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" History of Michigan," "HIstoiT of Border Wars," " History of Iowa," " History of the Northwest," " History of Coantrles of Korth America," etc. i^OLD ONLY Br SUBSCBIPTION. MADISON, WIS., AND LAWRENCE, KANS. : PUBLISHED BY THE INTER-STATE BOOK COMPANY. 1876. h Entered according to Act of CongrcBS In the year eighteen hundred anj Beventj-sl« BY CIIAULES K. TUTTLE, In the ofilce of the Llbrarlnn ol Confe'ress, iit WashlngtDn, D. C. / k Mapi80», Wis.: STr.nEOTTPKD AXD PBINTKD BY ATWOUD & CULVKB. MANrFACTVHEI) r.v Wm. J Park & Co., 11 Kixo Sj. Madi»u.n, Wis. ^ ^.: :. "^ INTRODUCTORY. cnty-elx U . TV HEP r.v Co., n Kixii Si. J.N, Wis. It cannot be hoped that any writer of to-day, altcmptinj; the tusk in one brief volume, will be able to condiinse the whole of the matter necessary for a History of Kansas from the days of the first settlement of the territory, long before the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, to the present time; but it is hoped and believed that by a careful collation of all known facts, and some- times by the statement of even conflicting records, where the material for an authentic conclusion was not available, there is now offered to the reading public a work which will supply some of the wants of the day, and servo hereafter as a basis of practical value, for the preparation of more enduring literature. The genius of Buckle, Motley, Prescott and Froude, finds but few exponents in any age, but the patience, which as much as genius itself, makes the page sometimes valuable, historically considered, is more common, and just that quality it is hoped has found expression in the volume now presented to the state of Kansas, and the union. The writer has striven to avoid preju- dice in preparing these sheets for the press, but every man is a partisan in some degree, and with his utmost efforts cannot prevent his ccmstitulional leanings finding utterance in his written and spoken words, when his feel- ings as well as his judgment become interested. The central state of the union must, in tiie progress of time, become of im- mense importance in the economy of the nation, and may be the seat of empire; hence it is of some moment that every possible contribution toward its authentic lystory should be preserved in such form as will be best availiv ble toward constructing the philosophy of its development, when Chronos shall have ripened his fruit; and for the same reason it is to be desired that the writer should throw no unjustifiable animus into his narration. History should be for society and man, what the earth's crust is for the aeons of time that have elapsed since itJ primary rocks were first solidified ; a faithful pre- sentation of every fact and feature, whose imprint could be made before the fugitive and protean matter had put on another semblance. The chronicler wliose capacity may enable him to achieve a result so glorious will make a name greater than Herodotus aimed at, or Thucydides imagined ; and there are approaches toward that degree of excellence among the writers now liv- ing, or just passing away. Such a design could not be fulfilled for Kansas, except in a rudimentary and incomplete way at the present era; but it is something to have helped in preparing the material for a great edifice, and to llxat extent the writer hopes he has attained a measure of success. / A .15^!^E' ^ ciiJiy <*' J--^is^ =iXij&^ '■.*^h^-' -■■* ^^.Fjw. f,w^u.i is ^■sssfiiSiss T 4 Tvttlk's IllsTOUV OF Kas'sas. The ,..,si,ion, .limonslon., n.nnulion mul river .y.lc. of K.ns... lu^vo bm. „„,...] u, r..i..r .hun ....■rn,..! in .....dl. because 1, --^;^ '^ j' Lnvv..luMH.s to lum. re-ul.Tcd tlu... lull jusl n-, an-l ' '^^^ ^.'^ f / ,,,, pnnLily to !,.■ read by the i.c.-pl., .l.o must gain thnr ul.aH b «'; ; brl..f auration, and not by a regular course of '^'-'-; "^^^^^ ^ „,a ,., i„ „n.s.n.c..l will, so.ne inevitable,. saeritUes wluch the rtn si .1 sc 1 u and Hiblil-Lole .ill discover. Each deparUnent already >;-'«;;• ^•hose worL abound hi just such inforniation as the n.ore ue e, t m ,,,,t sunuuarize, and to their pa.es the more pro ,und -"^; ^ ' ; when the purpose of this work shall have been tultllled. «;"1"W' '" ' i:e 1 nl ■ invests the average reader to the extent in whe a - - - - presence or absence of the coal nu-asures, the precious metals go. d .pan ic 1 u ding stone, and other such facts of economic value Cater.ng ubH nd pressJd for space, speculative geology has recoved very m. an llin.' and the circumstance requires numtion rather than "1>"1"«> • ^^"l c e he St great aim of the merateur is to secure a buy ng and read g c si u.ncy that will receive and renuu.erate such faithtul >" >"••'-;; »- a e .indemand. No man has ever written for posterity alone, u Id he "fl-s of .d failed to secure the ear of his own time. It is then ot some imnot nee that our readers should know that Kansas coman.s none ol the Sri-tals, and that its geological ..rn.atlon ^^^^^^^^ZS^Zl U such discoveries. It is of greater s>gn,llcance tor "^ f ! ^^^ of the state that coal and lime and building stone abound, that salt spun s a e uu e ous, that layers of pure salt can be found embedded among the s n." u 1 tin t the so 1 is rich in just such principles as wdl conUnue for a ,;'ie to keep this region in the front rank among the most ertde agr - c Uu countries in the world. Gypsum, alum and natwe sulphur, brown h m^ite and petroleum, porcelain clay and lire clay, indicate w.ue fi Ids of crlrpri whch will not fail to build up a gre»t commun.ty, and beyond thlt ^Int we have not thought it expedient just now to deal w.th the geo- . loirieal features of Kansas. . • • , ., Km s s not densely wooded, nearly 95 per cent, of its area .s prame; but th^-uef rests of considerable extent in some parts of the state, and m our cm ntyskeches a careful estimate has been preserved of the per centage of Zd b .t om land and prairie in each locality, so that the intending emigrant Z ;' a glance whit part of the desirable region will best meet h.s pu - Zes n ttl'ment. The climate of the state has been analyUcally consulered s^t a 1 e merits and demerits of the several sections have been duly credited regions and belts to which they belong, as will be seen when the reader fc to those portions of the work which are more particularly devoted to nieteorolo-ncal phenomena. The brevity of the winter, the dryness of the at- molple %he umeliorating effects of tree culture, the gradual changes ob- rvei in regard to the frequency and violence of storms, with all the mam ; ts e ating to and explanatory of the apparent change will be found so amlled as tliat he who runs may read, so far as the limited knowledge of the race has yet made clear the laws of the atmosphere; yet the popular reader wUl find that he has not been afflicted with columns and pages of statistics; ve dfiiiiiiKlctl •ork inti'iult'il l)y 1)111! silting wiiole pieluro lishcil sch'iliir IS ita writers, KTiil liistorirtu liiivc rccoursf, fology, for iii- iliinliciUcs llio good (luurric's lutorini; f'>r tlu! il very cursory ill iipology, bc- 'jt iiml reiurmg labor lis for tho alone, until he s tlion of some ins none of the i exijectiitiou of ulustrial future lat salt springs Lied among tlic 1 continue for a lost fertile ugri- sulphur, brown e wiiie ttekls of ity, and beyond a with the geo- ■a is prairie; but state, and in our iC per centage of ending emigrant !St meet his pur- cally considered, een duly credited 1 when the reader Lilarly devoted to Iryness of the at- dual changes ob- ith all the maia will be found so linowledge of the e popular reader iges of statistics; ISTRODUCronY. *» the writer has made a careful digest of his facts, and he submits to the public only tlie results that are derived therefrom. Then- U no part of the United States that has been so long and so persist, ently misrepresented bv writers and speakers as Kansas, which continued lor many yei.rs to Ik; described on maps and in tiooks as part of the great Amer- lean desert ; that fact, with all of its eonsecpiences has been duly set lorlh, am it will be found by the unprejudic.d re-,ider that Kansas has been hilly cUarcU from the calumny once so injurious to its interests. The best answer to ho charge of sterility is ne.:essarily supplied by the agr.:ultural products of the state, which for quantity and for (luality have suri.assed for many years sav- Ing only certain excei.lional seasons, not only the general average ot ho union, but the best records of every other agricultural state. That indubiU able fact will be seen by the reader to have been sustained by pregnant tesli- monies which cannot be controverted. The railroads of a country fre(|uently indicate its measure of progress, because however much speculation nmy un- wisely extend the iron road in non paying regions, notliing but good returns, or the immediate prospect of their attainment, will induce or enable a rail- road company to continue to operate its lines. An authority commonly ac- ccpted without question claims for Kansas the possession of 2,315 miles ot railroad, and shows that there are only seven slates in the union whoso record exceeds that aggregate. Massaehusetts has not yet 1,500 miles; 5lichigan has not 2,000; Maryland and the District of Columbia combined present an ag- gre-ate of less than 1,200; .Alaine, New Hampshire and Vermont, with llhodo Island thrown in as a makeweight, still fall a few miles below the aggregate presented by this state alone. Accepting railroad development as an index of advancement, the prospects of Kansas are enviable in the extreme. The de- tails of this wonderful phase of growth since the year 1801 will be found briefly summarized in their proper place, and the contemplation of the phe- nomena will present many curious circumstances to the mind of the observer. The growth of manufactures, stretching in an increasing series over many years, will be allowed as evidence of progress, and Kansas can present a very satisfactory array (ui that basis. Ilcr manufactories of various kinds, not in- eluding breweries and cigar factories, had increased steadily up to the year 1874, the time of the locust plague, and at that time numbered 805 ; in the fol- lowing year the cei;sus was collected in March, before the slate had fairly re- covered its feet ,■ i' .' that visitation, yet the aggregate had almost doubled ; tho returns for that yeai being G04, an increase of 299, without glancing at tho total of 108 breweries and cigar factories noted in the same return. In every channel that permits of the registration of business activities, similar facts might be quoted; but enough has been said to show that Kansas is building •.trongly from the base, and must certainly become a mighty state, puissant m manufactures as in agriculture, and equal to all requirements in the expan- sion of her commercial relations. The educational enterprise of Kansas is not excelled in proportion to the extent of its population by any one of the United States; indeed il might be easy to make it appear that too much has been done in that respect; but in reality it is not possible for a state to procure too many educational facilities, ' |^||gf^aWiSBA%>^i^i**«^^***^«SS«*SSs^^ .«iiAaS, All il' -, 6 Tini.Ks JIisTunr of Kas'sas. ns Ion;; ns tlic penile can \>y lione^l menus sinmrp llie arcmint ; scciii!,' tliat tlio most (?csiriilile class of men and families will always lie allraelfd towards that state hi wlilcli, while they find ample scopo for all their adult faeiilii<'s, their children can he most llherally furnished with aids and incenlivej to mental cullure. Kansas has Invested largely in schools, beyond hur means undoul)lcdly in some few instances, but the return will not fail to he com- mensurate before many years have elapsed. The unparalleled t'rowth of manufaelories already referred to is one form in wliich the reward maybe conlinuouslv recorded. {;harilal)le institulions, churches, colleges in their several forms, slate normal schools and asylums alike testify to the praise- worthy activity of advanced lliought and pliilnnthropic cH'ort whicli will maintain for the state its high position. The growth of the power and im- jicutance of the press alone would serve, were no (Mher means available, to illustrate the steady growth of our population in industries and morale; l)Ut as will he seen by the reader, tlie story that is told by any one department is abundantly corrol)oraled Ijy every other. The history of Kansas, since tlie days of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, luw abounded in incidents as thrilling and perilous as the surprises in the drama, or the curious ,1eiwu,iiw,ts of the modern novel, and while there has been no attempt to e.xasrgerate for the sake of elVect, there lias been an honest eflort to l.lace upon the printed page such a statement of causes and effects as would make the movemenls of "Horder RuHians " and Free Settlers quite intelligi- ble from every standpoint. Tlie movements of the several governors of the territory, from the nomination of Mr. Kceder, in 1854, will lie found fairly and accurately stated, os the chief events actually transpired. Tlie action of Sec retary Woodsim, tlie conduct of Franklin Pierce, the weakness and vacilla- tion of Gov. Shannon and his ultimate danger at the hands of his allies; the manly resolution evidenced from the beginning by Gov. Geary and the neces- Bity that impelled him to seek safety in tliglit, after the prot.'Ction of United States troops had been shamefully withdrawn from him; the statesmanlike pronuncunnnito of Gov. Walker, upon a basis settled beforehand in consulta- tion with President Buchanan and Senator Douglas, and liis resignation when he discovered that the president dared not abide by his promises of honest administration; the conciliatory conduct of Gov. Denver, and of his succes- sors, Medary and Stanton, will be found, each in tlicir order, briefly summa- rizcd for tlie purposes of this liistory, up to the time wben the territory be- came a state, after the election of President Lincoln, and before his inaugura- tion because of the change worked in congressronal majorities by the sue cess of the Republicans, and by the desperate measures resolved upon by the opposition party in the war of Secession, which was waged long before the fall of Fort Sumter. There was less scope for home history after the outbreak of the war; the impeachment and trial of Gov. Robinson and his colleagues seemed but a small event in view of the perils with which the Union was menaced, and it was desired to continue from the beginning in regular sequence the story of the war as rendered part of Kansas development, by the heroism of her sons oa the battlefields of the Rebellion, from Wilson's Creek to Pittsburg Land- f :^J ^ .^,— -—.u-jO*-,— -J -i^U^ -r' ■I'lll)^ tlllll tlio (■led lowariU lull fiu'ultW'!*, iiicdiUivi'.i Id d liur mcmw I to he foin- II ^TOWtll lit' wiiiil may bo cgcs in their lo llic pniisc- I't wliicli will )\vur iiiul im- i iivailablo, to il morale ; but department is •aska bill, has in the drama, e has been no lonest efl'ort to Tecis as would quite inlelligi- vernor3 of the lund I'airly and action of Sec- ss and vacilla- his allies; the and the neces- tion of United ) statesmanlike nd in consulta- signation when nises of houcst 1 of his sueces- hriefly sumnia- lie territory be- e liis inaugura- ies by the suc- ed upon by the ong before the )f the war; the i seemed but a lenaced, and it lice the story c»f sm of her sons :*ittsburg Land. IsTiioiJi'CTonr. ' in;t, from ViekHliurR to Mi'slou Uld;;c. and from the Ki-n.snw lo the dose of till' war at Appomattox; but there did not fail to h" occasionH when the homo life of KiiUHtis could be (.'lanced at, as from a di«lanee, under the rule of Car- uey, Crawford anil Harvey, the two latter actively i(h'ntiflcd with the war, up lo the ansumption of onice by Gov. Osborne, the present incumbent. The military record of the state has proved itself brilliant, cxcecdiiij;ly, and there was a temptation at times to give full sway to the entlmsiusm which heroism never fails to arouse, but the sober prose of history permitted of no raptures. Kvcry rcginu'Ut raised by Kansas to maintain tlie slruiiitle until the end was reached in the suppression of the greatest rebellion tiie world has ever seen, will be found named, and ils deeds summarily mentioned, but to have d(mu them just U'e would reciuire a library. The Drought and the Locust plague will lie found in their proper place, recorded witliout an attempt to cloak erne fact that seems to militate against the agricultural greatness of the state, but with u full aiipreciatlou of the peculiar circumstances that may never more combine to desolate the i)eople, The men who have made the history of the state could not all be; nami'd, but a few representatives liewn from the quarry of public life have been used as illustrations of the mass in order that the facts and possibilities of our time might be better understood. CHAULES R. TUTTLE. Madison, Wis., April, 1870. - wM''...>J> '! ■i i Mr> iff U ilPi *lM i l»]iw''W^ m i- ■ BB ffi--ea' i ' ^B Sy i ^ » i-. ' "na^ CONTENTS. CIIAITEIl 1. Qeneuai. DKBCUimON. Rivers and Streams — Soil and Surfiico — Climate and Productions, • 17 CIIAI>TEK II. Hvaiioiio Conditions. Air — Water— Soil — Timber— Geology— Stone— Coal — Iron— Lead — Tin — Petroleum, • - - ,...48 CHAFFER III. Eauly History. The French on tho Missouri — Indian Warfare — French Fortifications — American Setttlement — Mormon Farm — Mexican War— Fort Leaven- worth— The Gold Fever, ...... 71 CHAPTER IV. TKnniToniAL Hibtort. The Nebraska Kansas Bill — Gold Mrners Seeing the Land — Mean Whites — Aristocrats — Gen. Atchison — Slavery in Kansas — The Irrepressible Conflict, 88 CHAPTER V. Territorial History {continued). Missouri Crossing the Boundary — Shepherding Selections — Tone of the Press — Choose ye Whom ye Will Serve — Tho Dark Hour Before the Dawn— Light Shines In the East, - • • - - 98 ms?& / 1 10 TuTTLic's IIisTonr of Kaxsas. » CHAPTER VI. TEimiToniAL IIiBTOKY [continued). Retrospective -Emigrants Aid Associations- Limits of '^''''\^f^''-J''' Pictures of Kansas -Widening the Circle -Founding a City- Tactics of tlic Slave Owners — Progress of the Struggle, CHAPTER VII. TERiiiToniAii HisTonY (continued). Act of Organization -Gov. Reeder- Inauguration "^ ^f ™2' "BaUot gressional Delegate - Stuffing the Census-Courtes.es of the Ball.u Box -Vote or Die -Some new Elections - Proslavery Law - Gov^ Reeder Removed - Causes and Pretense - Conduct of the Governor, 13. CHAPTER VIII. TEiiBiToniAii HisTOttK {continued). Difficulties Before Gov. Shannon - Legislation in Shawnee -Bond and iree- Death for Abolitionists -Sifting the Jury Panel -Sef-chosen Legislators -Spirit of '76 -The Shawnee Force -Twm Delegates - The Press-The word " White "- First Constitution- We are Readjs CHAPTER IX. Reconnaissakce (-4 Mef Digression) - Piuncipal Cities of Missouki. Reconnoitering the J :nemy - Jefferson City -Kansas City -St. Louis - StMph - Hannibal - Independence -Weston - Lexington - Boon^ ville, - - " ' ' , CHAPTER X. TEBBiToniAL HisTonv (m«med) -Tue Wakauusa Wab. Rein.>rced from the East-Unsettled Settle^ -Tl>e Kansas ^ -Tak- iforced from me J^asi — uuav^iv.^ ^^^ -- ing Blood -Illegal Arrest - Wanted Three Thousand Men - Platte County Riflemen 1 Congress - Munitions of War -Abolition Scalps - ': The Governor in Lawrence- The Blaei: Mag Conspiracy, - .24- CHAPTER XI. TEBiuToniAL HI8T0BY (continued) -K^m^^ Cokflicts - Events o,- 1856. Sinister Rumors - Negroes Excluded - The Territorial Register- Kickapoo tngers-Murdefof Capt. Brown - Organizing a Crus'.de-Now or Never-The Hoodwinked President -Aid ing Kansas -Vote and Fight- We want Armed Men- God and Our Rights, — *rA«»i«4WtSff;S7S5fl*^5!^ Contents. 11 on — Pc; — Tactics . 120 •nt — Con- he Ballot aw — Gov. ernor, 135 Bond and 3elf-chosen (clegates — are Ready, 173 IlSSOURI. It. Loula — n — Boone- - 205 B. ;ion— Tak- tcn — Platto )n Scalps — . 243 iia OF 1856. — Kickapoo iC — Now or and Fight— . 277 CHAPTER XII. Territouiat. History (<-oniM,i) — Early Kansas Conflicts— Events of 1850. In the Free State Camp — Waiting, not Resting — Waiting lor Spring- Ad- dressing the President— Pierce or Davis? — Gross Injustice to Kansas — Mustering Militia— Reviewing the Situation — Reasons for Change — Will Free States Submit?— Unseating Whitllcld — No Delegate in Con- gress — Knavery Defeated, ..---■ 293 CHAPTER XIII. Tkrritorial History (continued) — 'EAV.hY Kansas Conflicts — Events OF 1850. Free Settlers Helpless — Not Homes but War — Lectures on Kansas — Wood's Exit — Shooting Jones — Arrest of Robinson — Seargent-at- Arms — Imprisoned — Ctect8, 478 COXTESTS. CHAPTER XXIII. 13 Educational Prookess. Settling Down -Heavy Responsibilities -State System- Compulsory Ed ucalion — State Agriculture— Sound Instruction — Beautiful Edifices County Results — General Outcome, 513. CHAPTER XXIV. Population — State Institution — Railroads - Rivers- Agriculture and Live Stock, ^^^• The Plague of Locusts, CHAPTER XXV. CHAPTER XXVL County Sketches. 568. Allen 581 Anderson o*^ Atchison l^'l Barbour 587 Barton 588 Bourbon 0°" Brown 591 Butler 592 Chautauqua J"* Chase 5M Cherokee o95 Clay 500 Cloml 597 Cofiey 598 Cowley 509 Crawford 601 Davis «04 Dickinson "Ois Doniphan ^Oo Douglas "07 Edwards «iO Elk ejo Ellis SJi Ellsworth 5io Ford 6-8 Franklin ^\» Greenwood 615 Harvey «}5 Jackson 618 Jefferson "i" Jewell 620 Johnson 6Z1 Labette 622 Leavenworth 633 Lincoln 635 Linn 626 627 M'on nSa Marion «*° Marshall 6?9 McPlierson 630 Miami 631 Mitchell 632 Montgomery 63^ Morris 633 Nemaha 634 Neosho 635 Norton 636 Osage '^J7 Osborne »°^ Ottawa ^ Pawnee 640 Phillips 640 Pottawatomie 641 Reno 643 Republic 643 Rice 644 Riley 644 Rush 645 Russell 646 Rooks 646 Saline 646 Sedgwick 647 Shawnee "*° Smith 650 Sumner 651 Wabaunsee 6M Washington 663 Wilson 653 Woodson 655 Wvandotte 6.J0 i Graham 6.^° iHamilton 658 ti Tuttle's IIisTonr of Kansas. CHAPTER XXVII. BiooRAPiiicAL Sketches. Gen. Halderman 659 Gov. Osborne 664 Hon. Hiram Griswold 007 Gov. Crawford 073 Hon. Orrin T. Welch 070 Hon. .lames Hanway 677 Hon. Thos. H. Cavanaugh 081 Hon. Daniel W. Wilder 083 Dr. A. M. Eidson 085 Hon. Samuel Seward Benedict. . . 687 George D. Stinelaugh Hon. Hannibal Cicero St. Clair. . 688 Hon. Columbus G. Bridges 690 Hon. Wm. Ludley Parkinson 091 Hon. Harvey Seburn 093 Capt. S. 8. l^routz 601 Hon. Geo. "\V. Fox C9T Hon. Byron Judd 700 Capt. Perry Hiitchinson 70'i Hon. Harlan Page Dow 704 Brev. Maj. Gen. Carr 700 ' 708 M $ ^^.xm-': t'nniiiiii|iiim' iiiii'iij " i>ii n -ii " i * i "T "' I '"""* I' "V'r St. Clair. . C88 dgiis 690 tinson 091 C93 6»4 09T 700 )n 703 w 704 700 708 ^^msiu^^Jsm^ Ill -p-nsw .*« , .. . l.iJIM ■A -> !»^» l g ' J li'^i " ll (1 , ■\|1 h iujJ.UWM i imi « > ii' TUTTLE'S HISTORY OF KANSAS. CHAPTER I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Rivers and Streams— Soil and Surface — CI imatf and Productions. The state of Kansas has, for its southern boundary line, the parallel of thirty-seven degrees, and for its northern, the parallel of forty degrees, north latitude. The adjoining states and terri- tories are, on the east, Missouri, on tlie north, Nebraska, on the south, the Indian territory, and on the west, Colorado. The di- mensions of the state are four hundred and thirty miles long, by two hundred and ten miles wide, and its area contains ninety thousand square miles. This state has peculiar claims upon pop- ular attention because of the troubles which have from its ear- liest settlement been endured by the people, but before dealing with these several items of history, it wili be best to delineate briefly the topographical features of the country. Between Missouri and Kansas flows the Missouri river, in some places half a mile across, narrowing down considerably in other localities, as for instance at Leavenworth City, where a bridge of one thousand feet spans the mighty stream. Tliis river is the boundary line of the states mentioned, for a long distance, and Kansas has a water frontage of nearly one hundred and fifty miles, in the numerous windings of the Missouri. The navigable river which thus leaves the eastern border of the state has an ever increasing value, which must continue to be immensely important in the transport of heavy freights, notwithstanding all the facilities that can be pre- sented, by the iron road. Steamboats can ascend the stream two 2 , I •iiaintWi'- r^iir 1'nf'r- ^''iffill'li' Tinfliitini '■'•' '" '1 --•i!"*"""""^" niMij ix.iili*'*''*!'"^^'*"^'^'' il ill m 18 Tvttle's lIisroBY of K.iy.^AS. thousaml fiv. nundrccl milca beyond the northern boundary of KansriP, north and west to Fort Benton, near the Rocky Moun- tains; and to the southeast, tlie navigation is unimpeded to the point, five hundred miles distant, twenty-five miles above theeity of St. Louis, where the waters of the Missouri flow into the Mis- sissippi river, and the tonnage of all the nations of the world might float upon the greatest river known to commerce. The ma- jestic Amazon has no pretensions to compare with the Mis.sissippi, in its value as the highway of the New World. The Missouri i? so great in its proportions that the other rivers and streams which flow through and across the state of Kansas are apt to be under valued in the enumeration, but they are in many instances ol great volume and considerable length. The Kansas or Kaw river is one hundred and fifty miles long, the two streams known as the Republican river and Smoky Hill river, flowing into one channel near Junction City, to form the Kansas. This river re- ceives many streams oh its course. The Big Blue nver, aftei flowing one hundred and twenty-five miles, from its source in Ne- braska territory, empties itself into the Kansas, at Manhattan, and the Grasshopper, which is a stream seventy-five miles in length, also joins the larger river on the north side. There is only one lar-e confluent entering the river on the south bank, and that is the°Wakarusa, which after a course of fifty miles, with innumer- able windings, finds its home in the Kansas, near Lawrence, flow- incr onward with that stream until it enters the Missouri nearly due east from the junction of the parent streams, just where the mightier river bends to the east and quits the boundary line ol the state. The Smoky Hill river, whose course we have traced from near Junction City, has its fountain head near the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, and that stream is enriched with others, which come over immense stretches of territory. One of these, the Saline river, runs about two hundred miles, and the Solomon is fifty miles longer than the Saline. The other constituent of he river Kansas, the Republican, is a still more extensive traveler. Bising in Colorado, the stream flows through Kansas in the north- west of the state, into Nebraska territory, and then returning to Kansas, more than one hundred and forty miles from the eastern boundary of the state, finds its way to the Missouri as before de- -t;A^I^ MtrnjuwU't' ■n i m.mw.i- m awMwi'W iu iw 'ii M W "mm^-'^mm Gknnual Description. 19 n boundary look3'M()un- peeled to the 30V the city into the Mis- of the world le. The ma- i Mississippi, Missouri is trcams which to be under f instances o) isas or Kaw reams known iving into one This river re- le river, aftei source in Ne- anhattan, and iles in length, e is only one ik, and that i? vith innumer- lawrence, flow- issouri, nearly just where the undary line oJ ve have traced jar the Rocky ;d with others, One of these, d the Solomon istituent of the msive traveler. IS in the north- jn returning to om the eastern ri as before de- cribcd. The length of this river from its source to the point near Junction City where it becomes part of the Kaw or Kansas river, is just four hundred miles. ^ c *u Northern and Southern Kansas are the terms used to dcfmcthe portions of the state which lie to the north and south respectively of the line described by the Smoky Hill and Kansas rivers, about two- thirds of the state lying to the south of the streams mentioned. Steamboats have ascended the Kansas river, and in one instance a steamer reu-hed Fort Riley, clear beyond the junction of the two streams, on the Smoky IliU river, beyond the debouchure of the Republican, but there was no commercial value in the fact, as the stream is not naviga\,le, except as an exploit more curious than profitable. The River of Swans, or Mamh des Cygnes, as the French named it, has the honor to have been celebrated in immor- tal verse by the Quaker poet, Whittier. This stream rises some- what to the east of the geographical center of the state of Kansas, and flows one hundred and twenty-five miles, with sundry bends, mainly east and by south, before it enters the state of Missouri, near Fort Scott, and changes its appellation to Osage river i he Neosho runs a course of about two hundred miles, before leaving the state of Kansas for the Indian territory, about twenty-six miles from the southeastern angle of the state. This river also has its rise near the middle of the state, and is the receptacle, in its route, of the Cottonwood and of several other streams, some of them of considerable volume, capable of manufacturing utility. The Cottonwood, just mentioned as a confluent of the Neosho is the larger stream of the two, just before the two rivers join their currents near Emporia. The Cottonwood is one hundred miles loner from its headwaters to the junction. Another river, which flows about one hundred miles in Kansas, is the Verdigris run- nincr almost parallel with the Neosho, and receiving into its bosom the'Fall river, which joins it from the west after a course of about sixty miles. The Arkansas is quite a mighty river, having a couie of about two thousand miles, from its rise far up in the Rocky mountains, in what is known as the South Park of Co^- r.do to its junction with the Mississippi river, between Memphis and Vicksbur,o the struggles of the south to retain supremacy are being very rapidly erased from living memories, and as to the locusts, it may be well to remem- ber, that the lightning does not strike twice in the same spot. The soil of Kansas is deep and fertile, requiring only moderate care and skill to secure good crops every time ; the average crop of Indian corn in fifteen states, in the year 1865, showed that the most productive states in the union only gave thirty-seven bush- els per acre, while the state of Kansas gave forty-one. In the year 1869, the largest yield per acre in any other state was thirty- four bushels in Vermont, and Kansas gave forty-eight In the same year there were but two states that exceeded Kansas in the yield of potatoes per acre, the quantities being in Kansas one hundred and forty-nine bushels, in Michigan one hundred and fifty-five, and Vermont one hundred and sixty, the average for that year being thirty bushels of Indian corn, eighteen bushels less than Kansas, and one hundred and sixteen bushels of potatoes, thirty-three bushels less than Kansas. It would be easy to continue these contrasts, all to the advantage of Kan- sas, but no good purpose could be served by persisting in an array of figures. The fact indicated, as to the fertility of Kansas, may be tested by any person who is curious enough in such mat- ters, to induce him to consult blue books, and the returns of the agricultural department, and we turn therefore from the tables of ■1 f: . ji'-y/l !'>'-"""" '""*" 7 rii.- s (| Tuttle's History of Kansas. lits tocan.,^ the .oU ^^^;^:^Z^:" tillage o£ a border state, bardly yet qvuetecl irom of the unscttlca times. .^^nlete • that we have already seen in U,= contour of *;'»;''•"'; ''„„,„,, „tifKa„l diainage « „ay bo a trifle too mo„t for tfl a^o > ^^^^^^^^ ^; mdc aaxiliary to the natural tormauon. 1 1 ^^^y_^;,^^ Kansas for the growth of w.nter "^ »t '» » e » ^_^ fact,. In that prticular ■ -,f * "jf X "y fo« "«='•«. ""<> tte bottoms the -i"'-™^^;*:';: , ^theri are .any s,«ts tlie maximum ten feet. On the P'" ^ , ■^ ■„ ,he,e the soil is hardly more than o .nch« ^^ ^^^^^^^^ usually very froduefve »"^- *;^^;P^, J.^y ,„.ors the idea exeocds "'i't^'^- -^''^/j' :nd permanently fertile, in eon that the soil oi Kansas wui mineral salts in the earth, sequence of ^1^^ ''^^^^"^^ V'"'^ ^L^known as "buffalo wal- There are some peeuliarly ^--" jf^\ ^^^^^^ a sulphate of lows," which in dry seasons «-"' ^^ "^ j^^.^s which have a magnesia; but with P-f J- ^^^^ reputation so unfavorable, can ^^ ve^ ^he old fashioned good crops of almost every ^e^cnp on ^.^^ ^^^^ farmer, who prided ^;7 ^ j;; ^r^Xontact with a dim- learning, finds himself at ^ heavy a ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ eulty of this description, which to his ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ - - :s de.crip^n;;;^^«^ - - a^;Sows appear to thought a trial ot his skn . descriptions for the min- havc been frequented by »"™f ? j' °'^;„:TJearth. The "salt eral quality «hich they obta n d by l.c^n ^^^ ,^ ^^^^ ^^^ lick " is at all t,mes a spot ^''"^ '" °> \„^ j^^ soil into a the wallowing and lickmg of *;;;;tr water, when for miles cavity sufficient to afford a ^8™" , , .„^a These hard and „„Jd the rest of the -"tj --^ ^ ™\^ .„e „m.er rains depressed spots alternate y soaked »n^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ description and summer's heat, are lew ana ^.^^^^^^^ ^^j^^„^^ c« *e soil would not be comp = J^«^,^^ ,^„^ ,„ ^„„,„, ,, to this peculiarity. Ihe ^l^^ni y ^ comparative small indeod -"hether -^^^^^^^^rO^, readers are of course statement D.tween this.tate ^^^^'^^^ ^ ^, farmed ; by aware that there are two ways in whicti -"%, GKyEttAL DESCniPTIOJf. 81 pi5, in tlic rurle c disturbances 3 have already ■){ the bottonis ■ial drainage is )cial fitness of he established Illinois. In our inches, and [ire many spots deep, but it is the soil hardly r favors the idea y fertile, in con- ;s in the earth. iS "buffalo wal- er, a sulphate of s which have a be made to give e old fashioned itance with book itact with a difft- ;ely comes to be xllows appear to lions for the min- jarth. The " salt ,nd in many cases orn the soil into a r, when for miles These hard and ly the winter rains but a description without reference 1 in Kansas is very es or a comparative eaders are of course lay be formed ; by the disintegration of rock, affording a lodgment to seeds and to moLsturc, out of which a sparse vegetation springs; and by the decomposition of vegetal matter, wliich gradually coats the ox- idized stratum, or in the processes of cultivation, becomes incor- porated therewith, and supplies an endless variety of growths. In some parts of Kansas, sandstone has been made the base of the agricultural lands ; in other parts, limestone, the first is found to be of excepticmal value in the cultivation of fruit, and it is always ready for the operations of the farmer, before the limestone soils can be approached. In many of the bottom lands, all these qual- ities combine, and all that is necessary to attain perfection for the agriculturist is just so much of art as will relieve the earth of superabundant moisture at particular spots. Upon a careful cal- culation made by competent persons, with whom circumstances have brought the writer in contact, it appears that there is not tliroughout Kansas an average of one acre in five hundred in which the rock is so exposed as to preclude cultivation, and in the few cases in which such exposures occur, the number of springs and the area of running water make the country pecu- liarly valuable for grazing and stock raising purposes. The value of these exposures in other respects will have to be considered in another phase of our treatment of the surface and capabilities of Kansas. The soil of eastern Kansas is usually black, that of western Kansas is lighter in color, with an inclination to redness, from the iron present in the earth. The soil of western Kansas is much deeper than that of the east, but except in the bottoms, it contains a very small amount of vegetable mold, that deposit seeming to have been washed out of the higher lands into the val- leys, or by some circumstance to have been arrested. The qual- ity which is largely lacking in the light colored soil of the west- ern section abounds in the east of the state. The bluflf formation has qualities which make it of peculiar value to the agriculturist ; for many growths, indeed, it is fully equal to the black soil, rich in vegetable deposit. "When the bluff deposit underlies the darker soil, as we have seen that it sometimes does, the farmer occasion- ally brings up the subsoil by deep plowing, and after exposure to the air it will give as good crops as the bliick soil so much praised. In some parts of Kansas the soil seems to be made up of a finely i^^:i&fi}f'mr:ri^s0ifi}'^-'i--^ m\ I nmi n 32 TvrriE'i} HisTuHr of Kaxsas. pulverized sand which shows no grittiriess on boing handled, yet never bakes like a clay soil, and is ready for the plow sooner than any other land on the record. This (luality is found more or less prominent wherever the bluif deposit predominates, and it ia often found in combination with vegetal mold, supplying in that form a wealth of soil such as the whole world cannot excel. Kansas is only beginning to be appreciated as a grazing and stock raising country ; in the course of a few years, when the agriculturist of this state shall have enjoyed full opportunities to become acquaint- ed with the capabilities of the soil, he will learn that Kansas can produce more and better stock than any other state in the union. The farmer will carry on his multiform operation, producing the crops best suited for'his winter avocations, growing hedges, groves and belts of trees in the positions best adapted for shelter, allow- ing his cattle to graze down the magnificent blue grass which abounds for summer feed and for winter hay, without an atom of trouble beyond cunng and saving, and making his dairy an item in his daily work, which, at little cost, will supply all the wants of an extensive household. There need be no waste in time or substance in the business of the successful agriculturist. His stock will give us much in one form as it takes in another from the soil, so that the farm will be- come richer every day, and if due care is observed in procuring the very best crosses, the state will soon obtain the repute, worth more than money in the market, of producing the best qualities of live sU)ck in the union. Iowa, in some of her counties, has done wonders, with but little outlay, in this respect, and m some parts of Kansas, at this moment, there are breeds of cattle which will hardly be surpassed in the next quarter of a century. Bakewell, the English farmer who first introduced the idea of im- proving^ the breed of domesticated animals in his own country, was se^down as little better than an idiot by his neighbors, but he persevered in his subdued, enthusiastic way, until some few persons were won over to a half belief in his theories. The sheep of his day were remarkable for their points ; indeed, they were all points, carrying as much bone as Don Quixotes Rosinante, and as little meat as the Knight of the Rueful Countenance himself. Bakewell pointed out to his few listeners that it was possible to OEJiEIl.iL DESCliU'Tiny. t liiindled, yet w aoonur than 1 niore or less and it is oftea ill that form a el. Kmisus is I stock raising griculturist of lomeacquaint- at Kansas can i in the union, producing the hedges, groves shelter, allow- le grass which jut an atom of ! dairy an item y all the wants the business of s much in one le farm will be- J in procuring e repute, worth i best qualities ;r counties, has ct, and in some of cattle which of a century. [ the idea of im- 3 own country, ; neighbors, but until some few ies. The sheep id, they were all Rosinante, and enance himself, was possible to reduce the mileage of b(., , and to increase the acreage of meat by judicious breeding, and very soon ho had something more con- vincing than argiunent to support his theory. J lis sheep and cattle cost no more for their keej) tlian the animals raised by his neigliliors, l)ut the drovers who came to buy for the London mar- kets were ready to pay a better price because there was moro meat for the consumer, and that product was of better (puility. Some of the rare old true blue conservative farmers, of whose successors Karl Kiissell said in his younger days, that " tlu^y were more stupid than the cattle they raised,"' stuck to the old ways and were ruined. Tiic younger and brighter race profited by their experience, and the same law of selection which resulted in the production of "pedigree wheat," and " Southdown mutton,'' was applied in a hundred diflercnt ways, until the farmer and grazier in England at the pretsent time is a .scientist, following a profession, instead of a plodding, stupid sort of man, running liia chances and grumbling at every phase of fortune. What Bake- well did, other men in this country have carried to still greater perfection. The best thing that has been accomplished by Gold- smith Maid, under the eye of the public, is but a limited exhibi- tion of what she would do, it the occasion warranted her owners in taxing her strength and speed, and by continuous care in .selec- tion, every quality that is thought desirable can be secured, not in particular individuals, but in a large percentage of the animals raised from certain stock. The interest of the producer demands that he shall not waste his energies on quadrupedal weeds, when the sun, Goil and attention which he can bestow, will be as productive, to say the very least, of the finest type of animals. In that de- scription of enterprise Kansas is destined to take a very high posi- tion, and to reap very considerable profit. '- It would be difficult to find, for any purpose, better and more enduring lands anywhere than the valleys of the Kansas and Ar- kansas rivers afford. The soil is quick and strong, and every crop tells of the staying powers of that rich agglomeration brought down by rains and rivers from the uplands and the bluflfs during unnumbered centuries. The climate of Kansas would ta.sk the powers of a master to give an adequate description without overstating the virtues of 3 34 Tvttle's IfisTonr of Kaxs.is. tlic roqion. TIktc arc many vnritilions of every licauty, but thero arc some drawbacks also in tlio iMOtcoroloj^'ical dmraetoristica of this state. Tlio heat sometimes reaelies one liiuulreil degrees in the shade, and this to many persons accustomed to the mois. at- mosphere ot Chicago, or. to some of the cities of Michigan, border ing on the lake, suggests a sweltering warmth, which would jus- tify one in dressing like a Sandwich Islander, or in basking in the shade like the Neapolitan /((...^(n-o/H; incapable of work, unless it is labor to eat fruit and some jn-eparation ot maccaroni, and able only to appreciate the doke far nknte, "the delicious do noth- ing." as these unique idlers phrase their indulgence. Men who bave lived in Kansas can tell quite a different story ; the air ia dry and clastic at those seasons, until there seeuis to be no pressure upon the vital column, or only just sufTieient to bold one to the earth. Tlu^se who in Chicago, when tbo tberinometer stood at 9(3" or C7" could bardly draw their reluctant limbs after thorn in tbe moist not air, and were in danger of destroying their wbole sui^ply of paper collars every day, in an insane attempt to look frigid, can. liarcUy dream of the exhilarating character which belonfrs'to the air of Kansas when tbe register shows a range of from 80' to 100°. The Cbicagoan, who will oblige us by remain- in.r on the stage for purposes of contrast, may realize within one day in ibc middle of summer, almost tbe extremes of change which a resident in Kansas will be called upon to endure, from tbe earliest day in spring, to the last in the autumn, until the children be*.sing cloud. The -at that i.^ described by Dickens in Litif,- /)„rritt, in his pen and ink skou-li of Mar- seilles, is a matter of theory to the rosidcnt in Kansas, unless ho lias traveled. Ko hccs nt homo no quivering of the hot air ns it rises from the heated roads, like the radiating warmtli of a kiln. The air is warm for liim, hut he concludes that lOU" in the sliudo is not a had experience after all, when it is followed by cool ninlita with almost the regularity of clock work, and the sleeiu'r tinds no dilli'Mdty in enduring a fair average of bed clothes. Then again his winter is not a severe and arctic freeze, any more than his summer reminds him of the torrid zionc. He cannot, in fancy even, travel during the seasons from the burning sides of llecU to an unpleasant coldness, cast away upon an iceberg. Ilis tran- sitions come slowly from the topmost range of summer to a win- ter temperature, only on rare occasions falling below zero. The workman whoso calling must be pursued in the open air, seldom sulfers from coup de solell in the summer, or from frostbite in the winter. The farmer can pursue his avocation through the live }f>ng year with abundant profit, without experiencing the vicissi- tudes and extremes whicli wait upon his neighbors in Iowa or Illinois. There is one drawback in this climate which the young people occasionally make an occasion for murmuring; the merry sleigh bells are not heard, and of course the delightful parties, which can face a snow storm with delight, must find other provo- cations to hilarity, but the farmer does not complain of a climate in which the plow will run through the soil during ten months of the year. December and January are the winter months, and in some seasons ice eight inches thick is formed during that season of cold, but more generally the range is from four to six inches, and some years there is no ice worth storing. Spring comes with February, and the trees are soon in bud, ready to burst into the garment of green which is so grateful to the eye, so full of prom- ise for mankind. The cold days have just Ijeen sufRciently severe and frequent to make the vernal season more delightful, but the fact that sleighing is not the fashion, says emphatically that the winters are mild by comparison with the rigors endured in other states. The absence of haze from the atmosphere is a subject of S8 TvrTl.hfn lUsTUHY OF K.iNSAS. I coimiioiit aiiioii^' tiiivoltTH ; llu' air biiiigs every object witliin tlie raiiKo i>i hiyhl elear up into view, and at tiiiics it appeuiH as though it wero piK^-sible to perceive refracted to our lino of vision things whicli arc bcU)W the line of the horizon. Wo do not nunui to cimvry tliat the Kata Morf-inia, wliich can he ween at tiniea on lia coa.Ht of Cahd)ria, is ever pre-t.-nted to the eyes of the Kansas resi- dent at home ; the refraction referred to hIiow.s no reversal of tho object, but it is as though the encircling air raised up a picture of every object in .lilu by some occult power whicli our knowledge of the law of sight will not enable us to grasp. Tlic clear air of Kansa.s gives an iinpiession of nearness, when ga/,ing at distant objects, which is another result of its dryness, becauso incu necea- snrily compare the present with the past, and all their conclusiona in this respect arc arrived at by remcnd)criiig llie moist media through wliich they saw everything in less favored localities. 'I'lic wimls are very strong in Kansas; perhaps the vapor which loads the •iiuKisphcro in some states is due to the softer airs in which tho earth is lapped, but there are nuuiy regions in which a kind of fog is almo.st always present, although ihc winds come occasionally with the force of a hurricane. Tho want of forests in Kansas has been already referred to, and of course the baro prairie oilers no abating force to the gales which sometimes sweep over the lanasoning, but wdieti it is considered tliat all tho facts of f)ur timo tend to the same result, and that our coinpletest obsei'vations posi- tively demonstrate tho power of tree.H over rainfall, wdiil(> they more than suir^rest that railroads and telegraph wires wield an in- flu(Miee on tin' freipieney :ind duration of cleetrie disturbances, it will be .sen that we are juslilii'd in relying upor\ tho increase of rainy days during three years of close observation, as part of tho phenomena which prove that man is slowly accnmidating power over the elements, by the observation of tho jihenoiuena of lui- ture. Wlii'n the Aformon leader, Ibigham Yourig, led his follow- ers into the valley of tho Salt Lake, encamping at the foot of tho Wahsateh mountains, just where tho city of Salt Tiako now stands, he j)romised his disciple^ i miracle, and to this day they believe his promi.se was fuHillc'l. The Great Salt lake, a mass of water ajiparently without an mtlet, except by means of eva])ora- tion, had accumulated the salts of tho earth in that region during unnumbered years, as every stream and spring brought with it to tho lako some mineral in .solution. When the sim drew up its .supplies to make rain, only the pure vai)or roso to form the cloud, the .salt must need.s remain behind, being too ho.ivy to be vaporized by that simple process of attraction, and ceaseless rep- etitions of the operation of the same attractions and repulsions, during all the centuries that have elap.sed since tho lake .system extended across tho continent, and gave to this body of water its outlets toward the ocean, such as lake Erie and lake Michigan now enjoy, have resulted in making the Gioat S.ilt lake as full of mineral substance as the name implies. The continuance of sim- ilar causes through more extended periods would have resulted, it is probable, in filhng the valley with a mnh bed .-'uch as the crust of the earth has many examples of ; but to pursue that question further would lead away from our present topic. Mr. Brigham Young had spent much time among the Indians, and although a man of very moderate attainments, he has excep- f , 38 TuTTLifs HisroitY of Kansas. tional shrewdnesg, so that when he heard from the red men the axiom of the tribes, that "The pale face brings his ram with him," he could liave had very little dilFiculty in compi-ehending the natural law, under which the fact referred to by the Indians must be explained. The red man had allowed fires to sweep over the country year after year unchecked, if not caused by his operations, denuding the prairies of every tree and bush and blade of grass over thoa- eandsof square miles, leaving the soil a blackened waste untd the grass roots by mere force of vitality would once more place a robe of emerald upon the earth. Where such fires did not occur, and the primeval forests raised their heads to heaven asking for clouds and rain, there was only one obstacle to careless and thriftless denudation, the laziness of the savage and the imperfec tion of his tools. When the white settler came to the land to make his home, his first care would be to isolate Lis homestead, as completely as he might, from the probability of being swal- lowed up in prairie fires. That isolation meant protection for the forest which was always trying to make head against the de- stroyer. Examine the patch of grass under your feet and you will find not only grass, but shrubs of a thousand kinds, in min- iature, trying to find room for expansion. Ten thousand trees are browsed down in a day by domesticated animals. Millions of trees, that have never risen more than a span in height, are liable to be eroded by the pettiest fire, and still nature maintains her ceaseless effort to cover the soil with forests. The white man assists nature, because he has his iiome to protect, his wife and little ones, his Lares and Penates to defend. The crops in the earth, the fences around his farm, the grain in his store, the fur- niture in liis dwelling*, the stock grazing around him, are all pre- cious possessions, and fire is his direst enemy. He bends all his enercies to avoid conflagrations. The season of the year havmg come in which fires are most to be dreaded, he selects a day on which the wind or the lack of wind favors the operation, and he burns a broad protecting line around his home and farm, far enough away to minimize the danger, carefully beating out the last embers of the utilized flame. When the settlement grows, the protected area increases until the prairie becomes almost as in il j UIW |l>i H i>jB (WW General DEscsiPTioy. 39 ■ed men the s rain with ipreliending the Indians iountry year IS, denuding 3 over tlioa- ste until the place a robe )t occur, and asking for careless and ;be imperfec- tbe land to s liomestead, being swal- ;ction for the vinst tbe de- feet and you inds, in min- 5a nd trees are Millions of ;bt, are liable naintains her le white man , his wife and crops in the 5 to re, tbe f ur- n, are all pre- bends all his e year having ects a day on ■ation, and be and farm, far ;ating out tbe ement grows, rnes almost as safe as the city. Then from the willing soil the earth once again gives out its teeming forests, this time to find a better welcome, so that thousands of square miles, which were annually blackened by desolation, are now groves and forests of considerable size, making the air salubrious by the breathing of their myriad leaves, claiming moisture from the passing cloud and feeding tbe springs and rivulets with murmuring streams. The trees planted by settlers are but a small item compared with the immense for- ests jilanted by nature which grow up under his protection. This then is one of the ways in which " the pale face brings with him his rain." When Lesseps, the great French engineer, commenced his great canal work, his first coup was to plant trees along tliQ line of his operation, and before his work had been completed those trees were making a pasture land of the desert, bringing down rain upon the parched sands, and holding the fluent earth together. Brigham Young knew enough to be aware of the open secret which would enable him to modify the forces of nature, and he promised his disciples to work a miracle by the means at' his disposal. The margin of the lake proved that the body of water was diminishing, as comparatively recent high water marks were indicated by deposits of various salts upon the beach. His miracle was to consist of an increase of that body of water. The disciples heard and believed, waiting only for the realization which they were snre would come. They carried out the orders ■which were duly made, that every man should plant trees upon his allotted ground. Orchards, when fruit trees could be ob- tained, but trees, whether fruit trees or not The streams that came down cool and clear from the mountains were carried through channels in every street, and shade trees were planted in convenient locations, until the whole valley resembled a park and a garden. Where streams bad run into swamps and morasses, trenches were dug, and the unprofitable land converted into first- class pasture, additional acreage moreover for trees. " The pale face brought with him bis rain," because he used the means ne- cessary for that purpose and the result was just as inevitable as that the punka of the East Indian and the fan of the civilized American woman should give coolness to the heated brow. Years passed and the work of drainage was slowly going on. do TcrTLifs IIisroRY of Kaxsas. rains became more and more frequent within the basin of the Salt Lake, and tliere being few swamps now to arrest tlie natural course of the falling waters, the Salt Lake slowly expanded toward its old bounds, actually increasing in depth from ten to twe^vo feet over its whole area. The miracle, to the accomplish- ment of which Brigham Young stood pledged, is now pointed ta by old Mormons as an accomplished fact, and few of the rank and file of the faith are sufficiently cultivated and informed to be aware that there was not an atom of nuraclc in the whole trans- action. The iron road and the wires and telegraph poles which now traverse the continent, from Maine to the Golden Gate, have doubtless assisted in the same direction, and in every state the processes of protection and cultivation, sensibly and insensibly carried on, have tended to make rains more frequent and more gentle, just as the experiences of the state of Kansas exemplify, consequently we are not building upon a narrow and insecure basis when we claim, from the facts referred to, the changes which " are manifest In Kansas and all over settled America, the change of climate and of temperature progresses. The earth is fed with rain and it answers with herbage and flowers, with trees, springs and rivers, which maintain coolness and freshness in the air. Arrest the process of tree planting and protection, employ the axe of the •woodman to denude an area of country, and you find the answer to the insane proceeding in wells without water, springs that have run dry, creeks that have no rivulet, meadows with a dry and stunted grass, the whole earth feeling its way back again toward the primeval desert, where the slowly oxidized rock could not sustain the simplest vegetation. Tliis is not theory alone ; it is the outcome of applied science proved by instances which are his- torical in cause and in effect. The rain drop is the first great factor in civilization, nay, even in life itself. The rain pelted traveler, in rubbers and overcoat, with his umbrella turned ■wrongside out, and his hat a wreck, may have some difficulty in realizing the poetry of the position, but once safe at home and his mind aglow with the exercise forced upon him, he can see much better how that ocean, which has probably never increased nor decreased an iota since earth and sea came into their present General Description. of the Salt the natural expanded from ten to accornplish- T pointed to jf the rank armed to be vhole trans- poles which Gate, have iry state the [ insensibly it and more ! exemplify, nd insecure mges which e of climate I rain and it ! and rivers, Arrest the axe of the I the answer gs that have 1 a dry and gain toward k could not )ne; it is the lieh are hia- e first great rain pelted rella turned difficulty in orae and his an see much icreased nor iheir present forms, has sent those rain drops on errands of mercy, which are but the reduplication of similar operations which have gone oa since this world came out of chaos. lie can see then, that nearly all of the herbage upon which his cattle are fed, nearly all of the grain, fruits and vegetables which come to his own table, are, in the main, utilized rain drops. When he pursues the subject a little further, he finds he is little more than a few buckets of rain water, some lime and a handful of other ingredients himself, save the divine essence which has made the race one from its earliest recorded act, and which gives to his strangely compacted brain his memorj'. The solid looking man becomes positively astounded, as he reflects, that of the less than one hundred and fifty pounds that make up his bulk and weight, more than ninety pounds consist of water. There may be too much rain in a particular locality, but the rain drop, even in. profusion, is better than the desert in which no blade of grass can flourish, no living thing exist There is another reason for greater coolness: When rain falls upon a soil never broken by the plow, it finds a surface hard and matted together by the pressure of the atmosphere, the hoofs of animals and the continually interlacing roots. Over such country the rain passes without permeating the earth, and the cooling influence is lost almost entirely. The husbandman comes upon that land and his plow speedily destroys that close matting of roots. The harrow completes the work commenced by the plow, and the atmosphere reduces the broken clods to powder. The rain falling now, sinks into the soil, fills the sub- soil, which, like a sponge, may be charged with water, and over the whole area the process is going on, which i.« applied when a water pitcher of porous ware is covered all around with a damp cloth, u kind of refrigeration proceeds on a grand scale, because a moist surface is always an evaporating surface, and that coolness is the climatic change which we find progressing side by side with settlement. Rain would come more readily upon such land than upon an arid soil, because the coolness condenses the cloud into drops where heat would rarefy it into lighter vapor. The num- ber of springs in the state of Kansas is known to be much greater than formerly, for the reason that the earth is now the receptacle of rain instead of its thoroughfare only, and that the rains come : ,iii*iiii»!*%i(**ar»' 42 Tuttle's History of Kansas. more frequently. The operation of tlie same law will continue to improve the rivers and streams as aids to the manufacturer, because the water course which ran full to the banks during vvinter, and was unmanageable because of its volume, became a tiny rivulet in the summer, or dried up altogether, so tha". the mill was idle at both extremes, but under the processes meidental to .settlement and cultivation, the earth becomes a never failing reservoir out which nature can bring her hydraulic powers at will to feed the spring, the stream and the river, so that the rush is moderated at the worst, in winter and in spring, and the river is supplied when, under the primitive rule, there wasa drought. "The pale face brings with him his rain," and his spring, and U3 river, and his forest, and his plenty also, because he is an mtelli- eent observer of the formulas upon which nature works, and he thankfully acts upon the hints which God gives him in the reve- lation of seience. The end is not yet. The thinker and the worker of to-day are but at the outer door of the temple o knowledge, listening to the words : " Knock and it .shall be opened unto you," and whether at St. John's eve, or at any other season, the reverent soul is anxious to fathom the will of the Great Artificer of the universe, for his law is always full of mercy for the raec. Kansas is found among the most productive of twenty states in some crops, and above the average in all. The day is not far distant when it will lead in every respect as an agricul- tural state, and when, in addition thereto, it will be ranked among tbe most favorable to manufactures. The state may be said to be part of the system which culminates in the Rocky mountains, and the inclination of the surface toward the Missouri and the Mississippi, by the Kansas and its tributaries in one case, among many and by the Arkansas and its tributaries in another, is an indicntion of a force which can be converted into wealth, every minute of the day and night, whenever the works are set going, bv which the whole world will be made rich without the opera- tion of the often quoted curse, which rests upon the brow of man. The rainfall in Kansas is not only more continuous and more gentle of late years, but it has been demonstrated by returns of a reliable kind, only too tedious for quotation, that the growing months of the year, from March to October, are specially noted Hygiesic CoxDiTioys. 43 vill continue iianufacturer, )ank3 during die, became a •, so that the 3CS incidental never failing lie powers at that the rush and the river 'as a drought, pring, and his e is an intelli- vorks, and he n in the reve- inker and the the temple of liall be opened r other season, of the Great .1 of mercy for jtive of twenty .1. The day is as an agricul- ranked among iiay be said to ;ky mountains, ssourl and the ne case, among I another, is an » wealth, every 5 are set going, lout the opera- 3 brow of man. lous and more 1 by returns of at the growing specially noted as the season during which rain more particularly falls. As we have before mentioned, the spring commences in February m Kansas, and the hard frosts, when they come, belong to Doccmbcr and January. The average of rain in nineteen states, besides Kansas, shows a much smaller quantity of rain in tlie growing montlis tlian that recorded in Kansas at the corresponding tune. Eastern Kansas is more rainy than the western section of the state, but the observations of scientists, extended over many years, leave little cause for doubt, that in western Kansas also the average of rain increases. , CHAPTER II. HYGIENIC CONDITIONS. Air - Water - Soil - Timber- Geology - Stone - Coal - Iron - Lead — Tin — Petroleum, etc. The liist question that a wise man will ask with regard to a new country, of which he may become a resident, will be, and should be, as to its hygienic conditions. He will ask for the sake of his children as well as on his own behalf. The old question, " What shall it profit a man though he gain the whole world and lose his own soul, or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul," had a bearing on the temporal life as well as upon the eternal. There are circumstances in which it becomes a noble self sacrificing nature to abandon life for the sake of his country, his kind, or for the object of his love; but in choosing a home for himself and his family no such occasion arises. The condi- tions of life in health are of paramount importance, and he would be held little better than an idiot who would, with his eyes open, select a location for a home in which ill health must be his companion all his days until an early death came to shorten his misery. Sick men with sick thoughts are not the usual condiments served up to the traveler in Kansas. To those who assume that a Lapland winter is necessary to develop and 44 TVTTLK'fi JllSTOliY OF K.IKSAS. m sustain vigorous licaltli, it vill be useless to say much in praise of Kansas; the niaximum of Wame is conveyed in tlie fact that Blei.Lfhing is not the custom of the state during winter, and that spring commences with February. The northern states havo all the superior advantages of frost bite upon exposure, in which Kansas can hardly ever compete; and then within doors, the cus- tom of shutting out every current of fresh air, heating their houses by furnaces in the basement, and practically living in an ex- panded flue, with an occasional atmosphere of coal gas to breathe right and day, an open fire place treated as a waste of coal and caloric, and an iron stove the only method for warming residences, not provided with the poisonous furnace, may be remarkably in- vigorating, but we would much rather take our chances in Kansas where such means are in much more limited application. The nights in summer are almost invariably cool enough to permit of healthful sleep, and the days although warm arc not oppressive. There are more instances of sun stroke in New York city in one year, than have been recorded in this state from the days of its first settlement ; and that fact comes as much from the superior vigor of the population as from the clearness and freshness of the atmosphere that fills the lungs of the population, and is the me- dium for the transmission of the sun's rays. Summer and winter alike, whenever the weather permits of exposure without incon- venience from rain or snow, people are accustomed to enjoy their leisure out of doors; and their sports in the open air are numer- ous and popular in this state. The happy mean between heat and cold, avoiding either extreme, favors every out of door pur- suit, and those who understand the first principles of "health can- not fail to see that under such conditions, if anywhere, life may be enjoyed. Food of good quality, in sufficient quantity to sus- tain strength being supposed, and such clothing as will protect the body from undue exposure, with homes comfortably secure from winds and rain, it must be perceived that exercise in the open air, whether in labor or in recreation, will supply to health- ful men and women all that is required to maintam body and mind in the highest order. The blood enriched by necessary supplies of diet will reach the heart in proper volume, wanting only the action of the atmosphere to complete the round of m. i ij m wi ur^ i|^ > | >^M |ii i i W i iiW ffMWW^|W Hygienic Conditions. 45 ucli in praise the fact that iter, and that ate.s have all are, in which loors, the cus- r their houses ig in an ex- ^as to breathe e of coal and ng residences, ^rnarkably in- ccs in Kansas ication. The li to permit of ot oppressive, rk city in one lie days of its 1 the superior eshness of the ,nd is the me- ler and winter without incon- to enjoy their lir are numer- between heat b of door pur- of "health can- here, life may lantity to sus- is will protect ortably secure xercise in the )ply to health- ta.n body and by necessary lume, wanting the round of strengthening and renewal. The brisk walk upon the breezy hill side in congenial company, or participation in any healthful sport that will lill tlie lungs, will establisli such contact as is de- manded between oxygen and ozone in the atmosphere, and the blood which has just returned, dark and venous, from making the circuit of the system. The blood, which with every breath be- comes thus fully oxygenated, returns to the heart a briglit arterial red, ready to start once more upon its rounds, every corpuscle carrying its freight of oxygon to assist in burning up the waste of the system, and in the maintenance of animal heat. "Scholars," says a sterling thinker, " liave their heads warm and their feet cold;" and very generally he is correct, becau.se the scholar is too often only a book worm, accustomed to enjoy the delicacies that may bo found in literature, but not in the habit of applying science to the improvement of his own life. Persuade the an- choret of the study to cast aside his fur lined slippers, abandon his coal stove or his furnace for a few hours every day, and take just so much of exercise in the open air as circumstances will per- mit, and there will be much loss reason for complaint. lie will eat his food with a relish, and will require no stimulating draughts nor sauces; his blood will dance merrily, where aforetinae it sluggishly crept; the expanding chest will take its fill of the best air that can be obtained, and there will be no inducement to crowd almost into the stove to procure warmth. The brain sup- plied now with blood fully oxygenated, will lose the febrile symptom which once seemed never failing, and the sleep of such a man will improve with every reasonable increase of his exercise. He will think better, read better, eat better, and sleep better, in fact the whole range of existence will be improved with his ap- proach to an observance of the laws of nature ; and for all such reforms a temperate climate is best adapted. Where the summer heat is exhausting it would be folly to expect men to expose themselves ; and where the thermometer shows a teniperature of 40° below zero the expectation would be just as absurd ; but the climate of Kansas presents neither of these severe extremes, there- fore it is best adapted for the perfection of health and vigor. Figures tend to show that men are healthful, and enjoy the ad- vantages of exceptional longevity, in proportion to their exercise # 40 TUTTLEfs HiSTOIiY OF K.iXSAS. in tho open air. It may be assiitncd that the carpenter and shoe- mnk'or of to-day are in tho average of eases, as temperate in their liabits as the farmer, but vital statistics t(!nd to sliow a eonsider- nblc per centagc in favor of tho agriculturist. It lias bc^n ascer- tained that if one thousand farmers of the age of forty-tlvo years be notcil and observed, during the ten years next ensuing, thero will be precisely twelve deaths among them, or rather more than one farmer of that thousand per annum. Tho observation has been made and rei)eated in many countries by statists of high re- pute, under circumstances which forbid the probability of mis- take, and the results, with merely fractional variations, arc always the same. That is the probability of life for the farming class during the decade innn forty-live years of age to lifty-live. Turn now to the carpenter, and it will be found that he with his indoor oeeu]iation sustains an increase of mortality equal to three on the thousand during the like term of corresponding ages, and tho shoemaker with his sedentary pursuit presents an average of six- teen deaths in the thousand during a corresponding period. The main conditions of life vary chiefly among those several classes in the greater exposure to fresh air, of the class that disj)lays great- est longevity. Thero is a very marked increase when the miner becomes tho subject of investigation. One thousand miners forty- five years of age will lose of their number within ten years, just twenty jiersons where the farmers lost twelve, the carpenters, filtocn and the shoemakers sixteen, but the circumstances of their calling abundantly explain the larger average of death. They are liable to greater risks in going to^and returning from their daily and night- ly toil, their habits, as a class, are less temperate as well as less enlifrhtened, and far down in the bowels of the earth where thev pursue their perilous avocation they may be crushed by falling masses of rock or coal at any moment ; may be drowned by a rush of water from abandoned workings ; may be poisoned by the fumes of choke damp issuing through some accidental crevice, from the place where the foul m;asma was imprisoned in close custody, by nature's forces, millions upon millions of years ago ; or may be burned to death by the ignition of fire damp from an uncovered flame, such as many ignorant men persist in carrying when at their work in spite of all the monitions of science. Those n '- i iiMiiirt'y&iwiAiM imimmiitmmiKmmlf'tittitmtmKt Hygienic Conditions. irpontcr and slinc- ;crnpci';iti! iii tlieir show ii coiisidcr- [t has bc'jn ascer- )f forty-tivo years xt ensuing, tliero ratlier moro than i observation has tatista of liigh re- i)l)ubility of mia- ations, arc always ho farming class > lifty-iive. Turn be with his indoor al to three on tho ng ages, and tho in average of six- ling period. The several classes in lat displays great- j when the miner sand miners forty- n ten years, just carpenters, filtocn !es of their calling They are liable ir daily and night- ie as well as less earth where they rushed by falling be drowned by a e poisoned by the iccidental crevice, prisoned in close 3ns of years ago ; re damp from an ersist in carrying f science. Those arc but a few of the many exceptional causes which make tha miners life especially full of risks, and vital statistics sliow how far these adtlcd dangers increase the death rate. The puri)npe to be sorvcd by this limited quotation of figures, whore an endless variety is ofTcred, is to demonstrate as nearly as may be possible witli a few examples, the influence of exercise in fresh and whole- some air on health and longevity. For many years it was be- lieved that our ancestors enjoyed greater longevity and better health, as well as greater strength than their descendants in the present day, but the idea is now all but universally abandoned. The armor which was worn by picked men in the highest civiliza- tions of six hundred years ago cannot be worn by the average man of to-day, it is entirely too small. The swords and other weapons which they used cannot be wielded by the average man of to-day, as the handles are too small, and when so far as circnm- stances permit, we examine their houses without windows or chimneys, more huts and kennels, there is no difficulty in recon- ciling the fact with our knowledge as to the part which ventila- tion must play in all such respects. Kansas can give to its resident population a climate in which exercise in the open air is possible without serious inconvenience during three hundred days of the year, and its air is exceptional- ly dry. There are no marshes to exhale miasma, no defaults of gions, but the degeneracy and laziness of the class in modern times contents itself with necromantic tricks, and ceremonies, which, should rain follow within a brief period, will bo credited with having produced the result, while the ab- sence of rain is charged upon the superabundant sinfulness of the comnmnity, or the want of a sufliciently liberal present t(j the per- forii r. Men of the priest class have generally u way prei)arcd to cover every dilliculty ; when a Devonshire parish clerk handed up to the rector a numbei* of reciuests for prayers, ho made his commen- tary on every item, and upon arriving at the note which requestcul rain for the farmers in the neighborhood of Dawl'sh, the prayer having been three times repeated without result, ti.o complacent clerk- observed, " The fools ought to know 'tis no use praying for rain while the wind stays in this quarter." Perhaps there may have been some fault in the rector who was little better than one of the Japanese prayer mills, for when a lady of his flock sent him a note to the efl'cct ; " A mariner going to sea, his wife desires the prayers of this congregation." The oflicial prayer master thus rendered the petition : " A mariner going to see his wife, desires the jirayers of this congregation." The Vegion in Kansas in which the minimum of rain falls is considered very favorable to persons suffering from lung diseases, and dyspeptics find much advantage from prolonged residence here. Persons who have come through wasting diseases in different parts of this state, and in Colorado, come here as they approach convalescence, as the dry atmosphere assists them materially toward strength of body and a vigorous circulation. Nervous exhaustion demands rest which can hardly be found in a moist region without more than compensating dangers, hence, the reputation which this state is maintaining for healthfulness. ^ Hraitwic Comutios'i^. mm to mouii- ■nod within tlio •es of til' Nile, I tliat CDUiitry, Mumbo .luinbo ■ins of iiboi'toil cro wise enough II coulil bo in- and lii/.inorts of iniiintii! tricks, a brief period, ,, while the ab- infuliioss of the ,'sent t(j the per- vay prepared to lerk handed up ide hiscomrnen- vhieh requested ["sh, the prayer the complacent use praying for haps there may jtter than one of lock sent him a wife desires the er master thus his wife, desires of rain falls is n lung diseases, )nged residence ing diseases in le here as they e assists them 0U3 circulation, lly be found in dangers, hence, r healthfulness. Should some onteri)risiiig medical practitioner establish in this region a lirst class hygienic institution for the recuperation of worn- out bodies and minds, by plain food, good sleej)ing, perfect rest from anxiety, and a minimum of drugs, he will make for himself a fortune, and a reputation cijual to that of Vircent I'reis.snit/ at Orucfenberg, besides making the value of this country known fur and wide over the whole world. The patent medicine vendors who in some states absorb a largo share of every man's earnings lind little profit in Kansas, so exhilarating is the air, and so general the tone of health in the coininunity. The state e(jmbiiics tlio advantages of elevation, without being absolutely moiinlainous, and even in the lowest levels, where chills and fever were preva- lent in former years, the progress of settlemeiit and cultivation has almost efTaced the last remains of the old plague. One of the essentials of health is good water. Soon after the lirst settle- ment of Terre Uautc, Indiana, the river on which tlie city is situated fell considerably, the wells became exhausted, or wore very much reduced in supply, springs failed, and for many years the region continued to be little better than a pest house. There were other local circumstances which helped to deteriorate the healthfulness of the region, but the want of pure water for drink- ing purposes was the chief factor. Kansas as a whole, in every section, east, west, north and south, has good springs, good wells, and good rivers. There are some few localities in the state on the high divides, and in isolated tracts elsewhere, where water cannot be obtained without an artesian bore, but they are few and far between, and in such instances the supply of rain water, which can bo inexpensively stored in cisterns, will serve every purpose of health, comfort and convenience. In the extreme western sections of the state there are quicksands, in which .streams disappear for some miles, when they reappear in slightly diminished volume, and a well sunk into such strata anywhere, must needs be fruitless. The presence of salts of various kinds in the earth in many parts, as instanced in the bulTalo wallows, where a sulphate of magnesia forms on the surface in dry seasons 'tis a white powder, renders it undesirable that settlers should depend on surface water, necessarily impregnated with such salts, but a little care in selecting proper spots for sinking will usually i^ TvTTiJ:'s UisToiiv OF Kassas. 60 result iu fi,uli.>« excellent well vvutcr ^unicient f-;v|^^P;;n-- ,,. nrmv srcliuns of the country the nvcU. give ,.>.(.•. t> .olt :::r;;^;..e.ultof,e..e.ationananU..i;.nt^^^^^^ WluMT liiiRwloMO Htmlii teeil the wells the icsuii is LI:;:, ^ut the w.eMS peHectly .holeso,no^ J^^^^^^^^ i„,rea.ea tlio voUnne ui rivers nnd Htrciuns, an.l H is - ' ' ^ :; : U^a .^nn^s have beeenne ot lato years n.ore ^^^^^^^ formerly; i ^vill MUn, also us a matter ot course, that tm.. w 11 no tlKM.uuUty of the creek waters, by reclucmg the qnant ty r .i 1 .oil or by distributing them in Hueh a way as thu 1; i be less liable to eontauunate springs and rnnnu.g B^^ ' n b.a for tbe present, scMlers w.U do well to depend on :r;:h'o possible,^.nd in the last resort on n.m w.t^ -- in cisterns. There could bo no greater error tl n tl-t - i^ involved in the statement, onec commo.dy made, ^l- tj-^ '^^ Heks water for sustaining stock. There ,s no country b tt.r tie an that which we have described, thrcn,gh wind "m Is nighty strean,s (low for many hundreds of mdes, fed ; ' :i:eraU > libutar.es. and alnu,st every ^^^y ^-^ ^ ;;- .prinus bursting through the soil of the pra.r.e n> ^i ^ ^^ - bave' been comparatively arid until now, or - y^;- f f^ oicntlv bv passing rains to preserve the carpet of livmg green. Iv tm- 1 rs were so circumstanced that they journeyed ueros he d w rs of the several rivers, and remained unaequa.nted vil \ e more pron.inent topographical features of the country^ T s^ vho have come into the state to settle and eult.ya te the ih„se wno na. everyway more beneficial, and T'^ It t r» of Ws subject dun„g tl.irty yea.^, =o"- "1: n W .0 oW^od'suincicut i„Ior,nation to pre ex cathedra on m>«t quKlons, a,o •'°''^' , to venture an "".'■'": "'yz::^j:rt:^:z <;riC; s..«H=red ve^. T:; J t.:: -e »„„»»,., ....,r,,, ^res, ...ere are bel. a„d II tutmtui iitfitiiiflHii IIYOIKSIG COSJJITIOS'^. Si ovory pnrpoxe. c. porffi-tly >«i>ft Ui ia of course Sclllcmenl \\m nd it is notice* coininon tliiiii _', lluvt time will ing llie (iiiantily A\ ft way a*< tliat .rs ami rnnniiia jH to di-pmiil oil •ain water stored tliiin that whicli ado, tliat Kansas country better , tlirougii wliieU cds of tuilcs, fed lay there arc new js in spots wiiiclj nly watered sufil- t of living green. • journeyed across lied unacquainted es of tlie country, and cultivate the re beneficial, and 1 Frenchman who ■ York state, when jd to collect and t three years, and thirty years, con- iitormation to pro- len who pronounce rom limited oppor. Tied to venture an itry sheltered vege- there are belts and groves of timber of j^rcat size and ni^o, but the open country is very largely denndemnu»ui>ui-H » iMM i B » i - HraiEXic CoNDirioys. 68 iG mowers oper- f the wild flow- /olutuc oi senti- ■ average of pro- n, wherever due necessary to suc- the country are ire often found, andman. Some find themselves portions of Kan- thc two extremes n the black mud rses could at one id, and the desert ich soil as would leen imported by ity, or by the line ido. Dwellers in )revalence of city the natural road- ns which used to lodify the climate onions of the di- ralking over as a 1 lands which are my wet soil to be In the cities lime- at very little cost, >■ tried, as it is be- s in this country, al streams where le state with thor- ate, with such ag- id of its popula- l to the strong ch it would be timber. There arc advantages which must not be overlooked in even the most disagreeable features of theory and practice. When earnest missionaries among the Kamtschatkians found that their preaching of eternal torment, as the punishment for sin, only resulted in more flagrant vice, they succeeded in ascertaining that the half frozen savages were trying to secure a long lease in perpetual lires, so that it was deemed advisable ever after to denounce the chastisement of thick-ribbed ice for transgressors. The w? ids of Kansas are plainly chargeable with the brisk and exhilurating character of the atmosphere, and wherever it is found necessary to use wind power in mills the supply is ample. When a small village in Scotland, after suffering much inconvenience for want of mill accommodations, caused a windmill to be erected it was found that the grinding power was not sufficient for the desired grist, but for some time, a second mill was pooh-poolied, as all the wise men agreed that there could not be enough wind in a small village to drive two such mills. There is no such dread in any part of Kansas. Machinery can be driven, wells can be pumped and any number of operations can be carried on by wind force. The quantity of coal, readily obtainable, renders the wind mill soniewhat obsolete, but there are many regions in which it is convenient and profitable. There are many exposures of bituminous coal in different parta of Kansas, and these exposures reveal the several measures to which they belong. The strata have been fully mapped by sci- entists to ti,3 depth of two thousand feet, but their calculations have not been exhaustively tested by borings, and may not be so established for many years to come. The eastern quarter of the state belongs to the carboniferous system, in which all the bitu- minous coal measures are found ; but the upper carboniferous pre- vails, as the lower carboniferous only appears in the southeastern angle of Kansas. Besides coal, this measure contains limestone, sandstone, marl, shale, slate, fire clay and selenite, varying ia thickness in different areas, and in some places it appears that different strata were more or less eroded by local causes, before the next deposits were superimposed. Borings alone can serve the purpose of demonstrating the presence or absence of coal in paying quantities in any particular spot, but the outcrop in many 1 M- 4 64 TUTTLffs If IS TORT OF K.iXSAS. .;?! localities saves the miner and the capita list from risk, and it is evident that for all purposes of manufacture, as well as for domes- tic supply, there will be enough coal for tliis community for many hundreds of years. The deposit is supposed to cover an area of seventeen thou sand square miles. Tlic coal beds worked in Kan- sas have not exceeded four feet in thickness ; some of the layers are too thin to be of workable value, but none have been found to verify the expectations of science, which pointed to beds seven feet in thickness. The immense deposits of sandstone and lime- stone known to be present in the strata, varying in thickness, the former from live feet to fifty, and the latter from one foot to thirty, will give employment to an immense aggregate of labor and cap- ital. Magnesian limestone and beds of gypsum abound toward the west, in what is known as the upper and lower Termiau sys- tem ; but neither in that nor in the Triassic — or new red sand- stone — has coal been found in such quantities as would pay for •working. The cretaceous system ca.uoson the eartlvs crust at this point to the foot hills of the Rocky ISIomil. os, covering the whole western portion of Kansas. The fossil. : i cretaceous formation arc much valued by geologists in al.' , ■ : )f the world, and the strata in Kansas have contributed additional varieties. The soil which overlies the cretaceous rocks is customarily good, but in this state it is exceptionally rich, as the loam contains lime and organic remains in very serviceable proportions. An inferior description of coal known as lignite, about three feet six inches in thickness, is found near Wilson Creek, and from thence extend- ing on either side it underlies a wide area of country. It is valu- able as fuel, but it cannot compete with bituminous coal, either for present and immediate use or as an article of commerce. The Kansas Pacific Railroad Company used lignite as fuel for sonie time, but it would not give nearly so much heat, bulk for bulk, as coal, and the waste was prodigious. It will supply local de- mands for an indefinite time, and the quantity is supposed to be much in excess of present discoveries. Salt is found in very con- siderable quantities in this formation, and when works shall have been constructed to cleanse this valuable mineral' from attendant impurities, there will remain enough pure cliloride of sodium to supply all the dinner tables in the United States for the next live w>i| i «* *' Hygienic Conditioss. 65 I risk, and it is 3II as for domes- lunity for many ;over an area of worked in Kan- le of the Uiyers lave been found id to beds seven Istone and lime- II thickness, the lie foot to thirty, if labor and cap- abound toward er Pcrmiau sys- i' new red sand- s would pay for eartK's crust at ■IS, covering the 'i 1 cretaceous t.':' ■)f the world, itional varieties, ustomarily good, ain contains lime iiis. An inferior e feet six inches m thence exteud- ntry. It isvaiu- nous coal, either commerce. The as fuel for sonie ;, bulk for bulk, supply local de- 3 supposed to be )und in very con- works shall have \\' from attendant fide of sodium to for the next live hundred years at least. The limestone strata in parts of the cre- taceous formation, run into a pure chalk, such as underlies the British channel, through which it is proposed to construct a tun- nel connecting Eiiglan 1 with France, and such as appears in the world famous clill", celebrated by Bacon or by Shaksperc, which- ever it may have been of the two worthies, to whom we are in- debted for the Shaksperc dramas. All these features combine to prove beyond doubt that the region now known as the state of Kansas was for a prolonged term submarine, and many of the most valuable properties now found in strata and soil are due to that period of submergence, a full consideration of which would amplv repay the careful student. Tlie inspired writer said : " Of making many books, there is no end;" but when the fullest in- vestigation shall have enabled scientists to reveal the steps of pro- gress^from the fire mist of the chaotic age, through a myriad of changes to our own era, his pages will be the delight of the think- ing world. Quarries for building stone and exposures which will be°quarried in course of time are very numerous in this state, and at least ninety parts in one hundred of all the stone so exposed consist of various shades of limestone, some of which permit of a finish almost equal to marble, and will endure tremendous pres- sure. The sandstone found in those quarries is also generally of very good quality, and the deposits o£ gypsum — covering sixty thousand square miles — will become invaluable in the operations of the agriculturist, the builder and others. There are but few faults in the geological formation of this state, the several strata overlie each other as they were placed in order by natural forces, and the contour of the country has been shaped into present forms by streams and winds eroding and abrading the several rocks, and disintegrating their surfaces where they come out on the banks of the rivers, until the rise from the river bed of to-day to the foot hills ot the mountain chain represent a series of ter- races bearing each a layer of soil composed of all the qualities most in demand among farmers. The settler upon the hill side can quarry his stone from the bed upon which his fertile acres stand, and in the process, if he has an eye for deciphering the hieroglyphics of nature, he will read by what wondrous mechan- ism the rocks were made and placed in situ preparatory to their ! , i S6 TVTTLlfs lIlHTOliY OF KaXSAS. i,;* transformation into food, clotliing, homes, wealth and culture for mankind. Extensive works arc now in operation preparing salt for the market, and in every analysis it is demonstrated that the rich deposits of that mineral contain no chloride of caleuira, the ingredient wliich gives a bitter taste to salt generally, and wliieh with the exception of the Kansas beds has been found in all the purest salts prepared for consumption. It is anticipated that Kansas will take a very high position in the production of live stock, and the shipment of carcasses and packed meats in consequence of the vast area of fertile land and nutritious food available for stock, the excellent and plentiful supply of water, and tlic superabundant store of salt available in the pro- ces.ses of curing. The salt obtainable in Kansas is especially suitable for the manufacture of butter, and will assist to give a high character to the produce of dairy farms in this state. An area more than twice the size of the state of Massachusetts is underlaid by coal in the state of Kansas, without taking into account the lighter formation known as lignite, and in many places these deposits are being worked, giving employment to great numbers. Near Leavenworth City a shaft has been put down more than seven hundred feet, and the vein now in work is more thaji two feet thick, but it is intended to sink the shaft about three hundred feet lower, as it is supposed that a layer at least three feet in thickness will be obtained at that depth. Even the thickness now worked pays moderately well. Some of the deposits are only worked from the river banks by a kind of quar- rying process, but where the veins are thick, and in some places veins of nearly 50 inches have been fou-jd, the deposit is won by the more approved method of sinking shafts. Near Chetopa, in Labette county, mining is very extensively prosecuted, about three hundred men being steadily employed by one company alone, and fifty carloads per day are frequently shipped. The veins vary considerably, the thickest being about four feet, and from that quantity the variation runs down to twenty-four inclies, and the quality cannot be surpassed, as the coal is singularly free from sulphur. The supply of fuel in Kansas is abundant The next requisite after coal for a state aiming at greatness as a manufac- Hygiexic Conditioxs. VI md culture for g salt fo:- the that the rich calcium, the generally, and been found in is anticipated ! production of packed meats and nutritious riful supply of ble in the j)ro- s is especially issist to give a bis state. An iissaclmsetts is ut taking into and in many imployment to has been put now in work is sink the shaft that a layer at t depth. Even Some of the a kind of quar- in some places )osit is won by ar Chetopa, in secuted, about lomjVany alone, The veins vary and from that inclies, and the irly free from lilt The next as a manufac- turing power, is iron, aiid in this respect it is satisfactory to know that there is hope for Kansas. The western part of Kan- sas is supposed to contain immense quantities of iron ore. In Missouri iron ore is abundant, at a distance of only one hundred miles from the eastern border of this state, and in Colorado only three hundred miles from the western boundary, it is available in almost any quantity, consequently there is likely to be a great resource for Kansas also, in this particular. Many specimens of iron ore have already been obtained in different parts of Kansas, among which was one sample of brown hematite containing sixty percent, of iron. This specimen was procured from western Kansas where it appears to be anticipated by scientists that the largest and best deposits will be found in the tertiary strata. Should the supply of iron ore or its quality not be found suflicient, the presence of coal will as a matter of course lead to the ores being shipped for manu- facture from some region less favored with fuel. The time is not very remote when immense forests were hewed do wn to carry on the smelting process, and iron works were looked upon with dread by large and influential classes, but the discovery of the fit- ness of coal for such employment has revolutionized the iron trade, and now wherever coal can be cheaply obtained as at Chetopa where an immense deposit is reached at a depth of only a few feet, the growth of a great iron trade may be safely predict- ed. The discovery of iron ore within the state would give a status to its manufactures at once, supposing the quality to be as good as the sampl- of brown hematite already mentioned and the quantity abundant There are lead mines in Kansas which were probably worked by the race which preceded the red men in the possession of this territory. Some lead has been obtained in small quantities in Linn county, Kansas, but the extent of the de- posit can only be determined by experience, and the Indians dis- play a great deal of unwillingness to assist, and jealousy to ob- serve discoveries of minerals. They say that their Great Spirit forbids them to help in any such enterprises. Probably their sachems have told them to conceal the mineral treasures of the coutitry, in the hope that by such means the march of empire would be delayed. When the Frenchmen first landed at Du- buque to experiment on the mines, the Indians were by no means i gg TuTTU-^f^ HisTonr of Kaxsas. friendly to tl.c movement, and as is well known, after the death o tbo'leader of the white party, every obstacle was p.n n tl^ v^av of the followers who would have eontmued their woil lor Tome Ion tin.e the Indums proseeuted the undertaking hem- Sves but their ingenuity or their industry was soon exhausted "d alter that time the mines were idle, until white seUlers came ;;i: when the mines were reopened, the red "-"-^y^^'- - ti^ns resembled the dog in the manger, they could not cat the ;;ien^clves. and they were unwilling to let anybody else Z tl ei • f ar f.r the anger of their Great Spirit did not preven thevn CO I.^ in to carry away the wealth, which the whUe miners had n rr:ady for removal, at the tin.e that they were compel- J^d to nit the mine and the settlement at Dubuque by the mih- 1 Osa.e county is said to be the locale, of a rich deposit of S ore but the Indians who imply that they know abou the n at .lull back on the Great Spirit, as their apology for silence That score, and it maybe many years ^efo-/---';^ be made. Near the excavations in Linn county there were del, i. Ih'h showed that the works had been rudely prosecuted many Tears ago, but whether the mound builders were the miners, or who the operators may have been, there are no means of ascer- rininT The practical question is of course whether the mines r worth the tn^uble and expense; of working at that po^nt, or ataly other. The only point to be determined is as to the quan- 1 the quality is known to be good. Howard county is another oeaiion o\ lea/ore, and a sample from the works there showed nearly eightyseven parts of lead in one hundred. Franklm colty is also supposed to be favored, but "o^lving definite s known and geolo-'sts pronounce against the probabihty of the ^etllbeing found in such quantities, as would pay for the in- vestment of capital and labor. , . • • +t,^ Tn is a verv rare mineral; the number of tm mines m the world is very small, but the Indians have, on many occasions, m K.n- produced fine specimens of rich protoxide of t^n, and as ^ ";! ably evident that they could not have a temptation to fraud L /possibility of compassing a swindle xn this respect, rt they desired so to do, there is a reasonable probability that nature iJson such surprise in store for science and industry, whea MIWWIIW.J-"-^"'' soi^isis^isiwpm* .. ii ■ii- i .-i i''i imi i after the death 'as put in the lieir wovl;. For ertaking them- 3on exhausted, le settlers camo ien,by tb'ir ac- lid not cat the anybody else; did not prevent lie white miners 3y were eonipel- jue by the mili- , rich deposit of :now about the ilogy for silence i discoveries can there were debris irosecuted many re tlie miners, or > means of ascer- lether the mines ; at that point, or is as to the quan- county is another rks there showed ndred. Franklin othing definite is probability of the 1 pay for the in- tin mines in the nany occasions, in [ide of tin, and as ^e a temptation to 5 in this respect, if lability that nature id industry, whea UraiKJiK CoyoiTioys. *• the crust of the earth shall be thoroughly overhauled. Should ^vestern Kansas reveal eruptive rocks in any part of its compara- tively untested area, it will become more probable that tlic red men were honest in their statements. Meantime there are so many other lines in which industry and capital may be advan- tairecHisly invested in tlie state, that we can well alTurd to wait fc'r the soluticm of this problem. The presence of petroleum in Kansas is demonstrated, but it has never yet been found m rpian- tities that paid for working. >' 'ch money has been expended ni bovin.'sand experiments in ^i.uni county, and m nearly every case oil was found, but the greai returns necessary to pay for operations at a thousand feet from the surface have not been ob- tained. Possibly there is a great body of oil below the coal meas- ures, but they lie deep in the many districts in which the oil has come to the surface, and it must remain [or accident, or for asso- ciated effort, expending a large sum of money, contributed from many hands, to settle the mooted point, by boring in many differ- ent localities to a depth of at least one thousand feet, through the strata which may overlie the treasure. Among the other minerals which may be developed in the future of Kansas, alum has beea found in combination with othermatter, and in some instances m viure crystals. Lignite is found in two places combined with alum and about twenty miles west of Fort Riley on Chapman s creek, a combination of lignite, saltpeter and alum has been found. The presence of alum in such combinations, and in pure crystals, as at Zeandale and in Wabaunsee county, on Mill creek, will give to our chemical works, wherever they may be estab- lished, great advantages in competing with manufacturers who are obliged to calcine and pulverize slate and other mineruls to procure their alum. Hydraulic cement has been found in great quantity in several places, extending from the Arkansas river, in Cowley county, to within a few miles of the city of Lawrence, and it is quite possible that one vast bed underlies the whole of that extensive area. The quality has been tested, and the deposit Rives an excellent article. Some of it has been under trial for many years, and it answers admirably. It is a brown liydrauho limestone, which extends over Leavenworth county, and through Atchison toward the southern and southwestern boundaries ot S -. iyaKmWti iiiiifiiniiiiMiiiMi ipir 60 Ti-TTLKs History of Kaxsas. 1 \ III.' I f'lfi' the state. Mineral paints, some of wliicli arc fire proof, liavo been found Jiniong tlic coal measures in many places, the bed near Parkvillo being fully ten feet thicl:, and it can bo traced in the Missouri bUilfs for the whole distance from Wliite Cloud to Wy- andotte, extending up the Kansas river to the city of Lawrence, and it is also visible away to the southeast at Mound City. South of Mound City at Fort Scott, a similar deposit lias been worked very advantageously, and has become an article of commerce. At Osage City, there is a similar deposit which occurs at a depth of five feet from the surface, the bed being twelve and a half feet thick, three quarters of a mile broad, and about one mile and a quarter in length. The stratum immediately underlying the ochre is limestone, after which clay and shale, limestone, slate and shale, coal and fire clay, give a series of valuable substances extending nearly thirty-five feet from the surface of the soil. Of this deposit ninety-eight parts in one hundred arc ochre, the remainder, in equal parts, alum and lime. The paint is largely in demand. Clay for bricks is very plentiful and the manufac- tured article produced is admitted to be of excellent quality. Poor bricks would have no show whatever in competition with such stone as may easily and cheaply be obtained in this state, and the fact that the demand is considerable says everything that is necessary to establish the goodness of materials and workman- ship. Fire clay is an important item in a state where furnaces will become the foundation of a vast manufacturing power, and it is satisfactory to know that the supply is ample and well dis- tributed. Limestone, as we have already seen, constitutes about ninety per cent, of all the rock exposed in the state of Kansas; every farmer finds it underlying the soil of his estate, and he can easily procure enough for every building necessary upon his farm, as well as for the manufacture of quicklime, but usually he encourages division of labor, and procures his supplies from quar- ries near at hand, the article being customarily first class. ; There was a time when the western portion of Kansas was re- ferred to as forming a part of the Great American Desert ; but since that period so many thousands of persons have passed over and through the country so libelled, that it is only necessary here to say that the slander has been entirely refuted. Buffalo, deer «\ mt i4n'Lmi tmm'l^ mmi» II YG IE SIC CosDirioss. n roof, have been , tlie bed near traced in the Cloud to Wy- y of Lawrence, id City. South 3 been worked ;()Uimerce. At s at a depth of and a half feet one mile and a Lindcrlying the limestone, slate [ible substances )f the soil. Of arc ochre, the paint is largely 1 the manufac- jcUent quality, mipetition with d in this state, jverytliing that and workman- where furnaces ing power, and le and well dia- )nstitutes about ate of Kansas ; ate, and he can upon his farm, )ut usually he alias from quar- 3t class. Kansas was re- n Desert; but ive passed over necessary here Buffalo, deer and antelope grx/.o and fatten in the territory thu« descnlied, and in that fact we have evidence that the land will umply repay tlio enterprise of gra.icrs and raisers of stock. The plains before meu. t.oned which com(>rise an area of fro.n two to three hu.ulred nu es in width toward the south, and which stretch across Kansas north- v^ard into British America, a distance of f.fleeu hundred .mlcs m all are covered by line pasture, on which cattle not only feed Imt fatten, the herbage ranging from three inchea high to six. iUo .rrass on the plains is of a singularly prolitablc variety, or, rather, of several varieties, which would pay for cultivation. In some districts outside of Kansas, the bullalo grasses are found, growing on lands which are so 'strongly impregnated with alkali, that tue traveler, carried over the surface at the rate of frofn twenty to twenty-five miles an hour, on the Union Pacific and other roads, finds his lips parched and cracking, and his eyes becoming m- flamed, but there are no such regions known m Kansas. Cattle cannot thrive on such lands, not because the grass is wanting m nutrition, but because the surface water is strongly unprcgnated with alkali. When alkali lands are broken to cultivation and properly treated, they give splendid crops of all kinds, as many of the saints in the church at Salt Lake are well aware, ihe canons of Kanab have their patches of alkali, but the Danites, who now cu tivate the arts of peace in that locality, are very prosper- ous farmers notwithstanding. Buffalo grass has many peculiari- ties which make it of special value to the farmer who is interested in stock and in dairy operations, but such matters of detail will more propeily come under their appropriate heads in the further prosecution of this " round, unvarnished tale." The fact is becoming apparent that stock raising will be one o the staple industries of Kansas. The lands which are novv grazed by herds of buffalo, to the number of many thousands, will neces- sarily be made available for domesticated cattle, when settlement has banished or killed off the /em naturae, and it will then be found, as it is now believed, that the short dark grass, with crisp, curled leaves, which practically cures itself upon the stem in autumn, contains a very large average of nourishment m its best form, which can be converted into profit without cost by the agri- culturist, upon the very lands which have been spoken of so ifi%fi^**t. k^iuMucvubHi Tun I ' i i h i T'''iffitM»'' ' ^i* i <"»'' ' i? 1*1 p •«!m>wW 64 Trrn.i:'s IfrsTonr nr K ass as. >\x prem'iKi'H, tlmt " Dairy fartning cnuiiut fail to become one of tlio mo.st j»rotit!il)lc oceiipiitiuus in a state which will have a broailcr raiij^c of oiili r|iri.so.H than any otlior state; in the nnion." 'I'lic old economists used to say, that "A man who can make two blades of grass grow where only one grew before is a public benefae- tor," and most assuredly a state which can produce and feed two cows at the cost wi.i.'h will only produce and feed one cow in another state must, otiier things being ecpial, be on the high road to fortune. From the Alderney cow raised and fed in Ohio, the average yield of cheese ia found to be slightly in excess of one pound from ten pounds of milk, that weight being the rcprc'^enta- tive of one gallon, and similar cows raised and fed upon the buf- falo grass and the blue joint grass upon the plains in Kansas will give on an average more milk, and from their milk, bulk for bulk, oneseventh more cheese. The .settler will bear in mind, that in addition to these undoubted advantages of superior rich- ness and less cost, he has two months longer in the abbreviation of tlie winter .season, during which he can pursue his dairy avo- cation.s with advantage. The demand for dairy produce ia usu- ally large in the state of Kansas, and the market has never yet been glutted, fair prices ruling generally. Ilice county is one of tlie counties through which the river Arkansas flow.s, and the region is abundantly drained and watered by numerous tributa- ries of the great stream which empties into the Mississippi, after a course of about two thousand miles. The county is very spanscly timbered, but the soil is very fertile, and there are many localities in this area exceedingly beautiful. Settlement is rap- idly advancing in many parts, and the Arkan.sas bottoms have proved very productive in corn. Some of the tributaries of the Arkansas are very well timbered, indeed wherever shelter has been .secured by some local cause, timber is commonly plentiful all over the state, and the supply will go on increasing. The valley of Walnut creek is one of the favored spots in which tim- ber abounds, and it extends, with varying breadths, for about one hundred miles, the bottom lands yielding splendid crops, and so far as experience has yet gone, no one has suffered from inun- dations. The timber prevailing in the district is that indicated by the name of the creek, and some of the wood is of very fine .'«MilWriliiiWr»r-- IfyorKxir Coxnr tioxs. 05 ! one of tho a biomlcr " Th.-oM two bliuk'H ul food two Olio cow in lii;;li road in Oliio, the ccesa of one i'oprosnf tlip ralvcs were conaiicu auu. stowc.1 upou them ''^'''i'\f2,TJ m n,e rest o£ tl,eir Jo- braiulc.lat certam seasons ol the J ea. iui ,, „ .„ ™ilv vclol»nent has heen due to natural - -"""• ^"' "fj^ " jj fl„e'g,-ained animals, .ell worU.y »' "-J^" ;„~ ays and diseases whioh are supposed to Wong to ^^^ °"'"-' ,f^j „,., everywhere, are not found --{j ^^ ^ ^ I'la tnder the oontraeted daring the long »f ''='1'°"' '°"'"'^,., m„„,, p,„fit is lasl> oi bruul, iguorant, and ■"1P»"» ' "^"^^ ;,/ „„,,(^i,3, ,e. proeured by men, who ^^J^^^IZ^^^'^'^. »'*» move them to Kansas, and theie fat en ho ^^^^^^ quality of thenreat *- °^^7-\« f^^f plains will sumce for this their business say that the Iced on ^ ^ .1, their wants during an -orage w,ute^ aUhon b h y ^_^_^ -"n"":ait^:r;t;Tgrd'::t':;,^:^ "Sess some umore- access to salt, ana pitui,;y b ^.-.^ .u^ graziers, on an av- .een aoddent occurs '-- '^^^^ ° ^ ^ |;„ .heir original erage, can clear from fifty to ^■^'"^ j <" .^^ attendance ontlay, after liberally pay.ng all •'^V^^^J ^^y^, ^„,„„,„a. aud feed, ^^ ^^^^^^ Je sIXLcl to many modi- ed such operations in iexas win / fications of such enterprise f- - ^ y^" J '^"X"^,;, „f ,.„ek ,„, best breeds liave been "btamed and a veiy h displace theinferior cattle now handled Even the p that crosses with the best 'Fj;™ ""j t Ideby very =r:^:r==::L;;tfbS= :— r ::tdr:arsrry >Sir:u -- -f .eed. ■.ierp*<»5ft«^™' .-lawnjwwiv Hygienic Conditioxs. 67 hem witli tho The cattle in lexico by the followers )cn no care be- corrallcd and 3st of their de- :liey are really ivatiou. The tie, always and 'luhiiat, but are L-land under the Much profit is 3, carefully re- 3 market, as the men who make 5 will suffice for , they have been must have free >ss some imfore- ,zierrf, on an av- )n their original aval, attendance Aiich has attend- l to many modi- e, until the very lass of stock will ten it is probable )ck will be occa- ;nts made by very lodiEying circum- ^-five bushels of n instead of feed- peculiar training, pursuits before- hand, they are bound to pay dearly for their experience, after they have entered upon their business in this state. Tlie squatter or sheep farmer in Australia has a climni-e wliich never demands care for sheep, in the way of housing or shelter, in winter. It can hardly be said that he has a winder to contend with, as there is not a day in the whole year when water will freeze in the open air. Usually the temperature of the rainy months, June, July and August, does not fall below 50 degrees above zeri , and 58 degrees comes nearer the average. In that climate, with all the udvant- ages incidental to an immense range of country, so that the squatter can reckon his flodks at from fifty thousand, to twice or three times that number, the proprietor of a run must be a man of great experience in the business, or he must have an overseer whom he can implicitly trust, if he would avoid losing a fortune. Foot rot and scab will kill oii his flocks, or will impoverish them and destroy the value of their fleeces, until there will be little or no return upon his capital, after paying the ex^ienses, incidental to his otherwise lucrative pursuit. In Kansas, men who have had no experience at all in the line, and even boys, have begun sheep farming or shepherding on the supposition that the person who is not known to be fit for anything else must be a shepherd. There is no greater folly possible on this footstool. The care of sheep requires special training or peculiar aptitude. A farmer, beginning with a small flock and carefully studying their wants and ways, can of course gradually increase his number with advantage as he gains experience, and in the end he will probably net a for- tune, but if a man proposes to enter upon such an enterprise, largely from the first, without knowledge of a practical kind in his own- brainpan, or in that of some trusty assistant, he must be a heavy loser in the transaction. The country is well fitted for sheep, but there is fitness required in the manager also. Pasturage is well nigh boundless in this state, and it is excellent as well as plentiful. Sheep crop the grass verj-- close, almost eating down to the recta and in that way they secure very sweet and nutritious food on the plains. Many flocks have been brought into Kansas suffering from foot rot, and have been cured by the dryness of the surface over which they feed, partly in consequence of this peculiarity in their method of consuming the grass, as there remains no harbor i^ .^wiliiiiiHii^ iii^ ^r-f^'"'" ■•*-"■— '"-^ ■'■' ■ J I .L l.i I W!M »i . i« l. l'i ! „ '!" .' '" 68 Tuttle's Uistouy of KAXffAS. for heavy dews to rest in, and tboir systems recover tone on the tn Sued soil. East of tl. ^ississip^ 1^>e a. . am^ grou.id very often less drained naturally, and the sli.ep p y staic. xii^i fi,„ u.Mpf qpncon of inclement weatnei, unices snow lies deep ou tlie grouna, but m any case, i ::«,-, to give s.,cUe. .ro™ the -"-.•'"'\-; ,f J' " .ought is to be ean-iod to ..s '"^^'J™^, , J;* ^le ven- ti„,„„Uieated ^'-^P --= ' ^^'^^ ravfi.a'bie in western K:::; ri' y a ' a pel't a,.aina^e incidental U, thea.ti.ude other --'™V°'1L the market the railways are at hand „,utton, or wool, is ready for the ma nee Colorado, .„ .onvey the P^oduetJ. any V^ ^^^l^^ „,,, .iae • but no such course is neces ary m I^^"^^- ^^ "^ Where lands f:r;i^^:-rcf=^if-ep.rm. f T;i-«lir tn 'sncceed as it does and can at>ie, au^ mg IS not likely to succeeci ^^^^^ ^^^^ re';l:e7:::r et:=;r:lt wo„l ana the .naUty ««»j. ji^fiuMjiiij-ji ri^J-? '/J^BU'l 1' Hyoienic Convtiioxs. 69 f tone on tlie is damp, the lecp pay the iir a locacion supplied and requisites for Winter de- lating corn or ;cetion of the ye will afford ment weather, se, it is found Id if the profit [\ care of the profitable ven- ible in western to the altitude they fatten so the butcher at ire supposed to liat score. The ntly little shel- eadily, and the ater is plentiful among sheep in region. When ays are at hand . In Colorado, locks over wide t five miles per when they find will stay longer, J the soil yields r. Where lands ,nge, sheep farm- jre, and it is not . and mutton can 1 and the quality of the meat are as great if not greater advantages for the (lock master. Sheep are liable to suffer from scab in the winter unless they are carefully tended, and one sheep so afflicted will commu- nicate the disease to the whole flock, but a decoction of tobacco applied immediately destroys the insect which is the cause of all this trouble. Experienced men say that no man should meddle with sheep unless he is prepared to give personal inspection to his flock, and then he should not start in with less than from eight hundred to one thousand in a flock. The wool will then pay all expenses and the lambs will remain as clear profit There are nu- merous books on sheep farming obtainable, but one man who had gone into the business, with a determination to know everything on the subject, found in his catalogue from a New York house, "Euskin on Sheep Folds," he made the remittance, procured the work, and was disgusted on receiving a very artistic production on church architecture. Mule breeding is found very profitable in Kansas, and the men who are most competent to pronounce on the subject, say that with a moderate capital wisely invested and carefully attended to in this line, any man can make a fortune in ten years without excessive labor or undue anxiety. There are but few enterprises in more settled communities which, with the same outlay in money and labor, can be expected to pay so well. So much has been said about buffalo grass and prairie grasses that it may be necessary here to repeat what has been said or implied in many places already, that tame grasses, such as blue grass and timothy or clover, will flourish anywhere in Kansas ; and in many parts of the state it is spreading rapidly from early experiments made by traders among the Indians, and by an old missionary to the Shawnees many years ago. Blue grass has been found very suc- cessful indeed. Osage orange hedges are rapidly extending in eastern Kansas, making manifest improvements in the aspect of the country, as well as providing cheap shelter for stock, and pro- tection from their ravages on cultivated land ; and it is found that an impregnable hedge of this description can be raised for fifty cents per rod ; with this advantage over fencing, that it protects against the weather, and after being once brought to perfection, it may be said to be a perpetual hedge. But little trouble is i,l.ij*.ViUi*»i'.1liiife**F' ■ •HJIJI^WiH Jl HI! mm" !i'ij""W»ifi¥W - ■ III', -I 70 TuTTLK's lIlSTOHY OF KaSSAS. necessary to preserve the line of demarcation, by planting afresh in any spot in which accident may have damaged the enclosure. Kansas is found to be eligible as a fruit growing country; but there are vicissitudes in every climate under the sun, and it is not to be supposed that Kansas will be free from them. The settler has, of course, to wait many years before his apple trees will bear; the world was not built in a day, and Home took longer, so the fruit grower will wisely adapt himself to circumstances, make his orchards, and, while waiting for their produce, give his attention to small fruits, which arc almost invariably successful. AmoiK' the most certain of these we note strawberries, raspberries, grapesrblackberries, and pieplant or rhubarb, as safe investments always. Apples and peaches are very risky fruits everywhere, but they are not especially so here in Kansas. The profits on grapes are very considerable, and when the practice of rais.n- niaking has been matured in this country, it will be still more advantligeous to convert large areas into vineyards. navinc. thus honestly and fairly glanced at the general features which make Kansas worthy of more particular regard, it devolves upon us now to look more especially into details, in considering the orowth of towns and cities, the establishment of counties and townships, the growth of agricultural communities, and industna enterprises of all kinds, and their influences upon the 03sthetical development of the state. The subject is as broad as human history, and as deep as the soul of man can penetrate ; but con- scious of all short comings, we shall try to present the subject in such a manner as shall make it worthy of perusal for its own al tf not for the style in which it may be handled The reader wto has accompanied us so far will have no difficulty in continu- ing to the end. • ra ,(i. ! 4UJU!iU Eaiily IIisTonr. n )lanting afresh tlie enclosure, country; but n, and it is not 1. The settler )ple trees ■will 3 took longer, circumstances, :)(lucc, give his ibly successful, ies, raspberries, \h investments ts everywhere, The profits on ctice of raisin- L be still more 3. general features arcl, it devolves , in considering of counties and ?, and industrial 1 the a3stbetical road as human ctrate ; but cou- nt the subject in isal for its own ed. The reader 2ulty in contiuu- CITAPTER III. EARLY HISTORY. The French on the Missouri -Spanish Amen itios-Incliun Warfare- French Fortilicalions — Auieriean Sultlcnicnt- Mormon Farm — Mexican War- Fort Leavenworth — The GoUl Fever. The French government was much more energetic in the mat- ter of colonization two centuries ago than we find the same power to-day. The tiobility of France, cut off from trade by the rules of their exclusive caste, could only hope for distinction and wealth in warlike pursuits, or in the colonies, and war was no longer the lucrative undertaking that it had been. When the great Dugues- clin was constable of France, an officer who spared the life of an enemy in battle held him at ransom, just as tlie brigands of to- day in sunny Italy are apt to do, and a few prisoners might en- able a fortunate soldier to realize a competency. There was, of course, a possibility that "the shearer might come home shorn," if he came home at all, after an unsuccessful raid. The chivalry of France made little booty at Crecy, Poictiers and Azincourt, but these were blanks such as might come in any lottery. The colonies were open to men of eqm't, and the Baron La Salle had displayed considerable enterprise in penetrating the in- terior of the western wilds, long before the states were dreamed of. In the fall of 1681, the Baron ascended tlie Cliekagon river from Lake Michigan with four canoes, and making a portage to the Illinois, found his way to the Mississippi. He had reached what is now known as South Bend, and using the portage at Kankakee — then known as Ilankiki — had entered the Iliiuois valley eleven years earlier, but he now had reached the Missis- sippi along the track explored by Father Marquette, eight years before ; and his colony in Illinois continued without much growth for many years, his successors in the work falling to the level ol their surroundings. A valuable map of Lake Superior was pub- lished in Paris in the year 1672, under the direction of the 72 Tcttle's IIl^tohy of Kansas. Fatliersof tl.c Society of Jesus, and the relations establislied with ths Indians enabled the French to procure information and aul from tl.c native tribes. The Mississippi having been reached by Baron La Salle in 1681, and having been explored as far south as Arkansas in 1673, by Marquette, it is not wonderful that, m •the year 1705, after an interval of twenty-four years had made the French familLv. vvith the red men and their country, an ex.^ ploring party ascended the Missouri river as far as the mouth of the river Kansas. The natives were very friendly, as savages usually arc when first approchcd by civilized men, and untd the worst specimens of the superior order have found opportunities to poison and destroy the confidence of the In.rbarians. For some time thereafter, certainly for more than a ccuuuy, the mtercourse then begun, continued, and a very profitable trade was carried on with the Indians by the Canadian voyarjeurs and their employers. In the year 1719, fourteen years after the adventurers on the Missouri had established themselves and their trade, the gover- nor of Louisiana, M. Bienville, equipped an exploring party un- der the command of a young ofiiccr named Duquesne to ascend the Mississippi river and extend the dominions of the king, his master. It was the era of the Kegency of the Duo D-Qrleans in France, and John Law was master of the situation. The famous Mississippi scheme, a financial bubble, was to enrich all the world and the madness of Europe had extended itself to Louisiana, only what was frenzy in the old country became attuned to sober and manly enterprise on this continent. Defoe, describing a similar mania which prevailed in England under the name of the South Sea Company, the last word being changed to "bubble in his- °^^' ^ ' "Some in clixnclcstine companies combine-, 1 Erect new stocics to trade beyond the line ; I With air and empty names beguile the town, ^ And raise new ciudits flrst, then cry 'em clown ; Divide the empty nothing into shares, And set the crowd together by the ears." The Mississippi company was formally incorporated in 1717, with exclusive powers to trade on the river Mississippi and with Louisiana on its western bank, the expectation being that gold and silver, and indeed all the metals, would be found in abund- ■m^Mms^mn^ " il » i ||i Ij IB . Iii n il L ii' tnKBI' l i ll l l» l iW i lH i |I I W Emily JfisToitr. n jlislicd with ion and aid reached by \s far south irful that, in s hp.d made mtry, an ex- lie mouth of , as savages nd until the lortuniticri to ;. For some e intercourse as carried on ir employers, turers on the le, the gover- ing party un- sne to ascend the king, his D'Orleans in The famous all the world uisiana, only, to sober and bing a similar of the South bble" in his- n; rated in 1717^ iippi and with ing that gold nd in abund- ance, and tliat a very profitable trade with the child-lilco savage would replenisli the colfers of tlie nation, all but ruined by tho ■wars of Louis XIV, and the revocation of the edict of Nantes. John Law and his scheme have been blamed far beyond their do- merits, because the madness of the time could not keep within bounds the expectation of business like profit The scrip of the company rose so rapidly in value, that what had been originally obtained for one dollar was eagerly purchased at $100, and cculd then be sold within twenty-four hours at cent per cent, advances, day after day. Men accustomed to the hazards of the gambling table abandoned rourje et noir, because it was tame and unevent ful, to become dabblers in stock. The government participated liberally in the scramble, the Regent breathed gold and dreamed hilleii de Innique, and while this charm was working in Europe, M. Duquesne, the young French officer, acting under inspiration ivom Paris, was commissioned by tho governor of Louisiana to explore the river and the country, which was to justify these extravagant expectation!?. Thus it happened that a military expedition on a very small scale ascended the Mississippi as far as the Sabine river, in the year 1719. The eventual collapse of the Mississippi bubble, the ruin of John Law, the absolute bankruptcy of France, and many other events which the next twelve months saw con- summated, will not affect our history, as the conscription of men levied in Paris in 1720, to work the gold mines, which had not been found in this country, never came to Kansas, and this vol- ume is not further interested in their operations, than to show how the perturbations of court life on the banks of the Seine brought a gallant and successful band of explorers along the Mississippi to wklen the domain of France. M. Duquesne traveled westward from the Mississippi after reaching the Sabine river, until after about three hundred miles of rocky, broken and timbered coun- try had been passed, as nearly as he could judge by what the sailors call dead reckoning, he came to a village of Osage Indians, not far from Osage river, probably about five miles from that stream. The village contained about one hundred wigwams, but the warriors were generally absent engaged in hunting or in war- fare. Other tribes were visited, the Pawnees to the northwest, about one hundred and twenty miles, and westward from them / ^^ TvTTLffs irisTour OF ICiysAS. „ta„. tour In,„>l,ca a,Kl lUt, miles, a '■"^'' ^■''"';° 'l^i l^l^^ Tth .n-crcl.'n, claimed tl,e vvl.ole co„,>t,-j,by a nsl.txV.eh o! r.for:::r::ir.T:ie .... .o -Mp,.i ,...«,,.„, „ „-,.e ot .l,a. name i-^^^'-^'llf^.^J/tl ."'h":! -^^^^^ The expectation of gold on tlic banivs oi t p,\ ,„i,,,„ and . 1 i>„ tl,n «nme lioue. Cortoz and i izauo, Vespucci were moved by the ban e iiojc. ?: It a^d cl'on .'heir voyage I,om Sou* Ameriea to Sp- F en°h eourtiers and merehants would naturally assume that the S^lo conTineut was auriferous and argentiferous and oven w.ll ■ whole coniuie... andeia, the partiei- '" 7' ""llr; :"s tuM ., t ;: il'sioni.ed ^^ months of -ri:\re^i;°:nhrn:rrved\^^^ r„\;Jlt*X,vesmastersof the territory before Franeo least, and to restnet the F'JJ^^ ^„ „„„^ „„ „bjeet as trtmi:;rX>on?rThieh wonders .night he evoUed meie -^ t^, „, _„. lutle known to modern times. X:rrete:lt^'Sust the Freuoh, it was ueeessary to f* EMtr.Y IflSTollY. ts [\mc, as spelt and rivwuecs is. No gold c P'rcnclunan I in llio namo ^ht, which, of in had not a 1719, on the M. Duciucsne river, finding of tlio stream, psippi was not 3oluinbus and from the na- •s of Amerigo f. and rizarro, in such quan- 3d l)y the reac- 1 other English he treasury of idcn with gold- nerica to Spain, issumc that the and even with- iei s, the partici- id by months of ) on the qui vive I. Duquesne be- to the debatable ry before France ntention was to against all com- lie Mississippi at unds as possible, inch an object as night be evoked times, was necessary to Bubiacato the natives, by whom the Freeh party had boon fav- o ed a^ Z tribe of Missouri Indians had iin,t to be ext.rnnn. 1 The Vruvians atul Mexicans had been so easily overpow- ::d b 'a h :a;;:i ^f .non in eaeh case, one portion of the natrv^ Ui . ^ct a.niinst an..ther, that the Dons wont to their work with ^^ r ^c CO :^dence. 'H.o Pawnees and the Missouris were at war, Td r 1 bono dillieult matter to form an alliance wth ho ; St : 1 stroy the second, '-ae proposition went on memly S \Ltilc mins were found, the scheme su^stcd, .^^ the allir,native was only delayed until they could --"^ ^^^-^ warriors, and then in the night, within two days from the fi st Toposal two thousand braves, in their war pan.t, fell upon tho S : nsh Caravan and destroyed the whole body, except one pnes^ those tonsure probably saved him, and he returned to banla le : ::;hrthe mystery.' The Spaniards had mistaken the v ago of the Missouris for that of the Pawnees, and ha( re.iue.ted the con ding Indians to assist in the destruction of tl-nr own tnbe. The Mirsouris had temporized until they cou d answer with om- alawk and scalping knife, and the battle of Fort l^eavenworth, a t^r in which no combatant on the Spanish side escaped, x^d it possible for-the French to come in as friends and estab- "i h 1 ortification there, near the banks of the Missouri. Ijor^^ Orleans was the answer of the French to the insolent and fatal advance of the Spaniards, and a large force ascending the M.ssis- irto the Missouri, then following the Missouri from their juiic- made their fort;rication on an island in .le last named rive, above the point at which the Osage river discharges it.elf. 1 lom tZZ. treaties of commerce with the Indians were earned on. Ind Mendly missions were prosecuted which secured for tlie sub- teets of Louis XV all the advantages they could reasonably de- itre Bou mond, the officer in command at Fort Orleans, leaving : officerTcharge of the island fortress, made a tour among he Ldges of his allies which continued from July to November 1 24 and his diplomacy had been perfectly successful. That was the Te all ani end all " of the Gallican expedition, trade and military 'p lit being the purposes of the advanced po^t, and .^^^^^ Lnt being a matter entirely beyond the genius of the people. The colony in Illinois was destroyed, in 1812. by our forces, be- I? m TvTTT.tfti UlSTOHY OF KaXSAS, cnnsc tlie IiidinnH, lialf castes, voyarjeurs, and others who made up the village on the banks of Peoria lake, wcro known to bo in sym- pathy with the enemies of the United States, and Louisiana liad bocoino A truM-iean by p\irchase from France. Tlic geni us of I'ranco does not favor colonization. It makes Noumea or Now Galedoiiiu a convict settlement in the I'ucilic, but it is not a colony. It sends nn army into Algiers, and it roasts Arabs in caves, where thoy have taken shelter, bnt it does not colonize the country. It pos- sesses Cayenne, but it is only as a place of terror for })olitical prisoners, and the idea of a colony, in its best sense, has yet to dawn on France. Wlien the purposes of the moment had l)een served, a trading post remained, and the men who had initiated commercial relations with the tribes in 170.">, carried on their peaceful operations none the better, if none the worse, for the prci'^ciicc of the Fleur de Us and the soldiery of the kingdom of Fro nee. ]sinoty-ninc years after that commercial invasion, Messrs. Clark an I Lewis, under a commission from the general government, conducted an exjjedition up the Missouri river, the lands along which were still almost a terra incognita to the citizens of the republic, and across the continent from the head waters of the Missouri to the Pacific ocean. Where the Kansas river flows into the larger stream they made a temporary camp, and procured plenty of game. They found no white men on their journey, but near Atchison there were the bones, as it were, of an old fort and village, remaining from the days of the French occupation, and at another point a house and a trading post, but the men who left those signs had long before passed away. The Indians were curi- ous and friendly, but they had not been civilized by the long intercourse their fathers had enjoyed with their F^reneh allies for very nearly a century. Major Long, who, in the year 1816, had surveyed the Chicago river, was, in the year 1819, in command of a small steamer, the first that ever plowed the waters of the Mis- souri along the borders of Kansas. That officer, with a corjos of engineers detailed for topographical duty, was on his way to the Yellowstone, and his duty did not involve any action in which Kansas as a state is further interested. The value of the fur trade along the Missouri river had been who inndo up to bo in flym- Louisiana had liusof I'ranco icvf CaUiiluniu ouy. It snnds 9, whero thoy ntry. It pos- • for political iHt>, lias yet to iient had heon had initiated •lied on tlieir worse, for tlie kingdom of Messrs. Clark government, le lands along •iti/ens of the waters of tlio ver flows into and procured r journey, but n old fort and cupation, and men who left ans were curi- 1 by the long juoh allies for ear 1816, had 1 command of srs of the Mis- ith a cori^s of lis way to the ition in which iver had been Early HtsTour. 7T recognized for many years, and tnidors had reaped tnornious l)iolits from the tratlic. During the fifteen years immediately pro- ceding tho cx[)edition of Clark and Levvis, tlio aggregate value of the furs which were luiiidhHi in St. Louis amounted to ,'?.">,( )^;^12, 000,000, and when commerce, agriculture and manufactures came to assume the place which the trappers and hunters had so long pos.scssed, the advantage was continually increasing on the side of property and comfort. From the year 1823, a trade with Santa Fe commenced to grow, the state of Missouri being the starting point, and within a few years the trafiic averaged §50,000 annually, increasing to $100,000 afterwards. The general government assisted to the extent of surveying and establishing a wagontrack for the journey, which remains a much frequented line of travel, especially interesting to certain interests now flourishing in Kansas. The Indians were for a long time inclined to be troublesome to traders, on their way through their territory, sometimes to tho extent of destroying life, and very frequently stealing property and stampeding cattle, so that it became necessary to form strong caravans for mutual pro- tection, such as the merchants and traders crossing the Arabian desert wait for, if they wish to avoid the depredations of tho Bedouins. The point where the traders bound for Santa Fe used to rally their forces, preparatory to a start, became known as Council Grove, and the vast assemblage of wagons, mules, horses, oxen and their owners and drivers that corralled here, afforded themes for novelists and sketch writers, and paragraphs for the press, which were read all over the states by persons t8 T''::Lt.'s His WHY oy K ass. is. Ill' vrrrtVQ i\ intorcstcil in tlic nilvonturous tisido across tlic phuiiH. WHS, lis ihe iiiinic iini-licd, well tiinborud, ami tlio iilcntitul sup- ply of water for Htock wns also of much impDitancto in determin- ing the location, KansaH soon nttrnetcd attention as a very desirable point ot dciiurtiire for trudors (Mij,'iiged in this hiorativo tradie. Independence, in the state ot Missouri, was tht piineipal depot from about U:\2 to 18-l.S, but during nearly all that time Kansas had been growing into favor. Where Kansas city now Btands was the site of the tirst depot attempted near tliis st!ite, and goods were landed in IHIM to form part of an e(piipnicnt for the caravan to New Mexieo. The increase from that point has been steady.and now almost the whole of the busincssover thewagon road is traiwaeted in the stores at Kansas City and at Westport. This has been the ease almost entirely since the year 1850. The value of the business secured may be gathered from the fact, that the transportation alone involved an outlay in one season of nearly $2,000,000, and that in the year 1800, there wore nearly six thousand men, more than two thousand wagons, over four hund- red and sixty horses, close on six thousand mules, and very nearly eighteen thousand oxen in the caravan. Leavenworth rose into notice in consequence of a fort being established at that point to protect the interests of the traders just mentioned. The cantonment (jommenced in 1827, and the name of the city was taken in honor of the colonel of the regiment which was stationed, here in 1832. The importance of the position was more fully recognized when the Mexican war broke out, because it alTorded a remote base of supply until the end of that era of hostilities. The gold fever, which spread all over the world the fame of California, was still more momentous to Leavenworth, because the men who proposed to reach the diggings overland naturally desired to postpone to the last moment the purchase of an outlit ■which must become an incumbrance as soon as the bargain had been made which transferred the goods of the trader to the shoulders or to the wagon of the enthusiastic gold seeker. When Missouri became a state, the general government conceived the design of removing the Indian race west of the Mississippi. " Go west" young man," was the advice of Horace Greeley, " go west and settle and grow up with the place." Just such advice was- ii Mi» i t i f H i -iUnrrw ii i\u m tt,/mKmii ki mfm E.iuiY ItisTonr. 79 Tho grovo iitiful sup- 1 dctermiii- na II very i liior.'itivo c principal that time s city now < st!ltl^ find iciit for tlio it liiis been wa^onrond [)ort. Tliis Tlic valno 3t, tliat tlio 1 of nearly nearly six four hund- 1, and very cavcnworth ?hod at that oned. The he city wa3 as stationed more fully it afforded [ hostilities, tho fame of •th, because id naturally of an outfit bargain had ader to the ker. When nceived the sippi. " Go y, " go west . advice was tcndi'rc(I to tlio red men by tlio (government ; and llioy camo west, tribe after tribe, until about tlio year ISoO, tho last tribe had crossed tho MissisHippi, and tho wostorn country v.as literally antl entiioly in tlic hands of tlit; Indians, ho eoinpletoly, that no whito man cuuld make his Ikmuo in Kansas without tlio eunsent of tho tribe or tribes upon whoso possessions ho was held to bo intrud- ing. Tho whito population was to increase and multiply within tlie states; the territory was to be for the Indian, his heirs and a.'signs, forever. " Man proposes but God disposes," is the terse pn.vorb of the French, and tho outeome of that intention illus- trates the fiict. Nobody supposed that the Kocky mountains would bo crossed by hundreds of thousands of men and women within a few years, when the first train of emigrants were led toward Oregon by that route in tho year 18-1-1. The following year saw the Mormons a.sseinbling near Atchison to commence their pil- grimage across the plains. They were a prudent people, and moderately veil goneraled. Atchison was the rallying point for all their stragglers for many years after this date. Some of their party, compelled to leave Nauvoo on any term.s had been loreed to winter in Iowa, facing an inclement season with hardly any provision against its trials and privations, forced to scrape bark from trees to make bread, and su.ffering terribly in conse- quence, many dying in agony as the result; but all that lived wore under orders to come on to this point as the rallying spot beft)re the final start was to bo made. Salt Lake was to make amends for all cares and sorrows. Tho streams flowing from tho Wahsatch to water a paradise of orchards and shade trees would soon wash out all signs of grief, when the faithful could comfort each other, and no Gentiles would be at hand to cause them pain. The farm which was established hero as the rendezvous of tho saints is known as Mormon Farm still, and the house which they builded long remained to prove that they understood that kind of business at°any rate. They had not a great deal of money, for •whenever they had left a temporary settlement, on their way to this spot, they had been forced to leave their improvements, . small or great, for whatever price might be offered by new settlers who had to rely on stout thews and sinews, rather than on bank accounts and plethoric pocket books, but they honestly :* ^j,:Aill.tUL 1^ ' 1WH^'-H ' 80 Tuttle's Histoby of K^iXSAs. (lid fhcii- best, and it was manifest that they meant to make friends cvcrj where as their passport to safety and to empire. _ ^I'he year ISiy saw an immense gathering of troops at this point, and the commissariat destined for Mexico was concentrated here en route, and when the celebrated march to Santa ] e was xmdcrtaken by Gen. Kearney, the plains of Kansas were the first to welcome the tramp of his soldiery and the music which her- alded the way to battle. Kansas was now the highway of the nation. Across its prairies marched the troops that were to win honor in a war which had been commenced in a manner by no means creditable to our chief executive, but the men who fought and the ofTicers who commanded were not responsible for any- thincr beyond the duty which they accomplished, like the heroes the/undoubtcdly were. Along this highway came, when that war had ended, the army of gold miners, the bones of thousands of whom were to whiten the plains across which they traveled in search of wealth. It laS been estimated that ninety thousand pensons passed through or skirted Kansas in the two years, 18i9- 50 on their way to the l^acific slope, mostly stopping by the way at Leavenworth, St. Joseph or Kansas City, to make up parties sufficiently strong to defy the assaults of the Indians on the way. Re-iments and armies miles long would organi;2e and start out upon that tremendous pilgrimage. We, who have only gone over the ground by the Union Pacific Railroad in Pullman's palace cars°may think that we know something of the discomforts of the journey, but we cannot imagine even the beginning of their hardships The journey which cost them a week of toil wc passed over in luxury in less than half a day, without watching for the stealthv advance of the Indian, or having to spend hours in recovering" cattle which had strayed, to say nothing of the meals which we were able to secure in luxury at Cheyenne and Laramie, at Ogden and elsewhere as a set off to the destmy under which they were toiling along, bearing a burden of necessaries which they were hourly tempted to throw away on the track, as thousands had done before them, because of the absolute despair and indifference which overpowers manhood, m the realization of deep physical fatigue, intensified by mental exhaustion. The Mormons, men, women and children, who had gone over that to make ipirc. )s at this icentraiod ta ] e was e the first vlnch her- 'ay of the 3re to win ner by no ho fought \ for any- the heroes when that thousands traveled in ■f thousand ;ars, 1849- )y the way up parties n the way. id start out ^ gone over in's palace comforts of ng of their of toil we it watching ;pend hours ling of the eyenne and ;stiny under necessaries ;he track, as lute despair salization of istion. The e over that Early IIistory. 81 ..round before this army of gold miners, yoked to handcarts and Tn manv other ways full of toil, facing the desert, as the plams were called, had endured more privations than fell to the lot oi ilie hardy trooi), whose course we are now observing, ana the wonder increases as we consider the facts of their journey, that they should have lived through it. Nothing but faith, or fanati- cism, its most effective substitute, could have sustained them ; as hun-ry, ragged, footsore and weary beyond the power of words to telC thcv came one winter into the mountains and were " snowed in'" without food sufficient to sustain life, if they dared attempt the herculean task of moving the heavily packed banks of obstruction, which snow plows and extra engines are often unable to overcome for days at a time, on well made iron roads, with all the advantages of snow sheds into the bargain. They would have been possessed of sufficient food, but incompetent leaders, who had lingered too long by the way, had encouraged if they had not induced them to leave food and other essentials behind, taking only as little as could be made to serve their pur- pose, on a forced march across the salt plains, if they were able to proceed without a halt; and now they were " snowed in, the bleak canons towering above them snow-laden, the ground cov- ered deep, so that they could neither move over the obstruction nor through it, even though they should abandon all their bag- gage The prospect of leaving their bones in the wilderness had not been so cheerless and terrible, as this realization of death ^vith the fleecy robe of winter for a winding sheet, and strong men more readily than maidens, sat down and wept. In the very acrony of their despair relief reached them. Brigham Young and his council in Salt Lake city, knowing that the train of erai- crrants were on the way, had hourly looked for their arrival, and when days and weeks beyond the proper season of travel had passed, and still they came not, every available man and horse m . the settlement was despatched with food on numberless wagons, and with tools to quarry a way through the snow, if the sufferers could not otherwise be reached. It seemed a crowning mercy, . when the voices of friends came through the freezing air to their ears as they were mourning their desolation, and their impotence suddenly became strength. Beyond the snow there were shelter, 6 KM! t g2 Tuttle's History of Kaxsjs. und .-agons and food, and better than all, loving friends They IZ the snow with their hands, throwing it to he side of the t k They traniplcd it unde^- their feet until .t became sohd r^^blo • then- shouted songs of joy, and they embraced each otha r he r'deli.-iun, as they heard the cries of the.r dehvere s even t "e. The sceL, when they conld ^-c ^ ^ ^^^^^ force hand to hand, face to face, beggars words. The shame loi hum. Hy s overpowering, when we remember that the men who ir^cd in'that eirgency, and many of t^^— ;^;j-;rt in tint hour from death, were partunpants, a few ^ears late , m heMlunTin Meadow n.assaere, when more than one hundred u armed men, won.en and children were treacherously sho d Idb-^^-^ ^<> '^^''^ ^" ^"^^^ blood, when they had come oZ the plains to Utah, on their way to the,r chosen home m Cal- '''S!e wa.on route was a lively scene in the early days of the .oW fever- Every " prairie schooner" would start for the near- ?s no n f r its loading at St. Joseph, Kansas C.ty or Leaven^ ; ^h and having be^n freighted, would return tojts alloUed lampin.^ ground to abide the directions of the commandei. Tl e po7 lis us that, "Order is heaven's first law," and rn a ruue rouc'h way, ther was order and discipline in that eurs.ng, howl- nfcamTThe roar of the vast multitude filled the an-, every i Takin. readv for the cry which would start them on heu- . " urs^Th: last straggler is in his place, the number .s comp ete th l^der is on horseback, the prudent dnvers are m then- places t word is passed through the throng and they are moving but o v^st IS the turmoil in that crowd, that considoraoly mo,^ than Inl^u n^se. from that time before the monster of traffic has iXi df and the last wagon has got upon the track Mules TelK^ses, men, are on the march. The schooners of the pra. ric I'u' e wac^ons overed with double canvass, broad wliee.ed tu ";ic ;;■ ^ e bng easier over the sandy waste, drawn by five span of n es to on^h load, or six yoke of oxen, move le.sare ly along . d I cc of about ;mrty-five yards from each other, to avoid Ik g n each other's dust, and the m.sic of then- advance caa t til on the otherwise still air many miles ahead. Some of the d d ort of gold miners have brought along fancy wagon. L..7 iii i li i i<'i i i 1iriHlr-~'-'" as. They lide of the Tie solid as each otlier ^ere.a even 3 relieving ! shame iov c men who ere rescued irs later, in le hundred •ously shot y had come ome in Cal- days of the or the near- er Leaven- ) its allotted ander. Tlie d in a rude arsing, howl- he air, every lem on their ' is complete, 1 their places, moving, but ly more than of traffic has track. Mules s of the prai- d wheeled to I by five span ;isurely along then to avoid r advance can ■ad. Some of fancy wagons TERBITOIilAL IIisTonr. 83 and light carriages which will hardly endure the pull over the salt bush plains, and it is easy to see that when the mountains are reached they will not be worth the trouble of further hauling. Tlieir dandy manners disappear even before their vehicles, and they are not bad fellows at all in spite of their crotchets, so that when theca' iping ground is reached and the wagon master halts the train, there is joy and contentment among the motley components of that singular gathering. But they have got beyond our territory on their journey and our concern is for Kansas only, so we bid them good bye as they disappear, sinldng below the horizon of the plains, convinced that while they keep together with their staff of cooks, drivers and extra hands, added to the pluck, enterprise and appetite of the throng of adventurers, no savage will dare molest them, nor hunger long invade the sacred cpigastria which they bear onward to the gold begemmed mountains in which some few will find wealth beyond the dreams of avarice, and not a few a sensation of rheumatic pain that will be thei)- chief residu- um from the gold fever. CHAPTER IV. TERRITORIAL HISTORY. The Nebraska-Kansas Bill — Pro-Slavery Manipulation — Gold Miners Seeing the Land— Tlie Missouri Compromise — Missouri Customs — Mean Wliites — AriBtocrats— -Lukewaim People — Gen. Atchison — Slavery in Kansas — The Irrepressible Conflict. We have seen that Kansas territory was in the hands of the Indians, and that white settlers would be intruders there unless the native tribes, on whose lands they might sit down, were con- senting parties. That was the condition of affairs when the Ne- braska-Kansas act became law. There was a purpose underlying the action of the proslavery party, and it was not difficult to see at what they were aiming by such measures. The Missouri com- promise was, in principle, a limitation upon the power of the slave states to increase, but the party, which should have been I 'a!iii»a!tUiJaiiiyAi8iW>i«a;Mwy^ F.^ ^. » ll ■l u ' l y| ■■M: ' ..■ ' ^W ' ]' ' J ' -■^^"-- H I M,J) I I_III_!UIJ ' .I u Tvttle's History of Kaxsas. bound by the spirit of tl.at arrangement, was ab-eady seeking to abrogate even its letter, illustrating for the millionth tune in his- ° ^ " Vaulting amljitiori, wliicli o'er leaps itsello, And fulls o' the otlier side." Kansas was to be hermetically sealed against white settlement, unless the black stain of slavery could be incorporated into the act of colonization, and to that end all legislation on the side of the oligarchy, and the social manipulation which they could more certainly control, tended. Slavery would extend its borders by all means. The free states should be " eribb'd, cabin'd and con- fined " in perpetuity. The press said the country was a desert, in which wild cattle and Indians could barely exist, and there- fore there was no opening in such a territory for farms, towns and cities, such as might flourish in free states elsewhere. The maps were just as emphatic in describing ihe country as valueless. Political parties wer». practically, the democrats, who went in for slavery everywhere and always, as a peculiar institution, heaven appointed for dark complexioned people; and the whigs, who were afraid to express an opinion of any kind on a question so debatable. Polonius, uncertain whether the cloud looked like a whale or like a weasel, was just their type in that era of whig de- velopment. The men who formed the free soi^ party were alone consistent, but they were as yet only a handful in the commu- rity and the mere outcry against "abolition," served for a long time to answer all their arguments outside of the state of Massa- >,husetts Still it was doubtful whether the tone of public opinion, , uich could endure the denial of the right to memorialize con- gress on the subject of slavery, and which could brook :. refusal on the part of the government to convey abolitioui^t matter throucrh the post offices, might be willing to allow the area of the slave owners to be extended openly, so the manipulators borrowed the tactics of Richelieu, and when the lion skiu would not reach, they eked it out with the hide of the fox. For fully one hundred miles beyond the limits of Missouri, the country was made safe against obtrusive whitn settlers of uncertain opinions, by grants to the Indian tribes, which were guarantied forever as the homes of the red raea. Traders, misbionaries and Indian agents were the - i t i ' i iffg i T'ir t iin ■■^■■^~-- T ■! ' ^ . i 11 *1 w ■ II* ' » 'i -i ^ ! e ^-^ f 9i^v Tkrhitortal HisToar. 85 seeking to ime in liis- settlement, jd into the , the side of could more borders by I'd and con- ;ras a desert, , and there- s, towns and The maps IS valueless. went in for ,tiou, heaven whigs, who 1 question so ooked like a Li of whig de- ,y were alone the commu- ted for a long ate of Massa- ablic opinion, norialize con- xjok :• refusal iouiot matter le area of the tors borrowed aid not reach, f one hundred vas made safe ons, by grants • as the homes gents were the only persons, except Indians and half castes to whom the country was open, and they were generally in the service of the dominant party, obeying instructions which compelled them to turn away froin God, and to bow not merely the knee, but body and soul to mammon. Alirisionaries, agents, traders were owners of ^slaves, and they were inducing certain of the chiefs to become proprie- tors of human chattels, so that slavery had become one of the institutions of Kansas, in contravention of the law, while the ter- ritory was yet closed against free white settlement The elements of growth were thus, so far as adroit contrivances could roll back the°tide of time, made secure on the side of the proslavery party. We saw, in our last chapter, ninety thousand gold miners and adventurers, crossing the so called " Great American Desert," and these men had among them as good judges of soil and position as could be found anywliere in the world. When the men who risked a journey toward the Golden Gate wrote back to their friends about the country through which they passed, they were enthusiastic in describing many parts of the so-called "Sahara" as a terrestrial paradise, and in that way one of the barriers against white settlement was broken down. Some of the miners came into tlie territory as settlers themselves in due time. The scheme of aggrandizement, which had been artfully prepared, was not fated to win complete success, so true it is that the " Best laid schemes of mice and men * Gang aftagley." In spite of all such revelations there were very few people in the eastern states who knew much concerning Kansas in the year 1854 except that it was somewhere in the region of the setting 3un, if not indeed a trifle "farther west." It was now proposed by one of the representatives from Missouri, in congress, that the territory of Kansas should be organized and settled, and about the same time that the measure in cpiestion was being incubated, it was thought expedient to propose that the Missouri compromise should be rep- xled. The language that was then commonly used among the leaders of public opinion in Missouri, concerning the sugge'^tion that Kansas might come into the union as a free state, betokened the most deplorable want of moral tone. Mule drivers. -rmmmmtsmr-s^i^^ •ainigl^fWili (»Jill Ji !' gg Tuttle's Histohy of Kansas. addressing their most obstinate cattle, could hardly have excelled „ ;:>fanrty the phrases .Inch were used hy Missouri o^a^. m addressing the mob on this specially exct.ng djen.e. N-then^ era were called "nigger thieves," " vermm oC the '^" ^^ ;- L-thcrn cattle," by one of the United States sen.Uors for M.ssou . and his words were applauded to the echo, f '^^"f ^ ^^^ J f_ become a slave state; that was the und.sgu.sed resolve otJUs Bouri, and Nebraska was Kansas also. " Kum.ture, mul s a.^ ,i.. rs " should continue the proi^evties of their possessors whethr thTy remained in Missouri, or were carried into the new temto.y^ .' Bayonets and blood " were invoked as a means whereby the end should be uccomplished should other means fad. The tune had come for the repeal of the " Missouri eomprom.se, .n the mtc, st of a brutal oligarch v, and it was very evident that the end wou d justify any m^ans in the then inflamed condition of M.ssounans. Many allowances must be made for the common people who were carried along in the train of such fiery and outrageous talkers. Schools were not only not sought within the state, but they were rot allowed, except under .such restrictions as n.ado them value- less, and at least one college, established in Iowa, was raided and burned by the same ignorant rabble, because the instigators of the outrage feared that education would expand the muu s of the commonaltv, and thus that the peculiar institution -o".^'^ ^«^"^ dan^ered. \Tust such men as those were they who cried ■ Not thTs^man, but Barabbas," preferring a convicted thief to the Mes- siah, and the language of coinmon sense and sound reason were hrown away upon them. Their passions inflamed by whisky, loo the only rules from which no appeal could be permitted The life of any one who would dare to contravene their will and ^0 their views on their own soil, whether he advised temper- ance or advocated any other system of reform, would not be in- Bured by any company that meant to pay its risks even hough ZULZ might be calculated to cover extra risks, and prop- erty was about as safe there as it might have been if left un- , arded at the Five Points. Missouri wa. " a, good s ate to em - frate from," as Daniel Webster said of New IIampsh:re, but it dffW fT m the native state of the great lawyer and orator m „ect ; U was not a good state in which to be born, if a person c excelled orators in Northern- ■th," " 3r Missouri, ska should vo of Ilis- , mules and irs, whether w territor}'. rcVjy the end lie time had the interests e end would Missourians. pie who were ;ous talkers, ut they were ! them value- is raided and iigators of the minds of the would be en- ) cried,- "Not if to the Mes- 1 reason were 1 by whisky, be permitted, heir will and vised temper- Id not be in- even thougb ks, and prop- en if left un- [ state to emi- psh-re, but it md orator in rn, if a person 'ee and passion of the basest soul, eolhdmg w.th the macmanimity of the noblest. That knowledge makes h.m h.s .'brother's keeper," ai>d in proportion to his love for the country of his birth will be his zeal and prudent effort to make the collec- tive sovereign, the whole people, worthy of the great destmy to which they are culled. He cannot ovor,H)wer the hydra headed fellow sovereign and hold it down, he n ast instruct, and inform, and train to the fullest realization of .•csponsib.lit..s, as well as itnportance, the man with and by whom he is to work for ho best aims of hu.nanity. In Missouri, during the " i.repvess.ble conflict," the best men were compelled to remain silent spectators of «reat wrongs, which they were powerless to assuage, for many years but " verily they had their reward." Many men from the east and north were among the noisiest and most obstreperous demagogues for a time, just such creatures as the mere camp fol- lower may easily become, but their hearts were repelled from the "institution " which they had not been taught to consider sacred, and when the time came they fell away from the ranks winch thcv had only increased in clamor and numbers, not in actual and enduring strength. The worst class of all was that which had "defiled the ark of the covenant," the men vowed to the service of the eternal, who had gone back upon humanity, refusing justice to God's creatures, turning away from men and women, as thouMi they could be less than " the least of these my little ones, and denouncing, in the language of intolerance an(l hate, all those who presumed to say that slavery was other than the Divme will, findin- justification for their fanatical rage in the stringing to- setherof texts, irrelevant to the circumstances in which they and their times were placed. Such men gave the sanctions of religioa to the wrong cause, and the spirit in which too many of them them read their scrip .ral i^ssons, reminded one of " The selfish sensual crew, To carnage and th6 koran given, "WIio think through unbelievers' blood, Lies the directest course to heaven." The preacher of average abilities who was so placed between i»iiiw»<'iii''iiiiiii" "'" — " ''"'"" .1 . ii ig w r ^ QQ Tutti.e's IIisTonr OF Kas'sas. two r.ros, that he must \,c untrue to his couHoiencc or flml himself Z.n. ;c<>,.g.,.,tion,may have our sympathy but he c^no .hare our achmn-.i.n, if he ehose " the llesh pot. of Egyp , mtu r thua the higher law ; and iheic were thousands of such men n the south, who, with a quaking of Ounr own hearts, we.-o am o n.ake a louder outcry than their neighbors lest they should em to be utterin.^ "an uncertain sound " on the dread isiue of their generate. The very few that were futhful found themselves , turrounded by a menacing public, living under censure, secre y applauded by a minority that dared no. speak, and almost da^^ly r cipicnts of some brutal message, which kept before then o>es the poHsibUity of outrage, perhaps murder, from the rude loafer class of the population, who were anxious to please the mo,o wealthy and refined of their side, by doing deeds winch no good man eould approve. The preacher so placed had "o opt.on bu to leave the state. His mute protest was practically without avail His cliureh almost always had deserted him, and an at- tempt to exercise his vocation in the streets might have procured S coat of tar and featlier.s, but could nardly mich the hearts of the slave tinctured populace, with whom it wa.s in vain he tried '"^ Manfof the slave owning aristocracy must have dissented frorn the course which the rabble pursued, but they were outnumbered by the crowd of wealthy men, inferior in mental endowments 7hose riches depended almost entirely upon the --"^-^^^ °^ Ivery and who possessed enough sagacity to be a.vare that an- an a ways increasing area could be obtained i- -^ ^^^^J^ off the slave, their raw material and manufactured article, the basis of tbei; eminence must crumble away beneath their feet Such men knew, long before Mr. Lincoln uttered the truism, tha slavery must subjugate the whole union, or must be subjugated bv it and they were resolved to keep their side uppermost, "'co ; ^hat eom'e might," hence the blatant talk about " northern cttle" whose demands were to be answered by 'bayonets and bod," before the new territory should be adm tted to the umou a a ree state. Such were the unpromising elements of wnich Lety was composed in Missouri, and the press was tA.e onb^ ;oweTxLainins'in the absence of schools and church. The i K ll ll l l l ll !jlf»i Tkhhiivuim. llisroiir \)l find himself I ho cfxnnot rypt," nit.uer such men in we'o fain to should seem siuo of their I thcinrtclves sure, secretly ahnost daily ire their eyes rude loafer ISC tlie more hi eh no good lo option but Lially without Ti, and an at- lavo procured ich the hearts . vain he tried Hsscnted from ; outnumbered endowments, maintenance of ivvare that un- which to trade ed article, the ith their feet he truism, that be subjugated le uppermost, lOut " northern "bayonets and ;d to the union aents of which i was the only church. The power ot the newspaper prcSH ns a ref.,rnun- agency .s vastly overrate.1. The advertising sheet liv.s only by its aeeeptanco anx.ng the public, conse.p.ently it ..uu.ot alb.rd to run counter to pubUe prejudices on any of the great cpiestions o the day, uu- less son>c party strong enough " to run the .naclnne assun.es t .0 responsibililv of maintaining the paper. Suppose the propr.c or ricl> enougli'lo dare public opinion in that respect, and to utter his thought, what could he hope to accomplish if no .nan read his . fulnunations? In Missouri, at that time, he woul not have had to complain of in.liilerence, for his olUcc would lave been wrecked, his h.,use burned, and he would have been ";1'1^" «" »rar - a.-ross the borders. Ncwsi.ai,ers are very much like otuer b- .-ri la. li- was 8ont to the state legislature in I.SIM, and again in rhe yrnr l''<"i3. In the year 1840, he was defeated, but was soon afterward i made n circuit judge. While in tho legislature, the young Kentuekian ■was made iiuijorgcneral of a militia force, which saw no service, but which might have been called upon to act in an Indian war, if the war had otdy transpired. Tho mle '' general " sat moro gracefully than his shoulder straps, upon i-lio warrior, and that ■vas tho only memento by which the state vva^ "vor reminded of that time of bloodless strategy, lie became LniU'd States yon- fttor in tho year 1848, for jmrt of a'l une.v})ircd ti'if.:, and contin- •ued to fdl the position until 1854, when ho was elt>;led to stay at homo. Popular sovereignty was his continual theme at the time of his defeat, and in proof of his conscientiousness he became for eomc time one of the most distinguished leaders in the disgrace- ful proceedings in Kansas which were to have made the rifle the means of determining the question, not wdiether slaves should be owned in that territory, but whether any free man should be al- lowed to remain unless he could be led to tho ballot as the mere retainer and liege man of the slave owners. Tho general had been one of the loudest talkers about bloodshed and the bayonet, as dcsirablti alternatives compared with Nebraska as a free state, and he strove to live up to his declarations. Missouri was re- solved that Kansas and Nebraska should extend the range of slavery as well as increase its voting power in congress, and Gen. Atchison was with his party, or rather ahead of his party, in all the worst demonstrations of the time. It was his aim to be pres- ident of the union, and the violence of his demeanor was consid- ered one of the best planks in his platform, so rampant was democracy in that era, so dark was the hour which immediately preceded the dawn. In considering the further developments of the Kansas difficulty, we shall have frequent occasions to mention T»»w« a g*aa»wiwwit «H ti Wiwi »i» » g »" » rjoaniiiig is 'ith his emolUt cpresontntives iilily to which tna.stortvl his 3 rate zonl in a ifu^ycnr l'^"3. :crwai(! I rnafle g Keutiurkiaa aw no service, m Tiidiaii war, •ral " sat moro I'ior, and that ■r reminded o£ U'd States scn- :.:, and contin- ;led to stay at nc. at the time he became for n the disgrace- Ic the rifle the ives should be 1 should be nl- ot as the mere B general had d the bayonet, as a free state, issouri was re- the range of ;ress, and Gen. is party, in all lim to be pres- lor was consid- I rampant was h immediately Bvelopments of ons to mention .~J •~\m\f^>l'.. .'!HA--V>*»i''^ ■m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y A <° Mi.. :/. K 1.0 I.I 2.5 !.8 11-25 11.4 IIIIII.6 0>J Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ~r-^_:,,,,: v^ss^ssv.zm.jsmmm^^^mfi^^^is^^fl^^^^'^'^^^^^^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductlons historiques *■ is^s^^^tt»:. *6|* r, ■ -*> ' " '' "" !!? ? r f >At ( fpyT ' .,,i;u.i>ff.M **9-nj'^r'r' ' _ «^ - '■ >ftf li' .^jM f J *^■ #'" ' V"* W^ " ■ " -■ "" * • TEKiiiroRiAL History. w the general, and for that reason it was necessary to introduce him in due form. His talents were not brilliant, but he possessed con- siderable powers of adaptation, and lilsC Falsta{f\ ho had " a kind of alacrity in sinking " to the level of the class which ho hoped to make useful for his advancement. The general will need no fur- ther introduction. It is not sought to make it appear that the Missourians were , worse than other men similarly placed might have become. The great historian and philosopher. Buckle, lays it down as an axiom that there never was a class of men possessed of irresponsible power which they did not abuse. Probably he was correct. The , party which disgraced itself in Kansas, by such scones as it will fall to our lot to describe, was too well represented in congress by the chivalrous gentleman who felled Cliarles Sumner to tlie floor of the senate. " You do not gather grapes from thorns," and it is proverbially difficult to " make a silk purse from a sow's ear." The poison infused into the early training of the proslavery party rendered it impossible to make them believe that abolitionists "had any rights which they were bound to respect." We have seen what manner of men formed the rank and file of the Missou- rian force, and the type of character from which their leaders would be chosen has been glanced at. Sir Walter Scott's cele- brated etching of Dugald Dalgetty might have been made from some of the soldiers of fortune who hated nothing worse than " those piping times of peace," when their peculiar talents were not in demand. Not only Missouri, but the whole of the south, was overrun by such gentlemen at large, who sat a horse as though Centaur had been realized, and who could have tamed the steed that bore Mazeppa across the desert They had courage for any- thing except soiling their hands with hard work, and they had no convictions of any kind except such as a judge and jury mi^ht have helped to fasten upon them. They were " free lances " of the nineteenth century, and it happened that the slave owners who wanted their services were the men with whom they were nearest in sympathy, because they also thought that it was beneath the dignity of a gentleman to work. There was just so much in com- mon between the man and his master, and when the oligarchy of the south used such tools, it is useless to pretend that they were I iitiiiiiiWi miae«iMiB«)*>f i i ri |yi ! > ) i' . TKliUlTOIilAL IIisTonr. 