consisting of a narrow strip of wet land, extend along Gayuga outlet and Seneca river for a distance of 15 miles. Clyde. — An incorporated village of Wayne county, comprising 3 churches, an academy, 4 grist mills, 1 saw mill, 1 furnace, 2 glass factories, and about 150 dwellings. Population about 1,100. Lyons. — A large incorporated town and seat of justice of Wayne county, containing nearly 2,000 inhabitants. Its principal buildings are, a court house, jail, 5 churches, 1 bank, 2 largo warehouses, 2 grist and 2 saw mills, 1 furnace, and other facto- ries, which produce leather, potash, machinery, car- riages. Access to the neighboring towns is had by means of stages, railroad cars, canal boats, &c., ■which are constantly arriving at and disparting from this active place. Newark. — A village of Wayne county, containing 230 buildings and 1,300 inhabitants. Among the buildings are, 3 churches, 1 steam flouring mill, 2 furnaces, and some other factories. I'ort Gibson. — A village of 200 inhabitants, with a church, &:,c., in Ontario county. Palmyra. — A large incorporated village of Wayne county, containing upwards of 2,000 inhabitants, 4 churches, an academy, hotels, stores, &c , with the customary proportion of tradesmen's warehouses^ shops, offices, &c. It is deliphlfuUy situated in the centre of a productive ogricultural district, and is^ ALBANY TO BUFFALO. 77 altogether, ono of the most attractive villages of the state. Its manufactures are extensive and valuable, consisting principally of flour, iron castings, carriages, and many other articles. Fairport. — A village of Monroe county, containing about 180 inhabitants. Piitsford. — A village of Monroe county, contain, ing 700 inhabitants, 2 churches, &c. Hochester.f Spencersville. — A village of Monroe county, con- taining a church, 50 dwellings, 2 grist and 2 saw mills, a carriage factory, a furnace, and about 300 inhabitants. Broclport. — A pleasant incorporated tOMfn of 2,000 inhabitants, situated in Monroe county, containing 3 churches, an academy, 1 grist and 1 saw mill, a carding machine, and many similar establishments. Ilolley. — A village of Orleans, containing about 300 inhabitants, 2 churches, and 70 dwellings. JIulberton. — A village of the same county, with a church and 250 inhabitants. Albion. — Seat of justice for Orleans county, and one of the most pleasant villages on the canal, both in point of situation and plan. It is incorporated, and has, in addition to the usual county buildings, 2 flour. ishing seminaries, 2 banks, 3 churches, 8 large ware- houses for the accommodation of the canal trade, a grist mill, and several merchants' stores, taverns, &c. Knowlesville. — A clever little village, 7 miles be- yond Albion. It is incorporated, and has about 500 inhabitants, 3 churches, and 3 or 4 factories. Medina. — An incorporated village of Orleans coun- ty, situated on Oak Orchard creek, where it intersects the Erie canal. The present number of inhabitants is about 900, with 160 buildings, including 5 churches, 7 warehouses, 3 grist mills, stores, taverns, &c., &c. Middleport, in Niagara county, is a neat village, comprising 70 or 80 dwellings, 2 churches, 3 grist 7* T8 ROUTE FROM ,i! arid 2 saw mills, and 6 extensive factories of leather^ iron castings, potash, &c. Lockport. — An incorporated village of the first class, and seat of justice for Niagara county. With the exception of Duffalo and Rochester, it is the most important commercial and manufacturing town in western New York. Lockport now numbers up- wards of 7,000 inhabitants, and nearly 1,000 build- ings of every description : included among the latter are, a court house, jail, 13 churches, 30 hotels, 2 banks, and about 40 extensive factories, which pro- duce immense quantities of articles ; such as cottonr and woolen goods, prepared lumber, ground plaster, machinery, iron castings, and agriculturnl instru- ments of %very sort, carriages, leather, bread stuffs, and many other articles. The power employed by these factories is derived from Lake Erie, through the medium of tlie Erie canal ; which, having a de- scent here of 60 feet, supplies an almost unlimited amount of hydraulic force. The prodigious excava- tions through which the caiial now passes and de- scends the terrace into the Ontario valley, and the ponderous locks by which the descent is effected, are every way deserving of careful examination. This is one of the most costly sections of the canal, having been cut through compact rock for a great distance, both horizontally and vertically. Passengers for the falls leave the canal here, and proceed by the railroad a distance of 24 miles. Con- veyance in almost every direction is afforded by the canal boats, stages, or cars, which leave Lockport daily. Pendleton. — A small settlement of Niagara county, situated at the junction of the Erie canal and Tona. wanda creek, containing nearly 200 inhabitants. There is a sulphur spring about two and a half miles east from Pendleton, which is becoming a place of some resort. TonatoaR(2a.— A village of Erie county, comprising ALBANY TO BALLSTON, SPA, &C. 79 about 150 buildings, includin;;r a church, workshops, A^c. The railroad from BuH'iloto Ningara passes through the village, which is one of the stopping places. ^uffalo.i SI Excursion to Ballston, Spa, Saratoga, and Lake George, Schenectady, by railroad, 16 Ballston, Spa, . •• 14 30 Saratoga Springs, " 7 37 Fortsville, bystage, 11 48 Glenn's Falls, " 6 54 Caldwell, " 9 63 Ticonderoga, «• 37 100 SchenectadyA Ballston Spa. — The springs of Ballston Sjia have long been celebrated for their medicinal qualities, and are resorted to by vast numbers of invalids and others. The waters resemble those of Saratoga, though not so strongly impregnated with the mineral ingredients which characterise the latter. They are chiefly saline and chalybeate, but in various degrees. Some are exceedingly cold, and strongly charged with oxid6 of iron and carbonic acid gas. Their mediv:inal qualities are of the cathartic and tonic* kind. The chief ingredients of these celebrated waters consist of chloride of sodium, bicarbonites of magnesia and soda, carbonate of lime, with slight traces of carbonate of iron, silex, and alumine. In addition to about 320 dwellings, there are, in the village, 4 churches, 1 bank, a court house, jail, and several excellent hotels and boarding houses, reading rooms, &c. Ballston Spa is, in every respect, one of the most pleasant and salubrious places of resort itt the county. Here is a railroad to Troy. 80 AOUTli: FROM i-nior, and Giigc; and still further south-east, is lHotifli/ Fond, into which the dead bodies of about 1,000 French and Englit^h soldiers were thrown after the battle of He]>t. 7, 1775. T/te Lake House. — The principal hotel of the place, is nmch resorted to, and is the point of deporture of the steamboat which conducts the traveler through Lake George. — One of the juost beautiful and ro- AMIANV Tu IJ.VLI.STON 81».\, &C, 83 mantio sheets of wntcr in the ptnte, is ronncctcd by a narrow clinnncl uiid deep foil with Lnko Chnm- plain, to which it is trihutnry. It has in its iinrncdi- nte vicinity, or rather ri: 2 28 " Vegetable extractive matter, . ) Total grains 160 94 Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, 16 cubic inches. Situated in one of the most salubrious sections of the state, surrounded by romantic and beautiful sce- nery, with waters possessing in a high degree medical and healing properties, the springs of Sharon must henceforward be regarded as one of our most attract- ive and fashionable watering places. A splendid hotel, built on a liberal scale, has been erected for the accommodation of invalids and others. • Travelers from Albany destined for these springs, have a choice of route. In addition to the above, either the railroad or Erie canal may be taken to Canajoharie, whence to the springs it is about 12 miles. C'ooperstown. — An incorporated village and seat of justice of Otsego county. It occupies a fine posi- tion on the outlet of Otsego lake, commanding an extensive view of the lake and adjacent country. Its population is about 1,500. A court house, jail, 5 churches, a bank, an academy, and some extensive storehouses, constitute its chief buildings. Burlington. — A small hamlet, with a post officer in Otsego county. ^11 m If 92 ROUTE FUOM Smyrna. — An incorpornrcd village of Chennnjpro county, containing 450 inliabitants, 2 cliurclies, and 3 factories. Dernyter, — An incorporated villngo of Madison county, having 400 inliabitants, 2 churches, an acad- emy, shops, &.C. Truxiun — A village of 300 inhabitants, 2 churches, a furnace, and 2 or 3 minor factories. Cortland. — Seat of justice of Cortland county, con- taining 1,300 inhabitants, the usual couiity buildings, 3 churches, 3 mills, and some mechanics' shops. The site of Cortlarid is well chosen, and the village itself is handsome and well built. Ithaca. — An incorporated villago and scat of jus. tice of Tompkins county, is beautifully located on Fall creek, near the southern angle of Cayuga lake. Its plan is judiciously arranged, with wide and com- modions streets, lined with neat and some splendid houses; and in all respects it is one of the finest, as it is the largest, town in this section of the state. Population about 4,500. The public buildings con- sist of a court house, jail, G churches, an academy, 3 banks, &c. The factories arc located principally upon Fall, Catcadilia, and Six Mile creeks, which' nflbrd an abundance of hydraulic power. Among these are, 1 paper mill, 3 furnaces, 1 oil mill, 1 cot- ton and 1 woolen factory, 2 plaster and 2 flouring mills, 1 brewery, 2 machine shops, 1 carding mill, and others ; together with an extensive rope walk» boat yard, &c. Its advantages for trade are in no respect inferior to those already mentioned. It has a water communication with the Erie canal to the north, by means of Cayuga lake and its outlet, which is navigated by steamboats. Towards the south, extends the Ithaca and Owego railroad ; and on all sides are several good common roads, leading to Binghamton, Cortland, Cayuga, Geneva, Jefierson, and Elniira> respectively. ALBANY TO BOSTOrr. 93 go Boute from Albany to Boston, by railroad. Kinderhook, 16 Chatham four corners, 7 S3 Richmond 18 41 Pittsfield, 8 49 Dalton, 5 54 Washington, 8 62 Chester, 19 81 Springfield, 21 102 Palmer 15 117 Warren, 10 127 Charlton, 16 143 Worcester, 13 156 Framingham, 23 179 Boston, 21 200 Kinderhook. — An incorporated village of Colum. bia county, containing nearly 1,500 inhabitants, 2 churches, 1 banking house, and factories of carriages, hats, leather, &c. Chatham four corners. — A little village of Cdlum. bia county, comprising 30 dwelling houses, with about 180 inhabitants. Eichmond. — An incorporated town of Berkshire county, Mass., containing 1,097 inhabitants, chiefly employed in agriculture. Its manufactures consist of pig iron, shovels, leather, boots, shoes, &.c. Pittsfield. — A large manufacturing town, and the centre of an extensive agricultural district of Berk- shire, Mass., containing 3,747 inhabitants. The place, originally called Pontoosuck by the Indians!", was for many years a frontier town, garrisoned fo^ the protection of the inhabitants against hbstile In- dians. Pittsfield is finely situated in the Housatonic Valley, at an elevation of 1,000 feet above the ocean, and surrounded by a country beautifully variegated by hill and dale. Its manufactures consist of cotton and woolen m, ■^#1 94 nouTE rnoM goods to a great amount, fire nruis, iron castings, tin ware, &c. ; and its chief buildings arc, 4 churches, a banking house, academy, 1 cotton factory, &c. Dalton. — An incnrporntcd town of Berkshire, Mass., contjiining 1,255 iiihnbitanis. Tlie produce of its factories consists ofwoolfii goods, iron castings, leather, pajer, hoots niul whites. Washington. — An incorporated town of Berkshire, Mass., containing 91)1 inhabitants, 1 church, 8 saw and I grist mills. Chester. — A town of Hampden county, Mass. con- taining 1,G32 inhabitants, 2 cotton and 1 woolen factories, 1 fulling mill, 5 saw and 2 grist mills, stores, &.C. Springfield. — A large and beautiful town of Ilamp- den county, of which it is the scat of justice, situated on the east or left bank of the Connecticut, incorpo. rated in 1G45. It comprises the usual county build, ings, court house &c., 6 churches, 8 cotton, 4 paper, and 3 leather factories, 2 breweries, 3 saw and 3 grist mills, several printing oflices, from v.'hich four weekly papers are issued, 3 ncademies. Population of the township, including the village of Chickopee, 4 miles above Springfield village, 10,935. The United States has here an extensive manufac tory of arms, consisting of 4 large brick buildings and several work shops, and employing about 250 workmen. The power employed by this establish- ment is derived from Mill and Chickopcc rivers, branches of the Connecticut. West Springfield. — On the opposite side of the Connecticut, which is here crossed by a fine bridge 1,234 feet in'length, is a rcmarknlily neat village, con- taining 1 church, several mills, S^c. Palmer. — A mere hamlet of Hampden county, con. eisting of 15 or 20 dwelling houses, &c. and about 130 inhabitants. fu Warren. — A small village of Worcester county, sit- uated on Chickopec river, containing 2 cUurches, 3 ALBANY TO UOHTON. 