95 prove them. \ have turned ase their mis- 3ds can never ; glozcd over, rs, worked in lizing Kansas nds of all the ngrafted upon lave rendered it was morally 5 well as of tlie ed. The men an act as Gen. would succeed, jcording to the the slave own- ) allow the ter- :o risk the pos- ee soilers," and culation. The form ; the Pro- a bill, coupled romise must be me of its organ- sovereign rights be one of the I choice on the ttlers should be 3nt of their sov- )n. " My son," f you can, but, 3 additional ter- k. Honestly or end was to be reign states, the ; the first glance, was like the dead sea aiiplo, fair to look upon, alluring to the eye of the uninitiated, but ashes and bitterness witliin. Slavery was to be the domestic curse in Kan.sas, as already it was the curse in every one of the states, which vaunted it as a blessing, and on that issue ar.^se the " Irrepressible Conflict " once int)re ; but this time never to be truly pacified, even for one day, until the north and south had met in a death grapple, and the race which had committed and allowed the crime, had rained blood upon the dishonored soil of the union, and had trampled out the wrong — so far as moral turpitude can be effaced — by one of the most stupendous efforts that the world has ever seen. The ^lissouri compromise was repealed, and in the fact of that revocation it was claimed that there had been an understanding ; not an argu- ment in so many words, but a tacit arrangement to the efTcct that Kansas would be permitted to assume slavery as one of its condi- tions under the constitution. The settlement of the question in that way was, to tlie Missourian instinct and hope, reasonable, natural, inevitable, and on that basis northwestern Missouri com- mitted itself to the work of organization. Geographical limits determined the views of men very largely then as now, and perhaps to a greater extent, because the press and its supporters were narrower, less cosmopolitan. When a very moving discourse had been preached in an English village in which an able orator had explained the necessities of the poorer class of his parishioners, enforcing their claims utjon the sympathy and aid of their wealthy neighbors, every eye was wet with tears in the vast auditory, save the optics of one stolid far- mer, who listened with intelligent interest, but exhibited no si^ns of emotion. After service had ended the tearless man was asked to explain his immobility, and the answer was a perfect solution from his standpoint. He did not belong to that parish ! Mis- souri had rights, interests and sympathies within her own borders enough to close every aperture against the ideas prevalent in the free states, and it long remained a mystery that any statesman should doubt the perfect right of the slave owner, not only to his human chattels as long as they remained in his possession, but also to their restoration to his custody, should they escape iiliiiiMMMii«iT»ilMiiMMi«l1l\«ririit»ilitliiWli«fSii1li!ltowi«iW^ riliirMiiiiiiiljjiiliiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiMMelMiiaWMig 90 TuTTLifs History of Kaxsas. and be vecogni.ed flying tlwougli the states, where slavery bad iKU.i.il V becMue repugnant to tbo law. The sacred nghts of prop- erty in that light outshone every other consideration, and the peo- ple bad become so bounded by the sentiment prevailing in this Uion, that conscience as much as self interest seemed to be their .nttive power. Wc must give due weight to that c.rc.;mstunee or else we fail to render justice to a large class that meant to be honest, but could not see their way in the darkness ha pin^- vailed, where the press was but a borrowed light at the bes , an ^here the lurid glare from many pulpits distorte the ae^ a d objects upon which they shone. The picture of " JM, U . /. 1 ich wa given to the reading world by llobert Burns, the plow- n n poet o1 the eighteenth century, had counterparts nmun.era. ble among the occupants of Missourian pulpits, and their v.o en B If suffidency was their best passport to the hearts and minds o their hearers. The mint-marks of religion were freely stamped upon every enormity, and the people were thus strengthened m their course, which however intrinsically wrong, had fo, them extrinsic authority, and the highest pretensions to righteousness. The other side, with broader views and a more subtle compre- hension of human rights, was just as determined as Missouri, and when the organization of Kansas first won their favor, it was with a full understanding of the Missouri compromise and its obligations, which left no room for doubt that whatever addi- tional states might come in, must reinforce the free states in con- oress and lead the way toward a proper solution of the slavery problem The idea of introducing slavery into the territory, althou-rh it had been carried into practice years before, was never mooted in congressional circles until the thirty-third session was far advanced, and the suggestion awakened the hot indignation of almost every class in the middle and eastern states. Many of he more prudent had doubted the wisdom of their extremists, be- cause they could see the terrible revulsion which must dislocate society, should the great wrong be righted in a precipitate man- ner • "and they were inclined to repeat the old form of prayer in their daily lives: "Give peace in our time, O Lord," but they could see now, as never before, that unless they could stamp out slavery the black stain would cover the whole union. Standing W I IJ ^ ^ »ii>*pi Hf »- TEitinroiUAL II is Ton v. 97 e slavery liatl fights of prop- 1, uiul the pco- ^-ailing in this led to bo their circi'vmstuncc, it meant to be ness that pre- t the best, and 1 the facts and ' Jlohj WiUk';' urns, the plow- arts innumera- id their violent ,s and minds of freely stamped trengthened in , had for them ) righteousness, subtle compre- is Missouri, and ir favor, it was )romise and its whatever addi- ee states in con- n of the slavery a the territory, cfore, was never bird session was ot indignation of 3s. Many of the r extremists, be- 1 must dislocate precipitate man- orm of prayer in Lord," but they could stamp out mion. Standing still was no longer a possibility, and with the alternative of a ret- rograde movement staring thcni in the face, they i)rcpared for aggressive action. Their more logical neighbor.s, who had for many years talked and printed abolitionist ideas at all hiizards, be- came more powerful with every step toward the appropriation of the Nebraska-Kausas territory by the southern party. The teach- ing of their lives was being verified by outcropping events, and their voices had now the ring of prophecy in them when they linnicd the inevitable future, unless Kansas could be brought into the union with every constitutional guaranty against slavery. Tho opposite sides were setting their battle in array, natural allies were drawing together, and there would soon be a vigorous but friendly emulation for the fore front of the conflict. Congress- ional action defeated the free labor party, but the struggle was relegated to Kansas itself, and it became an oliject to possess tho land with men ready for every emergency. The men who went to Kansas upon that errand, did not know until they bad " set their hands to the plow," with what completeness their antago- nists had prepared the way for victory, nor would they have turned their backs upon the conflict, even if they had known that the act of organization had been carefully elaborated by sev- eral of the ablest lawyer.'? in the land, skillful in veiling a pur- pose with words, which yet would bear only an interpretation exactly securing the object, of which a casual reader would never dream. They did not know the terrible odds against which they fought, but they were ready for any fate, save eventual defeat. They could say even to death itself, in the words of Fitz Greene Halleck : " To the hero when his sword Has won tlie battle for the free, Thy voice sounds like a propliet's word; And in its hollow tones are heard The thanks of millions yet to be." Under the act before mentioned, slave property could be held in Kansas, and there was no enabling power under which the ter- ritorial legislature could defeat the machinations of the slave owning party. The people were powerless against the wrong which unjust congressional manipulation had perpetrated, until 0g TuTTLif^ Ilisronr of K ass. is. the time -^vhu.h could bo advance.l ^^ set b.ek by Missouri - h.a nrrivcl, .hen the state constitution shouUl be ^'•=\';;^'l- '^« president favored tl>e shave power, and >t rested vvMth h m o nppoint every territorial ollicer. Missouri could send a . k,1o population across the dividing lino to locate claui.s, and to sunu- late, if not create public opinion. Shwe settlement -- i| -ady ^^^^^^ cl imated in Kansas, and had been pushed forward u.to the t tory for many years in furtive but irresistible ways ; and against a 1 these agJndes and powers there eould only be opposed the on u^ .ias,u of the free soil party, which said in the language o 11 .y Wilson, "The past is yours, the future is ours; and wh.U daring the ehanSes of annihilation in a noble cause, addressed its members in the language of the hero : « Strike — for your altars and your Arcs; Blrike — for the gruen gnives of your sires ; God, and your nativo land." CHAPTER V. TERRITORIAL HISTORY. S,°vc,y Prop.e«..da-Cho„.o Y« >>•!.»»> VcW,|l Sc,.e-TUe Dallc Hunt tef.iro Iho D««ii - Ugl'' SI"™"" »"= E""' TIME had become an object among men who had >-«*;J '» m*c Kansas a reflex o! Missouri, and m eonseqaenoe, ,.e fmd The more active and unscrupulous, including many of the wea th- cr r" cros ing the western boundary of the slave state before Kat'territor/was legally open for -">--«■ ^^'^^^'^ tal.e time by the forelock There were two purposes ^ b s rv d by their precipitancy ^'^l^l^ZT^^:^^ v Missouri — ramcd. The with him to jcnd a w'.iolo and to siinu- us already ac. the territory d against all ?cd the enthu- agc of lletiry " and which, , addressed its lepherdiiig 8elcc- 1 Operaiion — The crvo— TUe Dark tiad resolved to quenee, we find y of the wealth- xve state, before ;, determined to ses to be served )f the soil for its •culated through ; the population M i j i wjin iPlwyilii wimmmfm* TEitiiiroitiAL l{isToi; r, 9fl near at liatid had long known the virtues of rncsquit and bulTalo grass, and the oxcoptional fi'rtilityof the prairies, plains, and bot- tom lands of Kansas. The second object, was for many ot the emigrants, scarcely less important than the first, and it was en- forced by all the powers of persuasion possessed by the popular leaders, who w'ere found using in the press, the organs of their party, and no other press could exist in Missouri, sucli language as, " Let every man that owns a negro go at once into the territory of Kansas and settle, so that our beloved northern br:3thren may have the advantage of seeking a location further nortli. ' Stand not upon the order of your going, but go at once.' " Those who came very 'early were able to procure the best selections so far ns their journeyings extended, but tlie whole country was a garden in the month of May, when these operations commenced, as spring opens in February in this favored region. The bottomlands were- not so much an object, as the higher and drier ground, among the men, who really meant living in tiie territory, as Mis.sourian exper- iences had made almost everybody wise as to certain hygienic conditions, but very many who came had no intention to reside on their claims ; they wanted merely to secure so much territory, in such places as would in effect take the eyes out of the country, leaving, as they hoped, a residuum of unattractive land, upon which colonies from the eastern and middle states would have no desire to settle. In many cases they were content to perform the preliminaries for the erection of a cabin, as a colorable pretext of settlement, or they would mark the chosen spot by driving stakes in the unsurveyed land, po that at some future time their inchoate rights might be revived, p-* a means of profit in some instances, and in others to assist in ., i:'^ying such settlers, as might come in the interests of the free soil organization. The best parts of east- ern Kansas were staked, blazed and claimed in various ways, be- fore settlement was possible under the law, but there was an un- derstanding among the Missourians, that as between themselves, there should be no notice taken of such trivial irregularities, and when every man had laid out his estate upon his own magnificent designs, the selectors returned to Missouri, to abide the time, when they might become squatters, and begin to realize the pleasures of Kansas sovereignty. The Indian title had nqt expired, and the iiat'iif^i'i ifi'^"-^~'-'" >■- -■■^-"i^'i ,iriiii.itlii-|r"it-rjimriitfiii (j'iiWHJTililil l BMm'i aeii JiiBM t ** '^ 100 TvTTihfs Hisrour of K..ssas. „Ku.vho were now aisrogarding all the guaranties which had ■been extcndocl to the tribe, were the same person, that hnA bcu ^;;ll heard nu,st clan.orou. in demanding the -.u«^o^ Vublic faith, by the exclusion of wlute settler, so long as bo L.l..n>s and their braves were the principal defense ag.jnst t a forn.ation of a free state. There was hardly one n,an u. U . st to of Missouri who had not done son.ething .n the way of s cuun, uclain. in Kansas land, and when parfes were formed to nako tours of selection, it is not wonderful that hundreds coneladca to , transfer all their possessions into the territory, winch was so soon bo organized. Men who had been aceu.ston.ed to the evees of the Mississippi, and to the slowly n.oving waters of he Missouri, o m in th legion which they now explored .swift llow.ng rivers hundreds of mSes long, running between high banks, on winch mills and factories could bo erected, to use a never waning su^ ply of water, and they could leave the exhausted ands of ho older settlement, for virgin prairies surrounding such aids to or tune, without one sigh of regret. The parklike areas, with lieie and there a few groves and clumps of trees possessed beauty such as m ' it well fascinate the observer, and but little examination was nes^ary to convince the initiated that the sod would produce crops of almost every kind with such profusion as Missouri had n3 known. Thus, many who came only to establish c aims re- Xd to make homes in Kansas, and row that the midsuinmer riessof their first entrance has .^-n outlived. U.eya^^^^^^ reckoned among the best citizens in tins state. Manuactones, "« and agriculture, aided by free labor and inventive ski 1, h riong since convinced them, that the true «1--. the only G d onitts, whom it could serve the purposes of -d.zed men^o e^nploy in their undertakings, are the rivers trained to do their biddil with never ceasing regularity, the winds in their circuits pepfn" their food, drawing their supplies of water and per^ fmg other such desultory labors, and the steam engine which ; ill catry them against winds and tides across the ocean, convey Tarn p duce from the Atlantic to the Pacific, pump dry the ^L quarries, and morasses, transport iron as easily as man Sf can convey straws, and increase the food of human kii^ ty le easing and multiplying their labors, if only fed by a few • i" I wliich liml liiit liail been liiiluimiico of long aa tbo e iigoinst the n in tlio sUvto f of Kocuriiig incd to inako concluded to II was so soon I the levees of the Missouri, ilowing rivers nks, on which ;r waning sup- l lands of the ich aids to for- i-eas, with hero )d beauty such lamination was would produce ; Missouri had blish claims re- he midsummer , they are to be Manufactories, inventive skill, iilaves, the only iivilized men to ned to do their ( in their circuits water, and per- il engine -which e ocean, convey pump dry the 1 easily as man of human kind, ly fed by a few tmmmmmmmmKm TtiuitinmiM. llisioii v. 101 tons of carbon nnd sunlight por day, whicli wore stored in the bowels of tlie earth, a hundred million years ago. The elements will \w our .slaves if we will only u.se them, by means of .^rienec, and the me<;hanieftl appliancerf which liavo been made possible by Hcientille knowledge. In 3'jur room as you now write, there is a l)Utton in the desk or in tho wall witliin easy reach of your hand; it represents a saving of human labor equal to the possession of many human chattels, nnd it degrades no man. .Nfessengers waited in tlio ante rooms of the great cmly a few years since, ready to bo summoned by the .stnmdof the human voice, to perform a duty which caused perpetual toil in its continuing recurrence, and which was too often inelTective for want of speed. See now the way in which science has come to your aitl. Y'our ancestors were not persons of distinction ; they were artisans and tradesmen, nothing more ; centurii!s after "Wamba, son of Witless, was the born thrall of Cedric tho Saxon," and as his fool, was expected to amuse hi.s master and owner, by tho antics of folly. Yet you po.sscss in that button by your side such a talisman as Richelieu in France, Charles V, in Spain, or Henry VIII, in England, would have given a fortune to possess, as it would have secured to cither of them a mastery over his subjects, or over his enemies, worth more than the discovery of the fabulous stone, that would change all metals into gold. You have also affairs of state, for manufactures and great engineering works are subject to your direction, and the results of your cogitations must be conveyed without delay, from one side of a continent to another, or even on occasions round the world. Richard III, in England, and Louis XI, in France, had horsemen and stables of swift animals, waiting at intervals along the principal roads in their kingdoms, to despatch important messages post haste, and they were convoyed on an av- erage at tho rate of seven miles an hour. You are not a king, but you desire to send your message, and having no lamp such as Aladdin used to rub when he wished the services of tho genii, you slightly touch that button. It is the connecting point of an electric bell, and it is answered by your telegraph clerk in two seconds. Your instructions are given in as few words as will eecure a full transmission of your meaning, and within an hour, - iiiiiifiVirSinli'iiiii"iriif"r6it«'»»MMii>iiiiin IM TVTTLKS IllSTuur Oh' A'.l.NW.JV. you luvvoyour answer from Ni;w York or from San Francisco, with- in Imlf ft ilay your intcMlions* arc comi)n!liuiuloil imd rt-poatcd from TftriM, ViiMUKi, St. l'olcr«biirgli or Loiidon, your conc-<[iomlciiW Lttvclnrii found iiml luivo rci>licd toyt)ur coiiiiiiuuiuulioiiH, witliout furlhur troublu lluin u fow message boys taking a saunter through the Hlreets of tho cai>itals of the worUl. Willi such shivcs as the elements waiting upon our every caprice, it socins a brutal fancy thai would desire to hold our fellow nu>n in bondage. The mas- ters of slaves are not often i)crsons for whom the world is solici- tous, and where the slave owning is the only chum to distinction they never can be. J'^sop is remembered and lii.s fables aro quoted by tens of millions, who do not recall the fact that he wa.s a poor, deformed man and a slave, but out of a million readers you shall not find one who will give you the name of /Ksop's master, or tell you of one claini that he over pt)ssessed to be re- membered. But the men who were swarming over into Kan.sas from lilissouri liad no such thoughts to interfere with tlieir movements ; their main idea at tho outset was to shut out " north- ern cattle," and '• nigger thieves," from tho territory aooa to bo opened for settlement, and they sometimes quoted an old saying that, " Any stick will do to beat a dog with." The lands which they did not want to settle would do to hold against the new- comers whom they were prei)ared to hate, so they "shepherded" claims and selections, staking them oil' ami lying by after dis- charging some petty duty, performing some inlinilesiinal labor, ■which would enable them to say that they were enrolled among the settlers in Kansas, and could speak like tho centurion of old, " as one having authority " on matters pertaining to the future of the prospective state. The big talk which %yas indulged in on Salt creek, in Kansas, in June 1854, innncdi.itely after the Ne- braska-Kansas act became law, and at many similar meetings in various quarters in the same terri :.ory, was little other than the hruium fuimcn of unscrupulous politicians who wished to pro- duce an effect at a distance which might deter the better class of people from coming to the field of emigration which they ' -l re- so^-'.>d should be monoplized for the benefit of the slave ,.owor. T!ie pretentious "Whereas" with its designing and deceptive preamble had no more weight with the class which the movers TKiimrouiA i. IlisTonr. 103 propose! toalTocl than such blank cartridgo dcservwl, iin.l tho " thoi-cforo lu^olvocl," fell poworlos.s. Wliilo tho di.strict svm known only aa tho Groat Auiorican Dosort, it was easy to Hhut ofl tho tide of eniigralion, hut tho Califoriiian oxodus and gold fovor disposed of that barrior, as tlio obsorvations taken by tho miners en routr to their destination had gone broad east all over tho world. Tho trado to Santn Ko was oonlined almost entirely umoiig Missouriuns and their dei)endents, who wero not likely to publish among northerners tho results of their experionco. Many of the wealthiest Missoniians had amassed their gains in that lifo of adventure, eonse(iuently they knew well the country which tliey licrsistenlly decried and wei'o determir.ea to possoss. Tho ubolitionista having had their attention called to tho subject in many ways, since the debates in congress upon this territory first arrested notice, there was a largo and important organization which would not bo sileneed nor could bo deluded, on tho score of the fertility and manifold advantages of Kansas; and all over the country now tho press teemed with lucubrations on this most interesting subject. Correspondents, special and general, who would huvo paid forfeit with their lives if thoy could have been identified, wnHe from Missouri full particulars of all the inten- tions of the oligarchy and their supporters. Editors, more and loss informed, commented in glowing terms on the latest items of news, and discoursed on tho newly discovered charms of the projected state. Abolitionists, who had ventured into the forbiddcai region, wrote back us wiil» pens of flame, vivid descriptions of events which caused the nerves of men to tingle as they read. One per- son who had been brought to trial for having taught a slave to read, although the accomplishment h.id been conferred, with the full consent, and at the request of the proprietor of that chattel, sent back into civilized society a narrative of his perils, and a de- seription of a tyrannical combination which aimed at overriding all lawbythc'jui-'sdictionof Judge Lynch, and generally tho public tone was growing more and more resolute on the question of the day. In the southern states generally, and in ^lissouri more especially, the tone of the newpaper press on this question was vaunting and defiant, and the demands of the slave power became every day more perplexing to democracy in the middle m 104 TuTTLpfs HisTonr of Kassas. and enstern statc^'. Such men ns Stcpl.cn A. Dougliis could not hveak away fn.in their old associations, sufficiently to keep on terms of amity with the southern branch of the vast party, which they Bought to wichl. They were under the necessity to apologize to eas'- ern°democrats for concessions to southern feeling, which were not large enough to placate the men whom they were intended to win ; and the press of the world looking on from a distance, in which passion could hardly affect the observer, pronounced oracularly a thousand times within ten years, that the union would be de- stroyed in the death struggle between the manufacturing and commercial interests of one party, and the chivalrous instincts of the other. There was almost by common consent on the part of the British press, a conclusion that the spirit of the old Cavaliers of the days of the first Charles could be seen among the gentlemen of the south, but in that case the courage and fortitude of the Roundheads, the brave old Puritans, who were the Ironsides of Cromwell and the Pilgrims to Plymouth rock, lived in the ranks of those who fou'dit and won the battle of freedom for the second time on this continent; and as for the absurd worship of the titled gentleman in which John Pull is just a triHe too apt to indulge, it might be well if that old worthy would remember a distich which was very popular among the working class of his countrymen in the days of Wat. Tyler. " When Adam delved and Eve span, Where was then the gentleman ?" The V7ork=ncr men and their newspapers had no such oympatny with the south, and when Lord Palmcrston might have been per- suaded to give his adhesion to the proposal of Louis Napoleon, to reco-nize and sustain the south, the tendency of the aristocrat was controlled and held back by the strong popula. . -ament in favor of liberty, which Britain had long before given to ner slaves. The Encrlish operative is almost always a republican, and only m a very moderate way a respecter of titles. For a lord per se who possesses no other claim upon his regard, he has the same feeling that was expressed l)y Burns in his quatrain : " Sec yonder Bivkie ca'd a lord, . ,. • t ' Wha' struts and stares an' a' that, Tho' hunners worship at his word, He's but a cuif for a' that." ould not on terms ich they ;e to east • were not \ to win ; n which racularly (1 be de- ring and stincts of lart of the crs of the icn of the indheads, awell and hose who ne on this rentleman miglit bo diich was en in the hjmpatny been per- Napoleon, aristocrat ..ament in her slaves, nd only in ner se who me feeling TEHniTORFAL HlSTOIiY. 105 The press which represented that sentiment in England wag true to tlie union, but it had necessarily very little weight with the unreading south, and !^^issouri drifted on toward her share in the Kansas difTiculty. The faculty fjr organizing had been cultivated with such effect, that it had long been dangerous in that state for any man, wliatever his position, to show a disincli- nation for promoting their domestic institution, " to hint a fault and hesitate dislike" concerning the abominable crime of negro slavery; and now that system of organization was being extended beyond ^Missouri to cover and to blast the territory of Kansas. The Nebraska- Kansas act had come into operation, anu it was time to move if there was to be any substantial advantage gained by the Missourians in the contest with their resolute opponents, the much abused " northern cattle," of whom, in spite of all the bluster so long indulged in, the slave power was very much afraid. Some men, who had only selected lands in the territory, came now in hot haste to occupy and improve their locations. Others, as we have seen, came to hold mass meetings, and to feign a confidence which they could not realize in the righteous- ness of their cause, and the success for which they were prepared to hazard everything. They had learned that a society had been formed in Massachusetts, which had for its object, the rescue of the land from their ownership, and the conversion of its fertile acres into additional temptations for the escape of the negro from bondage. They had learned that the society was already incor- porated with a capital stated in millions, and they did not know how many millions, but they were sure that the capital would be practically without limit, and that the object, over and above ' all pretenses of colonization and settlement, meant the establish- ment of " underground railroads" for the more effective convey- ance of slaves away from their lawful masters. Their rage knew no bounds. Every syllable of information on the subject which could be procured came tinctured with the passions and the pre- judices of their leaders, so that within a few weeks the tempers of men had risen to white heat. The press teemed with stories every day, setting forth the operations of the abolition party in "stealing niggers." The idea of the negro stealing himself was never mooted. The enslaved race were but "dumb driven ■a IQQ Tittle's History of Kassas. cattlo" in tl.c estimation of tlicir owners, and the responsibility of tlicir evasion must rest upon tbeir abettors. In that aspect of the case, every emigrant from the free states must be an object of susiiicion until he could purge himself to their entire sat.sfact-on, but if he came under the auspices of any of the various emi- grants' aid associations, of which they ' ad heard, he might be shot down in his tracks, failing all other means to neutralize him or to remove him from the soil where he endangered their sacred ri.'hts The shameful manipulation resorted to in congress, to relegate this question to the vote of the people, after .'very jruamntv for an honest decision had been removed, was answer- able for" a condition of aflairs which menaced the land with blood. Men were coming into the territory, not by tens and twenties, but by hundreds, soon mounting up to thousands, and the propo- sition was made, as in the names of " distinguished statesmen in Missouri," that the newcomers should "be met at the very threshhold, and scourged back to their caverns of darkness. Thev were to be " met and repelled," and the parties to such decla-ations were not over scrupulous as to means. One meeting, the t • e of a great many others which convened under the same Kcneml direction, set forth the reason for present action, in the assertion, that " Kansas was to be colonized by fanatical persons and by " eastern and foreign paupers," who would exclude «' citizens of slave holding states, and especially citizens of Missouri, from settling there with their property and would establish a trunk of the underground railroad, where thousands of our slaves shall be stolen." That was t^lie mdict- nient preferred by the slave owners, say rather, that was the cartel of defiance, the declaration of war; for Jo an indictment the accused person might be expected to plead, whereas here, the culprit, for as such he figured from the first, could do nothing but submit to condign punishment, unless he came ready to do or die " in the q aarrel upu I'liicli ft iii'tllc, Ami ii sfmcs yoii fur your pftlns. lim f,'riisi) it, likf II iiuiii ill' niclllc, Ami il sol'l as silk runuiiiis." Those men had -rasp.'d their nettle in the same spirit ns that whioh had erstwhilos animated the eiti/.ens of Weston, and pre- cisely the same results had followed. The nettle that wouM have hurt its surronndinjrs ni..m more gentle treatment, shrunk away, like a sensitive plant, from ruder and more muscular eontact. The hand of marau.lers that could assault men, in detail, threaten them with stripes, or with' hanging on the nearest tree, if they were old and defenseless, had found that there were men in then- own cities who would not submit to further pressure, an.l now they bad ascertained that the emigrants from the eastern states had the ]iith and marrow of true manhood which could compel respect. ^Phc forces of Mammon which in his own day John Milton had described in his unrivalled language, had not greatly chan-ed their plan of operations. Still the garish light of day abashed thorn, and sober courage did not draw forth their better qualities, they shone best in the dimness of twilight, or, "When nigl>t Darkens the sncets, then wantlcr forth the sons Of Belial, flushed with insolence and wine." The rabble had chosen whom they would serve, and the slave power would find in them thews and sinews when better brain assumed direction. The intellects of more favored regions must ueeds supply that want in the ranks of the oligarchy before " the atmosphere of Kansas would be darkened by their negroes. Such men as Stephen A. Douglas could stand by them up to ^ worse outrages than had vet been committed; and adopted sons in various grades were to assume the direction of their airair.s, supplyin-- mental power only, while the slave power gave the Iiiit mouUl, liollld IK'oJ nor ocoui'rf ilti(,rt Ix'iet [ wurlliy of pirit as that m, and pre- would have rank away, lar oniituct. [\il, threaten tree, if they men in their re, ami now astern states Mild comy)el n day John \ not greatly li^ht of day their bettor or, ind the slave better brain regions must Y before " the cir negroes." them up to adopted sons their alluirs, wer gave the TF.niiirniiiA r, Ifisro/i r. 115 impulse vvhieh continuously aur;.'('(l on iukI on toward final disrup- tion, when tnany of th(! ablest minds war|>c(l to that service, fretted by the eoiise «Kl wayH nilwoni, }fL wim'titicd by ou.siom for iiuiiiy iniiulH, until tho most trivial variation costs nlnumt u proiligious otTort, nncl nn atlciiipt to grutlo till! track ufreslj hus all llio ti-rrors of a rovolutioii. Tho ilflViiilcrs of oUl iiU'HS an! not nnidy to ronicinbcr that tlioro was a tiiiu! wlion tho thoughts now crystal li/,wl into orlhoaoxy wcro hclcroaox innovations; and tlioy light for tho ancient faith, as they aro pleaso.l to call it. in precisely tho same si)irit which ani- inate.l th.- liuiuisition. Tho yielding souls of somu! men shrink from the coniliet, which then neces>arily impends over society, und hut f.)r the backbone possessed by others, the raco might fall into tho tamo stereotyped condition which wo soo oxoinplilicd by "llieheatlumChinoo;" yet thanks to tho " ligiitiiig souls " that Hhapc tho destinies of nations an.l of races; tho new idea is boriio to the front, the battle is won for tho gooil old cause of progress, and the men who have aided toward the end liavo fuinUod tUa inner purpose of the all, which says : " Build thoo more stiUely miinsions, 01 my soul, As the Mwil't seasons roll, Leave thy low vaulted \)>\nt, Let each new temple, nobler than the last, Hhut thee from heaven with a dome more vast, 'Till thou at leiiglh iirt free. Leaving thino outgrown shell, by life's unresting sea." If Oliver Wendell Holmes had written no words but these, he vould have vindicated his claim to bo considered a poet and a Tirophet among the sweetest singers of our age, and we may well pause to study his lesson, in " The Chambered Nautilus." Our li.vhtcr.4, who championed innovation, were building "more stately i.ransions" when they vindicated the independence of the union as also when, later in the work of development, they conquered its foes in the bloody strife which had commenced long before thai fateful first gun was fired at Fort Sumter. They were full of the same spirit which filled Huss, Jerome and Ziska, in Hungary, v^hich possessed Wyeliffe, in England, and Savonaro a, m Flor- enee, before the mantle of command fell upon the shoulders of Luther and Melancthon. The fighting instincts of the grand old . Puritans, and Presbyterians, were the artillery which battered down tho tyranny of the past, and old wftyB I thu tnoHt 111 iillotnpt .ion. Tho , tlioro wfts iloxy woro il I'ailli, us wliiuh iiiii- null sliriiik ■or souioty, I might full uplilioil by »()iila" that Icii is bonio )[ progress, xllWU'A tUa i^r^-j^M0mim^">'', ■'-* )ut these, he poet and a ire may well tilus." Our more stately i{ the union, y conquered long before ■ were full of in Hungary, ola, in Flor- shonlders of he grand old ich battered Tf:iiiiirnniM. Ifisroin'. 1 17 " Fiif cvrr aiul lor ever, A"* lonjr iiM till' rlvrr Wnwit, Aft Inii^r IIS till' lii'iirt liittli imMMioim, As luiiK 118 IIIV liulli woes," the samo wnik must continuf 'o bo done in the samo way, that tho piirpnsps of tho Supremo may bo fiilllllod, in the di.sc'iithial- m(Mit (if hiiiiiaii souls, The pruyer may bo (jilercd as of yore, " Father forgive them, they knew not what they do," but, tho wrong must be biittoi'od down without mercy, or rather the work of destruction muft bo acciotnplislictl, in mercy to " tho millions yet to bo," wlioso souls lie pent up and dying iti tho shell, tiie no longer valuable form whidi li:is brought to the point of birth, tho new life which comes into tho world only by the death of its pre- decessor. The m^'stery of mysteries, life itself, eontains every problem in .science, in art and in social being which eomcs to bo fought out upon its stage. The ago was shaping a wonderful new T)irth, but tho agony of travail east a gloom over soeiety. John ]]rown, and sncli as he, realized an intense joy in the perils of that season, but to millions the dark hour before the dawn earried with it almost tlie presage of death. Gethsemaiie was being re- enacted in many minds, because they feared that what always had been, always must be ; that it was tho destiny of mankind to seo "Ki;;lit, forovcr on tho sciifroKl, Wrong, forever on tlie throne," but even while they knelt to say, "Father, if it be thy will, let this cup pass from me," the old coiifidenco came back again, and they said, " Thy will, not mine, be done." The sweat of blood, the weakness of flesh, had passed away, and they stood every man in his place, ready to do and dare everything to upraise humanity. You have stood on the deck of the laboring vessel, away on tho silent sea, no sound, save tho creaking cordage, the straining plank, the play of the rudder cliains as tho man at tlio wheel keejis tlio ship to the course pvcs'M-ibed, the plash of the waves as they come up in sport to dash against the wooden walls of that heaving barque, the moaning ot the wind through the distended canvas as the graceful expression of the builder's art turns her furrow in the ocean; and as you have doubtingly ca.st -your inquiring glance '-i^f?gqy* *^T ' -^ 118 TvTTLtfs His WHY of Id ss as. 11 upon the wild waste of waters, that image of a maze without a plan, there has come shooting \\\) from the horizon the pale grey- light of dawn, a tremulous peneil stroke which says, "havefai^h; the dark hour of your trial has gone down into the limbo of obliv- ion. Have faith ; the broad 'ight of day is coming." Tlien as the sounds of that admonition still seem to be murmuring their ca- dence in your ears, you find the pencil stroke has become a pow- erful sunbeam, harb'nger of the master who is at hand, and the verv clouds which sulfenly barred the coming of your hope now stand arrayed in the rosy tints of golden fire which already reveal the day, before it has come above the line of the sea. You have seen and heard the prophecy of God in the world, and you see in the onrush of every wave, a new witness to the power by which his will shall be accomplished. Thus was it also in that ship of state, in which watchfid men at the wheel were obeying the dic- tates of a pilot, such as no ship upon the ocean had ever seen ex- celled. The menacing waters might look dark as Erebus itself, the thousand fanciful forms might seem to tell of breakers and^a hurricane, in which the mighty timbers should shiver into noth- ing, and the crew be played wich in the billows, like snowflakes in°the wind. But while ti'oir ears and their hearts were yet full of the sounds of portent, really describing to the accu.stomed mar- iner the triumph over so much of distance and trial, the spring of the yielding timbers which bend to their work with a will, the strain of cinvas and cordage truly fulfilling a great trust, the clank of the mighty chain which serves for the ship the guiding purpose, whicb in the human heart is made invincible by a nerve, the doubt is driven off from every soul by just one gleam upon the horizon, one peneil line of promise now radiating into a thou- sand o-leams of light, which convert the clouds into an adornment, painttongues of flame upon the waves as though a pentecost were there, and soon the blessed light itself, the molten gold which gives life to the river and fertility to the soil, comes forth to say, "Ye may not look upon me, but I come, and the wrongs, whicli only an hour since seemed eternal, are already banished beyond the recalling power of king or oppressor." The men upon their farms in Kansas had passed into their hour of trial, and were com- ing through it into the glorious dawn of freedom. They had 3-^-ryf^ J* - v*" J^ 1'Z.^^T "^ "TV ' ! without a 3 pale grey have faith ; JO of obiiv- riien as the ig their ca- me a pow- id, and the r hope now cady reveal You have you see in 11" by which ihat ship of ing the dic- ker seen ex- rebus itself, akers and a ir into noth- snowflakes /ere yet full 5tomcd mar- he spring of a will, the t trust, the the guiding I by a nerve, gleam upon into a thou- adornment, mtecost were gold which forth to say, •ongs, which shed beyond n upon their id were com- , They bad TEunrroiiiAL History. 119 been failliful in a few things ; they should be made masters over many. They had seen their undoubted rights derided by brutal mobs, their properties made the sport of incendiary fires; they had been forced to light hand to hand, man against man, in odds that seemed overwhelming ; they had seen their brethren and neigh- bors shot down in defending their homesteads ; their memories w(M'e often busy with mysterious reminders of the past, as tliough some pulsation of a spirit played upon the subtle chords of the soul, and challenged fulfillment in another of the great aims which had been all but won by him, " The younj? aiul stvon.s;, who cherished Nohlo lungingsi for the strife, J3y the roiiilside fell aiul perished, Weiiry with the march of life." Every death among their comrades sanctified the struggle, in which so many good men had fallen, and helped to render it ira- ])ossible that they should ever turn their backs upon the foe. Their light was already streaming from the cast, not yet the per- fect day shining down from the zenith, but the penciled line of prom- ise. The word reache^l thein by every new comer that thousands were on the way, many coming of their own strong will, having converted every vestige of property into coin, to be spent in Kan- sas in building up a home, which should be a fortress against slavery, some coming from Boston, from New York, some even from Baltimore, helped by emigrants' aid societies in such ways as were most likely to be effective, in securing possession of the lard upon which the slave masters sought to imprint their curse. Every town in the eastern states had now some ramification of those societies, which were the nightmare of the south, and when letters arrived from liome, there were almost always words of cheer fc" the sturdy band upon the fertile prairies of Kansas, who seemed to be rather standing in order of battle, than pushing their fortunes upon the lands, or building their homes in the cities, where commerce would yet flourish, but every word in their let- ters seemed to say as in the language of the olden writer, " Fear not little flock ; it is thy Father's good pleasure to give thee the kingdom." I [ ■ up i M i» - '^' » g ' 120 TcTTLifs History of Kassas. CHAPTER VI. TERIUTOIIIAL HISTORY. (coniinucd.) fletrospppti vo — Emigrants Aid Associations — Limits of tlirir Action — Van rictnrcs of Kansas — Popnlar Entliusiasm — WiikMiiiig the Circle — Systematic Advances — Levy en mrt,tse — Founding a City — Tactics of tlic Slave Owners — l'roa''''-'ss ^^ ^'"^ Strll,^■sle. WilTT-K wc liavo been busy here in Kansas watching the pro- gress of events, not only in the territory whose fate hangs in the balance, but aeross the border in the slave state Missouri, where secret societies and defensive associations arc being organized to control the movements of colonization in the interests of the slave power, it was hardly possible to do more than just indicate by a few jiassing words, the cll'orts that were being put forth in Boston, in New Yorh, in Connecticut, in Washington and else- where, to make Kansas a free state, by sending west to occupy the territory, a population that could not be intimidated by even the dread presence of death itself, into compliance with the will of the brutal mobs of the proslavery party. June and July, 1854, were busy months among the free soil organizations, but althoutdi there was a great deal of talk among the Missourians, about the lavish employment of money by the manufacturer-cap- italists of the eastern and middle states, in procuring free settle- ment in Kansas, the actual work was accomplished rather by dif- fusing information than by advancing money. As early as the month of March, 1854, Mr. Eli Thayer, of Boston, Mass., had conceived the idea of forming a vast emigrants aid association, which should have for its object the settlement of Kansas by free Boilers, as a special and particular work, while generally helping to relieve foreign immigrants from those vampires, " the runners," who victimized new arrivals without let or hindrance from any or- ganization. The society which Mr. Thayer then proposed to estab- lish, with a capital limited to $5,000,000, did not in fact come into M'j>iy*ii^>ii*niiM M^iAjili'iiiMTifininr ■•■u-j'rj'fi"'""itn-''-*-^'^-"-""'— *" Vet ion — Pen tlic CMrcle — — Tactics of ing the pro- laiiffs in the ;onri, ■\vhore rgaiiized to rests of tlio upt indicate mt forth irk m and clso- t to occupy tod b}' even ith the will and Jidy, i^^ations, but Mipsouriana, factnrer-cap- r free settle- ither by dif- carly as the Mass., had association, insas by free •ally helping the runners," from any or- -»sed to estab- ict come into ^.s»6^^^KT^ -^SKS^-iTrrr^t^k-^-^^^'^ ..J*.™* Territohial Hihtohy. 121 existence, although a charter of incorporation was procured from the general court of Massachusetts in Ai>ril, and the charter was duly signed by the governor of that state on the 2dlli of that month, in the year before mentioned. There were dilliculties in the way of organizing the propo.sed company, and the scheme fell through, but inasmuch as there was a society afterwards cstablislied upon a simihvr basis, although with a snudler capital, by the same men, it wdl be worth while to examine and con- dense for the bcnelit of our readers, the report, in which the com- mittee which was nominated for the work in May, submitted to the public, and to tlie society then in course of formation, the main bearings of their movement. The document has historical interest, because it reveals from the best sources the animus which prevailed in the best informed circles, and the determina- tion with which the conflict was to be fought out to its bitter end. It was necessary to show lirst, that such a society as the charter was meant to incorporate ought to be formed, and therefore, the stream of immigration across the Atlantic formed the preamble. The fertility of Kansas and the attractions oU'ered by that region li"ured next in the programme, as the native born citizens of the Bay state were being induced to look beyond Iowa and Missouri, to the unsettled region which public interests and sc.cial considerations rendered it desirable should be possessed by men opposed to the extension of slavery. The foreign arrivals in the ports of the United States, during the preceding year, had a{.gregated nearly five hundred thousand of all ages, and it was estniated that the movement westward during the same time had engrossed more than two hundred thousand, with a reasonable prospect of a still larger exodus during the then current year, consequently there would be no lack of material upon which the society could operate. The cruel frauds to which emigrants from Plurope were subjected continually under the irrespo'nsible system, which left the strangers at the mercy of any scoundrel that would practice on their igno- rance as to our customs, formed the next item, and inasmuch as the association was expected to return a money profit to its in- vesters, the reasonable implication followed that the people to be benefited could better afford to pay honest friends for good eervice, than to submit to the speculations of the agents then fat- ■■ ^tj i j a j Ti 122 TcTTijfs llisrouY OF Kashas. toning uiKtn thcni. From tlic foreiyn emigrant, the transition to tlie nulivo born Amorican was of course natural, and tlie incon- veniences anil dangers which then attended iipon individual set- tlement in the west gave a theme which touched hundr^^ds o£ thousands who themselves contemplated moving into Kansas, or who had jcceived word from their friends in that territory as to the form in which Missourian philanthropy proposed to welcome free men. To mitigate as far as possible, where it was impossible to obviate, altogether, the frauds, inconveniences, accidents and dangers inci- dental to immigration always, but then, more especially, the society bad been incorporated nominally to organize and systematize the movements of the mass of humanity then tending toward the west ; but, actually, could the pui'j.oses of lAv. Eli Thayer and friends have been prudently stated in the plainest language, the descriiiLion of their intentions might have been, to become a council of adv-icc and aid to the colonists who would guaranty Kansas against slavery in the future, to unfold the designs of their enemies and of the enemies of the human race, in that matter of holding the black race in subjection, and compelling free settlers to submit to a still more galling yoke, and to assist so far as means would allow in making the possession of the soil by free men a safe and economical venture. Then followed a description of the agencies which were to be tentatively em- ployed. The capital of the company was placed at $0,000,000, to be called up in ten years should occasion require the whole amount, but no such probability was anticipated, and in reality, when the society, which came into existence upon the basis which failed to org.inize the first, the amount of money expended was very small indeed. It was believed that the steady returns to be expected on an investment of one-fifth of the capital would pliint a free state and give very substantial profits to investers. The moneyed man jier se could not be induced to see things in that way, and necessarily it devolved upon men who were pre- pared to invest upon the principle, that "He that giveth to the poor leudeth to the Lord," and thty carried out the undertaking without any considerable outlay until the end had been attained. Among the many societies projected and formed, this baud of aiisition to the incou- vidual stiO- iiudr'Als of Kansas, or ritory as to to welcome to obviate, angers inei- , the society eniatizc the toward the Miayer and nguage, the ) become a Id guamnty ! designs ot xce, in that compelling md to assist 1 of the soil , followed a ;atively em- §5,000,000, e the whole d in reality, •n the basis 3y expended eady returns apital would to investers. see things in bo were pre- giveth to the undertaking een attained. this baud of Ti:uniTO[{iAL Uistouy. 128 men came first to the work and alone remained unt, Kansas became a free state. The emigrant was to be helped by being protected from frauds on his journey ; reliable and eo.nprehensive Information would gnard him in that direction, and the sa.ne ^vatehful care would attend him after his arrival at his desti- nation Then followed the most important item, like tlie post- script to the communication of a lady friend : the emigrant was to be mainly protected by the presence of neighbors, upon whom ho could reiy in any emergency which might arise, in the certa.nty that he could obtain "combined assistance," and "division ot labor ; " important considerations in a country wiiere hanging on the nearest tree was the reward of individual exertion. 1 he pro- teges of the association would move in large numbers, hence they would encamp as an army of industry, with whom the slave power would not dare to meddle. The colonies so planted would carry wit1i them the safety and the other ameliorating influences ^vhlch attend upon the older civilizations. There would be a section of society moved with its churches, schools, police and press, instead of the mere desultory aggregation of atoms from vvhich these several items of the machinery of progress would gradually accrue. These designs were well worthy of the care to be bestowed, and in addition to all these, the association would provide cheaper transit, immediate shelter upon arrival, trust- worthy intelligence as to locations, and material aid in procuring titles where no other help would be accepted. Such an organ- ization might well be an object of dread to Missouri, because whether the aid so proffered to the public was accepted or not, the old maxim, "forewarned, forearmed," came into p ay, and the people wlio went west carried with them a full knowledge of the diflieulties to be encountered. Practically, it is known that the number moved by the direct assistance of the society was small, but when men wanted information, the offices of the association, guarantied by the good names which stood sponsors or their Abnegation of " the world and the devil," could and did render essential service to the good work. There were diminutions of rates of travel as consequences of the operations of such societies, and the influence exerted made known through the press of the eastern and middle states the charms of Kansas soil and scenery, I, !' 124 TvTTLffs TlisTonv or KaS'loUation, and the climate which might well seem a paradise to the millions who were invited to come over and possess the land. The end to be achieved was well worthy of an eflfort, and the vast power which could be moved for the purpose was irresistible. The few that formed the advance guard might be annoyed and driven in upon the main body, but when the engagement once be- came general along the whole line, God help the assailing force, which had brought down upon itself a crushing power, greater than that which followed Attila, the Hun. Men moved west- ward by thousands every year, and now the whole energy of the free soil party was directed into the work, to make the very best class of emigrants from the free states settle in Kansas. Societies for mutual aid were formed in many cities, and colonies were pro- jected into Kansas, whereby men who had known each other for many years, if not all their lives, moved in concert to their new home. The discussion of rights and wrongs in congress had been slow and tedious, and in the end there were no such results as could satisfy the community, or settle the questions in debate, but when the doctrine of sovereignty had been reduced to practice in this simple way, the manipulators and wire pullers from the lobbies at Washington ascertained that there is an appeal back of every representative and servant, however high his title, to the people themselves, whose voice must be final and conclusive ai Mn t n a ta -^ ^tta m iii ■ *— - ^ .1 ^n.- i J I JH. III H I 126 TuTri.rf^ If IS Tony or K ass as. ■wherever the sound conUl be hesml. IMie court of final appoal was bein>' constituted in Kansas, and with every stop toward tlio desired eonsuniination, the oornmunity in tlie middle and eastern states pressed forwanl more earnestly to participate. Massacln;- sotts, with her teeming factt)ries and workshops, saw that in such nn extension as was proposed there would be an additional area opened to her productions, the more certain to continue because of the unity of feeling which would result from the operations of such societies, and the more liberal in its dimensions because of the high tone and of the enterprise which must distinguish such n people. From every stcndpoint advanced thinkers in the east saw the advantages of the movement which they were help- ing to develop, and every day increased the volume and velocity of the stream which they were directing. The redoubled eflorts of other organizations made the success of every society more probable, because the aims to be accomplished were not the per- sonal gains of the promoters, but the general good of the commu- nity ; still every city was urged to contribute liberally toward the colonization fund, by promises that the cities to be founded in the west by the moans so provided should be named in honor of the cities in the oast which had most largely provided the capital on which they were to operate. The society first projected was not duly organized, but another society was formed by the pro- moters on the same basis, with less money liability, and a charter as the " New England Emigrant Aid Society." The purposes were precisely the same, and the capital was limited to $1,000,000, the trustees of the association, Amos Lawrence, John S. Williams and the much abused Eli Thayer, being foremost among the fore- most contributors. Other such societies were operating elsewhere as we have seen, and the territory of Kansas became the focus toward which the forces of the abolition party converged from all parts of the union. " The war was to be fought out on that line if it took all summer." The general success which resulted did not come from any one of all those organizations, but it came from the mental and physical activities of an aroused people, able to see the tyranny and the wastefulness of the slave system, and de- termined to have none of it in the future of the union. Missouri hated the aspect which affairs had now assumed, but the main lal appeal toward tlio 11(1 eastern Massacln> at in snch tional area ne because erations of because o£ jnisli such in the east were lielp- nd velocity )leil efforts ciety more lot the per- he commu- illy toward QC founded in honor of the capital ejected was ay the pro- id a charter irposcs were )00,000, the 5. Williams ng the fore- g elsewhere 5 the focus ;ed from all a that line if 1 ted did not came from pie, able to em, and de- . Missouri It the main TKiutirnniAL Ifisrony. 127 features wore but answers to her own aggressive conduct, and in tlu' abstract every citizen desorvod tt, applauded, when hegavo fn)ui liis purse tind liis energy to increase the area available for free labor and free government. The cities of the east had masses of population, whicli souglit good outlets in regions where their own customs and institutions could bo preserved, an*l if slavery hail not been a giant wrong, wliich ought to die, and which was already doomed by the fiat of nature, the jirairics of Kansas would havo nlVordod an excellent area upon which to test the slave system and the free system, in communities established side by side. The oligarchy wanted no tests and no comparisons. They wanted territory on which to sell and to employ slave stock; "the very head and front of their offending had tluit extent, no hiore," until they concentrated upon them.«elves that avalanche wliich over- whelmed their puny efforts, by proposing to lynch every free emi- grant that ventured into Kansas. Once a state of war had been producetl, of course each party exasperated the other, and the deeds which require enumeration were but the inevitable outcome of events. Where the city of Lawrence now stands, the first colony was planted by the concerted action of the free states, in the early part of July, 1854, and we have seen by what means and with what results, Missouri interposed, up to the time when the " rousta- bouts " retired from the contest without striking one blow, under cover of a threat that they would come up one thousand strong to wipe out that little force of sixty men. The Missourians had not exhausted their ingenuity, although they had completed that demonstration. The force of arms having failed, they had re- course to oratory and manipulation. :Many a man who could be conquered without difficulty in the stricken field can exhaust his most powerful opponents if they will only let him talk, and Ther- sites had many disciples in Missouri. The news had been con- veyed into the state that on the first day of August, there would be a meeting of settlers, at Back Bone Eidge, to establish regula- tions under which squatters might take up and improve their selections, with a tolerable degree of certainty that their rights -would be respected. Such an opportunity was not to be lost, and the several organizations sent up a considerable force to overawe 128 TuTTLffs History of Kaxsas. tlio newcomers; if poHsiblo, to override tlicin by noise rxr-l foreign voting power, in any ease, and to give thcin a taste of tlic quality Inr \vl.ieli Missourians on the Btuini) had boeonie famous. An Inaiana hiwyer named Dunliam was the orator, and he was vory l),)werrul in liis parlieular lino, but his fiiends suiTercd a? much as did his enemies, and like DogUmj, it is probable that lie re- gretted that there was no man present to write him '-down an iiss." Kvcry stroke of the piston in an air pump removes onedialf of the atmosphere from the receiver, and the elo.piento of Dun- ham acted in the same way ; the free state men adjourned, the Missourians went "from labor to refreshment," and after the ora- tor and his friends had taken their accustomed inspiration for two hours, the settlers reassembled, adopted their constitution and by laws, completed the business of tl.<. day by electing olliccrs, and br.Hight their proceedings to an orderly termination, 'riic chief ju.stice chosen by the settlors w'.s tlio lion. John A. Wakdield, and the recorder. Brier W. Miller, a selection well worthy of the occasion. The Missourians were nonplussed for the time, but when it became necessary to remodel the laws of the community, the call of the executive was communicated to the slave owners' party once more, and numbers poured in to disturb the little assemblage, but afte- a narrow escape from a resort to the ulUma ratio force, the difTicuty was accommodated upon a basis which secured the election of Judge Wakefield a second time. The foundation of this little community was laid in July, 185-t, when the agent of the New England Emigrant Aid Society, lion. Chas. II. Branscombe, since distinguished as one of the representatrves of St. Louis, in the legislature of Missouri, selected the site of the city of Lawrence for the first colony. There were persons located on the ground before the free soders arrived, but their rights had all been purchased, and the few improvements attempted had been liberally considered in the sale. The name of the city, . " Lawrence," was not determined until the sixth of the following October, when the appellation was 'adopted by the association in iionor of Amos A. Lawrence, the first trustee of the society. Be- fore that time the settlement had been augmented by several new arrivals, the first colony of thirty having been joined by three Reinforcements of larger proportions. It was while the founders of iiiiiiiiwmi'iU'i'iT I \i"l foreign tlic quality iionrt. All was VL-ry 2il as much tliat he re- , '-down an /esono-half ito of Dun- ourncd, the "tiT tlic ora- tion for two ion and by olliocr.-^, and Tiic chief Wakefield, orthy of the c time, but community, lave owners' rb the little the ullttna basis which . time. The 1854, when , Hon. Chas. presentatiA^cs le site of the rsons located, lir rights had tempted had of the city, ;he following xssociation in ■5ociety, Be- 1 several new ned by three le founders of '\%% m li 1 -"'*•-i. 3J' ;ri ]30 TuTTLifs Ills Ton Y OF Kaxsas. aeainst nn nrmv of barbarians, ofTicercd by tbo Frcncli, were not likely to fail in an emergency, where their hereditary courage and constancy could make them heroes. Many of the choicest parts of Kansas were taken up by little settlements, compacted of many races, but all united on the one point against slavery. Twenty- five persons founded Topeka in December, and early in the spring of 1855, the number of residents was largely increased by immi- gration, the town from the first aiming to be made the capital of the state. The first territorial legislature convened in Pawnee, in July, but when the convention was called together to prepare a free state constitution, in October, 1855, Topeka was the spot selected for the assembly, and so conclusive was the course then taken as to the future action of the state, unless the ordinary methods were abandoned, that the slavery propagandu may be said to have declared war upon the instant. But we are travel, ing too fast, and it is necessary to return to the narrative of events in°their proper order. Topeka soon became a busy centre, and hotels and stores were erected for the accommodation of the rap- idly arriving emigrants, a profitable business being transacted almost from the beginning. Manhattan was the name given to a settlement at the junction of the Big Blue river, with the Kansas river, to which a strong party known as the Manhattan company came from the city of Cincinnatti, Ohio, in the spring of 1855. The location is very beautiful, and the citizens have enjoyed a remarkable average of prosperity. The fourth party of emigrants from New England made the selection of a site which has been so largely indorsed by circumstances. There may have been, from first to last in the year 185-i, about five hundred persons that came into the territory luider the auspices of the society in Massachussetts, but that does not represent a tithe of the good that the association accomplished for free settlement and organization. Grasshopper Falls obtained its name from a small descent of a few feet in the bed of the Grass- hopper creek, near where a settlement was made in 1854, and of course our readers are aware that the town has been very success- ful. There were many other towns laid out and settlements made, but we can only glance at the principal places at this stage of the history. The other societies which were called into exist ' "-■"^iMjowinwawitwihffi -- TKIiUJTOlilAL HtSTORY. 181 were not irago antl cest parts I of 111 any Twenty- ihe spring by imnii- capital oE aw nee, in prepare a the spot )urse then ! ordinary u may be are travel. 3 of eventa lentre, and of the rap- transacted le junction 3h a strong the city of on is very avei-age of V England y indorsed last in the lie territory it that does complished obtained its the Grass- Sol, and of 3ry success- settlements it this stage . into exist enccby the strong public feeling which rescued Kansas from the taint of slavery did very little for the territory beyond directing the attention of men and families to the promising iichl for emi- gration whicli the territcjry presented, but the New England Emi- grant Aid Society, directly assisted at least two tliousand persons to locate in Kansas, and the help ailorded was all the more bene- ficial to the emigrants and to the several settlements, because there was no taint of pauperism in the assistance given and re- ceived. The mass of the i)oi)uIace did the work that was requir- ed, in a manner highly creditable to the community. When the society already mentioned, built mills and school houses, as was done at Ossawatomie, Topeka and Lawrence, as well as elsewhere, assisting in the development of the localities, the investments were made on what proved to be sound bases, and the returns eventually justified the outlay. Hotels were built by the society in several places, but only as business ventures to help the free soilers, by employing capital in a way which the new settlers could remunerate, but which would have been burdensome upon their resources had they been called upon to supply the outlay themselves. The soundness of the calculation made early ia 1854, as to the small sum of money that need be expended was fully borne out by the fact, that out of the capital of the society which was finally organized, only one-tenth, or $100,000 was actually employed in all that was accomplished by the aid of that association. When the orators and the press of Missouri de- nounced the " northern cattle " that were coming upon Kansas ■with the promise of permanent occupation, all the bluster of the loud voiced talkers and grand'loquent penmen, only widened the circle in the eastern states which steadily converged toward and marched upon Kansas. We have seen already the kind of blus- ter that was meant to terrify the free soilers, but the enthusiasm of the people answered every defiance with fresh levies and bet- ter system, which speedily reduced the Missourians to the altern- ative of submission, or to the worst of all arguments, hard blows. Doubtless these proslavery men thought themselves among the most reasonable, and the best abused people of their day. They only wanted to expel free negroes from the country, to refuse all traffic between slaves and white men, to deny the right of slaves Mi :■ 183 TuTTLffs IlrsTonr of Kansas. to hire their own time from their masters, and '-o punish ^ per^ «ons wl^odiflorea frou. them, as to their "P-'"- ;^f^ ^f ^^^^^^^ar lo I they were dcnouneed, as if it were .K,t the highest and dear is pHvilego of a free man, to hang such of h.s ne.g^hors^a. _ d.re abus° the privilege of thinlcing for theu>«elves. No man t"tobrhan..od unless somebody condemned him, nor eventhen L e that somebody was one of the presidents of an u-respons. ble society, whose opinion was endorsed by at least wo me out of a society of one thousand. Unless a n.an ^^^^^fl'^^^^ on principle, it would be hard to conceive of a knul of machme.y ^t^^^p^d to rnaKe the process pleasant, but U.re were me. ^vho objected to be made victims even by he Platte Co "ty bel Defensive Association, and we are bound '^ ^^^nrne^^^ soneoof testimony to the contrary, that our abolitionist fi.ends :r ll 7--c^ntious in their scruples. The slave own.-sai^ ^! ir upporters boldly enunciated that labor in any form is slav- :S:r:omenlho work for thei. d.ly b.ad are invari- ably disreputable persons, many of those who ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ the vear of grace, 1854, cannot be induced now to admit that tev e"ei itlred such abominable heresies, but there were som tn of no^ at that time, who declared that "nle-1-ery could be sustained in Kansas, the neighboring state of Missouu must be sustaineu in , ^1^^,^^ could continue to live To dinme.«al sackdotU and ashes, and .l,»y a.e ent.tled » Buol, Ictliean consolation as may te afforded by sdence. Th several secret societies wlrose -vcrcnt. have been «- ferred 10 were not organized in Missouri antd late in 1854, bat th V l-l Ion" "oen in operation in tl,e older slave states. They alnl n°o sudden act.vity, and there were few men who daml incu the odium of remaining outside =uch o.|an. matrons. Ttebrtrln of the "Social Band "reeogni^^ed a mod.hed respect- ^bdiwt "Blue Lodges," " Sons of the South." " Enends Soerc- ties "and such like institutions, of which there were many mora tl i would be convenient to name, save m an append,., but ■j iwvwui l'ffi ' ■ — " "ty ' " ' -""* ' ' V^ J ^ ' Tekihtouial HrsTorii'. V)3 i\ all per- ijects, and and dear- ijlibors ao No man even then iiTosponsi- • men, out ) hanging, [imchinery were men lunty Self in the ab- ist friends awncrs and rm is slav- are invari- that way in admit that were some wcry could riouri must nue to live as virtuous themselves ve never re- lers have re- ! entitled to ;e. ive been re- in 1854, but bates. They w men who rganizations. ified respect- 'riends Socie- j many more ppendix, but all the fraternities joined in looking with suspicion, which might soon eventuate in hostile acts, upon any man who (Icciiiicd to amiiatc with such mm^hinory of evil. These societies wore part of the force wliich was to be utilized in conquering Kansas. The lodge meetings were of value because every member of tiio brotherhood was u spy upon free soilers, abolitionists, and indeed upon all who were suspected of thinking or doing anything that slave owners did not approve, and it was important that every atom in the body poUtic in Mi.s.souri should be held in readinesss to ci.rry out tlic projects of the leaders. When the movements of the Massachusetts society became known it was pretended that all the organization resorted to in the slave state, was rendered necessary by such signs of activity in the east, and had not existed until such modes of oi)cration made it the duty of every man of property, that is to say, of every slave owner, to prepare for " the bloody arbitrament of the sword." Doubtless there was more rage and more activity in Missourian circles after tlio " New England Emigrant vVid Society " was incorporated, but for many years be- fore that time it had ceased tr be safe for any person to express a doubt as to the wisdom and the justice of slavery, and preachers ■who defended the ghastly abomination in their pulpits : "Provinjr their doctrines orthodox, By apostolic blows and knocks," found it difficult to speak with sufficient vun against the men and the views which their owners — for they also were owned by the oligarchy — looked upon as the latest spawn of hell. There were men in the community who could not be relied upon for a levy en masse, should Missouri conclude to make war upon Kansas, in order to exterminate the free soilers, and it was time to sepa- rate the wheat from tlie tares. Traders were nov,r told with whom they should have dealings, and merchants were instructed as to the persons from whom they should make purchases, and all the terrors of the odious Vrhm Oericht were to visit those who might venture to disobey. The action of the city of Weston in the premises has been seen, and that fact demonstrated to the great annoyanceof the oligarchy that there was division in their own camp, while the enemy was massing his forces in front of the «ore likely to bring down the New ^^f ^'^^f ^ . [ Ly, than to bring out a respectable nmster o£ the.r own - I 4el the attack. Free enugration in Kansas ^'^^ «-'.-; to n.in who for n.any years ■ had endured 1'---^^ - " ^^_ BO that for the future there would bean added elen.ent lu tl^o Quietudes of the slave owners. The strug^e wa. ^^^^^l^^ to their doors, when the men with .vhon> they '^^^ J^^^^ for years could assen.ble in pubhc uK-etajg to --' • ^^^^^^^^f loved the union and the law better than they l^u^d .lave y a ml h south; that they disapproved the conduct ^'^^-^^^^^ or..uu.ations, and tl>e sentin.ots which were embodied >n su -b ^ :ven.ents; that they held men to be worthy of respect and con- fidrceirrcpective of opinion, as long as then- conduct pr.w d therworth] ; that they held labor in such h>gh regard as could enab Jthen'io speak of its dignity as compatible w.th moral and ^nectualstati; that they tlu.ght the Ncbrask^ar^as a cave equal rights in the territory to every cu./en from whatever ftute t^at they .ere competent to say who should dw.l m the.r community, and that they wouhl not allow an ij-P--^'; -- ciaTon to d cide such questions for them ; that they d.d not thn k Busrion u ground for punislunent; that they dul not approv of Z-1 w, and would not tolerate it until all other law had faded. Sever in this world was there ever seen ir. type or heard m puV Uc mee ing a defiance more square and con.plcte than that wh. h t's embodied by the citizens of Weston in then- pronunaan.nto :: afwe haveLn, when the.r words were ^--^ as kUc wmd they took up arms to vindicate the.r -"-^-->-; ^f .f^f ;itl / ur r..hhlP to flic'ht. Times were changing with tUe slave r:^ifML"i -d ..esuu.«le „i«U. »=, no. ^=r *a tern- Try of KaB^a.. but for the oontiuuous possessma of their own state. Ti:i!i!ii'i>i;iM. llisiouv. 135 CUAPTEU VI I, TKimiTOUIAL HISTORY. (C(>ft(i/IUt'i!.) Act of OrgiiniznllDii — GoviTiior Uocder — liiiiii^^unition of (loveiiimuat — CoiiKivssiunal Drlcjjate-l'nmlaviTy Tiictios - Krce SoiU'iindulalfs- Vi>ling Eiiiiy niul Oltni — Slnllliis; Uic Census — Couiti'sics of tin; Uiillot Box — Poimliir Hovcroijrnly — Vole or Die — Seriw uf Invasions — Oov. crnor UccI.t s (Viiilicatcs-Some New Eleclious — The Ooo.l Timo Coming -J{i'i,!,'notTein.r- Poweroltli.' I'rcss- Expelling I'lcachers- VigilantiTs at Worii — Uiglils auU Wrongs — iSaluliug Iho (lovenior-- The I'lfsidcnt's Action — Members of Legislature Expelled — Powers of 11 Majority- Missouri refsu» Massaehusetts — .Shawnee and I'awnee^ Log lloUing-Proslavery Law — Governor llecder Removed — Cause and Pretense —Conduct of the Governor. Ik kvkuy legislature in llic world there is ti power, seldom used, whicli will allow of the suspension of standing orders, and permit ii bill, tlio provisions of whicli are tdroudy understood, to be read, in some stages, by the mere enunciation of the .nargnml notes. In the present stage we jjroposc to read the act of organi- zation almost in that way, and the standing orders are suspended accordingly. We need not read the whole act, and we do nob propose to do more in this line than is necessary to the compre- hension of aflair-s, consequently we commence with section 19, which enacted the then established limitations of the territory, from Missouri to the summit of the Koeky mountains, between the thirty-seventh and thirty-eighth parallels of north latitude, with some unimportant exceptions, with the express provisioa that the constitution to be adopted by the territory should deter- mine the admission of the state to the union with or without slavery, and a proviso that congress should retain power to divide the territory into two territories, or to attach parts thereof to any other state or territory. The exceptions before mentioned referred to the rights and titles of the Indians to certain portions of tha territory, and the powers retained by the government to make suitable provisions, regulations and treaties with, and iu regard to. ! 130 Ti'TTu:'s Tfisroiiv or Kaxsas. tlio luilian trilK'H. Section 20 cnnctcd tliat the executive pnwct of the territory should bo vested in t\ governor, to be npjKMntcd by the president for four yeiira, subject to bo removed by the ap pointin^' power, or to continue beyond the expressed term luitil his siieeessor should be appointed and (pialified; the governor to command the militia, exercise the usual pardoning powers, commission proper officers, an-l enforce faithful execution of the laws. Section 21 enacted that a secretary should bo ajipointed, and prescribed his duties, among others that in the absence, resig- nation or death of the governor, the secretary should be locum teurn.^. Section 22 enacted that the legislative power of the terri- tory should bo vested in the governor and a legislative assend)ly consisting of a council and house of representatives; setting forth nlso the numbers for each body and duration in ofli^c, as well as the mode of increase in numbers and in.al limits of representation. The section fi rther defined the (pialifications to vote for, and to be elected to such bodies, and set forth that a census should be taken to ascertain who were residents entitled to vote. Beyond these provisions the rcsi)onsibility of cnrryiiig out the elections C'-uitably devolved upon the governor only, and on his appointees, until the first assembly should have been duly constituted,^ after which, law, would, of course, dcllne everything. Section 23 pre- Bcribed who should be entitled to vote in the first election, viz: Every free white male inliabitant over twenty-one years of age. Fcction 2-1: dealt with the limitations within which the legislature might enact laws, subject to the suspensive veto of the governor, and the powers of the two chambers to override such veto by majorities of two-thirds in each chamber. Providing also for cases in which the governor miglit not exercise his veto, but might retain the bill in his own hands, instead of nending it back Bigned or othcrwi.se. Section 25 was an enabling clause, giving to the governor power to appoint officers, not otherwise provided for, but necessary in the premises, said officers to hold their positions and discharge the required duties until the end of the first session • of the legisrature. After that time all such officers were to be appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the le >»» H i '?■« / 77; /,' I! IK mi AT. II is T( > n v 18t C pOWCT )pr,intcd tbc ap ■m iuit.iI rovcnior powers, n of tlie ipointod, CO, rosig- )o locum tlio tovri- :\sHciii1)ly ing forth s well as OTitatii)ii. r, and to hoiiltl be lloyonil elections )pointec8, ted, after 1 20 pre- tioii, viz;: s of age. Legislature governor, 1 veto l>y also for veto, but ig it back giving to vided for, • positions rst session I'ere to bo >nt of the o member ed by the ^tmtl^ legislature of wliioh ho was a member, nor until he haiblv, unless they might the rest of r, the Queen one.' That wft.. for tho tim. tlM. i.ruKia.nuu. with tli- Missonnan. on Kunsa« territory; th^y would swan,,, the i-owor.. of tluMr.sidont populu. tion, in the ballot bo.x, and in that way wipe out their foes I ho tour occupied about fourteen days, and wilhm thai time the gov- ernor had made himself ac.,uainlcd with the sellleis l.y whom lie ha.l been wehx.med most cordially. I'urlics were formed ill every locality to escort Wnn through tho region over which the colony was to spread, and boyon a common do- Hire thai the integrity of the community should be preserved from the assauUs whi<-h were already di.seussed, without reserve, across the border. The man w..uld have been unworthy of a place in tho territory, however humble, unlo-s he was desirous that tho people inhabiting the country .should e.mtrol ihcir ..wn nfTair.s. His lir.st duty was to divide the territory into electoral dislricls, to enable the residents to east their votes for u delegate to represent them in congims, for tho remainder of an unexpired term. On the tenth di^ of November, 1854, his proclamation was issued, and he required the several judges of elections who were appointed by him to refuse the votes of all per.sons whom they believed to be nonresidents in tho territory, having come into Kansa.s merely to vote, while their domiciles were elsewhere. The then present bona fide intention to renmin and make a per- manent homo in the territory was set forth by the proclamation as an essential qualification for the act of voting, and the judges of election were sworn to reject tho votes of all persons not so qualified. Whatever doubts thci-e may have been in the minds of the Missourians were now resolved, and " the winter of their discontent" came down on Gov. Ilceder with chilling ellect Five days after the proclamation was issued, there was a conven- tion of the propagandists held in LeavcnvN -rth, the people com- ing by hundreds, on horseback and in wagons, from the neigh- boring state, to denounce the governor as a free soiler and aboli- tionist, or as one favoring such abominations by his proclama- tion, and by deferring the election of the legislative assembly. Every day that the process was deferred increased the number of emigrants from the free states with whom they would have to contend, hence their haste, and they were confident that as soon as the legislature should be convened, their machinery would en- irr-r-rsrrs: .13 T I — * «wri; '>t'^f \ " y *y 140 TuTTLE's lIlSTOIiY OF KaXSAS. able thcin to control the affairs of the little community. A del- egation was aiipoiiitcd to wait upon the governor to request im- mediate action, but Gov. Reeder could not be deceived by the prctcuKC that they were actual residents in Kansas. Such a s.nall community as that at Fort Leavenworth was soon recof^nizatjle, man by man, and these persons were strangers whose incursion and whose objects were well known. The governor courteously but resolutely demanded further particulars as to the authoriza- tion and the proceedings of the convention, but no such informa- tion could be afforded without a full declaration of their identity and aims, so the delegation, defeated for the time, withdrew in high dudgeon. "When the parties to that movement attempted to prejudice the public at a distance, by giving a false version of the whole affair. Gov. Eeedcr answered the memorialists in a doc- ument which became a manifesto to all the free states, disclosing the fact that the men who had presumed to dictate to him the line of duty which he must pursue were Missourians mostly, and not entitled to an atom of consideration where the free govern- ment of Kansas was involved. The reply was crushing in state- ment and rebuke, but it completely destroyed all pretense? of fairness on the part of the Missouri convention, and from that time it was patent to all observers that the governor meant to se- cure for the people over whom he ruled all the essentials of home rule, so far as the means at his disposal could be made to cover that purpose. The tempers of men were becoming roused, and it was evident that there would be some feeling exhibited in the pending election of a congressional delegate. Tlic free soilers were divided between the Hon. John A. Wakefield, an avowed advocate of free state ideas, whose name has been mentioned in these pages before, and the Hon. Robert P. Flenneken, a friend of Gov. Reeder, who had come out to Kansas, with the Micawber like expectation that " something would turn up." He hoped to win votes from free soilers, and proslavery men also, by adopt- ing the role of the independent candidate, from whom both par- ties might hope as much as they pleased, while he probably ■would have put in practice the maxim ascribed to the legal pro- fession of old time, saying to the clients, " a shell for thee and a shell for thee ; the oyster is the lawyer's fee." Like most men, ^ WF/V>W.W»«i>l Ji. ri »M" * "^' '"" i l l* "" to certify, il inquiry ilence and received a j£ Koveui- :;ticed that .^f the ter- who were :nter Kan- ; knife and LS the Rus- conipelled in advant- ,her duties IS made for that justice so appoint- ixed. The legislature, ute. Gov. and it ap- nself to be is not cer- i, but it is owners and made very ppointment many other 3a of what ,rong views miuated by I one of the jred as well led for him, ng declined was a slave ov. lleedcr ?:■ I r •'kl>,;:?f'1y''l:^i "' n TKtiiiiToni iL Jljsroitr. 1 1.") was removed. Of throe jiKlgcs tliut worouitpoinlcil iit suceessiuii U) 111! tlio two vueancies thus ciiii.scil, it muy he worth whlh* h<'ro to way, art 11 coiiiiiiontai-y uii the .state of Ht)cii'ty in Kansas, that one re.-'igued !iis oll'u:e in ilisj^nist, after discovering what was re- tinired of him, and that another refused to assume the duties of his o/hee, after visiting tlio territory .mil seeing foi' liiniself the condition of aITair.s that prevailed. Coming hack to the Hul)ject of the h^gishiture, tlie go\ciiior tiiought it ueecssaiy to have a census talcen before the election, and knowing what might he done by the people ncro.ss the border to thwart his design, he eau.sed all the step.s to be taken during January and February, without liny publicity IxMng given to the fact. The ^[issourialls .saw in that fact addition.-d evidence that the governor ought to be recalled by the jiresident. In some eases they did cross over and procure themselves to be enumerated among the residents, but a,s a rule the precautions taken by the governor sufllced to make the retuiii obtained reliabh;, as such documents usually are. Some of the proslavery men r.niled at the governor, and talked assassination, others threatened him with removal by the chief ex- ecutive, and others contented themselves by striving to bribe or to intimidate theccnsus takers to embody in their returns fraudu- lent lists of nonresidents, as "though they actually lived in the territory. AVhen the census was taken there appeared to be eight thousand, six hundred souls in the territory, with a sum total of voters nund)ering two thousand, eight hundred and live. The census showed the governor not only the extent of the pop nlation, but the localities in which the voters resided, a consider ntion of some itnportance in preparing to elect a legislature. Im- mediately after the returns were made, Mr. Roeder issued his proclamation calling for the election of the legislature. The re- turns wore completed on the third day of March, the notice ap- peared on the eighth, and the choice was to be made on the thir- tieth of the same month in 1855. There seems to be no reason for assuming that the governor wanted to favor the free soilers ; he only wanted to see fair play, and being a lawyer by jjrofession, all his best instincts were trained to desire the f ultillment of the law. As a democrat he was more likely to have favored the other side, and had he wished merely to be on the side of the stronger party for the 10 ■ nlnvnl into tlu-ir l.an-l., but he nuMTly .1.1 h.. -1. ty, a „.:,.• n,.. wVu.h .....lo Hum. a few year, lat.r al-.-Ln S Ik L p .>t.xt f..r the e.>,MphunU a.ul aenur.mt.on« o[ th I o l.u.O ,Jy. Both .hies were in earnest now. Co. the ^^^ ' ; ^^ It.^. (.00/- .a. really to be p—^^^^^ batable ,n>un.l wlueh wa. -I'l^^^^^ '^ ; , ,,,,« n.ul hitter ti.Me. by the Miss....n conunonus..., »ftc,r the mtm ai,.„ss?onH in con,reH« .luring thcscss.ons -^^ ^8 ; 'c l,oen kept alive by the passages at ar„>s u, he un. s a , i HMw, fi-Pf. ^t'lto Dartv eouhl not l)ohavo un *'„■" an i,„prac,ioablc ori.no, but tl.c ...W --lo Lad alroa.ly '; L y kept up .ho c-y .l,at Ka„.a, »l.oaUl « a »';- ^tau^ ' lT,t rcl, "ncaccaWy il wc ca..," sakl Clou. Atclus...., bat at ll.o allhazalils, pcatuiu , t .,.,,v,.ri of some cm nonce os- vl nV nll„wi„ablo tbroa.s oi violence, too .oon to W - %i^r.oe^s;r; ^ ^ ';---- °"'Zcrv o ;a^ S,ni.atlons i the miMlc and eastern state. 'e "It Wnt'n the territory «,visUca by speakers a^ l^o'^bly canvassed to bring out tbe wUole votu.g power Tl'.UlllTOUf.lf. UlsTiilt V. U7 i(! ttnino lU'plicn ii^ liavc im- foto inoro 1 already spoiikcrft re state at but at tho inence as- r the law, .nctions of 1 rights as Never was d justifies Missouri, frau-dulent oon to be- ations and the usual ^tern states, oakers, and ting power of tho population ill favor of tlicir candidates in oacli district, and of course so far as actual residents wi-ro eonccnuMl, they had tlin battle in their own hands. The foreign eleiii'Miteould not be reached by tlii'ir elorpu'iice, excc|)t in sti far as tho force of their expressions nii^iilit help to exasperate their already ntigry opponents. Tliey eou!(l not import voting power from tho neighboring state, for the party that sympathized with them daicil nf)t 8hf)w how warmly their feelings wore enlisted, and besiiles, their instincts did not incline them in that way, to "do evil ihac good might eome." Tlicir primary meetings, their eonventions, their nominations made uii nimous in every "nso, amounted to nothing against tho power; with, which they had to contend. They were met and for the time completely cru.shed by an or- ganized movement which ext(;nded from .l.isper county in tho ex- treme south of Missouri, and Mirough r ' cry secii'-n ens; ,-\nd west to Andrew county in tho north, whieh sent part' ■•< into Kansas to vote for tho imposition of tiic institution ;' >hivery upon tho state wherever it might be formed. B )ono county and C lo, east and west went into tho matter with .vh. ;e_heart.N, and. i.; v^re was but one representative district in K msns A^hich had not foreign votes enough sent from Missouri to control the election. Tlu; ■whole of tho council districts were provided for in that way. They did not merely pervade tho tei'ri^ory, they came like an army, in many eases bringing bands of music, on the same prin- ciple that induces the boy passing some ghostly precinct to " Whistle aloud to bear his couriigo up." They came armed and provisioned, and supplied with tents like an enemy marching to more honorable war, and in every dis- trict there were avowed nurposes to alarm the free state party, aa ■well as to decide the el ' is by an overpowering display of for- eign and fraudulent voting power. For the time they were success- ful, but their ill-omened success was dearer than the most costly defeat. It was an rther illustration of the words of the poet, " Quern Deiis vvU perdere prius dementat;" '"God willed their de- struction, and they were made mad." The decisions of the con- gre.s;'onal committee, which was appointed to mquire into and report upon these unlawful proceedings in Kansas, places in a !.*,/.-, ''!plcte; but the report, which dioosts the main facts and supplies results only, wdl serve the pvu-nose of the historian bettor than the cornprel.ensive detads on 'vhic h it is founded. The committee ascertained not merely that there were foreign influences at work to falsify the -veral e lec^ lions, but also whence the false voters ean.e Eleven coun^cs sent the voters that swamped legitimate pubbc op.mon m the poUinc^ at Lawrence, and it was ascertained that those who re- nntiued at home in Missouri were assessed to pay the expenses, supply horses, carriages, wagons and connnissariat for the invacl- i„l- l^ions. Provisions were aecun.ulated m rcl.able hands in L^wrc^.ce for some days before the irruption, and the fraudulent voters began to pour in the day previous to the poll.ng contmu- u,o- to arrive almost to the last hour in which a ballot paper could be handed in. There were over one thousand men m camp near the town the night, before the election, and more than one hundred wagons of all kinds, besides saddle horses, had been em- ployed to convey the multitude. When " The Assyrians came down like the wolf on the fold, ■ f ■ And his cohorts were gleamiug with purple and gold, there was splendor in the conquering host it there was no mercy ; bu thl horde, armed with bowie knives, guns and pistols, wb twi i e of Lrtillerv loaded to the muzzle with musket balls Xv'lLVy with the red light of hate upon the ittle settlement ^X to be intimidated and overridden. Bands of music were . "ploy- to play the melodies most likely to annoy the beseiged and give heail or courage to the multitudinous pack that pro- rid to devour them. Mr. Blanton, one of the judges of electiou Tlo recused to be bribed, was to have been hanged the night be- ^ he poll, but it seems probable that matters weij accommo- date dJth Jut recourse to that process, as the judge did not r 1 Doilincr day to exact the oath as to residence, which ''■'thave'nvolved hundreds in trials for perjury. The num- beft eon— at Lawrence being in excess of the require- .t of the day some of the leaders addressed the throng, repre- ZZ^l^S^ i-ting men to volunteer to proceed to iMrifi pr-« ^i'TSft^ ?^^"§C*^.=" [issourians. port, which I serve the e details on merely that icveral clec- en counties nion in the lose who re- le expenses, I' the invad- )le hands in ! fraudulent ns, continu- ballot paper men in camp ire than one lad been em- Id, old," as no mercy ; I pistols, with nusket balls, ,tle settlement of music were ^ the beseiged, pack that pro- ges of election the night be- ere accommo- udge did not sidence, whichi V, The num- of the require- i throng, repre- to proceed to TKniiiTonTAL TlrsTonr. j^g more remot. points, where there was a possibility that tho l.,..l voters mioht <.„tn,imber the foreic^n oloment -ml ^ ♦Vint- «v, 1 , , '•^"'^•"oii LiLmciit, and 111 ans\v(>r \n that appeal several detachments of one hundred and fi t .nd two hundred^ respcetively, rode post haste to Bloomin.ton III! ory Pent Teeumsoh and elsewhere, to dragoon tl'^^^ t men out of to leastehance of honest government. The nv. came up to the polling place in Lawrence n parties of onl h n & electon, were able to eome „p i„ a bodv Ind clepos,t the,,, balloting pape,^. The pretexts of the erowd we™ m,ne,r,„s enough, as they asserted that the co t« lavL, he two states Missouri and Ma.,aeh„setts, ^7 ; j2tZ last stages of *„,„,„•, oould suppose that a lasting viZyeouW be won by such sha.neful operations. The New Enda,3 V gran. Aid Soe.e.y w.as to be m,ade the .eap;"^'!'! i'J of M,s.so„r, ,nlo the dese,t. but the high handled outraZ of , " m.emade,t,mpossibIe for the Pieree eabinet to Mlyendle the proeeed.ngs of the slave owners, and in congress the rt^ would ha Jbeen foJtthttV^^reVr:.^^^^^^^^^^^^ afternoon, but for the dise.«io„ exereised b^ Col You . of anyhow, and tl. f.Jt 'T^^Z:^ ^l' ^f- ^ -l!: of fairness to the dav's work T^^^ at- ■ , ° aspect ine aays^vork. The Missourmns brandished their :yi;.ii 150 TVTTLKS lIlSTOllY OF KaXSAS. ''Wtt' weapons repeatedly during the day, and when the pol nig luul been complete.!, they supplemented their illegal aets by deelarn.g that unless the governor sanctioned the election so consununatcd, lie should be hanged. , • n Popular sovereignty was respected and honored in a like man- ner in the second district, Bloomington. The Mi.sourians came in undersell known leaders from Westport and independence, Missouri, armed at all points, and boisterous in their threats.^ They called an impromptu election for governor by way of initi-, , atincr their more regular proceedings, and when they had chosen the " Lord of misrule," their protege marched with them to the pollin.' place to demand that they should be allowed to vote ^vithout being sworn. They were not scrupulous about swearing at lare sworn, should be shot° disemboweled, and have his heart torn out. Many in the crowd said that they had been hired at one dollar per day to come there - J, J:,fxe.\iS^. 152 Tittle's Histouy of Kassas. and vote, and Ly fair means or by foul, tliey meant " to vote or die." One citizen, Laving said tliat it required he would take the oatl., was at onee assaulted with clubs, knives and pistols, amid brutal and rcv(;lting cries. So the farce of election was hanging over the verge of tragedy all the day long in Bloomington, and the citizens were in many eases deterred from tendering votes, •which must necessarily be inoperative in an election, which defied law on every issue. Every act of the day revealed " The fliisli and outbreak of a flcry mind ; A savageufss in uurcclaimcd blood." In the sixteenth district the rioters had things entirely their own wa3^ Six counties sent their armed roughs into this region, carrying out a programme which had been set forth in public meetings all over northwestern Missouri some weeks before the day ofdection. The invaders came fnlly;equipped with all that could be necessary to prove their qualifications, such as bowie knives, pistols, shot guns, rifles, and wisps of hemp twisted in their button holes; so that on the morning of the election there were nearly fourteen hundred persons collected near the polling place. The oath was the stumbling block with the crowd, as at Lawrence and at Bloomington ; and here, as there, the powers of cajolery and intimidation were resorted to, to obviate the diffi- culty. There were two free state men among the three judges, and they were resolute as to the oath ; but one of them, probably influenced bv the prospect of personal violence, resigned that mornin.-; and when a subservient tool had been chosen by the mob to°fill his place, the other free state judge was powerless a-ainst the will of the majority. Indians of the Wyandotte tribe ■w°ere allowed to vote, but Delawares were refused. While the polling was onward, a steamboat came down loaded with passen- gers from Weston, Missouri, who voted as though they were per- fectly ri^ht in so doing, and then returned on the boat, making no secre°t whatever of their fraudulent acts. The voting in the Bixteenth district was almost entirely carried on by Missourians, as the free state men saw no advantage in lending their coopera- tion to a process so repugnant to the rights of free men. The Missourians claimed that if a man was on the ground on the day M aB w wwi ■ MSBa^ja'.'ja«g t.J.i | kV> ' i*- ' - ' i^"- ' l^ l !'llL JJ-lU-Ullli] Tkiuutorlil History. 153 ' to vote or Id take tho stols, amid as hanging ington, and b^ing votes, hicli defied itirely their this region, 1 in public ; before the ,rith all that ih as bowie I twisted in lection there the polling crowd, as at le powers of te the diffi- hree judges, m, probably Bsigned that losen by the as powerless andotte tribe While the with passen- ley were per- boat, making rating in the Missouriansv heir coopera- 3 men. The 1 on the day of election, tliat made his right irresistible ; and many who had visited the territory about twelve months before to stake oDE claims, which they had done nothing to hold and improve, really appeared to think that they were residents in Kansas territory, although they were domiciled in the neighboring state; and in any event, it was a ease of " anything to beat the north ; " which was credited witli having brought upon Missouri the hard neces- sity to carry slavery into Kansas legislation by force and fraud, such as we iiave seen. One of the free state candidates who saw- how useless it was to fight against such odds, withdrew his name from the contest because .Mi.ssouri was there in force to determine un issue which properly belonged to Kansas ; and his action was loudly applauikd by tlie concourse upon whom it rained down censure. True satire like tiie polialied razor, keen, ■Wounds witli a touch tliat's hardly felt or seen. Gen. Atchison was in command of the invaders, who, in an electoral sense, took possession of the eighteenth district He took with him a body of men sufficient to have swamped the whole voting power of the Nemaha district twice or thrice told, but in this precinct there was not such a surplusage of fraudulent voting as elsewhere. Only seventeen legal votes were i^olled and the whole number of ballots recorded formed a total of si.xty-two, so there were forty -five registered fraudulently. The camp of the invaders resounded with horrible profanity and threats all the time, but no good purpose could be served by perpetuating the bad record of those exponents of popular sovereignty, v/ho ^thought it their most glorious privilege to deprive the residents in the territory of a voice in determining the policy of their own government. The men who led the movement were persons of education and standing, consequently no allowance can be made on the score of ignorance. The language used by Gen. Atchi- son, ex-senator for the state of Missouri in congress and ex-vice president of the union, a lawyer and sometime circuit judge, ap- pears to have been as bad as could have fallen from the Hps of one who had never graduated in Transylvania university. In the eighteenth district, the Missourians under Atchison, took the oath without a murmur, apparently considering perjury a small 1S4 TvTTI.K's HlSTOllY OF KaX-SAS. price to pay for succcsh, and in consequence ot the horrible tlircata of llie iutnulors there was no protest entcrea against the election. It wouhl be tiresome to go over the whole ground, even with such scanty detail ; so we uppen.lonly a few figures showin.s- tho grand results. In Lawrence, there were, as the census demon- strated, 3GI) residents, and 232 legal votes were recorded, but the I^Iissourian ballots amounted tr« "02. In Bloomington, 30 legal votes were swamped by 810 nonresidents. At Stinson's, 32 legal votes were overriden by an illegal register of 338, and so through- , out the twenty-five electoral precincts, 791 free .state votes, out of a population of 2,905 pcrsou.s, were tyrannously set aside by Mis- sourian raiders, to the number of 4,908. One of the leaders in the disgraceful procedure, Hon. Claiborne V. Jack.^on, was after- wards chosen governor of Missouri, probably having " made his calling and election sure" by his participation in these scenes. Western Missouri was almost entirely involved in the coiuiuest of Kansas, and with a large average, there must have been some kind of justification to override the scrui)les of con- science which would customarily guard them from assisting in a work so monstrous. Many of them, doubtless, believed that Massachusetts had sent and was sending its pauper legions into Kansas, the newspapers liad told them so, the orators of the day were never tired of reiterating such assertions, and the pulpits, oc- cupied by men whom they had been from their youth tau-ht to respect, had afforded all the aid in the power of the churdies to support the popular delusion. Perhaps many of the pastors who took part in the agitation had been content with hearsay testi- mony in forming their own convictions, as of course, their time must have been occupied, to a great extent, by pastoral visits among the parties most interested in persuading them to swell the clamo°, and as a rule, they were not educated to weigh evidence with the critical acumen of the legal profession. The lawyer is governed by the facts, the pastor is much more swayed by his feelings, and in that case we may readily see how the best impul- ses of°a misinformed mind would tend toward encouraging con- duct such as his better judgment must disapprove. Again, much allowance must be made for intemperate zeal, which stops at noth- ing while the fever of pursuit lasts. The suitor who made his lit- jri'iblo threats t tlio election. k1, oven with i showinr; the lensus dcmon- )rdcu, but tho gton, 30 legal laon's, 32 legal id so throiigh- votes, out of aside by Mis- thc leaders in on, was after- iuL!; " made his 1 these scenes. 11 the con(iuest St have been iples oE con- m assisting in , believed that 31' legions into tors of the day the pulpits, oc- outh tauiiht to ,he churches to lie pastors who hearsay testi- urse, their time pastoral visits em to swell the weigh evidence The lawyer is swayed by his the best impul- ncouraging con- , Again, much jh stops at noth- who made hia Ti:niii rouiAL II is rou y. 165 appeal "from riiiiip diuiik to riiilip .M)bcr," mi.^lit l.uvo found many Pliilips in Missouri, ulthougli tlie spirit wlierewitii they ■were intoxicaled ilill'ered suuiewliat from the li(pi()r imbibed by the ^Maccdoniau monarch, 'i'hc number of actual residents, as re- vealed by the census, and tlie number voting as proved by tho re- turns, leave no margin for doubt as to the dece})tion practiced on the bulk of the Missourian comumnity. Tho total number of persons emigrating inti) Kansas territory who had come out under the auspices of tho New England Emigrant Aid Society before tho March election in 1855, amounted to lOi) persons, of whom 07 wero women and children, and they received no help from the so- ciety o\ce{)t such as had arisen from the organization being able to cheapen their passage for thoni a few dollars, and to assist them to move in larger bodies than they could otherwise have joined. This party came in tho fall of 185i under the care of Dr. Ki)bia- son, and many of them, discouraged by the political conditiou of Kansas, soon afterwards abandoned tho field, seeking more peaceful homes elsewhere. Some of the leaders of the proslavory party were probably aware of the aetual condition of allairs. The press of New York and Boston contained all the informatioii that was available from the seat of war ; several of the papers had special correspondents on the spot occasionally, and all of them were in the habit of receiving communications from the territory such as placed, beyond question, that two thousand votes across the border from Missouri would have carried the election in the ■way that the secret societies wished, but the conspirators kept up the excitement in their stealthy deliberations ; fed the uneducated and illiterate with just such fragments as would sustain tho fever, and then rushed into the mela with an army of live thousand men, to create a tempest of indignation against tliemselves and their objects, which in the end had much to do with the defeat of the tactics of the south, not only in Kansas, but all over the union. Stephen A. Douglas owed his defeat to such conduct on the part of his friends more than to the unadorned eloquence of Abraham Lincoln, and the most simple will not require to be told that if Douglas had been chosen president there would have been no attack on Fort Sumter, no rising in rebellion among the south- ern states, and no emancipation of the human chattels whose color ginaiM«=ssi..s:nK - mmm 150 Tl-TTl.h.'s lllSTOIiY or K.iSSAS. was the hiidge of their degradation. T.ess tlian one-lliird of tlic res- idents ill Kansa.s voted for tlio legislative assutnbly ; many were dcteiird by actual drca.l of the consequences in the face of such threats as were commonly being uttered ; many coulil not afTord the loss of time involved where every obstacle was placed in the ■way of the legitimate elector ; some were driven of! the ground by overpowering numbers, and not a few concluded that the whole proceeding was so outrageously illegal that it must be set aside upon i)rotest. The surroundings of the polling places, and the riotous action of inany of the mobs would sufhcc to set aside an election, or any number of elections, in any country in which representative institutions prevail. If the Missourians had moved into the territory in good faith to reside there, the result might have been deplored, but it would have been legal ; as it was, there cannot be found one shadow of defense for their conduct. Five hundred men peacefully colonizing Kansas territory from Mis- souri, during the few months that preceded the great contest, might without violence of any kind have made themselves masters of the situation by throwing in their strength with the resident pro- slavery population in that region, and the outcome would have been such as oould not exasperate the free states, but the larger issue was to arise. The elements were working for the accom- plishment of a grand consummation, and the men who should most heartily have striven to preserve peace invited the ravages of war. Great numbers were ready to have made just such a move- ment as we have indicated, but the Duyald Dahjdtys of the border did not desire to lose their occupation, consequently, every energy was directed toward the warlike invasion which it was believed ■would finally discourage the north and make Missouri master of Kansas without the trouble of immediate settlement. With all the facts that we have contemplated, and hundreds of incidents, such as must be omitted from this record, staring him in the face, Gov. Keeder owed it to his office and to himself, that he should disallow the elections in every instance in which riots had been created, or in which men had been prevented from exercising their suffrages by intimidation. AVhere judges of elections had been compelled to resign, and others had been chosen in their places, by the riotous assemblages which had IvviV' '■"smsst wmmmm i^^.^f?*^ (- y m i j.H ^1 . 1, . . -_^. k Vi\ of tlie rpa- ; many were fart- of such (1 not ufTonl ilacod in the ic ground by at the whole , be set aside ces, and the > set aside an ry in which s had moved result might 3 it was, there nduct. Five "y from Mis- ;reat contest, selves masters resident pro- would have ut the larger )r the accom- should moat e ravages of such a move- of the border every energy was believed )uri master of 1 hundreds of [, staring him I hirhself, that n which riots evented from sre judges of ers had been ;s which bad Tkhiutorial IIlstohy. 157 created the vaca,.eies, there had been n., election in reality, and ?„'; rn '■ "''" '^'"'•^•'^""^'.V ««"te us a lawyer to be aware of the > fact. Ihe act under which he received his appointment con- turned provision for just such an emergency, and the f,ve state 1" ty urged upon lum his duty in that regard, but he hesitated « Hi tcn.ponzed UKstcad of acting. Some of the precincts had ot forwarded thc.r protests and it was proper that he should be fonncd n. due course as to the facts. The parcy which had been ^v ongcd should have accompanied every election return with a •ela .on o the outrage inflicted on the connnunity and a consc l.unt protest against the wrongful election; but as it was, there ^ ere grounds enough upon which the governor might have acted m sonic cases which would have ruled the rest as the proper steps were taKcn to make him cognizant of the truth. The proslavc. v party knew the importance that must attach to every step gained • Ind wlilo\T"lT' T '^'% ''''' ^'^""^ ^Sainst public opinion, and wl lie Mr. Eeeder still wavered they came to him with theii requests for certificates under his hand, that they been elected Individual applications having failed to procure the coveted doeu- ments, they came to him as a powerful delegation to demand com- plu nee with the law. Mr. Kceder was a democrat of the old stamp such as took Thomas Jefferson for their model and their leS lo him the word meant equal justice, and the conduct to which with the Missounan edition of the time honored organization but he was not prepared for such a demonstration as now awaited h m The delegation must have certificates of their several elections and he could not see his way to meet their views The returns were before him and he could see that the men confront- ing him had been fraudulently elected by votes largely in excess of the whole population of the territory ; there was no option but to refuse and immediately every man in the company produced bis pistol, aiming it at the heart of the governor. There are some men who would have run the chances, and dared the dele- gation to their worst, but Mr. Reeder submitted to their pressure, and when they left him, every member of the high handed com' pany earned with him the governor's certificate that he had been elected. The signature under duress was of little value, but the '.-. iU's ,,„J■^i4^Sl*iifei-^«^ w 168 TvTTI.K's I f is Toll V Oh' A'.i.v>'.i>'. I fart .'f it^ liaviii^' \mm obtaiiird luulrr .luivs.i liad y«"t, to bo awh- taiiK'd. Tlii'i.' .-till remained oiio conrso in tlio premises, and Mr. ]{»!iHlcr ad()i)tcd it: issuing his proclamation to call for fresh cloc- tioiis, not in phu-es wlicro fraud had been most ila^'rnnt, and because of such frauds, but for iufonnalities merely. Such tem- porizing on his ].art was weakness; it lost him what might liavo remained of respect on the part of the democrats, and it rt lie meetings irsed the u.o- diet already ■ytliing that )uld be ex- through the ustoms wit1i anxiety was end was not of the pro- of Charles the squatters igs a quarrel lavery party, veapons then list go under, nt. If a free n no disturb- i was hunted a prisoner in e was no law homicide, so ray to Texas, forded anoth- ned Phillips, his precinct, low the same so he was in- tie must leave ;h(j committee hnnded in their report, that the lawyer had left the territory, and on the strength of that evidence of their power an executive of thirty was appointed as a vigilance committee to observe all per- sons who were open to suspicion, and to expel from the Lorritory any who might disturb " the peace of our citizens." The chief justice of the territory was one of the most eloquent speakers in the meeting that made the appointment in question, and no other fact need be mentioned to prove the utter demoralization of all parties engaged in that shameful procedure. The committee were not slow to carry tlic'r powers into action. Mr. Phillips had dared to remain in the territory, in spite of the ostracism to which he had been subjected, and in the afternoon of the day of their authorization they proceeded to his residence to insist upon his instant departure He resolutely asserted his intention to continue in Kansas and take the consequences, whereupon they carried him from Leavenworth, his place of abode, to Weston, in Missouri, shaved one side of his head, tarred and feathered him, rode him on a rail, and eventually, as he still persisted in his ob- duracy, employed a negro to sell him in the streets. This con- duct, on the part of their executive committee, was endorsed thoroughly by a public assemblage of the proslavery party, held in Leavenworth, and a member of the legislature against the frauds in the election of which Mr. Phillips had protested, had the honor to preside on the occasion. The acts of the committee were recited in detail and approved by the resolutions adopted, the " vigilanters " being thanked and discharged. The pro- slavery men who had wisely suggested submission to the law, were condemned unsparingly in other resolutions adopted at the same time, and in words slightly varied, but the same in effect, " war to the knife," was denounced against all disturbers, as the only means by which " peace and harmony for the community " could be secured. The stream was growing broader and deeper in which the proslavery party was to be engulphed, and on which the union was to float into the realization of grander results than had ever before been attained by human government under diffi- culties so prodigious. Longfellow wisely calls us to " Know how sublime a thing it is, ' ''' To suffer and be strong." ' h 164 Tuttle's History of K ass as. The governor, as we bave seen, had started for Washington, but before going, he issued his proclamation convening the legis- lature at Pawnee. Subsequent revelations from dillerent sources show that Mr. Eeeder had many interviews with President Pierce, in which the state of affairs in Kansas was described from the standpoint of the executive of the territory communicating mat- ters of fact to his official superior. The president appeared to ap- ])rove what had been done by his appointee, but at the same time informed him that much pressure was being exerted to secure his removal, and that there would be danger for him personally should he return to Kansas, as the proslavery men were very bitter against him, and his advice was that the governor should resign. He further intimated that in the event of his counsel be- incr followed, another appointment would be given to Mr. Reeder. The recommendation offered by the president was very distasteful to the governor, and he appears to have declined on the ground that it would be dishonorable to abandon the post of duty be- cause of an unmanly fear of consequences to himself, while the people were so perilously placed, and when there was a probability that his successor, not being so well informed as to the facts, might favor the wrongdoers. There was quite a series of discussions between the two men as to the course which should be adopted, but they could not arrive at an understanding which would meet the views of botli sides. President Pierce wanted to please the proslavery party and the democrats generally, without offending public opinion outside of those organizations. Uis diplomatic suggestion was that Mr. Eeeder should submit a complete digest (jfThe affairs transpiring in the territory, and explain in oetail his own action in the premises, in an official paper ; that upon the re- ceipt of tlie official precis, he (the president) should assume the full responsibility of removing his subordinate, not on the ground of disapproval of his conduct, but because it was expedient to allay the anger of contending parties by such action, and in the minute which would communicate officially the decision of the chief executive, there was to have been a complete excneratioa of the governor's conduct, covering ahke his actions and his mo- tives. Upon that basis many interviews were had, but it was not possible to shape the statement from Mr. Eeeder's position in such /"ashington, g the legis- ent sources lent Pierce, I from the eating mat- leared to ap- e same time secure his . personally 1 were very rnor should counsel be- Mr. Reeder. y distasteful the ground of duty be- If, while the I probability J facts, might E discussions be adopted, would meet o please the lut offending s diplomatic nplete digest > in oetail his t upon the re- [ assume the n the ground expedient to 1, and in the cision of the 3 excneratioa ( and his mo- but it was not asition in such Tebritohial UisTonr. 165 a way as to satisfy President Pierce. He was in his first term of oifice, and wliile tlicre was a chance of reelection it was natural he should not wish to alienate votes ; but unless the maneuver now in hand could be managed with supreme skill, it was possible that he would offend both sections of his supporters. Hence the negotiation came to nothing, because Mr. Reeder objected to figure as a victim. An intimation that it would bs made personally advantageous to him if he would, as of his own accord, resign, was resented by him as an insult, and the parties were left each to his own resources and responsibilities. There was one point at which Mr. Reeder was vulnerable; he had become one of a company which had urged upon the general government the sale of an Indian reservation, and which had intimated its willingness to buy the land in question at a very liberal valuation. There had been nothing in the nature of a conspiracy to procure the property for less than value, nor was there any clandestine action on the part of the governor ; but it was an attempt to speculate in the lands of the territory over which he temporarily ruled, and that was the ])retext upon which the president intimated that ho might act in removing Mr. Reeder, unless a private arrangement could be made for a resignation. With that knowledge in his mind, the governor returned to the territory on the twenty-fourth of June, one month before the legislative assembly was to con- vene. A man conscious of having misconducted himself in his official capacity would have availed himself of the bridge of gold by which he might have retreated into a more lucrative and less difficult position. The fact that he did not resign is presumptive testimony in his favor. The hard road which he had chosen to travel was not such as any man, seeking only his own comfort, would have pursued. Before he had been many days in Leaven- worth, after his return from Washington, one of his enemies. Gen. Stringfellow, struck him in his office, without warning of any kind, while his attention was attracted elsewhere, and it was a matter for great rejoicing among the ruffians of the border, that one of their party had knocked down the free state governor. The perpetrator of that outrage was afterwards elected speaker of the house of representatives. Before the legislative assembly convened, on Monday, July 22, 1855, there had been a caucus of 4^ i .''■■< f ,1'..; ;i IQQ TlTTLlfs HiSTOin- OF KAXSAii. the proslavery party to arrange their pla.i of action. They had, as it were, a full dress rehearsal on Sunday, the twen y-h st a cl .vere ready for every emergeney. The \"f --'-"''^^f ^i;;,^;', in due eourse on Monday, and organized by eleeting Mr. rh-rnas Johnston president of the eouneil, and Gen. Stnngtellow speaker of the lower house. The first aet of the eouneil was to purge the house of men who had been eleeted under the seeond proelama- tion. The lower house pursued a course very nearly similar, was in vain that the free soil men argued or protested ; they bad no locus standi, according to the committee on credentials in botU houses. The action taken by the governor was condemned ta toto; the eourse pursued by the mob in every case was found ex- cellent. The report was a partisan document and there can be no doubt that the men who prepared it, as well as the men who adopted it, were conscious that it was unsound from ^egimunS ^^ end, but the ends of the party must be considered, and the end justified the means " once more, in the interminable records of wronc^ doing. The minority wue allowed to speak and to pro- test, but in the house of representatives the speaker informed one of the minority that "their speeches would not change a single vote " In every case the free state men who were chosen in tlie second election were unseated, and those who were eleeted in March were declared the sitting members. The election at Leav- enworth was controlled by the Missouri mob in May as it had been in March, and consequently there was no representative fronrx that precinct to be expelled. In the council the s:mie ends were reached by a slightly diilerent, process. Judge Wakefield and Mr Wood V 3.- expelled, and Mr. Conway, the other member o the council elected in May, baa already resigned. The expelled members were magnanimously allowed v) protest against the aet which unseated them, and in each ease the protest was well drawn and forcible, but powerless, notwithstanclirg, because it was ad- dressed to men who represented Missouri and not Kansas, and who were amenable to a public opinion which held northerners as "vermin " The decks were now cleared for action. There was only one man in the house of representatives, Mr. Houston, whose views agreed with the public opinion of Kansas, and there was no free state man in the cauncil. Mr. Houston, finding himself TEiiinrom. i /. II is Ton v.- ic: They luiJ, nty-fiivst, and ed at Pawnoo Mr. Th< mas iUow speaker to purge the nd proclania- y similar. It >d ; they had iitials ill both joiulemned in vas found ex- there can bo the men who 1 beginning to and " the end ble records of ik and to pro- f informed one lange a single chosen in the fere elected in ection at Leav- May as it had esentative from anie ends were Wakefield and ther member of The expelled against the act was well drawn iuse it was ad- ,ot Kansas, and . d northerners as on. There was Houston, whose , and there was finding hinr.self surrounded by evil influences, which he ncitlier could control nor modify, resigned his position subsequently to escape the appear- ance of complicity in a series of shameless acts, and reserved his strength for occasions in which he could render better service to his constituents. The second act of the wo houses wns to pass a bill temporari- ly locating the seat of government at Shawnee, but when that meas- ure was transmitted to the governor, he returned it disallowed, stating his objections. The act of organi^iation gave to the gov- ernor the power to nominate the temporary place of government, and to the legislature the right to locate it permanently, there- fore the two houses had sought to usurp the governor's preroga- tive and had neglected to uso their own. The reasonableness of Lis objections only constituted an additional argument for pas- sing the bill over his veto, and the bill became an act, under which they adjourned to Shawnee Mission, where the legislature convened on the day named for the reassembly. Tlie governor had named Pawnee as the seat of government, because it would be convenient for residents in the territory, and remote from the influences of the border, but the legislature elected by Missouri voters, and residing in a great part in that state, preferred Shaw- nee, because of its nearness to their liomes and to their sources of inspiration. The law making in which the legislature indulged was not very laborious. The Missouri code of laws was enacted, merely changing the words where necessary to make state apply to territory, and in a few other verbal particulars which were com- passed by short explanatory clauses. Special legislation provided for giving to the legislature and to its appointees, all the patron- age of the territory, so that the present and all future governors should be powerless to secure fair play for the people, and what- ever appoii'uaents ahould be made by them were to remain ia force until after the general election in 1857, when they were cer- tain that they would have completed their manipulations to plant slavery as a domestic institution in Kansas as a state. The legis- lature of 1856 was not to be sleeted until the fall of that year, and the general eieetion whiolx would occur in the following year would obviate the necessity for a protracted session, so that the members could calculate upon their action in the lirst legislative ■'-^WPBW»T-jaaf'w-ffi#Tf^'^fli'i>ifiJ,tfi^^ . «jH ! HHJHlJi_. i U- i 168 Trrrrj:'s Uistouy oi' A'.i.v.sms. assembly remuining uiicluinged until the assembly after tlie gen- eral election to bo convened in January, 1858. The wholo scheme was well considered, and might have been ell'ective to the full measure of the intentions of the proslavery party, but for the eontroling fmger of that power, which directs tbe affairs of all mankind. The action of the pseudo legislature was intended to bridge over the chasm from the day of its first meeting to the time when Kansas should have been admitted to the union as a slave state, and in the interim, every lawyer admitted to practice, every man appointed to an office, every candidate for election, must swear to support the provisions of the fugitive slave law. Ko man was to be permitted to vote in an election, unless he had first qualified by taking that abominable oath, and foreigners who liad declared their intentiov. to become citizens were also denied the franchise. Samson was handed over to his enemies, tied hand and foot, but he was able to burst his bonds and confound the Philistines without dragging down the pillars of the temple like the blinded hero who fell ii victim to the lures of the more cunning Delilah Their own friends were to come in by shoals without be- in- .worn to anything, except in the way that had become second na°u'v, and they might vote in any election, provided they had paid one dollar each for the privlege of enslaving their fellow cit- izens by means of the ballot box. The sheriff, one of their own party was to be in attendance at the polling place on the day of election, to receive the so called tax, immediately before the votes were to be recorded. The way was to be made easy for one of the most unscrupulous and most conscienceless invasions, ever at- tempted in historic times ; the people to be governed were to be the only persons without rights in the community, and this speci- men of popular sovereignty and state rights constituted the first finished illustrauon of the meanings of the proslavery party. Here all discrnise was flung aside, as no longer useful, the game had been vvon, there was only one thing further necessary, and that rris to divide the plunder. There was always a possibility that some m-^^n might be brought to trial, and it was important that trial .- jury, the "palladium of jusilce," as it has been called, in the days when it was not thought necessary for a jnan to be without common sense to find the way to the *l U-rir.-^-i .^fc^^^aafl TKiiRiTomAL History. 109 • tlie gon- lic wliolo ive to the r, but for iiffairs of ; intondcd ing to the nion .13 a :o practice, r election, slave law. ics3 he had igners who ,lso dollied , tied hand 1 found the emple like )re cunning without be- ome second d they had c fellow cit- f their own the day of re the votes f for one of JUS, ever at- were to be :I this speci- itcd the first party. Here ; game had. ry, and that isibility that IS important it has been !ssary for a way to the jury box, should be made safe for the governing party. Tliat end could readily be made safe beyond the chance of accident ShcrifTs, as well as all other officers, must be of their own party or they could not take the qualifying o;uhs, and th.e .'^elec- tion of jurymen was' to be left to the discretion of the sheriff, with this additional provi.so, that in any trial relating to slaves, no man should sit as a juror if he had any scruples as to sanctioning slavery. Persons accused of decoying slaves from their masters would find in such machinery a despotism against which they must be absolutely powerless, and the punishments which were to follow upon conviction, transferred to the regular courts all the abominations and brutalities incidental to the rule of Judge Lynch, or the worst days of the incpiisition. There was one dis- quietude on the minds of the Shawnee legislators ; they had pass- ed bill after bill to the governor, and that gentleman had return- ed them, saying that they were not legally constituted, because they were not sitting in the place where lie had convened them by his proclamation, and their adjournment to Shawnee was rdlra vires. Had Mr. Eeeder retained the bills, they would have be- come law by effluxion of time under the organic act, but he had returned every bill in due course with the same carefully worded statement. They were alarmed. They were playing for heavy stakes with loaded dice, and they wanted to be quite sure that after the game had been finished they would obtain the spoil, so the matter was submitted to the supreme court, which was com- posed mainly of their friends, and was then sitting in Shawnee. Sound lawyers would have answered them that an extra judicial opinion is worthless, as well as an object of suspicion, but the par- tisans to whom the pseudo legislature had appealed replied with- out the formality of inquiry, or hearing counsel, or in any way qualifying themselves to pronounce an opinion, setting forth in super laudatory terms, the high opinion entertained by the court of both houses of the legislature, and their action in every par- ticular. Judge Johnson refused to be a party to the farce, but there were enough without his concurrence to satisfy the qualms of the legislature, and thus reinforced the two houses memorializ;- ed president Pierce to remove the offending and positively dan- gerous governor. They afBrmed that he treated them with con- 170 TuTTLh!'s History of Kaxsas. toinpt, ])ctrayc(l a want of interest in the afTairs of Kansas terri- tory, liad become engaged in fraudulent land speculations, and worse tlian all besides, that he had allied himself with the aboli- tionists. Tlie power behind the presidential chair had, however, antioii)atcd the course that would be necessary, and before the ac- credited messenger of the assembly could reach Washington, Air. Eeeder had been removed by the president, and was in receipt of the notification. Tliat gentleman no longer stood in their way, and they made ready to worship the rising sun if only the presi- dent would send them a man who could not be disgusted by their lawlessness and manifold malpractices. Pohaius, discoursing to the queen of Denmark concerning the madness of her son, the Prince Jlumkl, said : " For this el!ect, defective, comes by cause." So the removal of Andrew 11. Kecder from his position as governor of Kansas territory came by- cause ; but there can be little doubt that the true cause was not set forth in the dooument which was forwarded to that gentleman. There were three counts in the indiotment under which the gov- ernor wa,s condemned. "Speculating in Kaw lands," was one item; that was the Indian reservation before mentioned. The Kansas tribe of Indians were called Kaws by the French. " Spec- ulatinc; in town lots" was the next item; and "convening the legislature on an United States military reserve," completed the triangle of attack. It was something to put their assailant upon his defense, and to be able to say, when their own procedure might be impugned, that the man who had been their accuser was removed from his office for improper conduct ; but the histo- rian must examine the charges with a view to determining the guilt of the accused. It is not enough that we should inquire, were the facts as they are stated to have been ; we must also ascertain if possible whether there was a wrong purpose in the mind of the accused person. People of some acumen are in the habit of denouncing Francis Lord Bacon, because he took fees from suitors in bis court, a practice which is repugnant to our cus- toms, as well as to our laws, but which, while contrary to law, was consistent with the rule in the days of James I. of Eng- land, and had been a practice common in the country for cen- turies. We must go behind the dry fact always, to ascertain the aHMMBm iiiaas terri- itioiiH, and the aboli- , however, ore the oc- ngton, Mr. receipt of tlieir waj, the presi- g listed by ;erning the this effect, Lndrew 11. y came by ise was not gentleman, h the gov- " was one >ned. The h. "Spec- vening the ipleted the ilant upon procedure sir accusei* t the histo- mining the Id inquire, must also )ose in the 1 are in the ! took fees to our cus- ary to law, I. of Eng- ry for cen- icertain the ' ^ Hfi i t^ ' fi^ 'rir^i^m ••^mm 4^. m-xmm T Kit It iron I. \ I. Ills Ton y. m ameliorating circumstances; and just that course of procedure in this instance will enable us to nee Mr. Itoeder's action in tlie light wliicli belonged to iiis time and circumstances, \Vc may be sure that tiic propagandists were not scruj»ulous lhcm.selvcs. Gov. Iteeder had purchased a sliare in the town of Pawnee, which wau laid out within or near the boundaries of the military reserve known as Fort lliloy ; and he convened the legislative assembly to a.s.-5emble in that place, where the jjcople had engaged to pro- vide the necessary accommodations. Tiie commuudcr of the Fort, Col. ^fontgomcry, was the leader in laying off the town .ear by the miliary post. The action taken in relation thereto wa * known to the authorities in Washington, and approved by them. What had been done at Leavenworth was repeated at Pawnee, adjoining Fort liiley, but there was this difference that a governor of a ter- ritory had now taken a hand in the game, paying his full price with the others and running his chances in a territory not very likol} to allow town lots to increase in value rapidly. The prob- abilities simply were, that his money would lie unimproved, giv- ing little or no interest for years, and even after all tliat, he could have no advantage which might not just as certainly have been secured by Brown, Jones or Robinson. It is now evident that special surveys were made ex post facto, to make it appear that the town of Pawnee had been located within the military reserva- tion. Two military commissions in succession having failed to rt .ort as the chairman of the committee on military affairs ■wished, the secretary of war obliged Missouri and Jeff. Davis by extending the lines of the last survey, so that Pawnee should be made a stumbling block to the governor of Kansas, who refused to be a blind tool in the hands of the proslavery men. Land ■which was not a military reserve when Mr, Reedcr tock a share in the town, and when he convened the legislature, ivas made a reserve afterwards for partisan purposes, under the manipulating hand of a man whose influence and whose purposes have since that lime become matter of history in the red light of civil war. Pawnee was razed to the ground by one thousand dragoons from Texas in 1855; but there is nothing in all that to make Mr. Eeeder blameworthy in the least. If Mr. Eeeder had allowed himself to be made a sharer in the enterprise without purchase, i- 17B Tl'TTf.H's UlSTOHY OF K.lXS.is'. tliere woiiM have been !i sufTiciotu ground for blaming him, but when thi) man who winked at the proceedings of jiroslavery men nt I'^ort Leavenworth, hiyingod a town on an Indian reserve, and dealing with it in the inannev known to have been followed iu that case, mado the very moilcuto and legitimate action of tho Fort Kiloy men tho pretcxi for destroying a town and dismissing a governor, it is not diHioult to see that the pretext was not tho canso, that tho real sin committed was tho noncompliance with proslavcry dictation. The Kaw land speculation meant nothing more than that Mr. Eeedor was one of a company that would have bought part of the reservation belonging to the Kaw half breeds, if the president had given his consent to the sale, paying $-1.00 per acre for the land ; hut the purchase was never made. Tho Delaware land adjoining was sold for $1.50 per acre, and no- body was blamed for I'articipating in the venture. The charges were pretexts, nothing more. Had the man been mercenary, ho might have mado his own terms with the unscrupulous party that thwarted him at every move, not because he was unjust, but because he held the scales of justice with a hand firm and inex- orable, and could not be influenced by party. Ilis instincts as a partizan would have made him Missourian had the proslavery men been guided by an approximation to fair play ; but when he saw them moved by the lowest greed, .seeking their own end always, by means often of the most brutal description ; when he found them overriding the laws which he had sworn to administer faithfull}', and expecting him to be a party to their machinations; when he found that the principles which he admired in democ- racy had no place in the programme of his nominal friends, he turned from them irrespective of consequences, not to ally him- self with the free state party, but to strive to .secure justice for them; and his action deserves the approval of every right minded man. He was strong, and he favored the weak, becom- ing weak himself for their sakes, yet never identifying himself with them in such a manner as to make them his partisans. When he permitted himself to be intimidated into issuing the certificates to the Missourian crowd of pseiido legislators, he did one act which cannot be defended, but with that single exception, his conduct as governor merited praise at every step, and consid- 'IS it tMBMB BpS''?"N'*3IIW(RbP> Ti:i!i!tri)iiiM. llisioi; r. 173 iiig him, but isl livery men reworvo, and full owed in iction of tho d dismissing , was not tho pliiuiee with jaiit nothing that wouUl ie Kaw half sale, paying never made, acre, and no- The charges lercenary, ho us party that unjust, but m and inex- instincts as a e proslavery but when he 3ir own end on ; when he to administer lachinations; kI in democ- ,1 friends, he to ally him- ■e justice for every right veak, becom- j'ing himself lis partisans. > issuing the ators, he did le exception, , and consid- ering the time of trial, in which he came .so litth- .scathed through th(! ordeal, lie was a man among ten thousand. The legislature which pititioncil for his removal wa.s hounded by the organic act which forbade the members to hold odices of omolumeut during the time that tlioy were membcr.s, and for .some considerable time after their terms of oflTice should have expired ; Init in spite of all Kueli rcstriction.s, those men constituted e.icli other ollicers in vari- ous capacities, and were not .scrupuh^us as to the emoluments be- .stowed because every man wanted his own log rolled in turn. They turned all their powers into money considerations. Tluiy gave illegal privileg(is to joint stock companies, chartered works of various kinds to bcnellt lli(!m.selve.s, and jobbed oil the location of the capital of the «tuto for their personal advantage only. Tho Missourians who ^ omained at home, bearing tho exiienscs of the inva.sion, and ..^ ^roving the a.ssaults upon the citizens of tho territory and upon their governor, had something besides applause to bestow wlicn they found their henchmen carving fortunes for them.selves out of tho general ruin, and perhaps some who still posses.sed a few drachms of serviceable con.science, may have be- gun to doubt whether Mr. Kceder, the victim of such knaves, was really so black as he had been painted. CHAPTER VIII. TERRITORIAL HISTORY. (.continued.) DIFFICULTIES BEFOUE GOV. SHANNON. Legislation in Sliawnec — Proslivvery Laws — Bond and Free — Death for Abolitionists — Sifting the Jury Panel — Self-cliosen Legislators — Pres- idential Sympathies — Revolutionary Constancy — Spirit of '70 — Pri- mary Meeting — Shall we Convene? — Oppression Breeds Resistance — Free States to the Rescue — Pass of Thermopylos — Democrats Denounce Missouri — The Sham Legislature — Mass Convention — Frank Pierce Defended — Strange Associates — Big Springs Platform — Topeka Con- vention — The Shawnee Farce —United we Stand —Vindicating Reeder — Ex-Governor Heard From — Delegation to Gov. Shannon — State Consti- i^ •m9» m 174 'rrri'LH's IlisnntY nr A' i.v.v.is. tiitlnii — ('iiiivciilion Kxt'Ciitlvo— PLMiplcH* l»ri>cl«iniilloii -- l'iiliii<"i in ChiirciKH— I'riiyer to (\)nj{ri'»H — Twin Uclcpilcs — Dimasli lul Physic — Pliysliiiiii IIi'iil Tli.vsclC— Twccdli'dinu iiiiilTwccdliMlrn - I't.liiiiiil MmI- liiimiiy DtiiMuialM iirid Ki'|iulili(:iitiM -'I'lii' l'i<'s.'< — Tlio word " Wlulc " — I'MiBl Conutilution — Tfrritorlul Kxccutivu — Wu nru Ui'udj . Mit. Kkkkkh's rcMioval was followed by the nppoiiitinciil o£ his BUccesHor, tlio llo'i, Wilson Sluiniion, of Oliio, tlie second in tlio category of seven governors who were to serve in Kansas within^ the seven years intervening between tlie inangnralion of govern- ment in tlie territory, and the election of the lirst governor of tho state. Mr. Shannon accepted his appointment, and in due course ■will be found assuming tho duties of his ollicc ; but for tho pres- ent, it will be well to c.xatnino the elements out of which he was exjiected to establish a settled and homogeneous conKiimiity. The Germans have a proverb which says that " against ilir Humheit tho Gods arc pc rurless." Tho fool is invincible in his folly, ft would be one of the wonders of an extraordinary age, could Mr. Shannon have ruled such men for their good ; bui ;i brin wero.s notlnng hy comparison ^vith tho high Inna..! in- :n:Vf,.eo speech tlL refusal of free voti,.,. an t e >... forc.-ce uilh jury panels ^vl.ich were now to eome into opaat.on > cial . vc'.,Lrs under British rule son.etin.es overs eppc. 1 uv to punish oirendors a.ainst their person and d.gn.ty, bu tself supposed every man free to express an opnnon. ev a ho it confliet d .-ith authority, and when infraeUons were to : u i hed by prosecutions for libel, the man who threw hnnself '; Lcoun' , pleading justiileation ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ f!^^^^^: Ih plea was allowed in law, often found the p.ry oHns oun - "en \ sufTieient protection against the oppressor Now that t mc Cored curity .'as abrogated at one stroke by n.en who had : d themsel/es to omee in wanton defiance of tlu. comnuun^^^^^^^ to whom they dictated barbarous laws, such as would have d s ™dU.e dark ages of Europe, or the rule of the Spaniard m Mexi o rublic opinion, which could govern congress and pres- f] n relsewherc, would not be so readily suppressed and it came n ot.l TJay b slow developments, but it came with such power that verobstllc was at length removed. To petition such out Xfs mockeries as the two houses constituting the legisla- Tv aCe bly at Shawnee, would have been folly ; there was n. comn on ground between the men who had usurped authority to r t for^heir own greed and aggrandizement, and the people, : losl e e 1.^1 stinet was to be overridden ; but there was a power Tbove and beyond that miserable sirmdacher, .nA the appeal of d moc-t and'republieans alike was made to the general govern- t" t PrSdent rierce and the administration were asked to •r eapro laination denouncing the conduct of the invaders of Kr.as^ rritory, and calling upon all good citizens eyerywiiere Kansas ten ly, ^^^^^^ ^^re in the territory at to discourage «"°\ P^^^^ "; ^^^^^ ,^ ^y^^m such a proelam- , at time ^^^^:^^,^e had the force of law, K- ""If the 'r which were in sympathy with Missouri .y Lf'.tr^^lo.erconX^ have been brought into play ;:^i;r^r;::.bidingeier^^^^^^ should a.pear that the president was not in svmi y .rong doers, and obedient to ^e ^^^^^^ .^.^ ,, ,,, other demogogues of that stamp, wuu I. ««>,y /v'.i.vs.is. k Bhouia now 1)0 taktM). an.l seven Hpirite.l u.ia.vs.-crf were n.iuu' bo- Bides the opening' and elosiii-,' roiiKirk.s of the cliHiiiiiiiii. Must u£ the speakers having in their luiiuls tlio faet, that there was really no lejrishitivo assembly sitting in Kansas, inasniueh as the jo.ly of men ehosen by the mobs from aeross the bonier, w<;re in no sense representing the will of the territory. re.^onnueiuUHl that the peoi)le should be at onee ealled upon toeleet a eonvention for thu l)urpose of framing a eonstitution to be submitted to congress as tho basis of an applieation that the territory should be admitted into the union. One speaker, .seeing no hope of any good result from an appeal to eongress in that manner, urged that there should be an organization to defend tho ballot box against all comers, except those who were entitled to east their vote in each election. Eventually the citizens resolved that a nuuss meeting of all free state citizens thr.)ughout the territory should be eon- vened at Lawrenee on the KHh day of August, to consider ibo sit- uation of KaiKsas and its government. The general mass eonvention assembled at the time and place named, and tho session lasted until the evening of August loth. Uon. rhilip C. Schuyler presided, and .several vice presidents wore nominated. Dr. liobinson, whose name will be familiar to our readers as having brought to Lawrence the lirst detachtnont of emigrants, under the auspices of the New England society, and who°-c demeanor throughout the momentous events yet to be seen, secured him tho honor to be elected the first governor of the free state of Kansas, was chairman of tho committee on resolutions; und the matter contained in the documents submitted by him to the convention aflorded sullieient margin for discussion. There ■was daily occurring some new wrong which tend'd to exasperate good men against the party then administering the allairs of Kan- sas. Fourteen days had elapsed since the removal of Mr. Roeder, who still remained in the territory, and his successor would not arrive until the first day of September, pending which event the executive function was in the hands of Daniel Woodson, the ter- ritorial secretary, and he did the work required by the Missounan faction with such obsequiousness that his masters in the legisla- ture forwarded petitions to Washington to procure him the per- manent appointment. He would have been their tool for any A.-^-. ■■at.i.il— imJtf-'lS^irtwi Ti:iiUlTiH!lM. lllsTollY. is;; wore iiiiiiu' bo- IIWlll. Ml)St of lieie was really :h as tlio joily Icr, W'.'i'o ill no oikUhI that iho volition for tliu to coiigrcsH ad 1 1 be ad 11 lilted 11 y ;if()i)d result lieil that there )ox against all ;ir vole in caeh a mass iiieeling should be con- consider ibo sit- lime and place [ August loth. presidents were familiar to our (letachmcnt of lud society, and :s yet to be seen, iruor of the free on resolutions ; littcd by him to cussion. There >d to exasperate e affairs of Kan- \\ of Ml'. Reeder, issor would not vhich event the /'oodson, the tcr- y the Missourian .■s in the legisla- !ure him the per- eif tool for any purpose they could name, and only such i)orsoiis wciv wanted by the party. In all Kansas now, there was only one man, the post- master at Lawr(!nee, holding an oflicc in iIk; terriiory, who waa not in favor of slavery being enacted as a p'.'.rt of liie eoiistilulioii. Among conditions so exciting there was no lack of si)ico for tho ^^pcccllcs delivered in the mass convention, and no lack of sym|)!i- thy on the part of the audieiuto. Tho resolutions ado|ite(l on tho 1-llh of August and the following day, amid much other mailer, denounced the legislature, which had now adjourned to Shawnee, to be near their base of supplies, as having been imposed upon the comnuinity by bare faced fraud, and as being in every seiiso derogatory to the federal authority, and therefore the convenliuii repudiated the usui'iied autiiorily ni the wrongful legislators, and the members severally pledged themselves, by all lawful means, to resist their enac;tmenls ; ami in the premises, the mass assem- bled in Lawrence favored the proposal to appoint a conventioa for the purposi! of j)reparing a state constitution, as a step toward admission to the uniitii. Among the men who took part in tho mass convention at Lawrence was Col, James IL Lane, who pro- sided over the meeting of the " National Democracy," With many others, the colonel still had faith in the president, and from some source he had evidently been assured that " Frank Ticrco would prefer, at any sacrifice, to se^jure freedom to Kansas." I£ there was any ouch desire on the part of President Pierce, he was one of the best dissemblers on record, and every act of his ofTicial career in which Kansas was concerned tended toward the com- l)lete subjugation of the popular party. Many of the men in that convention urged the ado})tion of extreme measures at once, and would have been well pleased could their fellow citizens have seen their way to the formation of military bodies, to conquer their rights from the Shawnee usurpers, and to put an end to that abominable burlesque ; but it was not yet time fur such move- ments. There is but little bcnefioial heat in the sun's rays which strike the topmost peaks of the mountains ; it is only when its radiance floods the valleys with fertilizing warmth that great re- sults are possible. So is it also in human aCfairs, The high and holy resolve of the foremost man must bide its time until the slower thinkers have realized his idea, before the grand coiisum- J ii I I I I I i I J r jmsm- 184 Tirn. !:'.■< llisroi.y or K.wsas. mnfiDii can 1>c ivMclicd Vi-arrf later many su"li men would Imvo prcfiiiitati'il Al)riitmm Lincoln into tloclanitory arts which might liuvc jeopardized tho purposes that he, as much as they, meant to oecomplish; but it was necessary to wait upon cvent.«, find tho fruitrt could niH he ^'athercd until they were ripe. Violent meas- iiri s would have been fatal to union nt that moment, as the mass convcnticti comprised m(!n of every shade of opinion, some* of whom would dcvelo|) wonderfully within a few months; but just now they stood hesitating by tho side of the stream into which they were soon to bo seen plunging with tho skdl and resolution of tiie practiced swimmer. It was a now experience for demo- crats, whigs. republicans and abolitionists to be training together, lind during the llr.-^t tlay there was much ca\isc to fear that tho fittompted fusion would i^rovo a fiasco. Every man was prepared to have eoiiccvsions made by others, but seeing that he was abso- lutely right himsolf, it was impossible for him to abandon tho re- motest tittle of his demands. Tho evening of tho lirst day closed upon what seemed likely to be tho saddest blow possible for free- ilom in the Icriitory, in tho proof afTordcd of the inevitable dis- union between men who could only win by wartics, for citizens of every view who were agreed that Kansas should govern herself. The object sought by this meeting was tho appointment of an executive to call a territorial convention as a preliminary to the formation of a state government. Dr. Hunting was chosen as president. Tho resolutions reported by the chairman of the committee, Mr. Geo. W. Smith, were to the cHect that the convention mooted should meet at To^icka on September 19th, the convention to consist of three delegates for each representative elected by the several pre- cincts, and tho body so formed should determine upon all sub- jects of public importance, but more jiarticularly upon the speedy framing of a state constitution, upon which the admission of J I ^ } I 'ill- # 186 TiTTf.K's IflSTOItY OF KaSSAS. Kansas to tlic union could be sought. When so many aiflercnt inducucos wore at work to secure unanimity in the popuhir party, it is very evident that tlie general desire for organization and ad- mission "to Llie union as a free state must have been very strong amoncr the citizens of Kansas. The ratilication meeting held the same evening, when ^Ir. C. K. Ilolliday presided, was cne of the most entirely resolved and unanimous assemblies ever seen m tne territory. Thus we are brought up in order of growth and tune from the people to the delegate convention at Big Springs, as re- solved upon by the mass convention at Lawrence on the loth of August. The unanimity born in that time of trial had extended its sway over the whole community in Kansas, excepting only the few slave owners and their immediate emissaries of itissouri, and every district was represented in the body of more than one hundred delegates. Every man was so well known that there was little time spent in verifying credentials, and stdl there vvere present such hitherto diverse materials, that every individual m the group might have asked his neighbor, in amazement, "IIow came you here?" if there had not been a common agreement that for this occasion all differences should be forgotten, that the wron-s of their territory might be sooner healed. The central fires we are sometimes told, have melted the most heterogeneous elem'ents into the mighty rocks which form the bulwarks of the piobe so the fires of oppression had subdued the angularity of ten thou.-^and various minds to make the granite from which the state of Kansas should be shaped; and every man m that multi- farious gather" ng; • " Wrought ill a sad sincerity: Ilimsdf from God he could not free; He builded better tliau he knew; The consciou3 stone to beauty grow." Five committees, of thirteen members, were elected to report a platform; to consider the propriety of a state organization ; to consider the duty of the community toward the Shawnee legio.a- ture ■ to advise as to the course to be pursued in the coming elec- tion of a delegate to congress; and the fifth committee of thir- teen were allowed ample scope and verge enough under the head of miscellaneous business. The members of the several commit iji^l'iiiimliiiiliiiilTWif" Ti-:miiToi;iM. Ifismny 187 lany ilifTercnt lopnlar party, nation !unl ad- sn very strong cting liL-lil the fas one of the ,'er seen in the )wtli and time Spring?, as re- on the loth of liad extended xcepting only js of Missouri, more than one )\vn tiiat there still there were f individual in zement, "How acrreement that )ttcn, that the 1. The central ; heterogeneous ulwarks of the e angularity of from which the a in that multi- cted to report a irganjzation ; to jhawnee lej^iola- :he coming elec- iimittee of thir- under the head several commit- tee. sixty-livc men of ability, had l.oen s.loctcd for the.r mental pcnver and social weight, wl>ich must soon be of panun.u.nt un- portance in their united action. Judge G. \\ . buuth was chosen vernmnent president of the convention. Col. Lane was eha.r- Ln of the platform c.m.ndttee, and the other selccUons were quite as well considered from every standpoint. Col. Lanes report was a masterly production ; it commenced by rec.lu.g m us pieamble the mair. features of the struggle, and the surroundings of Kansas settlers, which nuule up the critical and unparalleled condition of the territory, and made it imperative upon all tree men, to unite in the formation of a party, in winch for the tnno M nunor considerations should be merged, to secure the rights guarantied by the Declaration of Independence, the constitution of the United States and the Kansas act. The abolition .piestum per se was quieted for the time by announcing the union of all classes, that fronr principle or for their own interests preferred free labor to employing slaves; and the resolutions springing from the preamble were equal in tone to the occasion. All minor issues were banished from the field of vision, in proposing an or- ganization which was to embrace Democrats and Whigs, citizens, native and naturalized, and which was to continue until the grand purpose had been served; after which the old innuences mi^ht once more resume their sway over each individual. Ihe first wrong to be crushed out was the virtual disfranchisement of K^.nsas settlers by the action of nonresident voters at the po ling places Next to that, in point of importance, came the cardinal enunciation that Kansas must be a free state : but the main point was gained on the lower ground of expediency, which might unite them all, whereas the higher ground of principle must have driven them asunder in the then condition of public sentiment. The most vigorous abolitionist was able to admit " that slave labor is a curse to the master," and it was worth while to leave the other questions unargued for the time. Many were desirous that all negroes, bond or free, should be excluded from Kansas, but the convention was not asked to indorse that view. Ihe charge of seeking the abolition of slavery, which was industriously imputed to all free state men, was next denied, and the motives of the accusers stigmatized with becoming energy, inasmuch a? ■ t— ■! Mil «ii iiifvrmimlWMifBinia't' " [■ff^ryy- 188 Tuttlk's History of Kaxsas. tlje party contained many men who could not have been induced by pressure, to identify themselves with the abolition movement, ■which nevertheless, they were most ciFicicntly helping for expe- diency's sake, at that stage. The charge was denounced as stale and ridiculous, and the repudiators were undoubtedly correct. The jilatform concluded with the resolve that the tciritory or state of Kansas would concede to other states the Jght demanded in this instance, to manage their own affairs, and promised the slave owners that there should be no molestation nor obstructiori put in their way by the people of Kansas, in holding or recover- ing their slaves. Such, in the main, was Col. Lane's i)rogramme. The definition of the aims of the convention was to be the re- sultant of many forces more or less eccentric, but all agreeing in the main direction ; so there was a very warm debate. The old question, "what will happen when an irresistible force collides with an immovable body? " could not be determined by contem- plating the proceedings at Big Springs. None were iri'csistible, none immovable -on that occasion. For many of the men the platform was not sufhciently radical ; they wanted slavery to be denounced fs from an abolitionist standpoint; but they succeeded at last in tonivi-' down their expectations to a workable stand- point. To many, on the other hand, who had been trained to consider the negro neither a man nor a bn ;.her, the paragraphs in ■which the question of slavery was referred to seemed censurable, because it did not expressly provide that the hated color should not be seen in the territory. Those men abominated slavery, not out of love for the slave, and their detestation for the name " abo- litionist " had long been almost a frenzy. Slavery was looked upon with horror by many men who could not help extending to the individual held in bondage, the animosity which belonged only to the system of which he was u victim. Such men came in to accept the more moderate platform at last, and by their influence, not a few men in Missouri were brought over to more rational views of the demand enforced by Kansas. Many consented to the platform because they knew that the end was yet far off and that the men who were convening to train with them against Mis- souri interference would, in the long run, arrive at more advanced ideas on the other issue. The programme was not precisely what TKUUITOiaAL IIlSTORV. 189 been induced jn movement, ing for expe- inccd as stale tedly ccjiTOct. e tcu'itory or ^ht demanded promised the 3r obstruction ng or recover- 's programme. 3 to be the re- dl agreeing in late. Tlie old force collides 3d by contem- re irresistible, the men the slavery to be hey succeeded )rkable stand- en trained to paragraphs in ed censurable, 1 color should !d slavery, not le name " abo- 'y was looked .) extending to liich belonged men came in to iheir influence, more rational y consented to ret far off and m against Mis- more advanced precisely what any man expressing individual views only would have written, but as a resultant of the ideas of many men, modifying and being modified, it was the best that at the time could be effected, and it served its purpose passing well. Tlie committee on state organi- zation did not think that such a movement was at that time ex- pedient, but the report of that committee was not adopted, and anamendm..it expressing approval of the object to be avowed by the people's convention, which had been called together for the 19th of that month in Topeka, was carried. ^h\ Emery, repre- senting the committee to which had been entrusted the considera- tion of the duty of the people toward the legislature reported in effect, that the men assuming the task of law makers for Kansas were a foreign body influenced by the demagogues of Missouri, whom alone they represented, and that the people must therefore repudiate all their acts as consummations of violence unparalleled in the history of the union. In eloquent terms the report de- nounced the usurpation under which the community then suffered in consequence of the tyrannous interference of armed bands vastly outnumbering the resident population, having robbed them of the right of self government The mockery of a government, which, under cover of fraud and violence, hud thus been imposed upon Kansas was disavowed with scorn, as a merely hypocritical pre- tense cf republican rule, adopted by a despotism. The report went on to recite the monstrous deeds of the invaders ; their dis- regard of the organic act by bxpelling members who had been duly elected, and by seating others who had not been chosen by the people ; by holding their sessions in a place not authorized by law; by usurping the appointments of officers who should be chosen by the people, and conferring such appointments upon Missourians not even temporarily residing in the territory ; by selling at the ballot boxes to all comers the privilege of outvoting the resident elector, in all congressional and other elections, which could not be abrogated ; by compelling men who would offer themselves for office, or to vote at an election, to submit to an in- vidious oath, referring of course to the fugitive slave enactment ; by- suppressing freedom of the press und free speech, and in all usurp- ing in such acts powers forbidden to congress ; it was very prop- erly resolved that such conduct libelled the Declaration of Inde- ' ? .««MMaibi 190 Ti'TTLIc's IflSTOItV or Kaksas. pendcncc, violated tlie Bill of Rights, and brought disgrace on republican institutions. The report further resolved that no alle- giance was due to the so-called legislature; that their laws had no validity, and that every man was entitled to resist them if ho thought proper. The conduct of the judicial bench in becoming partizan, and carrying the ermine of the court into contests, incon- sistent with the high function and impartiality incident to the po- sition of a judge, was denounced with manly vigor, and it was resolved that inasmuch as the judiciary had, by extra judicial utterances, prejudged every case that could come before them, as between the people and the "outlaws" called a legislature, the people should resist by legal means, every attempt to carry the unjust laws into practice, and upon decisions being given against them by the territorial judges, should carry every such case by appeal to the higher courts, where dispassionate law and justice •would govern the final utterance of authority. The report further resolved that the laws .should be resisted peacefully only so long as the best interests of the territory seemed to demand such a con- cession, and as long as there seemed to be a hope of such means sufficing to procure relief ; but that upon the failure of peaceful weapons, force should be used, and to that end men should form volunteer companies, procure arms, and accustom themselves to discipline, that they might be ready for any emergency. They would not allow themselves to be deprived of the elective franchise, and therefore they repudiated especially the so-called election law for the appointment of a congressional delegate, and concluded to appoint their own day for consummating the election of a delegate. The very able and comprehensive report thus summariiied was eventually adopted without amendment. The committee on the congressional delegation reported that the time named for holding the election of a delegate should be changed from the date fixed by the so-called legislature, to Octo- ber 9th ; that the rules prescribed for the March election should govern this procedure, except that the returns should be made to the territorial executive committee. "This recommendation was embodied in the proclamation issued in the name of the people for the October election. Probably few or none supposed that the delegate thus to be chosen would be recognized by congress, HWMMiWi*MMHIai«l*Ml>H*>>r. ^iliMijWinillimw '/■/■.7.7.7 nil! 1. 1 L llisroii r, 191 iijflit tlisLrracc on vcd that no allc- tlicir law. had no csist tlicm if ho lu'h in btooming n contests, incon- icidcnt to the po- •igor, and it was )y extra judicial L! before them, as I legislature, the npt to carry the ing given against ry such case by law and justice 'he report further Lilly only so long nand such a con- e of such means lure of peaceful nen should form Ti themselves to lergency. They elective franchise, lied election law md concluded to ;ion of a delegate, summariised was ion reported that legate should be islature, to Octo- 1 election should ould be made to mmendation was e of the people e supposed that zed by congress, but it would emphasize the statement already made, that the peo- ple had no share in el'ctions conducted by the Shawnee fraud. It was expedient to \\nV. t'.;eir election at a time when it might n(jt be convenient for ilissouri to send over armed mobs to inter- meddle, and there was also a principle involved in refusing to recognize and act upon the fraudulent enactments of the legisla- ture. The committee on miscellaneous business afTorded an oppor. tunity to the convention to express an opmion on Mr. lleeder's conduct as governor, by recommending his nomination as delegate to congress. The committee eulogized the late governor's con- duct in ofTiee in the very highest terms, defending him with logical acumen and unanswerable force against the accusations of his enemies ; and the nomination was carried in a furore of en- thusiasm. Many of the addresses made during the session were masterly efforts. At one time the difficulties which were inter- posed seemed overwhelming against the pos.sibility of men .so wide apart in general politics being able to discover common ground of union ; but, at a critical moment, a speech full of feel- ing, which was made by Judge Smith, carried all hearts by storm, and, as a matter of course, the heads soon came to an agreement after that had been accomplished. When Mr. Keeder had been infoi-med of his nomination as a delegate, subject of course to the vote of the people in October, he made a very admirable address, which showed that he combined within him the powers of the orator as well at "^he tact and prevision of a statesman. He saw, as all good men had long seen, that rashness must be avoided in the interests of the union, and he enforced that idea very effect- ively. He did not think that the soubh generally indorsed the action of Missouri in Kansas ; he hoped that the other part of the pro-slavery organization would rebuke the wrongs which had been perpetrated; but failing the corrective force of public opin- ion in that way, should moral force be unavailing, and the tribu- nals of the country afford no relief, then it must become a solemn duty to defend our rights by force; and the governor con* luded with a few inspiring lines from Fitz Greene Halleck's Bozzaris, which roused his hearers to a perfect frenzy. The scene when Mr. Reeder concluded with the words. 199 TUTTUfs lIlsrOKY OF KAy^A>i. " Strike for your altftrs aiul yoiir llrLS. Strikp fur tliu uricii graves of ji)ur Bires, God and your nulivc land," positively l)o-ars description. CouUl the Missourian faction have seen the spirit of that assembly then, when the ult.njalo possibility was brou-ht viviiUy before their mental visi -n, tl.cy mnst have pcreeived that sueh men could not be trampled on xvith in.punity. They had in them the indomitable eon rage of their forefathers, and the weapons laid aside at Saratoga could bo replaced by others more elTective whenever the moment of dread Jcessity should arise. That speech capped the climax winch had been reached by Judge Smith, and the once heterogeneoua mass had been fused into igneous rock. A cojiy of the proceed- ings of the session was ordered to be made for Governor Shannon, and a delegation of three was appointed to wait upon that gentle- man as soon as convenient. So ended a momentous gathering or rather, so commenced a gathering together which was to last for many vears. ' i - i, i q+i, f The delegate convention at Topeka was called for the 19th ot September, and the men were there on time, ready to initiate the preliminary steps for framing a constitution and applying to be admitted to the union as a free state. The session lasted two days. The Big Springs spirit was at work leavening the whole lump, and many men who had never approached the liberal ele- ment before were present throughout the proceedings, and from that time, were identified with the movements of the free state party The first day was spent in making ready, but ail the or^^ani/ation was completed before the convention rose, and the ^v^y was cleared for more stirring business on the morrow. 1 he morning of the second day saw a committee of eighteen at work prci>arincr an address which would challenge the attention of the Ihole union to a simple and vigorous statement of the wrongs endured, so far, with exemplary patience by Kansas. Among manv other noteworthy things said and done by the Topeka con- vention, the most important were embodied in three reso utions, which, after reciting the more prominent events that made such action a necessitv, announced the preliminary steps which were to be taken to make the constitution a reflex of tlie public opin- urian faction the ultimalo 1 visi -11, tlicy trampled on lie courage of toga could bo neut of dread .•liinax wliieh heterogeneous E the procecd- rnor Shannon, )n that gentle- His gathering, jh was to last or the 19th of to initiate the pplying to be ion lasted two ling the whole the liberal ele- ings, and from the free state y, but all the I rose, and the morrow. The o-hteen at work ttention of the ; of the wrongs msas. Among le Topelca con- ree resolutions, hat made such 3ps which were ;he public opin- TKJtiiiTQiiiAL UrsTonr. 193 ion of the territory. The delegates, speaking in their becoming dignity as representatives of the people of Kan.sas, resolved, that the election to bo held for delegates to form a constitution, adopt a bill of rights, and do all other things necessary in that relation preparatory to organizing a state government, and asking for ad- mission to" the union, should be held in every precinct on the second Tuesday in October, and that the convention so to be chosen should assemble at Topcka on the fourth Tuesday of the same month, at noon, to proceed with their onerous duties. The com- mittee resolved further, that a committee of seven, to be named «' The Executive Committee of Kansas Territory," should be nom- inated by the president of the convention ; and the appointments were made immediately to superintend the affairs of the territory so far as was necessary for the organization of the state govern- ment. Another step had been taken, and a duly authorized ex- ecutive, composed of able men, stood charged with the details of the general issue which had been and which still must be deter- mined by the popular voice. Col. Lane was chosen chairman of the executive, Mr. J. K. Goodin was secretary, and the other members were M. J. Parrott, P. C. Schuyler, C. K. llolliday, Judge Smith and G. W. Brown ; the mere mention of whose names in conjunction sufTices to show how great a revolution had taken place already. The people, by their representatives, issued a proclamation, which has already been mentioned in connection with the convention at Big Springs, appointing the second Tues- day in October for the election of a delegate to congress ; but the details of that proceeding were left to be determined by the ex- ecutive committee appointed at Topeka. The proclamation call- ing for the election of delegates to the convention on the same day followed immediately, the regulations to be ob-served were prescribed, the qualifications of electors, and the oaths to be taken by the judges of election had been prescribed in the first proclamation, and in the absence of any duly organized govern- ment, the people were approaching that desideratum by the best means at their disposal. In every circle the prospects of the movement, the manly resolution of the people, the exigencies of the time, came uppermost, and even in churches it was neither (possible nor desirable to banish the topic of the hour. Every J .J ^1 tijiMiiiMiitffti'ir^"'!*'- i»ia**Wwiftj*»Muto>H»(«sJ*»«s;*i**r*^ i»tW*!'*--l^*«i-^^i**«*^'' 10^ Tl'TTf.E's JfisTonr OF A'.i.v.sM.''-. ,i,.,o <-..nlor cn„ve„c,, to talk *o n,»l.nr o«r ;Yf;;;:,.J:;':X relocate,, iu,. 1,o„,0 fron, 0,0 ""vontu,n,tou .,".-- ionl lo a.Wrcs tlicir cn„slil«olit» <■« >"•>■■■■'• »''•" '" rei„,.«...tativc ; a„d every -ach gatl.ermg .^» i ;, L"; „:„ ,„ make »me vcmotc l-omt or »ocl,o„ ot .l,e l.o.ly r» '»° " their inmost aspirations took the san.o diroetion, for it is even Pope Wil CS . ^^ J,y^^ycr is the soul's sincere desire, Uttered or unexiircsscd, *' The motion of a liidden fire, Tliiit trembles in the breast." • .a r.i <5ilpnt thou^'ht" were full of prayer "T"hp sweet sessions oi siieni uiuu^m- everv L and .hen men rose to speak they drifted back insen- B^v to tl e fine phrases and glorious passages in the old Iltb cw Ws lich described a people fighting against barbarians, and tht .kcd tith unction, as a question of their own time, as cer- tainlv as that it belonged to Israel : '.Why do the hcuthen rage, and the wieked imagine a vain thing- Thcv were approaching that frame of mind in which heroism ihcy weie -u i o ^^^^ ^^^., g^pcnenoes unknown to common 1^^^' ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^.^e considerations of of -nl-^- f -; 7, Zo^^e to imagine Curtius leap- ''::::^^::t^^^^^'^^ --^^-^^ when AmoM von ;*;?; -red ^an be'understood grasping that sheaf of Austrian Winktlneti can ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^j,. ;rrrr;^;r«":v:'*e ... p..o,.„.e. ... itH bonrinjriJ. uorc eonvoii- rehcarsc foi' pwrsurd ns a rus of ncrvc:^ politic more of the men ittor of prayer itnily, the vol- ually inclined ICC, founil that r it is even ua full of prayer ;ctl back insen- ;hc old Hebrew barbarians, and vn time, as cer- vain thing?" which heroism, ally experiences onsiderations o! ine Cartius leap- ■hen Arnold von leaf of Austrian ;ast, that the ser- broken, and that rise into the pro- oman that came province, to sac- 5e, knew that her •edominated over Ti:i!i!iTi>itiM. IIisTony. 196 the individual, as, thank God, it often will do in nin-n;.niinou3 souls. Just so was it, when the serf and shepherd girl of Doin- ermy, Joan of Arc, her soul allainc with the wrongs of her pros- trato country, could penetrate the minds of the downtrodden pco- pic with a liolief that God cared for tiicni, and that their condi- tion therefore was not without hope. In the mere act of their turning to fight under that idea, there waa salvation f.)r France; the troops of England were not enthusiastic for conquest ; they cared infinitely more for the island they had left than for all the territory they^ had conquered by their prowess. Victory meant routine, not e (Tort ; tht; muscles of mind and body had grown flaccid from comparative disuse, and when their supremacy waa questioned, it was gone. The ideal, and not the mere material, is the invincible force with mankind. "Give me," "said Archi- m^des, "a fulcrum for my lever, and I will lift the world." The ideal in man is both fulcrum and lever, and the world answers its impulse every day. It was not only the failure of the mitrail- leuse that prostrated France, nor the terrible weapons of the Ger- man force, but the awful demoralization of the French soldiery. What were the weapons of the half-starved populace that cap- tured the Bastile, defended by De Lannay and his troops? Yet the people razed that fortress to the ground ; and the same frenzy of patriotism, which would not be repulsed, rolled back the tide of invasion from the soil of France when all Europe had com- bined against the nation. The ideal is the ruling power in the mind of the artist, the statesman, the soldier, and the church haa its ffrand mission in every age to lift the aspirations of the race to the highest pinnacle. The church was true to its work in Kansas, during the terrible ordeal through which the territory was passing, and from every pulpit there rose up before God the sweet savor of earnestness and zeal for a cause that deserved success. Sermons mounted to the highest plane of heroic thought without an effort; men put aside their laboriously prepared manu- script and extemporized undreamed-of discourses which answered the magnetic thought in a thousand hearts at once. The very air seemed full of the theme which compelled utterance. The preacher became a priest and soldier of the Most High God, and there wag prophecy in the molten words which came from him, as though ! ■II 19Q Ti ttlk's IlisTour of Kassas. ho, alsc, had bocii tuM, " I'ako i.., liccl of wluil 30 shall a'vy.' A iK.o,,lo .so iini.miU'd couM not bo con-iuercil Thoy liugi.t be BJuor.a and oi-prcssea for a ti.m., as vv.r. the Covenantor, u. Prcsbytorian Scotland; as wcro the rurilans, thou- ncKhbors, m Kn.Himd; but Nasoby and Marsloii Moor answond ovory iloubt ns t";. tho victory vvh.ol. niust oon.u to tho right sido undor propor direction. Kor a tinio, there seemed to be no other subject worthy of thouglit in Kansas save deliverance from oppression, and every nerve was being prepared for the final issue - " the iron had entered into their .souls." There arose a reas.mable hope among many tliat congress would be nu)ved by the spectacle now o Icrcd, by nion of every party united in one phalan.x, again.st M.ssour.au domination, ai>d that the tyrannously impo.sc.l Icgi.s aturo tlio fruit of cotispiraoy and violence, which had assembled at bhaw- nee defying law and justice, would be repudiated by the larger representative body. Unhappily, congress was, as it too often is lull of the machinations of persons and coteries, and the voice of the suffering people could not be heard. The forces o log.sla- tion and administration alike failed. The settlers were driven in upon themselves. Stephen A. Douglas missed the best oppoi^u- ni- V of a hidierto successful life ^vhen he failed to i>erce.vo that Ids place was on the side of the settlers in Kansas llis influ- ence in congress would have compelled justice and sanctioned moderation, but he drifted with the worst current of the p.-o- sluvery party until the proper hour had passed, and, when the time came for his eyes to be opened, he could only look back to the point where victory might have been his for the asking. That union of Whigs and Democrats was understood by hiin too late lie struggled to recover the ground once lost, but iime has a forelock only, and his effort lost him the unanimity of the pro-slavery organization, after the purer and better spirit of Lin- coln had already won upon the sympathies of more liberal minds. DouMas could have concentrated for his support the whole of the democracy -north, east and west, and the best elements of the south, which would have left the residue too weak for a schism - but he allowed himself to be attracted by the worst section of his party iust when his ambition was ready for its final spring and he fell back humbled and dying, because he had omitted the duty 111' «MtaMMa#tiMsMMlMs c tiwiiiii in Kn fjmi ir i a irir i i THitumntiM. Ifismi; y. I'.ti all all sny.' ly uiiglit be ciiuiilL'irt in iCM^liUors, ill jvury iloubt imlur ))roi)or jjecl worthy 11, iiiul every I hail ciiltM'ci.1 luong nmiiy V ollurcd, by , Missouriiiu fislaturo, the ed lit Sluiw- y the larger too olten is, . the voiec of us of legisla- ore driven in best opportu- perceive that i. His influ- id sanetiuned t of the pro- ud, when the look buck to r the asking, id by hiin too ost, but Time miniity of the ' spirit of Lin- liberal minds, e whole of the lements of the 'or a schism — t section of his al sjjring, and aitted the duty to be proHfipnt and just. Linonln, in liis home in Springtield, had bo(Mi contiMit to he just and honest in tlie aims of his life, and the triumph which had been denied to policy, and the undoubted talents of the " f-ittle (liant," were laid at the feet of the L'rcatcr man. T-ineoln, standing in the place of Doni^das, woiiM have won the acclamation of the union by recognizing the right of the peo- ])lc to be governed by republican institutions and by men of their own choosing, and, under the influence of such as he, eongl'cs^ would have allowed s<|uatter .sovereignty to deal with its own problem, uiitrammeled by the action of Missourian mobs; but the surroundings of Douglas would not permit him to perceive where justice lay until the die was cast. The petitions to con- gress fell unheeded upon the table. The voices which would have championed their cause were clamored down or unheeded, and the final ifsiio w.as once more relegated to the soil of Kansas, to find its solution in blood. On the first day of October Gen. Whitricld. the only candidate for the oHico of delegate to congress, under the proclamation issued by Gov. Shannon, pursuant to the regulations made by the Shawnee assembly, was declared to be chosen. Nearly two- thirds of all the votes cast for him came from Mis.souri, but there were only about three thousand ballot papers handed in, so much had the price to be paid for voting moderated the zeal of the pro-slavery party. Of course there was not much necessity for a large vote, where only one candidate was before the public, but prudential considerations had not been allowed to weigh with them in the former elections, when they had brought nearly five thousand men to outvote less than half that number, even assuming that there was not one man in the territory to cast a ballot in the pro-slavery interest. Beyond all doubt the tax of one dollar, which the sheriff stood ready to receive in every precinct, before a non-resident could be polled, was a powerful sedative among men who valued their possessions in proportion to the quantity of whisky for which they were the equivalent, and who objected on principle to inorea.se the funds from which their friends, recently assembled at Shawnee, could plunder. The free state party held their election on the second Tuesday in October for the same ofTice, and Gov. Reeder received their sup- ipg TllTl.L-'s IllSIOltY or /\'.I.V5.I.V. ,.ort unaui,.u>..sly, .n-v tl>an two thou.uul eight ^-^^^^^^^ Ling cast, uliLough in ,nany juvcinctH thr .lo.MU.aut f.v. Uo. a 'bl.l .l.oir force, an.l wouM not allow a voto to ho poll.! T wore thuH two .VlogatoH ..ho.on to .ill one vacancy, an. i ; C nal.l« to avoia tlu> M>.-i''n alto.H,her, .n the pre^^^^ : nvo Jauaiaat.., wh.re there was only one s.-at to bo occ - ^ eonelnaea to reject l.o,l^l.nt to pay tennleaKcocM- rejeotca aelegate. Thoy <-onia not help s..n., U NU U U r 1„ a pollea a very hn-e nnjority ot the whole of tl>e icsulens K.n " but they knew also that the eleetio,. lu.l not been hehl :" t; ' :e.raanee wit!, the provisions of the or.an.e aet unae a ;.llan.ationfro„.thegovcrno.-. '''l'- -••""^>"' f '=f '^^^^ ; Lia haa receive t ir/bnt the ivulenee before then. wa« u.Hiuest.onable, S nearly all his supporters were non-rciaents who haa . H - flea in u way repugnant to the eonst.tutu.n, u.uler a aw .1 viohitca the organic act, ana which Inul been passea by a Ug.s Lilt: ilnbl^he result of fraua ana riot .^.snj^^^ conclusion testiluul the weakness of congress toi it th*^ g^ncru r!u,t the aelegate. the Shawnee assembly 1>^^^ --J^^ ^^ legislature, an.l the work of inaugurating representative mst tu t ons in Kansas luul yet to be begun, uiuler the guaranty of tlio w le u 'on for the maintenan-e of repuhlicanisn, in essence Is w 11 s in form. The recognition of Mr. Ueeaer, who eaine :: Ihem as a delegate not certi.iea ^^y^^- , Shannon was n eviaenee that they knew he repre.i!i II. Ili-imiiY. V.)0 .iiitlroil votes iiaiit fivc'lioii :,() he polled, lu'iiiicy, mill till) presoiico bo oocupiod, : ^'^M•.]\ of tlu! il Mr. UiihKt (! rosiiUiiits in lot 1)0011 lieM ic aot uiuU'r a iKli}!!. Whit- a on tlio lir.st Kpio.slioimblo, ■ho hiul tpiali- r a law whioU cd by a U'jj;is- s inconclu.sivo it tho goneral never boon iho ilative iiistitu- uaranty of llio iin, in essonco ilor, who came iiuKni, was an ;)pinion in the olloot to their be taxed when tlie chance of as no longer in otod numerous f to the organic d become sadly " honor among a very pretty unsified shortly piniu. Leaven- worth was r'Mtitlcd to be tho .Ho:it of jusli.-e for Leavenworth county, but In tli^-' ha.^te with which the Shawnee men had rushed cvoryihitig through during tho forty days for wliieli alone they could draw pay, however loflg the Hossion might continue, they had .mi.llCKl to sptx'ify- Leavenworth as tho county seat ; an.l in nuui) other . ountics there had been similar onii.ssions, .so that a popular vote ha-l to ho enat to determine upon locations. Tliero wore three towns ambitious of tho distinction in tho county of Loavonw.rtli, and they spared no cfT-rt in their .several ways to Beeviro tlie prize. The town and fort of Leavenworth, had a largo ,u-..i.ortioii of pro-slavcry men in its poi>ulation, but tho majority was composed of frco state emigrants, wh.) were niilliiiod every balloting day bv irruptions from beyond the .NLssouri river. Tims Leavenworth was not a (Mty of refuge upon which tho pro- slavery could depend unless they came in force tr. .settle every question. Kickapoo, which to this day is but a village of less than two thousand souls, had then tho merit of being strong on tho pro-.slavory side, and there were no emigrants there to exer- cise the ingenuity and waU^htubuMs of the Missourians. It was, moreover, only ten miles above Leavenworth on the Missouri, so that it (H)uUl be easily reached by non-resident voters, whenever it might bo neces.sary to pay a tax for the prvilcgo of doe.dmg an election there. This was a consideration of some weiglit. Del- aware stood in the same category of Kickapoo, and it was eight miles below Leavenworth, just as easy of access as Kickapoo or Leavenworth to unlawful help. The claims of the three towns were submitted tc the ballot box, and Delaware i)olled a consider- able majority over Leavenworth, besides distancing Kickapoo by nearly fiftv votes. Leavenworth was humiliated and in.hgnant at being foiled by its own weapons. Like Cinsar folding his robe about him, when he saw his own natural son among Ins assail- ants, Leavenworth also said el tu Brute, but tho city did not die with dicaiity like the Roman Impcrator, leaving some interested Mark Antony to make a moan over " the rent the envious Casca made " Leavenworth lived and protested, much to tho enlighten- ment of outsiders, who could scarcely forbear saying, " physician help thyself." Leavenworth had given the juvenile frauds their first lessons in Kansas oppression and now it was destroyed by i^^img^^ ^*m^ rtitmrfitr^-*'^-'^ 200 Tuttlk's IIistohy of Kansas. its own pupils. The city could poll about six liumlrcd votes without foreign aid ; Kickapoo had one hundred and fifty resi- dents within its area, and Delaware bad only fifty, but activity and perseverance will go further than right sometimes, so while Leavenworth rested at borne secure in its domestic strength, tlio small competitors ordered as much assistance as was t! ought necessary from foreign consignors. When the polls closed on election day, Leavenworth was nearly three hundred behind Kickapoo, as that town had imported seven hundred voters to assist the resident force. Dela vare had the mortilication to dis- cover that her exertions had not been equal to the emergency, but she had not yet fired her last shot, and the ballot was ivei)t open two days beyond the original limit to permit of further consign- ments of fraud determining the issue. Thus Deleware came out ahead about fifty, having polled nearly nine hundred in all. Had the other competing towns been occupied by free state men only, the result would have been good enough, but although " birds in their little nests agree," pro-slavery men did not. ^ The Kickapoo claimants carried the question into a court, where it was not necessary for litigants to appear with clean hands, and the three days polling proved fatal to Delaware ; but Leaveworth had no redress, and no consolation, except in the tearful monodies of an indignant press. The weapons which were meritorious as against free govern- ment in the territory as a whole were diabolical, when Leaven- worth could " be wounded in the house of its friends." The papers of Kickapoo opened a fusilade against the larger guns in the city of Leavenworth, and especially reminded the editor of the Leavenworth Ilemld that he had been elected to the legisla- tive assembly convened in Pawnee by precisely similar means. There was much necessity for special pleading under the circum- stances, and it was amusing to observe the long winded columns of drivel which were devoted to distinguishing between tweedle- dum and tweedledee. It was grand work for an army of border ruffians in self defense to impose a legislature upon abolitionists because of the high purpose which ruffianism could be made to vindicate, but it was pronounced absurd that " the demagogues and hucksters " of " Platte City and Weston " should be allowed mammmss$mismiimismmmiem:- TKimiTORiAL History. 201 1(1 red votes lI fifty rcsi- ut activity 2S, so while ;i'engtli, tlio as t! onglit ; closed on "cd behind d voters to tion to dis- irgency, but > kept open icr consign- e came out I red in all. e state men , it although I not. The ,vhere it was ds, and the ,'eworth had monodies of "ree govern- len Leaven - ends." The i-ger guns in he editor of ) the legisla- nilar means. • the circum- ded columns een tweedle- ny of border abolitionists I be made to demagogues \ be allowed to settle the location of a county seat. Sir Pckr Tmdo was amused by the vices of Joseph Surface as long as he supposed there was only "a little French milliner" behind the screen, but when the article of furniture had been removed, there was a much deeper tone in his voice as he said, " Lady Teazle by all that is damnable." The School for Scandal was being played on a new stage in Leavenworth county. But Kickapoo was not secure even yet°in her victory ; she had not been sufficiently unlawful to de- serve success. 111 a territory where the legislature disclaimed the limitations of the organic act under which it came into existence, and where judges could give extra judicial opinions when called upon by illegal authorities; so Delaware, with her three days polling, carried away the golden apple for which the three claim- ants had been contending. "Like cures like," is the maxim of our friends of the globule who can carry the medicine for a whole city in a pennyweight parcel, and Leavenworth found a very small globule of her own pliysic more than a dose for her own complaint. The system would have cured itself in time if the patient did not die while the contending forces were being marshalled, but something better was in store for Kansas. The free state party was coming more closely into communion, while the pro-slavery organization quarreled, as we have seen. Topcka soon welcomed the " constitutional convention," and the men composing that body were among the most prominent persons in the territory, irrespective of the old distinctions. There was hardly a state in the union which had not one of its sons in that representative body, and the sects came very near being all re- flected in some one or more of the members; certainly every political party icnown to the union, except the Missourian faction of the pro-slav. ry organization, could find a voice in that diverse, but goodly company, which had met to shape a constitution tinder which Kansas would enter the union as a free state. Men who had gradua.<^d in the best seats of learning stood shoulder to shoulder with proletarians who could do little more than write their names. Old men were there who could remember the vivid word pictures of their revolutionary forefathers, and were ready to imitate their example. Young men were foremost in word and act as they are apt to be, but they were sustained by the deliber- t 202 Tittle's HisTonr of Kaxsas. m ate M'soliUiou of older heads. Kot a few were tlierc because tliey could forecast events, and being sure which side would win, wero ready to dare all odds for a time, tt) make a sphere in which their reasonable ambition might be gratified. Many had cast in their lot with the movement because they hoped to find some "coign of vantage " for the negro, in the action of men, the major part of wlioin would have been rejoiced could the race be banished to the remotest regions of the earth, rrofessional politicians were there also in force, "with a heart for any fate," except being left out in the cold, and not sufliciently wedded to any principle to let it stand between themselves and the sweets of office. Every- body was prepared to make the best fight possible, for the cause which had been taken in hand, and " hojie told a flattering tale" to many of a victory apparently near to their grasp, which would not be attained until years of conllict had passcil. Fifty-two members had been chosen, and forty took part in their delibera- tions, which were described in the lucubrations of correspondents of the press all over the union. The deliberations of the con- vention were opened with prayer, and there was a semi-official organ published every day that the sitting lasted. Topeka had long entertained the idea that the capital of Kansas was to be located on the spot where the superb magnesian limestone capitol now stands, and with the approach of such halcyon days, the cit- izens smiled more graciously than ever upon the cause which the residents had always favored on principle ; while the convention occupied all the days, the evenings were mainly devoted to a round of gayeties, in which were readily found the company best adapted to their particular tastes. For a brief season it seemed as though the reverie of Longfellow was being fulfilled, and that the time had really come, when " The nights shall be filled with music, Ami the cures that infest the day, Shall told their tents like the Arabs, And as noiselessly steal away." There were stirring debates on every point among the dele- gates, but in the desire of every district to secure as many of the leading democrats as possible, that party had a majority in the convention, and upon the question whether •' the word white " aBsa gawSH iWWwwwwa-. Tr.iiVirouiM. Jfisronr. 203 )ecause they d win, were which their :;ast in their oine "coign ; major part banished to itieians were )t being left principle to ice. Every- [or the cause Ltering talc" vhicli would . Fifty-two eir delibera- rrespondents 5 of the con- , senii-ofiicial Topeka had ;as was to be !stone capitol days, the cit- .se which the e convention devoted to a !oinpany best ;on it seemed led, and that )ng the dele- raany of the TJority in the word white " should be struck out from iho conslilulion, there were twenty-four against the proposition, and only seven in its favor. Many, perhaps, would have supported the abstract rirrht of the negro, who were not prei)ared to embody it m a law, which would be caviled at all over the continent: but very many actually thought that the blacks could not wilh safety or prolit be entrusted with a right so precious as the franchise. The names of t\w foremost abolitionists, such as Schuyler, Brown, Kobinson and Hunting, were of course among the supporters of crpial riuiits, but they perhaps knew, that at that momoment, they might have been defeated by success. The vote was almost equally divided on the question of Squatter Sovereignty, but by seventeen votes against fifteen, it was decided tliat neither con- gress nor the states should interfere in local ail'airs of slates and territories. Very wisely there was no vote taken on the proposal that free negroes should" be excluded from the territory ; the ques- tion stood o°ver to be determined by a vote of the people after the state lecrislature should come into existence, then to operate as an instruction for that body. The consequences of a vote on the issue at that early stage of the proceeding might have proved dis- 'astrous to all concerned, and the constitution was never disgraced by an anti-black law. Sixteen days were well spent in moulding the first constitution, and in the main the document so formed was the basis of further lecrislation, so that the instrument which was at length made the balis of the recognition of Kan.sas as a state by congress was only an amended version of the work now accomplished in Topeka. Slavery was expressly prohibited within the state by the first con- sti'tution and that was the vital principle of the measure. " In- voluntary servitude " should only be possible as a punishment for crime, and the time fixed for the coming into operation of that clause was on or before July 4, 1857. Male Indians, who had conformed to the customs of civilization, might vote. The boundaries of the territory, as set forth in the organic act, which of course included nearly all of Colorado, were adopted into the constitution. Topeka won the location as the capital, beating Lawrence by four votes, in an aggregate of thirty-six, but the permanent location was to be determined by the first general as- t' l ^ yif ^g ' ^ ■ iBi- J- -- 204 TvTTi.Kta HisrouY of Kassas. 1(191' II' iili^i semLly. Curiously enough, among men who were perhaps more interested in education tlian any average population in the United States, the arrangements as to education and supervision of schools were the most defective features in the whole measure, as there was not even a sui)erintendent of publio instruction named in the draft. The constitution, thus prepared, provided for its own submission to the people to be ratified or rejected on Decem- ber 15, 1855, and after ratification there could be no change made, 'nor any convention to consider a new constitution until after 1865. The general banking law was to be voted up or down by tlie same constituency at the same time as the constitution, and to be included or rejected according to the result. Supposing the constitution to be ratified, the executive committee already- named stood authorized to conduct elections for state officers, and for representation in congress, and the first assembly should be convened on July -i, 1856, a celebration which could not be oth- erwise than gratifying to good men. The convention prescribed all details as to the districts and polling for the election on De- cember 15th, to decide the fate of the constitution and the general banking law. The executive committee was empowered to or- ganize the elections for state officers, representative, and general assembly, and to issue scrip, within the limits of $25,000, to de- fray the necessary outlay, the redemption of which should be the first duty of the legislative body. The deliberative action of the convention came to an end on Saturday, November 10th, and it was late at night when the delegates were called upon to sign the constitution to which they had agreed. Thus they gave their manifesto to the world, bearing the sign manua" of each member, and by their act said to the Missourian horde, we are ready to do .md dare all that may be necessary to secure for our children and for ourselves the advantages of free government. It was not bombast on their part, for the dark days came when they were sorely tried by adversity, but they were equal to their task, and the people by whom they had been chosen were worthy of loyal service. r>si.«iw Becoxxa ISSAS'CE. 205 lerhaps more n the United pcrvision of ? measure, as iction named 'ideil for its (1 on Decem- liange made, I until after 1 or down by ution, and to jpposing the itee already officers, and ly should be not be oth- )n prescribed ction on De- i the general wered to or- , and general 15,000, to de- hould be the action of the • 10th, and it m to sign the ey gave their jach member, 3 ready to do children and It was not m they were leir task, and rthy of loyal CHAPTER IX. RECONNAISSANCE. (,A brief Digreation.) PRINCIPAL CITIES OF MISSOURI. Kcconnoitcring the Enemy — Jefferson City— K(\nsas City — St. Louis — St. .Toseph- Iluuuibal —Inilepenaeuce — Westou — Lcxiugtoa — Boone- ville. Having brought up our Territorial History to the point at which the first steps toward a state government had been effected, we may as well turn our attention toward the powerful antago- nist with which Kansas had to contend. The settlers knew some- thing of the strength of their foes, and we cannot understand their position without sharing in that knowledge. It is not enough that we know what was the feeling on the border, it is es- sential that we should see the volume of power back of that manifestation. The ruffianism which could disturb a series of elections might be the effervescence of an element locally influ- ential, but expressing only the rage of a small community, hence it is important that we should ascertain, and note for reference, the age and extent of the Missourian force which sought to ex- tend and perpetuate itself in Kansas first, and then over an al- most illimitable empire. The tone of the press in all parts of Missouri applauded Gen. Atchison and his compeers in their disreputable work, and, as we have seen, the pulpit did not strive to set public opinion right, save in a few important instances, which could not affect the mass, but which were more or less dis- astrous to the men who tried to stem the torrent of prejudice and anger. What the tone of the press on Mis.souri soil was, at the time of the first settlement after Mr. Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska act passed, has been already described in one or two pregnant ex- tracts in former chapters; it remains only to show in that relation the complete accord established between the Missouriau at home V I 7 -'ii'tiiitiil"' flEf?' 206 TvTTufs HisTonr of Kaxsas. nnd liis nlly and friend in Kansas Territory. Dr. Jolin TI. String- follow, who edited Y/ic Squatter Sovori':/)), in Atoliison, a pro- slavery settlement, named for the cx-AHco President, thus an- swered some eriticisms ui)on the pro-slavery party, which had sippearcd in the organ of Horace Greeley, the New York Tn'hinw: " We can tell the impertinent scoundrels of the Trilmne that they mav exhaust an ocean of ink, their Emigrant Aid Societies spend their millions and billions, their rei.resentatives in congress spout their heretical theories till doomsday, and his excellency, Frank- lin Pierce, a]ipoint abolitionist after free soiler as our governor, yet wo will continue to lynch and hang, to tar and feather and drown every white-livered abolitionist who dares to pollute our soil." Nor was this mere idle talk, only meant to aflfect persons at a distance, as we find in the columns of the same journal, a description of a street fight, in which bowie knives were freely used, and a free soiler badly injured, the following brutal com- nientary : " We are happy to state that the free soiler is in a fair way to peg out, while the pro-slavery man is out and ready for another tilt. Kansas is a hard road for free soilers to travel." Thus the practices of the streets found approval in the columns of the press, and every ruffian that could cut his mark upon the body a free soiler was sure of an enthusiastic indoi-sement in tuu organs of his party. The Luminary, published in ParkviUe, Missouri, was raided and the press destroyed and flung into the Mi.ssouri river, for no other fault than having dared to condemn Mis.souri proceedings in Kansas in the election of a delegate to congress ; and the editor of the Jell'erson Inquirer, in the same state, for similar disturbing remarks, was informed through the columns of a contemporary, that, "lie was a nigger stealer at heart, and would have voted with the abolitionists ;" the most crushing form of condemnation known, among the literati of Mis- souri. President Pierce, in spite of all his unmistakable anxiety to carry with him their suffrages, could not satisfy the pro-slavery party by any of his nominations to the ofBce of governor ; nor couM anything in the way of concession meet their views, ex- cept an unreserved submission, such as Chief Justice Lecompte, or Gen. Atchison, embodied in their daily lives. When the first legislature for Kansas had been elected by Missourian invaders, -SMI jipg^i^:p£-r^-;?^ :^S^ BfJCOXyAISSAKCE. 207 n ir. String- ison, a pro- it, thus nti- , wliioh hail )rk Trlhunc: ne tliiit they :;ietio.s spend rif^rcss ppout ;ncy, Frank- 11 r governor, feather and pollute our ffoct persons le journal, a were freely brutal com- soiler is in a it and ready rs to travel." ; columns of rk upon the ement in tho n Parkville, ung into the . to condemn a delegate to in the same through the er stealer at !;" the most erati of Mis- able anxiety e pro-slavery jvernor ; nor ir views, ex- ze Lecompte, ^hen the first ian invaders, the Pktlc Anjiis said : " The Missourians have conquered Kan sas lot them hold it or die in the attempt." The purchase of Louisiana and of all claims upon western ter- territory from France was effected under the managemont of Thomas Jcffer.son, for $15,000,000, in the year 1801 ; although some time clap.sed before all the transaction had been completed, in Itivu, and at that time there were no civili/.ed inhabitants in the region. In the year 1804, Messrs. Lewis and Clark came up the Missouri, and held a council with the Lidians on the spot where Fort Calhoun was afterwards built, at a point on the Ne- braska side of the river, long afterwards known as Council Bluffs, about twenty miles above the city of the same name, in Iowa, •which is connected by the fine railroad bridge with Omaha. In- dians were then the only residents on either side of the great river in a vast extent of territory; and many years elapsed before the country was opened for settlement. Tribes of Indiana had to be removed before white men could be made occupants and owners of the soil under the sanctions of civil government, and, in consequence, the work went on very slowly ; but in the year 1818-19 there had been sufficient progress to warrant an appli- cation from the inhabitants of the territory of Missouri to congress for admission to the union as a state. The bill founded upon that movement was amended in the house of representatives by the intro- duction of a clause excluding slavery from that section of the coun- try, and in that form it was passed by the lower chamber, but re- jected in the senate. The restriction on slavery was acrimoniously discussed by all classes of men in the press, and in every walk of life, with such heat as must always be evoked, when vested interests long established are assailed by an advancing thought Men identified prominently with either side were invited to expound their views on the question in many great centers of population, and the best thinkers in eastern and northern churches pronounced for and against the proposed restriction, until, not merely in every lecture hall, but almost by every fireside, the intricacies of the difficulty had been discussed. Both sides were fully alive to the magni- tude of the issue, and when the subject was revived in congress in the session of 1819-20, there was more bitterness displayed on this issue than on all other items of the congressional programme 'S ■y,^^-,i£'-'J,* t-.i.-..- .--5 . I ,'1 ■! 208 TI'TTLE's JIlSTOHY OF K.i.WS.iS. combined. Tlu; Missouri coinproinise was tlio rortiilt of that de- lilu'ratioii, the liiiiitiitioiiri of the state tlien formed were imule the Loiiiidiiries of the slave power ui the Louisiana purchase, and all territory lying north of 36' 30' north, was forever exein;itc(l from their domination, so far as human legislation can be made Jinal. Tlio law which embodied that compromise was signed by ^'resident Monroe on the 0th day of March, 1820 ; and for more than thirty years there was a general assumption that the prob- lem of negro slavery was left to its own operation, not further to be touched by congress. Of course it is not possible for one con- gress to tie the hands of another ; the jjcople, by their representa- tives, are always free to annul wrong actions, or what may be assumed to be wrong by a majority, in constitutional ways; but contending parties were inclined to rest and be thanktul upon their several standpoints for many years. Holders of extreme views would not be satisfied, but the public can never be logical and precise ; and, in this case as in many others, the formula of thought which was accepted as the finale of the controverted claims for limitless extension of slavery on the one hand, and for abolition of slavery on the other, contained elements which must liave disrupted the settlement if the mass of the community became logical, and determined to follow their premise to its conclusion. The public, governed by feeling and by prudential considerations, allowed the compromise to stand unquestioned in legislative cir- cles for many years, and when the limits of Missouri were ex- tended, there was no express provision sought, nor was there any granted to carry slaves beyond the line of the previously enacted compromise. The additional territory was given to Missouri in 1836, and slaves were held therein from the first cession, but there was no sanction of law for such proceedings. There was a general impression, until 1853, that the territory now covered by Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado, would be the home of the In- dian tribes until, in the course of time, they should die out, be- fore a civilization which they fail to comprehend ; but in that year there was a bill introduced to congress to organize that vast expanse under the title of Nebraska Territory, and throw it open to white settlement. The summit of the Eocky mountains on the west, the states of Missouri and Iowa on the east, the territory a^4..u.uu.miima i W!iwM iiwiwiiiiriniiiiiiiiniii mmmmmumit PiiisrirM. CiT!::s or Missinir. 209 lit of that de- veie nunlo the chase, and all vev exempted can be made vas signed by and for more hat the prob- not furtlier to e for one con- L'ir representa- what may be lal ways ; but lianktul upon •s of extreme ver be logical 10 formula of controverted hand, and for ;s which must lunity became ts conclusion, onsidei'ations, egislative cir- ouri were ex- ?as there any jusly enacted 3 Missouri in cession, but There was a V covered by ne of the In- l die out, be- but in that lize that vast hrow it open nountains on the territory of Xew ^[cxico and the parallel of 00" 30' north latitude on the south, and -lo ' CO' north latitude on the nortii, , t to bo the couipivliuMsive limits of the new govenmu'ut. Towa, by one of her representatives, took the initiative in the movement in Do- cendjcr, 1853; and after reference to tlie committee on territories, there were so iii:iny and such important alteraiious made that the chairman, Mr. Douglas, of Illinois, the famous Sl('|)lu'n A. Doug- las, founded thereupon his substitute measure, the Kansas-Ne- braska bill, which eventually became law, and was accompanied by a repeal of the Missouri compromise. The provisions of that organic act are familiar to our readers. The debates in congress and in the press had seemed violent when the ^[issouri comprom- ise was arrived at, when the slave power snatched at and obtained an extension of soil by consenting to a definition of limits; but when the limits were removed in the prosecution of an aggressive ])oliey, which was never mcjre to be abandoned, until the party fell into irreparable defeat after the rebellion, the tone of the dis- putants had already the ring of war in its menaces on both sides. The measure, several times amended, became law in May, 185J:, being finally i)a.ssed on the 2oth, and being signed by the Presi- dent on the 30th. That was the event which practically brought invasion and civil war into Kansas territory, and wiiich eventually removed the stain of negro slavery from our institutions. It was pretended that the substituted bill was a compromise under which Kansas should become a slave state, and Nebivaska should balance that increase by admission on the free soil basis, but the value of such compromises was too well known to allow of the popular leaders being fooled a second time. No such arrangement was made, nor was it dreamed of by the free soil party ; but tlic proslavery leaders were not slow to use the pre- text as a means of inspiring the Missourian population with a hate m^re intense than had theretofore been realized, against every ap- pearance of northern intermeddling with the territory which, under another name, was to have been a repetition of Missouri. Jekfeksox City was made the capital of the state of Missouri, by popular vote, in the year 182], but it was not until the follow- ing year that the town was laid out, the attraction to the spot U J no Ti'TTLf's lIlsrOUY UF K.ISSAS. £■■: consisting in its nearness to tho geograpliieal centre of the state. It is tlio seat of justice for Cole county, and it stands on tlic south bank of the Missouri river, one hundred and twcntyfive miles from St. Lonis, and nine hundred and ei},dity miles from Wash- ington. Tlio location of .TclTer.son City is very beautiful, as it occupies a coinmandin^,' blnll, from which an extensive '. icw can "be liad of a remarkably pictures(iuo country. The streets are regularly laitl out, and well graded, the draiiuigc of the city being, Bccurcd by its position. The public buildings of Jeller.son City arc numerous and notcwortliy. Tlic state capitol is a particularly line structure, dating from tho year 18^(5, when the reprcsentativea and senators of tho state had just practically broken through the Missouri Compronuse in congress, by procuring an addition to the territory of the state, without guaranties of any kind for the iionextension of slavery into the region, wliith had been specially exempted by tho legislation of 1820-21. 'i'lio court house is a county building, and of course it cannot compare witli the capitol, but it is a very good looking edifice, and is made useful for nu- merous purposes, as is common with such structures. The state penitentiary is located at this point, and tho mode of discipline ■which obtains within its walls helps to atone in some degree for the want of .school discipline which was noticeable in tlie earlier history of Missouri. Tlio state armory is an establishment in whieli it is much e(vsicr to tr'.-o pride than in a prison, however ■well conducted, and tlie institution is one of the lions to which country cousins are invariably escorted. The executive mansion is not superb, nor does it attempt to be gaudy, but it is well adapted for the purpose which it serves, as the official headquar- ters of the government of the state. Lincoln Institute is a worthy monument erected in honor of a good man, whose name was at one time almost a byword of reproach among Missourians, but who lived long enough to vindicate his holy purpose in the grand work which sanctified and ennobled his career. Missouri, trem- bling almost on the verge of rebellion, recovered itself in time to avoid that calamity, although many of those who had taken an active part in her political life, up to the Fort Sumter era, went over to the enemy. The normal school for colored youth in Jef- ferson City betokens a vast advance in public sentiment since the -««». Puiscii'M. Cities of Mis la. 911 3 of the state. I oil tlio south >ty-fivc milo!* s from Wash- L'iuitiful, us it sivo '. low can 10 streets uro the eity being Jeltersoii City a particularly ipresoiitatives II through the 11 aiUlitioi) to y' kiiul for the been specially irt house is a til the eapitol, useful for nu- cs. The state 3 of tliseipline •me degree for in the earlier ablishmciit in ■ison, however lions to which utive mansion but it is well cial headquar- ite is a worthy e name was at issourians, but e in the grand klissouri, trem- ,self in time to had taken an mter era, went . youth in Jef- meut since the days wlicn the (.^iiakor College at Salem, Iowa, was attacked by our border ruflians under the direction of some of the secret stx'i©- ties of the proslavery party, for fear of the inlluenee which migh*. be exerted on Mis.-arent successes of an ediuiational cstalilishnient. Tiie normal school is well attendeil, and " (iod's image carved in ebony" displays an interest in the work of edu- cation which might be emulated by the other youth of the country with very groat advantage. The teachers provided by this insti- tution have a wide range of usefulness before them, and their at- tainments are highly creditable. There is an excellent seminary for young ladies hero, and it is gratifying to observe that its ad- vaningos are being used by an always increasing number of pupils. The curriculum of the school is high, and the immber of graBeati ■ ■W Wj iii'll "ti iP' M»l i .i. ' H '^ !^^^ 218 Tuttle's IIistoet of Kansas. of his onlcr by the Pope, as a recognitition of liis attainments, visited all tlie principal trans-Atlantic kingdoms, and was hon- ored by special concessions everywhere, because of his wit and his mastery of the lore of his time, yet there were many more learned than he in that age, immediately ushering in the Kefor- mation in Europe, and the scholar had not even the honor of legitimate birth to commend him to the notice of the great world. He was honored and rewarded with pensions from many courts, that he might be enabled unreservedly to devote himself to a studious life, in an era when the publication of books did not pay the author, and his example was quoted in every seat of Eu- ropean learning. We give scarcely any honor to our teachers, and we pay them so badly that they are actually compelled to " board round " to eke out a subsistence in innumerable instances, yet we wonder that our youth does not become penetrated with admiration for a calling which is fed with husks such as the swine did eat when the prodigal was in a far country. We must amend our school regulations in that particular, before the best possible results can be achieved; and, only when teachers can win first- class emoluments by proficiency in their avocation, will the rage for school training become general and beneficent among all classes in the community. There are two medical colleges in Kansas City, and they are very well sustained in the work which they have assumed — teaching the men and women of this age how to make life a blessing, and how to mitigate the woes of the afflicted. It is as- tounding that so little is really known about our common hu- manity even among ,the students, but when we compare what ia compiehended now with what was commonly accepted among professional men as truth in the beginning of this century, it be- comes difficult to realize that the human race has lived upon the globe so many years, that . "There's not a dust that floats on air, But once was living man." Modern science has effected more for humanity within thiscen- tury than had been accomplished before in the same direction since the commencement of the Christian era, and yet every dis- w>iim_ ' .i. ' ^ f "j!^ ' Principal Cities of Mlssovhl 219 attainments, nd was hon- his wit and I many more in the Kefor- die honor of I great world, many courts, himself to a )oks did not y seat of Eu- our teachers, compelled to ble instances, netrated with ii as the swine 1 must amend best possible can win first- will the rago ong all classes and they are e assumed — I make life a ted. It is as- common ha- npare what is cepted among century, it be- ived upon the vitbin thiscen- same directioa yet every dis- coverer feels that ho has but gathered one pebble upon the beach of the vast sea of knowledge, whicli God holds in the hollow of his hand, waiting only for the proper means of search to bo used, to become the heritage of our race. Every college, opened for the dissemination of science, widens the range of observation, and improves the capacity to recognize phoenomcna, upon which sounder views of our condition and powers may become possible ; and one of the most hopeful features of the medical faculty ot our own time is the fact that most of the limitations which pre- vented reforms in theory and practice in former days, are being wisely removed by the leading minds. Kansas City has much reason to be proud of the learning which is embodied in the faculties of her two colleges, as well as of the spirit which is daily growing more and more manifest, which would open all the stores of knowledge to both sexes, so that the patient, the nurse, the medical attendant and the consulting physician can meet upon common ground with such intelligence as will assist materially m combatting disease. There is an able medical journal published in this city. . . The Roman Catholics ire as usual foremost in identifying themselves with good works, and they have been ably seconded by many worthy Protestants in providing a hospital for the alilict- ed, and a seminary for young women, from which much good has already come. The city hospital is a fine building, and the means of the institution are well administered, the ward room being usually sufficient to allow of the reception of urgent cases. The claims of charity in other respects are not overlooked, as the spacious accommodations devoted to the orphan asylum, and the workhouse ami women's home amply testify. Pleasure as well as benevolence have their efficient staffs of servitors here, and the two theaters which flourish in Kansas City are at least as well supported and as well managed as the average of such establish- ments in provincial cities. The opera house is used for many purposes besides legitimate opera, but it is in nearly every re- spect a benefit to the people, so far as it affords wholesome and irnocent entertainment for faculties apt to be too much engrossed in the pursuits of the almighty dollar. The government of the city is in the hands of a mayor and council chosen by the people, i iaii i ift i i-t i i ' i nn „.t m mm 220 TvTTufs JFisToKi or Kas-sas. a' and the police system is moderately cfTcctivc. The dangers which arise from conflagrations are guarded against uy an excel- lent fire department, and the fire signal method in operation here secures srreat ].romptitudc at all times. The surrounding coun- try, which makes Kansas City its shipping and trading renter, is very fertile and well settled, so that its agricultural resources will not be soon exhausted, and in addition to farming, stock raising and dairy operations, there are abundant mineral treasures whicirwill give employment to thousands of men in the future. Coal is already mined to a very considerable extent, a soft bitu- minous deposit being found underlying an immense area of coun- try. The coal mines at Fort Scott are developing very rapidly, as we may gather from the subjoined figures. Five years ago the railroad lines which centered in Kansas City were almost ^en- tirelv dependant upon wood for fuel; now coal from the Fort Scott mines is almost the only fuel consumed, not only upon all the roads, but through all the Missouri Valley, as far north as the city of Omaha, Nebraska. The state of Kansas has the majority of the mines at present, but the deposit extends so far, and is so generally in good form for working that shafts will be sunken in many localities in Missouri within a few years at farthest. The quantity of coal which was received in Kansas City in the years 1869-70 aggregated less than 1,500 car loads, but the year 1871 saw an incivuse to 5,000, the following year, 9,900, and the year 1873 brought to the city 11,022 car loads of coal. The deposit is said to contain fully twenty-five per cent more available power for the generation of steam, than the average of coal used in the eastern states, and if that claim can be sustained the industry will be found still more elastic in the future. Manufacturers as well as railroad companies will see the advantages to be secured by the use of such fuel, and the number of mills and factories in Kansas City must increase immensely. Lead, iron and other minerals are found in this locality in such quantities as must as- sist to build up the future of this manufacturing, commercial and mining metropolis. The live stock traffic of the vast area west of the Mississippi is, however, the main reliance of Kansas City at the present time, and that industry has increased with wonderful rapidity since the — I I . i j iii ilW i l i i «ilW''Wi^ I'uiscii'AL ('irii:s OF Missouri. S91 The dangers ; uy an cxcel- )»ieration liere ■)unding cjun- (ling renter, is iral resoureea farming, stock neral treasures in the future. It, a soft bitu- e orca of coun- ; very rapidly, :'^ive years ago irere almost en- from the Fort only upon all far north as the as the majority ) far, and is so ,1 be sunken in farthest. The ity in the years the year 1871 0, and the year . The deposit ivailable power oal used in the id the industry anufacturers as ^s to be secured and factories ia iron and other lies as must as- commercial and e Mississippi is, he present time, ipidity since the year 1873, wher. the Missouri, Kansas and To.Kas Iladroad was completed, opening up tlio stock raising regions of Icxas to tuo cntcruriso of the Atlantic states. Before that time a great trade had been carried on, but the droves of cattle suflcred terribly from ill treatment, added to the waste incidental to traveling across the plains, and the cost of the food thus brought into market was largely increased, while the (luality was yet more depreciated. Sto" k raisers found the Texan cattle profitable for crosses, and the meat excellent, when due care was observed in watering the stock on the overland journey; but railroad companies arc adepts lu the process of " waioring stock," and the public must lu the end be great gainers from their operations in that respect. 1 he cattle which find their distributing center in this city are now brought through Indian Territory at a mere tithe of former cost, without takin" into account the loss of time under which the purchaser suftered in having his capital so long locked up in a venture al- ways diminishing in value from the time of starting. In the year 1873 the receipts of cattle were 227,669 head, and the aggregated value $3,il5,035; .luring the same year there were over four thousand horses and nearly six thousand sheep, also among the receipts of live stock. Pork packing is an industry which has commanded much attention for many years past, and it is still progressing, as we find that in the year 1868, there were only 13,000 hogs packed in this city, but five years later, there wera 220,000 packed, and the amount of capital invested has been largely augmented since that date. The receipts in the year last mentioned showed an aggregate of 220,956 hogs, valued at $2,- 181 178. The figures are small by comparison with that industry in Chicago, but°the results are grand for Kansas City. Every branch of business testifies to a corresponding advancement in the city which feared ruin unless slavery could be made a part of the constitution of the neighboring state. The sales of merchan'lise at wholesale in 1873 showed an augmentation of nearly $2,000,- 000 over the business of the preceding year, and the receipts of grain during the same term increased by 717,000 bushels. Like many other places, Kansas City has triumphed in a defeat that has brought blessings to a community which must have been cursed by success. Comfort as well a? the salvage of property ■^ Miniaiinn i mmmii ii f i i i i <^yY"^^'--'- "■ ^MH- ■'■1^-?'VliWri»i » «i i l i l» i»iiii.uui.; ii » 222 TuTTLnfs History of Kassas. from fire have been consulcred by the city corponition. by tlio establishment of water works on the Holly system, comi-nsiug the reservoir and stand pipe, as well as the general features of the Holly method, at a cost of $1,000,000, which, when fully cj^rK-a out, will have provided twenty miles of supply lupcs, served by two spacious reservoirs which arc capable of containing twenty million gallons of water. The risk of fire will be miminized by the construction of three hundred hydrants in ei>mmanding posi- tions, when the works are completed, and should the city extend until it joins Westport, there will be no practical difiiculty in in- creasing the water supply accordingly. Kansas City has long since dispensed with vigilance committees, but the watchfulness of the city has multiplied rather than diminished with the change, until even the lightnings are set to work by the Metropolitan Tel- egraphic Agency, to convey to every fireside and counting bouse the messages of affectionate solicitude and business acumen which help to diffuse the blessings of civilization and prosperity through- out the land. The commercial development of Kansas City is presided over by a board of trade, which has been in operation since 1872, and has distinguished itself by very able contributions toward the comprehension of the great problem of transportation, which can never be fully solved until the industrial populations, capital and machinery o'f Europe are brought en masse to our fer- tile prairies and wooded streams, to build up cities great enough to consume the fruits of the earth, and to supply in return all that is wanted by a rural community to enable them to participate in the triumphs of art and science, in the successes of mechanical invention, and in all the comforts and luxuries which render life enjoyable without tending toward effeminacy. Kansas City, by her delegates, won favorable notice in the convention of congress- men at^'st. Louis in the summer of 1873, and when the senate transportation committee sat in that city, a report from this board was one of the ablest papers submitted on that question. The National Board of Trade received delegates from this city shortly afterwards, and accorded recognition to the local body as repre- senting the tenth city among the trade centers of the union. With the extension of railroads, the river has of course become of less importance ; but in the year 1873, the steamboat arrivals e^wf^tv^j^iw mm^m^^ i M I I .H'H I HW" JUIU . llEiJliA _. _. PiiiscirAL Cities of Missouri. 223 nitiDii. by tl\o 11, coiiiprisiiig features of the n fully CPiTied pes, served by aining twenty miniinizetl by imanding posi- he city extend liiTiculty in in- City lias long le watchfulness ■ith the change, jtropolitan Tel- counting bouse ) acumen which perity through- Kansas City is en in operation le contributions transportation, lal populations, nasse to our fer- es great enough 1 return all that ;o participate in of mechanical hich render life Kansas City, by tion of congress- rhen the senate from this board question. The this city shortly il body as repre- s of the union, ourse become of amboat arrivals amounted to sixty five, and companies are being extcndal to make the Missouri a more ciTicient aid to the growth of Ka.m3 City Since the rebellion was quenched, Kansas City has dis- played an admirable courage and perseverance, and her successes indicate her acquiescence in the policy against which the pro- slavery party fought Sr Louis, the capital of St Louis county, is beyond question the oldest settlement in the state of Missouri, and the city stands next to New York and Philadelphia in population, being the third city in the Union in that respect The numbers inhabiting the three cities now may be roundly estimated at 500,000, 750,000 and 1 000,000, the largest being, of course. New York city, and the third St Louis. The first settlement on the site of the city was made in the year 1764, when M. La Clede established the Louisi- ana Fur Company on this spot, calling the settlement Saint Louis, in honor of his royal master. King Louis XV, who was no saint at all, unless history and the Duchesse du Barri were both very much mistaken. The Governor General of Louisiana gave to his countryman, M. La Clede, the charter, under which the settlement was founded and the company established. The population of St Louis did not progress very rapidly, but colonizing is not a work in which France has ever been very successful. In the year 1780 when the French soldiery were narrating to their families and friends the possibilities and the prowess of a free people on this continent, the young city in its sixteenth year numbered 687 people, and nineteen years later the population was only 92o, m the year 1799, four years before the sale was effected to this gov- ernment. Nor does it appear that after the Louisiana purchase in 1803, there was any considerable acceleration, as in the year 1810 there were only about fourteen hundred souls in the city ; but from that period there was rapid growth, comparatively sneakincr, as in 1823 there were 4,800, in 1830, 6,694, m 1840 ^^ 1850, 74.439, in 1860, 160,773, in 1870, 310,923 and subsequent enumerations have brought the numbers up to 4o0,000 in the year 1873. The railroads, which wait upon the conveni- ence and necessities of the citizens of St Louis, are the St Louis andiron Mountain; the Atlantic and Pacific; the Pacific Kail- T-"-.!,' ---■*'«.**'''*'"' " ■I 224 TvTTi.hfs JTisTonr or K.wsAfi. I'iiU roii.l of Missouri ; tlio St. Louis, Kaiisna City uikI Northern, foniicrly known as llio Northern Missouri; all ot which havo thfir ti'fuiinii here. Ik-siik's these, by way of the great l)ri(l^o t)Vir the Mississippi, there are additional facilities by the Koclc ford, Uoek island and St. Louis; the Toledo, Wabash and West- ern ; the Chieago and Alton; the Indianapolis and St. Louis ; the St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute and Lidianapolis; the Ohio and Mississippi: the St. Louis and Southwestern, and the St. Louis, Alton and Terre Haute Kailroad.s, besides other lines whieh are projected, and some of them considerably advanced. AVith such aiils toward development it would be strange indeed if St. Louis should not thrive, and as we saw recently, when the great bridge across the Mississipjii was opened to commerce, the people aro -well worthy of the opportunities with which they are and have been favored. When Kansas Territory was first thrown open to settlement, St Louis iiad a popu'vtion of over one hundred thou- sand souls, but the small malignity which found utterance in the columns of the J'lattc Aiyu.s, was only in a very modified way echoed by the press of the metropolis, in whreh better sentiments ruled, ^he people were in favor of slavery as a domestic insti- tution, but the more repulsive features of Missourian proceedings in the adjoining territory were not realized by the nuiss of the people who were too far from the debatable land to take an active part in the conllict. Assessments were made and responded to occasionally by the St. Louis men to sustain the policy of annex- ation, and some of the more adventurous spirits visited the seat of war, but the city as a whole was exempted by its geographical position from being incriminated in the raore blamable excesses of the day. The commercial and mining ventures of St. Louis, and the capital already at that time invested in manufactures put the city in a very different category from those places which re- lied entirely upon the slave owners, and carried all their eggs in one basket. The analysis of occupations which now lies before us shows how the population of the city was employed in 1870, but there had been no violent overturn, so far as this particular place was concerned, to disrupt old industries, and it may be safely assumed that the relative proportions of the several avoca- tions had undergone no material alteration. There were then two IliM* W I — |i|IB!H*W«iWffl>Wl a^ wlWUl wW ll lii II u 8*MWiWM*Wil|MWWIMi>*>*»^'*- ■**-1^ r'> -*"T=^»IMjPM»^ T-WI)P»M»iJ^lj^=y^ Pbincipal CiTiF.ft OF }fissomi. S85 I Northern, wliieli liiivo ;rt'!it hriili^o y tlio JvDclc 1 iiiid West- , Louis ; tlio lie Ohio ami 10 St. Louis, L'3 wliirh uro With such if St. Li)uis great bridge L» pcojilo aro re and have own open to indrcd thou- Tancc in the iodified way r sentiments tnestie insti- procecdings mass of tho kc an aetive •e.spondcd to 3y of annex- litcd the seat geographieal ible excesses of St. Louis, ifactures put ;es which re- thcir eggs in w lies before yed in 1870, lis particular d it may be Bveral avoca- ere then two Imndrcd clergymen, over ninety journal i.st.<», six hundred lawyer.-*, five hundred surgeons and doctors, nine; hundred and fifty teach- ers, thirty thousand laborers and domestic; stirvants, over twenty- eight lliousand men engaged in trade and transpnrtfition, and more tlian thirty-eight thou.sand occupied in mining and in manu- facture.-J, end)raciiig all tho various avocations in demand wlierc a population of some hundreds of thousands have coiigrrgated. Tlie tone of such a great center could not be governed l»y tho jiclty wire pullers of Westport and Weston, and the interests of the people were too numerous to allow of fanatical unanimity on such an issue as that which would have enslaved Kansas. Tho city of Su Louis, on tho west bank of tlie Mississip[)i, sixteen miles below the mouth of the Mi.ssouri, is one of tho most beautiful in the Union, and it covers an area of flfty-five square miles, extending fourteen miles along the Mississippi bank, on which it stands, and stretching inland from the " Father of Waters " fully nine inile.s. The usual phenomena of terraces rising above the river's baidcs can bo seen hero in great per- fection, the city standing on three terraces, the highest fully two hundred feet above the level of the stream. The .streets, which aro well graded, run parallel to, and at right angles with the course of the Mississippi as it flows past the city, and the bu.sy wharves, b.icked by handsome and commodious buildings of every description, produce a very favorable impression upon travelers who approach the metropolis by the river. Indeed, it would be diflicult to name a direction from which St. Louis could be entered by a peison blessed with eyes, which would not produce upon him an impression of that kind. The streets are wide, and most of them well shaded; the warehouses indicate by their massive proportions the value of the area on which they aro erected, and tho wealth of their owners ; the factories aro standing protests that their proprietors have the command of abundant capital to marshal an army of industry, whenever desirable for the accomplishment of their aims. The hotels are superb edifices which embody all that is most beautiful and commodious for the convenience of the traveling public, and for the large section of the people of St. Louis, who find it more to their taste to live in such caravanseras, than to occupy cottages of their own and 16 lis Trrri.i'^ Uisthuy or K.iss.is. nHSiuno the rc«i)nnsil)ilitiort of hotisokopping. Many of the huhit' lies of tliost! gnnid hotels iiw men niid woiiion of j/iTut wciiltli, niul otlitTrt iir«i c'IitUs just I'litcring ujioii flu'ir inatiirnotiial ciucit on Htiiiill fying the center of u lino square, bounded by Fourth street, Fifth, Chestnut and Market. It is one of tho most l)rominent ornaments of a city whicii has, during the last twenty years, been stcadly improving its architectural appearance. Tho custom house and post ofllce is built of Mis.souri marble, and tho building is also used by tho United States courts. The founda- tion on whicli the splendid edifice was to bo erected, not bcin<' supposed sulliciciitly stable to endure tho superincumbent weight, the didicully was obviated by driving numerous iron shod piles into tho earth, to a depth of twenty feet, with a ponderous tilt hammer, which seemed powerful enough to have disturbed tho granitic rocks themselves. Since the building was raised, tiiero has been no settlement observable, nor is it likely that there will bo a misfortune of that description to bo chronicled. Tho first theater built in St. Louis stood where the custom house and post ofiicc are now erected. In the southeastern quarter of tho city the United States arsenal stands, and it is one of the most sub- stantial looking edifices in the neighborhood. The merchant's exchange is the temple of commerce and manufactures, and Pluto could hardly desire a handsomer representali . o of the twin wealth producing factors of civilizition. The asylum for the insane is a very admirable institution, tho building being orocted on the best modern plans which are found much more conducive to recovery than the methods which were in vogue at the com- mencement of this century, and, of course, that idea is the ruling thought among men who devote their lives to the treatment of mental alienation. The marine hospital is, as its name implies, mainly devoted to the treatment of diseases and accidents among ,, -, .. j i i .i j i.i TO^M iii v. ijn - .>gm i t i«« ii . li l jii m i :' i n . 1 nji ii mn' i ^^, n i ^r «i ui,i »i j « i! ji ii *i » i' 228 TuTTLhfs llisroiir of Kaxsas. men " who go down to tUo sea in ships," but under peculiar cir- cunistunces the liniitutions are sometimes disreguraed. it will give our readers some idea of tlie importance of the shipping interest in St. Louis, when we mention that in 1860, the last year belore the commencement of the rebellion, there were no less than 4,371 steamboat arrivals, representing a ton- nage of 1,120,039, and although the long continued war almost destroyed the river traffic, there has already been secured a very near approximation to the old figures, notwithstanding that railroads are now competing for the carrying trade of the continent as they never competed before that time. It will be seen that there were good reasons why a marine hospital should be established in St. Louis. The Mercantile Library Uall is a fine building, and the library consists of about 50,000 volumes, many of the works being exceptionally valuable ; and besides this fine collection of books, there are many minor treas- uries of knowledge, offering to the men of this city and county such cliances for culture as might have turned the brain of half the world, could the same openings have been presented a cen- tury aero. The public school library contains 30,000 volumes, the St! Louis library 25,000, the court house library 8,000 and the Washington University library 7,000, many of them standard works, and not a few works of reference whicli supple- ment collections in private hands. The Merchants Exchange is sometimes descrioed as the Union Merchants Exchange, and it may be said to represent all the varied interests of trade, com- merce and manufactures under one roof, moving harmoniously together like motor and sensitive nerves in one sheath, almost oire, yet happily various in their capacity to serve and inform the brain of society. The Polytechnic Institute is much thought of by the citizens of St. Louis, and it really well deserves the inter- est always manifested in its progress. Tne library has nearly thirty thousand volumes, and the apparatus available for the illustration of scientific truths is truly a valuable collection. Tlie building is an ornament to the city, and the purpose to which it is devoted argues a still higher beauty in the hearts of the men who are mainly to be thanked for its establishment Some of the insurance companies in St. Louis have very handsome build- ■'■* *i m ji 'n' -rmiP f*t »'^m3 V i 'i 9'! ? fmv»! i:: I I,. m *> »^ ' i*iiV f V^ ^ TFW'T^ ^" >Ti)W LP i p i M*i*wi?Fli«»*5^ • peculiar cli- d. )rtance of the Lhat in I860, bellion, there scnting a ton- d war almost an secured a )twithstanding r trade of the line. It will arine hospital mtile Library about 50,000 valuable; and y minor treas- y and county ! brain of half resented a cen- t.OOO volumes, library 8,000 many of them which supple- is Exchange is change, and it of trade, com- harmoniously sheath, almost and inform the uch thought of erves the inter- ary has nearly ailable for the ible collection, irpose to which larts of the men nent borne of andsorae build- rnisciPAL Cmns of ^fIssornl. ings, but onr list is already too long. Some faint idea of the rapidity noticeable in the development of St. Louis may bo seen in the fact, that during the year 1872, there were no less than 1,559 new buildings erected, and that 1,228 of that number were dwelling houses of various dimensions, from the cottage adapted for the mechanic and his family, to the abode of fashion shaped from magnesian limestone or Missouri marble, or from the excel- lent bricks manufactured in and near this city. East St. Louis, in Illinois, is now part of the grander city in Missouri, having been joined thereto by one of the finest pieces of engineering •work known to the nineteenth century. Two immense piers in the lliver Mississippi and massive abutments at each bank of the river, sustain this grand highway fifty feet above high water level, and the structure consists of three arches, the central arch being 525 feet in its span, and the side arches only ten feet less. The The piers have been carried down to the solid rock, one finding its foundation sixty feet below the bed of the stream, and the ' other pier being carried thirty feet deeper. The diflficultios at- tendant upon such operations need not not be insisted upon here ; it is enough that we chronicle a pronounced success. The bridge has two stories sustained by steel arches, constructed of hollow cylinders, that being the form and material which gives the max- imum of strength and lightness for such structures. The upper story of the bridge is appropriated for foot passengers and for carriages, and it is continued by a viaduct to Washington Ave- nue, at a point more than a thousand feet west of the river shore, being sustained by five arches. T. ^. lower tier is sustained by a double tunnel, which ends in the Great Central depot, after an underground journey of four thousand, eight hundred feet. The bridge itself is 2,230 feet long, having cost the city more than $8,000,000, beside the amount expended by the various railroad companies interested in constructing the approaches on the Illinois side of the river. This work alone would tell the whole world the quality of manhood that governs in St. Louis. The pyramid builder Cheops, Suphis, or Shufu has perpetuated his own doubtful cognomen, by a work more curious and incomprehensi- ble, but the genius of the people to whose good sense an under- taking must be commended in our day would decline to vote S80 TUTTLlfs HlSTOUY OF K. IKS AS. one cent toward another pyramid, while the common consent of all concerned allows the wisdom of this grand expenditure, for the purpose of more securely knitting together the commercial welfare of adjoining states. It is most assuredly an advantage to have been born a workman in the United States of America, in the nineteenth century of the Christian era, rather than ia Egypt, although one of the governing caste in the time of Shufu, 2,500 B. C. St. Louis is important as a manufacturing district; there is no city west of the Alleghanies to which she must give precedence. The iron works in the city are numerous, extensive and continu- ally increasing. When the last census was taken in the year 1870, there were just eleven foundries and furnaces, and in the year 1873 there were forty-five, a ratio of increase such as few- cities can equal. The iron products of St. Louis in the year 1872 may be stated in round numbers at $5,500,000. When the lead mines of Dubuquo were opened in the later years of the last century, Julien Dubuque found in St. Louis his steadiest support, and that branch of industry still continues to be prosecuted here. In the year 1871, there were 17,433,138 pounds of lead and 27,000 pounds of zinc produced here, besides which there are about 5,000 tons of white lead and 250 tons of red lead and lith- arge produced annually. The items just given will sliow that St. Louis maintains her preeminence long since assun>ed in lead works. Turning from that department of industry we find that in the year last named, 1871, there were twenty-seven steam flour mills in the city, producing 1,507,915 barrels of flour, while the pork packing houses killed and salted 500,000 hogs. There were then twenty-five breweries in St. Louis producing within the year 411,000 barrels of beer, and only one of the many wine com- panies, operating in 1872, manufactured one hundred thousand gallons of wine, and one million bottles of champagne. The manufactures of the city in the year 1870, approximated to $158,000,000, and since that date the increase has been steady. St. Louis owes much of her prosperity to her geographical po- sition, almost in the center of the Mississippi valley, the great food producing area which might sustain the whole population of the globe, supposing the whole twelve hundred millions to rely up- PiiiNCii-AL Cities of Missouri. m m consent of )enditure, for I commercial in advantage of America, ther than ia me of Sliufu, ; there is no e precedence, and contiiiu- \ in the year !s, and in the such as few the year 1872 ^hen the lead rs of the last diest support, 3secuted here, of lead and lich there are lead and lith- show that St. imed in lead y we find that f-seven steam 3f flour, while hogs. Tliere ling within the lany wine com- Ired thousand npugne. The iroximated to i been steady, lographical po- licy, the great 3 population of ions to rely up- on the granaries of this region ; and the rapid growth o the com- mercial center is largely due to the fact that the people come to the food, and build up their factories in the source of supply, m- stead of remaining in Europe to bo fed. To be only the farmer and food purveyor for the transatlantic nations is not the am- bition of this people. The soil so drained of its fertility to sup- ply the wants of a foreign population, must before many years re- alize the worst form of barrenness, in complete exhaustion, while the whole profit of the transaction would fallinto the hands of carriers and agents, conducting the transfer. The farmer so c.r- cumstanced would be little better than a hewer of wood and drawer of water for well fed foreigners. He wisely chooses in preference to become his own manufacturer and engineer, his own artist and writer, master of the lore of every age and every profession, adept in every trade, and inventor or improver of every design to mul- tiply the results of human labor. It is but the barest justice to assert that there is more inventive skill in the average American than in any other average man that can be found in any nation on the globe, and he is wise enough to cultivate this faculty for his own sake as well as in the interests of mankind. He has be- neath his feet supplies of coal which will endure for numberless centuries after the coal fields of England shall have been ex- hausted, or will require to be followed to a depth so great, that the deposit so won will be too dear to be used in manufactures ; and the American begins to assume his position as the great pro- prietor of fuel, having a corner upon this indispensable necessary of hfe His food can be sold to tlte millions of miners who will come here to win his coal from the earth's crust, and he is by so much exempted from seeking a foreign market. He has iron ores of the very best description equal, even to the best qualities that are found in Sweden, and he builds up a Pittsburgh near to one coal mining region, as he can build up similar communities else- where, until he can rival the whole world in the production of iron and steel, as well as in all the wares that can be manufact- ured therefrom, and very soon, thanks to the enterprise o one section of our people, and to the ingenuity of another, his axe drives the English production out of the market among woodmen in far away Australia, and indeed all over the world, while his cutlery • ~] 232 TVTTLlfs lllHTOIiY OF K ASS AS. finds ready l.uyers among the wiser manufacturer^? in Sl.emelcl, who cl>o(.se to import from our factories, an exccUcnce, with which tliey eonnot compete. Thus again we fetch the con.sumer to the soil that will feed him, because having the ores, the coal, the market and the machinery, it is our manifest destiny to be- come the employers of mankind instead of only their farmers. The whole round of industry falls sooner or later into the same widen- in.v circle, and from all over Europe the best handicraftsmen make their calculations for a pilgrimage to this Mecca of pr.^gress, in the country where the toiling masses rule, and are content to share with capital the profits of every enterprise. The grand prairies become now worthy of the highest skill of the husband- man, because the golden grain which can be reaped from his la- bors, can be turned into ingots of the circulating medium at the door of his granary, and the man that buys his produce can change the fleece of his sheep into broadcloth, can make for his farm°tlie very best descriptions of machinery, can put into hi» pocket a watch of native manufacture better worthy of being carried and trusted than one-half of all the products of European workdiops. The water powers which were only availed of to saw lumber and to grind corn, have now a hundred other purposes to serve in supporting millions of men and women engaged in hundreds of employments which convert our food crops into higher forms of wealth, and we send to less favored lands, not the products of our fertile acres but the more honorable export, the ffuit of our brain power which may raise our clients into a better appreciation of the dignity of manhood. St. Louis is en- tering upon that phase of progress, and her advancement to the first half million of her population within the Centennial year, is but the harbinger of more rapid growth during the balance of the nineteenth century. The vast area of which St. Louis is the natur' 1 port, the system of railroads which offers its aid in the work of building up commercial success, the mighty river which will carry to the ocean whatever wealth is committed to its care, the mines, the ores, the soil, our workshops, enterprise and inge- nuity, are all contributing their quota toward the realization of a future without a rival in the world's history, which will cause the unnumbered millions inhabiting the valley, between the Appal- ?«rw?"'"^'"^WT'5r*** «ws!«m«5* I r,>'^^^^^ 234 Tl'TTLbfs IIlSTOUY OF K.IXSAS. Party politics have tlioir exponents here as elsewhere, but there is culture to be found in the most virulent of the effusions of i)ar- tisanship. Abstract thought and science are represented admira- bly by the Medical and Surgical Journal, Medical Archives, The Southern Iteview, The Inland Monthly Magazine, and although last in the list, by no means least. The Journal of Speculative Pliilosoi)hy is one of the ablest exponents of abstract thought that can be found on this continent Having thus hastily glanced at the origin of St Louis, its pro- gress as to settlement and as a city, to an eminent position as a centre of trade, commerce and manufactures, its beauty of posi- tion, and the added excellence of architectural adornment, its rail- way and river facilities for shipment, and its immense develop- ment in the interests of education, its engineering works, and its numerous libraries, its public buildings and private dwellings, it becomes our duty to glance at the charitable institutions, which minister to the woes of the suffering poor, and at the parks and public grounds, which help to fend off the ravages of sickness in so great an assemblage of humanity. Parks are the lungs of great cities, and they cultivate the beautiful in thought as much as they stimulate healthful action in the circulating system. Until within the later years of the city's growth parks were hardly considered in the economy of development ; but there are some very fine inclosures now which invite the public at all suit- able seasons to come into the open air and enjoy the luxury of an invigorating atmosphere. One park of thirty acres has been named after the Marquis De La Fayette, and around its margin are grouped some of the most elegant residences in the city. The largest park, known as Shaw's Garden, contains three hundred and thirty acres, and within its area are comprised herb and flower gardens, hot houses for plants whose habitat is in tropical coun- tries, fruit gardens, and an arboratum, in the ornamentation of which the skill of the gardener has been developed to the highest point The St Louis fair grounds form a well grassed park, shaded by numerous trees, and its great extent of eighty-five acres gives room for promenaders and for elegant drives, even when the grounds are occupied by agricultural and industrial ex- hibitions. Tower Grove Park is an inclosure comprising very nearly P It IXC W A I. Cirih.S OF MlSSOVUL 235 *e, but there isions of par- iited iidinira- rohives, Tho 11(1 although Speculativo thought that ouis, its pro- osition as a Luty of posi- nent, its rail- ise (levelop- )rks, and its dwellings, it tions, which B parks and sickness in he lungs of ht as much ing system. parks were )ut there are c at all suit- e luxury of res has been its margin i city. The ee hundred ) and flower epical coun- lentation of ' the highest ■assed park, : eighty -five drives, even idustrial ex- ; very nearly three hundred acres, t)nly second in beauty to Shaw's Gardens, and there are fourteen smaller sijuares and inclosures in the difTorent parts of thecity. God's Acre, as the Germans at one time called their grave yards, has been made very beautiful in the cemetery of Bellefuntaine, about five miles from the court house, and tho in- closure consists of three hundred and fifty acres, in which monu- ments and foliage combine to make the living envy the repose of the honored dead, whose careers have ended in victory. Charity, ■which covereth a multitude of sins, has been well considered by the citizens here. Two of the hospitals have been already men- tioned, but the Sisters' Hospital, a Koman Catholic institution, deserves notice; besides which there are ten orphan a. urns, un- der various managements, a home for the friendless, a house of refuge, and a reform school, all in good condition, whether sus- tained by contributions from the treasury of the state, or sustained by direct help from the pockets of the public. The street rail- ways of St. Louis are almost perfect ; the city is well lighted with gas, and supplied with water pumped by steam force from the Mississippi into an immense reservoir, one mile from the city limits. The police force is efficient, the fire department always ready for emergencies, the signal system simple and effective, the city generally healthy and well governed, and St Louis may well be pronounced one of the most prosperous and promising cities in the world, now that the enslavement of the black is no longer a blot upon its escutcheon. St. Joseph is the capital of Buchanan county, on the east bank of the Missouri river, 565 miles by the river from the city of St. Louis, just described, and by nearly that distance nearer to the seat of war in Kansas; but only about five hundred miles distant from the metropolis overland. The city was first laid out by some Kentuckians in the year 1843, and consequently the settlement was little more than eleven years old when the quarrel . arose as to the annexation of Kansas by the slave power. The Black Snake hills constitute the site of St Joseph, which was at first very uneven and broken ground, but attention to grading has reduced such inequalities. When the border war com- menced, there was considerable difference of opinion between the I ■.,1- i.»i(j I iifM' III"" 236 TvTTLtfs IlisTour of Kassas. Kentiickiiui settlors in St. Joseph and those from the free states, but th« scnthnnent, as a whole, went with the pro-slav.My party, and appeared to consider that ruin stared in the face of every man uidess Kansas could be brought into the Union as a slave Btate. There was, besides, a very general impression that the Kansas Nebraska act was the outcome of a compromise^ under which Kansas should have gone for slavery; and tliat idea, sedu- lously strengthened by certain leaders, was a cause of much bit- terness against the New England States, which were said to be violating^ an implied compact. The position was radically un- sound, but it was none the less p.)werful. The country around St. Joseph is very rich, and, under free labor will long contmue fertile. The city is moderately well built, and contains numer- ous churches and public buildings, among which the structures erected by the county of Buchanan are most prominent. Many of the business blocks, banks and hotels are very handsome, but St. Joseph has lost one source of wealth which in its earlier days was of very great importance : the outfit of emigrants going across the plains to the golden land of promise and elsewhere. At one time, this city was a favorite point ot departure, and there is still acousiderable trade carried on in that direction, but the railroa,5(5o in 1870. There arc ten ncwspapcT.'J published in the 'jity, and there arc twelve churches, but the schools are not so numerous nor so attractive to the juvenile population as they might be made. The industries of St Joseph arc rapidly extending and among them wo (hid enumerated fac- tories tor the manufacture of carriages, machinery, lumber, Hour, wagons, pork packing houses and other such cstabli.shments. The city is lighted with gas, and well governed by a mayor and council under the city charter. lI.vxxiu.VL is the capital of Marion county, on the west bank of the Mississippi river, 150 miles by that means of inter- course from St. Louis, and only fifteen miles below Quincy, 111. Coal is quite abundant in this locality, and much capital wdl be expended in that branch of industry. Hannibal is a rapidly growing city, having numerous flouring mills, tobacco factories and other extensive works which give large employment to labor. The lumber trade from this point with other .parts of Missouri, with Kansas and with Texas, is quite an important item, the an- nual sales of lumber ranging near one hundred and fifty million feet The city is handsome and surrounded, or partly so, by hills on which very beautiful residences have been erected in commanding situations. Th business blocks, private dwelli gs and public edifices have a very substantial aspect. The railro.id facilities for Hannibal, which supplement and, in some instances, supplant the river traffic, are furnished by the Hannibal and St. Joseph, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the Toledo, Wabash ami Western, and the Mississippi Valley and Western railroads. The Toledo, Wabash and Western Eailroad crosses the Mississippi at this point, upon a splendid bridge built of iron, but resting upon stone abutments, which was built in the year 1872, and has added immensely to the importance of Hannibal. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad Company have located at this point the ter- minus of their line, and, in connection therewith their very ex- tensive machine shops and general offices which are prominent 238 TvTTLE's IflSTOHY Of A'.I.V.s'.l^". features in tlic elegant city. There are looatod liere about three liundrod business establisiimcnts, indu.linii four banks, one foun- dry, ear works and machine shops, saw miUs, I'laning nnd flour- ing nulls, and ono daily nnd two weekly papers. In the y ar 18(i'>, the population of Hannibal was 6,r.05, and, wbr^n the last census was taken, there were 10,125; but since 1870 there has been a very considerable augnientation whi. leaves no doubt that the city n(.w contains from fourteen to fifteen thousand peo- ple. There are fifteen churches in the city, some of them of great beauty, and all well supported by the sects which they rep- resent. Kducation is carol for by several private schools nnd academies of conspicuous merit, and there are seven public schools located in handsome building.s, the grading well nigh perfect and the teachers among the best that cnn be found in Missouri. The attendance is slightly above the average, but in this city, as in many others in this state, the school system was unwi.'^dy delayed because of the peculiar domestic institution. There is an excellent college in Hannibal which draws its support from all parts of the state, and many of the ablest men in Mis- souri have participated in its advantages since the abolition of slavery has removed the embargo which was once laid upon learning for fear of its ameliorating influence upon the degraded race. Inpkpexpkxce was for a long time the great depot of the Santa Fe trade, which flourished here for some years before Kansas City site was first settled. Independence was one of the strong- holds of the proslavery party in Missouri, many of the Santa Fe traders having invested all their earnings in slave plantations, and of course their influence was all but invincible at this point. This is the capita! of Jackson county, and it stands ten miles east of Kansas City, being connected therewith by a narrow guage railroad. The city was first founded in 1827, but until the over- land routes to. Oregon, California and New Mexico made this set- tlement a kind of headquarters, there were but few people who knew anything about the location, three miles from the Missouri Kiver, which had slowly arrived at its very moderate importance after the passage of the Missouri Compromise, under the directing -■.w PniSriPAL ClTlK>i OF ,V/>.vOfff/. 230 about throe s, (tiic foun- ; and flour- [\\ the yar i(;n the hist there ha.s 3 no (U>ubt ousand peo- of them of ich tliey rep- scliools ami loven public ig well nigh be found in erage, but in [ system was c institution, vs its support men in Mis- 5 abolition of cc laid upon the degraded )t of the Santa lefore Kansas of the strong- the Santa Fe antations, and at this point, ten miles east narrow guage until the over- made this set- !w people who n the Missouri tte importance r the directing Land of Ilonry Clay, in 1820. There are two collcgos .n c,t besides public and private .sch.oI« ; but Independc-ncc has not burst its old bonds compU-loly, and may not develop into a re- Humplion of the influential pla.e it on-e (,ccupied i,. pubhc estoen. for many years. The city is well built, but .t doe.s not extend, ,Uhough it contains among its residents many wealthy and ente.- prisinJmen. There are two banks and two weekly newspapers i„ Independence, and its population in the year 187 J, when the last census was taken, showed a total of 3,184. Many res.dents and property owners in this city arc now identified with prosper- cus firu.s in Kansas City, and in that way they are mc.re than compensated for the passing away of the old yun,; but there arc not a few fossils in this locality who can.iot be persuaded that it was other than an overwhelming misfortune for the whole union, when Kansas came in as a free state. Westox, onco famous for its power during the border war, i« in Platte county, Missouri, and it was by no mean, satisfied to submit to prosiavery dictation, but being surrounded by the agents and influences of Gen. Atchison and his «««;«'^\^«';* J^; not possible to stand out of the ring. The Platte County D fen- sive Association was, however, broken up by the determined re^ Histance of the Westonites in 1854, and the people deserved a better outcome for their efforts. The village stands on the ^f-s- souri bank, on the line of the Kansas City, St. Joseph and Coun- cil Bluffs Kailroad, having some manufactures established here, and a considerable shipping trade. The city of /^^^"^^f J^ Len miles below Weston on the other side of the nver, and from this point thousands of ruffians from many count.es used to make the r incursions into the territory during the invasion. Weston stands thirty miles south of St. Joseph, but the village does not, increase in the same ratio with its surroundings, ihe township of which it is the postal village, only contained a popu- lation of 2,453 in the year 1870, and Weston has 1,614 mhabit ants The school arrangements of Weston are pnmitive but respectable; the ehurehes are not splendid, but they are moder- at ly well upported. There is only one weekly newspaper pub- lished here, but it is believed the place will rise out of sleepy hollow. ■il "WStWfc— 240 TUTTLlfs IIlSTOIlV oh' K ASSAIL. Lkxixgton is doubtkvsrt fuiniliar to our mi.lora as ono of tlio lui.aing places on tho banks of tl.o Missouri Uiver, wl.ic-l., in tho years l.S.'.l 0, usod to be rcsorle.l to by border rulVuins to ascer- tain wliellier froo soil emigrants wen* on board tiio nvcr boats, ui.il if so to compel them to return whence they came, or at any nito to force them to surrender any weapons of which they might bo possessed. This system continued so long in opt.-ration and became so annoying, that eventually large numbers came to kan- Hus Territory through Iowa at very much greater cost. Of eour.se Nvhen the free soilers came on in large bodies, they were duscreetly allowed to pass unmolested. The people of Lexington were not in any sense responsible for the oppressive system which was part of the mechanism of the pro.slavery party all over the state during the border troubles. The city is tho capital of La Kayette coun- ty and it stands on the south bank of the Mi.ssoun lliver, on a phiteau three hundred feet above high water mark, being in con- Bciuence tolerably safe against inundation. Coal of the best kind has been found in this locality, and Lexington is one of the oldest Bcttlements in tho state, as well as one of tho most prosperous. There are four weekly newspapers published in the city, and in the year 1870, there was a population of 4,;573. Tlio Sedalia branch of the Missouri Pacific llailroad has a station here, and at North Lexington on the opposite side of the river are dei)ot3 of tho St Joseph and Lexington, and the St Louis, Kansas City and Northern, which runs along the river bottom, incamng of course the second bottom of the stream. The city is 250 miles by rail- road from St. Louis, about 370 by the river, and forty miles east of the boundary lino of Kansas. It was a position well chosen fur such inquisitorial visits as Missouri once thought it necessary to pay to families traveling Kansasward upon the river. Kemp was at that time one of the badges of the proslavery party, which organized the raids into Kansas, as well as one of the most popu- la° prescriptions of Judge Lynch, when combined with a branch of a tree and a free soiler, to assist in converting the territory into a slave state; and it is very interesting to ascertain that this city is considered the center of the hemp growing region in Mussoun, now happily converted to more peaceful and more civilizing uses. The coal trade is a very important branch of the industries of this ■^"^ J'lnsciiAL (UriHs or Mtssonu. 941 ono of tlio vliich, ill llio UlS to UHl'Cl'- river boiit.s, nc, or ul ftny ii llicy niiylit [Hjration aiul ;iuuc U) Kun- ;. Of cour.se ere cliscroctly ;ton were not li'jli wart part ! Htato lUu'iiig ^'ayette coun- i River, on a being in con- thc best kind I of tbe oldcat t prosperous. i city, and in Tlic Sedalia II bcre, and at are depots of msaaCity and iiig of course miles by rail- irty miles cast a well chosen it it necessary river. Ilemp r party, which lie most popu- with a branch 3 territory into . that this city a in Missouri, civilizing uses, tlustries of this locality, and the supply is almost nnlimit.d. '1 he city was firs Hctllcd ill l«a7, the siluali..n is one of the best on the banks ot the Missouri for the pivscrvalion of hoalMi, and the prosperity ol tl.c place has been cnlinuous. Lexington was tlio seetie of some brilliant engagements during the rebellion ; the hill to the north- cast was held by Col. James Mulligan and a force of 2,800 men for the Union, against Cen. Priee and a Coiifediuate force of 25,(100 strong, and although eventually the town and garrison sur- rendered to the enemy, the position was recaptured, and the pns- oners of war released within ono month. There was another pas- sage of arms on the same ground in 1804. There are ten churches in Lexington, and tliev are well sustained. The city has tliree Bcininaries for young ladies, and there are cKcelleut pub'. c schools free to all clas.ses in the community, ..nder Ih-st cla-i management ivnd well graded. There is .i> ..ii iLlln ii Wil«ai«H'*"" The WAKAiiusA War. 243 ? of the city ;m will soon 5tate of Mis- It was made ) the con sen - I population, crating upon the influence !, moulded in e minds were were content he hope that ble ambition, , state so vast, ers, when the ad once been life itself, and flux of barba- ;t but for the ind states and ny. We have the ballot box iry party; the procedure by id about it an I destroyed by ;onists of prog- [ acquiesce in a ■s sworn venge- rein forced by repared to fight ume the territo- •omprehend the brief digression ged. CHAPTER X. TERRITOHTAL HISTORY ^renumed.) THE WAKAUUSA WATl. Reinforced from the East -Town Drummers at Work - TJnscttled Settlers - Sickness PrevailinR- Acting Governor Woodson -Lexington Confer- cnce Manifesto -The Kansas Legion -The Doniphan ^,r;)««''- Milita- ry Organizations - Law- Secret Confederation- Proslavery Outrages - Personal Assaults - Kelley - Butler - Governor Shannon - Concdiuliug Missouri -Law and Order Tactics -Shannon's Mistake— General Cal- houn -Law mns Order- Talking Blood -Hostilities -Trespasses and Sins — Deliherate Murder— Public Demonstration — Incendiary Fn-es — The Missouri Slicritl- Illegal Arrest- To the Uescue- Design on Law- rence— Wanted Three Thousand ]SIeu — Assisting Jones — Major Gen- eral Richardson— The Warlike Proclamation- Platte County Rifle- men-Wakarusa Encampment -Wading Waist Deep-The Situation in Lawrence -Committee of Safety- President Pierce- Commander- in-Chief Robinson -Congress -Fortifying the City - Munitions of War -Brigadier General's Discretion - Colonel Sumner - The Assau- ants Chagrined - United States Troops - Governor Shannon Informed- His Vacillation -Visit to the Camp -Attempt to Mediate -Making Discoveries -Plots and Countoriilots - Change of Base - Indian Al- lies-Abolition Scalps-Biding the Issue -Thomas Barber's Death - Scenes in Camp - Negotiating u Peace - The Governor in Lawrence - The Treaty - Husbanding Forces- Pacification Feast — The JilacK Flag Conspiracy — Brave Women. While the events which have been described in preceding chapters were being enacted, the settlers in Kans:-,s territory con- tinued to send home to their friends in the free states detailed de- scriptions of the wrongs under which they suffered, because they were not sufficiently strong to resist the enemy, and the result oj. such disquisitions was found in a more decided setting of the tide of emigration this way. The several emigrant aid societies worked! with an intelligent appreciation of the circumstances, such as couldj only come from continuous correspondence with the leading minds engaged in the struggle. Not only the old Bay State, bi3,ti ?enrv> -.-^ ^- -^firnif^^.yr, ^y iJ t| j«TflHU ^ I)J > J(. ' ll ll 1^ 214 Tuttle's History of Kaxsas. % sylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Midiigan, Iowa and Wisconsin supplied each their quota, not by drafts and conscriptions, but by- assisting as far as possible the ardent vc^lunteers who were desir- ous to be in the front rank where the battle raged its hottost Daring the later part of the spring and summer of 1855, great num- bers came in to reinforce the free soil party. The New England Emigrant Aid Society alone sent out five hundred, and most of these were men who could be relied upon in an emergency. There were splendid locations away back from the border, which seemed to invite settlement by their remoteness from the scenes of disturbance as well as by their natural beauty and other charms, so that many of the new comers were scattered as it were broadcast back from the Missouri river toward the sources of the Kansas river. The settlers who now came in were not all pos- sessed of the martyr spirit, or if they were, the power to control their feelings in some cases must have been immense. Many of the first to arrive in the spring of 1855 had laid out towns upon their selections, before their most expeditious friends could fol- low, and upon the arrival of the next detachments they were able .to demonstrate almost to their own satisfaction, that the place which had been so fortunate as to secure their approval could not fail to be the capital of the future state, the seat of justice for the most prosperous county, the center of a mining district, • compared with which Golconda would have no charms, the site of manufacturing enterprise which would put Lowell and Pittsburgh in the shade, and the abode of so vast and varied a commerce, that within the next decade Chicago, St. Louis, Philadelphia and New York would in succession hide their diminished heads be- fore the new luminary destined to outvie the metropolitan cities of both hemispheres. All this, and perhaps a little more, was hashed and rehashed, by instalments, by energetic, unscrupulous and enthusiastic drummers, for towns which had hardly yet even an existence upon jiaper, while the land itself had not been sur- veyed, and while the title necessarily might be open to a thous- 'ind questions. The towns which had been laid out in the fall of 1854: were most of them destined to survive, but many of the settlements now projected did not come alive through their in- fantine ailments ; some died before they were even christened, and 1 "Wisconsin ions, bvit by ) were desir- its liottost. 3, great num- rew England and most of emergency, order, which n the scenes :y and other cd as it were )urces of the 3 not all pos- rer to control 3e. Many of towns upon ds could fol- ley were able hat the place proval could eat of justice ning district, lis, the site of id Pittsburgh a commerce, ladelphia and 3d heads be- politan cities tie more, was unscrupulous rdly yet even lot been sar- in to a thous- t in the fall of many of the ugh their in- tiristened, and The WAK.inusA War. 246 not a few have left names only, which the prudent historian will find it no easy matter to locate, before another decade shall have passci .vw. y Even where the towns had been wisely located, the grc-.. in in value was not speedy, for there were troublous times before Kansas. Many of the new comers were sickly sentiment- alists, who wanted to colonize Arcadia to the -.lusic of the tune- ful shepherd's pipe, and to rise each morning fro.-n the soft lullaby of their night's repose, only to bathe their manb frames in rose- water, until they should be summoned to r.,aoutinal feasts more luxuriant than their beds of down. For such men there was no opening in Kansas. The work before the settler in that territory had the clangor of battle in it, rather than the soft allurements with which they were enamored. Many found that they had not vi'for enough in their town reared bodies, to breast the difficulties which opened up before them at every step. Some men retired from the field because the unsettled aspect of affairs would not ■warrant them in retaining their families around them, and others, hoping that they saw the probability of a solution of all difficul- ties only a few months ahead, sent their wives and children back to their old homes for a season, while they encamped upon the temporary battle ground prepared to acquit themselves like men. The wonder is that so many remained to face the hardships of pioneer life, added to the special disturbing causes whicb were operating in the territory, but when the r---\nd is once resolved upon a course, the body possesses a wonderiul power of adapta- tion, which can accomodate itself with something akin to pleasure to the most incongruous surroundings. The shibboleth upon the outset of the Kansas movement very effectively sent back the men not suited to the undertaking, hence it happened that in the hours of trial which were impending, the spirit of the old revo- lutionary times seemed to have a home in every breast. Among those who concluded to remain, there was so much work on hand that but few could afford time to dig wells, and springs were more rare in Kansas than they are at present, so that there was soon much suffering for want of water. The summer of 1855 was hot and dry in the territory. When rain fell there was a violent storm, but the hardened soil did not drink in the water, and it ran off through the creeks and water courses to the rivers. Some u',«a^»iS^S»^' ■ r 246 TuTTu:'s Histouy of Kassas. men, anticipating such visitations, had erected temporary dams, ^hich served tl.eir purpose, so far as that they secured supphes of water, but the surface water in Kansas holds so much sa t of various kinds in solution, that sickness became terribly prevalf nt. Cholera and fevers decimated the colony, reducing the stmngest men to mere shadows, and putting many under the sod. Wliere wells had been secured as the primal requisite, the worst evils were avoided, as the health of mankind depc.ids more upon good water than upon any other item that can be named. Those wbo were so fortunate as to obtain their supply from filtration through sandstone procured water soft enough for the purposes of he laundress, yet as clear of unwholesome quality or sediment as the aquapro'u of the philosopher's dreau.; and their hea tlis were not impaired by other hardships. Still there was no bed of roses for even the most fortunate settler in Kansas territory in the year 1S55 The most supple man in the territory in that trying time was the acting governor, Daniel Woodson, the secretary o^^he admin- istrationof which Mr. Reeder had been the head. Whe" ^^^^^ gentleman was removed from office there were seveml bills pend ?n. which had not been signed by him, for the sufficient reason te the legislature had gone beyond its limits, but no sooner had he been relieved from his responsibility than Mr. Woodson ap- pended his signature as the acting governor to every document so that there was nothing wanting that executive power could confer to make the action of the pseudo legislative assembly valid law The slave power found in such a pliant man just the ma e- rial" necessary for its purposes. He was not a bad man but he was accommodating and ambitious, and having seen the first gov- ernor destroyed by the influence of the proslavery organization he laid himself out to win the approval of the power behind the throne. In that aim he succeeded completely, and even after it was understood that the Hon. Wilson Shannon of Ohio had been nominated for the position, the legislature and its friends memo- rialized the president to appoint Mr. Woodson governor of Kan- sas The fact that a man from Ohio had been named made the party even more solicitous on behalf of the secretary, as a free state man could hardly be otherwise than an object of suspicion tffliiiBirirriliii*' iiiii >«>«■ i*«"i lorary dams, ■ed supplies much salt of ly prevalfnt. the strongest 3od. Where Q worst evils re upon good Those who Uion through rposes of tlie diment as the Jths were not l1 of roses for { in the year ifing time was of the admin- When that ral bills pend- ITicient reason no sooner had Woodson ap- ery document, 3 power could assembly valid just the mate- i man, but he Q the first gov- y organization, wer behind the id even after it Ohio had been friends memo- vernor of Kan- imed made the etary, as a free )ct of suspicion TuE Wakakvsa War. 247 to persons conscious of sirnster means and dubious ends, which only an unscrupulous executive could be oxpecled to assist. The Virginian, Daniel Woodson, they had found an able ally, and the new appointee might prove a worse antagonist than Mr lleedor, so they redoubled their solicitations for the sub.t.tutu.n of the name of their proved friend and accomplice. Mr. ^\ ocxi- Hon was an able man undoubtedly, he had been ^^^'tcn-of Uo Lynchburg llepublican, the most influential paper in the littlx city in his native state, and in that position had won by his ser^ vices to the party, the appointment of secretary of the territory of Kansas before he was thirty years of age; consequently there was no lack of capacity in the too compliant journalist and secre- tary, but with such a man as governor, the free soil men in the country west of the Missouri would have had a far rnore difTicult task before them than that which they accomplished. The pro- slavery party in Missouri did not succeed in changing the nom- ination, but their outspoken doubts as to Mr. Shannon, and their undoubted influence at head quarters had an unmistakable inllu- ence in determining the earlier movements of the appointee. While these matters were yet in abeyance, the proslavery party in Missouri held a conference at Lexington City to discuss the affairs of Kansas at a distance of forty miles from the boundary of the territory most interested in their deliberations The con- ference continued its sittings for two days and nights, but nothing came of all their labor except a puerile manifesto intended o set themselves and their illegal purposes right with the world at large by a volume of abuse against emigrants' aid societies, ihe usual incoherences were indulged in by the several speakers; they were right in their aims or they would not move one step, they were determined to win whether right or wrong and they appealed with confidence in their address to that public opinion which they constantly defied by their assertions even in the press of their party, that they would carry their object into effect at the point of the bowie knife. Their speeches, where they were not brutal violations of all the canons of good breeding and sound policy, were just what the poet has described as " One wild, weak, wasby, everlasting flood," .■ta^&iWBiilSWIMWllkllihlllWlllWiW'"*"' 248 Tl'TTLll's IIlSTOIiY OF K.iXSAS. ^l■il I of the smallest of small platitudes; but tlicy evinced their wis- dom by urging upon tlic legislature of their own state, than no Etatetnent of free soil views should circulate in ^lissouri. The Free Soil party hiid of course learned from the demonstra- tions of the 30th of March, 1855, when the elections were carried against them by the invading hordes of border rufBans, that the best cause cannot prosper without organization, and inasmuch as the proslavcry party had numerous secret suwicues, it was thought advisable to establish similar associations among the resident free settlers in the territory. The outcome was " The Kansas Legion," ^vhich was for some time a great comfort to its promoters, untd ita grips and passwords became the property of traitors to the cause, and its objects were belied in the columns of the Missourum press. The encampments of the Kansas Legion were then aban- doned, but not before the fact of such an association being formed had been hoisted into a justification for the vari- ous similar bodies, with less justifiable purposes in view, which had preceded the Kansas Legion by many years. There was no aim in the most secret purpose of the Legion, which was inimical to good government, nor any desire covered by its laws, which would have denied to other men the rights which the members of that body sought to defend for themselves and their families ; but the machinery'was heavy and complex, and except where a con- spiracy for some bad end is to be furthered, such institutions are rarely of value in modern times. Hiram, the Master Builder, lived in days when the press was not a power in the land, and when public opinion had no existence, otherwise, it its probable that the craft which he originated would have been modified in many important particulars ; but most assuredly there will be no new Hiram in modern times, nor any such temple again seen, as that which he built in honor of the Great Architect of the Universe. The men engaged in fighting the battle of free thought in Kansas, in 1855, had everything to gain by the fullest exposi- tion of their purposes and workings, as wherever their action was published there would be ten friends called to their help foi , every enemy raised up against them. Most of the leading mea in the Free Soil party were dissatisfied with the organization, be- fore the expos6 which was made of the workings of the order, ' ttJB i iii i J i ii i iiiaM l i* *** ^ Tm: Wjkarusa Was. 249 1 their wia- ,te, til an no ivi. demonstra- jvcrc carried ins, timt the iiasmuch as i\'as thought •esident free sas Legion," ;erd, until its ;o the cause, Missourian B then aban- iation being r the vari- view, which ^'here was no was inimical laws, which s members of amilies ; but where a con- stitutions are ster Builder, he land, and ; its probable I modified in sre will be no igain seen, as litect of the [ free thought ullest exposi- 3ir action was their help for s leading men ;anizatioa, be- of the order, by one Patrick Lougbland, of Doniphan, who had distinguished himself by his zeal at the Big Springs convention, probably with the hope that ho would become of sufTicient value to be bought by the other side. His subsequent action fully justifies the as- sumption that he was a traitor at heart from the very beginning. The revelation made by him was published in the columns of the " Squatter Sovereign," and the editor of that journal himself, beyond all question, a Blue Lodge man, and a member of every one of the secret societies then flourishing among the proslavery adherents in Missouri, became almost eloquent in his denuncia- tions of the secret society. When Jajo, attracted to the street by the outcry, on the night when he had hoped that Cassio would kill Roderigo, and Roderigo, Cassio, found instead of that con- summation only both men wounded, and therefore likely to prove dangerous witnesses as to his own villainy, it will be remembered that he drove his sword through the heart of his too trusting client, Koderiffo, at the very moment that he was denouncing the evil practice of "stabbing men in the dark." Satan is never at any other time so much an object of suspicion as when he is re- buking sin, and the Squatter Sovereign, deploring the formation of secret societies, is just precisely a case in point. Stephen A. Douglas, who was at that time following his ignis fatnus, the Pres- idency, almost to the verge of rebellion, in combination with the proslavery party, made quite a powerful harangue against the Kansas Legion, in his place in the Senate of the United States. When the Kansas Legion fell into disrepute, military companies were formed among the Free Soil men, and in almost every pre- cinct there was a well drilled body ready to be called into action whenever necessity might arise. There was no attempt at secrecy in this operation, nor any special effort at publicity, but it was generally assumed that the fact of their being ready for war would have a tendency to preserve peace. The Missourians were crowding them into positions in which the wisdom of the serpent and the harmlessness of the dove would be of small moment, unless the strength of armed hosts could be added. The legisla- ture had finished its work, after passing oppressive laws expressly designed to crush free soilers and abolitionists, the actmg gov- erno'r had assented to the several measures, the judges had pro- ■'-^^i^mmm:!,,^^ i 250 TvTTLhfs History of Kaxsas. nounccd the work valid and excellent, by extra judicial opinions, and it ordv renuuned to conn)cl the other side to trespass against the iniquitous enactments, in any way, so that they eould bo ,„ade to feel the pressure of the Draconian systeni, written m blood, but without the initium of justice. The jury power would ,u>t con.e to the rescue, as the panel was already packed by sher- ills appointed for the occasion, in some cases even residents of Missouri being nominated to that important position. The ch.et justice was a more violent partisan than the vilest mean white m their company, and in every way the opportunity eould never be better than that which now seemed ready to their hand if their enemies would transgress the statutes. The Free Sod men knew of the trap that had been set for them, and their forbearance un- der provocation was simply wonderful. The most insolent re- marli of the enemy were treated as commonplaces, be^ cause it was known that a reply would be n.ade the occasion o! a street brawl, in which the judgment of every court in the tern- tory would tend toward exterminating the enemy of the slave traffic, irrespective of the merits of the ease. Supposing that the Ln insulted in the streets should be rescued by their friends and summary justice be inflicted upon the aggressors, that wou d only be made' i excuse for bringing down the whole force of Missou on their shoulders, so it was necessary to be patient until heir backs should become strong enough for the burdens that must be carried They did the best they could under the circumstances, they drilled themselves and each other assiduously in military n^anoeuvers and in handling weapons, and they endured as much as was possible until their strength should come up to the .stand- ""' Among themselves no man sought legal redress, but a kind of rude jusSee was administered, as in a community which had not yet been formally organized, and the knowledge tha^ -^^ - understanding prevailed was especially unwelcome to the Mis- sour an party A litigious free settler would have been accepted as r blessing by the proslavery faction, but no -^ ---^ to the front Insolent words in the streets passed by hke die ^ind Personal assaults becan.e the order of the day, and that was the line which forbearance could hardly pass, so in the I .<«•» ai/tM-i'iMJifir mmmmms^^ Tilt: Wakahvsa Wau. SBl ial opinions, spass agaiiii't ;y coultl bo 1, written in power would lil men knew ibearaiice un- t insolent re- :)n places, be- lie occasion of t in the terri- yT of the slave osing that the ;ir friends and at would only 36 of Missouri ent until their 3 that must be circumstances, sly in military ■ iured as much p to the stand- , but a kind of which had not 5 that such an ne to the Mis- ) been accepted uch man came 3d by like idle 3 day, and that jass, so in the absence of any better police, every citi/.on could b.-conie a member of a lin.iled liability assodatiun, the members cf wlucli were to come to the rescue, shouUl occ-asiun arise, and so graduate ihe.r pros- Bure upon the ullender, on the other side, that he wouKl probably resolve not to provoke another such operation. Tlie socRdy was formed in Lawrence, and it answered ho well, thai for a tune the streets were orderly and peaceful; but the quiet suppression was very distasteful to the disturbers of the community, and they turned their attentions elsewhere. The town of Atchison was one of the places in which there were opportunities for a system more congenial to Missourian tastes. In that town an otl.ervviso inoffensive man from Cincinnati, named J. W. Kelley, having expressed his disgust for negro slavery, was nearly beaten to deatli by a rufTian named Thomason, whose si/.e would liave pre- cluded him from striking a blow according to the code of honor which prevails in the prize ring. The shameful outrage was made the occasion of a public meeting immediately, and Uioma- Bon was lauded as though he had been Leonidas and had repelled the unconquerable host at Thermopyla3. The resolutions, seven in number, recited first the offense of Mr. Kelley -free speech against slavery and the proslavery party -and commanded him to leave the town within one hour, and then went on to denounce vengeance of a more terrible description against him and otlier emissaries of the emigrants aid society, should they continue their assumed nefarious practices. Tampering with slaves was the alleged sin of the emissaries, and hanging was to be the punishment The assault was " approved and applauded, and the presence of their visitor from Cincinnati was "^ b^el and a disgrace " to their community. The work commenced by Thoma- son was to be carried on until the town and neighborhood were purged of all " such nuisances " as free settlers ; a committee was named to warn Mr. Kelley to quit Atchison, and the men who had so libelled the spirit of the age they lived in concluded by ordering that their proceedings should be published ; and that ever- man suspected of freesoil proclivities should be called upou to sign their resolutions under the penalty of being treated as abolitionists. The postmaster of Atchison was assistant editor of the " Squatter Sovereign," and on the 16th of August, 18oo, that .~:.r.miTno' i t" -"—"-""■"" TCTTLh'K UlSTOItY OF KaSS.XH. official nskca a free settler, who resicVd about twelve miles from oflTice, to subscribe for the paper, the answer of the free soil man, Kcv. !'. Butlor, amounted to an enunciation of his views on the quosiion of tlic day, and on the following morning, hf3 was waited upon in his hotel with a demand tliat lie should sign the obnox- ious Thomason resolutions. The demand being refused, he wna Beized by a mob and dragged to the river to be drowned, but ut the last moment more merciful counsels prevailed, his face was painted black, and he was sent adrift upon a raft of three sawn logs of Cottonwood on the Missouri, without any means of steer- ing himself clear of danger, and with an intimation from his impromjitu judges that "their hemp crop would sudice to reward nil such scoundrels thereafter." Other such incidents, some of them fatal in their issue, cropped up daily in dilTercnt parts of the territory wherever the proslavcry party was strong enough to make headway ; but it ia useless to attempt the task of enumer- ating individual wrongs; it is enough to say, that the cup was full to overflowing. Into a community so C'r-.tltuted, the lion. Wilson Shannon came as governor, and before he had reached the territory he was made aware that he was suspected of being an abolitionist, because he came from a state that had produced " Giddings, Wade and Chase;" a glorious company with which any man would now be proud to find his name associated. The governor wanted the good opinions of all men, but especially he was desir- ous of the approval of the noisiest members of the body politic, in which he was to be the nominal head; hence he signalized his arrival in Kansas city, upon the borders of the territory, by tak- ing part in a proslavery demonstration, and being conducted thence to Westport, addressed a crowd in front of his hotel in a speech of some length, of which the worst thing that need be said is, that it won the approval of the " Squatter Sovereign," the proslavery organ at Atchison, of which Dr. Stringfellow was editor. The address was a lamentable evidence of subserviency, but worse and better were to come from the same source, as the governor, like the chameleon, took his color almost entirely from his surroundings, and while the proslavery men were civil to him, he concluded that their opponents must be in the wrong. Jjwjr- ». j » i,W 1I W i '0 miles from reo soil man, views on the a wtvs waited n tlio ohnox- fused, he was wncd, but lit his fftce was )f three sawn f'ans ot steer- lion from his lice to reward ents, some of M'ont parts of mg enough to sk of enumer- ; the cup was Ison Shannon e territory he n abolitionist, ;d " Giddings, iiich any man The governor r he was desir- e body politic, signalized his ■ritory, by tak- ing conducted his hotel in a that need be sovereign," the •ingfellow was subserviency, source, as the it entirely from re civil to him, vrong. Tin: Wakauvha Wah. The next movement waH even more repn-hcnsiblc. W.> nud the governor attending the political meeting whieh .muiguratcd Gen Whillield's canvass for the po..li..u ot cougroH.s.ouu dole- Kate, and nuiking a speech which the pro.lavery press appUuided 10 the echo. Mr. Shannon says that he was misrcported, but that is of little consequence; 1. .vas wrong for him to have been pres- ent in an asse.nbly convened for the purpose named while he was governor of the territory, and while times were so disturbed as ho foun»l*w>"i*i»«ii I 254 TiTri.f:'^ Jlisronr or '. 'v'" ritorv to l)o muiware of liis pivscticc. Tl>o free rttatc If^vcr of law ami Older was recognized by iho ohaii at last, but only to 1)0 hi.Hse.1 gov.-rnnwnt road, was a verv beautiful tract of land, part w.-U titnbcrr.l and the rest fertile prairie, and numy of the earlier settlers who came from In.liana ehose this location. S.me of tho persons who had taken up claims, returned to their native state temporarily, others wont ftway and never returr.ed. Misscmrians and others took up the ftbandonod lots, and laid claims to others which were afterwards re.sume.1 bv the ori-inal .selectors. A person named Coleman had come in among the second claimants, and a dispute aro.se be- tween him and a young man named Dow, who also had settled upon an unc^ccupied claim. Coleman was a man of mark in the pn.slavery party in the neighborhood, and Dow was a i>rotcr "^ Jacob Branson, the leader of the free soil men in Wakarusa dis- triet. Dow accused Coleman of trc8pa.ssing upon bis chum in various ways, and the intruder was duly informed that he must desist, or hostilities would necessarily follow. The two parties were coming rapidly toward fever beat, and on the morning i^i November 21, 1855, one week after tbe Leavenworth law and order conference, Dow, happening to meet some of the proslavery party in the blacksmith shop at Hickory Point, was very vigor- ously denounced on account of his principles and conduct, the tirade ending bv an attempt to shoot him on the spot. The pur- pose of his assailant was not so deadly perhaps as was indicated by the act of bringing the gun to his shoulder, as he did not fire, and Dow started for home. Franklin Coleman and William Dow, the two disputants as to the trespasses already mentioned, unfortunately fell into each other's company on the road, and they walked together until Coleman reached his own home, where Dow left him, continuing his journey toward his own claim. Ho had taken but a few steps when he heard the snap of a gun, whicli had missed fire, and turning he saw his enemy putting a fresh cap upon his weapon. His appeal for mercy was of no avail, and he carried no weapon which could serve him in such an emergency, so he was deliberately shot dead by the man with whom he had been peacefully walking and conversing not three minutes before. The probabilities are in favor of the assumption A. >jP i 4 ' M « l l l<*!»" " iipi^iiiiui»)"fj«^ ■ 256 TvTTLtfs History of Kaksas. that Dow had been condemned to death in some secret conclave, and that Coleman became his executioner because some other per- son had failed to carry out the sentence ; at any rate there lay the first man slain in the Wakarusa war, and the body remunied by the roadside uncared for until dusk, when some of the free soil party discovered by accident what had been done by way of settling the disputed claim. Coleman started for Westport, :Mo., immediately to consult his friends, and, in accordance with their advice, the murderer surrendered himself to what was culled jus- tice. Ue would have gone to the governor in person, but that gentleman could not be found, and he gave himself into the cus- tody of a friendly sheriff, who was not even a resident of Kansas territory, although he had been appointed to the office by the pseudo legislative assembly, which did its work at Shawnee. Sherifl S. J. Jones was the acting postmaster at Westport, Mo., as well as sheriff of Douglass county, in Kansas territory, and his subsequent conduct showed that the confidence of his friends in his partisanship was not misplaced. He was a great favonte amoncr the proslavery men, and Coleman was not likely to suffer at his°hands. Sheriff Jones could not look upo i such a peccadillo as shooting a free soiler as a crime; it was an act of war only, and Mr. Coleman was a person of distinction. The murder was not viewed in that light by the free state men at Hickory Point, amoncr whom the excitement was intense. The funeral, two days later was largely attended, and it was then resolved that on the following Mondav a public meeting should be held on the spot where the man had been shot, in front of Coleman's house. The meeting was unanimous in condemnation of the crime, and a committee was appointed to procure the punishment of the mur- derer and his accomplices. There were about one hundred men present, and some one, after the proper business of the meeting had come to an end, with resolutions of 3bndolence addressed to the friends and relations of the murdered man, suggested that tha residence of the murderer should be burned. The proposal was strongly opposed by the majority, and upon an invitation being extended to volunteers for the purpose, in all that excited assem- bla-e, there were only two persons who approved of such action. When the minority tried to carry their design into execution, the 't' m r^i ! < ioM>nM'-m'i~>-- t i-i''i'*'*--- ' ^-^*'''' ' ^-'^^^^^^ The Wakarusa War. 25T •et conclave, ne other per- ite there Uiy dy rernuuieil 3 of the free le by way of estport, !Mo., ce with their IS culled jus- son, but that into the cus- nt of Kansas Dffice by the at Shawnee, estport, Mo., tory, and his bis friends in ;reav. favorite kely to suffer h a peccadillo of war only, } murder was ;ickory Point, 3ral, two days i that on the i on the spot i house. The crime, and a it of the mur- hundred men [ the meeting 3 addressed to i-ested that the I proposal was vitation being excited assem- )f such action, execution, the leaders of the n.oeting extinguished the flames, and a resolution denunciatory of such attempts was carried with liardly a dissent- inc arrest Tlie resolution was at onec formed to rescue Mr. Branson from the sheriff, unless there could be good cause showed for h.3 detention, about which there could be no shadow of doubt. Ihe rescuin- party consisted of fifteen men in all, but they were reso- lute, aiul in such a case every man counts for many. Some o them were armed with rifles, and almost everybody then earned pistols in Kansas, but there was no necessity to use them. The old man was allowed to join his friends, the warrant, it one was really carried by the sherilT, was not produced on demand, and that officer with his party returned to Franklin where the mur- derer Coleman awaited his arrival. The expectation seems to have been, on the proslavcry side, that Mr. Branson would be rescued in the city of Lawrence, to which place he was bemg con- veyed, and in that case there would have been an excellent pre- text for assaulting the place with all the force that Mi.sspuri could muster from the counties on the western border, so that the pes- tiferous colony " might be obliterated from the path of the law and order party." That design was partially foiled by the turn of events, but it was not yet beyond the range of possibdity and the men who were bent upon its accomplishment were not likely to stick at trifles to secure their end. There were three Lawrence men in the party that rescued Mr. Branson, and it would be easy to find in their action the means of incriminating the city, seeing that there would be no severe scrutiny into the pretexts of the worthy sheriff and his aids before the work of ruin had been effected The rescued man and his friends went on to Lawrence the same night, and the alarm was sounded in the streets by drums and flfes, so that tnere were few sleeping men in the city within a few mlr.ntes of the time when the irregular cortege arrived. Dr. -Robinson, who was afterwards governor of the state, was the acknowledged leader of Lawrence, and to his residence the party proceeded to submit to him a detailed, statement of the facts. The difficulty of the situation was increasing, and at a meeting held early m the following day it was concluded best that Lawrence should not assume responsibilities which hrd never properly be- lon<.d to her, as it was naturally desired that the Missourians should be baulked in their cherished project if that could be hon- ]i ■ J,lj| « l.i'H l i JI tW 'l l l i . i D prevent tlic Mr. Branson bowed lor liis d(Hibt. The ey were rcso- ny. Some of y then carried se them. The int, if one was ti demand, and vhere the mur- ition seems to ison would be was being con- n excellent pre- Missouri could ) that the " pes- ath of the " law led by the turn : possibility, and If were not likely throe Lawrence t would be easy ; the city, seeing pretexts of the ' ruin had been on to Lawrence the streets by men in the city ar corieje arrived, le state, was the idence the party f the facts. The ,t a meeting held it that Lawrence 2ver p.'operly be- the Missourians bat could be hon- ) TifK Wakauvsa Wati. estly effected. Branson and the men concerned in his rescue left the town as a matter of precaution, but while every pretext for assault was thus removed, it was still thought advisable to initiate measures for defense, should an attack upon the city be attempted. An executive committee of ten was appointed to concert means of defense should armed invaders come across the borders to assist the enemies wh. were already assembling in the neighborhood with unfriendly intentions against the free soil set- tlement. The threats of extermination which were indulged in by a mob from Missouri, while Lawrence was only a tented field, had not been forgotten on either side, and as events proved, there was wisd(Hn as well as money in being prepared for the worst. The sheriU was not a man who would allow his vengeance to die "Unwept, unliouored and unsung;" his cherished scheme had been defeated just when the game seemed to be entirely in his own hands, and nnless he could re- cover the lost ground, there was danger that he would lose his prestige among those who were now content to follow him. Dis- patches were sent off into Missouri to Col. Boone, of Westport, which could not fail to raise the whole of the border, for the fell purpose now on hand ; and immediately after that fateful errand had been initiated, a dispatch was sent to Gov. Shannon, asking for three thousand men. - The dispatch to the chief of the territorial executive was a col- ored version of the truth. His posse of ten men had become forty before Jacob Branson was arrested, but it fell back to ten men again in the dispatch. The rescuers were only fifteen in number when the line was formed which intercepted the official staff, but the bulletin which announced the defeat, told of forty men "armed to (he teeth with Sharp's rifles," and the reasonable demand for an inspection of his warrant had grown into " an open rebel- lion," which made a force of three thousand men necessary "to carry out the laws." The absurd demand for troops was meant of course to cover whatever force Missouri could send into the antici- pated 7nelee, because there was no militia force in the territory, and the whole population then in Kansas could hardly have sent that number of male adults into the field. The Shawnee Assembly, ,. ^3 l, ^, ;a»ii ViM »* i I 'm ^v"-^C ' ^ ''" ^' ■ * ^ " j l^y i^^f^^'sj?- ' ' rm 260 Ti'TTLBfs HisToin- of Kansas. before concluding its session, had nominated throe olUeors for the niihtia ; but the major general and his two subordinates were not an army. Gov. Shannon assumed the truthfulness ot tiie shentt, and he sent of! instructions accordingly to Muj. Gen. Richardson to prepare to meet " an armed military force " in Lawrence or its vicinity, which would not allow the sherill to serve any process. The colored picture of the sheriff had become more highly tinted so that it is evident there must have been many details conveyed by the bearer of the dispatch which were not well enough ascer- tained to be included in the official document, if they were not gathered from flying rumors as the courier hurried upon his mis- sion. The major general was urged to collect as many men as possible and to hasten to the aid of " the sheriS in executing the law and in none other" purpose. The eoncludirg line indicates that already Mr. Shannon had become aware oi some designs out- side and beyond the law which his officials might desire to com- pass with their forces. The orders sent to the major general were duplicated to Gen. Strickler, and Brig. Gen. Eastin was in motion almost at the same moment, so that no ti.ue was being lost. Col. Boone, of Westport, was the sheriff's most efficient supporter ; com- • pared with him, the sheriff of Douglas county, K. 1., and post- master of Westport, Mo., was truthfulness embodied lie pub- lished an appeal, in which Missourians were flying for their lives - perhaps if the initial letter had been omitted from llymg it might have been near the mark -their houses were burned down, and their families driven out upc the prairies by unpitying mobs The secret societies came into requisition now, and tliousands were soon to be on the march for the purpose o '^ -;^-^'"g /^"^^ to win the great battl ■ "f slavery against the free soil paity. Those who for any reaon excused t^e-e/ives from 3on.ng t^^ several expeditions were taxed to pay the expenses of those who went At Libertv, Mo., a postal village which has now only TtOO inhabitants, "the proslavery men raj^ed $1 000 .r.a two bun^ dred men for the work of annexation in one day, and m many other places the same spirit was evinced. "Now is the time to srow game " was the text of one dispatch sent out in all directions fllndepeudeuccMo. ^' If we are defeated now, the territory is lost to .the South." " Start immediately lor the seat of war, fiijt tmtm tgrnn^'" DlUcors for tlie nates were not of the slieriff, ill. Richardson jawrence or its e any process. highly tinted, ituils conveyed enough ascer- they were not upon his mis- i many men as I executing the f line indicates ne designs out- desire to corn- or general were 1 was in motion eing lost. Col. mpporter ; com- ' L T., and post- lied. He pub- or their lives — ilyiug it might •nfid down, and .npitying mobs. and thousands xssisting Jones" free soil party, rom joining the es of those who , has now only )0 sr.a two bun- Y, and in many J is the time to t in all directions )w, the territory be seat of war," i - i iw, i t; wyi<«ii«jpi«» TbE WjKAIiVSA WaB. 261 was the nrgont appeal of another dispatch-monger, who considered that all Missouri was identified with shenfl .Jones. Col. Boone was a man among men in such an era, and Baron Munchausen was not a circumstance in his way when pure invention became the order of the day. The militia of the brigadier general's sec- ond brigade were commanded to asse ' ole at Leavenworth, Decem- ber 1, 1855, "armed and equipped according to law," and of course seeing that there was no militia in the territory, there could be no doubt as to the destination of the forces from the western counties of Missouri. "Many citizens," who discreetly withheld their names from the scroll of fame, issued a manifesto headed " to arms," describing the peaceful city of Lawrence as "outlaws one thousand strong and armed to the teeth," and this excitinw publication was circulated through the border counties of the ad- joining state, calling upon "lovers of law and order to march to the scene of rebellion," which of course meant Lawrence, and the destruction of that city was already a foregone conclusion. By the light of subsequent events we can perceive that Gov. Shannon wanted to do his duty, but just at this moment he was under the baneful influence of men who would serve their own ends by the ruin of the union itself, and he, like Othello the valiant Moor, was "perplexed in the extreme." His proclamation bears date No- vember 29, 1855, and it was in all probability Sec. Woodson's work in every item except the signature. The statements con- tained therein were of course believed by him, and assuming his basis of action to be true, he was fully justified in every line of that document ; but the pretended facts were fabrications from beginning to end. The rescuing party of fifteen with eight rifles and some pistols had grown into a "numerous association of law- less men armed with deadly weapons and all the implements of war." The rescuing prjr; v/ere also said to have burned down houses, destroyed personal property, and declared that they would regard no law in the territory. They were also said to have armed for the purpo.se of taking Coleman, the murderer of Dow, from the eheriflf, to execute him without a judicial trial. In the face of such an array of force and crime, the govrnor would have been justified in doing something more than calling upon well disposed citizens to assist him in reestablishing order. The governor -1 -i - w ■ 'a- H m 262 Tuttle's lIisTojir OF Kaxsas. would have been more than justified if he had gone at once to the alleged scene of riot and spoliation, to have ascertained beyond doubt the condition of the territory, and of the people uninten- tionally libelled by his proclamation. Gen. Atchison, e-v Vice- President, came over with his riflemen to assist in the work of •' wijjing out " the city and people of Lawrence, because he re- ceived a letter ostensibly signed by the secretary of the territory, asking him " to call out the Platte county rifle company." The secretary does not admit that he ever sent such a communication, but the letter was certainly received and acted upon by the gen- eral. Westport and Independence were the first ^Missouri towns to send a force to assist the sheriff, and that nucleus of a large body encamped at y'rauklin, four miles from the doomed city. Com- panies came in rapidly on and after the 29ih of November, the date of the governor's proclamation. Before tlireo days had elapsed after the arrival of the contingent i'rom Westport, there were fifteen hundred men in camp, and, from Clay county, Mjs- Bouri, the force, not being able to complete their armament other- wise, had brought the whole of the available contents of the United Stafis arsenal — swords, rifles, revolvers, ammunition and three six-pounder guns; there was an understanding that such a trifling irregularity as that would attract no comment, consider- ing the good purpose which the heroes were to accomplish with the weapons borrowed from Uncle Sam. The Wakaruaa en- campment was a lively place in those days, and every man wanted to be led on to the assault. Franklin, four miles from Lawrence, stands in theWakarusa bottom lands, and the village was then as busy as the arch-demon is supposed to be when a gale of wind is 'jlowing. The main force of the enemy was here, and nearly all wore Missourians, not only here, but in all the encampments at Lecompton and elsewhere, Vvhich surrounded the town. North of the Kansas river. Gen. Atchison and his Phtte county riflemen stood ready for the fray. It has since been ascoriained that there were only eighty residents of Kansas in all the force tb n under arms, including the Kickapoo Eangers, who supplied more than half of that grand total. The rest were all Missourians except a few from Arkansas, who had come in to =iawgAjW.M!!Wj!lt!^i?ftjaimi»W^!'WiH^ L I l l m«> ■■i i i n TiiK Wakauvsa Waii. 2G3 ; at once to the tained beyond oople uninten- liison, ex Vice- in the work of because he re- f the territory, nipany." The ;ommunication, ion by the gen- isouri towns to af a large body ed city. Com- November, the liree days had rVestport, there ly county, Mjs- rmament other- ionteuts of the mmunition and ing tliat such a meat, consider- ccomplish with Wakarusa en- nd every man our iTiiles from and the village to be when a the enemy was lere, but in all lich surrounded ;chison and his . It has since ents of Kansas ikapoo Eangers, The rest were had come in to get a lesson in the fine art of "wiping out" free soilor.^^. Tt was hardly possible for any one to enter the city or to leave it with- out submitting to be searched by mounted patrols, lest they might have field pieces in their vest pockets, or cannon ball^ dangbng from their watch chains. " Mnn, proud man, Drcst in n little brief uuthority, Most ijjnomnt of wiiat he's niDst fissured — His glassy essence — like an angry ape," is but a nui;\T,nce at the best; but persuade him that he is a sol- dier without a superior to restrain him within due bounds, and he becomes the most oppressive creature that can be found upon this footstool. The " Squatter Sovereign " was suspended until the end of the war to allow the two editors to see the ensanguined stream of ■which they had written so much, one of the staff expressing his expectation, in a brief valedictory, that he should " wade waist deep in the blood of the abolitionista" The men were more in- jurious as writers than they were likely to become as warriors, so that there was some brief compensation even in the Wakarusa war. Having seen for ourselves the means that were used and the forces that have been brought against Lawrence, we may as well return to that city for a time to ascertain what is being accom- plished by the free sellers as a setoff to the panoply of war beyond its borders. Those of the rescuing party who did not belong to the c:ity, returned to Hickory Point immediate- ly after the fracas, but Mr. Branson remained in the city, and so did the three residents, Messrs. Tappan, Wiood and Smith, ■who may be suid to have been the directors in that business. Their first impulse was to quit the place, to deprive the as- sailants of a pretext for their rebellious proceedings; *)ut, -when it became evident that " strike high, or strike low," the pro-slavery party could not be satisfied with anything short of the complete destruction of the settlement, they resolved to re- main and bear their part in the encounter. After the Wakarusa rder, were to be removed to a distance where their lives won' t be endangered. The gov- ernor had written to Gen. Richa. tson to the same effect, and he gave orders that the letter thus summarized should bo exhibited to the oHicers in command. Af r. Sliannon concluded with an in- timation that he should probably accompany Colonel Sumner. There is a personage who is supposed specially to hate holy water, and the sheriil must have understood the peculiar prejudice of Satan when he saw his scheme of vengeance being thus suddenly and unexpectedly thwarted, but he did not give up without a struggle. He wrote a long letter in too much haste to be gram- matical, in which he urged, that his troops were weary of in- action and might disperse unless they were allowed to attack the city, but he veiled that purpose under the mild form of making a demand for his prisoner, Jacob Branson. The letter displayed much eagerness to carry Lawrence by assault before the regular troops could come in to compel the usages of mercy and rob his friends of their satisfaction. The letter contained besides some information as to the writs which he desired to serve, but every sentence, read by the light of subsequent events, must have con- vinced Gov. Shannon, that sheriff Jones had purposes in view, concerning which he did not think it wise to take the chief execu- tive officer into his confidence. Maj. Gen. Richardson also re- plied to the dispatch advising the governor to insist in any event upon the citizens of Lawrence surrendering their arms, but the 268 Trrn.K's llisronr of K ass as. fruitlossiKvs of such udvico rcinli'is it unnecessary to do more than noto the fact of its having been tendered. 'I'lic presifU-nt sent n reply to the governor, saying that tho reciuisite orders shoidd be sent to the coU)nel coinmunihint at Fort FiCnvcnworth, as soon as tlic proper forms of tlio war depart- ment coidd be complied witli, and on the strength of tiiat com- munication Mr. Shannon hoped that Col Sumner would eomo to the rescue. That oflici • consented to do 80 at first, but upon further consideration declined to move until he could receive his instructions in due form. Perliaps the nuirvclous influence of Mr. .IclVcrson Davis in the war department had more to do with the delay than either governor or president imagineil, for tho game of the south was being played with consummate tact by the leaders of the proslavery party, up to the time when tho elt.c tion of Abraham liineoln, in 18(50, disconcerted all their projects. While this delay was ;.,iving u pause for relleetion to both gov- ernoi and people, tho c'tizens of Lawrence concluded to address the chief of the territorial executive, sending to him a letter by two trusty men. There wa.s nothing very remarkable in their commisnication, as they merely, from their stand j)oint, informed Mr. Shannon of the then aspect of affairs, asked whether tho armed men from a foreign state were in Kansas under his orders, and icnues: "^ that he would take steps for their removal, plainly sia'' tha' '-other means and higher authority" remained as flit . ;)atives. The delegation had some difliculty in reaching the governor at Shawnee Mission, as the. place is almost on the bor- der, and the Missouri men were very jealous of communications between Lawrence and Mr. Shannon, but on the 5th of Decem- ber Messrs. Lowery and Babcock obtained the interview, on which much more depended than the mere delivery of a dis- patch. The sitiiation had been carefully concealed by the pro- slavery party, but the delegation were able to show him that the territorial law, which he suppo-sed was the bone of contention, had nothing to do with the quarrel between Lawrence and the ruflfian hordes from Missouri. The men chosen for that delegation were " right men in the right place," and their case was clear enough to have made stocks and stones eloquent and persuasive. The facts were so clearly in favor of Lawrence, that before the dele- -■■^BSOmSlmKmm to do more than saying that tho corninaiuhmt at tlio war depart- ;th of tliut coin- r would como to first, but upon lould roocive his ous iiilhiencc of more to do with iiaLfined, for tho iiiiunato tact by wlicri tho el(;C .11 their projects. ion to both gov- ndcd to address hitn a letter by arkable in their j)oint, informed ed whether tho aider his orders, removal, plainly y " remained as ' in reaching the nost on the bor- communications 5th of Decem- le interview, on ilivery of a dia- lled by the pro- ow him that the f contention, had e and the rufldan delegation were ?a3 clear enough )ersuasive. The before the dele- -•.m&iiSliSt^-f. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I [fi^ IIIIM 1^ 1^ 1 2.2 Hi i^ 111112.0 11.25 i 1.4 1.8 1.6 p^*'.. <^ /a ^i > .V PhotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques The Wakabusa Wah. 269 gation left, the governor began to discover liow the land lay. ITo had been told that Lawrence eflected the rescue of ]?ranson, and had burned the houses of sixteen families, driving the shelterlerfs people out upon the prairies; and it came like a revelation when he learned that only three houses had been burned ; that no fami- lies were at the time in either of the houses; that Lawrence stood ten miles from the scene of disturbance and had taken no part therein ; that there was no evidence to show who were the offend- ers, and that the rescue of Branson was an event of which Law- rence knew nothing until some hours after the occurrence. The question of obeying territorial law had not been raised by Law- rence, and most assuredly the city would not resort to force until all otlier mean.s had failed. The mission of the representatives of Lawrence was perfectly successful, because it induced Mr. Shannon to see for himself, where hitherto he had used the eyes of others. He determined to repair to the camp at Wakarusa, and at all hazards to prevent bloodshed if such a consummation proved possible. That step should have been taken by him many days earlier, but " better late than never" is a proverb old as the hills. Until now Mr. Shannon had believed the Lawrence citizens brawlers and law breakers, seeking occasions for the shedding of blood, and the Missourian border ruffians figured in his imagination as self sacrificing missionaries, crossing the bor- der only to promote harmony. Instead of his Arcadian dream being realized, he found in the camp at Wakarusa gray haired old men and their sons and grandsons, anxious to be led to the attack of an unoffending city which had done nothing to in- jure its assailants, unless it was a sin to think and speak. The men whom he had wished to have removed to a distance, for fear they might be first in some sanguinary encounter, were sleuth hounds aching for a battle which they in their ignorance sup- posed would be but a scene of slaughter, with timid traders a? their victims. There was not a moment to lose. The force by which he was surrounded had never been well officered, and their sympathies were entirely opposed to all his instincts; moreover the men whom they were accustomed to follow, if not to obey, would favor any enterprise inimical to the peace of the territory. They had been for many days living at free quarters as among '■f 270 Ti-TTLK's HlSTOliY OF K.IXSAS. tMicinics, stopping and ransacking every vehicle tliat approached the city, and gratifying tlieir petty malice by a tiiousand exac- tions ; it would be an irksome tusk for eoiKjuerors such as they to inarch back into village obscurity without ra/ing and pbinder- ing one city of abolitionists. In the midst of such material the governor entered ujM)n his task as a diplomatist, anxious above idl things to restore ])eaee and prevent bloodshed, even thougli in pursuit of that aim he must lose the admiration of the proslavery party, and convert his fiendish exponents of law and order into implacable enemies, clamoring to Washington for his instant decapitation. A conference of proslavery leaders from Lecompton camp as well as Wakarusa, about forty altogether, being assembled to con- sider his proposals for pacilication, had only a small min(M-ity of one that would assent to his suggestion, and that man came near fighting before the sun went down, in defense of his pacificatory disposition ; the rest demanded that Lawrence should be destroyed root and branch, that all arms and fortifications should be sur- rendered, and that every printing press should be destroyed. The conference was a complete failure, except in so far as it re- vealed to Frankenstein the monster that he had called into being. A dispatch to Col. Sumner at Fort Leavenworth, bearing date Dec. 6, 1855, shows how much Mr. Shannon's views had been changed within twenty-four hours. His desire now was primarily to save Lawrence and eventually the whole territory from the men by whom he was surrounded, and he thought the crisis should warrant the commandant in moviug without express orders from Washington. lie stated in effect the eagerness of the invaders to destroy Lawrence, and that they would soon be beyond all his powers of restraint He had discovered that while only in the pursuit of peace he had called to his aid a set of guerillas who would have war at all hazards. The substance of the governor's dispatch was known to some of the officers, and arrangements were made to arrest his messenger en route to the fort, whereby the proslavery force would gain time to make the assault in spite of him and his remonstrances, before the United States troops could arrive upon the field. The scheme succeeded, but thanks to the loyalty of Gen. Stickler, the governor was informed of the The Wakabvsa War. 271 tliut approaclictl tliousaiid e.xac- jrs such as they ig and pl'inder- yh material the anxious above even thougli ia I the proslavery and order into for his instant npton camp as isemblecl to con- lall minority of man came near his pacificatory lid be destroyed should be sur- be destroyed. so far as it re- dled into beinsr. th, bearing date lews had been V was primarily y from the men le crisis should ess orders from the invaders to beyond all his iile only in the : guerillas who the governor's 1 arrangements } fort, whereby assault in spite I States troops led, but thanks n formed of the outrage, and before daylight on the morning of the seventh, a courier sent by an unusual course reached Leavenworth with ^^r. Shannon's letter. The Colonel could not venture to move even in such a strait, but his suggestions to the governor were eminent- ly judicious. Mr. Ander.son, one of the members of the late Shawnee legislature, wrote to Gen. Richardson on the 7th of De- ceniber, that ho believed the black flag would be raised in tlie camps at Lawrence and Lecompton, on the morning of the 8th, and that the guerillas would march upon the city without orders. In the event of TJnited States troops interfering he believed the Missourians would fight that force also rather than be baulked of their revenge, and already he believed there was no safety for the executive save in complete submission to the terms of the pro- slavery fighting men. Lawrence was not asleep during this try- ing time, nor did the leaders rest because Mr. Shannon had been brought to a .sense of the situation. They knew better than ho what kind of a crowd it now devolved upon him to control if an- archy was to be stayed, and they wrought accordingly. An en- voy was dispatched from Lawrence on the morning of the 6th, to carry dispatches to the free states, fairly describing the con- dition of affairs in the city and territory, and calling for efBcient aid, as whatever might be the fate of the one settlement the war must not be abandoned. Before the emissary had left the open camp of the defenders, spies had revealed the movement to the officers in the Wakarusa camp at Franklin, and a detachment was detailed to arrest Gen. Pomeroy. The design of the defend- ers was in that way defeated, and their messenger subjected to very considerable annoyance and suffering until Gen. Atchison, in command of the Platte county rifle company interfered. The dispatches meant for perusal by free soilers in the eastern states were first served up in the columns of the Missouri press, subject to such falsifications as would serve the purposes of the assail- ants. The Indians in the territory were of course alive to the probabilities of a battle, and they were desirous to share in the entertainment. The Delawares and Shawnees sided with Law- rence, but the committee of safety hesitated about accepting their aid, but a company of Pottawattamies was brought into camp at Lecompton, proud in the belief that they would carry with thei.i 272 TuTTLifs History of K.ixsas. buck to their reservation a rich harvest of abolition scalps. Tlio Indian agent for the Pottawattamics brought tliis cbominable contingent into the camp at Lecompton, and that olhcial with most of the territorial dignataries rode patrol and played at sol- diers during the protracted siege. The forces in Lawrence felt that they had done all that they could reasonably be expected to attempt, toward peace, and now with arms in their hands they were prepared to abide the issue. At the worst they were resolved to sell their lives dearly for their altars and their hearths, and their wives stood pledged among themselves to assume the weapons of defense, should their husbands fall, to avenge the cause of liberty. While things were at this pu...s, one of the free state men, Mr. Thomas W. Barber, who occupied a farm at a distance of about seven miles southwest of the city, concluded to ride home with a few friends to see how affairs were prospering at home, intending to return the next day. He was unarmed, but his brother and the friends accompanying him carried weapons. Mr. Barber had left his wife on the farm, when it became necessary for the fight- ing force of the settlement to concentrate at Lawrence. About four miles from the city the little party was accosted by one of the patrols of the enemy, and ordered to accompany that body to the camp; upon their refusal Mr. Barber was shot by one of the party and died of his wounds shortly after. Several shots were ex- changed afterwards, but this murder was the only casualty in the Walvarusa war, witli the exception of the crime committed by Coleman at Hickory Point, when his victim Dow was shot. This murder was perpetrated by a body of men who were then on their way to the camp at Wakarusa to insist upon the free soil party in Lawrence surrendering their weapons as a preliminay of peace, and several of the territorial staff were spectators if not accom- plices in the deed. The body of Mr; Barber was conveyed back to Lawrence and a carriage was sent to bring his wife into the city. The scene when the poor woman became aware of herlosa was excruciating, audit was with difficulty that the chiefs in com- mand could restrain the troops to which Barber belonged, from rushing upon the enemy to avenge the untimely end of their much loved comrade. While this sad event was being witnessed in Lawrence, the scenes in the camp of the enemy disclosed scalps. Tho 3 eboininablo t ofTioial with )l;iycd at sol- Lawrenco felt le expected to r hands they were resolved ,rths, and their he weapons of luse of liberty, tate men, Mr. iancc of about e home with a )me, intending s brother and [r. Barber had { for the fight- rence. About sted by one of ly that body to by one of the I shots were ex- casualty in the committed by vas shot This re then on their free soil party :ninay of peace. 3 if not accora- conveyed back s wife into tho vare of her losa le chiefs in corn- belonged, from y end of their being witnessed lemy disclosed « i I' Tin: Wakmhs.i W'au. 273 numerous net:- of injustice and oppression, bonlcrin;^ upon mur- der. Wo liavcseen wliat occurred in tiie case of (Jen. I'onieroy, and almost every man that had business outside tha city was liable to be carried as n. prisoner to Lecoinpton or Franklin, to have papers seized and conliscated, and sometimes property stolen, for the Missourians were not all immaculate on that score. A medical man driving from the city to his farm with a delirious l)ationt was made a prisoner, and both parties detained for a con- siderable time. The correspondent of the New York Trilmiie, Mr. Phillips, has made the whole world ac(pKunted with his ad- ventures, as they were j)ubli.shed in -the eolumn.s of Horace Greeley's paper, and many citi/sons from Leavenworth, Topeka and elsewhere, were captured and held in durance for various terms, where they would hear the drunken rullians clamoring for the blood of one abolitionist. More than once ])i eparations were made for hanging these prisoners, but the oflicers succeeded in rci)ressing such tumults. When the hostilities of 1855 were brought to an end by the governor's interposition, there were sev- eral prisoners liberated from the camps of the enemy. Immediately after Mr. Shannon had sent the letter last men- tioned to Col. Sumner, at Leavenworth, he forwarded notice to the authorities in Lawrence that he wished to visit that city, and wa.s awaiting an escort for the purpose. Mr. Lowery, one of the delegation that waited upon the governor at Shawnee Mission, was named the leader of a company of ten citizens, who rode out to the Wakarusa camp to bring in tlieir visitor. The committee of safety received the governor and three Missourian colonels in their apartments in the Free State Ilotel. The staff attending the chief of the territorial execu'n e consisted of Col. Boone, of West- port, Col. Strickland, generally •iescribcd as from Missouri, and Col. Kearney, of Independence. Dr. Kobinson, the commander- in-chief, and Col. Lane, his efficient aid, were the negotiators for the settlers in and about the city, and the interview lasted about an hour. Mr. Shannon said that he had relied upon statements made by Sheriff Jones, and had, consequently, misunderstood the people of Lawrence ; but while suggesting the propriety of a regu- lar treaty between the opposing forces, he proposed that the free state men should surrender their arms as a preliminary. He 18 I 974 Ttrri.i.'s Ilisroiir of Kassas. \' fouiul aftr wanl- tlK\t sncli n, condition of pence woiilil liavo in- fallibly k'l to u.unlor, aiul lie conUl tlit-n lu-ttcr ni.protMato tlio indignant (.'fnsal witli wliicli liis sn<.'<.'cstion was rcpollod. Tpon liis rctnrn to the Wakarusa oainp, the govLM'nor llrst learned of the l)la('k Hag conspiniey, and his measures thereupon were such as the responsibilities of his ofliee demanded. Maj. Gen. Rich- ardson was ordered to repress all disorderly movements, and to use his whole foree, if neeo.'^pary, to prevent an uiianlhnri/.ed dem- onstration upon Lawrence. The governor was truly governor at last. Cion. Strieklcr received similar instructions at the samo moment, and early the next morning the best dispo.sed prominent men in the proslavcry camps were eolleeted to form a council for the preservation of peae(\ A committeo of thirteen captains was nominated, after nuich debuting, to meet a similar body which would be sent that day from Lawrence, to arrange the prelimina- ries of a pacitie.ation : and the governor went back to the city much pleased with the progress he had made. It might seem that it should have sulllccd for liiin to order the invading force to leave the territory as soon as he became aware what were the real facts of the case ; but it must be remembered that he was not handling di.sciplined troops, well olTicercd, and he was properly desirous to avoid bloodshed. The arrangements to be made in the city were easily carried tlu'ough. Uv. Shannon had prepared a paper setting forth the main points of the treaty to be sub- scribed, but upon the presentation of a similar document, prepared by Dr. Eobinson, after consulting the leaders of the free state party, that instrument was readily accepted. There were speeches froin the front of the hotel when ihe negotiations were thus brought to an end, and it became necessary to assure the populace that no concessions had been made which would commit them to a recognition of the laws passed by the Shawnee usurpers. They were ready to die fighting in the trenches and on the prairies rather than be governed by a legislature imposed upon them by foreign force. The treaty was, of course, subsequently published, although it was not then read to the assemblage, and its terms were substantially as follows : The misunderstanding arising out of the rcjcue of Jacob Branson, at Hickory Toint, having been re- cited in the preamble, together with the desire of all parties to Tin: TI'(AM/,T.s ( Il'.i//. 