9S cotton and 1 woolen fiictoricp, 2 fulling, 3 grist and 4 envv mills, 1 iorrro, ^c. Cluirlton. — A vilhigo of Worcester county, contain- ing I cottoa fiictory, J fulliiifj, 10 saw and 7 grist inillg, &.C. '\Vi>rcc>'U:r. — A lnr,i,o nml thriving,' town, and seat of jii-slice lor Wurqcstcr cuunly, cDiiiaiiiinif 7.'t97 in- habitantd. It ia favorably situated in tlic infdst of a fertile counti y, inlcrscctcd by cxctllciit roads in every dircctiu;i. Tlio J'uston an. I Worcester railrouil ter- minates, and tlio western railroad commences hero, as does that to Norwich. The DIackstono canal, which extends to Providence, also commences here. The chief buildings consist of those devoted to tho county courts and ofiiccs, 4 churches, a banking- house, a hall belongin;^ to the American Antiquarian Society, State Asylum for lunatics, 1 cotton, and 1 woolen factory, 1 furnace, 2 paper, 2 grist and 2 saw mills, 4 [irinting ofiices, each of which issues a week- ly paper. Dy means of the various railroads, daily communication i^ had with Boston, Albany, Norwich, and the intern;c:dialc towns. Frarnin^ham. — An incorporated town of Middle- sex county, comprising, in addition to several neat dwelling houses, a church, 1 leather, 4 woolen and 1 paper factories, 4 grist and 4 saw mills. JJocton.f TROY. A large commercial and manufacturing city of Rensselaer county, of which it is the seat of justice, and the fourth in point of population of the state of New- York ; containing 19,334 inhabitants. It is very advantageously situated on the east bank pf the Hudson, a short distance below the head of 3loop navigation ; having in the rear an extensive fer- tile region, of which it is the depository. Its faciUties for intercourse are in no way inferior to its agricul- tural advantages, having the Champlain canal in the '11 II 96 ROUTE FHOH aouth, tho Erie canal from tlio west, tlie noble Hud- son ill the south, together with the use of tho various railroads which extend in ahnost every direction. Among the principal buildinfr« nre, a court house, built of marble, a jail, an nhns liousc, two extensive market houses, 3 Kpiscoj-al, 7 rresbyterinn, 2 Bap- tist, 3 Methodist, 1 Catholic, 1 Univcrsniiat churches, and a Friends' meetiujj.house ; G bnukin^f iiouscs, 21 hotels, 7 cotton, and 2 woolen factories, 4 furnaces, 8 forges, 3 fulling and 2 rolling mills, and slitting mills ; 3 breweries, 5 carriage factories, 7 tnn-yards, together with a large number of minor establishments of a simiUar description. The power employed by these extensive concerns, chiefly hydraulic, is derived from the Hudson, in which a pool has been formed which creates a fall of 11} feet. In addition to this valuable power, another is afTurded by the Poastcn kill, whoso waters are conducted by means of a tunnel 800 feet in length into the city, and thus a fall of 180 feet has been efTected. The falls and cascades of Paosten and Wyani'a creeks deserve attention. Troy is also distinguished for its literary and sci- entific institutions ; among these are the Rensselaer institute, Troy Female Seminary, Troy Academy for Boys, Lyceum of Natural History, Young Men's Mu- tual Improvement Association, together with several benevolent institutions. Troy is supplied with excel, lent water from the Piscawen creek. The water is conveyed to a distributing basin, 90 feet above the Hudson, and situated n the north quarter of the city. The city communicates with West Troy on the opposite side of the Hudson, by means of a bridge. Steam and canal boats, cars and stages, afford almost hourly communication with the surrounding towns. The Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad extends hence, via Waterford and Mechanicsville, to Ballston Spa, a distance of 24 miles, where it intersects the Schenec tady and Saratoga railroad. Tho Schenectady and AOCTES FROM TROY. 9? Troy railroad extends from Troy along (Ik ^nuth bank of the Mohawk to Schenectady, a distance ot :il) miles, where it joins the great western line t( HulFulu &.(;.* By Steamboat. Miles. From Troy to Albany.f G *• Hudson.t 35 «• Catskill.t 40 •• Poughkeepsie.t 77 ♦• Newbur^r.t 90 '•• West Point.t 99 M Sing Sing.t 118 «• Piermont.t 127 •• Ncw-York.t 151 By jRailroad. Miles, From Troy to Ballston, Spa.t 24 " Saratof^a SpringSjT 31 " Schenectady.t 20 " Utica.t 97 '• Syracuse.t 150 " Auburn.t 176 " Geneva.t 212 •• Canandaigua.t 227 " Rochester.t 254 " Attica.t 297 '• Buffalo.t 327 " Niagara Falls.t 350 By Erie Canal. Miles. From Troy to Schenectady.t 23 *• Canajohaiie,t 62 ♦• Little Falls.t 81 " Utica.t 103 " Syracuse.t 164 «• Montezuma.t 198 •• Lyons.t 218 " Rochcster.t 262 " Lockport,t 326 •• Buffalo.t 356 9 'U ',^ 98 ROUTE FROM By Champlain Cannl. Miles. 'From Troy to Mcchanicsville.t 12 " Fort Miller,t 33 " FortAnn,t 53 «« Whilehall,t 65 By Stage. Miles. From Troy to Lansingburghjt 3 " Easton.t 20 " Ilartford.t 50 M Whiiehall.t 66 »• Bennington, V.,t 26 By Railroad, Miles. From Troy to Greenbush,t 6 " Pittsfield, Mass.,t 55 " Springfieldt " 109 " «• Worcester.t " 162 •« Boston,t " 206 UTICA. A largo and flourishing commercial city of Oneida county, having a population, according :o the census of 1840, of 12,810, and upwards of 1,700 buildings. Among these are, 18 places of worship, an ex- change, 4 banks of discount and deposit, and 1 for savings ; county hall and offices, 2 academies, 1 asylum for orjjhans, a museum, &c. The New- York State Asylum for Lunatics, an immense establishment, is situated about half a mile to the west of the city. Its principal manufactures consist of machinery, iron castings, steam engines, oil-cloth, musical instru- nients, carriages, snulfand scgars, malt liquors, canal boats, &c., &c. Utica is the centre of an extensive and productive agricultural district, and as such, enjoys superior ad- vantages : it is also indebted for its rapid increase and prosperity, in a great measurci to its situation on i i OTIC A TO SACKETT'S HARBOR. 99 the Erie canal, which here presents an oppearance of life and animnfion peculiarly striking to one who is not familiar Avith such scenes. — Canal boats, rail- road cars and stnges, are constantly arriving ot de- parting ; these enable travelers to proceed without delay to any point thoy may desire. About 14 miles nearly due north, arc llic famous Trenton Falls, on West Canada creek, a branch of iho Moiiawk. They consist of a succession of cascades, formed by tlie passage of the stream over a limestone ridge. The principal fall has a descent of about 70 feet ; none of the others exceed 30 feet in vertical height. The aggregate fall of the entire fieries is about 40U feet, extending in a direction from north to south nearly 4 miles. The rock, a slaty limestone, has every appearance of having been abraided by the action of the water, even to its top. most stratum. In some places the sides of the narrow ravine are nearly 200 feet above the surface of the stream, which is constantly encroaching npon its bed, and sinking gradually deeper into the solid rock. Much of the pathway which extends along the right bank of the stream, consists of a narrow shelf, cut from the rocky side — so narrow and rugged, thai supports were found ncccppary. These consist of iron chains, adjusted horizontally, and fastened to bolts inserted in the rocks : by thi; aid of these conrrivan- CCS, which the ])!issenger grasps with his hands, he is enabled to traverse the nntirc ravine ; but not with-, out imminent danprr of being precipitated into the roaring cauldron below. An interesnng and aceom- lilished young lady (Miss Thorne) lost her life somo years since at one of those dangerous passes. 't%» ■ll'1 In 100 ROUTE FROM IH ROUTES FROM UTICA. From Utica to SacketVs Harbor, by stage, Trenton 14 Lowville 4 54 Remsen 4 18 Boonevillc 14 32 Turin 11 43 Martinsbui-cr 7 50 Denmark 9 63 Watertown 19 82 Brownville 4 86 Sackett's Harbor... 8 94 Trenton. — An Incorporated village of Oneida couii' ty, containing about 450 inhabitants, 2 churches, stores, Sec. A short distance from the village are the romantic and beautiful cascades called Trenton Falls, mentioned nt page 99. lieinsen. — A village consisting of about 70 dwell* ings, 3 mills, «Stc., in Oneida county. BooncvUle. — A village of Oneida county, contain. ing 650 inhabitants, 2 churches, 1 grist and 1 saw mill, tan yard, &c. The Black river canal passeft through the village. Turin. — A small village of Lewis county, com- prising 50 buildings, 2 churches, 1 woolen factory, 1 tan yard, 2 grist and 2 saw mills. Martinsburg. — Seat of justice ofXewis county, containing between 6 and 700 inhabitants, 3 churches, a court house, jail, a bank, an academy, 1 woolen factory and several mills. The post road from Utica to Ogdonsburg passes through the village. Lowville. — A village of Lewis county, containing 700 inhabi<"ants, 3 churches, an academy, a bank, mills, ^c. Denmark. — A neat little village of Lewis county, containing about 200 inhabitants, a church, and an academy. IVatcrtmun. — A large and important village of Jefferson county, of which it is the seat of justice. It is favorably situated on the south side of Black river, and contains the county buildings, 7 churches, state arsenal, 3 banking houses, 3 printing offices, TITICA TO SACKETT's HARBOR. 101 }iall oftliG Black river Institute, Manual Labor School, Young Men's Literary Association, &,c. Among tho factory buildings arc, 3 for carding, I for llannel, I for broadcloth, 1 for cotton goods, 2 for woolens, 4 for carriages, 3 carding mills, 5 grist mills Ti tan yards, 1 paper mill, 3 machine shops, 2 furnaces, 4 saw' mills, 1 brewery, together with every other establish- ment common to a large and busy town. The villages of Juhelville and Williamstown, on the opposite bank of Black river, which is here crossed by fine bridges, may be regarded as appendages of Watertown. The entire population of the whole is- about 4,500. Brownville. — An incorporated village of JefTerson county, situated on the north side of Black river, containing about 1,100 inhabitants, 3 churches, 1' cotton, 2 satinet, and 1 white lead factory ; 2 iron foundries, 2 machine shops, 1 oil mill, 1 tan yard, &c: SacketVs Harbor. — An incorporated villrge of Jef- ferson county, containing about 2,300 inhabitants. It is favorably situated at the outlet of Black river, on one of the finest harbors of Lake Ontario. The principal buildings are, 3 churches, 1 bank, an ex- tensive rope walk and ship yard, 1 grist, 3 saw and 1 plaster mill, 1 machine shop, 2 furnaces, and 1 tan- yard. •' Madison Barracks," erected bv the government of the U. States, during the late w Detroit, which is .! emporium of this Eoutefrom Buffalo to Erie, Penn., by stage. Hamburg, 14 Westfield, 15 60 Irving, 16 30 Erie, 30 90 Fredonia, 15 45 BUFFALO TO FIIIE, PA. Ill Hamburff. — A post ofTico, with a few dwellings, in Erie county. Irving. — A mere hamlrt of 12 or 15 buildings, of Chautauquc county, situated at the outlet of Cattarau. gua creek. It is a port of entry. Fredonia — A large and flourishing village of Clmu- tauque county, situated .3 miles from Lake Erie. It was incorporated in 1829, and now contains 1,200 inhabitants. Among tlie buildings are, 6 churches, an academy, 4 mills of various sorts, a furnace, and a clothier's establishment. Some of the streets and houses of the village arc lighted from a natural gas. ometcr, situated near the bed of the adjoining stream, from which issues immense quantities of carbiiretted hydrogen gas. Several similar inflammable springs have been discovered in the neighborhood, WestJJeld. — An incorporated village of Chautauque county, containing 1,100 inhabitants, 3 churches, an academy, 6 mills, and several factories.. Erie.f From Buffalo to Mayfleld ..i 65 miles. " Ellicottville, 48 " " Genesco, 62 " " Welland canal, 20 " " Niagara falls, by railway,. 