275 uM liavc in- [i[iix;oiato tlio I'llcd. I'pon st loanicil of 111 were such ij. Goii. IJicli- noiits, ami to Llmrized ilcin- ^ govHM'iior at at the snmo iod proniim-nt !i council for oujitains was r boily wliich the prelimina- k to the city ; miglit seem ailing force to , were the real at he was not was properly .) he made in had prepared ity to be sub- nent, prepared the free state were speeches ins were thus 3 the populace )mniit them to urpers. They n the prairies ipon them by itly published, I its terms were arising out of iving been re- all parties to avoid bloodshed and civil strife, the terms of settlement were next set forth. The citizens protested that the rescue was not their act, nor had tlicy been consulted thereon before the event; that they would aid in the service of any legal process, and were not cognizant of the existence of any organization in the territory for tlu! resistance of laws, and that whenever called upon by the proper authority they would help to preserve order in the town of liawrence, under proper provisions for the safety of person and l)ropcrty against unlawful depredations, even when committed by the sherifT and his posse. The governor, on his part, diselnimcd having authorized foreign invasion, and any intention to authorize any such action ; and all the parties declined to express an opin- ion as to the validity of the laws passed by the recent territorial legislature at Shawnee. When Gov. Shannon went back to the Wakarusa camp that evening, Gen. Kobinson and Col. Lane accompanied him at his particular rcrpiest, and speeches were made by all three parties before the council of thirteen proslavery captains already named, the result being an agreement between all parties to end the im- hroijlio by withdrawing ami dispersing the sheriff's friends. "When the business was thus terminated the night was tempestuous in the worst degree, and that may have been the reason why Dr. Robinson and Col. Lane were not provided with the guard which had been jiromi.sed them, but very strong suspicions were enter- tained that both gentlemen were to have been waylaid and assas- sinated on their return. Only one man mustered to form their escort, and he continued with them only a few minutes after they had started. The pobabilities are largely in favor of the good faith of the leaders, whatever individuals in the ranks might have plotted, and it is very likely that the weather which kept back the appointed guard also prevented an irregular assault upon Lawrence that night under cover of the black flag. On the morn- ing of December 8, Gov. Shannon i.ssued his orders to disband the forces concentrated with the several camps, and the command was obeyed, but the parties thus dispersed were very uncompli- mentary in their remarks concerning that functionary who was pronounced a traitor and a fool with many adjectives. Some of the guerillas remained in the territory for many days, but the .-j^mmrnmrmmftiMmm^ ^70 TlTTLh's IIISTOUY or Kass.is. major p.-vrt wrnt liotno in dis-.ist as soon as it boainic ovideut tlial liiiwrcnuc wius .^afo against tln/ir dcsign.s. 'riio free rttato incm in tho city bold a social gathering on the evening of l)(.-con.ber 0, in tho fioo stuto hall, and th-; g.)Vc..nor was one of tho inorriosl n.on in tho throng , bni whdo tho tostivo l-aity was full of tho gayoty propor to an o.rasion of tho kind, word was brought that tho irregulars wore u.assod m tlio noigli- l«,rhood, throatoning to attack tho place now unprepared for a dofenso. The coninianders originally nominated by the conunit- toe of safety, Dr. Uobinson and Col. I.ano, were at once author- i/.od under the governor's hand to use the enrolled forces for tho defense of the eity and its vicinity, a tolerably conclusive proof that he Unew tlie manner of men with whom he had to deal. There was no attack made, but perhaps the knowledge of such prepara- ration might sl.)ne have been the deterrent power. The following evening, Monday, Dee. iO, saw a more motley gathering m the Free State hotel, when soldiers of both sides assembled to partake of a feast in honor of the recently concluded peace. Shoriil Jones was present, and it re.iuired all the command that men could possess, in consideration of his being an invited guest, to save liim from being made to comprehend the peculiar esteem in which he was held. It was not easy to forget that all the tribulations through which they had passed arose from his plotting; but he was their guest, and that was his protection. The troops were disbanded on Tuesday, Dec. 11, i«5o, after being re.iewed and addressed, and every man was more than paid for his exertions by the presentation of a certificate of his service in the defense, liut who shall certify the noble spirit which actuated the women of Lawrence in all this time of trial? They were true daughters of that exalted band which crt)sscd the Atlantic in the Mayllower to Plymouth Hock. New England might well be proud of such representative souls. They were not found cowering with fear when danger threatened, startled like timid hares by every sound, but their example nerved the bravest of their brave companions to deeds of more lofty daring. The commissariat was their es- pecial duty, and their doors were hospitably ope to all comers ; but when such work had been dispatched, they were to be found moulding bullets and making cartridges for the defense, and it ■Mtei««M*M iiia,i!i:. wwteiiri*^ mio ovUlcut iriiig on the I'! govmnor ! iho tLvstive )f ilio kiiiJ, II tho luiigli- jpuiod for a iho i;ominit- )iici! iiuUior- orcesi for tlio vc jjroot tliivt Iwil. There .m:\\ prepiira- 'he following eriiig in the !il to piu'tuko Shoriil Jones L men could uost, to siive ecni in which ! tribulations ,ting; but he 5 troops were *e,iewed and his exertions I the defense, d tho women rue daughters he Mayllower )roud of such ing with fear every sound, e companions was their es- ,0 all comers ; e to be found lefense, and it Kaxsas CoxFt.icTs— Krhwrs of If^.y}. 277 was known tliat many of (he worthy baml had oxcri'iscil each other witli their rifli-s witli sneli olTcet that if occasion hai!. 3TO ulled Law- liut the un- settlers did ,- wanted to lou in Kan- d every ex- n continued on from the too evident rvould come lole coinmu- tlian the de- n, and even )\ved by the ole territory 3r remaining 3r or a mean d not daunt ing too thick :,ion. When arduous du- ■ vote was to leka. There n\ a question ted, and the , but the well linateu every A. become the nly second in I for a time, in Lawrence, [rom their ap- 3 made by the 1 then in most hat it was not The constitu- vhere possible ;chisou and in f!ome other towns it was imjiossible to proceed to a vote. For that reason, among others, the polling was not as large as it other- wise would have been, but the constitution was carried by an overwhelming majority. There were 1,777 votes cast for and against the measure, and of the whole only forty-seven men said nay. On the general banking law there were 1,68J: votes, and of these 5G1 were in the negative, so that the proposition was af- lirmcd by more than two to one, and on the cpiestion whether mulattoes and negroes should be excluded from the territory, thei'c was i)roof positive that the free state men wore not all abo- litionists, as a total of 2,231 ballots were cast, and oiii- 153, or seven more than one-fifth of the number polled on that issue fa- vored the icsidenceof free negroes and mulattoes in the territory. Many negatived the proposition because they thought that the slave owners in Missouri and elsewhere would send their worn out stock into Kan.sas to become a burden upon the people when they could no longer earn enough upon the plantations to pay for their keep. It will be seen that more votes were polled on this question, for and against, than on any other issue. It has been mentioned that in some towns no vote was taken, and in others the election was carried through under peculiar dif- ficultly 3. It will be well to instance a few of the means which were used by the opposing party Gen. East on commanded his militia force to muster in the town of Leavenworth on election day, then and there to receive their discharge, under which they would become entitled to draw pay from the general government for their services in Kansas. The charm worked, of course, and from early in the morning the town was flooded by hundreds of Missourians, whose interests and whose prejudices were alike an- tagonistic to the vote that day to be taken. At noon, these fel- lows, duly officered for the occasion, assaulted the polling place, drove out the judges of election, and almost killed one of them named Wetherill, by beating him with clubs, and trampling upon him. They procured possession of the ballot boxes and paraded them about the town, making a demonstration in front of the office of the " Territorial Eegister," which they threatened to sack and de- stroy, because the proprietor, Mr. Delahay, a man favorable to slav- ery as an institution in other states, was desirous to exclude it from f 280 TVTTI.KS IJlSTOHr OF Kaxsas. II tlio territory in wluch ho resiclea. Aftor such inanifpstations of their zeril, tlie Kansas inilitla from Missouri were addressed by their conunander and thanked for tlieir eminent services. ^ The following Satuiday saw the consummation of that enterprise ni the destruction of the press, so threatened, by a company of Platte County Regulators which had been o.ganizcd at Kickapoo, not far from Leavenworth in the same county. There were no dilTer- ciiccs of oi)inion tolerated by the proslavery men, and the adhc- rniis of Stephen A. Douglas had no better show than abolition- ists unless they would swallow the whole of the proslavery plat- form. The well known democratic views of Mr. Delahay did not gave his ofllec from being sacked, his presses from being broken, and the whole of the offending material from being drowned in the ^[issouri. Perhaps if the editor had been at hand he might Lave shared the same fate as his property, but happily he lived to render good service to the state. Seven days after the consti- tution had been adopted, on the 22d of December, 1855, a con- vention at Lawrence nomimted state officers, and the unanimity •which had prevailed in the constitutional convention no longer clia"!!>torized the proceedings of the fr(^e state party. A minoi'ity *' bolted " the regular nominations, and prepared an anti-abolition ticket, still favoring the maintenance of l\ansas as a free state : but the common sense of the great majority in the community terminated thit manifestation by electing the regular nominees on the loth of January, 1856, both sections of the party being represented in the list, as will be seen by glancing at the sub- joined luimes and their respective offices: Dr. C. Robinson, gov- ernor; W. Y. Roberts, lieutenant governor; P. C. Schuyler, sec- retary of state ; G. A. Cutler, auditor; J. A. Wakefield, treasurer ; II. Miles Moore, attorney general ; M. Hunt, S. N. Latta and M. F. Conway, supreme judges ; S. r>. ]SrcKenzie, reporter, and S. B. Floyd, clerk of the supreme court; John Speer, state printer; M. W. Delahay, representative in congress. In Leavenw' >rth a free state mayor had been elected, but after the December election cmeuie, that officer, despairing any chance to carry out his duty, tendered his resignation, and a proslavery mayor was chosen. In January, when the state officers were to be elected, the new may(jr prudently forebore to hold an election, ■ Kansas Conflicts — Evexts of H^-jC. 281 ^stations of dressed by ices. The itorpvise ni y of Platte ■kapoo, not c no dilter- I the adhe- 1 abolition- aveiy plat- iiay did not in 'in* m ''i irote(jes. Another paper, the Kansas Pioneer, came out with columns of leaded type, de- claring that " forbearance was no longer a virtue," seeing that the Easton men had dared to vote for state officers, to retain their own ballot boxes, and even to defend their own Uvea against at- MiiwBMfniiiiimw K.lXS.iS CdSFLHTS— EVESTS OF iS.'ift. ti87 it the fret' stato tlit-y were con- r daring antag- conquered was seciet nssoeia- *cd, it wiXA use- battle was yet ed in the blue )lic meetings in e could be in- traverse the ter- event the plant- i be starved out iliawnee legisla- niake laws still noniy, and now uld not be easy I and their nom- sabilities which y men at Ilick- ^ted away, now is message ; and c used without ant, demanding the government ;re was almost a letermine which !ed in Lawrence roslavery jiarty, r the proslavery lust have arms." extreme to put Another paper, leaded type, de- ue," seeing that s, to retain their ivea against at- tack. " Tlic tyrannical dogs " must be driven from Kansas. In the immediate presence of tyrants, who would not hear an assault without retaliation, it was difficult to say what niiglit not bo done, and it was declared that the men of Kaston had recommenced tho war. ''i'lie proslavery party were a(ldres.scd as "law and order men," and conjured, " strike for your altars, strike for your fire- sides, strike for your rightrf; " which, of cour.se, meant that they sliould as.sail the altars of their neighbors, drive them from their Jl resides, and despoil them of their rights. The answer to all, which was given wlien the men of Easton barricaded themselves in the homes from which they refu.scd to be evicted, and being defended in their position by the citizens of Lawrence and Topcka, they were enabled to drive back the Missourians once moie, in spite of the Kickapoo Rangers and all the threats of the enemy that they would abolish abolition, and leave not a " vestige of ab- olitionism." E.\-Vice President Gen. Atchi.son had been among the men who supported Gov. Shannon in his final movements at Lawrence in December, 1855, which ended in temporary pacifica- tion, but by the -ith of February, 1856, his temper had slightly changed, lie was a candidate for the presidency, let it be borne in mind, and the present incumbent had pronounced in such a manner as might win him the southern vote. It was necessary to outbid the demagogue, and at a meeting held in Platte City the gallant general repented almost, as it were, in sackcloth and ashes liis action in December. lie swore like a mule driver, and among other pieces of counsel equally murderous, said, speaking of Kan- sas : " They have held an election on the 15th of last month, and they intend to put the machinery of a state in motion on the 4th of March. Now, you are entitled to my advice, and you shall have it I say prepare yourselves. Go over there. Send your young men, and if they attempt to drive you out, then, damn them, drive them out. Fifty of you, with your shot guns, are worth two hundred and fifty of them with their Sharp's rifles. Get ready — arm yourselves, for if they abolitionize Kan.sas, you lose $100,000,000 of your property, I am satisfied I can justify every act of yours before God and a jury." It was necessary to keep the authorities at Washington on their side, but that duty was not arduous, as long as Jefrersou Davis 988 Tt'TTLtfa Ifisronr of Kaxs.'s. 4 m ■ 1,^ and iM.'ii <.f liis caliber held tlio consuicnce of ilic lax'sidciit in commission. Tiioy scut Hi)eciul mcsrten},'cr.s occasionally as tliey wcro advised, and ncitl.cr Mr. I'icrco uuv his cabinet would believe uiiylirmg in opposition to the rose colored statement- oE their nmlonbted friends, the men who were even now contemplat- i„- the dismemberment of the union. The democrats of the n>nah were assnred that there had been no outrages committed by them. The democrats of the south were less scrui)ulons, and to them they oidy promised victory, being well assured that if that end was attained, there would bo little scrutiny as to the means. They did not wish nor expect their friends in the south to think " that pro.shivery men were being driven from the country." The whole tone of their jires-s went to show the exact opposite of any such statement. But in Washington they had that story always prepared for presidential ears, and they shone as bright particular stars of loyalty ftnd patriotism. Their invasion had been a self- denying effort to rescue their friends from destruction and to assist tlie governor in an emergency, when, but for them, the laws would have been inoperative. Every act of the free state party was turned into treason by their lagodike coloring, and Dr. Hob- inson, the newly elected free state governor, figured as the em- bodiment of a conspiracy against law and order, which had its ramifications all over the New England states. The success of such representations could be seen in the organs which specially expressed the views of the president, and editorials, evidently in- spired, were daily asserting that the free state party in Kansas bad violated their i)romises to the men who had befriended them in their need, and that their action in proceeding to a vote on their state constitution had induced the other side to show their indignation against the flagrant disregard of solemn pledges. In the kxae of such jiunica Jide.% a few smashed bottles, boxes, and other casualties were mere bagatelles. Riot was a virtue in Washington, viewed from that stand point, but it became vicious in the e°xtreine when men defended their . ghts, their property, and their lives, and had not the privilege of representing their action to Mr. Pierce, through an astute secretary of war in hia cabinet, a man so able as Jcilerson Davis. There was a time when the south, in a high and chivalrous -:i^^>ivl"rii ,00(> of liis own means and to .solicit funds from others to pay the traveling cxponae.s of tho troops and tlio cost of thoir keep diirin«j; the llrst yc.ir, as well as a liomcstcad of forty acres of f.,'ood land for each of the company in consideration of their military services in tho territory. Those who .should helj) him with the funds were t*) re- ceive their eipuvalents in land. Gen. Atchison said that tho property of Missouri and the South wouhl be reduced in value to the extent of .$L(tO,()()(.»,()0(), should their design in Kansas be de- fiiated, and in the movement of Mr. JJuford there was a recognition of the same fact in a ])ractical form. Thocont(ueror8 who should guard the south against a loss so stupendous might well deserve a few thousand dollars worth of land; ami it was hardly possible lor them to imagine that they were fightingan inexorable destiny. Tho attempt of Mrs. Partington with mop and pattens to drive back the Atlantic was a feasible scheme by comparison with that upon which they had entered, but they had no conception of a (iod in history, except in .so far as God had ordained negro slav- ery for the comfort of southern gentlemen. The scheme grew in favor daily, the press of the S(nith praised Mr. Buford enthusias- tically ; he was greater than Joan of Arc, Cincinnatus, Quintus Cuitius and William Tell embodied in one nuxn, and the Major's expedition to Kansas was the grand theme of southern eulogy. The south was said to be moving like a strong man in his sleep, and then the writers became scriptural, talking of a stirring of tho waters which were to heal Kansas or submerge her, according as tho passions of the day should determine. Virginia and Tennes- see were said to be arming for the fray. South Carolina, Georgia and Maryland were emulating the glorious example, and every warm and true heart in the south was yearning towards Buford, the magnanimous [)hilanthrophist and hero. Meetings were be- ing held in all directions. Some gave him their prayers and blessings, many their commendatory •' whereas," and "therefore 1!) "I if ill 290 TUTTLES lIlSTOUY OF KaSSAS. rosolvca," and not a few gave him their money in consiacratioii of the nuuerial purpose to be served. Col. Gayle of Dal as plccked the people of his county for $5,000 or more. In Ala- bama the legislature appropriated §25,000 to equip and forward emigrants to Kansas. In the village of Gainesville, Mississii)pi, u public meeting denounced ab.jlitionists as " Traitors against God," who had ordained slavery, and then went on l^y way of iinti-elimax to mention that they were also traitors to the laws of the country and the people of Gainesville. The meeting there- upon resolved themselves into a society to assist emigration to Kansas in defense of southern rights. Eveiy member engaged to pay one dollar to aid in the object sought. The Missourian in- vaders were thanked for their action in Kansas, and the legisla- ture was called upon to vote $25,000 for the purposes of the ex- pedition. That recommendation was acted upon, and from many other districts in various states there came word that the clans were gathering, with money and .inns for the terrible work of ex- termination, which was euphonistically covered under the amiable phraseology of aiding Kansas. South Carolina was to send Col Buford and Col. Trcadwell, with; a gallant array of heroes, who were indifferent whether they wrought the salvation of the territory, by ballots or rifle bullets, but Kansas must be saved for the south. Florida waited only for the spring to dispatch Col Titus to the seat of war with her contingent. Virginia had commissioned Col. Wilkes to assist the resident population of Kansas by voting for them with his noble band of warriors, and to^lrub them into becoming submission and thankfulness, should they be unable otherwise to appreciate his goodness. Kentuck}' was prepared with Capt. Hampton to convert the abolitionists of the sinful territory to new views of human happiness, ihese several commanders, with their forces, were all in Kansas m the sprincr soon after the flowers began to bloom upon the prairies, and they came announced as southern sharpshooters, who were about to extend the area of slavery, carrying rifles and well sup- plied w^th munitions of war. Wherever the south lacked energy for the holy war on which border rufhanism had entered, the red hot eloquence of Missouri was shipped to the spot immediately, and the response was almost everywhere procured. — «**f^'-^(^-.-^*» K.ixs'Afi Conflicts — EvExrs of ISrS. 291 Dnsidcration 3 of I>all;is PC. In Ala- antl forward Mississii)pi, tors against 1->y way of • the laws of eeting there- mitfration to r engaged to issourian in- the legisla- L!S of the ex- 1 from many at the clans ! work of ex- r the amiable was to send ly of heroes, ^ation of the Ast be saved ; to dispatch Virginia had )opulation of warriors, and Iness, should . Kentuck}'" bolitionists of iness. These Kansas in the I the prairies, 3rs, who were and well sup- iacked energy tered, the red immediately, It was no longer scenting the battle afar o(T, the troops were already in tlie field, the perfume of powder filled the air, south- ern chivalry was in the saddle, and the Puritan Koundlicada would not easily win Alarston Moore and Naseby against such odds, unless a Cromwell should be found to direct them. Tiie fiery Rupert of the ]\rissourian forces, ex-Vice President General Atchison, could figure as a new.spapcr correspondent ufion occa- sion, as well as do his devoir upon the tented field, and one of his lucubi-ations went through almost every paper in the routli. The border ruffians wanted to stand right before the world. Their sufTerings were greater tlian they could bear. The young men of the south must come, and that speedily, to Missouri and to Kansas. They must come well armed and provided for a stay of at least twelve months. The year could not pass before fierce civil war would commence. There was the tone of prophecy in his words when he said to the "far southern men:" "If we fail, the war will reach your doors, perhaps your hearths ;" for the events o£ only a few years saw the failure in Kansas followed by the deso- lation of the south in the vain attempt to uphold the evil custom in defense of which he was then striving. The institutions of the south were at stake in the same sense in which a mortified limb is at stake when the experienced surgeon uses the only means to save the life of the patient. " We want money and armed meu " was the perpetual cry of Missouri, and it was heard all over the south. It told the slave owners there that their patriarchal cua-- toms were endangered by progressive thought, which would ex- tend liberty to all mankind without distinction of color, race or- country, and it told the men of the eastern states that if they me.' nt to save the little band of noble men and women there ia Kansas, there was no time to lose. There was to be no more pacification. The man, who more than any other held the move- ments of western Missouri under control, said in the letter before; mentioned : " I was a peacemaker in the difldculty lately settkdl by Gov. Shannon I counseled the ruffians to forbearance • bufe" I will never again counsel peace." It was to be a battle to the death between civilization and barbarism. The barbarians were as brave as the Huns that fought under Attila, but they were bar- barians still. Human life was to them a little matter compared «-■— .ir-^iii,i«i»Me-s..*» -. I ^tf tt mam ^ i^^m ^wm ff^'^^' : ^ - ■•.-w. -jW ;7 292 TvTTLE's lIlsroiiY OF Kaxsas. irt 1 1 m m •with the narrowest views of self interest, and they were unable to sec the eoniponsations which advancing knowledge gave for the deprivation of unholy rights. Tliey had planted themselves in a position where society could not aid them without deplorable retrogression ; could not advance without crushing thcni and their cherished system into the earth. Compared with the price that was to be paid in responding to the cry, " We want armed men," it would have been an act of economy and a deed of mercy to have bought every bonds:iian at his market i)rice and set him free to earn his bread ; but no such terms would have been listened to for a second. The south held the destinies of the Union in her hands. Her young men officered the army and the navy, and her old men ctmtrolled the councils of the nation. The sec- retary of the war department possessed the talents of a warrior, an orator and a diplomatist, and standing where he then stood, bis words becoming the language of the president, the south through Jefferson Davis dictated the policy of the United States, with one chief aim, the consolidation and extension of the slave power. Who could believe that a confederation so vast, so full of talent and of wealth, so unrelenting and so unscrupulous, could be doomed to an early and crushing defeat, at the hands of a peo- ple apparently diverse in aims and interests, the g-eat majority of whom at that moment would, if they had been polled upon the question, have pronounced abolition "impracticable" and -'a chimera." The still small voice that was heard by the prophet could move the hearts of men more than the salvos of artillery and the thunder of the heavens reverberating through the eternal dome ; and that voice had spoken the surcease of slavery. The cloud no bigger than a man's hand had covered the whole sky, and down upon the thirsting earth, arid with the wrongs of the oppressed, came the rushing torrent that should wash away into the limbo of oblivion every vestige of the power but now so bru- tally triumphant. They were not all bad men who held man- hood in bondage ; there were thousands who strove with all their might to live up to the highest plane of the teachings of Christ, in spite of their surroundings, and they were able to point to many of the greatest names that adorn the pages of our history as having been identified with the slave system. They would Kaxsas CoxFLicTs — Evh'yrs of 1856. 2U3 3 unable to ave for the isclves in a deplorable n ami their 3 price that ■med men," )f mercy to let him free en listened e Union in , the navy, . The sec- f a warrior, then stood, the south lited States, )f the slave vast, so full ulous, could ids of a peo- lat majority 3d upon the 3" and -'a the prophet 5 of artillery 1 the eternal ivery. The ! whole sky, •ongs of the ih away into now so bru- 3 held man- fith all their gs of Christ, to point to : our history They would have made great sacrifices in defense of their fatherland, had they seen it menaced by a foreign foe ; but it seemed hard that they, the old territorial aristocracy, who could trace their lineage back to the days of Sir Walter Kaleigh, should be taught their duty by a mushroom growth of yesterday, because their instruetoi'3 had grown rich with the endowments of commerce and science. While yet they were hesitating on the verge of the conflict, the battle had begun, and loyalty toward their friends and their party would admit no further misgiving. All their best qualities tended then to their undoing, and they saw every shred of their wealth pass from them, their names compromised by acts which they would have shuddered to authorize, and their homes left desolate by the fires of internecine war. The price was terrible, but it must be paid because the insane cry had now been raised, " Comw, and come speedily, wo want armed men." CHAPTEE XII. TERKITOUIAL HISTORY. (.continued.) EARLY KANSAS COXFLICTS — EVENTS OF 1856. In the Free State Cfuiip — Wiiiting, not Resting — Disquieting Rumors — When, Wliei-e ami How — Certainty and Uncertainty — Lawrence and Topelia- Will the East Intervene?- Waiting for Spring - Ik>aily, aye Ready — Strengtliening Fortifications— Tlie Sentinel — Company A — Couriers in the Saddk--Free State Arsenal -Delegation to Congress — Legitimate Lobbying — Appeal to Free States — Addressing the Presi- dent — Praying a Proclamation — Prayer Answered — Pierce or Davis ? — The Proclamation — Dangers of Warding Danger — Dogberry in High Places -Popular Sovenngnty Maligned -Gro.ss Injustice to Kansas — How will it Operate?-l8 Ruffianism Licensed? -Gov. Shannon's Au- thority — U. S. Troops — Growing Responsibilities— Sprinirtime Com- ing - Waiting for March 4th — Mustering Militia — MountedRiflemen — Free State Legislature —Treasonable Insurrection — Legislative Session— Gov. Robinson's Message — Reviewing the Situation— Defining Duties — Responsible Government - Reasons for Change — Conduct of Missouri — ..-^i-^/^sSK.^i^JittV'.'^' ayi TVTTLES HlSTOUr OF Kaxsas. AttitiHle of l',vsi.l..nt-l'.Kl.' ..1' L;.ws-UniU-a Slules Scimtors- M.- ,„orial for Congress -Slu.iirs M..mo.-a.ulun. - K.vculiyu l;''!""^-^ ^' " isl.iclory Cond«si..u-Tl.c Way il was Attained -t^cn,. but in. M. n- ..y - Perpulual Molnm - Nunq,u,m />«/v/u» - The End Crowns .ho Work - Siibniission lo Coi.g.e.s - Causes of Delay - Costs oHN ukarusa War- First Free State Legislature -Congressional Action - House aud Senate - The Speaker - Anti-Slavery Triumph -Two Delegates -\\ hit- licUl Uecx-ived- U'e.ler Contests- Kansas Connnittee- Powers and Du- ties- Persons and Papers -Seope of In.iuiry - iJeyond Inlimidalion- V S Military Protection- Deware- luvestigate and Report- Ihe Meu Is mned -Session ut Leeompton-lleeder and Whittield- Deposilious at L,„vrenee- Vohimiuous Evidence- Coming to Daylight -Uepoil - Organized Invasion - Illegal Legislature - Partial Admiuistrat.oii - Whitliehl and ForeiLMi Votes- Ueeder's -Majority Irr.'gular- tair Llee- tiou I,ni.ossible-O...stiiution Expressing Popular Will -Committee a Success-AppoinimeulUilterly Contested -Facts for the North -Be- ginning of the End -Will Free States Submit V -Border Madness - Break the Union - Blockading Missouri- Political CiuarauUue-Lex. iugton Law -Tar and Feathers- Prospective Hanging -Unseating Whittield — No Delegate in Congress — Knavery Defeated. Having seen the enemy mustering tlieir forces in the far south and collecting their munitions of war to come down upon Kansas in the spring of 1856, it becomes our duty to visit the camp of our friends, to ascertain whether they are aware of the terrible strait in which they stand, menaced by the forces of many states, and denounced as the enemies of God and mankind. The free state men are waiting, not resting, and they are ready for instant action ; but every hour that the attack is delayed is being im- proved to make the position stro'^ger against the hour of danger, which, from their nearness to the frontier, may come at any mo- ment. The social gathering on the night of the ninth of Decem- ber was signalized by a rumor that the enemy was concentrating an irregular force to attack the city, and so likely was such an event at that time that Gov. Lane gave a written authority to Gens. Robinson and Lane to defend the place with the forces then enrolled. From that day there had never ceased to be some dis- quieting expectation. Eumors often exaggerated and painfully indefinite were contin- ually being half revealed about deep laid plots to surprise the little settlement, and leave it a smoking ruin, are combining a carnival and a massacre within its walls. Well known proslavery :S»&mxii>r- ^Kaxsas CoxFucTs — ErFsrs of If^rA 295 : llcport— f^iit- I but no Mon- d Crowns .he ts of Wukiirusa 1 — lluuso auil legiilfs— Wliit- ['owers uiul Du- liiiiinidiilion — ,1)11 — The Meu - Deposilious at i,fhl — Hq»"'"~ luiiuistiatiou — ur— Fair Elec- — Couuuiltee a lit! North — 13u. •ilur Mildness — arantiuo — Lex- iig — Unseiitiug ■d. the far south. upon Kansas the camp of •f the terrible [ many states, lid. The free idy for instant d is being im- )ur of danger, iiie at any mo- nth of Decein- conceutratiiig y was such an n authority to the forces then to be some dis- te were con tin - to surprise the ■e combining a own proslavery leaders onmo to Lawrence in hot haste, hold whispered consulta- tions with their adherents, and were off for all that could bo known, to carry out some nefarious scheme already coticoctc.I for the destruction of the free state party. Tlie press in the border counties continutilly breathed lire and sword, and there was no means of ascertaining at what instant the customary braggadocio might cover the sinister movement long anticipated. Messenger.'} had long since a.ssured the ever wary authorities of Lawrence that stores were being collected on the border, and none could doubt their eventual destination. Civilized nations do not cr.m- mence hostilities until there has been ilrst a declaration of war, but there could be no surety when the fatal blow would come from an enemy that declared war every second. The assault must come; on that point there was no difference of opinion, but when, where and how, were the momentous anxieties of tho troubled citizens. A cainisado was the event mo.st dreaded, and men hated the thought of being surprised in their beds by aa enemy so relentless as the foes across the border. The certainty and the uncertainty were alike disturbing causes, but the leaders took such precautions as were possible, and trusted the rest to Oo.l. Lawrence was known to have earned almost a monopoly of ^lissourian hate, but Topeka had latterly begun to concentrate upon herself the baleful regards of the proslavery party. One of the ideas which obtained currency was, that an attack would bo made on one or both of the cities by bands of armed men coming suddenly from different directions, and, under the pretext of law, carrying off the principal citizens as prisoners, to be tortured to death as Capt. Brown had been. From that ghastly thought it will be seen that law was not considered in Kansas a protection for the weak asrainst the strong. In the larger and broader sig- ■ nification, the Kansas free settlers were willing to commit their interests to the decisions of the courts, but the local enactments and their administration were compounded largely of farce and tragedy. The eastern and northern states were continually warned that the war bad hardly yet commenced, and that the next act in the drama would assume more terrible aspects than anything yet seen in the territory. The little community did nofc fear that they would he forgotten by their friends, but was it pos- 290 Tvrn.i's Ifisronr or K.tss.ts. Bible that in the cili('S two lliuu.san.l miles tiwny, in which life and property were \.y conipurisun sacred, the con.lition of ail'urs j.revuiliny in Kansas would be fully coinprchcnde.l? They could not help u terrible d.nibt sometimed that a full reah/.ation of tin force a-ainst which they were combatting would only reach the population in the free states after they had all fallen fight.ng at their posts; but in any case they would do their duty, warn their friends as they best might, and commit the event to the God of battles. It was a question of time merely. The mails brought them intimations that there were thousands making ready to come down upon them in the spring, even supposing the assault to be so long delayed, and for all that appeared, there was no Bword of Damocles suspended over the rebellious horde which vas ready to violate the most sacred tics in the name of law. The reinforcements wiiich they knew had been long called for from the south were already on the march, and the forces were so nearly balanced that a few hundreds added to the ranks of the enemy would render the struggle all but hopeless, unless the free States moved with energy and speed. Even though a sulUcient number of men should start at once to sustain the gallant defend- ers of right, there was no certainty that they would -rrive before the contest had been ended fwr the force now struggling; as the natural highway to the Kansas territory before railways had yet entered this region was by the ^[issouri river, and that avenue had long been guarded against emigration from the free states The- knew all these facts right well, and by repeated letters had warned their friends at a distance; but even the post-offices were in the hands and under the directions of enemeis, such men as Sherift Jones being preferred to every position that would enable the Missourians to harass the colony. Still there would be one satisfaction in any event, the free settlers were in the line of duty, ready to die in harness if the cause demanded that sacrifice, ready to do and dare to any extremity rather than submit to dishonor- ing conditions. The fortifications were strengthened and guarded 'With redoubled care ; the earthwork at the foot of Massachusetts Street, which covered an approach from the river, was paced night und day bv watchful men, and the barracks within the inclosure would hold and shelter the «OKlic- s necessary for defense with ali KjSS.iS ('(IXFI.ICTS — KvLSrs OF 1S.')(). 20* I which life II of atTiiir.s Tlicy could tion of tho y reach tlie fiL'ht'.iii' at warn their the Ciod of ila brought g ready to the assault ere was no ordn whicli rue of law. f called for rces were so anks of the [ess the free a sulUeient lant defend- rrive before ling ; as the ays had yet that avenue ! free states. [ letters had -offices were uch men as rould enable ould be one line of duty, erifice, ready to dishonor- and guarded [assachusetts paced night ,he inclosure ense with ali the weapons and ammunition re(piisitc to repel a sudden and brief onset. The work itself was one hundred feet in diameter, four feet wide on the top of the ram[)art, and live feet high on the risiiiL' ground ascending from the Missouri, so that unless the citizens allowed themselves to be lulled into a false security, there was no danger of a fatal surprise. Company A was but one of many excellent bodies of men, equipped and mustered for pur- poses of defense, and carriers were ready at a moment's notice to scour through the territory, to warn outlying settlers to concen- trate at the point of danger for mutual safety and 2)rotection. There were few noncombatants among the settlers ; even the women were prepared by careful practice with firearms to act with precision, if street fighting should become inevitable; and there was a common understanding that the whole body would die in the last ditch rather than submit to insolent dictation. The Free State hotel, in which the pacification feast had been held less than two months ago, was once more a barrack, an arsenal and a magazine, in which the ofTieers slept, with their arms within reach, when there was reason to anticipate an alarm. The troops distributed in their homes knew the rappd which might call them to battle, and tliey were aware that everything might depend upon their alacrity in responding to the first tap of the drum. There was a fierce pleasure in such readiness, but the necessity out of which it arose was cruel. Some time before this, a deputation of eminent citizens had been nominated by the executive committee of the territory to visit the chief cities of the free states, and, by viva voce, represen- tations, to make the people conversant with the facts. That nomi- nation was made on the 4th of January, 1856, and the same delegation was empowered to convey to Washington and to lay before congress the constitution recently adopted by the settlers. There was to be some legitimate lobbying on behalf of the free state movement. Such men as Charles Sumner and his immedi- ate confreres would not need to be refreshed by their representa- tions, but there w^ere men in both houses who, at this juncture, could be roused from tame acquiescence in the right course, to vigorous participation ; and there was an absolute necessity for ' Sits Trni.ii's JlisToiiv or Kaxsas. every man in congress to work with a will against tlic party ot the south, anil oi Missouri more espceially : " Where t!ie emit of demoeiaey dwelt on the lips Of the f.ir;;er.s of feUeis ami lliu wicliler.t of whips." The liglit of battle was now on the faces of men; disgnisea were thr.nvn asi.le ; Douglas was (;n the side of wrong, as he had Lcen all his life, doing the work ot a giant, and earning the defeat of which he died, when the men whom he had served with hardly a scruple deserted him in the crisis of his fate; Sumner was soon to be answered by the deadly assault made up.m him by Preston S. Brooks, in the very halls of legislation; AVilson was to bo challenged to meet death, because he denounced the outrage ; but eve°y movement was tending toward the end, and the lobby- ists from Kansas were very valuable adjuncts. The governors of free states were appealed to by the executive committee, and only from Indiana was there one word of rebuke for the very natural action so initiated; from the other executive officers of free states came words of encouragement an,l hearty assurancesof constitutional support. Governor Wright of Indiana, like the priest and the Levite, passed by on the other side, havmg no sym- pathy to bestow upon the men who had fallen among thieves, ex- cept'the hollow suggestion, "that if the people of the territory were aggrieved, it was the duty of the president of the Lnited States to redress them." Assuredly, that was the presidents duty, but would he dare to attempt its discharge ? The commit- tee had not allowed him to remain unasked, for, on the 21st of January, the facts of the intended invasion were clearly stated in a dispatch to that official, and a "respectful demand" was made that the commandant of United States troops in Kansas should be instructed to prevent "an inhuman outrage." On the 2dd ot the same month another dispatch was forwarded by safe hands to the same quarter, urging upon the president his duty to issue h.s proclamation forbidding an invasion of the territory. They ac- companied their prayer for constitutional protection with such evidence of the bona fides of their representation as could not be gainsaid; and, in return, on the 11th day of February, after a lapse of nearly three weeks, they were answered by the pubhca- Kaxhas L'i>SFI.I>>- 209 -he party of n ; dipgnises 12, as he had IK the dcfoiit I with hardly nor was soon II hy PrcHtnn 11 was to bo the outrage ; d the h)bby- be governors inmitteo, and for the very /e officers of assurances of ana, like the ,ving no sym- ig thieves, ex- the territory f the United le president's The commit- a the 21st of arly stated in d " was made [ansas should 3n the 23d of safe hands to ty to issue his iry. They ac- ion with such i could not be )ruary, after a y the publica- tion of a document whic-h romindi'd i readers in Kansas of "those jngirliiig liends," against whom the bravo Macbelli in- veighed ; — "Tliiil puller with m in n doulilc sense; That keep llie word dl" piomise to our car, Anil lireiik il lo our liope." It might well be ([ucstioned whether the hand of the ]ircsideut or that of JefTeraon Davis, his astute minister of war, had writ- ten the proclamation which made the offense of self-protoclion among tlie free settlors as reprehensible as the invasion t(j which they had been subjected, and with -hich they were again men- aceil. i'nless the document in question was expressly designed to give succor to evil doers in their trespasses and sins, and to discourage the settlements in Kansas from any further attempt to bold the territory, we are constrained to the conclusion that Dog- hern/ had taken ' possession of the White House in Washington, and was learnedly rehearsing his directions to the watch : " If you meet a thief, you may suspect him, by virtue of your office, to be no true man ; and tor such kind of men, the less you meddle or make with them, why the more is for your honesty. * * The most peaceable way for you, if you do take a thief, is to let him show himself what he is, and steal out of your company. * * For indeed the watch ought to offend no man, and it is aa offense to stay a man against his will." The ruffians of the border who could come and go under the provisions of the law made by their accomplices, were hardly touched by the president's pronunciamento ; but the settlers who desired to realize republican rule, "the government of the peo- ple, by the people, for the people," were to be hemmed in at every point, "corralled" in fact, for the greater convenience of their persecutors and oppressors. But the proclamation is public prop- erty and it will speak for itself. The president says : " Whereas, Indications exist that public tranquillity and the Bupremacy of law in the territory of Kansas are endangered by the reprehensible acts, or purposes of persons, both within and without the same, who propose to control and direct its political organizations by force ; it appearing that combinations have been formed therein to resist the execution of the territorial laws, and #' 800 Tirri.i:''! Ifisnu.y "/•' A'. i. vs. is. : th.m in rtr.-ct, sul.vnt bv vIoUmuv .11 present constitutional ami W.uthuritv; it also appcarin- that persona rcsi-ln.;.^ w.tl.out this tc.rritory/l.nt nrar its bordors, cont.-niplatc anno.l interven- tion in tho alTairs thereof; it also app.'aring that other persons, inhabitants of remote states, arc collecting money and provuling arms for the same purpose ; and it further appearing that combi- nations in the territory are endeavoring, by the agencies of emis- sarics and otherwise, to induce individual states of theinumto interfere in the afTairs tl>ereof in violation of the constitution of the rnite.l States; and, whereas, all sneh plans for the determi- nation of the fnfire institutions of the territ(,ry, if earric.l into a..tiou from or w thin the same, will constitute the fact of insur- rection, and from without that of invasive aggression, and will m cither case justify and rcpiir-^ the forcible interposition of the whole power ..f tlic general gm-crnment, as well to maintain the laws of the territory as those ol the Union. ,. . , "Now, tlierefore, T, Franklin Picn..e, rresidcni of the 1 nited States do issue this my proelamati.m, to command all persons en.'a<'cd in unlawful combinations against the constituted author- itv^)f the territory of Kansas, or of the United States, to disperse and retire peaceably to their respective abodes, and to warn all such persons tb^.^ an attempted insurrection in said territory, or acmressive intni.iion into the same, will be resisted, not only by the emphn-ment of the local militia, but also by that of any available forces of the United States ; to tho end of assuring im- munity from violence and full protection to the persons, property and civil rights of all peaceful and law abiding inhabitants of the territory. ... , " If in any purt of the Union the fury of faction or fanaticism, inflamed into disregard of the great principles of popular sover- ei^nty, which, under the constitution, are fundamental in the Jiole structure of our institutions, is to bring on the country the dire calamity of an arbitrament of arms in that terntcry, it shall be between lawless violence on one side and conservative force on the other, wielded by legal authority of the general govern- ""^'acall on the citizens, both of adjoining and of distant states, to abstain from unauthorized intermeddling in the local concerns ;i Kassas Cnsti.icrs— I\\ i:.\i-< 01- /%>». titiitioiial nml i'liiii,' witliout iii-aee- ful moans; to discounlonanoo and repulse the counsels and the instigations of agitators and disorgani/.ers ; and to leslity tlu'ir attachment t., their pride in its greatness, their api.rocalion ..f the blessings they enjoy, an.l their determination that roi-ubiioau institutions shall not fail in their hands, by c.uperaUng to ui.lu.id the majesty of the laws and to vindicate the sanctity of the coii- slilulion. Ill "In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the great seal of the United Stales to be allixed to these ^"''dLio at the city of Washington, the eleventh day of Feb- ruary, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and lifty-six, and of the Independence of the United States the eightieth. ^^ ^^ ^^^^ President. Fuanklin Piehck. " W. L. Maucv, Secretary of State." The purpose of the president's action was unmistakable. Pop- ular sovereignty, about whi.h there had been so much unmeaning talk, even .squatter sovereignty, in the only .sense in which it was justifiable, where the squatter was an actual resident in the terri- tory, was maligned by the chief executive and an injustice of the grossest description was aiflieted upon Kansas. It was an ofTenso of the gravest kind to have called in question the enactmenta passed at Shawnee in violation of the organic act; and to have sou<^ht by the only possible means to ascertain the will of the people ; but beyond that there was nothing said by Mr. Pierco which might not, like the words of the Delphic oracle, be road in contrary ways. It still remained to be seen how the charm would work, for the race is not always to the swift, nor the battle invari- ably to the strong. Would ruffianism receive the proclamation as a license? Would it be acted upon in that sense by Gov. Shannon? Would the officers in command of United States flOi TfTTI.K's lllSTOUV or h'.WS \s. troops in tlio torritorv In' (»lili,!j;i'(l or iiiiliu'cd to rend it in tluit wny ? Tlic tiiiruiiiltit'rt liDiii'ly tliii'l^i'iiin;^' woiiKl noon liniif/ alt tlicHO issiioH to tlii'ir tcHt ; nnd tlio poopio looked toward tlit; ivi'iit with Jiiiicli arixinty. Five dtty« nftcr tiio proclamation wii.s issued the j/ovcrtior of the territory was authorized, under a letter from Secretary Mney, whieh did not reach him until nearly the end of that month, to call upon the ollicers in command at l''ort Uilcy and at licavenworth, for aid to suppress " insurrectionary combi- nations," and "resistance to the execution of the laws." Tho j)Cople in Kansas were still weighted in the rac(\ because Missouri would not ipnirrel with tho Kansas laws which had been made by Missoiirian nominees to forward the aims of the proslavery party ; the only persons discontented with the scandalous enact- ments were tin; men who knew that the jiopular V(jico had been oxclude(l from the lepislaturc in which the laws had been framed. Meantime the unusually severe winter of 1 800 5*5 had come tO' an end and tin; attack was still deferred; spring had come and it was known that troo})s were concentrated upon the border, ready to cross the Missouri upon the signal being given. The fourth day of March was the time named for tho free state legislature to assemble, and (ien. Atchison had nameil that date for his attack in force. On that day he would call upon his indomitables to march into tho territory. Tho news[)apers in Missouri, at Inde- pendence and elsewhere on the western frontier, had called upon the militia oi tho border counties to assemble at V'^:'o Scott, the present capital of B-jurbon county, Kansas, on the last day in February, and that notice also pointed to the probability of offensive action being soon resumed. The men thus to be mus- tered were mounted troops, armed with rifles, against whom tho territory had no corresponding arm of defense. The assembly of the state legislature was held to be an oflense under the jirocla- mation recently issued, and should the ollicers recently elected or- ganize and subscribe their several oaths, it was contended with some show of reason, that every man might be adjudged guiliy of treason ; at any rate guilty enough to warrant their enemies from across the border, in coming to the rescue of the territorial executive, against " organized resistance, such as the message of Mr. Pierce bad described to congress, as treasonable insurrection."" \\ Kaxs.is 0>,vf7-/<"r.v— A'rA.'.vr.v or /n.V;. 303 c'ld it ill tli.'it soon Ipiiiijr alf ward tlic c'Vi'iit lion WII.S issued r a h'ttcr from iriy till' (Mill of at l-'orl Uiley ;ionnry coiubi- ) hiws." Tho •aiist! Misso'iri lul Im'cii iimdo tlio jiroslfivcry ndiiloufl enact- .'(jifo Iiiid been I been framed. •t5 hud come to d come and it border, ready 1. Tho fourth 3 logisliitureto for lii« attack idomi tables to 4ouri, at Iiule- id called upon *''^rL Scott, the be last day in probability of lus to be mus- nat whom tho le assembly of er the jirocla- itly elected or- antended with [judged guilty their enemies the territorial he message of insurrection.'*^ There wore many eouraL^coiH friends of the free st.'itc movement, who Ha\v in .such a eonibiiiatiou, at .such a nioiiieiit, cause for prii- doiit hesitation: and they did tlieirbest to di.ssiiado Dr. llobinson and (uhcrs against assuming tho responsibilities of oIl'Kic, le-it un- der the pretense of law, every one of the jiopiilar leaders should be arrested :uid held for trial, under the territorial en;ictment«. supported by the whole force of tho genenil governmeiit. In spite of every scruple tho legislature met at Topeka at tho time appointed, ami the newly elected ofTicers wore also present, an- swering the call of tho chairman of the executive committee. Col. Lane called the assembly to order, and the se(!rctary noiii- in.itcd for the occasion, after calling the roll, a. 305 ic teri'itoiiiil 3 toltl, there likoly to au- 4 of the day. 3 necessv.rily institutions, Dchalf. The lo attempt to ippointnients of the state reasons were dIc would be state of Kan- come respon- ig allegiance ;cessarily un- peculiar tyr- as from their sion were in- t outrages of isas territory, assembled at and unchal- the executive lile there had ct with crush- abiding resi- Missouri was scently taken 'eedom which e equal of any iharacter con- Kansas, subject i should have f both houses, Reeder were assume their positions, of cour.f r. Shannon, on his lirst coming to the territory permitted ; -if to be made'chairman, visited the east ^^^^^^^ of tlie executive, to convey an accurate statemen of I^^" ^^ ^^^^^^^^ to members of con-ress, and to whomsoever might assist in mouid- t^^^Z^^^ the free states. One member had been com- elll Jcnt himself from the sessions of the com-ttee dunng n rly all the time, and in consequence nearly all the exeeu ti c : .1. had devolved upon four men, who had only suceee^^^^^^ their onerous task by dint of sleepless energy, nearly allied to per tual motion. Tlie discomforts endured by these unwearying uW savants, without fee, or the probability of reward excep at o seiousness of a duty well done, and in the gratitude of LI fellow colonists, is beyond all praise, ^he de aded ^^^^^^ ment of their actions and expenditure was presented to the k.is Kaxsas Conflicts — EvESTfi or IS'iG. 807 as tlic indi- rccs, and the ition to issue, 3 to assist in ns, organizing and liad eon es to the con- territory, by •ocure an cx- liich had been rricd the busi- . One month ofhcial ticket, i popular ap- s in succession ber, -when the uyler was sent executive, and his absence the ifTians, and the heir individual g the expenses •rot, of Leaven- convention, o£ tory, permitted er the auspices [ Kansas affairs assist in mould- r had been com- mmittee during 1 the executive ly succeeded in •ly allied to pcr- ese unwearying reward, except the gratitude of } detailed state- ted to the legis- lature during tlio y,h\\'c\\ session and duly audited, and it then appeareresentalives.-S,. N. Hartwell, J. B. Abbott, John Hutching- u .i.iMm \M'\Uttmmtim Kassas Conflicts — Evr.yrs of 1856. 309 It was now rcigii of the Kit tho peo- aloof from eat thought ui'gai ligation on, hat' not eeu held for gone out of tal violence tion, tliat ill arst features such circum- ;()uld hardly leir position lave slightly after the re- ^unt of scrip id a total of ive been pro- itained in the ould not sur- d, and event- but the men )r the sake of ms to sustain by the event Kansas were . live in his- licts of 1856 )lace for more ily, — Dunn, lillyer, H. M. B. W. Miller, \V. Updegrali'. »hn Hutching- son, IT. F. Saunders, James Blood, C. Ilornsbury, E. B. Purdam, J. McGoc, M. C. Dickey, W. R Frost, W. A. Sumnerwcll, S. ^fcWhinney, S. T. Shores, S. R l^aldwin, David lieos, D. W. Cannon, Isaac Landers, J. M. Arthur, II. II. Williams, II. W. Lubor, A. B. Marshall, J. D. Adams, T. W. Piatt, Bees Furby, ]5. II. Brock, John Landis, E. It. Zimmerman, W. T. Burnett, L. P. Patty, F, A. Minard, Isaac Cady, Thomas Bowman, J. Brown, Jr., Henry Tt)dd, J. Hornby, Abraham Barre, lliciiard Murphy, "William Hicks, B. R. Martin, William Bayliss, J. W. Stevens, J. K. Eilsaid, S. J. Campbell, S. Go.slin, II. B. Strandiford, Isaac B. Higgins, T. J. Addis, D. Toothman, William McClure, J, B. Wctsori, William B. Wade, A. Jameson, A. D. Jones, Willio.m Crosby, S. S])arks, li. P. Brown, A. Fisher. Congre.'!sional action during December and January, 185o-8, became of great moment to the settlers in Kansas. Nine weeks were consumed in ineffectual ballotings before the house of representatives could organize by electing a speaker, and at length, when it had become apparent that there was no party in the house strong enough to obtain an absolute majority of tho members present, it was resolved to end the deadlock which was injuriously aflecting public bu.siness, by allowing a plurality of votes to carry the sense of the house. The result of that move- ment was, that Mr. N. P. Banks was chosen speaker, and in that fact, a man well known to Massachu.setts, and in every way worthy of trust by the freesoil party came to the front. In the house the popular party had olstained control, and were not to lose their ground again until many years had pas.sed away. In the senate there were savage attacks upon men because of their social position, or their want of social position, which were soon after- wards to degenerate into a form of brutality still worse, but tho popular party were daily gaining ground. The house of repre- sentatives had for Kansas more interest, because to that body, the two delegates recently chosen in Kansas territory. Gen. Whit- field by the ruffians from Missouri border, and Mr. Reeder by the popular vote without the sanction of legal forms, must appeal for a decision. In the beginning of February Gen. Whitfield presented himself as a newly elected delegate, the forms of the house were complied with, the member was intToduced, the cus- pwr«Ma|*«o«*WMP>^ 810 Tvrrjjfy llisrouy of Kaxsas. tomary oatli was subscribed, atul the general assumed the scat. No sooner had tli;it i)roceas beeu eouipletud than cx-(Jov. A. II. Iteeder announced in proper form his intention to contest the position, and so well was the case laid before tlie house, that instead of the customary handing over of such matters to be dealt with by a committee on tlie si)ot, a special committee of liu'ce was appointed on tlie IDth of March, armed with all the powers of the house itself, with aununoning ollieers and clerks sullieient for every purpose, and with a si'.flicient appropriation to cover all the outlay necessary during a journey of two thousand miles to the scene of disturbance, and a full investigation into all the statements made in the process served by Mr. lieeder. The men forming tnat potential body were not limited b^'- questions of dry law; they were competent to look into the ecpiitics of the case under eoiisideration, to call for persons and papers, to administer oaths, and to compel the attendance of witnesses. Although the claim made by Mr. lieeder was the beginning of the investigation, the committee were not limited to that question, but were fully authorized to examine into and report upon "the troubles in Kansas generally," touching all elections under the organic law, "and under any pretended law."' The scope of the inquiry and the powers <;f the court were alike as full as the occasion might require, and should there be manifested at any point a design to intimidate and overawe the members in the execution of their duty, the president was requested by the house to cause military aid to be aiTorded, sufTicient to enable them to pursue their inves- tii^'ation unmolested. This was a new feature in Kansas experi- ences. Men of the Leeompt class might be influenced, if not intimidated into acquiescence or vigorous partiei}iation in the sciiemes of oppression, but this committee could not be reached by any mechanism known to the Missourian faction. The press in the border towns of Kansas might be broken and castjnto the Missouri, so that men feared to say the thing which lay nearest to their hearts, lest the result should be not only a ruffianly assault, but the destruction of the means whereby a livelihood could be procured and further good work accomplished for the cause ; but in the movements of this committee the presses ail over the union would be set to work, and the records of crime niiiffiMJiitrfi-ifiir" titimlileiA. Kansas Coxrucrs — E fi-:yTs or l^'>n. 311 id tlie scat. Gov. A. 11. contest tho house, that to be dealt ;ec of ilireo tlie })ovvcrs :s sulUcient to cover all lid miles to iito all the The men Lions of dry of the case I administer Ithout'li the vestigation, t were fully troubles in rgauic law, inquiry and ision might a design to ion of their use military their iiives- nsas experi- leed, if not ition in the be reached The press id cast. into f wliich lay not only a whereby a ccomplished 5 the presses rds of crime lil&IWiMiSiiM' wliich had been systematically denied in one place, while boasted of ill another, would find currency all over the world, to the dis- grace of the men and ))arties who had lent their countenance and support to such abominable pmccedings. There was do time lost ill preliminary business; there was urgency in the business, and before Gen. Atchison and his party were quite sure that tho spring had set in, the committee were at their labors in Leeomp- ton. The committee nominated by the new speaker of the house, consisted of Messrs. John Sherman of Ohio, Win. A. Howard of :Michigaii, and Mordecai Oliver of I^Iissouri. They commenced their sittings in Lecompton, April 18, 185(), and the two dele- gates who were present were requested to give the committee their assistance in fathoming the truth, by making such suggestions as were likely to prevent a wrong statement going uncontradicted. Witnesses named by them were subpcunaed by the committee, and the public papers likely to affect the case were duly copied. From Lecompton, the committee adjourned to Lawrence, where the work went bravely on, and from that point to others all over the territory, until four months had been spent in procuring evi- dence which supported, among other "facts and conclusions" now slowly coming to the light, .,ach results as justified the com- mittee in saying, " that each election * * had been carried by an organized invasion from * * Missouri." ''That the alleged territorial legislature was illegally constituted * * and their enactments * * void. That these laws bad been used for unlawful purposes." That Gen. John W. Whitfield's elec- tion was not valid, and that the election of Andrew 11. Reeder " was not held in pursuance to law," but that Mr. Reeder re- ceived more votes of resident citizens than Mr. Whitfield. It was also evident to the committee that no election could be fairly held without ''a new census," a stringent, well guarded election law, "impartial judges," and "United States troops" in every precinct ; and that the constitution submitted to congress " em- bodied the will of the majority." The committee did not give satisfaction to Missouri, but they had not been appointed for that purpose ; they had succeeded in finding the truth and they gave it to congress and to the world in more than three hundred depo- eitions, with numerous documents, filling more than twelve hun- dred octavo pages. :.mi .•«».;. 312 Tittles llisrouy of Kassai^. "Mnuy partio.s had joIirmI to procure the nomination of that com- mittee, some believing tliat tlie free state men would be found as much to blame as the border rufhans ; others thought there had been much exaggtiratiou ; the abolitionists having faith in their friends, wanted the whole truth to be made known ; and the gen- oral public acquiesced in the nomination as a step toward the reali/.aiion of justice. Tlierc was, of course, a party which had fought the iufpiiry step by step ; they had nothing to gain by coming out into the daylight ; and on a closely contested vote, in ■which 191 members were represented, the committee was only carried by a majority of eight. The facts of which the north had now become possessed more than justified all that the press had hinted in its occasional correspondence, but not one syllable of such conlirmation would have been obtained if the proslavcry party could have negatived the motion. They knew that when the truth became known, the beginning of the end would have ar- rived, and that unless in the meantime they could so arrange their forces as to defy jjublic opinion, their chance of ultimate success was small indeed. Kansas was, and they knew it, the key to their position, and they were prepared, to fight for victory to the bitter end. The facts were now patent to every reading man, and indeed to every man that walked the streets. The newsboys in the pursuit of their vocation shouted the main items of sensational matter as an incentive to the purchase of their sheets. Congress rang with the clamor of debute night after night, and editorial columns from such men as Horace Greeley demanded an answer to the question : " Would the free states submit to see a free col- ony dragooned to death by border rufTians because they dared to say that the area of slavery should not be extended? " The men across the border had not been held back even dur- ing the time that the committee sat ; they weie now as near to madness as was consistent with their being outside the walls of lunatic asylums ; they said that all their forbearance had been thrown away ; their conduct became worse than ever. Congress had no longer an atom of their respect, the general government •was beneath contempt when it could not prevent an exposure such as must now supervene, the union was no longer worth pre- servinjj, and against all the forces of earth and heaven, they would uiJ>Bi' I'.iiulf— Anniil muI l{(;»ay— Not II'>iui's l)iil Wiir — Pub- lic Miriiii;,'s— Lccliiri's oil Kaiisiis — .1 ml,i;c Wooil — C'xii.siiiii'.iinml Ol). lljjiilioiH — Oiif-siilfil l{ocii«-.)uUy — «oulli«iii F.nces — I'li'siaciillul Autlidiiiy — niitonl'!* Contiiif,"'"' — II"i»''"^''''"l'* ■'"'' Sliiui,'liti'r — Mine iiLiri'liiiic -TiikiiigtlicOalli — Soullii'in lloiior — I'hiii olOpciiitioiis — AiTcst 1111. 1 I'rdsecilto— Woiul und tlu' SlicrilV— l\cci)iiiK Siililialli — Ucs- (Mic Smiiilit — Sieziii-i' ot'Tappan — Slrikiiiu; llii' Slu'iiH'— Tioopi^ l)-Trm\rrnv*» to 1\'omfn-rinul Oniric - Army witli Uiinnrrs— Hnpniur Hikt --Hul)tcr. f„,„,,_V..nu'fuiuT-n..wn wllli tl.o I'rcsH - Fluiui' Uisiiitc I.. Il.uvfii — AVurk .11' Uuiii — Writ- Ia'tuLmI — lUot luxl I'IiuhI.'I — Killol iiml Wuun.l.'d- IIhin.' Slc.tlin-- Wnii-inv ilir S|.oils -Soi.il.cn. nisKUHl- Ilum..n U.'J()lclnK*-ll..l.')inK HmiTs - hcvH Kv.iy S(nl....r.,i - Slmn- noiiN (•..i.i|.liM.i.<--IIai'vcHl r,ml,.n,i;i'ml-I).'rcnsc Incvit.ibli'- U-i.n- B„ls _ Frr.. Slut.' (lu.rillas - I'lvHC-ve I'r.uM! - Ci.t. Wulkcr-^.VH) lor ft |[,.,..l-C;.u.tur.rsCni.llve-Mr.rN Mi^plm...! -.I...l,«.; WukHlrl,! Pns. ..M.T-Ouoru'lim Ki.lcri.rlst.-Ass,i..lls iu..l Mi>l..iiw- Fn.slinK hh.m. lion— Sciircli |\,i\Vfi»ipniiH-('ongiv«Hloni.l('nmmiil.r — Cnpt. Hemp — Lciivcnworth Or.l.T- Vi'-'ilmu'.' Coi,imi..„l Loril! How Long I I TiiK free settlors in Kiinsas were now holi)lcH8 in the presence of their enemies, not beeauso ilu'.v;. SIT Triulfriiri** to Uacr --Siililcr- 111? tolliiivi'n — r — Killiil and licrii l>isKii»«i — lciU''Ml, — Sllllll- vitiiblc — Ki'iiri- ilkcr — i|i.VM) lor Wiikftlilil I'lis. KiMsi'm^' Slum- -Cnpt. Ili'iup — I, I). Wilk.s — iho presence It hcartrt and 'hen thoy Imd Migth nntl tlic- •n concluded ; lly work tliat md spirit, the th tlu! viiidica- ;ea on Kansas e force of the )tisni said that betraycen whose nunds ha.l been tired by the recital of the wrongs o their kindred and eager for battle in their behalf. Ihero had been many public meetings held in the free states, and lectures ou the condition ..f Kansas had aroused such interest m the move n.ents of the resident population as must find an outlet u. tlio ubundant energies of the n.orc warlike in every comnuuuty. M.ny .,t the lighting men were settlers also, but the necessity for H struggle had tor then, a higher char.n than the eu^crald green of the fertile glades in which they would make their homes, or h.y down their lives, as the chances of war n.iyht deter.nme. .lud.n, Wood, not th.en risen to the offiee which entitled him to the appellation, had gone e:ist after the Wakarusa war was over, because it was advisable to avoi.l an arrest for lus share m the rescue of Branson, and he was one of the ablest lecturers on the wrongs endured in the territory. In April, 185(5, he came back to his ado,,ted city, bringing with hi.a one hundred free settlers prepared to share the toils and the destiny of the colony 1 here hud been no wrong d,)ne by liim in rescuing Branson, for whom he had acted as an attorney, demanding to see the m.strument u.ulcr which the old man had been captured, but his absence from Kansas had been advised, because, in the then condition of the courts, neither law nor justice would be administered unless it suited the Missourian faction. The men that accompamed Mr. Wood on his return, and hundrcls besides who were sooi. to join them in the land of their adoption, were of course poweness to help the cause which they had at heart, bccaiise o the one sided reciprocity established by the president, in winch free state men must sit down meekly under oppression, and the pro-s avery party could enforce their usurpations under the name and or.u of law. The southern recruits veru just as enthusiastic as ti.e.r opponents, and there was nothing to damp their ardor. If they were in the wrong, they did not know enough to be aware of tha discouraging fact, as they had been born and educated among slave institutions, taught to consider the ordination of n go bondage as God appointed, and accustomed to think he wd. earth as only meant for slave plantations; moreover, the> were reinforced at every point by the presidential proclamation. 818 'TvTTijfs UisroitY Oh' K.tys.ts. Ill speaking thus of the men from the south, it must not be supposed tliat they were all so high toned as to care whether they were right or wrong, and many a southern gentleman saw enough of his comrades in his first campaign to determine him against any furtlier participation in the difhculty. Many of the men who formed Col. Buford's contingent were such characters as no honest man would willin ^ly associate with, attracted by mercenery con- siderations mainly, and looking more toward plunder than even to the warlike service for which they were not disinclined. The commandant of the force was robbed by his own gang before they arrived in the state of IMissouri, and many of the border ruffians shrank from such disreputable company. Their ideas of rneum et tuHiii were so lax that tliey did not even practice " honor among thieves." Their homesteads, should they be obtained, would speedily melt into whisky, and there was no danger of their be- coming permanent residents in the territory, unless strong prisons were built for their accommodation. Before entering the terri- tory, the Buford company were sworn on bended knees in a man- ner revolting and brutal, which would have made " Kirke's Lambs " .shudder, black as they have been painted by Macaulay. But such items do not call for detailed statement, and their mis- deeds will speak for themselves. Pending the commencement of active service these worthies were quartered in the border towns, and Missouri must have borne its daily cross with many shrugs of impatience and discontent. The other companies were vari- ously composed of men who believed they were engaged in a holy enterprise, and others who sought nothing but free quarters in an enemy's country for twelve months, and the pay which would re- ward their brutality ; with all the grades of character necessary to fill in between the two extremes. Now that the levies from the south were in position, it was necessary to move with such skill as that the forces of the Union should be neutralized, or compelled to act with the proslavery party. While Jefferson Davis remained secretary of war in the Pierce cabinet, there would be no uncertain sound from that quarter, but it was necessary to be wise as serpents, although they did not emulate the harinless- ness of the dove. The territorial enactments, as we have seen, were oppressive in the last degree, as well as the work of usurp- ■W ;m !> - »W !P t -WJ ' gJ ^PPW luuui I , < . i j ^i t f UuaueB) *i »K Kansas Coxflicts — Evexts of 1856. 319 must not be whether thoy 1 saw enough } him aj^ainst the men who i as DO honest ercenery con- ler than even iclined. The ig before they lorder ruffians leas of rneum honor among ained, would er of their be- strong prisons ing the terri- lees in a man- ade " Kirke's by Macaulay. and their mis- mencement of border towns, many shrugs ies were vari- iged in a holy quarters in an lich would re- cter necessary [le levies from ove with such leutralized, or hile Jefferson !t, there would IS necessary to ! the harmless- we have seen, !7ork of usurp- ers, consequently they were distasteful to free settlers, and it would be only necessary to enforce tliem in letter and spirit to evoke some show of discontent, sufficient to warrant a demand for a posse covutatus, failing to obtain whicli, the president's message, proclamation, and orders would suffice for every purpose of spoiU- ation. Tlie scheme was devised with devilish ingenuity, and it3 execution was worthy of a fiend. Old and trivial offenses were rehashed to justify arrests. Shortly after Mr. S. N. Wood s return to Lawrence, Sheriff Jones took him a prisoner April 19, 18ob, for the old offense in the case of Branson, but a diversion was effected in the streets, ^fr. Jones was disturbed in the execution of his duty, and Mr. ^Yood walked leisurely away. The sheriff went to Lecompton, procured a posse of four men and returned to the eitv on the Sunday following to arrest the men who had inter- fered with him. J^Ien going to church were called upon to aid liim in the execution of his self imposed duty, and when they went on to their places of worship their names were duly entered in the sheriff's book as guilty of contempt. The plot was work- ing well. The search for Wood was of little consequence, except as°a means of annoyance, but while it was onward, Mr. Tappan, who had also been in the Branson escapade, was seized without u warrant, and roughly handled by the officer. After satisfying himself that Jones had no authority to touch him, the gentleman assailed illustrated the force of a blow sent square from the shoulder, and the sheriff retired with more rapidity than grace. There was provocation enough now to warrant extreme proceed- ings and a requisition was penned immediately for United States troops to aid in the arrest of nearly all the principal men in Law- rence Gov. Shannon had now fallen back under the control of the Missourian party, and he complied at once with the demand. Under the circumstances, that officer was bound to do as he was requested, and Col. Sumner sent a detachment of ten men under a lieutenant to assist the sheriff. The detachment left Fort Leav- enworth April 22, 1856, and at the same time the commandant sent to the mavor of Lawrence a very courteous note, informing him of the action taken, and counseling compliance with the laws, but expressing no opinion on the merits of the dispute. The troops arrived on the following day, and six men were 820 TvTTLKs HisToitr OF Kass.is. arrested for having gone to clmrcb on Sunday instead oE •'^S'^>^ting the sherifT in arresting persons that ho was unable to find, ihe citizens arrested should have been taken before a justieo at once, but instead of that e.uirse being taken, they were lodged m cus- tody, in violation of law, apparently in the hope of further exas- peration affording greater scope for ofTieial tyranny. Tlut niglit, while the sherifl' remained in the tent of the dragoon officer, lie was shot by some person, who succeeded in keeping his secret so well that it has never yet transpired. The injury was not mor- tal, but it provoked the citizens of Lawrence more than any other event in the war, as it tended to cast the blame of a.ssassi nation over the whole settlement. Tliere were few in the free settlers camp that doubted that Uv. Jones had committed crimes of a deep dye against society, that deserved punishment, but no man had one w°ord to say in defen.se of assassination. A public meeting was convened to give expression to the indignation of the com- munity, and a reward of $500 was ollered for the conviction of the oilcnder ; but no discovery resulted. An event more unfor- tunate for Lawrence could hardly be imagined, because it gave to the men across the border precisely such an excuse for :it. >ii as they had sedulously endeavored to find. A deputy w. pointed to earrv on the sheriff's work, and arrests were now o- tinuous. Numbers wore seized on the pretense that they had contemned the authority of the sherifl, or refused to help him, and the United Slates marshal, a man from South Carolina, made himself conspicuous in such proceedings. The rescue of Bran- t;on was made the plea for innumerable processes, and the men threatened by these jacks in office sought refuge in the surround- ing country, being hunted from place to place by the dragoons acting as the sheriff's posse. All this whde the ruffians from across the border were marching upon the city. Before the shot was fired at the sheriff, the Delaware reservation had been occu- pied for several days by one company, and now the whole coun- try was scoured by patrols on horseback, so that no man could enter Lawrence or leave it without being subject to an inquisi- tion. The Kansas congressional committee were then sitting here, and Gen. Whitfield declared that himself and his witnesses were in danger, but the committee could not be induced to ad- Kassas ('itxi-i.icrs — K\j:m.s or />•'»'». 321 (1 of assisting Lo find. The slice lit once, oilgcd in CLis- furlher cxas- Tli.it niglit, lon officer, he i^ his secret so was not mor- han any other assassination free settlers' imes of a deep , no man had ublic meeting •n of the coni- convietion of t more unfor- eeause it gave !use for :u, '•>n leputy V. were now '/''■ that they had to help him, Carolina, made escue of Bran- s, and the men 1 the surround- ' the dragoons ! ruffians from Before the shot tiad been occu- he whole coun- no man could ; to an inquisi- •e then sitting i his witnesses induced to ad- journ until the work at that i)oint was completed. The environ- ment of Lawrence having become known to Col. Sumner, tiiat officer proceeded from Lfavenworth to Lecompton with his wholo command, to oiler his advice and aHsi.-laiice to «iov. Sliamion, and a simple acceptance of that aid by .\[r. Shannon would have dissipated the war cloud at once; but the help which cituhl bo invoked .ut endangering the succc.'^s of their ultimate intentions. While near Lawrence, Col. Sumner wrote to Cov. Uobin.son, giving his views as to tlio course which should be taken, ami the doctor replied, showing what had been done by the citizens to show their regard for law and order. The continued presence of ex-Cov. lleeder in the sessions of tho committee, where he examined liis own witnesses and cross exam- ined the witnes.ses of the other side with great acumen was au eyesore to his enemies, and he was subp(jona(!d to come before tho in-and jury of Douglas county, lie was aware that his attentl- ance upon the committee representing the highest court in the union, congress itself, was a sufficient answer to the summons of the grand jury, and he acted accordingly; for which act of con- tempt a writ was issued and Mr. Iteeder was arrested in the com- mittee room. The motive could not be questioned ; the prosla- very men had long hated the governor that would not be gov- erned, the lawyer that could not be duped, and beyond all doubt he would have fared badly at the hands of the border party, who were now in force at Leeonqiton. When the copy of the writ was handed to him in the presence of the investigating commit- tee, Mr. lleeder claimed imm\inity from arrest in his iiaasi con- gressional capacity, and as being cited to attend their inquiry; but the committee hesitated to assume a responsibility, about which there might have been room for doubt; although un- questionably the claim made by Mr. Reeder embodied sound par- liamentary law, and showed much intimacy with the kx et conm- <.iud<> parlkuiiciiti. The committee said neither yea nor nay, but Mr. Reeder was 8i mifitmm m ". 322 Trrri.i:'^ IIistoiiy ov Kassas. „Hu.b more (\c.M^ an,! the marshal, intimiclated by appearanooB final,..' the ccntestant delegate detormined to try ... nat,..-al ri.d.t<' whe,-e the law te.nporarily failed hi.n, retn-ed to Pra..k l.n Jtho.t his p.-is.„u-ntorial usun-ers, and be had ful,...,ated a p.-ojec fo,- a .n-a,.d button that should bring down the whole of be .ate !;ov:,;,.ent at one shot, as well as every other of the lead.ng f.-oo state men in Kansas. The gi'and ju.-y found true bdls nga.n.t every man presented for indictment, and of course a pet.t ju.y would have no dimeulty in finding verdicts of gu.lty. .gh treason, usurpation, larceny, perjury, contempt of court ; there was a eku-ge to suit every ease fron. Andrew II. Heeder through a lo.,.' list to Gains Jenkins. The desig.. of the proslavery men was t; arrest all the principal men idctified with the state gov- ernn.e..t, and then whatever became of the accusat.ons, ultimately the government would be broken up, as the executive would be unable to carry out the duties devolving upon them. Ti e scheme was to have been met by a cou.itermme, aiul the state le.nslature was to have been convened at an earlier date to autbori.e the levying of state forces to defend the u,stitutK^^^^ recently organized ; but the proslavery party succeeded n making Tany of their arrests, and the o.gani.ation fell into hopeless wreck To The present. The state governor, Ur. Robinson, bad been see ted to visit Massachusetts and other free states to asccrtam vtat belpvvould be forthcoming, as there would be plenty o I me for 1 im to go and come before the adjourned session would «• and as there seemed to be some danger of the volum- nous evidence taken by the committee of investigation being estroyed bv a mob, bis visit to the east was to be u ilized for b onveya;iee of the depositions and other valuable documents to\?^^hi gton. The doctor and bis wife went down the Missour reV^ fui-as Lexington, but at that point he was taken from lA.e s te nbo at on some Missourian .ritof nee.eat^ and cletained w.th^ TZr nrctcnse of ri-'ht until an indictment could be issued :: il^im many dl3°s later, and be was then brought back Sa r^iisTt o'from Gov. Shannon. Happily the documents Trtrded by the committee were in Mrs. Kobinson's custody, ^^„^ them to their destination. After his return to K.i.\>>AS Coxru<'rs — Kvi:.\Ts or /^V)(>'. 323 ppearaiicos, ,s " nat>iral to Franklin ig been tliO 3d a project of the state leading froo )ills against I petit jury lilty. High ;ourt ; there der tlirougli islavcry men 10 state gov- s, ultimately ve would bo tliem. The nd the state :lier date to ! institutions ed in making apcless wreck )n, had been 1, to ascertain be plenty of session would )f the volum- igation being ic utilized for ale documents II the Missouri aken from the detained with- )uld be issued brought back the documents ison's custody, r his return to the territory there was so much danger of the prisoner being mur- dered by the border rufTians that many of the leading men on their side constituted themselves his bodyguard in his temporary prison, lest he should share the fate which had befallen so many preciated the services of that oir,c.al, they would have been willing that he should have been mortally wounded rather than that they should lose so excellent an excu.7i» i it:'Ji ^ . ■ iWiT ii Tjr i gp-oi: II :)2t{ TUTTLtj'a lllSTOUY OF KaSSAS. m. iIk; ivspoiisibility of the siliiiition iitUicliod to the goncnil gov- urmiifiil, and cuiisdiii iilly llioir policy must bo noiirosistaiicc, 1ft tlie coiisofiucncfs bu wlialcver tliuy might. A cDiulitiim of things HO Kiianicfui coiilil not coiitimic, and it re.inircl no small amount of constancy to recommend submission, but placed as the cti/.en.s were, there was no other course open, without seeming to incur the guilt, and certainly incurring the odium of rebellion. The peo- ple demurrc-l with much spirit, but that line of conduct was car- ried out. There were many proposals by way of modilication, but the time wore on and noii resistance remained the only cour.se open to the community. The sturdy lighting men, who could not remain in the town while such dishonoring conditions were being adopted, left Lawrence, and were ready, should any change of policy sui)ervene, to come to the rescue with such force as they could ccMiimand. The companion from other towns which were already marching to the rescue were warned to return whence they came, but the Wakarusa company would not be warned back, and they stood ready for action all the time. The U. S. Marshal's proclamation reached the "law abiding citi- zens" for whom it was intended, and they came by hundreds like comorants scenting carrion, to Hock round the standard at Lecompton. The Platte county rillcmen, under their distinguish- ed commander.s, the chivalry of the south, recruited from almost every jail in the union, CUevaliers d' Indudrieivom their birth, and not a few good men who were now to see for the first time, the type of humanity with which they were brigailed, came to the call of the representative of constituted authority, to compel the defenseless people to submit to terms which no conqueror in his senses would offer to sane men. In a few days the morals of Buford's contingent seemed to have pervaded the whole host; nothing'was safe from pilfering fingers, and while the common sol- dier stole without disguise, the more gentlemanly t)fficer " pressed into the service " all that he coveted of his neighbor's goods, but in the end it made little difference whether property was re- quisitioned or merely robbed. The assistant sergeant-at-arms of the investigating committee was some time a prisoner among the legions, bu° was at length allowed a pass by way of compliment to congress. Muskets, provisions of all kinds, and men were lOMai* " ■ ■ ■! - l "..' i .l. ' !"!.l.l'l ' -' Ka.ssas Coxrijcrs ~ En:.\Ts of I^'iti lucral gi>v- ^istaiicL', lot 111 of tliillgrt nil aiiiuuut llio o'lizeiirt lo incur llio TIh! pel)- icl was car- Anlilicalioii, 1 tlio only ; men, who conditions slioulil any 1 such force owns which to returu ulJ not bo time. Tho ibiding cili- ly hundreds standard at distinguish- from almost !ir birth, and •st time, the ;ame to the compel the ueror in his 3 morals of whole host ; common sol- ;cr " pressed s goods, but erty was re- nt-at-arms of • among the compliment d men were seized, and when citi/cns declined to stand upon the first onler, they were rained upon i._, bullets. A delegation to the I'. S. Z^larshal asked for terms that would allow of that <.Hicia! enter- ing the town unaccompanieil by the regimenls with which John FalstafT would not liavo inarched through Coventry, and that grandiloipient ..(Ticial gave as his ultnnatum that every man ji'j-.'iinst whom there was a warrant .should be surrenden^d, that all munitions of war should be given up, and that the citizens should [>ledgo them.selves to obey the territorial enactments in every respect. The conditions were the occasion of a letter from tho citizens, denying idl charges of disloyalty, but calling atten- tion to the proclamation circulated on the other side of the bor- der, and delinitely a.sking what was sought by such an armed force as the inar.shal had gathered together. The citizens appeal- ed to the constituted authorities of the union to defend them again.st such hostile designs as were freely spoken of by the pn.sar. cuiaUiUiix, and ouce announced their willingness to render all proper aid in any legal proccs.s. The reply of tho marshal could hardly have been more pompous in its tone had the Czar of all the Kussias been the writer. The fact of ^[r. lieeeler's escape figured as a charge against Lawrence. The coiKpieror by antici- pation taunted his suppliants as one holding the power of life and death would not have done, and the whole communication was a finished specimen of insolent efifrontery. Tho (;itizens wrote again, calling the marshal's attention to the depredations commit- ted by the posse ostensibly called together to enforce the laws, but IK) answer was vouch.safcd to that letter ; it was indeed unan- swerable. The citizens strove to move the governor to some action which would caU United States troops to the front, instead of the ruffian horde, but that gentleman was implacable. Their envoys sent to him were detained and subjected to number- less indignities. An ofier was made that if Col. Sumner would encamp with his force in the vicinity, the citizens would surren- der all their arms into his keei)ing, to be returned after the mar- Bhal should have made his arrests. The congressional committee was appealed to, but they were of course powerless in such a case ; they could only note the facts for future action. Col. Sumner was personally kind and just, but *^?i wmissBmm 838 TiTit.E's llisnuiY or Kassas. Lis liaml; were tied unless the proper autliority called for his in- terf.Teiiee. The olTer to snrrendor tlieir arms ^>/V) trm. to Col. Sumner was at one time listened to, but when the deleg.ition, nfter being for some time held as piisoners, returned, the eitv.enn were told that their arms must bo given up to the marslrd or to the ^'overnor, or else the nlterr ivo was war. Miii'(h-r was now in order. A young man earrying provision to his mother's house was shot without one syllable of provoeation, by the marshal's •' law abiding eitizens ; " some boys, going to the spot where tho young man was killed, were fired upon and one of their num- ber murdered, and still in .spite of an indignation whiuh almost defied coiiirol, the i)oliey of nonresistance was maintained; and every modiliealion that pointed toward a demonstration in foren was re.solutely voted down. There was no hoi)e fo.- Lawrenec wive in the intervention of United States troops, but the eom- mandant, Col. Sumner, eould not depart from the striet rol>- (J duty, which left him under e.\isting eireumstanees no discretion- ary jjower whatever. The faet that murders were being Mi.irrs — /'.'r/A'/w "/' h'lH. ;i-j(» I'll for liis iii- /'///. to Col. I' (li'k'g.itioii, I, the t'itv.t'rirt lai'sli"! or to ■(ler was now ollicr's Ikmi.sr lio inarslial's lot wlicre llio C tlaMr iiuiu- k^Iiiuli almost itaiiiod ; ainl ilioii ill forco ti.' Lawreiico lut llic {'oin- slric't }vlit (if lo (liscrctioii- L'iiig coinniit- aiicl his j)osi- iior sent liiiu lud the press inoriuii!' of work of (losv Idle, inakinq [lorsol of re- us to be rcal- iiits caiiif^ on nbuscade at (cncath tlieir Is deserved, lumner pros- >reme power ;coiled upon minded men )t as in the i committed •derous and led with ru- mors of a coin paiiion crime against a community: tlie leader of the partv, .^lei.lifii A. I)r women who could weep but dared not tight, because they would have endangered the ultimato success of a cause which they esteemed more dearly than their own immunity from sutrering. It was the jiresidents vii'tory they knew, although the glo.nting smile of triumph sat upon a thousand meaner faces, as though their jirowess had maile them con(pieiors. When the sun arose, Mt. Oread was in the hands of the foe and their Hag floated over the city, and in suecicssion the several positions from which, in a military sense, their weapons would en.ible them to command the city were occupied, the troops all the time playing at danger as though tliere was cause for fear from the silent inhabitants. Messengers and scouts sent into the city reported that perfect order prevailed, and an ofTicer with ten men rode into the place, summoned the principal men to act as his posse, and proceeded to make arrests. That work being ac- complished, the force was handed over to sheriff Jones, and that functionary assumed the command with a characteristic oration. The committee of public safety had subscribed a most pitiful decla- ration while the marshal's pos.se was at work in the city, promising in a manner reprehensibly abject, to obey the territorial enact- ments, and asking for safety under the flag of the union, but even that terrible humiliation was not enough ; the sherifl rode into town in the afternoon and demanded at the head of an armed troop that all the weapons in Lawrence should be surrendered, allowintr'ten minutes for the completion of the work of disarma- iv.h> Trrri. !:'■•< IIisiouy "/•• Kas'sas. irinit aiiil .stucUiiig tlio rilk-s in tho strecU, to savo the place frotn beiii^' (•aiiiKniiuIi'.l. At lliiit point a stiunl was partially iiuule, the caiiiion cliuulil ho kuitcikIoiciI for tho .sako oC poaco, but tho woapoiis tliat woro privato proporty .nhouhl bo hoKl l)y their own- ers. Tho ooiiditioiirt thus iiisisti'd upon woro aooepttul, ami tho p;roat guns wero uiioarthoil from thoir iiiiliiig placcjs. Sonio ritloa wore also haiidoil ovor among tho tropliios of the viotor.s. Thoro was a faint hope that tho oml of tho aboiuinablo outrage had boon roaohod, but no such idea prevailed in tho oamp of tlio Missouriuns and Houtherners. The great comniandor, Uen. Atiihi- Bon, luountcd the breech of a gun and made an inllanu.\alory ppcooh to tho Kiokapoo Rangers, deolaring hinisolf oua of tlioir iiunibor, glorying in tho victory before thoui, which ho in jiart uccounted for, uniutentionully, by saying that "the abolitionists did not dare lire a gun," and then after recognizing tho fact of tho peace which, S(> far as the citi/.ons woro implicated, reigned in Lawronoo, he wont on to delino the several acts of wanton ruin which were to perpetuate their revenge. Printing pres.ses wero to be destroyed ; the Free State Hotel was to bo dctnolishcd, and they were to act as southern gentlemen ; but if they found a woman cs-irrying the arii s of a soldici', they must tramj)lc her un- der thoir feet Tlie horrible profanity of the siioech may well be left to the imagination, as it would soil tho i)ago of hi.story. Non- resi.stanco being rigidly adhered to by the citi/ens, tho murderous instincts of their enemies were held in chock, but the city could be dismantled. Tho final orders were given by Mr. Jones, in ac- cordance with the i»rograinmc laid down, and the terrible army with baimers marched on under the several flags which formed the rallying point of each section ; a motley crew of thieves and ruffians, who could scarcely keep their hands out of each others' pockets as they marched, followed a piece of bunting which pro- claimed tho supremacy of tho white race, while another contin- gent more consistently ranged themselves behind a crouching tiger, and Southern Eights, as usual, flaunted over the throng of wrong- doers. The grand jury, when indicting men, had indicted build- ings also, and as the men, wherever found, had been imprisoned without tho idle form of a trial, so tho odifiees were now to bo de- stroyed. The Free State Hotel, the Kansas Free State News- place from iiilly nuulo, CO, but llio ■ their own- ed, niul tlio Soino rillod ins. bio outrago limp of the Gen. At(!lii- ll!uni.\!ili)ry no of their ho in jiart ibolitionists the fact of , rei;.^nnil in ,';uiton ruin tresses wore )lisliocl, and 3y found a iplc her un- any well be ory. Non- ! murderous 3 city could 'ones, in ac- rriblo army lich formed thieves and Dach others' which pro- ther con tin- aching tiger, ig of wrong- .icted build- imprisoned jw to be de- state News- 7v.i.v.v.i.'H' (DsiLirjs — t-U-i:.\Ts OF /s.v;. 881 pnpcr onice, and the lb raid of Kroedonj wore visited in sucecs- nion. Tiie presses and typo were broken and d«'slroyed, and part of the material carried to the river until the rullians grew tired u( drowning iron and had; the bookrt and pai-er m Mnr\< were torn and burned, and the Herald of Freedom olUee repeatedly hot on lire. (Jannon, planted in front ni tlie hotel, baltert-d its walls for Home time, without producing any pereoptiblo ruin, so pow.ler was employed to blast the nliliee, and when that charm failed, tho assailants had recourse to ineendiarisui, in which they were natur- ally better .skilled. The hotel was soon enveloped in llames, wlueii mounted to tho sky in mockery of eternal ju.'ice, while tho fac- tors of desolation rejoiced a ju.I in the ruin w'dch they and the proident had wrought. \V)'.on tho building was on fire beyond lu.pi; .,f ri'scue, tho sherifl dismissed his po.sse in pursuit of indi- dividual gratilicalion, with the anhwuneerucnt that the writs had been executed, and plunder followe-l domoli'' ... 'i he stores containing clothing were, of course, greedily s "ght, .some con- tenting themselves with adorning their bod.e^ and liUing their pockets; others, who had been bette" wcrneu, had wag« .s to en- able them to steal in wholesale -luai .icie. while much lI at could not bo conveniently carried away \,us wrecked in pure malice, Before the eonciuerors retired, they set lire to Dr. Uobinson',. house, at the foot of Mount Oread, and by its flames tho rear guard was illumiatcd as tho rulRans rctarned to their camps to celebrate their exploit in drunken o-gie.-. While tho work of piUa^^o was going on, one man gave chase to a retreating porson- a-e whom ho believed to bo ex-Gov. Jieoder, and the pursuer being unable to keep his saddle, fell and broke his leg in the eervrce. That was the only man wounded in the inglori.Mis sack of Lawrence, and one man was killed by a brick aceidcnlally falling from the Free -v.-.te Hotel, which he was assisting to de- etroyr Every kind ot ovime that long experience could devi.se found favor among the warriors at Lecompton, and the proceeds of robbery were 'vorn in tho camp with as much pride as the Indian finds ir iliowing the scalps that ho has taken ; but horse Btealing was the strong suit among the upholders of " law and order," the Chevaliers d'lnduslrie. in whose companionship the U. S. marshal emulated the glory of his leader, Franklin Pierce, the slayer of liberty by proclamation. 11 332 TvTTLi:'s History of Kaxsas. I to! Many ol the gentlemen from tlic south who had supposed until now, that they were taking part in a holy war, abandoned the enterprise, when they had seen how the cause they believed in "was ehampioned at Lawrence, but that was not an advantage to Kansas, because the worst elements. were now uuchecKcd by even a vestige of moral purpose. The groceries around tlic camp at Franklin were plundered, and Gen. Atchison passed through Lawrence in triumph at the head of the riflemen who were on their return to Platte county. It was not enough that one city had been sacked ; the newspapers across the bonier deprecated a return home until every free state settlement had been leveled with the ground, or until the people now living therein had been driven out by the proslavery pai'ty. There had been a purpo.so declared long before, to scour the tei'ritory with mounted patrols, and prevent the fields from being cultivated; a work as baleful to the cause of freedom could be done by destroying the harvest, or by preventing it from being gathered, so there were bodies of troops left in the territory, in part under the command of Coleman, the Uickory Point murderer, who had once been nominally the prisoner of the sheriH and was now his comrade. The company that was engaged in robbing the mail bags, stopping wayfarers on the road, plundering wagons, and continuing the manifold depre- dations which have been before described, honored Gov. Shannon by assuming to be his sharpshooters, and the man who should have represented justice and the honor of the United States had not one word of censure for such misdeeds. There is a point beyond which submission is impossible, and that limit had been passed. United States troops were no longer in the field, and there was no earthly reason wh}^ men should not defend their own propert}' from marauders. So, many of the men with arms in their hands, who had left Lawrence before the city was sacked, united with settlers in the open country to form guerrilla bands, which soon passed from the simple work of defense to the equally natural process of aggression upon the scoundrels who were ravaging the country. Reprisals became the order of the day, and it was soon apparent that the free state fighting men were more than a match for their enemies, but the settlements all over the territory suffered terrible devastations. Lecompton, the hea^l Kaxsas Cosfuct^ — Evi.wts of 1851! 833 posed until iidoiicd the believed in Ivaiitage to heeiced by d tlic eaiiip 13d til rough lio were on at one city eprecated a een leveled n had been . a purpose ted patrolrf, s baleful to harvest, or 3 bodies of )f Coleman, minally the le company ayfarers on ifold depre- V. Shannon vho should States had is a point; t had been ; field, and efend their 1 with arms was sacked, rilla bands, the equally who were of the day, ; men were nts all over n, the hea^l quarters of ^[r. Shannon, was in hourly turmoil lest the free state party should demolish the dwellings of their enemies, and the t'overnor. seeiu'' his allies driven in confusion before the men whom they were about to exterminate, found tiiat it was hid duty to call in the aid of Col. Sumner. Troops were statit)ned at Lawrence, Tojieka and Lceompton, to keep the peace, and the incompetent ofhcial once more breathed securely. Cai)t. Walker was one of the ablest of the guerrilla leaders ihnt the troubled times brought to the front, and his name was somewhat famous in later days in the command of Union troops against the southern rebels. His head was valued at $.")0U by the Mis- sourian faction then, but the day came when they would gladly have purchased it at a much higher valuation, :^[ally schemes were clabijrated to win the reward, but somehow the captain alwavs knew the jilans of his enemies in time to have his troop of friends around him, and occasionally the pursuers " caught a Tartar." Twelve men came to his house at midnight on one occasion, to surprise him in his sleep, and the stillness of death seemed to be only broken by their own stealthy tread as they rode up to the defenseless dwelling. Revolvers and knives were already in imagination flourished over the heart of the slowly awakening prisoner, when the reverie of the capturers was dis- turbed by a volley of rifle shots directed at their horse.s. There was a mad rush to escape, and one of the marauders with diffi- culty extricated himself from his dead horse, but there was no bridge of gold for a flying army, and two prisoners were secured by a second troop of defenders who had been posted in anticipation of just such a retrograde movement. Death at the nearest tree would have been a fit reward for such a ruffianly enterprise, but Capt. Walker and his friends dismissed the penitent captives on the following morning with a caution, and were rewarded by the rascals with a full description of the settlers whom they had recognized, so that there were many additional names added to the number already outlawed and constrained to fight for liberty and life. Judge Wakefield, who was one of the defenders, and deserves honor for the fact, having learned that a writ had been issued for his arrest, started for the east to procure reinforcements, but he 334 TuTTLE's UlSTOUY OF Kassas. 111 I was arrested and brought to Leeornpton, whore he soon ro,i.'!uncd his liberty. In one instanee, where a party of Georgian horse- men liad assailed a house on Wasliington Creek, the oceupant t-nd his friends fortified the positit)n as well as they could and fought like men. The attack had been seen and notice was given to the troops at Lawrence by a lady living in the neighborhood. Four dragoons were dispatched to the scat of war and some of the free state ])arty rode with them, but the assailants retired when the reinforcements hove in sight, and the party from the city, riding up to the dwelling, were fired upon by the brave defenders by mistake. Two of the rescuing party were wounded and two horses killed in a twinkling, and it was not until the next day that the misunderstanding was explained. The times did not warrant men-at-arms in approaching a detached dwelling without ceremony. South Carolina, the state that reelected Preston S. Brooks with crlct after his assault on Mr. Sumner, had now ob- tained complete control of Mr. Shannon's conscience, and the men from that state could mold him to any purpose. They flat- tered him as though he had been riiillip the Great, and feasted him like Sardanapalus, and, in return, the more than Macedonian marched through the territory at the head of a party, searching for arms with a delirium of zeal that was not always due to mere enthusiasm. The congressional committee adjourned from Law- rence soon after the Eeeiler dilUculty, the work in that city being ended, and subsequently they assembed in Leavenworth; but they had never been popular among the Missourians, as was natu- ral, considering the fight which their friends in the house of rep- resentatives had made against an inquiry, and they had grown in disfavor with every sign of vigor in pursuit of the truth. This had been well understood before the documents and depositions collected by the committee had been entrusted to Mrs. Kobinson for conveyance to the east, and there were now many manifesta- tions on the part of the ruffians, that only a pretext was wanted to embolden the mob to break up the sessions of the terrible tri- bunal, destroy the accumulated evidence, and take the conse- quences. Lawrence was sacked on May 21st, and soon after- wards the military force at the fort was distributed over the ter- ritory by Mr. Shannon's requisitions ; on the 26th of that month, Kaxsas Cos'i'r.icrs'— Evkkts or l''^')0. 335 on iTL'uincil I'giau liorsu- jcupant iMid ami fought givoii to llio lood. Four J of tlio free :d whou the city, riding eferidcrri by cd and two c next day nes did not ling without L Preston S. lad now ob- rice, and the They flat- and feasted Macedonian ty, searching due to mere i from Law- « at city being nworth ; but as was natu- louse of rep- ad grown in truth. Tliis I depositions rs. Kobinson ly nianifesta- t was wanted e terrible tri- :e the conse- 1 soon after- over the ter- that month, the "law abiding citizens" that had sacked Lawrence under the cvos of the United States marshal were asseml)ling in Leavenworth in , msidcrable numbers, and a "reign of terror" was .sough t t.i bo established there. The Missourian committeeman was of course , understood to be on the side of his own state, but the two others, Mcssr.s. Sherman and Howard were warned by " Capt. ITemp'" by a notice served on them by affixing it to the door of their room, that they could no longer sit there unless they changed their "obnoxious course." Two days later, the "Leavenworth Herald," a pro-slavery organ, gave publicity to the suggestions of the Missourian press, that every free state settlement must be abolished, and meetings were called in which resolutions were adopted to carry out that design. A vigilance committee was nominated, the command entrusted to Col. Warren D. Wilkes from South Carolina, and the names of all the prominent free state residents handed over to that gentleman, with instructions that they should be compelled to quit the territory. Mr. Conway, one of the clerks of the' Kansas investigating committee, was ar- rested, among others, by the zealous commander, who paraded the streets in°ridiculous state at the head of the Kickapoos and a band of southerners, and arrested everybody that was named in his list and could be found. The arrest of the clerk was denied, but the seizure continued until thirty men were in durance vile, and at night many of the prisoners were permitted to escape on theirl parol engagement that ihey would finally abandon the territory. Thus the war of extermination was waged against the little band in Kansas, which represented the advancing thought of the age, and the men in high places were on the side of the oppressor's, until thousands all over the land as they heard of the wron,h were being perpetrated in the name of South ern Rights, cried out in the agony of their inaction, " How long, O Lo°d, how long" shall Thy vengeance against the persecutors of Thy people be stayed? 330 TcTTLEa History of Kassas. i Si! CIJAPTP]R XIV. TKKJUTOUIAL JlI.STOltY iandinuvil.) THE "JOIIX BHOAVN" AVA1{— EVENTS OF 1830-7. Koc'k Ffinndntidn — T51iio(l 'Will Tell — .Tolm Drown — Mililury Citrcfr — Tic- tn)il SuriTiuler — Uc'liiiiiMis Eiilliiisi.isiii — NdIiIu Pro.iiciiy — Uurrct Smitli — Aiuoiig Negroes — Kiuisiis lloiuu — Abolitionist Zeiil — Marciiiiig On — Anns and ]^Ic'ii — Oriitoiv — Airninsl Slavery — Harper's Ferry— Funds Mild Weni)ons — Southern Kansas — l)ccds ii(>t Words — Faitli in (Jod — lleseued Slaves — Y(ninir JJrown — Saekiiiir Lawrence — Ossiiwaloinic — — ]5ell Eviction — Starvini;- Family — Insolent Tactics — Exterminiition — Fiulitinjr Men — Tlu^ .Mareli — Sliihliolelli — lu'i)risals — I'roslavery Victims — Heac^tion— Fresh Troops —Dispersal — Shannon's Sliarpshoot- crs — After Drown — Caiitain Pate — Prisoners Shackled — Insanity — Eneaminnent — Palmyra — Driiiru'ed Preacher — Ifiotons I'limderers — Prairie City — Armed Worshippers — '• Old I.rowii " — lliintini: .Missoii- rians — Combined Forces — IJrowii and Shore — 'M to 50 — Cross Fire — Knllians Itetreal — Shooting Prisoners — "White Flag — Demanding I'atu — I'ncondilional Surrender — Brown's Camp — JIul'ord's Company — Leconipton's Surjirise — Failed to Connect — l{ecovering Plunder — Can. non Recaptured — Dull Creek — Aiiiu'oaching I'almyra — (governor's Or. der— Sumner's Force — Deputy Marshal — llickoiy I'oint — Guerrillas — Drown Caiilured — Enlreuclied Force — ^\■llite Feather — Merciful Captors — Pate Ceiisun'd — Drowniles Disperse — Wliilfield's Cnnfji' — r. S. Canip — Punic Faitli — Canlral Shot— Prisoners Murdered — Ossa- ■watomio Sacked — ^lajor Sedgwick — Defenseless — Huinous Devasta- tion — Rogues JIarch — War Prevailing — ^Missouri Pirates — Robbing Immigrants — I'urloining Clothes — Traitors Death — Hang Abolitionists — Food 'Wanting — Eastern Solicitude — Congressional Report — Doubts Resolved — " Kansas Aid " — "Mr. Deecher — Duy ing Tlilles — Wabaunsee Colony — New York — Illinois — Wisconsin — Free States — Free Kansas Friends — Nntional Committee — Stores Intercepted — Arms, Money and Jlen — Boston Relief — Proithelic A rmameut — Presidential Campaign — Furore — RuHian Portraiture — Kansas Refugees — (^)ngressional Art — Southern Reinforcemonts — Lying and Relying — Taxing Friends — More Troops — State Legislature — Strengthening To]ieka — Road Inspectors — Popuhir Convt.'niion — Leaders Absent — Robinson's Deputy — Shannoa Commands — Disperse Traitors — Sumner's Dragoons — Woodson's Hope — Special Session — Divergent Views — Regular Session — Rumonstruuco II M l i HMMJii..-' - I - . ■ «l!ja(Jftl«Jt.{,: ' ,.l.ia.UrJ.J.4.J»liU J !\ Tin: Joiix J>/;unx Wai:— 1850-7. 88T «0-7. y Ciirc.T — Dc. — Gcrrct Siiiitli -^Marcliins^ On Fcny— Funds Kaitli in Odd — 'Jssiiwaloiiiic — Exti'i'ininiilioii Is — I'loslavi'iy n's Sliurpshuot- il — Iiisimity — I Pliindcri'rs — 11 II ti Hi: .Alissou- — Cross Fire — L-miiiiding I'ate 's Ciinipany — I'liiiidi'i- — Can- Oovcriiiir's Or- iit — (JiU'i'i-illas lior — ^Miicil'iil field's C'li/if/r — irdci'i'd — Ossa- iiuHis Dcvasta- Ues — IJohbing igAbolitiiJiiists I'port— Doiiliis s — Wabaunsee — Free Kansas nis, Money and al Campaign — ressional Art — '""rionds — More id Inspector!? — uty — Sliannoii "oodson's Hope • Kemonstruuco — Woodson A; Company — Terrilorial Siall— (iovernmeiil by I'loilanui- tion — I'eojde's Meeting — Marslial's Hliinder — Oliligiiig Uystanders^ FoiirlJi of July— Hail Columl)ia — Day we Celebrate — The Deelaraliou — Calling Uidl — Sumner's Speeeli — Must Disperse — Painful Duly- Obeying Orders — Murshal's Brag — J)ispersed. While iho governor and the committee of safety were arrang- ing the details of tlie lirst paeilleation, John Brown and hi.s four ijons were among tlie defenders oi Lawrence, and they were so resolute against concession of any kind to the enemy, that it was necessary for Dr. liobinson to assure the coui'ageous crowd that no copditions committing tliem to obey the territorial enactmenta were included in the treaty before Mr, Shaimon and the representa- tives of the free state party could go to the Wakarusa camj). The old man and his sons were "rock rooted" in the best sense. Their ancestor was one Peter Jirown, a sturdy pilgrim that landed on Plymouth lloek from the ^layflowcr on that day in December, 1620, " In the Old Colony days in Plymouth, the land of the Pilgrims," concerning which Longfellow has sung in matchless numbers in "The Courtship of Miles Standish. " Peter signifies a rock, and of such materials the Brown family were compacted. There was a regular succession from that Peter to represent the family in every trial through which the colony of New England passed from Dee. 22, 1620, until the revolution of 1776, when one of the noble stock died in the service, captain of a train band near New York City. Twenty-four years after that event, the grand- son of the revolutionary sire, John Brown, who was to die for his courage displayed at Harper's Ferry and elsewhere, was born May 9, 1800, at Torrington, Conn. Blood will tell, and the child had come of good stock on both sides. His mother's father was one of the men of '76. Soon after Ohio had been admitted to the Union, the father of John Brown moved his little family into that state, where he settled in 1805, and during the Indian-Brit- ish war of 1813, Owen Brown was engaged in procuring supplies for our army. The boy John accompanied his father on his ex- peditions, so that he was not without insight as to military mat- but the conduct of Gov. Hull, at Detroit, in lamely submit- 22 g3g TUTTLK's IflSTOIiV OFK.iySAf!. thv' to the cnonncs of the Union, gave a special tincture of dis- f,ust for cowardice to tl.e wliole o[ his afterlife. Had he re inainrdin Connecticut he would have hecn well educated; mt the removal to Ohio, a state only three years admitted to tl>o T^nion, when he was live years old, rol.bed him of nmny school udvantuges. Tlnve years after leaving Torrington his mother .lied, and that deprived him ef <• : best teacher that elnldnood knows, just at an age when training was most important m ho formation of character. The boy's fondness for his mother be- came one of the dearest memories in his career ; and she was, there can be no doubt, an admirable woman. Religious enthusiasm was the substratum of the character thus being formed by toil and privation, and it continucl to manifest itself in every crisis of his life Tie had learned the trade of a tanner, but his design was to enter the church ; and but for his eyes failing him while he was preparing for college, it is tolerably certain that he woald have been an eftective Congregational preacher. Resuming his old avocation and becoming a farmer, he was twice married, and twenty children were the noble progeny that were m part left when two of his sons with himself were sacrificed for their zeal on behalf of the slaves in Virginia, in Charlestown, Dec. 2, 18o9. Business vicissitudes in 1849 left him penniless; but Gerret Smith, to whom the abolitionist proclivities of the veteran wei^ known, gave him a piece of land in New York state, m the Adx- rondak mountains, where he made his home for some time, i he settlement in which Brown then lived consisted in part of negroes befriended by Mr. Smith, and his family made the.r home there to the end When John Brown was executed, his remains were buried in the graveyard there. The wool trade, in winch he acvain embarked in 1851, took him to Ohio, and he remained there for about four years; but, in the year 1855, when reports came back from the early settlers in Kansas that they were being tyran- nized over and insulted by the border ruffians, the old man, now rapidly approaching sixty years of c>ge, and having little more than tour years of his career to run, turned his attention towards the territory His four elder sons were among the earliest emi- grants, arriving in Kansas in the spring of 1855, when the Pawnee legislature was chosen by Missourians. When the young men Tit/: .foils /?/i"ir.v W'.ti;— h^)6-7. ;i;^!) urc of clis- liul lie re- lated; Init :,tod to tho luny school Ills motlicr , cliildliood -tiint ill the mother be- was, there enthusiasm by toil and crisis of his csign was to ?hile he was wojkl have ling his old narriod, and in part left or their zeal Dec. 2, 1859. ; but Gcrret veteran were i, in the Adl- ,e time. The art of negroes V home there remains were in which he emaincd there reports came e being tyran- old man, now UK little more mtion towards e earliest emi- en the Pawnee le young men saw that thcMv must be fighting in the territory, ihcy wrote homo to their fatlicr to send them arms; and he, scenting danger, car- ried tlie weapons, together witli his own harness, to the scene of tlic confUct. Tims it hapi)ened that he was in Lawrence with his young men when the treaty was made. Kansas was to be his iiome for the future, because he could sec that for some years to come the warmest corner in the in-oslavery battle would be made in that location. He was " marching on " to the great purpose of his life, the war against slavery any where and at any cost. He was no holiday parade man, but a veteran always ready for the battle, lie went cast in ISofi, to detail what he had seen in Kansas, and his sons accompanied him, his object being to make the peo- ple understand how terrible the struggle must become. Tie was requested to detail his experiences before the legislature in the old Bay state, and he addressed that body in a vigorous oration early in January, 1857. IIari)er"s Ferry was already in his mind's eye, and the weapons were ordered at this time which were eventually used in that adventure. Every movement of his life was now dominated by his desire to consummate abolition. At the antislavcry conference held in Canada, he was the master s]iirit, but when it became more evident than ever that help was rcfpiired in the territory, he used all the influence that he pos- sessed to secure a troop of men sufFicient to strengthen the set- tlers against southern aggression. Without funds and weapons, it was "lot possible to fight the battle successfully, and so large a proportion of the munitions of war sent from the east had been seized in transit by the enemy, that continued appeals had to be urged upon the friends in the free states. May, 1857, saw him once more in Ossawatomic, prepared by doughty deeds, as well as by spoken words, to testify his faith in the Lord of Hosts, who was to him essentially the God of Battles, by whose fiat sla- very must be ended. It was from this point that he set out in 1859, upon the enterprise which has left his name imperishably •written upon the page of history for his faith sake, and he car- ried with him there a number of slaves that had been rescued from their masters in Missouri. But wc have to deal with the John Brown war in Kansas, and we must not wander too far yio Tittle's Ilisnmy of Ka.ssas. alioiidoC our thoiiio ; besuk's wliicli, llio con.-luding year of liis career lias bocii tliu llienie of .so niany, and such glorious utter- ances by till! vvorkl'rt groat tliiiikera, that there is no ueea to tres- pass upon tluit territory. We are in Kansa.s, and the city of Lawrence is at the point of being sacked. Among the men mareliing to the re.-^eue of the threatened city, we find Capt. John Bruwn, Jr.,son of the okl man, now absent in the east. Sixty men inarched with him, but the policy of weakness prevailed, and they, with many others, were turned back from what might otherwise have been a sanguinary eneounler. The city was sacke.l, the men were disbanded, and things were once again fall- ing into old grooves, when the i)ro,slavery faction became pos- sessed of the idea, as wc have seen at Leavenworth, tfiat every free settler must be driven out. Ossawatomie was one of the places chosen for the exhibition of that line of policy, and one of the settlers named Hell, who had come from ^[issouri to settle among proHavery men, was especially ofTensivc ; not for anything done by him, but because he, having lived in Missouri, had yet the indiscretion to avow free state opinions. He was compelled to leave the house he had been occu])ying, in sjMte oi the sick- ness of his wife, and when he had gone to a distance to procure food for his homeless and starving family, he was sei/.ed and held a prisoner by the insolent foe, regardless of the i)eeuliar circum- stances of suffering, which were intensified by every hour of his absence. In addition to this instance of wanton cruelty, the Missourian settlers about O.ssawatomie availed themselves of the absence of the free soil fighting men, to visit and insult their wives and ftimilies, giving them orders to quit the territory on pain of death. There may have been no deliberate intention back of all these threats, but there is abundant reason to be found in the tactics of the party elsewhere for the assumption, that every free settler would have been compelled to vacate his lot, if he could not defend it by his own right arm. This con- dition of things remained when " Old John Brown " returned from the east, and it did not tend toward softening his feelings against the proslavery party. The belief was common that the whole settlement, and the Browns more particularly, would be destroyed by an act of sim- I TiiK JoJis B HOW'S II '.(//— ts^n-7. 841 your of his )rious uttor- ic'Cil to trcs- the city of vr tlic men Ciipt. John ■list. Sixty 4 pi'ovuiloil, wliut niigiit 10 city was :e again fall- bocanie pos- at every free f tlic places , one of the settle among lything done had yet the jonipcUed to of the sick- le to procure /ied and held jliar circum- I hour of his cruelty, the iselves of the insult their 3 territory on ate intention reason to be 3 assumption, to vftcate his n. This con- irn" returned ; his feelings lent, and the an act of sim- ultaneous nsfassination, and tliere were very few that wished to f^it (!alinly down and wait for the consummation. A council of war was held, and " Old John ^'advocated war on the iii.-tant. Tlio majority inclined to bide the course of events, waiting f.>r re- inforcements and watching the enemy rlo.'Cly, but a small minority of nine, including the leader, declared for the arbitrament of the sword. It is not easy for us to determine which policy was the best. The younger Browns were not atnong those \v'ho followed tlic more impetnous leader, but the men who had chosen the more eventful career were soon heard from. The little army of obser- vation determined, upon mature consultation, that certain men who were the leading spirits of the proslavcry section, and had made themselves peculiarly conspicuous by their evil deeds dur- ing the Lawrence invasion, should be held responsible for tho actions of their party, and if any indication appeared that the scheme of murder was to be prosecuted, they should be destroyed insUnikr, as a precautionary measure. On the 24lli of ^fay, 1857, during the absence of the leader of the little band, five men thus marked down as specially dangenms, Messrs. Sherman, Wilkinson, Doyle, and two sons of the latter, had committed outrages again.st the free settlers which pointed toward the speedy realization of the larger design, and the war policy determined upon in council was executed'^ the oll'enders were brought from their several dwellings and killed. The event was one of the shocking inci- dents of°a warlike time, and it is not easy to determine where the blame primarily belonged. When Napoleon returned from his ill-starred invasion of Russia after Mo.^cow had been burned, and when his army was nearly destroyed, he complained to his minis- ter of police that some one had said the " assault upon the Czar was a crime." "Sire," replied Fouch6, "It is worse than a crime ; it is a blunder." Fouchc was wise after the event. Apart from the criminality of this cold blooded line of conduct, it was a blunder, because it cooled the ardor of their own best friends, and in a corresponding degree it infused greater rage into the hearts of the dominant faction. But there never yet was a quarrel be- tween two sections in a community where all the right was on one side, and all the wrong on the other. Tho constitution of humanity forbids any such phenomena, and the war in Kansas \ 'M'2 Ti n'i.i:'s llifiTouY OF K\ssAs. was of :i kind I'spiviiilly c'llouIiiU'il to carry extromo iin'ii on liolli Hidos to tlioir worst (U'(M Is, It is liowovcr only f;iir to tlioinvrticip- ants ill tlioso cxcoiitiona to say tliiit oKl Ciipt. lirowii, who was iib- Hciit !it the tiinc, fully iiidors.Ml the action o[ hiscotninand wliiMi he roturiHMl, and it is |)rol):il)lo that In; km'W mon' than will uvor ho told as to the provoi'afion whii.'h Ik- licld to bo suflicient. Tho Ixji-diT nowspaiHTs teoiiu'd witli inllainmatory a|)i)oals onoo more, there was a perocptihlo roai-tioii within the territory itself against abolitionists, and the governor was itnportiined to supply every proslavery man with weapons, while many wanti'd all the United States troops tliat were proeurable preeipitated at onee upon the olTeiiding (iistriet. Olliccrs were dispatehed with siiiall detach- ments to Ossawatomie and to Pottawattamie (Jroek, to ascertain the facts as far as possible, and to disperse armed bodies of in'Mi, should any be found to have giithered. C'apt. lirown with eighty men was found by one of the olheers, and he, upon being ordered to disperse his force, did liomage to tlio IT. S. uniform by com- manding liis fr'or.ds to repair to their homes. The lieutenant in command reported all quiet in consccpienee of that act of obedience, but there were parties not to be so easily contented. After the sacking of Lawrence, one Capt. Pate, a Virginian an editor and newspaper correspondent, remained iu the territory m command of a troop of freiibooters, who assumed tho name of " Shannon's Sharpshooters," and were for some time a terror to peaceful travelers. The report.s sent to the press by the gallant commander were a.s wonderful as the exploits of Pam/o-s himself, but in reality his command were more dangerous to henroosts than to free state settlers when armed for defense, ^[r. Pate had stayed in Kansas contrary to orders, after the sheriil's posse bad been dismissed, because his command would cease when he crossed the border, and he hated to realisje ^'Olhello'a occupation gone," with " all the pomp and circumstance of war." The cor- respondent would be a freebooter rather than relapse into private citizenship, so he remained ready to carry out any designs that might be suggested against the other side. The hoped for chance had come, he would capture Brown, and before anybody could suggest a doubt as to the success of a proposition so feasible, the dashino' ofTicer was at Ossawatomie, and had failed to find the i' L_. MMH Tin: Joiis /.*/.'/ II. V ir.i/;. — /sV/-?. 'M^ iii'u <)i> l)oth ilu'lKirticii)- vv'ni) was iil)- Itvl wluMl llO will i!Vi'r 1)0 icietit. The ^ Diico more, it.sflf ii<.raiiist luiiply every II the riiitcd )(■(( upon the mall ilctacli- ti) ascertain xlics (i[ iniMi, 1 with eighty eing ordered )rm by com- ic lieutenant that act of ly contented. Virginian, an c tcrrilcii-y m the name of lie a terror to y tlie gallant '■(i/lrs liimaelf, to henroosts Mr. Pate had I's posse bad ase when he s occupation r." Thecor- B into private ' designs that ed for chance lybody could ) feasible, the 1 to find the man of whom he was in search. The old mini \vn.<» absent, but ho found two of liis sons, made pri.sontrs of ihcm. put them in irons, burned houses, arrested any per.«.n that objected to hi.s homo being set on lire, and generally deported him,«?elf like ii brave commaLUci of irregulars, who wants to create sensational incidcnl.s, when there is no armed force to comjiel respect for property and life. The .b)hn Un.wn war had commenced in so- ber eariie.st, and May olst found ^^everal O.-^sawatomie settlers be- ing driven, iKUulcuficd and iroiied, from camp to camp, on their way to liccompli'ii. Two of the captives were John IJrowii, .Ir., a memberof the Topcka legi.-^lature, and Ja.son, his brother. T.ut little time ehqised before the old man was made aware thai \ua eons were in the hands of tlie en'.-my ami that he had been in- quired for. Perhaj>s it may have been politeness, or atTection, or u mixture of both feelings, bvit he eertaiidy became more anxious* fur an interview than Capt. Talc himself. The freebnotcrdouhled and turned like a hunted hare, trying to recover its form, but the prisoners could not move nsclcss as Ossawatomie, and entirely taken by- surprise. The troop came upon the iilace by night, enjoyed tho privilege of plunder, took several prisoners, and among the rest an old and unoll'ending Bai)tist preacher, whom they bound, and then compelled to swallow a quantity of whisky which, except for such malicious purposes, they would not have spared from their own throats. Having finished their Saturday night's work at Palmyra on Sunday morning, they went next to Piairic City, about fourteen miles from Lawrence, a small village of about five hundred inhabitants now, but tlien with little more than a tithe of that number. Tiieir success in the smaller village of Palmyra had given them confidence for laxger exploits, and the villagers at church were astonished by the sounds of an armed force in the streets. It was a time when prudent men went armed, even to church, and unfortunately for the assuilants the villagers did not S44 Trrn.i's Hi'Hi'r ur I'AS'^.tff. know tliiit tlio troop wa.s invincil)lc, ho tli'y .«tillic'l out from tlu'ir place of worship, iiiailo Kotiic few i>ri!«onors ami drove tlio balaiico of tlic fri'dxiotors away in ^Mvat disor-lcr. Tlir pursuer f)t I'ato vas now close ujioii liis track, ami on Momlay iiiorniiig new.s was ol)taiticil as to the wliercnboiit.s of tlio cncampinoiit of the pro- slavery I lien. Jolin l^rown had formed an alliaueo with Capt. Shore f)f tho Prairie City Company, and between them the two commanders could Urin^,' twenty-six men into tlio field, when they ascertaine'>i'>-7. 345 . frmn tlicir tlio lialinicn lUT of I'ato ^ news wns of the pro- 'lioic nf till! nimuiUliUM'S asoortaiiKMl nctiiy imiii- r wngoiiH as avor. Tlio lul the froc- Thc force irnalist wii* ircd. Five their wa^'oii to the fusil- ulod that it •0 lying flat party wliis- t truce had pending the lurdor their |)osed to be lo had been / night, was ape and ran hots, one of r of the rest be preferred ,ld certainly MissoLirian ree just half liave always ,'sj)ected the dt he would being noti- fied of til." fact, cp.rdily nnswercd tlie dctimnd in por^«on. A graphic c..lunui for the "'Missouri Ilopublican " mi-ht have been written bv its correspondent as tolas own appearance in that fate- ful hour, but the powers of deseriptio!i, which revelled in hen rooHt vietorics. failed in the Insk of describing an i^ntMninious do- feat of liflv valiunt troopers by twenty-six of the cohmists. The surrender was iineoiiditioiial, and ('apt. Ib-own with a detachment of live men proceeded lo tlie camp on Hlack Jack to receive sub- mission, anil more prisoners than all his party could have guarded but for reiiiforeements wiiich now began to arrive from fiawrenec, Franklin and elsewhere. The ralmyra plunder and prisoners, aiiil all the camp eipiipagcof the plunderers fell into the hands of their masters A fortitied camp was established in the woods back of Trairie City, on Middle Ottawa Creek, and John lirown with his command was rea.ly for all comers. The forces of the enemy were moving this way, and so were troops of supporters. Franklin was of course near at hand, little more than ten mile.q distant, and Maj. Ibiford with his company remained there ready for emergencies, and guarding the spoils obtained from Lawrence. When the mountain would not go to Mahomet, the pi'opiiet made a merit of necessity by going to the mountain, so when Ibiford did not se(!k his enemy, the free state men went in search of him. A few parties from Lawrence planned the attack on his force, but the Wakarusa contingent failed to connect, and the free state men blundered into the fight, each section figliting its own battle with an undivided force fully prepared for the assault. The result in spite of all disadvantages was in favor of the settlers, the small- ness of whose numbers could not be ascertained in the darkness, and before morning Ruford's men had abandoned their guard house with all their munitions and stores. The spoils of the vic- tors embraced the cannon surrendered at Lawrence, and more of the goods which were stolen during the sack of that city than the free state companies could carry away, before the United States troops would V)e upon them from Lawrence, only four miles off. Bull Creek was the camping ground of a force organized under Gen. Whitfield, who failing to secure a seat in congress was glad to obtain a jiost. Palmyra was selected by him as a good point for operations with a force of three hundred men, including many 346 Tutti.e's JfisTonr of Kaxsas. notables from over tlic bonier, because from his position there he could menace his opponents with much damage. Coleman, the murderer, was one of his council, and could give information as to the men who served in the opposing ranks, and the best way to distress them. The pro-slavery men were uniformly worsted in every enc oun- tcr, and it was time for their patron to come to the rescue, so Gov. Shannon issued a jiroclamation commanding a truce. All armed bands were to di.sper.se, and Col. Sumner v;ith his dragoons was comm issioncd to cai IT out the order. Arrests were to be made fit the same time, and the d(!puty marshal accompanied the United States forces fur that puri)ose. The proclamation prevented some of the free state men rallying witli their comrades at Hickory Point, but a formidable company of more than one hundred as- sembled there to watch Gen. Whitlield, and to intervene effect- ively if his three hundred border rufUans should a.ssail Palmyra. The two camps were about one mile apart. All the guerrilla leaders on the free st.;te side were in the neighborhood, and their united forces made about two hundred o])posed to abt)ut five hundred Missourians and their allies. On the 5th of June, 1856, Col. Sumner arrived near Palmyra and commenced his labors in breaking up the panoply of war. The free state men dispersed at the first order, because nothing would induce them to come into hostile contact with the forces of the Union. Capt. Shore was the first officer to disband his troops. Brown having com- municated with the colonel, seeking an interview, was encouraged to come out of his strong entrenchment in the woods and made a prisoner; but he was not dismayed by that circumstance, having well grounded faith in the commandant. When he led the United States troops to his camp, they found twenty seven prison- ers guarded by fifteen settlers, in a position all but impregnable. The deputy marshal was the same personage that had once taken ex-Governor Eeeder under a writ and allowed that gentleman to escape from a discreet regard for his own personal safety; he had come now with Col. Sumn-c^- under the pretense that he must make arrests, but iiis conscience was mastered by a sense of the possibilities, and he declared that he had no writs for the men around him, and John Brown and all his men were at liberty to The Joirx Huows W.m—lSoG-l. Sll tion there he Uoleman, the iforrnation as ,he best; way 'ery enc oun- 5cue, so Gov. All armed rairoons was to be made d the United ivented some at Hickory hundred as- rvene effect- lil Palmyra, the guerrilla id, and their ) abt)ut five June, 1856, ;U3 labors in en dispersed em to come Capt. Shore having com- i encouraged and made a ance, having he led the leven prison- mpregnable. i once taken gentleman to :ety ; he had lat he must sense of the for the men It liberty to retur-i homo. Tlic freebooter Capt. Pate was set at liberty with his gang, but Col. SumMcr reprimanded the worthy wuimander for his misdeeds. Capt. Prown represented that he and his men were only acting in concert to save their homes and properties from the Wliitlield party close at hand, but, upon the .listinct promise that the enemy should be dispersed immediately, he and his friends went on their various ways to resume the industries of peace. The other camp was visited in good faith, and, upon an express encnu"jinent entered into by the congressional delegate of the MissouV-ian faction, that there should be no further hostilities on his part, tlie colonel commandant went into camp near Prairie City for one night, and then returned to the fort. Gen. Whitfield was a man of his word, as it is believed that many prisoners were murdered by his force on the following day, and certainly a young free-state settler named Cantral was shot as a traitor to Missouri, because he had formerly resided in that state, and had since borne arms against .slavery. The facts were wit- nessed by the free state prisoner Bell, whose case has before been mentioned, who was also an old Missourian resident, and had been captured when conveying food to his sick wife and home- less family. Col. Sumner would have rescued Cantral, but that he had faith in the promises of Mr. Whitfield, and perhaps that gentleman may have been overruled by comrades with less honor than himself. The invaders availed themselves of the absence of Coj. Sumner to divide their forces instead of dispersing, and Ossawatomie was menaced with an attack. The commandant was certain there would be no hostile act, but, in the event of such an outrage being attempted, Maj. Sedgwick with a sufficient force was left in the locality ; thus it happened that Ossawatomie was a second time defenseless in the hands of the enemy, and, after the departure of the major, the village was sacked, houses were burned, and the ruffians retreated precipitately with all the spoil they could carry away. During the whole summer sueh ex- ploits were the order of the day, all the horrors of civil war prevailing in Kansas in addition to the outrages incidental to invasion, and the assailing force had only to cross the border or to come under the protection of United States troops, commanded by the Centurion Shannon, to be personally safe from repri- 348 TrTTLKS IllSTUliY OF K.tss.is. I sals. The rule of ^[r. Shannon meant ruin for the territory. There was no house safe from inidni»s ir.i'.' — 7^50-7. 349 ic territory, (1 ass?assins, 1 their dep- tectioii, \in- Men were overpowcr- cl for their they would n the night, thing, shel- lestroyed in ;h upon the : all over the tarving were irboard into ng, however and all the 1 robbed on )ns, clothing [ land under 3d the coun- ompelled to of the Mis- he fact had 1 not even a . The press i^ould be no ject was dis- ng to enter acle of a few others from nine prevail- and accord- be continued one year the he defenders nome to their of all classes except the duly constituted authorities, but food, clotlnng, arms and reinforcements were all contraband of war upon the Missouri, and there was no force available to compel justice, i he tree states were being aroused to a pitch of bitterness never before realized, lecturers were traversing the country from city to city, bearing aloft the symbols of distress, and in no tame or msuE- n,.ient\vay, describing the woes which must be relieved. Some of the men so engaged had fought for the side for which they were pleading, and money was readily procured to send aid to the suf- ferer. 'The incompetency and favoritism of Mr. Shannon were insisted upon in the press, on the platform and in congressional circles, but that procured no redress, because it only tended to convince Mr. Pierce and the senate with whom the appointing power rested, that they had given to their friends, the proslavery faction, a valuable ally, The congressional report had become public property in August, 1856, and during the whole winter the Lass of evidence which accompanied the fmding of the committee of investigation had been served up by the press, as well as com- mented upon in lecture halls, resolving the doubt of the com- munity. It was idle for the other side to say that the evidence was not worthy of credence, for the committee had published .he depositions of well known democrats as well as of whigs and free soilers, and many of the witnesses were men for whose verac, y hun- dreds on everv side were ready to swear. It became the fashion ^vith one section of the people, and the passion with another, to form " Kansas Aid Societies," and meetings under such auspices were attended by hundreds of thousands. Some went because they had relatives engaged in the struggle from whom they had not heard for months, in consequence of the destruction of mails. Many more, because they were interested in the principle for which the emigrants were fighting, and not n few who sought only to gratify an idle curiosity, or to float with the stream be- came fired by the recital of the occasion, until they would have foucrht Satan himself, to assist the oppressed. In such cases as well as in that desribed by Goldsmith, the orator realized that, " Truth from liis lips prevailed with double sway. And fools, who came to scoff, remained to pray." Henry Ward Beeoher was one of the men whose voices were ■^MMMIM^MMa I i"' &5() Tvrn.ifs llismur of Kaxsas. being beard on tlic question, and liis oratory thrilled his hearers everywhere; he was a man entircily in earnest, and he eould an- swer [or a daily increasing congregation in Brooklyn, as well as for many hundreds of thousands to whom his name was a house- hold word. At one meeting in New Haven, Conn., where he lec- tured, contributions were collected instantly to purchase fifty rifles of the best descrijition, and Tlymouth church stood pledged for half as many more, irrespective of what individual members might give, for the outfit of the Wabaunsee colony, now flourish- ing as one of the most prosperous communities in Kansas. Wis- consin was represented in the movement by a great meeting in the city of ^[ilwaukee, in which a quantity of arms was given and $3,000 in money, besides which every county in the state was or- ganized to jiroeure assistance. Companies were being raised and drilled to marcli into the debatable land, and determine the whole diflienlty by skillfully propelled lead. Chicago, as usual, stood for Illinois, and when it was reported that some emigrants from that state had been robbed, ill used and turned back by the Mis- sourians, there was a meeting held in the great metropoli.s, which witliin one hour contril)utcd $20,000 to remove obstructions from the Jkfissouri River. Other parts of the state were equally ou the qui vice, and there was to be no dearth of treasure for carrying on the war which the south had wantonly provoked. When the free states held their conference in Buffalo, N. Y., Illinois was represented by three delegates, the other free states having one each, and a society w; organized which eollceted and distributed money to the amount of $120,000, besides sending other material aid which w;,^ contributed by members and friends all over the free states. 1 o meetings ol the Directorate continued until Jan- nary, 1857. Iriends of free Kansas were becoming a consider- able body, and in spite of all that could be do:^ j in the way of intercepting aid, ^Missouri had done more to mcrease the impetus of public opinion against the system of slavery, than all the abo- lition presses that had been at work since Benezet published his book on the subject in this country in 1762. Massachusetts had a society of its own whic'u ( olleeted f n- similar purposes nearly $100,000 in money, besides arms, clothing and food in consider- able quantities. This association, or rather two societies in sue- I nWiiWWtfWI.'WHItiW Till-: Jons Ihtows W.ui— 1>^''0'7. obi \ his hearers 10 coulil aii- 1, as well us ,vas a house- vhero he lec- irchase fifty ;oocl pknlgcd lal members low flourish- iiisas. Wis- meetiiig in as given and state was or- g raised and no the wliolo usual, stood igrants from by the Mis- )polia, which uctions from ually oil the • carrying on When the Illinois was having one 3 distributed ;her material 1 all over the ;d until Jan- a consider- n the way of the impetus allthe abo- ublished his :;husetts had 30ses nearly in consider- ieties in suc- rcpsion, worked in the old Bay State from the early part of 18o6 until nearly the end of 1858, and rendered good service all the time, .sending at first only contributions to the commissariat of the free settlers, but at length contributing arms and ammunition. Two hundred rifles which were sent by the society, through s.)mo misunderstanding, remainc' m Towa until 1850, when John Bnnvn carried them along to Harper's Ferry, and they fell with h.m into the i.ands of the I'hillistines. While all this excitement was pre- vailin-, the presedential campaign was in full blast, and m many tr,Nvns usually quiet, the bonfires were piled to mountainous heights to receive the efTigics of the more noted leaders of the bonier party, after they had been paraded round the neighbor- hood by torchli-ht processions. The outrages committed m Kan- sas were the main stock from which illustrations were drawn, and the proslavery men wonW have luul good grounds for complaint, us to the manner in which their faces and forms were libelled lu the free sketches by which ihey were presented to the populace. There were not a few Kansas refugees among the speakers in the •n-and rally aiid mass meetings of the season, and the vivid de- scriptions which they could give of personal dangers, as they " Simko of most (Ubiiistrous chiuices, Of moving acci Jenls by flooil ami rtcld ; Of hair broadtli 'scapes i' tlie imminent deadly breach;^ Of being taken bj' tlio insolent foe, And sold to slaverj','' made the territory and everything thereto pertaining the absorb- incr theme of conver.sation. The picture which had been exhib- ite°l by cc.ngressional art had not been sufficiently realistic to present the tTutli as these men rendered it, without incumbrance with the fovrvis which pertain to question and answer before a congressional n ibunal. The other side was not without similar machinery throughout the south, and in every state where proslavery sentiment pre- vailed. Every act of the free settlers, whether reprehensible or praiseworthy, came in for appropriate coloring to suit the taste of men who were opposed to a^.olition. IMissourian settlers were being murdered in their beds, they were falling victims to whole- sale "incendiarism, they were the majority in the territory, but 352 T utile's HisrouY or Kaxsas. their jiHt Iruvs were disre.iranlctl by :i tyniimieiil fiietinii, and tlie Kouth was a.sked wiielher gentlemen desirous to ui)liold tiio cus- toms of tiieir forefathers sliould be overridden by '• ineehanio slaves with greasy aprons, rules and hanmiers," who were riot lit to come "betwixt the wind and their nobility." Thev were pleciinir their last president, and yet they were obliged to eontent themselves with a man who could not be relied upon to favor the extension of slave territory, while the friends of Millard Fillmore and John C. Fremont were able to command 122 electoral votes against the 17-1 which elected the president in 185t); a strange contrast with the vote in ISCO, when Abraham Lincoln received 180, and Stephen A. Douglas only 12 ; the remainder being divided between Bell, f',)r whom 31) were recorded, and Breckin- ridge, who obtained 72 iroin the pro.slavery men, because Mr. Douglas would go no farther ihau squatter sovereignty for their purposes. Lying in and relying on the south, the proslavery men taxed their friends freely to supply them with arms and treasure, and companies of men were arriving continuou.sly, subject to none of thr drawbacks which decimated or destroyed the aid sent to the other side. An anxious time was now approaching, as the free state legislature was appointed Lo convene al To])eka, July -1, 1856, for the adjourned session, and it was anticipated that the IStis.sourian faction, with Mr. Shannon as the mouthpiece, would strain every nerve to prevent the as.sembly. A mass convention of citizens in the temporary capital was called for July 3, the intention being- that a body of men should be in that way pre- pared to defend the legislature against rufTian aggression, but there were so many road inspectors and guerrilla parties on every line of communication, that hundreds were afraid to leave their families unprotected by their absence. Some men could see no advantage likely to be gained in the then aspect of affairs from a ineeting of the legislative body, and they would not take part in the movement ; some could not be notified of the intention be- cause nea.ly all the free state presses in the territory had been destroyed; still, with all these disadvantages to mditate against the demonstration, there were about a thousand men in Topeka on the 3d of July, and fully half of these bore arms, so that there w i » iw wJ ii >iJ' i i i w* w j ' Mi ■jm«i»W ii» j i -mKf m j mt' " The Jons Biuns's WAn — lS56-7. 353 oil, and tlie )1(1 tiu! cus- '• ineclianio wore not fit Tlu\v were I to content to favor the ird Fillmore ;ctoral votes ; u strange [)ln received indcr being lid IJreckin- jeeause Mr. iitv for their r men taxed reasure, and t to none ol sent to tlic ', as the free elca, July -i, ted that the piece, would i convention July 3, the hat way pre- jression, but ;ies on every leave their iould see no .ffairs from a take part in ntention be- ry had been itate against n in Topeka so that there were enough to have made a suflicient defense if only the border men and their natural allies came to the assault. The convention men came in in considerable numbers the day l^'fore, but all the leading minds had been scattered or were held in bondage. It was thought advisable that an e.xtra session of the legislature hliould be convened, and, in the absence of Gov. Robinson, his deputy, John Curtis, called that body together on the 3d of July to consider and order as to the best course to be pursued. The territorial governor had gone to St. Louis, having left orders for the dispersal of the legislature with Col. Sumner, and his instruc- tions were imperative ; consequently the dragoons were ready to act on the Fourth. Mr. Woodson, the supple secretary, hoped that there would now be a collision between the settlers and the military ; but the meeting on the day before in an extra session was not contemplated. The members on that day might have adjourned over the ith, but there were many diflering views, and many urged a battle rather than forego the secular session, but to the great majority it was evident that the game was not worth the candle. Before this time. Col. Sumner had been consulted by a com- mittee, to ascertatn whether there might not be some arrange- ment, but the answer of that officer, given in writing, was cour- teous, but precise ; he hoped they would not drive him to ex- tremities, but it they did, he must still disperse them, and do his duty. Mr. Woodson, once more governor ex officio, had taken up his quarters in the cainp, and on the morning of the fourth of July, that personage, with Judge Elmore, the XJ. S. marshal, and some others by way of stafl officials, came into Topeka, and with much ceremony attended tlie popular convention, where they were accommodated with seats upon the platform allotted to speakers, much to the astonishment of all concerned. The mar- shal was called upon to speak, and he modestly deferred to the judge, who thereupon read to the crowd a long winded proclama- tion of his own, indorsing that issued by President Pierce, and in furtherance of the system of government by proclamations, wound up with an announcement by Col. Sumner, that he must enforce the order against the assembly of the legislature. Some of the bystanders could see the absurd blunder that was being 24 I- 8M TVTTf.K'ti JflSTOltY OF KaSSAS. macle, but tl.ev did net interfere until the U. S. marshal an, Ins 8,iuaa were le:iving, when some one tokl him that he had been ^v-asting his sweetness upon the convention, while ho thought l.o had been fulminating his thunder in the legislature. At mgU noon on the day we celebrate, Col. Sun.ner entered Toneka, h>. band playing "Hail Columbia," and his troops being stat.one.l with military precisi.>n. The day was being honored by a par- tial review of voluntoers, which in the prosenco of border rul- fians might have proved a more practical illustration of the art o£ soldiering. Col. Sumner, having adopted every precaution to sc- cure the execution of his orders, if necessity should arise, enterea the assembly chamber and was accommodated with a seat. Those who were to be molested by him in the exercise of an un- doubted right knew that his own manly instincts would no have tended in.such a tyrannical direction. When the roll had been called by the clerk, the colonel rose and said : " Gentlemen : I am called upon this day to perform the most painfu duty of mv whole life. Under authority of the president s proclamation, I am here to disperse this legislature, and therefore inform YOU that you can not meet. I therefore order you to disperse God knows that I have no party feeling in this matter, and will hold none so long as I occupy my present position in Kansas i have just returned from the borders, where I have been sending home companies of Missourians, and now I am ordered here to disperse you. Such are my orders, and you must disperse, i now command you to disperse. I repeat that this is the most painful duty of my whole life." The members remained until C had as'certai/ed that force would be used .f necessary ta carry out the orders of the executive, and the house then dis- per/ed In the senate the colonel was equally courteous but just as decisive, and in answering a question from one of he hodv he said • " My orders are, that you must not be permitted I I; t; business.-' The pompous marshal who had already distinguished himself enough for one day, was de-ous to indor the views of the commandant, but no person appeared to notice hin^'and the senate, at the suggestion of Col. Allen, after a few tords from the members, concluded that no session could be held. During the whole procedure. Col. Sumner impressed tae HUUMJiM.UiHPIIiilMJill'* MIII'IMi jmmoak. h hjlww jMiwt g *j"iH^t^m** a w The Jniis linows Wah — IS^G-I. 866 ■shal and liis iic liiul boon J tliouglit \w re. At uigU Toj-icka, hid ing statioiietl red by a par- £ border ruf- i ot the art o£ caution to sc- arise, entered with a seat. ;ise of an lin- ts would not 1 the roll had " Geiitlerncii :. fiinful duty of proclatnatioii, ireforc infona u to disperse, atter, and will in Kansas. I e been sending rdered here to ist disperse. I lis is the most remained until if necessary to ouse then dis- courteous, but ■om one of the >t be permitted ho had already irous to indorse eared to notice len, after a few ;ssion could be • impressed the men against whom he was compelled to act, with a high .scn.sc of his appreciation of the unconstitutional .duly which had devolved upon him. CHAPTER XV. TEUKITOHIAL HISTOUY (cunMnued.) THE JOHN BUOWN WAU- EVENTS OF 1850-57. Sumner BuiK-rseJcd - Major Gcnerarn Record -Gon. P. F. Smith -Lane's Army -Guerrilla Movements— llnlHiins Fortifying -Fort Ossawulo- mio- Washington Creek -Ma.j. IIoyt-Treailwell's Treason - Franklia Captured - Fort Saunders - Col. Titus - Near Lecompton - Herald Type-Capt. 8hombrc-To Lawrence- Maj. Hedgwick - Disturbing ' Clark - Sliannon at Lawrence - Second Treaty — Solemn Oath - Uuf- flanism - Abolition Scalps - Lovely Woman - Shannon Resigns - Gov- ernor's Status — Wood8.m rfrftru-ws — Embodying Militia— Proslavery Terrors — War Bulletins — " To Arms " — Insurrection — Newspaper Praise- Exterminate -Norllieru Emigrants — Lane's Record — Uieh- ardsou- K "jbing Quakers — Mlssourian Rout— Anderson, Cliue & Shore — In Time — Camp Plunder — Casualties — Old John Brown — Reverend Murderer — Reed's Command — Ossawatomie — Defense — Destructive Fire — Cannonade — Infantry Charge — Town Demolished — ' Proslavery Brown — Promiscuous Stealing — Wesport, Ho ! — Prisoners Murdered— Revenging Black Jack — Merciless Evictions — The Com- mander - Murderer Executed - Gen. Lane - Singular Record - Incon- sistent Order — Reed's Escape — Douglas County — Pursuing Lane — Col Cook — Level Topeka — Loyal Disobedience — Topeka Protected — Lecomptoa Attacked - Rescue Prisoners - Col. Harvey - Where's Lane?- Slough Creek — Surrender — Abandoned Plunder — Foolish Mercy — Capitol Hill — Disbanded Militia — Prisoners Liberated — Leavenworth Horrors- Death's Harvest- Regulators- William Phil- lips— Polar Star- Capt. Emory - No Refuge — Anarchy - Murder — Mystery — Growing Worse — Around Lawrcp'^e — The Defenders — Gen- eral License — State Ottenders — Bail Bonds - Nolle Pros.— Robinsons's Trial — Looking Ahead. Some of the popular party supposed that Col. Sumner had been needlessly harsh in his conduct toward the free state party ; mtmmm ■^g i ^iva i^-».-M- - - -^ ^- - • ■',-'■■, -n- ■r^.M^m ^ii*dewss-*v(wrs)^«#MP"' 350 Tvttlk's HisTviiY of Kashas. but oouia llK.y l.avu lo.>kca into the motives of th.t oiV.cor and, above ull,<.>uia tlu,.y Iwvvc u.xlerstood the ,u;cs.u..e vvL.ch was bruu.-l.t to bour upo" hi-.' "» the dischurgo of In. dui.y, undo, the vl.nli;utwutchfulnLotthe.o.oUu-y<.fvvHr,ldrersonDav.vvlw.^B l,j;,t fully infur.nod u,s to his nioven.enis, us «cen from a south- en.er-s standpoint by Gen. Atchison, the.r judKn.cnts would have been uu>eh chunged. His subse.,uent -"-'•' ^^;"''"« ^^''"^u ro.o to the rank of n.ajor general, lighting the battles of the « no on many a bitterly contested held, showed that Ins syn.pa b.es ..ere on the side against which the duties of his position m W .as eon.pelled him to act, because the chief executive o t e United States had assumed the role of a partisan; bu h s ^ uu.val from the command at Fort Leavenworth in the latter pait of July, 185G, left no room for doubt that his manly and non- partisan coui.;, in the discharge of a peculiarly trying duty, had ' V n the Missourian faction much cause of oiTense. They wanted tuch an ollicer as would carry out the policy of repression agams .ee soilers, and they found m him one who wou d «« 3-^ - as the position demanded, and where justice could not be st. ictly observ d, tempering even law with courtesy and consideration, anie condition^f things which might have supervened in Kansa during the time that Mr. Shannon was governor, had Col. Sumnei be n a man after the heart of Atchison and his confreres, requn-es 'o Tucidation. The leading men of the ^- f te Ijar ty ^h., came most into contact with the commandant, did not fad to len- r him justice as to his desires, and as to the discrimination with thich he sought always to give sound advice and the prote^- of abstinence from action to the struggling settlement. Disci lie ed him as it must rule military men worthy of the name e'ry where; but his heart was in the right place, and for tha e o be ell under the ban of the power behmd the throne a W.lin.non. Uis death seven years later, m 1863, was a loss of J.::;'moment to the union cause. 1^-dent Pierce .jowe^njuig .ear the end of his ^. in ^ sentGe. -^^ R^f^ outrank and supersede Ool. bumnei, auu 111 tu &, Xsourians found an ol!icer whose sympathies were entirely wUh Jhe piolavery men, although his failing health did not allow hnn re'^ain long iu the position, nor while he coutmued therem, to — -''*;-'ar«?H3EFV*St^ ■ ^^ ofiicor, and, ■0 wliich was ly, uiiilor the Davis, always I'oin a Hoalh- s would liavo iiig whiuli liu s of tlic union is syinpalliic's arty, who not fail to ren- ri mi nation with the protection .ements. Disei- hy of the name je. and for that id the throne at )3, was a loss of rce, now coming ufer F. Smith to ; gentleman the ere entirely with id not allow him inued therein, to Tjh: Jons liiKnrx ir.iw— Xn.30-7. 857 render my very brilliant service to his nccompliciH. Horn ia IVMUisylvauin, Ih; had passed a Iari?o portion of his lift- in Lotiisi- una, and had become entirely subject to the views of life and the prejudices as to color, by which ho had been for so many yeiirs surrounded. The storming of Monterey had proved liini, long before, a brave and capable odicer; but, happily, the chaii-iing circumstances of the time were of such a characlcr as to deprive him of active occasions to display his zeal against free settlement in the territory. The complete blockade of the Missouri, long since described, had rendered it indispensable that a new road should bo found unless a naval or mililnrv force could be brought into o|)eratioii against the jiirates, an'' the beginning of August, 18o(), a force began to arrive in u, lorritory through Iowa and Nebraska, Gen. Lane, who had long before gone to the northern states on a mission to jirocure reinforcements, had arranged the plan of operations, and the .settlers and lighting men, some of them accompanied by their families, were known as Lane's northern army. The general was the first to come by that route in this movement, although many had reached the territory through Council Bluffs and the site where Omaha now llourishes, before that date. The action which preceded the resignation of Gov. Shannon had given to Col. Sumner the opportunity to disperse the guerrilla parties in the territory, and most of the free state men had gone to their homes content with the promise of security which his action oflcred ; but the southern allies of Missouri having no homes to which they could retire, and not being encouraged to return to Missouri, had for a time scattered far and wide in comparatively harmelss disarray, but during the latter part of July, and more especially after Col. Sumner had been relieved from duty, they once more became dangerous, assembling in the Indian reservations, and in places remote from settled habitation, where they established fortifications, and were soon prominent as robbers. In the places where the armed bands found shelter, they put up fortifications, and unarmed or solitary travelers passing near such places were frequently molested. The mails were often interrupted and plundered, crops were destroyed, robberies of all kinds abounded, incendiarism was V yw TI'TTLK's UlSTOUY OF KANSAS. common, ami it bciciuuc noi-cssiiry !il).)iiL the ciM of .Inly to imiko uii fNaiuplo of a fort iioar Ossawaloiniu. Some troo state lueii loiiil.u.cil for the work, and on tho morning of August oth, tlio Georgian raiderrt Hceing a woiw fato before tlietn, unle«.s they moved oxpeditiously, abatidoii.Hl all the spoil that had been uceiiinuialed, nul lied for tlu-ir livis. The Htroii-hold, v'neh might have been lii;hl for some lime by courageous men, w;it. fti unee destroyed. Tho foreo whieh had retreated from Ossawatonn.* joined another body on Waslnngton Creek, and precisely similar outrages were reiloubled at a point whieh brought their railius of operaUons oidv a few tniles fn)m Lawrenee. If Col. Sumner had been in eommand, it is probable that he wouhl huvr earried out his former instruetions, or yet, more jjrobably, tho reivatation that he "bore would have relieved him of any such nc'eshity ; but under the n ■st condition of all'airs the military were not a\ ■llal'le to repress outrages against the settlers. The forlilicatiMh on Washington Creek was called Fort Saunders, ,uid the citizen.. ■>£ Lawrence sent an envoy to the enemy on the 11th of the montii, to procure a cessation of robberies and brutalities by peaceable means. Major Iloyt, a man held in high esteem by his fellow cil zens, was chosen for the visit, and he was well received by (?.ol. Treadwell, the ottioer in command of tho rullians, but on his •way homo after the interview, he was waylaid and inurdered, hia body being shot through in all directions. Such an abominable outrage fully justified tho reas.sombling of guerrilla baiuls, and the headiiuarters at Franklin, where the Wakarusa camp once stood, and where the proslavery party still maintained a formidable show, was tlie lirst point attacked. The position, only four miles from Lawrence, could not be left untouched if war was to be the order of the day. The forces were found strongly fortiiied, and the demand for a surrender was answered by whistling bullets, and •■ the light lasted about three hours, when the defenders, fearful of being burned out of their nest, surrendered their arms, ammu- nition, plunder and cannon, being only too glad to escape with their lives. The force so escaping retired to Fort Saunders, where a strong body was now assembled, and on the 15th, three days after the" murder of Maj. I). S. Iloyt, Col. Treadwell, with all his command, a medley of Georgians and border ruffians, eK»>»»«»«|MBW*«SS»M«»P!« r ( .luly to niuko (roo Hluto men .ugust otli, tlie n, iuilt'«.s they lliiit lisul Inn-n )iigli()Ul, ^''iic'li ua inoii, w;i; ; ' n\ Orisuwuloinc, ii'ooii^oly similiir , llu'ir nulius ot 1)1. Siuiuicr liiul 11I.VV ciirrieil out ropatatioii tliiit nc'csfiily ; but ro not a\ 'il;iblu fortilicuti Hi oil tlic citizens of li of the month, js by pciiceable 11 by liiri fellow ell received by liuns, but on his d UiurUered, his 1 iin iiboiniiiuble a bands, and the ;anip once stood, 3d a formidable , only four miles 'ar was to be the fortified, and the ling bullets, and endcrs, fearful of eir arms, aminu- d to escape with ) Fort Saunders, n the 15th, three , Treadwell, with border rufKans, ' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) £ / O ^*^ lie M^ O ^A sr .% . m. *■<•'■ ^ //J, ^^ '/a 1.0 I.I IfllM IIIIIM ■^ 1^ 12.2 t \i^ 12.0 1.8 11.25 111 1.4 11.6 V (^ /^ "^,A-^ '? HiotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 :7SS»SS»S«*?a!^S^«|!*3 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Hisl-'tricai IVIIcroreproductlons / Instltut Canadian de microreproductions historiques The John Buows War — 1'^'>(>-7. 359 stampeded from Fort Saiuider.s on the approach of Gon. Lane and Col. Grover. Once more an immense spoil fell into the hands of the free state men, and many who had been robbed recovered their projxirty. Many articles were recognized as luwing been taken during the sack of Lawrence. Only one stronghold re- mained south of the Kansas liiver, and that was a fortified residence near Lecompton, occupied by Col. Titus, a well known desperado, who was always surrounded by proslavery bands. This place had long been the territorial capital, and many fears had been entertained as to the possibility of an assault from free settlers, which were intensified, when on the morning of August 16, 1856, the guns of the assailants of the Titus fortilication were heard. The well planned attack was a complete success, after only about half an hour's fighting. A cannon planted in front of the building was loaded with shot made from the type of the " Herald of Free- dom," which the ruffians had destroyed in Lawrence, and the reissue was more forcible than any leaded article that had ever issued from editorial hands. There were five prisoners held in the house ; of course they were released, and for one of that num- ber, the rescuing party were only just in time, as he was to have been shot that morning. Titus, the leader, made a piteous appeal for his own life to be spared, and his appeal was granted much to his surprise. Capt. Walker, whose name is familiar to our readers, was one of the attacking party commanding one division, while Col. Grover led the other. There were killed and wounded on both sides, Capt. Shombre, from Indiana, being the most notable loss among the settlers. The prisoners and spoil were carried off to Lawrence, and that city was once more the center of attraction. While the assault was being made on the Titus stronghold, the Lecompton citizens were in a terrible state of trepidation, as they naturally expected that their habitations would next be ransacked, but they were doomed to disappointment. The United States camp was only two miles from the city under the command of Major Sedgwick, whose removal from Ossawatomie was the means of that town being demolished by ruffians and he found his quarters overrun by people seeking shelter from the onslaught which was dreaded. The troops were set in motion to find Gov. 860 Tuttle's IfisToity of K.wsas. Shannon and to ascertain wlictlicr that gentleman liad any orders to give in the emergency, but tliere were no instructions, and tlic whole of tlie territorial ofTicers had fled. ^faj. Clark, the surveyor general, who was accredited, perhaps wrongfully, with having shot the free settler Barber, who was murdered by the patrol, was Bpecially an object of solicitude to Mv. Shannon, v.'ho was amiably fearful that the assault was disturbing Clark. Maj. Sedgwick was not likely to attempt interference on his own ac- count, as he belonged to the Sumner school of oflacers, and stood high in deserved respect among the free soil men. The governor visited Lawrence again the next day accompanied by Maj. Sedg- wick and some other officers, and while there, a sec(Aid treaty was made with the settlers, under which Titus and his band were sur- rendered by the city in consideration of an engagement that five free state men taken prisoners since the attack on Franklin shoulil be set at liberty, and that no further arrests should bo made un- der the territorial enactmtiits ; besides which the howitzer taken from the city at the time of the sack of Lawrence should be re- turned to its original possessors. To all the conditions of this treaty the governor bound himself by a solemn oath, and during the brief remainder of his days in the territory, it is evident that he tried to keep his word. He was no longer the obedient tool of the proslavery faction, and they for some time had been hop- ing that in the event of his resignation or removal. Secretary "Woodson, their unscrupulous abettor, would procure the nomina- tion, Euflianism was rampant as ever, and hardly a day elapsed without some outrage being perpetrated, and Leavenworth was now the head-quarters of the gang, the presence of United States troops under the nevr commander, affording no protection to the minority. A ruffian made a wager on the 19th of August in the town of Leavenworth, that he would take an abolition scalp with- in two hours, and he won his bet, having shot an unoffending young man named Hops, for that purpose ; nor did the murder- ous frolic end there, as one the bystanders having expressed his horror at such an inhuman assault was himself immediately shot dead. The village of Bloomington was the scene of a horrible event. A young lady was seized in her own house by four Bcoundrels, and conveyed to a distance of more than a mile, where,. Tni: Joiix BnowN War—ISoG-?. 361 ad any orders lions, anil the :, llic surveyor with having lie patrol, was on, who waa Clark. Maj. 1 his own ac- lers, and stood Tlic governor by Maj. Sedg- hxd treaty was )and were sur- inent that five •anlvlin should . bo made un- lowitzer taken should be re- iitions of this li, and during is evident that obedient tool lad been hop- ival, Seeretary re thenomina- a day elapsed venworth was United States otection to the August in the ion scalp with- n unoffending d the murder- expressed his nediately shot of a horrible louse by four a mile, where, being gagged and bound, her tongue drawn from her mouth and tied with a cord, the last indignity was innicted upon her in spite of her mute intreaties for merey. Thus day followed day in the territory, and there was no redress save in recourse to arms which permitted scounderlisrn to assume the guise of eillier party to carry en their career of spoliation. Mr. Shannon resigned his ofhce August 21, 1850, and must have been, there can be no doubt, pretty well informed as to the intrigues for his dismissal, as the dispatch, which would have removed him, if he had not re- signed, camd to Lecompton on the same day. He was never strong enough for the position, yet he had too much conscience to become the tool of Atchison and his party unless the force of ruffians around him was sufficiently powerful to overcome every scruple. Doubtless he was in his heart a proslavery man, and his first impulse undoubtedly pointed to an alliance with that party, but the dose wliich was tendered for his acceptance was on several occasions too much for him to swallow, and before leav- ing the territory there were doubts whether his own life would be°safe from his boisterous allies in the " Law and Order" associ- ation over which he presided in Leavenworth. When he came, Mr. Woodson was wanted, and tliat official was now more than ever in demand. The secretary was governor pro tern., whoevei might obtain the permanent appointment, and there was no time to be lost. Mr. Shannon had disbanded the militia at a time when the Missourian faction hoped that they were marching to certain, because undisputed, victory under the oegisot the United States flag and it now devolved upon the secretary to bring the so called Kansas militia again together from the border counties of Missouri. At that point Mr. Shannon had refused to move and the secretary was a man to be relied upon for any work demand- ed by the party. Mr. Eeeder being removed because he would not sanction Shawnee legislation, Mr. Woodson signalized his temporary accession to office by signing all the bills. Now, also, when Mr. Shannon had resigned rather than call out the forces that Missouri hungered and thirsted to send into the terri- tory, this man was again ready for the emergency. He found the proslavery men demoralized by fear, actually flying with their families before the demon they had aroused, and he did all that ggg TuTTLE^ lllSTOllY 01' K.IKSAS. lav in Im power to give tl.e.u fresh courage. War bulletins, clLfly nSlc for their sensational untruthfulness, had been a^^i: j::hen t,. robber strongholds were broken uj, bu tho governor stood in the way of an efi'eet.ve reply \^^^^l Lin. " To arms " as the seared leaders repeatedly d d, so lo, a. in^n across the border knew that they .ou d l>av.Uo ght their own battles with the free settlers, unaided by the mdita, I'd in the then mood of the governor, that -s the. pro^^^^^^^^ With the removal of Mr. Shannon secured should ^"^ ^^^ J'^ •; sin, other arrangements were possible and expre.se. w-'O en fr^ vd. the border counties, once nu>re carrying appeals togeter wkh Secret- inforn.ation that the forces arriving wouldbe mustered in as territorial militia. , . - Wa y Woodson can.e into his kingdom on the even.ng of Au "4^^^ on the 25th of the same month the terr.tory t"° c ned in a state of insurrection, the militu bemg called r iTthe same proclamation. The border press overwhelmed the supple secretary with laudation. He was more than a Dan- Si come t uagm/nt ;" he wa. a Draco, prepared to ^ecu e a most odious laws in the blood of his subjects, and but for the Sn s o he later Athenian philosopher, they would have "orn 1 at he was Solon also. E.xtermination was now to be ear- Td intotstant practice before an inconvenient successor m.ght riecl into insui p ... .i^a the call far and wide, with arr ve, and western Missouu caiiitu li r ^„^,.a "To arms'" "To the rescue! IheieNNas ZZt:i tZer to be^ ulted, nor a weak, changeling of a ^ovemc r who might fail them in the very pnich of the game^ There w^s only one source of disquietude. The army of the north IrJTjfnto the territory via Nebraska, and it was necessary To let" alorce to intercept them without delay before they coukl 1:1: identified with the settlers. They w- ed by a man wo had .iven the proslavery party some cause to dread ^^"^-Col. Lane -a native of Lawrenceburg, Indiana; a man now foity^ two years of age; was admitted to the bar in his native state, m mo enlisted a a private in a volunteer corps in Ind.ana, in fsfe'; r fto beeome'colonel and commanded a brigade at Buena ^tta when Gen. Zachary Taylor " dechned to accede o the ^e^ quest" of Santa Anna to surrender his force of o,200 to Tin: Joiix linons W Mt — lSr>0-7 . 3(i3 rar bulletins, 398, had becu n up, but tlio t was useless litl, so long a3 have to figbt the military, heir prospect, lie fail to re- uses were sent ipeals together Id be mustered the evening of 11 the territory ia being called i5 overwhelmed 3 than a " Pan- to execute the ind but for the y would have 5 now to be car- juccessor might and wide, with > !" There was 'hangeling of a jh of the game, ■my of the north it was necessary 3fore they could d by a man who ead him — Col. nan now forty- 3 native state, in ? in Indiana, in brigade at Buena iccede to the re- ef 5,200 to the 20,000 of the enemy ; and when ho followed up 1- -f^'-^ ^^ ^ Complete repulse of tl>e enen.y. Cul. Lane had -.se-pu- t^^ seen son>e s rviee before coming to Kansas, and he was a n>an of ^.l^lbted courage, although essentially irregular. In h. naUv. state he had serve.l as lieutenant governor, and was m congress X. the Ransas-Ncbraslca bill passed h> 1«54. Beu.g n^>et.d for high treason after the defense of Lawrence from th i ..t a lault he had gone cast and north to the free states and had be n linly instrumental in bringing the reinforcements of winch ho ■w.is to assume command. . , Tie day before Gov. Shannon resigned. Gen Richardson had sent hin> a dispatch announcing the approach of " Lane s army :: that he had called out the militia of ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^;;^^^ invasion Mr. Woodson wrote, approving the nieasuie, and at ZZ. time ordered Gen. CoHey to take the field wit . the un- itla of the southern Kansas district. In addition to the mov^- nients of the acting governor, the Atchison newspaper, the ..Squatter Sovereign," ungrammatically shneked its demand o additional forces to wreak a " tenfold retaliation " upon the lee settlers, with the watchword, "extermination, total and complete This was to be the last time of asking, as no man would be lef alive to give further trouble to the invaders after this movemen had been completed. Gen. Atchison, always ready for an effoit or the kind, was one of the first to respond to the call, and he b ought with him a force of four hundred and fifty men Tl.^ was a Quaker mission on the Shawnee Reservation and the mst exploit of the Missouri-Kansas militia was a descen upcjn the harmless noneombatants, who were robbed and brutally dl used. So prompt had the response been, that although the Proclama- tion that called out the militia only bore date August 2oth, on that very day a force of Missourians encamped neai- Ossawato- mie one hundred and fifty strong. As we have already seen, thi promptitude was not extraordinary, seeing that prior notices had been given for the Missourians to be in readiness to cross the bor- der as soon as the publication should be made, and before the free state men would be able to get ready to receive them with a warm welcome. The new comers were quick, but they were not quick enough, as three companies, consisting of 118 men, under ^i; i '''<*, m 864 TvTTI.es lllSTOllY OF KaSSAS. the cornnianil of Captains Clivc, An.lerson aTi.l Shore, encamped in the uoi^liborhood of the invaders the same night, and by noon on the 'illUi the camp of the Missouviatia had fallen into the pos- session of the free state force after a total rout of tlie niin.-ns. The attack at that moment saved the life of a free state man who was to have been hanged before dinner, but he escaped and was able to participate in the repast which the invaders abandoned, with much other valuable property, in their hasty movement back toward the soil of Missouri. One of the free state men was wounded in the assault, Lieut. Clivc, who afterwards died of his injuries. There were many prisoners taken, but on the followmg day they were liberated ujion their parole engagement never to serve against the settlers again. Old John Brown was the com- mander of this valiant force of defenders, although he was not present at the assault in person. It was not anticipated that an action so decisive would be fought before a larger force had been massed, or the veteran would not have missed the opportunity to be present. Three days later a band of iOO Missourians in part commanded by the Kev. Martin White, started from Bull Creek for Ossawatomie with the intention to reach that place about mid- night, but they did not reach the point of attack until the morn- ing of the 30th of August, when the clerical warrior signalized his command by slaughtering two young men who were found at their work in the fields. One of the young men was Win. Gar- rison, the other Frederick Brown, son of old John Brown. The defenders of Ossawatomie were speedily on the alert, but they numbered only forty in all, and their assailants four hundred, with cannon, and otherwise well appointed. The old man whose eon had just been murdered, was in command, assisted by Capts. UpdegrafI and Clive. After an obstinate fight the little band, having inflicted great losses on the assailants, were obliged to Tf*ti rp Capt. Eeed, the officer in command of the Missourians, had subjected the defenders to a cannonade for some time before they gave ground. Seveial prisoners were taken and some of the de- fenders were killed before the invaders became masters of Ossa- watomie, which they this time completely demolished. The vil- lage had been originally founded by a pro-slavery man named ■•fe; The Joiix Bnows ]yAii — 1>^^0-7. nr.5 re, encamped and by nuou into the poa- the ruirii'ns, ate man wlio i])od and was 3 abandoned, ,y movement tate men was ,B died of his the following nent never to was the coin- h he was not ipated that an ;)rco had been )pportunity to urians in part tn Bull Creek ice about mid* itil the morn- ior signalized were found at ivas Win. Gar- Brown. The ilert, but they four hundred, )ld man whose sted by Capts. he little band, sre obliged to issourians, had me before they 3me of the de- asters of Ossa- ;hed. The vil- ry man named Brown, who was the principal loser by the vengeance of the party with which he was identified. lOvery building and sto.;c was plundered and then set on lire, so that, after the foe retired, only four cottages remained in Ossawatomie, and they owed their eontinuance to no favor on the part of the enemy. Stealing was evidently one of the accomplishments of the M.ssounan- Kansas militia, and when they made war upon a settlement they took wagons along to secure the booty. As soon as enough had been secured upon whirh to realize a return, the cry was heard W est- port llo! and it was necessary to dispose of prisoners who vvere of the wrong color to be sold. Two of the prisoners were Mis- eourians and free settlers who had been participants on the as- sault at Black Jack creek, when the journalist captain and his troops had surrendered, and for that high crime and m.sdemeanoi-^ they were led out in cold blood and shot Others, who had not added being Missourians to the crime of being in favor of a ree state, were only conveyed as prisoners to Kansas City, where they were put on board a steamer, and ordered never again on pain of death, to set foot in the territory. The murderer o Irederiek Brown was chosen a member of the Lecompton legislature, and, while there, the Itev. Martin White described in glowing terni.s the service he had rendered to the state by his cowardly deed o slaughter, being rewarded with many plaudits for his heroism ; bu Mr White never boasted again of his misdeeds. At the end of the session he started on his way home, but was not seen again for some days, when he was found stretched on the prairie, with one ball through his heart. His boast had reached one man that could not allow a double mun^ to go unpunished, and who had removed the only shadow of d.cut as to his guilty Who was the avenger? It is written, "whoso sheddeth mans blood, by man shall his blood be shed." The father of Frederick Brown was last seen after the unavail- ing defense of Ossawatomie, when, unattended, but fully armed, he had struck off from the settlement looking very like a person that no one man would wish to encounter; but, inasmuch as no- body heard from him, it was naturally supposed that he was dead A week later, when Lawrence was once more surrounded by armed rufHans, bent upon completing the work of destruc- Sfirt Tvttlf's IIisroiiY or Kassas. ti„„ u,c., ».,.„ only .ou,. |u,„.,roa ^'-^:z!::;::::z rculyto .ell Lis lile .>h ■''■■»''yf .'"%'" '"l^uerea earn,, Mi»t ,,er,i, tl,e .,1.1 e.„n,namle,- .t,,»le ,u.o t - l' "^ ^^^^ „„;„,„, L quiclj as l.e Lad left Ossawatom.c, a «^ y - j^,. J.,l,n Brov,n was requested to assume tl.e .Ineelion "IL we Lave le,t t„e assailants o. O»watonaie .eUeati,,. .i* 0,ein.l-dernae.but„i,^thev,.a«ea .<«^^^^ raovoiiients in puisuit. C..1. Lane, ''"""•'" ,„ i„i„cept ,.eeo,ds,se.ontwill, afor.«of tl,,-.. '"""'re, , Uetd was L the encny, and. lmvi,.g ,n(..rn,atK.n tl a C^ «= ,„ ^,,„ eam,,ed o„ Hull Creek, Lis t..rees rr<««'»'';'™ f^ , „ ^,„^,|3 • f 1 i>.ittloirround but for some reason, .just wni.li r^ir: r::l:t:;-^»' ordere., a retrograde u,—^ u;"^ „„a,,y er.ea„n.e.l ej^i;. »"« ^J^^ :°Z Jrltl^^o ilis- rr;:it"r:: ifo.— .ya.re^^ uaecinal to tl.e encounter before *«">. ""f -•,^;'; "^.t^^i,; in deelining to light tl.e enemy .bat ^f- "^ ,^,,„,:A.e «re in good eondition, ^''■''f ':;:;;''t;::: fbla^ed'aen. „nes witbout food. Some ot ' " J'^ J days in eonneetion Lane, and often .luote. t ns '""^''"V " j '^ „„ ^vi.lonee that ee- „itb bis unhappy death by Ins own han ^as an e ^ knowledge ol tbe taets w. ^^^^^ ^^^ ^,j„„^ '° t ;reT:r:uee -erl-rnm beyond doubt, but dur- would have uccn u ^u^-v. .lisnositions for a i,„ the night Keed ^^^Z^tl^^^eL assault was foreed mareb, and ^f''? * "'" ""^^ J ^estport Gen. Lane, ^•■2er r;:::::: t,;; scene o. P-^rthitmt uTS i:tt=eTeiu::!rS::s^-ti-»-- i fortiricalions ery uiim was linews would ed cinupiust non consent, n of llic iU>- troating v/itU sc, tlieio wcro ■ivl ill Kansa^^ I to intercept Heed was en- c-quick to tlie when a battle lovement, and ssibly, be pru- tlian t\ie Mis- 3(1 march, were le acted wisely le Missourians ed twenty-five 13 blamed Gen. 3 in connection kfidence that ec- no man with a ise in declining k. The attack doubt, but dur- ispositions for a ! an assault was port Gen. Lane, im, returned to bom murmuring chance of grap- antages. !tivity, and every the semblance of nade on the most Tin: Jons llunws ir.i/.'— ^'■'''-7- 307 t^ ::r 'L :;; ;« M . I™';: ;i„k« »..■-. t^.., .., ;,„.. county WLrcjusiu^iiio r,,;,,,,! St..ted dra^ooiiH. Lano „.„. „.,w to be -i;"X' ;;~ , ; 'j ' ; „.,itc,t mud, .lacrl.y S :; W 1.1 in .vem. ».>y», ».ul ...c .o-co t„at l.ul ^^ ^ •.,^f p.,i>t liced were nuulc extiemciy evel To 'ka so that not a breastwork should rcn.a.n to protect t rife d of the state capital, should an attack at any time be n d It t .0 colonel had the loyalty to disobey the order uiul Zt^ compliance with the req^stof f-"^^" ^^ ^1 The design was well considered, beyond doubt, but the c usa ^Ic. w^s overwhelming, iust at the ^^-:^^^^ seemed to favor an aggressive purpose ^^^^J^^Zo inhabitants, the leaders of whom were to have been kept m do e ;::! iT»;:; 1 :u "u Nr*' te .,0 . „avo i,ce„ ...„ „ ty L saL force, and all t>,e,e ''--"l-';-'-'-;- .1 waited by the gentlemanly inatmcta o! Col. Cook. He nu t Itw B« undfr the eomn>and of Gen. Lane, an..,ou» to (all 1 *c eTemy at Bull Creek, were made up in part of the 1.. ka eompany, most of «hom were young men; an. on he Ltnl ° atto, that aborted aetion, they wer-e roused from tho r„™"°a„d dejection of di^ppointment by a message telhng them d,at heir homes were even about to be assaile.1. There wns no o g any room for dojeetion in their full hearts whde then- roof tre's were possibly being desecrated by the mvader and rapu ly as hey had marched the day before to the assault, they were s.,11 IrrLrce in their anxiety to be on time for the defense, lat.guc tod no longer a meaning (or them ; the weaned smews beean,o vigorous once more, their muscles ready for the ray, and as they Zde over the intervening ground, it seemed as though ,n>pa„c„ce rgh almost lend them wings that they m.ght the sooner co.oe 1 308 Ti'iTi.f's Jlisrouy of Kashas. in contact with their foe. Tlio ruin which thoy saw biin^' workod in Leconipton, as they inarched past, only nuuh; tlicm nii)ro ami inoro anxious for tlio safety of tlieir ilear ones at honie, ami they had s(;aicely cars for tlie story uC iho wrongs which were being inflicted upon tlieir niMglihors, whoso delegations sent to ask for justice were successively imprisoned. The urgency of the needs of t)thers was for the time swallowed u[) in the eager solieilude with which they looked towards their «^wn hearths; but when at length arrived near their destination, thoy learned that Topekii was not in danger, not oven tho gladness of relief could cheer thcin further. Physical fatigue, which had in vain appealed to their mastering einotion.s, so completely po.ssessed them now that nund)ers sank exhausted on the prairie rt)a(l, and slept there, all unconscious until tho sun shone down upon them next day to invigorato them for fresh labors. The power that an overwrought mind has over physical action in a chapter in human history, and but seldom has there been a more complete exemplilication of tho phenomena than in that march from Bull Creek to Topcka. Meantime the olTonsos of the proslavery party at Leeompton were calling for vengeance, and it was determined by the free state men that it was time to carry rescue to their brethren. The men who had been taken prisoners, unconscious of wrong doing, must be at any cost set free, and tho headquarters of the enemy might be perhaps improved in some respects by the polite attentions of free soil men. The attack upon Leeompton was determined upon on the third of September, and the forces were at once set in .mo- tion. Col. Harvey, commanding one section, marched on the north side of the Kansas river, and was in position immediately north of the town, ready to bear his part in the concerted assault early next morning. Gen. Lane, witli the other section of the attacking party, started on the south bank of the Kansas river at the same time, and should have been in position at the same hour, but for some reason that has never been explained, that ofiicer saw fit to delay his march so that he did r. ' appear on Capitol Uill untd 4 o'clock on the afternoon of the luurth, when Col. Harvey, assuming that the movement had been abandoned, had turned his attention elsewhere. Leaving Gen. Lane with guns in position on Capitol Uill, de- jjng workod I tiiDro a 1 1(1 0, untl tlicy weio being L It) ii.slv for jf tlin iiuciIh r .stjluMtudo but wlit'ii at hut Tupt'ka could cliecr apiK'aled to ;ni uovv that !pt tlicro, all next da}' to overwrought history, and ;jation of tho to Top(.:ka. jinpton were le free stato 1. The men doing, must ncmy might attentions of [•mined upon ;;e set in nio- jhed on the immediately erted assault ction of the insas river at at the same plained, that ' appear on iuurth, when 1 abandoned, itol Uill, de- Tut: Jons liitows Wmi— tS'Al-'7. mnnding tho immediate siirrt'iidcr of al! :he fri'o sfato |irisr^«. - Hegulur CWs - Lecompte Evades -C^^^^ iction- Prisoners Released - Official Misfeasance- Manly Effort- Marshal's Devices-Troops Refused -People Protected-Industr.al Ar- ' y !! True Settlers - Good Faith -Why Interfere .-North and South - BHnging Artillery -Redpath's Troop - Governor's P«-'-t - Dragooa Gua. d - Peaceable Citizens - Changed Conditions - P*^rplexing Duty - T^peka Inspection -Preserving Peace-Officers Supported -Warlike Gov. (iEAin's IiuLi: — lSoG-7. 373 3[ore long the blood lappy and ) RULE— y Record — 1 — Missouri IliUe— Caus- — Secretary's jtl Assissina- ;e — Lecomp- 111 — Disband isas Force — lie — Si)ecial s — General's rtified— Capt. •t Reduced — ;sts — Prison- table — Coin- Better Days— 'ork— Orders ts Rampant — — Joues Di3- )uri — Justice 'rongs Evcry- ; Witnesses — it — Executive I'ades — Cato'8 anly Effort — Industrial Ar- 1 and South — iiit — Dragooa lexiugDuty — ted— Warlike Societies— Otlicr Side — Good Reasons — Impartial Endeavor — Peace Guarantied — Comn\orce Sustained — Leavenworth liuielcd — Law Rules — Tiianksirivin,!,' — Jloral Tone — First Impressions — Inevitable Results — Wooing Peace — Fruitless Arrests — Catu' iuo and Calo. PitKSiuENT PiEitCE coiild iiot li.ive been entirely in the hands of the proslavery party, or else most assuredly he would have sent them one man e-\aetly such as they wanted to serve as gov- ernor, lie could be influenced to issue a destructive proclama- tion, but when it came to appointing the chief territorial execu- tive, he found some democrat acceptable to the senate, who could not be tortured into complete acquii:.scence with their policy in Kansas. Tlie Keeder experience we have seen, and altliough there was one blamable concession in the concession of certificates of the lirst elections to the legislative assembly, he proved in the main an lionest and capable man. Tlie weakness and fatuity of Mr. Shannon were painfully visible, but there were points beyond •which he was immovable, although he knew that his firmness would cost him his office, and might possibly endanger even his life. The last nomination by Mr. Pierce showed still greater in- dependence. Ik[r. Geary was no nursling of fortune, and he had no southern proclivities, although he was a democrat. To work was a disgrace according to the creed of the south, and he had been a worker all his lifetime. Born in the village of Mount Pleasant, in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, he was early thrown upon the world with a widowed mother dependent upon his exertions, but his speedily attained proficiency as an engineer, gave him the means to acquit himself well of every obligation. In the second regiment of his native state he rose from the ranks, and duriu^- the Mexican War, in which he participated from Vera Cruz to Mexico, he became colonel in active service, being once wounded, and always distinguished by his faithfulness and cour- age. When the ca;^ital city was captured, Gen. Zachary Taylor gave him the command of the citadel, and he proved therein his administrative capacity. When San Francisco was passing through some of the earliest tumults of the gold fever, and when Mont- gomery street was not the array of palatial buildings that is now- seen, he was one of the foremost men, not only in organizing the postal service of the Pacific coast,' which was specially his duty, jjj^ Tittle's History OF Kaxsas. but in every organizing movement his genius for administration, blenacl with military and engineering precision, being just what the city wanted to repress such excesses as were at length quelled by vioilance committees. The population of San Fra..cnsco rose from a few hundreds in 18i8, when gold was lirst found m Colo- ma county, Cal., to 250,000 in 1852, so that it will be seen that there was work for an administrator in such a vast aggregation of humanity rapidly attracted from every quarter of the globe, includ- ing beacii combers, gamblers, and a chance medley association of all kinds Mr. Geary was very i)opiilar in the city, and when he ceased to be one of 'the oHicial staff of the general government, the citizens elected him ghadly to their highest ollices, in which they recognized his eminent usefdness as a governing power, as well as his acumen and impartiality as a judge. Four years of private life had, in part, but as we shall see not wholly, weaned him from the haughty demeanor of the camp disciplinarian, but that term passed in Pennsylvania could not assist to make him a southern tool, and his arrival in Kansas was opportune. Later m his manly record he became a general of division in the Union army, and after the close of the civil war he was twice elected governor of the state in which he was born and reared, buch men as he must have faults, but they are venial, and his coimug into the territory at this epoch gave a changed aspect to all tlie affairs of Kansas. Kis appointment as governor by President Pierce dated from July, although Mr. Shannon did not resign until Auin chances; so, in spite of every malevolent design, the rapidity of his movements outwitted his loyal militiamen. He arrived at Fort Leavenworth September 9th, and the scenes which were being enacted daily showed him that the talk on the boat had been no vainglorious boasting. An officer, detailed for the protection of three free settlers with their wagons, made his report that, in spite of his authority, the men and their property had been seized by the notorious regulator, Capt. Emory and his gang, with an overwhelming force, who had carried of? the settlers as captives to some unkown fate, and had confiscated their property as spoils of war. This piece of robbery had been consummated almost within gunshot range from the fort. A detachment of U. S. troops brouglit in Emory as a pris- oner very speedily, and set at liberty the men who had been seized ; but the property was not recovered, and the unabashed leader and his confederates were set once more at liberty, to find in additional brutalities to others satisfaction for the mild rebuke then administered. Mr. Geary exerted himself to procure the re- covery of the stolen property, that duty being devolved, by special command, on Col. Clarkson and the militia force in Leavenworth. The governor left Leavenworth on the lOtb, and arrived in Le- compton, the territorial capital, on the 12th of September, where he found everybody on the tiptoe of excitement, talking about Lane's recent visit, and the stampede they were not proud of hav- ing made before an enemy that did no harm. His own desire was that bygones should be bygones, that peace should now reign, and that all armed intervention should cease. He issued an ad- dress full of sound advice, but for the fact that it was given to n u aaMWiw aBiWi 378 TcTTLtfs History of Kaxsas. deaf cars on ono side, and to men powerless to give cfTcct to liia policy and theirs on the other. lie engaged to do justice at all lia/cards, and he urged that the residents in Kansas alone had the remedy for all wrongs in their hands. In theory he was right, and it was not easy for a man newly come into the territory to bo aware how far the practice had gone astray from the proper course, under the influences of such militia nonresidents as he had seen i)ouring in upon the people. Ue commanded all officers of militia to disband their forces instantly, as there were sufliciont men at his disposal in the U. S. forces to serve in every ])robable emergency. He was determined, at all hazards, to have none of the force that he had seen gathering along the Missouri under the insolent pretense that they were the territorial militia, and at the same time he called upon the residents in Kansas to arm and enrol themselves, ready to be mustered in and used by him in any emergency that might arise. Herein were the elements for a crushing defeat of all the designs, and it is very clear that his boat ride on the Missouri had been the occasion of many valua- ble lessons. lie had seen that there was an intention to make war upon Kansas under the speuious disguise of the array of militia, and he was taking the best possible steps to compel aban- donment of the strategem, whereupon, should the foe avow the purpose of aggression, he would have at his disposal the military already encamped in various parts of the territory, as well as in Forts Leavenworth and Scott ; as well as a formidable embodi- ment of free settlers, to fight under his direction, and send back the invader in most admired disorder. Immediately upon his assuming his position, a letter came to his hands which had been meant for Mr. Woodson, announcing that Brig. Gen. Heiskill had eight hundred men in the field, ready for action and impatient to begin. It must have been painful for the brigadier to receive in reply an order to disband his forces, and return to his and their homes. That and the governor's proclamation were the only replies vouchsafed to so much mistaken zeal. Finding that it was not possible to depend upon the statements of his surroundings as to the condition of the country, Mr. Geary had initiated a sys- tem of special agents, such as he had long before had in use in California and in Mexico, to supply him with complete reports as Gov. C!i:.iitY's nrr.i:—l'^:)(!-7. 379 efTect to his justice at all lone bad the he was right, jrritory to bo 1 the proper sidenls as be cd all officers icre suflicicnt ■ery probable have none of issouri under lilitia, and at IS to arm and )y him ill any iments for a ilear that his many valua- ;ion to make the array of compel aban- foe avow the 1 the military as well as in able embodi- id send back ely upon his ich had been Heiskill had I impatient to to receive in his and their ere the only ng that it was surroundings litiated a sys- lad in use in lete reports as to public feeling and the several dangers of which he had heard ; and the answer which came from Lawrence by such means showed him that the people there residing tiould not break up their organ- ization, because they were threatened by a force of mure thjin two thousand iivc hundred men, who would once more sack their homes and imperil their lives, unless they renuxincd ready for de- fense, lie was in the saddle immediately, ai\d reached Lawrenco without delay, finding less than four hundred men under arms; but he still tliought that, in a military sense, they had overesti- mated tlieir dangers. Tlie city was found well fortilied, and the people were strengthened in their resolution by the few manly ^ words that he addressed to them during his first visit. It was easy to see that although Mr. Geary did not court popularity by any unworthy devices, he was bound to become popular in his rule. His brief absence from Lecompton had worked a change in the capital, as he found upon his return that some rumors of a visit to Osaukee had filled the city with a panic lest Gen. Lane should come and devour them all. The terror under which the proslavery party were suffering was probably assumed to win a point upon the governor, the facts not being of such a character as to justify extreme fear. Col. Lane had served in the same force in Mexico, although not in the same regiment, with Col. Geary, the one having risen from the ranks in the regiment sent by Indi- ana, and the other in one of the regiments from Pennsylvania ; but Col. Lane was sufficiently acquainted with the morale of the governor, to be sure that, under his control, Kansas would soon find peace, consequently there was no need of his services in the field, and he concluded to leave by way of Topeka, returning upon the road then known as Lane's trail, through Nebraska and Iowa, so that during his journey he could give succor and coun- sel to the new emigrants coming by that route. It was not safe to travel alone, but the force with him was very small. When at Osaukee, the general was informed that some ruffians had been raiding Hickory Point and the neighborhood for some days. On the day of bis setting out, the robbers had attacked Grasshopper Falls, a village about twenty-five miles from Leavenworth, and, as their last request, the people begged him to break up the Stronghold. Reinforcements having been procured from Topeka >i^miigi,ttgi^^^/-r. -Tf*---^ i480 Trrn.K's IIistdi.-y of Kaxs.is. I Tindor th(> command of Capt. A. D. Stcphoiis, better known aa Capt. Wliipplc, (Jen. Lano proceeded to Hickory I'oint, wlioro tlic <'iiciiiy was foiuiil str(>n<;ly fortified in three lioiiscs, under coiiii)ctcnt cominaiidcr.s. Witlioiit artillery, notliin},' could be done, and, wliilo waiting for such assistance from Lawrence, the proclamation of the governor disbanding all armed bodies, reached his camp, and of course he had no option but to leave the nuitter as it stood, only notifying the reinforcements which were to have reached him at OsauUce, that he had abandoned the expedition for the reason assigned. The force tlicn commanded by Lane broke up, some going to Toi)eku with Cai)t. Stephens, others accompanying the general on his journey, conscciueiitly Lccompton had ncjthinj;- to fear from the man that was tnost dreaded. The Hickory Point marauders did not, however, escape, as a force from Lawi-ence, with a twelve-pounder cannon, bom- barded the rude fort for about si.\ hours, and, after .some slaught- er, the enemy capitulated. Knowing very little of the facts, but being assured that warlike proceedings were being prosecuted in the neighborhood after hi.s proclamation should have procured a cessation of all hostilities. Gov. Geary sent Col. Cook with a force of dragoons to enforce obedience, and on the night of Sep- tember 14th, Col. Harvey, with a force of over one hundred men, surrendered to the dragoons, and every one of the body so found in arms was in fact arrested and held prisoners on very scanty fare indeed. The fact of their being in arms could not be de- nied, and there could be no justification of that offense before Judge Cato, who had so jften committed the like offense on the other side. The prisoners were accused of murder, and bail was arbitrarily refused, although the murderers of Dow, Barber and Brown had never been even examined upon the charge which laid at their doors of deliberate and unprovoked murder, and, in this case, the oflense that was imputed could only amount to eon- structive murder at the most. Gen. Smith refusing to retain the men as his prisoners, they were handed over to the civil authori- ties and were guarded by Col. Titus, of whom we have some knowledge, but their treatment was on the whole deplorable. They were tried in the following month, and sentenced to long terms of imprisonment with hard labor, dragging the ball and day. (iHAiiv's Uvi.t: — l>^i'y^'>'7. nsi r known as I'oint, wlioro oiisos, under ig cDiiltl be luwrence, the mod bi)diea, ;)Ut to loiwo neuts wliicU )iiiulone(l the cointniinded |)t. Stephens, e()iisc([iieiitly lUt wuH most revcr, csenpo, cannon, bom- iome sliuight- the facts, but )i'oseeuted in e procured a Dook with a light of Scp- uiiidred men, lody so found 1 very scanty i not be de- »f!ense before flense on the and bail was , Barber and charge which urder, and, in [nount to con- ; to retain the civil authori- se have some le deplorable, jnced to long the ball and chain at every step, but the governor exorcised his power to an- nul tlie degrading feature of tlu; punishment, and many of the men made their escape, so that thirty-one could not be (.mud lu Doeember. The remainder were then handed over to the custody of Capt. Hampton, who behaved very kindly to tlio men under his (iliarge. Many escapes coiitinuo :lin« ..-. i-» »''- '""• !r.::;::: :.;„;;:; ,„ch ,. ,,ow e,n,.r,,lle,UhA ..,,n.o..^^^^^^ "™ '''";\;;;:';;'u: e i, r, , t > - "- j-'«- "-"■ :::; ; "Whi l Zheathen ra.o, and the wicked in.as,ne a van, "' ni' hn- the »,-,ow hy distant f.re^ide,, it wonld hayo been well ,ht,'.e,-oe» defending I.uv,enec shouhl have been allowed a Id and .,o tav,.r, to end ,.t o.,ec a,.d for ever tl- ™"ng» ^ li e e.°ie,,; hnt oLv. Oeary wa» right, a.nl the l.ght of bat e t a le" V ;.lea,,K,l npon those faee« fonn,l „p,,ortun,t,e» el, • Isuc as that for which they were then m arms. Ihe govt, no ound e ly access to the city ; men soon discover the nn press o£ 1 m'hood, and he had fonnd his way to tl- -^ ;;j-^ ^ Tie cime to tell thcn» that the troops were ready to defend thun on X elmy, and would discharge that duty to the last m . T ey wer rea/; to disarm and disband at once if he so ordered b Xt 1 nol his will ; he desired them to keep the. weapo ready in the last resort to defend their ho.nes and then lives as thX city might yet require them all. The next mormng was the time niedir the assault, and the governor started early and 2LZ the invaders' camp. He was t^-ee mdes rom the c.y nnd about one mile from the encampment, when he met he ad TalfofLr hundred preparing for .he ^^^^:^;;^^ ^ho they were, and what was their purpose, with a few supeittu tl,,\: Ht.Miv's /;r/,A'— iS>/>-7. 383 vtc men that \ spiti^ i)t llio liiil. Imth liirt cliiltli't'ii, uiul lull lliiiy woio n Ui'own, hml conrai^o (.'two itrol of nil liw Ic which Imil il whicli never , and tnusclofl Hcareil by ten iiowii bceame danger thiek- i words, a^ ho imagine a vain have been well been allowed a • the ravings of ■ light of battle [lortunitics elae- ) the sacriliee of d the self sjuno The governor r the impress of ■ hearts already, to defend them to the last man. ,f he so ordered, 3p their weapons a their lives, as morning was the started early and les from the city, I he met the ad- Having learned h a few superflu- o,H fulir.-tives ll.ow" in by his inf..r.nant, to give pomt to tho statement, ti.ut "Lawicnco was U. be wiped out, and every aboli- ti„ni«f:" ho coinfHftnded his territorial ...ilitia to "right about {■,cc," an.l convey him to the center of the Wakarusa f.,.ro. 1 ho cuinmand.r i.. .;hiet rc-iuired no vo.ichcr as to hiscai.acily to rule, and ho was obeyed. Ti.e olVu'ers who could say n.. and swear to it when Mr. Wood- Hon was the orator, found that ihoy had other mettle ix.w to com- ,,.■1 attention. Some men such as Jones, not the shenll, and a low others, urged the attack against U. S. trooi-s, and even the [: niou iHolf, for ahvudy many of them saw to what maelstrom they were drifting, but tho more dangerous because the more ratiotud eon- eluded that they must obey the proclamation and disband. Iho more rulhanly were compelled to ac• the adminis- Partisanship the advantage •dly reprehen- ense deserved y were always ,ice Leconipte )f party using prejudice the ind hand and of the judges L the territory, tiee, every free ; but in their g excuses for them to shun, The partiality lends, nor was ;ave judgment was accompa- ises to a brutal [) of Kickapoo cripple named ) set upon him id not quarrel- bed ; but after eer wantonness igony. While ,me to the stop, the murdered as ceaseless de- i of $500 had after Hays, the ■ murder in the t large on straw Gov. Geauy's BcLK—18r>G-7. 3S5 bail. The course so pursued was manifestly defeating the aims (;f justice, vand if the prisoner liad been a free state man accused of only expressing his dislike for slavery, there would have been no bail and no consideration on the part of the chief justice. The governor ordered a ro-arrest, and being absent from the capital for a few days, he found upon his return that Mr. Lecompte had lib- erated the prisoner a second time upon a writ of Ii'iheas corpus. Thus an executive quarrel arose which in the end so far exasper- ated the governor that he resigned his position ; but we must not look too far ahead, and it is a good plan to avoid jumping before we come to the stile. The holding of regular courts at stated intervals, and the en- couragement by the judiciary of all attempts to bring wrong doer.s to justice, engaged the attention of the governor, and he did his best to impress upon the judiciary his view in the matter, but his success was very moderate indeed. The state prisoners consisting of Col. Ilarvey and his men were then waiting for an examina- tion, but instead of bringing them to trial at once as might have been done, the chief justice went off on his pleasure, leaving word that the one hundred and one prisoners could be conveyed to Leavenworth in three .weeks from that date. Tlie governor was absent when that order was made, but upon his return Judge Cato was requested to make the examination, with the results already described. The jnisfeasance of officials had long been a source of complaint in the territory, and not without adequate cause. From every quarter came charges which could not be rebutted, and the govcrr or brought down the whole stafiE upon him by an earnest and manly effort to arouse ther : to a sense of duty. The U. S. marshal, he of the proclamation, used his opportunity to proc:ire troops u.^der escorts, of which he sent his deputies to arrest free state men, but no other duty could be thought of, until the chief executive refused to supply dragoons to bolster up misapplied au- thority, and the people were protected thenceforth from displays of insolence which had been all but unbearable. There were thus daily accruing evidences that Col. Geary meant to hold the scales of justice fairly, and from all quarters there came testimony to the essential manliness of his character. The industrial army, which was spoken of long since as Lane's 85 3S6 Tuttle's History of ICiSfiAfi. army of tlic north, was not an invading force, but a band or rath- er many bands of settlers who came on to malvc their homes in the territory, but who, knowing how their brethren had been treated by tlic Missourians, came armed for purposes of defense on the route as well as after settlement. They were coming ^^d,en Mr. Shannon resigned, and indeed during the very earliest days of xVugust, three weeks before his resignation, there were five hundred immigrants and sixty wagons encamped near Nebraska City about ninety-six miles from Omaha by the Missouri, ready to enter the territory of Kansas. This number had gradually ac- cumulated, some had attempted the Missouri passage and had been driven buck with the loss of nearly all their possessions, and none could say what obstacles would be presented to their en- trance in this direction, hence the first comers waited for additions, and now they had indeed become an army in dimensions, nor ^v-ere they altogether unprepared, should a fight become inevit- able The south had thoroughly roused the spirit of the north at last; but notwithstanding all that, these men wanted peaceful homesteads in Kansas and would only give battle when other means failed to secure them their rights. Some brought with them - stock and agricultural implements, having determine'' upon farm- in- and stock raising as their pursuit, but they were not without more warlike weapons to use when requisite. The little assem- biaoe contained almost as many various projects as there were men in the company, but actual conquest by force of arms waa not one of them. Peaceful possession and armed defense, if neces- sary would much more truthfully express their intentions. The force came on with abundant proof of their bona fides, founding vil- lages such as Plymouth, Lexington and Ilolton, the first now a po° tal village and railroad station on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad in Lyon county, the second grown into a town- ship on the Kansas River traversed by the St. Louis, Lawrence and Western Railroad, with a population of over thirteen hun- dred, and the last a city, the capital of Jackson county on the Kansas Central Railroad, having two newspapers and a popula- tion of five hundred persons. , Enouc^h has been said to show that these men with their fami- lies meant settlement, and not war, and that they were well adapt- ■■*dp^-r^ Il li H W ir ^ ri Gov. Geary's liuLK — lS5G-7. 3S7 land or rath- iir lioincs in ?n li!\d been )f defense on ;oinin,q; when earliest days ■re were five !ar Nebraska ssoviri, ready gradually ac- age and had sscssions, and to their en- for additions, nensions, nor 3Conie inevit- \i the north at nted peaceful e when other ti-ht with them e' upon farm- •e not without ; little assem- as there were e of arms was fense, if neces- ;entions. The , founding vil- he first now a 1, Topeka and m into a town- ouis, Lawrence r thirteen hun- county on the 1 and a popula- ,'ith their fami- ^ere well adapt- ed to select sites for their future habitations. The men who made these settlements also left the streams temporarily bridged, so that their successors could come on with less delay. Tlie balance of the party came on to Topeka, where many made their homes. There was in this rush of emigrants nothin^r to alarm any man, unless he saw in the increasing power of the free settlers a death blow for his hope that Kansas could be made a slave state ; but the territorial authorities wore men of that type, and for the same reason that they would welcome a rush of a like kind over the Missouri border, they hated to see the new arrivals via Nebraska. Air. Woodson, during his term of authority, telegraphed to Presi- dent Pierce that one thousand armed men had arrived on the borders of the territory ; twenty thousand such would have been a gain, and not a source of alarm ; there are now 600,000 people in KansaB, any one of whom might be proud to entertain the humblest in that armv. The idea of an invasion from the iiorth, with such designs as had just been defeated from the south, was presented to the mind of Gov. Geary in the latter part of September, and inasmuch as he wished to avoid the chance of Kansas being made merely the battle ground of a faction, he despatched a force to inspect the new arrivals, said to be one thousand strong, and just ready to swoop down upon the territory. The company was found one hundred and thirty only, and they were all arrested and conveyed to the capitol, where the governor saw them, and being satisfied that they were peaceful and desirable immigrants, although armed, gave them a kindly welcome and permission to settle where they would, unmolested. Continual alarms of this description occurred. Three hundred dragoons were sent to arrest a force of seven hun- dred men with cannon and small arms, and instead of any such perilous force there were only three hundred immigrants, just as well armed as iheir predecessors, and as peaceable. A delega- tion from this body, on the first of October, had an interview with Col. Geary to disabuse his mind of an erroneous impression ; but of course the necessity for such precautions could not be other- wise than annoying to the persons molested, whatever the motive of the authority by which the obstruction comes. Subsequently there were two stories as to the delegation and their friends, and .,j 888 Tittle's lIisTonr of Kansas. it is not easy to assume that either side was entirely wrong. Two men disputed about a shidd, one saying that it was gold, the other that it was silver, but before settling tlie question in the orthodox way by fighting, one of the two was wise enough lo chan0-7' 3S9 ong. Two s gold, the stion in the ! enough to gold un the ted what he iccording to ,ve their ex- ens happily I they don't The deputy as an organ- d presenting mining their it arms shall svould allow ! exceptional tions on one h came pre- by the wise inconvenient vtisfaction in their own in- 1 themselves, jrs that were the Missouri their lot was governor was (le with arms y, how could idecessor had ch armament IS arrested in ra at Topeka, at they came id out as con- the peace, he sed the crowd at some length, explaining his policy and questioning them as to their beiti'- aware of the terms of his proclamation before they came acrass the bonh'r, but he showed less than his ordinary sa'nieity when he concluded that their excuses were unsatisfactory, inasmuch as the requisite information did reach them in Nebraska territory. Their arms of all kinds were valuable properties. Were they to leave them in Nebraska City wliere they would be all but valueless, or to bring them along where their value might, in a purely business point of view, be expected to be enhanced by the dan-ers incidental to Kansas colonization ? Could they have known before leaving home that he had tamed and dispersed the ruffians, much of the exi)enditure might have been saved ; but even then they might reasonably doubt the continuance of his rule, seeing how often the power behind the throne had removed Kansas governors. The governor supported his oflftccrs in the course they had pursued, and the colonists, who had only associated for safety m their travel, dispersed upon the first invitation, giving therein the best evidence of their good faith. The pacilhvation of the terri- tory was naturally enough good news, and the governor noted that the officer of dragoons, Maj. Sibley, who had escorted the corps of emigrants under arrest, was honored with three cheers in apparent recoL'nition of his gentlemanly demeanor on the march. The warlike s^ocieties of the eastern states came in for a vote of censure at the hands of Col. Geary, who appeared to be incapable of seeincr, that the line of conduct which he condemned arose out of the territorial condition which he had bent all his energies to reform; but that, had Secretary Woodson remained master of the situation, all these precautions, and more besides, would have been necessary to save the free state men from absolute exter- mination The conductors of the emigrant train averred, that their party consisted of less than three hundred persons, whose families were following only a few days travel behind, that they were desirous to become residents in Kansas, that the Missouri blockade rendered overland travel a necessity, and that they were armed because they had reason to expect that northern Kansas would be found infested with marauders. They com- plained of unnecessary harshness and destruction of goods in the 390 Tuttle's IIisroiiY of KA\>t.is. ! search for arms among their packiigos, and thoy dechired tlicir mission to be peaceful without any other organization than that necessary to preserve order and property. Botli sides wore right, hut it is very probable that some of the subordinates put on the importance of office in the most pompous way tliey knew, and assuredly American citiisens are in peaceful times eiititled to cany arms, unquestioned by dragoons. Tlie governor was trying to be rigorously impartial, and as a consequence, he caused annoy- ance to both sides, but in the main, however much some few of the extremists on the jjopular side were oitended, the mass of the community could see that Col. Geary aimed at doing che right thing in the way that seemed to him best for all concerned. The names of the men that acted as conductors for the party of immigrants would, of themselves, stand sponsor for the truth- fulness of their statements, so far as they spoke from their own knowledge, t It was a subject for much congratulation, that by the end of September peace had been established all over Kansas, except ia Leavenworth, and Gov. Geary by his energy and promptitude Lad contributed mainly to that end. Men were able to send their produce from their farms into cities, and to procure Ir return the goods neces.sary for their convenience without military escort or any fear of an assault. The bands of guerrillas that had menaced life and property so long were effectually driven out or quelled ; bouses were safe from assault, as well from scoundrels clothed in the forms of law, as from others who only called themselves a militia ; the disturbances existing were petty and trivial, such as only served to illustrate the general peace. Where necessary, in the neighbood of Leavenworth for instance, troops were ready and willing to protect and convoy loaded wagons or other prop- erty, but the condition of that city itself was still an eyesore ; and the governor applied his will to the reduction of its disorder. The complaints of the people had never ceased since the day that they had first learned that the office of governor was filled by a man to whom honesty might look for succor ; but where so many and such various demands were made, something must be done "first A letter bearing date, October 1, 1856, addressed to the mayor of Leavenworth, thiiL the regulators must be dis- Gov. Ghaut's Elu:— lSr,(:-7. 391 declared tlieir ition tlian that )tli sides wero bordiiiate.4 put ^iiy tlicy knew, rnes ciititled to nor was trying caused annoy- ih some few of he mass of the [ling che right ncerned. The the party of for the truth- om their own by the end of isas, except in I promptitude 3 to send their ; ir return the itary escort or ; had menaced It or quelled ; idrels clothed themselves a rivial, such as I necessary, in s were ready )r other prop- eyesore ; and its disorder, since the day lor was filled but where so hing must be addressed to must be dis- banded," and so well was it known, thai wl.cii (U,]. deary spoke, lie meant business, that the acquiescotit mayor was immediately capable of issuing his iM'oclamation, and the regulators subsided under regulations. " Law and order," but hap[)ily, not in the old Leavenworth sense, once more reigned in the city, and busi- ness was speedily seen assuming its proper proportions in the streets where riot had prevailed so long. Tlie government was felt to be strong in the will of one man alone, but tliat will was a guaranty to the whole of the people. A real militia force was mustered in for defensive purposes in the early part of October, two b(;ing stationed at the capital and one in the city of Lawrence ; but two months' service was pronounced enough to serve all proper purposes; the people were secure in the good faith of the governor, and he was confident that in whatever emergency might ai'isc he would be supported by the whole force of the resident population from whom he once feared so much trouble. There had been many requests from different parts of the terri- tory for authority to form independent military companies, but in every case the proposition was declined, as the chief executive of the territory was fully capable of the position, and he pro- posed to be the actual commander-in-chief while be remained in Kansas. The choice of a delegate to congress was thought of so little moment, as it was hoped that the constitution of Kansas as a state would soon pass into law, that when an election was called for, very few of the free state party cared to vote, and Whitfield ■was elected by a posse of voters that came over from Westport in his company, and literally made him for once ashamed of his as-sociates ; or else he said so for the purpose of covering appear- ances. Things having been now reduced to something like order, the governor set out on a tour through Kansas, seeing beauties ■which might well wean the most obstreperous to the enjoyments of peaceful life, yet amidst which but little more than a month since the din of robbery and rapine had daily resounded ; and upon his return, a day of " Thanksgiving and Praise " was ap- pointed for the 20th of November. Scattered marauders were still heard of in some parts of the territory, but officers and troops were rendering a very good account of all such ruffians, when the troops were recalled to winter quarters. Five thieves 892 TuTTUfs lIlSTOIti- OF KaS'SAS. had been arrested, mucli booty recovered, and it was sornctliitig to find the onk'ial force of tlic territory whicli had been so h)ng engaged in worrying the people now oeeupicd in rei)ressing disor- der and preventing outrage. The moral tone tlius given to gcv- erninent in Kansas was a luxury. The legislature of Vermont liad liberally voted $20,000 to as- sist the people of Kansas in consideration of the fact that the out- rages daily perpetrated had prevented the customary harvest labors from being executed, but when the governor of the state of Vermont communicated that fact to the governor of Kansas territory, Col. Geary expressed a doubt whether any such help was needed, reserving however the right to call upoTi the Vcr mont people, should any cases of suflicient urgency come uiuler his notice. During the month of November the town of Ilyatt- villc was founded on the south branch of the Pottawatomie, in order to find employment for a number of young men who were otherwise likely to drift out of soundings, but the township has long since ceased to be mentioned even by the most painstaking gazetteer. The men most likely to succeed in a colony are just the men that have surplus energy and can make success anywhere. The first impressions of Gov. Geary were being very slowly succeeded by better, because wider views of the men over whom he was called to rule, and they were able to read him much soon- er than he could decipher their wortli. The first work necessary toward comprehending any person or thing is to get quit of first impressions, to unlearn what is wrong and to prepare the way for a careful appreciation of the actual condition of things. Col. Geary was sure that both parties were in the wrong in Kansas, but he was expecting to find the free state party most to blame for the condition of aflfairs which had apidly supervened ; he ■was now slowly learning the worth of the men whom he had al- most contemned in the judgment formed without inquiry into the facts where alone the truth could be ascertained, lie found that they had been patient under oppression, until patience stood on the verge of crime or even cowardice, and that they had only taken up arms in self defense when their dear ones at home could in no other way be protected. He found them ready to resume their daily avocations as soon as the necessity for armed defense ^T«*^-^ t -rvtw-n~ mfmmmmm nor. GKAflY's iiuLK—mr,-7. 803 1 soinctliiiig xjCii so long jssiiig elisor- iveu to gov- >0,000 to ns- that llieout- ary harvest of tlio state r of Kansas iT sucli liolp )on the Ver come uiulcr rn of Ilyatt- iwatomie, in en who were ,o\vnship has painstaking y are just the IS anywliere. very slowly 1 over whom I much soon- irk ueoessary , quit of first I the way for thini TirTij:'s llisivur i>f Kassas. been clcoltMl III n'opcka, and lhi;ii bolouk lumselt to Wasliiii-tou to work 111 the (;aii.s.- ..[ llio pi-oplo ; but owing to some misun- derHtunding, his letter of resigmUion was not presented when the Icgishituro convened on tiie otli of .lanuiiry, 18o7, and it was made to apiH-ar that the doctor had fiiiU'd to show proper cour- te.sy to his friends. Tlio lieutenant governor, who held tliC doc- tor's letter, was also absent; but nil the discontent \ci.vDh:s— ISS?. Wasliiii^tDii OHIO ini.sun- ehiv.iyConv.nii...i-Al)M.lui.'ly Kxclusivi; - Muj..r Ueu- cral KirliMrdsun - Slave Laws- ('.rui.tin'.' CIkui.th- Kn.'o.in.v'inv' HnH- rn,i.ls-U.-v,.,uir SlMtu.-!)..uUy F,MW-SiiP,'lr Is.uc-.I.'IV. DuvU - Oovcnior I'c.wiTl.ss - l'icsid..|.lial l).s.M-ti..n - Murd.-rcr lluyn -Viiullc ' tivi' Tmui.i>li - lH'i"v ''•■^■'-"^ - l'''ul<'"ii»l K.'tivHt - (Mpl. Walker - Oovnnc.r HmUinized - Kansa.s Cu.ve.-ls - \V...k1so„-s PnMuaUuu- ]WlelKUuu^sA,MMmUee-(^.vernor^Valk..r-l•:xp.M•ien.•edS.atesmau-- r..eli„.inary (•-...di.ions - Avoidin. War - Dim-nll Pn- e.u - C...Htl. tntional Convent i..n - Seeretary Stanton - Pn.slavery Man- le.rlto. rial I'olicy - (iovernor Inau«unite« - Popular Apatl.y - Cooked Ceu- sns - Fraudulent UetnrnH - Di.fnuud.l.cd - Stanton Deee.yed - (>..v. orn...-. Address --Adjuslinstiuiurel-IIonest Advice- Certamly Vote- ItatirteutionDonhtful-Frol.il.itinsViolence-Uatineatn.nhssential- Anothcr Victitn - Poubters" Castle - Decline Particpatun, -- h re." H.dl p„„,,.-.Tournalistic Disease-Topeku Orpini/alKm -Walker M sun- derstood -Trusting Uatilieation- Press Censures -hnd,.nger.ng Kau- T- Distrust U..iversal _ Soutl.eru Fury - Topeku CouveuUon - Stuto Legislature — Biding Events. When the whilom Shawnee legislature asseinble.l at Lecomp- ton the 12th of January, there was rage in almost every heart against tlte governor, who had .lefeated their abommable de- signs, a,.d that feeling was intensified by the nature of his message Col. Geary had now bee.i nearly four months in the territory and from the dav of his arrival he had thwarted them by forcible re- ,nonstrances"and by the quiet exercise of his powers The tone and tenor of his message showed that the whole «'tuat,on had been calmlv considered, and that the writer did not hesitate to utter unpalatable truths, when necessary, even though he should thereby bring down upon him the fury of a merciless and yn.die- tive faction. The legislature was angry beyond measure to find that the so called Kansas militia was classed in the same category ^ith the forces that had been fighting under Gen. Lane, and of course the governor was wrong in that instance, as the men di- rected by the General before mentioned were using their natural right in defending their homes, in the absence of legal authority to protect them, while the "militia," a fraud just on a par with I! uuaMHWiStn i iiBr . ^ ■ 1 1^ I H I II - I , n 806 Ti'TTLk's llisroiiY OF K.iss.is. tlio "lp;4i.il!itnir," was assailing all tliat \va« most dear to their Hciglilioix ill a timimcr wliicli no law coiilil iiplioM. But tliat was ii'»t tlio point takun by tlio legislature. With that body tho movotnent-s of tho militia wcro praiseworthy in the highest de- gree ; and hi-li treason was a term too mihl to express their horror at the eoiiduet of Lane. The gdvernor's sins did not end tliere; ho reeonimended that the slavery laws should be ri-pealed, and that eertain other enaettnents should bo amended to bring them into aeeordanoe with tlie will ot tho community; besides nil tliese several sins, tho governor coneluded with an annouiiee- iiient of liis impartiality. When the prisoner, weeping in tho presence of the judge was promised justice, ho candidly replied, •' That is wliat T am afraieriencc tlieir judge to bail Til is aet, al- »oso intended, pte •:! allow- kiffuin. The ntors, and his .vailing thein- id to political enee warrants d from custo- 3ther measure, .se (^f represen- ? votes of both could unsettle action should eana. Sheriff f his successor he part of his med Shenard was recfirntnended for the olHeo becftuso ho boa.stcd that ho would involve the wliolo neighborhood in war witliin a week after his duties commenced. Tho commi.ssionors gave liim tho nonunation, but his ollieial authority must eomo from the governor. Thcro was .Mome didlciilly as to tiie issuing ilie eominission when Sher- rard lirst called al the executive olliee, an\\ was pa.ssod calling upon tho chief executive to give reasons for his conduct, and the application called forth a sullicient, but of course an unsatisfactory reply. The rage of tho legislature was boundless, because every reason that showed tho fellow unworthy of tho office, and repug- nant to the best men in the territory, made him more fit to be their instrument ; and it is possible that they would have taken up his quarrel even if he had been a good man., in order to im- prove their attack upon Col. Geary. They were brimful of malice, and they needed no other motive to persevere in their con- duct. Every variety of declamation was exhausted in the task of defaming His Excellency, and profanity was freely used as a epice for their remarks. Passing beyond verbiage, the house passed a bill legalizing Sherrard's appointment without a commis- sion, but the council refused to concur in that measure, although that body blamed the governor strongly. The sheriflf elect be- came more demonstrative than ever now, and two members of the governor's household in succession were assaulted by him. ^i 398 Tuttle's History of Kansas. Following up that lead, on the 9th of February, he accosted the governor himself as he left the house of representatives, and tried to provoke an altercation, but the Colonel treated him with con- tempt, and passed on, followed by the rufHan with his jms- tol in his hand and spitting with fury. Maj. Gen. liichard- son introduced a resolution in the house defending its privileges and denouncing Shcrrard, but the motion was put aside, and only a half approving remonstrance substituted to uphold the dignity of the legislature. Judge Cato had been more cotnplaia- an°t than the other officials until now, but it became evident at this time that he was in league witli ex-sheriff Jones and Sher- rard, against the chief, so that although a warrant had been pro- cured against the assailant, no service could be effected, and re- dress was at last abandoned. The governor was learning what " law and order " meant in the esteem of the territorial authori- ties'. Popular indignation was manifested everywhere, in mass meetings in many places, and one such assembly was convened in the capital; the proslavery men demanded that the governor should f.ib'd the meeting, but he declined to take that course very properly. The audience was largely made up of the Mis- sourian faction, and it soon became apparent that a fight would be more in order than a debate. Sherrard, who was present, used some expressions which were tantamount to a challenge to any one that supported the governor, and when a Mr. Shepherd de- fended Col. (xeary's conduct, the sheriff elect drew his six shooter and fired every barrel at him. The gentlemen thus assailed, was thrice wounded before ho could remove his gloves and use his pistol, nor was his weapon then available, as the caps were wet, and seeing that his assailant was about to use another pistol, he rushed upon him, using his own as a bludgeon. The fight con- tiuued in that way for some time before the crowd could separate the combatants, when Mr. Shepherd was removed, woqnded in a manner supposed to be mortal. Another person in the meeting had been shot in the assault. Mr. Jones, a member of the gov- ernor's household, who was present, was next assailed by Sher- rard, but that gentleman seeing the revolver raised to shoot, drew his own weapon and the firing became general. Sherrard fell mortally wounded, and his companions wanted to hang Mr. ■ ■ '■ ' ^•: l'<^^tti 'v r ■*'K:a -f*^ ■ awMT iWIi ^WfaMfc ' ' ^**" pp mmv Gov. Geary Coscludes — 1857. 399 accosted the ves, and tried lim with con- •with hi3 pis- jen. 1-Jichard- its privileges at aside, and 3 uphold the lore cotnplais- me evident at les and Sher- lad been pro- 'ected, and re- learning what jorial authori- ^here, in mass was convened t the governor ke that course ip of the Mis- a fight would 3 present, used illenge to any Shepherd de- his six shooter IS assailed, was res and use his caps were wet, >ther pistol, he The fight con- could separate woqnded in a in the meeting ber of the gov- iailed by Sher- 1 to shoot, drew Sherrard fell , to hang Mr. Jones, but the opposite side was too strong to allow such an act of revenge, and the riot was quelled at this point. Jones made his escajie through Nebraska, or he would have been lynched, as a reward of $500 was offered for his execution. Before leav- intr, he was examined by Judge Cato, who held him to bail in the sum of $5,000. The governor's eyes were opened now to the luetics of the proslavery party, but too late for his convictions to be of value to the territory. Several preliminary meetings in different places had begun in January, 1857, when the Lecomp- ton legislature met to organize a proslavery convention without disguise, and that no man should have a seat therein who was not sound on the single issue, was the expressed determination of the party, but at the last moment and in deference to northern democratic feeling, the name was changed to "National Demo- cratic Party." The convention meetings, as long as they lasted, were concurrent with those of the legislature. Maj. Gen. Rich- ardson, one of the very few men in the house of representa- tives, who was not lost to all sense of honor, died while the house was in session, and his loss was formally mourned. The slave laws were vindicated with much asperity against the governor's message ; charters were granted to many towns, some of which never came into existence in fact, and legislation to en- courage the building of railroads was advanced ; but of course every movement of the kind indicated some personal end to be served. The treasurer had in hand two dollars and some cents, the total revenue for the year being less than '$2,000, and the indebtedness of the territory exceeded two years' income at that rate. From Col. Geary's standpoint, it now became apparent that he was surrounded by deadly enemies ; but he supposed that the democracy all over the union, and the president, would sustain him against his foes; but he speedily found that the power wielded by the secretary of war was still in the hands of Jeffer- son Davis, who would sacrifice his old comrade in arms without a scruple, to satisfy the slave power. Gen. Smith, at Fort Leaven- ■worth, would send no troops for his protection, and his plea was, " orders from the secretary of war " designating the troops for other services. The moneys due to him from Washington were •.■-^*f(*i-.|S*«»'""-r 400 Tuttle's History of K.issas. E refased, his dispatches were left unnoticed, and even in the case of the murdcroi- Hays, Socretiiry Murcy took sides against the best ofTKnal ever sent to the territory. The men who had been quieted at Leave..wortli and elsewhere had carried their wro;igs to lieadfiuarters, and tliey enjoyed their vindictive triumph. Un- able to bear up against such injustice, Col. Geary resigned his appointment of the -ith of March, but although that act was not to take eflect until the 20th, he was compelled, for prudential reasons, to save his life by a precipitate retreat before the morn- ing of the 5th, being aided therein by Capt. Walker, the well known free state guerrilla leader. The first impressions brought by the governor to Kansas militated largely against his success in the i>'- m i,n:ivm t mtm 9fm0m0mf0»immi»HKmH>0 i«W '' '-V. ' ' ' Uj li lmii T«H 404 Ti'ttll's llisroj^y of Kassas. l)ublislied about the rniddlo of 1857, and no such imper has at any time since disgniced the territory or the state. Perhaps if Col. Geary had propounded such a scheme in January as Mr. Walker advocated in May, after tlie people had come to know and appreciate him, there might have been u different result; but l^Ir. Walke was not known, and in that fact added to his south- ern associations, there was ground for reasonable doubt ; so the free state men coricludcd that they would adhere to the Topeka constitution and organization until some material improvement should be offered. They would trust to the ratification or non- ratification of the Lecompton constitution, and express an opinion then, if ac all. Tlic southern and the Missouri press denounced that clause with all the interperative skill that belonged to their repertoire, and Gov. Walker was told in fifty different ways, that he was endangering Kansas for the slave power by such words. Thus the means that were to have ended the difficulty seemed to be only a new beginning of trouble, and distrust, which had been sectional only, became general. Southern fury was unmistakable, and Gov. Walker's law was rudely questioned. The free .state men held a convention in their capital, in which it was formally resolved that the Lecompton fraud should not be countenanced, and the .state legislature was duly convened on the 9th of June, six days before the time named for the election. The chief of the territorial executive was in the city when the state legislature met, but that gentleman sought peace, and their session was not disturbed. The state legislature ordered a census which would serve to show how falsely the enumeration had been taken by the make-believe sheriffs and their assistants. The election of state officers in August, 1857, having been provided for, and Topeka having been expressly designated as the capital of the state, the legislature concluded to rest from its labors until the outcome of tLe new line of policy should appear. There ■were many who were already shrewd enough to assert that before the year had ended, Mr. Walker would be numbered among the men convinced of the rectitude of the free settlers' demands in Kansa.s, by actual contact with themselves and their opponents. ifm i -H^ i " I paper has at 3. Perhaps if muary as Mr. ;ome to know iiit result; but .1 to liis south- doubt ; so the to the Topeka I improvement cation or non- ress an opinion ress denounced longed to their rent ways, that by such words, ulty seemed to vhich had been 1 unmistakable, ipital, in which I should not be onvened on the >r the election. city when the )eaco, and their rdered a census ration had been ssistants. The been provided d as the capital its labors until appear. There !sert that before ered among the ers' demands in ;heir opponents. Dksver vice Walker — lSo7-d. m CHAPTER XVIII. ! TEURITOIUAL HISTOKY. DENVER VICE WALKER -EVENTS OF 1857-8. StaU' Omccrs— Liino Organizing — Grasshopper Falls — August Eloclions — Menacing Lawrence — About October- Walker's Promises — Sluulow and Substance— Recognizing Dimcultics — Designed Unfairness— Uu- equally Yoked — Another Ell'ort -Territorial Taxes — Reluctant Assent — JLuss Convention --Delegates Convened — Ballot Conquest— Fair Test — V/ise Concession — Lane Le.uling — Endless Debates — Sound Conehi- Blon — Delegate Nominations — Supporting Judges — Despondent Ap- peal — Success Unexpected— Congressional Delegate- Ccrliflcates Re- fused— Cato's JNIandamus — iMagnanimity — Cato Vanquished — Consti- tulional Convention — Popular Disgust — Settlers Convention — Lecomp- ton Fraud — C()nstituti J. '» J P ' .j^'i i i i i«i " ii« jj i 406 TvTTLtfs History of K ass as. pressed by the Topeka legislature, and in consideration of rumors of Misi5oui-ian aggression to be consummated in August, Gen. Lane was requested to organize the people in every precinct to protect the ballot. The course to be taken as to the October elections was relegated to a mass, to be convened at Grasshopper Falls toward the end of August ; when a delegate convention would also assein-)le, charged to carry out the views of the peo- ple. The voting in August showed 7,2(i7 as the highest vote re- corded, and the ticket nominated by the convention was of course carried. There were only 34 votes against the Topeka constitu- tion, and 7,267 affirmed its fitness. Lawrence having refused to organize under the charter passed by the Lecompton legislature, Gov. Walker unwisely tried to compel submission, and the city •was surrounded by about six hundred dragoons, but the men of Lawrence persisted in contemning the charter and in i)reparing an organization of their own, and the troops were at length called oflf after a few weeks of useless exercise. The October elections were still the topic everywhere, and the governor's promises had in them the ring of sincerity, so that many were disposed to partici- pate in electing a legislature not under territorial enactments, but under the organic act. It seems wonderful now that any men hesitated when an honest vote of over 7,000 could be polled un- der some show of fairness, but many argued in favor of abandon- ing the substance de facto government in the territory, for the shadowy glory of a nominal state organization ; and not a few went for both together, certainly the best course then available. There were many difficulties in the way, among the rest the un- fair census and an unjust apportionment of representatives by the leaders of the proslavery party availing themselves of the gov- ernor's local newness, but the obstacles were not insuperable. The objects aimed at were indubitable, and the prospect of suc- cess for the Missourian faction lulled that party into a false secur- ity, so that even their frauds helped to defeat them. Precincts were unequally yoked together so that a populous city like To- peka could be outvoted at Fort Scott, and counties where Mis- souri could readily muster undisturbed were allowed to return more members than other two counties where resident voters were more numerous. The principle being thus stated, it is useless to vtion o! rumora August, Gen. ery precinct to o the October at Grasshopper .* |g » l! " '< t — ■^g,*^ M'!iff iii pr i "ii"» *» !>-'^- 40S Trrn.ifs Ifisroiir or /v. i. vs. is. If tlian two to one in tlio council, an<\ nearly two in one in the house of icprosontatives. Tl.o dclogatc to congrcs.s was clioson by a niaj..ritv of over four thousand. Tho nmi-hinory of fraud ha.l been tried, hut so closely had the work been foHowcd, that the defeat was really crushit)g. In one villaj/c, where less tlian 100 h<^al voter.-^ resided, there were nearly 1.700 polled, ilic bal- ance eomin.4 from Missouri, and other .such frauds, smaller in de- gree, were c.mmou. The governor, true to hi.^ promises as to fair i)lay, refused certificates where the evidence would warrant such action on his part, so that persons claimin,^' to be elected could not take their seats. Judoo Cuto, the willing instrun.eut of hi.s party, gave the fraudulently elected men mmuhinmes to compel the^s.-Hio of eertiftcates, but the governor refused to take any notieo of the command further than to restate his obje::lious, and to ofler the judgo whatever assistance he rerpured to enforce the mmi arrest for nonobservaiicc if he saw lit. Tlie judge saw that the battle had been earrie.l far enough, and ho subsided. The judges in Kansas were men bound up by their devotion to party, and it is difTieult to imagine what might have been the eonserpienee had the governors been as bad as tliey. Of cour.sc there were good men nominated as judges, but only such as would be suk^ervient found favor with the Missouri faction. We have seen that the vote on the T..peka constitution was car- ried by 7.267 against 3-1. The constitutional convention was elected by only 2,200 votes, with all the help that the border counties of Missouri could give to the pro-slavery party. The eonven.iu,, orf'anized, September 7th, in Lecompton, and, after sitting four days adjourned until October lOth. to allow the members to pre- pare 'for the territorial elections. When the result of that move- ment was seen, the disgust of all classes found free vent against the convention, which did not represent the people and yet was about to assume the duty of framing their constitution. Some would have suppressed th.eir sittings by force, but their apjioint- ment had the form of law and the substance of protection by United States troops, so they sat in peace under the presidency Mr John Calhoun. The settlers held a convention in the same town at the same time, protesting in a very forcible way against the fraud which their own votes at the proper time might have ren- Pa'.vi'WW i/'7v WAi.Kh:it— If^'TS. 409 one in tho was clio.'jcn ery of fraud )ll()\vc(l, t*mt ?ri! loss tluvn lied, ilio l):il- tnallcr in de- itnis*ps art to [)uld warrant 1 bo ('l(H't(Ml r instrument (niliimuaes to used to take is obje^ilions, :nl to enfort'O 4aw lit. Tlio )ugl), and lie nj> by ihoir i tni,<,dit have as tlicy. Of )ut only such souri faction. Uion was car- )n was elected or counties of ie convent I'lM r sitting four ;mbers to pre- of that move- j vent against 3 and yet was tution. Some their apj)oint- protection by he presidency m in the same le way against aight have ren- dered impossible, but tortl.o fact that the people and tho governor did not know each other nt the time that the inaugural address was given to the territory. Conventions of the .same desmptiou were held in all parts of Kansas, an.l, so strong was publie opin- ion, tl.al for many days a .piorum could not be obtained to ^l.apo a constitution. The Leeon.pton outrage was two weeks undergo- ing tlu! proce.-^fl of incubation, and then the document was signed by only forty-three of the sixty members elected ; but that was, of course, enough. It seems probable that the original intent.oa was to submit the constitution to the people to be vot.'d upon. Calhoun, the pre.Mdent, certainly announ.rd tbat purp'-s.- wlieii he was a candidate for eleetion, but eviutually that idea was abandoned when the constitution, sent from Washington ready- made by the i.ro-slavery leaders, was f.nuul too dangerous to bo publi^ied. Mr. Biu'hanau was only halfway admitted to tho perilous secrets in which his war secretary was more deeply in- volved ; hence it happened afterwards that one headed his party in the greatest rebellion ever known, and the other drifted into petty compliances that embittered his life without .securing him even the gratitude of the pro-.slavery men. It is easy for ^[r. Davis now to talk philanthropy and science at agricultural meet- in<'s, but no man can doubt that ho was for years planning the re- volt,' upon which he eventually made the great failure, by which he is (listingui.shed; and that he did not scruple to abuse the trust rep(j.sed in him by tlie whole Union, while he was secretary of war and afterwards while chairman of the committee for tho like i>urpo.=e, to leave the Union helpless in the hour when trea.7-8. 416 ^li estate to im to super- lie opinion r. Buchanan i Lecompton president's and in duo lending the named, but committee a convention le of Kansas f, and it was 3resident by t was a deed from his life more acti'"", atic partv in ve been on. • umbered thai ker, and had Kansas, lie 1 emergency, it was impos- lad served so r than abate , n. Stephens party, and as brought up a Then also a bt, denounced ought, calling in the senate, hands of Mr. , that the con- lat if rejected, v^es; and even in the prnslavery senate there were 2-i to support the amendment to 34 in favor of the constitution. The house took up and car- ried the Crittenden amendment; the senate refused concurrence, but requested a conference, and in a joint committee a compro- mise measure was agreed upon, which passed both houses, offer- ing liberal land grants and s[)ecial bonuses to Kansas, provided the Lecompton constitution should be ratified by a popular vote, as the basis of admission to the union, but otherwise postponing admission until the population had reached, by enumeration, 93,500 souls, the rate of representation. The schemes of coer- cion had failed and concessions wore now to be offered on any other point, as a setoff to the proslavery clauses. Washington lobbyists worked with such vim on that occasion, as was never seen equaled, unless the Credit Mobilier, or the Pacific Mail cor- ruptionists borrowed anew zeal from that experience; and in 1860, the means of operation were revealed by a committee un- der Judge Covode, who prepared and carried a stinging denun- ciation of the system which descended to money bribes, where such unworthy artifices would suffice, and where proscriptions had failed to suborn men and organizations to the vile designs of the proslavery section of democracy. There have been terrible revelations since that time, but never one in which terrorism was used in such an unblushing way to supply the machinery of cor- ruption, in order to force through congress measures against which the honor and the common sense of the whole people re- volted. Happily, the days of the faction were near the end, and we may hope that no such era of violence and fraud can ever recur. Keturning now to the territory, we note that the officers under the Lecompton constitution have been elected, and by way of emphasis to the assertion that the constitution makers did not represent the people, it is worthy of special remark that they were unable, with all the corruption then possible, to carry their own staff of officials. They did their very utmost to se^ .re that end and failed. The removal of Mr. Woodson from the helm of affairs was no small gain to the free settlers, for the proslavery men never succeeded as an organization, unless they could im- port brain power that had germinated elsewhere. The faction rrpp-i^r. ; H" 410 Tuttlk's lIisTOiiY OF Kansas. a..sc.ul>led ut Lecompton, Dec. 7, 1S57, ai.d n7-8. in tion ; the Topcka organi/.ation, with Dr. Robinson for governor,: and the territoriiil, reprcscntetl by Gen. Denver. The first named body, limited their action to an appeal to congress, to disallow the constitution. The second, remained intact, striving to prepare the way for ellicient state government, should an emergency arise. The message of Dr. Robinson to the Topeka legislature resulted in a session adjourned to Lawrence, where an address was pre- sented to the territorial legislature, urging such action as would help forward the larger design. The adjusttnr-nt proposed by the Dr. and his friends was not acceptable to tl. legislators in pos-. session, but, of course, on such an issue, there was room for very widely divergent views ; still, the proposition was not negatived, it was only deferred until circumstance.-? might favor another course. Thus, the territorial authorities were masters of the field, and it is matter for regret that they were not equal to other and better work than that which they transacted for the people. The legi.slature assembled at Lecompton, January 4, 1858, and organ- ized as in the extra session, without dissent. The message ot Secretary Denver was brief and to the purpose, and there was a prospect of valuable work being accomplished; but the men. ■were mostly unused to such labor of course, and the time was frittered away. The legislature adjourned to Lawrence, January 5th, and remained in session until February 12th. The appointment of commissioners, to investigate the late election frauds, took many of the best men available, and that work was, on the whole, effectively carried through. Their report was made available for congressional action afterwards. The legislature provided for the elestion of delegates in the following month, March, to frame a constitution, to be submitted to the people for ratification prior to b-^ing adopted as the basis for the admission to the union ; but on the whole, perhaps, it may Uccve been inevitijible under the cir- cumstances, that the first territorial legislature elected by the set- tlers must be pronounced a failure. Log rolling became, to a large extent, the occupation of members, and many small jobs were hur- ried through for local and personal ends. The Missouri code, which should have been amended in all its odious provisions, re- mained practically untouched. The unjust apportionment of members, which had been blamed in their predecessors, was not »: ,t/»*iimtamtamimm 41*8 TvTTLifs IIisTonr of Kansas- '. itl nmonaod as it might liixvc been, and the poor body came to a" most lame and impotent conclusion." Upon one point there was do- cided action, but it decided nothing, because it did not cxpresa the will of the people, which, more than the letter ot law, .s essen- tial to give vitality to enactments. The territorial capital was lo- catod at Minneota, a kind of no place, within a few miles oE rrairic City, and grants of land, and a charter of incorporation, helped to build up that impossible metropolis, but it came to nothin-. The bill was sent back by Gen. Denver with his ob- jections, and the two houses used their two-thirds power to pass it again over his veto : but at that point the folly came to an end, and°no body ever cared anything further for this measure. There was no reason why the towns, which had fought the battle ot the people so long, should be discounted now in favor of a center to be created for the purpose, merely because some few manipulators could exert an influence over men unused to the stress of legisla- tion The people of Kansas had now, after much stormy naviga- tion, reached port; or, if not exactly in port, they were beyond Hurlgate, with a fair prospect of the wished for haven. CHAPTER XIX. tn TERUITOUTAIi HISTORY (continued.) DENVER SUCCEEDING GEARY -STRIFE IN THE SOUTHEAST. Purlher Troubles -Southeast Counties - Capt. Montgomery -Reprcsenta- tivc Man -Probable War- Sound Advice - Missouri Advantages - Quiclc March -Mound City -Covert Convention -Wily Schemes - Cool Courage - Colonel Fox - Postponed Meeting - Sophistry Fails - Osawatomie Raid - Further Alarms - Enf.-rced Flight - Systematized Plunder - Geary's Mistake - \ isiting Lawren6n - Guerrilla War - Con- sternation - Speedy Justice - Reprisals - Governor's Movemen^ - Texan Rangers -Making Points- Surrounding Enemies -Spoiling EKVptians- Thrilling Situation -Perilous Escape -Under Clouds- New Departure - Operating in Stock - Church Difficulty - Collision - Great Odds - Awkward Responsibility - Legalized Oppression - Cash Tio to a " most there was ilo- l not cxpresa ■ law, is cftsen- japital was lo- fcw miles of incorporation, at it came to with his ob- powcr to pass in^c to an end, (asure. There 3 battle ot the ; a center to be ' manipulators res3 of legisla- stormy naviga- were beyond ,ven. S SOUTHEAST. lery— Rcprcsenta- Liri Advantages — Wily Schemes — Sophistry Fails — :lit — Systematized crrillaWar — Con- r's Movements — nemies — Spoiling -Under Clouds — ulty — Colli sion — Dpprcssiou — Cash SriiiFi: IS THE SovriiE.isT. 419 Ball — 0|)iiiion.s Changv. - Shameless Tyranny — Unwelcome Neighbors — " .TdliM IJi'Dwii " — Soliinion'^ .Iud,i;ment — Coiupiilini; Hiu'hl — >[!irshal Little— ira>ty Hi'trcat — (icncriil Lane — Secret (Organization — After OllViulers — Timid Counselors — Fort Scott— Broken Promises- War Policy — Enemies Corralled — Plunderers — Demoralized Force — t^uar. tering on Knemy — Self Del'ense — Faitlilul Spies- Murderous Pro- scriptioii — JnyliawVer's Ilevenge — Ilumillon's Tactics — Wanhington Lobbyists — Montgomery Moves — Little Thermopylic — An Armistice — U. S. Prestige — Following Hamilton — Putnam's Leap — Choosing Blood — Murder en Mamie — Flying Miscreants — West Point — Mas- sacre Averted — Denver's Messenger — i^Iarslial Walker — Murderera Arretted — Agent Clark — Tiiuo Bargain — Surrender — MDiitgomery Taken — Governor's Visit — Manly Platform — Peace Convention — Hc- suming Hostilities — Continuous Outrage — Summary Process — Free Immigration — Brown's Party — Traitorous Confereneo — Discreet Retire- ment — Brown's i{esoluti(ms — Fellowship — Releasing Rice — Causual- ties — Brown in Missouri — Canada Expedition — Singular Punish- ment — Enemy Flanked — Law Triumphs — Amnesty — \Vrong Hamil- ton — Closing Accounts. . , . , Although the difficulties in Kansas generally were being subdued when Gov. Denver was first nominated secretary of the territory, there was still much trouble in the southeast which must be briefly reviewed, as the two parties were pitted against each other there, and blood was shed freely. The career of one leader, Capt Montgomery, the ablest and most noted, may be followed with advar*age, as his movements had a representative character which will render it needless to follow the other par- tisan commanders. Montgomery, originally from Ohio, had spent some time in Kentucky, whence he had removed to Missouri, in- tending to settle in Kansas, but had changed his purpose iipon being informed that Misitouri was resolved at any cost to make a slave state in the territory. Bending to what seemed good ad- vice, he concluded to remove to Missouri, until his mind rein- forced by what he saw in the older slave state, he resolved to as- sist in repelling slavery from the new. Once determined on that point, there was no delay, and he speedily arrived in Mound City, in the vicinity of which there was no difficulty in buying a claim for little money from a Missouri family dissatisfied with the location. Movi::g his family to the purchased claim, he re- mained in Missouri to earn money for its improvement, and to be invested in stock. The character of Montgomery was intrepid, 420 TvTTI.K's lIlSTOllY or K.ISSAS. and yet con.sidcratc ; a felicitous combinatiuii of sound judg- ment and mercy. In April, 1855, Montgomery, wlioso Hojourn in Missouri had given the proslavery party a claim upon liini, as they supposed, attended a convention in Mound '''ly, five miles from hi.> home, where candidates were being noim.iated to the legislature, which afterwards assendjlcd in Pawnee. The directors of the conven- tion were from Mi.ssouri, the settlers were not well informed as to the real issues, and it was liopcd that shivery would not be named during the canvass, although that was the main purpose to bo served by the election. The free settlers were told that the time had not come for dealing with that (pie.-^tion. The meeting was going well for the proslavery design, when Montgomery, who had been nominated .secretary, addressed the people, giving his rea- sons why Kan.sa? should be made a free state, and enforcing the necessity for vigilance. Col. Fo.\, the convener and prospective candidate in the Missouri interest, was compelled to pledge him- self against slavery, to secure a chance of nomination, and then the convention was postjwned to secure a larger attendance of actual settlers. There was a nmeh larger gathering on both sides when the convention resumed, and much sophistry was used to carry the populace toward the policy favored by the neighboring state, but the audience was almost entirely on the other side, and Montgomery might have had the nomination, but after exerting his eloquence to convince waverers as to the proper policy, he thought it best to choose Fox, binding him by his prom'ises, as well as such gentry can be secured. The Missouri party ran the election on polling day, as we have seen, and the legislature was so completely an outrage that the free state men convened at Mound City as well as elsewhere, and repudiated its ennetments. Circumstances favored the southeast so that there was no show of armed force in that section, except the raids on polling days, until the autumn of 1856, when Fort Scott sent a proslavery con- tingent to assist in the attack on Ossawatomie. The conduct of that party has been described elsewhere. Mound City was soon alarmed by an appearance of armed men encamped at Paris, and it became known that free state men were to be driven from their rj^ Sritu'i: IS rut: Suvtiif.ast. 421 pound judg- Missouri had cy supposed, in lii.:; home, laturc, which [ the convcn- iConned n.s to not be named )iirpo.sc to bo that the time meeting was lory, who had zing his rea- en forcing the id prospective :; pledge him- ion, and then attendance of rint' on both sophistry was vorcd by the iitirely on the imination, but I to the proper I him by his The Missouri seen, and the 'ree state men repudiated its 3 was no show I polling days, )roslavery con- Che conduct of City was soon 1 at Paris, and ven from their homes in Kansas. The city was deserted almost entirely, and iho Mis.-o.y consiilutea a Kan- BUS n.il.tia force, wlnlo really they were earrymg u..l the designs of Missouri. Davis being a captain, his house was an armory ami for twofold reascs it was desiral.le that the weapons should bo in better han.ls. The attacking party found that tho.r nuun ob- ject had failed, as Davis, with his gang, had gone away to avo.d a collision with (Jov. Geary, who, with three hundred men, was disarming all such bands. The little armament captured a quan- tity of ammunition and some arms, but a prisoner that had been Bceured, made his escape, giving the alar.n to others who would otherwise have been visited. Twenty miles south of Davis a place, the Texan rangers were startled on the same day, towar. evening, by Montgon.ery s party, and upon their arrival in l^ort Scott the dimensions of tlie guerrilla band had become magn.Ued into an army. The proslavery settlement at Fort Scott was al- most a desert within an hour after the report was circulated An excursion into Missouri was the next exploit, to attack the points where proslavery men customarily assembled before niul- ing Kansas, and to which they returned with their plundei% i ho little band of seven made themselves masters of the points as- sailed, captured and destroyed a quantity of arms, procured fresh horses and returned to the scene of their former operations none the poorer for their expedition. Soon afterwards the guerrilla chief attacked a camp of invaders .nt Bull Creek, but the party fled without fighting, and he proceeded with a little s,.g[uMy appropriated stock and that step was not carried tlu-ough w. hout sor.M> llghung, still, in the nuiin, the end was accomplished. The re, -««ession of chums was next attempted, and the first diflicuhv ( xurred with a pro- slavery preacher named Southwool ylio, knowingly -r not, was in a house built by a man that he i bc-n driven fro-n ;.;.c ground. Two liundred men assembled to assist Southwood, by expelling Stone, the free settler claimant; but eight resolute men held u... cabin against them, and, after many days spent in threats and ex- postulations, Southwood vacated the claim. The like scenes 'vere occurring more or less fro :uently all over the temtory When the United States court opened at Fort Scott, numbers of the free settlers were indicted for oflenscs more or less imaginary, the object being to procure the absence of popular leaders, and just now the judicial staff was at war with Gov. Geary, so that bis rule was drawing to a close at the moment that he began to understand the wani- ../ Kansas. Some of the men indicted were held prisoners in ioi. Scott, bail being refused. Montgomery now came upon the scene once more, and a body of men under him approach^ Fort Scott to procure the release of their friends. Peaceful apr.aiensions for their liberation on bail resulted in an insolent proposition that $800 cash should be deposited as secur- Hy for each prisoner to be released, and no other bail would be accepted. Judge Williams, on the bench, was as haughty as :irjrii;iiiTii'ffiwwaMMHMMMIi 'i 426 TUTTLffs HiSTOliY OF IClXSAS. Pursuant to that plan many of tlie worst characters were visited, and such of them as could be found were chastised. A man named Zuaskault was shot but not killed. He had the repute of having committed many murders. The proslavery men at Little Osage and elsewhere asked for aid from. Fort Scott, but Capt. Anderson told them that they must come in if they wanted pro- tection, as his force must not be scattered in outlying places. The result was that the country outside of Fort Scott was tolera- bly clear of marauders, and, leaving the command temporarily in other hands, Montgomery retired to his farm. The officers left in command of the troops unfortunately abused their position by allowing recourse to plundering, and in conse- quence the men who were most worthy of confidence left the ranks, the resf becoming utterly demoralized. It became neces- sary for Capt. Montgomery to resume his position to prevent his men becoming a pest to the territory, but by his means the mis- chief was soon remedied. Some few, who were constitutionally thievish, went ofiE under a congenial leader, and in due time ob- tained their deserts, but the great majority became loyal soldiers again under good hands. Montgomery was not so entirely. scru- pulous as to refuse his men a chance to quarter on the enemy when military necessity rendered such a course advisable, but he preserved the morale of his company with great success. There was quite work enough on hand to occupy the time and energy of the force, as the Missouri men who had been driven out came back with reinforcments, and numerous lives were lost on both sides. The men of the north were warned to be ready if needed, but Montgomery believed that his own strength would suffice, provided he could uphold the spirits of a few that were ready to stampede the whole party. Some few successes on the free state side produced the desired effect, and all was safe, for tlic time, at any rate. Montgomery's bands were known as '• Jayhawkers," because of the suddenness and certainty with which they swooped down up- on the enemy at times most fatal to their purposes. This was in consequence of the leader having under his orders a faithful spy in each of the secret lodges in Fort Scott, and at the most danger- ous spots in Missouri, from whom all necessary details could be Sj ft MaiJu t ai wafW B, ' Ml nnnjij iiM iirm Strife in the Southeast. 427 ere visited, 1. A man e repute of 3n at Little , but Capt. ranted pro- iiig places, was tolera- iporarily in tely abused lI in conse- ice left the 2ame neces- prevent his ns the mis- 5titutionally ue time ob- lyal soldiers ntirely.scru- n the enemy lable, but he 3ess. There and energy en out camfi lost on both ly if needed, ould suffice, ere ready to the free state : tlic time, at I," because of led down up- This was in I faithful spy most danger- iails could be procured, so that whenever there was a scheme afoot that threat- ened evil consequences to his party, the mine was countermmed, and at the fateful moment, "the engineers were hoist with their own petard." The men thus defeated came to believe that Mont- eomcry had unearthly aids, and their superstitious fears were in lar.^e port his allies on many occasions. There was one man named' Hamilton who distinguished himself as a leader among the border ruffians, and it was ascertained beyond question that this man was to attack in succession about seventy free state men, capturing them in tens and putting them instantly to death. iUe list of men to be murdered thus was supplied to Montgomery, and the order in which the successive executions would occur, at the rate of about ten every week. Hamilton appears to have been rather an amiable man, and one in whom reliance could be placed, until after the proslavery party lost ground in Kansas, when he became desperat'e, associated himself with secret societies for the suppression of free settlement, and became identiRed with guerrilla operations ; a career which almost invariably unsettles character The lobbyists in Washington had become certain that they could push the Lecompton constitution through congress, and their con- fidence communicated to the party in Missouri, induced redoubled effort to secure the results of victory upon the law coming into operation. Threats of the complete demolition of the free state party were commonly heard everywhere on the borders, and Hamilton s threats would have passed with little note but for the lists al- ■ ready procured ; but when his fulminations were combined with the detailed information referred to, Montgomery concluded that it was time to bring him to an account. The troops were to be withdrawn from Fort Scott, and Hamilton was on hand, so that it seemed probable that he would seize the opportunity now to carry out his design ; consequently Montgomery made an attack on some of the proslavery party near the Marmiton, hoping that Hamilton with his force would come to the rescue and permit of the quarrel being fought out ther.. Hamilton took refuge in Fort Scott and induced Capt. Anderson with the regular troops to take up the quarrel without a requisition from the governor. The ap- pearance of United States troops caused Montgomery to retreat at mm MSMMRS !*#.«-. 428 Tvttle's History of Kaxsjs. full speed toward Yellow Point Ci'cok, hotly pursued. A narrow defile just at the point named afTorded him an opi)ortunity for defense, and his men were speedily so placed as that they could have repelled twiee the number of assailants. Anderson wxa wounded, his horse killed, his troops routed and one man killed ; only one of the free state men being wounded in the affray. An armistice to remove Anderson from under his fallen horse was fol- lowed by a timely retreat, and two hundred and fifty troops after- wards refused to attempt the arrest of Montgomery. Ann called to evident that ntion, Mont- y were to be irse he went place against )t risk an at- ery that he s, aiming at aeing drawn e successful ill a prisoner Stuife /.v the Southeast. 431 in Fort Scott. The night'of the loth of Doc, 1858, was named for the adventure of setting him at liberty, to do winch, it was necessary to capture the town, and the work v;as accomplished by sixty-nine men, including Montgomery. Marslud L.ttlc fired on the party, and was himself shot, the prisoner was released, and the town saved from destruction by the prudent leader. John Brown accompanied the party until near the town, but he did not enter Fort Scott; and soon afterwards he was heard of in Missouri, where he released a number of slaves from their masters, enraged the proslavcry men almost to desperation, jm-o- vokcd the offering of two rewards for his arrest, watched the bor- ders to prevent incursions in pursuit, and in due time set out for Canada with the party that his enterprise had rescued from ser- vitude, five years before Lincoln's proclamation. He did not escape without adventure. He was attacked by 42 proslavcry men at Holton, but his assailants were routed, and he revenged himself on four prisoners, by refusing them permission to swear during five days, and making them say their prayers. Slavery was bein- attacked on its own territory, the enemy was flanked the legislature was in the hands of the people, and at the special re- quest of Gov. Denver, such action was initiated as in the end enabled the settlers to right their own wrongs. The districts in which violence had been most marked were in some degree relieved by the nomination of Lawrence as the place where of- fenders should be tried, until better times should come. Mont- gomery went to Lawrence for trial, but an act of amnesty re- lieved him and some hundreds beside, from the ordeal. During the time that the amnesty was first operating, Capt. Ilami ton arrived in Lawrence with some prisoners, and the name leading many to suppose that it was the murderer before mentioned caused a great riot, but no loss of life, as it became known that ■ the wrong Hamilton was being pursued. The prisoners newly brought in were set at liberty, the reign of peace and content- ment, not yet perfect, was about to commence, and would go on with varying fortunes, until the parties between whom the troub- les had come should find their advantage in the grand develop- ments which God's providence will always accomplish. 432 Ti'TTLE's IflSTOHY OF K ASS AS. CUAPTER XX. TKUKITOIilAL IliyPOUT. ieoncluaeil.) DENVER, MEDARY AND STANTON -END OF CIVIL STRIFE. , Settling Di)\vu— Cliaiigcd Aspects — nucliuimn Ailviseil — ClmngiiiK Front- Shivery Si'liemcs— Washington Orders — Abortive Effort — Dying Or- giini/,a( ions — Why Clianging — Topekii Government — Natural Decay — HeneflcenI Mortality — Convention of 185^- State Ticket — Negro Suf- f,.njrc — General Indifference — Early Grave — Lecompton Rubble — Stu- l)\d Legislation — New I'artics — Republicans Organize — Democratic I'lallorm- Nouctjmmitlal- Speedier Growth- Old Orgunizatiou- Horace Greeley — New Legislature — Useful Laboi'— Denver Resigns — Governor Medary — Counting Cost — Audit Commissioners — Actual Allowance — Congressional Neglect— Territorial Sacrifices — Great Em- bnrrassment — Interesting Relics —Convention 1859 — AVoman's Rights- Negro Question— Topeka Capital — Popular Ratification —State Offl- ciu'ls — The Legislature— Defeclive Census — National Features — Amer- ica's Growth — Living Principles — Early Notice — Marquette — La Salle — Nation's Heart — Social Basis- Development- Wliitc Set- tiers- Santa Fe — Natural Beauty — Washington Irving — Missouri Compromise — CIcngressioual Legacy — Early Trials — Enduring Cour- „ge —Barbarous Laws — Flourishing Cities — Levying War — Governing Marshals — Posse Comitatus — State Suspended — Lincoln Wins — War Record — Troubles Past — Governor Stanton — Legislative Differences — Kansas Famine — Climatic Causes — Forest Influences -- Fearful Story — General Failure — Water Poisonous — Fodder Gone — Going Back — Starving Remainder — Eastern Benevolence — General Response — New York — Wisconsin — Illinois — Indiana — Ohio — Jleteorological Fea- tures — Desert Theory — Grasshopper Famine — Looking Ahead. WiTKK Douglas and Buchanan joined in urging the successor of Geary to assume the task of governing Kansas, there was a foregone conclusion in the mind of the democratic leader, that the slavery struggle was dootned to defeat at the hands of squatter sovereigns in the territory, and his hope pointed toward some fav- orable compromise that would recuperate the party as a whole, and the slave owning section in particular, for the reverse imme- ''"Hl!!, lyii »ii '!'» fflrimnfTga J STRIFE. giiijf Front — - Dying Or- urul Dfiniy — - Nfgro 'suf. Jul)l)lc — Stu- -Dcmocnitic giinizutiou — •cr Resigns — icrs — Actual — Groat Eni- tin's Kiglits — — State Offl- [ures — Amer- iircpiettc — La - Wliitc Set- ig — Missouri iduring Cour- — Governing Wins — War Differences — L'arful Story — oing Back — iponse — New alogical Fea- Aheacl. le successor there was a der, that the of squatter •d some fav* as a whole, verse imme- i : 1 i t ■ I I PHIUDDLrHM \^y.yi^X'<- iBggffllBMagl^gl^ MJMiailgSigili'^ -->-—■<■- it * 'M n >=!=»< MAY1(r'*MO»M18IM0"l8«J ■ ^■—iijMri T itr..A. * -^ End of Civil SntiFE. 4U3 vDMBiRMr* tare. tliatcly iinj)ciuliiig. lV'rrti)iiiilly, ho did not euro, ns lie said in \m debutes Willi Jjiiicolri, wlictlicr slavery wua voted up or voted down; but in the ititerests of the party that he led, it was desir- able to inuiiitain nseendaiiey at almost any cost. Walker, him- Belf a statesman, saw the danger of a division in the ranks of do- raoeraey, eommeneing in the Kansas struggle, and with all hia might he endeavored to hold the disintegrating atoms together. Possibly ho might have suceeedod if allowed to manage alTairs in his own way, but that was not part of the designs of providence. There were signs of setthng down in Kansas. Democrats, ojiposed to shivery, had been joined with republicans on that issue until it began to appear that tho question could only be settled in one way, unfavorable to the purposes of tho south, and then with changed iispeets in regard to that issue, parties began to rally under their several standards as of yore. Walker's policy would have assisted in that direction, pacifying the territory, solidifying democracy and looking elsewhere to lind room for tho expansion of slavery, llis advice tendered to Buehanaii was sound as a mat- ter of policy, and his first utterance in the territory evidenced a change of front ; but the proslavery men were reluctant to give up their aims, and when orders from Washington enforced the necessity for the Lecompton constitution, that wing of the organi- zation, powerless to win a substantial victory, had sufHcient vital- ity to prosecute an abortive effort in the forlorn hope of the At- chison clique. Walker was placed under a ban, as other gover- nors had been, and when Buchanan was at length induced to espouse the "Lecompton faction, Walker resigned. The action of Douglas, whether it was due to policy, principle or personal re- gard for Walker, helped to kill the organization in Kansas, which had united democrats and republicans. Free state men did not abandon their resolve, but they sought its fulfilment in different directions, each under old alTiliations. The Topeka constitutioa and state government resulting from a compromise necessary at the time was now unsatisfactory to both sections, and the out of date party fell into decay, such as the circumstances of the time de- manded. Compromises are, at best, only temporary makeshifts, and they find their end in a mortality blessed by every looker on. Some men clung eagerly to the old names and forms from which ■)(*- wmmimtliiia^^ 434 TvTTr.h's III' ^':\ J/- KAyi>Aa. ■8 i II lifo liad giHlatiire, no quorutn could bo prociin'il. 'Plii! loading minds wero busy in roconsiruct- ing their altered force under belter auspices, ko that there re- mained nothing for the dying govorment but to abandon powera that had never been truly and efficiently exercised. The constitutional convention, which assembled at Mineola on the 23(1 of Marcl), had in it more vim and liberality than re- inained in the Topeka party, but the people had no faith in its legal anthori/ation, hence no popular enthusiasm waited upon its decisions. There was a constitution framed better than that of Topeka, y)ccausc it did not continue the negro disability as to res- idence, and it ojiencd schools to the children regardless of color. There were other features equally good, but the minds of the com- munity were not interested. The nomination of a convention to prepare a state ticket was duly ordered, and there was vigor in the convention thus as.sqmbled ; but neither the ticket oHered nor the resolution to oppose the Lccompton constitution by force of arms, if necessary, roused the people to action. The nominees of the convention only obtained 8,000 votes, 1,000 voting on the other side, but generally men would not cast a ballot ; and in January, 1859, there was no grief when the measure died of neg- lect in congress. The vote on the Lecompton constitution, on the 2d of August, 1858, occasioned a much larger manifestation of zeal, no less than 18,088 votes being cast on that iss.ue, with a majority of 9,512 against its adoption, although there had been such inducements ofTered by the pro-slavery party under tlie English bill. The new territorial legislature was chosen under many disadvantages, in consequence of the stupidity that marked the action of its predecessor; but, in spite of the old and unjust apportionment, which had not been changed by the men just relieved of legisla- tive labor, there was a much better set of men elected to assume that important duty. The pro-slavery section of the Democratic party was now all but lifeless in Kansas, and it was time to raise the standards of the national organization on each side. The convention held at Lawrence, November 11, 1857, was so clearly Bepublican in its tone that Democratic allies were repelled, and Fsit OF Civ 1 1. SrniFt:. 435 , 1808, tliero no (luoruin I roooiisinict- mt there re- itulon powura t Mincolii on lity than ro- f) faith in its ited upon its than that of lity as torcs- lless of color. h of the corn- convention to was vigor in et offered nor ')n by force of e nominees of noting on the )allot ; and in ! died of neg- Id of August, 1, no less than ority of 9,512 inducements sh bill. The lisadvantages, action of its pportionment, red of legisla- ted to assume he Democratic i time to raise jh side. The was so clearly repelled, and the old party deprecated an uburulonment of its war cry before Kansas had bceu adiiiittod as a free state; but, for all prmticul purpoHCS the orii^inal (luarrcl had come to an « nd. Thorcuiiou the Douiocrata tried to fashion a j)latform on the 2-4th of tho Bume month, at TiCavenworth, that would enable free atate nict> to unite with tho pro-slavery parly for national and territorial pur- poses. It was somewhat dill'icult to make terms between the op- posing sections, but at length a noncommittal policy was agreed uj)oii, with vigorous metital reservations, that served for a time. The convention at Big Springs, to renew tho life of tho old frco state party, May 12, 1859, was a reupcctablo failure; tho purposes of that organization were now safe in other hands, and tho conven- tion was almost a funeral. One week later, tho Kepublicana completed their party organization at Ossawatomio, when Horace Greeley was the lion of the hour on the ground made classic by the heroism of Old John Brown a few months later. The Demo- crats completed their organization the day before tho Big Springs convention. The actual government of Kansas was now vested in the now territorial legislature, which assembled on tho 8d of January, 1859, and tho work devolving upon that body was well done. After meeting at Locompton, the legislature at once adjourned to the more congenial atmosphere of Lawrence, and the statutes v-hich had too long disgraced the community were repealed or amended as public opinion seemed to demand. The end of Gov- ernor Denver's administration had, before this, arrived, and his departure was regretted by the people, but his masterly conduct in tho matter of the treaty at Fort Scott in the spring led to such representations at Washington on the part of tho Democrats that ruled Buchanan, that his name was added to the list of sacrifices by his resignation in October, 1858. Governors henceforth were of so little moment in Kansas affairs, comparing them and their action with the eventful times and the men that governed, from 1854 to the end of 1858, that it will suffice to say here, that Gov- ernor Medary was in due time succeeded by Governor Stanton, whose rule ended upon the inauguration of the state govern- ment in 1861. The cost of all this turmoil had now to be estimated in the : ' « - |I L.f l » * i w i" ' i '' EsD OF Civil Strife. 439 irts of the il govern- laving be- ;ed in due i nation is conditions 10 parallel jtitution of lent of the s in which lation and peoples so a special is not more xted in the , nor Lord nnsylvania, -y in which Led tlie last ,e that was led by the triumphed omattox. ,t such men IS by which itest nation erty for the ndage, com- r visitations m a remote , that before Mississippi, :)to, under a I north and 1510. The av state, and areer largely The social basis upon which Kansas was founded gave little promise of the great position since attaine.1. A few traders Indian agents and missionaries, and a few Frenclunen, who by lone, consorting with the tribes, were almost as Indian as them- selv°es in tastes and manners, constituted for many years the whole white population ; and amongst these the custom of hold- inc ne^^ro slaves had become so much a custom, that the Indmns adopted the practice and retained it for a considerable time ihe purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon, the cession of F onda by Spain, the Seminole war, and all the incidents of warlike adven- ture therewith connected, are twice told tales ; but there are few citizens that have ascertained by their own reading and observa- tion, that all those events contributed to establish the basis for our social edifice. Mexico contributed at a later date toward our extent of territory, that portion east of the 23d meredian and north of the Arkansas river, having been acquired from that power in the war of 18i6-7. When congress, after much debate, extending over two years, consented to admit Missoun to the Union as a slave state, the questions then raised contained Kansas and its difneulties, as the acorn contains the oak, and the com- promise then made, to be so often broken and violated before it was at last repealed, enunciated the first syllables of the com- pleted sentence which was fulminated by Kansas against slavery, in the long struggle beginning in 1854 and concluding in I860 The commerce of the plains began with a wagon track that passed through Kansas, from just across the Missouri border, in 1823 and tbe traffic from Independence to Santa Fe may be . almost said to have revolutionized South America, as well as to have led to the redemption of California from the miserable con- dition in which the half Indian-Spaniard lived under the curse of Spanish institutions, surrounded in pride and laziness, with a - squalor that especially belongs to that nation. For many years ■ this region was preserved as the home of the Indian tribes mov- ing west before the tide of settlement that was slowly covering the eastern sections of the territory purchased from Napoleon ;• but before that policy was yet matured, one of the most .harm- ^ ing writers of this century, Washington Irving, in his Tour on the Prairies," had published to the world a pen picture of our I I 1 i tuhimJmim»li^^- 440 Tuttlk's History of Kaxsas. scenery, such as might have seemed a charming panorama im- magincd by the novelist ; but which we know to be true in its every feature to our beautiful country. Our grassy plains, inter- spersed with forests and groves, dotted here and there with park- like lawns and clumps of trees, formed under his pencil an ever- changing loveliness, as it is, in the bounty of nature around us, whenever and wherever the rivers and streams are refreshed by the wise handiwork of man, and the soil opened to the generous raindrops. Irving wrote after having visited the region watered by the Arkansas, the Grand Canadian, the Red River and their tributaries in 1832, just at the time when the several missions at Wiandotte and Shawnee were being established ; five years after the first fort was built at Leavenworth, and when the trade over the Santa Fe trail had already become a large item along the borders of Missouri. " The fertile and verdant waste," of which he wrote, were popularly supposed to be deserts, and were described as part of " The Great American Desert " by map makers and geographers years after his visit, although every writer and traveler spoke of the elk, buffalo and wild horse as abounding here in good condition, such as few animals would be likely to maintain in an arid and desert land ; but when a mis- apprehension has once become master of the public, it is a long and tiresome task to root out the misleading thought or fiction. The Arkansas was spf^cially described by Irving, and he fairly revelled in its beauty, which need have no higher praise than to have been thought worthy of his pen. Two years ai p*- Irving's vis-it there was a printing press at work in Kansas, at tV : Ottawa Baptist mission, and the speedy increase of missions which fallowed the transportation of Indian tribes to this country must have had an effect in count<^-;acting the preva- . lent mistake as to the condition of the soil. Col. Fremont pass- ed through this country on his way to Oregon over the Rocky Mountains in 1842, repassing on several occasions, after the ex- ploration of the South Pass, to examine the Great Salt lake, and •the grand features of Alta California, as well as eventually to aid in the punishment of the Spanish authorities, whose churlish- ness to our countrymen cost them very properly the country Y'hich they were not worth;,^ tc retain. Tue selection of the site ! i!WtWf»^ivwaBiiatina p sgj^sss^asasae^i^Hw*'^ anorama itn- e true in its plains, inter- •e with park- !ncil an ever- 3 around us, refreshed by the generous gion watered er and their 1 missions at .'6 years after he trade over m along the ;e," of which ;s, and were rt " by map hough every vild horse as lals would be t when a mis- c, it is a long ;ht or fiction, uid he fairly r praise than press at work )eedy increase dian tribes fo ng the preva- . Fremont pass- er the Rocky after the ex- 5alt lake, and eventually to hose churlish- ■f the country on of the site EsD OF Civil Stkife. 441 of Fort Scott as a military post, waa not long afterwards fol- lowed by the Mormon exodus across the plains, the Mexican , war, the gold discoveries in California, and the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act, under which the territory was organized in 1854-5. . It was an act of cowardice on the part of congress that remit- ted to the people, who were then about to settle in Kansas, the question, " shall this state go for slavery or for freedom? " but in the hands of the Great Ruler, even cowardice is not without its uses. The people were equal to the emergency to which they were called, and the answer of squatter Fovereignty, given by less than one hundred thousand people, has since been indorsed by forty millions. What was indeed meant as a trap into which Kansas was to fall, as of her own free will, became the means for the emancipation of four million slaves. Still the combat of so few against so many of disunited settlers scattered over the coun- try engaged in building up their homes against an organized government, moved from headquarters to concentrate every en- ergy upon the establishment of slavery, and assisted by troops, as"well as by ruffian hordes, was a cruel attempt to enslave a lib- erty loving community, and the conduct of Presidents Pierce and Buchanan cannot be too highly reprehended. Briefly we may be permitted to review the story of that momentous straggle. Every governor was appointed in the hope that he would serve the mistaken purpose of his party, and from Reeder to Denver, every man \vas plotted against if not removed as soon as he failed to carry out or to help their designs. Every judge and territorial appointee was made right for slavery at the outset, or was remov- ed until p-oslavery men were secured. The laws as well as the legislature were foisted upon the people by organized and inso- lent fraud, which hardly designed to be hypocritical, so certain were the manipulators that they could ride rough shod over the free settlers, or compel them to abandon their claims. With law and by it, or against law and in spite of its provisions, slavery ., must needs be made a pari of the institutions of Kansas, and the Dracoian will of Missouri was to be written in blood. At that pomt commenced the contest between north and south, which should possess the land, and the densely peopled north could I ^ ri'vTTLhfs lilSTOUY OF KANSAS. send hundreds of l.cr teeming population more easily than the Bouth could send its tens. The lir.t advantages were won by Missouri, because she was ready to begin inmiediately ; the act was passed, whereas the free state men were obliged to travel im- mense distances, only to reach the debatable land, but in the end ri.ht triumphed, although the battle had cos; hundreds of human lives and at the very least $2,000,000 before Abraham Lincoln s election ended that contest to commence another on the same issue extended and largely improved. Leavenworth was a fort before the days of settlement, and around that point the Missouri men established one of their earli- est towns, with a mixture of the free state element in smal pro- portions. Atchi.son was a proslavery scttlemeni almost entirely, and at one time it was dangerou.^ for a free state sett er, or ti-av- el-r to express hi« views concenm.g slavery within the linnts ot the 'village, but it has entirely outgrown that unhappy condition, and is now largely indebted to the once objectionable element for the coniiyfi i fc'inrlfTii»anrn. In Shaw- 3 raised from ed about one- ExD OF Civil Strive. 445 third of a crop on tho bottom lands, and elsewhere, notlnng. Over a large area of thousands of aero., corn only averaged one bushel and one-third to the acre. Timothy and clover failed en- tirely. The native grasses held out better, a.ul when withered on the stalk were still good feed. Wells gave out, that had been an unfailing source of supply until now; springs and creeks had "ong be£re dried up. Those who had been unable to dig wells were destitute much earlier, and in the greater part of the country suEEering was intense. . , , „« v^orl There were parts of Kansas where the drouth was no, so bad, as for instance in the Kaw or Kansas Valley and along the Mis- souri in the low lying lands about two-thirds of a crop of corn was obtained, but there was no surplus anywhere to relieve the want that afflicted the larger part of the territory. The settlers v^ere generally in very needy circumstances m ^^"^^y;";^ "^ ^ losses and idleness enforced upon them during o5-6-7, and many had gone into debt for the means that prepared for the crop now ruined Those who could raise the wherewithal abandoned the territory, and fully thirty thousand left ^or the northern states; but many were at death's door for lack of food and had no means to procure a supply. They had come into Kansas m the hope chat labor would be in demand, and that with their earnings they would speedily be enabled to take up c aims ; in- stead of which they found the wealthier settlers barely able to preserve their households from starvation, the more needy not free from the ravages of hunger. There was nothing possible for such poor families but to succumb to want, unless benevolence came to the rescue ; but to the honor of humanity it may be said that as soon as the tidings reached the eastern and northern cities of the union, there was a response ample to cover the demands o th. most necessitous, and for all that sought such aid, seed wheat was sent in abundance. Committees were formed to spread the contributions of the north over the are- of suffering in the manner most likely to give relief, and thousands who were strangers to a full meal for months, had so much manly pride that they de- scribed the sufferings of their neighbors who were fit subjects for relief, but there came from them no murmur as to their own wants. 446 . Tl'TTUi's UtSTORY OF KaSSAS. New York, t]>e largest and wcultl.ics city in tl.o umor, wn« one of the first to respond to th. cry for aid, as Mr. UuulynH Ilyutt of that city had Imnself vl.ited the territory and coul. cer- tify fro.n per-nal observutlo. u-e fearful -f^^^"^^;;;^^ p^ndation was borne down. Soon every « -^-^V" nl tt o b fo receiving contributions, merchants establ.shed organuat.onB the sanre purpose; those who were unable to Bp.-e money sent provisions or clothes, and committees assumed th < ty of forwLing to the proper quarters all such ^« P - -" ^J^^^^^^^ cured. The legislature at Albany interpreted the desire of New Yorl- State by voting <;oO,000 towards supplying Kansas wi h 1 d wh t a.l Wisc°on;in was similarly liberal through the Ic^s- ZL at Madison, while her citi.ens individually were as^n^ - ous in their donations as their means would permit. HI no.s, never slow to answer a claim on her benevolence was not out dolebv the liberality of other states, and Indiana, Ohio and other sections of the union made a handsome series of remittance. The worst result for Kansas, from the time of sufTering now aeJeribrd, consisted in the fact tl.at hundreds of thousands wer influenced by this disaster into believing that all the old storiea , abou he GiL American Desert were true, and in consequent the population that was increasing rapidly up to this ime in sp. e S?ar'andits privations suffered --ere arre.t and continuo . . diminution, which for several years injured the state, ihir y ulsand persons who left Kansas in the year 1 HO, -me o t e after a very brief stay, readily concurred in such views, and then came he w'ar with L excitements day after day to preven a ro- Ton'ideration of the facts, until the error became Bohdihcd an Tmrnonly accepted as a truth. The relief funds ot^ north, states continued to arrive until far on -m March, 1861 when the territory had become a state, and the great president had been "atcd, and the south had drawn off to n.ake ready for Us ter ble striL, before .hich all the wrongs of Kan.sas seemed as nothing, and the worst suffering here but as a tale of yesterday : Before dealing with the history of the state .t may be well a this point to say that with increasing cultivation all over the country there ha's been an improving average of rain, and violent Storms have become more uncommon. The mean annual temper- ^nJIB!» prevent a re- solidified and if the northern 861, when the dent had been :e ready for its nsas seemed as e of yesterday, may be well at (1 all over the lin, and violent annual temper- ature at Lawrence, ealoulatcd for seven years, ^'^ « ^ " f J^ ; ranging fr.,m 108 > at the topmost of .ts sununcr heat to 3 bohnv ero i' winter. Burlinga.ne, in Osago county ranges f.n, ubove to 6" below. I eavenworth fro.n .<,) '^^--to 20 blow and Manhattan fro.n 03" above to 12" below g.v>ng 52 81 t^ loan for twenty years. The rainfall in Kansas .s registered .n I e belts, the eastern boU including Fort Leavenworth, Olathe, S^dlr^ Lawrence, and Baxter ^I'--^^. -tl-lt.J- --;||;;;^ from 850 to HOC feet above the sea, and .n th.s b the rainfall of the year as shown by the records of nine and ten >c. s aroul to 37^7 inches, b.-ing divided into 4.92 .n wmter, ..UO rautumn U.26 in summer, and 9.99 in spring. In the second or mddle belt, ^ ling Fort lliley, Fort llarker, and l;ort Ln d he mein afaUfor the year is 23.61, the propor Uons Iwin r a less disparity between summer and sprmg ; and n the wesl n belt, including Fort Dodge, Fort Atki,>son. Fort Wa lac r, d Fort Lyon, the mean for the year is 19.48, beu.g ealculatc.1 ? om four year in one station, three in another, and .n the rem m- der onlye'r only. It will be seen that there is no cause for . in a eouLy well ^P^^^d with nve. w^.e. ju^-^^ am-d and where wells seldom fail, ilie warmm u n^t oppressive, because the cool bree.e every night gives e lef^ ^ million, are quite as encouraging as can be found m any state * the Union of the same age. liffeMt Wy '■^*"""' '' •"-"■11" . ■ " ■" " ' •'• - arai»i»e'»iS»i*'S'M 448 Tittle's IIistohy of KxysAS, CHAPTER XXI. STATE IIISTOUV FIGHTING FOU THE UNION- 1«01-05. Will- K.cnid — Govfvnor Robinson— HiuhiimmV Logiicy- Const itntli.nnl Hiile- rirst Shot — Smnnionlns VoluntcL-rs— Kiinsiw UcspomU— First Itt'-inipnt- I)i'll/,l.T's lJrii{ml.i- Wilsons Cruel; - Lyon's Di'Utli- Hiiril Fighting- Willi Grunt— Iklori! VUksburj;- Yazoo Ulver — Second KunMis — Dug Si)rlnKS- Heavy Losses— Ueorgani/.ation-Lexington — JJ.itlery Cai.ture.l - IJoonsboro- Prairie Grove -Fort Smilli Ihtrilu- uollt, — Slight Mistake— Uarkers Springs — General Steele - Ivirby Smith - Jenkins Ferry - Uoseville - Little Hock - Fil'lli Ka., ^aa — Colonel Johnson ■ Clayton's Connuand — Carthage Guerillas — Salem Fight — Ulaek \{\\ ■■:■• - Major Walker — Marnuuluke— Arkansas Post- Mount Elba- Warren Cross Uoails- Sixth Cavalry— Drywood - Quau- trdl — Jacknian- Pursuing Cooper— Coon Creek— ^'.vtonil( -Old Port Wayne — IJoston Mountains — Van Buren— Carney's Fears — Prai- rie de Anne- Seventh Cavalry - Shiloh- Buzzard Koost Station - Tallahatchie - Florence — Veteran Volunteers - Tupelo - Eighth Kan- BUB - Nashville — Perry svillu — Lancaster — Quaulrell — Murfroesboro. i'HO ,; this point the liistory of Kansas becomes larger in its character; it censed to be a territory, struggling for recognition, and challenged respect as a component of the Union, doing its devoir to maintain, on a broader scale, the principles for which it had so long borne an unequal struggle. No other state in the Union sent so large a proportion of its population to the front as did Kansas, during the war of the rebellion, and in consequence we may be excused if, from the commencement of hostilities, we turn the major part of our attention away from local politics and politicians, to notice the larger issues of the time. Before Pres- ident Buchanan retired into private life, hostilities had actually commenced against the United States under the orders and mach- inations of Jeflferson Davis, but the predecessor of Abraham Lin- coln lacked the inclination to protect the general government from outrage. Edwin Stanton, his attorney general, urged ^fr. Buchanan to send supplies and reinforcements to Fort Sumter^ but without success, at the time that Kansas was being admitted, mui-05. )i)stitiUii!?!-»"■ HioiDgraphic Sciences Corporation ■^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 BiSSl^^i CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques „.i^.--.. ■*. .— — w State IIistoiiy — ISO 1-5. UO after tlie proslavery party had practically abandoned the strngglo in the senate at Washington, and stood committed to deadlier eilorts. Gov. liobinson's term in oDSce was very brief, and the war record mainly arose during the rule of his successor, Gov. Thomas Carney. The struggle for election after the state had been ad- mitted, would furnish an inviting theme for the historian, under other circumstances; but already tlie alarm had been sounded, and, while the people were mustering their forces for war, the civil and legal contest would prove comparatively tame. Robin- son failed to win again the honorable eminence to which he could present valid claims; but there was nothing in the conflict and the triumph to remind one of the darker days through which Kansas had passed. The people were being governed under their own laws, and a constitution framed by themselves, so that the successes and reverses of party combinations were in no sense ex- ceptional. The governor chosen in 1861 served until the rebels had been finally beaten at llichmond, and had surrendered their last valid hope with Lee at Appomattox. The first shot was fired by the secessionists against Fort Sumter on the 12th of April, 1861, and the month of May was signalized by the call for 400,000 volunteers to defend the Union, to recover the properties and possessions seized by the rebels, peaceably if possible ; but to recover them at all hazards. Between the 20th day of May and the 3d of June, Kansas raised her first regiment, and the commissions were issued by Gov. Charles Robinson. Circumstances so narrowed the time for recruiting that it may be said that nearly the whole work of enlistment and organization was effected within one week. The men who rendezvoused at Camp Lincoln, near Fort Leavenworth, were solicitous to move at once to the front, and it was not long before their qualities were tested under fire. Col. Deitzler, of Lawrence, was a maa in whom the regiment reposed full trust, and he proved himself worthy of their confidence. He was ably seconded by officers and men. The regiment, although newly formed, contained many who had served their apprenticeship to war, since their first ad- vent on the soil of Kansas, and the necessity for rigorous drill was understood from the beginning. i ;.i ! I ! TZ^^^M^^^^^^^ TtMii^^Si^l 450 TcTTf.ij's IfisToar of /v'.i.vs-.i.'^. Tn tlic village of T;it;in, across tlic border in ■N[i??oari, about eight miles above Kort i.cavenworth, a rebel ensign bad been dis- played, and a force (^f six men under Sergeant Drenning pro- ceeded witbont orders, to haul down the insolent flag. Three oi the six men were wonnded, on the 5th of June, but they brought away the flag as a trophy. That was the only sign of insubordi- nation that challenged notice during the brief era of camp life. Moving shortly after to Wyandotte, and thence to Kansas City, the troops were soon placed where blows fell thickly, but they were capable of playing their parts like men. Soon after Gen. Lyon had broken up the rebel camp at Booneville, in June, the first regiment, joined by Maj. Sturgis with a battalion of U. S. infantry and two companies of U. S. cavalry, moved towards Grand lliver, where a junction was efTccted with Gen. T-yon's force, on the 7th of July. Many skirmishes occurred almost every day for some time, and it became evident that the enemy, under Gens. Price and McCuUoch, were concentrating their for- ces on Wilson's Creek, in the hope that the army under Lyon, unsupported and cut oflf, would be compelled to surrender, or at least to fight under every disadvantage except want of courage. The battle" at Wilson's Creek, on the 10th of August, was the best proof of the spirit that animated our men, when 4,500 troops, mainly volunteers, attacked a strong camp held by 25,000 men, four-fifths of whom were effectives, and compelled the foe to re- tire. Gen. Lyon fell in the conflict, much lamented, but the boys of Kansas won high praise. Maj. Sturgis, who took part in many a well fought battle during the war, said at a much later date: "For downright hard, persistent fighting, Wilson's Creek beat them all." The army evacuated Springfield the next morning, and marched without impediment to RoUa, ten days journey, from which place the wounded were sent id St. Louis, and soon after- wards the troops themselves followed. The march to Rolla, from Springfield, Mo., was through a line of country well adapted for harassing operations, if the enemy had not been thoroughly dis- heartened; but no movement of the kind was attempted. The forces under Lvon fought for a safe retreat, and they achieved their purpose, in the face of an army largely outnumbering 'n S T. I TI-: II IS Tun Y — 1861-5. 451 iri, about been (lis- uing pro- Tliree oi y brought insubonli- carnp life, nsas City, but they after Gen. June, the I of IT. S. [ towards ?n. r,yon'3 3cl almost he enemy, their for- :ler Lyon, ider, or at f courage. t, was the lOO troops, »,000 men, foe to re- 1, but the took part t a much Wilson's ning, and rney, from !oon after- lolla, from lapted for ughly dis- >ted. The ' achieved numbering themselves, carrying awa^' their baggage undisturbed, and $250,000 besides, which would have proved invaluable to Price or ^MeCullocli. The movements of the first Kan.sas regiment were multifarious from this time. They were ordered to Pittsburg Landing in ^fay, 18G2, where Grant had won the battle of Shiloh on the 7th of April, with an army that had been surprised and all but defeatdl on the 6th, in his absence, but the retreat of Beauregard from Corinth, previous to their arrival, rendered reinforcements at that place un- necessary to Gen. Ilalleck, and they were dispatclied to Columbus, Ky. The i-egiment led the pursuit of the rebels, as part of Gen. McPherson's brigade, after the battles of the 3d and 4th of Oct., 18G2, at Corinth, when the enemy under Van Dorn and Price were compelled to retire precipitately to Ripley, Miss., by the determitied valor of the troops under Rosecrans. The retreat of fifty miles was marked by many vigorous encounters with the rebel forces. Tlie confederates fought well. When Grant con- cluded on making his first advance upon Vicksburg, and moved towards that destination, the first Kansas regiment, forming part of Gen. Deitzler's brigade, was generally in advance, and marched through Holly Springs, Abbeyville and Oxford, compelling the enemy to retreat at every step. The surrender of Gen. Grant's base of supplies, at Holly Springs, by Col. Murphy, rendered it necessary for the campaign against Vicksburg to be abandoned, and the first Kansas regi- ment, now fifty miles in advance of the surrendered post, was ordered to march on Holly Springs to prevent the escape of Gen. Van Dorn. The Kansas boys were just arriving 'in camp when the order arrived, but they, with the seventh regiment from their own state, were the first to reach the position, and although the brigade and forces under Deitzler were unable to capture the gal- lant leader of cavalry, they succeeded in taking a portion of his rear guard, the rest being saved by a precipitate retreat. The movements against Vicksburg, under Gen. Grant, which contin- ued from Jan., 1863, to the 4th of July, when that fortress was compelled to surrender, were participated in largely by the Kan- sas First. -After the beginning of Feb., 1863, Gen. Grant employed this ""?JS^S8 462 Tuttle's History of Kassas. rciment as mounted infantry for eighteen n.onths. Tl,e aecisivo ami brilliant aetions in which Grant clefeated n. sucees.cn, the Zo hostile armies under Pemberton and Johnston at For G b- son, at Jackson, at Champion Hills and at Bhack IW Bndg .vh n Pemberton was forced to take refuge m A icksburg, on the 18th of May, afforded the Kansas First excellent opportunmes to 'idi tincti;n, and their record was never dimmed by one ma.^ o ndeeision. After the fall of V.cksburg and the surrender of Pembe.^on on the ^th of July, the regiment was ordered to Natchez. Miss., to hold the post. .t:;skirn;ishes and heavier engagements followed the occu- pation of Natchez, and in October the regiment returned o Vicks- C. being stationed as an outpost on Black R.ver Bridge with p ek;t posrs on both sides of the riven When ^en. McAnhur moved up the Yazoo River, the Kansas first formed part of the ex- pedition,'and there was some good fighting «" both sides. The time of service having expired on the 1st of June, 1861, the le- Tlt of the regimint, except two companies of veterans was Zbarked on transports for Fort Leavenworth to be mustered out a^d the vessels wei. cannonaded on the followmgday byane.gh In battery near Columbia, Arkansas, with some loss to the hrst fansas, aJd very considerable damage to ^-^^^^^ The battery was planted at the point named by Gen. Magiuder. T e veterans already named continued to serve m Mississippi, Louiliana Arkansas and Texas until the rebellion was put down and tTey^vere mustered out at Little Rock, Arkansas, on theSOth "' TlXcond Kansas regiment was raised in May, 1861, and having rendezvoused at Lawrence, was mustered into the service o the un on on the 20th of June following. The second regiment was " t of the force commanded by Maj. Sturg.s at Chnton, Mo and formed one brigade with the first regiment under Col De hz er, The second came under fire at Forsvthe, 40 mde southeast of Springfield, Mo., for the first t.me, on t^.e 22d o July 1861, and the men behaved gallantly. The skirmish at Dug Springs proved a more serious engagement than was intended, but the en°emy was compelled to retreat. The movements of he. rebels after Dug Springs showed a determination to cut off the H Stati: I [ is Toll 1 — isOl-'). 453 ; decisivo ssion, the I'ort Gib- r Bridge, g, on the tunities to one mark rreader of rdcred to the occu- \ to Vicks- ■idge, with McArthur , of the ex- ides. The 56i, the re- terans, was istered out, by an eight to the first )rt Arthur. . Magruder. Mississippi, 3 put down, on the 30th , and having irvice of the egiraent was Hinton, Mo., under Col. le, 40 miles the 22d of skirmish at ^'as intended, ments of the ) cut oflE the r.'troat of the force of Goii. Lyon, and made it necessary for tlie lililc army of 4,r)00 to engage 2r),()()0 men, but the result of the buttle at Wilson's Creek, although only intended to secure a re- treat from an untenable position, had all the effects of a decisivo victory, the movement to Holla being as unimpeded and orderly as could be desired. The brunt of the battle fell u[)()n men but recently called from peaceful pursuits, yet they behaved like vei- eran troops. The second regiment was making its admirable ad- vance on the crest of the hill on the front center, when Gen. Lyon marching at its head, fell mortally wounded, Col. Mitchell com- manding the regiment being disabled at the same time ; but the hill was°carried, and the success of that maneuver compelled the enemy to retire in confusion. The hill was held by the first and second Kansas regiments against several attempts to recapture the position, and the troops well deserved the high commendation bestowed upon them after the splendidly won victory. The rebel generals claimed to have won the fight at Wilson's Creek, but if they really deserved that credit, they were entitled to still higher praise for their politeness in allowing the small force under the command of Maj. Sturgis, all the honors and immunities usually attendant upon success, in the privilege of continuing their line of march unimpeded with their baggage and their wounded undis- turbed, through difficult country to the railroad at Rolla. One-third of the second Kansas regiment was lost in the Wil- son's Creek engagement, but the men never flinched from their position. After Wilson's Creek, the second regiment accompa- nied the troops marching to Rolla and to St. Louis, but from that point returned to Kansas for muster out and reorganization as a cavalry regiment, having in the meantime been engaged in four sharp fights, at Paris, Mo., on the 2d of September; at Shelbina on the 4th, when 600 men held in check 3,500 with a strong bat- tery under the command of Gen. Green ; at St. Joseph, where the rebels were surprised by night and defeated with great loss : and at Litan, where a large force was dispersed. Price had captured Lexington for the south, with a confederate force 25,000 strong, on the 20th of September, and as he was threatening Kansas, the second regiment was ordered to Wyandotte to resist his onset, but on the 16th of October Maj. White recaptured the town, taking 454 Trrn.h's IfisTonr of Kassas. oomc of tlic confcaemtes prisoners, the (Uity devolvit.o; upon the second came to u bloodless end. The regiment was nmstcrcd out on the yist of October, 1801. I'ursna.it to the understanding already arrived at, the second ^vas immediately reorganized, with necessary changes as a cavalry regiment, known as the twelfth Kansas volunteers, on the 8th of November, 18(51, the rendezvous being established at l-ort Leav- enworth. Companies were organized in successio>i during the re- mainder of November, December and January, and ui Deceinber the governor added four companies of Nugent's regiment of Mis- Bouri iiome guards. The conduct of this body of men won honora- ble mention on many sanguinary fields. The name of the regiment was afterwards (March 27th) changed to the second Kansas cav- alry. The duties and exploits of the troops were so various that it is found impossible even to review them in detad, conseiiuent y only some few leading events can be noticed in this record. 1 he re"iment did much hard service and good fighting, and was noted for being always in position obedient to the call of duty. It is worthy of special mention that the second Kansas cavalry is the only regiment of horse in the west that captured a battery during the war. llollister's battery, a force of 150 noncommissioned of- fleers and privates, was formed from this regiment, and their six ten-pounder Farrott guns did excellent service on many occasions. Kebcl raiding parties were frequently pursued and chastised by this mounted force ; a service of this kind was very elTectively performed on the 25th of August, 1862, the rebels being under the command of Col. Shelby. On the fourth of October the re- girnent was dispatched to Newtoiiia, to reinforce Br.g.-Gen. balo- Lu, who was menaced by a superior force, and their presence caused the enemy to decamp. The regiment did good service at Pea llidge on the 20th of October, 18G2, and continuing on duty in Arkansas there was to have been a night attack on the enemy in Marysville, but owing to a failure to connect on tne part of o^e of the troops which should have cooperated, the rebels escaped. There was no blame attached to the Kansas second, as in the enc^agement that followed, that regiment, unsupported car- ^^ed the Confederate position and eai-ried off the ^^^y^ guns. The conduct of the second was superb, the attacking Sr.iTi:- IfisTonr — I'^Ol- 455 upon the noi'cd out 10 second a cavalry the 8th of ort Leav- iig the re- December at of Mis- )n honora- e regiment ansas cav- irioua that isequently ord. The was noted iity. It is airy is the ,ery during ssioned of- d their six f occasions. :iaslised by elleetively eing under jber the re- Gen. Salo- ir presence d service at ng on duty the enemy the part of the rebels s second, as )ported, car- tery of four e attacking force being only 197 n.en and the rebels, stn.ngly posted, we o 4 000 strong. When reinforcements came up on the 1 nion s.do the rc.bcls were completely routed and driven in great disorder. The battery captured by the serond was organi/.cd and n.anncd being thereafter known as Hopkins' battery, but continued to act Willi the regiment. , The engagement near Rhea's Mills resulted in another rout o the rebels on the 7th of November, when a (lag was ••aptured and the enemy driven ten miles towards Van Buren. Many pris- oners were taken. Gen. Marmaduke, with a force cstmmtcd at 6 000, was encountered near Boonsboro on the 2Sth of Novem- ber, and so unfortunately were the troops placed, if the genera had made a bold movement he might have captured or killed every man, and secured a battery; but temporary indecision los the opportunity, and the attack made by the Union_ force about noon proved irresistible. The second led the pursuit of the fly- inc' enemy, which continued until the evening, with continuous Bklrmishing and much execution, after which the force encamped at Boonsboro. , , , n An outpost was driven in by a strong rebel force on Cove Creek, where the roads from Fayctteville and Cane lIiU join, on the 6th of December, 1862, and by successive attacks, the picket not having been reinforced as quickly as could be desired, the enemy gained some advantages, but the battle being continued durin- that day and on the 7th, the ground was eventually re- gained, the enemy retreating before the army of the frontier with great celerity and some loss. The conduct of the second in this series of battles won much praise, as during part of the Uh they dismounted and served as infantry when their services as horse- men would have been of less value, and immediately that line of duty had been accomplished, they mounted once more and rea- dered great assistance in retrieving the fortunes of tlie day. ' The Second Kansas bore a prominent part in the expedition, which, on the 23d of August, 1863, crossed the Arkansas river to Honey Springs in the Creek Indian territory, traversed the country, destroying the enemy's supplies at Terry villo, capturing money, mules and stores of great value, drove Gen. Cooper with a lar-e force of Confederates, captured Fort Smith and cleared 450 TL'TTIE's lIlSTollY OF K.iSSAS. tho coutitry of iclwl fnivc,-;. >f()viii<,' fmin l-'nrt Sriiitli on tlio first of Sci)tciiibei', llu' it'L'itiuMit wiis in ndvniico wlicii, at back- bone mountain, a foivo umlor Oen. Cabbell was overtaken and routed after sonio lioiirs' sliarp fij,'lifin^. 'I'lu; cnomy was cm- countcix'd with siiniliir fortune at Dardancllc, Arkansas, later in Septendjcr, about eighty niiles above Little Hoek. It wa.< con- sidered advisable, in November, to station a company of tiio Second Kansas at Dardancllc to prevent the possibility of a rally in that region. An impetuous charge of fifty men under Capt. fiardner of tho Second Kansa.s, on the loth of November, broke the lines of the enemy at Booneville, 600 strong, under the command of Col. Brooks, but unfortunately, .some of the brave fellows, who dis- covered too late tiie strengtli of the force attacked, found it im- possible to charge through the lines again, and were killed or captured. The major part of the nttaeking force escaped with little injury. The same officer was surprised in camp on the 27th of December, near Dalla.s, where his company was engaged in outpo.st duty, and it was with .';ome difficulty that the sleeping soldiery could be rallied in the bitter cold of that season, yet the assault was repulsed and the rebel commander killed. The pickets, well posted to avoid surprise, had in some way been evaded, and no fault was imputed to the commander of the out- post. The winter quarters of the enemy at Barker's Springs, eighty miles from Waldron, being assailed by a strong scouting party of the Second, on the night of the 20th of January, 1864, many prisoners were taken and 'the encampment destroyed, the rashness of the exploit being, perhaps, the main cause of its comp]"te success! The Second Kansas Cavalry brought their prisoners into camp. Gen. Marmaduke was menaced by the Seventh Army Corps, frontier division, under Gen. Steele, at Prairie de Anne, on the 12th of April. The Second Kansas was with Gen. Steele, and the movement was intended to cooperate in a grand assault upon Shreveport under Gen. Banks, w'ho was to lead an expedition up Eed river. Banks was too late in every attempt that he made, and his part of the stratagem terminated most unsuccessfully. Marmaduke was to delay Steele's advance until Banks could be Sr.i TE llisTon r — 1801-5. 467 itii on tlio 1, nt llack- •takeii and y was en- as, later in t wa.A cou- ny of tlu; of a rally iicr of tlio nca of the 1(1 of Col. , who (lis- mid it im- killed or ia[)ed with n the 27t]i niraged in 3 sleeping •n, yet tlie led. The way been f the out- ! Springs, : scouting ^vy, 1861, 'oyed, the Lise of its ight their ny Corps, e, on the teele, and mlt upon dition up he made, cessfnlly. could be defcntccl by Kirliy Siaitli, aiii.i re 1 After the fall of Col. Johnson, ut Morristown, the fifth sullcrcd from incompetent commanders until February, 18(;2, when Lt. Col. Clayton became colonel, and under his direction the regi mcnt achieved a great repute. On the 19lh of March, the fifth made valuable captures at Carthage, Mo., where a guerrilla cora- pany, in course of formation, was taken by a brilliant charge under Capt. Crict/. Oth(;r advantages of a strategic nature and vast gains to the commissariat were reaped by the proceedings of the fifth under Col. Clayton. There was full employment every hour in perfecting the drill of the troops, when they were not un- der fire or en<^aged on commissariat or other duty. The guerrilla band commanded by Coleman was driven out of the country near Houston by the regiment, and had afterwards, during June and July, opportunities iov gaining distinction at Salem, Arkansa.s, and at the Black Kiver, near Jacksonport, routing in the iirst action an Arkansas regiment of cavalry, and in the latter, routing a strong force of Texan rangers, who tried to capture the baggage train The detachment that won the two victories named was under the command of Capt. Crietz. The capture of guerrilla troops, of greater and less extent, was a matter of almost daily occurrence, and in spite of pursuers, more numerous than nis own force thrice toM, in many directions, Crictz carried his little force to the main body without loss. Maj. Walker, long since favora- i»«WJ^^w»«M!S^^W^sa' 460 Tvrrr.KS HisToitr of Kaxsas. If' bly known in Kauritis, was in his element as tlic .scourge of guer- rillas. The expedition against St. Charles and Little Eock gave the fifth good openings for pluck and daring, although the enemy had evacuated the position at St. Charles. The pursuit of Col. Dobbins, and the light with Gen. Marinaduke's force, won great praise for Col. Jenkins and his command, during an expedition from Helena. Col. Clayton developed brilliant qualities in the field, and his troops sustained him with the bravery of veterans. The battle of Helena was a great victory for our arms, opposed to vastly superior nirmber.s, under Marmaduke. The fifth accom- panied Gen. Steele in his advance toward Shreveport, which failed only because of the slowness or incompetency of Banks, and boro their share in the masterly strategy that prevented a crushing .le- feat of the union forces in that quarter. The capture of Little Eock was an admirable movement, at once smart and effective. The rout of Marmaduke's forces at Tupelo, and the capture of the camp equipage complete, as well as the position, was a feat en- tirely due to the Kansas Fifth and their colonel, moving from Pine BMl on the night of October 1, 1868. The fifth had their next great encounter on the 25th of the same month, when Marmaduke with 3,000 men and twelve pieces of artillery attacked Clayton's position, where there were only 600 men well placed to repel the assault. There was hard fight- ing i-n- about six hours from nine A. M., and thirty-seven of our gallant fellows were slain, but the loss on the other side was four times as great, and the Union arms were victorious. Marmaduke was very confident that he must carry the works, and the repulse was on that account more severe and bloody. The defeat of Shel- by's forces at. ''^-inchville followed in their record on the 19th of January, 1864, and the fifth under Col. Clayton were on the Cam- den road on the 21st. The fortunes of the expedition toward Shreveport have already been generally described in naming the exploits of the second cavalry. The fifth were at Montieello giv- ing battle to Gen. Dockery when Steele was near Camden. Clay- ton's force of all arms was about 1,000 strong, but he manoeuvered in such a way as to deceive Dockery into the belief that he was all but surrounded by an overpowering combination, his aim being to drive the rebels out of the country from Bayou Barthol- k S TA TIC His tou r — M'>l-5. 461 c of micr- Liock gave ;lic cnoiny it of Col. won great 3xpc(lition iies ill the ; veterans, opposed to [th accoin- hich failed 3, and bore 'usbing de- 3 of Little . effective, ture of the a feat en- ; from Pine 25th of the elve pieces were only hard fight- even of our ie was four ^larmaduke the repulse :eat of Shel- the 19th of )n the Cam- tion toward naming the nticello giv- den, Clay- lanceuvered that he was m, his aim ou Barthol- omew to the Saline. Night marches and picket fires were the nu'iins employed. On the next day Shelby fell back toward Princeton, and on the 30th there was smart fighting near Mount Flluiford, the chief command on our side being assumed by Col. Jenkins. Dockery's force, far outnumbering our own, were the assailants, but they were met with a terrific lire at less than sev- enty-five yards, the howitzers pouring canister and shrapnel into their ranks, and the rifies of our men being handled splendidly. Tlie confederates held their advance well, but bravery availed nothing against a fire so fearfully intense and well directed ; they were broken and :.rced to run at last, pursued by the fifth Kan- sas for a considerable distance. Ten miles from ^[ount Elbaford the fifth met Col. Clayton commanding the first Indiana and sev- enth Missouri, and Clayton led a charge of his old regiment Once more the discomfiture of the rebels was complete, although they fought admirably. They were driven five miles further, when the chase was abandoned. Dockery's wagon train was cap- tured and manv prisoners taken, and his troops driven from the country until Banks' disastrous campaign reopened the territory to their operations. The fifth was with Steele at Marks Mills when the enemy captured the baggage train, and some few of ours were made prisoners. On the 17th of September, at_ Warren Cross Roads, there was a bard fight and part of the Union force scattered, but the fifth Kansas with the first Indiana and seventh Missouri repelled the enemy and saved the artillery ^^d^ch was at one time in great danger. Lieut. Jenkins, of the fifth, with a small command, was cut off from the main force in that engage- ment, but a dashing charge brought him through the lines of the foe back to his comrades. The remainder of the services of the fifth were matters of routine until the end of the war. _ _ The sixth regiment consisted of cavalry, and was organized in the month of July, immediately before the battle at Wilson's Creek They were enrolled mainly for the defense of the south- eastern portion of Kansas. Three companies of infantry, known as the Home Guards, developed under the advancing necessities of the time to much larger proportions and a Complete change of seivice. Garrison duty was the first work devolving upon the sixth, with occasional scouting expeditions. The battle of Dry- _ .,!,t3^^mt0iasEis^mmiimur of the ::oston mountains, where a desperate effort was made by the rebels to hold a position, but in spite of some very gallant fighting the union force prevailed, driving the rebels across the mountains with great precipitation. Several times when a strong position afforded an opportunity, picked ^orps of the enemy made a stand, attempting to cover the retreat of their comrades, if not to repel the advance, but no substantial success attended their efforts until night gave them a respite, and they returned under shelter of the I s^^m^' 'i u 464 TrTTi.i:'s llisronv of Kaxsas. darkness. There was much loss on our side, but on the other it must have been terribly severe. Prairie Grove, on the 7ih of December, was a great light, brouglit on by the courage ami enterprise o£ our men. T!ie fight'^coniinue.i al! through the day, and until darkness rcpdered furtlier operations irniM).n was encamped at Holly Springs with a rebe army, which was afterward beaten and captured by Grant nt\ icksburg. Gen. Jackson, well known all over the union as an impetuous and successful chief of cavalry, met the seventh near Lamar, on the 8th of November, with a column 6,000 strong, and the pro- ceedings of that day caused the force under Pemberton to retire from Holly Springs, from which the rebel garrison was routed on the 28th of the montli by Col. Lea, the Kansas seventh being m tlip idvincc The advance to Tallahatchie from Holly Springs was a suc- cession of skirmishes, in whieh the seventh was specially distin- guished. When Van Dorn swooped down upon the supplies a Holly Springs, the seventh was ordered out in pursuit, but could not reach the point of attack before Col Murphy surrendered and was cashiered in consequence. The further pursuit of A un Doin was continued through Tennessee and to Pontotoc, Miss. The next action in which the seventh took part was at lus- cumbia, Ala., where the rebel brigade under Gen. Roddy wa^ driven irom the town on the 24th of April, 1863, and the great cavalry battle of Leighton followed, a few miles beyond Tuscum- bia -Roddy had been largely reinforced, but our men, under the command of Col. Cornyn, of the Tenth Missouri Cavalry, drove him from the field with great slaughter. Three days later, at Town Creek, there was another great battle, when the enemy was driven from a strong position with much loss. The eavalry moved south from Burnsville after this action, as a feint to dis- tract the attention of the confederates while Col. Grierson njade his celebrated raid through Mississippi, and won honors which have never been dimmed. There was substantial work effected by the seventh during this march, and skirmishes were a ways active At Tupelo, on the 5tli of May, the rebels were driven from the town and the place occupied, and when attempts were ncy. Kc- lispatcbcd ;he rebels Tlicnce vnd joined /"icksburg. bel army, ricksburg. impetuous Lamar, on [1 the pro- )n to retire ; routed on h being in was a suc- ally distin- supplies at , but could ndered, and : A^an Dora iss. vas at Tus- Koddy wag d tbe great nd Tuscum- n, under the valry, drove ays later, at B enemy was rhe cavalry feint to dis- ierson made lonors which rork effected were always were driven .ttempts were .S' r. I TH Ills TOH Y — ISGl-i). 467 made to recapture Tupelo by a large rebel army under Gen. Gholson, the Seventh Kansas, cooperating with the Tenth Mis- souri, repulsed and demoralized the enemy, driving him from the field and cai)tunng many prisoners. The fighting on this occasion was brilliant and long continued. Ten miles from Florence, Ala., a rebel force was encountered by the Seventh Kansas and otlier troops, on the 2fith of May, and the enemy driven to the outskirts of the town, where a strong position was occnpied by a much larger body of troops, assisted by a battery, posted on a hill which commanded the advance. Against all those advantages the cavalry force pursued the pur- pole upon which it had been dispatched, driving the enemy through Florence, capturing the town and procuring a vast quan- tity of stores and ammunition. Moving toward Hamburg, on the Tennessee, there were many severe skirmishes, usually with severe loss to the rebels, and an attack on the rear of our com- mand, while crossing the river at Hamburg, was repulsed with great slaughter. The regiment marched night and day for six days in siujcession, on this raid, and returned to Corinth on the 81st of May, 1863. Skirmishing was now the order of the day. There was a smart cavalry engag°ement at luka on the 9th of July, when Cornyn'a brigade defeated Gen. Koddy with very great loss. Swallows Bluff on the Tennessee, on the 30th of September, was signal- ized by a battle between two companies of the Seventh, which attacked the rear guard of a rebel force and succeeded in cap- turing a great number of the enemy. Byhalia and Wyatt, Miss.° on the 12th of October, was the scene of a heavy fight, when' Gen. N. B. Forrest, with a large rebel army, was attached and defeatad by the cavalry division under Col. Hatch. For- rest was driven across the Tallahatchie in great confusion, with much loss. The losses on our o^'ii side were also considerable. There was another battle with the troops under Forrest at Rip- ley, on the 1st of December, when that oHicer was moving to- wards the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, and the main pur- pose sought by the attack, the retardation of the rebel advance, was gained. The Seventh was much praised for its conduct on this occasion. A detachment of the army under Forrest was ^.OT»s«iasiS»es!geBssaww9Kt«6^f*S^- .^ m Tvttle's History of Kassas. again encounlcrc-r and clefoatoJ by a battahon of the Seventh^ near Jack's Creek, Tennessee, on the 24tU of December Ihe troops on both «ides ^ouaht well, but the victory was won by the Seventh. . , ■,. . ■ ^ i rt7-„„». Tl>c tirst icgiment to rccnlist as veterans, m the district of West Tennessee, was the Seventh Kansas Cavalry, on the 1st of Janu- ary. lbC4, while bivouacked at La Grange, Tenn with hardly anv shelter from the severe wintry weather, and nmny of the men sulTering severely from frozen feet; but they w-e not going home until the war should end in victory for the north. There was a brief furlough of thirty days after reenhstment and the re-nment was equipped, after which we find the Seventh protect- in^ working parties engaged in the repair of the Memphis and Charleston Kailroad in June. Early in July, it moved in ad- vance of Gen. A. J. Smith's infantry column to attack Gen. l^or- rest. The movement continued in this order, other cavalry be- inc. on the flanks, to Cherry creek, where Forrest was strongly entrenched, six miles below Tupelo. Making a feint of intend- in.r to attack the entrenchments. Smith turned suddenly toward Tupelo, on the 12th of July, and the Seventh Cavalry became the rear guard, having to sustain the whole force of Forrest s ad- vance in his eager desire to protect the town. The battle eontin- ued in this way from five in the morning of the 13th, unt. eight at ni-ht The battle of Tupelo followed on the two following days,°and when, on the 16th, Gen. Smith returned to La Grange the Seventh, still doing duty as rear guard, fought the Second Missouri Rebel Cavalry, at Ellistown, winning honor at the cost of heavy losses. Gen Smith advancing from La Grange once more, on the 1st of Auoust, to attack Forrest, the Seventh Regiment bore a con- spicuous part in all the principal actions of the campaign, having been enc^aged at the Tallahatchie when the river was crossed, on the 8th Tin the capture of Oxford, on the 9th; and, seven days later, in the great cavalry battle at Hurricane creek, sustaining the honor of the Union in every conflict When Gen Smiths expedition returned to Memphis, the Seventh, under orders from Gen. Rosecrans, reported at St. Louis, Mo., on the 17th of Sep- tember. State IfisTonr—l'^Ol-o. 469 Seventh, 3er. The ju by tho t of West , of Janu- th hardly ,ny of the not going h. There t, and the ,h protect- mphis and ired in ad- Gen. For- javah'y be- ,s strongly of intend- nly toward Iry became orrest's ad- ttle contin- until eight ) following La Grange, the Second at the cost on the 1st bore a con- lign, having crossed, oa seven days :, sustaining ren. Smith's orders from 7th of Sep- The remainder of the rcbol forces were now being takon in do- tail while Grant dealt with the main body at Kidummd, and there were but few events worthy of special mention unul tlie end of the war. Under Lieut. Col. Malone, the Scvonlh took part in the campaign against Price in Missouri, and fougiit wherever it was necessary to uphold the honor of tho Unu)ii by such means. Their charge at Lidependence, against a force supe- rior in numbers, which was broken and dispersed by their im- pact, proved that thev were indeed veterans in the field. Two pieces of ordnance were captured at Lidependence, and the cam- paign, if not the war, was ended. The remainder of their term ' of service was employed in subduing guerrilla parties, which, until far on in July, continued to infest Missouri. From the bt Louis district to Omaha City, from thence to Fort Kearney, and from that point to Fort Leavenworth, their last march as a regi- ment had been made ; they had marched, exclusive of carriage by rail and by transport, 12,050 miles in the service of their country and they were now mustered out free to pursue their individual profit, rewarded with the thanks of the nation. Kansas was persistently called upon during the war, and at , everv epoch there was a fitting response. The state had gone through a long apprenticeship to war, and there were earnest souls In the population that could not rest at home as long as the battles of the Union were to be fought and won. The Eighth Kansas was a regiment of infantry, organized in August, 1861, under orders received by Gov. Robinson late in July. The first intention was to organize only for home service, because it was anticipated that the state would be invaded by the rebels, who had long since learned to consider Kansas as their special prey. In the long run it began to appear that the rebel party had pro- cured so n°any lessons of defeat on Kansas territory that they had no wish to increase the record. Expecting to operate in a sphere so limited, it was thought expedient to raise a regiment consisting of eight companies of infantry and two of cavalry. The savages and the rebels could both be held in cheek by a force so com- pounded, and on that basis the regiment was raised. There were already six regiments in the field, sent to the front by Kansas, and the seventh was being formed ; hence the present was nom- aeWHUJwJ'Bs***'^ 470 Tvttlk's IfisTonr of Kaxsas. inatcd tho cightk Uocruits came in rapidly, nc.twitl.stan.ling tho inultinlicity of doinaiuls, and before tl.e o.ul of Soplciubcr, six full co.npa.,ieH had been ..n.slcroa in. Major Wcs-sels was ap- pointed colonel, and he brought to his task the advantages of traini.ig at West Point, as well as many years of active service in Florida, Mexico, and on the plains. The appointment was fortu- nate for the regiment, and was very generally approved. The work of preparation commenced in October, when Lol. Wessels assutned the command. Lawrence was the hcad.iuarters of the regiment, pending orders, and tho organization was com- pleted in November. Col. Wesscls was renu)ved in l-cbruary by orders from Washington, which called him t(, his duty in tho regular army, and his departure was much regretted by his com- ra.les in arms, who had learned to appreciate very highly tho qualities which won for hira undying distinction. Lieut U.I. Martin assumed the command of the regiment on the 8th o l^cb- ruary. The winter was spent upon the border, and the cold was very severe in the early months of 1862. The headquarters of the ei-luh were fixed at Ossawatomie for some time, and scouts werp sent in all directions, to Missouri more freciuently than in any other direction, as the border counties of that state wero known to be disloyal, and it was found necessary to guard against the formation of rebel companies to cooperate with confederate troops, known to be hovering about the state. The monotony of camp life, unbroken bv incidents out of the groove of mere routine, became exceedingly tiresome before orders arrived to give a new current to events. That long looked for relief came when the month of May was nearly spent Pittsburg Landing was the objective point when the route ar- rived Gen. llalleck was to be reinforced, anticipating an attack from the forces under Beauregard, but before the eighth and other Kannsas troops could reach their destination, instructions were received deflecting them to Columbus, Ky. Corinth had been evacuated by the southern general in consequence of the defeat suffered by his troops on the second day at ShUoh. ihe regiment, with others, went into camp on the 2d of June 1862, on a commanding bluff at Columbus, just outside the rebel forti- fications recently abandoned. Gen. Mitchell's command moved Stath IlisTour— l^iiU-^t. •17i mding tlio jmbcr, six la was up- aiiliigcs o£ service in was fortu- when Col. aili quarters was com- .'bi'uary by ity in tlio y his coin- liighly tho liieut. Col. ilh o£ Fcb- le colli was Ljuarters of and scouts tly than in state were lard against oontederate lonotony of lere routine, give a new le when tbe be route ar- ig an attack eighth and instructions Corinth had lence of the ;hiloh. The June, 1862, e rebel forti- aand moved ,outh on the 8th, through Clinton an.l Moscow, Ky, to T, mdu City, in Tonnossoo. From thence tlioro was a fonH-n nuule known tliat tin- oomman.l under (Icn. MitclioU w.