23 '* «♦ do the Canada side,. 19 " " Attica, by railway, 31 *• «• Batavia, 43 " " Rochester, 73 " *« Pendleton, by canal, 24 " «• Lockport, 31 " « Albion 60 " " Brockport 71 ••' " Rochester, 95 " ( *. ■ M « trig 112 ROUTE FROM II NIAGARA FALLS.t Boute from Niagara to Montreal, by steamboat, ^c. Queenston 6 Niagara village . . 7 13 Toronto 30 43 Port Hope 66 109 Coburg 36 145 Oswego 74 219 Kingston 58 277 Elizabethtown....48 325 Prescot 14 339 Hamilton 18 357 Cornwall 28 381 CoteauduLac....32 417 Les Cedres 7 424 Cascades 7 431 La Chine 16 447 Montreal 8 455 From Niagara to Lockport, by railway, ....24 miles. 4t 11 «t *< (% Rochester, R.R. & canal,88 BufTalo, by railway, 23 do stage, Canada aide, .19 Chippewa, 2 Fort Erie, 18 Welland canal, 5 Stoncbridge 17 Lewistown, 6 it It It (t (t [. and E. sides of lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior, between 57° 50' and 90° W. longitude, and 42° and 52'^ N. latitude. The other portion of Canada, or that on the S. side of the St. Lawrence, is of comparatively limited dimensions : it stretches along the river from near Montreal to Point Gasp6^, at its embouchure, having on the S. the terri- tory of the United States and New Drunswick. On the N. Canada has Labrador and the inhospitable territories belonging to the N. W. Company, the boun- dary in this direction being the elevated grounds, or water sheds, separating the rivers which run S. to the St. Lawrence and the great lakes from those which run N. to Davis' straits and Hudson's bay. The length of Canada, from Amhersiburg, on Detroit river, the extreme S. W. limit of the provir;ce, to Sablon harbor, on the strait of Belle Isle, its extreme N. E. limit, is about 1,450 miles, its breadth may vary from 200 to 400 miles. Its area has been estimated at about 350,000 square miles ; and its population at present probably exceeds a million. It is wholly within the basin of the St. Lawrence, of which it includes the entire N. and a small part of the S. slope. This great territory, which is consolidated under 6he administration, is divided into two parts as for. merly, but aire designated as "Canada West" and '* Canada East," the former being identical with Up- per, and the latter with Lower Cannda. The Ottawa or Grand river, which has its sources in about 48° 30' N. latitude, and 80° W. longitude, and flows in an E. S. E. direction till it unites with the St. Lawrence, near Montreal, forms nearly in its whole extent tho line of demarcation between the two provinces. Can- ada West is entirely an inland province ; but from its having the great lakes and a part of the St. Law. rence for its boundary, it has a vast command of in. ternal navigation, and a ready access to the ocean. The N. portion of Canada consists of a table-land, little of which has been hitherto explored. In Can. H « 122 CANADA* !!; ada West, E. of Huroi., it has an average elevation of perhaps from 1,200 to i,300 feet. It is covered with forests interspersed with ravines, swamps, and tor- rents ; and abounds with lakes which, any where but in the neighborhood of the immense lakes of this con- tinent, would he deemed of considerable size. The Coast of Canada East, N. E. of the Saguenay, is less lofty than S. W. of that liver; but of a very uninvit- ing description.. The intei'or of this part of the coun- try is described as composed of rocky cliffs and low hills, scattered over barren plains, diversified with thick forests of stunted pines, and checkered with small lakes. The greater part of the immense dis. trict of Quebec presents a chaos of mountains, lakes, and torrents, tenanted only by wild beasts, and a few W'andcring Itrdians. From the mouth of the Sague- nay to Cape Tourment, near Quebec, the shore of the St. Lawrence is bold and desolate ; but W. of this point a plain country begins to extend inland, with a variable breadth of from 15 to 40 miles, rising into the table-land behind itby successive terraces. The cul- tivated country N. of Quebec does not extend far, being l:°mmed in by hill ranges. But as these ranges gradually recede fr jm the St. Lawrence, and the country, at first diversified by varied eminences, sinks into a level plain, the surface of settled and culfivated* land increases ; and this is especially the case as we approach and penetrate Canada West. The penin- sula or great plain of this province, between lakis Huron, Erie, and Ontario, comprising about 210,000^^ square miles, consists, for the most part, of alluvial soil, on a calcareous substratum. It is of varying fertility ; but, on the whole, is believed to be the best grain country of pny of the more N. portions of the American continent. A large part of this fine plain is still covered with lofty forests : it has, however, some prairies, or natural meadows ; but these are not extensive. At some remote period it had evidently formed part of the bed of a vast inland sea, of which in CANADA. 123 the five great lakes having been the deepest, are now the principal remaining portions. N. of lake Ontario, two terraces inlervent between the plain on the shoro of the Itike and the table-land in the N., decreasing somewhat in fertility as they increase in height, and separated from each other and from tiie pliin by two ranges of hills of moderate elevation. The most S. of these two ranges unite near longitude 80° with a third, which passes N. and S. from Natawasanga bay, in lakts Huron, to the W. extremity of lake On. tario. The combined range, after encircling the head of the latter lake, crosses the bed of the Niaijara river, forming the ledge over which are the celebrated falls, and is finally lost in the territory of the U. States. That part of Canada East, S of the St. I awrence, extending between longitude 72° 30' and 74° 30, and entering into the district of Montreal, consists, for the most part, of an extended plain almost complete- ly flat, except that sG-ne detached hills diversify the snrf^ace, one of which, that of Rouville, is 1,100 feet in height. It is less extensive than the plain on the opposite shore of the river, and contains no large towns, but it is in many districts equally fertile and well watered, and the cities are dependent on it for a large proportion of their supplies. To the S. and E. it ascends by degrees into the mountainous re. gions. The aspect of the S, shore of the ajstuary of the St. Lawrence, between longitude 69° 30' and 72°, though bold and hilly, is not mountainous, us on the opposite shore : and the hill ranges arc interspersed with valleys and even plains of some extent, many of which, from the encouragement afforded by the contiguous markets of the capital, have been brought into very tolerable cultivation. E. of Kamouraska, the country is diversified by more abrupt eminences, while population and culture become more limited ; and in the district of Gaspd the mountains rise into two chains of considerable elevation, enclosing be- tween them a lofty table-land or central valley. This vii ■i !-/« CAITAOA. I, i; ^1 most southerly of these chains bounds on Its 6. side the valley of the Ristigouche and St. John rivjBrs. Besides the great lakes iodonting the W. qutUne qf the count! y, Canada contains, as has been already said, numerous minor, yet still considerable, bodies of water. In Canada Bnst, the lakes and rivers have been estimated lb cover 3,200 square miles of surface; the principal of the former hitherto discovered are lake St. John, with an areqi of 540 square miles ; those of Manicouagan, Piretibbe, nhd olhers N. of the St. Lawrence, and Mephramagog, &c., S. of that river. In Canada West, the chief known are Nipissing lake, Timiscaming and St. Ann's, in the high table-land ; and the Simcoe lake in the upper terrace country of the Home district. Amongst the rivers falling into the St. Lawrence, or into the lakes which form part of its system, there are some deserving of especial mention here for their utility as regards navigation, or their agency in fertil- izing the soil. In the peninsula of Canada West, the Thames originates in the district of London, by the union of several streams, near latitude 43° and lonifitude 81 \ and after a course of about 150 miles chiefly S. W. falls into lake St. Glair, situated between those of Huron and Erie. The Thames is navigable for largo vessels to Chatham, 15 miles up, and for boats nearly to its source. It intersects and waters a fine and fertile country. Besides Chatham^, stnall towns, with the pompous names of London and Ox- ford, are situated upon its banks. Next in magni- tude to the Thames is the Ouse. This river rises in the Home district, about latitude 44°, longitude 80° 10', runs generally S. E., and falls into lake Erie near its N. E. extremity. Parallel to this river for about 50 miles, runs the Welland or Chippewa river, which in one part of its conrse forms a portion of the canal between the Ouse and lake Ontario, by means of which the falls of Niagara are avoided. The Trent, in the district of Newcastle, connects the small lakes CANADA. 125 ide fialsam, Sfurgeon, and sf verul others in the upper terrace country, wiili the Rice Inke, and, after a tor- tuous course, discharges itself nUo the bay of QiiinK;, in lake Ontario. It is said to bo luivijiahle for boats In the whole of its course. 'I'lie lake Bulsanj is sep- arated by only a short portage from that of Sinicoe, \vhich discharges its waters into GIouctsttT bay (Hu- ron lake) by the Severn river. A short and valuable line of direct water communication between the lakes Huron and Ontario is apparently impeded only by the intervention of this short portage, and by the ra. pids of the Severn, which river is, however, no more than 20 miles in length. If we except the St. John, the Ristigouche, which bounds the district of Gaspo S., and falls into Chalour bay, is the only river of any importance in Canada not belonging to the St. Lawr fence basin. Climate. — The climate of Canada is subject to great extremes of heat and cold ; the thermometer ^ranging between 102° above, and 3G^ below, the zero ofFahr. In such an extensive region there is, of pourse, some difTercnce in this respect ; as we ascend the St. Lawrence, not only a more S. parallel is reached, but the country is less wild and exposed fi^^n that near its entrance; so that whilst Quebec Jias been said to have the summer of Paris and the winter of St. Petersburg, the great plain of lake Erie has the climate of Philadelphia. Still the Canadian climate, as a whole, must be considered very severe : all the streams are locked up by ice, and the ground is covered every where, to an average depth of 5 orG feet, by snow, for 4 or 5 months of every year. Frosts usually commence in October, whilst the weather, by day, is still mild and serene. But with November begins a succession of snow-storms and tempests, from the N. and E., accompanied by a great-increase of cold; and this sort of weather usually continues to the 2d or 3d week of December, when the atmos. phcre again becomes serene, but the cold still more .. I I2t) CANADA. intense, bo that the rivers become suddenly frozen over. Towards the latter part of April, or, in late seasons, the beginning of May, the ice begins to break up (often with loud reports like the discharge of can- non ;) a sudden increase of temperature stimulates vegetation, and makes its growth almost perceptible to the eye ; so that spring and summer can scarcely be recognised as distinct seasons. May and June are occasionally wet, to the hinderance of the farmer, whose seed-time this is. (to be followed by harvest towards the end of August ;) but usually, the sumr mers are very fine. Thunder-storms are often of great violence, and the aurora boreaiis is frequent and vivid : of the prevailing winds, those from the S. W. are usually accompanied by clear and serene wea> ther ; those from the N. E. by continued rain in sum- mer, and snow in winter ; whilst a N. W. breeze is usually dry, with severe cold. Fogs (except in the district of Gasp6)are of unusual occurrence. It seems to be the general opinion of the inhabitants, that the winters are gradually becoming less severe : and this may be attributable to the clearance of the forests and the increased extent of cultivated surface ; for. whilst the state of climate (especially of humidity) influences vegetation, that, in turn, reacts on climate. Hum- boldt's reasoning and tables {Blemoires d*Arceuil, tom. iii.) may be satisfactorily referred to for the con- ditions that have the greatest and most permanent influence on the Canadian climate. The length and severity of the Canadian winter is a heavy drawback on the country, and lays the far- mer under serious difficulty and privations not ex- perienced in countries where the climate is milder, as in the contiguoup territories of Indiana and Illinois. For five or six montiis almost all agricultural opera- tions are suspended, so that time is not left in the rest of the year for the proper preparation of the ground for the crops and other necessary labors. It is clear toO| that horses, cattle, and other farm stock, must CARADA. 127 require a proportionally large supply of fodder for their keep. In these respects, however, there is a material difference between the two provinces. In Canada West the severity and the length of the win- ter are considerably diminished. The soil too is gen. eraliy better; and the quality of the wheat improves as we draw nearer to the S. limit of the province. Most of the causes that contribute to make the cli. mate of the northern part of America more severe, and subject to greater extremes than that of Europe, in the same parallel, bear with especial force on the Canadian regions. The greater portion of these pro- vinces is covered by extensive forests ; the trees com- posing which (especially in the more northern and eastern parts) do not, generally speaking, attain the same lofty size as those of the United States, nor flourish with the same exuberant vitality : the pine family, and various species of evergreens, are the most numerous and predominant. Amongst various other kinds of trees, are, the silver and American firs, Weymouth and Canadian pines, white cedar (7%?/,ya occidentalism) maple, birch, American ash, basis wood, hickory, two or three species of wild cherry, and nu- merous species of oak. Like the rest of the Ahneri- can continent, most of the plants and animals differ specifically from those of the Old World. Many of the smaller kinds of annual and perennial plants are common to Canada and regions lying much further to the S., which may be accoi#ited for by the high summer temperature, whilst the deep winter snows effectually protect their roots through the severest sea- sons ; but the trees and larger shrubs, which find no such shelter, belong for the most part to more north- ern and arcdc regions. Of the smaller plants, the Zizania aquatica may be noticed as peculiar to Can- ada, and abounding in most of the swamps (a grass not unhke rice, and affording food to birds, and oo- casionally to the Indian tribes,) and the ginseng, and Ganadiaa liljx, commoa to this country and Kamt. .ri 1-28 CANADA. chatska. From the s&p of the maple (acer saccharu num,) as it rises in the earher part of spring, sugar is made in considerable quantities; in collecting which, from trees scattered over thousands of acres, whilst the snow still covers the ground, much hard- ship is frequently endured : these districts are called sugaries, and a valuable description of property. The mode of procuring it is by inserting a small cane shoot through an incision made in the bark, the sap being received in a wooden trough placed under it ; it is after, wards boiled, and left to cool into a hard solid mas, of a dark brown color, which is moulded by the form of the jars which contain it; the value of the article is about half of that produced from the sugar-cane. Most of the oak growing in the woods is unfit for ship.build. ing, and the greater part of the timber used for that purpose is imported from New England. The spe> cies called the live oak, which grows in the warmer parts of the colony, is, however, said to be well adapt- ed fot ship timber ; the various kinds of wood avail- ,able for no other purpose, serve to supply the pot and pearUash manufactories. Amongst the wild animals ranging through these unreclaimed regions, are the American elk, fallow deer, bear, wolf, fox, wild catj racoon, martin, otter, and various species of Viverrce and Mustelfs; the beaver, hare, grey and red squir- rel ; and in the more southern parts, the buffalo and roebuck : the bears usually hibernate, if the season has enabled them toigec sufficiently fat for the pur^ pose ; if not, they migrate to a more southerly climate. Amongst the birds, may be noticed the wild pigeon, quail, partridge, and different kinds of grouse ; of the water birds, the species are very numerous, as might be inferred from the general character of the region, where, in the basm of the St. Lawrence, and the nu- merous lakes occupying the elevated table-landa around it, half the fresh water on the surface of the globe is collected ; a humming bird (the smallest of its genus) is also indigenous, and may be seen in the GAlfADA. 109 Qnebec gardens, flitting round the flowers. Amongst l^e reptiles, the rattlesnake is occasionally met with. Fish, in great variety and abundance, are found in the lakes and rivers ; in which respect few streams can rival the St. Lawrence ; the stdrgeon is common, and the salmon and herring fisheries* are considerable; seals are also met with occasionally, in large shoals, in the lower parts of the river. Forests can only ex- ist where the prevailing winds bring with them suf. £cient moisture, but they may usually be taken as a measure of the fertility of the soil, no less than of the humidity of the climate: in this respect, therefore, taken generally, Canada must be considered a fertile region ; the v'r''t'?rn province much more so than the eastern one. T uto, hemp, flax, and the different kinds of grain fa ' pulse, are successfully cultivated; as are all the ccn: i mer fruits and vegetables of Eng- land : melons of different species abound, and are probably indigenous ; as are also the strawberry and raspberry : these last flourish luxuriantly in the woods; and on the plains behind Quebec are gathered in great quantities, and taken to that market. Pears and ap. pies succeed well, both there and at Montreal ; and on the shores of Lake Erie, the grape, peach, and nectarine, as well as all the hardier kinds of fruit, ar- rive at the greatest perfection. Canada does not appear to be rich in minerals, but iron abounds in some districts ; veins of silver-lead have been met with in St. Paul's Bay (.50 miles be- low Quebec,) and coals, salt, and sulphur, are also known to exist in the colony. No volcanos have been discovered, but authentic accounts are preserved of several violent earthquakes : amongst others, one in 1663, when tremendous convulsions, lasting for six months, extending from Quebec to Tadeausac (130 miles below it,) which broke up the ice of the rivers, and caused many great land-slips and disloca. tions ; in 1791, earthquakes were also frequent and violent, in the same region ; and the shores, both of i 130 CANADA. the gulf and river St. Lawrence present many proofs of former convulsions in the horizontal banks of re- cent shingle and shells, and in elevated lime.stone strata, with wave-scooped marks, and lithodomous perforations, that occur on various parts of the shores. People. — The majority of the population in East Canada are of French origin, and are for the most part descendants of settlers from Normandy, estiib- lished in the colony previously to 1759. Their num. ber at that period was about 70,000, and in 1831 they had increased (according to the cen^^us) to upwards of 400,000 ; the most rapid augmentation probably of any on record from births alone. Neither the con- quest, nor the long period which has since elapsed, has wrought any great change in their character and habits; nor has their increasing numbers induced them to make any considerable encroachments on the wilderness around: on the contrary, they have continued within their original limits, subdividing the land more and jnore. and submitting to a constantly decreasing ratio of comfort. They are frugal, honest, industrious, and hospitable, but cling with unreason- ing tenacity to their ancient prejudices and customs ; by temperament, cheerful, social, engaging, and (from the highest to the lowest) distinguished for courtesy and real politene'^s, they retain all the essential char- acteristics of the French provinces under the ancient regime, and present the spectacle of an old, uneducat- ed, stationary society, in a new and progressive world. A few seignorial families possess large, but not very valuable properties : the clasj wholly dependent on wages is a very small one ; and the great majority consists of a hnrd-working yeomanry (usually called hahitffns,) amongst whom there is almost a liniversal equality of condition and property. From the public colleges and seminaries established in the cities and other central points by the early possessors of thp country, chiefly by the Jesuits (where the education fpa^tahlea that of our public grammar-schools, and ip CANADA. 131 entirely in the hands of the Catholic clergy,) between 900 and 300 annually finish their education, and are dispersed through the community : nearly the whole of these are of the class of hubitans, and re- turn to reside amongst them, mostly as notaries or sur- geons ; and thus, living on terms of complete social equality, though with greatly superior knowledge, in Communities which possess nothing in the shape of municipal institutions, they possess almost despotic influence over popular opinion and conduct in all pub. lie matters. The habitans under the old feudal te. nures have cleared two or three belts of land along the St. Lawrence, and cultivate them on the worst system of small farming; their farms and residences being all so connected, that the country of the seign- ories appears like a continuous. village. They spin and weave their own wool and flax, and make their own soap, candles, and sugar. What energy and enterprise there exists in the community (beyond the portion required by this sort of routine) is exerted in the fur trade and in hunting. The Anglo-Saxon portion of the population of Canada East consists almost wholly of persons who have emigrated from the United Kingdom, or the de-* scendanfs of such, subsequent to 1759. At considef- flble addition was made to their numbers by U. S. loy. alists in 1787 ; at a subsequent period many familiesf fronri Vermont have settled in the townships adjoin, ing that state, and since the formation of the Ameri. can Land Company many have emigrated through their exertions. A majority of the laboring class in this portion of the population are Irish Catholics ; the rest are English or Scotch Protestants : besides this, they possess the best cultivated farms in the province, and are owners* of fully half the more valuable seign. ories. Th .