-tx to reinforce Ooii. Huell, wlio was tlireat.Mied hy two urrnics under V>nvjU it is a puzzle now to know how time or means were fouml for sncb ends, when it is borne in mind thattiiere was a march of from twenty to twenty-four miles every day, and pick- ets to bo maintained. The march into Nashville, a route of nearly forty miles, was commenced at four in the evening of the 3d of September, and the troops, stragglers excepted, were in Nashville the next fore- noon at eleven ; the Eighth being specially noticed for their solid- ity and rapidity on the march. The next march after leaving Nashville was lengthened by countermands and returns, until a distance of 47 miles occupied 43 hoursalmost incessantly moving. From Bowling Green the troops moved at six A. M. on the 17th, hoping to overtake Bragg just ahead. Just such experiences day after day, and Bragg always contriving to escape, while the troops that followed were almost starving because they were temporarily unable to reach their commissariat, and could not pause lest the r ii *^*»'"fr'*W"»B*t^iv -- lOTK'M were ent. Fll 'I'llOrO \V!13 •H went for- )uUl bo (lis- iMlCSH ot tllO »fitli of Au- c li!inlsliii>3 •r and tlmt lers of tlio f tlio air all new expcri- ?n to be in- , and every ofT absolnto ne or moans at tliere was ,y, and pick- f miles, was tcinber, and e next fore- r their aolid- [ter leaving irns, until a itly moving, on the 17th, eriences day le the troops temporuriiy ause lest the .. 479 WiiKV the Eighth arrived at Murfreesboro it was 700 strong, and within a tew days was ready as ever for V i|»'f. \ m- 480 TVTTLU's IfjSTOIlY Of A'.l. V.S.I."?. I0S.S, retrcatecl, possibly with ulterior Jesigtis, as move than once i„ Ins n,ilitary career ho turne.l sudaenly upon his pursuers when thev felt thcni.selvcs most secure, and snalchea a victory out of tl,e\-ery jau-s of defeat. Bragg, apparently eompellecl to take such action bv tl.e pr-.eedure oi llosecrans, who had crossed the Te.uiessee at several points, abandoned Chattanooga without hght- in", and was now in full retreat. The ci"l.th advan.;ed with the division to which it was at- tached, orT the 2-lth of June, toward Shelbyvdle six miles then crossing the conntrv to the left gained the Wartrace road, and camped at Old Millensburg. Tliere was continuous skirmishing durincr the day, and Johnson's division made a spirited attack on Liberry Gap, which was carried with a loss of sixty men knled and wounded. Attempts to recover the po.sition were unavailing, lloover-s Gap was surprised and held by Wilder's cavalry until the infantry came to hold the pass, so that the enemy had lost two of the three strong passes, and was forced back to his in- trench ments. The weather was deplorable, rain descending in ■ torrents, roads impassable, or nearly so. artillery could be nK>ved only with the greatest difficulty, wagons were immovable in many places, and even infantry found it diflicult to proceed. A march of twelve miles through soil where men sank ankle deep at every step, and oftentimes even knee deep, put a heavy strain upon the attacking force. . ]<:arly on the morning of the 25th the Thirty-Fifth Illinois and Eicrhth'Kansas were detailed to protect the train, a duty especial- ly "irksome ander the circumstances. The wagons were parked in a plowed field, the rain still falling in torrents, and it required twenty-four hours patient and incessant labor to get the train up- on the road. Gen. Carlin's brigade suffered severely on the after- noon of the 26th. The following day the rain still continued, and although the men were ready to set out at three in the morning, no movement was made until the afternoon, and even then only four miles march could be effected. This was more regretted beciuse heavy flrinc^ was heard ahead. The same record for the following day a march of eight miles to Manchester through a delugo of rain and a camping place three inches deep in water, with mud below that, yet the fatigue so complete that sleep came readily. y State IIistouy— 1^01-'). 481 •I'c than once urrtucrs when ictory out of >lloil to take I crossed the without light- ch it was at- X mik'rf, then !ice road, and 18 skinnisliing itcd attack on ;y men killed ;re unavailing. ! cavalry until lemy had lost ick to his in- descending in • uld be nn>ved vable in many led. A march 5 deep at every strain upon the [th Illinois and , duty especial- were parked in nd it required et the train up- ily on the after- continued, and in the morning, 1 then only four sxretted bec! use ar the following igh a deluge, of ^atcr, with mud ?p came readily. The weather already discribed, continued until the ;JOth of June, but on the firnt of July there ean.c bnght warm weather, and the rebel stronghold at TuUahoma, evacuated by J?ragg, was entered by tlie eighth and otlicr troops at midnight, six guns und^consid- erable supplies being captured. ' The success of the movement was cotnplelo. Slieridan s di- vision had a brush with the enemy ai Klk River on the 2d but the retreat was continued. The weather alone saved llra-g from a worse disaster than flight, and the pursuit was ma.nuuued wiUi some eagerness, wadi.ig rivers waist deep and permitting no ob- stacle to delay the advance. Guerrilla companies were destroyed or scattered by scouting parties, stores were captured, and, gener- allv, everything went well, although the coininisanat was faulty in the last degree, the men were shoeless, and shoddy generally made the supplies of little value. The campaign had been suc- cessful, and in face of that fact all the troubles of the march were as nothing. The enemy had been driven out, 1,700 prisoners taken, and the conduct and bearing of the Eighth Kansas was made the subject of circular orders, which are of great value, while the force was encamped at Winchester. The division broke up its encampment on the 17th of August, and crossing the Cumberland Mountains was in Stevenson, Ala- bama on the 2Uh. The route traversed was full of peculiar dif- ficulties, but it was direct The army was to ford the Tenne- see at Caperton's Ferry at daylight on the 29th. There was preat peril in the attempt, but all was made ready for the service in .^ood time. The Eighth Kansas and Fifteenth Wisconsin led cov^ered by heavy batteries, masked by the foliage on the bank of the stream; but after the passage had been effected it was found that the enemy had fled panic stricken just at the time when a determined resistance must have been fatal to hundreds and might have checked the progress of Kosecans army altogether. Tlie gallant conduct of the eighth and the other troops formmg the ad- vance elicited much praise from the commander-in-chief and other officers The troops were now moved towards Chattanooga. Two di- visions had crossed at Carpenter's Ferry, others at Shell Mound, Bridge Port and Battle Creek; Crittenden's corps had moved di- 81 i-.Wt»*P*»«**P" k- mm.XM.Iwt:'! .•■9 1 uir ^**i^^ipsy^ n "v .'!:' 432 TvTTI.e's IIlSTOllY OF K.iSSASi. rectonClmttanooga; Tl.omas had pushed over Lookout range nn.l readied MeLeniore's Cove; so tliat Bragg was driven by Ins fears out of Cl.attanooga, on tlu; fitli and 8tl. of Srptend.er, a'.d Crittenden occupied llie position on the 9th, advancing soon after- wards to Kinggokl, Oa. Tlic several movements indicated had broken the for^'cc under llosecrans into detached parties, an.l had concentrated Bragg's command completely, besides which he was now daily obtaining reinforcements. Buckner, Johnston, Long- street were at hand or soon arriving, and every man that the reb- els could send to his aid was being sent to the front with all pos- sible speed. The necessity to concentrate the scattered forces was perceived, and on the 13th movements with that object in view were com- menced, but the enemy just as persistently strove to prevent such a consummation, but at lengtli, on the 19th of September the eighth came upon the field at Chickamauga just after the battle had commenced. Tlie troops were about equal in numbers, prob- ably 55,000 on either side, but those of Kosecrans hastily coming up,\hose of Bra^gwell in hand and concentrated to deal a crush- ing blow. Tlie first advance of the rebels won some trilling suc- cesses against Reynolds' and Van Cleve's divisions, but the eighth and the°division with which it was operating came upon the run, formed in line of battle, going in where the fight was hottest and saved the fortunes of the day. There was terrible fighting on both sides and the carnage was awful. The fire of our troops was perfect, being delivered with great precision, and every volley cut its way through the lines of the foe. The brigades that were in the hottest of the fight on the first day lost forty per cent, in kUl'^d and wounded. The eighth suffered tremendously, but it m'' vred with the precision of a machine and never gave ground except under orders. The work of the 19th had been fearful, but the result was indecisive as the courage of our men could not more than equal the courage of the opposite side, and their troops were, some of them, quite fresh and in good order. Two brigades of Davis' division had fought two full divisions and had not been beaten, still the battle was not decided. The next morning found the troops on both sides ready to re- new the struggle, and the battle was beginning hotly, when Gen. STA IK UlSTOli Y — Mil-a. 483 vout range ivcn by liis LMiibor, avid soon after- ioatcd had 38, and bad icb bo was ;ton, Long- lat tbe rcb- ith all pos- ; perceived, ' were corn- revent such tember the !r the battle nber.s, ])rob- itily coining eal a crush- trilling suc- it the eighth I on the run, hottest and fighting on if our troops every volley les that were per cent, in )usly, but it gave ground been fearful, en could not [ their troops Pwo brigades had not been 3 ready to re- y, when Gen. \ x)d, misunderstanding an order, broke the union lino by mov- ing to support Reynolds. Tlie gap thus made was turned to fatal ac°c.unt by Longstreot with liis firsh troops, four coluuuis deep, coming down from the rising ground occupied by the enemy. The first and second lines of the rebel advance were shattered by the fire of our men, so that there seemed to bo no doubt that wo were winning the day, when it became apparent that tlie gap liad been peiietrat.'d, and the right and center had to choose between three alternatives, all terrible : retreat, annihilation, or surrender. The wonder is that one man should have escaped. Everything that courage could accomplish was ofTected, but there was no chanee of retrieving the fortunes of that day under the circum- stances. The division reduced to a wreclc, without a commander, severed from the main body, all but surrounded, still rallied near the Chattanooga road and checivcd the advance of the enemy for a time. Tlie fragments of the division marched toward Mis.sion Ridge, and numbers increased ut every step; Gen. Carlin, with part of his brigade; Gen. Sheridan with part of his division ; and that olTicer immediately assumed command, extricating the troops from their terrible dilemma and moving them to a position three miles from liossville, from which Gen. Thomas could be reached. Gen. Davis, who had come in from another direction, was at Eossville, and a brief consultation between the two generals, suf- ficed to determine, that the troops should move to the support of Gen. Thomas, who still held the field of Chickamauga against the enemy. The movement had just been efllected and the ral- lied troops were near Gen. Thomas' right, when orders came that they should return on Rossville, which order was obeyed, and about midnight on the 20th, the army concentrated at that point, expecting a renewal of the attack. Early in the morning of the 21st, breastworks were thrown up at Rossville, and our men re- mained upon the field, but the enemy did not appear, and at midnight the troops withdrew to Chattanooga, reaching that place about°daylight on the morning of the 22d. The conduct of Gen. Thomas, worthily named " The Rock of Chickamauga," for his action on the 20th, is simply beyond praise, and tbe ultimate event of tbe struggle, thus untowardly begun, leaves little to be re- I '8„ If: 11 ill III .11 484 Trrn.K's llisrouv of K ass as. grottoil ill its progrc.'^.-!, save tlic lives of iho bnivo incii sacrificed by llic blunder that broke our line. The Kiglitli Kunsurf bore itself bravely all the Jay tlirough i»3 • most perilous miseliaiices, and tho pen of Homer could not do Justice to the desperate heroism which tried to wrest victory from imi)Ossible odds. Wlicu the eiglilh went into the battle of Chick- auiauga on the lOlh, it consisted of -1()() rank and llle, and when it retired to llossvillc in the evening of the 20th, it had lost in killed, wounded and missing 243 ; only lfi;j remained, and there were no stragglers from the regiment. Tiic record is of a charac- ter which deserves to stand willi that of Leonidas, and his heroic sjjartans at Therinopyhe. Tiic crossing of tho Tennessee near Sand Hill mountain, and the second day at Chickamauga may bo named among the best deeds of a brave regiment, although in tho first no lives were lost and in the last there was not the .solace of im- mediate victory to crown the lives of the innnorlal dead. The loss cf the brigade under Col. Martin during the two days was 719, out of 1218, and yet the brigade remained in order of battle on the field after the conflict closed. Numbers of the slightly •wounded returned to duty within a few days, and the spirit of the force was undaunted. The army arrived in Chattanooga at daylight on the 22d of September, having lost 18,000 in the two days of terrific fighting immediately precedent, and there were only 30,000 men fit for duty to hold the point upon which the issue of the campaign rested. Bragg, llnslied with his success, and his army larg ily outnum- bering ours, with reinforcements hourly arriving, hemmed us in, surrounding Chattanooga convinced that he would capture or an- nihilate the force which had troubled him so long. His right rested on the Teimessee river northeast of the town, his lines run- nino- in front of Mission Ridge to the southwest below Chatta- nooga creek, on the south to Lookout Mountain running over its point, and his left resting on the Tennessee in the Wauhatchie Valley. The series of positions had been splendidly taken, and he was justified in thinking that so posted, he was invincible against ordinary troops. There were only two or three unfinished forts on the east and south of the town when our army entered Chattanooga on the »<• m: TTisi r— istir \ 485 ficcJ \ sacn lirougli i*3 ■ lid not do ctory from oof Chiuk- and wlien lid lost ill , und thero )t a charac- 1 hid lioroio ncaseo near iga may bo jugh in tlio jlacc of im- . The losa i was 719, )l battle on lie slightly he spirit of the 22d of iflo fighting nen tit for luign rested, ily outnum- imed us in, pture or an- His right is lines rua- ovv Chatta- ing over its Wauhatchie r taken, and 3 invincible he east and 5oga on the 22d, and the iwvr. tho Cui m-rland commoiiccd llit- wmk of fortilleation almoM i (he tuce- of tho eiieniy. The liiicM wito u half circle, resting its IciL on Uuj Tennessee, the Ilth corps in tho center, and the right also on the river. The right aiitl lefl ies[)ee- tivcly wire tho 2t)th and 21.st army corps. Tho eighth, forming part of iien. Davis' division, was on the extreme left ..f tho 2Ulli corps, facing south to Lookout mountain and th(! (Miallanoogu valley. Sleep or rest had almost been strungers to the army Hincc dayligiit on tho liUh. The brigade which included tho eighth was detailed for picket duty on tho morning of the 22d, after two hours had been given to cook and breakfast as well na .sleep. During the forenoon, half the men watching while tho others worked, a light lino of rillo pits was thrown u[) along tho irregular banks of tho Chattanooga creek. Helioved from that duty at noon, there was one hour for rest, and then a heavy lino of breastworks had to be constructed on the front. 'I'iio work was kept up with terrible vigor until midnight, after which, orders were made that one-half of the men should rest while the others labored at the fortifications. Sleep fell upon tho eyelids of tho relieved troops wherever they sank down, but they were ready once more as soon as the call of duty was heard. One line of fortifications followed another, day after day; not a moment could be lost, not a chance allowed to the enemy ; forts, redoubts, curtains, made every point as nearly as po.ssiblo im- pregnable, with such men for their defense; but as the works advanced, thero was no longer such urgency as to demand inces- sant labor. There were hours of rest occasionally, but the forti- fications were being improved by details of men, falling to their duty in rotation. Then the weather became wet, the flats where the troops were in camp were flooded, cold winds presaging win- ter, but not cold enough to harden the ground, chilled the lightly clothed men as they huddled round camp fires, or busied them- selves trying to construct efficient shelter from the elements with the debris of old buildings. Food was becoming terribly scarce, and the army mules were dying for want of support in their ter- rible labor of drawing supplies from Stevenson, sixty miles away, over two ranges of the Cumberland mountains. Gen. IJosecrans made an order that only one-third rations should issue, and there 4»0 Trrri.K's Ifisroiir <>i- K'.i.vsiv. I .1 1 was an absolute i.r..lnl)itioii tliat uOk'erH ^ll(>ula l)o allowcu to l)iirdiaso more than tlio quantity \mivA to tlio Hoklicr. Tho iitHii'ssiti.'s of tlio jiDsition nood have no stronger conitnont. Tlio cattle that were killed wore almost 'yit)K<>f starvation, so that their (Icsh scciiicil to increase the (amine rather than allay its pangs. Slaughter houses were haunted for oiTal, and men cooked with avidity what they would have turned from with disgust in times of ordinary searcity. Thus terribly did the defen.se of Chattanooga open, the work of fortifieation making awful de- mands on physical and mental vigor, the rain and cold increasing the stress of sulTering, light clothes refusing warmth to enfee\)led frames, little sleep possible save in tho very extreme of exhaus- tion, and food so scareo that a few crumbs of crackers falling into the road as boxes wero removed from tho commissariat wagoiis were eagerly scrambled for by gaunt men, solicitous lest their strength should give out before the i. oment of relief. Tho Prodigal Son envied the husks which wero fed to the Bwine, and that fact could bo easily understood when it was necessary to station a guard over the corn doled out to the fam- Lslied artillery horses, back of our camp, lest human competitors should deprive the poor quadrupeds of their scanty provender. An ear of corn was a feast, and a strange dog wandering m the camp was convtrtn-l Into means of defense for the Union. There was no despondency among our brave fellows, nor was there any leisure in which such an indulgence could be enjoyed. One week after reaching Chattanooga, the heights of Lookout Mountain and Mission Kidge. thundered with the crash of great guns, opened upon us by the rebels, and from daylight until late into the night the sullen roar continued at intervals, day after day, but the men remained at their work, building shanties, improving fortilications, cooking their meager repasts, or, at their leisure, watched the effects of the enemy's guns, and that of our own in reply, with an uUindon that cannot be understood, except by those who have been a long time under fire. There was an en- during faith on the part of our men, that we were thus cooped up for a time ordy, to give zest to our ultimate victory; hence, perhaps the gaiety and recklessness that maintained a general good humor, and flashes of genuine wit, among men almost iSi Statu IIistohy— MU-'u 48r [\lli)weii to lier. The UMlt. Tlio 1)11, so tliat II allay ilrt lien cooked I (lisgiiHt ill (loflMlHO of awful tie- 1 iiicroasing cnfoebleil of oxliaiis- falliiig into rial wagons .s lest their fed to the lien it \va3 to the fain- competitora provender. M'ing in the ion. Thoro irt there any , One week ountain and una, opened lite into the ter day, but I, improving heir leisure, our own in , except by 1 was an en- 13 cooped up ory ; hence, id a general men almost nt the point of death, sulVoring from hunger, cold, and want of "K^irly in October the breastworks were «o far ..oniploted that ineessiuit l»b<,r ceased to bo imperative, but there was still enough work to be done to prevent tlie time hanging heavy on our hands. I'i.-ket dntv Nvas harassing a.ul eontinuous, but it was done by men who knew the value of unceasing watchfulness. 1 he army of llic Potomac sent good news to the beleagueir.l force on tho 2d of October, when two cori.s, the eleventh and twelfth, arrived at Bridgeport, only twenty-three miles below, under the comnia.ul of (I,.,, Hooker. Oen. Orant found Hooker there, and having a-ssumed the command in chief, directed the clearance of the river, so that supplies could reach the famislied defcndc.s. Iho com.nand in Chattanooga was changed under (Irants orders; Gens MeCook and Crittenden were relieved, the three corps were consolidated into two, the fourth being committed to the c largo of Gen. (i ranger, and the fourteenth to Gen. Thomas. Other chan,.>s were made, part of which consisted in the eighth being locat;,! on the extreme left. Orchard Knob and Mission Kidge w, ,. in front of the line, which rested on Fort Wood, the largest fo tifu-ation in Chattanooga. Gen. Rosecrans Was superseded by Gen Thomas, when the changes just named had been completed and"on the 23d Gen. Grant arrived in Chattanooga, in command of all the forces in the department. The resistless energy was now at our head that must bear down all opposition, and every man know that we were about to win our greatest vietory, one that should make the record of Chiekamauga a petty detail, and give to the war an enduring remembrance among the na- ^ lions of the earth. , . Supplies came in after the 26th with greater reguhmty, and m compinUive plenty. Gen. Ila.en had descended the river to Brown's Ferry, below the spur of Lookout Moun ain, and efTect^ ed . landing which was permanently maintained ; so that with Hooker's forces in the Wauhatchie, there was no fear of famine. On the 12th of November the supply of food was increased to two-thirds of a ration for each man, twice the quantity that had been served out for along time, and of bettor quality. The strencrth of the men required some building up after a fa.t of so 1 i (11 1:18 y 488 TvTTI.E's IflsTOHr OF K.tXSAS. long continuance, and the work to be effected wanted the exhilara- tion of suflieient diet. Gen. Sherman arrived on the lotli of November, in advance of his army, which was coming by forced marches, to the point wliere the fight wouhl be hottest ; and his force was diverted to Grant's left, up the Tennessee, on the 21st, as soon as they came in. There was general understanding that we were to attack and carry the several positions of the rebels, without an hour's unnecessary delay, but we did not conceal from ourselves that it would be a work for giants to accomplish. The 2od of November arrived, and the eighth Kansas went on picket duty at daylight, the line covering the front of the brig- ade, and along the railroad embankment from north to south. Until noon there was the accustomed monotony of v;aiting and watching, but just as the sun reached its meridian altitude, a strong reconnaissance was ordered to develop the enemy's force; the division, with that of Gen. Sheridan, would form line before tlie breastworks, and at the bugle call the eighth Kansas picket line would advance on Orchard Knob, three-quarters of a mile in front. The line of breastworks crossing Orchard Knob was to be carried and the rebels dislodged by the eighth, if possible, and if not, then by the v;hole line of battle. Orchard Knob must be carried, so there was work before us at last. Picket reserves were doubled on the advanced lines of skir- misliens, additional ammunition Avas supplied, and the bugle was heard sounding " Forward." The regimental bugles took up the strain, and every heart leaped to the music that meant raising the siege of Chattanooga. It was a grand sight to see our men ad- vance, with the confidence of veteran troops, not undervaluing the foe, but determined to conquer. The embankment and an open field were passed, and the small arms of the confederates were answered by a volley and a cheer before our boys rushed on again, deliberately, but v.-ith unswerving resolution. There was a stubborn conflict in the woods, the crash and the roar were in- spiring, as the yelp was drowned in the hearty hurrah, that told us how the Kansas eighth was bearing down all opposition. The best blood of the army had its representative in that advancing line, and the rebels could no more stand against it than could a feather resist a whirlwind. One-half of the rebels were captured U% Sta ti: lIisToii Y — i>>0'i-5. 489 c cxhilara- 10 lotli of ; by fnix'cd ;t; and Iiis )n tlie 21st, nding that the rebels, inceal from )lish. ;as went on )f the brig- h to south, i'raiting and altitude, a jmy's force ; line before nsas picket •s of a mile Cnob was to if possible, hard Knob ines of skir- e bugle was took up the t raising the ur men ad- rvaluing the and an open derates were rushed on There was •oar were in- that told us sition. The it advancing ban could a ere captured in the fierce onset, and the remainder broke in wdd confusion, carrying dismay to the rear. Through the woods rushed the combatants, pursuing and pursued, while the great guns were now heard boomin- out from Fort Wood and Mission Rulgc, shell answering shell, as they crossed in the air over our heads, or fell in the forest, through which we were tearing our way. The rebels seemed to rally once or twice, but they were scattered in a second, and there was no actual pause until their reserves were reached behind the entrenchments at Orchard Knob. The fhrht was once more furious, the battle of the day was now before us; the proceeding up to this time had been a race as well as a conflict, but Orchard Knob was our objective point, and our honor was involved in carrying it before the main line of battle could come up. The rebels knew as well as we did how im- portant was the position, and the advantages of the ground as well as of the works were all on their side. Fierce and swi t were the volleys, yelp and cheer swelled the din, and the crash and roar of battle seemed to fill the air; but the decisive moment came, the ringing cheer that reminded us all of Kansas and the wron.rs that we had suffered, told of victory once more ; the boys rushe°d over the first line of breastworks, the rebels faltered for a moment, and then fled in hopeless disarray. We had won Orchard Knob, and driven the foe a hundred yards beyond, where they paused and reformed under their second line of breastworks. The skirmish line was established with the regularity of a com- pany on parade, and the brigade came into position behind the captured works. A position assumed to be impregnable was won and the key to the enemy's position was in our hands Both sides felt the value of that capture. The enemy would bend all his energies to drive us back, and the orders on our side were that it must be held at all hazards. The artillery fire was terrific, as the batteries on Mission Ridge were well served, and they com- pletely commanded Orchard Knob. Other skirmishers were now sent out, and the Eighth called back to the main line at the mound just carried. Solid shot and shell struck the ground at every angle, the stones were driven from place to place with the force of the solid balls that had propelled them. Branches were torn from trees and hurled to the ground by the impact of mis- f ^1 490 TVTTUfs IIlSTOIlY OF K.IXSAS. silcs ; and for fully one hour the iron bail continued without slack- in- its fury, still the Eighth held their ground like heroes until darkness came to give some measure of rest. The night was spent in strengthening Orchard Knob, a line of breastworks wuti abbatis in front, was constructed before one in the morning, a battery was placed in position, the picket line was doubled, and then the men were permitted to snatch a brief repose; but one- half of all the number passed a sleepless night. Before daylight every man was aroused and standing to arms, as it was thought possible that the rebels, maddened by their defeat, and ea culating upon the fatigue attendant upon our triumph, would make an as- sault before dawn ; the more likely because they were acquainted with every foot of the ground, and all the approaches that l>ad so loner been in their hands. The day opened cold and dull, ram feirnearly all the day, the fires would scarcely burn when their heat was most wanted, and a sullen cannonade was maintained at intervals. Orchard Knob became the headquarters of the army. Mission Ridge and the valley in its front could be plainly seen from this point, and Lookout Mountain to the right and rear could be commanded; there was no better position possible for men who were to control the proceedings of an army. Grant and Thomas took up their headquarters on the Knob, and a signal station was established whence nearly all points on the line could be instructed. Howard, Sheridan and Hooker were among the earliest visitors, and after them came Schurz, Wood and W ilhch each intent on the business of the hour. Sherman, Davis and others were off to the right having a work of some magnitude be- fore them. Ilazen, llarker, Granger, Palmer and Baird gave their counsel, received their orders, and were of! on their several missions, untroubled by the hail of death which fell around them Sherman crossed 8,000 men to the .south side of the Tennessee at dawn on the morntng of the 24th, and took up a position on the hills to the left of Mission Ridge, and in the afternoon Hooker carried the enemy's works on Lookout Mountain. The advance could be seen from Orchard Knob in spite of the falling rain as our men gallantly won their way in the very teeth of battle. Ihe panorama of victory was then clo.sed by an envious mist which concealed the conclusion of the struggle, during which the south iMiBe Stati-: llisToitr — JSUl-^ m iiout slack- eroes until niiflit was works witti morning, a (ublcJ, and > ; but one- re dayliglit i'as thought calculating Tiake an as- acquainted that had so I chill, rain when their aintained at if the army, plainly seen ht and rear possible for Grant and nd a signal 16 line could ! among the md Willich, , Davis and asnitude be- Baird gave their several iround them. Tennessee at sition on the lOon Hooker The advance "ailing rain as [battle. The 3 mist which ich the south „„, that t,lu,nl.W.l "t Oictara Iv.u.b, a>u ""°^- ' ' "''^i,,,. treLl.cl tWra.clvcs a^ain.t the enen.y, who,,, they had d,»as '■■^th;'— re e,o.ea in upc„ the^eeneot conflict a-uUhe ei-hth stalioned on OrchaiJ Knoh, wouhl have enjoy e.l e ™'h o thch- aeeuston,ed eamp fire., but pru.lenee ,len,e,l he :; !o „ M, would have vende-ed every »-»«- 8'^^^'' * Tu sol ;heene„,y; and the dis,na. hour. 1— ^ ■■; « ^\ weariness, only ehee,ed by the remenrbrancos ^ y^^.^^ the hopes of tomorrow. When day dawnecc»'no ev ., hit Z- meant to make his great fight on M,ss,on K-'ISe- * Itartiire^y was eoneentrated there, and h s ^^^<;^;^^, hill had been materially strengthened. So much hail in 1 «„„s thus observable improved the ^^^ °i ^^^ ' ^^ rrrrrroi" g-erw-afh-eld .a preliminary .0 the next ''SLionBidge ran parallel with our "-/J^'-J^'Xn heiKht with p,omonto,ies or spurs jutung mto the valley, ana rise, surmounted by 'f^^^:^^^^^';::^ ,.ide, where the earthworks a plateau of »^™' ^J^"'^'^^ /„^^ broken by our ad- rebels had been ,n eamp, untd <>"-' '"";' '^ , f„/hundred vane. Then beyond Jhe plateau .he Mg,-1^^ ^^^ fee, high towered ^^"; ; J^^^^ ,/„„ ,„„„«„„ party from ground «h,eh must *>» P'^J^'^ ° ^y J „,, commanded by con- Orchard Knob to the « ' ;^ *]Xrine.s that could rain death ^I^ZZtC^^^'^^-^^ Bragg might well -tro'ri'ueZrrand Sherman stiU pounding oa 492 TrTTr.E'.s- IIlSTOliY OF K.lXSAf^. the right, winning some advantages continually, but stubbornly contested .it every step. Gen. Thomas was now ordered to ad- vance liis lines and the troops formed in front of the breastworks. The division in which the eighth was incorporated was directly in front of Orchard Knob, the brigade occupying the centre, formed in two lines. There stood the troops, waiting this time, not for the bugle call, but for the discharge of six great guns from Orchard Knob in rapid and regular succession. When the sixth gun boomed out, the line of assault would move forward like one man. The signal and the order came, and the army was in motion. The right had been strengthened to resist Sherman, and the center was in consequence somewhat weakened, but it was still strong, and there was terrible work to be accompli.shed by our men. The tramp was commenced in silence, the troops almost held their breath as they moved rapidly on, but the flame, smoke and thunder along the Kidge told us that we were looked for by watchful enemies. Under such a fire death was the price of delay, and the men started at double quick, as it were, by in- stinct. The rebel pickets fired incessantly, but the a.ssailants never returned one shot as they pressed onward over every obsta- cle, yet maintaining their line with wonderful precision. The woods were passed through at a run, and the troops had gained the open field. Then, and not until then, there was a cheer, full of fierce exultation, from men who recognized the inspiration of victory. The fire was more deadly here because the batteries converged upon this ground, and the rifles in the rebel line at the foot of the hill rained down upon our fellows without one mo- ment's intermission. From the summit also, the bullets were droj)ping through our ranks, and many a brave soul winged its way from that field of blood to eternal glory, but no soldier wavered in the advance, and before many seconds had elapsed, our force was at the foot o.f the abrupt rise, proceeding to take the line of earthworks which had been so well and valiantly de- fended. The grey lines were broken now, for the forces on the summit in their eagerness to disable the attack, were firing upon their own comrades in the earthworks, and human nature could not stand against such a combination. Some rushed to the rear of the pla- stubbornly U-rccl to ad- jirastworks. was directly tlic centre, ig this time, : great guns When the ove forward le armv was st Sherman, uned, but it ccomplished 3, the troops it the flame, were looked •as the price were, by in- le assailants every obsta- lision. The i had gained a cheer, full ispiration of he batteries il line at the out one mo- )ullet3 were [ winged its ; no soldier lad elapsed, :ling to take 'aliantly de- the summit )n their own d not stand r of the pla- Statk HisToiir — lsi',J-'t. 493 lean and tried to Kcale the hill. Nearly all threw down their muskets and surrendered, trying to shelter themselves, meantime, behind their breastworks from tlie cruel lire of their own com- rades, but no such jjrotectiou could be allowed them, nor could any force be spared to hold them prisoners ; they were merely ordered to charge upon Chattanooga, and without more ado tliey sought shelter in hasty flight, toward imprisonment beyond the lines, from which the attacking army had advanced. This was the limit assigned for the attack, and there w'as a brief halt ; but it was only momentary ; no force could live on that plateau while the ridge was held by an enemy such as that now firing cannon and small arms upon our ranks. The regiments moved on as if by common consent, grim as the task they had voluntarily assumed, and silent as death itself. Five hundred feet to scale, with musket shot and cannon balls pinging and hurtling through the air, it seemed like climbing the sides of the infernal pit, surrounded by its atmosphere. The line, maintained until now, was broken at last in the general eagerness to grapjjle with the foe. Who should be first, was now the effort, and truly it was a race for life. Should those men be hurled back upon the plateau, not one in five hundred would return to tell the tale, so that there was every motive as well as heroism to urge on the intrepid assault. From Orchard Knob that gallant onset was seen by men deeply interested in its success, and fully able to appre- ciate the dire and terrible necessity, which made victory sure. Regiments were seen intermingled in the advance, and almost struggling with each other for the lead, then gradually order rose out of the confusion, each regimental battle flag became the apex of a pyramid, and following its lead the troo])s marched with a step that never wavered. Slowly and with much slaughter the ascent was won, whole ranks falling for the gain of a few feet in some places, but in spite of cannonade and rifle ball, the crest was being attained, and the heroes in blue could not be daunted. It was a sight once seen that could never be forgotten while life endures. Still onward and upward, like the march of the Union itself, the attacking force carried into the minds of the men upon the Eidge that defeat must be their portion. In vain they poured >':AA'm'^w]\mm^iii,4mtM^iSiM^^^ .^ 494 TVTTI.ffs UlSTOUY OF KaXSAS. tlioir (^"iidlicst fire ilown that stecj) doclivity, destroying liundrcl!--, and woutiding tliousands, the thinned ranks filled again and breasted the mountain resolutely as before. There was no quail- ing, as men will sometimes fliiieh from a rifle ball instinctively, every man looked straight ahead, anxious only to mount the Kidge and grasp victory. ^Mainly the order in which the troops started was maintained, although the line was broken; our eighth was in the centre, mounting one of the half circular bend.s. Ila- zen's men were on the right, breasting a point, and Beatty's to the left. An Ohio regiment of Ilazen's was fierce in rivaby with two of ours for the honor of planting the first flag on the rebel lines, and there were but a few yards to be won ; danger was forgotten in that struggle, and the cheering was wild and incessant. Let who may say that there is no use in the brave hurrah, that cry sent terror through the rebel ranks ; there was a tone of victory that could not be misunderstood, and before that hand to. hand fight with bayonet and ball began, the result had ceased to be a problem. The intrencliments were carried, the momentum of assault drove back the Confederate force, resistlessly, the flags of our regiment fluttered along the works, and within a space of seconds, the rebels were dashing down the hill beyond, to find shelter if not safety in the woods. There was a movement in pursuit, which in a few minutes might have left the Ridge once more in the enemy's hands, for every man had been considering the battle as lost or won on his own standpoint ; but the enemy's cannon trained upon us at this instant, reminded us that there was a general victory to be won, as well as our particular triumph. One moment and the ranks were formed, prepared to charge along the breastworks, left and right, when the whole line gave way, breaking into sudden tumult and confusion. Wildly and with distraction in every aspect, the troops in grey divested themselves of every weapon and impedi- ment, running for dear life. Officers strove to rally them for a final effort, but in vain ; they were caught in the maelstrom them- selves and hurried along with the flying mass. Batteries limbered and ready for order-5, waited in peril for the return of command- ers who were involved in the confusion which they had tried to stem ; and at length dashed madly off, running at last into the State Histoky— ISiU-i). 495 ig hundreds, [ again and ras no qiiail- nstinctively, I mount tlic ill the trooj)s 1 ; our ciglith bends. Ila- iatty's to the Iry '.vitli two e rebel lines, iras forgotten lessant. Let rah, that cry le of victory and to. hand 3ased to be a omentum of •, the flags of n a space of ^ond, to find few minutes /■'s hands, for r won on his )on us at this •y to be won, nd the ranks )rks, left and dden tumult ■y aspect, the and impedi- [y them for a Istrom tliem- ries limbered jf command- had tried to last into the position where capture was inevitable. The vigor of the pursuers increased with the pa-.ic of the pursued. Whole sciuadr.-ns sur- n'ndercd upon the first summons. The army under Bragg was not oniy beaten, it was den.oralizcd, an.l l>ad bceon.e a mob in- capable of military duty. Mission Ridge was won, and the dch- ant rebel force so lately sure of its invincible strength had no- where an abiding place. One hour and fifteen minutes from the time that the si.vth gun wa" fired at Orchard Knob, our men had carried the ndge, an.l terminated, in one bla^e of triumph, the siege of Chattanooga. We have followed the fortunes of the Eighth so closely that it xni.'ht seem as though no other force had been engaged on the side of the Union ; but, in reality, as our readers mu.st be well aware, when Gen. Grant, at Orchard T .nob, saw the men who bad carried the first entrenchments dash np the hill in front of them he had ordered an advance of the whole line. The forces of Sherman, Hooker and Thomas clasped hands upon the Kulge which every section of the army had helped to win under the in the brigade, bill \\;\:* dt'Iayrd to c.-icort a |Kiiitooii Iraiii, so that it camped at Ringgold, (ia., on the loth, then ihroiigli Ual- ton, KoHaca, Adair.svilic, Kingston and (yartersville, reaehing Etowah Hridge on the 17lh of .Iiiiie. Aliatoona mountain waa the next camping ground following over the scries of battle gmund.s which had been mad(! memorable by their comrades ami com- patiions in arms. The bridge over the Ktowah was snp[)osed to be in danger from tho rebels, and in con.scipience the eigiilh was relieved from escort duty by Gen. Sherman's orders on the 20th. Breastworks were constructed at ilie threatened point, and tho rotmtrj well .scouted, but the rebel cavalry did ni)ta])iicar, and on the 2(ith the regiment proceeded to rejoin its brigade in front of the Kenesaw mountain. Picket duty and resisting night attacks kept tho eighth from falling into halnts of idleness. Tho eighth was the first regiment to enter the works at Kenesaw when tho rebels abandoned that position bccau.se of the Hanking move- ments of Sherman. Two hundred persons were taken. Beyond Marietta it was found that Johnston was in force be- hind a strong line of earthworks at Smyrna oamp ground, where the eighth was brought into active .service. On the 4th of July the army started in pursuit of the rebels, who onco more found their works untenable, driving the enemy to beyond the Chatta- lioochie river near Vining's station, where earthworks were c(>u- Btructed on both sides, the regiment being under fire and engaged for nearly thirty hours. The action at Pcich Tree Creek was a very spirited and successful affair in which the eighth showed to great advantage, and at every movement, the enejny now under Ilood, who had relieved Johnston, suflered considerable lo.ss. In front of Atlanta the eighth constructed a line of earthworks in fifteen minutes, only 500 yards from the works of the enemy, and but 100 yards from his picket pits, which afforded good shel- ter from musketry. Such facility said much for their courage as well as their defensive skill, as the works were carried on under a terrible artillery fire of shell, shot, grape and canister. The earthworks thus formed were occupied for thirty-three days, and during the whole time there was no cessation of firing, and every kind of missile was to be looked for at all hours. mi«ii^>!imsm3sm8itism^&si^- p aba m i^ttfviw gno TfTru:'s IfisTour or A'l.vs.i'. Tlierc Wfts one fine movement by the eiKhtli, cli.'*l()od\s retreat, and from the 28ih of June to the 5th of September, a period of sixty-seven days exclusive, was under fire no less than sixty-three days and forty-four night.s. The army was now allowed a brief term for recuperation, and it came none too soon, for the duties of the campaign in a climate so warm had been very oppressive. There was rest until the 2d of October, when there were stirring orders once ratjrc, and the eighth was among the earliest in motion. By noon on that day the regiment, passin.' through Atlanta, had reached the Chuttahoochie, and thenee° continued through Smyrna camp ground to Kenesaw The fact pioved that Hood, reinforced by Hardee, had passed Sherman's right, and was threatening the capture of Allatoona. The post was i>cld by Gen. Cor.se with less than 2,000 men, but BO well was tne general prepared for the defense, that repeated assaults were slaughterously repulsed until the enemy was beaten ^ The corps with which the eighth was incorporated was in the advance, but the assault by French's division of the rebel army upon Allatoona could not be averted, and when the union force came up, French was already in full retreat. _ The enemy made a feint of attacking Resaca, which could have held out against all their force, and contented themselves with destroving railroads and works, making also some small captures at'Dalton and Tilton. There was a prospect of hard fighting at Rocky Face ridge, which range the enemy held m 1^ niul (Iriv- July, wliitih iich groater [lilt alTuir of i^nreil to ail- ur cmtturctl. tlio 25111 of id tlio troops m's general- fter burning at permitted tliat npcessi- ) the 5th of as under firo The army it came none so warm had I of October, a eighth waa the regiment, hoochio, and to Kenesaw. I, had passed >f Allatoona. 000 men, but that repeated ly was beaten ed was in the le rebel army , le union force which could 3d themselves some small spect of hard nemy held in Statk IfisT(my—l>>OI-'>. BOi ptrong force, and tlu.-re were but few gaps at wide intervals capa- ble of oh.slinate (U'fi-nse. Sherman carried the works by u bold movement, such as Ilood haimia»wmmtmii&^'»*i»ssi^'^sait»^aimi^: J 602 Trrruc's Histo/iv of iv'.i.v.s'.i.'?. nearly 5,000 rebel troops. The generals were Cliburne, Gist, Adams, Trahl and (Jranbury. The losses on the side of the ■union were great, but not one-half so great as those of the confed- erates. Several times the assault was repeated, and every time ■with like results until the rebels concluded to allow the union troops to proceed on their way to Nasliville without further mo- lestation. The punishment of the 30th was so distressing that the march of the 1st of December, 1864, was hardly assailed, and the comnin.nd of Gen. Schofield arrived in Nashville on the after- noon of that day. The eighth was completely at home in the city now to be de- fended, and they constructed a line of breastworks with great hope that they would be called upon to hold them against the enemy. Hood followed speedily and was in position, pros- pecting for weak places, on the 4th, but his impetuosity had been greatly cooled off at PVanklin. It was in fact an impudent and imprudent act, on the part of Hood, to sit down before Nash- ville, with Gen. Thomas defending the town, now that the con- centrated Union forces were nearly equal to his own ; but he was encouraged by the quietness of Thomas to believe that he was about to achieve the defeat of an officer whom Bragg's army had been unable to subdue under circumstances much more favorable to the attacking force. Hood called up every possible reinforce- ment, and still Thomas remained quiet until the loth of Decem- ber. Gen. Grant appeared to have been just as unable to under- stand the strategy of T'homas as Hood himself, but in due course the whole scheme was developed with complete success. Thomas aimed at securing the fruits of a campaign from one battle, and the weather was sufficiently severe to make it an ob- ject that his troops should be protected as much as possible. On the evening of the 14th word was passed along the lines that an advance on the enemy's lines would be made soon after daylight the next morning. All ready before dawn ; but the attack did not commence until 10 o'clock, when the brigade that included the eighth charged the works on Montgomery Hill. The distance irom our works was just three hundred yards, and it was Hood's Strongest position. The position was carried in less than ten minutes, the assault being made in splended style. Forty pris- iburiie, Gist, I side of tlie if the confed- II every time )\v the union , further ino- itrcssiiig that assailed, and on the after- low to be de- s witli great them against oriition, pros- etuosity had an impudent before Nash- that the con- ; but he was that he was g's army had ore favorable ble reinforce- th of Decem- ble to under- n due course ess. ign from one ake it an ob- Dossible. On lines that an iter daylight le attack did hat included The distance ; was Hood's ess than ten Forty pris- .S'7M77; iriSTOIlY—lSOl-rK SOS oners were taken, and the brigade comnuuuler named the eighth as the first regiment to enter tiie works of the rebels. Tlie second movement was not made until nearly 1 o'clock, when the eighth had a second time in one day the honor of being first within the lines of the enemy. This time the attack was made along the whole line, carrying the works of the heretofore besieging force, and taking a large number of prisoners as well as a battery of brass guns. The rebels were driven in great confu- sion for about one mile when the api)roach of night rendered it necessary to return to the captured works where the union army bivouacked. The morning of the 16th was cold, wet and disagreeable, but the advance was resumed at daylight. Hood still had faith that there was a victory before him, and he had taken up a strong position on a range of hills four miles south of Nashville. The move- ments of Thomas showed the acme of generalship. The eighth was in the hottest of the fight but space will not allow of full jus- tice being done to the attack ; suffice it say that Hood's army was demolished and driven towards Alabama. Hood crossed the Tennessee at Bainbridge with the debris of his command. Thomas captured in all in this brief campaign, 72 guns and about 12,000 prisoners, besides administering the amnesty oath to 2,207 deserters from the confederate ranks. East Tennessee was com- pletely cleared of rebel forces and the wisdom of the line pursued by Thomas become apparent to all concerned except Hood. After this brilliant exploit the army encamped and remained at Huntsville during January. Early in February there was a sud- den movement back to Nashville, and that time no serious or dangerous duty arose until the war was ended by the surrender of Lee ; the rejoicings over which event were soon changed into deepest grief by the dreadful message, " Abraham Lincoln is as- sasinated." Contrary to expectation, the troops were ordered to Texas on the 13th of June, instead of being mustered out as soon as tho war was over, but true discipline secured compliance with orders and the eighth was not mustered out until the 9th of January, 1866, and the record of the regiment will bear comparisou with that of any in the world. t iia3iBSa^s»^^S^e^««*aaiHiai[»WeW'^SiS«iM««l*»«WMW \ :'4^^ 504 TrTTufs History of Kashas. I' ill' The ninth Kansas volunteer cavalry was formed by the con- fiolidation of independent battalions on the 27th of March, 1862. The earlier record of the regiment deals with comparatively local events, such as guerrilla scouts and the Locust Grove fight in the Cherokee nation. The ninth took part in the engagement at New- tonia toward the end of September, 18«2, and did all that men, armed as they were, could effect against superior numbers. Tiie fights at Cane TTill and Prairie Grove were participated in by two companies of the ninth. The raid on Van Buren was very mater- ially aided by this regiment, and escort duty fell heavily on this arm of the service at all times, but the ninth never failed to do its duty thoroughly at all hazards. Affairs with bushwhackers were of frequent occurrence, and one portion of a company of the ninth, under Capt. Flesher, fell into an ambuscade of this class of desperados near Westport on the 17th of June, 1863. There was little blame to be attached to Capt. Flesher, and he and his men fought well after the first sur- prise was recovered, but the event was much handled by enemies of the regiment. The assf'bnts were very severely punished afterwards by scouting parti, '-^rr^ the ninth. The Quantrell raid on tl . v )f Lawrence was made in Au- gust, 186&, and two compan^.o j the ninth were the first troops upon his trail. Quantrell's rear guard was overtaken at Brook- lyn, and from that moment a series of harassing attacks continued on the enemy. Other companies of the ninth, and one squadron of the eleventh Kansas fought the guerrilla and killed many of his command, recovering much of the property stolen at Lawrence. The cry of the' raiders was "no prisoners," and they were made to fully comprehend the meaning of their motto before the debris oi the scoundrels found a retreat in the fo. dsts where they were safe from recognition or pursuit. The services of the ninth were called into requisition to oppose the forces of the rebel Gen. Shelby some few weeks after the Quantrell raid, and Gen. Ewing with his command rendered effi- cient service, pressing the pursuit until the enemy crossed the Boston Mountains. It is a matter for regret that men in every ■way so well qualified for higher service should have been forced to do duty against bushwhackers and guerrillas as the Ninth did, <>-, -•,'* by the con- aivh, 1862. lively local finrlit in the jntnt New- 1 that men, bers. The 1 in by two v'ery mater- vily on this ed to do its ice, and one er, fell into port on the attached to he first sur- by enemies r punished lade in Au- first troops at Brook- s continued le squadron many of his Lawrence, were made e the debris ! they were m to oppose :s after the mdcred effi- crossed the len in every been forced $ Ninth did, Sr.iTf: IfrsTonr — ISC)!-!}. 605 but beyond all ([ucstion they were efTicient, although it was their misfortune to hunt vermin instead of being engaged in more worthy pursuits. So much was this felt by the regiment, that applications for assignment to other duty were repeatedly made, and at length complied with. The regiment mustered 1,200 strong when mustered to join Gen. Steele's expedition to Shrove- ])ort; but the failure of Gen. Banks, and the subserpient disasters of that campaign, deprived the Ninth once more of its covot(>d opportunity for distinction on other and larger fields. The pow- ers of endurance of the regiment were largely tried, but the more brilliant feats of arms that win renown were not demanded by the course of events. While serving under Gen. Steele at Little Rock, the ninth rendered important services against the rebel leaders ^[armadake, Shelby and Fagan at different times, the affair at Brownsville be- ing one of the most brilliant, and in that conflict much execution was wrought upon the rebels under Shelby. The loss on our side was also large, but the punishment inflicted on Shelby's force saved the country around Little Kock from further raids foi a long time. The duties customarily devolving upon the ninth were arduous, dangerous, and yet not such as could win glory or even distinction, therefore it is high praise to say in their behalf that they behaved with fidelity and courage, and deserved well of the nation as well as of the state. The tenth Kansas was formed by joining the third and fourth with some of the fifth, under orders from the war department. The regiment was 800 strong, and the men were well fitted for active service. Many minor services might be named would space permit, but the expedition of part of the Tenth against the rebel Clarkson and his command on the 8d of July, 1862, must be recorded. Col. Weer devised the plan of attack, and the re- sult was the capture of Clarkson and 155 of his force, besides about 70 killed and wounded, and a very large quantity of camp equipage. The tenth operated repeatedly against the guerrilla chiefs, Cols. Coffey and Cockrell, and sometimes with considerable distinction ; but that branch of the service is not looked upon with favor by troops of spirit, and therefore the tenth desired other employ- »B»IIWi a i» l* tl«8 «»ll « M''l>!i.lW>WlilM*'' S|liiWSW*«(*WBa»'SB5»a)»i~K?*«i**--<-' 50G TcTTLK's IflSTOIlY OF KaXSAS. meiit. The iilTair near Xcwtoiiia in Soptcinbor, lS01-'>. 507 )2. wlicn the ' reinforced, iiity, but for argc of Cjen. jutli. wanted nand to ap- a half from zed the com- e enemy was I assisted in tonville, Ar- il le tcnili on iglit to reach of Old Fort cd in scout- rove gave a id it fulfilled id pursuit of cl over Bos- ! completely of the tenth ly and not a not brought ded in flank- nent inevita- erron's com- pel comman- licited much engagement attle, consid- ■r an army of itable to the f during the is dead and )f December, 18fi2, to strike niudinan at Van Buren and put an end to his nruiy. Tho service was very severe, but the regiment did all that was"expectcd in the way of disabling the rebels, and gave peace for some time to the region in which the action occurred. Mar- maduke next invited the attention of the tenth, with a force of 0,000 cavalry, advancing to Springfield, Mo. The regiment made a forced march to Springfield, in conjunction with a brig- ade of cavalry, in very severe weather, making thirty-five miles a day, and by their advance forced Marmaduke to retreat, Tlio brigade followed Marmaduke, and routed him at Sand Springs, thirty miles beyond Springfield, and the rebel in his hurried re- treat fell into the hands of Gen. Warren, who completed his^lis- oomfiture. The campaign of 18G2 finished in a manner very honorable for the tenth The regiment was mustered out of ser- vice in August, 186-i, but immediately reorganized as veterans. The tenth served against Hood in Tennessee at Columbia, Frank- lin, Nashville, and in pursuit of the routed foe, winning distinc- tion, always being assigned to the skirmish line on every import- ant occasion, and their losses abundantly testify to their courage and endurance. The regiment was dispatched to Fort Gaines, Ala., on the 7th of March" 1865, and operated in that line of country until a junction was effected with Gen. Steele, and the works of the enemy at Fort Blakcly captured. The tenth was named in the reports oflicmlly made, in a man.ier exceedingly gratifying to the state. The final mustering out occurred on the 20th of Septem- ber, 1865, at Fort Leavenworth. The troops thus honorably dis- charged, as well as their ofiicers, deserve the highest encomiums that°can be bestowed on faithful soldiers and brave men who rendered important services to the union in the greatest rebelliou the world has ever seen. The eleventh Kansas was recruited and organized by the chief justice, Thomas Ewing, Jr., under authority issued by Gen. Lane, on the 6th of August, 1862. The authority of the governor was entirely ignored on that occasion. The state had sent ten regi- ments into the field, and despondency was everywhere, because of the reverses suffered by the troops under McClellan before Rich- mond; yet Kansas responded as before, with its full quota, by .>ja»««WSail»!*W«Bte«»««»«««B«BWK>«l^^ ; «»»OB«3B«fWE i-.: 5,q«s««^v.«*--««««=Sfe^ 608 Tvtti.e's Histoky or Kaxsas. voluntary onlistinciits in tlic briefest time ever oecupicd in such an undertaking even in tliis state. The rcgimeat started on its first campaign on the 4tli of October, before either pay or boun^^^y had been received, and when there were no arms for them except muskets dating from the year 1818. The march then executed to Pea Kidge, Ark., by way of J^ort Scott, would have been an honor even to veteran troops. Under Gen. Blount the eleventh Kansas was at once engaged in night marches and surprises, and had the honor to assist in rout- ing (Jen. Cooper and his rebel force near old I<\irt Wayne, on the 20th of October, 18()2, having double quicked over six miles to be in time. Cane Hill was tlie next scene of activity, where Marmaduke was routed, and the eleventh was engaged in every action, from the first assault to that which drove the enemy over Boston Mountain."}. Prairie Grove and the defeat of Ilindman speedily followed, the regiment being rewarded with high encomi- ums for its services, and the rebel general having to resort to a disgraceful ruse to save bis armv and himself. The march to Van Buren commencing on the 27th of December, and the ser- vices rendered there against Ilindman need only be briefly indi- cated. The victory was complete, but the service told heavily on the men who were engaged during that inclement season. The regiment lost one-third of its number within nine months from its iirst organization. Soon afterwards the service was changed to cavalry, and new companies were recruited, the alter- ation having been made as a reward for the conduct of the regi- ment, and at the request of the men. Border duties and encounters with bushwhackers now fell to the lot of the eleventh, until Quantrell fled into Texas. The campaigns against Shelby commencing in September, that in the Cherokee Nation against Stand Waitie, and agains*, Price at a later date, were all participated in by the eleventh, besides a host of minor duties. Little Blue was nominally a defeat for our arms, but, actually, it led to the detention of the rebels until Pleasanton could strike their rear and lead up to the decisive victory at Big Blue. Cold Water Grove, Mound City and Fort Lincoln, are worthy of remembrance in connection with services of the eleventh against hateful marauders. •^•S:'*-\ATJlt^ .Vi-f .-art?H?J; ^»'/ty ^atf'Sgy-^^iaiga-^if.ig'W^y'^^ f JWBg ' "OeflWfW^sraR^ lied in such rtoil on its or boun*^^y liem except ■n executed ro been an engaged in iist in rout- yne, on the ix miles to nty, where id in every ;neniy over ; Ilindman gh cncomi- resort to a ! march to nd the ser- riefly indi- •Id heavily ent season, ne months 3rvice was 1, the alter- Df the regi- now fell to ixas. The er, that in ^, Price at a , besides a feat for our ebels until he decisive y and Fort th services -S' TA TK J I IS rim Y — lsOl-5. 609 The eleventh won much experience of Indian warefare by their operations against the Sioux between Laramie and Platte Bridge, as well as later in tlie campaign of ISO.'), which linally taught the Indians to behave with greater circumspection. The service was harassing in the extreme, but it is creditable to the eleventh to say, tliat it held its own against much larger num- bers continually, and was never driven from the field. The maintenance of the mail route across the Plains from Califor- nia, was for a long time entirely dependent upon the services of this re ■ lent, but the line was never bn)ken, although it became necessaiy at times for the men to horse the mails as well as sup- ply drivers and escort, so persistent were the savages in their attacks. Some of the Indian raids were bloody and terrible, and it required no small amount of courage to subdue the infuri- ated savages, but in every instance, in spite of temporary reverses and checks, the eleventh compelled the Sioux to fly at last. The slaughter of Serg. Custard's party in the latter part of July, 1865^ when twenty men held 2,000 Indians in check for six hours, will give our readers some idea of the work accomplished by the eleventh on the Plains. The regiment was recruited among the citizens of Kansas, their discipline was exemplary, their intelligence and m 4' 'i3 ^ ?'^Tr^' g i m»it^ !wr i' 9v rtm»! ifi' *ipii 9 iir9 f ea^^^ its records stimo nuH- The first tlie 28tli f)f bso(|iU'ntIy, 10 n'girucnr, e iiiixrcli to n than the )f tlie town, ■ was. The unpleasant s perfoi'med ovost gnarcl at all times len. Blount luty almost I at Prairie 3 enemy on the march e men with- Fort Smith ;nth. Mine naduke, are with gner- 3nth having ipe of even- re incessant, time of the /rence were of the city less than a also. Cir- iona against ghly accorn- recorded. Sr.i TK Ifisroi! r — isni-rr. Bll The si.xtoenth KauHas can>o into the sorviro too lato to share so liberally as the regiments already named in th.> gl.-ru.us record of war, but it served on the Plains a.-ui.ist Mn- Indians and rendered essential services in other particulars, useful, if not .lis- titiguished. The seventeenth Kansas was called up in IS(U to s.-rve for one hundred davs, commencing July 4th in ihat year. 'I'l,e regnnent was incessantly engaged from the day of its organisation to the end of its term, in such movements as preserved Kansas from as- sault, and it participated with honor in tlie alTair at Mine Hun. The first Kansas col-.red regiment was recruited iii August and September, 1802, under authority furnished to (len. Lane. There >vas a conflict between the civil and military authorities as to this ,,,-aui/ation, but the regiment was raised. An engagement with twice the number of Cockrell's band, on the Sjjth of October, proved the courage and capacity of the troops at the camp near Butler, as the enemy was very severely beaten and i)ursucd. Colored troops on this occa.sion, for the iirst time in the war ^>r the Union, proved their efficieiiey. On the ISth of May IS();., a fora*»^ i ' «fBK r*i ni% m fm^ m *^W' ^ y i»JWtti»at»*»rt*it' ■- I ^ X 512 TiTTi.i:'s Uisioiir or Kassas. • » V •A t V ^ l. 1 1 i formal rccnrtl of its proceed ing«, Ik'hco wo can only, in a general way, nu'iitioti its scrvic-i-s, 'i'lio st'(!(>n(l Kansas battery was raised by Mnjor HIair in Au- gnst ami Si'iitcnibor, iMii'J, and its roconl during the war showed Bcrviees at Newtonia, I'ea J^idge, (.'ane Hill, Uliea's Mills, Sher- wood, (Jabin Creek, (irand JViver, Honey S|iiings, I'erryviile, Kort Smith, Westport, and everywhere, and always with honor to the battery and the state by whiidi it was manneil. , The ihinl Kansas battery was formed in the latter part of ISCJl for the New Mexican expedition but nuuiy changes occurred be- fore it assumed the name and organization now recorded as the nundicr borne by the buttery implies. The origin of tiiis organ- ization will bcct)rne clear to our readers when we state that tlie guns of this command were captured from the enemy and first known as "Iloplvins' Kansas Battery." The command distin- guished itself at Old Vort Wayne, Cane Hill. Boston Mountains, J'rairie (.Irove, \'an Buren, Weber's Kails, Fort Gibson, Honey Springs and Little llock, being mustered out of service and hon- orably discharged on the IDth of January, iSOo, after a long term of active labor. Having thus clo.«ed the military history of this truly eventful ])eriod it remains oidy to be said that Kan.sis was as true to the Union at home as .she proved herself in the leld, although Gov. Kobinson and his friends were for a time defeated in the civil government by the /.cal which carried so many soldiers to the front. Carney was on some occasions more than suspected by the general government of want of zeal for the service in the war ; no such idea could for one moment have attached itself to Gov. Robin.son. The .state had suffered immensely from the war with- in its own bonkr-i, and by tne drouth before the rebellion arose to tax the energies of the people, but the zeal of the free state men never failed to respond in every emergency, although popu- lation increased but slowly until the war came to an end in 18(35. The attack by Quantrell's gang on Lawrence, in 1863, was one of the most horrible scenes enacted during the war, as it was con- ducted by cowardly ruffians again.st a defenseless town, whose cit- izens were murdered in cold blood with every mark of extreme brutality ; but already the city was resuming its accustomed pros- ' ■M in UI IOH il i -i i 'liH," J ' . ^ MH...i ' V i P '''l l"t'JI '' T". ElX'CAl I'tSAL l*U()(illKSS. 513 n a general llair ill An- v;ir showed yiills, Shor- yvilli'. Kurt oiior to lliO art of 18(51 (H'urred be- (li(l as tlio tliis organ- tu that tlie ly anil first 1111(1 (listin- MountainH, son, Ilonoy ie and hon- I long term ly eventful true to the lough Gov. in the civil liers to tlio cted by the in the war; elf to Gov. 3 war with- jllion arose 3 free state augli popu- id in 1865. 33, was one it was con- , whose cit- of extreme onied pros- perity with more than its former extent, and wc «haU sec in our future chapter.-* that the .ntato generally wa.«J commeneing a earecr, prcKsperous and glorious for tlio people within, as well as for tho nation beyond and around its bonlers. CHAPTEU XXIII. EDUCATIONAL I'UUUUKsa. SetlUnLr Down -Peace PrrvailinK- Intern..! Improvomonls- U.iiln.uaM- Hrnatur Luno - SurcsMv (Jov.r.u.r^ - School Sys....n - Kansas (our- u,r,._. Diillcultics Fac.cl- S..umt Policy- Hcl.ool Properties - Ln.low. „r„,.,s _ F,s.in,at..s - Hemissness - Uapi.l OrowtU - Sui..rinten.lfnt. - 'IVrriloriul Schools- Color Line- Dislinclio,,. Aholi.I.ea - Zcah.us Labor - Low Compensation - Heavy Uesi.onsil.iliti-'s - Inspection - Trustees -Knieienl Teaching -City Schools- E.lucalK.nal Finuls- H..porl8 - Summaries - Stale System - Direction - Supervision - Hrhool Districts -Ora.lcl Schools -T..ichers' Institutes- Lil.ranes- E.li.cational .Journal -State lluHr.! - Compulsory K.lu.alion - General Uasis-Statc ri.iversily-A-ricultural College - Normal Schools- Curriculum of University -Super). IJuiUling - Lawrence Gci.eroMty- Con-ressioual Emlowmcn. - State Agriculture- Practical Ira.nmjr- Dist met Courses - Annual Growth - Emlowments - Emporhi Normal - Successive Years -Somul lustructlon-Stuilents' Engajrument - Leav- ..nworth Normal -Concilia Normal - Aamiral.lc Provision - Uapul Dfvelopment- Ueligioiis Thought" iJ. ..ominational Ficdom -Church l}r..wlh - Presl.ylerian Community - licaiitilul Eilitic.s - Coii-rega. tional Church-Thc llaptists- United Preshyteriaus-Metboclist Ki.is- copal - Episcopal Organizations - Roman Catholics - County Kesults - General Outcome. HvviNG followed in some degree the eflorts of Kansas to sub- due the great rebellion, and having glaneed at the sufferings of her citizens in the iield, where noble deeds beyond enumeration were accomplished to her honor; where the arms of the union struogled against fearful odds to maintain the principles of free- dom and unity, It is now time to turn our attention homeward. Peace is at length won from the red fields of war,^ and the soldier has become a citizen once more. !i3 In moat kingdoms the armed i.- *«4ai3" I 514 Tvtti.k's Ifisronr of Kas'sasi. ;•;!!,: forco woulil rcniaiii :i iiu-nacc to liberty, niid a porrnnncnt with- dmwnl from tlio |)roilnciiiy forces of tlio imtion. fii this ropublio the soldier is at oticc :il>st)rbe{l into tlio army of industry us soon ns tlio biittcri<'s of the rnomy have been silenced, and tli(> last foo disanncd. Tims it happened that Kansas eonld ;^ivc her atten- tion wilhont delay to internal improvements, to the more efheient organization of her eities, to tlu; estal lislitnent and working of new railroails, and to works of various importance toward stiito ndvancemcnt. The governors successively called to the Viighest oflice in tlio State were no longer the forefront of a battle, as when (lov. Hob- inson was first chosen. Tliey represented law where order reigned supreme, and it is enough to say concerning them that Carney ■was f()ll(nv(.'d by Crawford in ISfio, who, in 1860, surrendero I the lead to Harvey, and was further succeeded by Gov. Osborne in 1873, to rule until 1877. " Blessed is the land that has no his- tory," says a somewhat parado.xieal writer, one of the class that believes history to consist of wars and perilous mischances; wo are content to say that the land is blessed wherein the people rule themselves, untouched by the calamities of war, and in which peaceful history is made in the progress of arts, sciences and in- dustry, embalmed in tiic happiness of the domestic circle. One incident of a personal kind needs must be mentioned in this rela- tion, before we give our attention to new interests and, compara- tively s])caking, to new men. Maj. Gen. Lane, who.se name occurred so often in the stormy days of territorial history, and whoso deeds in the council, as well as in the field, often reflected honor on the free state party, pas.sed from this life soon after the conclusion of the war, and it would be unpardonable to allow that event to pa.s3 without some notice. Before his arrival in Kansas he was already a man of mark. In the struggles of the free state men, ho won distinction as a mem- ber of the government which confronted the Shawnee legislature, and as major general of the forces of the people. Indicted for higii treason and for murder by the common enemy, he was acf!ui.-te?l by the popular voice. Sent to the senate of the United States by the state election of 1861, he was reelected after ■.; considerable 8tru'"'le in 1865. His conduct during the war in raising regi- ''* TH ii»WI I!l!mi ii II III , ^'« l^^^ ' ^. ^ » ^'|'1^ ^>W. »r B r J nnnont with- this ropublio istry as soon I llic last foo licr utteii- now. cfllciciit working of toward Htato olTioo ill tlio n (iov. Hob- ^nlcr rcigtu!il that Carney roiiilero 1 tiio . Osborno in it has no his- he class that ^chancos ; wo I! people rule nd in which sncca and in- circle. One 1 in this rela- ,nd, cornpara- ■» the stormy uncil, as well party, passed md it would some notice. )f mark. In :)n as a rnem- ;e legislature, icted for hit'I; van acnui'.ted ted States by considerable raising regi- KuvcA 770.V. I /- PiKKi in:ss. 615 ments in obedioinT to the call of the conntry, irrcsi)Octive of the will of Gov. Carney, had not failed to athl ti> his list of onemica ; but he triumphed over them all, so strong was his hold upon the community. In the year bStJll, when he hav Union, the pn ■■ ^ar vote for McClcllan being only a, 01)1. The vote for rrcsident (irant in 1808 was 31,0-18, and in 1872, although the opponent was their old '■• Hiate Horace Greeley, they upheld Grant with a vote of 67,048, a majority of 34,078. Having thus set. forth the political record of Kansas as a state, it is time that we .'^hould look to its evidences of social and educational advance- ment. The school system of a country is not only the mark of its present status in society, it is also the measure of its ultimate ad- vancement. Schools may certainly c.\ist, before or after the peo- ple shall have risen to a comprehension of the place that academi- cal instruction should occupy in human history, as for instance in those kingdoms in which the schoolmaster's art must be supple- mented by compulsory legislation on the one side, a case by no means uncommon, or on the other as illustrated in the fact, well known to every student of history, that the schools of the lloman Empire still subsisted long after the barbarians had overrun Europe, and when the people had no desire for intellectual cul- ture. It is the glory of Kansas that the school .system now ope- rated in the state is due to the will and the intelligence of the ..Mumnp^Ei*'^^ 616 TuTTLhffi JllSTOUY OF KaXSAS. m people themselves, and in that faet consists their chief fitness and special value, ■, a • i The courage of Kansas has been conspicuously marked m the readiness with which school burdens have been assumed, and Lhe difficulties attendant upon the establishment of good schools in a sparsely settled country have been faced. The cost of good budd- ings and ample furniture is but slight where millions of people are congregated within a small territory, but when a few thou- sands, or a few hundred thousands are scattered over a territory so great as Kansas, the load to be carried would be intolerable to men of only average attainments, long before there would be school accommodation of the most meagre kind within the reach of every child. Kansas has breasted the ascent in this struggle with the same manly energy that marked her sons in the great battle at Mission Ilidge, and the result cannot fail to be similarly victoriouF. The policy is sound that will contemn the present difficulty, however great, if it can by any means be mastered; that will permit the children of the state to be educated to the highest point that their own ambition and good sense may render possible. The school property of Kansas has gone on increasing every year from the beginning ; but not to weary the reader with details, there are now 3,715 schools in Kansas, 211 having been built in the year 1875, and no less than 399 of that number hav- ino- been constructed in the year 1874. °Many of the buildings indicated are plain and inexpensive, ten of the schools erected in 1875 were only of logs, but 1^6 were frame buildings, 10 were of brick and 42 were stone. Within the same time, $9,815 was expended in furniture and apparatus, to permit of the work of tuition being prosecuted in the manner most likely to prove efficient. Thus it will be seen that Kansas oflers to the whole population of the world a wide area for settle- ment and industrial progress, with the special advantage of such facilities for training as elsewhere can seldom be found, except in the throng of great cities under the pressure of heavy rentals, and the terrible competition that grinds down labor to its lowest stage of remuneration. The maintenance of the school system depends upon a state tax of one mill, which yields $121,000, the interest on the school fund a i^fcv»jww*aA.w4.R,'.,' ' <-.vt!^.'^4..aH^femaA'g g»tHa8iJ.ai ,ef fitness and narked m the imed, and Lhe d schools in a of good build- ions of people in a few thou- ver a territory intolerable to lere would be thin the reach n this struggle ns in the great to be similarly nn the present 5 be mastered ; ducated to the ise may render ; on increasing he reader with .1 having been it number hav- lexpensive, ten , but 146 were stone. Within and apparatus, in the manner en that Kansas area for settle- ■antage of such ound, except in ivy rentals, and its lowest stage ipon a state tax the school fund EV UCA riOXAL PliOG hESS. 517 invested which yields $91,000, the interest on obligations for school lands sold, $1U.000, and the remainder from local taxes. The endowments of the schools are not clear and satisfactory. There are claimants on many parts of the lands set apart for school endowments who appear to have been in possession before tho allotment was made, and some portions fall within Indian reserva- tions, but all such mistakes and remissnesses will be remedied in due time, when we shall be able to say .something more of the magnificent .system of endowments that is conveyed in the phrase tha°t school lands are " estimated " to contain, or are " estimated" to be worth so much. The permanent school fund is steadily growing, and bringing interests of from 6 and 7 to even 10 per cent, according to modes of investment. Sales of school lands are always being ^added, and the aggregate reached last year, that is to say, in 1875, was $1,159,923. Another fund nearly as great is now due on unpaid installments for lands sold on time, so that the permanent fund will soon be very large indeed. The system of superintendency in Kansas leaves no room for doubt that the whole amount will speedily be made available for the purposes intended to be served by the' endowment. The rapid growth of the community itself is steadily paralleled by the increase of the permanent fund, and .here is an ever growing resolution that the sum shall be forever sacred from encroachment for any purpose whatsoever. The development of the school system of Kansas has had two eras : that of the territory, under the organic law, which was warped to evil purposes by the Shawnee legislature; and that of the state, determined by the voice of the people. There is now an able supervision and wise control of the machinery of instruc- tion and training, but there was nothing of the kind in the days preceding the overthrow of the Lecompton constitution. There was no school law until 1855, fourteen months after the first or- ganization of the territory. In the year 1855, the law proviJed that common schools should be open to white children and per- sons ranging from 5 to 21 years of age. After the Lecomptoa party had been ousted from office, that law gave place to another, in 1858, which said the schools shall be open to all children, free and without charge. Distinctions were abolished, the hateful li t 1 : I* II It is 618 TUTTLtffS IIISTOIIV OF K ASS AS. color line was abamloned, and ever l.rain should have incentives to training. The election of territorial sujierintendeni-. began with an ap- pointment by the governor of the territory, in February, 1858. and thereafter was made by tlie vote of the people. The salary of that ofhcial was small, much too small for the work imposed, being only $1,500 per year, but it is the good fortune of Kansas to h^ve in the ranks of its well educated industrial classes many hundreds of men, so desirous for the successful prosecution of school training, that they gladly give their services for smaller amounts than their talents would command in other walks of usefulness. The names of Noteware, Greer and Douglas occur in the territorial record from 1858 to 1861, when the state organi- zation came into force, and those who are best acquainted with the duties and the men will bear witness ihat there was no lack of ability for the prosecution of an onerous duty which was dis- charged with conspicuous zeal. County superintendents were not appointed until 1858, and the amounts allowed to them by way of remuneration were small indeed ; but necessity has no law, and it must be allowed that if the pay was small the range of duty was certainly ample. The responsibilities and the reward have alike increased of late years, and, as a rule, the men elected to this class of offices de- serve well of the community for the painstaking and conscien- tious way in which their work is carried through. Under the law of 1855, there was an inspector and three trustees in each district, andtbose men were absolute masters of all educational facilities, the chief, if not the only, qualification being the oath prescribed by the Shawnee legislature to prevent free state men assuming the position of trustee, inspector or teacher. The new system gives all rule into the hands of the people, by the officers of their choice, without any degrading oaths or any obligation except to further the cause of education. The system now in force gives to the people the fullest control of the machin- ery and of the men also, within reasonable limits, by whom the system is administered. The school law of 1855 was the school law of Missouri, the code of that state having been adopted in globo by the men at Shawnee, with such changes of name and *3l^ siasasiSwsteswaMWJ Em'CA TiosA L Pnoa iii:ss. 5ia re incentives with an ap- bruary, 1858. The salary ork imposed, ne of Kansas classes many rosecution of ? for smaller iher walks of (ouglas occur ; state organi- ]uainted with 5 was no lack 'hich was dis- itil 1858, and neration were st be allowed rtainly ample, reased of late of offices de- and conscien- 1. Under the istees in each .11 educational being the oath free state men ler. the people, by oaths or any 1. The system of the machin- 1, by whom the was the school len adopted in \ of name and place as the adoption called for, and such punitive additions as were supposed likely to deter abolitionists and free soil men from interfering in public business, even to the extent of giving an opinion on any of the matters most nearly related to their own interests and those of their children. The provision made for education, in 1855, was in every way inadequate to the wants and demands of the people, and, just as soon as the people were permitted to govern themselves, change in every direction became the order of the day. More emcient teachers were found, and, when procured, were better treated, and the formation of union or graded school districts became an ob- iect of solicitude, no provision of that kind being found in the territorial enactments. Missouri had been governing Kansas, and the border counties of that state had no sympathy with the schoolmaster in any part of his vocation. Possibly, the ferule and the birch -which have been called the tree of knowledge — were the only means by which the teacher could make impres- sions upon the people of those districts. Teachers' institutes were not favored in territorial days. Com- mon schools were restricted by the means as schools in the broader districts, and the imposition of taxes was vested in the trustees and inspector. Practically the law was inoperative, as, except m rare instances, the free soil party, the great bulk of the comrnum- ty would not obey the laws, nor be assessed by the taxes of the Shawnee clique. With the advent of popular rule, even to the extent that popular rule obtained in 1857-8, the change for the better was remarkable. It was now evident that funds were to be provided by men of family who wished to see a reasonably efficient plan in operation, under which their children would pro- cure a fair share of the scholastic training of the age. The annual report of territorial days might be anything or nothing, and was not likely to be of much account, all power and all labor being devolved upon the ofTiccrs before named, who were to receive no remuneration, and who had for their head the secretary of the territory, Mr. Woodson, a man with sufficient education to be dangerous, but without the slightest sympathy with the people of Kansas. The report now demanded for the information of the legislature, and through that body, of the prcs9 y r.i u i fi- ll; ■ '■'.'is:'' fit *S . 620 Tvttle's IfisTour of Kassas. and the people, is an intelligent and intelligible digest of the progress made, and made possible, by the system administered in the state ; and it is the duty of the state superintendent to iiro- cure such returns from every institution as will enable him to Bubmit his facts in good order, and with a reasonable approach to completeness. There was no summary of school returns in 1805-6 or 7, and in 1858 the returns were only partial, as we find that only three counties reported concerning school affairs, in which only fifty districts were organized, and only 806 children were reported as of school age. There was a material improve- ment in 1859, when sixteen counties out of thirty-five reported ; 222 school districts were organized, 88 districts sent in their re- ports; 7,020 children of school age were found in the several dis- tricts, and 2,087 were enrolled and in attendance more or less complete. There was a larger average of peace in the territory than had been realized at any former time, consequently schools were more in demand among all classes, as well as better organized for all purposes of tuition and correspondence. $7,045 was raised for Bchool buildings in 1859, and private subscriptions amounted in the same year to $6,883, besides a sum of $6,233 that had been raised by taxation for school purposes. Private schools were re- ported in 1860 to the number of 132, and Supt. Greer implies that there had been private schools in considerable number through all the time of trouble. The families coming into Kansas from the northern states were naturally desirous to procure train- ing for their, children, but it will be seen that their means and opportunities must have been very limited, when it is remem- bered that midnight assassins, incendiaries, robbers and border ruffians, thronged in all parts of the territory, making life a tor- ture, and education almost an impo.ssibility. The state .system of education dates from 1861, and its provis- ions are in the main just and prudent. The legislature is called upon to encourage intellectual, moral, .s(>ientific and agricultural improvement, by uniform sy.stems of scl- ols in the several grades, including normal, preparatory, collegiate and university depart- ments, making no distinction in the rights of males and females. The laws of 1858-9 were adopted with some few amendments. '•'M ii iMimRminw.u I mil ni'if'Jt,''. . EnvcArioxAL rnonnESS. 621 igcst of the ninistcreil in 1(1 en t to pro- able liiin to )lc approach il returns in artiiil, as we ■)()1 affairs, in B66 children 'ial improve- ve reported ; in their re- e several dis- more or less )ry than had )ls were more nized for all as raised for amounted in hat had been lools were re- jrreer implies able number T into Kansas procure train- ir means and it is remem- s and border ing life a tor- nd its provis- ture is called 1 agricultural cveral grades, crsity depart- 1 and females, amendments. Free and complete education for all classes was the object aimed at, and the means have been proportioned so far as the condition of the state would permit. The state superinto,Kk-ntss..ary, made onlv 1^1,200 per annum at first, was increased to $i,UUU in 1873 The choice of ofTicials is in the hands of the people, unless a vacancy occurs at any time between elections, and the duties of the superintendent are various and important; such as usually fall to such officers in the most enlightened states of the I nmn Teachers' institutes are expressly provided for in every senatorial district, every year, and the state superintendent is charged with their supervision. The men who have held the oflice suice Ibl.l, are Wm. A. Griflith, S. ^L Thorp, Isaac Goodnow, 1. McVicar and IL I). McCarty. The present incumbent is John Fraser, who assumed ofTice on the 11th of January, 1875. County superintendents were only allowed $2.00 per day for the time actually employed on their duties under the ' - of 18bl but since that time tlieir remuneration has been :-J.e to depend upon the e.Ktent of the duty devolving upon them. Those hav- inc. school districts with less than 2,000 children of school age re- ceive now $3.00 per day for the time necessarily employed, and others with higher numbers varying from $1,000 per annum, if over 2,000 and under 3,000, to $1,500 for those having districts with 5 000 children and over. Incorporated cities are excluded from all such enumerations. Those who receive fixed salaries are expected to give the whole of their services in consideratioa thereof to the work of education in the districts in which they serve The duties devolving upon county superintendents are such as may well employ the whole time of men of Erst class ability with great advantage to the children under supervision The formation of school districts is a duty incumbent on the county superintendent, who is expected ^o provide in the most efficient manner for the convenience of the genei-al public within the county under his control. The powers of school dislncts and provisions as to their indebtedness have been defined by the legis- lature with practical wisdom, and the school system genera ly can- not fail to prove satisfactory to the people of K^"«^«^« ^""^ ^^ they are capable of controlling their own affairs. Ofhcers are chosen by popular vote, and their terms of service are brief, the ,ii 522 TvTTLhfs IfisTouv or Kaxsas. 11 d nominations to temporary vacancies only falling into tlic hands of the county superintendent. L'liion or graded schools, and the districts within which they arc to 'operate, have been cared for in an especial manner, as it is seen that the higher branches of education arc those in which eocictyhas the largest interest. The teaching of teachers by emu- latii)n, attrition and mutual help is provided for under the ar- rangement for teachers' institutes, as already set forth in naming the duties of state superintendent. Public schools in the cities of the several classes where they are incorporated under special charters, are entitled to procure their share of the school fund subject to such regulations as may have been made and approved for control and supervision. School district libraries arc made objects of particular legisla- tion, as it is wisely thought that well selected books, well used, are equivalent to university training for some orders of minds. Such libraries may be procured by a direct tax, if the people so •will, but it is expressly provided that the books shall consist of histories, travels, biographies and scicntilic works. Probably the limitation thus placed is perfectly necessary, as in many libraries almost the entire demand is for works of iiction, and even in works of that class the most sensational and trashy are most pre- ferred. Teachers' associations for all purposes of culture, are es- pecially commended to tlic fostering care of state superintendents and all other ollicials as it is perceived that every means that will tend toward improving the teacher must act advantageously upon the pupil who .is capable of being taught Independent of legal sanction and support, there is in Kansas an admirable association of teachers, which has achieved very valuable results, having been in operation since 1863, and its annual sessions are looked toward to with interest, not only by those engaged in tuition, but by all classes of the community, because of the high intellectual grade of the men and women who are identified with its opera- tions. Institutions of that class are rare even in states much farther advanced than Kansas, and it is an honorable fact in the history of the young state that there has been so much of perma- nency and solidity in an association which originated in a year so marked by depression as 1863, in the acme of the rebellion, whea •Mii^ ^^!?«S?T5!Prrarw?r^?s^ ?s^ Edvcatiosa l Vnor.itKss. 523 lie hands of .vliich they icr, as It is in which jrs by emu- :ler the ar- in naming in the cities iler special school fund id approved liar Icgi.sla- I, well used, 's of minds, le people so II consist of robaljly the ny libraries nd even ia ■e most pre- ture, are es- irintendents ,ns that will :!ously upon lent of legal 1 association ilts, having are looked tuition, but intellectual h its opera- states much J fact in the h of perma- in a year so ellion, whea Quantrell and such as he believed that the flag of the union could be trailed beneath their feet. It is, however, only one instance indicating the high tone of Kansas. The Educational Journal of Kansas was assisted by a proviso that cverv school district should be provided with one volume of that publication, and it was doubtless anticipated that the work would make its own way subsequently among those pcr.sons who were thus enabled to peruse its pages; but unfortunately, there was a withdrawal of state support in 1874, and the work carne to an end, because a publication peculiarly sectional could not ap- peal to the general public, accustomed to read for amusement quite as much, if not more, than for instruction. A state board of education was provided for in March, 18 3, the members being the state superintendent, the chancellor oE the state university, the president of the state agricultural college and the principals of the state normal schools. State diplomas are issued by the board to teachers who are found worthy of such cer- tificates of merit after two years' teaching in the state. The board is authorized to issue diplomas of various grades Under that law three annual examinations have bee^n held, and 36 certificates have been issued in all, in 1873-4 and 5. In view of the fact that some parents and guardians are not mindful of the duties properly belonging to them as the education of youth, an act was passed in March, 1874, compelling all such persons to send the children under their control to school for at least twelve weeks in every year from the time that they attain the age of eight years until they are fourteen years old. The chdd xnay be sent to a public school or to a private school, at the option of the person in charge of the child, but six weeks of the time must be consecutive. There are limitations to the compulsory power as in cases of ill health, or extreme poverty, and the entire want of such clothing as would be essential ; but failing compliance with the law where no valid excuse can be assigned, the penal clauses are of such a character as will be likely to secure compli- ance with the enactment The duty to give proper training to the mind of a child should be held by every state to be as imperative as the necessitv to provide food for the body. Of course none but the depraved or eccentric would require the operation of such a 524 Ti'ttlk's History of Kassas. I >a law ; bat it is well to find that foremost tliinkera are grasping tlio nettle danger with so niucli vigor and suecess. The details of the enaetmcnt are eomplete, and tlie officers who are to carry out the provisions of the measure are specifically indicated. School funds are protected and directed by legislative action in Kansas in accordance witli the congressional act of 18-il, and the division of the proceeds of all such funds, as well as of any in- crease that may come from time to time, is so guarded that it seems imj)robable that any malversation can at any time occur. The support of the common schools f)f the state rests upon the interest of the permanent school fund which is divided pro rata among the school districts ; the state tax of one mill on the dol- lar, divided in the same way as the other item; the county school fund from estrays, fines paid for exemption from military duty, or for breaches of the penal laws; every county dividing its own lines among its own school districts jirorala; and district taxes levied for school purposes in the district by which the sum is to be expended. The moneys thus allotted from the several funds are to a certain extent earmarked, so that moneys meant for one purpose cannot be applied to any other. The cpiantity of land to which Kansas is entitled under the act of 1841, has not been definitely settled ; but it is expected that not less than 2,000,000 acres will be thus appropriated. What- ever the quantity may be to which the state is entitled under the act of admission, it will not of course be as liberal as the promises made, should the state accept the Lecompton constitution, and in consideration of the services rendered by the sons of Kansas from the breaking out of the war until its end, as well as on account of the certainty that the a{)propriation will be well used, the most liberal construction should be placed upon the law in this instance. The provisos, as to the sales of land so granted for school pur- poses, are of such a character as that there can hardly be a doubt that the children will receive the full advantage of the endow- ment in the cultivation of their God given faculties, which will be used, if properly trained, for the advantage of the state and of the union. Some idea may be gained as to the progress of education in Kansas from the quotation of but a few figures. There were, in ng:E ^. ' ;d'4*t- .,m^A:'iisimmr< KmcATiosM riioanHss. 525 ;rasping tbo [•tails of tlio irry out the re notion in ■41, and tho of any in- (Icd that it time occur, ts upon the 3(1 pro rata on tlie dol- unty scliool litary duty, ing its own strict taxes le sum is to veral funds ;ant for one nder the act pccted that ed. What- d under the he promises tion, and in J^ansas from 1 account of ;d, the mo!?t his instance, school pur- be a doubt the endow- , which will state and of education in lere were, in 1801 only 12 counties reporting, and, at the close of the rebel- lion. 'there were iio, which in the last year, 187'., had more than doubled, as lliore wore 71. In tlic lirst year of state government there were 217 organized districts; at the close of the wir, 84/ ; and in 187^ no less than 4,5(;0. The districts do not all report. Only lU reported in 1801, and in 1805, 721, but in the last year reports came in from -4,280. In 1801, there were 2,!}10 children enrolled, and there are now U2,G00, with an average daily at- tendance ol 85,580, employing 5,383 teachers, of whom more than one-half are women. The value of school property is now estimated at $-1,096,527, and in 1861, it was less than ;jU),000. Much more might be said on the several points glanced at, but ih'ures must not be pushed to excess. °The State University, provided for under the law already named, is an institution of great merit, and it has achieved much good for the community; but it is only in its infancy, and may be said to have scarcely commenced its greater usefulness. Lit- erature, science and the arts are to be cultivated, and a love of learning in every, branch disused by the university. The act to locate the institution was passed in February, 1863. and at or near the citv of Lawrence was named for the site of the build- ing. Educational work commenced on the 12th of September, 18°66 The start should have been made with six departments: Science, Literature and the Arts, fir.«t; then Law, Medicine, Theory and Practice of Elementary Instruction; Agriculture; and, finallv, the Normal Department; but circumstances rendered the complete accomplishment of that design impossible, and only the first department of Science, Literature and the Arts has so far been established. The curriculum is high; much more exacting than that of many European colleges and universities ; but the superior energy and the fair facilities afforded have enabled many to graduate with honors. Students desiring to confine their at- tention to special branches are allowed to do so, subject to the advice of the faculty. The apparatus of instruction includes all that is necessary for a complete course of laboratory practice in analytical chemistry ; equally complete preparation for students of astronomy, engineering, and for a wide range of experiments in mechanics and physics. i.fnii'^' 620 Ti'Tti.k's IfisToiiv or K.iysAS. Tlif ciihini't. rolU'ctioiH for tlio study of natural history contaiti ii|.waiils of li(>,(tOO spccinuMis iti botiitiy, geology nticl /.oolo^'y mainly, hut cvt-ry (U'liartmcnt is well supplied. Tlio library is increasing rapidly, and is very large already. There ni'o no charges for th(< full enjoyniont of all the advantages named, c:; cept'a contingent fee of $5 per session, which sum is rcturne;! to those who are so unfortunate as to fail in the preliminary exami nations. Orphans of soldiers, or of those who were killed in the QuantrcU mas.saerc, are exempted from even that small fee. Un- der such circumstances, there are few, indeed, having the ambi- tion to study, who need be shut oil" from the benefits of univer- sity training. The expenses of living arc generally so light that students can be boarded for about $4 jier weelc, and those who cUib together live on inuch less than that small sum, while tliey are amassing treasures of knowledge and habits of culture wortli more than the stream of Tactolus. There arc two buildings; one finished in 1806 was used at the outset for purposes of instruction. It is a stone edifice on a lot of ten acres within the city limits. The new building, half a mile to the south, is in a lot of forty acres, just outs.de the city bounds. This structure \'as first occupied in December, 1872. Lawrence voted $100,00o as a free will oflicring toward the new building, in b^ibruary, 1870, and also gave to the state $10,300 as the nucleus of a permanent fund for the university, the old build- ing and the two lots of ground. Such muniliceiice on the part Lawrence cannot be too highly prai.sed. The whole amount is estimated by the board of regents at $180,300. The sum given in money, besides that earmarked for the building, was originally a gift for educational purposes from Amos Lawrence, in whoso honor the city was named, as he was one of the few wealthy men that responded to the first call for help to establish free state men in Kansas when the Kansas-Nebraska bill became law, ami it was evident that Missouri, if not the south, had resolved be- yond recall upon making Kansas a slave state. The f^overnment of the university is vested in a board of regents, and the immediate control of the departments as they may be sev- erally formed, will be committed to their several faculties. The general government has made an endowment of seventy-two sec- EnrcA Tins tf. Pmxiit nsfi. 62r ory coTitiiiii III /.oology 1! library is TO nr(! no iianiod, cs rctiu'tie;] to mry exarni ilk<(l in tlio 1 foe. Un- ; the ainbi- of univor- light that those who while tlioy ilturo worth used at the ine on a lot ling, half a (le the eity mbcr, 1872. ,rd the new Q $10,300 as le old build- on the part ; amount is sum given :is originally ce, in whoso ivealtliy men h free state me law, and resolved he- rd of regents, may be sev- iulties. The 2nty-two sec- tiona of land, besides wliatevcr Jnny be given in Mupimrt of tho mmn object by the .state, and it is exprossly providivl that no religions sect or sects .shall at any time coutml the ntiiversity nor the common schools of tho state, nor the funds of those institu- tions. Thi.s ])rovi.so is one of the articles of tlic state constitution. The state annually makes an appropriation to cover the expcnse.i of the university, ami some small amount is received by way of ooiitingcnt fees, but tuition in every branch of study is frc<'. Tiio lands granted by way of endowment hav(> not been sold, and con- sequcntly no income has yet been derived from that source. The total amount of the several appropriations by the state legislature to the present time amount to $2(l2.!>78. The state aurieultural colleg(! commends itself at the first glaneo to every ob.server, because it promi.-ses to cu.'iblc men to deal m a more intelligent and elTectivc way with all the problems of culti- vation, whereby the earth can be made to give forth its increase for the sustenance of the human family. The reader of books find.' therein a jtriceless pleasure, which in some way sooner or hiler may bring material prolit to him or to his, but, immber.s aro unable to look far enough ahead to disviover the gain that cfjmes from book learning. There is no such drawback from even tho commonest appreciation of the value to be found in the study of agriculture as a science. The veriest clods have seen lands on which science has expended its lore, side by side with other lands dealt with under the old regime of stolid ignorance, and the result has been as marked and as continuous as the How of a river. There is no ba.sis for the doubter as to the worth of sound agricul- tural training, and precisely for that reason colleges of this descrip- tion arc being sustained in all parts of the Union. The Kansas Btate agricultural college is located near Manhattan in Riley county, pursuant to an act passed in 18(53. Congress i)asscd a law donat- ing lands to every state that should establish colleges in aid of agriculture and the mechanic arts, in July, 1802, and that wise provision has led to the formation of numerous institutions, in some of which the work of instruction is perfunctorily executed, and the students take as much or as little interest as they please in a study that seems to be bereft of practical application. There is no such drawback upon the usefulness of the college ..4»ssii»»Sia«w«»"»e work was <'ommen(!ed on tho second of Septem- ber, l.S(i3. There are four departments engaged in aiding to de- velop: agriculture, mechanics arts, military science and tactics, and literature and science. Prominence is given to agricidture und to the several nu'chanic arts, just in proportion as tliey seem to be adapted to ttie wants of Kansas, ami to the several i)rauclies of science and learning as they tend to tho furtherance of the great aim of tho institution. The curriculum is adapted to curry out that scheme of instruction, and there are courses of study for t(ix consecutive years eminently adapted to supply Kansas with n class of farmers, mechanics, strategists and literati whose learn- ing in their several lines of study must materially aid their own course in life, while contributing to make them invaluable citi- zens. The studies of the several classes oll'er an intensely inter- esting picture of tlic pursuits on which human life nuiy be ex- pended with pleas)ire and profit. The inoidSA '. I'lidOtlh'SS, 699 tliormi^'lily licorit's, iitid iictj of prao- processes, !88 Miu.st be 1 of Soploiii- ' .itliiig to do- uiid tacticH, a},5iii;iilturo IS tlicy seem ral i)n\Mclios ranco of the itt'd to curry of .study for Kansas with wlioso Icarn- nl tlioir own aluublo citi- ciisely inter- I may be ex- [f tiieinselves ips some of 1 of thought ;o easier cus- udy diversi- as, but witli to work out mself called uing of live litical ecouo- re ; three to ud meteorol- )gy; physics al economy. and history phy for six ; icn conclude with twelve terms of fu'ld and sliop proctioo. The man that is capable of pii.-sing th" 'i^h .siicli a .s_)stL'in of study witliout briyht- cning liis faculties may well be given up a.s a hopeless case. Tiie curriculum for tljc ulht-r sex is varied, of course, but in every way just as completely practical and tliorougii. It would bo interesting, would space pmi.it, to summari/.e the course, but that, unfortunately, is not prai-ticuble. The r('cords of the eoliego show that the practical tliought of Kan.sas trends in this direction, and inasmuch a.s every form of industry must needs be aided by the course of investigation pursued, it is not dillicult to perceive that some of the ablest and most su'^ccssful men and women, whose names and lives will adorn the future of the state, are now procuring their culture at Maidiattan. In the collegiate year of 1873-4, there were 124 male and 5l> female students — in all, 183 ; and in the calendar year, 20b. The avera-ge age of students is 18 years. There are five buildings, the old college, the new building, tho mechanical buildi'ig, the boarding house, and a carpenter's shop. All the buildings are of stone. The grounds include lawns, nunserics and college farm — in all, 2o5 acres. The Bluemount Central College Association gave the old college buildi!i;.r .ind appointments with 100 acres of land for the purposes of the agri- cultural college. Manhattan township gave $12,000 to helj) pur- chase the farm, and the congressional grant was 90,000 acres. Some of the lands indicated fell within railroad limits, and being of higher value were reckoned as equal to two acres for each one. That reduced the grant to 81,601 acres. The total endowment is valued at $432,005. Tuition is free, as it should be, but whea investments are completed there will be an income of about $50,000 per annum. The aid received from the state up to No- vember, 1875, amounted to $129,643. In all such statements we avoid fractional amounts. The government of the college is vested in a board of regents, consisting of the governor, secretary of state, superintendent of instruction, president of the college, and nine others, nominated by the governor and confirmed by the senate ; but not more than three of such nominees shall be members of the same religious denomination. The board of regents has power to remove^ any 84 ,iasismmmii)iSiSiiiamm aimK0iif«m» R(ga?5>-5f5S!fi«:*!r»m«?»~^sWiNg»»irganizations, the congregatHi~s of which, nur'/oering children of Catholic parents as members, ag- gregate 37,198 persons, with 165 church buildings of various kind.s, of an estimated value of $40ii,C00. The growth of the church is marked and significant. The Methodist Episcopals came next in point of date, being second only among the Indian nations, and first among the churches to attempt organization among the white settlers. The first missionary effort among the Indians was coud acted by the CiiuiiCH OiiGAyizA rioxs. 535 ty, although no r'ears later this ,he Indian race, under a protec- iceinont of mis- the same date, c iirst mission ;li century, had li the ancestors or Cliristianity, lie first mission ear 1855, when ihed to his lirst irsons, In this !atholics slowly y opportunities not the lirst 10 mission had 1 at the Osage vas built at the at the churches, ith some of the and in Maine, ze tlie Iroquois Lh century. It uildings. y labors among ship thus tians- lulous Held, the iongregat)ii"s of IS members, ag- ngs of various growth of the t of date, being rst among the 3 settlers. The id acted by the Kcv. Thomas Johnson, on the Kansas or Raw river, about eight miles from its junction with the Mississippi, in the year ISol, four years after the beginning of the Osage mission by the Eoman Catholics. The first organization of a church took place in March, 1832, under the same pastor and the lirst converts were gathered in from the Shawnces and Delawares; a chief of the latter tribe being among the most inlluential upholders of the work. There is no record to show how soon after this date, tho first church was erected by this denomination, but an old log edi- fice near what is known as the White Church, Wyandotte coun- ty, was probably the first, and a frame building, about five miles west of the large Manual Labor School, among the Shawnecs, must have been built shortly afterwards, as both were dilapidated, although still in use in the year 184:3, when the first reliable rec- ord ciMicerning them appears. Probably both churches were built during the pastorate and under the superintendence of the llev. Thomas Johnson. It is interesting thus to mark the begin- nings of labor in what was emphatically the day of small tilings and to place in order the men by whom the work was accom- plished. Missionary labors among the Delawares, Wyandottes and Shawnees were certainly established as soon as possible after the tribes commenced to be located on this tci'ritory ; and a3 soon as settlement was begun, under the provisions of the organic act, known as the Kansas-Nebraska bill, several missionaries were accredited to preach to and organize the community into what was certainly a church militant for many years. The ministers thus sent by the Methodist Episcopal church were the Kevs. Wm. Goode, A. Stell, James S. Griffincy and A. L. Downey. They were all located at Wyandotte, pending such developments as would allow of their being more particularly placed, but soon afterwards, still in 1854, we find them distributed to the Dela- ware mission, Sliawnee, Leavenworth, Atchison, Fort Kiley and other places, vigorously extending their sphere of operations, organizing congregations wherever possible, and preparing the way for increased usefulness. Church buildings were commenced in 185-1-5, and not long after there was a special interdict placed upon the utterances of t. y j?.* 'j*3»rs«^Ei?sni:K^*f;?^sC''^«eFe'*' 636 Tittle's JIistohv of Kaxsas. Methodist proafhors, wlioso tone did not accord witli the views of tlic border rnni.'Uis tmd tlicir directors ; but to llic great glory of the church, such lueiiaces did not prevent the preachers and organizations continuing tlieir labors. The ^fethodists grew stronger because of such denunciations, and the first building com- pleted was the edifice in the city of Lawrence, wliero there arc now seventeen ]irospcrous churches of various denominations. The church at Leavenworth was second in order of completion by the Methodists, and that edifice stood almost alone, where there arc now twenty-seven commodious buildings devoted to the "work under the superintenucncy of the" several denominations. The ^Methodist P]piscopal church has now in Kansas 621 organ- izations, ninety-six church buildings, the church property being estimated at $340,400, and the mcMubership of the church, only reckoning those who have voluntarly associated themselves with the work, being accepted after due inquiry, reaches the satisfac- tory aggregate of 22,696. The Presbyterians date their missionary enterprise here from about the year 1837, seven years before the beginning of white eettlement, although there were already white men scattered over the territory in connection with Indian agencies or as traders, or otherwise associated with the nations. Highland, about twenty- five miles north by west from Atchison, was the first location, as it is still the most favored, being the site of an excellent Presby- terian university; but the labors of the missionaries, Revs. Wm. Hamilton and S. M. Irvin, speedily made them known all over the lerritor}'. Most of the churches now operating in the state in connection' with this denomination were organized by those zealous and untiring workers, or by the aid of the missionary effort in which they cooperated. The Westminster church at Leavenworth City, and tl o Presbyterian church at Junction City, near the confluence of the Smoky river and the Republican, where the Kansas river is formed, are the only exceptions to the rule just named. The first church organization of the old school Presb-terians seems to have been formed near the site of the city of Ottawa in the year 1840, but the name of the founder of tho church does not appear. Thoy were more intent upon effecting the work than anxious to write their names on the records. i! . -.. ■i Duj i -)r¥ .ap w i - i "a»'aja feU' ' t^»uimm*" p J^ " i «i wiuumiwiwfc»a»; -." Cnviicu Oim.iyiZA rios. 887 ;li the views ) great glory ■cacliors and lodists grew uiklingcorn- !ro there arc nominations. [ completion ilono, where ivoted to the nominations. s 621 organ- operty being church, only mselves with the satisfac- le here from ing of white mattered over IS traders, or 3out twenty- ; location, as lent Presby- , Revs. AVm. nvn all over in the state ;ed by those e missionary n' church at unction City, Republican, ptions to the :ie old school te of the city lunder of tho pon effecting jcords. The second church was formed in Doniphan county, some- where in the northeastern extremity of Kansas, under the joint labors of the missionaries already named, but the exact location is not Mccified. This work dates from October 21, 184;], and beyond doubt, the prcacliers founded their well ventilated church cdifuic. under overarching trees, with the green sward for their luxurious carpet. When territorial organization began, there was a movement toward the settled districts, but it was not rapid, and it seems to have waited for a call, as the earliest church oivmnization in that troubled era is recorded on the first of .lan- ua°-y, 1856, under the pastorate of the Rev. C. D. Martin, well and favorably known among the old settlers, as a sterling worker. The New School began their organizations two years later, in 1858, when settled government was beginning to be enjoyed, after the people had passed through their major troubles. The labors of the Rev. James Brownlec found responses at Brownsville, Gardner, Blacac Jack, Olatta, De Soto, Spring Hill and Centro- polls. Churches were erected at Auburn, Siiawnee county, by the New School, and in Leavenworth City by the Old School, soon after this effort, but tlie dates have not been ascertained, and there are now 181 organizations, 82 church buildings, with church property in all valued at $370,800, and an aggregate of 6,826 members. This, of course, does not include the children of members nor any persons who have not voluntarily come into the several organi;?ations of the Presbyterian chrrch. The Baptists inaugurated their missionary labor in Kansas about the year 1837, by the ministrations of the Rev. Mr. Meeker, among the Ottawas when that tribe first made its settlement in Kansas. The date of his coming is only approximately given, but he began the work of translation and soon afterwards caused to be printed in the language of the Ottawas, the sacred books of the scriptures, making the word a true gospel of glad tidings to that nation. He was amply rewarded for his enterprise, as a church organization was effected speedily, and nine-tenths of the Ottawas became members. The Ottawa tribes had welcomed Jesuit teachers nearly two centuries earlier, but the truth as now presented made so great and lasting an impression that when the first white settlers came into the country in 1854, seven-eighths 538 TrTTLii's lIisTonr or K.iss.is. n.[« mmm* MVK m oinbcrs of tlio , orj,'aiii/.!\lioa iDiitli oi June, I, wlien ;^ovcn storato of tho Js in tlio city p of the lliiv. n.s in Kansas h edifices val- J'orii.ATioy. 539 operate in Lcavenwortl., (Jeary City, «.ium^' ;U' 4."." latitude, and longitude 9")' nH' 2(1", but the daily increase and change of jjopulation and settlement will con- tinue to change our centre as long as there ia life and motion in Kansas. When the census was taken in 1800, there were 107,20(i per- sons in tlie state of Kansas, and of course the depletion incidental to the rebellion, which called from Kansas a larger proportion of its male i)0|>nlation than from any other state in the union, and the peculiar circumstances under which our troops fought, the an- imus with wliich they struggled to sustain the union, as on the bloody field of Chickamauga, at Mission I{i,igo and elsewhere, causing in their ranks a larger average of mortality than among the soldiers generally from other states, it might be expected that our increase during the ten years ending in 1870, would show but a small aggregate of gain. The result came out much larger than many dared to hope, as in 1870 there were 30-1,390 inhabitants, as ascertained by the census of that year, showing an improvement of nearly 240 percent., or to speak with precision, of 23.9 per cent, per year. The gain of the United States as a whole, during the .same term, amomted to 2.22 jier cent, for ten years. The population was ascertained in 1875 to con-sist of 628,437 person.s, and there- fore cannot now be less than 600.000 as elsewhere stated. During the five years from 1870, the ascertained increment was 30 percent. The suHcringof the state from the locust visitation during the fall of 1874, led to a very considerable temporary decrease in popula- tion, as numbers who have not abandoned their residences here •were absent in other states where they have sj)ent the winter, and thus failed to be enumerated, although still substantially part of our population. The census was collected on the first day in March, just before the tourists and temporary absentees to the number of thousands returned. Opportunities occurred several months later in 1875 to test the population by a comparison of our voting •with the election returns of former years, and it is evident after making every possible allowance for error, that the actual popu- lation of Kansas in the fall of 1875, was in excess of 568,000. ssa g.vw i 'tf'i t' a ' MB 'i iwitf-'rTri'iartj i TjrmjJ^^'tg j M^fyj ' ^ Statu IssTiTrrioys. 6n IS Ocf Iminan s c'xtondocJ. ion in 1S75 !0", but the lit will con- I motion in 07,20(1 pcr- !i incidental •ojiortion of union, nnil iglit, tlic an- as on the clscwliore, ,lian among pccted that Id show but larger than abitants, as ovcment of icr cent, per ig the same population and there- d. During 30 per cent, ing the fall in popula- lences here -vinter, and part of our in March, number of onths later 3ur voting 'ident after tual popu- >68,000. State LvstITI-TIONS. — *V/afc A/ojlum for the DvnJ and n.iw''.— The advanced intclligenco which has marked the ])r< ..icsa of the state, from the earliest days of territorial struggle, naturally prepares one to expect high tone in all matters aU'ecting philan- thropic ellort, and the arrangement made for the education of the deaf and dumb of the state, between the ages of ten years and twenty-ono, fully bears out that idea. The asylum is lo- cated at Olathe, under a law passed in 18(5(1. rrit)r to that time, there had been only a partial assumption of this important duty by the state. Trot. Kmery opened a school of this de- scription in Baldwin City, Bouglais county, in December, 18(51, and, being a semi-mute, there was peculiar fitness in his effort. He had procured ample experience in the Indiana institution of the same kind, where he hud served as an instructor. The cir- cumstances of the time would not warrant the state in establish- ing an asylum at its own co.st entirely, but there was such an urgent desire to efTcct something, that the legislature passed an act, in March, 1862, making an appropriation in favor of Prof. Emery's school. Similar appropriations were made in the two years following, after which changes were made, and during the year 1805, such further arrangements became necessary as re- sulted in the present asylum coming into operation in the year 1866, at Olathe. The act was passed in February, ^^^56, ar; I Prof. Mount, who had become principal of the school lu tht in- terim, was transferred in the same capacity to the asylum. Prof. Burnside, of Philadelphia, assumed that position in April, 1867, but having resigned in the following November, was succeeded by Prof. Jenkins, whose services have given excellent results. " The legislature of 1873 made appropriation for the erection of a suitable building, of which only the east wing has yet been erected ; but there is already a very handsome structure, and a promise of one of the most elegant edifices of the kind in the United States. The government of this asylum, and of all similar asylums for the blind, and for the insane, is vested in boards of trustees, appoint- ed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate, under limitations to prevent any one county procuring a prepon- derance in their direction, and any persons being nominated to more than one such board. All persona who are in need of the . 1 1 642 Ti'Trr.i:'s UisntitY of Kassas. '■I I; ndviitiffvpos ofTciiMl by the !isyliiin nro cli^'ililc for adinission upon coiiipliiiiicij Willi tho niU'X. Tlioro is no fee (iliargi'iihlo for iMwinl or tuition, nrul no ccrtifKvito nor rocommonilation is necossiiry. Tlic proper course is for tlu' pi-rson who is intcrestod on belialf of the (Miniliilato to write to tho principal, Htatin,ur the particulars of tlKM-asc so far as known, ai.i' ;is soon as possible theioalter infor- mation is sent as to tin- lime ;, 'Ahich (he pui)il will bo received; but whenever n eandidate eomcs lov admission nt tho cominencc- inent of a session, he is received iriiMpectivo of any such pro- Bcribed formula. Persons uiuler ten years of a,^'e, or above twenty-one, ean be admitted by tho board of trustees if they seo fit, and pupils from other states are rceciw^d on payment of $250 per session for tui- tion and maintenance, Six years is tlie recognized torm during ■which ])U|iils usually reiiKii >. but exceptions may be made by the prinei{)al and trustees in spccinl rases of merit or distress. Pupils must be bron^i t at the eoniincricoment of each session well sup- plied with clothes, and must remain until tho end of the session, tho second Weibiesday in June in every year. No exceptions are made in this respect, unless in ease of sickness. Tlie session commences in September. The design of the trustees is to ren- der the institution and the pupils self-supporting by tho prose- cution of useful trades. The girls are instructed in housework, needlework, millinery, and such avocations, tho boys having a choice of various trades, work in the asylum or in the gardens and on the farm. The vacation is customarily spent among the friends of the pupils, and none are admitted who are mentally or physically incapable of education. This institution is clo.sely guarded against expenditures for any purpose outside the avowed purposes of education and training, and it will be seen that much good ean thus be accomplished under a perfect system with com- paratively little outlay, contrasting the results aimed at by tlie asylum with the appropriations devoted to attain the end. There is a complete staff of attendants under Mr. Jenkins, and the number of pupils has gradually increased from 28 pupils in 1868, to 70 in 1874. The report for that year says : " The male pupils now do considerable labor upon the grounds of the asy- lum. They have this fall plowed all the land devoted to tho m' . -,.-^-;yt.;,v^i-jeTsav'?s3C EW sa» »^ ^ ». ^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) iJo // A /;E^ismiBi(gaM--ff:^x>^-: vMi ■■-m^ »j i > il ly, miHl j lljH ' P 5r.i r/; Ly^TirvTiuss. 545 llicir condition, provided that tlic requisite special and improved means are at tlieir disposal. The asylum is so managed, that imbeciles or persons of un- sound mind, and those who have contracted improper habits, arc excluded from its advantages for the sake of the other inmates. The same rule applies to confirmed invalids, as it would unwisely increase the expense of running the iurititution, supposing a hos- pital and set of nurses to be employed to meet the wants of the sick. The same rules as to being supplied with proper clothing and being present at the commencement of each session, apply to this asylum as have been named in connection with that for the deaf and dumb. During the summer, there is no provision for the support of pupils, consequently they are returned to their friends at the commencement of vacation. The institut'cn de- pends upon state aid, but the total amount appropriated up to November, 1875, only amounted to $90,969, a very small sum, considering that the asylum was founded in 1868. There are 20,320 blind persons in the United States, as represented by the census, but there may be many cases of deprivation not enumer- ated; and there are twenty-seven asylums for their protection and education. There are only thirty public institutions of the kind in Europe, but there are many of great excellence, which are local and special in their operation. The first school seems to have been opened in Paris, in the year 1784. The first in this country was opened in Boston, in 1829 — the Perkins Institute and Massachusetts Asylum. The Paris asylum was initiated by Valentine Hauy, an albe, brother of the celebrated mineralogist Ilis attention was called to the subject by his acquaintance with a blind pianist. The founder of the school was never successful in administration, but he invented the system of teaching by raised letters, and is properly named the " Apostle of the Blind." It was said of Valentine Hauy, by Dr. Howe, that " The Abbe possessed genius, generosity and zeal, his only lack was common . sense." There are millions who are lacking in common sense, who have none of the other high qualifications to call attention to their want. The world is, in one aspect, completely shut off from the blind. The rich feast of colors, in which nature delights to robe the out- 85 51G TcTTLEs HisTonr of Kassas. \ wanl semblance of things, depends largely upon the adaptation of the human eye, and, for the blind, all those conditions have no existence. Their universe is circumscribed by the distances that can be reached by their lingers, save when the soul txpands itself into infinitude, hence they have a peculiar claim upon the more favored humanity that is blessed with all the senses. Cheseldcn cured a blind boy who had attained considerable age before having the use of his eyes, and, although up to that time, all possible care and tuition had been bestowed upon the child, it was two months before his optic nerves could be edu- cated to know that pictures were meant to represent solid bodies; after that time, the truth grailually dawned upon his intellect, and then he was disappointed when he touched each picture to find that it was only a plane surface. State Asylum for the Insane. — This establishment is located at Osawatomie, the name of the region being arrived at by a junc- tion of the appellations of two tribes, the Osages and Pottawato- mies, who were combined for state purposes upon their removal to Kansas. Hence the name Osa-watomie. The government of the institution requires no specific description beyond that already bestowed upon asylums. The superintendent, steward and ma- tron arc the resident officials. There are 160 acres of land be- stowed upon the asylum, and the buildings consist of a miain structure, in two sections, each 40 by 75 feet and three stories high. There are also outbuildings, an ice house, a barn and a cow stable; but the buildings are falling somewhat into disrepair. The money cost of the' asylum used to be charged to each coun- ty, but it is now met by direct appropriations from the treasury, and it is found that the cost of maintenance per head is a fraction under 20 cents per day — a scale that amply provides a good dietary. Patients, who are to be supported at the cost of their friends, are admitted under proper precautions, the probate judge of the county and at least one practicing physician must certify as to the insanity of the perse n to be admitted, and sufficient security is obtained for the satisfaction of proper demands. The insane, who have no friends capable of maintaining them, are admitted •with much less ceremony, and the state assumes full responsibility. %i 'imnaMnu'- i-'vlttfatoiii ■ »^**r^a» •K^-T— ^S- *^!^ •iW"*^" llii l 1 1 l" i H, I I I I II WU Sr.ir/i? IssTiTUTioNs. 517 ! adaptation litiona liavo lie distances oul (.-xpaiuls m upon tho the aeniiCH. considerable I up to that id upon tho uld be edu- solid bodies ; his intellect, li picture to is located at it by a jnnc- d Pottawato- heir removal )vernment of I that already ard and ma- of land be- f3t of a main three stories barn and a nto disrepair, to each coun- the treasury, I is a fi'action 'ides a good their friends, judge of the certify as to jient security The insane, are admitted •esponsibility. In the year ISfiS th(>ro were 41 pationta in the asylum, niul, in the yoiiV 187r>, there wore llo, besides which tho returns showed that there were 300 insane i)ers()ns in the itatc not being treated in tlic asylum. There is no endowment, but the cost of mana'j;e- inent is defrayed by annual appropriations, after deducting tho amounts received by way of fees. Tiie appropriations up to No- vember, 1875, had been only $338,736. Much careful thought and investigation has been bestowed up- on insanity of late yeans, and many curious theories have resulted from the crudity of the material upon which men have arrived at their conclusions. According to some there should be no restraint at all in cases of mental aberration, and at Gheel, in Belgium, a colony or village has been established in which insane persons live together, more or less correcting each others' dclusion.s, but the result has not been of such a kind as to render a continuance of the system desirable. The government exerts particular con- trol in tho village, which has been a special resort for idiots and deranged persons since the seventh century, when the shrine of St. Dyrnphnea, here placed, was credited with peculiar virtue by and for idiots. In later times the farmers resident in Gheel made the treatment of such persons part of their means of livelihood. The number of lunatics registered of late years in every civil- ized country has exhibited a marked increase, and many have concluded from that fact that cerebral derangement is increasing at a greater ratio than population, the general result being unfav- orable to mental culture; but fuller investigaticn shows that the average of cases is not really greater, but that :; .- fineness of dis- crimination, and the completeness of registration .ally account for the apparent increase. In England, according to the methods in force in 18-11, there was one idiot or lunatic registered for every 802 of the population, the proportion increased, in 1859, to 1 in 585, and in 1871, to 1 in 400. But in all that time the actual number of admissions to asylums continued to average about 1 in 2,100 of the whole population of the country. The same law is found operating in the United States, where, in 1860, the regis- tration showed only one in 728, and in 1870 had increased to 1 in 637. Dr. Mandsley, a very high authority, says that there is no evidence of increase, in fact, although the returns are more 5iS Tl'ttlk's UisToiir or Kaxsas. K ample. The census bceonies more coiiiiilete ami reliable every year, and the number id increased in apiiearancc, becauno many persons are now treated as insane, who were of old times only s'.b- jeeted to medical treatment. The rate of mortality is less amon-r lunatics, under the better systems now in operation, than it has been at any former time, which of eourse accounts for a larger number being in existence at one time, without necessitating the assumption of a larger average of casea occurring. E.xercise and development of brain does not lead to insanity, as a rule, any more than exercise and development of the muscular system pro- duces weakness, unless in either ease excess eventuates in injury. Delaware, Florida, Nebraska and Nevada are the only states in the Union in which there is no provision made by the state for the treatment of lunatics. All the other states have one or more asylums, but in siome cases the systems found in operation aro very faulty, more esjjecially as afTecting the pauper insane, who arc boarded out and otherwise neglected. The philanthropic exer- tions of Miss D. L. Dix have contributed very materially to im- prove the methods in operation all over the United States, and by sympathy over the whole civilized world. There are numer- ous private in.stitutions for the insane in all the older and wealthier states, but in communities so young as Kansas, the state must be relied upon to provide the machinery requisite for the sequestra- tion and treatment of insanity, which certainly has a tendency to affect the minds of those who are continuously engaged in observ- ing its wonderful phenomena. Kansas seems to have obst^rved the happy mean in the management of this branch of its V'anevo- lent works, and there can be no doubt that as its wealth increases tli.ere will be still more liberal provision for the demented. *S7rtte Pe)ntentiary.—Th\» institution is located on a tract of forty acres, a little distance south from the city of Leavenworth. The county jail of Leavenworth was used by the state until proper buildings were erected, after the year 1863, pursuant to a vote taken in that year by the legislature. The penitentiary is a com- modious building of stone, and the support of the institution to date has cost $906,940. There were 21 prisoners in 1881, and in 1874, that number had increased to 425, so that while our popu- lation had increased by a multiple of five or little more, our crim- liable every cauno many 03 only 8'ib- les.4 amoni^ than it has for a larger !aitating the Cxcrcise ami a rule, any system pro- 33 in injury, nly states in the state for one or more )peration arc insane, who ihropic exor- 'rially to im- l States, and I are numer- nd wealthier tate must be be sequestra- , tendency to ed in observ- ive obst^rved )f its I'onevo- ilth increases mted. tract of forty worth. The until proper int to a vote ary is a com- institution to 1881, and in lie our popu- )re, our crim- STATh: fssTiririos's. 549 in.ilsseem to have incroiiscd by a multiple of more than 20 ; a result mainly due to the groat improvomcnt in our syst.Mii of police undt-r settled institutions. Tlie penitentiary is governed by a board of three dirccti)rs, one being nominated every year, and the term of service being three years, so that there is always a change going on in the direction, or at any rate tlio opi-ortu- nity for a change arises, without such violent disruption as migiit be feared if all the directors could be changed at one time. The system observed in the penitentiary may be brieny stated ns foUows : Every prisoner must wear prison clotliing, and sub- mit to the operations of the state barber; he is then instructed aa to the rules enforced in the penitentiary, with the penalties that will follow any transgression, and the rewards that attend upon full compliance. Every cell has necessary articles of furniture, to which the prisoner may add other prescribed articles, when he has earned the means to do so within the pri.son walls by actual labor. Cleanliness is strictly enforced, and silence is peremptory. There must be no communications between prisoners on pain o£ certain deprivations, should a discovery of any breach be observed. Books are allowed under limitations, and those who have earned the means by honest labor under duress may purchase other books, provided they are of a character approved by the authorities. Facilities are aft'orded to improve ihe educational status of prison- ers, as it is found that ignorance is very largely associated with crime, to such an extent as to suggest the relation of cause and effect. Those \vho are capable of learning a trade are assisted in that direction. The demand for labor from the prisoners is inces- sant. During the year the working hours average nine every day ; the length of the day in summer being ten hours and one-half, and during the winter six months from sunrise to sunset ; so that none can eat the bread of idleness. The quantity of work exacted is proportioned to the capacity of the prisoner, and laziness is properly punished. All violations of the rules of the institution have appropriate penalties, but none of them are severe and degrading except in the last extremity, when appeals to the better nature have signally failed. Ball and chain punishments, and close confinement on one meal per day, are among the heaviest that are ordinarily inflicted; but in very r :.^t-^s.--^- nm.j fi .m> mm00t \ i — 650 Ti rri.i:'s IlisTnny of /v.ja'.sm.v. n^rtrmvattvl cascM, dark coll.i, tiMnpomry ili- privation of food and othtr piini-tlnnt'iits aro pcrHcvcTod in nntil tlio ixviuiaito condition of iniiid luiH boon Hiiporiiidnoed, unioas tlio lioaltli of tho prinoncr is iMidaii!^'i'i'od. Prisoners anr OMi|)loyoil on oontraots in some cases, ill tlio ipiarrios and on .stoiio cnttiii^' in otiiors, besides W'liioli tlu'ir av'ttoations inoludo bnililiiigs and improvonionts, work in tlio yard, in tho kitohon, dinin;^ room.-*, bako hoiHCS, colls, driving toatns, in tlio laundry and repair shops, in tho fonialo prison, cells, hospitals, and ainoiig tho sick; so that there is work for every variety of slroiiglh ami eapa'.-ity of intellout. Tho aim of the penctontiary is, as it should bo, tho amelioration of tho con- dition of tho condomnod without making pets of tho jjrisoncrs. There arc two systems of jirison discipline now in force in this country, tliat of I'eiinsylvania and that of New York; that of Pennsylvania prevents coiiimunieations between prisoners at all times, and is so administered as that the individual does not know nny of his fellows, and cannot bo recognized by them, should they meet under other eireumstaiices after tho term of punishment is concluded; that of New York separates the prisoners completely after working hours, but permits of their laboring together in ■workshops during the day, subject always to the enforcement of silence at such times as well as during their meals in common. There is no corporeal punishment by stripes in tho Pennsylvania system, but that of Now York permits of such applications occa- sionally. Under both systems there is an efTort to compel and encourage gainful industries, and both places aim at making the prisons self supporting. There are good arguments to be adduced on both sides, and cither of them will give excellent results when well administered by competent men. The Kansas method may be described as eclectic, as it aims at the embodiment of tho merits of each system. Railkoads IX Kansas. — Ten years ago there was hardly a mile of railroad in Kansas ready for operation, and in view of that fact, the progres" made in regard to transportation is surprising. The Shawnee Irgislature, as our readers will remember, signalized the end of their disgraceful session by certain acts that looked to the enrichment of members, contrary to the organic act, by grant- L mmmmmtl^ n.\ti.uo.ir)fi. 551 if food and I] condition ho prisoner U in Horiio T.-^, besidiid iiciit.s, work llSCrf, collrt, thu fcnialo ere i.s work Tho aim of the con- •isoncrs. )rco in this •k; that of iier.-j at all 3 not know ihould they lishmont is completely ;ogether in )rcement of 1 common, nnsylvania .tions occa- orapel and naking the je adduced suits when ethod may : the merits s hardly a iew of that surprising, signalized ; looked to , by grant- ing oiVuxM, inonop<.lieH and privileges, grants for railroads among tho number; but tho territory was not benelUed by surh modes of operation. In th.; year mS, th.o Atchison num. wlio had al- ways enjoved wliatever favors could bo procured from tho Shaw- nee as.«emi.ly, began the formation of a railroad; but it made jts start from the Missouri bank opposite to Atchison, and was meant to connect Kansas with other parts of the union, but not to trav- erse the terrilorv itself. The advantage aimed at was for Atchison merely, which must tluis become tho commercial metropolis of tho infant state. The road was completed in 18G0, connecting Atchi- son with the Hannibal and St. Joseph lino at St. Joseph, Mo. Kansas men and money did the work, but tlie Hue was in Mis- souri altogetlier, and tho benefit was to be local, as nearly as that end could be secured. This line was carried to Weston near Fort Leavenworth in 1801, and the enterprise made a stop at that point until the end of tho war, although there had been i.u>ny at- tcmi.ts to inaugurate work on other ])rojected lines prior to and after the commencement of the Atchison and St. Joseph Railroad already mentioned. While the civil war was progressing, the next cfTort took its rise under the congressional act, which provided for building a road to the Pacific ; and the Kansas raeiflc Railway was begun in 1863. Near Wyandotte where the work of construction was inau.rurated, at the state line, was than a dense forest, and before tho e°nd of the summer the grading had been carried a Ion- dist- ance westward up.the valley of the Kansas river; but there was tiothincr to give immediate promise of value to thr undertaking; it had n^rgrip on east or west, because Missouri, then traversed by United States troops, guerrillas and confederate forces, was a slave state, without sympathy with Kansas, unless the institution of slavery could find favor. The man who was pushing on the work of the railroad, Sam- uel Ilallett, was assassinated in the streets of Wyandotte in Au- gust 18G4, about eleven months before the war came to an end and the work then passed into the hands of St. Louis capitalists shortly before the end of the war. Mr. John D. Perry • became the director of the undertaking at that time, and the line of road has two termini, at Wyandotte and at Leavenworth, 552 Tuttle's History of Kansas. I! H I! i Tvhich join at the city of Lawrence to run in one line up the val- leys of the Kansas river and Smoky Hill river through the whole state and thence to Denver, Colorado. A line of about one hun- dred miles then connects with Cheyenne, Wyoming, where there is a junction with the Union Pacific Kailroad, running through from Omaha to Salt Lake City by the junction at Ogden ; and through Sacramento to San Francisco. The line at Denver has connections with all the railroads of Colorado, besides which there is a branch line from Kit Carson to Fort Lyon in the state of Colorado, and from Junction City to Clay county, Kansas. This is the most considerable line in the state, and by far the most important for its interests. The Atchison, Topeka and Sante Fe runs across the state di- agonally from northeast at Atchison to southwest at Hutchinson, striking Topeka and Empoi-ia, where it crosses the Neosho river and follows the Cottonwood to its station on the Arkansas. From Hutchinson the line runs up the valley of the Arkansas to Pueblo, where it joins the Denver and Rio Grande narrow gauge line. An important branch runs from Newton south to Wichita, where it strikes the Arkansas and is intended to connect with the Southern Pacific at some point in New Mexico. Junction City is the starting point of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, and from this point the Kansas Pacific road runs to the southeast, striking the Neosho river at Parkerville, Following the general course of the Neosho the line crosses the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe at Emporia, and crosses the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston road at Chanute. After crossing the southern boundary line of the state this line crosses the Indian territory to Texas. Another line of the same road runs from Hannibal, Missouri, on the Mississippi river through Missouri en- tering Kansas near Fort Scott crossing at that point the Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf Road. This line connects with the Junction City Branch at Parsons. The road has connections at Dennison, Texas, that run to the Gulf of Mexico. A branch road, the property of the same company, runs from Holden, Missouri, on the Missouri Pacific to Paola in this state. The Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad, already men- tioned, runs from the mouth of the Kansas river at Wyandotte JiMLIlOAIiS. 553 le up tliG val- igh the whole )out one hun- f, where there ning through Ogdcn ; and at Denver has )esides which in the state of nty, Kansas, nd by far the the state di- t Hutchinson, Neosho river le Arkansas. 5 Arkansas to larrow gauge li to Wichita, connect with , Kansas and ] runs to the . Following lie Atchison, Leavenworth, crossing the 3S the Indian d runs from Missouri en- the Missouri sets with the Dnnections at A branch ora Holden, te. already men- t Wyandotte through the counties of the eastern tier, to the southern boundary of tho^state, crossing the Missouri, Kansas and Texas line at Fort Scott. The Missouri Pacific runs from St. Louis, Mo., and enters Kan- sas at Wyandotte, from which point, following the main direction of the Missouri river, it passes through Leavenworth to Atchison. This portion of the road from Wyandotte to Leavenworth is known as the Missouri liivcr Road, and thence to Atchison it is called the Leavenworth, Atchison and Northwestern; but the Missouri Pacific operates both lines, having leased them of the constructing companies som<^ years since. The Atchison and Nebraska leads from Atchison northwest to Lincoln, the capital of the sister state, the distance being ^146 mile-s. This line crosses the St. Joseph and Denver at Troy, Kan., and at Lincoln connects with the Midland Pacific and Omaha and Southwestern. A branch is being built from Salem, Neb., to Nebraska City, and the main is being extended north from the" capital to connect with the Union Pacific at Fremont. Thus the Atchison and Nebraska, Missouri Pacific and Missouri Eiver, Fort Scott and G \\i roads are continuous along the eastern border from the north to the south line of Kansas. The Central Branch Union Pacific leads from Atchison to Waterville, in Marshall county, a distance of 100 miles west. The Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston runs from Leaven- worth, crossing the Kansas Pacific at Lawrence, and through the second tier of counties south of the Kansas to the southern line. A branch runs from Cherry Vale to Independence, Mo., and an- other from Ottawa to Kansas Cit3^ The St. Joseph and Denver traverses the northern counties from the Missouri river opposite St. Joseph to Hasting, Neb., connect- ing with a line that joins the Union Pacific at Fort Kearney. This line runs through Kansas about 140 miles. The Kansas Central runs from Leavenworth to Holton, 56 miles west, crossing the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe at Grass- hopper Falls. The St. Louis, Lawrence and Western runs from Lawrence through Olathe to Picasant Hill, Mo., where it joins the Missouri Pacific, being operated by that company. fT? I 1. 654 Ti'TTLE's HlSTOIiY OF KaKSAS. The Lawrence and Southwestern extends from the city of Law- rence to Carbondale, along the valley of the Wakajnsa river, where it connects with the Atchison, Topcka and Santa Fe roiid. The Midland runs from Topeka along the valley of the Xansas through Lawrence to the Missouri line. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe company operates the Midland road. A line from AVathena to Doniphan connects with the Atchison and Xebraska, and is operated by the company owning the road last named. The Manhattan and Northwestern is not yet completed, but has been ther direct of roads at as City, St. Duri valley 1 to Kansas City, with stations at the principal Kansas cities on the Missouri and at Council Bluffs, affording direct connection with the Union racilic as well as with the lines of Iowa cast and north. By the Atlantic and Pacific there is communication with Brownsville, Cherokee county, and of course with St. Louis. There are eight great competing lines running to the east, northeast, southeast, north and south, which connect Kansas with the railroad system leading to the Atlantic. Two great lines lead to the markets of the mining countries in Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona and afford direct transit to the Pacific coast. Texas and the Gulf of Mexico are also easily within reach. The crisis of 1873, temporarily stayed the progress of railroads in Kansas, but there are signs that the recommencement is at hand, and the rapid growth of the state in population and productions must have increased facilities until every portion of the state can be reached readily, and can send the raw material and the manu- factured article, which will unite to become their staple, into every market in the union. Works projected and in progress promise to assist in meeting those demands, and it is satisfactory to observe that forty- nine counties in Kansas are at present pene- trated or traversed by railroads. There remain twenty-four counties, or less than one-third to be supplied. The total mileage of roads now operated in the state amounts to 2,084^ miles. The Rivers of Kansas. — The Missouri is the great river of Kansas, as it forms the eastern boundary from Wyandotte to Nebraska. It is almost always navigable by steamboats of the largest class, and affords a channel of communication which can only be le^ ^ened in value by the development of competing lines of railroads, which must always find in the river a rival that will insist on lowering the rates of traffic to their minimum. Over this broad stream bridges, ft once elegant and enduring, constructed of iron, for railroad and for wagon traffic, stretch from Wathena, Atchison, Leavenworth uud Kansas City. The Kansas river has been navigable to Fort Riley, but unless very considerable improvements are undertaken, that line of traffic will never prove practicable. In the year 1869 a boat of light draft made several trips from the Missouri to Lawrence, but since tm SI h u 556 TuTTLh's History of Kassas. tliat diite the stream has been spanned by several bridges at Wyandotte, Lawrenee, Topeka and Wainego. The riverd Ar- kansas, Neosho, Republican, Solomon, Verdigris, Blue, Cotton- wood, Spring, Marais de Cygne, Delaware and Nemaha, are all considerable sieams, affording water powers more or less available at all seasons of the year. There are dams in tlie Kansas at Lawrence; in the Blue at Manhattan, Blue Hapids, Watervillo and Marysville ; in the Neosho at Burlington, Neosho Falls, La Roy, Humboldt, Oswego and at other iwints; and in the Delaware at Valley Falls. There are few rivers in the west that excel the water powers of the Blue, Neosho, Solomon, Republican, Cotton- wood, Delaware and Marais de Cygne. There are few new states in which the rivers and creeks are so generally bridged, and the bridges are as rule of good workmanship and substantial, materials frequently consisting of iron on stone abutments and piers. Roads and Highways. — Few countries can offer to the trav- eler such roads as the state of Kansas. The philosophy of this fact, and the fact itself, have before been set forth in this work, but may here be once more summarily adverted to, in order that this department may be complete in itself. The country is so formed that it gives perfect drainage. The streams have cut deep into the strata of the surface, so that the bottom lands can be, and are, easily drained by side ditches. There are no swamps, and a f' jugh is very rare. The surface of the higher lands, where linco of travel mostly lie, offers a beautiful surface for vehicles or pedestrians, and but little expense is involved in the maintenance of good roads. The great highways that passed through Kansas before it became a territory, and soon afterwards leading to Cali- fornia, New Mexico, Utah and Colorado, followed the " divides,'' and the sagacity of the early adventurers has been indorsed by the continuance of their routes. The early legislatures made those lines of travel into public highways, but more recent cus- toms have complicated the first system by many zigzags, bending to township and section lines. Electric Telegraphs have kept pace with the wants of the community, being run along the railroad lines, and operated by [■'■ ■M^Ww tWwriW IMMI MMi — *" V; r- ^ " >.■«*• Aguicviture. 667 al bridges at he rivord Ar- Blue, Cf)tton- imiiba, are all less available ihe Kansas at Is, Waterville )sbo Falls, La I tbe Delaware that excel the )lican, Cotton- "ew new states bridged, and d substantia], butments and er to the trav- isophy of this in this work, in order that country is so have cut deep lands can be, 3 no swamps, !r lands, where "or vehicles or 3 maintenance rough Kansas iding to Cali- ;he "divides,'' I indorsed by Matures made •e recent cus- zags, bending wants of the \ operated by tbe Western Union, so that nearly every section ot_ the state is penetrated, and hardly a village can be named that is not withm easy reach of some telegraph station, connectmg with all the world. AaiiTCT-T.TUUK IX KANSAS.-" Bleeding " and "starving" Kan- sas is a paradox and a pu.zlc to the rest of the states because, in spite of its misfortunes, it is one of the most fertile and productive if not the most fertile and productive, of all the states in the union. The best pri.es have been carried olf from all tbe other states re- peatedly, in fair competition, as well in quantity as in quality, by this stale, at Richmond, Philadelphia, New York and Newark ; its fruits, its cereals, and its root crops, being alike wondrous, and it is known that all those results have been attained while the state is yet in the infancy of its development. The growth of popula- tion in Kansas, and the high average of intelligence evidenced by census returns, alike give promise that the qualities inherent in the soil will be improved to tbe highest point of excellence in the future, at no great distance ; and it is moderately certain that in the vast a-n-egation of wonders that are now being gathered into the ^vorldrshow at Fairmount Park, the state of Kansas will be able to contribute from its products in 1875, such evidences of agricul- tural wealth as will procure for her the very highest place among the states in the lines of production in which she wih be a com- ^'ThT wonder and the paradox arise because the misfortunes of Kansas have been crowded into a few years of her life. Ihe civil war was an incident forced upon Kansas by the quarrel of north and south on the great issue afterward brought out on a broader field. The poverty of Kansas when the drouth came upon her was one of the consequences of that war. The drouth itself was intensified by the neglect of ordinay precautions, which the state of war and the uncertainties of the season just closing had mainly contributed towards. It is not too much to say that with more cultivation, more trees, more works for irrigation, the dryness of the summer would have been tempered to far different conditions, and there would have been no agonized appeal to the ..hole world in the name of Kansas. The civil war was the basis n ' wa- .it '.^ f w. »* f '' t «|gl W 558 TcTTi.i:'s HisTonr ofKaxsas. of tlie wlinlc scries of misfortunes, and for that circumstance con- gross was responsible, in tlic fact that it did not possess the stamina to settle the slavery question by its own vote, instead of relegating the debate to the soil of Kansas, to be determined by the arguments and retorts of the bowie knife and the rifle. It is not {)roposcd to make congress answerable for the colcoptera that ravaged our fields and devoured our harvests, but it is fair that the combined wisdom of the nation should carry its own burden, and leave Kansas with nothing to damage her repute as a state except the grasshopper invasion. Kansas was libeled before it was even named as a territory, by the fact tliat its area was designated as a part of the Great Amer- ican Desert, and continued to be thus described by absent minded geographers and map makers long after the testimony of Wash- ington Irving and other eminent, disinterested men should have removed the stigma. The public mind has thus been prepared to receive the false impressions about this state with great readi- ness. Elsewhere a drouth or a grasshopper raid would be treated as an exceptional incident ; here it is easy to procure the impres- sion that it may be the rule. There have been times of drouth in other states which are still known to be good farming coun- tries, affording on the average of years better profits to the farm- ers than to any other class, but merely because of the time that has elapsed since their first settlement, there is an answer to those who would torture the exception into the rule. Kansas can only answer all those who assail her repute as a producer, by referring to the sentence comparatively common in official reports, " Kansas again leads in the average yield per acre." Sahara can present no such record within historic times. Men have settled upon lands in this state almost without as much money as would pay for their first year's seed, trusting to fortunate accidents to pull them through, with a faith equal to that of Jficawher, that something would turn up. In many of the older states men would not venture upon wild land without >• capital, stock, implements and a reserve fund such as would be available against a wdiole year without returns; here there were men who settled down without any such aids, and they were overtaken by misfortune at their first venture. Many came here mmmmmmmum AcniCULTVIiE. 559 umstance con- )t posses.s tVic ote, insteiifl of letcrmincd by he rifle. It is olcoptera that it is fair that 3 own burden, ute aa a state a territory, by 5 Great Amer- ibsent minded any of Wash- 1 should have 3een prepared 1 great readi- uld be treated re the impres- T>es of drouth farming coun- 3 to the farm- the time that iswer to those .nsas can only r, by referring irts, " Kansas I can present )st without as d, trusting to aith equal to In many of land without •< as would be re there were id they were ny came here well provided with goods and gear, but the rufTian hordes ran oil their stock into Missouri, their houses were burned over their heaiiii^'' y}- •Tr— "" 860 TiTTi.ifs IlisTour OF Kaxsas. been favorcil so fnr by tlio great preponderance of population. Since meteorological observations have been made in this state, it has been ascertained that the average rainfall of the eastern belt is 87 inches, that of the middle belt, 24 inches, and that of the western belt, 10 inches ; but taking tlic mean by seasons for the whole state it appears that the western has a fraction more rainfall tlian the middle belt during the growing seasons. The winter is the season of the year in wliich the least advantage comes from an excessive fall of rain, and it is precisely during the winter that the western belt has its minimum of pluvial visitation. The average fall in the western belt during winter is only one and a half inches, or, to be precise, rather less than that amount The middle belt has then four inches, and the eastern belt five inches. For stock raising purposes dry winters are desiderata, and no- where in the wopld can such vast ranges of nutritious grass bo found for the winter feed of cattle as here. Buffalo have fattened here, guided by their unerring in.stincts. Surely then the situa- tion must be well adapted for an industry which depends on the presence of grasses and the skill of the practical herdsman. Those who have made their ventures in this line in the western belt are not among the men who complain about Kansas ; they are increasing their capital with tolerable rapidity, and as that multiplies they are steadily doubling and trebling their invest- ments ; so that there is tolerably good ground for the conclusion that the area known as the western or third rain belt will prove tolerably successful in the long run for a deserving class of men. When Kansas was organized as a territory, in 1854, its best lands were Indian reservations, whereon the nations from New York state, the Pottawatomies, Delawares, Ottoes, Kaws, Kicka- poos, Missouris, Sacs and Foxes, Wyandottes, Shawnees and oth- ers, were assembled in the eastern section ; while the west was occupied in a semi-predatory and nomadic life, by the Comanches, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Kiowas and other wild and warlike tribes. When men migrate to any other territory to build a state, they mean, primarily, to farm ; that was not the case with the men that came to Kansas in 1854-5-6, to anything like the same extent. They came primarily to settle the question of a free soil, and so strongly were they imbued with that sentiment, that when the I,. f population. 1 this state, it 3 eastern belt 1 that of the asoiis for the more rainfall rhe winter is ornes from an e winter that tation. The ly one and a iiount The t five inches, rata, and no- ous grass be lave fattened len the situa- pends on the d herdsman. 1 the western vansas ; they and as that their invest- le conclusion ilt will prove jlass of men. .854, its best s from New Haws, Kicka- lees and oth- the west was 5 Comanches, arlike tribes. a state, they the men that same extent. i soil, and so at when the ;l € ' I I' - ■ ■ ■ I ' ■-^'' v m n I AaiiicvLTntK. 661 war for the Union cvciituatctl, tlic Htato conlriltuU'd to the Holii- tiori of thnt proljicm 'iO,Olt7 sohliors, or nearly oiieliflh <»f the total sutu of tliu whole population of the state in 1801. Kan&as gave .'S, i.'!3 men more than her quota, under cireunistance.s which sli(nil(l have minimized her responno, but for the faet tliat tlie pop- ulation comprised men warring for an idea, witli more than the average of the John Brown inspiration in tlieir nerve power. The state may well bo proud of such men and their dced.^, and the nation has cause to be thankful ; but the soil was not likely to get more than the average of fair play at their hands, and in the actual fact they were not agriculturists. Until the war was ended Kansas industries as a whole were fstagnaiit. The men who sowed did not know who would reap. The men who built a workshop did not feel sure but that the brand of the incendiary would swallow up the fruits of long years of labor and skill. The men of daring were in the tield already, or they were prepared to fight guerrillas at a moment's notice. That frame of mind was not favorable to commercial and manu- facturing enterprise. Until the war came to an end, so complete- ly were the people absorbed by the contemplation of the great issue that agricultural statistics were absolutely neglected here until the year 1865. That fact tells its own .story as significantly as the figures themselves could possibly have done had they been prepared and preserved. The department of agriculture supplies some data touching Kansas, from the year 1862, but they are in- complete to such ah extent as to render them little better than random guesses at important facts. There appear to have been 405,468 acres of improved or partially improved land in the state in 1860, and in ten years from that time only 1,971,003, and as if to indicate how many conflicting causes had been at work in that interval of ten years, more especially in the first half, the increase within the next five years brought up the total to 4,748,901. The increase in the first ten years was 1,565,535 acres, against 4,343,433 acres, in fifteen years. The inclination to immigrate was minimized during the war, and, when the term of hostility had come to an end, there was a lack of means as well as of inclination among the persons in every grade most likely to emigrate to assume new risks. We 86 UMiMiHia MMUk«««\U»>.W^ 562 Trrn.K's llisronv or Kaxsas. Imtl 11 (io[)uIiitii)n of S,(|(»l in iS.Vt, wliich increased, in ppitc of nil tlniwliiicks, to 107,'2(l(S in 1S(I0. but tlic next five \onvn only niliU'il iiliont ;i;{,(Mj(i to our wniltli of liuman lifo. In 1870, tliero wore Jii;4,;i!»i) ; in 187(5, over 528,4^7, nnd wc Imvo now over (500,000 nt the most inodonitc o.stinwite. Tim figun.-rt just quoted arc clofiucnt nnd descriptive to an extent seldom pos.siblo within the rani^c of arithmetic. Kansas drew from the northern states to the extent of very nearly 100,000 within live years prior to 1860, for no reason, more surely, than because tlio people were committed to a struggle on belialf of human rights. They came not to bargain for town lots so mueli as to remove a stain with which a certain i)arty was proceeding to lower the moral status of the territory. They came not to ft farm, nor to a laboratory, but to a battlefield, nnd they prosecuted their design with the chivalry of Crusaders, with this dilTerence, of course, that the territory, m a commercial and agricultural sense, was well worthy of the struggle, as the city of .leru.salctn was not supposed to be ; but that fact hardly entered into their calculation at the time. When the war had concluded, the people, who had on a large Bcale fought the battle of this state, as Kansas on a more re- stricted field had been engaged in battling for the I'nion five years before Sumter was threatened, turned their attention to the land which had been seen from afar, and had won, meantime, a repute Un- value scarcely second to Ilymcttus, whose bees, per- liaps, do not really make honey sweeter than that of their neigh- bors. The era of hostilities did not favor migration. Immi- grants from over sea enlisted to fight, or they found employment in the great cities of the free states beyond the arena of war. The peacefully disposed would as soon have thought of taking their children to settle in the sulphurous glades of Inferno as of bringing them here to colonize Kansas while the state was send- ing its manhood to remote battle-fields, and at home was being desolated by the followers of Quantrell. We only increased a fraction over six per cent, per annum for five years after the war began ; but then came a time of preparation to move towards the west Around camp fires, and on the march, soldiers had told their comrades about the soil, the mineral resources, the sites for cities, the rivers and water power.s, and the exhilarating atmo- 1 1.— iiiili AaFrrvLTCRB. 