•, inhabitants of the W. province consist principally of the descendanis of U. S. loyalists, pre- viously to 1787, and of subsequent settlers, or theif descendants, from the United Kingdom and the states: 13Q CANADA. an expensive emigration from the former, subsequent to 1828, nearly doubled the previous population of the province. Of the emigrants from the United Kuig. dom, many were half-pay army or navy officers, and of the working classes a considerable proportion were Irish. The Catholic population of the western pro- vince is estimated at one fifth part of the whole : in the back part of the Niagara district some Dutch set. tiers are established ; and a few French families along the Detroit. The population at present is estimated at 500,000, Scattered along an extensive frontier, with very imperfect means of inter-communication ; the more thickly settled districts being, of course, in the occupation of the older section of residents, who are for the most part owners also of the wild lands in those districts. The number of emigrants from the United Kingdom, which landed at the port of Quebec in the nine years ending 1838, amounted to 263,089; of these, 165,000 proceeded to the western province; but of the whole number, from 50 to 60 per cent., re- emigrated, after a short residence, to the U. States*. The greatest number which emigrated in any one year was in 1332, when 51,746 arrived at Quebec; the smallest number was in 1838, when 4,992 only reached tl\jit port. Within the period spoken of there were also 50,000 estimated to have reached the pro- vinces by way of New York and the Erie canal; a like proportion of whom also re-emigrated. • There can be no doubt that the valley of the Mis- sissippi offers incomparably greater advantages to in- dustrious immigrants, whether with or without capital, than can be enjoyed in any part of Canada. It has a better climate, a better and cheaper soil, and is free from the greater number of those social greivancea that disturb and embitter society in .Canada. The wonder, in fact, is, not that so many of the emigrants to Canada have left it for the United States, but that any considerable portion of them should have remain, cd behind. CANADA. 133 The native Indian tribes still occupy portions of this colony on lakes Superior and Huron, and along the whole extent towards the north bo daries ; but their numbers are rapidly din.'"*" hih^. id they are fast degenerating from their oiif,..ial sp and char- acter, so that the utter extinction of the race seems inevitable, as civilization advances on the wilderness, to which, only, they appear to be adapted. Various attempts have been made, from 1776, downward, to settle and instruct them in agriculture and the arts, but with very little success. There are five of these settlements in the eastern province ; the number of In- dians at which is estimated at 3,437, the most numer- ous being the Iroquois and Algonquins. Those of the Six Nations (who were the firm allies of the British in the first American war) are estimated at 2,149; the Mohawks of the Bay of Quintd 337 ; the other tribes at G,428 ; they occupy tracts along the rivers St. Clair, Aux Sables, Detroit, Thames, Ousc, and Credit ; lakes Simcoe, Rice, Mud, and Balsam, and Point Peter; the great Manitouwunning (containing about 1,000,000 acres) is also appropriated to In- dians who choose to setde. The lands are held un- der the crown in joint tenancy to them and their posterity, and are not allowed to be leased or sold without its consent. Besides the above, there are other tribes round the shores of lake Michigan, and the south side of lake Superior (about 2,000 in all,) who consider themselves' as owing allegiance to the British crown, and attend to receive presents an- nually : there arc also many. tribes on the north sides of lakes Huron and Superior, who consider that vast tract their own, and occujiy it as hunting-grounds. Large sums have been expended by religious societies in futile efforts to improve them ; and the Indian de- partment of government has occasionally cost 150,000Z in a single year : the object of the last, however, has rather been to make the services of the Indians avail- ablo in war, than with a view to their permanent im- J2 I 134 CANADA. R ivers, Gaspe statute provement ; tho Hudson's Bay and Canada compa. nies have, also, not scrupled to employ them in the same way ; and it is stated, that without a change of system in both respects the iutc of tiie Indians is sealed. But the truth is, that, however it may be changed, their fate is sealed. Distribution and Tenure of Lands in the Eastern Province, Governrnent, tj-c. — About l-38th part of the area of the province is estimated to be under some sort of cultivation. The extent of land surveyed in each district, down to 10th July, 1838, was — in tho Montreal district, 2,28G,750 acres; Three 2,098,908 do.; Quebec, 1,383,6G6 do.; 400,639 do.; making a total of 6,169,9G3 acres. This is divided in townships averaging about 70,000 square acres, and is exclp«ive of an allowance of 5 per cent, for highways, ar jf a block of land, set offfor the British American l. id Company, in the county Sherbrook, district of Tiirce Rivera, contain, ing 585,089 acres. The land comprised in the scign- orial districts amounts to about 8,300,000 acres; of this last, the whole has been granted by the crown, subject to an obligation to concede to actual settlers, and 4,300,000 acres have been thus conceded. Of the township land 3,500,000 acres have been disposed o( "for other than public purposes." Tho grants made by the French government previously to tho conquest, were on one uniform system. Seignories (or manors containing from 9 to 36 square leagues) were created in favor of certain leading individuals, who were bound to grant or ^^ concede" a specified portion to any applicant ; the profit, to the seignor, being de- rived from payment of a small rent, from services which the censitaire (or tenant) was bound to per. form; from l-12th of the corn ground (by compul- sion) at the seignorial mill ; and from a fine on tho transference of the property (other than by inherit- ance.) CANADA. m Pince the province came under the British govern, ment, the plans tinder which land has been granted and sold, havn didercd very widely at difTcrent pc- riods; but have very rnrely, indeed, been established on sound principles. The township lands have been granted in many modes, ditlerinij boih in their char- acter and oI)jt'Ct : at first, ilioy wcro f^ranted to settlers in free and common f-nccagp, with a reservation to resume all, or any part, if required for military pur- poses, but subject to no other conditions : the quantity so granted to each individual, being limited to 100 acres for himself, and 50 acres additional for each member of his family ; the governor having authority to increase this amount, by 1,000 acres. These favorable terms were mennt to attract settlers from the colonies, which now form the United States. In 1775 this arrangement was superseded, and the Quebec Act of tli*^ preceding year having restored the French code and language, corresponding instructions were given, that future grants should again be made 'n fief and seijinory, and three seienorics were thus created. In 1791 thercfiulationsof 1763 were revived, though with certain conditions annexed to them, which in practice were avoided ; nnd this mode con- tinued till 183G; but the constitutional act of 1791 also enacted that a reserve for the supjiort of the Pro- testant clergy should be made, in respect of every grant, equal in value, as near as could be estimated, to 1.7th part of the land granted. The crown reserves to a like extent, originated in the view of supplying, first by sales and ultimately by rents, an independent source of revenue, and obviating the necessity of taxes, and consequently of such disputes as had led to the Independence of the United States. These reserves, however, have proved most serious obstacles to the welfare of the colony, which the mis-construc- tion or violation of the act has aggravated, by increas- ing their extent beyond what appears to have been contemplated. From 180G, downward, no new town- (i iir' ti' 136 CANADA. ships were granted ; and the grants, on to 1814, were in lots of 300 acres, to actual settlers, and few in number. From the last date, grants were made on *' location tickets," requiring the erection of a house, and the clearing and cuitivatini? 4 acres, before the title was perfected. In 182G the new mode of selling land by auction, at a minimum upset price, waa adopted, the purchase money being payable by four annual instalments, without interest. In 1831, the purchase-money was to be repaid by half-yearly in- stalments; and in 1837, the purchase-money was made payable i.t the time of sale : but in practice this has not been effected. Besides the grants made under these different regulations, other exceptional ones have been made — mostly in reward of public services; such as those to the militia of the revolutionary war, and of that of 1812 — many valid claims in these re- spects still remaining to be settled : there has also been an exceptional sale of nearly 800,000 acres to the British North American Land Company. The crown reserves must be considered as virtually aban- doned wbon the auction sales were introduced ; and an act of the imperial legislature has ciuthorized the sale of l-4th part of the clergy reserves, at a rate not exceeding 100,000 acres annually. In these various ways, about 3,500,000 acres have been disposed of. The amount received on the sales of crown land in the lower province, from 1828 to 1837 inclusive, was jC33,8.'>3 ; on clergy reservers, jC50.425 ; timber du- ties, f 58,085. In the upper province for the same period, crown lands, jC33,853; clergy reserves, jE114,618; timber duties, je58,085. The timber is chiefly red and white pine and oak. Each district has its own judges, whose jurisdiction (except Gaspe) is independent of the others, and only subject to the court of appeal. A sheriff is also ap- pointed for each district, and grand voyer, or general inspector of the roads. These appear to be the only characteristics ; but as respects judicial affairs, Gaap6 CANADA. 137 is dependent on Quebec ; and the ronds of St Francis are surveyed by the grand voyers of Montreal and Three Rivera. Tho aubdivisioiis of tliesc districts are counties, t(jwi;ships, parislits, and extra-parochial places; that of Montreal has 19, Quebec 13, Three Rivera 5, St. Francis 3, mid Gaspu 2 counties, re- spectively. Tlie parishes and townships are merely divisions for such local purposes as (he repairs of roads, inspection offences, \vatcr.cour.«es, &.c ; each is subdivided into sections (not exceeding ten ;) the parishes vary much in extent, and those which are Catholic, also serve for limits, in tho ecclesiastical jurisdiction of that church : the townships usually en- close a square of 10 miles. There are in all 175 seignories, 33 fiefs, and IGO townships. The cities of Quebec and Montreal wore incorporated under temporary acts, which have been allowed to e.snire without renewal : these were the only nmnicipal cor- porations in the province. In the Catholic parishes, churchwardens are appointed, and in some localities, "a council of notables," to mannge the secular all'airs of the church, and what are called the funds of " the fabrique," under old French ordinances, so doubtful and contradictory, as to cause frequent litigation. The income of their clergy is derived from the 26th bushel of all grain grown by the parishioners ; this, however, is contingent on the proprietor being a Ca- tholic. When an estate passes into Protestant hands, this right is lost ; and hence the natural aversion of the priests to any Protestant settlements being made within their seignories ; nor is there any provision for the Catholic clergy, in the event of any part of the French population settling beyond the seignories, which, no doubt, has had some effijct in confining it within their limits. There are 44 clergymen, and 53 churchs and chapels, finished and in progress. There is also a Catholic bishop of Quebec, paid by the government out of certain public revenues, and under him a body of secular clergy, for the seignories 12* 138 CAPfADA. and somo fcnmlo monnstic establishments. Tho Pro- testant ■' •ii 140 CANADA. outbreak that took place in Canada, and the subse- quent suppression of the constitution, and the occupa- tion of the country bj' British troops. Distribution of Ground. — The surveyed portion of West Canada comprises 17,653,544 acres, in 11 districts, and between 300 and 400 townships. Wheat and tobaeco are the chief exports. Of the surveyed lands 450,000 acres are reserved for roads ; 2,395,687 acres are clergy reserves ; 13,660,838 have been granted and appropriated, and there remain for future grants, 1,147,019 acres. About l-48th part of the area is considered to be under cultivation. The modes of granting have been the same as those in the lower province. The crown and clergy reserves have also been made on the same principle as those of Canada East ; in two cases the government has delegated the disposal of its waste lands to others ; the district of Talbot (48,500 acres) to Col. Talbot ; and the crown reserves (1,384,413 acres) and a block of land in the Huron district, (1,100,000 acres) to the ** Canada Company ;" about l-30th part of the grant ed land is under cultivation. A small tax, not exceeding Id. in the pound, is levied both on cultivated and waste lands ; the for- mer being valued at 20s. the acre, the latter at 4*. The whole amount of taxation of a farm of 100 acres, in the western province, is about 18.9. This tax be- gan to be levied by the provincial government in 1820. If 8 years are in arrear, the shcriifis authorised to sell; but this has been done only in a few instances, when the owners allowed it as the cheapest and easi- est way of making a title to the rest of their land. The number of churches built, or in progress, con- nected with the Church of England, is about 90; the number of clergymen 73; the number of followers are estimated at 150,000, by the Bishop of Montreal, within whose diocese the province is included, and under him are the archdeacons of York and Kings- ton. The Presbyterians of the Scotch church, the CANADA. 141 Catholics, and the Wcsleyans, are the other chief Beets: the latter arc said to out-number any of the rest. The ministers of the Church of Scotland fire supported partly by stipends from the government, partly by their respective congregations; the Catho- lics have a bishop, who resides at Toronto, and who also receives an annual grant from the government to aid in the maintenance of himself and priesthood ; the ministers of the other sects are wholly supported by their congregations. By the Constitutional Act of. 1791, reserves of land were set apart in this, as in the eastein province, for the maintenance of the *' Protestant clergy". History. — Canada is paid to have been first dis- covered by Sebastian Cabot, in 1497 ; if so, it was comprised with the rest of the extensive line of coast he explored, under the general name of Newfound, land, subsequently limited to the island so called. The French first attempted to make those discoveries available, and are said to have framed a map of the gulf so early as 1508. In 1525 the country waa taken possession of in the name of the king of France, and in 1535 Cartier explored the river, naming it St. Lawrence, from having entered it on that saint's day. Quebec, however, the first settlement, was not found- ed till 16Q6. For a considerable period subsequent to this the colonists ajjpcar to have been engaged in a series of sanguinary conflicts with the native Indian tribes, and to have been often on the brink of being extripated: the strife, however, ultimately terminated in a friendly compact, which converted the Indiana into available auxiliaries against the English. Que- bec was taken by the British forces under General Wolf, in 1759, and the whole territory formally ceded by the Treaty of Paris, in 1763. The seignorial rights, the various holdings and tenures under them, and the endowments of ihe Catholic church, were left undisturbed : and all the estates, including all the unappropriated lands in the province, held at the 149 CANADA. period by the French king, became vested in the British crown. In the years 1812-13-14, the lakes, and especially the shores of Niagara, were the scene of a succession of severe contests ; and the militia on either side beingr ciitratj^cd in tliom, near relatives were found often coiitcndiiiiif in opposite ranks, so that common was agi^ravatcd to civil warfjire ; and In- dians also were employed, and increased its horrors. The grievances and complaints of Canada first obtained the attention of parliament in 1828, when a select committee of the II. of C. reported on them. The legislative assembly's claims were, — the right of appropriating all the crown revenues as thoy pleased, and also all those accruing from parliamentary and provincial statutes, and the settlement and alienation of all the wild lands of the province ; but the most im- portant point, without which the rest would bo con- ceded in vain, according to their statement, was, that the legislative council should be elected by the people, and thus assimilated to the senate ofthe United States. Another H. of Commons report led to the nomination of Lord Gosford (who was also appointed governor) and two other commissioners, and five reports and ap. pendixes, published in 1837, are the only result of their labors. In the divisions which took place in the House of Assembly, the British party divided from 8 to 1 1 in house of 88 mem')crs. The grievances of the western province v/cre set forth in the report of a committee of their IlouirC of Assembly, v;ho a'dopted it, and laid it before the king. The extent and abuse of the crown patronage ; the virtual irresponsibility of the executive ; the mode of conducting the business of the provincial posi-ofTice ; the manngemcnt ofthe Toronto College ; the provision made for the ecclesi- astical e5labhshment, and for the maintenance of certain sects only (the House say they ♦' recognise no particular denomination as established in Canada with cxclu ve claims, powers, or privileges";) the* partiahty shown in the choice of magistrates ; the MONTHEAi. 143 absence of control over the crown revenues ; and the failure on the part of the local, to carry into effect the l-ecommendations of the general, government, are the most prominent ol the grievances set forth. Subse- quent to this. Sir F. Head replaced Sir J. Colborne as governor, in 1836 ; and during his government the outbreak under Mackenzie and others took place; which ultimately led to the suppression, of the con-, stitution, and the union of the tv\o provinces under one government. MONTREAL. A town and river port of British America, and the second city and chief seat of the commerce of East Canada ; on the S. side of the island of Montreal, in the St. Lawrence, 150 miles in a direct line S. W. of Quebec ; lat. 45^ 30' W., lung. 73° 25' N. Popula- tion, with its suburbs, in 1840, 27,297. Its site is not so commanding as that of Quebec, but it is in every other respect superior to that city. It is not so crowded ; and some even of its oldest streets are of tolerable breadth. Montreal is divided into the Up- per and the Lower Town ; the diflt^rence in their elevation is but slight, but the former being the more modern is the handsomer division. It has several suburbs, including which it stretclies along the river for 2 miles from N. to S., and lias for some distance a nearly equal breadth inland. The battiernented wall with which it was formerly surrounded, has long fallen into decay, and it is novv entirely open, tho wooded heights around being covered with villas and pleasure grounds. In the Lower Town, Paul street, the chief commercial thoroughfare, extends parallel with the river the whole length of the city ; and in the Upper Town several streets proceed in the same di. rcction, communicating vvith Paul street by cross streets. In the Upper town and suburbs, which are mostly inhabited by the principal merchants, many of ■> *£ i w 144 MOSfTREAti. the houses are handsomely and solidly built in the modern style ; but in the Lower town they are prin- cipally of a gloomy looking grey stone, with dark iron window-shutters and tinned roofs. Along the bank of the river is an extensive line of quays and ware- houses. Many of the houses in the suburbs are built of wood, but there arc no wooden buildings within the space once encompassed by the walls ; and this city and Quebec have more of the aspect of old European towns than any other towns in America. The most remarkable public edifice is the Roman Catholic cathedral, opened in 1829, and superior to any other church in British America. It is of Gothic architecture, 255^ feet in length by 134^ in breadth. It is faced with stone, and roofed with tin, and has 6 towers, of which the three belonging to the main front are 220 feet in height. On the roof is a promenade, 76 feet in length by 20 in breadth, elevated 120 feet. The principal window is 64 feet in height, and 32 in breadth. The interior is capable of acocmmodating from 10,000 to 12,000 persons, who may disperse by numerous outlets in 5 or 6 minutes. It comprises 7 chapels, and 9 spacious aisles. There are several other Roman Catholic churches, mostly belonging to the order of St. Sulpice ; to the members of which Montreal chiefly owed its foundation, and who still hold the scignory of (he is'and upon which it stands. The seminary of St. Sulpice, a large and commo- dious building adjoining tlio cathedral, occupies three sides of an oblong area, I'.i} feet in len^-ih by 29 deep, and is surrounded by sp c^ous gardens. A hand- some additional building, 210 feet by 45 feet, has been lately erected, at an expense of XI 0,000. In these establishments, students in most of the higher branches of learning are taught at very moderate charges. The principal English church is a hand- some building, in the Grecian style, surmounted by a high and beautiful spire. It has also a Scotch kirk, »n American Protestant church, and chapels belong. lilONTniiAL. 145 ing to iho Mcthoilists and Scotch dissenters. The Montreal Genfriil Hospital, creeled in lS:il-2 by vol- nntarj' su!)Scription, a lar^^e and vcll-built rdifice, is said to be one of the bc3t regulated itisiimtions of the kind in Anicrica. A lar^rc conventual structure, the Hold Disit, oceiipiod by a superior, matron and tUirty-six nu\is, is appropriiited to tlie reception of the pick a:id indi^-iont; and the convoiit of the Grey Bisters partly serves a3 an asylum for the aged and infirm, the iasr.no, ffjundliiigs, &:c. The iSitiiirs Noires, have an expensive convent, founded in IGoO; lis inmates consist of a superior and 63 nuns, whose duties are directed to (he edu- cation of you;;g girls. Tlie court-house and prison are subslanlial builJJHgs, ocenpying the site of the former co!Iec:c of the Jesuits. The govcriuneut house, bank, barracks, ordnaV.ce clucc, a;id 4 market.housea arc amonj the remaining principal buildings. In one of the squares is a colossal statue of Nelson, placed on a Doric column, the pedestal of wliich has bas- reliefs representing his principal actions. Besides the educational establishments noticed above, Mon- treal has a college, with a principal and 4 professors, a royal grammar school, parochial, union, national, Sun- day, and other public schools ; and many good privato French and English seminaries. The university of M'Gill college, endowed by a citizen of Montreal, in 1814, with a valuab'e estate, and .