663 , in ppitc of voarH only II 1870, tliero ro now over « just quoted issiblo williiii rthoiii states iiwA prior to pe()j)lo were Tlicy ciituo ft stiiiii with nionil status ft laboratory, lign witli the irse, that the s well worthy ) posed to be ; the time, id on a large 1 a more re- Q Union five fcntion to the , meantime, a ■»sc bees, per- t their neigh- ition. Immi- employment irena of war. ;ht of taking [nferno as of ite was send- ne was being y increased a after the war e towards the iers had told , the sites for xrating atmo- pphero of Kiinsas, about nil which thoy eouM bo eloquent; statesmen looked " this diieetion, and the press soutnled our praiscrt — an exodus on a irrcat scale was inovitablo. TIkto was a pause ui\td men could realize advantageously upon their ohl investments in the north, a little time within which to enjoy tlio sc<;ic-ty of friends fi'OMi whom they had been long parted, and tlieu Kansas, no longer blockadetl on the river at Lexington or elsewhere, no longer recpiiring an array such as that known as "Lane's army," became the eynosure of all eyes. From that time, until 1878, investments for capital were in dc- niaiiil, greenbacks Were plentiful altliougii gold was at a premium, and properties readily found purchasers. Kansas began to re- ceive a population intent on imlustries, bringing with them capi* tal available for iuvestments, or even for speculation. The re[)Uto of Kansas grew with every day, but the collapse of 1873 rudely stayeil the stream of immigration just as it was broadening and deepening at every source. Men that would have sold their pos- sessions in more northern states to move this way, had no longer a market available, unless they would give away their property; still there has been a large increase within the past five years — from 8(U,3<.)9 in 1870, to 528,437 in 1875 — rather more than 130 per cent., but a large margin below that of the preceding five years — from 140,179 to 804,399, or almost 190 per cent. Several circumstances have helped toward this result. The corn crop Huctuated in 1872, and afterwards, then the crisis in 1873, and immediately following the perturbations of Wall street, the visitation of locusts in 1874. The corn crop receded 29,000,000 bushels in 1873, a fall of 87 per cent, on the crop of the former year. This incident affected Kansas materially, although the failure applied not to this state in particular. Other products suflfered in degree from the same causes, and the means of the people were narrowed before the crisis applied its terrible squeeze to the sponge. All those circumstances slackened the stream to Kansas, and of course the locust temporarily turned the tide in other directions; but there are signs of the times, such as cannot be misunderstood, pointing to a compensating growth again within the next decade. Even now we can see by looking back that there has been no positive cessation of effort through all the timea vtif*vJM^it^»^»eimiSi^''' 664 Tuttle's His tor r of Kaxsas. J of disaster, judging from tlie area of land brought under cultiva- tion, as the figures amply prove. In giving the few statistics necessary, no harm can accrue from stating in round nuiibers, dropping in every case the hundreds, making them rate as a thousand if they come above five hundred, and dropping them altogether for the sake of brevity of statement, when they fall be- low that mean. During the war it seems probable that the actual area was below that cultivated in 1860, at all times, and in 1864 there was only 244,000 acres under improvement. The next year gave an in- crease of 30,000 acres ; in 1867 there was an area of 562,000, or more than doubled in two years, a rate of increase which was ex- ceeded in 1868, when the area rose to 1,360,000 acres. The year 1872 brought up the aggregate to 2,531,000, and, the corn crop to the contrary notwithstanding, there was mi advance to 3,038,000 in 1873, which in spite of the crisis grew to 3,670,000 in 1874, nor could the grasshopper cause it to recede in 1875 ; our last record as the acreage then tilled was 4,750,000. The figures here given are authentic except as to hundreds, as before mentioned. Authorities are now recommending that Kansas should in the future give more attention to wheat and less to corn, because the easier and larger crop is subject to such distressing fluctuations. No wise farmer will carry all his eggs in one basket, and no harm can come from increasing the number of productions, more espe- cially when the average of profit can be increased thereby. In 1870, corn gave only 17,000,000 ; in 1872, it grew to 47,000,000, and in 1874, it had fallen to 16,000,000, while wheat was increas- ing steadily all the time from 2,391,000, in 1870, to 13,209,000 bushels in 1875. Certainly it should be recorded that in 1875, corn reached the enormous aggregate of 80,799,000, but that only serves to illustrate, in a manner more marked, the fluctuation in- cidental to that crop, which has no corresponding uncertainty in wheat by way of set off. The practice in Kansas is gradually changing toward the cultivation of wheat, and will become more decided. The increase of wheat cultivation has become an ascertained and indubitable fact, and it is well for Kansas that it should be so. Climate, soil, and market alike indicate wheat as the best ^ ifffW— Stock. 565 under cultiva- e few statistics •ound nuTibers, them rate as a dropping them en they fall be- area was below there was only fear gave an in- i of 562,000, or ! which was ex- 3res. The year the corn crop to ice to 3,038,000 170,000 in 1874, I 1875 ; our last rhe figures here ifore mentioned. IS should in the )rn, because the ng fluctuations. ;et, and no harm ions, more espe- id thereby. In V to 47,000,000, leat was increas- }, to 13,209,000 3d that in 1875, 0, but that only e fluctuation in- ; uncertainty in ias is gradually II become more B an ascertained bat it should be beat as the best product. The rainfall of Kansas is especially adapted to wheat, and far less dangerous in its fluctuations to that crop than to corn. It falls when it is wanted for the one, and it is apt to cease when the lack is fatal to corn. The state is specially favorable to win- ter wheat, and the farmer, finding that crop a good paying invest- ment, is steadily increasing his area. Figures could be quoted to prove this statement, incontestably, but the reader sliall not be deluged with arithmetic. Practical farmers have advanced from 2,391,008 bushels in 1870, to 13,209,403 in 1875, the increase being steady all the time, and apparently beyond uncertainties, to an extent that must make the crop more and more a favorite among producers, and winter wheat is preferred over the spring growth by a wide margin. Kansas will make its very best show- ing in that direction. Stock in Kansas. — Stock must be an object in every farm- ing country, but in Kansas that branch of industry has peculiar claims upon attention. Dry winters will become better under- stood as experience widens to indicate that Kansas, more espe- cially in the western belt, is adapted for stock raising. The mini- mum of shelter is required, the maximum of food is provided by nature, a..d the wide range of country available gives to the pru dent operator every possible advantage. There is a steady m- crease in the capital invested, the grade of cattle is being im- proved still more rapidly than even the advance in numbers. In the year 1860 there were only 93,000 cattle and 138,000 swine, which had change. . by the end of the war in 1865, to 202,000 and 95,000 respect! .-ely. There are now, or rather there were m 1875, 703,000 of the one and 293,000 of the oiher. Sheep also are securing attention, as in 1860 there were only 17,569, and in 1875 they had increased to 106,224. Since that return was col- lected large investments have been made in sheep, and there is good reas°on to believe that mutton and wool will become in everv year more important items in our aggregate of wealth ; pro- vided always, that some means can be devised to stay the rav- ages of worthless curs, that are more destructive and worrying to sheep in Kansas, than the dingo or wild dog on the sheep runs of Australia. W ff' J f '^y^^^tfT ^ t^f *' ^ * *»» ]^. ■jr f*t'n>»ix Stock. 66T th an almost nts scattered r of (l()g;< to part of their ogs are sim- re ported by no less tlian It will soon it value, the preferred by )ne bullet, or ! attended to iivaluable, as of the sh eep 3lt of Kansas th the same st wool mar- ! are rapidly aunties have >btained, and anties by im- best Merino favor wher- i found pref- w York for 1 are almost is said to be , when Cots- ; and experi- t differ from ne is he that he sheep far- Eoot rot and quatter, and lovvn. It is before com- e is no such mass of evidence as to establish the statement ; still there arc so many a.ivantages within the reach of the sheep raiser, as must make the pursuit increasingly popular every year. Shepherds must be employed in Kansas to look after the largo herds, and the sheep must have a wide range because of the dogs, wolves and cayotes on the one hand, and further, because ni the absence of tame grasses the native pasture would be destroyed i eaten too close, as sheep will eat when kept withm a Inu.ted ran^^e. Good sheds during the winter .nonths and a summer cor- ral°where the flock can be protected at night, with moderate attention in the matter of food, and a flock is a fortune. Mocks will average as much as seven pounds per fleece unwasiicd. The mild climate, short winter, dry rolling prairie, abundant streams and ample feed are justly praised, and when tame grasses can be added the results will be .till better. One flock of full blooded Merinos is reported as giving nearly ten pounds per fleece of un- washed wool! Clearly, the purer the blood and the Ingher the grade, the better the product. One man, writing on the wool question, says : M\ e can raise as much wool on land worth from $5 to $10 per acre as can be raised in New York on land worth $100, and we can send our wool to that market for three cents per pound.' It is said that a farmer can raise one sheep for every acre farmed without inter, ting with his farming operations. In Ellis --ty, sheep we e only corraled about four days during the winter of 187-1, and e^ en when the wenther was at its coldest, found feed in the ravines and broken ground ; but it is laid down as an axiom that what i expended on food is more than repaid in wool More might be safd on this subject, but enough has been placed before the reader to indicate the immense value of Kansas as a field for the opera- tions of sheep raisers. , • b„o Horses have increased by nearly 90,000 - -f ^ "i.^^^ years, from 1870, as the last returns show a total of 207,376 ui March, 1875 ; but ju.t at that time horseflesh was in Poor dmand and the rates of value were consequently very low ; hence, the stimated worth was only increased $1,240,353. ^^^^^^^ have given very great attention to improvecl grades of late years^ The Indian and Mexican pony stock is disappearing, and that tfirti ■imiiiir reUis), a true locust, of the same family with that which is named in scripture among the plagues of Egypt and else- where; we may, therefore, be excused, it, without venturing further into the realm of technical phraseology, we give some few particulars about locusts in general, and the llocky Mountain locust in particular. They are known all over the globe, and are only welcomed in some few places, where people of cultivated palates use them for food. Pulling off their vrings, the bodies are said to be very pleasant articles of diet when fried in butter or in oil, or pickled for the table. Wc do not pretend to envy the locust eaters their peculiar and costly delicacy. The noise produced by the locust is not vof',al but mechanical merely, as the elytra, or wing covers, come in contact, and the rubbing of the one against the other produces the harsh sound referred to. The mi<^ratory locust is very destructive, and it moves in swarms The vegetation immediately surrounding its place of birth being consumed, it takes flight to adjoining districts, and continues its raid until every green thing has disappeared. Some- times the mass is so great as to shut out the sun at noon day, and the spots upon which the visitors alight are at once converted into a desert. In some parts of Central Europe, in Egypt, in Syria generally, and nearly all over the south of Asia, the locust comes periodically, spreading dismay at every visitation, and leavincr little besides starvation for the people. In the southern portions of Europe rewards are offered for collecting the eggs and the perfect insects, and by such means the frequently recur- ring placrue has been effectually fought and reduced. The same method lias been pursued with good results in China and in Turkey. There is a record that in one season, in the year 1613, a sum equal to $4,000 was paid in this way, and considering the difference in money values then and now, that is about equiva- lent to an outlay of $20,000 in our own time. Southern Africa is sometimes visited by terrible swarms of locusts of very gorge- ous colors. . , A t u The scriptures abound in descriptions of the locust, and of the manner and completeness of the destruction which procured for them the repute of special ministers of the vengeance of an wiTrii'ii 570 Trrruc's History OF K.iysAs. offendea Deity. Tliey covered the whole hirul in Egypt so that the carlli \va.s"'darkenecl, and tliey devoured every green herb of the earth and tlie fruit of every tree that the hail had left. Ka-.- sas is not the only state in the union that has suffered from visita- tions of the locust, as we find that in the years 1818-19 vast hordes of those insects called grasshoppers, but really locusts, appeared in Minnesota, covering the ground, as Kiell mentions in his historv of that state, three and four inches thick, and destroy- ing cvcrytliing in their track. Canada has sometimes been vis- itLHl, and the lied river country in Manitoba has suffered terribly. About the year 1820 or '21 the western counties of Missouri were desolate wi U »o rf iucing its power a, to render it easy to combat the lie. The female has two pairs of horny valves, wh.ch can be • fo^ in the ground and then opened by a great muscular eHo.t, wiTthe time comes for depositing ova ; that operatmn bemg per- rormed, the eggs fill a space almost equal in s,.e to the abdomen, .■A ftrfV"it;" ■"■""»'*'^'^''^''''^"'-^- 572 TUTTLhj'a IflSTOLV OF KA^fSAS. m which lills the hole bored by the valves, ami the eggs arc custom- arily buried about an inch below the surface. The eggs are held in position by a lluid something like the white of an egg, wl\ioh probably serves some nutritive purpose also. Sometimes, but rarely, the eggs are placed much deeper in the earth where some root may have been devoured and a cavity occasioned, which gives the insect a new starting point. The number of eggs will vary from 30 to 100 in the sheath or pod, and the envelop is closed over the eggs. From the first hatching to the develop- ment of wings, about two months will elapse, so that there is a plenty of time to lay bare a considerable range of country with fair diligence, before an opportunity for flight can offer. The young are said to fly toward the southeast as a rule, and it is claimed that the matured insect moves in the same direction, sometimes even -flying in the very eye of the wind to preserve that course. The insects travel most by day, but they are most ravenous at night ; still they seldom appear to suffer from want of appetite. They never make long flights except in cases of ne- cessity, and although it is not easy to drown them, they avoid broad streams whenever possible, having perhaps heard that some of their ancestors had been relished by fish in such transits. When the insects have their choice, it is clear that they prefer depositing their eggs on dry and compact ground. Meadows and pastures are often used when the grass is bare and the earth not swampy. Newly broken and plowed land is too loose to accord with their ideas. Abundant opportunities have been afforded to entomologists to study this very curious and destructive insect in every portion of its economy, or perhaps it would be more proper to say of its extravagance, for there is very little economy in a flight of locusts. The damage came from the northwest and approached the southeast in 1874, and the eastern parts of Kansas suffered least, because the crops had been mainly secured before the arrival of the pest. In the western portion of the state, the young corn, which happened, moreover, to be the principal crop, suffered ter ribly in 1874, but the insects passed on before depositing their eggs to any great extent In the longitude of Topeka, eggs were deposited largely, and much fear was entertained that the whole Tin: PL.invK or LocrsTs. 673 ! arc custom- 'ggs are held a egg, \vl\ioli nctinies, but where some ioucd, which of eggs will 3 envelop is the ilevelop- lat tlierc is a iiountry with Eer. a rule, and it ne direction, to preserve liey are most 2r from want cases of ne- 1, they avoid rd that some uch transits. ; they prefer leadows and the earth not 3se to accord a afforded to tive insect in more proper conomv in a •roached the uffered least, ;he arrival of young corn, suffered ter lositing their :a, eggs were lat the whole lig- of the crop of 1875 would be destroyed in co,>scqucnct The urcs for Ihe two years show that in If "t/ -— « »^f 'J^ acres of land under cultivation, and in the following >' - "i' ' ^^ 901; the respective yields of wheat and corn f"^'! ;" >f^ being, in 1874, 9,881,383 bushels of wheat, and lo,0 9,0 8 o eorn; in 1875, 18,209,403 bushels of wheat, and f ^'^^-J* ■' "^ eorn so that there was no substantial ground for alarm m 187o The insects continued to deposit from the tune of thor arnval in and near the longitude of Topeka, until they had crossed the eLtern line of the state into Missouri, late m the season, by which time the crops were safe. , i „u The operafons of the locust family in 1875 were closely ob- served in the neighborhood of Lawrence. The young were first en on the southern slope of Mount Oread, which foru.s the er- ^aUon of the ingh prairie, and is one <^ the blufls a^ the ,n^r- section of the valleys of the Kansas and Wakarusa. The Indian pla tain was being fed upon by some of the locusts, but myriads were at rest on the ground, and could have been destroyed eas.ly They were minute, almo.t microscopic, but would jump abou two or three inches high, when disturbed. Ncirly Jwo Imnc -d were caught by one sweep of the hand ^/f ^^"t ^f' and the process of hatching was very widely distributed. They were firs^ seen early in April, but their movements caused no Lious apprehensions until the 10th of May, and even then coin- Led and'systematized destruction would have preserved a wide ran.^e of country. Ten days later their ravages were terribly ap- parent and it was seen that much valuable time had been inex- cusably lost. Many even then were able to save their crops by .. the ditchiuK process, as the insects were still wingless, and could be ar etd or deflec'ted by slight obstacles. Three men whose cropB were in danger ditched and destroyed 320 bushels of locusta in ten days, by actual measurement. The city of Lawrence was invaded on the 25th of May, and nearly all the gardens were destroyed soon after, so that a green spo was an oasis for the eye to rest upon, except where moder- 1 precautionary measures had been taken to save the trees, a the insects were still unable to fiy and cou^d be confined to the lawns and flowering shrubs. Seventy bushels of the pests were ms0im 574 Trrnj.'s Ifisronr ofKaxsas. destroyed by one man wlio valued liis garden and grounds at tho price of so much effort and outlay as was involved in the oxter- iiiination of some millions of the locust army. About a sixt': of the city of Lawrence stands between the river and the paved streets, and neither of those lines of fortification could be, or were, crossed by the scourge, consequently, tho gardens and grounds were safe in that area. Many farms were saved by some such tri- vial incidents oflcring insuperable obstacles to the army of glut- tons. The size of tho locust was still so inconsiderable that 128,000 were found in one busliol in the beginning of June, but from that time they increased in bulk very rapidly, doubling their dimensions within five days. Fifty-five days elaj)sed from the time that the first larva was seen until the first winged locust was observed, and the departure from tho neighborhood of Law- rence coinmence(| about the third and concluded about tho fif- teenth of June. Difiorent observers give widely varying descriptions as to the direction of tiio flight of the locust, some saying that they always fly southeast, and others, that they persistently fly northwest; probabh- the fact may be that they are governed by local circum- stances, and that each looker on has pronounced ex cathedra, upon a basis of observation, too narrow to ?.jver a general conclusion. Locusts arc said to sufTer much from parasitic insects as well as from birds, and it is believed by some that the outcome of eggs not laid and hatched in the mountainous region are not so strong as those that start from the Bocky Mountains. The ravages of the locust in Kansas in 1875 were confined to a narrow strip on the eastern border, and even there the injury that was eftected was sufficiently early in the season, to permit of replanting, so that the crops of that year covered the losses of the year preceding, and have increased the wonder of the union at large by the abundant evidence afforded of the fertility of the state. The suflferings endured by the people of Kansas, in con- sequence of the locust invasion of 1874, have already been re- ferred to in the preliminary chapters of this book, but there are matters of detail which could not then be given, and which ought not to bo omitted from the record. The legislature was convened in an extra session and made such arrangements as were then "■-la i" ~ t.,*.. l,=Jt.. •oiinda at tho in the extcr- nt a sixth of 1 tlic pilVCtl il bf, or vvure, mil grounds ome sucli tri- rmy of glut- ilorablo tlmt of June, but ly, doubling .'laj)scd from 'ingod locust ood of Law- bout the flf- ns as to the they always ■ northwest; local circum- tthedra, upon conclusion. Its as well as ome of eggs lot so strong ! confined to e the injury to permit of losses of the the union at tility of the nsas, in con- uly been re- jut there are which ought as convened s were then Tut: Plaove or Locvsts. 675 possible to meet tlio noccssilics of the case, being seconded there- in by those wlio were in a position to assist the needy by loans or other temporary aids. Tlio legislature was convened for its regular session in Janu- ary, 1875, and, in anticip-ation of that event, the ful!e-t informa- tion was procured from ail sources as to tlie amount of destitu- tion arising from the destruction of crops by the locust plague in the state. An elTort was also made to ascertain ai that time what amount of help would be reipiircd to supply rations, clothing, seed and feed for animals requiri'd in the working of farms, to tide over tho difliculties of the suffering class, and enable them to resume their customary avocations with tho least possible de- lay. Gov. Osborn submitted the facts that could be obtained prior to the 20th of January, 1875, in a message to the legisla- ture, and in that report there were returns from all the organized counties except Comanche, Harper, Kingman and Ness. The state was, in the report submitted, divided into live groups of counties, and rejiortcd upon in that order. In the first group of 23 counties, with a population of about 270,000, part of tho returns being from an earlier census, there ■were 1,680 persons in need of rations, 300 men and 300 women in ■want of clothing, and 729 children in tho same condition. Neo- sho, Lyon and Woodson were the distressed localities, but in Lyon only one-thirteenth of the population would accept help ; in Neosho, one-twentieth, and in Woodson, one twenty-fourth ; the proportion fov the whole group being about one one-hundred- and-sixtieth part. In the second group, including 19 counties, with a population of 160,000, there were 7,927 in want of rations, 2,201 men, 3,217 women, and 6,103 children in want of clothing, besides some places wanting clothing, but giving no estimates as to numbers and amount of required relief. Jackson, Marion and Marshall proposed to deal with their own distress without assistance irom beyond their own borders. In the third group, comprising nine counties with a population of 60,089, there were 8,015 in want of rations, 3,164 men, 3,976 women, and 5,808 children in want of clothing. In the fourth group of nine counties, with a population of 35,703, there were ^1 i\ l! I 67e Tvtti.k's IlisTonr of K.iss.is. 0,02(1, or ovoroiicfoiii'tli, in want of ration^ ami l,!SnO men, 1,042 wcmu'n, and ;;,4;iti chil.liv.i wanting clotl.o.s. Tlio iHtli group of twelve oiganizcil couiiticH, and two other«, including a popnluiion of 13,038, had r.,841, or (J78 lo^s than one halt of the wliolo population in want of rati..ns, and 522 men, (123 wonu-n and SK)2 children in want of clothing. In the gross, there were 32,(114 requiring to be s-upplied with rations, and there were upplieantB for clothing to the number of 8,077 men, y,7.j8 women and 10,472 children It was proposed to supply rations where re(iuired untd Juno 1, 187.-,, that is to say, fi)r 120 days, and the estimated cost was !?r.47,01o. Many of the counties subsequently increased tho number of jiersons requiring aid, because many who had been hoping to bear up against the disaster unaided were compelled to surrender to their necessities at last. The returns niade by tlie several counties were not actual transcripts of suilering from the locu.st plague, as in some counties there was a determination to keep their sorrows at home, and in others there was an evident resolve to tabulate all distress to pro- cure as much aid as po.ssible from all sources. In some instances, where the answer was made that the counties would be self-sus- taining, there were agents sent from those counties soliciting re- lief from other states, and of course, every agent that addressed an audience was bound to have telling facts to reach the sympa- thies of hia hearers, whether he succeeded in giving a just pic- ture of the condition of Kansas or not. Thus it iiappened that there were several different stx)ric3 going the round of the press and of the community at the same time as to the suffering in Kansas, which some would deny m toto, while others magnified to the utmost of their power. The want of seed was severely felt, and the estimated value of the assistance demanded was in all, $78,795 ; being for the first croup $14,789 ; for the second, $18,780 ; for the third, $16,032 ; for the fourth, $18,516 ; and for the fifth group, $10,676 This estimate was based upon the actual planting in 1874, and deduct- ing such areas as were certain to be planted by the owners or tenants without external aid. There was an effort made by those acting on behalf of the government to vary the crops in the state, beneficially in some respects, by offering only such seeds freely as .T'-V iiii fi y •'- •*^-" •^■'•■^^ ■■' lO men. 1,042 fill group of n populiiiion of tin; wliolo noil anil 5»U2 vvcro 32,01-4 ro applicants m ftiid 10,472 •o(iuirc(l until stimatcil cost incrcascil tho lio had been compelled to re not actual some couutiea home, and in listress to pro- oine instances, d be self-sus- i soliciting re- hat addressed ,ch the sympa- ng a just pic- iiappened that I of the press ,e suffering in lers magnified mated value of ng for the first third, $16,032 ; $10,676. This r4, and deduct- the owners or made by those )ps in the state, I seeds freely as TiiH Pi.torp: OF LnrrsT!^. 577 were known to he best adapted to give fair rct.n-n.. I here was specially an attempt to increase the area occupied n, the grow h „f flux, as that cr.,p is very prodtablc and desirable as a possible U«M.s of Other industries. Most of the flax cultivated in Kansas has been under a kind of mortgage to the proprietors of oil nulls in Missouri and else- wnere, outside the limits of the state. 'Phe propnet<,rs loan to farmers a limited quantity of seed on (..nditions, that f.r every bushel advanced li shall be returned, and tho whole crop bo sold t<, them at a price llxcd by the parties making the oa.. The borrowing farmer must eontn^et to deliver the whole of lis crop to his creditors at their price an.l at their p ace, besides .ivL' 2:. per cent interest for the u.se of the seed. The arrange- inent^is objectionable from every point of view, and on hat account the government endeavored to change tho basis of flax cultivation, but the monopolists mot them at every P"'"*-;^''"^ gling to maintain the system which secures to them ••ons.deruble returns at a minimum of risk and a complete control of the ,narket below ruling prices. The rccommendut.ons of the gov- crnor on the basis suggested by the state board of a riculturo were eminently judicious, and as a rule the a,ms of tne govern- ment were seconded in a liberal spirit by outsiders from all parts the union. r t 1 r i,-^,^,. Calculations had to be made for the supply of feed fui ...... to be employed in farm work until the farmers could get their work advanced .to a point at which they could depend on their own capital, credit and exertions. That item alone uwolved an estimated outlay of $123,645. The largest amoun '-^"o"^;^^^; one group being $31,648 to the fourth group, and the smallest, <{?19 050, to the first . . , -i j The attempt to meet the dilTiculties by legislative action faded, because, while everybody admitted the urgent necessity of the :Z, some wanted to grant a loan, merely, whdc^ others argued for a gift, and in the end the needy j.ere left -^^bout ass.sUnce^ There w^re other impediments to legislative action, which looked in the direction of local jealou.ies; but the result, eertainly pitiful and blamable in the extreme, was, that the urgent demand i the interests of sound policy and generous sympathy remained 87 ^ - ,4JI«««1UIIW!«MJ...lllW 578 TuTTLtfs HisTony of Kansas. untouched by the men who.T special business it should have been to meet the woes of the state from its own resources, by a direct levy, or by contracting a public loan for the purpose. The two houses differed and could not be reconciled on the ques- tions of the hour, although conference committees were appointed, and the appropriations fell through. The state board of agriculture w(is worked throughout the time of trial with singleness of purpose and an energy that never flagged, and failing to procure appropriations from the legislature, there remained no resource but to use such outside help as could be procured. Seeds of various kinds were sent from persons, departments, societies and institutions, all of which were dis- tributed according to the known wants of districts upon the basis already given ; but, of course, there were cases of extreme ^^'ant that could not be adequately dealt with upon means so limited. In many cases there were two or three different authorities acting in reference to the wants of one group, while another procured only ixpro rata allotment of seeds from the state board, but such results were inevitable where proper concerted action had not been secured from the first The Kansas central relief committee issued an address to the people of the state in November, 187i, at the instance of the gov- ernor and leading citizens, setting forth the necessity for such action as was then taken ; and the people of the eastern states were reached by the same document. It was necessary to answer those at a distance who were continually asking for authentic in- formation touching the needs of Kansas, and it was desirable that there should be unity of action among Kansans themselves, i he fact was duly promulgated that many exaggerations had been re- sorted to by interested parties for specific purposes; but above and beyond all such misstatements, the reality of distress was properlv urged upon all classes capable of affording a degree of relief ' Winter had then set in, and it was known that there were families and neighborhoods to a large extent destitute or very poorly supplied at the best with clothing, fuel, food, bedding, and other essentials to sustain life; more especially among pioneers and new arrivals. , .1 i • i The failure of the government to meet the case by the legisla- , ^j -..-.. — ■:.^ ^ .. -»-- ..-^^- should have ^sources, by a the purpose. [ on the ques- jreanpointeil, ' \ roughout the ■gy that never be legislature, help as could from persons, ich were dis- jpon the basis extreme want ins so limited, horities acting ither procured Dard, but such ction had not address to the tice of the gov- essity for such eastern states 5sary to answer r authentic in- 5 desirable that ;mselves. The IS had been re- 563 ; but above of distress was ing a, degree of that there were istiiute, or very i, bedding, and mong pioneers by the legisla- The Placue of Locusts. 579 ture in special session, a foreshadowing of the ultimate failure, already mentioned, was pointed out, and it was stated that the distress was limited, not general, inasmuch as the older counties, long settled and comparatively rich, could deal with the want arising within their own borders, but could not cope with the dis- tress known to be prevalent in other counties newly organized, or not yet organized, and where no machinery of benevolence could ijome between the necessitous and starvation. In the fron- tier counties there was distress because a great tide of worthy citi- zens had poured into that portion of the country within a few years, and the visitation had overtaken them completely, swamp- ing their means before they could be expected to have established a reserve fund in any form. Such men certainly deserved gen- erous aid from every source. The wants that should be met were briefly stated, and while the fact was insisted upon that very many of the worthy suffering class could hardly be said to be citizens of Kansas, so recently had they arrived ; still in view of the fact that they were bona fide settlers honestly aiming to make homes for their families and themselves in the state, it was the duty of the older residents to protect them from want until they should be able to provide for themselves. Justice, charity, and sound policy combined to render it advisable that the state should deal with its own distress, however arising, assuming that course to be possible. The central committee offered itself as the medi- um for distributing assistance, and the urgency of its appeal to churches, societies, and other organizations, produced excellent results in regard to promptitude. The unworthy motives of soma of the parties, who were then in the eastern states soliciting aid in the name of Kansas, were glanced at in such a manner as must have led to the discourage- ment of their efforts, and if after that publication any persons in the east gave their money to unknown and unauthorized men, when they might have sent it to the central committee with a certainty of fair dealing, they were merely offering a premium to dishonest solicitors and fraud. With emphasis and truth the committee asserted what must long continue to be believed of Kansas, that its citizens lacked none of the essentials of true man- hood and womanhood, although they had been overtaken by mis- 580 Tvttle's History or Kas'sas. fortune, and it is due to the people of the eastern states to say that the appeal to their sterling generosity was not made in vain. The results were not adequate tc permit of complete and satioiac- torj aid being given to every known case of want, but there was mitigation, and that amounted to a great deal where every man and woman was striving to accomplish all that was possible. The central committee received in cash from many sources $73,863, and besides that there were supplies of various kinds, amounting to 265 carloads and 11,049 packages. The carloads were brought by all the railroad companies free of charge, and they were ave- raged at $400 each in value ; the packages were found to be worth in money about $5.00 each, so that the supplies, independent of cash, were worth on the whole about $161,245. As distributed by the committee, most of those supplies were worth more than they would have brought if sold for cash ; but on that basis the amount apportioned by the committee was §235,108. The time is now past and gone, and it is hoped that the lessons of thrift and economy then taught in the hard school of experience •will hereafter benefit Kansas, so that no future misfortune will place her before the world a postulant for its benevolence, but should that time ever arrive, it may be hoped that the first step of the constituted authorities will be of such a kind as to dis- courage individual solicitation from the cities and states at a dis- tance witliout such indorsements as will satify the generous givers that they are not bestowing their aid in vain. There is not a state in the union that deserves more from its sister states than Kansas, and there is not one in which the spirit of self help and proper pride is better developed. , • The state has resources which will command support in the future, and will give returns upon sound investment. The mines, tiie quarries, the rivers, the soil and the pastures of the state in- vite an ever increasmg immigration. Men who have money can find here openings for its employment. Men who can offer nothing more valuable than clear heads, sound bodies and honest inten- tions cannot fail to discover in Kansas their proper spheres of activity. The rural districts and the cities are both increasing in importance and in wealth, and the whole state is broad based upon natural advantages, such as hardly one component of the HrfwiilAaMWMi 11 County SKErciiKf!. m st.ites to say lade in vain, ami pati'jiac- ut tberc was •e every man issible. The rces $73,863, i, amounting (vere brought ley were ave- i to be worth dependent of .s distributed ,h more than that basis the the lessons of )f experience isfortune will 3Volence, but the first step nd as to dis- tates at a dis- the generous vain. There ;s sister states t of self help ipport in the The mines, : the state in- /e money can 1 offer nothing honest inten- per spheres of I increasing in broad based ponent of the United States can e.xcel in every particular. Kansas has endured trials and vicissitudes enough to test the courage of a nation, and has come through tlie fire of persecution and suffering undiinmed. Let us hope that her days of privation have gone by forever. CHAPTER XXVI. COUNTY SKETCHES. The counties of Kansas are, Allen, Anderson, Atchison, Bar- bour, Barton, Bourbon, Brown, Butler, Chautauqua, Chase, Cher- okee, Clay, Cloud, Coffey, Comanche, Cowley, Crawford, Davis, Dickinson, Doniphan, Douglas, Edwards, Elk, Ellis, Ellsworth, Ford, Franklin, Greenwood, Harvey, Harper, Howard, Jackson, Jefferson, Jewell, Johnson, Kingman, Labette, Leavenworth, Lin- coln, Linn, Lyon, Marion, Marshall, McPherson, Miami, Mitchell, Montgomery, Morris, Nemaha, Neosho, Ness, Norton, Osage, Os- borne, Ottawa, Pawnee, Phillips, Pottawatomie, Pratt, Reno, Re- public, Rice, Riley, Rooks, Rush, Russell, Saline, Sedgwick, Shawnee, Smith, Sumner, Wallace, Wabaunsee, Washington, Wilson, Woodson and Wyandotte. Allen County was organized in the first year after the pass- ing of the organic act through congress in 185-4, consequently its history commences with 1855. The governor of Ohio has the honor of being perpetuated, if not immortalized, by his name being given to this county because he favored the doctrine of popular sovereignty as applied to Kansas. The county contains 504 square miles, and in 1875 had a population of 6,638, having decreased, in five years, 384, after increasing in the preceding ten years, 3,940. The sexes are evenly balanced in Allen county which is in that respect a fair reflex of the world, as there are 3,419 males to 3,219 females. Every state has contributed to the population of this county, and so have most of the countries of Europe. Manufactures and raining contribute to the employment ir ■»)i. i . |. l » . r - * -T*.*^ IM 682 TuTTLtfs HisTOJir OF Kaxsas. of the population, to a small extent, but o\'cr 67 per cent are en- gaged in agriculture. lola is the county seat, 79 miles from To- pcka, to the south. The general surface is level, with bottom lands averaging about one and a half miles in breadth and com- pri.sing one-tenth of the county. There is a fair averag^^ of tim- ber land, but 94 per cent, of Allen county is prairie. The princi- pal streams are the Neosho, Little Osage and Marmaton. The chief creeks are Indian, Martins, Doer, Elk and Elm. The Neo- sho and Marmaton run from northwest to southeast, the Osage from southwest to northeast. Springs and well water are moder- ately plentiful. Coal has been found in the county in veins about three feet below the surface. There is good building stone, red sandstone and blue and red limestone abound. The county is traversed by two lines of railroad, the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas. lola, the capital, is 78 miles south of Lawrence, by the L. L. «fe G. R. R. The village has a bank, three churches, and some manufactories of furniture and other goods, that give a fair average of cmjjloy- ment, for which the Neosho river gives water power. There is in lola an artesian well which affords mineral water much valued in some diseases, and an inflammable gas which would supply a large town with fuel and illumination if properly utilized. The village has a postoffice, which accommodates the township and a population of 1,759 persons. There is a good weekly paper, the Neosho Valley Register. The agricuHuial resources of the coun- ty a-ssist to build up the capital, cud there are good prospects for the village and district, although there has been temporarily a falling oflE in population. The distress in Allen county, after the locust visitation, was not excessive ; about 300 persons were rep- resented as in need of rations and 300 women and children as in need of clothing. Humboldt is another very considerable village in Allen county, on the Neosho river and on the L. L. & G. R. R., as well as on the M. K, & T. R. R., 80 miles south of Lawrence. The Neosho is here crcssed by a bridge. The village has a pop- ulation of 1,200, and the township of 2,000. There is a weekly paper and a monthly periodical published in the village, and a coal mine near the village which has also several fine business houses, a bank, a cigar factory and other industries of some im- wtmmk County Sketches. 583 cent are en- lies from To- with bottom Ith and com- srago of tim- The prir.ci- naton. The . The Neo- St, the Osage T are moder- nty in veins ailding stone, The county th, Lawrence IS. lola, the .. & G. R. R. nanufactories e of cmjjloy- There is in eh valued in lid supply a tilized. The vrnship and a ly paper, the 1 of the coun- prospects for emporarily a nty, after the )n3 were rep- hildren as in Table village i. &G.R. R, )f Lawrence. ;e has a pop- ! is a weekly illage, and a ine business of some im- portance, including two steam flouring mills and a steam furni- ture factory. There are al.so in the county, at Geneva, a steam saw and grist mill ; at Osage and at Deer Creek similar mills run by steam power. The county has 57 school districts and 55 school houses, the number of churches of the various denomina- tions is equally liberal, but unfortunately there are no returns as to libraries and it seems probable that there are none in the coun- ty available for public use. Dairy products have exhibited a marked increase in butter and cheese since 1870, and sheep farm- ing would be largely followed but for the ravages of dogs, which are far more destructive to flocks than even the wolves are. Farms are well managed in Allen county, and the vineyards, orchards and nurseries here attract and deserve much attentioa for the skill with which they are managed. Anderson County was organized at the same time as Allen county, in 1855, by the Shawnee legislature, being named after Col. Anderson, of Lexington, one of the first members elected by Missouri interposition to the territorial legislature of Kansas The area of the county is 576 square miles, and the population 5,809, in which the males exceed the females by 233, and all countries seem to have contributed to make up the total. The growth of the last five years has been quite slow, only about two per cent, per annum, but prior to that time, had been very rapid :?or ten years. There are about 7 per cf it engaged in mining and manufactures, and over 75 per cent, in agriculture. Forest and prairie divide the land in the proportion of 6 of the first to 94 of the latter, and 10 per cent is bottom land, the bottoms averaging about two miles in breadth. The Pottawatomie is the main stream, with two forks, the north running east, and the south northeast There are smaller streams, such as the .Cedar creek, the Sac, lantha, Thomas, Indian, Deer, Little Osage, Big and Little Sugar. Well water is found usually at from fifteen feet to twenty- five, and springs are numerous. There is good coal, but the seam is not thick, as it varies from eight to twenty-two iiiches, but it is free from sulphur and is only about four feet below the surface at the deepest, within the range of the county. It is mined for domestic use only, and in the scarcity of timber 684 Tuttlk's IIistoky of K Ays as. i k for fuel is of much value. There is good building stone in the county and excellent fire clay nine inches in thickness, besides rvhieh lead has been found in two places, and a vein of ochre, which will become of commercial value. There are three rail- road stations, at Garnett, Wf idon and Colony, on the L. L. and G, li. R, which runs through the whole county. The distress in Anderson, arising from the locust plague, was very considerable, as about 12 per cent, of the whole population were in need of rations, and 326 were in want of clothing. There has been a decrease of cultivation since that time, to the extent of about or nearly 2,000 acres. In th.o county also the value and number of sheep killed by dogs exceed the ravages by wolves. Cheese and butter have increased in quantity in this county during the last five years, but not very largely. Bees are kept to some extent, and orchards, vineyards and nurseries occupy about 2,000 acres. There are four excellent water powers in the county, but they are comparatively little used, and could be made of great value with a small outlay of capital for manufactures. The city of Garnett is the capital, and it is 58 miles in an air line southeast of Topeka. The city has a railroad station, three grist mills, one saw mil), a cheese factory, a furniture factory utilizing the native •woods, an oil mill and a planing mill. There is also a saw mill at Central City. There are two banks at Garnett and two weekly papers. The Paola, Garnett and Fall Kiver line intersects the L. L. and G. R R at this point. There are 8 churches in the citv .md a college under the auspices of the United Presbyterians. The village is well built and all departments of business well repre- sented, the population being 1219. The union school building is extensive and admirable in every way. The city lies 52 miles south of Lawrence. There is a Catholic parochial school at Gar- nett, there are two at Emerald, and at Scipio there is a monas- tery, with a college and parochial school attached. There are sixty-five organized school districts in the county, sixty- two schools, and the school property is valued at $68,586. There are nine church edifices in Anderson county and seventy-five private libraries are registered, with an aggregate or 7,381 volumes, dr more than 100 volumes in each. The other principal towns have tmnt-itxL. issssmmasmmmmam "^ CouxTY Sketches. 585 stone in the kness, besides rein of ochre, re tliree rail- the L. L. and ho distress in considerable, re in need of 1 has been a t of about or id number of Cheese and ring the last some extent, . 2,000 acres. ity, but they great value The city of ine southeast ist mills, one ig the native 10 a saw mill I two weekly 3Cts the L. L. the city and erians. Tlie s well repre- 3ol building lies 52 miles ihool at Gar- ! is a monas- There are V, sixty-two . There are -five private volumes, dr towns have been named, but the mineral and manufacturing resources of Anderson have been hardly touched. Atchison County was named in honor of the proslavery leader David K. Atchison, whose zeal deluged the territory in sorrow for several years. He was for a short time vice president of the United States, and evidently hoped that his zeal for slavery would give him the higher nomination. There are 409 square miles of territory in tne county, with a population in 1875 of 20,187, having increased nearly 5,000 since 1870. The males ex- ceed the females by 785 in this county. Manufactures and min- ing occupy about 19 percent of the population, agriculture 81 pe" cent., and trade and transportation about 3-1 per cent. The capital seat is Atchison, long the head quarters of the proslavery party and the locale of the squatter sovereign, but now much more wisely engaged and prosperous in proportion. The face of the county shows about 15 per cent, of bottom lands, the rest be- ing upland. Prairie and forest divide the area ' :i the proportions of 90 and 10. The bottom lands range from two miles to one- fourth of a mile in breadth. The timber growing in this county is valuable for manufactures. The principal streams are, the In- dependence creek, which runs east to the Missouri; the Big Grasshopper, which runs south to the Kansas ; and the Little Grasshopper, its tributary ; Deer creek, tributary to Independence ; Walnut creek, flowing into the Missouri; Camp, Little Stranger and Big Stranger creeks, which empty into the Kansas. The county has good well water at from twenty to thirty feet in depth, and springs are numerous. Coal has been found, but so far only in small quantities ; the other mineral treasures found are sand- stone and limestone, well nigh inexhaustible, yellow oxide of iron, in and around the capital, fire clay of good qualtity, and excellent pottery clay. The city of Atchison has a very charm- ing appearance on the western bank of the Missouri river at the extreme western point of the great bend. This city is the western terminus of the Missouri Pacific, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, and the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroads ; it is the northern terminus of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe line ; 586 TuTTLtfa History of Kansas. the eastern torniinus of the central branch" of the Union Pacific ; the southern terminus of the Atchison ard Nebraska ; and the western terminus of the Burlington and Missouri line. Tlie Kansas City, St. Joseph and Missouri Kiver line al.so runs through Atchison ; hence the city is a great railroad centre, ar.d one of the chief commercial towns in Kansas, There are published in the city, three daily, three weekly, and three monthly papers, the principal of which are the Daily Champion, Patriot and Courier, the last named being German. The Champion of Sun- day, June 13, 1875, was published on the first paper manufactured in the state, at Blue Rapids. There are two national banks and two private banks in the city. There are four public school buildings, the principal of which cost $50,000, besides St. Bene- dict's college and three private academies. There is a very hand- some Catholic cathedral, and seven other admirable church build- ings. There is also an iron and brass foundry of considerable dimensions, and there are four large furniture factories run by steam, three steam flouring mills with a capital of $110,000, a steaia saw mill with a capital of $70,000, cigar factories, brew- eries, wagon and carriage factories, agricultural implement facto- ries, a steam stone dressing factory, and other important works. The city has a population of 10,927. The papers published in Atchison supply the whole county. There are other centers of less importance, but considerable, and among them are distributed a water power flouring and grist mill in Grasshopper township, with a capital of $2,000 ; a saw and grist mill in Walnut township ; two water power flouring and grist mills in Kapiowa township ; two wind power flouring mills in Centre township ; and a cheese factory at Effingham. The water powers on the Grasshopper are very valuable, but they are only utilized partially, and will eventually give employment to many thousands of both sexes before many years havt passed. When the locust plague fell upon Kansas in 1874, Atchison county was self supporting, and received no external help as might have been expected, from the fact that the county was the first to become connected with the railroad system of the continent, and was the only county in Kansas so placed before the war. There are 67 organized school districts in the' county, and 71 school Jiiion Pacific ; iska; and tho ri line. Tho i runs through p, ar. i one of published in mthly papers, Patriot and ipion of Sun- manufactured lal banks and public school des St. Bene- ! a very hand- church build- ; considerable tories run by f $110,000, a ictories, brew- jlement facto- ortant works, published in considerable, ring and grist )0 ; a saw and flouring and flouring mills ngharn. The , but they are iployment to have passed. 7i, Atchison help as might as the first to ontinent, and war. There id 71 school )«JP^4*(WM«|H^V Cor STY SKhriciiES. 687 buildings, the properly being valued at $120,000; besides which there are other faeilitierf fur ediieation, including St. Benedict Col- lege, in charge of the Benedictine Friars; an academy for ladies under the patronage of the sisters of the Benedictines; and a large parochial school connected with tho same church. Tho churches in Atchison county number altogether thirteen edifices, which belong to the Presbyterians, Baptists, Congregational, Methodist, Episcopal, Catholic and Lutheran organizations. The central branch of the Union Pacific Railroad Company owns all the unsold lands in the county. There is no information afforded by the returns as to libraries, public or private, but the latter must be numerous and extensive. There are 2,673 acres of land in the county occupied as nurseries, orchards and vineyards, and apiaculturo has commanded much attention, as there are 505 stands of bees returned, from which 3,874 pounds of honey were collected in 1874. The bridge over the Missouri River at Atchi- son is a very handsome and substantial structure of iron on stone abutments, and supported by stone piers. It is used for railroad purposes, and is sufficiently high to permit the navigation of the river to proceed unimpeded. \' ■ Barbour County was named in honor of a very estimable free settler, who was killed in sheer wantonness by a proslavery pick- et, during the troubles in' Douglas county in 1855, as he was re- turning home from Lawrence. There are 1,134 square miles of territory in Barbour county, but tho population is very small in- deed, being only'366 in 1875, of which all save seventeen were born in the United States. There are thirty more males than fe- males. The larger part of the population is engaged in agricul- ture. Medicine Lodge is the county seat, 198 miles from Topeka, in an air line southwest Only one per cent of the area is tim- bered, the rest being prairie. About ten per cent is bottom land. No coal has been found, but large beds of gypsum will become of great value, and they extend over one-fourth of the county. There are no railroads, but the cultivated area extends annually, the increase in 1874 being 1,411 acres. The population suffered much from the locust plague, as there were 262 needing rations, and about the same number in want of clothes, when tho state 588 Tuttlk's HisTonr of Kas'sas. Wrd of agriculture procured returns early in 1875 for the infor- mation of the logisliiture. The population prior to the locust in- vasion wns over 600. The county contuina twelve orginized school districts, and only one school house. The vacant lands are mainly Osago trust lands, or belong to the government. There are two saw mills, no banks, no newspaper, and only one church organization, the Roman Catholic. The county was organized in 1873, or the name might not have been permitted. BAHTOiSi CoUNTV was organized in 1872, and named in lionor of a lady philanthropist well known for her services in the cause of sanitary reform during the war for the Union. There are 1,332 square miles of te/ritory in Barton, and a population of about 2,100. In 1870, there were only two persons in the area. The males exQeed the females by ibout seventy. The bulk of the population is engaged in Jigriculture. Great Bend is the county seat, 174 miles from Topeka, westerly. There are forty per cent, of bottom lands, but only one of forest. The bottom lands on the Arkansas river range fully seven miles, and on the creeks about two miles. The uplands are undulating but available for cultivation. The Arkansas is the great river giving the name to the county seat Walnut creek and Little Walnut, its tributary, fall into the Arkansas. There are three other creeks worthy of note — Blood, Deception and Cow creeks. The county has few springs, but well water can be reached at from ten feet on the bottoms to sixty feet on the uplands. Coal or lignite is found in the northern part of the county, about twenty inches thick. Sandstone is abundant, and so is limestone in the west and north. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad has station'^ at Ellwood and Great Bend. There has been an increase of over 7,000 acres in cultivation in the last twelve moaths reported. The dogs are not so numercuc &i>d de- structive here as in some counties. There is good water ])ower on Walnut creek, but no manufactures appear to be located there. Great Bend is the post village and capital, and is situated on the Arkansas river, very near the center of the state. There is a bank, one newspaper — the Great Bend Register, a weekly, a fine brick court house, an excellent graded school, churches, hotels, I for the infor- 3 the ItKMist in- elve orgmized 3 vacnnt IiuhI.h c g»)vornmciit. , and only one county was ;n pertnitted. imed in lionor es in tlie causo »n. There are population of IS in the area. Tiic bulk of t Bend is the here are foi'ty The bottom miles, and on mdulating but le great river eek and Little 'here are three id Cow creeks, be reached at the uplands. county, about so is limestone and Santa Fe d. There has 3n in the last nercue ai'd de- i water }>ower J located there, situated on the ?. There is a weekly, a fine lurches, hotels, CovsTV SiaiTcir^iJ. 680 and a good trade. There are in tlic conuiy, 01 urgruu/cd «ch..ol districts and 22 school houso.x, with i)r(.p.-rty valued at $23,5)20. There are no libraries, but there are ten chinch organizations. The locust plaeue afTected Barton heavily, as there were 1,000 persons, or nearly half the then population, wanting rations and other help in 1874. Boi'KHoN County is one of the earliest organizations, dating from 1855. There arc 637 .square miles of territory, with a l)opiilation of 15,07fi, which has increased within the last live years 1,753. Rather more than half the population is engaged in farming, and about one-eighth in mining and manufactures. The capital of the county is at Fort Scott, 100 miles from To- peka to the southeast. There is about 10 per cent, of forest in the countv, and the bottom lands are about 17 \viv cent., with an average breadth of one mile. The timber is usually of valuable varieties. The principal streams are the O.sage river, with Lime- stone creek, its tributary; Marmaton river, with Mill, Wolverine and Shiloh as its northern, and Yellow Paint, Pawnee, Hock and Moore's Branch as its southern tributaries. Drywood is another stream on tl south line, with Walnut creek as its northern tribu- tary. Springs are numerous, as usually is the case near wood- lands, and well-water varies from live to twenty-flvc feet in depth. Coal has been found under about one-third of the county, varying in depth from one foot to fifty, and in thickness of vein from six inches to three -feet. This deposit must materially affect the fu- ture of the county. During 1874-5, the mines were worked to the extent of about 150,000 tons, and the quality is moderately good bituminous. The expense of working is very light, as the coal can be supplied at the pit mouth for $1.90 per ton. Lime- stone, sandstone, hydraulic cement, mineral paint, fire clay and pottery clay are all plentiful, and lead has been found, but not m paying quantities. Fort Scott, the capital of the county, has stations on the Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf, and on the Missouri, Kansas and T^xas Railroads, which bisect each other at that point, and traverse the county completely. This city is 880 miles west of St Louis, Mo., and 98 miles south of Kansas City, and is situated on the Mariniton river. There are three 111 I I jl • ' I't I- 600 Ti'TTI.k's lllSTOIlY OF K.iS-flAS, iiowHpapci'n i)nblislic(l hero, ono diiily (tlic Fort Snott Monitor), ami two wiokly. Tlio mini's and rnini'ral paints and oolircs lead to nmny important iiulnstrios already, but tlicy arc yet in tho in- fancy of their development. The liydraulic eement works must become very extensive, ns the quality of the article supplied is cxcellpiit. Anionj,' tho enterprises now flourish in j,' in the city of Fort Scott nro a steam brewery, two steam flouring mills, steam paint and cement works, steam planing mill and eabinet works, steam flour- ing mill and elevator, steam foundry and ma('hin(5 shops, steam castor oil works, steam woolen mills, wagon and carriage factories, marble works, several eabinet factories, lire, pressed and building brick mai:u factories, breweries, soap factories, cigar and tobacco factories, and in addition the state grange has recently erected valuable works, so that the aggregate of capital invested is already more than $400,000 in industries which arc certsiin to grow with increase of population. Many businesses of great im- portance have not been enumerated, and the poi)ulation of Fort Scott ii- 4.072. The county of Bourbon did not rerpiirc help dur- ing the locust plague. There are no water powers utilized in Fort Scott, nor more than one in the county of Bourbon, although many such could bo made available at little cost; but steam power is preferred because it is so steady in its operation, and, therefore, more economical in the main. The other principal manufactures in the county are in P>eed private collections, of 13,087 volumes alto- gether. Dogs are numerous and destructive, as more sheep have been destroyed by dogs than by wolves by more than three to one. l^itter and cheese are largely nuulo in thi.-, county, and there are nearly 5,000 acrea planted in vineynrds, nurseries and orchards, Bnowx County was organized in 1855, and named in honor of a senator and ex governor of Mississippi, wlio seceded with Jefferson Davis in 18»;i. The territory comprises f.07 square miles, and has a population of nearly 10,000, which is still in- creasing; the males preponderate about 040 over the females. . Over 80 per cent, arc employed in farming, and about 11 per cent, in trade, transportation, mining and manufactures. The county seat is at Hiawatha, fifty-seven miles from Topeka, to the north. There is only about two per cent, of bottom lands and eight per cent, of timber. The forest woods are of good quality. The principal streams arc Walnut creek, Grasshopper, Wolf, Boy's creek. Spring and Mulberry creeks. Well water ranges from twenty-five to forty feet in depth, and springs arc plentiful, Coal has been found, but the extent is unknown. Where found near . the surface, it runs from sixteen to twenty-two inches in thick- ness, and is not of very good quality. Limestone is found of good quality in the western part of the county. The county seat at Iliawathk is also the principal station on the St. Joseph and Denver City railroad, which traverses the county nearly cast and west. St Joseph city is distant only forty-two miles east. There are four fine churches, a bank, two newspapers, several schools, a steam flouring mill and two elevators. Th capital is in the center of a fine agricultural country and does an excellent busi- ness. The water powers are excellent, but they ate mostly unde- veloped, and there is only one water mill in the whole county, on Walnut creek. There is a 8te£\m saw mill in Robinson town- ship, a water flouring mill in Hamlin township, and a grist mill in Padonea township. The population of Hiawatha is under 800 souls. Barnett, Morrill & Co. are the bankers at Hiawatha. There are in the county 72 organized school districts, with 69 school houses, valued, with all appurtenances, at $80,814. There —v iP Mmv m' K ■ i> m < m^" ' 592 TuTTLE's IIlSTOltY OF KaXSAS. lire six churches erected in the county, but many organizations have no buildings. There are four public and eighty-one private libraries reported, with an aggregate of 6,728 volumes. Brown, being one of the oldest counties, required no help at the time of the locust plague, but the dogs are a plague from which the county continually suffers, in the damage inflicted on sheep farmers. . Butler Counts was organized in 1855, being named in honor of one of the proslavery champions representing South Carolina. The territory comprises 1,428 square miles, and has a population of nearly 10,000, in which males preponderate to the extent of about 900. Nearly 30 per cent, are engaged in farming, and about 9 per cent, in trade, transportation, mining and manufacturing. The county seat is at Eldorado, about 107 miles from Topeka southwest, on tlie Walnut river. The town has a national bank, a newspaper, an academy, two churches, two flouring mills, and good water power which cannot fail to be improved eventually, as it stands in the midst of a fine farming country. The population of Eldorado in 1875 was 1,136, and amoug the other industries not mentioned are, a tannery, a cheese factory, and a furniture factory for the promotion of which the native woods are well adapted. Elsewhere in the county are two water mills and one steam mill for flouring. At Augusta, there is a steam lumber mill, at Towanda a water grist mill and a cheese factory, and at Douglass two steam saw mills. There is only one bank in the county besides that at Eldorado, the second institution of the kind being at Augusta, where also the Southern Kansas Gazette is published. There are in the county 124 school districts organ- ized, and 90 school houses, valued inclusive at $80,500. Libra- ries are but partially reported, and they show an aggregate of 1,332 volumes in one public and 37 private collections in seven townships. There are only two church buildings, but the organ- izations are much more numerous. Butler suffered heavily in the locust plague, as nearly one-ninth of the population wanted food, and 190 wanted clothing, as appears by the report of the state board. Chautauqua County is one of theyou:,g counties, having ippji. t,i»^-m>t.i,f-mim' County Sketches. 593 y organizations hty-onc private umes. Brown, p at the time of rom which tho cted on sheep lamed in honor iouth Carolina, a population of extent of about g, and about 9 manufacturing, i from Topeka national bank, ring mills, and d eventually, as The population )ther industries nd a furniture voods are well mills and one steam lumber factory, and at le bank in the stitution of the vansas Gazette districts organ- 80,500. Libra- m aggregate of ctions in seven but the organ- ered heavily in mlation wanted port of the state Dunties, having been organized in 1875. It has an area of 651 square miles, and a population of 7,417, having been prior to its separate organiza- tion part of Howard county, which was made into two counties, Elk being the other. Howard had only 19 inhabitants in 1860, and when divided it possessed 13,632. Fully 85 per cent, of tho population of Chautauqua is employed in farming, aud nine per cent in trade, transportation, mining and manufactures. Sedan, the county seat, is 135 miles from Topeka, towards the south. The village has but little manufacturing, no bank, and but one journal, a weekly. The manufactures of the county consist of a water power saw and grist mill at Peru ; a saw and grist mill, and a steam saw mill at Cloverdale ; a water power saw and grist mill, and another driven by steam at Boston ; a saw mill, a grist mill, and one mill combining both branches at Cedarville ; a steam saw and grist mill and a grindstone manufactory at Graf- ton ; a steam saw and grist mill at Matanzas : a steam saw mill at Salt Creek, and a steam saw mill at Elk City. There are 80 organized school districts and 71 school houses, valued inclusive- ly at $32,555. The Baptists have ten organizations, but no church building. There are libraries public, and private, 4 and 87, with an aggregate of 5,914 volumes. In this county as in every other, dogs are destructive. Chautauqua was organized at the time of the locust plague, but as part of Howard it was included in the list of sufferers, as that county stands rated at 600 needing rations and 1,500 in want of clothing Chase County was organized in 1859, and named in honor of the chief justice. The change in administration within the ter- ritory is broadly marked between Atchison and Chase. The ter- ritory includes 750 square miles, and has a population of 3.116 in 1875, the males preponderating by 412. Three-fourths of the population are engaged in agricultural pursuits, over one-tenth in mining and manufactures. The county seat is located at Cotton- wood Falls, 67 miles southwest from Tokepa, as the crow fliea. The land is divided into bottom and prairie, 12 and 88 ; about 5 per cent is timbered. The valleys of the streams are shut in by. bluffs, but otherwise the country is undulating. The timber is good for manufacturing purposes. The principal streams are Cot- 88 ~ * '. iUlii 1^lKn9»»S^-'-^' Tvtti.e's History of Kansas. tonwood river, and its tributaries on the north, Ruckeye, Peyton, Fox, Diamond, Middle, Silver and French creeks ; and on the Bouth Jacobs, Bloody, South Fork, and othei-s mucli smaller. The county is pretty well supplied with springs, and well water of good quality may be found at about a depth jf 25 feot. Coal has been found, but not in quantity. Building stone of excellent quality may be procured in abundance. Magnesian limestone of very choice kinds, raised and quarried in this county, ornamenta most of the great cities in the state, and is in great demand. Cot- tonwood Falls is a depot for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Eailroad, and, as the name implies, the county seat is located on the banks of the Cottonwood. There is at this point an excellent series of water powers, but little used at present, although there are manufactories, chief among which are two flouring mills run by water powQT, and stone sawing works. The Chase County Bank is at Cottonwood Falls, and there are two newspapers, the Leader and the Courant, both weekly. There are nine public libraries in this young county, containing an aggregate of 1,252 volumes, and 43 private collections, with a total of 3,816 volumes. There are 36 organized school districts in the county, and 32 school houses, valued inclusive at $31,563. There is one denom- ination school. Catholic, at Cottonwood Falls. There are three church buildings in the county, valued at $6,800, but there are many more organizations with small memberships. Chase County court house displays the magnificent taste of its projectors. The manufactures of the county have progressed but little up to the present time, but there are valuable works rising into local and general importance, among which are : a flouring mill at Bazaar township ; a water power and hand loom ; a water power flouring mill at Toledo ; a flouring mill at Falls township ; a flouring mill at Diamond Creek; a grist mill at Cedar Point; a saw mill at Elmdale ; a saw mill and a saw and grist mill at Silver Creek, and a saw and grist mill at Safford. The amount of capital invested in these several works is not large, but the industrial enterprises mentioned pay tolerably well, and will develop with time and population to much greater dimensions. In this county it is a noticeable fact that the dogs are not so destructive among sheep as the wolves. The locust raid did not very severely affect this keye, Peyton, ; and on the luch smaller, id well water 15 feot. Coal le of excellent 1 limestone of ty. oni amenta leraand. Cot- and Santa Fe ; is located on t an excellent Jthough there ring mills run Chase County 3wspapers, the 'e nine public ■egate of 1,252 },816 volumes, ounty, and 32 ! is one denom- 'here are three I, but there are Chase County ojectors. The little up to the into local and mill at Bazaar power flouring a flouring mill ; a saw mill at Iver Creek, and apital invested irial enterprises with time and i county it is a ^e among sheep jrely affect this ^j<» f^ y ^ jif.^ l^llli lB.j.i I CousTY Sketches. 65)6 county, as only 50 persons required assistance with clothes and rations, and the people helped one another. Cherokee County was originally named McGee, but was changed in 1868, in consequence of the Indian reservation named being partly included. The organization was first effected in 1855, and McGee was one of the Missouri legislature at Shawnee. The area of the county is 589 square miles, and it contains a pop- ulation of 12,223, by steady increase since the people became masters of their own government. The preponderance of males in this county is about 700. The population of this county has come mainly from Illinois, Missouri, Iowa and Indiana, in the or- der in which the states are named, and about 72 per cent, are en- gaged in agriculture, 10 per cent in mining and manufactures, and over 11 per cent, in personal and professional services. The county seat is at Columbus, 135 miles southeast from Topeka. This county suffered from the locust raid considerably, but the people were old residents to a large extent and no outside help was accepted. Columbus is a post village as well as capital of the county, and it has a population of 1,279. It is fifty miles south of Fort Scott, and it supports two newspapers, the Journal and the Courier. There is a water power flouring mill here, and many small industries, giving a large aggregate of employment There are three banks in the county, but the principal is that at Columbus, the house of Hobart & Middaugh. There are two other papers published in the county, at Cherokee and at Baxter Springs, both weeklies, and the manufactures beyond those al- ready ;numerated are four water power flouring mills at Lowell township ; two water power flouring mills and saw mills at Shaw- nee township; stejim spelter mills at Cherokee ; and a cigar fac- tory and a brewery at Baxter Springs. There are 90 organized school districts and 83 school houses, valued inclusive at $64,650. Libraries are not returned in the voluminous records from which we quote, but there are five church edifices and more numerous organizations from which the presence of libraries may be in- ferred. Butter and cheese are very successful industries in Cher- okee county, but sheep farming is robbed of its profits by the ravages of dogs, the loss in that way being valued at $582, while / [ ' i - —'»^''^l- *-i ,r:^,;jf -^tm 696 Tuttle's History of Kaxsas. wolves have only destroyed within the same time to the amount of $37. Nurseries, orchards and vineyards occupy over 4,000 acres in the county, and bees are being every year more highly valued as additions to profit with little outlay or trouble. Clay County was named in honor of the compromise states- man, but for whom the quarrel between north and south might have fallen at a much earlier date when the outcome would prob- ably have been less advantageous for humanity. This county was organized the year after the conclusion of the war in 1866. The territory is 660 square miles, the population 6,672, and the increase continuous from the first organization. Males prepond- erate by nearly 500. There are 37 per cent, employed in farm- ing, mining, manufactures. Trade and transportation only employ about 8 per cenf. Clay Centre, the county seat, is 81 miles from Topeka to the west, and 125 miles west of Leavenworth, on the banks of the Republican river. This village has a station on the Junction City and Fort Kearney Eailroad, operated by the Kan- sas Pacific Company, and one newspaper, the Dispatch, an able weekly. The population of Clay Center is 1,134. This county suffered much during the locust plague but only 70 became charge- able upon the general fund lor rations and 110 for clothing, when the population was 6,000. There are two steam grist and saw mills at Clay Centre, and a similar mill worked by water power, besides other enterprises on a smaller scale. The Clay County Bank of J. Higginbotham is conducted at the county seat The number of organized districts is 85 ; the schools number 63, and the value of buildings inclusive is $29,794. There are four church edifices, but many organizations are not supplied with buildings for worship. There are eleven townships in the county and of these six report 100 libraries with an aggregate of 8,811, all private collections except as to eight volumes. The returns before us are incomplete as to the other manufactures prosecuted in Clay county. The water powers in this district are valuable, but they are not much used so far. There are about 450 acres laid out in orchards, vineyards and nurseries here.. Butter is au increasing branch of industry, but cheese decreases in Clay coun- ty. The land is good, 11 per cent, being fertile bottom lands, ■"W^\. Couyrr Sketches. 697 3 the amount f over 4,000 • more highly uble. romise states- south might I would prob- This county war in 1866. 1,672, and the [ales prepond- yed in farm- 1 only employ 31 miles from iworth, on the station on the by the Kan- tpaich, an able This county ecame charge- slothing, when grist and saw ' water power, Clay County ity seat The imber 63, and acre are four supplied with in the county gate of 3,811, The returns res prosecuted are valuable, lout 450 acres Butter is an in Clay coun- bottom lands, •with an average breadth of three-fourths of a milo. Forest only covers about 4 per cent, but the wood U of good quality. The principal streams are the Republican and a number of creeks in- cluding Petes, Five, Timber, Lincoln, Fancy, Otter and others. There are few springs, and wells must be sunk about 30 feet on the bottoms, and on the uplands from 60 to 75 feet Cloud CouNTr was organized is 1866, and named after Col, Cloud, who distinguished himself as commander of the second Kansas cavalry. The area includes 720 square miles, and the population is 7,170. Males preponderate about 450. About 84 per cent are employed in farming, and 6 per cent in mines and manufactories. The county seat is at Concordia, 111 miles from Topeka, northwest, 60 miles from Junction City, on the Republi- can river. There are two weekly newspapers in Concordia, the Empire and the Expositor. There are no banks in the county. The manufactures of the city and county are in the city, a water power flouring mill, a steam flour mill, a carriage and wagon factory, and a brewery. Some salt springs of great apparent value have been found, and a company formed for the purpose will test the practicability of salt works. There is in Buffalo township one saw mill, and in Lincoln township a steam grist and saw mill ; besides these, there are in Meredith and Elk townships two steam saw mills, and in Solomon township a water power flour and saw mill and a steam saw mill. Cloud county suffered con- siderably from the locust plague, as 775 wf-^e in want of rations, and nearly twice that number in want of winter clothing, besides other assistance. There are no railroads in this county. There is about 10 per cent of bottom land and 3 per cent of woodland in this county ; the remainder is upland prairie, but all cultivable soil. The bottoms of the Republican average four miles across, and of the Solomon, eight miles. The timber only follows the streams in belts of from 10 to 80 rods in breadth. The principal streams are the Republican with its tributaries, Camp, Hay, Salt, Little, Upton and Elk creeks on the north ; end Mulberry, Beaver, Elm, Plum, Oak, Lost and Buffalo creeks on the south; the Solomon river with its tributaries, Asher, Fisher, Yockey, Criss, Mortimer and Pipe creeka Chapman creek, one of the feeders r^'^* m ^m \ _ m mf t ^ t^- 698 TvTTLE's I/isTony of JCu\sas. of the Kansas, nses in this county. There are but few springs and wells vary from 10 feet to 100. Coal is found under hS the county near the surface, from 15 to 80 inches in tK Lne about 2o feet below the general surface, running shafts in from the s>dcsof ravines, and the eoal can be put in the market fo^ about $2.50 or $3.00 per ton. Stone of p'oor qualhyl t d mostly foss.l,ferous limestone and sandstone. Pottery clay is LsLr'oT r'' 'P'"^^ "'^ "'''' "'"-g*b« advanfages pos Bessed by Cloud county. There are verv encouragin.. report^ as to the fertility of the soil, and apparent./reliable, show^inTretl: o 21 bushels per acre of spring wheat in one case, and 20 in an- other, the first planting. Another report shows 70 bushels per acie of corn after five crops had been raised ; others speak of 33 bushels of barley to the acre on bottom lands, and 23 bushels of spnng wheat, 63 lbs to the bushel, and 800 bushels per acre of potatoes. There are many more such reports, which speak vol- umes for the fertility of Cloud county, which will soon be able to bid defiance to locusts if the settlers can maintain such returns. mer^hiruuT": "'"^ '''^'''''''^ ^" 1^^^' ^«'"g named after a member of the temtonal council. The area of the county is 648 square m.les, and the population 7,235. Males preponderate to the number of 350. Illinois. Indiana, Ohio, lowf and Missouri' in the order named, sent the largest quotas of population. There are seventy-seven per cent engaged in farming, five per cent ia trade and transportation, and nine per cent in mines and manu- factures. There ,s about thirteen per cent of bottom land, and eight per cent of forest, the timber being of valuable kinds. Burlington, the county seat, is 59 miles southwest from Topeka. 28 mdes southeast of Emporia on the right bank of the Neosho Kiver, on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas ]?ailroad, which has here a good station. The water power is abundant, and there are two good weekly papers, the Patriot and Independent ; a national mOOO, two steam saw mills and a flouring mill, water power With a capital of $55,000. There are elsewhere i; the county a iii it.ii, i ..y .1.. I I • mmmmmtn but few springs, •11 nd under half les in thiclcness, been worked at J shafts in from I the market for uality is found, Pottery clay ia idvantages poa- iging reports as showing returns J, and 20 in an- 70 bushels per ers speak of 33 1 23 bushels of els per acre of lich speak vol- 3oon be able to iuch returns. named after a county is 648 reponderate to and Missouri, lation. There re per cent ia les and manu- ;om land, and iluable kinds, from Topeka, •f the Neosho d, which has and there are it ; a national J which cost a capital of J^ater power, the county a i i ii ,rw ii| M»'l i wyfW ' Couyrr Sketches. m steam saw mill in Hampden township ; a steam flouring mill, a water flouring mill, a steam saw mill and a brewery in Leroy township, and a water power saw mill at Strawn. The water l)()wers of the Neosho have not been one tithe developed. Bur- lington is a handsome village laid out with great regularity, with unbounded space for expansion. The Neosho is the principal stream in Coffey county, and its tributary creeks are Spring, Long, Wolf, Turkey, Big, Rock, Lebo, Crooked and Crow. The Potta- watomie and other small, streams completely drain the n.-n and give abundant water for all purposes. Well water of ex oUent quality can be found at a depth of about twenty feet. Coal is re- ported as underiying the whole county with a thickness of about fifteen inches, and at depths varying from the surface to 100 feet below. The quality of the vein is highly praised, but up to this time it has been mainly used in the locality, although some has been shipped by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad. The quarries of building stone near Buriington are good, and deposits of gypsum abound in the northern part of the county. Cheese and butter are largely manufactured here, ani sheep farming would flourish, but the profits go to the dogs. There are over 4,500 acres of land planted in orchards, nurseries and vineyards; bees are much cared for, and the returns are good. School houses to the number of 63 correspond with the number of school dis- tricts, and the stated vilue inclusive is $86,700. There are ten church edifices, but organizations are more numerous ; and returns as to libraries show two public and ninety-five private collections of books, amounting to 10,771 volumes. This county suffered considerably from the locusts, but the people bore their own bur- den and assisted each other, the answer to outside sympathizers being that Coffej county is self supporting. Cowley County was organized in 1870, being named ia honor of an officer in the ninth Kansas cavalry, who died at Little Rock, Arkansas, after the Camden expedition. The area of Cowley is 1,112 square miles, and the population 8,963, males preponderating to the number of 715. There was in 1874 a much larger population before the locust famine overtook the locality, And since the census for 1875 was collected, the number has .if»ii.ia>#iort was pre- Cansns, there clothing for mong them- ould pa}' for if population a and Ohio. population, lo and trans- unty seat of louthwesterly e average of infield is the erage six per le for manu- Is. The hot- Walnut two !'he principal Walnut and ch and Tim- atary, Silver tt well water o forty feet, lilding stone, quantity and No railroads nanufactured nimals thrive irease of land The water t in heat of lills. are now »wley county nill and twa a steam lum- ni saw mill, in Lazette lie township^ CouxTr Skhtcuks. one saw mill and one grist mill. T..v.re arc several banks in Arkansas City, at the confluence of the Arkansas and Walnut. This town commands a large trade, and although it is only three years old it already runs ahead of all competitors. There is a good weekly paper, the Trareler, now published on a spot winch was an Osage hunting ground three years since. The Indians come back to their old grounds to trade occasionally. The sup- port of Arkansas City is the Texan cattle trade, traffic with the Indians and supplying the fine agricultural country by which it is surrounded. The Arkansas City Bank and the Cowley County Bank in this town transact a considerable business. There are two banking houses in Winfield also, the aggregate capital of the four banks being $51,300. There are three papers published in Winfield. The county has fifty-eight school houses and 108 • districts : the value of school property being $63,476. There are four church edifices valued at $11,500. There are seventy private libraries and one public, with an aggregate of 4,631 volumes, but returns only came from six townships out of twenty-two. Crawford County was organized in 1867, and was named in honor of Gov. Crawford, who commanded the second colored in- fantry regiment raised in Kansas. The area of this county is 592 square miles; the population 9,386; the preponderance of males nearly 700. Illinois contributed a larger quota of popula- tion than any other two states, the next largest being Missouri. Farming employs 79 per cent of the population, manufactures and mining 8 per cent Girard is the county seat, 114 miles southeast from Topeka, 126 miles soi th from Kansas City, and i^^e village has a station on the Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf RaHroad. There is quite a considerable trade done at this point among farmers, stock raisers and dairymen, who are the main supporters of the post village and capital of the county. There is a savings bank in the village, two good hotels, a grain elevator, a grist mill five churches, and quite a large array of stores. Two weekly newspapers flourish in this county — the Press and the News — both good. Besides the trade and manufacturing inter- ests in Girard, there are elsewhere in the county : in Lincoln township, two steam flouring mills, one saw and corn mill, and ,-t,.i.^.;,-j ,- r l| -- , f g lt ( fli^'-r-^''"f''TfT '■'T'~ ■"-••— ' ■ "' .>.v.rW.^--.>'- ^-jig- if 602 Tuttle's History of Kaxsah. II one steam saw mill ; in Slicriilari township, one steam grist mill, one steam mill and elevator; in Monmouth township, a steam grist mill ; in Crawford township, two ilonring mills, and ono steam suwmill and elevator; and in Cuto, two steam grist and saw mills, and one grist mill. There are no -uilable water- powers in this county. The bottom lands in Crawford eounty are 15 per eent, and forest 10 per eent,, the timber being of good kinds. The bottom lands vary from half a mile to one mile in breadth, and the timber belts are about half a mile wide. The soil is, as n)ight have been anticipated, above the average in fer- tility. The principal streams are the Lightning, Thunderbolt and Limestone ereeka, Big, Little and Middle Cow creeks, Walnut, Dryvvood, Bone and Cox creeks. The Ozark range runs through this county, dividing the two sets of streams, which run in oppo- site directions. There but few springs, but well water, at from 10 to 80 feet deep can be relied upon at all seasons. Coal is plentiful, as it underlies the whole county, and the veins vary in thickness from five feet downwards. The quality is good enough to create a demand at a distance, and much is exported, while the consumption at home is general. Sandstone, limestone and slate are found, the two former generally well distributed and the quality excellent. Drywood and Cherokee have stations on the Missouri lliver, Fort Scolt and Gulf Railroad, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas liailroad has stations at Ilepler and Glenwood, besides flag stations at other points, so that the country is well furnished with facilities for travel and traffic. During the year 187-1-5, nearly 31,000 acres were added to the area formerly in cultivation. The reports from all quarters concur in praising the fertility of this county. Butter manufacture is steadily and rap- idly increasing. In this county, as in most others, the dogs are very destructive to sheep. Over 3,000 acres of land are devoted to orchards, nurseries and vineyards. There are 98 schoolhouses and 100 districts, the value of school property being $53,544, Three townships have two public libraries with 230 volumes, and twenty-one private collections of books amounting to 1,400 vol- umes. There are eight church edifices, but the organizations are far more numerous. When the locust plague came down upon Kansas, in 1874, the people of Crawford county, although thej •ammmmm COVSTY SKhmilKS. im grist mill, nship, a steam iuHh, and one 3am grist and •uila'ble water- wford county being of good one mile in le wide. The iVernge in fer- underbolt and eeks, Walnut, runs throtigU run in oppo- t^ater, at from sons. Coal is veins vary in 1 good enough ted, while the tone and slate uted and the tations on the the Missouri, nd Glenwood, auntry is well 'ing the year A formerly in n praising the idily and rap- the dogs are d are devoted school houses sing $53,544. volumes, and to 1,400 vol- inizations are J down upon Ithough thej had Buflcred heavily, nupported the burden within their own borders, and were self-supporting. Davis County was nana-d and organized in 1855, in honor of the president of the confederacy already in the egg, only waiting for time, Pierce and Buchanan to hatch it out. When ttie county was named, JellerHon Duvis was secretary of wa- and chief (lirec- tor of the conspiracy against tlie peace and prosperity of Kansas. There are 407 scpuue n.iles in the area of this county and the population in 1875 was 4,611, showing a decrease of more than 900 in five years. The males preponderate here to the number of 800. More than half of the population, 57 per cent., are occupied in farming, U per cent are employed in mines and manufactures, and 8 per cent, in trade and transportation. Junc- tion City, the county sea^ is 62 miles west from Topcka, is situ- nted at the crown of a low bluf!, at the confluence of the; Smoky Hill and llcpuV)lican river.s, when the Kansas river is formed by their union. Tins post village has the advantage of two lines of railroad, the Kansas Pacific, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Kailroads. There are many churches and schools in Junction City, beside.1 which a savings bank, flouring mills, manufactories of various kinds and water powers equal to all demand. Quarries of magncsian limestone abound near Junction City, very easily worked and much u.sed in building. Near the town Clark's creek is crossed by three Howe truss bridges, and the town is a busy centre all, the year round. There are two weekly papers, the Vnion and Tribune, and those serve the whole county in local matters. The Davis County Savings Bank is located at Junc- tion City. Only two water powers have yet been improved at this point, one on the Smoky Hill and one on Clarke's creek. Two water power flouring mills and a steam flouring mill are busily employed, giving work to great numbers of hands in the county seat ; and besides these, there are a cigar factory, two breweries, and factories for the manufacture of furniture, soap and brooms. Agricultural implements and wagons, and all the necessary lines of business requisite for a country trade, are made and supplied in Junction City. The other manufactures in the county are — in Jackson township, a water power flouring mill; ll'ii I f 604 Ti'TTi.h^fi IfisTony OF Kaxsas. in Milfonl, n steam grist nnd saw mill ; niul in Smoky Hill town- Bliip, ft cliecse factory, a water power flouring mill and a salt bora Tho number of school districts and school houses agree, both being thirty-four, and tho value of the property $3{),7flO. There is a parochial Catholic school also at Junction City. There are seven church edifices in the county, valued at about $43,000, but other buildings are now projected, as tho demand is always in- creasing. There can bo no information procured as to libraries. ■ The population of Davis county was much larger before the locust plague fell upon tho land, but in tho winter of 1874 there •were 375 persons reported in want of food and 500 in want of clothing. Many left the locality until the return of spring nnd had not resumed their avocations when tho census was taken in tho beginning of March, 1875. Dickinson County was organized in 1857, and named in honor of the senator who first enunciated in the senate of the United States by specific resolutions the doctrine of popular sov- ereignty. When this county was first named there was a great hope that the Lecompton constitution would be made acceptable to congress and tho country. The area of Dickinson county is 851 square miles, its population 6,841, males preponderating about 500. Farming employs 79 per cent, of the population, trade and transportation 5 and mines and manufactures 9 per cent The county has only 8 per cent of forest, but the wide ex- panse of bottom lands, fully 20 per cent of the whole, gives much promise of fertility. The average width of the river bottoms ia about two miles. Such timber as there is can be made very use- ful in manufactures, being too good for fuel and rough purposes. The principal streams are the Smoky Hill river, which has for its tributaries Hollands, Turkey, Deer, Swenson and Lyon's creeks on the south, and the Mud and Chapman creeks on the north. Very near to the boundary of the county the Solomon joins the Smoky Hill. Springs are rare, but well water can be found at from 20 to 60 feet in depth. The mineral resources of the county can hardly be said to include coal, although there are veins, but they are too thin to pay for working, as reached on Chapman's and on Holland creek. That is the dictum of the mt CoVSTY SKKTCHKa. 605 ky Hill town- id a Bait bora i agree, both :),790. There r. There are t $-13,000, but [ is always in- 8 to libraries, ?r before the of 1874 there 00 in want of of spring and was taken in ,nd named in senate of the [ popular Bov- re was a great ido acceptable ison county is ireponderating le population, facturcs 9 per it the wide ex- le, gives much er bottoms is lade very use- ugh purposes, fhich has for I and Lyon's jreelcs on the the Solomon water can be 1 resources of )Ugh there are as reached on dictum of the authorities. There arc fine (lualiiies ot limestone in endless pro- fusion at many points along the bliilTs and banks of streams, gypsum is also found in the Bouthwest, and near Knlerpnso tl.LMO is a very choice description of pottery clay. There are very excellent water powers on the Solomon and the Smoky lldl, as also on Chapmana and Turkey creeks, which although ut.li/ed to some extent, could be still largely improved with but slight outlays ..f capital. Dickinson was in the second group of coun- ties among the sullerers by the locust plague ; 200 i.er.sons were wanting food, still more wanting seed for their lands, and 4u0 were without clothes adapted to the rcmirenient of wmte-, but there was an effort only partly successfr to provide for dl the wants indicated within the county. Abilone, tho counfy seat, is 84 miles westerly from Topeka, by an airline, but 1)5 n-dosbyrad. This is a great center in the cattle trade, rmny the : sands being shipped from this point to the east Abilene has one news; -ner weekly, the Chronicle, there is another weekly, the Qazv: ;ub- lished at Solomon city, the two supplying the whole county. The only bank in the county is the Abilene bar :c. Ihe manu- factures at the county seat are, a water power 1. >unng mdl and such minor industries as require little machinery to assist hand labor, as in handicraft employments. The other factories and mills in the county are, a water power flouring mill at; Enterprise, and a water power woolen mill, a steam saw mill, a steam sorghum factory, and a steam vinegar factory ; at Solomon there is a water power flouring mill and an elevator ; at Newburn there is a flour- ing mill, water power ; and at Chapman's creek and on Turkey creek there are three water power flouring mills. School houses number 70, and the school districts 86, the value of property being estimated at $68,500. There . -o 5 church edifices, and the libraries reported aggregate over ^,,'.0 volumes, the great bulk being of course in private collections. The country about Abi- lene has some very beautiful ■'pots and the handsome buildings erected indicate the faith of the people in Kansas prosperity. Doniphan County was organized in 1855, being named in honor of a Missouri colonel of a cavalry regiment who was deeply interested in making Kansas a slave state. The area of the coun ty ■J i 606 TuTTLEfs History of Kansas. is 379 square miles, and the population in 1875, 13,943, males preponderating by nearly 500. Farming employs 67 per cent ; 10 per cent, are engaged in mines and manufactures, and 6 in trade and transportation. One-fourth of the whole area is bottom land, and 16 per cent forest, so that there are all the physical aids to success in farming and manufactures. The timber is usu- ally excellent The bottoms average one mile in breadth. The principal streams are Wolf river and its tributaries, running to- ward the Missouri. Springs are numerous, and well water can be found at from 10 to 60 feet in depth. There is no coal so far as discoveries have been made within the county that will pay for mining. Building stone is said to be good, and pottery clay abundant Troy is the county seat, 60 miles northeast from To- peka. There are two railroads that make their principal stations at the capital, the St Joseph and Denver City, which crosses the Missouri at Elwood, having stations at that point, at Wathena and at Severance ; and the Atchison and Nebraska, which has other stations at Doniphan, Highland Station, Iowa Point, and White Cloud. The St Joseph and Topeka Railroad can also be reached from Troy by a brief detour. There are two newspapers in the county, the Kansas Chief, at Troy, and the Reporter, at Wathena. There are two banks in the county, one at Troy, and one at High- land, and the manufactures worthy of note are : a steam saw mill at Iowa township ; a furniture factory and flouring mill at White Cloud; a steam flouring mill at Burr Ook township; breweries at Highland and Wathena; a steam flouring mill at Wolf River ; a steam flouring mill at Centre township ; three steam flouring mills at Washington township, and in Wayne town- ship a ste^m saw and flouring mill, a steain flouring mill, a wagon and implement factory, two wine pressing factories, and a water power flouring mill. The water powers in the county are limited, but several flouring mills are supplied, and more can be run with little outlay. There are 68 organized school districts, and 71 school houses, valued inclusive at $89,500. The Presby- terian University, at .Highland, under the supervision of the Synod of Kansas, is valued at $75,000, and there are Roman Catholic Schools at Doniphan and Severance. Library reports are very few and restricted, only showing about 3,278 volumes. j^t^l.' * " County Sketches. 607 ia,943, males ! 67 per cent ; ;ures, and 6 in area is bottom 1 the physical timber is usii- breadth. The es, running to- well water can no coal so far ' that will pay d pottery clay beast from To- ncipal stations ich crosses the ; Wathena and hich has other nt, and White Iso be reached 'spapers in the r, at Wathena. i one at High- steam saw mill mill at White lip; breweries mill at Wolf ) ; three steam Wayne town- )uring mill, a factories, and in the county and more can chool districts, The Presby- vision of the e are Roman library reports ,273 volumes. There are 19 church edifices in Doniphan county, but several organizations and denominations have no church buildings. This county was self supporting during the distress arising from the locust plague. Douglas County was organiTied in 1855, and was named in honor of the great Stephen A. Douglas, whose powers were, un- fortunately, to a great extent, warped by thu influences of party, against the interests of progression. This county is one of the most famous in the history of Kansas, because it was the scene of the Wakarusa war, and of all the troubles that for a long term of years occurred and reoccurred to Lawrence. The population of the county in 1875 was 18,505, and the area is 469 square miles. The population in 1870, in this county, reached higher figures by 2,087 than in the year 1875. The preponderance of males in this county is only 163. Farming only employs 47 per cent, of the population in Douglas county, 13 per cent, being em- ployed in trade and transportation, and 14 per cent in mines and manufactures, Lawrence, the county seat, is 25 miles east from Topeka, the capital of the state. The city is built on both sides of the Kansas river, and ranks only second in the state, both as to population and wealth. In intellectuality and public spirit she has no superior, and the sufferings and losses endured by the citizens of Lawrence on behalf of the state, and of humanity at lar^e, deserve to be commemorated in such a memoir as will en- dure in the history of the race. The first point settled upon by the free state party on their arrival in the territory was certain to monopolize, or nearly to monopolize, the special hate of the ruf- fians, and the onslaughts made upon the liberties of the city were borne or repelled, according as wisdom or necessity dictated, with unfailing heroism. In spite of sieges and raids, from the first in- cursion to the Quantrell outrage, all of the same class and spirit, Lawrence is now one of the most beautiful and enterprising cities in the great northwest The dam recently constructed across the Kansas river at Lawrence gives nearly 2,000 horse power, which will add materially to the wealth producing power of the city. A flouring mill connected with the work in question is a great suc- cess. The other manufactures in and near the city are iron foun- 608 Tuttle's History of Kaxsas. r dries, machine shops, a woolen faotory, the largest pork packing establishment in the state, planing and flouring mills, seven wagon and carriage factories, two agricultural implement factories, grist mills, elevators, breweries, a tannery, a soap factory, pottery ■works, furniture factories, mineral water factories, operated by steam power, a steam foundry, and a brick manufactory. The other manufactures in the county are dwarfed by comparison with such enterprise, and in view of the wealth that must accrue for such labors well directed, Lawrence can well give liberal endow- ments to promote liberal education and the dissemination of knowledge among all classes in the community. Six railroads center in Lawrence, giving facilities for intercourse with all parts of the world. The Kansas Pacific has here its principal station; the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston makes this city a depot; the St. Lpuis, Lawrence and renver, the Lawrence and Southwestern, the Kansas Midland railroad, and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe connects itself by means of its junction with the J^awrence and Southwestern at Carbondale. The banking accommodations of the city are provided by four banks, three of which have an aggregate ca})ital of $113,250 and the National Bank has a capital of §100,000. The press of Lawrence is metro- politan in tone and management The issues are The Republi- can, Journal, Tribune, Standard, dailies and weeklies, The Spirit of Kansas and the Sentinel, weeklies. The state university is located here, because of the magnificent gift of $100,000 and other sums, already named and particularized in giving a sketch of the institution. The Roman Catholics have parochial schools in this city. There are seventeen churches here, representing all the prin- cipal denominations among Christians, and an excellent public library, available to every person desirous to procure information, and willing to protect the excellent property placed at his dis- posal. The school system of Douglas county is the same as that of other cu.inties in the state, but the numbers and wealth, no less than the spirit of the people, secure the most liberal administra- tion possible under the law. There are in the county 84 districts and 93 school houses, valued, inclusive of furniture and appara- tus, at $196,560. The Baker University, at Baldwin City, under h»ata»MM n .ai r I T r | U> .jffLiir 1i 1- ^■■itniiinillYl iili __*.uL i H i j i iiii l iiiiii rt I iii rtniti iii m rTJ i ftft i H" -"^'^T' ^t'' County Sketches. m ark packing seven wagon Glories, grist ory, pottery operated by ictory. The parison with t accrue for aeral endow- mination of nx railroads nth all parts ipal station; this city a iwrence and 16 Atchison, unction with Phe banking iks, three of he National nee is metro- he Republi- 3, The Spirit university is 00 and other ketch of the bools in this ; all the prin- jllent public information, 1 at his dis- le as that of alth, no less [ administra- f 84 districts and appara- City, under the supers 'sin of the Methodist Episcopal organization, is a fine establishment, although necessarily denominational, as is the Cath- olic parochial school at Endora. There are in the county 22 church edifices, valued at $200,000, some of which are very handsome indeed. The public libraries have an aggregate of 5,200 volumes, and 39 private collections in five townships have 2,917 volumes. The business and trades practiced in Lawrence comprise nearly all that can be honestly pursued in any city in the Union. In this county, as in every other, the ravages of dogs among the sheep are expressly named as a cause of loss to a val- uable industry, and it is certain that either law or administra- tion fails to terminate or at any rate to reduce the nuisance.' The number of acres devoted to nurseries, orchards and vineyards in Douglas county, sums up a total of 5,682. The increase of cul- tivated land in the county, during the year 187'i^5, amounts to 38,779 acres. Coal is supposed to underlie the whole of the county, at a depth of from ten feet below the surface to the un- known extreme, with a thickness of vein varying from 12 to 20 inches, so far as is known, but the quality so far as the seam has been developed is not good. Building stone has been found in limitless supplies and admirable quality in many directions, and recently there have been excellent developments of fire clay and pottery clay on Mount Oread, quite near to Lawrence. The chief railroad stations, besides Lawrence and Baldwin City, are Prairie City, De Soto, Olathe, Carbondale, Topeka, Lecorapton and En- dora. The principal streams are the Kansas river and the Wa- karusa, which are fed by numerous small streams. The county is well supplied with springs, and well water can as a rule be ob- tained of excellent quality at about 25 feet from the surface. About one-fifth of Douglas county is bottom land with an aver- age breadth of one mila Forest covers about six per cent, of the soil only and the country is undulating generally. The locust plague struck some parts of Douglas county very heavily and out of its population of 23,262, the largest of any county, except Leavenworth, in the state, there were 800 persons reported to be in need of rations, but the generosity of the country was nobly aroused on that as on many former occasions. It is manifestly impossible in a brief and cursory sketch to do justice to a county 89 >- aatiiiitii'iiiwifri. •«^ 610 Tuttle's History of Kansas. \ I like Douglas, but it is something even to have perceived that fact. Edwards Couxty was organized in 1874, and is therefore young, but not among the youngest of the counties. The " Mas- sachusetts Colony " made the first settlement in 1873, and the name was given in honor of the Hon. John H. Edwards, of Ellis, Kansas. The area is 972 square miles, and the population, in 1875, 234. Kinsley is the county seat, 216 miles southwest from Topeka, on the Arkansas river, 34 miles east of Fort Dodge, 60 miles north from the salt fields on the boundary of the Indian territory, to which this is the nearest point at which shipments can be effected. Kinsley is a station on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe R R. The first house was built in Kinsley in 1873, and a paper, the Reporter, a weekly journal, was started soon afterwards. It is edited by a lady, and obtains a large measure of support. When the county was organized, in 1874, , there were about 600 inhabitants, but the locust plague consider- ably reduced the population. The climate and the soil are good, and Edwards county, if it has little history, has fair prospects. The preponderance over females on this small population is still marked, the numbers respectively being 138 and 96. Agricul- ture employs 67, mining and manufactures, 16. The county has little or no timber ; the Arkansas bottom is three miles wide, and the rest is upland rolling prairie. The Arkansas is the chief stream, and Big Coon its tributary. No coal has been found ; common limestone can be procured in sufficient quantity, and Kinsley has a station on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe R. R There are now about 2,000 acres under cultivation. There are no banks, no manufactures and no water powers. There is one school district and one building valued inclusive at $530. The Congregational church has one edifice valued at $2,000, but no libraries .are reported, and vacant lands range in value from ^1.50 to $5.00 per acre. Elk County is still younger, having been organized in 1875 by the subdivision of Howard county. Elk river gives the name. The area is 651 square miles, the population 6,215, in which the •| f'nf 'rf '-'fY f 'i-^-- J*-' ^'- irceived tbat is therefore The "Mas- 873, and the irds, of Ellis, ,tion, in 1875, ithwest from :,vt Dodge, 60 I the Indian ch shipments lison, Topeka Q Kinsley in I, was started tains a large ;zed, in 1874, igue consider- soil are good, air prospects, ilation is still 96. Agricul- le county has lies wide, and 1 is the chief been found ; quantity, and [ Santa Fe R ation. There jrs. There is sive at $530. at $2,000, but in value from mized in 1875 ves the name. in which the M^^^^^ft^^M^L^ CovxTY Sketches. 611 males preponderate 291. Farms employ 83 per cent, and manu- factures and mines, 9 per cent. The increase of cultivation is large, and reports indicate great fruitfulness, as 44 and even 45 bushels to the acre of Mediterranean wheat have been certifiod ; as also 60 bushels of corn. Potatoes yielded 366 bushels to the acre. Butter is increasing rapidly as a staple. There are some mills and factories, including a water power grist mill at Union Centre, and a broom factory ; a wagon factory in Howard, and a steam grist mill at Paw Paw. There are three newspapers, the Courant, at Longton, and the Journal and the Ledger, at Elk Falls. Howard city, the county seat, is 113 miles southwest from Topeka, but the banking business of the county is transacted at Elk ^..iL T^ere are 74 districts and 59 school houses valued inclusive at $20,907. Libraries in four townships give a total of 1,739 volumes. Howard, the parent county, suffered from the locusts ; this county was organized afterwards. Ellis County, named in honor of an officer killed at Jenkins' Ferry, when Gen. Steele was retreating from Camden to Little Eock, Ark., was organized in 1867. It has an area of 900 square miles, and a population of 940, having decreased about 400 in five years, in consequence of stock raising and grazing having become the chief pursuit Males preponderate by 116 ; mines and manu- factures employ 23 per cent, and a like proportion prevails in agriculture ; trade and transportation employ nineteen per cent Bottom lands average 15 per cent, of the area, and forest one only. The principal streams are the Smoky Hill, the Saline and Big creeks. There are but four springs, but well water is found at depths varying from twenty to sixty feet. Coal has been found, but the vein is thin and poor so that it is little used. Magnesian limestone abounds. The Kansas Pacific has main stations at Hays City, the county seat, and at Ellis ; that is the only railroad in th' jounty at the present time. Hays City is 196 miles west- erly from Topeka, half a mile from Fort Hays, and 289 miles west from Kansas City. The architectural embellishments consist of a county court house and a large school house. The popula- tion of Hays City is 320, and the Sentinel is published weekly here. There is a bank at the county seat There are no manu- ^ im Tvttle's History of Kansas. \- fucturos reported; the Saline and Big Creek give good water powers, but they are not utilized. There are two organized school districts and three school buildings, valued inclusive at $10,280. Church organizations show an aggregate property of over $2,00U. Ellis suffered from the locust plague considerably. Ellsworth County was organized in 1867, and named in honor of Col. Ellsworth, who was slain at Alexandria, Va., in 1861, after lowering a rebel flag. The fact of the naming has been disputed, and another sponsor found in an officer of an Iowa regiment, once employed on the frontier. The area of the county is 720 square miles, the population 1,758, in which males preiu derate 250. Farms employ fifty-six per cent, trade and trans- portation eight, and mines and manufactures sixteen per cent of the small aggregate of population. The area contains eight per cent of bottom land, and one per cent of forest, the rest is upland and prairie. Smoky Hill Kiver, and its tributaries. Mule Bluff, Turkey, Thomson, Ash, and other creeks, drain and water the county, which is well supplied with springs and gives good well water at from twenty to sixty feet deep. The Kansas Pacific Railroad follows the line of the Smoky Hill Biver, and has its prinoipal station at Ellsworth, the county seat Coal has been found in different townships in the southwest, but it is a poor kind of lignite from twenty to thirty inches in thickness, and although near the surface, very little has been mined. Magnesian lime- stone of poor quality is found, and hydraulic cement, mineral, paint, fire clay and pottery clay are reported in different localities. Good yields are reported wherever good husbandry gives the soil an opportunity to do its best The herd law is in operation in this county, under which owners of stock are obliged to keep their cattle of all kinds out of their neighbors' crops ; but reports from the several counties vary as to its operation, the preponder- ance being in its favor, as it certainly is in Ellsworth coiaity. The post village capital of the county is 223 miles from Kansas City, and 415 from Denver, Col. It is one of the main points of distribution for Texas cattle, as many as 150,000 head being handled every year. The village is prosperous, and it has a fine brick school house which cost $20,000. There are in the town- b mm^Mt^)^ )od water aed school t $10,280. er $2,00'J. named in a, Va., in .rning has tf an Iowa ho county cs prci md trans- er cent of eight per is upland ule BluflE, water the good well as Pacific id has its has been poor kind I although sian lime- t, mineral. I localities, gives the operation d to keep >ut reports preponder- ;h co'Uity. tm Kansas 1 points of ead being has a fine the town- CorxTV Sketches. m ship five excellent hotels, a bank and a newspaper, the weekly lic.porler. The surrounding country is excellent for grazing pur- poses, which is a desideratum in the chief i)ursuit upon which Ellsworth is growing rich. There is one saw mill in'Kllsworth, and there is a cheese factory at Fort Ilarker. There are in the county eighteen school districts and seven school houses valued at $18,080. Church edifices are not numerous, but organizations include almost the whole community. This county suitcred much from the locusts, as about one-eighth of the population re- quired rations and clothing in the winter of 1874. Ford County was organized in 1873, being named in honor of Brig. Gen. Ford. The area is 1,008 square miles ; population in 1875, 813, with a preponderance of males as of 626 to 187. Dodge City, the county seat, is in one sense the county also. There are no banks, no libraries, no newspaper, no church edifices, and one school building, valued with all appurtenances at $1,525. There is only one tannery at Dodge City to represent manufactures in the county. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad has a station at Dodge City. The county seat is 251 miles southwest from Topeka, and the whole population of Ford county is cen- tered in that township. One-fifth of the county is bottom land, and there is only one per cent, of forest The principal streams are the Arkansas river, Mulberry, Duck, Sawlog, Crooked, and other unnamed creeks. Springs and well water abound. Coal is indicated, but no great discoveries have been mada Good lime- stone is found near Fort Dodge. The county received no help after the locust plague. Franklin County was among the earliest organizations in 1855 ; its area is 576 square miles ; its population 10,108 in 1875, the greatest population at one point being in the city of Ottawa, 2,595. Farming employs 67 per cent of the population ; trade and transpoiation 8, and mines and manufactures 11 per cent The bottom lands in this county amount to 17 per cent, and for- ests 8 per cent. The principal streams are the Marais des Cygnes, Middle Creek, Ottawa, Pottawatomie, Mud, Coal and Appanoose creeks. Springs and well water are plentiful. Coal underlies m Tuttle's HisToiir of Ka^^sas. ■'I one-fiftb of the area, with an average thickness of two feet, rang- ing from the surface to twenty feet deep ; the quality is good and the coal much used by local raanufr.cturers. Limestone and sand-, Btone are well distributed. Ottawa City is the station of the Leav- enworth, Lawrence, and Galveston Railroad, and a line operated by the same company runs to Kansas City. The distance from Topeka is 87 miles south east The manufactures of the county are in the oounty seat ; a soap factory, cigar factory, oil mill, two steam grist mills, one foundry, one steam furniture factory, a steam saw mill, and a steam wagon factory. There is a cheese factory in Stanton, a steam saw mill in Centropolis and in Lane, a steam flouring mill, steam saw mill, and a cabinet factory at Appanoose ; two steam saw mills and a cheese factory in Cutler township ; a steam silk manufactory, and a steam grist mill at Williamsburg ; and in Peoria township a steam saw mill. There is good reason for believing that silk culture will flourish in Kan- sas; as in Europe, the best regions are the lower slopes of the mountains, from 500 to 1,500 feet in altitude. The mulberry tree thrives in Kansas, and that is the best food for the silkwrorm, which prospers best in a dry and windy climate. The superior vigor of the silkworm in this state is an ascertained fact, and that results in larger cocoons being spun. The works at Silkville are carried on by M. De Bossierre, a talented Frenchman, who has given much scientific and practical attention to the subject. There are good water powers on the Marais des Cygnes, but none have been improved. In this county wolves are more destructive to sheep than the dogs are. That fact is rare in Kansas history. There are two newspapers in Ottawa, the Republic and the Tri- umph, both weekly. There are three banks in that city, the First National, People's National, and the Ottawa Bank and Sav- ings Institution. There are 83 districts organized, and 81 school houses erected, valued, inclusive of furniture and apparatus, at $84,250 ; besides which the Ottawa University, controlled by the Baptists, is largely used by other denominations. There are four public and 241 private collections of books in the country, aggre- gating 17,768 volumes. There are fifteen church edifices, with an aggregate value of $38,000. Franklin was self-supporting at the time of the locust plague. •MtNtaMMHitJWMM m^*d f-^i ^ fi ^ ^mm'i^ ^ t' County Sketches. 615 [eet, rang- good and and sand^. the Leav- ) oporated ance from he county , mill, two factory, a is a cbeese d in Lane, factory at ' in Cutler 'ist mill at U. There ih in Kan- >pes of the ilberry tree silk\TOrm, le superior t, and that ilkville are 1, who has jct. There none have itructive to as history, nd the Tri- ,t city, the k and Sav- i 81 school >patatus, at lied by the jre are four itry, aggre- lifices, with pporting at Greenwood County was organized in 1802 and named after an agent who made treaties with the Sacs and Foxes, and other tribes of Indians in southern Kansas. The area is 1,155 square miles ; the population in 1875 was 6,483. Males predominate to the extent of about 300. Farming occupies 80 per cent, of the population ; mines and manufactures 9 per cent. The county seat is Eureka, 91 miles southwest from Topeka, in the center of a lino grazing country; the town has line county buddings, an excellent school house, and five good church edifices ; the pop- ulation of the township is 1,040. There are two weekly news- papers, the Herald and Censorial Eureka has a steam flouring mill and a steam flour and saw mill, and two banks. The other man- ufactures in the county are steam saw mills in Lane township j eeveral portable saw mills ; a saw mill at Janesville ; a saw mill at Madison; a water power flouring mill at Twin Falls; two steam saw mills at Kenton ; and in Quincy a steam saw mill and one driven by water power. Reports as to the fertility of this county include returns showing yields of corn 170 bushels; of potatoes 480 bushels, and St. Charles white corn, 117 bushels to the acre. The water powers on Fall river and on Willow and Otter creeks are good, and they have been partially improved, but there is still room. There are in the county 74 school dis- tricts and 67 school houses, valued inclusive at $78,620. One public library and 111 private collections make a total of 6,320 volumes in seven townships. There are six churches with an ag- gregate value of ,$8,400. Greenwood was self supporting at tha time of the locust raid. Harvey County was organized in 1872, and was named in honor of the governor of the state, who is now representing Kansas in the United States senate. The area is 540 square miles, and the population in 1875, 5,506, in which males pre- ponderate to the number of 500. The Mennonites have come into this county in considerable numbers; they are found very de- sirable colonists. Some of them prefer hooks and eyes instead of buttons, many of them wash their feet, but they are not worse citizens on that account. They baptize by sprinkling and abjure immersion, but the main reason for their persecution in Russia vac MRBtt^^^*"' ' ' '<^'' 616 Ti'ttlk's JFistory or K.iXfiAS. modern times has been their tenet under which they refused to servo in Lao army. They conscientiously object to nwearing, lighting and capital punislunents. Some ot their -sect wore invited to Pennsylvania by the (Quaker founder of that colony in 1083 und in that year they formed the nucleus of n considerable and worthy colony. The foundation of the sect dates from the time of Mar- tin Luther, when Menno was a follower of the great reformer. The sect sufTered terrible persecutions, and until the days of Frederick the Great, found no asylum in Europe. They first eettled in Russia in 1790 during the reign of the Emperor Paul •who was Assassinated under arrangements made by his own fam- ily. During 1874-5, the Mciinonites came into Kansas to the number of nearly 5,000 and the tide still flows in this direction. They are honest, simple and industrious, and they assist each other in procuring the very best breed'^ of animals for stock raising purposes, hence their cattle were highly valued in Russia and would bring large prices in excess of the stock raised by their neighbors. When the Mennonites concluded to migrate from Russia and other parts of Europe, they sent authorized agents to examine this Qounty and report upon the best locations ; when the action of the delegations had determined the main body in favor of Kansas, representatives were sent to make arrangements, such as buying or securing land in localities best suited. All the pro- ceedings were wise, liberal and economical. The settlements in- clude village lots, but no person is allowed to sell intoxicating liquors nor tobacco within their locations. The social needs of the community as to schools, churches, stores and public halls, approach communism, but the communistic idea does not remove responsibility from the individual to render all the help possible by his own brain and hands. After worship every Sunday there is an assembly to resolve upon the matters of common interest, and all the affairs of this peculiar people are carried out with much decorum, Shade trees, fences and such works are deter- mined by votes of majorities, and all churches and schools are erected by the common labor of the mass. The government of the colony is arranged by agents appointed for the purpose, but every question is determined in the popular assembly named. '">ri>iiii» MMkMVtiMMM I CovsTY Sketches. m scd to scrv'O ig, tightiiifj invited to II 1083 untl and worthy no of Mar- t reformer. tic days of They first iperor Paul s own fam- isas to tho s direction, assist each ock raisins? Russia and ed by their Russia and to examine the action in favor of [its, such as .11 the pro- lements in- ntoxicating al needs of iiblic halls, not remove }lp possible inday there an interest, d out with 1 are deter- schools are ernment of urpose, but jly named. Their church nfTair.q arc settled in the same primitive way, and all their ofTicers in every capacity serve as a duty without remunera- tion of any kind. Every church has a ])reaclit'r, and over tho whole of the churches and c 'onies in Kansas there is n bishop; but neither preacher nor bishop is a salaried ollicor. Cliildrca must attend school from five to fourteen years of age, when they they arc supposed to know enough to entitle them to be bapti/.cd into the church if they can pass an examination. Tlicy appoint their own teachers, but of course they arc paid. Schooling in- cludes tuition in mechanic arts, and the result is seen in the readi- ness with which the Mennonites accommodate themselves to all circumstances. When a boy is exempted from attendance at school, he may pursue such studies as he sees fit, but he is ready for practical work also. The poor are aided as they m.-vy require, but there is no pauperism, as every man pays back in labor as ho can all such assistance. Three counties in Kansas, Marion, Mc- Pheraon and Ilarvey, have been located upon by Mennonites, the three colonies joining in situation, but independent in rule. Should any member of the community commit crime — a rare occurrence — he is handed over to the state authorities. Tho colonists are quite well plea.sed with their location, and they aro good neighbors. The blooded stock required for the whole com- munity is possessed in common. Most of the land held by them •was purchased of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe R E. Com- pany. Eeturning ncj? to Harvey county, and its affairs more par- ticularly, seventy-three per cent, of the population is engaged ia farming, and about nine per cent in mines and manufactures. Newton, the county seat, is 113 miles southwest from Topeka. Forty per cent, of the county is fertile bottom land, but there is hardly any timber. The Little Arkansas river. Jester creek and White Water, are the principal streams in Ilarvey county. There are fine springs, but the main dependence is well water at a depth of twenty-five feet. No coal has been developed, but there is some building stone and large quantities gypsum. The railroad communications of the county are supplied by tho Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe line, which has stations at Wal- ton, Newton, Halstead and Benton. From Newton a brancli i. 618 Tl'TTLbfa IIinTour OF Kaxs. rutiM to AVicluta in Sodgwiok county. Winter wlioat is -ai.l to Imvo given returns of tliirty bushels per noro, iiiul Hixtyfour pounds to the busliol, in this eounty, nt n cost of $7.50 per ftcro. The hcrtl hiw is liighly approvea in Ilarvoy co>inty, ami has been in operation long enough to tost its applicability well. The Littlo Arkansas gives good water powers, but they are little used. The inanufactures of tho county arc in llalstcad township, a water power flouring mill; in Sedgwick, a steam flouring mill; in Newton, a wagon and carriage factory; and in Alto township, a water power flour mill. There aro two banks with a capital combined of $10,000 in Newton, and in Sedgwick City. Thcro are two papers in tho county, both published in Newton, tho Newton Kansan and tho Harvt'i/ County Keica. There aro sixty- soven school districts and thirty-nino school houses valued at $43,807, with furniture and apparatus. There aro more organ- izations than churches, the edifices numbering only three, with a valuation of $8,600 in all. There are 113 libraries, public and private, with 5,022 volumes. Harvey county suffered heavily under tho locust plague, as 1,109 persons were reported in want of rations, and 662 in want of clothes. Jackson County was organized in 1867, and named in honor of Gen. Jackson, the seventh president. The county had been established and named in honor of John C. Calhoun in 1855 with the first batch of organizations. The area is 658 square miles ; the population in 1875 was 6,681. Males predominate to the extent of over 800. Farming occupies seventy-nine per cent, of the population, mining and manufactures six per cent. Bottom lands make up thirteen per cent of the area, and forest five per cent The streams in the county are, the Muddy, Walnut, Little and Big Straight creeks. Elk and Bill's creeks. North and South Cedars,°East and West Muddy, Little and Big Soldier, Cross and Little Cross creeks. There are numerous springs and well water at from ten to sixty feet deep. Thin veins of coal have been found but none of any value, and wood is the fuel chiefly used. Building stone is plentiful and good, and mineral plenty ; pottery clay and gypsum are said to be abundant In Jefferson town- ship a salt vein was bored through recently in sinking a well, «a^ CorsTY Skktcuks. «• [\t is '".till to \ Hixtyfour '.CO jicr aero, mil liua been . ThoLittlo t little used. township, a ouriiig mill ; I to township, ith ft capital [Jity. There Newton, tho re are sixty- 03 valucfl at more organ- three, with a 3, public and ered heavily )rted in want mod in honor ity had been in 1855 with square miles; ninate to the e per cent, of ent. Bottom orest five per Valnut, Little ih and South er, Cross and nd well water al have been chiefly used, enty ; pottery ifferson town- aking a well, and that may load to devrlop.nent.s. There are railroad.^ running through tho county, tho Kansas Central, and tho Atchison, Toi)ol six per cent of epublican River y, and the other ig Timber, Por- ialo, Limestone, mgs are numer- rom six to one ive. Good coal ;nite discovered lestone is found ionally. In the t it has not beea developed. There are no railroads in this county. Jewell Cen- tre, the county seat, is lii miles northwest from Topeka ; it is built on a beautiful plain, and has a weekly paper, a large school house, churches and nurseries. There are no water powers avail- able, and manufactures are represented by one steam saw mill at White Mound township. Jewell city publishes a weekly paper. There are no banks in the county. There are 118 districts and 44= school houses valued at $26,259. There is only one church, built by the Methodists at a cost of $800. Jewell county suffered much from the locusts, as 1,500 persons were reported wanting rations. Johnson County was organized in 1855, and named in honor of a Methodist missionary among the Shawnees from 1829 until the territory was settled. The area is 480 square miles, and the population in 1875 was 14,580. Males preponderate to the num- ber of 564. Farming engages the attention of seventy- two per cent of the population, and eight per cent are employed in mines and manufactures. The county seat is at Olathe, 48 miles east from Topeka. Bottom lands make up ten per cent of the surface, and there is about sixteen per cent of forest The streams are Indian, Blue, Turkey, Mill, Cedar, Clear, Captain's, Bull and Kill creeks. The creeks run from near the center of the county. Springs are numerous, and well water is found at from ten to forty feet deep. Coal has been found at several places, but the vein is only seven inches thick. It is claimed that a seam of bit- uminous coal three feet six inches thick can be obtained by sink- ing 530 feet Building stone is plentiful, and it is said that hy- draulic cement, red ochre, fire and pottery clay are also to be had in considerable quantities. The county has excellent railroad fa- cilities, as the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston ; the Mis- souri River, Fort Scott and Gulf; the St Louis, Lawrence and Denver, via Pleasant Hill ; and thf^ Kansas Midland railroads, are competitors for the favors of the public. There are no water powers worth naming in the county, and but few manufactures. Among the principal may be mentioned a steam grist mill at Spring Hill, and similar works at Olathe, De Soto and McCamish townships ; at Shawnee there is a saw and grist mill, as also at Monticello, and Olathe has besides a steam factory for making maiiiin . p «t&ati;.w-%-v-x m»i m D i •jmrnamtftuitm' t,'U'9^^r^^'^^'- €22 TuTTLifs History of Kansas. spring beds, and a cigar factory ; cheese factories have been estab- lished in some few places on a small scale only. There are three banks in the county, one being located at Olathe, the county seat, where also there are two weekly papers published. There are 90 districts, and 80 school houses valued at $65,851. The Catholics have three parochial schools, at Shaw- nee, Edgerton and at Aubrey. There are 20 church edifices in the county, valued at $44,700. Books, mostly in private collections, are reported to the extent of about 6,000 volumes. There are unsold lands in Johnson county. This county was self support- ing at the time of the locust plague, because there was no open- ing for new settlers unless they could buy out their predecessors. • Labette County was organized in 1867, and was named iu honor of the river. The area is 649 square miles. The popula- tion in 1875 was 14,574, males preponderating by just 900. There are about 64 per cent, engaged in farming, 9 per cent, in trade and transportation, and 10 per cent, in mines and manufactures. Bottom Ian Is are about one-fifth of the whole area, and there is 10 per cent of forest. The woods are of good varieties. The Neosho river runs along the east line of the county, and the other streams are the Labette, Hackberry creek. Deer, Pumpkin, Turkey and Snow creeks, besides many smaller streams. Springs are few, but well water is found at from 20 to 40 feet in depth. Coal has been found underlying 75 per cent, of two townships, and from ten incuc'-i to two feet in thickness, varying in depth from two to twelve feet The quality is good, and large shipments are effected. Limestone f.nd sandstone are plentiful and of good quality. Pottery clay and gypsum are also found. The railroad facilities of the county are supplied by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, and the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston, the prin- cipal stations being at Parsons, Labette, Oswego and Chetopa. Oswego is the county seat, 131 miles south from TopeL'a, and the river makes a horse shoe bend at this point, which would give u fall of nine feet should a race of one mile be cut, consequently the time cannot be distant when the water power of the Neosho •will be utilized largely. The works now prosecuted in Oswego are a brewery, steam flouring mill, broom factory, cabinet factory, ■ v.w »T^ B ^ mKVimmM.y ^ -^ CousTY Sketches. 62a ive been estab- ng located at weekly papers »useo valued at ools, at Sliaw- i edifices in the ate collections, es. There are is self support- e was no open- ir predecessors. was named iu The popula- ust900. There cent, in trade manufactures, la, and there is varieties. The untv, and the )eer, Pumpkin, jams. Springs feet in depth, two townships, I in depth from I shipments are 1 and of good The railroad ri, Kansas and eston, the prin- and Chetopa. opeka, and the 1 would give u t, consequently of the Neosho ited in Oswego cabinet factory, brick factory aid a cheese factory. The other manufactures of the county are, in Kichland, a steam furniture factory and two steam flouring mills ; at Neosho, a steam saw mill ; at Liberty, a steam flouring mill ; in the city of Parsons, a foundry and ma- chine shop, a pottery and drain tile factory, a brewery and a steam furniture factory ; in Montan.., a flour mill and saw mill, and in Chetopa a steam foundry. There are four banks in La- bette county ; two in the city of Parsons and two in Oswego, the county seat. The newspapers published in the county are five in number; one at Chetopa, two in Oswego and two in the city of Parsons, all weekly. There are 95 school districts and 86 schools, valued at $118,270. The churches number 15, some of them very fine, and the estimated value is set down at $53,000. Libra- ries are reported to the extent of 12,230 volumes. Labette was self supporting at the time of the locust plague. Leavenworth County was organized in 1855, being named by its contiguity to Fort Leavenworth, so called for the general who selected the site for a fort in 1827, when it was the farthest outpost of the United Staves. The area of the county is -155 square miles, and its population in 1875 showed a decrease upon the returns of 1870, of 4,746. The enumeration in 1875 was 27,698, in which the two sexes were nearly balanced, but males slightly preponderated. Missouri gave to this county 6,344, while Illinois, the next largest contributor, gave less than 1,500. This was the strongest Missourian settlement in the territory. Farms employ only 40 per cent, of the population in this county, 13 per cent, being engaged in trade and transportation, and over 22 per cent, in mines and manufactures. Twenty per cent, of the area is bottom land, and ten per cent, forest, the timber being generally of very valuable kinds. The Missouri is the great river, of course, the lesser streams being the Kansas river, Big Stranger, Little Stranger and Nine Mile creeks, with numerous 3treams not yet named. Springs are numerous and well water unfailing. Coal underlies about seven per cent, of the area, thickness 28 inches and depih varying from 50 to 700 feet, the quality good and much in demand. A shaft put down at Leav- enworth City, 710 feet, has reached a seam of 30 inches, which is ■■**-' ^t i ' *fr ' •• .t-f-^ i.>* l» i f i' ffl. Wl' ! ! . W, ' ^ t n. ■ ) If lii^ ji » [ jy I j i» , ^ i ,jt mtf ^j y^ i 624 Tuttle's History of Kaxsas. now being mined. Good flint blue limestone underlies the whole county. The railroad connections of Leavenworth include the Kansas Pacific with stations at Stranger, lleno and Tonganoxie ; the Missouri Pacific, with stations at Leavenworth, Fort Leaven- worth and Kickapoo ; the Chicago, Eock Island and Pacific has one of its termini at Leavenworth City, crossing the Missouri river on the superb iron bridge at that point ; the Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs, with a station at East Leaven- worth ; and the Kansas Central Narrow Gauge, which starts from Leavenwo.th, running to Valley Falls and Ilolton. Leaven- worth, the county seat, is 43 miles northeast from Topeka, 39 miles from Kansas City, Missouri, on the west bank of the Mis- souri river, 812 miles, by land, above St. Louis, Missouri. The city is one of the handsomest in Kansas, and as seen from Pilot Knob, is pictui;esque in the extreme. There are in the city 27 churches, nine commodious school buildings, several private sem- inaries, a state normal school, the St. Mary's academy, two or- phan asylums, four daily and six weekly newspapers, four month- ly periodicals, two insurance companies, six banks, a paid fire de- partment, and four miles of street railroad. The state peniten- tiary is four miles south of the city, and Fort Leavenworth, which joins the city, has a military prison. Manufactures are numerous and extensive in the city, including carpets, furniture, stoves, en- gines, mining machinery and iron bridges. This is the largest city in Kansas and from the earliest ciays of the territory it has carried on quite an extensive trade over the plains. The elegant residences and beautifully shaa d thoroughfares of Leavenworth are topics commonly adverted + ) by all visitors. All the rail- roads that enter the county make Leavenworth their terminus or their most important station. The bridge over the Missouri is a very handsome structure. There are other manufactures outside Leavenworth City, but they are small by comparison, although in themselves considerable. There are numerous water powers, but they are not utilized, because steam is more constant and more rapid in operation. The chief industries in other parts of the county are, in Easton township, a water power flouring mill and a steam saw mill ; in Stranger township, a steam saw mill ; in Tonganoxie to.vnship, a steam cheese fact'^ry and a sceam t. »*!*f"- lies the whole 1 include the Tonganoxie ; Fort Leaven- id Pacific has the Missouri Kansas City, East Leaven- 3h starts from on. Leaven- a Topeka, 89 k of the Mis- issouri. The en from Pilot n the city 27 I private sem- lemy, two or- s, four month- 1 paid fire de- state peniten- nworth, whicli are numerous re, stoves, en- is the largest erritory it has The elegant Leavenworth All the rail- ir terminus or ! Missouri is n ctures outside ison, although water powers, constant and other parts of flouring mill am saw mill ; and a sceam '. l ^^i^u itf ^ l ;:* * ■■, •;■ ^.y Couxrr Sketches. flouring mill ; and in Alexander township, a steam grist and saw mill. Among recent additions to the industries of Leavenworth City are soap factories, cigar factories, breweries, brick factories, cooper shops, and beef and pork pac' .ng houses on a large scale. There are 74 school districts and 82 school houses, valued at $310,210, three Catliolic parochial schools, the state normal school, St. Mary's academy. Catholic and Maple Leaf seminary,, and at Fort Leavenworth, a Catholic parochial school. The churches of the county comprise 27 edifices, all commodious and some truly grand, valued in all at $-151,300. There are 2-1 church organiza- tions in the city of Leavenworth alone. The libraries of this county, chiefly in private collections, amount to more than 19,000 volumes. Leavenworth county was self supporting during and after the locust plague, the community being the oldest and most numerous in the state of Kansas, as well as having been saved by circumstances from many of the afflictions that hove befallea the city of Lawrence. The reign of terror, after the nomination of Gov. Geary and prior to liis assumption of control, was the worst misfortune that ever befel the city of Leavenworth, and that did not desti'oy the city itself. Lincoln County, named in honor of the great president, was organized in 1870- its area is 720 sruare miles; its population, in 1875, 2,'493, in which mjiles predominate to the number of 230. Farms employ 92 per cent, -tf the inhabitants. The county seat is Lincoln Centre, 132 miles west from Topeka, Bottom lands make up 15 per cent, of the area, but forests are very small in Lincoln coilnty. The Saline is the principal stream, the creeks and tributaries being Table Hock, Elkborn, Owl, Brush, Bui! foot, Oak, East and West Twin, Twelve .Vfile, Beaver, Yauger, Lost, Spiliix.i-n and Wolf creeks. Springs and good well water abound. Coal crops out on banks and ravines, but it is not good, and little use is made of it at present. Some of the /eins are from 10 to 20 inches thick. Building stone of the wintf magnesian order, and of beautiful quality, is inexhaustible in quantity. Salt springs' and marshes have been found, but not yet properly developed. There are no railroads here. There are good water powers on the Saline, and some mills are already in operation. The manufaC' 40 mtt i 'MW xxw- * f mmttmet i ia tig 626 TuTTLK's HlSTOllY OF Kaxsas. ,;;*• turcs in the county most noticeable are, the steam saw mill in Grant township ; saw and grist mill and saw mill in Indiana town- ship ; and a water jjowcr saw and grist mill at Kocky Hill. Tho only newspaper is the Farmer, published weekly at Lincoln Cen- tre. There arc no banks here. The number of school districts organized is 32, and of school houses 17, valued at $12,149. Re- ligious organizations are many, but only $1,500 has been invested in church buildings, and there are no libraries reported. Lincoln suffered very severely in the locust plague, as there v.-ere 750 per- sons reported wanting rations, and 600 in want of clothing, or more than one-fourth of the whole population. Lixx County was organized in 1855, being named after a Mis- souri senator. The area of the county is 637 square miles, and the population, in 1875, ll,5i6. There had been a flecrease dur- ing the preceding five years. The preponderance of males is nearly 400. Agriculture engages the attention of 71 per cent, of the settlers, and 9 per cent, are occupied in mining and manufac- tures. There are two claimants for the honor of being considered the county seat, Pleasanton and Mound City, the first named 80 miles southeast from Topeka, the latter 78 miles. There is 20 pel cent, of bottom land in Linn county, and 10 per cent, of forest, the timber being of excellent qualiity. The streams are Marais des Cygnes, Middle Creek, Big and Little Sugar, East, Middle, Lost, and Mill creeks. Springs are numerous, and good well water can be found at an average of 20 feet. Coal is plentiful in tho eastern portion of the county, and nearly all the hills and streams have outcropping seams. The shaft at Barnard has pen- . etrated a 3 feet 6 inch vein at 90 feet, and the coal pays well. The Barnard sandstone is in good demand, and building stone generally is excellent in Linn county. The railroads have not neglected this refjion, as the Missouri Kiver, Fort Scott and Gulf Kailroad br.3 staoons at La Cygne, Barnard, and Pleasanton. There are saveral mills in ,>neration, and the water powers avail- able are fiiat class. Among the works most noticeable in the county are the factories in Scott township, comprising a furniture factory, soap factory, wind power grist and saw mill, hoop factory and two steam saw mills ; in Valley township, two water power "" 'I mi i rn i iM i .w inuw i ii i u ' i i i .w. y saw mill in uliaiia town- ' Hill. Tho Lincoln Cen- :iool districts 12, U9. Re- leen invested id. Lincoln vere 750 per- bing, or moro I after a Mis- re miles, and lecreasc dur- of males is . per cent, of ind manufac- ig considered ■st named 80 There is 20 ent. of forest, is are Marais East, Jtliddle, d s;ood well iS plentiful in ;he hills and aard has pen- al pays well, luilding stone lads have not cott and Gulf 1 Pleasanton. powers avail- ceable in the ig a furniture , hoop factory I water power CouyTY Sketches. C37 saw and grist mills ; in ilound City, a furniture factory, planing mill, cheese factory, wagon and carriage factory, and a grist mill, and in Pleasanton, two grist mills and a grist and saw mill. There arc three banks at Pleasanton and La Cygne, and three newspa- pers, weekly, publi.shed respectively at Mound City, La Cygne, and Pleasanton. There are 95 school districts, and 83 school houses, valued at $85,583. Libraries are reported with a total of 5,357 volun.es. There are 11 churches, with a valuation of $21,500. Linn was self-supporting at the time of the locust plague. Lyon County was organized in 1858, and named Breckin- ridge, but when the vice president had gone to the bad with Jef- ferson Davis, the name was changed in honor of Gen. Lyon, who fell nobly iighting against great odds at Wilson's creek, Missouri. The change was made in 1862. The area of the county is 858 square miles, and the population in 1875 was 9,542, males pre- dominating about 430. There are 67 per cent, engaged in farm- ing, 8 per cent, in trade and transportation, and 10 in mines and manufactures. Emporia, the county seat, is 52 miles southwest from Topeka, between the Neosho and Cottonwood rivers, six miles above their junction, in a fine stock raising, agricultural region. A large trade is done in Emporia, and it is one of the best built towns in the state, a center of railroad traffic, as the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe crosses the Missouri, Kansas and Texas line at this point, The name will be familiar to our readers as the site of a State Normal School. The court house and normal school, with which is associated a fine graded school, are architectural ornaments. There are three banks, two news- papers, flouring mills and factories in the city, including two flouring mills (water power), and one steam flouring mill, two water power saw mills, and two steam saw mills, a steam power foundry, a water power furniture factory, a steam soap factory, a carriage factory, a cigar factory, a brick factory and a brewery. The other manufactures demanding notice are, at Americus, where a cheese factory and a steam flouring and saw mill give extensive employment ; Center township, steam saw mill ; Elmen- dare township, steam saw mill, steam saw and flouring mill, water power flouring mill ; Jackson township, two water power % ■. -« -iiiVy-, 628 Tuttlk's History of Ka>:sas. m 'i''lii.' flouring mills, and wind power flouring mill and carding machine ; Pike township, water power flouring mill, steam saw mill, and a steam saw mill at Waterloo. There are 76 school districts, and 80 school houses, valued at $74,669. Libraries sum up a total of 18,470 volumes. Churches are numerous, and some of diem very handsome. Lyou was heavily visited by the locusts, and 930 persons were found in want of rations and clothing in 1874-5. Mahiox County was organized in 1865, being named after the revolutionary general. The county was established in 1855, but changed afterwards. The area is 954 square miles, and the popu- lation in 1860 was 74 only ; in the year 1875, it had a population of 5,907. Males preponderate about 500. Seventy-nine per cent, are farmers, and 11 per cent, are engaged in mines and manu- factures. !^[arion Center, the county seat, is 87 miles southwest from Topeka. Bottom lands make up 16 per cent of the county, but there is little timber. The streams of this county arc the Cottonwood, Doyle, South Fork, French, Clear, Middle, Bruuot, Martin, Muddy and many minor creeks and streams. Coal indi- cations are numerous, but no considerable finds have been made. Building stone of many descriptions and good quality abounds, including magnesian limestone (white and cream colored), and hydraulic cement, mineral paint, fire and pottery clay, and gyp- sum have been found, so that the mineral resources of Marion county are various and great. Railroad connections are made by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe line, which has stations at Florence and Peabody. The returns show that the soil is very fertile, indeed it would be more correct to say prolific. The herd law, much 'blamed in some localities, is said to operate well in Marion county, enhancing prosperity. There are many excellent water powers on the Cottonwood, Muddy and Doyle creeks ; but, with the exception of two mills on the Cottonwood, .the powers are not used. The noticeable manufactures in the county are, in Peabody township, a steam flouring mill ; in Doyle townshijj, a ■water power flouring mill ; in Center township, a water power flouring mill ; in Clear Creek township, a saw mill ; in Marion Center, a furniture factory and a cheese factory. There are two banks in the county at Florence and at Peabody, and two news- ling machine; w mill, and a districts, and I up a total of of diera very uats, and 930 in 187i-5. imed after the . in 1855, but and the popu- i a population cnty-nine per les and manu- les southwest af the county, ounty are the iddle, Brunot, IS. Coal indi- VG been made, ility abounds, colored), and lay, and gyp- 3CS of Marion s are made by as stations at le soil is very ic. The herd perate well in lany excellent e creeks ; but, )d, .the powers county are, in ie township, a I water power 11; in Marion There are two nd two news- COVNTY SkETCUKS', jiapcrs, one at Marion Center, and one at Peabody, both weekly. There are 74 districts and 65 school houses valued at $84,41-5. Libraries are reported with about 6,000 volumes, and the churches number 5, with a valuation of about $0,000. Marion county was one of the locust plague sufferers. Over 200 persons being in want of rations and clothes in 1874-5. Maksiiat,l County was organized in 1855, being named in honor of Gen. Marshall, who was distinguished for his services in the days of the gold rush to California, and was identified after- wards with the Lecompton constitution. The area of the county is 900 square miles. The population, in 1875, was 10,822, in which males preponderate by 680. Farming employs 72 per cent. ; mines and manufactures 10, and trade and transportation 5 per cent, of the residents. Marysville is the county seat, 76 miles northwest from Topeka. The land shows 20 per cent, of river bottom and 3 per cent, of forest. The streams are the Big Blue river, with tributaries, Little Blue, Black, Vermillion, Elm, Irish, Spring, Game Fork, Horseshoe and other creeks. Good springs, and well water at from 20 to 40 feet deep. No coal yet developed, but building tone, inexhaustible in quantity, includ- ing magnesian limestone. Fire clay and gypsum are found in largo quantities, and some pottery clay is also being worked. The railroad connections of Marshall county are by the St. Joseph and Denver City line, with its principal station at Marysville, the county seat, and the central branch of the Union Pacific, with stations at Barrett's, Irving and Blue Eapids. There are excel- lent water powers on the Big Blue river, and many mills have been established to utilize that stream, as will be seen by glanc- ing through the industries prospering in this county, which in- clude two water power flouring mills at Marysville, a cigar manu- factory, steam furniture factory, vinegar factory and a pottery ; in Waterville township, two water power flouring mills, a soap factory and a cigar factory ; in Blue Kapids township, two water power flouring mills, water power woolen mill, water power paper mill, and a water power gypsum manufactory; in Vermillion township, two flouring mills, one steam and the other water power. Besides the industries named, there are in the county four cheese > tMMUMMUlKH&f'AMtKHinM 630 Tittle's History of K ass. is. m factories and two cigar factories; a brewery at Mury.sville, a flour and saw mill at Barrett, a flouring mill at Olvolo, and a broom factory at Jrving. There are three banks at '\ atervillo, ?farya- villo and Blue Rapids, and four newspapers, weekly, at Blue Eapids, Waterville, Marysville and Irving. There are 87 school districts and 8.) school houses, valued at $89,704. Libraries are reported, private and {)ublic, to the extent of 8,000 volumes. Church edifices number 13, with an aggregate value of $35,350. The paper mill at Blue llapids deserves special notice. Marshall was self supi)orting at the time of the locust visitation, and is altogether in a prosperous condition. McPnEUSOX County was organized in 1870, being named in honor of a major general who was killed at Atlanta, on Sherman's expedition to Georgia in 1864. The area of the county is 900 square miles, and the population in 1875 was 6,205, in which males preponderate by 563. The largest quota of the population came from IlKnois. Farming is the pursuit of 92 per cent, of the population. The county seat is at McPherson, 117 miles south west from Topeka. There is only five per cent, of bottom land and one per cent, of forest in this count3^ Smoky Hill river and the liittle Arkansas, with their tributaries, are the streams of this regic-n. Coal has been found, but not in great quantity nor of special value. Limestone and sandstone, of fair quality, have been worked, and pottery clay is known to exist ; gypsum of good quality is abundant, and mineral paint, but the quality is doubtful. Salt springs are reported, but no saline works have been established. There are no railroads in the county. Water powers are availa- ble, but have not been improved. The manufactures in operation are a, windmill in Superior township, a water power flouring mill and saw mill at Marquette, and a similar work at Lundsburg. There are no banks here, and only one newspaper, published at McPherson, weekly. There are 76 school districts, but only 20 school houses, valued at $7,661. There are religious organiza- tions, but no church buildings. Libraries report only an aggre- gate of 1,250 volumes. McPherson was a great sufferer in the locust invasion, as there were 600 persons reported wanting rations, and 675 lacking clothes for the winter of 1874-5. ■^-^•^amrnm mm' County Sketches. 031 y.svillc, .1 flour and a broom ervillo, Marya- lekly, at Blue 3 aro 87 school Libraries aro ;,000 volumes, ue of $35,350. ice. Marshall iitation, and is eing named in I, on Sherman's county is 900 ,205, in which the population per cent, of the L7 miles south 3f bottom land Hill river and streams of this quantity nor of liity, have been of good quality loubtful. Salt en established, fers are availa- res in operation 3r flouring mill at Lundsburg. r, published at ts, but only 20 gious organiza- only an aggre- suflferer in the vanting rations, Miami Coun'TY waT organized in 1850, and named Lykons after a mis.-iionary among the Miami Indians, but changed to the present appellation in 1801. The area consists of 538 s(iuaro miles, and the population in 1875 was 12,0(57, in which nuilcs preponderate about 500. Farming employs 78 percent, of the population, mines and manufactures occupy 8, and trade and transportation 4 per cent of the i)opulation. Paola, the county seat, is 54 miles southeast from Topeka. Twenty per cent, of the surface is bottom land, and tea per cent, forest. The princi- pal streams arc the Marias des Cygnes, Bull creek, Wea, Middle, Sugar, Walnut and Pottawatomie <-reeks. Springs aro numerous and well water can be foutid r. a 12 to 30 feet deep. Fully one-quarter of the country is u.. ilaid with coal, but the vein i3 thin and poor, and although easily reached is seldom used. Building stone abounds in all parts, the Foatana marble being the most noticeable. Some of the wells give salt water, but there are no salt marshes, and no salt springs have been found. The railroad connections of the county are supplied by the Alis- souri River, Fort Scott and Gulf line, having stations at Baola and Fontana, and the Paola and Holden line, which is operated by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas company, and joins the Mis- souri Pacific at nolden, Mo. There are excellent powers on the Marais des Cygnes, but only two have been utili/.ed. There aro three steam grist mills, two steam grist and saw mills, one steam saw mill, one water power saw mill, one wind power grist and saw irill, one.cigar factory, three wagon factories, a brewery, a carriage factory, a cheese factory, furniture factory and match fac- tory a°t Paola. In Osage township there is a grist mill ; in Wea township, two grist and saw mills, a wind power grist and saw- mill and a cheese factory ; in Stanton township, a wind power grist mill ; in New Lancaster township, a wind power grist mill ; in Osawatomie township, a saw and grist mill ; and in Middle Creek township, two saw and grist mills. There is only one bank, and that is at Paola, the county seat, where two weekly news- papers are published. There are 89 school districts with a school foreach, valued at $22,364, besides a Catholic parochial school at Paola. The church edifices number 11, valued at $27,500. Libraries aggregate 9,541 volumes. Miami county was self sup- porting during the locust famine. f1i:'»;:M»,i.m TvTTufs IIiarouY of A'i.v.niv. MlTCllKi.L CncNTV was organized in 1S70, ami named for Capf. Mitchell killed at >r(>iiroe Cross Roads, N. C, in 1865, just before tljo close of the war. The area of the county is 720 square miles, and the population in 187') was r),.'570, in which nuniher fonialos jiroponderateil to the number of 10. Kunninsj occupies 84 per cent., and mines aud manufactures 7 per cent, of the settlers. Beloit is the county seat, 134 miles northwest from Tojteka, on the .south bank of the Solomon river. There ia a paper published in the county .seat, the Ileloit Gazette;, and an active trade is transacted here. An iron bridge over the Solomon is one of the architectural features of lieloit, and there are im- portant mills and manufactures actively supported by the sur- rounding country. The manufactures of the county are, in Glen Elder township, a water power vrist and saw mill ; in Cawker township, a sUiim saw mill; in Juloit township, two water power grist and saw mills ; in Ashervillc township, a water power grtst and saw mill, and a feed mill, also water power ; two breweries in Waconda and IJeloit; a water power flouring mill at Turkey Creek, and two grist mills in other locations. There are many fine powers unimproved on the Solomon. There is only one bank, and th;" '^ at "^.roit ; there are three papers, one in Beloit, and two at k \ ier ( ly, all weekly. Bottom lands form 20 per cent, of til ■ ;-.'>.'face, and there is about 2 per cent, of forest, tho principal '..fims arc the Salt creek, Solomon river with its tribu- tar'.s. Oak, Granite, Limestone, Brown's, Mulberry, Plum, Asher, Car, Walnut, Turkey, Laben and Third creeks. Springs are scarce, but good well water is found at from 10 to 20 feet deep. Lignite worth §2 per ion has been found from 15 to 30 inches in thickness, but the supply is limited. White magnesian lime- stone is quite plentiful. There are good salt springs. The coun- ty has no railroads yet. There are 73 school districts, 50 of which have schools valued at $39,357, Church edifices number only i, valued at $5,300. Mitchell suffered much in the locust visitation. Montgomery County was organized in 1869 and named in honor of the gallant officer that fell in the attack on Quebec in December, 1775. The area of the county is 636 square miles \ 1(1 named for , in 18(5'), just oiiiity is 720 570, in which 10. Kanning 7 per cent, of )rthweHt from '. Tlicro is a izett(!, and an • the .Solomon thoro arc ini- i by tho 8ur- V arc, in Glen 1 ; in Cawker 3 water power r power grtst :) breweries in ill at Turkey ere are many ; is only one one in Beloit, ,s form 20 per of forest, tho Bvith its tribu- Plum, Asher, Springs are 1 20 feet deep. 30 inches in 2;ncsian lime- 3. The coun- stricts, 50 of ifices number in the locust xnd named in on Quebec in square miles ; »(>»• IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) A K ^ £/. ^ ^ :/. "^ 1.0 ■- Illi^'S 142 ^^ 1^ liiii 1. •- i. 1.4 m I.I II IB 1.25 11^ — 6' Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 i/?"jest*s^-"s>iisrs^6t*-'*«;^*!i»i'ivi*s CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques ■vmfmesmmLM^masmimi County Sm:TcnES. 633 its population in 1875 was 13,017, of which number there were 6,888 males, Illinois gave the largest quota of population, Mis- souri coming next. Farming employs 69 per cent, of the popu- lation and mines and manufactures 15 per cent. The county seat is Independence, 125 miles south from Topeka. One fourth of the soil is bottom land, and there is 10 per cent, of forest. The streams are Verdigris river, Elk river. Onion, Drum, Duck, Syca- more, and Big Hill creeks. Springs are rare, but well water is found at an average depth of 25 feet. Coal underlies about one- third of the county. The quality not first class and thickness varying from 12 to 24 inches. Limestone and flagstone are abundai;t for all purposes. There will be salt works at Elk City, as salt water of good quality can be procured by digging. There are no salt marshes. The railroad connections are by the Leaven- worth, Lawrence and Galveston line which has stations at Cherry- Vale, Liberty and Coffey ville ; with a branch from Cherry Vale to the county seat, Independence. Fifty-four bushels of winter wheat to the acre are said to have been raised at Sycamore in this county, at a cost per acre of $2.84. There are splendid water pow- ers not improved in the Verdigris and Elk rivers. The manu- factures of the county aro in Louisburg township, a steam grist mill ; in Parker two steam saw mills ; in Independence, a cigar factory, a cheese factory and vinegar factory, and on the Verdi- gris and Elk rivers, two water power flouring mills ; in Cherokee, a steam saw mill; in Liberty, a steam saw and water power grist mill ; in Parker, one mill w\ater and steam and one steam, both grist mills ; and iu Sycamore, one water power grist and one saw mill. The county seat is 134 miles by rail from the city of Law- rence on the banks of the Verdigris. The place was founded in 1870, and has one daily and three weekly papers, five churches, three banks, and a very thriving business. There are 100 dis- tricts and 96 school houses valued at $107,846 ; church edifices number seven with a valuation of $23,100 ; libraries are reported to the extent of 1,337 volumes. Montgomery was self support- ing in the locust raid. Morris County was organized in 1858 and was named in honor of an anti-slavery leader. This appellation marks the .«*s*- 634 Tittle's His tout ofKaxsas. earliest legislative victories of the free state party. The region had been named previously in honor of a Virginian senator with opposite predilections. The area of the county is 700 square miles and the population in 1875, was 4,507, in which the preponder- ance of males was 379. Farming engages 60 per cent, ot the set- tlers, trade and transportation 6, and mines and manufactOcrjsYJver 11. Council Grove is the county scat 52 miles soijthwest from Topeka on the Neosho river, 22 miles from Emporie, with a sta- tion on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad. T^icre are in the county seat two newspapers, two churches, three sol*6ols, ■a national bank and a coal mine, but the product is not consider- able. There is a good mill here and another being erected on the Kaw reserve. Th3 water powers are excellent. The manufac- tures of the county are in Elm township, two steam grist mills a water power grist mill and a cheese factory ; in Neosho two saw mills ; in Valley tpwuship, four saw mills, one water power and three steam ; in Parker, a steam saw and grist mill ; besides a brick yard, lime kiln, salt well, on : water power and one steam grist mill in Council Grove township. This is a fine agricultural county ; 15 per cent, of the surface is bottomland and 5 per cent, forest ; the streams are the Neosho river and its tributaries, Mun- kres, Little John, Big John, Rock, Elm, Four Mile and Kahola creeks. There are two other noteworthy creeks, Clark and Diamond. The springs of this county are numerous, including the famous Diamond and Hill springs, and well water has been always found within 10 to 40 feet. Fine magnesiau limestone is plentiful ; red ochre of excellent quality abounds. Fire and pottery clay are abundant, and gypsun. in limited quantities but mixed and impure. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad traverses the county with stations at Skiddy, Parkerville and Council Grove. There are 44 districts and 40 school houses val- ued at $52,000. Libraries are reported with 3,393 volumes, and churches number one only valued at $4,500. Morris suflered severely from the locusts as there were 1,090 reported wanting rations and about the same number wanting clothes in a popula- tion of only 4,036. Nemaha County was organized in 1855, and named for the The region onator with quarc miles prcponder- ,. ot the set- ictty'jsvjver _ hwest from with a sta- 21iere are in sol*6ols, ■q, )t consider- ;cted on tlio mauufac- grist mills ho two saw power and ; besides a one steam igricultural 5 per cent, aries, Mun- md Kahola Clark and 3, including er has been imestone is Fire and xntities but \s Railroad erville and bouses val- ilumes, and •is suffered sd wanting a popula- aed for the CovxTi' Sketchks. 635 river. Its area is 720 square miles; its population, in 1875, wag 7,104:, in which males preponderate 290. Farming employs 81 per cent of the settlers, mines and manufactures about 8 per cent. The county seat is at Seneca, 59 miles north from Topeka. Ten per cent, of the area is bottom land, and 3 per cent, forest. Tho Nemaha is the principal stream, with tributaries Deer, Harris, Illinois, Grasshopper, Tony, Rock, Vermilion, French and Turkey creeks. Springs are plentiful, and w^lls average from 35 to -10 feet deep. Coal is found in small quantities along the Nemaha and creeks from six to twenty feet below the surface, ranging from four to thirteen inches in thickness ; but little has been mined, and the quality being only moderate, the consumption is exclusively local. Two railroads serve this county, the St. Joseph and Denver City having its principal station at Seneca, and tho Central Branch of the Union Pacific, at Wetmore, Corning and Centralia. There are three banks at Seneca, and water powers are limited. The noticeable manufactures of the county are a steam saw mill at Nemaha township ; a steam flouring mill at Richmond ; a steam flouring mill at Home township ; a brewery at Seneca ; a steam grist mill at Rock Creek ; a steam flouring mill at Ncufchatel township, and a cheese factory. There are two weekly jiapers at Sabetha and Seneca. There are 77 districts and 7-± school houses valued at $70,553, besides a Catholic paro- chial school at Seneca. There are nine church buildings valued at $34,900. Nemaha was severely visited by the locusts, as 1,000 persons were in want of clothing and 250 in want of rations in the winter of 1874-5. Neosho County, named for the river, was organized in 1864 ; its area is 576 square miles, and its population, in 1875, was 11,076, in which males preponderated nearly 700. Agriculture engages 72 per cent, of the settlers, manufactures and mines, 9, and trade and transportation, 6 per cent. The county seat is Erie, 103 miles from Topeka. The county has 20 per cent of bottom lands, and 9 per cent of forest The Neosho is the main stream, its tributaries being the Vegetarian, Big, Canville, Four Mile, Flat Rock, Walnut, Village, Turkey, Elk and Augustus creeks. There are, besides, the Labette, Chetopa and Big Hill I i; m I'l 636 TcTTLic's IlL^Tony of Kansas. rrcel-. Springs are scarce, but well water rlentiful at 20 feet C" ^^ ^eeu found under 10 per cent. 0^1^^--.