^^^ 10, 000 in money, was chartered in 18iJl, and is conducted on a liberal and enlarged scale. Montreal has a penitentiary, a house of industry, a savings bank, a natural history so- ciety, a mechanics' institution, a central auxiliary soci- ety for promoting education and industry, bible and tract, agricultural and horticultural societies, several public libraries, an excellent news.room, &c. Several newspapers and other periodical publications issue from the presses of the town. The position of Montreal at the head of the ship navigation of the St. Lawrence, and near the confluence of that river with the Ottawa, 13 . ti;: ■m % }4^ UORtRCAt.. I' > •8 well as its situation with respect to the United States necessarily make it one of the greatest emporiums of America. The harbor, though not large, is secure, and vessels d;rawing 15 feet water may lie close to the shore. Its general depth of water is from 3 to 4i fathoms. Ita chief disadvantage consists in the rapid of St. Mary's about I mile below, which vessels often find it diffi- cult to stem. To obviate the obstructions in the nav- igation above Montreal, the La Chine canal, 9 miles long, 20 feet wide, and 5 feet in depth, was undertaken in 1821, and completed at an expense of £130,il00. The communication with the opposite sides of the river is carried on by several steam and other vessels ; and duii-ing the summer, a regular steamboat commu- nication is kept up with Quebec. At this season, vast rafts of timber come down, and pass the city for Quebec ; and scows, bateaux of about 6 tons, and Durham boats, bring to Montreal the produce of the Upper Country. Neither is the trade-of Montreal sus- pended in winter, like that of Quebec. Thousands of sledges may then be seen coming in from all dr. rections with agricultural produce, frozen carcasses of beef and pork, firewood and other articles. Mon. treal is the centre of the commerce between Canada and the United States, carried on by Lake Champlain and the Hudson ; and not only is it the dep6t of all the adj{(cent country, but most of the business done in Quebec is carried on by branches from the Mon. treal houses. In 1838, 98 ships, of the aggregate burden of 22,289 tons, entered, and 99 ships, burden Sl,90l tons, left the port. Formerly this city was the head quarters of the fur trade, but its interest in it has greatly declined. It has, however, cast-iroii foun. dries, distilleries, breweries, soap, candle and tobacco manufactories, several ship building establishments, and machinery for steam-engines. Various articles of hardware, linseed oil, floor-cloth, &c., arc made in the town. The markets are abundantly supplied witH ^OM'CBUAL. Uf good butchers* ni^at, fish, poultry, ffuit, regetables, &c. About three-fourths of the population are ^f i^'rench descent; the remainder, consisting principal- ly of emigrants from the United Kingdom, Americans, and Iroquois Indians. Montreal, originally called Villemarie, was taken from the French, in 1760. The environs of Montreal also present many objects worthy a stranger's attention: as the " Mountain," La Chine Canal, and the Rapids, which it is designed to overcome: those of the Cedres, &,c.; indeed the entire island is replete with interesting objects, an in- spection of which will -amply i;epay the time devoted to it ; and, more remote, are the celebrated 'Caledo- nia Springs, which, though known and tesorted to by the Indians of the neighborhood for many years past, have but lately received that attention from th© public which their medicinal and heaUng qualities de- jnand. They are situated about 70 miles nearly due .west from Montreal, at the head of a small affluent of the Ottawa, in Caledonia township, where a town has been laid off, and buildings erected for the accom- modation of visiters. The chief of ?theee springs are iJesignated as the "^white sulphur^" ^^ saline" and *^gaa" springs, respectively. The latter emits an in- flammable gas, probably carburetted hydrogen, which answers the purpose of lighting some of the buildings. The route commonly ,*aken from Montreal to the springs, is by the yill&ges of St. Eustache, Point Fop- tune, Hawkesbury, L'Original, &c. A water route, which increases the distance somewhat, is afforded by the Ottawa, which conducts to L'Original, whencd passengers are conveyed in stages, a distance of S miles, to the springs. Route frtim Montreal to Quebec, iy steambotit. On leaving Montreal, the first village that presents itself is Boucherville, nearly opposite the lowersuburb of Montreal ; which, like most of the Tillages that Hoc liiii .JBi 8fih 148 ROUTE FROM the shores of the St. Lawrence, presents a remark, ably neat appearance. Indeed the entire bank is occupied by a continued succession of villages, with their churches and tin covered houses, or cottages, which add life and animation to the natural scenery, which is beautiful to a high degree. The rapids of St. Mary's, about 2 miles below the city, serve to in- crease the speed of the steamer, which soon reaches Varennes. — A beautiful village, nearly opposite the north point of Montreal island. Ten miles farther on is St. Sulpice, then Vnltrie, both on the left. After proceeding some 5 or 6 miles, the pretty little town oi Noraye comes in view ; it is on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, which is here broken by several small islands, nearly opposite to which is William Henry, a small fortress situated at the confluence of the Richlieu, the outlet of lake Champlain, with the St. Lawrence. Immediately on leaving William Henry, Lake St Peter is entered through a perfect labyrinth of islands. It is an expansion of the St. Lawrence, about 10 miles in width, and 20 in length. The rivers St. Francis and Yamasca enter it from the south-east. At the mouth of the latter is the neat village of Yamasca ; then follow those of Baie, St. laabelle, and Gregoire, all on the right bank of the lake; which, at the latter village, contracts to the width of one mile. Point du Lac, another pretty village, is situated at the point where the St. Lawrence emerges from the lake, and from which is seen the ancient town of Thrae Fivers, the half-way station between Montreal and Quebec. This town, which is third in point of size in Canada, is situated on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, where it is jwHed by the St. Maurice. It derives its name from two small islands at the mouth of the St. Maurice, which divides it into three channels ; but the town is on the west bank of that river. The situation is pleasant, though the town itself, which is one of the oldest in Canada, is less attractive. It contains about 450 dwelling housest MONTREAL TO (^UlSBEC. H$ mostly buih of yt^eod ; a handsome courUhoasc, a jail* a €a(holic and a Protestant church, an Ursulino oonvenit, founded in 1677, and some other public edi. iices. Here the courts of justice for the district are held ; and here, at one period, a great share of the fur trade centered ; but its general trade has been mostly absorbed by Quebec and Montreal. Three Rivers was once the capital of Canada. 1 ? population ia about 4,000, mostly descendants of 1 >-ench, and th6 names of its streets are nearly all derived from those of Paris. It is 96 miles from Montreal, and 84 froth Quebec. Ten miles "below Three Rivers, on the left, is the village of Champlain, and 4 miles beyond is that of Batiscon. St. Piefre next presents itself on the right, and then ^t. Anne otx the left ; these are succeeded by Grandines on the left, Lotbiniere on the p!ght, and Dechamhault on the north bank ; all re- markably neat little hamlets, united together by a string of white cottages, equally neat in their appear, ance. About 7 miles below the latter, situated on tha south bank of the river is St. Croix, and immediately opposite, is the village of Cape Sante ; thence to St. Augustine on the left and St. Nicolas on the right is about 18 miles. The new town of Liverpool is next reached, from which Quebec is in full view. The fact of the near approach to a large city, is made abun. dantly evident by the improved appearance of the cottagies and seats which line both banks of the river* increasing in number as the city is approached. t; QUEBEC. *l'he city of Quebec is situated on the Idft Ct ttOirtlh> west bank of the St. Lawrence, at the point where it is intersected by the St. Charles, about 350 miles from the mouth of the former. By a late census it was found tu contain 27,56*2 inhabitants, but its po- pulation may be estimated at 30,000. The city oc* 13* if 150 QUEBEC. cupies the extremity of a ridge, terminating in tlie angle formed by the junction of the two rivers, in tlio point called Cape Diamond, rising to the height of nearly 340 feet above the St. Lawrence. The cape is surmounted by the citadel; and the town extends from it, principally in a N. E. direction, down to the water's edge. It is divided, from tho difference of elevation, into the Upper and Lower towns. 'J'he old town, which lies wholly without the walls, partly at the foot of Cape Diamond and round to the St. Charles, has narrow and dirty, and, in parts, steep streets. The ascent from the Lower to the tapper town, which crosses tiie line of the fortifications, is by a winding street, and by flights of steps. Tl.c streets in the latter, thongh rather nnrrow, are generally clean, and loleral)ly well paved, or macadamised. Both towns arc wholly built of stone; and tho public building-', and most of the houses in th*^ Upper town, are roofed witli tin plates, the glitter of which, in the sun, has a brilliant and striking rfFoct, but is destruc- tive of every thing tliat Europeans have been accus- tomed to call grand and venerable. In the Lower town the houses are mostly covered with shingles. PUBLIC BtJlLDINGS, &C. Quebec Exchange, situated at the east end of St. Paul street, is a fine stone structure, having a read- ing room 50 by 30 feet in the second, and a public library in the third stories. The Quebec Board of Trade have apartments on the same floor with the library. Several capacious warehouses have lately been erected. Trinity House, near the Exchange, is occupied by an incorporated body, who is charged with the supervision and regulation of the pilots who navigate the river. QUEBEC. 151 Custom House, is a neat stono edifice, well adapt, ed to tlie pur[ioaes to wliicli it is devoted. Adjoining the Custom flouse is the Kinfr^s Wharf, n^oA as a pinco of landing and em- barkation ol tlic troops, &,c. 'I'hc immense ware- hou«o of the commissary stands near the wharf. Hotel DieUf one of the most exidnsive huildings ill Canada, is situated between Hope and Palace gates. It is 390 feet in length, 51 iu width, and 3 stories liiijh, with a wing on the N. W. f^idc li stories high and 150 feet long. There arc several fine pic- tares here, chiefly by French artists. The Il6tel Dicu is a most valuable hospital. The nuns here not only act as nuriea to the sick who are admitted into the establishment, but also r.s teachers of young females. Ur.fuliiic Convent, is an appropriate structure, 114 by 40 feet, and two stories high, with extensive or- namented grounds, inclosed within a .stone wall : the chapel, which is adorned by several valuable pictures, is 95 by 45 feet, of plain cxteiior, but some of its in- terior dccor.'itions are splrndid. The remains of Mont, calm, who was killed at the attack of Quebec, in 1759, by General Wolfe, were int-'rred near tlie chapel. Quebec Seminnry, on Market square, is a three story uuilding, 210 {cet in length and 42 feet in depth, with rear projections 168 feet long. The hall, or chapel, is decorated l)y Ionic columns. The bishop of the diocese and his a.ssistaiils reside here. The library consists of nearly 10,000 volumes, and the cab- inet embraces a fine scries of rnineralogical speci- mens, fossils, &c., to which a choice collection of paintings has been added. Castle of St Louis, the government palace of former times : of this once immense structure, nothing is now to be seen but its blackened and naked walls. It was destroyed by fire in 1834 Government offices, occupy an extensive building on Front street, in which also is the museum of the Canadian Society of Arts. 1 1 I! ''/* y^ r iJ l ^ww^v m i5>2 qUKBEC. Monument to Wolfe and Montcalm, on Des Cpr- rieres street. Jesuit's Barracks, a quadrangular build- ing of stone, formerly occupied by the Jesuits as a college, is situated on the Market place, opposite the French cathedral. Parliament House, is a fine three story structure of wrought stone, consisting of a main building, with two wings. Its massive front is embellished by four Ionic coUmis, with a pediment. The Colonial As- sembly mot here until 1841, when the constitution of the province was abrogated. Court House, a plain building of grayj-stone, 13C by 46 feet, is situated at the corner of St. Louis street and the Place d'Armes. The building, which is sur. rounded by nn iron railing, is occupied by the vari- ous courts, officers of the police, sherifT, &c. Misonic Hall, opposite the post-office. Marine Hospittl, a beautiful Ionic structure, four stories high and 20G feet lony, is situated on the bank of Clinrlos river. Its grounds are extensive and beautifully ornamented. Among the places of worship, the following de* serve notice : the French Roman Catholic Cathe- dral, east of the Market place, a neat building 216 by 108 feet, with a spire ; Catholic Church of the Congregation, near the western termination of the esplanade ; Noire Dame dea Victoires, erected in 1690, on the Market place; English Cathedral, 134' by 73 feet, with a chime of 8 bells ; Holy Trinity, in Stanislaus street; St. J\Iatthews, a free church; StPauVs; St. Patrick's, St. Helen street; Scotch Church, in St. Anne street; St. John's, in St. Fran- cis street; Methodisi Church, St. Anne street, and another in Champlain street. The Citadel, over Cape Diamond, includes an area of about 40 acres ; and is formidable alike from its position and the extent of its works, constructed on a gigantic scale, and on the most approved principles. The Citadel coutains the armory, magazine, storehouse QUEBEC. 