-^ the quality is good, with an average thickness of 18 inches. MneT I worked n ar Thayer with much success. Blue and "on /Line and sandstone of good quality bave been fou.d n every township ; and traces of lead, but no deposit tha wou d nv for working. The railroads serving the county are the Mis- souri K^n as and Texas, with a branch of the same road running Z'^- ns to Sedalia Mo., via Fort Scott; the stations being at Chanute, Urbana, Galesburgh, Ladore and Osage Mission and he LeLvenworth, Lawrence and Galveston, with stations at C n te Karlton and Thayer. There are good water powers on Se Neo ho but they are not fully availed of; one dam has been c^smS and another is in progress. The factories of the CO n^ el de . water power flouring mill at Canvdle ; a brewery anrtwo steam saw mills at Chanute ; a cheese factory at Mission a water power flouring mill at Centreville; a steam flouring and ^.w mil and a steam saw mill at Lincoln; a flouring mill at moZ .nd two flouring mills, a flouring and saw mill, a saw ^mand a shingle factory, at Erie township. There are three b L in the county, at Osage Mission, Thayer and Chanute; and SL weekly papers, at Chanute, Thayer and Osage Mission N 1 t^U. Jseho'ol districts have ninety school houses valued a t^eni besides which there are Catholic parochial schools at 111 and Osage Mission; an industrial school under the same „ment for boys at Osage Mission, and a parish school for " There are seven churches valued at $34,600, and the libra- S in seven townships give a total of 6,120 volumes. Neosho .vas a heavy sufferer from the locusts, but was self-supportmg. Norton County was organized in 1872, and named in honor of a cavalry officer slain at Cane Hill, Ark., in the engagement of the nth of November, 1864. The area is 900 square miles ; the i^oouhtion in 1875 was 899, in which males preponderated 150. iTa mnois and Nebraska contributed the bulk of the popula- tion of the county. Ninety-four per cent, are engaged m arm- ng there is but one per cent, of forest and eight per cent of bo - torn land in Norton county. The streams are Solomon nver. fit 20 feet ic nvea, and 18 inches. Bbic and been fou\.d that would ire the Mis- :)ad running itions being ge Mission ; ti stations at ir powers on am has been ories of the e ; a brewery J at Mission ; flouring and iring mill at r mill, a saw ere are three Ohanute ; and sage Mission, ises valued at ial schools at ider the same ish school for and the libra- mes. Neosho supporting. med in honor engagement of are miles ; the jnderated 150. of the popula- Tased in farm- 3Pr cent of bot- Solomon river, Count y SKt:rciiKs. G37 Trairie Dog and Sappho creeks. Springs arc moderately supplied, and wells range from ten to seventy-live feet. Coal has been mined for local use, but it is limited to a few townships. Lime- stone and sandstone are found nearly all over the county. There are no railroads here. The county seat is Norton, 2o0 miles northwest from Topeka ; but there are no banks, no manufactures of note, and no newspapers in the county. There are seventeen districts, but only two school houses ; no churches, no libraries. There are good water powers on the Solomon, but they are not yet turned to account. A dam is now being constructed on that river. The locusts almost ruined the whole of the settlers, as there were GOO reduced to want in the winter of 1874-5, in a pop- ulation of less than 900. Osage County was organized in 1850, being named for the river. The first name was Weller, in honor of a governor of Cal- ifornia. The area is 720 square miles, and the population in 1875 was 10,268, in which males preponderatedby 010. Farming cm- ploys sixty-four per cent, of tlie settlers, and over twenty per cent, are engaged in mines and manufactures. Burlingame, the county scat, is twenty-four miles south southwest from Topeka, on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe line, which has a good station here. Clay of fine quality is found here, and coal is abundant. There are four churches and a fine brick school house in Burlingame, which has a beautiful climate, healthful position, and fertile surrounding country to recommend it. There is one newspaper published here, the Osage County Chronicle. Coal underlies twenty-five per cent, of the whole county, in veins of from fourteen to eighteen inches, in depths varying with position from live to fifty feet, and the quality is good. An average of forty car loads per day is shipped during the whole year, and it is used by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, as well as for local purposes. The face of the county shows ten per cent, of bottom land, and eight per cent, of forest ; the streams are the Marais des Cygnes, Coal, Long, Rock, Cherry, and other creeks its tributaries ; Salt, Dragoon, and one hundred and ten creeks with a number of petty streams. Springs are scarce, but wells range only from fifteen to forty feet in depth, and the water is :::SmSSSSrSSii'diMii'iiM^''- '{. I n ggg Tuttlk's IIistouy of Kass.i><. „„,1 clnv-i l«ll. fuo ami liotlcry, ore plcititul. M.o.o aio two " ,., n ,W county, tl.o Atcl,i,on, Topck. an,! Santa o.w.l. ::::;:.,;. ca,.o„aa,e^ '>"••>-'- r'trr:ititrr;e: rencc and Soutlnvestcrn, connecting the city wun 7::Z C.n. t,.is county ccn.y '^^^:f^Z Z fh'c^uly inCude two gri.t .ill. a chccc factory, and a , tc.y at Hu.lln.'ame; a grist mill and Wo saw nulls at Osage O.ty, a gVs mi Ut I. ndon , a grist mill at Bidgcway ; a steam saw m 11 ?;dtlcbees= lactones at Melvern-. two «»™ -^ -"^^f ^ cheese factory at Arvonia; and two steam saw mills at Agency *:,. T\erearetwol.n^^^^^^^^^^^ OrrCita^BX™ T;ereUaeaistr,ctsand..s^oo, , 1 1 nf Cii97B83 besides parochial schools at O^ago houses, valued at !?l^/,t)»(J, oes ucs t „, oqo onn and the Citv There are 13 church buildings valued at $33,200, and tne HWJ howa total of nearly 6,000 volumes. O-g-;^-^ ter ibly from the locusts, as we find that .n the -•^^-7 Jf ^^ thei-e were 875 in want of rations, and 1,350 wanting clothes. ■ r^ .vv roT'N'TY was organized in 1871, and named for a Osborne Colnt^ was « ^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^. private in ^^^ .^^^^ ;^:^"^^^ ^^i^'.^eaof the county is 900 kansas nver, in January, l»bo. x ^.^^ .,„„re miles, """ *^P^4"':rnt of 0. La Vs supplied „„les m-» -»<=«• '^„S :"'„( Osborne county. KigMy „enrly a *'f °' *=,^E „ e e"8»8=d in farming and 11 per *T !„"': ■ es nd mTr^uttures. Vwenty per cent, of the area cent, m mines auu ma streams are tr: r/sritCof s:: — % .heir tHwy tsi^c covert - f-j-rie-asr good wells range from seven ^ * 'JJ'" ,i^^,„„, ^^ounds. tas been fo-^- «''"tte county The county seat is at IT TcryT» Ithwest fromWek=^ There are good ^Sr;weJon th" two forks of the Solomon and four mrlls are i K CovsTi' .Sa /;■/•( 7/ /.w. 639 iri fihuntlant, iicrc nro two ant{\ Fe, with and the Tiaw- Cftrborulale. corn per acre, nrvested near inufacturcs of and a pottery Osage City, a team saw mill ,w mills and a Us at Agency atBurlingame ih at liyndon, 1 and 7-i school lools at Osago 13,200, and the Osage suffered Iter of 187-4-5 nrr clothes. i named for a leg on the Ar- county is 900 {,467, in which a has supplied )unty. Kighty- ling and 11 per sent, of the area rhe streams are their tributary ue springs, and in depth. Coal lestone abounds. jounty seat is at There are good ad four mills are nlrcady in operation, but the powers are not nearly developed. The main mauufacturL's arc a grist mill, a saw mill, a grist and Baw mill, and a furniture factory, at Pcnu townsliip; a grist mill at Sumner, and two others at Bethany and at Liberty townships. There arc no banks in the county, but there are two newspapers, weekly, published in Osbor'ie. There 40 districts, but only 1(3 school houses, valued at $6,G(ia There are several organizations but no church buildings, and the libraries in four townshipa showed a total of 3,549 volumes. This county sufTered terribly from the locusts, as nearly half of the population was destitute of rations and clothing in consc(iuence of their ravages. Ott\\vv Countv was organized in 1866. Its area is 720 square miles, and its population in 1875 was 4,429, in which total males preponderate nearly 300. Farming is the pursuit of 89 per cent, of the population. The county seat is Mmneapolis, 109 miles west from Topcka. One-fourth of the area is bottom land, but there is but very little timber. The streams are the Solomon and Saline rivers, and Coal, Saw, Lindsay, Salt, Pipe, Yockey, Henry I^Iortimer and Chapman creeks. Springs are abundant and wells average about thirty feet deep. No coal has been found but sandstone and limestone of poor quality are plentifu . Mineral paint and pottery clay are abundant. There are no rail- roads yet in Ottawa county. The Solomon and Sabine rivers afiord excellent water powers, but only five mills have yet been built and the powers are scarcely touched. The industries de- veloped in the county, include at present two water power grist mills, two water power and one steam saw mill and furniture fac- tory at Centre township; two mills, grist and saw both water power, at Sheridan; and a w .w- power saw mill at Culver. There are no banks in the coun^ . but the amount of business transacted will soon require such accommodation. Minneapolis has a flouring mill, a lumber factory, a wagon factory and tin ware and stove factory ; Delphos has a flouring mil and a lum- ber factory ; Bennington has a lumber factory ; and Culver has two factories for lumber and pottery. There are two weekly papers at Minneapolis. There are 57 districts, and 36 school houses val- ued at $'>3 457. There are three churches, and one parsonage -; >?rfE- r:*'?--r?i^T :>^ ■o^iSfty.T^'y " - ' --' ^ y^s^^kii^g ^'sr 6W Tvitlk's lIisroiiY OF Kassas. with a valuation of Sl,<^'>'^ iui"! the libraries show an aggrcgato of l,<)lo volumes. Ottawa was one of the sufferers from llio loc\ists, n3 there wcro 400 persons reported in want of rations and 500 in want of clothing in the winter of 187-1-5. ]\\WXKK CorNTV was organizrd in 1872, and named for the nation upon whoso hunting grounds Kansas is being built up. The area is 756 square miles. The poi)ulation in 1875 was 1,00^3, in which total males proi)onderatc by 8(5. Farming employs 07 per cent, of the settlers, 8 an; engaged in trade and transporta- tion and 10 per cent, in mines and manufactures. Larntd is the county scat, 197 miles southwest from Topeka, on the Arkansas river and on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fc Railroad, which has here an excellent station. This is the station for Fort Larned. There is a weekly pajier published here, the Larned P/r,«. ^ One- fourth of the area is bottom land, but there is very little timber. The Arkansas river and its tributary, the Pawnee Fork, are the streams. Springs are numerous and wells vary from 6 to 2-i feet. No coal has been found, but good sandstone is iibun.lant, and fire and pottery clay have been discovered. The Atethison, To- peka and Santa Fe Railroad has a station at Garfield, us well a.'5 at Larned. Manufactures are in their infancy, but there are good water powers available on Pawnee Fork. There are no banks, and only one school house, valued at S050, b>it tiiore 11 organ- ized disU-icts. Pawnee suflcrcd from the locusts to the extent of li'aving one-fourth of its population reduced to destitution in 1874-5. Piiu-Lii'S County was organized in 1872, and named in honor of a free state lawyer, resident at Leavenworth, who was first lynched and afterwards murdered by rulTians in that city, in September, 1856. The area is 900 square miles, and the popula- tion in 1875 was 2,818, in which males preponderate by 280. Farming prevails to the extent of eighty-six per cent., and about six per°cent. of the settlers are employed in mines and manufac- tures. The county seat is Phillipsburg, 200 miles northwest from' Topeka. The soil has fifteen per cent, of bottom land, but little timber, and the principal streams are the North fork of the ' ail aggrogaUi ii'crrt froii\ llio of mliona ami naiv.cd for iho icing built up. l875 was 1,00^5, ing employs 07 uid traiisporla- Tiariifcd is tbo n tlio Arkansas Hailroad, wliiob or Fort Larned. 3d Pn'6.-i. One- ry little timber. ;o 1' ork, arc the oni to 2i foot. s abundant, and c Atcliison, To- •fiold, as well a3 it there are good •c arc no banks, there 11 organ - to the extent of ) destitution in named in honor 1, who was first in that city, in and the popula- nderate by 280. cent., and about les anJ manufac- miles northwest bottom land, but ^orth fork of the Covs'TV Shi-rrt iiks. an Solomon, and Doer Cn'ok, about thirty-live miles long, with many Iribularios. Tlicro are many s|)rings on iiill sides and well water can be obtained by deep sinking. There is no coal dis- covered, but good limostoin) is found in all parts of the county. Pottery chiy is found on l)et'r crock and its tributaries. Thoro are no railroads. Water powers are e.KccUent on the North fork of the Solomon and on I'rairic I)og creek. Hut two mills only have been erected, at Kirwin a llouring mill and at Logan a saw mill. Besides tho.se mills there are at Kirwin, a water power grist mill and a steam susw and grist mill : at Phillipsburg, a steam ihiuring mill, and at Logan, a water power saw and grist mill. There are no banks and but one newspaper, the Kirwin C/ii>f, at Kirwin. There are forty-three districts and twenty .school houses valued at $8,£i2(). There are no church buildings and no libraries. One-half of the population were left destitute by the locust plague in Phillips county. Pori'AWAToMiK County was organized in 1850. The name tells its own story. The area is 8-18 scpiare miles, and the popu- lation in 1875 was ll),o-i:-t, in which males preponderate 442. Seventy-four per cent, of the settlors are engaged in farming, and eight per cent, in mines and manufactures. The county seat is Louisville, thirty-seven miles west from Topeka, One-fourth of the area is bottom land and four per cent, is forest. The prin- cipal streams are the Kansas river, Big Blue river, aiul their tributaries. Black Jack, Pleasant Kun, Pock, Spring, Shannon, Carnahan, Mclntyre and Cedar creek. Springs are numerous and well water can be found at from ten to forty feet. Coal has been found of good quality in veins of ten inches in several townships, and some mining has been prosecuted. Limestone is abundant except in the valley of the Kansas river. The Kansas Pacilic runs through the Kansas valley, consequently there is sufficient facility for travel and traflie at present. There are excellent water powers on the Big Blue, Itock creek, lied Ver- milion and Darnell creek. The nuinufactures of the county include a water power saw and flouring mill in Rock Creek township ; a water power saw mill and a steam saw mill, and a lime kiln at Mill creek; a steam flouring mill at St. Mary's; 41 lfi per cent. m and manu- al, 141 miles cent, bottom •e Great and )ks. Springs There is ap- — good lime- springs and e been found station of the itchinson, the s founded in jls, churches •e tw 'eekly high degree, r Uutchinson, but mnniifMcturoii nro only roprrwnti'd in tho county at present by two brirlv factories in Hcno township. Tlicre are 72 di-^triots find 00 school houses, valued nt !>!r)l,H()S. 'I'liero is oidy one church building — the Presbyterian —valued nt .$.*{,00(), but tlicro nro nniny r)rganizati()ns. Libraries are roi)()rted in private hands, •■ontaining l.T'lo volumes, in four townships. Kcno sufTcrcd tor- rilily from tin; locusts, as l,«(i2 persons were destitute of food, nnd 1,200 destitute of winter clothing. T^F.i'nu.rf CofXTV was organized in 18fi8, talcing tho name of the river, and it would be dillleultto find a purer source on earth. Tlie Pawnee Indians had a republican form of government, and the river was named from their institutions. Tlie area of the county is 720 scpiaro milr-s, and tlie population in 1875 was 8,0-18, of which nutnluM-, 4,200 were males. Farming employs 84 per cent, of the settlers, mines and manufactures about 11 per cent, nelleville, tho county .seat, is 117 miles northwest from Topeka, in a rich mining district, and has two weekly newspapers. Pottorn lands make up one-tenth of the area, and forests cover 8 per cent. The j)rincipal sticams are, the Ilepublican river, Alill, Kosc, White Kock, ]]eavcr. West and Elk creeks, besides nameless streams in abundance. There are maiiy springs, and wells average about 30 feet in depth. The southern thinrof the area is underlaid with coal in veins of from 15 to 30 inches thick. It is mined extensively for local u.se, and is a superior lignite, worth $3 j)er ton ;it tlie mines. Limestone, various in quality, is very plentiful. Several .salt .springs, and a salt marsh of several thousand acres have been found in Grant township, and other discoveries of the same kind have been made in Beaver town- ship. There are no railroads yet. Water powers are not very- numerous, but with outlay some could be made available. The manufactures of the county include a steam flouring mill at Scandia township, a steam grist mill and a steam grist and saw mill in Grant township, besides the .salt works at tho marsh and springs, which turn out good salt in great quantity. There are no banks. There are 79 school houses, valued at $39,497, and 101 districts. There are six church buildings, valued at ,$9,.500. The libraries in three townships amount to 1,092 volumes. The li 644 Tuttlk's History of Kansas. locust plague struck Kepublic county very heavily, as there were 1,000 persons reported destitute of food, and 2,200 in want of winter clothing in 1874-5. Rice County was organized in 1871, and named for Brig. Gen. Rice, who was slain at Jenkins Ferry, Ark., on tlie return to Little Rock from Camden, after the failure of Gen. Banks ex- pedition. The area of the county is 720 square miles, and the population in 1875 was 2,453, of which number 1,339 wei;e males. Farming employs 87 per cent, of the settlers, mines and manu- factures 6 per cent. Atlanta, the county seat, is U5 miles from Topeka, to the southwest. There is very little timber m this county, but 15 per cent, of the area is bottom land. The princi- pal sti'eams of this region are, the Arkansas, Little Arkansas, Cow Little Cow, Plum, and other creeks not yet named. Springs are very numerous, and wells average 25 feet in djpth. Lime- stone and sandstone abound, but no coal has been discovered so ■ r The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad runs through 'lus county, with principal stations at Raymond and Peace. Wheat is spoken of'near Atlanta giving 30 bushels to the acre. •There are some good water powers, but none unproved. Mar m- factu es are yet to be inaugurated here, with the exception o a steam flounng mill at Sterling township. There are no banks and only on: newspaper (the Rice County He-U 1), Pub li^.ed weekly L Peace. There are 20 school houses valued at $18,o46 Ind 41 districts. There is only one church edifice vulued at $3 000, but there are many organizations. Libraries reported ; t'otal of 1,914 volumes. Eight hundred and seventy-five per- "ol^were in want of food, and 600 wanted clothin. here after the locust plague in 1874-5. CtpvOoontt was organized in 1855, and was named for its , ,IlZmev Its population in 1875 w.-.s 7,065, of T:r:lbe"«- ,.J. %a™in, employs 68p«- cent :^;e;rtu::;«ininsad.at^^^^^^^ *::; "rs;: td-nv cen.'is .o- T„e cwei streams are the Kansas river, the Big Blue flows by the boundary - i.1 iTWsnsW'f'^ as there were ) in want o£ led for Brig, m the return n. Banks' ex- ules, and the 9 were males. IS and manu- :5 miles from imber in this The pvinoi- ,le Arkansas, imed. Springs :bpth. Lime- discovered so , runs through 1 and Peace. ) to the acre, ■oved. Manu- ;xception of a are no banks, iV\), published led at $18,546, fice vulued at •aries reported venty-five per- in.T here after s named for its 5 was 7,065, of lys 68 per cent. it. Manhattan, One-fifth of the St. The chief y the boundary COUXTY Ske'tciie.^. 645 line to the cast, and the llcpublican river also enters the county. Tlie minor streams are the Fancy, Mill, Wild Cat, Seven ^lilc, iVfadison, Timber, Three Mile, McDowell, Deep and School creeks. Springs arc numerous and copious, and veils range from 2(5 to SO feet in depth. Coal has not been found, but an excellent quality of magncsiun limestone, in layers of from two to six inches, sup- ply an admirable building stone to all parts of the county. The county has good railroad connections, as the Kansas racitic has principal stations at Manhattan and at Ogden ; and the Manhat- tan and Northwestern will soon complete connections with the central branch of the Union Pacific at Irving, and with ilie St. Joseph and Denver City Railroad at Marysville. Water powers could be miule available at small cost in several places, but little has been effected in that way. Fancy creek has been dammed, and at Rocky Ford there is a dam across the Big Blue, which fur- nishes 2,000 horse power to a flouring mill. The manuTactures of the county include a water power grist and saw mill, two wagon and carriage factories, a boot and shoe factory, and a cigar factory at Manhattan ; a brewery at Ogden ; a steam saw mill and a cheese factory at Grant ; two saw Mills at Jackson ; and a grist mill at Mayday township. There are three banks operating at Manhat- tan. The city of Manhattan has two newspapers, published weekly, and is a lively town, full of business. There are 25 school houses, valued at $48,605, and 67 districts organized. There are nine churches, valued at .$31,600. Riley had 150 persons wanting food and 350 wanting clothing to provide for the winter of 1874-5, after the locust visitation. Rush County was organized in 1874, and named for Capt. Rush, of the second colored infantry, killed gallantly fighting at Jenkins' Ferry, on the retreat to Little Rock from Camden, under Gen. Steele, April 3, 1864. The population in 1875 was 451, of which number 263 were males. Farming employs 89 per cent, of this population. Rush Centre is the county seat, 200 miles southwest from Topeka. There are no railroads here yet. The soil is said to be very fertile, 32 bushels per acre of wheat being harvested as a first crop near Alexander. There are as yet no banks nor manufactures, nor newspapers; but there are 6 ; ' wism^s^simmBmimfmimm^iA-. I 646 TuTTLifs History of Kaxsas. ¥ school districts, and 3 buildings erected for school purposes. No churches yet, but eight private libraries give a total of (525 volumes. RusSETiL County was organized in 1872, and named in honor of Capt. iiusscll of the second Kansas Cavalry, who died of wounds received in the battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas. The area of the county is 900 square miles, and ..le population in 1875 was 1,0'">2, of wliich number 590 were males. I'^iglity jicr cent, of the residents are farming, and 10 per cent engaged in mining and miiuufactures. Russell, the county feat, is 172 miles west from Topclca. One-fifth of the area is bottom land, and only ono per cent, prairie. Smoky Ilill river is the great stream, next to that the Saline, and Paradise creek, with numerous smaller streams drain and irrigate the county completely. Springs are not very numerous. Wells range from 10 to 40 feet on the low lands, and from 20 to 200 feet on the uplands. Coal, or more properly lig- nite, in seams of from 30 to 40 inches thick, has been found, but the quality is poor. There has been some mining. Sandstone of poor quality is abundant, and P'>me limestone of a better qual- ity ha= been found. Salt springs, mineral paint, and pottery clay are reported in considerable quantity, but the quality is not yet determined. The Kansas Pacific Railway has principal stations at Bunker Hill and Russell. There are water powers, but they have not been realized, as manufactures have only made a small beginning with a grist mill at Centre township. There are no banks in the county, but there are two papers published weekly at Russell, the county seat. There are 8 school houses, valued at $15,029, and 14 districts. There are several organizations, but only one church building, valued at $4,500. The locust plague reduced nearly one-half of the population to absolute want in the winter of 1S74-5. ' Rooks County is not yet organized, although th^e population numbered about 500 in 1875. The whole population was re- duced to the verge of starvation by the locust raid, as the returns showed 517 in want of rations, and upwards of 400 in want of clothing in the winter of 1874--5. Saline County was organized in 1859, and named for the purposes. No of (525 volumes. lamed in honor , who (lied of Lrkansus. The Illation in 1875 iglity per cent, aged in mining L72 miles west 1, and only one stream, next to smaller streams ys are not very low lands, and •e properly lig- )een found, but ig. Sandstone f a better qual- id pottery clay ality is not yet incipal stations iwors, but they r made a small There are no blished weekly houses, valued janizations, but 1 locust plague ate want in the th'C population ilation was re- , as the returns 400 in want of named for the CousTi' Sketcuk^. m river. The population in 1875 was 6,5G0, of whom 3,380 wcro males. Agriculture employs 70 per cent, of the settlers, and 18 per cent, are evenly divided between trade and transportation and mines and manufactures. Salina, the county scat, is 105 miles west from Topeka. Thirty per cent, of the county is bottom land, but there is very little timber. No coal worth naming has Ijen found. The chief streams are the Saline, Smoky Hill, Sol- omon, Gypsum creek. Spring creek and Mulberry. There arc but few springs. "Wells range from 30 to 60 feet. Sandstone, of good quality, is found everywhere in this county, as also fire clay and gypsum. Salt springs and works at the mouth of the Solomon supply a ver3'' excellent salt, almost pure chloride of sodium. The Kansas Pacific has principal stations at Salina and at Brookville, the latter being a terminus. There are good water powers, but few of which have yet been utiliz;ed. The manufactures of the county include a wind power mill and a brick manufactory at Smoky ]Iill township; a cigar factory in the city of Salina, a cheese factory in Ohio township, a broom factory in Falem town- ship, two salt manufactories in Solomon, and three water power flouring mills. There is only one bank, which is located at Salina, the county seat. There are three newspapers publislied weekly at Salina. There are 48 school houses, valued at ,$71,964, and 59 organized school districts. There are 7 churches, valued at $24,300, and private libraries reported show a total of 1,360 vol- umes in three townships. Salina suffered little by coraparisou w-ith its neighb(jrs from the locust visitation, Sedgwick County was organized in 1870, and named in honor of Gren, Sedgwick, who was slain fighting for the union in the battle of Spottsylvania, May 9, 1864. The population of the county in 1875 was 8,310, of which number 4,567 were males. Farming is tl.o pursuit of 59 per cent, of the settlers ; 21 per cent, are engaged in mines and manufactures, and 8 per cent, in trade and transportation. Wichita, the county seat is 129 miles south- west from Topeka. There is but little timber in the county, but one half the area is bottom land and very fertile. The principal streams are the Arkansas, Little Arkansas, Minnescah, Cowskin and Wildcat creeks, with many nameless streams. But few ; '.mmmm^mmmmsmmmi^m^. * 648 Tvttle's IIisroitY OF Kaxsas. springs .ire found, but well water is reaelied without fail at from 10 to oO feet. Coal has been found, but not in such (quantity as to warrant mining. Gypsum underlies nearly the whole area, but building stone is somewhat scarce. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroad runs through the county to Wichita. "Water powers are limited, but some have been improved, and Iv o flour- ing mills have been established. Tlic manufactures of the county include two grist mills, a soda water factory, a wagon factory, a cigar factory and a brewery at Wichita ; two water power grist mills at Salem, and one water power grist mill at Waco township. There are four banks in the county, of which two operate at Wichita, the county scat, where there ai'e two weekly newspapers published. There are 57 school houses, valued at $107,167, and there are 80 districts. There is a Catholic parochial school at Wichita. There are four church edifices in the county, and church property is valued at $11,700. Sedgwick was a heavy loser by the locust plague, as 1,175 persons were reported in want of food, and 3,000 were unable to procure winter clothing in 187i-5. ',1 SnAWXKE County was organized in 1855 ; the name gives its own explanation. The area is 558 square miles, and the popula- tion in 1875 was 15,417, of which number 8,027 were males. Farming employs 40 per cent, of the settlers, mines and manufac- tures engage 21 per cent., trade and transportation 13 per cent, Topeka, the capital of the state, is the county seat. Forests cover eight per cent, of the county, and 31 per cent, is bottom land. The principal streams are the Kansas river and its tributaries, Banbicn, Cross, Soldier, Indian, Little Soldier, Half Moccasin, Half Day, Vesser, Mission, Shungununga, Deer, Stinson, Tecum- seh, Haskell, Blacksmith and other creeks; theWakarusa and its tributaries, Six Mile, Lime, Towhead and Berry Creeks. Springs are not numerous in this county, but some of them are very Hue, and good well water can be found, generally at depths varying from 18 to 40 feet. Coal has been found, but there is no estimate of the area occupied by this valuable deposit. The veins found vary from 14 to 20 inches at a depth of from 15 to 20 feet. Many of the ravines have coal cropping out on their sides and the qual- fail Jit from I quantity a3 ole area, but Topcka and lita. AVatcr 1(1 two flour- f the county 5n factory, a power grist CO township. 3 operate at r newspapers 107,167, and al school at county, and vas a heavy )rted in want ' clothing in ame gives its :l the popula- were males, ind manufac- 1 13 per cent. Forests cover bottom land. ;s tributaries, ilf Moccasin, nson, Tecum- :arusa and its 3ks. Springs are very Hne, 3pths varying is no estimate e veins found 3 feet. Many and the qual- CovsTY Skutciies. 649 ity \ii quite good. Considerable (quantities arc mined for local use in domestic and manufacturing oper;ition.s. Limestone of good quality is found in all parts of the county. Fire clay overlies the coal measure, but the quality of that deposit lias not been fully tested. Tliis portion of Kansas is well cared for by railroad com- panies. The Kan.sas Pacific has stations at Topeka, Silver Lake and Rossville ; the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe has stations at Topeka and Wakaru.sa, and the Kansas Midland runs east from Topeka along the south bank of the Kansas to Lawrence ijid Kansas City, having a station at Tecumseh. There are nu- merous water powers of great value, but the reliability and s[)eed associated with steam have prevented their utilization to any con- siderable extent. The manufactures in the county include the Shawnee steam flouring mill in Topeka, the Xorth Topeka steam mills, the Topeka rolling mills, the Farmers flouring mills, the foundry and planing mill, the machine shops of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe company, and of the Kansas Midland, four cigar factories, two breweries, two cheese factories, two wagon and carriage factories, one cracker factory and the gas work.s. Koss- ville township has a steam flouring mill, a saw mill, an agricultu- ral implement and furniture factory, a water power flouring mill on Cross creek, north of Ro.ssville, and other works. Auburn township has a cheese factory, and Tecumsch a steam saw mill. The lion's share of the business of the county as well as that of the business of the state is transacted in Topeka, and the beauty of the city keeps step with ii. prosperity. The banks of the city include the Topeka National, the State Bank of Topeka, the Cit- izens' Bank, the Topeka Bank and Savings Institution, the Bank- ing house of Guildford Dudley, and that of John D. Knox k Co., all centering in Topeka, but their operations extending all over and beyond the state. The press of Topeka is metropolitan, in- cluding the Commonwealth, daily and weekly ; the Blade, daily evening; the Times, daily evening and weekly; the Kansas Farmer and the Democrat, both weekly. Naturally, the papers published in the capital are read with avidity all o\cr the state, and are sought for the sake of local intelligence by directors of the press all over the United States. There are 79 districts and 81 school houses, valued, inclusive of appurtenances, at $199,000. -„ jiimmwuMii M 660 Ti'TTLtfs lllSTOHV OF KaSSAS. There are other educational establishments in the capital, includ- ing Wasliburn College, under the control of tlie Congregational cliurcli; tlie college of the Sisters of Bethany, an Episcopal estab- lishment ; with a theological institute, similarly directed, and a parochial school under the management of the Sisters of Charity. Churches are magniiicently cared for in this city and county, as we find no less than 20 churches, some of them sui)erb, and all commodious, estimated by their cost at $li7,150. Four public libraries contain 17,150 volumes, and 218 private collections ag- gregate 38,788 volumes in seven townships only. Shawnee coun- ty was self supporting in the time of the locust plague and the worst ravages were ellectcd before the locusts arrived at tliis point. Smith Couxty was. organized in 1872, and named in honor of ^faj. Nathan Smith of the second Colorado volunteers, slain in action at Little Blue, Missouri, in October, 18(3i. The area of Smith County is 900 square miles, and its population in 1875 "was 3,876, in which total the males number 2,130. Ninety per cent dciK'ud on farming, and 5 pur cent, on mines and manufac- tures, a wide definition that covers almost every handicraft. Smith Centre the county seat, is 173 miles northwest from Topeka. There is but little timber in this area, but 15 per cent is bottom land of very fertile quality. The principal streams are the Sol- omon river and its tributaries. Cedar, East Cedar, Beaver and other creeks. Wells range from 10 to 100 feet, and springs are moderately plentiful. Little coal has been found. Limestone abounds and is of good quality. Sandstone is plentiful, but in- ferior. Gypsum in small quantities, but of fine quality, has been found. There are some salt springs, but their value has not been ascertained. There are no railroads here yet Several valuable ■water powers only want for improvement, one dam has been con- structed on the Solomon river. The manufactures of Smith county include a steam sawmill in Centre township; a steam saw mill, water power grist mill, and water power grist and saw mill in Houston township. There are no banks in the county, and only one paper published weekly in Smith Centre, the Pioneer. There are 43 school houses valued at $10,850, and 70 organized pital, incliul- jrigrogutional liricDpul cstiib- :'ectod, and a I'd of Charity, id county, as .pcrb, and all Four public illections ag- hawnee coun- iguo and the rived at tliis d in honor of ;eers, slain in The aiea of tion in 1875 Kincty per and manulac- icraft. Smith roni Topeka. 3nt. is bottom are tlie Sol- r, Beaver and 1 springs are l. Limestone itiful, but in- ility, has been ; has not been eral valuable has been con- res of Smith ; a steam saw md saw mill e county, and , the Pioneer. 70 organized Co f ^V TY S K i: TCII KS. (551 school districts. There arc several church orgaiiix.atioiis, but no cdiliccs. :N[()rc than oncfourtli of the settlers in Smith county were reduced to destitution by the locust raid, as 1,500 of the people were in want of food, and 1,150 were unable to procure winter clothing. SuMNEU County was organized in 1871, and named in honor of the great senator, one of the truest friends of Kansas, worthy to stand beside Abraliam Lincoln. The area of the coun- ty is 1,188 s(piare miles, and its population in 1875 was -1,925, of which number 2.0(57 were males. Eighty-three per cent, depend on farming, and (5 per cent, on mines and manufactures. Welling- ton, the county seat, is 154 miles southwest from Topeka. Forest in this county is only 3 per cent., but bottom lands comprise 20 per cent, one-fifih of the whole area. The principal streams are the Arkansas and Ninnescah rivers, and the Slate, Chicaspia, Fall, IJluil' and Cowskin creeks. Springs are rare, but wells range from 10 to -10 feet. Borings have been made to find coal, and indications are favorable, but no discoveries have yet been made, and the search is still being prosecuted at Remanto. Build- ing stone of diflerent kinds and excellent quality is being found in every township. Fireclay abounds, and gypsum is also found, both of excellent quality. Salt springs of great value have been found, one company producing from their salines 1,000 pounds per day. There are no railroads in the county. There are good water powers, but undevelo{)ed. There is one saw mill on the Cowskin creek, and the other manufactures of the county include a steam saw mill m Caldwell township ; a steam saw mill at Belle Plaine; a water power flouring mill and a horse power flouring mill at Oxford ; a steam saw mill and saltworks at Wal- ton township. There is one bank in the county, at Wellington, and one weekly newspaper. There are 39 school houses valued «t $36,248, and 73 districts. There are many church organiza- tions, but only one edifice, valued at $3,000. Five townships re- port 21 private libraries, consisting of 1,(598 volumes. The locust plague fell with almost crushing effect upon this county, as 2,000 persons were unable to procure winter clothing and 1,500 lacked food ; but the people are bravely making headway once more. ; i 4 1 i «■; ess Tvtti.e's JfisToiiv or Kaxsas. m I in Wahai-xskk County was organized in 1850, and named after a war cliicf of tlio Pottiiwatoinics. The area of the (Huuity is 804 square miles, and tlie jjopnlation, in 1875, was 4,»U8, of whieh number, males re,u;i.ster 2,4!)4. Farming employs 82 por cent of the settlers, and mines and manufactures, 7 per cent. Alma, tho county seat, is 33 miles west from Topeka and 05 miles west of Lawrence, at the crossing of the Manhattan, Alma and Jiur- lingame, and the Mill Creek Valley and Council Grove railroads. The town has several stores, wagon and other factories, a floiiring mill and a saw mill with water power. The town is well situated for water power, being at the junction of four creeks. Geological CN-Jjerts say that coal will be found at this point at a depth of from o."»() to 400 feet, and borings are being made in that interest. The town increases very rapidly and is prosperous. One excel- lent weekly paper, tho News, is published at Alma; and many important mail routes converge at that point. Tho borings for coal have descended 500 feet, but no paying veins were found, possibly from some fault in the earth's crust, not in the geological prospects. There is coal under about one-fourth of the area of the county at an average of fifteen feet deep, cropping out in the ravines at many places; but the quality is inferior, and the seams about fourteen inches thick. Some of the veins have been mined, and abandoned because the quantity and quality would not pay for labor and outlay. Blue and white limestone of excellent quality are found in every township, and lire clay has been found in many places at various depths, from the surface or near it to 370 feet below. An artesian well bore was made at Alma, and at a depth of 17-1 feet very strong salt brine was discovered ; the bore was continued, and at 378 feet the brine was much stronger; when the bore ceased, at 585 feet, the water was impregnated ■with chloride of sodium almost equal in strength to that of the Syracuse salt works, and there were hardly any impurities to be removed. The product of the well is now being prepared for the market by natural evaporation as well as by artificial heat. The face of the country gives only 4 per cent, of forest, 15 per cent, of bottom land, and is very fertile. The principal streams are Mis- eion, Dragoon, Rock and Mill creeks ; the last named creek is 36 miles long, draining into the Kansas river. Springs are rare, but CoisTY Sketcuks. 653 I named after (!ounty is 80-1 U8, of wliich i2 pjr co;it of t. Alma, tlin miles west of ma and Jiur- •ove railroads, ies, a flouring 1 well situated. ^. Geological at a depth of 1 that interest . One excel- a ; and many le borings for s were found, the geological of the area of ing out in the and the seams ve, been mined ould not pay 3 of excellent as been found 3 or near it to at Alma, and scovered ; the inch stronger; \ impregnated to that of the 1 purities to be ■epared for the ial heat. The 15 per cent, of earns are Mis- led creek is 36 s are rare, but excellent when they occur, and good wells range from 20 to 50 feet. There are no railroads in tlio county. Water powers are good, but not utili/.cd for want of capital. The manufactures of the county include, besides the works at Alma, a water power saw mill at Maple Hill; a cheese factory at Wabaunsee; two cheese factories ami a knitted goods factory at Mission Creek ; and steam' saw mills at Washington and IJerlina t(nvnshi])s. There arc two banks at Alma. There arc 43 school houses valued at $-11,279, and 53 school districts. Three church edifices have been erected at a cost of $4,800. Two townsliips report libraries to the number of 1,730 volumes. One thousand persons were in want of food, and 575 had not sullicient clothing for Avinter in consequence of the locust visitation of 187-1-5; but the crops of the latter year came near making good all deficiencies. Washington County was organized in 1860, and no Ameri- can needs to be told for whom the county is named. The area of the county is 900 square miles, and the population in 1S75 was 8,021, of which 4,5(50 were males. Farming employs eighty-six per cent of the settlers, and manufactures and mining six per cent Washington, the county seat, is ninety miles northwest from Topeka. Timber is very light in this county, and bottom land only eight per cent, but the prairies are fertile in good hands. The principal streams are the Little Blue, Mill, Coon, Pete's, Par- son's, and other creeks tributaries of the Little Blue and the Re- publican rivers. Coal has been found, but in inconsiderable seams and of poor quality ; still the search has not been aban- doned, and indications are favorabl'., Building stone, pottery clay and gypsum are found in diflerent paits of the county. Limestone quarries have been opened at several points, and the pottery clay is being utilized at Harn/ver. The St Joseph and Denver City Railroad has a principal itaLion at JIanover. The Little Blue affords excellent water powers, but th .y ^ave not been worked. Mill creek is fully employed three-fifths of the year. The manufactures of the county include a water power flouring mill, pottery, brewery and brick factory at Ilano^'er; a water power flouring mill at HoUenberg ; a water power grist mill at Mill Creek ; two water power saw mills, a steam saw mill, a cheese i fi 654 TuTTi.ffx IfisTitnr or A'.i.v.sms. f 1 fnctory, fiiniitnrr' factory, two wator power flouring mills, and wafor ai'd steam power flouring mill at Washington ; and a wind grist mill at Strawberry township. There is one bank in Wash- ington. There arc two papers, both weekly, published iTie at 'Washington and the other at Hanover. Eighty-six school houses liave been erected and furnished at a cost of $r;7,i)7(), and thero jvro in all 108 school districts. There are three <'hurch edifices and other properties valued at $4,600, nnd libraries in two town- ships give a total of .')!)() volumes. After the locust i>laguc, this county had 1,(500 people in want of clothing, and 600 unable to procure food for themselves. jI 11' WiLsox County was organized in I860 at the close of the war, and was named for Col. Wilson of Fort Scott The area of Wil- son county is 076 square miles, and the popidation in 1875 was 9,749, of whicb number 5,097 were males. Eighty-two per cent, are employed in farming, and seven percent, in mines and manu- factures. Fredonia, the county seat, is 102 miles south from To- peka, near Fall river, in a fine farming country, and on the M. and N. K. R. The village has three churches, two banks, two schools, a weekly newspaper, the .Journal, three hotels, a mill and other works. There are line water powers on Fall river and the Verdigris, but they are onlv partially employed by two mills on each stream. The manufactures of the county include a steam flouring mill, a steam saw and planing mill, and a water power flouring mill in Neodesha township ; two water power and two steam power flouring and saw mills in Cedar; a steam saw mill and two steam saw and flouring mills at Fall lliver ; a steam and ■water power flouring and saw mill at Guilford ; a steam power flouring and sawmill at Verdigris: a steam power sawmill at Clifton, and two water power flouring mills at Centre township. There are three banks in the count}^ two at Fredonia and one at Neodesha, with an aggregate capital of $49,788. Besides the pa- per mentioned as published at Fredonia, there is a paper published at Neodesha, the Free Press. There is in this county twenty per cent, of bottom land, and eight per cent of forest The principal streams are the Verdigris and Fall rivers, with their tributaries, Cedar, Sandy, Duck and Buffalo creeks, with numerous smaller iring mills, find oil ; and a wind bunk in Wash- iblishod ")!ie at ix school liouHos ",!)7(^, and tlioro church edilicea ics in two town- list i>laguc, this d 600 unable to :;lose of the war, 'he area of Wil- :)n in 1875 was ty-two per cent, lines and nianu- south from To- and on the M. ,wo banks, two )tels, a mill and 11 river and the >y two mills on iclude a steam a water power lower and two steam snw mill T ; a steam and a steam power 'er saw mill at 3ntre township, onia and one at Besides the pa- japer published nty twenty per The principal leir tributaries, Tierous smaller CoiWTY SKurriihs. 655 streams. Springs arc mmicroiis, anod wdls range from twelve to thiny feet in dcplli. Coal is supposed to umlcrlio tho whole area, varying in thickness from six Indies to thirty-si.x, and tho quality good. Tho soatn comes to the surface toward the cast of tho county and dips to tiic west. Local coiisiiiiiplioii for do- mestic and manufacturing purposes is coiisidcrabj.'. Liincstono and .sandstone are found in large ipiantities of good ([iiality all over the county, and fire clay is also found in the vicinity of Kail and Verdigris rivers. There are salt springs and marshes near Frcdonia, whidi arc being iiiili/'.cd. There are eighty-six .«cliool houses viilned at IJO-l.HoO, and ninety-one school districts. Seven churches have been built at a cost of $15,000. Tliere arc twenty- six private libraries in four towiistiips, with 1,213 volumes. Wil- son county was sdf supporting in lS7-l -5, at the time of the locust visitation, although there was much sufTcring among the poorer settlers in that region. Woodson County was one ot the first organized in 185.'), having been named in honor of the secretary of the territory and sevend times acting governor. The area comprises 504 srpiaro miles, and the population in 1875 was 4,476, of which number 2,396 were males. Farming employs 80 per cent, ot the settler.-?, ininers and manufacturers engage 8 per cent. Defiance, the coun- ty seat, is 82 miles .south from Topeka. The area offers a favora- ble compromise as to surface and soil, as there is 6 per cent, of forest and 10 per cent, of bottom land of great fertility, and the wood is of good descriptions for manufacturing purposes. The principal streams are the Neosho and the Verdigris rivers, with their tributaries. Owl, Cherry and Big Sandy creeks, with many smaller streams. Springs arc few but good wdl water is found at from 20 to 40 feet. Coal has been found, but not enough to pay for mining in a systematic way. Building stone abounds in all parts of the county. The Missouri, Kan.sas and Texas Rail- road follows the valley of the Neosho, so that the region is joined to the railroad system of the continent. Dogs are more destruct- ive than wolves to sheep farmers, but that experience is common to most counties in Kansas. There are fine water powers on the Neosho river at Neosho Falls, and a dam has prepared the way ; '! 1 uJ^ hit 956 Ti rn.i:'.^ Uistonv or K.iss.is. for c()ini>loto iitili/;ilion ol tlio .Htrt'iiiii. 'I'lio muiuifiictiircs of tlio county inchulo ii water power lloiiriii;,' ami saw mill, a water ])o\ver woolen mill, ii s-tcam saw mill, a wa>;oti and implement fac- tory, anil a water power fiuniluro factory ut Neo.sln» Kails; a grist anil «uw mill, and a furnitnro factory at Toronto; u grist and saw mill at Centre; and u steam huw mill at Owl Cretjk township. There are no hanking lioiises in the county, and only one weekly paper, the Woodson I'osf, published at llic business centre, Neosho Falls. There are 5-1 districts, and 63 school houses, valued at $;J(i,!)0.'> ; two ehurciics valued ui .$.'), 1")0, and libraries in five township.s, numbering, in public and jirivaio col- lections, -l,*)'.).") volumes. The locusts fell lightly on this county, as wc lind only o2a persons in want in the winter of 1871-5. Wyandotte County was organized in 1859, itnrncd for the tribe of Indians indicated; the area is only lo.'] square miles, and the population, in lb75, was 12,3(52, of which number {>,o[)ii were males. Fifty-one per cent., little more than halt of the settlers rely on farming, 9 per cent, on trade and transportation, and 16 on mines and manufactures. Professional and personal services engross 22 per cent. The county seat is Wyamlotle, almost u j)artof Kansas City, to which it is joined by bridge and railroads; being on the state line, 57 miles east from Topcka. The county is well conditioned for agriculture, manufactures and residence, as it })(xsscsscs, in its limited area, 25 per cent, of foiest and 20 of bottom land. The Missouri and the Kansas rivers are the great streams, and there are many of small dimensions all over Wyan- dotte county. Beautiful springs abound as usual in well timbered country, and excellent wells range from 20 to 50 feet A bore put down near Wyandotte to determine as to the practicability of coal mining has given curious results. The bore is only 4 1-2 inches ; there arc many greater bores in society, but few so inter- esting. At a depth of 250 feet, illuminating gas of fine quality was struck, and has ever since been ascending in great volume, go that the engine is supplied with no other fuel than it affords, to continue the work, and a small two inch pipe carries to the house of Mr. Wilderman enough to furnish fuel and light The estimate made is that 240,000 cubic feet of gas escape every 21 lotiircn of tlio iiiilt, a water [ii|ploii\(.Mit fac- islio Kails; a roiiU) ; a grirft ,t Owl Clock irity, ami only , lliu bii.siiit'jiiJ 11(1 olj school X $r),-iOO, und (I jii'ivaU' col- Ill this county, f lali-o. larncil for the laro miles, and bcr O,o'jy wcro of thu settlers nation, and 16 rsoiial servicca Icjlle, almost u and railroads; ,. The county and residence, orcst and 20 of 3 arc the great .11 over \V yan- II well timbered feet A bore iracticability of e is only 4 1-2 ut few so inter- of fine quality great volume, than it affords, ! carries to the md light The escape every 24 Cor.v/) ShKTviins. esT hotifs, cnottgh to outbid the averng*) of gns companies in volumo, purity ;aiid eheapnt'r The stream lias ronliimcd siiieo last May. (-^oou utter rtnieliiiig iho htiatum of gas, salt water was reached, ^hit^h is driven Into the air from twelve to liftcen feet. The water in charged with salt, nlmost pure chloride of sodium, to tho extent of 4 1 4 ounces per gallon : but coal has not been found, although the bore lias now descended cniiMiileral.ly mori! llian 6(K) feet The roar of the gai4 as ii escapes, driving tin! water before it, resembles the noise of the escape pipe of an engine, and occa- sionally at night when, for the sake of exj)eriment, the lluid has been ignited, the flame, several feet in diameter, has ascended forty feet There is no sulphurous smell, so that the gas cannot come from the region cursorily referred to by Ihnilrl, the Royal Dane. The tlame is strong, clear and white, and in the face of such nn unpardonable waste of the manufactured article, one is (•ompelled to encpiire why the material is not used to illuminate Wyandotte, Kansas City, Weston and tho suburbs. Such an ex- port would be uni(iue, as well as profitable, and it would not bo tho first enlightenment contributed by Kansas to its elder sister. Coal may bo found, and the other mineral resources of Wyandotte county are line (juarrics of magnesiaii limestone, which give beauty to the banks of the Kansas river for miles, as well in silib as when made useful in arts and architecture. Blue limestone is also found good for building. The piers and abutments of tho bridges constructed by the Kansas Pacific railroad company near Wyandotte have been built of this stone, at once hamlsonie and durable. The railroad facilities of Wyandotte are second to none of the cities in the union, as nearly all the great lines arc within easy reach, if they do not come to the doors of the citizens to in- vite them to mount and ride. The Kansas Pacific comes first, having principal stations at Wyandotte, Armstrong and Kdwards- ville; the Missouri river, extension of the Missouri Pacific, fol- lows the south bank of the great river to Leavenworth and Atch- ison, having principal stations at Wyandotte, Qui>idaro, Pomeroy, Barkers Tank and Connor. Reports, as to the fertility of Wyan- dotte, mention 325 bushels of potatoes and 90 bushels of corn per acre. The manufactures of Wyandotte county include four steam 43 ' CiMawi i ci-an i VTgi r- 658 TvTTr.r:'s History of Kansas. 5i' a. Hi packing liouncsof considiMablc extent, the capital invested in two of tiieni being $120,000 and $30,000 ; a steam saw mill and a steam grease factory in Sliawnee township; a steam flounng mill at (Juindaro; a steam saw mill and a rope factory at ?rairio ; the niacliine shops of the Kansas Pacific at Armstrong; and near the same place a steam flounng mill ; a steam flouring mill at Edwardsvillc; a steam flouring mill at Pomeroy; and in Wyandotte City tliree steam flouring mills, the capital of two of ■which amount, to $23,000 ; a wagon and carriage factory, tin, cop- per and sheet iron works, two cigar factories, and the repair shops of the Kansas, Pacific Railroad. There are three banks in Wy- andotte City, and two weekly papers, the Ilendd and Gazelle. The county has 30 districts and 42 school houses, valued inclu- sive of appurtenances at $89,513, besides which, there is a Cath- olic parocliicJ school at Wyandotte. The churches in Wyandotte county number six and the value is stated at $22,500, but sever- al organizations have no church buildings. One public library contrins 800 volumes and 174 private collections amount to 20,2-15 volumes. The losses falling upon Wyandotte county from the locust plague were heavy but the county was self-supporting. Graham Couxty is one of the unorganized, the first ground having been broken in ^lay, 1872, and in 1875, there was only a population of 96. The post offices for the county are at Graham and Houston. There is but little wood, but bottom lands range as hiirh as 20 per cent. The chief streams are the south fork of the Solomon, which has many tributaries, and Bow Creek. The forest lands of the county all border the streams, and Bow Creek is heavily timbered in some parts. No coal has been dis- covered but the search has not been exhaustive. There is good limestone generally for building purposes and for making lime, and on Coon Creek there are several beds of very handsome magnesian limestone, which will pay well for quarrying. There are°no railroads in the county or it would go ahead rapidly. The school accommodation consists of one day school and one Sun- day school. There are no church buildings but several organiza- tions. Hamilton Couxty is not organized ; the first settlement of MiMMMiMiJtteiiiGNMMl invested in two saw mill and a steam flouring :t: 662 Tuttlk's History of Kansas. purest chief magistrate that Leavenworth lias ever had." Seek- ing relaxation in foreign travel, after a long eourse of active public life, Gen. lluldernian was in London on the ilh of July, 18G2, and was chosen to preside over the annual American banquet hi that city in honor of the Declaration of Independence. Li his opening remarks on LhaL occasion, the general strongly urged the re-election of President Grant, a question at that time much in debate, among persons of democratic i-roclivitics more especially. The liberal training enjoyed in his young inanliood enabled Gen. Halderman to appreciate European travel, and to reap from it all the advantages proiturable in a brief respite from active work. The principal cities of the old world were visited by him m suc- cession, accompanied by his family; and when that tour had been completed, he resolved upon more extensive travel, iiis wife and daughter remaining in Germany, where the younger lady enjoyed the best facilities for education, the general had the satisfaction of comparing modern Greece with the country repre- sented to him by the classic writers of antiquity. From that point he traveled through Turkey, seeing rVbdul Aziz in " his manner as he lives," surrounded by dead and dying institutions, and vainly striving to emulate a higher civilization. Syria, E-ypt and Palestine became in turn his abiding places, until he ha'd penetrated the recesses of eastern life, a design but seldom entertained by travelers who hurry over a stretch of desert, see the pyramids, quote Napoleon, and return in tune to save the post, thinking that they have liberalized their ideas by foreign tvavel and experience. The region of the Khedive, his improve- ments and designs, the sacred spots in the Holy Land, the Nile itself, and its identification with the mysteries of our religion, gave to this period of his life a peculiar charm for the traveled scholar, and when Gen. Halderman returned to his native land after only fifteen months spent in distant countries, he was better than ever able to appreciate the blessings within his reach. The- brief holi- day was followed by a speedy call to higher duties in his adopted home. Kansas could not afford to allow her worthy pioneers to "step down and out," so, immediately after the general had begun to realize the pleasures of home life he was elected in November, 1874, to the Kansas state senate. The canvass on that occasion BlOnilAVlUCAL SKKTCIlKff. 66S Imcl." Soek- active public [ July, 18G2, in banquet iu ;nce. In bis» ^ly urged the line much iu ii'o especially. enabled Gen. ap from it all active work. ly him in suc- hat tour had I travel. His the younger 3neral had the 30untry repre- : From that Aziz in "his g institutions, [ition. Syria, laces, until he II but seldom of desert, see le to save the eas by foreign , his improve- jand, the Nile r religion, gave aveled scholar, land after only etter than ever The brief holi- in his adopted thy pioneers to eral had begun in November, n that occasion produced many commcnls on the character and career of the can- didate, and it might be expected that an " unreconstructed" dem- ocratic organ, published in i^hitte City, Mo., would have some- thing to say about a native ]\[issourian identified with the labors that made Kansas a free state. Contrary to many expectations, the criticism was a complete eulogy of Judge Ilaldornian, whose military services could not be named nor adverted to without wounding the anwnr propre of the readers of the riattc City paper, but they yet served to round a period in a well penned article. The editor said: "This distinguished gentleman is a candidate for the state senate in our neighboring state of Kansas. Ilis election would give great satisfaction to the people of Platte county, who, to a great extent, have identical interests with those of Leavenworth. He was in the army ' during our late unpleasant- ness,' and came out of it with distinction, lie has filled many public office?, among which was that of mayor of Leavenworth, from which he retired without spot or stain. "^ * * He is a republican, and as such, might not be acceptable to our people, but he is one of the few honest ones in that party. * * * Should Judge llalderman be selected by the people across the Missouri to assist in making their law?, we should feel assured they are willing to meet us at least half way in bridging the ' bloody chasm.' " The general is chairman of the committee oa education in the senate, and in his career has favored among other measures, biennial sessions of the legislature ; rigid econo- my in the public service; adjustment and equalization of all taxes; encouragement of agriculture and manufactures; free trade in money, and repeal of iniquitous and unwise usury laws ; abolition of the death penalty ; a general herd law ; and an amendment of the constitution to prohibit counties, cities and towns, subscribing stock and voting bonds to railways or other corporations. The general is not a mere theorist ; he has assisted materially to establish the two leading life and fire insurance companies in the state, located at Leavenworth, to which he gives all the attention compatible with'a regard for his large landed in- terests. The Episcopal church is the choice of his mature life, and he has passed through all the degrees of Free Masonry to the Ligh degree of Knight Templar. His generosity is of the broad it :u LiMiijiuiiiiiiwj B i iyrm^iniri m i ll C64 TuTTLtfs IIlSTORr OF 7v.UV.s\(S. Catholic order tliat knows no distinction of cast and creed. His home is a Lijun of books, pictures and good taste, imi)roved by travel and converse with leading minds in many lands, from many of which he has elegant souvenirs; and he is surrounded by the highest culture in Kansas. Gen. Ilalderman has escaped calumny in a cen.sorious ago when few are quite untouched. His sound sense and practical sagacity are beyond question, his integ- rity is admitted even by his antagonists, he can hardly be said to have enemies; and to him has been aptly applied the .sentence, first penned in honor of Pierre Du Terrail, the famous Chevalier Bayard, " k cJicmlitr sans pcur el sans rcpruche.'''' The life of the General is yet hardly realizing its prime, he is only forty-three years of age, and it would be hard to believe tliat a man who has served so well and truly, in answer to every call up to the present hour, will be permitted to retire into the ele- gancy of private culture, surrounded by his family and friends. That indulgence belongs to advanced age, and the general must be the servant of the public for many years, until he is entitled to say : " My way of life, Is fallen into the sear, the yellow leaf." Then it will be his good fortune to find the blessings so elo- quently depicted by the immortal bard, as " That which should accompany old age, — As honour, love, obudic/euce, troops of friends." It is not often permitted to men so young to have won an edu- cation, a valuable property, and the reputation of great service to the state and to the union, without such devotion to Pluto as must dissociate the mind from all that is elegant and most amiable ; but truly, in the language of Sallust : " Every man is the architect of his own fortune," and the lines that have fallen to Gen. Ilalderman, have permitted him to construct a life to which Plutarch might have rendered full justice, had not his series of medallions been long since closed for all time. Gov. Osborne wears honors which have been nobly and worth- ily won. He was born at Meadvillf^. Pennsylvania, on the 26th '"^'""•»<«',*j-r (1 creed. His improved by ' lands, frotn is surrounded 1 has escaped oucli-xl. His ion, his integ- dly be said to the sentence, ous Chevalier i prime, he is ,0 believe tliat ■ to every call into the elo- y and friends. i general must he is entitled. casings so slo- e won an edu- ;reat service to in to Pluto as ant and most ' Every man is ; have fallen to a life to which it his series of blyand worth- ia, on the 26tb Bion liA I'liK '. I L Ski-: tciikh. 665 of October, 1830, consequently he is now forty years of ago. lie received a common school education until lie was 15 years old, when he entered a compositors oflicc to procure tho means of livelihood. Thrown upon his own resources, his first step in a long career of usefulness was carrying newspapers for the office in wliich he served a full apprenticeship. Master of the art of Gutenberg, he attended Allegheny College and supported himself by his labors "at case" during vacation.s. When twenty years of age, he read law with Judge Derrickson of Moadville, but re- moved to Michigan in the following year, 1857, when in tlie fall, he was admitted to the bar. lie arrived in Lawrence, Kansas, in the month of November, 1857, and being without ca)»ital, went to work as a compositor in the olfice of the Jlemld of Freedom, of which he became foreman, remaining until the spring of 1858. El wood, in Doniphan county, was the scene of his first profession- al labors in this territory, and he continued there for some time after his removal fron^ Lawrence. He found in Doniphan county, and more especially in KIwood. some of the finest specimens of manhood and ability then to be admired in Kansas, and circum- stances had conspired to bring to this region the picked popula- tion of man}' states. Intercourse with men of first-class capacity could not fail to develop the best qualities in an active and well trained mind, and there can be no doubt that Gov. Osborne often- times looks back to the associations of that time with eonsidera- able interest. lie was thrown into contact in his social and pro- fessional career, with the Hon. J. B. Chaffee, now of Colorado, and delegate in congress for that territory prior to its admission as a state; Gen. Albert L. Lee, since then distinguised as a brilliant cavalry ofticer; the lion. D. W. Wilder, the present state aud- itor; the Hon. W. II. Smallwood, since secretary of state; and the Hon. Edward Russell, for sometime superintenlent of insur- ance. El wood was then as it is now a good place for a young man of parts and ambition, and Mr. O.sborne .soon found himself in the front ranks in the political agitation of the time. PVee state views and ardent republicanism determined the young lawyer as to his position on the great questions of the day. He was chosen to represent Doniphan county in the first senate elected in 1859, under the state constitution, and when that became law he ^>^:-yf^xr~-r^ n GGQ 'Tuttlk's JIisToiir of Kansas. took Ills seal in lyill. Later in liiri logi.slativc career, when the senate met in iyi;2, to try Gov. llobinson and other state ollieers who hail been impeached of high crimes and misdemeanors, tho Jiieut. Governor being at tliat time absent on military service, it became neee.s.sary for tlie senate toelioosea president ^;;'y km. from among its incmliers. Tiie contest for the position wa.- between Mr. Ingalls, now tlie United States senator and Mr. Osborne, and it was not until tlie fourteenth ballot that a conclusion was ar- rived at, the j)resent governor carrying oi[ the honor. The com- petition between the same ])arties was very .spirited in the republi- can convention of that year for the ollice of lieutenant governor, but 'Slv. liigalls was once more the un.succe.-'sful candidate. Hav- ing failed to secure the regular nomination, Mr. Ingalls permitted hiiiLself to be init forward by an independant party, and the pub- lic were thus enabled to prononuce upon the merits of the parties, the result being that ^[r. Osborne became lieutenant governor by a very respectable Jiiajority. Perhaps there may have been a de- sire on the part of the people to pronounce on independent tickets, as well as upon the j)arties concerned, in the ballot then cast. In tlie year ISOi, I'resident Lincoln tendered to the lieutenant governor the position of United States marshal in Kansas, and the post was occupied by him until the year 1867, when Presi- dent Johnson concluded upon decapitating the oflicer appointed by his i)redecessor. lie had the honor to undergo the process in good company, and there was no discredit attached to the opera- tion, so far as the ex-marshal was concerned. The ofTice had appeared to require a residence nearer to the center of population than Klwood, and when the sword of Damocles had fallen, tiie present governor w;is a resident in the city of Leavenwortli where he continued afterwards. In the fall of 1872, the nomination as governor was offered to Mr. Osborne, by the republican state convention, and was of course accepted, the election following by an exemplaj'y major- ity, 34,000, certainly very much larger than had ever been given by the state for any other candidate. The majority given to President Grant in the first candidature in this state was only 17,058, and on the reelection in 1872, only amounted to 34 078 so that it is evident he brought out the whole strength of the liioaii.\rincM. SKirrciiKs. m rccr, when tlio r statu oHiccrs loineanors, tlio ,ury service, it t pro km. from \va? between Osborne, and ;lusion was ur- jr. The com- iii tlie republi- luiit governor, didale. llav- ;all3 permitted , and tlicpub- of tlie parties, t governor by ive been a de- jndent tickets, then cast, the lieutenant 11 Kansas, and , when Presi- cer appointed tlie process in I to the opera- 'lie olFiee had of population ad fallen, tlie Leavenworth, was ollered to , and was of iplaj-y major- er been given rity given to tate was only ed to 34,078, rength of the republican party. When Sciuaor Cahlwell was obligf.l to resign his position as Cniled States senator ''e iiaine oC (iov. Osl.orno was mooted, but ex-dov. Harvey's tricds secured him the nomi- nation and election. The political canvass of 1873 -1 was bitter and i)erst)nal beyond precedent, mainly because of animosities aroused tluring the senatorial trouble, but the iv[mblican conven- tion gave (iov. Osborne a rcnominalion, and he was once moro chosen by the people to till the gubernatori"l olVice. flis term will expire on tlie second Monday in January, 1S77. Tunes of great distress have fallen within his terms of olliee, and his meas- ures have always been pix)mpt and effective .so far as his meana would permit. " The Hon. Tluxs. A. Osborne will linisli his course with honor to himself and with pnjlit to the state. Hon. IIiKAM GiuswoM) is (me of the veterans in legal prac- tice in Kansas, as he was born in 1807, on the f)tli of .Inly, just too late to take part in the celebration of the never to be forgot- ten Fourth. lie remained in Colebrook, Conn., his native place, until 182(i, when he removed to Hudson, Ohio, in which city ho read law with Judge Van \\. Humphrey, and was admitted to tlio bar in August, 1829. The town of Canton, Ohio, was the placo chosen by him for commencing the practice of his professitMi, and he continued there, enjoying a fair measure of success, until the end of 1851. Circumstances then invited him to change his locale, to Cleveland, Ohio, where he remained actively engaged in professional affairs until his removal to the city of Leavenworth, in 18(53, where he has resided ever since. Soon after Mr. Gris- wold took up his abode in Leavenworth, he won recognition a3 one of the leading members of the bar in the state of Kansas, a reputation which time can only enhance, because it is founded upon consummate ability and sound judgment. During the por- tion of his lifetime passed in Ohio, Mr. Griswold was an active and influential politician, looked for in the front rank of his party, and accepted largely by the mass of nonpartisan politicians as a leader whom it was sate to follow, because of the vigor combined with moderation that tempered his action on all occasions. The Jackson democrats were in an overwhelming degree masters of the situation in Ohio, where Mr. Griswold resided, before the :l i HMii ia.::^^^ fiiirnriiri'ii r^-'^'-nr^^tTmr''''''^-'^ 668 Tittle's IIistouy of Kass.xs. yi' days of i]w republican ]mrtv, and lie would liavo cnninltcd liis own interests inalerialjy, by sinotlierin^L,' liis political convictions, but ho had long before given in lii.s adhesion to whig principles, and on every pnipor occasion he was found ranged under the old banner. The tnoveinents of the free soil party made aiitislavery an element in political life, ani time the candidate had given expression to his views concerning tlio acting president's proslavery policy, and in .so doing had rouseil the ill feeling of his su[»porter.s. Tho ballot continuod for some time, and Mr. Oriswold was repeatedly within four votes of success, but the Fillmore whigs could not be induced to east a ballot for a man so strong on tho anti.slavery ticket, and .so pro- nounced in hi.s denunciation of Fillmore. JOvoi'tually .seeing that there was ])crsonal feeling against him.self which should not bo allowed to cost the party a success, which might be scoured with another candidate, Mr. Ciriswold caused his name to be withdrawn, and the ballot went on for several days longer. The whigs nom- inated in his stead such men as Ewing and Corwin, but without benelicial result, although all the men put forwaid were promi- nent and worthy, until the Hon. Benj. Wade procured the vote at last. Mr. Wade was just as determined an antislavery man as Mr. Griswold, but his predilections were not so well known, hence the Fillmore faction gave him their votes, and he was elected ; a result which was only made possible by the .self denial evidenced and exercised by his predecessor in the candidature. Soon after Mr. Griswold had removed to Cleveland which was then as a dis- trict favorable to antislavery principles and strongly whig, he was elected a member of the state senate, and that bod}' conferred upon him the high distinction of chairman of its judiciary com- mittee. The John Brown raid on Harper's F'erry occurred while Mr. Griswold was residing in Cleveland, and the trial at Charles- town, Va., followed speedily. The old man had been abandoned by the counsel assigned to him by the court, antl stood there al- most as it seemed without a friend, at the mercy of a jury wild with rage, absolutely frenzied with passionate hate against him. •""^ ~"\ . aiiiiiiTu 070 Tvrri.hfs If IS If I in' or K ass as. Tlicrc wa-i IK) ]iro]i;iliilit y <>f siircos-^ attcmlinjr iitiytliini,' tliiit could 1)0 (liiiK! or siiiil for him, in siicli n court, bcfon; such iv jury, and th(^ trial was ah'Ciuly half over in form, ami all dctcrtuinod in spirit, hoforc counsel for the defcnno tliicw up tlieir briefs. It iti jirohalile that in the event of an nc(piittal liavini^ been obtaiticd, the result would have been the same as in the September massa- cre in the streets of I'aris durirn^ the lirst revolution, when tho men, said to he ac(|uittcd and discliarged from the prisons, were met at tlie f^atevvays by a lurid mob, with blood to tlu'ir shoul- ders, will) slew huudreilsof imru Ui ,i^i.itify an ini^atic hist for duatli. John Brown would have been munh.'rod i)y tho mob in all human j)robability, if there had not boon a fraj.nuent of the same body then in the; jury box to pronounce his condemnation aecordinj^ to law. Mr. (iriswold accepted tho responsibility of taking part in tlu! defense, ii(«t without some peril even for himself, as men of the class indicated arc not good at discrriminating between tho oiTender and the defender, and his action has been the cause of many thou.sands inquiring, who was that lawyer that volunteered to defend John Brown ? It was diflicult even to ])rocure an ob- servance of tho forms of law upon that trial. There were abund- ant provocations to rc[>cat the often (pioted lines of tho poet: " lliKlit, for cviT on tlio sciitVoM, Wrong, for I'vuron llic llu'one." The event was, as everybody knew it must be, death, und an immortality of fame, but it was something to have cheered the heart of the brave old man, strong in the knowledge of the abso- lute right for which he was contending, heedless of sufTering on his account; and to have breathed words of sympathy to a soul iiatundly tender and childlike, when not kindled into holy indig- nation by tho fires of oppression. This event linked the name of Mr. Griswold with a cardinal fact in the history of the culmi- nation and decline of the slave power. The wi.sdom of the move- ment made by John Brown need not be discussed from any standpoint, save among men who can see that self sacrilicc is a power among human beings. Those who can see that one died for us all, when there seemed to be no earthly purpose served by the crucifixion, save to afford the rabble a chance to cry, " Not ^m MiMMM«WMMWiMP«iiMyMhMii lilOllll tl'IIK Af. SKNTrHHs'. 671 ini,' tliiit could h II jury, and letortnitied iti ■ briffs. It \a ic(!ii oI)t!iiri('(l, I'liibor m.'issu- •n, when tho prisons, were ) llioir slioiil- hist fr.r iluaLli. ill all lituiiiiii he same body n according to aking part in elf, as men (»f between tho 1 the cause of t volunteered rocuro an ob- I were abund- he poet : eatli, und an cheered the ! of the abso- sufTering on thy to a soul holy indig- sd the name if the cultni- of the move- ;d from any sacrilioe is a hat one died se served by cry, 'Not tliifl man but IVirrabbiH," can aloiu^ comprehi-nd the more than chivalric feeling wliich prompted John lirown to hifl seemingly desperate endeavor. He made known to tlie whole world, ""rhe voice of one crying in tho wihhn-ncss," and the path has been made straight in a manner that few in liis day thought possible. Mr. (iriswold was just as ehivnlrie in assuming the defense of John Hrown, as the f)ld man and his followers had been in (cap- turing llar[ier'« V'erry, but nicn do not stop to lake counsel ol" tlieir fears when bravo deeds are to be done. Mv. (Jriswold viwwv into Kansas to practice his prof(!ssiori, but he rctaineil iiis old taste for politics, and his skill in reading eharaeter g(;nerally brought him to conclusions long before the people surrounding him were prepared to follow. Senator Lane was tho controling spirit of the republican party in Kansas at that time, and his skill as an organi/.er was beyond quesli(Mi, but the wary advo- cate saw in liim a person whoso integrity could not bo relied upon. Mr. Griswold claimed on one occasion publicly, that Senator Lano came to this territory pledged to assist in the estab- lislimcntof slavery on the .soil of Kansas, and 'urther he assorted, tliat althougli he had been wise enough to abandon a hopeless cause, he h.ad never cast himself into the struggle on tho other side witho\it a reservation, such as eveiy acute ob.server must perceive, whether he could understand it thoroughly or not. Entertaining those sentiments concerning Senator Lano, it was very natural that the man who had not hesitated to take up tho cause of John Brown, should have no hesitation in the case of Senator Lane at the proper time — " To beard tlio lion In his den, Tlie Douglas In liis h;»ll," The time arrived when Mr. Griswold was convinced that Senator Lane came to the state in 18t)6 to bring over the poli- ticians of Kansas to the support of the policy of President Johnson. He was convinced that the .senator was acting as the emissary of the president, and whether right or wrong, he iiad the courage to avow his opinions frankly and often. The ground taken in opposition to the senator was well chosen and strong, possibly his mind had already lost some of its force before he 672 Tu-rrLE's IIistohy of Kaxsas. rormittod himself to take action in which he scemea to be com- proniised, at any rate, the opposition with which he was now met at every point was more than he could bear; possibly, this frustration of a clicrishcd scheme, on wiiioh much mayr 'have dep.Muled, had some innueuce on his mind, leading to'.^ard the terrd)le act of self destruction on the 11th of Juiv, 1806 ■ but also, It is possible, tliat his suicide was but a part of a more general aberration, under which liis political life had already been compromised. When the senator stood for re-election in lSO-1, there was a strong party in opposition to him, duly or.r.an- ized and ready with a ticket which would have comman°led favor from the public, but it is no part of our work to reveal the particulars of the movement, fui'ther than to sav, that Mr. Gris- wold was then a candidate for tlie office of attorney general. 1 ossibly that fact had some influence in directing a more subtle and searching scrutiny to the subsequent acts of Mr. Lane, but in any event, he was very closely shadowed in the later years of life, and the procedure of President Johnson made it natural that every republican associated with him should be looked upon with suspicion. Those who were bitterly opposed to Senator Lane asserted that he believed and had promised that he would turn Kansas completely round in the interests of the president and that when he failed to do so, had realized in fact that he had committed a blunder, worse almost than a crime, as Fouche said to Napoleon; he, unable to endure the loss of confidence which must necessarily follow, took his own life in a fit of despondency. Mr. Griswold was nominated register of the state of Kansas under the bankrupt act, by Chief Justice Chase, immediately upon the law coming into force, and for man v years was the only register in the state. It was very fit that a nomination, in every way so just and salutary, should be made by the chief justice, as Mr. Griswold had been identified with him in advocacy of the same advanced views many years before there seemed to be any probability that abolition would become the law of the land, or that any of those who committed themselves before the public to the expression of such opinions would be called to fill high offices and assist to shape the policy of the nation. Mr Griswold still holds the office of register in Kansas. The neces- BioGiiAPiiicAL Sketches. 673 cmed to be com- ich he was now r; i)os.sibly, tin's nuch may have iliiig to'.v^ai-J the Juiy, 18G6; but part of a more ife liad already or re-election in lim, duly organ- ive commanded )rk to reveal the r., that Mr. Gris- ttorney general, g a more subtle f Mr. Lane, but e later years of e it natural that )e looked upon ised to Senator I that he would f the president, fact that he had as Fouche said )nfidence which )f despondency, tate of Kansas ic, immediately years was the nomination, in e by the chief m in advocacy lere seemed to the law of the ives before the e called to fill e nation. Mr. IS. The neces- sity for the bankrupt act inquisition, or for any such, it does nut fall within the province of this book to discuss. Tiiere may be provisions which could be wisely dispensed with; perhaps tho register himself woulil be an excellent authority to suggest how and in what way it should be amended. As to all that matter, we profess to know nothing, not being on the stand where we might be bound to tell "the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth " on that particular question ; but there is one point on which there is no dispute, and that is as to the fitness of the officer for his position. It is universally conceded by all classes, and most readily by those who know most on the subject, that Mr. Griswold has been painstaking, conscientious and laborious in the discharge of the duties devolving upon him as register, and it is also a fortunate fact for the public concerned in the fit- ness as well as in the integrity of public officers, that he brought to the fulfillment of his trust the ripe experience of many years spent in midnight vigils over the pandects, codes and laws of all civili;2ed nations, and in contact with the most polished intellects of his age, employed in determining the weight of custom, the legitimate meaning of words, and the eternal fitness of things, which, more even than legislation itself, tends to govern mankind in society as by an unwritten law. Mr. Griswold's labors are honorable to the appointing power, as well as to himself, and it is satisfactory to see that he is still in the enjoyment of a green old age. Governor Crawford claims our notice as one more of the noble army of self-made men, with which this country is made rich, beyond all that could be conferred by the priceless mines of Golconda. Samuel J, Crawford was born in Lawrence county, Indiana, on April 15, 1836. The experiences of a farm and the training of a common school furnished him with the rudiments of all that he has since attained and achieved. He is now 41 years of age, and has commanded troops in the field, guided the councils of a state, expounded the laws of a nation, and might be called upon at any moment to resume the onerous duties that have before now been so ably discharged. Mr. Crawford read law at an early age, in the office of the Hon. G. W. Short, of 43 671 Tvttle's HisTonr of Kax/^as. Bedfonl, Tniliana, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, \vhen only -21 years of age. Not content with his own attainments the young huvycr pursued liis studies diligently, as we find him, in 1858, entered as a student in tlie law school of Cineinnati college, Ohio, from which institution he graduated in 1858 and came to Kansas in the following year, establishing himself in the practice of his profession at Garnett City, in the county of Anderson. When the first state legislature was convened at Topeka, after the admission of Kan.sas to the union, in March, 1861, Mr. Crawford was a member of that body and served until the 5th of May, a term of rather less than si.'c weeks ; as at that time he resigned his seat to volunteer for service in the field. Returning to Gar- nett City, he organized a company of volunteers and was commis- sioned as their captain. The air was full of rumors, and it was already certain that there would be work for the manhood of the union, on many a bloody field, before the quarrel could be ended. Within nine days from his resignation at Topeka, Capt. Crawford had been assigned to the second Kansas volunteer infantry, and it will be remembered that his regiment won distinction almost immediately after its organization. The record of the regiment is a muster roll of heroes. The campaign under Gen. Lyon i'l Missouri was participated in by the Kansas second, and they fought like veterans at Wilson's Creek, where Lyon fell mortally wounded on the 10th of August, 1861. The regiment was mus- tered out and reorganized as cavalry, in which arm of the service Capt. Crawford was assigned to the command of a battalion and took part in the battles fought against the rebels by Gens. Blount and Schofield in Missouri, Arkansas and Indian Territory, The command of the second regiment devolved on Col. Crawford in 1863, and immediately afterwards the secretary of war commis- sioned him as colonel of a colored regiment attached to the seventh army corps under Gen. Steele. The expedition into southern Arkan.sas was partly made up of our Kansas contingent as read- ers of our war record will bear in mind, and Col. Crawford's men, like their leader, behaved well. The expedition from Fort Smith through Indian territory was led by Col. Crawford in July, 186-1, and in October we find the same oflicer commended for gallantry in the campaign in Missouri against Gen. Price. Mmm 1.9. BuiGitAvnicAL Sketches. 676 )ar in 1856, -vvlien vn attainments the as wc find him, in Cincinnati college, 1858 anil came to elf in the ijractice nty of Anderson. t Topeka, after the 8f)l, Mr. Crawford the 5th of May, a time he resigned Returning to Gar- I and was cominis- ■iimors, and it was e manhood of the el could be ended. :a, Capt. Crawford teer infantry, and distinction almost d of the regiment der Gen. Lyon ii second, and they jyon fell mortally egiment was mus- irra of the service jf a battalion and 3 by Gens. Blount 1 Territory. The 1 Col. Crawford in y of war commis- bed to the seventh on into southern :)ntingent as read- ;. Crawford's men, ition from Fort Col. Crawford in iffieer commended aiust Gen. Price. The month following that raid saw Col. Crawford elected gov- ernor of Kansas, and resigning his commission in December, he returned homo to be inaugurated in Januar}', 1805, the year of the end of the war. Two vcars of office beinir near their e.xpira- lion, Gov. Crawford was rei-leetcd in the fall of 1860 and .served a second term of office with profit to the state. In the fall of 1808 a band of marauding Indians having swooped down upon the frontier of the state and carried away captive a number of white women and children, the governor at once organized a com- pany of cavalry and pursued the redskins, a compound of Ara- pahoes, Cheyennes, Kiowas and Comanohcs into their own coun- try, through the western portion of Indian territory and into northwestern Texas. The expedition was vigorous and success- ful, but the whole of the winter and spring were occupied in the chase before the governor had the felicity to secure the object of his search. It is satisfactory to know that the Indians were made so completely aware of their defeat that tliey surrendered all their prisoners, and have not since ventured upon any snch raid in this state. The joy of the relatives and friends who waited and watched for the return of the captives cannot be described and may not be ea.sily imagined. Relieved at length from a suc- cession of public duties, Gov. Crawford resumed the practice of his profession in Emporia, the capital of Lyon county, in a neigh- borhood which abounds with society of the type best fitted to appreciate his good qualities, and where trade, manufactures, mining and agriculture prosperously combined, afford him an ex- cellent field for the development of his ability as an advocate. There is no difficulty in placing a man of such steadfastness a.s Gov. Crawford. The republican party was just beginning to command attention when he attained his majority, and he has fought under the same banner all his life, voting for Fremont when there seemed little probability that a republican would ever be president of the United States, then twice for Abraham Lin- coln, and afterwards for Gen. Grant. With all the multiplicity of engagements with friends, and with the enemy, during the bu.sy and eventful career just hurriedly sketched, it is satisfactory to find that the governor found time for an engagement still more engrossing than all the others, one that will [)robably only end with 676 TuTTLiifs History of Kaxsas. ;-■, ^ bis life : He was married on the 27tli of November, 1866, to Mibs Belle Chase, of Topeka, the capital of Kansas. IIox. OuRiN T. "Welch, superintendent of insurance for the state of Kansas, was born in December, 1835, in the town of Orleans, Jeflerson Co., N. Y. Ilis father was a farmer in com- fortable circumstances, but not wealthy. The father was the first white boy born in that county north of Black river, and is still hale and hearty, farming his own land in the county of his birth. Tlie grandparents of Mr. Welch were from Connecticut, and could tell in their day of some stirring scenes among the heroes of '76. The boy received his early training in tlie common schools of his native county, where the seminaries as a rule are equal to the best that can be found in the United States, and at the early age of 15 years began his career as a teacher, combining that pursuit in the winter with farm work in the summer, until he was twenty years of age, when he " went west " to the state of Michigan, and taught school several terms, reading law all the time to prepare Jiimself for admission to bar practice. This design was consum- mated when he had attained the ripe maturity of 22, and in the same year he was fortunate enough to marry a very estimable ilady. Miss Abbie E. Simmons, daughter of George Simmons, one of the early settlers in Galesburgh, near Kalamazoo, the intellec- ■tual centre of Michigan. Mr. Welch was elected justice of the peace in the thriving village of Decatur, Van Buren county, in fthe year of bis marriage, holding that position and several minor -offices during the next four years. In the year 1861, Mr. Welcb was chosen to represent the board of supervisors of Van Buren \jounty before the board of equalization, and in 1863, President Lincoln appointed him commissioner of the board of enrollment for the second district of Michigan, with quarters at Kalamazoo, This position was held by him until the close of the war, having drafted over 4,000 men for the war during his term of office, from the seven counties composing that congressional district In the fall of 1865, soon after the war had ended, Mr. Welch located in Topeka, where, in connection with J. M, Spinner, he entered into the law, real estate and insurance business, which he continued to follow with much success, sometimes without, and sometimes ■, 1866, to e for the ! town of ir in cora- s the iirst nd is still his birth, md could )es of 76. )ols of hig aal to the early age ■t pursuit as twenty igan, and 3 prepare consum- nd in the estimable nons, one 3 intellec- 36 of the ounty, in •al minor r. Welch m Buren President iroUment ilamazoo, r, having [fice from In the ocated in iered into ontinued ometimes < llii i mW MMI BioGHAPiiiCA L Sketches. 677 with a partner, until March, 1875, at which time he entered upon tiie duties of his present office as superintendent of insurance for the state of Kansas, a position of vast importance, such as should bo filled only by first class men, fully acquainted with the subject in every state in the Union, and in every country in the world. In the month of July, 1866, Mr. Welch published the first paper over issued in Kansas, devoted entirely to real estate interests. In the year 1868, Mr. Welch was clioscn mayor of Topeka, and the people of the city appreciating in a high degreee the practical ability displayed by him in that office, reelected him in 1871, and again in 1872. There could be no better evidence of the popu- larity earned by his executive capacity than is found in the fact that three-fourths of the votes cast at each of those elections for the office named, were polled for him. When the locust plague fell upon Kansas in 1874, and the people were completely broken down by tlieir troubles, Mr. Welch with four other members of the executive of the Kansas Central Kclief Committee, gave the whole of his time for several months to the relief of the suffering poor. Ml. Welch, was the purchasing and shipping agent, and that committee, with arduous and multifarious duties, rising into mammoth proportions, did its work so well and systematically that no person in Kansas suggests an idea of fraud or mismanage- ment in its operations. Mr. Welch has been for more than six years president of the board of trade in the city of Topeka. This brief record will suffice to show that Mr. Welch is well adapted for the office filled by him. Hon. James Haxway is one of the best authorities now liv- ing as to the record of old John Brown in Kansas, and it will be regretted hereafter if there should not be an effert made now to embody his recollections in veritable history. The first rumors of every event are, customarily, exaggeration, then the facts grad- ually become known through continuous siftings, until the true grain remains at last. We shall try, in a brief way, to note a few of Mr. Ilanway's facts, for which we are under great obligations to him, in these pages. Senator James Ilanway represents the generation of thinkers to whom we are indebted for the repub- lican party as it was before the crowd of camp followers came ia ; ,i -:-^em^sii^ 678 Tt'Ttle's HisToiiY OF Kaxsas. to bring suspicion on tlie great principles represented. lie was a delegate in the Pittsburgh convention that nominated John P. ITale for the presidency, and Geo. W. Julian, vice president, and l)e assisted at the organization of the republican party in Co- lumbus, Ohio. In the spring of 1856, be moved to Kansas, and located on the Pottawatomie, where he now resides. AVhon the county was organisced, Mr. Ilanvvay was made county superin- tendent, and initiated the school system there. He was a mem- ber of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention, in 1859, and of tlie territorial legislature in 1860; being also sent to the state legislature in 1864 and 1869. lie was one of the commission that located the asylum for the insane at Osawatomie, acting as one of the trustr'^s until within the last two years. Having thus briefly adverted to the services of Mr. llanway, it would bo gratifying to narrate some facts concerning his beneficent life, but to do 30 would abridge our limited space for noting the facts above mentioned. Capt. Montgomery's name and exploits have been referred to at some length, but too briefly, in our territorial history. One item in his career has not yet been mentioned in the press, and for it we are indebted to Mr. Ilanvvay : A man named lluss Ilinds was put to death during the troubles in Kan- sas, and the captain was suspected of knowing the facts, because he was for a long time an army of defense, almost alone, in a wide district from which free settlers had been warned away. One day, Mr. llanway met Capt. Montgomery, long after the troubles and shortly before the death of the daring leader ; he asked him for particulars concerning Ilinds, and the answer was written on a page of the senator's memorandum book, while the cars were moving. It reads as follows: "Russ Hinds. Hung on the 16th Nov., 1860, for man stealing. He was a drunken 'Border Ruffian,' worth a good deal to hang, but good for noth- ing else. He had caught a fugitive slave and carried him back to Missouri fqr the sake of a reward. He was condemned by a jury of twelve men. The law found in the 16th v., 21st chapter of Exodus, which reads, 'And he that stealeth a man, and selleth bim, or if he be found in his hands, he shall surely be put to death.'" The law is clear; the execution was speedy. The Pottawatomie massacre, in which Wilkerson, the Doyles and h. \ He was a ed John P. •esident, and :iiU'ty in Co- Kansas, and AVhon tho [ity superin- ivas a mem- 1859, and of to the state commission ie, acting as [laving thus t wouUl bo jent life, but ig the facts 'cploits have ir territorial lentioned in ay : A man )les in Kan- icts, because alone, in a irned away. Ig after the f leader; he answer was c, while the nds. Hung a drunken d for noth- i him back emned by a 51st chapter , and selleth y be put to eedy. The Doyles and Bwan.i I'll ic A I. Sketches. 679 Sliorman were put to death, is frequently, indeed gen crally, men- tioned as an event of whicli Capt. Brown was not aware until afterwards, but it is us>ially stated that he indorsed tlio action of liis party after the event. Mr. Hanway, who knew John Brown as intimately as any man, gives it as his opinion, contrary to tho leceived versions, that John Brown was the commander on the expedition out of which the massacre grew. It was immediately after the sack of Lawrence, and tliat he was present at tlic time, and gave the orders necessary for the execution of those men. The description given by Mrs. Wilkerson of the peculiar costume and ajipcarance of the person tliat took her husband away from his own house, a prisoner, exactly corresponds with the known dress and appearance of old John Brown, and when speaking of the executions of the men named. Brown said : " If it was mur- der, I am not innocent." Other statements from the Puritan leader, and from men who accompanied him, all point in the same direction. Looking back on the events that transpire in a season of war, it is not easy to realize the frame of mind out of which they arise, after the nation has returned to a peaceful condition, and the motive makes the deed innocent or sinful in many cases. The men slain were proslavery leaders and very obnoxious; they were, at the time of their arrest and execution, prosecuting a system of evictions and destruction against free settlers, wiio were warned and were being driven from the country; the only ques- tion was v/ho should strike first. John Brown was not likely to eend his followers to do a deed in which he would not participate. The breaking up of Judge Cato's court is sometimes mentioned as an irruption of 150 men into the court house in which Judge Cato was trying causes. The facts seem to have been that Judge Cato was sitting as judge in a duly constituted court, when some citizens, thirty in number, who were members of the Potta- watomie company, went, as they were entitled to do, into an open court to learn whether the judge was administering common law and the statutes of the United States, or the bogus laws of the Sliawnee legislature. Young John Brown and Senator Hanway were amcuig the visitors. The log cabin would not hold many, and the judge was addressing the jury, many of them boys and under age ; but enough was gathered from the remarks of the I ;?B>it'iiiiiiii>itH.wa'.iiiMjiJi« -r^ee^ 680 TvTTufs ITisTonr of Kaxsas. ife:, ■' I: judge to leave it doubtful, after the visit came to an end, whether the objectionable statutes were or were not being administered. Young John I?rown was clear that they were. Senator llanway was clear that there was no evidence on the subject in anything said by Judge Cuto. The other members of the company hail not heard enough to determine, so it was concluded, after a brief meeting of the company, to return to the court, and plainly sub- mit the question to the judge. The question was submitted in writing, young Capt. Brown being tlie scribe, as it was desired to avoid disturbing the peace of the tribunal. Cato, much agitated, flung the paper to the sheriff, ami hurriedly replied that he could not be troubled about outside matters. Brown, standing, said, in a tone that could be heard by his friends without, "The company ■will muster on the parade ground." The military incursion had no more solid basis. The company did so muster, but the court had evaporated yet more speedily, and there was never after- wards an attemj)e at Pottawatomie to hold a court for the en- forcement of the Shawnee mission statutes. The memoirs of Mr. Ilapway as to the famine that was caused among the settlers by robberies continually carried on under the name of impress- ment on the public roads by proslavery volunteers, have the ring of verity in them, and there is an element of probability in the statement that, after the settlers came to the conclusion to quarter on the enemy by appropriating the beeves of their Missouri neighbors, the stealings of the other side were very considerably checked. Mr. Ilanway's latch string was always out when Montgomery, John Brown and their friends were around, and when eleven slaves had been rescued from Missouri in one raid by John Brown, the party would certainly have been captured but for the ready cooperation of Senator Hanway and a few other stockholders in the underground railroad, who, with some risk for their own home- steads, concealed the fugitives for many days until Brown was ready for his flight to Canada. It would be interesting to make further memoranda from the material kindly supplied for the pur- pose from Senator Ilanway's valuable memoranda, but want of space is an inexorable master, and the corroborative testimonies that sustain the several statements and conduBions must be omit- 'A^tSSk»4 Atenia>?;,tewr,.-,^;;,>r.'.*.*«^ nd, whether Iministcred. tor llanway in anything ■)inpnny lifitl ifter a brief [)lainly siib- .ibmittcd iri' 3 desired to ich agitated, liat he could ling, said, irv he company icnrsion had Lit the court never aftcr- for the en- memoirs of the settlers of impress- ave the ring bility in the )n to quarter sir Missouri considerably Montgomery, A'hen eleven Fohn Brown, or the ready ckholders in rown home- Brown was ting to make I for the pur- but want of 3 testimonies lUst be orait- f^omm I ' BimnAvnwAj. SKUTcrrES. tod. They certainly soem to be conclusive as to the fact that Capt Brown, sen., or old John Brown, gave the order for the ex- ecut'on of the Pottawatomie prisoners, and believed that he was tlierein doing the best thing possible in the interests of humanity. Senator Ilanway is now in his sixty-seventh year, and he writes with the grace and vigor of young manhood, to which he has added the wisdom and moderation that does not always come with advancing yeans. He was for many years a newspaper corres- pondent, which of course has kept his pen in continual practice, and his identification with the political life of the country for nearly half a century renders his references to Clay, Polk, Web- ster, Hale, Julian, and Salmon P. Chase peculiarly refreshing. The earliest movements of abolition sentiment in this country found in him and in John Brown the various materlid from wliich the public feeling and war policy of President Lincoln's time be- came possible, and in that relation it is like actual eotftact with both men to find the senator relating how John Brown, hiding then with him, received the news that President Buchanan had offered a reward for his arrest, by saying that he would give $2 for the arrest of President Buchanan. Hon. Tnos. H. Cavanaugh, secretary of state for Kansas, was born in Vincennes, Knox county, Indiana, on the 18th of March, 1843, and is consequently now 33 years of age. Ilis parents were natives of Chester county, Pennsylvania, but removed from that state and took up their location in the west in 1835. Three years before the troubles of this world dawned upon the present secre- tary of state, his father was the publisher of the Vincennes Gazette, which continued to supply him with all the "pi" required by a small family, until 1845, when the Cavanaughs removed to St. Louis, Mo. The fates were not propitious, apparently, in the great city, as there was another removal in 1851, to Jacksonville, Illinois, and a return to St. Louis once more in 1856. The prov- erb says that "a rolling stone gathers no moss," and another wise saying retorts that: "a standing post gains no knowledge," so that the probability is that there was more information than ■worldly gear collected by the little household, who would still find comfort in the suggestion that " knowledge is power." t V— -- iJP 082 TiTi'i.i:'s IlisnntY or A'.i.v.s-.i.?. ■ii ' Working ftt cnse whs the. ornploynifnt of Mr. Cavanmigh, Jr., in Cliii'ngo, ill tlio yoar IS,"'), wJieii a youth more favorcil l)y fortiino would .still have bcon at scliool, hut " ncci'ssity," wliich " kiiowrt no hiw," ncuonHiig to the len ingrained, as his father always trained with the whigs until the republican party was formed out of the be.Ht elo- ments of that organisation. Mr. ('avanaugh is a man eminently qnalilied to conciliate the good opinions of the people with whom he is brought in contai^t, his manners are genial, the outcome of a generous nature, and the interest which naturally expresses itself in his daily eoiiver.sation, in all advanced movements, s[)rings from habits of thought which have been aecpiircd in the printing ollico rather than in the .'school, and made iviidy and practical by travel in a military life spread over much of this continent. Hon. D.VNIEL W. "WlLDKii, auditor of state, has for many- years figured in the political life of Kan.sas, and a full record of his experiences would supply a background to many of the pic- tures that form them.sclvesin the history of the time. Ho was born in the Old Bay State at Blackstone, Massachuett.s, in 18!}2, and is the seventh son of a very worthy father, Dr. Abel Wilder. The public Latin school at Boston gave him such rudiments of train- ing as could not be (^uite so conveniently ailorded at homo, where, however, he was surrounded by such influences as make culture a delight The Franklin medal and many other })ri;5e8, won during the academic course, proved the lad worthy of his position in the Hub of the Universe, and justified the hopes enter- tained by his friends. When his academic course had been com- pleted, the young man was sent to Harvard college, where he graduated with honors, carrying of! the Boylston prize as a very honorable trophy, as well as many other prizes only inferior to the gold medal already named. Mr. Wilder was admitted to the bar in Boston in 1857, when he was twenty-five years of age, having chosen the legal profession for his career as perhaps the best of all adapted in this age to procure for a young man the entre into public anti social life in all parts of the great republic. He came to Kansas in the same year and made his location at Elwood, where he formed one of a 1 I imtuMiMin ato**-^' / 684 Tvtti.k's Ifisronv or A'.i.v.v.i.v. I i i I; brilliant society of young iiu-n, tiiuiiy of wlioiii have since becoirio (listiiigiii.-ilicil in tlicir sevcnil pursuits in tlie fieUl, in the coiuicila ot tlio nation ami otlier way.s. Tiie activities of ^^^. WiMur's mind fouiul expression in tlio inanageinent of u newspaper, or ratiier it may be said, of many palters, as he eomnienceil witii the Elwood /•'/•/ c /Vt.v,y, and prosper! n-,' in that venture as editor and publislier, ho nftervvanls assumed control of the Fm: Ikntixntl^ in the city of St. Joseph, Missouri; tiirneo returning to Kansas, lie took the management of the Jjcavenworth Cuiimrvatirc, then the 7V///''.v piiblislied in the same eity ; after wiiieh he heearno eil- itor of tlie l"'ort Seott Mniiilni: Tlic attempt to establisii a rt:pub- licau paper in St. Josepli, Missouri, at that time, a very hot-bed of the prosluvery democrats, was a little Quixotic of course, but the courage of the movement commanded attention if not favor. Mis- Houri was then aslavestate, and had not completely abandoned the idea that the south would be able to make her own terms for the peculiar domestic institution, ho that in a commercial and social aspect there was much more risk than promise in the venture. If the Fn?. Ikmorritt had been allowed to continue on its course unchallenged by the dominant party, there would have been reason lor believing that it was not very Free in its remarks on current events, oi in the discussion of the topics of the day ; but it was in the hands of young men of s|)irit, with one Wilder at their head, and whatever else resulted for all concerned, it was not on the cards that the pajter could pass unnoticed. Many publi- cations have been drowned in the Missouri by king mob for less caustic articles than continued in every issue to blister the sensi- tive skin of the proslavery party, until then entirely unaeiustomed to the criticisms of a republican journal published ai their own doors. The result that might have been looked for from the first, if nothing worse hapi)ened, was reached in the indictment of i\\Q Free Democrat as an "incendiary sheet," Mr. Wilder and his associates of course having little to hope for from a jury in any part of Missouri. It was in this way that Mr. Wilder wa« driven back into Kansas and became identified with the Leaven- worth Conservative. His ability as a writer had commanded at- tention and respect even among those who feared the drift of his genius ; among the republicans he was welcomed as a valuable ■iiiliiiMi.aMi.liiik I vo hIiicc bocoirio , ill thu coiuiciid ;)f Mr. WiMcr'fl a iicwspaiHT, or ncrii'i'il wiili the :o us cililur and ) Froi DeiniM'.rut^ ling to ivan.HUd, juniivudve, then 1 lio bocunio cd- tiibli.sli !i I'cpub- very hotbuilof course, but tlio not favor. Mis- r abandoned tho in terms for tlio •cial and social in tho venture, e on its course uhl have been its remarks ou 3f tho day ; but one Wilder at rned, it was not . Many publi- ng mob for less •lister the sensi- r unaf>iustomed cd ai their own J for from the the indictment ir. Wilder and from a jury ia Mr. Wilder waa itli the Leaven- commanded at- the drift of his 1 as a valuable Uioa HA I'llICA I. SKh:T< IlKS. 085 nlly. I'rcsidcnt Lincoln rccogni/.rd tlrj courage; and al)ility of his consistent and f('iirlo.>'s suppoitcr, in tho yi'ar iSfSIJ, by op- pointing liim surveyor general for Kansas and Nebraska, tho fliitics of which responsible onTico were admirably executed, but ^fr. Wilder did not ubamlon his old love, the press, as in nddition to his occasional lucubrations in the dailies published in Kansas, ho has beooMKj nn author rpioted all over this continent for hhs •'Annals of Kansas," a book of nearly 700 pages published in [H7'> ; the subject and tho ability of tho writer conil)iniiig to make a truly interesting volume. In tho year 1872, Mr. Wild- er's name appeared on tho republican ticket for tho ollhio now lield by him, that of auditor of state, to which ho was called Ijy ii large majority of his fellow citizen.s, and in 187-1 he was re-elected. Kansas has many bright and able men, worthy to bo called to high oniccs in the union, but taken for all in all, there are few that surpass tho Hon. Dan. AV. Wilder. ])h. a. M. Eidso.v illustrates another typo of tho infmito vari- ety of men and pursuits that unite to form a state and tho average tone of modern society, lie was born at Peru, Indiana, in April, 1846, and is consequently now thirty years of age. Uis father, Wm. D. Eidson, was a rtiillor, and was known as " tho honest miller," in the locality where his oldest son, the subject of this sketch and many other children were born. The fact that hon- esty was a rare phenomenon among millers is, we trust, confined to Indiana. The child was fond of books from an early age, and was permitted to enjoy all the scholastic privileges of his native town. In the year 1858 he was removed from the district school at Peru, to a more advanced institute at Valparaiso, in the same state, where he went through a complete classical coiirse, remain- ing in that institution until 1861, when at the early age of fifteen he became a soldier, responding to the call of the president for men to defend the union against its enemies. The courage and patriotism of the boy deserves praise, and it must not be forgotten that in 1861, boys from many districts were the readiest to volun- teer to serve in the ranks, leaving their bones to whiten on the battle fields of their country, or " By tlie wayside fell and perished, Weary with the miuxh of life." »t ! P wstiimi 686 TvTTLffs IT IS r on Y of KAJiSAS. ''f*^ Fifteen months in tlie ranks of the Second Indiana cavalry brought the boy up to a sturdy young manhood, and developed in him a decided taste for surgery and medicine, not in the sense of losing limbs or taking drugs, but in the study and pr-'ictice of the healing art in all its various features. An appointment as a ssistant surgeon was the consequence of his frequently noticed avidit}-- for medical books and clinical practice, and for two 3'ears he was employed alternately in field and hospital, discharging all the duties of an army surgei.n, until the regiment was mustered out and the men honorably discharged in the fall of 1864. After a brief recreation, Dr. Eidson entered the ofRces of Drs. Seluilt/S and Taylor, in Logansport, Ind., to complete his studies, enjoying at tlie same time and afterwards two full terms of lectures at the Eclectic Medical Institute at Cincinnati, Ohio, where he gradu- ated in February, 1868. Studies and application such as his, fol- lowing upon extensive and continuous army practice, made the young doctor an acquisition to the ranks of medicine, and after a brief term in Delphi, Ind., his native state, he took up his abode in Topeka, where his practice is extensive and in every way profitable to patient and practitioner. Surgical and chronic cases may be said to be his specialty, and^ many come to him from great distances in this and neighboring states, attmcted by his reputation. The Topeka Medical and Surgical Institute is fortu- nate in possessing the services of so able and experienced an organizer as Dr. A. M. Eidson for principal and secretary. Dr. Eidson was one of the prime movers in the establishment of the Kansas Eclectic Medical Association, a body bound by the main features of its organization to select from all systems of medical treatment the best features to be applied in the interests of suffer- ing humanity. The a.ssociation was chartered in 1871, mainly through the exertions and influence of this gentleman, who has since that time been one of its chief supporters as a means for the direction of the studies of young men, being its active and useful secretary. The association holds its annual meetings in Topeka on the second Tuesday ii; February and following days, while the legislature is in session, and the attendance is usually large. There are more than two hundred members of this branch of medical practice in Kansas at the present time, and many of the If BioaiiAvmcAL Skktciiks. 68T [ndiana cavalry and developed not in the sense and prrictice of ap{5ointment as ?qu*jntly noticed id for two 3'ears I discharging all it was mustered of 1864. After of Drs. Sehult/5 tudies, enjoying f lectures at the 'here he gradu- such as his, fol- actice, made the sine, and after a )k up his abode 1 in every way nd chronic cases le to him from itti"acted by his nstitute is fortu- experienced an secretary. Dr. •lishment of the ind bv the main ;ems of medical iterests of suffer- in 1871, mainly leman, who has a means for tlie ctive and useful tings in Topeka y days, while the 3 usually large. ; this branch of ,nd many of the papers read during the annual assemblies arc of such a character as to command lengthened notices in the press. The doctor is a benedict, having won tliat high privilege in May, 1873, in conse- quence of the merciful consideration of Miss Ryan, daughter of the famous excursionist, wliosc pamphlet on Kansas has been so extensively circulated. His practice has been so far profitable that he has perhaps as large investments in real estate as any pro- fessional man in Kansas, by whose ultimate success he would persistently swear, in spite of drouth and locust, but for the fact that his early Sunday school training and his later identification Avith the ^fethodist Episcopal church forbids any such carnal in- dulgence. Dr. P]id.son is an entliusiast in the study and practice of eclectic medicine and sui'geiy. IIox. Samuel Seward Benedict, of Guilford, "Wilson coun ty, is sufficiently known in connection with his services in the legislature of this state, to render some few particulars of his career in life interesting to our readers. lie is a "Green Moun- tain Boy," having first seen the light at Manchester, Bennington county, Vermont, in November, 1843, so that he is now at an age when he may be considered as only commencing his career of usefulness. Born of old Connecticut stock, and reared in New England, he enjoyed educational advantages not excelled in the world. He was prepared for his collegiate course at Burr semin- ary, Manchester, Vt, going thence to Williams college, Mass., when 16 years of age. Mr. Benedict graduated in the class of 1865, when 21 years old, a.;d two years later came west to settle where he now resides. His first intention was to practice law as a profession, but upon his arrival in Kansas in 1867, he found the advantages offered by this country for stock raising so far in ad- vance of any other pursuit that he wisely turned all his attention to the calling of a ranchero. He is the owner of a first class farm, and enjoys the profits of that business in a manner that would justify nature in still greater liberality. Mr. Benedict was one of the earliest settlers in Wilson county, where there were only 27 inhabitants in 1860, and in 1865, only just as many as would permit of organization, but so rapid has been its extension since that time, that in 1870 there were 6,694, and at present there ' *t *&■ 688 Tuttle's History of Kansas. are more than 10,000 people. Having come west to identify him- self with the country, Air. Benedict was a laborer in most of the good works connected with the development of society, and his breadth of culture gave him an entire freedom from narrov.- con- ventionalities such as can seldom be found even in t)ie United States, except in the new states. The activity and intelligence with which he entered into or mooted successive improvements, early marked the Green Jklountain Boy for legislative honors, and he has carried vim into legislation on many occasions of impor- tance to his adopted county and state. lie was elected a member of the legislature in 1871, and in lS7i was again returned, giving so much satisfaction to his constitutents that his nomination was all but unanimous in the several caucuses last held. Uis record is of a character that will not bar his continuance in public life, nor impede his ascent to higher honors with ripening years. Wealth is not in this country, and should not be anywhere a sine qua non among men required to devote time and service to legis- lation, but it is and ought to be a recommendation to a man among his fellows when seeking any representative position, if he has been so fortunate as to have proved his capacity to serve the public by fii-st honestly and effectively attending io his own inter- ests. Mr. Benedict is so placed as that every circumstance favor- ing the development of Kansas will necessarily better his con- dition. Hon. Hannibal Cicero St. Clair, state senator from the 25th senatorial district, is a fair specimen of a Kansas settler; his home is in Belle Plaine, Sumner county, Kansas, and he is sur- rounded by the rewards of his own industry and enterprise, prose- cuted under many disadvantages with limited means ; yet so won as that he has retained the good will and respect of his neigh- bors, lie was born in Essex county, N. Y., in July, 1825, con- sequently he is now 51 years of age. His grandparents came from Scotland to Canada soon after that colony had been annexed by the mother country, but the instincts of liberalism were so strong in the sturdy Scotchman that, upon the breaking out of the war of the revolution, his grandfather moved into the revolt- ing colonies to serve under Gen. Washington in the cause of free- mm Biographical Sketches. 689 identify liim- n most of the ciety, and hia n narrow con- in t)ie United id intelligence improvuments, vo honors, and ions of itnpor- :;ted a member turned, giving )mi nation was .. Uis record in public life, ipening years, ny where a sine ervice to legis- tion to a man position, if he ty to serve the i his own inter- mstance favor- better his con- lator from the sas settler ; his and he is sur- iterprise, prose- ns ; yet so won )t of his neigh- uly, 1825, con- idpareuts came i been annexed !ralism were so breaking out of • into the revolt- le cause of free- dom, lie was at Lexingto. , Bunker Ilill, Monmouth, Brandy- wine Creek, Valle}' Forge, and was present when Burgoyne sur- I'endered. When Arnold's treason was frustrated by the capture of Major Andre, grandfather St. Clair was at West Point, and he had before that time assisted in the unsuccessful attack on Que- bec, where brave Montgomery was slain, and Arnold might have been with honor. Mr. St. Clair's father moved from New York to Ohio in 1831, and in 1833 to Sangamon county, Illinois, where the more advanced youth of his son was spent on a farm and in a woolen factory. His educational advantages were just such as a common school can- afford ; and, in 1849, when the reports from Sacramento Valley spread the gold fever all over the United States, the young man, then 24 years old, went overland to Cali- fornia, and remained there until 1852. Upon his return to Illi- nois, he had amassed enough capital to commence business as a merchant ; but an inability to say " no," to people wanting credit, consumed his substance in ten years. In the year 1862, Mr. St. Clair entered the army as lieutenant in the 35th Illinois infantry, being afterwards promoted and attached to the quartermaster de- partment, in which he served until 1865. The interval between the time of his honorable discharge in that year and his arrival in Kansas, in 1871, was spent in mercantile pursuits in Illinois. The county seat of Sumner was not located on his arrival at Belle Plaine, and there were three towns with an aggregate pop- ulation of only 160 people, all wanting the county seat in their own special localities. Mr. St. Clair assisted in procuring a solu- tion of the difficulty, filled numerous minor offices in the county with honor to himself, and with so much satisfaction to his con- stituents that he was chosen, three years after his arrival in the county, for the important position now filled by him. Senator St. Clair is a member of the M. E. Church and a Free Mason in good standing, whose word is known to be his bond. His ser- vices during the winters of suffering that followed the drouth and the locust plague will not readily be forgotten ; they were earnest, effective and untiring efforts in the cause of humanity ; such as have not failed to make an enduring favorable impression on the minds of the people of Sumner county. 44 'N. - «.--^,^ ^• IIox. CoTJJMiU's G. BiUDOES, senator for the first senatorial district in Kansas, is a man of acknovvlctigeil merit, concerning whom we append a few brief particulars. lie was born in Ma- rion county Ind., in June, 183i, and is now 42 yeava of age. When five years old his father moved into Iowa, and he was educated in the common schools of that state, attending high school and procuring such efficiency as enabled him to teach school for several terms. In 1857, when 23 years old, Mr. Bridges married Miss McMeckan, daughter of a well to do far- mer in Decatur county, and upon the outbreak of the war, be- came M lieutenant in a cavalry regiment, in which he served with honor. In the year 1800, Mr. Bridges had been admitted to the bar in Iowa, and in 1802, was chosen a member of the senate in that state, in which capacity he served four years. In October, 1868, he moved to Kansas and established the Doniphan County Jiepublican, a pai)er that rendered good service to the party. After quitting that business, he entered into mercantile pursuits for nearly three years, identifying himself naturally with all im- provements that seemed feasible, sucli as railroads, public build- ings, the organization of agricultural societies and such works. The public school system has had in him a consistent and able supporter, qualified to pronounce on many questions "caviare to the general." The public school building in Troy, which cost $15,000, and is the admitted ornament of a very beautiful town, was largely indebted to his exertions for its erection. In the fall of 1874, the senator w^as chosen for the honorable position now filled by him, by a large majority, and there is every indication that his services are satisfactory to his constituents. He is thor- oughly republican in his views and general action, but he pre- serves his independence on all questions, conceiving that he can in that way best promote the interests of his party. He is not a rich man, but his reputation for honesty is a bank that stands him in good stead always. He is a fast friend, and an enemy that can be relied upon to be always where his antagonists don't want him. He has the faculty, invaluable to a politician, of making friends readily and retaining them afterwards. His news- paper experiences have given him a wide range of information, which he can use to considerable advantage in debate. His char- mumtumimmm BioGRAPmciL Sketches. 691 e first senatorial merit, concerning waa born in Ma- 42 yeava of age. owa. and he was I, attending high ed him to teach J years oUl, Mr. a well to do far- k of the war, be- ;h he served with n admitted to the f of the senate in lars. In October, Doniphan County ce to the party, lercantile pursuits rally with all im- [ids, public build- and such works. Dnsistent and able itions " caviare to Troy, which cost y beautiful town, ction. In the fall ible position now s every indication snts. He is thor- 2tion, but he pre- iving that he can irty. lie is not a bank that stands id, and an enemy antagonists don't o a politician, of wards. His news- ge of information, lebate. His char- acter has always been above rejiroach, and he is connected with tlie order of Fiee Masons, having risen lo the degree of royal arch, but although religiously disponed, he has never become a church member. He is identified with the order of Odd Fellows, and has taken considerable interest in the promotion of the organiza- tion known as Sovereigns of Industry. Hon. Columbus G. Bridges is on the whole a valuable member of society, and his labors in Doniphan county have in no inconsiderable degree helped to build up the prosperity and good order by which the community in which he resides has long been made conspicuous among counties mostly noted for good order and industry. Hex. W.\r. Lrid.KY Pahicixsox, senator from Franklin county, and resident in Ottawa, a lawyer of considerable repute in the state of Kansas, was born in llock Lick, Marshall county, Vir- ginia, in June, 18-13, consequently he is now 33 years old. His father was a sterling liberal and antislavery man, in Western Virginia, when to hold such views and express them was actually dangerous to life and destructive to business prospects. The con- vention that nominated John P. Hale for the presidency had one delegate from Wheeling, Virginia, the father of the subject of our sketch, and his action in that respect led to much active per- .secution, but being a man of iron will, he was not daunted by op- position, however vigorous. The expression of antislavery opin- ions led to his being twice mobbed by adherents of the pro- slavery party and his family was often in danger of personal vio- lence. Under such training it was not likely that Mr. Parkinson would prove other than an abolitionist and thoroughgoing union man. His early life was passed on a farm but he enjoyed the advan- tages of good schooling, and when the war broke out in 1861, he, with three brothers, enlisted in the first Virginia volunteer in- fantry, nnder the reorganized government at Wheeling, Virginia, when West Virginia seceded from the secession proclaimed by the state of Virginia. The state as a whole claimed the right to secede as unquestionable, indefeasible, but was unable to perceive that any such right pertained to Western Virginia, hence the ad- hesion to the union on which the western portion of the state in- sisted was a cause cl much bloodshed. Mr. Parkinson served I ll < O w»ii j^ ^" M ig* w. it jn* fi »mm^ m » , m iff |t * « j V i^ u j ' im ' 692 T utile's IIistorv of Kas'sas. from 1861 to 18G3, when lie was compelled to retire from tlie ser- vice in consequence of injuries received. lie was then 19 yeara old and he served for one year in his father's office, discharging tlie duties of assessor of internal revenue for the district of West- ern Virginia. Two years at Waynesburg College, Pennsylvania, followed, and the young student proceeded to read law in the city named. Completing his studies in that direction, he returned to Wheeling, West Virginia, where he remained until the spring of 1870, at which time he removed to Kansas. Some portion of the fall and winter of 1870 was spent in Europe, after which time the business of life was commenced in earnest. When Mr. Park- inson came to this state in 1871 there was no thought of settle- ment, but he was so mucli pleased with the appearance and pros- pects of Kansas that he returned with his family in the spring of 1871 and permanently located at Ottawa, the capital of Franklin county. The practice of law has proved very remunerative in the hands of the young senator, who has for his partner one of the ablest lawyers and most persevering men in the state, the Hon, A. II. Benson. Educational matters have commanded much of the senator's attention, and he is now serving a second term as president of the board of education in Ottawa. Every improvement that has been attempted since Mr. Parkinson's arrival in the county has been aided Ijy him to the extept of his ability. The Ottawa furniture and woodwork company was organized by him, and he still continues a shareholder and officer in the con- cern. The company is now conducting the largest business of the kind in the state. The forests of Franklin county contain very valuable woods, and this form of wealth is made more val- uable by the application of labor on the spot. Mr. Parkinson was raised as an ardent republican, but when the Greeley nomi- nation was made, he followed the Tribune lead in that respect, still continuing a thorough republican in sentiment; was for some time editor of the " Kansas Liberal," and a stockholder in the Journal, being a consistent upholder of the demand for reform in the republican party. In the fall of 1874, the senator was elected by the highest majority received by any candidate on any ticket. Since that time he has taken a prominent part in re- ducing public expenditure in every branch of the service, and has e from tlie ser- ! then 19 years ce, diachnrging istrict of West- Pennsylvania, ;ad law in tlie on, he returned uitil the spring omc portion of fter which time rhen Mr. Park- ught of settle- ranee and pros- n the spring of tal of Franklin emunerative in partner one of I the state, the e commanded irving a second >ttawa. Every kinson's arrival L of his ability. s organized by icer in the con- ;st business of county contain Tiade more val- Mr. Parkinson Greeley nomi- in that respect, ; wias for some kholder in the d for reform in e senator was .ndidate on any ;nt part in re- lerviee, and has ■■«■ wmm lilOGRA PHICA L SkE TCIIKS, 693 been recognized as a leading men: bcr in the opposition'; stumped the county in the fall of 1875 in the interests of the reform movement, but is usually very attentive to his professional busi- ness which grows rapidly. Domestically and .socially the senator is well placed, as he married a talented and amiable lady, daughter of a Methodist minister of Pittsburg and graduate of Waynes- burgh college, Pennsylvania, who for some time taught elocution in that college. He is a member of the Congregational church, but is among the most liberal section of that communion. lie is an ardent temperance reformer, and will onl icceed in politics so far as mere directness and capacity will aid him, as he is not possessed of the Janus faculty for looking two ways at once, which in modern times seems to be almost indispensable to the brilliant politicians of the day. Hex. Harvey Seburx, of Hiawatha, Brown county, and county treasurer, is a man of mark in his own neighborhood, and may well claim to be .self made without being too proud of his work. He was born in Jefferson county, Ind., in July, 1835. His parents were too poor to afford an education for their chil- dren; but when nearly approaching to maturity, Mr. Seburn at- tended Asbury University in Greencastle, Ind., where he main- tained himself by labor of any kind mornings, evenings and Saturdays while pursuing his studies. His taste suggested medi- cine, and he continued his studies while teaching school for three years until qualified for practice. Dr. Seburn settled in Hiawa- tha in 1859, and practiced with great success until the war broke out, when he served for three years against the rebels. Was in the post commissary department most of the time, and after the war commenced, farming and stock raising with much success; was chosen county treasurer in 1873, and appears to have given much satisfaction in that office. The doctor has held numerous offices connected with the school system, and in 1874, was elected to the town council of Hiav/atha, on a temperance ticket opposed to the granting of licenses. Kailroads, school houses and churches are his desiderata for social advancement. He is also a Free Mason, and identified with the Patrons of Husbandry. The doctor is a married man, having joined in wedlock with Miss M. A. Klinefelter. ,i I n :4- l . i ^iaijt.iJi»^'HN'M.'W 694 TiTTijfs Hisroiiv or IvASSAfi. In all respects lie is one of tlic suceessful iiion in Kansas, but liia good fortune dues not make him indiU'orent to tlie wants of others. lie lius given mueh time to the discharge of public dutief^, und will be still more largely called upon in the future. Cai'T. S. S. Puoutz has a history tliat serves to illustrate how dangerous and dillieult it was to reach Kansas in the early days of its territorial history. He was born in Onondaga county, N. Y., in July, 1835, and consequently he is now about forty-ono years of age. Having enjoyed the educational advantages of his native state until he was sixteen years old, he was then appren- ticed to the Gazette Printing Company at Phcenix, Oswego coun- ty, to learn the business of a compositor, In the year 1856, when the United States rang with appeals to the North and to the South to recruU their respective parties in lighting the batt lo, "free state" or "slave state " on this territory, he joined the Chi- cago colony to come here as a free state man. The steamer" Star of the West," with fifty-eight colonists on board, was stopped at Lexington, Mo., by the blockade of border rufTuins under the command of Col. Shelby, afterwards still less favorably known as Gen. Shelby, commanding a rebel force in Missouri and else- where. The colonists were completely outnumbered by the blockaders, and compelled to surrender their weapons, after which they were permitted to proceed as far as Kansas City under sur- veillance, and at that point they were taken prisoners by a still larger force under David E. Atchison, once acting vice-president of the United States, and in aspiration at least a candidate for president Gen. B. F. Stringfellow was a coordinate authority with Atchison on the expedition, and every one of the company peculated on his own account. The Chicagoan colony was robbed of all its funds, individual and collective, to the amount of about $75,000, after which the whole party was compelled to return down the river to Illinois. Such a discomfiture would have pre- vented some men ever thinking again about colonizing in Kansas, as, " if that could be done in the green wood, what would be done in the dry? " but Mr. Proutz was more than ever determined to make his abode in the territory. In September of the same year, 1856, he joined another party making a rendezvous at Mount m i I MjM immmi'immmi^ Bionn.winc.a SiKF.rrJiFs. end arisas, but liia ants of otlicrri. ic dutie*, and illustrate how ,lie early diiy-i ga county, X. )out forty-ono antages of lii.s ! then apj)ren- Oswego coun- lar 1856, when ,h and to tho g the batt le, oiiied the Chi- steamer "Star as stopped at ms under the xbly known as juri and else- bcred by tho IS, after which lity under sur- ners by a still vice-president candidate for nate authorit}'' the company ny was robbed lount of about lied to return )uld have pre- ;ing in Kansas, would be done determined to the same year, :)us at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, tho capital ^t Ilciiry county, about 28 miles north northwest of Burlington, then the westernmost railroad point in the United States, and once more struck out for Kansas. The party con- sisted of 250 persons in all. men, women and some cliildren, and tlie command led l)y ('ol. S. W. Kldridge, commenced their march through Iowa t ■ St. Georg*! Cook. The buttery was under the commnml of Maj, T. W. Sherman. Tlie force wna great enough to have eater the 80 calleil invaders, but so many e.xaggorations had been indulged in concerning the " northern army," t'«'it there was an anticipa- tion that the whole of the northern st.>.ja svould come vi d tinnis, pouring over the Nebraska border a torrent like our own Niag- ara. If there had been only fifiy United Statc:^ troojw there would have been no resistance on the part of the colonists, as all their arms were for the enemies of the union, but there was no oi)tion in the pres- ence of an overpowering force, and the emigrant train submitted to be conveyed to Indianola, four miles from Topeka, where they were reviewed and released by Gov. Geary, fully convinced that there waa nothing to fear from siich colonists. Beyond Uie an- noyance of being lield prisoner.^, there was not much to be com- plained of on the march under escort from Plymouth to the neighborhood of Topeka, and Gov. Geary traveled from Lecomp- ton° the territorial capital, to abridge their term of duress as much as iK)ssiblc, but it gave the eolouists a .strange idea of the condition of the state of society when the right of an American citizen to carry arms guarantied by the constitution was thus rudely (juestioned. Mr. Proutz had at length reached Kansas, and he took up a claim three miles from Prairie City, about 18 miles south from Lawrence. Early in 18r>7, on the 25lh ot June, he commenced running a newspaper in Prairie City, " The Free- man's Champion," with the suggestive motto "Liberty or Death." The first two months of the publication passed in a tent, but many questions as well as many sheets were ventilated freely. In October of the same year, the publisher was elected clerk of Douglas county. Gov. Geary was holding back the ruffians from the polling booths with a strong hand, and was earning theirH tliere would s all their arms ion in the pres- Liin Hubniitted ca, where they onvinced that eyond Uio an- i\\ to bo com- mouth to the from Lecomp- i of duress as 1^0 idea of the an American tion was thus ached Kansas, City, about 18 B 25lh ot June, y, " The Free- erty or Death." in a tent, but iitilated freely, ected clerk of le rufTians from ing their in/f/^/t- 3 the first free 3n in the midst lure to think of e 81st of May, lOon afterwards the " Neosho led so occupied mmissioned by .UI,JIHIII|HM i pi Bi i ijia iii jB • Bioff/iAfiiic.tr. Siih-n-rfKs. Wl Mr. Stanton, .secretary of war, first lieutenant and quartermaster of the fir.st regiment of Indian home guards, a position held by him until Oct. 12, 18(34, when he resigned. During tin; Trico raid in October, lSti4, Lieut Trout/, was on the stall of Maj. (ieri. Curtis, who commanded the union forces which forced Price back to and over tho Arkan.sa.s. In September, of that year, Quartermaster I'rout/- brought out the first number of tho '• Patriot," u paper still piiblislied in that city. In ISOS, still main- taining the lead once taken, Capt. Proutz was one of the Kan.sa3 delegates to the Chicago convention, which first nominated (Jen. Grant for the presidency of the United States, and he had tho . honor to be chosen one of the vice presidents of that body. The joint ballot of both houses elected him as state printer for two years in 18(39, and at the end of that term he was reelected. Tho succession of papers started by him had not exhausted his fecun- dity, fts we find him in May, 18(30, in conjunction with Maj. J. B. Davis issuing the first number of the "Daily Commonwealth," with which paper he continued in connection as editor or as man- ager, until 1S73. The life thus briefiy described could bo am- plified by merely filling in the sketch, so as to afl^ord a work of thrilling interest and present a complete picture of Kansas life during the struggle in which the motto "Liberty or Death " had a terrible reality. Mr. Proutz is now a resident in Topeka. Hon. Geo. W. Fox, ex-mayor of Chetopa, and many years a captain of artillery during the war, now an attorney in successful practice, will serve our design to illustrate the theory that the qualities capable of winning their way in one direction will cus- tomarily attain their object in any other. Napoleon would have been a first class road engineer, or a law maker, if he had not chosen the profession of war, and the vice of conquest The sub- ject of our sketch was born in Canajoharie, Montgomery Co., N. Y., in August, 1842, and is now 34 years of age. His father ' died when the boy was three years old, and he was left to the care of his mother, burdened with many children, but his uncle undertook his training until, at the age of 13, he became a farm hand, and to some extent his own master. From that time, work- ing every summer and schooling every winter, the academio 1^^ iifcfiM^ titiiiaiir nun'iiiiiiiMaiiii . ifta^imnM-t'Wfi, m 608 I'rrrt.h's Ifismny df Kassas. course was complolod at Kort Plain Soitiiiiaiv, in IS'tS, ami tho VoutlicomtniMiccil rcailing law at (.'licrry Valley, OtrtcgoCo., N. V. Ik- was atlmitti'd to llic liar fiwin oiioof tlio hvM oflim's in Albany, N. Y., in May, ISCil, ami drvoted liiinsi-If to his profession in Moiitgotni'ry Co., N. V., until the call for troops became so ur^'cnt that in Auirnst of the same year he i-nlisted in tlit; Isl New York iirlillory. lie spicilily won liis way from the ranks to the posi- tion of (jnlerly sereeant, and was attached to (Jen. Banks' army in tho Shenandoah. Wo was an active partiei|)ant in the battles of Ik'verly Ford, Uapiihin, Cedar Mountain, i{appahai\noek and Jkfanassas, tlie second Bull's Run, where the unfortunate result was due to the tardiness of MeClellan in supportinj^ the move- ments of his newly appointed superior ofliecr. He was in tho battles of South Mouulaiu and Antietam when Lincoln said that the confedt'rate army was given into our hands by I'rovidence, but permitted to'cscape l)y the supinencss of the command. Fox was made a lieutenant Un' his services in the field, and appointed drill master of a battalion, being afterwards promoted to the com- mand of the 1st New York l)attery, and make captain as a recog- nition of his cniciency. Capt. Fox fought in the battles of La- fourche and at Donahlson, in the siege of l''ort Hudson, and in all the engagements of the Jlcd river campaign, when his arm of tho service was the main reliance of the army, and although tho youngest artillery captain of tho 10th corps, ho was distinguished by the ai)pointment as chief of artillery on the second division, and on the stall of Gen. Gro' er. AVhen Canby relieved Banks, Fox remained in command of twelve batteries until ordered to join Gen. Steele as chief of artil- lery and ordnance, which rardc he held until the end of the cam- paign at Mcjbile. The captain was appointed chief of artillery in the di.«trict of Texas, and so remained until he was mustered out of the service in June, 1866, after four years and ten months of life in the camp and field. In any other branch of the force there would have been higher promotion, but as an artillery ofTicer he reached the pinnacle that merit could win. Eeturning to the law, Mr. Fox commenced practice in Builalo, N. Y., but very soon concluded that he would cast in his lot with the rising state of Kansas. He arrived in Chetopa in December, 1870, then a small S.'.S, find tlio •g<)C<).,N. Y. •« in All)aiiy, jirofession in tlK! HO UI'f^lMlt it Ni!\v York s to tlio po^i- Banks' army in the battli's liannock anil rtunatu rosnlt !ig tlio move- le was in tlio :oln said that >• Providence, niiiand. Fox i)d appointed d to the corn- in as a recog- battles of La- on, and in all lis arm of tho alliiongh ihu distinguished ond division, command of chief of artil- d of the cam- )f artillery in mustered out en months of he force there lery officer he ig to the law, ut very soon rising state of I then a small lilnili/M'llliM. Shim HIS. m) liamlot little thoiiirlit of on the southorii border of Kansas ; now a city rvorvwhore spoKi-n of as one of the most boaiitifnl and en- terprising in iiabettc county, a principal station on the Missouri, Kansas and 'l\'.\as Jtailroad, with a steam foundry employing many hands; an excellent weekly paper, Tlie Advance; one of the h mdsomest public schools in the state, wliiidi cost $'25,(100 ; live elegiint churches ; planin^ mills, Hour mills, huye stock yards, and two l)atd\S. The organizing powers of Capt. [''ox were soon called into requisition, as in 1871 he was chosen mayor by a largo majority, and the hainhit doubled Us population during his term of oflice, chielly in consequence of its merits as a place of settle- ment bccotning known. The churches and sclio"' house already mentioned, dat(! from his mayo. Jty ; die streets vvre grad'.'d, side- walks made, streams bridge much e'^ -ot, the next point was to attend to his hnnw interests, as an ol ' engagement at Belle Plain, N. Y., dating from before the wai u-iulted in Miss Devcndorf becoming Mrs. Fox in 1807, find ^here was a fan. 'y to be cared for. The mayor declined a ren .niin 'tion, and an .lUiiiira- ble successor was readily induced to coiitinue his labors, while he devoted all his energies to the practice of his ])rofession, in tho firm of Ayres & Fox, refusing for the present all participation in public duty in consequence of the daily increasing demands of his legal labors. lie is a strictly tempc'-i,te man, of strong will, connected with the M. E. Church, a Master Mason in good stand- ing, raised many years since in New York state, and demitted from his first lodge to the brethren in Chetopa. lie is also of the Royal Arch Council and Commandery, so that there need be no doubt that whenever he is properly called upon, within the length of his cable tow, he will bo ;■ . ^)ared to take the proper steps, reg- ularly or irregularly, in ih>; interests of society at large. The free and accepted mason is always a good citizen, and it says much for the credit ^t: the city of Chetopa under the rule of Mayor Large that such institutions flourish in that domain. The Southern Kansas Advance is the paper flourishing in Chetopa and we find that the reputation of Capt. Fox has traveled far be- yond h..-! immediate neighborhood, as the Oswego Independent Bi*M«HHBCMM«««ffM 700 Tuttle's History of Kaxsas. f names him with great respect as one of the leading public men in that portion of the state, possessing a sound mind in a healthy body, capable of any amount of labor, and bound to cooie out ahead iii whatever pursuit may engage his powers. The educa- tional interests of Labette county have been well cared for gener- ally, and those of Chetopa are at least on a par, if not just a little ahead of the average of the county. More need not be said on behalf of any well founded city In the state of Kansas. i Hon. Bykox Judd, state schator for Wyandotte county, land agent and banker, is necessary to make up the range of our pro- fessional illustrations among the successful men in Kansas. He was born in August, 1824, and is now 52 years of age, but full of vigor as tlie result of powers well applied through life. The town of Otis, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, suggests a lineage looking back towards the Mayflower and the earliest records of the old Bay State, and that town is the locale of Senator Judd's nativity. His father was a farmer, and the boy divided his atten- tion between industrial training at home and scholastic labors in the admirable institutions proper to Massachusetts. At the age of. twenty the young man attended the academy at Southwick for one term, and afterwards the state normal school at West- field for ten fall terms in succession, working on the farm during the summer and teaching school every winter, so that his body and mind were alike developed by practical work. Among his friends in Otis, in spite of the too true aphorism that "a prophet is not without honor, save in his own country,'' he was made se- lectman, township assessor, and s member of the school commit- tee for several years, until, in 1855, he removed to Des Moines, Iowa, where he was deputy recorder for one year, and, in 1857, came to this state, landing in Wyardottc City in the beginning of November. The city was then a part of the county of Leaven- worth, and a place oi much business, well suited for the opera- tions of men of the calibre of Mr. Judd. Land agency and banking were the specialties of the new comer, and he was soon as busily engaged as could be desired, but had sufficient leisure, as will always happen with the most successful men of business, to attend to many public appointments. The senator has served ng public men id in a healthy i to come out i. The educa- ared for gener- lot just a little not be said on isas. I e county, land ge of our pro- 1 Kansas. lie if age, but full Ligh life. The fgests a lineage liest records of Senator Judd's /ided his atten- ilastic labors in 3. At the age ' at Southwick chool at West- lie farm during that his body J. Among his ihat "a prophet ! was made se- school commit- to Des Moines, I", and, in 1857, he beginning of inty of Leaven- [ for the opera- nd agency and ad he was soon ifficient leisure, len of business, nator has served f BioGRAPiitCAL Sketches. 701 in many responsible office? with honor to himself and with ad- vantage to the community, as president of the city council and as mayor of the city of Wyandotte. For five years in succession he was chosen justice of the peace, and for a similar term he was a trustee of Wyandotte township, besides being the Wyandotte county treasurer for four years. Successive marl-! of honor and trust, reposed in him by his fellow-citizens, indicated Viw Judd as an eligible man for an appointment as United States commission- er for the district of Kansas, a position filled with conspicuous advantage. In 1871, whun the Fir.st National Bank was organ- ized in the city of Wyandotte, Mr. Judd was elected president, and in that capacity, or as cashier, he has been in the institution ever since. In the year 1872, the people of Wyandotte county elected their successful fellow-citizen to represent them in the senate, and so favorably were they impressed with his services during the first term, that, before its 3.\piry, he was reelected, in 1874, for a second term of two years, which will expire in No- vember. There is but little reason to doubt that the senator will be offered the renomination, but it is possible that his continually increasing land agency business, added to his responsibilities in connection with the bank may make him desirous of a respite. He is a democrat of the Thomas Jefferson .school, quite content to allow to others the freedom of opinion that he claims for him- .self, having no sympathy with the border ruffian stripe of politi- cal experience, and he is consequently able to run ahead of his own ticket in every contest, a recommendation of great value in any party in any state in the Union. The senator is not a church member, but he is a regular attendant in the Congregational church, having been reared within its discipline. He is not con- nected with any secret organization, and, indeed, has too little time at his disposal to add anything to his multifarious duties. In the year 1865, when he had arrived at the mature age of 41, Mr. Judd was so fortunate as to win, in marriage, a widow of many accomplishments, Mrs. Mary Louise Bartlett nee Coapes, of Grasburg, Vt, but then resident in Wyandotte city, and has a small family of girls growing up around him. His business en- gagements have been, on the whole, successful, and he is pos- sessed of r competency. His public labors have won honor from 1 / 1 ll'. 702 Tl'ttle's UisToiiY OF Kax^as. II M. m all classes and every party ; bis good name is without reproach, and in the retirement of his comfortable home he could happily spend the remainder of a life, vvbicli has not been without iirolit to his country. The state of Kansas cannot liave too many of such citizens, and his worth is appreciated. Capt. Pkuhv lIuTOiiiNSON will serve our purpose to illus- trate the successes that can be achieved by men of business tact and courage in this state. IMr. Hutchinson hails from New York state, where he was born in December, 1831, .so tliat he is now forty- live years f)ld. In the year 1855, at the age of twenty-four, having procured meantime some insight to the calling of a miller and a fair amount of education, he removed to Iowa, and from thence, four years later, having been fortunate enough in the meantime to marry a goo4 wife, he came to this territory in 1859, bringing with him a team wagon with a few houseliold goods — a prairie schooner in fact on a s^nall scale — and $2.50 in currency. The start was not such as Rothschild would liave cho.sen for his son, but a stout heart is worth more than a bank balance, and for our purpo.se of illustration, it is worth while to follow the young colonist, with his wife and two children, as they set themselves to climb the hill of life together. They had no wealthy friends upon whom to call for assistance, but they kept their own counsel, found a house about si.'c miles east of Leavenworth City, and gathered corn with his team wagon, boarding himself for one bushel of corn per day. Corn was then worth forty cents per bushel, so that the remuneration was not excessive, but any- thing was better than nothing, and on the corn thus procured the little family lived through the winter, eking out their vegetable food with buffalo meat when r,he chance offered. The winter was not of long duration and spring brought a change of scene. Mr. Hutchinson had become known to some extent, as. the winter dragged on, and early in the spring he took a claim on the road that must be traversed by miners on the way to Pike's Peak. Building a log cabin was a trifle to a man that could face winter in a strange territory with $2.50, so there was very soon a home- stead for the little group, and upon that evidence of industry there was no difficulty in procuring credit for a load of hay and i out reproach, joald happily ivitliont nrolit too many of pose to ill US- business tact )in New York e is now forty- y-four, having X miller and a I from thence, tlio meantime L859, bringing ds — a prairie irrency. Tlie Ml for his son, lance, and for ovv the young et themselves ■ealthy friends ^pt tlieir own Leavenworth irding himself rth forty cents jsive, but any- 3 procured the heir vegetable The winter ange of scene. , as. the winter n on the road > Pike's Peak, dd face winter soon a home- !e nf industry ad of hay and *g*^W^*— — »WfWBjB<|g! lJ i . i ^ |i . i m ffn,! <4 BioanAiHicAL Sketches. 703 t load of corn. The trade was a success and some money was iru'i' 0, but not enough to liquidate the national debt. There was an inducement to extend the area of enterprise, the team wagon had still enough vital force to be made useful, and in June a freight of ten passengers being desirous to be conveyed to Den- ver City, en rottte to the mines in Colorado territory, Mr. Hutch- inson took up the ribbons and became driver of the Denver coach, receiving $400 in all for the passage. This was a little fortune, but being so near the mines, the brave driver took the gold fever so badly, that he was compelled to go into the moun- tains, like thousands of others to work off the infection. The cure was eft'ected, but every dollar had disappeared in the process. Every man could tell fabulous stories about heavy finds that had been made by somebody somewhere, but the men all around Hutchinson's locale of operations were groaning in spirit and suf- fering in flesh, because they did not win enough in a week to pay for a breakfarst. Still, it was then in the mountains as it always is everywhere in this world — " Hope told a flattering tale." And by the time the story was finished, everything else was gone. When the hero of the wonderful lamp " got stuck," it was only necessary for him to rub the lamp and his genius came to the rescue. In Hutchinson's case it was not a lamp but a wagon. He was "stuck" as badly as niortal need be, but if he had not a dollar, there was still the wagon and his knowledge of the road. Some few miners who had sufficient common sense to be warned in time, concluded on returning to the better gold diggings that, had been abandoned in their " will-o'the-wisp" chase, and they were willing to pay small fees for tran porta tion. The transports of the miner had subsided, and a more humble transport was preferred ; so when Mr. Hutchin.son returned to his log cabin and civilization in the fall of ISGl, he was not abso- lutely without a cent. He was the proud possessor of $45 and all expenses paid ; little better than one-tenth of the amount received on his trip to Denver. The winter passed much more satisfactorily than the first in Kansas, and in the beginning of 1862 he rented a good hotel in Marysville, which he continued 701 Turi'LE's HisTonr or Kassas. I I to keep until June of that year. At that tinne there was a belief that ll.e rebellion could be quelled in six months if everybody went in, and Capt. Hutchinson concluded that he would do his share. He raised a company and was mustered into the 13th Kansas infantry, having first bought a piece of land for a mill and employed labor to build the dam. Six months passed and the war was not ended, twelve months and the finale looked further ofT than ever, so it became necessary for the Captain to return and look after mundane aflairs. The contractor for the mill dam had failed and the miller must be his own artificer. He had nov/ $1,600, not quite as much as before going to the wars, but " it was no use crying over spilt milk." During the winter the dam was finished and a saw mill started in the spring, so that there was a brisk stroke of business until the fall ; when, by mortgaging everything for the greater venture, he raised money to buy a one pair of burrs bolt and smut mill, which was started on the 10th of Novembr, 1884. Rising with his fortune, the next stroke was to buy a run of thirty inch stone on two years' time, as it began to be seen that this man was one of the sort that wins success by being worthy of it. There was thus a mill and dam with one run for wheat and another for corn, and to accommodate the last addition to the machinery, a small building was raised on the east side of the river, which continued to serve its purpose until the summer of 1867, when the stone mills, known as the Excelsior Mills were made ready for occu- pancy, and have since been made the center of one of the most profitable industries in the state of Kansas. When all the burrs are in full run they grind 1,000 bushel? of wheat every twenty- four hours, but the ordinary daily run is about 700 bushels. The monetary operations of Perry Hutchinson's mill amount to $500 per day, and the wheat that is ground into flour by him comes from distances of 150 milod. The product of his mill is valued because he is a first class miller, and has put his whole soul into the business. He is valuable to us because his example shows that a strong willed man is worth more to this state than even a bank balance. Hon. Harlan Page Dow, senator for the 27tli senatorial dis- was a belief ■ everybody ould do his Xo the 13th d for a mill passed and Inale looked 3 Captain to ictor for the wn artificer, joing to the During the 1 the spring, fall; when, !, he raised 1, which was his fortune, ;one on two 13 one of the e was thus a [or corn, and jry, a small ;;h continued 3n the stone dy for occu- of the most all the burrs very twenty- 700 bushels. 1 amount to bur by him f his mill is is whole soul his example is state than enatorial dis- BiOGRAniicAL Sketches. 705 trict, was born on the 20th of February, 1840, at Richland Springs, Otsego county, N. Y ; his parents being in comfortable circum- stances on their own farm, and their son, dividing his attention from childhood to the age of seventeen between farm work in the summer and tuition in the winter seasons. His father, having become surety for other persons, was bereft of nearly all his prop- erty in the j'car 1857. and removed to Page county, Iowa. Dur- ing the winter of 1857-8 the boy attended the openin-g term at "Amity College," anil in the following year taught school, until the death of his father necessitated his return to- farm life to sup- port the younger branches of the family and his mother. He married in the year 1860, when twenty years of age, and in the following year enlisted in a regiment of militia raised for six months only, in Iowa, to put down the rebellion. Private Dow was elected lieutenant by his comrades, and at the close of that gervice he entered tlife ranks of the fourth cavalry regiment raised by the state of Missouri under Col. Geo. 11. Hall. Within six months he was once more a lieutenant, and participated in the battle of Springfield, already described in our military history, as ■ivell as in many engagements of le.ss note. His capacity as an administrator and jurist led to his being detailed for special duties on many occasions. He served as judge advocate in the general court martial and military commission that was convened at Booneville, Mo., in July, 1863, and again at Jefferson City in 1864 ; besides being " recorder of boards of survey " and of courts of enquiry on twelve occasions. Gen. Rosecrans appointed Capt. Dow to the ordnance department in Jefferson City in the year last named, in which position he remained wntil the regiment was mustered out of the service and honorably discharged, in. the spring of 1865. The fall of Richmond was yet an uncertain event, and the governor of Missouri at once raised a regiment to serve for twelve months to suppress the last symptoms of revolt in the turbulent districts under his control. Capt Dow was ap- pointed to a company, but the fall of Richmond, the surrender at Appomattox, the general collapse of the rebellion and the capture of Jefferson Davis, completely subdued the hopes of the riotously disposed, so that the force could be mustered out of the service in July, 1865. Capt. Dow returned at once to the avocation of 45 V? 700 Tvttlk's IfisTonr or Kansas. farm life in I'ago county, lowii, continuing thus engaged until he sold out and cume to Kansas in the year 18G9. Having pur- chased 320 acres of unimproved land in Kiley county in May, 18(39, Mr. Dow had a task upon his hands that required all his energy, but he has now the half mile of territory all inclosed and 120 acres u..der cultivation. The times have not been favorable for farm life m Kan.sas since liis land has been fairly broken ; the_ drouth and the locusts have given the co-mty two complete fail- ures of crop, and there have been two semi-failures, but in spite of all drawbacks, ho is a prosperous settler in Kansas. In tho year 1871, ho was chosen a trustee for Grant township, and dis- charged his duties with so much elTicieney that two years later he was'scnt by the county to the house of representatives, and in 1874 was elected to the senate for the term which . '^ expire in November of the present year. Capt. Dow is recogni/. .d among the soundest politicians of the time as a fast friend to his party, , but one capable of 'discriminating wisely in the interests of pro- gress. Personally, he is more inclined for home life and its peace . than for the turmoil of political existence, but the call of duty never finds him unready or unwilling to respond. lie may be - described as one of tho more liberal orthodox thinkers, having long been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and be- ing°conscientiously opposed to indulgences in liquor and tobacco. His manners are reserved, and he is somewhat slow in the forma- tion of attachments, but the tie onco formed is enduring. He has given very considerable assistance to the organizations of patrons of husbandry, having risen therein to the dignity of master, and is generally a man to be found in every good work. Brev. Maj. Gen.aCakr may be cited as a professional soldier for a veiy brief notice in order that our range of illustrations may be complete. He is now 46 years of age, having first seen the light in Erie county. New York, in March, 1830. He entered West Point Military Academy in 1846, graduated in 1850 and -entered the regiment of mounted riflemen. He was engaged in expedi- tions to the Rockv :Mountains in 1852-3, and was in Texas and New Mexico in 1854, being wounded in a fight with the Mesea- lero Apaches at Mount Diavolo Texas, in November of that year. »a U vH' y ¥ t^ ii-iJtKm i> BlOGRA PllICAL Sia:T('IIES. roT until he ing pur- in May, 1 all his osed an J [avorablo ken ; the_ [jlctc fail- t in spite In the and tlis- ■s later he ;s, and in. expire in d among his party, ts of pro- I its peace II of duty [e may be rs, having h, and be- d tobacco, the forrna- ;. He has of patrons naster, and )nal soldier ations may en the light ;ered West md 'entered in expedi- Texas and the Mesca- oi that year. ¥ Lieut. Carr of the first cavalry was employed on the Sioux expe- dition in 1855, and after that date found warm work in cooling partisan strife in Kansas for some years. Was aid-decamp to Gov. Walker during his administration, and in 1858 was on the Utah Expedition, being made captain in June of that year. Fort Washita, C. K, was his station until 1861, and he went witli the expeditions in 1859-60 to the Antelope Hills, to the Kiowas and Comanches, and was in the battle at Spring Creek. In May, 1861, when the rebellion br'->ke out he fought under Gen. Lyon at Wilson's Creek, as also in many minor engagements ; became colonel of 3d Illinois cavalry volunteers in September, and acted as brigadier general during Fremont's Hundred Days. Under Hunter, Halleck and Curtis in 1861-2, he commanded cavalry in observation toward Springfield, Missouri, and later the ■1th di- vision of the army of the southwest, being in the battles at Sugar Creek, Pea Kidge, and elsewhere, and made brigadier general of volunteers in March, ]872. The demonstration on Little Rock and march to Helena, Arkansas, and the command of the army of the southwest, with the command of the St. Louis district, Mis- souri, during the winter, accounted for 1862-3, and early in the year last named he was with Grant at Vicksburg commanding the 3d division of the 13th army corps at Magnolia Church, Jackson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, as well as in the several as- saults, siege and capture of Vicksburg. He next commanded the left wing of the 16th army corps at Corinth, Missouri, and, trans- ferred to Little Rock, Arkansas, was in command of the cavalry division and subsequently of the district. Was with Steele on the Camden expedition, taking part in the brilliant affair at Prairie de Anne, and in command at Poison Springs and Saline river ; commanded the 3d division of the 16th army corps during the }*Iobile campaign in many engagements, the capture of Spanish fort by assault, the assault on Blakeley, and the march on Mont- gomery, Alabama ; in the winter of 1865-6, commanding the St. Francis river district; was mustered Out. of volunteers and re. turned to the regular army ; was in command at Raleigh, North Carolina from 1866 to 1867 ; then acting inspector general, de partment of Washington until the fall 1868 ; afterwards on an ex- pedition against the Arapahoes, Cheyenne and Sioux Indians, in 708 TvTTLffs JIisToiir of Kaxsas. which the battles nt the Ikaver atul Chalk Bluffs drove the enemy out of Ktinsas. The second battle of the Beaver in 1869 was fol- lowed by a pursuit to the Republican ; broke up the dog-soldier band and rescued Mrs. Weichel, a white captive at the battle of Sunwnit Sp.ings, in July, 1869, on the Summit expedition, and was thanked by the legislatures of Nebraska and Colorado ; com- manded' the 5th cavalry in Arizona from November, 1871, until April, 1874, having been promoted to lieutenant colonel in Jan- uary, 1873, and allowed a brief respite from service which was spent in Enrope. Brev. Maj. Gen. Carr is now in command of his regiment at Fort Hays, in this state. Gkorge D. Stinebaugh was born in Crawford county, Ohio, in 1840 ; he lived on a farm, receiving a good commercial educa- tion until 1860, soon after which time he became a soldier and was severely woundfd at Jonesborough, Georgia, in September, 1864. The injury necessitated amputation of his left leg, and in August, 1865, Mr. Stinebaugh was honorably discharged. In the year 1866, the partially disabled soldier removed to this state, and was elected enrolling clerk of the house of representatives in the following year. In November, 1867, he was chosen county clerk of Franklin county, and has since that time been reelected in 1869, '71, '73 and '75 ; a tolerably good showing, that he has been as faithful to the county as he was to the nation. In politics he is thoroughly republican, going for the ticket of his party, first, ^ last and all the time, so that his friends can at all times tell where he may be found. The war has left us many such faithful and fear- less men, taught in the hard discipline of the battlefield, to value the privileges of civil government, and ready to discharge its functions with all the energy at their disposal. |;!i !!|ii;(;i, :\ ilift , I LB Ag '06 r." T'!?!tS'!li'iv'.-*'-'.. '■-',"'■■- V''?' ' '',.»r ^_lX-i-r — \ m ■ft m