153 and barracks for the ofllcers. Tho line of the fortl. fications, which stretches nearly across the peninsula on the west, and runs alonjf a rid^'o between tho Up- per and Lower towns, in intersected by five pates, and has an inner circuit of about two and a half miles. On the west, beyond llie ramparts, which aie 95 or 30 feet in height, are the extensive suburbs of St. Roche, St. Louia and St. .John. Military parades take place daily on the great plain within the ram. parts. Dalhovsie Gate, is the principal entrance to the citadel, which is 200 feet above the site of the Upper town, and is approached by a winding road up the glacis from St. Louis gate, which is defended by out. works of great strength. The main guard-rooms are immediately within the Dalhousie gate. From the bastion, which afTords a splendid view of the city and its environs, cannon point in every direction. Palace Gate, which is near the barracks, with a guard-house adjoining, is a fine specimen of archi. tecture. Hope Gate conducts to the ascent of Cape Dia. mond on the east, on which point is the great battery of 32 pounders, which commands the basin and bar- bor. This point is upwards of 300 feet above the St. Lawrence.* Frescott Gate, on Mountain street, is the barrier between the Upper and Lower towns. It is connected with the castle of St. Louis. St. Loui^' Gate opens the way to the Plains of Abraham, which are reached by a beautiful avenue, well lined with fine bui'dings. St. John's Gate leads to the suburb of St John. Public Promenade, on the summit of ihe ramparts of Cape Diamond, is a wide covered way, which af- fords a magnificent view in all directions. Governor's Gardens, south-west of the ruins of St. Louis, occupy a field 540 by 210 feet, which is do- fended by a small battery. f I 154 qUEBEC. Among' the establishments for educational purpo- ses, the first place is due to the French college. It has a principal, and professors of theology, rhetoric, and mathematics, with 5 regents for the Latin and Greek classes. Here is, also, a royal grammar school,, a classical academy, a national school, and many French and English private schools. A royal institution for the advancement of learning within the province, and a literary and historical society, respectively enjoy the patronage of the government and of the principal inhabitants. A mechanics' in- stitute was established in 1830; and it has numerous benevolent associations. The city public library, though not very extensive, is said to be yvcu selected, and to contain a great variety of standard works. The garrison, also, ' s a good library. Several newspapers are published in the city. Though not a manufacturing town, Quebec has various diotillerics, breweries, with tobacco, soap, and candle vorks ;; and numbers of fine ships have been launched from its yards. It has two or three banks and a savings bank. The markets are well stocked with most sorts of produce, except good fish, which is rather scarce and dear. The climate, though on the whole good and healthy, is in extrem'es. In summer the heat is equal to that of Naples, while the cold of winter is not inferior to ^at of Moscow. This inequality occasions a corres- ponding difference in the modes of life during the dif- ferent seasons of the year. In winter travelling is carried on by meaiis of sledges and carrioles, in the same way as in Russia. The first view of Quebec, in sailing up the St. Lawrence, is striking in the ex- treme ; and travellers speak in high terms of the mag- nificent prospect from the citadel on Cape Diamond. The majority of the population being of French ex* traction, the French language, which is still spoken in some of the best circles with great propriety, and tJte Roman Catholic religion, predominate. Society ,. Quebec. 155 is here more polished and refined than in any other town of British America ; and the higher provincial gentry of French descent are distinguished by the conrteousness and urbanity of their manner. Vessels of the very largest burden arrive at Que. bee. Its harbor or basin, between the city und the island of New Orleans, is of great extent, having, in general, about 28 fathoms water, the tide rising from 16 to 18 feet at neaps, and from 2.5 to 30 feei at springs. Ships lie alongside the wharfs along the St. Lawrence. There are extensive flats between the lower town and the St. Charles, where, if it were deemed of importance, wet docks migljt be easily constructed. The trade of the city is very extensive. It en- grosses almost the entire trade of the province with the mother country. West Indies, &c.; and is annu. ally resorted to by vast numbers of inmiigrants, who partly settle in Canada, but who mostly re-emigrate to the United States. It has a regular intercourse, by nieans of steamers, with Montreal, and other ports higher up the St. Lawrence, and with HaHfax, and other ports on the Atlantic. Quebec was taken from the French in 1759.,. A British army, under General Wolfe, having effected a landing near the city, attacked and defeated the French army, under Montcalm, on the heights of Abraham, to the W. of the town. Wolfe fell in the moment of victory; and Montcalm, who w.'is also mortally wounded in the action, expired soon after. The French, panic-struck by the loss of the battle and the death of their commander-in-chief, surren- dered the city before even a single battery had been opened against it. A monument was erected, under the patronage of Lord Dalhousie, in the gardens of the chateau, inscribed to the " Immortal memory qf W^Qlfe aqd Montcalm." ^1 li 156 ROUTE FROM ENVIRONS OF QUEBEC. Falls of Moniinorencie, a beautiful cataract of Monttnorcucio river, which falls into the St. Law- renne, 9 mi'cs bolow Quebec. The perpendicular pitch 1-3 210 feet; and bciii.T- in full view from the St. Lawrence, alforda one of the most magnificent scenes in Canada. Island of Orleans, an island of the St. Law- rence, commences near the outlet of Montmoreucie, and extends about 20 miles in a N. E. direction. It is well cultivated, and produces immense quantities of garden vegetables for iho supply of the Quebec markets. The principal villari;es on the island arc, St, Pierre, St. Laurent, St. Jean, 5i. Faviille, and St. Fianrois. Beaufort, a npat village, which commences about' .5 miles N. E. from Quebec, aijd extends, in one continued street, to the Falls of Montmorencie. Charleshourg, six miles N. W., and New Lorcttc and Sonbroitzc, about 10 miles west from Quebec, are neat villages, each havinir a church. Old Lo. rettc and St. Foi, the former 8 and the latter G miles S. W. from the city, are also pretty little towns. Chaiidicrrc Falls, about 10 miles from Quebec, arc in the Chaudierre river, which enters the south side of the St. Lawrence, 6 miles above the (ity. The falls, which descend 130 feet, arc four miles from the mouth of the river. In descending the St. Lawrence from Quebec, tho first object which attracts attention is Faint Levy, surmounted by the little village of St. Joseph. Ten miles below are, St. Laurent, on the north, and Beaumont, on the south bank. These arc succeeded by St, Blichel, St. Vallier, and Berthier, (25 miles from Quebec,) all on the south side of the river ; which, at the latter place, is nearly 10 miles in width. Cape Tourment, 10 miles below the island of Or-, leans, is an elevated blutf, 1,800 feet in height. > oi ih of b: o L V MONTHEAL TO FINGSTOX. 157 Zloiiie from Moniicnl to Kingston, and thence to IS i: gar (I, ly st.aiuboat, Long island soutid... 113 Lorette loG Long Saut island ... 158 Lntbiniero Mi) Lowville lOl) Lyons 7G M Madison 103 Manliattanville 28 Manliua Centre 75 Martinsburg 100 ]\Iafouchin 34 Manslield 41 Marlboro' ,... 52 IMartinsville 50 Matteawan 51 Mechanicsvillc 89 Medina 77 Mcriden 120 Mendham 40 Middleport 77 Middletown 24 Milton 52 Montezuma 76 Montmorenci 156 Montreal 143 Montreal, ris.frm. 84-147 FAOE. Morganvillo 67 Monistown 40 I\I()sco\v 106 Mount Morris 106 N Newark, N. J 31 Newark, N Y 76 New Baltimore 56 New Boston 75 New Brunswick .... 34 Ncvvbiirg 50 New Hartford 103 New Haven 119 New HuvP!! harbor. 1 14 New liondon, Con., 117 New Lo'idon, N. Y. 75 New Faltz landing . 53 New Milfurd 118 New Kocholle land'g 113 Newtown, Con 118 Newtown 24 New Windsor 50 New Utrecht 25 New York State, gen- eral view .,., 5 New York city 14 New Y., routes from 112 Niagara falls 70 Niagara village 159 Noraye 148 Norwich 104 Norwich, Con 117 Nunda Valley 106 Nyack 46 Ogdensburg 102 Olean 106 Oiean, routes from... 106 Oriskany 75 INPEX. 165 Orlcnii3 ialarnl IHG 0iiwv[tn ],";8 0\vns(;o lal;c (i3 Oxtoid lot Oxford, iMa.sf; lid V Filial iiic liridgo Gl Piilii-adcs 41 rnlmor 01 Palnivra 7G Paris'llill 103 Passaic falls 42 Peckskill 4') PGiidlcton 78 Pelliain 53 Piormont 4") Pine OrcIiarJ T)') Piusfield J)3 Prrlh Amboy ^9 Piitsford 77 PiaUfhurp: 8() Poii.t du Lac 118 i'o'r.d Levy 156 P ):t nyron 70 Puit Gibson 76 Port Hope 159 Port Kent 86 Pouf^hkeepsic 52 Prescott 158 Princeton 35 Providence 115 Q Quebec 149 Quebec, environs of 149 QuecUiiton 159 11 Railway 33 RailroadsofN. Y. . 9 Kcd Hook kiiidin^'... 51 Rcmcen 100 Iliiyiibcc.k 53 l^f;liii;o;id 1:3 Ri.b'Ps Reef...: -2:) I'ochostcr (>G Roclx'stcr, rts. J'rom 105 I'ocl.away 23 rionic 6^ Round lake 80 Rouse'd Puint 8G S S(. Pierre i 'G Ht. Laurent . ■ 8t. Jean "• - ^"t. Franv^ois i J St. Foi 153 !'t. Jof oph 156 St. Michel 156 St. VuHier 15G St. Rcyis 15a St. AuftMislir.o IH) St. Nicolas in St. Anne M9 St. Croix 149 St. .lohn'a 87 St. Francis LIB St. Jolinsvillc 61 St. Tierre 149 St. Isabelle 148 St. Sulpice LJ8 Sackeii's Harbor.... 101 Sandy Hill 84 Sandusky 1 10 Sarali)';a lake 81 Saratoga springs .... 80 Saugerties 54 Scliajriicoko 88 Schodack 56 Sclieiicctady 60 Ic 1C6 iNDax4BRARY \1 Bchoolcy's Mt. Sp\ ■•:4I Scliuylcrsville 'v«l$ Scottsville 10() ScMiecu Luke fit Sharon Springs ^ /^^ Sherburne ^j^Wft Sleepy Hollow 46 Smyrna 92 Sing Sing 46 Soinerville 102 South Aniboy 21) Sonbrouze 156 Spencersvillc 77 Sprinclield 94 Spotavvood 30 Spuyton Duyvei Crk. 4C) Stamford ^.. 113 Statosburg 53 Stillwater 89 Stonington 114 Stony Point 48 Stratford I'oint 113 :.... 62 T Tnppan 46 'i'appan Sea 46 Tarrvtown 46 Tellers Tuint 47 Thames River 114 Thompson 118 Three Rivers 148 Throg's Point 113 Ticonderoga 83 TivoH 54 Tompkinsville 26 Tonawanda 69 Toronto 159 Trenton 100 Trenton, N.J 37 Syracuse Tripp's HilU,.. A*. I.'.^/SjI) rrwjr ^.« .. .«.'*••. •.^^>« • J>> Tfoy, rnim^-frgin ... 97 Truxtun , 92 Turin ..^.t...J../^f^.jififi Utica 98 Utica, routes from ... 100 V Vnltrie 148 Varcnnes 148 Verplanck's City ... . 48 Victor 6G Vienna 65 W Wallingford 120 Warren 94 Washington, Mass.. 94 Waterford 88 Waterloo 64 Watertown 100 WaterviUe 103 Wehawken 28 Westfield Ill Westport 85 Westchester 28 West Point 49 West Sprinjfield .... 94 West Stockbridge... 119 West Troy 73 Whitehall 85 Whitesboro' 62 Williamsburg 23 William Henry 148 Worcester 95 Y Yamaska 148 Yonkers 45 T. R. TANNER, l53 Itroailtvny, lliiTC«loor« iibovr fiib<^i'l)-at. Iflf neCEXTLY PUBLttllKU, ANU FUll SAI.Il', TANNER'S UNIVERSAL ATLAis, C05TAIJ«I?«a Maps of I'v/nv fmpiuk, kincpom, statf, and rkpub* LU.', IN Tin: Willi I.I), l'l,ANS OK CiTlKt!, TA\NC!I'S .\]ICIUCA\ TRWELLEIl; on GU;D£ throughout the united STATES: CONrAIlTlJJO All thk noiJTEs and distances by stage, CANAL, IIAILROAD, AND STKAMIJOAT, ACCO.MrANIED BY A COllUEGT MAI'. (All entirely now ICJitini.) Together with a variety of Tortable IVfaps of the Uni. ted States, niid every Stale auJ Ttrritory in the Union, Canada and Texas. Large Maps of Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South Ametica, for private Libraries, or Schools. A Description op the Canal* and RAii>noAn»oF the United States : comprcliciiding Notices of all the Works of fiitcrnal Improvement throughout the several States ; with Maps aud Troiiles. By Henuv 8. Tanner, Escj. T. R. TANNER keeps also for sale, a constant supply of Guide Books, Statistical and IlliTStratedWokks; embracing every variety useful to the Traveller and Emigrant; together with a general supply ofSTATioNEUx Articles, Ameiucan Engrav- kNGS, 8cc. Kc, all of vrbich will be sold on reasonable terms.